f - Alaska State Library

INUPIAT ESKIMO<br />

DICTIONARY<br />

by<br />

Donald H. Webster and Wilfried Zibell<br />

Illustrated by Thelma A. Webster<br />

For<br />

<strong>Alaska</strong> Rural School Project<br />

Department of Education<br />

University of <strong>Alaska</strong><br />

College, <strong>Alaska</strong>

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@1970 Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc.<br />

Box 1028<br />

Fairbanks, <strong>Alaska</strong> 99701<br />

3,000 copies<br />

<strong>Library</strong> of Congress Catalog Card No. 76-632478

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FORWARD<br />

Of the making of books there is no end, said the great King<br />

Solomon of old. To the making of a dictionary there is no end, is<br />

the feeling one gets when he sets out on such a project. This work<br />

is by no means exhaustive. It is but a beginning.<br />

The Eskimo is admired the world over for his ability to live<br />

comfortably on the very edge of human habitat. His language<br />

reflects this genius. This dictionary is sent forth with the hope<br />

that something of this genius is displayed, both to the Eskimo<br />

(and particularly the young people who are loosing their cultural<br />

heritage), and to interested non-Eskimo.<br />

Unlike most dictionaries, this is compiled according to<br />

subject matter. By so doing, the authors feel that language<br />

features (such as how words relate to each other) can be displayed<br />

better. Also, new literates will find this system easier to follow<br />

and more interesting.<br />

These words have been gathered over a period of ten years<br />

and drawn from various Eskimo living in the villages of North<br />

and Northwest <strong>Alaska</strong>. To these many Eskimo friends our debt<br />

of thanks is due. They truly deserve the credit, while we assume<br />

the responsibility of any errors.<br />

iii

---

-.'<br />

ox<br />

rx:l<br />

:;:;;<br />

~ Z<br />

rx:l<br />

o<br />

~ ...:l -+-'<br />

o<br />

...:l<br />

......<br />

:><br />

Q)-+-'<br />

..... ()<br />

oj Q)<br />

..........<br />

0<br />

:;:;;<br />

......<br />

'0 oj<br />

.....<br />

oj '0<br />

~<br />

::.:::<br />

sr:<br />

rx:l<br />

:r:<br />

rn ...<br />

oj Q)<br />

..... :><br />

~ .....<br />

~<br />

..c::~<br />

-+-' ::I<br />

o: ... ..a<br />

...... o 0<br />

...:l<br />

o z::.:::<br />

z ~~<br />

rx:l<br />

Z::.:::<br />

----

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IMPORTANT NOTES TO THE READER<br />

1. When looking for a -word (in the Eskimo section), think of<br />

what it might be linked with, (e .g. "think" - -mental activity;<br />

"spoon"--food, eating; "rifle~-hunting etc.), then look at the<br />

index to see the subject categories. If the word is not suitable<br />

for simple categorizing, it may be in the section entitled "Other<br />

Words", such as "gift", "ouch! 'f etc.<br />

2. Since this dictionary is a compilation of the Kobuk River<br />

dialect and North <strong>Alaska</strong> dialect, many entries consist of two or<br />

more words. Such sets of words may vary on the basis of pronunciation<br />

or meaning. This dialect division is indicated thus:<br />

(N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the North<br />

Slope villages<br />

(K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the Kobuk<br />

River villages.<br />

A word entry which is not followed by a letter means that the<br />

word is used in both dialects. Some words have a more restricted<br />

use, being commonly used only in certain villages. Where<br />

such restrictions are known, they are noted thus:<br />

(a) after a word indicates it is used in Anaktuvuk Pass<br />

(b)" "" "" " " "Barrow<br />

(d)" "" "" " "" Deering/Buckland<br />

(no) " "" """"" Noatak<br />

(ki) " "" "" " " "Kivalina<br />

(p)" "" "" " " "Point Hope<br />

(q)" "" "" " " "Kotzebue<br />

(s)" "" "" " " "Selawik<br />

(sh) " "" "" " " "Shishmaref<br />

(w)" ,.,,, """" 11 Wainwright<br />

(u) 11 "" 11 11 " " "Unalakleet<br />

3. Information is also available from the way words are placed<br />

on the page, from their endings, and from their English glosses.<br />

Look at the following sample entry.<br />

aatchui ruk (K), aitchui ruk (N) 1<br />

aatchugaa , aitchugaa 2<br />

aatchuun, aitchuun 3<br />

gives 1<br />

gives it 2<br />

gift 3<br />

First, we know how the word is said in the Kobuk River<br />

dialect (K) and how it is pronounced in the ~orth <strong>Alaska</strong> dialect<br />

