Word lists – Latin loan-words - From Old English to ... - Palgrave

<strong>Word</strong> <strong>lists</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>loan</strong>-<strong>words</strong> - <strong>From</strong> <strong>Old</strong> <strong>English</strong> <strong>to</strong> Standard <strong>English</strong> 3 rd edition 1<br />

LATIN<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> <strong>words</strong> borrowed before the settlement in England<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> OE MnE<br />

balteus belt belt<br />

benna binn bin<br />

episcopus biscop bishop<br />

butyrum butere butter<br />

cattus catt cat<br />

calx cealc chalk<br />

caseus cese cheese<br />

cuprum copor copper<br />

cuppa cuppe cup<br />

discus disc dish<br />

furca forca fork<br />

uncia ynce inch<br />

catillus cetel kettle<br />

culina cylene kiln<br />

cucina cycene kitchen<br />

linea line line<br />

mango mangian/mangere -monger<br />

milea mil mile<br />

molinum mylen mill<br />

moneta mynet mint (money)<br />

mortarium mortere mortar (vessel)<br />

mulus mul mule<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> <strong>words</strong> adopted during the Anglo-Saxon period<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> OE date MnE<br />

ancora ancor 880 anchor<br />

angelus engel 950 angel<br />

apos<strong>to</strong>lus apos<strong>to</strong>l 950 apostle<br />

arca arc 1000 ark<br />

balsamum balsam 1000 balsam<br />

beta bete 1000 beet<br />

buxus box 931 box (tree)<br />

candela candel 700 candle<br />

cappa cæppe 1000 cap<br />

cedrus ceder 1000 cedar<br />

calix celic 825 chalice<br />

cista cest 700 chest<br />

circulus circul 1000 circle<br />

cocus coc 1000 cook (n)<br />

culter culter 1000 coulter<br />

cuculla cugele 931 cowl<br />

credo creda 1000 creed<br />

crispus crisp 900 crisp<br />

discipulus discipul 900 disciple<br />

vannus fann 800 fan<br />

finuclum finugl 700 fennel<br />

febris fefor 1000 fever<br />

fontem fant/font 1000 font<br />

gingiber gingiber 1000 ginger<br />

lilium lilie 971 lily<br />

locusta lopustre 1000 lobster<br />

martyr martyr 900 martyr<br />

missa mæsse 900 mass<br />

magister mægester 1000 master<br />

patina panne pan<br />

pisa pise pease ⇒ pea<br />

piper pipor pepper<br />

pulvinus pyle pillow<br />

pinna pinn pin<br />

pipa pipe pipe (musical)<br />

puteus pytt pit<br />

pix/picem pic pitch (tar)<br />

prunum plume plum<br />

papaver popig poppy<br />

pondo pund pound (weight)<br />

bursa purs purse<br />

Saturni (dies)Sæternes (dæg)Satur(day)<br />

secula sicol sickle<br />

strata stræt street<br />

tegula tigele tile<br />

telonium <strong>to</strong>ll <strong>to</strong>ll (tax)<br />

vallum wall wall<br />

vicus wic -wick (= <strong>to</strong>wn)<br />

vinum win wine<br />

matta matt 825 mat<br />

monasterium mynster 900 minster<br />

muscula muscle 1000 mussel<br />

murra myrra 824 myrrh<br />

nonna nunne 900 nun<br />

organum organe 1000 organ<br />

palmum palma 825 palm<br />

pira pere 1000 pear<br />

pinus pin 1000 pine<br />

planta plante 825 plant<br />

papa papa 900 pope<br />

presbyter preost 805 priest<br />

psalmus psealm 961 psalm<br />

radicem rædic 1000 radish<br />

sabbatum sabat 950 sabbath<br />

saccus sacc 1000 sack<br />

schola scol 1000 school<br />

scrinium scrin 1000 shrine<br />

sericus sioloc 888 silk<br />

soccus socc 725 sock<br />

spongia sponge 1000 sponge<br />

talenta talente 930 talent<br />

templum templ 825 temple<br />

titulus titul 950 title<br />

versus fers 900 verse<br />

zephyrus zefferus 1000 zephyr

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2<br />

14th century<br />

<strong>Word</strong> <strong>lists</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>loan</strong>-<strong>words</strong> - <strong>From</strong> <strong>Old</strong> <strong>English</strong> <strong>to</strong> Standard <strong>English</strong> 3 rd edition<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> date MnE<br />