(N).<br />

v

---

Second, we know that all of these words are related because<br />

the' last two sets are set to the right of the main word. These<br />

words are related semantically. Some insets display categorical<br />

relationship.<br />

Third, verbs are indicated by the ending" -uk" on the Eskimo<br />

word and" -s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1.<br />

(Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy").<br />

Fourth, verbs are also indicated by the ending" -aa" on the<br />

Eskimo word and -generally "it" in the English gloss. Look at<br />

the words marked 2.<br />

Other words are nouns. Look at the words marked 3. (Some<br />

entries are conjunctions and interjections, but these are clearly<br />

displayed).<br />

(Eskimo does not distinguish gender in the third person, therefore<br />

"aatchuiruk" may mean either "he gives", "she give s'", or<br />

"it givea". Similarly, "aatchugaa" may mean "he/she/it" ~ives<br />

"it/he/she". This is why no subject pronoun is listed with' -uk"<br />

verbs; and "it" has arbitrarily been chosen to signal" -aa" verbs.<br />

Infrequently, meaning demands that it be replaced by "him" or<br />

"her" as in "kunikkaa- -kisses her". Both Intransitive verb forms<br />

(-uk) and Transitive verb forms (-aa) have been included because<br />

a student of Eskimo must know both forms and there is no simple<br />

rule for deriving the one from the other.)<br />

4. SECTION II is a list of Eskimo Post Bases. Post Bases are<br />

added to bases to modify meaning. Their function is similar to<br />

that of English adverbs, adjectives, auxiliary verbs, tenses, etc.<br />

5. SECTION III is an index of English words that equate to the<br />

Eskimo entries of Parts I & II.<br />

vi

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1. PEOPLE<br />

1.1<br />

1.2<br />

1.3<br />

1.4<br />

1.5<br />

1.6<br />

1.7<br />

1.8<br />

1.9<br />

1.10<br />

1.11<br />

1.12<br />

1.13<br />

1.14<br />

1.15<br />

CONTENTS<br />

Eskimo Writing Key ix<br />

SECTION<br />

Persons and Titles .<br />

Relatives .<br />

Body Parts .<br />

Head .<br />

Body .<br />

Organs .<br />

SkeletaL .<br />

Body Actions .<br />

Life Processes .<br />

Sickness and Debilities .<br />

Medical, Healing .<br />

Mental Activities .<br />

GeneraL .<br />

Love vs Hate .<br />

Attitude .<br />

Nervous Reaction .<br />

Confident vs FearfuL ..<br />

Reasonable vs Unreasonable .<br />

Good vs Bad .<br />

Clothing, Ornamentation ..<br />

Dwellings .<br />

Types .<br />

Parts .<br />

Contents .<br />

Religion ..<br />

Old .<br />

General .<br />

New - Christian ..<br />

Activities · .<br />

GeneraL ······..<br />

Men .<br />

Ladies· .<br />

youth .<br />

Amusements .<br />

Food, Eating .<br />

Food, Gathering .<br />

Hunting .<br />

Trapping .<br />

Fishing .<br />

Travelling .<br />

Land .<br />

Sea .<br />

vii<br />

1<br />

3<br />

6<br />

6<br />

8<br />

11<br />

12<br />

15<br />

17<br />

19<br />

22<br />

23<br />

23<br />

25<br />

26<br />

27<br />

28<br />

29<br />

30<br />

33<br />

36<br />

36<br />

37<br />

38<br />

41<br />

41<br />

42<br />

44<br />

47<br />

47<br />

48<br />

50<br />

52<br />

53<br />

54<br />

57<br />

57<br />

60<br />

61<br />

62<br />

62<br />

64

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2. CREATURES<br />

2.1<br />

2.2<br />

2.3<br />

2.4<br />

2.5<br />

2.6<br />

2.7<br />

2.8<br />

General. .<br />

Land Animals .<br />

Small Creatures of Land and Sea ; ..<br />

Insecta .<br />

Sea Animals .<br />

Animals of History and Legend .<br />

Fish .<br />

Birds .<br />

3. HEAVENS, EARTH, ATMOSPHERE<br />

3.1<br />

3.2<br />

3.3<br />

3.4<br />

3.5<br />

3.6<br />

3.7<br />

Heavenly Bodies Etc., ..<br />

Earth (Minerals) .<br />

Plants .<br />

Trees .<br />

Mountains and Hills .<br />

Lakes, Rivers, Oceans .<br />

Weather (includes snow and ice conditions) ..<br />

4. PLACE, TIME, DESCRIPTIVES<br />

4.1<br />

4.2<br />

4.3<br />

4.4<br />

General. .<br />

Place .<br />

Time .<br />

Descriptives .<br />

Opposites .<br />

Colors .<br />

Numbers .<br />

69<br />

69<br />

77<br />

78<br />

79<br />

82<br />

82<br />

84<br />

96<br />

97<br />

98<br />

101<br />

102<br />

103<br />

104<br />

110<br />

110<br />

117<br />

120<br />

120<br />

122<br />

123<br />

5. OTHER WORDS . 125<br />

SECTION II<br />

POST BASES.................. 167<br />

SECTION III<br />

ENGLI SH INDEX.......................................... 186<br />

viii

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a amaak<br />

root<br />

aatkan<br />

mitten<br />

ch natcnik<br />

seal<br />

ivgich<br />

grass<br />

g aglaun<br />

pencil<br />

ivgun<br />

towel<br />

taggak<br />

shadow<br />

ESKIMO WRITING KEY<br />

h ahaal.ik<br />

Oldsquaw<br />

, ix<br />

An English Pronunciation<br />

Guide<br />

a is pronounced most<br />

frequentliY, like the<br />

vowel in t fun" and<br />

"the". When next to<br />

"k" or "s". it sounds<br />

like "a" in "father".<br />

Double aa and any<br />

other double letter<br />

is held longer than<br />

a single letter.<br />

ch resembles" ch" in<br />

"church".<br />

g before another consonant<br />

is like "g" in<br />

"go" .<br />

Elsewhere it is pronounced<br />

much softer<br />

as a continued sound.<br />

not as a stopped<br />

sound like the one<br />

above.<br />

g is similar to "g"<br />

above, but is spoken<br />

farther back in the<br />

throat. Between vowels<br />

it is sometimes<br />

very soft and easily<br />

missed.<br />

h resembles English<br />

"h".

---

ikun<br />

match<br />

siilik<br />

pike<br />

k kukik<br />

fingernail<br />

ukpik<br />

Snowy Owl<br />

k ukpik<br />

willow<br />

1 ulu<br />

woman's knife<br />

kallun<br />

cup<br />

1 paluktak<br />

beaver<br />

kamikluuk<br />

pants<br />

1 killik<br />

cut<br />

ki ltgnik<br />

knot<br />

.'<br />

is pronounced like<br />

"I" in "police". Next<br />

to g and k it sounds<br />

like "i" in "tin"<br />

k sounds like "k" in<br />

"ski" or "skill" . It<br />

lacks the puff of air<br />

that follows "k" in<br />

"kill"<br />

k like g, is sounded<br />

farther back in the<br />

throat than k and g.<br />

1 resembles "I" in<br />

"leave"<br />

1 is like "I" in<br />

"cleave", only more<br />

"breathy". It is<br />

voiceless.<br />

1 is pronounced something<br />

like the letters<br />

"Ji" in "peculiar" or<br />

"million", (is the<br />

same as Spanish<br />

caballero).<br />

m mannik __ ?m sounds like English<br />

egg 1/ 7 ~' 1, ,~ "m".<br />

I{r--~ n nanuk v" ~ f n is pronounced like<br />

polar bear English "n".<br />

1<br />

n inuk (--~\ ~~ n is pronounced like<br />

human being the letters "riy' in<br />

"canyon", (is the<br />

sikinik<br />

sun<br />

a:<br />

same as Spanish<br />

manana).

---

IJ tnjrni suun<br />

airplane<br />

arjun<br />

male being -~<br />

lJ is pronounced like<br />

the letters "rig" in<br />

"king" .<br />

p papik<br />

bird's<br />

putu<br />

hole<br />

tail Ij,<br />

P sounds like "p" in<br />

" spot". It is pronounced<br />

without the<br />

puff of air that<br />

accompanies "p" in<br />

"pot".<br />

r argaich<br />

hand,<br />

ugruk<br />

fingers @<br />

r sounds like "r"<br />

"z" pronounced<br />

the same time.<br />

and<br />

at<br />

s<br />

bearded seal<br />

~=<br />

suluk ~<br />

wing feather<br />

~<br />

s is pronounced be-<br />

tween English" s"<br />

and "sh".<br />

~\<br />

~#/ )<br />

4<br />

sr siksrik<br />

ground squirrel<br />

sr sounds like "r" and<br />

t> ill:srall:<br />

cheek<br />

~(" "sh " pronounced at<br />

- /I ) the same time.<br />

/~y<br />

Where Kobuk River<br />

people use" sr" between<br />

vowels, coastal<br />

Eskimos<br />

nounce "s".<br />

pro-<br />

t tuttu t is pronounced like<br />

caribou<br />

"t" in" steam" . It<br />

lacks the puff of air<br />

.... \\\<br />

_ » ~"- that follows "t" in<br />

~-(Ar<br />

"team".<br />

~ ~,"<br />

u ull:all: u sounds like "u" in<br />

tongue /~~ "rule" . Next to g<br />

-f~ and ls:. it sounds like<br />

uuktuun<br />

a measure<br />

r0;.~ "u'' in "pull"<br />

in "okay".<br />

or "0"<br />

xi

---

v nuviivak v is pronounced somefly<br />

what like English<br />

"v" but with lips<br />

touching.<br />

y nauyals: ~ -"~ y is pronounced like<br />

seagull English 11 "r" in "yes".<br />

ai aivils:<br />

walrus<br />

ia t:ilJmials:<br />

goose<br />

au kauk<br />

forehead<br />

ua kuals:<br />

frozen food<br />

ui kugruich<br />

swans<br />

iu siun<br />

ear<br />

ai is pronounced like<br />

"ie"" in "pie" and<br />

ia is pronounced like<br />

"ea" in "area" in<br />

North <strong>Alaska</strong> dialect.<br />

In Kobuk River<br />

dialect, they are<br />

pronounced alike, as<br />

in "air".<br />

au is pronounced like<br />

"ow" in "pow" and<br />

ua is pronounced like<br />

"wa" in "how about"<br />

in North <strong>Alaska</strong> dia-<br />

1ect. In Kobuk River<br />

dialect, they are<br />

pronounced alike, as<br />

"au" in "caught" .<br />

ui is pronounced like<br />

"ui" in "quick" in<br />

both North <strong>Alaska</strong><br />

and Kobuk River<br />

dialects.<br />

iu is pronounced like<br />

"eu" in "mew" in<br />

North <strong>Alaska</strong> dialect,<br />

but like" ee" in<br />

"seen" in Kobuk<br />

River dialect.<br />

In some places where coastal dialects use a "k", Kobuk River<br />

people use a glottal stop spelled (I) as in the following sentence:<br />

Ani rami tautukkaa. "As he went out, he saw it".<br />

xii

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SECTION I

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JPtun~aura~, paipi.ir-ak (N)<br />

1. PEOPLE<br />

1.1 PERSONS AND TITLES<br />

i1ilgaa~, krtungak, rlaalugruak (K),<br />

mikriktuk (b), uivtflak (sh)<br />

nukatpia.lugr'uak , arJugaura~ (K),<br />

anutaur ak (N)<br />

baby<br />

child<br />

nukatpiagruk boy<br />

nukatpiak<br />

anun<br />

(cf. inuk)<br />

small boy<br />

young man (marriageable)<br />

man<br />

arjayu~aksra~, arJugaatchia~ (K) old man<br />

niviaksralugruak<br />

nivi akaiagruk<br />

niviaksrak<br />

a~na~<br />

little girl<br />

girl (before puberty)<br />

young lady (marriageable)<br />

woman<br />

aakuaks r ak , aakuaks raatchiak (K) old woman<br />

nutakkat<br />

utukkanaat<br />

anayukaak<br />

young people<br />

old people<br />

parent<br />

trguak adopted child<br />

inuguktitak child raised<br />

but not<br />

adopted<br />

1

---

2<br />

aIJ ayukaagi itchuak (N),<br />

arjayukaarj ilaur-ak (K)<br />

Ilrappak<br />

ilakatai ksuak- (K), tuvakataignik (N)<br />

nulifksuak (K)<br />

ui lgagnaak (K)<br />

uiksraun, ilakatntglaktuak (K)<br />

nuliaksraun (N), ilakrrigi aktuak (K)<br />

i.Iakatni.gut lai lak (K)<br />

tuvakataitchuk (N)<br />

ui Iauktak<br />

i.lannak (K), avflaitkan (N)<br />

inuukati gifk<br />

inuukan<br />

uumaga (N), i.lakatiga (K)<br />

ilukaan<br />

inuk<br />

inupiak<br />

na.luagmiu , tanik (N)<br />

orphan<br />

Persons & Titles<br />

poor, orphan<br />

widow, widower<br />

(lit. without a<br />

partner)<br />

widower<br />

widow<br />

bridegroom<br />

bride<br />

bachelor, spinster<br />

bachelor<br />

spinster<br />

friend<br />

my namesake<br />

(relationship based<br />

upon sharing name<br />

of deceased person)<br />

two born on same day<br />

(special friendship)<br />

one who is born on<br />

same day<br />

my namesake's wife<br />

everyone, all<br />

person, man<br />

Eskimo (lit. real<br />

person)<br />

Indian<br />

white person

---

Persons & Titles; Relatives<br />

ranaiya ak<br />

half-white<br />

taaks ipak Negro<br />

taakstpaiyaak half-Negro<br />

agaayul.ikai (K), arj aayul.iks.i (N) pastor, missionary<br />

taakti<br />

iIi saur-r i (N), i.Iis aut r i (K) teacher<br />

irninaur ak (N), ki maktuak (K) fugitive<br />

iriuakt i<br />

medical doctor<br />

murderer<br />

iglaak traveller, stranger,<br />

visitor<br />

uvaij a<br />

uvaguk<br />

uvagut<br />

ilivich (N), ilvich (K,q)<br />

iliptik (K), ili vsik (N)<br />

ilipsi (K), ilivsi (N)<br />

ilaa<br />

ililJik<br />

i.Iirji ch<br />

ilaur-aatka , iIatka<br />

kirjuvaa.tka<br />

arnauga<br />

-ksraga<br />

aapa-ksraga<br />

ign.i-ks raga<br />

1.2 RELATIVES<br />

I, me<br />

we (two), us<br />

we (pl), us<br />

you<br />

you (two)<br />

you (pl)<br />

he, she, it, him, her<br />

they (two), them<br />

they (pl), them<br />

my relatives<br />

my ancestors<br />

my great grandparent<br />

my step---my<br />

stepfather<br />

my stepson<br />

ataataga (N, q), taata ruaga (K) my grandfather,<br />

great uncle<br />

3

---

4<br />

aapaga (N, q), taataga (K)<br />

akkaga (K)<br />

aIJ aaluga (N)<br />

aIJ atchiaga (K)<br />

my father<br />

my uncle (father's<br />

brother)<br />

my uncle<br />

Relatives<br />

my uncle (mother's<br />

brother)<br />

atchaga my aunt (N), father's<br />

sister (K)<br />

aya~ruksaa~a my aunt (mother's<br />

sister)<br />

aanaga my great aunt,<br />

grandmother (N, q),<br />

aanaruaga (K)<br />

mother (K)<br />

my grandmother,<br />

great aunt<br />

aakaga (N, q), aanaga (K)<br />

ilakat iga (K), tuvaakatiga (N)<br />

my mother<br />

my partner (husband<br />

or wife)<br />

uiga my husband<br />

nukaaluga tN)<br />

aapiyaga<br />

nul iaga, agnaga<br />

ukua~a<br />

my brother-in-law,<br />

my son -In -law<br />

my younger brother<br />

my older brother<br />

my wife<br />

my sister-in-law,<br />

my daughter-in-law<br />

anikatrga my sibling (my brother<br />

or my sister)<br />

nukatchiaga my younger sibling (K),<br />

my younger sister (N)