allegoria 1382 allegory<br />

committere 1386 commit<br />

completus 1380 complete<br />

conspiratio 1386 conspiracy<br />

contemptus 1393 contempt<br />

dirige 1320 dirge<br />

discutere 1340 discuss<br />

dissolvere 1380 dissolve<br />

aequalis 1391 equal<br />

his<strong>to</strong>ria 1390 his<strong>to</strong>ry<br />

imaginarius 1382 imaginary<br />

incarnatus 1395 incarnate<br />

index 1398 index<br />

innumerabilis 1340 innumerable<br />

intellectus 1386 intellect<br />

lapidarius 1382 lapidary<br />

limbo 1300 limbo<br />

magnificare 1380 magnify<br />

minor 1297 minor<br />

necessarius 1382 necessary<br />

15th century<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> date MnE<br />

adjacere 1430 adjacent<br />

clientem 1413 client<br />

convictionem 1491 conviction<br />

cus<strong>to</strong>dia 1491 cus<strong>to</strong>dy<br />

distractem 1413 distract<br />

exhibere 1490 exhibit<br />

extrahere 1489 extract (vb)<br />

frustra 1471 frustrate<br />

gestura 1410 gesture<br />

gratis 1477 gratis<br />

immunis 1420 immune<br />

includere 1420 include<br />

incredibilis 1412 incredible<br />

individualis 1425 individual<br />

infantia 1494 infancy<br />

inferior 1432 inferior<br />

infinitus 1413 infinite<br />

innatus 1420 innate<br />

interrumpere 1412 interrupt<br />

juniperus 1400 juniper<br />

lapsus 1450 lapse<br />

legitimatus 1494 legitimate<br />

lucrativus 1412 lucrative<br />

malefac<strong>to</strong>r 1440 malefac<strong>to</strong>r<br />

mechanicus 1432 mechanical<br />

moderatus 1412 moderate (adj)<br />

obduratus 1440 obdurate<br />

privatus 1380 private<br />

promovere 1387 promote<br />

quies 1382 quiet<br />

rationalis 1398 rational<br />

remittere 1375 remit (vb)<br />

reprehendere 1340 reprehend<br />

rosarium 1386 rosary<br />

scriba 1377 scribe<br />

scriptura 1300 scripture<br />

similis 1393 simile<br />

solitarius 1340 solitary<br />

spatiosus 1382 spacious<br />

stupor 1398 stupor<br />

submittere 1374 submit<br />

supprimere 1380 suppress<br />

temperatus 1380 temperate<br />

temporalis 1380 temporal<br />

testificare 1393 testify<br />

tributarius 1382 tributary<br />

ornatus 1432 ornate<br />

pictura 1420 picture<br />

politus 1450 polite<br />

popularis 1490 popular<br />

praevenire 1432 prevent<br />

projicere 1477 project (vb)<br />

prosequi 1432 prosecute<br />

prosodia 1450 prosody<br />

querulosus 1450 querulous<br />

recipe 1400 recipe<br />

rejicere 1494 reject<br />

scrutinium 1450 scrutiny<br />

secludere 1451 seclude<br />

solaris 1450 solar<br />

subdividere 1432 subdivide<br />

subordinatus 1456 subordinate (adj)<br />

subscribere 1425 subscribe<br />

substitutus 1400 substitute (n)<br />

summarius 1432 summary<br />

superabundantia 1410 superabundance<br />

supplicare 1417 supplicate<br />

testimonium 1432 testimony<br />

tinctura 1400 tincture<br />

tractus 1486 tract<br />

ulcer 1400 ulcer

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16th century<br />

<strong>Word</strong> <strong>lists</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>loan</strong>-<strong>words</strong> - <strong>From</strong> <strong>Old</strong> <strong>English</strong> <strong>to</strong> Standard <strong>English</strong> 3 rd edition 3<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> date MnE<br />