---

Relatives<br />

aakauraga (K), ataur-aga (N)<br />

kataquti.ga<br />

-iikanil$atig-iik<br />

afifia~-iik<br />

aanarua~-iik<br />

ati~-iik<br />

sunaa~a<br />

aIJutikati ga<br />

afifia~a (N, q), uumaaga (K)<br />

agnakatiga<br />

iIlugi ga (N), iUuga (K)<br />

paniga<br />

aq ayukh ga<br />

nukakriga<br />

aIJ aukaagaitka , kitungaagaitka.<br />

nukagi itka<br />

my older sister<br />

my illegitimate sibling<br />

pair of, couple<br />

sibling pair<br />

female cousins,<br />

couple of girl friends<br />

grandchild living with<br />

grandmother<br />

two people bearing<br />

same name<br />

my friend (male to<br />

male)<br />

my cousin (by my<br />

father's brother)<br />

my female cousin<br />

(female to female),<br />

my girl friend<br />

(female of same Cl.ge)<br />

my cousin (by my<br />

mother's sister)<br />

my cross -cousin,<br />

my joking partner<br />

my daughter<br />

my son<br />

my oldest child<br />

my youngest child<br />

my family<br />

kataga my illegitimate child<br />

uyuguga my nephew, my niece<br />

tutaaluga, tutitchi aga my grandchild<br />

5

---

6<br />

ni akuk<br />

kavrak<br />

tunis uk (N), tunusruk (K)<br />

nutchat<br />

iksuu<br />

siun<br />

siutik<br />

aiunqur-ak<br />

kiinak (N, q), kiginak (K)<br />

kiinagiilirul><br />

kiinagul;s:<br />

uluak , Iks r ak<br />

tavlu<br />

tavlugun<br />

ag likkuk<br />

agliguk<br />

umni ch<br />

uIU!Jiyaktuk<br />

kavlut<br />

akungak<br />

1.3 BODY PARTS<br />

HEAD<br />

head, skull<br />

crown of head<br />

(skull cap)<br />

rounding of back of<br />

head (occipital)<br />

head hair<br />

dandruff<br />

ear<br />

ears (2)<br />

ear cavity<br />

face<br />

blushes<br />

mask<br />

forehead<br />

cheek<br />

chin<br />

chin tattoo<br />

lower jawbone<br />

(both sides)<br />

lower jawbone<br />

(one side)<br />

beard<br />

shaves<br />

eyebrow<br />

ridge between<br />

eyebrows

---

Body Parts<br />

l$;arunaal$;<br />

slkpiich<br />

sikuruk<br />

siki ru k<br />

iri<br />

ir'iktuk<br />

irakumak<br />

irisiftik<br />

l$;ulvich<br />

kulvir uk<br />

l>iIJak<br />

nUIJIJak (N), akul iak (K)<br />

sugluk<br />

takpaak (N), takparuak (K),<br />

l$;iIJIJ ak (K)<br />

kakki viak<br />

kakik<br />

kakki r uk<br />

kanik<br />

kigun<br />

kigutit<br />

kirjrnaktuk<br />

eyebrow ridge<br />

eyelashes<br />

eyes are closed<br />

moves head forward<br />

and down<br />

eye<br />

hides<br />

iris of eye<br />

eye cavity<br />

tears<br />

weeps<br />

nose (house ventilator)<br />

nose bridge<br />

nasal passage,<br />

nose cavity<br />

nostrils<br />

groove under nose<br />

mucous<br />

blows nose<br />

lips<br />

lip<br />

corner of the mouth<br />

mouth<br />

palate, roof of mouth<br />

gums<br />

tooth<br />

teeth<br />

bites<br />

7

---

8<br />

u~a~<br />

ukaktuk<br />

---

Body Parts 9<br />

niu<br />

niuk<br />

niutak<br />

niu r'uk<br />

niur iruk<br />

tan~aL<<br />

kuktugak<br />

kikrn.ifkuk (K), kirnmitkuk (N)<br />

s ipyaak (K), s ivviak (N)<br />

naplui (K), navlu (N)<br />

sifiigfi.iL

---

10<br />

timi<br />

tuikkak , tui (K)<br />

saa<br />

saattuk<br />

s atkak<br />

miluk<br />

milluk<br />

milu<br />

miluktuk<br />

ki tik<br />

narrak<br />

nar-raagittchuk<br />

na r.r-amju ruk<br />

kalaaik<br />

ku ligil~ (N), kuliik (K)<br />

kutchingaat<br />

ivalu Iini.k<br />

aagiak<br />

tunu<br />

tunuani<br />

tunuttuk<br />

tunutkaa<br />

sangak<br />

sanikkak<br />

ikkuk<br />

ukpatik<br />

body<br />

shoulder<br />

Body Parts<br />

body front<br />

turn to face someone<br />

chest<br />

breast, nipple<br />

milk (K)<br />

both breasts<br />

nipple<br />

nurses<br />

waist (middle)<br />

abdomen<br />

stomachache (chronic)<br />

stomach cramps(acute)<br />

umbilicus (naval)<br />

back<br />

small of back<br />

(lumbar curve)<br />

large back muscle<br />

depression between<br />

shoulder blades<br />

back, loin<br />

in behind,<br />

to his rear<br />

turns his back to<br />

turns his back on him<br />

side<br />

both sides<br />

buttock<br />

hips

---

Body Parts<br />

~uktug;aJs.<br />

mitkut<br />

uvifii~<br />

silJlJik<br />

nukik<br />

uuliutik<br />

auk<br />

auk igliJs.tuk<br />

auktuk<br />

aukkun , augavik,<br />

takak , tagakpak<br />

puvaich<br />

uumman (N), uuman (K)<br />

uumaruk<br />

uum ak<br />

uuma<br />

uumalaaktuk<br />

tilJuk<br />

ORGANS<br />

kanivaun (N), mulik (K), simik (K)<br />

akiaguk<br />

i!Jaluat , paal.aak (n)<br />

ikhi<br />

i!Jaluakt ak<br />

thigh<br />

body hair, pubic hair<br />

brain<br />

skin<br />

any large arm or<br />

leg muscle<br />

tendon, muscle<br />

tenderloins<br />

blood<br />

blood flows<br />

nose bleeds<br />

blood vessel (N)<br />

vein, artery, blood<br />

vessel (K)<br />

lungs<br />

heart<br />

is alive<br />

green wood<br />

live coal<br />

lively child<br />

diaphragm<br />

liver<br />

stomach<br />

small intestines<br />

colon, large intestine<br />

umbilical cord<br />

11

---

12<br />

saglupkutak (N), uksi (K)<br />

taktu<br />

nakasuk (N), nakasruk (K)<br />

surjak<br />

surpj ak<br />

surjaktaak<br />

appendix<br />

kidney<br />

bladder<br />

iIurnrn ik fetus<br />

itik anus<br />

usuk (N, q), usruk (K) penis<br />

gall bladder<br />

bladder<br />

green<br />

iksruuk testicles<br />

utchuk vulva<br />

usuurak clitoris<br />

aalgunak<br />

aa.lguruk<br />

SKELETAL<br />

Body Parts<br />

afterbirth, placenta<br />

menstruation<br />

menstrates<br />

(Some words listed under BODY apply also to the SKELETAL<br />

section, ego niakuk head, skull)<br />

saunik bone<br />

patik marrow<br />

isugluk (N),<br />

isrugluk (K)<br />

bone end

---

Body Parts<br />

ni akuk<br />

igurvik.---- (/<br />

-; ~~<br />

~<br />

i.ris inik --\----rTf-.<br />

suglu --------'\1;------7-"<br />

skull, head<br />

~ ~-temporal<br />

~ ~~<br />

~<br />

)<br />

~-~---'--+--- nasal cavity<br />

kanik -----__+__~ ~_+--- oral cavity,<br />

mouth<br />

kigutit -----+--'~~-I<br />

[..4;L...---if----:;#---.- teeth<br />

uniagak, agl ikkuk ,4-.-------+-lower jaw<br />

(mandible)<br />

kigapikkat (K), kuyipitkat (N)<br />

pikusuk (N), ikik (K)<br />

kivialuktuk<br />

kiviaktuk (N), kirjiaktuk (K)<br />

backbone, spine<br />

vertebra<br />

1st vertebra (atlas)<br />

turns head, looks<br />

behind<br />

pamialuk (K), pamiugayuk (N) tailbone (sacrum)<br />

13

---

14 Body Parts<br />

kutuk collarbone (clavicle)<br />

kiasik shoulder blade<br />

(scapula)<br />

tulimaat ribs (costae)<br />

mnj ich (K), nuvuliksrat (N) floating ribs<br />

sakiagich<br />

breast bone (sternum)<br />

kayuutaurak lower tip of sternum<br />

ulna, fibia<br />

aminniksr ak radius<br />

kutchik (N), kuutchuk (K) hip bone (ossa coxae)<br />

kirrigriik<br />

srtkuk (N), srtkuak<br />

femur<br />

kanagak, kanaak tibia<br />

kneecap (patella)<br />

isigaich nugaur arj ich bones of foot,<br />

(metatarsals)<br />

isigaich napyaarj ich bones of toes,<br />

(tarsals)<br />

inugaur-at fingers (phalanges),<br />

four small toes<br />

putuguk big toe

---

14 BODY ACTIONS<br />

(See also under "Body Parts" where some motion words are<br />

built upon the same base).<br />

kiviaktuk (N), kin iaktuk (K)<br />

l$:iviagaaktuk (N)<br />

looks up, raises<br />

head<br />

turns head<br />

turns head right and<br />

left<br />

kuraktuk looks down, lowers<br />

head<br />

sikiruk moves head forward<br />

and down<br />

tusaaruk (N), tusr-aaruk (K) hears<br />

naal.aktuk<br />

srkungipaktaktuk<br />

aikuni gaktuk<br />

tautuktuk<br />

tautukkaa<br />

kiniktuk<br />

l$:ifiigaa<br />

kiar uk<br />

atuktuk<br />

listens<br />

bl.inks,<br />

winks<br />

sees<br />

sees it<br />

watches<br />

watches it<br />

cries<br />

takprksuk sees keenly<br />

nai ruk<br />

smells<br />

iksuktaktuk wrinkles nose<br />

tagiuktuk<br />

ukaktuk<br />

sneezes<br />

talks<br />

sings<br />

15

---

16<br />

srvruur-aktuk<br />

whispers<br />

kal.aktuk clears throat<br />

nipi<br />

nipliksuk (K), nivliksuk (N)<br />

nipitur-uk<br />

rrip ai tchuk , nipi aksuk<br />

iglaktuk<br />

iglaIJ aaktuk<br />

Body Actions<br />

voice, sound<br />

says, sounds, voices<br />

is noisy<br />

is quiet<br />

laughs<br />

smiles<br />

ur-r aaktuk gesticulates<br />

ti kkuaktuk points<br />

Lsaarj aruk reaches forth<br />

akaikkaa, aktugaa<br />

puyyukkaa (N), putyukkaa (K)<br />

tiguai ruk (N), tigus r-i r-uk (K)<br />

tigugaa<br />

pati.ktuk<br />

puttuk<br />

aitkuktuk<br />

akuvrttuk , akavittuk (N)<br />

makittuk<br />

pi suaktuk , pts ruktuk (K)<br />

akpattuk (N), akpaksruktuk (K)<br />

aki ruk<br />

akigaa<br />

touches it<br />

pinches it<br />

takes, lays hold of,<br />

picks up<br />

picks it up, takes it<br />

slaps<br />

bows<br />

kneels<br />

sits down<br />

arises, stands up<br />

walks<br />

runs<br />

kicks<br />

kicks it<br />

maiyukruk climbs<br />

-<br />

m i.ngi kauk (N) jumps

---

Body Actions; Life Processes<br />

misiksuJs:<br />

misigaktuk<br />

nautkiaktuk<br />

nutiktuk<br />

nuttagrgaa<br />

leaps straight up,<br />

jumps down from<br />

low height<br />

hops<br />

jumps down<br />

siiksukaktuk (K), maki ruk (N) sweats<br />

nal.iktuk<br />

nalik<br />

anaktuk<br />

anak<br />

kusuuruk (N), kui ruk (K)<br />

kukt ak (N), itrguak (K)<br />

1.5 LIFE PROCESSES<br />

leaps<br />

leaps at him<br />

expels flatus (gas)<br />

flatus<br />

defecates<br />

stool (feces)<br />

urinates<br />

urine<br />

ani ruk is born (lit. exits)<br />

igniruJs: gives birth, has a<br />

baby<br />

aniktrgir-uk breathes<br />

ani grrik breath<br />

agliruk grow s up, gets big<br />

aglintgaktuk reached puberty<br />

inuguktuk grew up (lit. became a<br />

person)<br />

sirjaiyaur-uk (N), naaktu ruk (K) is pregnant<br />

inuu ruk<br />

inuggun (N), iriuuhik (K)<br />

inuuni aktuk<br />

lives<br />

life<br />

makes a living, lives<br />

17

---

18<br />

kaaktuk (N), nigisuktuk (K)<br />

Imrguktuk<br />

is hungry<br />

is thirsty<br />

Life Processes<br />

kuluularuk stomach growls<br />

nigi ruk eats<br />

irniktuk drinks<br />

uinagl.iksuk is sleepy<br />

pi lai ksuk (N), iniktuktuk (K) is tired<br />

aatchauktuk yawns<br />

nal.laktuk lies down<br />

tut t aa.ktuk (N) goes to bed<br />

aikuruk goes to sleep, closes<br />

his eyes<br />

kivsfruk is startled awake<br />

while dozing off<br />

aintktuk sleeps<br />

kammui ruk (N), kamrjuir-uk (K)<br />

s.innaktuktuk<br />

ainnaktuk<br />

snores<br />

dreams<br />

dream<br />

itivli ruk is sleepwalking,<br />

talking in his sleep<br />

uitchuk opens his eyes<br />

Itiktuk wakes up<br />

itkumar-uk is awake, is not<br />

sleeping<br />

tukuruk dies<br />

Ig rugaa gets stiff (of a dead<br />

body)

---

-(g)iit -<br />

a~iagug-iit -cnuk<br />

iggiag -iit -chuk<br />

-nrJU -<br />

akiagu -ruju -r-uk<br />

iggia -ruju -r-uk<br />

1.6 SICKNESSES AND DEBILITIES<br />

chronic<br />

has a chronic<br />

stomachache<br />

has a chronic sore<br />

throat<br />

acute<br />

has an acute<br />

stomachache<br />

has an acute sore<br />

throat<br />

amiigruktu~ (N), ami iks iktuk (K) has skinned self<br />

anaaktrttuk<br />

anaagnik<br />

atnignaktuk (K), anrugnaktuk (N)<br />

atnigfia~ (K), anni.gnak (N)<br />

atnii taktuktuk (K)<br />

kapugaur aitchuk<br />

kapugaural$.<br />

is bruised<br />

bruise<br />

hurts, pains, is sick<br />

pain<br />

has pain<br />

anniiyaruk (N), atni.iya.ruk (K) is sore<br />

aunaaktuk (N), aunaaksruktuk (K)<br />

auttak (N), auktak (K)<br />

ayaul$.<br />

ayauijaruk, kinit laitchuk (K)<br />

ayaurul$.<br />

iIluktuk<br />

Ihiitchuk<br />

itiktaktuk<br />

bleeds, menstruates<br />

mole, Mongolean<br />

spot (Mongol geburts<br />

fleck)<br />

boil (sore)<br />

is blind<br />

got blind<br />

is snow blinded<br />

is sick<br />

has diarrhea<br />

kakkiruj uruk has a stuffy nose<br />

extracted a splinter<br />

splinter<br />

19

---

20<br />

kasurjar-uk (N), kasz-uruk (K)<br />

kigutinnuruk<br />

kiguta.iksuk<br />

kiiks iuktuk<br />

kiiksiugun<br />

kiIikauk<br />

ki.li igr'uktuk<br />

killik<br />

Sioknesses & Debilities<br />

is withered<br />

has a toothache<br />

pulls a tooth<br />

is painful<br />

pain<br />

has cut self<br />

has skinned self,<br />

abrased<br />

cut<br />

kinnan aakair-uk is becoming senile<br />

kaugz-imaitchuk (K),<br />

kaur-imrnagi.itchuk (N)<br />

karvanaruk (N)<br />

kapyaltksuk (K)<br />

kaugr-immaiksuk (K),<br />

kaur irnmi aktuk (N),<br />

sayyaiksuk<br />

kikkitigaa<br />

kigittik (N), ilguk, Igruk (K)<br />

Ig rul.igaa (K)<br />

kiiks ruktuk<br />

is numb<br />

is dizzy<br />

worries, gets dizzy,<br />

has a headache<br />

fainted<br />

has frostbite<br />

frostbite<br />

has chills<br />

has convulsions, is an<br />

epileptic<br />

kilur-ir-uk, ki luruk has a muscle cramp<br />

kilguk<br />

kugiksuk (N), kukhiksuk (K)<br />

has a stiff muscle<br />

scar<br />

coughs<br />

rnaki ruk drains (of ear, sore<br />

etc.) sweats<br />

migi aktuk vomits

---

Sicknesses & DebiLities<br />

narjittuk, atni gnaktuk (K)<br />

napnj aruk (N), napurj aruk (K)<br />

nar-r aagi.itchuk<br />

nar-r-amjuruk<br />

ni akunq uruk<br />

nia~ugiitchu~<br />

nuvaktuk<br />

pirjuk<br />

piyakkuktuk<br />

siglanguli~su~ (N),<br />

s iig.lanrju ruk (K)<br />

sukkit chuk<br />

tagiuktuk<br />

tal.li ak<br />

niigaak (K), niugaak (N)<br />

ar gigaur-aak (N), ar gaaktuk<br />

tigga~tu~<br />

tigli~ta~tu~<br />

tusi attuk (N), tus r.iattuk (K)<br />

tu silIaktuk ,<br />

tusaalaitchuk (N), tu s r atl.aitchuk (K)<br />

u~alaitchu~ (N),<br />

ukatl.ai tchuk (K)<br />

urujuk<br />

is sick (malaise)<br />

is hunchbacked<br />

has abdominal cramps<br />

has abdominal ache<br />

has a headache<br />

has a severe<br />

headache<br />

has a cold<br />

swelling<br />

had an accident<br />

has a sour stomach<br />

gets a thorn or tack<br />

into his flesh<br />

sneezes<br />

broken arm<br />

broken leg<br />

broken finger<br />

is stiff<br />

is throbbing<br />

is lame<br />

is deaf<br />

is dumb<br />

wart<br />

21

---

22<br />

uunautikaktuk (N),<br />

uunakhiktuk (K),<br />

ki rr-iks ir-uk (p)<br />

uuti gnik (N), uutinnik (K)<br />

1.7 MEDICAL, HEALING<br />

Medical, Healing<br />

has a fever<br />

is scarred from a<br />

burn<br />

sayakturuk is healthy, strong<br />

inuuniun medicine<br />

itrisiun (K) thermometer<br />

Immrgaun equipment for giving<br />

enema (of ugruk<br />

intestines)<br />

kiIaun divining rod<br />

kappun , kappugaur ak scalpel (for blood<br />

letting), hypodermic<br />

needle<br />

iirigak pill<br />

aluutaur ak little spoon<br />

tulukkam asriat juniper berries (Fructus<br />

juniperus), a<br />

medicinal drink .<br />

mamittuk heals (of sore, cut,<br />

etc. )<br />

mamittitkaa healed him<br />

Ihrakai r-uk recovers<br />

nakuuks.iruk (N), nakuksi.ruk (K) is getting better<br />

uksrul$ seal oil, used as<br />

liniment, medicine<br />

uksruktiktuk<br />

anoints,<br />

body<br />

rub oil on

---

Mental Activities<br />

nanuktuk Ul$.srugmik<br />

nanuum , uks rugun<br />

piIaktuk<br />

ilisimarul$.<br />

ilisimagaa<br />

isumattu.ruk<br />

1.8 MENTAL ACTIVITIES<br />

i.Ii.aaur r'Lr'uk (N), iIi sautr-i ruk (K)<br />

ilisauti.gaa<br />

GENERAL<br />

rubs with seal oil (as<br />

on neck for sore<br />

throat)<br />

ointment<br />

has surgery<br />

knows<br />

knows it<br />

i~itchirul$., iIitchuk learns<br />

iIrtchug'i ruk<br />

iIitchugrgaa<br />

iIi tchugun<br />

isuma ruk (N, q), isrumaruk (K)<br />

teaches<br />

teaches him<br />

recognizes, realizes<br />

finds it out,<br />

becomes acquainted<br />

with him<br />

cause of recognition,<br />

sign<br />

thinks<br />

is wise<br />

puki ksuk is quick to learn, is<br />

wise (K)<br />

kani.kai ruk<br />

karjil$.siiigitchul$. (K),<br />

makirnaktuk (N)<br />

understands<br />

understands not<br />

naluruk is ignorant, does<br />

not know<br />

l$.augrilil$.tul$.(K), kaur ikftksuk (N) catches on<br />

23

---

24<br />

pi saasuktuk (N), pi.saas ruktuk (K)<br />

itkaktuk<br />

itlj:agigaa<br />

itkakt igaa (K)<br />

puttulj:srirulj: (N)<br />

Mental Activities<br />

is clever<br />

remembers<br />

remember it<br />

it comes to mind<br />

comes to mind, is<br />

inspired<br />

sagviksuk (K), satapkiksuk (N) comes into view, is<br />

revealed<br />

alga~sruirulj: exhorts,<br />

preaches<br />

corrects,<br />

(N)<br />

algakarugaa<br />

exhorts him, tells<br />

him the right way<br />

to behave<br />

ilualj:sruktulj: corrects person who<br />

is erring ignorantly<br />

infkttktuk<br />

is threatening (scolding<br />

that brings<br />

results)<br />

natkiks ruktuk is correcting one who<br />

has unknowingly erred<br />

sHgiksuktuk is correcting one who<br />

willfully erred<br />

pir-aks rtksuk admonishes<br />

suaktuk scolds<br />

si.imaktuk (N) argues<br />

isumannutchautt ruk argues heatedly<br />

lj:apiktaHiluurulj:<br />

argues heatedly<br />

kaptkt ai Ii suuruk argues incessantly<br />

kukuula.ruk (N), tulj:hlga~tulj: (K) shouts<br />

nipaal.aruk<br />

sakraktuk (N)<br />

screams<br />

shouts

---

Mental Activities<br />

pitkuruk commands<br />

Love<br />

LOVE vs HATE<br />

praises, boasts<br />

nagli ktuk is merciful, com-<br />

nagligigaa<br />

passionate<br />

has compassion<br />

him<br />

on<br />

nakuaksr-iruk likes, loves<br />