alienatus 1513 alienate<br />

allusionem 1548 allusion<br />

appropriatus 1525 appropriate<br />

area 1538 area<br />

calculare 1570 calculate<br />

Gk jasarsqouñ 1579 catastrophe<br />

compendere 1581 compendium<br />

consolidare 1511 consolidate<br />

conspicuus 1545 conspicuous<br />

criticus 1590 critical<br />

decorum 1568 decorum<br />

delirium 1599 delirium<br />

demonstrare 1552 demonstrate<br />

denominare 1552 denominate<br />

denunciationem 1548 denunciation<br />

dexteritas 1527 dexterity<br />

digress- 1530 digress<br />

dirus 1567 dire<br />

dissidentem 1534 dissident<br />

aemulari 1589 emulate<br />

encyclopaedia 1531 encyclopedia<br />

eradicare 1564 eradicate<br />

excavare 1599 excavate<br />

excrescentia 1533 excrescence<br />

excursionem 1574 excursion<br />

expectationem 1538 expectation<br />

expostulationem 1586 expostulation<br />

externus 1556 external<br />

extinguere 1545 extinguish<br />

folio 1533 folio<br />

genius 1513 genius<br />

gradualis 1541 gradual<br />

habitualis 1526 habitual<br />

hereditarius 1577 hereditary<br />

horridus 1590 horrid<br />

ignoramus 1577 ignoramus<br />

imitari 1534 imitate<br />

impersonalis 1520 impersonal<br />

incumbentem 1548 incumbent<br />

insanus 1560 insane<br />

insinuationem 1526 insinuation<br />

interregnum 1579 interregnum<br />

janua + -<strong>to</strong>r 1584 jani<strong>to</strong>r<br />

legalis 1500 legal<br />

malignantem 1542 malignant<br />

mediare 1542 mediate<br />

meditari 1560 meditate<br />

medium 1551 medium<br />

militia 1590 militia<br />

nasturtium 1570 nasturtium<br />

nervus 1531 nervous<br />

no<strong>to</strong>rius 1548 no<strong>to</strong>rious<br />

omen 1582 omen<br />

orbita 1548 orbit<br />

patheticus 1598 pathetic<br />

peninsula 1538 peninsula<br />

prodigiosus 1552 prodigious<br />

quar<strong>to</strong> 1589 quar<strong>to</strong><br />

radius 1597 radius<br />

resuscitare 1532 resuscitate<br />

rostrum 1579 rostrum<br />

sinus 1597 sinus<br />

stratum 1599 stratum<br />

strictus 1578 strict<br />

superintendere 1554 superintendent<br />

urgere 1560 urge<br />

vagari 1577 vagary<br />

vastus 1575 vast<br />

Shakespeare’s <strong>Latin</strong> & Greek<br />

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was among the first <strong>to</strong> use the following <strong>words</strong> derived from <strong>Latin</strong> or Greek. This<br />

briefly illustrates a process of adoption from the two languages that depended on scholarship and learning, rather than<br />

social, political and economic contact with foreign countries and speakers.<br />

1588 apostrophe (L apostrophe, Gk 2porsqouñ)<br />

Loves Labours Lost iv. ii. 123 You finde not the apostraphas, and so misse the accent.<br />

1590 premeditated (L praemeditare)<br />

A Midsummer Nights Dream v. i. 96 Great Clearkes haue purposed<br />

To greete me with premeditated welcomes.<br />

1593 obscene (L obscenus)<br />

Richard II iv. i. 131 That in a Christian Climate, Soules refinde<br />

Should shew so heynous, black, obscene a deed.<br />

1598 frugal (L frugalis)<br />

Merry Wives of Windsor) ii. i. 28, I was then Frugall of my mirth.

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4<br />

<strong>Word</strong> <strong>lists</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>loan</strong>-<strong>words</strong> - <strong>From</strong> <strong>Old</strong> <strong>English</strong> <strong>to</strong> Standard <strong>English</strong> 3 rd edition<br />

1601 dexterously/dexteriously (L dexter + -ous + -ly)<br />

Twelfth Night i. v. 66 Olivia. Can you do it?<br />

Clown Dexteriously, good Madona.<br />

1604 accommodation (L accommodationem)<br />

Othello i. iii. 239 Such Accomodation and besort As leuels with her breeding.<br />