piviuttaktuk (N) loves (of marriage)<br />

pi.kpaks riruk loves, precious<br />

Hate<br />

HUnlJut chaktuk<br />

isumangu ruk (N), isrumamjur'uk (K)<br />

kinnaktuk<br />

is deeply angry,<br />

hurt, disturbed<br />

holds a grudge<br />

is angry<br />

kivguruk (N) leaves because<br />

angry (b),leaves home<br />

because angry (ap)<br />

kivittuk<br />

goes away because<br />

angry<br />

iluagfingi.tchaa (K) dislikes him, is<br />

prejudiced<br />

uumikh.ksuk (N), uumiks rt ruk (K) hates<br />

pl saayugagaa, uumis aagur agaa (K) provokes him<br />

25

---

26<br />

Pleasant<br />

aggallaagiktu~ (K)<br />

al.ianartchuk<br />

aIJuyautaitchuk<br />

ATTITUDE<br />

ka am as r aaktuk (K), kaamatchaktuk (N)<br />

kuvi.asuktuk (N, q}, kuviasruktuk (K)<br />

~yaru~<br />

tagialanaitchu~<br />

talugnaitchuk, attagnaitchuk<br />

tutkiksuk<br />

kapirjai.s aaktuk<br />

kapirja.Ls aaga.a<br />

Unpleasant<br />

al.ianaktuk<br />

al iarriuktuk<br />

iprktusuktuk (N), alfas ruktuk (K)<br />

Hummaagiitchu~ (N),<br />

ihrarnrna.ag'i.itchuk (K)<br />

Mental Activities<br />

enjoys himself<br />

is cheerful, happy,<br />

jolly<br />

is peaceable, is not<br />

hostile<br />

is buoyantly joyful .<br />

is happy<br />

thanks, praises,<br />

expresses appreciation<br />

is hospitable (enjoyable<br />

atmosphere)<br />

is friendly, kind,<br />

communicati ve<br />

is content, is at peace<br />

(within)<br />

encourages<br />

encourages him<br />

is quiet, lonesome,<br />

sad<br />

is lonesome, quiet,<br />

sad, not communicative<br />

is despondent, sad<br />

does not feel well

---

Mentat Activities<br />

Isumaaktuk (N, q),<br />

isr-umaa luktuk (K)<br />

alianiili~ (K) sorrow<br />

mourns (not expressed)'<br />

worries (K)<br />

ki gluktuk sorrow s , mourns<br />

anuksruruk (K)<br />

UIJiarriru~ (N), is rurnaaluktuk (K)<br />

kinunguur'uk (N), kinuvgur-uk (K)<br />

endures, suffers<br />

worries<br />

saingitchaktuk regrets<br />

mourns (as in death)<br />

saingi suktuk is chagrined<br />

tagialar uk moves out of a home<br />

because not wanted<br />

tagi al anaktuk inhospitable, unenjoyable<br />

atmosphere<br />

talu gnaktuk, att agnaktuk is stern, unfriendly,<br />

non-communicative<br />

taluker-al'lraktuk browbeats<br />

ui ruk panics, is excited<br />

(too eager)<br />

kaprktuk is discouraged<br />

Pleasant<br />

NERVOUS REACTION<br />

Iki.aktaal aaktuk body tingles because<br />

of emotional stimulus<br />

kiunnal.aaktuk (N),<br />

kuinnal as r-aaktuk (K)<br />

is spine tingling<br />

27

---

28<br />

uki giyumrniktuk (N),<br />

ukrgi.ruk (K)<br />

Unpleasant<br />

kakuaglaagnaktuk (N),<br />

kakugauglaaktuk (K)<br />

Mentat Aetivities<br />

heady, giddy, feeling<br />

light of body<br />

is tense because of<br />

impending unpleasantness<br />

sttkukstmanaktuk is "tied up in knots" ,<br />

tense because of impending<br />

unpleasantness<br />

Confident<br />

attaks rarj itchuk (N, q),<br />

attaks r-angitchuk (K)<br />

CONFIDENT vs FEARFUL<br />

iglutuirul;$. endures<br />

nalupl;$.isuIJitchul;$.(N, q),<br />

nalupki s rungit chuk (K)<br />

is bold (sure of not<br />

being refused, freely<br />

helps himself to<br />

other's things)<br />

is confident, is sure<br />

(not doubting)<br />

nan iitchuk is daring, brave<br />

ni kait chuk perseveres, does not<br />

give up<br />

isiksu ruk (K), sfksuruk (N) is daring (strong),<br />

is enduring (persistent<br />

hunter)<br />

suamrnaktuk (N) is enduring

---

Mental Activities<br />

Fearful<br />

al.iuktuk marvels, fears (N),<br />

haunts<br />

al layuaktuk (N),<br />

at layuaktuk (K)<br />

anaya.suktuk (N), s.ivuugaruk (N)<br />

ayaagittuk (N)<br />

ikai ruk<br />

fears because of an<br />

unusual event, shyness<br />

of toddler<br />

fears the consequence<br />

is undecided, desires<br />

to but can't begin<br />

fears (general, most<br />

common)<br />

ki.ksikar aktuk (N), attaks raktuk (K) respects, fear of a<br />

person who is not<br />

well known<br />

narj i.atchaktuk fears a situation<br />

taluks r aktuk is afraid of someone's<br />

sternness<br />

karujusuktuk (N), kannusruktuk (K)<br />

kaIUJusuurul,.<br />

kaIUJut chiaktuk<br />

Reasonable<br />

ar-aks igiaktuk (N),<br />

ukakstg.iaktuk (K)<br />

ukauti sugnaktuk (N, q),<br />

ukau ti s r-ugriaktuk (K)<br />

ukayunaktuk<br />

REASONABLE vs UNREASONABLE<br />

is ashamed, bashful<br />

is shy<br />

is embarrassed<br />

is open to counsel<br />

is easy to talk to,<br />

amiable<br />

is receptive<br />

29

---

30<br />

sivunmuuruk (N),<br />

sivutmuuruk (K)<br />

Unreasonable<br />

MentaZ Activities<br />

is steadfast, continues<br />

on regardless<br />

alaprttuk inattentive, fools<br />

around, is confused<br />

alapittaktuk<br />

is crazy, is drunk<br />

ar-aks igi.itchuk (N),<br />

ukaks igi.itchuk (K)<br />

is not open to counsel<br />

maliksuktitauruk is convinced<br />

sikkuktuk is opinionated, not<br />

easily persuaded<br />

(lit. is hard)<br />

srvunmuuruk (N),<br />

sivutmuuruk (K)<br />

sivuniktuuguuruk (N),<br />

stvutmuus ruuruk (K)<br />

-gikinu<br />

- gik - suk<br />

sila-gik-suk<br />

GOOD vs BAD<br />

is stubborn, continues<br />

on regardless<br />

is obstinate<br />

is good, is pretty<br />

is a good or pretty<br />

person<br />

is good weather<br />

-Il autak , -Iluatak (b) is good, dependable,<br />

pi -Ilau tak -tuk, pi -Iluatak -tuk<br />

agna -Llautak<br />

savakti -Llautak<br />

nakuuruk is good<br />

pretty<br />

is good, dependable<br />

a pretty woman<br />

a good worker<br />

inurjntksuk is a gentleman

---

MentaZ Activities 31<br />

iluaJs;Js;uguuruJs;<br />

iruagi tchiihk<br />

isumatturuk is wise<br />

is proper, honest<br />

respect<br />

atchi ksuk (K), kimmaksalryaitchuk (N) is lowIy, is humble<br />

atvaktaktuk (K) humbles himself much<br />

kinui.tchuk is patient (not hasty),<br />

is peaceful (K)<br />

anniksui ruk (N)<br />

anniksugaa<br />

pi akruktarj itchuk (N),<br />

talugnait chuk<br />

piuni arjitchuk<br />

srgnataitchuk (N),<br />

sikn at ai tchuk (K)<br />

signiksrauruli:<br />

helps, is beneficial<br />

benefits him<br />

is kind<br />

is meek (retiring)<br />

is generous (not<br />

stingy)<br />

is devoted<br />

si ksuruk capable, enduring<br />

-{g)iit -<br />

pi-giit-chuJs;<br />

iggiag -iit - chuk<br />

inug -iit - chuk<br />

aaktuk (K)<br />

is bad, evil<br />

is bad<br />

has a sore throat<br />

is ugly<br />

is self -asserting,<br />

proud of himself<br />

is stubborn, acts<br />

against better advice<br />

thinks he know s<br />

everything<br />

is egotistical<br />

(can do anything)

---

32<br />

aiyui li suur uk<br />

pi.Iuktuk (N)<br />

atangusuktuk (N),<br />

atangutur-uk (K)<br />

iki asuktuk lazy<br />

Mental Activities<br />

gets carried away,<br />

goes to excess<br />

is bad, sins<br />

is cranky<br />

HuilUu~tu~ is troubled, bad<br />

iluilliilil$:, (K),<br />

iluilliugun (N)<br />

conscience<br />

affliction, agony,<br />

discomfort, trouble<br />

inumj unaktuk (K) is naughty (lit. evokes<br />

a person to pain)<br />

iI.J attaktikpaitchuk veers away, goes<br />

to excess<br />

isumalluagiitchul$: is foolish, unwise<br />

karna sa.aktuk (N, q),<br />

karn as r-aaktuk (K)<br />

iglituru~ (n, K)<br />

srgnaruk (N), sikfiaruk (K)<br />

is boastful<br />

is stingy<br />

is greedy<br />

pi guktuk (N) is haughty<br />

sagluruk lies, prevaricates<br />

saIJiaktuk is jealous (suspecting<br />

marital unfaithfulness)<br />

savituuruk (N), savi tu ruk (K) sly, foxy<br />

is carousing<br />

suur-imaangiksuk (N) is not concerned for<br />

law or other people<br />

tiipaktuk<br />

tusuruk (q), tus rur-uk (K)<br />

tusugaa (q), tusrugaa (K)<br />

coquettish<br />

is envious<br />

is envious of him

---

1.9 CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTATION<br />

annugaak (N), atnugaak (K)<br />

ukilhaak (N), nukifhaak (K)<br />

al.iktuk<br />

kiluaktuk<br />

anmaluak, tuutak<br />

imigluktuk<br />

siutrgun<br />

tupit<br />

na sak (N), nas rak (K)<br />

nasautak (N), nasraun (K)<br />

nasagaur ak (N), nas r agak (K)<br />

isigvik, sini (K)<br />

kusurpjak (N), kus.rurpj ak (K)<br />

~uppik<br />

as ik<br />

ai gun<br />

ainik<br />

ilupaak<br />

kitau r ak (N), atar aak (K)<br />

kal ik<br />

tagiksr-ak (N), tavsi (K)<br />

tapsi (K), tapsi (K)<br />

garment<br />

cloth<br />

is torn<br />

is ripped<br />

braids hair<br />

lip-plug, labret<br />

earrings<br />

earpendant<br />

facial tattoo lines<br />

hood<br />

cap<br />

kerchief<br />

fur ruff of parka<br />

outer fur parka<br />

outside garment,<br />

coat<br />

sleeve<br />

cuff of a sleeve<br />

pocket<br />

inner fur clothing,<br />

underwear<br />

dress<br />

shirt<br />

man's belt<br />

woman I S belt<br />

33

---

34<br />

atigi<br />

ati giruk<br />

atikluk<br />

kuglunni.k<br />

~upak<br />

aku~<br />

argaak<br />

aatkatik , aitkati k (b)<br />

pauluk<br />

tikilik (K), tikalaak (N)<br />

ikpiagruk<br />

kamikluuk<br />

ul iqnaak<br />

uttaak (K), kuliksak (N)<br />

natchiagruk<br />

ilJaluk<br />

al.i ks i.k<br />

tuttulik<br />

ugrulik<br />

CZothing & Ornamentation<br />

pullover parka<br />

puts on parka<br />

parka cover<br />

hem<br />

fancy trim<br />

fancy fringe of<br />

parka (K), skirt (N)<br />

coat (lit. split)<br />

gloves<br />

mittens<br />

trail mittens<br />

three finger mittens<br />

handbag (lady's)<br />

pants, trousers<br />

fur breeches (fur in)<br />

fur trousers (extend<br />

below calf)<br />

caribou or reindeer<br />

skin pants (fur out)<br />

seal-skin trousers<br />

rain gear made from<br />

ugruk intestines<br />

socks (K), caribou<br />

fur socks<br />

boots with caribou<br />

soles<br />

boots with ugruk soles

---

Clothing & Ornamentation<br />

]s:aglik (N), mamilik (K)<br />

Eskimo waterproof<br />

boots<br />

paurj aak rubber boots<br />

kamik mukluk, boot<br />

ku li<br />

timi "",.."'~<br />

tugnaal;>:(N),<br />

kill.iguak (K)<br />

aturj ak<br />

\\\,1<br />

silJiil;>:(N), s irjik (K)<br />

siIJ iksuk<br />

boot fancy trim<br />

boot fur trim<br />

boot strap<br />

ties mukluk strap<br />

resoles a boot<br />

ivalu sinew, thread<br />

aruj ik (N), annik (K),<br />

kar-vi ak<br />

pifiil;>:<br />

alugun<br />

sale patch<br />

insole<br />

sandal<br />

35

---

36<br />

1.10 DWELLINGS<br />

TYPES<br />

aimagvik (N) home, household<br />

iglu house (N), beaver<br />

dam (K, q)<br />

tupi k<br />

tuppi ruk (K),<br />

iks ruktuktuk (K),<br />

rglukpi ruk (N)<br />

pal.apkaak (K), panapkaak (q, s),<br />

tupi k (N)<br />

pauga~<br />

itchaksralik<br />

house (K,q,n), tent (N)<br />

builds a house<br />

tent<br />

tent peg, stake<br />

12' x 14' wall tent<br />

(lit. with six, meaning<br />

six panels long)<br />

winter tent<br />

i;\frame for winter<br />

.~\ skin tent<br />

8' x 10' wall tent<br />

(lit. with four,<br />

meaning four panels<br />

long)<br />

tallimalik (K, q) 10' x 12' wall tent<br />

(lit. with five,<br />

meaning five panels<br />

long)<br />

apuyyak (N), aputyak (K) snow block shelter<br />

ivrulik sod house<br />

mapt igak (K),<br />

s anni.ks ak (q)<br />

log cabin<br />

kasimmavik meeting place

---

Diae l.L inq e<br />

kargi<br />

nifuJi~simaru~<br />

saigut<br />

urj alut<br />

ukuutak<br />

katchi<br />

ki Iak<br />

sanuki gaa<br />

PARTS OF DWELLINGS<br />

community house<br />

37<br />

is insulating a dwelling<br />

by building a wall of<br />

snow blocks about it<br />

and placing soft snow<br />

between the wall and<br />

the dwelling<br />

underground cache,<br />

cold storage<br />

cache on the ground<br />

cache on poles<br />

wind break<br />

wall<br />

puts siding on it<br />

(house)<br />

ayak post, pillar<br />

ceiling<br />

kiIam ~aalJa roof (lit. ceiling's top)<br />

kaal iks iruk<br />

igUgich<br />

tuutr ak<br />

narik<br />

natchi tchi gaa<br />

i.ki r-gak<br />

roofs a house<br />

rafters<br />

ridge beam<br />

floor (lake bottom,<br />

valley floor)<br />

lays flooring<br />

corner<br />

tallu (K), upkuak (N) door<br />

taluks r ak (K)<br />

door material<br />

bear skin door

---

38<br />

upkuagaa<br />

upkui gaa<br />

ki lui s ak , ki luus ak (K)<br />

ki luit.chak (N)<br />

I$:iluusal,

---

Dwellings<br />

igli~<br />

siigruk (K), siugruk (N)<br />

igni gvi.k (N), ikrrigvik (K)<br />

ignil;s:(N), iknik (K)<br />

punnilivik (N)<br />

ikun<br />

i.ku al.Iaktu k<br />

ikual laur aktuk<br />

aluak (N), kalluk (K)<br />

aluakagvik<br />

kiruk<br />

ki ruiksuk<br />

ki rukai ruk<br />

ki ruktaktuk<br />

kirr-iuktuk<br />

uumak<br />

agra<br />

auma (K), auma r-ak (N)<br />

uunal;s:saun<br />

isi~<br />

uks rugr-uak (N),<br />

uks ruagruk (K)<br />

uks rukluk<br />

puyu~<br />

puyugvik , tukluak (K)<br />

paula<br />

bench along the wall<br />

pressure appliance<br />

stove<br />

stove<br />

fire<br />

oven (lit. bread-makeplace)<br />

match<br />

bursts into flame<br />

is burning a little,<br />

smoldering<br />

coal<br />

coal scuttle<br />

dry fire wood<br />

ran out of wood<br />

carries wood inside<br />

obtains fire wood<br />

chops fire wood<br />

green wood<br />

ashes<br />

charred wood,<br />

charcoal<br />

heater<br />

fuel oil, (lubricating<br />

oil)<br />

kerosene<br />

smoke in a building<br />

smoke from chimney,<br />

smudge<br />

chimney<br />

soot<br />

water container<br />

with cover<br />

39

---

40<br />

kattak<br />

kuukpi aktugvik (K),<br />

kavifiugun (N)<br />

saiyutugvik (K), ti.i.liugun (N)<br />

utkusik (N),<br />

uunakai ivik<br />

niggivik<br />

sifiigvik<br />

ikuvgak (N), kaatchiak (K)<br />

kar-r-ak (N), Ikivgak (K)<br />

akisi (N), akin<br />

ulrgruak (N), ulttchiak (K)<br />

nanik , kul Iik (N)<br />

igitchivik<br />

anagvik<br />

ikuuti ks r-ak<br />

kugvik<br />

aguummak (N), airnmak (K)<br />

pugutak<br />

iggugviiraJs.<br />

water container<br />

without cover<br />

coffee pot<br />

tea pot<br />

cooking pot<br />

tea kettle<br />

table (lit. eating<br />

place)<br />

bed (lit. sleeping<br />

place)<br />

Dwe l l inq e<br />

mattress, (upper of<br />

two caribou skins,<br />

fur facing up)<br />

mattress, (lower of<br />

two caribou skins,<br />

fur facing down),<br />

ground sheet (K)<br />

pillow<br />

cover, blanket<br />

lamp<br />

garbage pail<br />

toilet, out-house<br />

toilet paper<br />

chamber pot<br />

basket<br />

dish pan (any bowllike<br />

container)<br />

wash basin

---

ReZigion 41<br />

l~a~~un (N), mifl.lak (K) soap<br />

kigusri~utit tooth brush<br />

taggaktuun mirror, reflector<br />

~ifiigaa~ (N), agl.iit rak (K, q) picture<br />

aIJatkuk<br />

aIJatkugnak<br />

iIi ai.iIak<br />

atuutluk (K)<br />

l$iJ.aun<br />

ki.La<br />

ki laun<br />

ki.la ruk<br />

siIarn inua<br />

1.11 RELIGION<br />

OLD RELIGION<br />

shaman, medicine<br />

man, witch doctor<br />

medium, (communicates<br />

with the spirit<br />

world), (lit. resembling<br />

an aij atkuk)<br />

one who casts spells<br />

(considered stronger<br />

than aIJatku~)<br />

evil magic-working<br />

song<br />

drum<br />

shaman's power or<br />

familiar spirit,<br />

conjuring spirit<br />

divining rod (used by<br />

diviners, e.g. to<br />

foretell death or life<br />

of a sick person)<br />

conjures, divines<br />

spirit governor of<br />

the atmosphere (lit.<br />

person of the air or<br />

sky)