1605 assassination (L assassinare)<br />

Macbrth i. vii. 2 If th’ Assassination<br />

Could trammell vp the Consequence, and catch<br />

With his surcease, Successe.<br />

1605 dislocate (L dislocare)<br />

King Lear iv. ii. 65 These hands..are apt enough <strong>to</strong> dislocate and tear<br />

Thy flesh and bones.<br />

1606 indistinguishable (L distinguere + in- + -able)<br />

Troilus & Cressida v. i. 33 You ruinous But, you whorson indistinguishable Curre.<br />

1606 submerged (L submergere)<br />

An<strong>to</strong>ny & Cleopatra ii. v. 94 So halfe my Egypt were submerg’d and made<br />

A Cesterne for scal’d Snakes.<br />

1607 misanthrope (Gk l∑r0mhqxpo|)<br />

Timon of Athens iv. iii. 53. I am Misantropos, and hate Mankinds<br />

17th century<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> date MnE<br />

adaptare 1611 adapt<br />

affidavit 1622 affidavit<br />

agendum 1629 agendum<br />

album 1651 album<br />

amanuensis 1619 amanuensis<br />

antipathia 1601 antipathy<br />

apparare 1628 apparatus<br />

harena 1627 arena<br />

assassinare 1618 assassinate<br />

atmosphaera 1638 atmosphere<br />

au<strong>to</strong>graphum 1640 au<strong>to</strong>graph<br />

capsula 1652 capsule<br />

census 1613 census<br />

compensare 1646 compensate<br />

compexus 1652 complex<br />

crux 1641 crux<br />

curriculum 1633 curriculum<br />

datum 1646 datum/data<br />

desideratum 1652 desideratum<br />

emancipare 1625 emancipate<br />

aequilibrium 1608 equilibrium<br />

erumpere 1657 erupt<br />

exserere 1660 exert<br />

expendere 1628 expensive<br />

fiat 1631 fiat<br />

ficticius 1615 fictitious<br />

focus 1644 focus<br />

forceps 1634 forceps<br />

forma 1638 formula<br />

fulcrum 1674 fulcrum<br />

impetus 1641 impetus<br />

inclementem 1621 inclement<br />

incubare 1641 incubate<br />

initiare 1603 initiate<br />

insignia 1648 insignia<br />

instantem 1651 instantaneous<br />

intimatus 1632 intimate (adj)<br />

jocularis 1626 jocular<br />

jurisprudentia 1628 jurisprudence<br />

larva 1651 larva<br />

lens 1693 lens<br />

lumbago 1693 lumbago<br />

mica 1684 mica<br />

minimum 1663 minimum<br />

nebula 1661 nebula<br />

onus 1640 onus<br />

pallor 1656 pallor<br />

par 1622 par<br />

pendulum 1660 pendulum<br />

plus 1615 plus<br />

praemium 1601 premium<br />

quaere 1635 query<br />

quota 1668 quota<br />

rabere 1661 rabies<br />

serere 1611 series<br />

serum 1672 serum<br />

sine cura 1662 sinecure<br />

specimen 1610 specimen<br />

spectrum 1611 spectrum<br />

squalor 1621 squalor<br />

stamen 1650 stamen<br />

status 1693 status<br />

stimulus 1684 stimulus<br />

taedium 1662 tedium<br />

tenet 1619 tenet<br />

<strong>to</strong>rpere 1607 <strong>to</strong>rpor<br />

transiens 1607 transient<br />

tuber 1668 tuber<br />

ultimatus 1654 ultimate<br />

urbanus 1619 urban<br />

vertebra 1615 vertebra<br />

ve<strong>to</strong> 1629 ve<strong>to</strong> (n)<br />

vindicare 1623 vindicate

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<strong>Word</strong> <strong>lists</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Latin</strong> <strong>loan</strong>-<strong>words</strong> - <strong>From</strong> <strong>Old</strong> <strong>English</strong> <strong>to</strong> Standard <strong>English</strong> 3 rd edition 5<br />

18th century<br />

<strong>Latin</strong> date MnE<br />

alibi 1727 alibi<br />

audi<strong>to</strong>rium 1727 audi<strong>to</strong>rium<br />

editus 1791 edit<br />

emanere 1788 emanation<br />

inertem 1713 inertia<br />

insomnis 1758 insomnia<br />

maximum 1740 maximum<br />

nucleus 1704 nucleus