---

42<br />

uvaksaat (K), uivaksaat (N)<br />

Religion<br />

souls of the deceased<br />

going around and<br />

around (lit. rounding<br />

a bend)<br />

inuguluur ak little person, elf,<br />

dwarf<br />

inukpas rugruk (K)<br />

iminaur'ak (N), inukun,<br />

inniJs,un, iks i (K)<br />

GENERAL<br />

giant<br />

prowler {unknown<br />

person who is sometimes<br />

seen from afar<br />

and is blamed for<br />

otherwise inexplainable<br />

occurances )<br />

aanguaJs: charm, amulet,<br />

idol (K)<br />

agl.ignaktuk<br />

agltgtgaa<br />

a1JiruJs:<br />

an ipkaq agaa (N), a1Jipchagaa (K)<br />

a1JitJs.iksuJs,<br />

atuktaker ak (K)<br />

is tabooed, forbidden<br />

to eat or do for<br />

religious reasons<br />

abstains from it,<br />

avoids it<br />

arose, resuscitated,<br />

revived<br />

resuscitated him,<br />

resurrected him<br />

resuscitated again<br />

(of one shot and<br />

brought back to<br />

life again by an<br />

anatkuk) , He arose<br />

again (of Christ)<br />

law (what ought to be<br />

done, used)<br />

mal igutakar ak (K) law (what ought to be<br />

followed)

---

Religion<br />

pitkun , pi chkun (K),<br />

pitkur-ak (N)<br />

tunl.l.laktufik , tuni l'lafik (K) sacrifice<br />

law (what is wanted<br />

to be done),<br />

commandment<br />

tillii'i commandment, order<br />

killu~, pi luun (N)<br />

ki.lluksaktuk (K), pfluktuk (N)<br />

ki.l.Iuliki r-i , kiIli kir-i (K),<br />

pi luustkir-i (N)<br />

ilitkuaik (N)<br />

ir-rusfk (N, q), irr-us r-ik (K)<br />

irrutigaa<br />

inuus ik (N, q), inuuar-ik (K)<br />

error, crime, sin<br />

sinned<br />

sinner, wrong doer<br />

spirit<br />

personality, inner<br />

man, motive,<br />

spirit (K)<br />

treats him properly,<br />

right<br />

soul (immortal)<br />

pi irjiIak , piiIJilaa~ ghost, haunting<br />

spi r it of a departed<br />

one<br />

al.iuktuk<br />

altuktuktuk<br />

haunts<br />

is haunted<br />

pi Iiun blessing (passing of<br />

power from a shaman<br />

to his disciple)<br />

si vuni ks r iki r-iHc) prophet<br />

tuntglaktugvik offering place (gifts_<br />

of food set out to<br />

secure good luck)<br />

tuungak<br />

tuungaktaltk<br />

helping spirit of a<br />

shaman, devil,<br />

Satan<br />

shaman supplied<br />

with a helping spirit,<br />

a demon, evil spirit<br />

43

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44<br />

ilit~usi~luk (N)<br />

ukpiktuk<br />

ukpigigaa<br />

God (N), Agaayun (K)<br />

NEW - -CHRISTIAN<br />

anaayur'uk (N), agaayuruk (K)<br />

arjaayyun (N), agaayurik (K)<br />

arj aayul ikai (N), agaayul.ikai (K)<br />

arj aayyuvfk (N), agaayuvik (N)<br />

au aayyul.iki ruat (N)<br />

ukpiktuak (N), ukpiksr-Iruak (K)<br />

ukpiksr-i ruat (K)<br />

ukpi gun (N), ukpiksr ifik (K)<br />

Ilit~usigiksua~ (N)<br />

i.Litkusfk (N)<br />

Holy-Spirit, ki.Ia.lautak (K)<br />

Atanik<br />

atanik<br />

Annaurri (N), Armiksukti ,<br />

Anniksuun (K)<br />

annaktuk (N), anniksuktuk (K)<br />

annautrgaa<br />

anni.ksui ruk<br />

annaun (N), anni ksugiak,<br />

anniksuktiksr ak (K)<br />

bad spirit<br />

believes<br />

believes it<br />

God<br />

Religion<br />

prays<br />

prayer<br />

minister, pastor<br />

church (building)<br />

church (lit. praying<br />

ones)<br />

believer, Christian<br />

church (lit. believers)<br />

faith<br />

Holy Spirit (lit.<br />

good spirit)<br />

spirit<br />

Holy Spirit<br />

Lord<br />

leader, boss, master,<br />

president, king<br />

Savior<br />

is saved<br />

saves him<br />

benefits, helps<br />

salvation<br />

aki.ks ruun (K), unniksukciun (N) promise, covenant<br />

akugluktuk , avi luktaktuk ,<br />

~asra~tu~ (K)<br />

bell rings

---

Religion<br />

akugluk , avi luktaun ,<br />

kasraun (K)<br />

a.IJ ar r-aur-ak (N), sannigutak (K)<br />

kikiaktuutigaa<br />

isagul ik (N, q), isnagulik (K)<br />

ilitchitkur-ak (N)<br />

mal iguakti (K)<br />

iluakkun (K, q, n)<br />

nagliktuutil$.pak (N)<br />

nag.liktak (K)<br />

naglikkun, nagliktuun (N)<br />

pikpaks r-ifi k, pikpaktak (K),<br />

piviuttakkun (N), nakuaks r-iun<br />

inuur akpak (N)<br />

minguil$.sigvik, minguiks.lrik (K, q),<br />

savainnakpata (N)<br />

pi Iuun (N)<br />

natkikaruun (N), nalguks ruun (K)<br />

natktgutrgaa (K)<br />

sul.ikuti girj ai kauk (N)<br />

isuit chuk<br />

t<br />

bell (lit. instrument<br />

for repeated noise<br />

by striking)<br />

cross<br />

crucifies him<br />

(lit. nails him)<br />

angel (lit. supplied<br />

with wings)<br />

disciple, learner<br />

disciple, follower<br />

grace (lit. cause for<br />

what is right, good,<br />

correct)<br />

grace<br />

pity, grace, mercy,<br />

love<br />

mercy<br />

love<br />

idol<br />

Sunday, Sabbath<br />

sin<br />

discipline, correction<br />

forgives him (lit.<br />

corrects him)<br />

forgives, (ignores,<br />

overlooks)<br />

is eternal, endless<br />

heaven<br />

45

---

46<br />

pakma , pakimna (K, q, n)<br />

nagliksaagvik (N)<br />

tammagvik<br />

piyakkugvik<br />

naIJ innak (K)<br />

algaJs.sruiru~<br />

Re Li qi on<br />

heaven (lit. up there)<br />

hell (place of suffering)<br />

hell (place of loss)<br />

hell (place of accident)<br />

hell (suffering)<br />

exhorts, reproves,<br />

preaches (N)<br />

kul.iaktuaktuk relates, confesses (N),<br />

preaches (K)<br />

ukaktaa God -im<br />

prophet (N), .<br />

apostle (K), (lit.<br />

God's speaker)<br />

satugaa (K), tasugaa (N, q) ransomed, redeemed<br />

him<br />

iIJi~sruli~ (K)<br />

ipkitchuk<br />

ipJs.ili~<br />

prayer<br />

is pure, is holy (K)<br />

purity, holiness (K)<br />

salummaun cleanness, holiness (N)<br />

isumafitki.gaa repents of it (lit.<br />

rethinks it)<br />

mumi ksuk changes, turns over .<br />

. repents (K)<br />

mumirtk (K, q)<br />

kamaker-inik (N), tupiksr-ihik (K)<br />

tu saayugaagikauak (N),<br />

tus r-aayugaal.lautak (K)<br />

tutkiun (N), ~ifiuifiaJs.(K)<br />

ukafik (K), ukalfk (ki , n),<br />

ukaluk (N)<br />

repentance<br />

obedience<br />

Gospel (lit. what is<br />

good to hear)<br />

peace<br />

word

---

Religion; Aetivities<br />

pasigigaa (q), pasrigigaa (K) suspects him, blames<br />

him<br />

patchisigigaa accused, blamed him,<br />

condemns him, finds<br />

him guilty<br />

atanmgaa (K)<br />

iatvgti ruk (N)<br />

atanniurik (K), atanniun (K),<br />

isivgiun (N)<br />

atanniutiks rak (K)<br />

atanniksugaatin<br />

umialik (N)<br />

. umi al.irjnak (N)<br />

judges him<br />

judges<br />

judgment<br />

judgment to come<br />

orders you to do it<br />

and you must do it<br />

king (lit. boat captain)<br />

church elder<br />

alJ alatagaa directs him, controls<br />

arj al ati<br />

arj al.atchikik<br />

alJ al atchrr-uk<br />

him<br />

director, governor,'<br />

officer<br />

rule, reign<br />

rules, reigns, directs<br />

arj aayukak leader, boss<br />

alJ aayukauh k<br />

alJ aayukkaun<br />

arj ala.ruti , arj alatchi ai<br />

savainnik (N), minguiks ib.k (K) Sabbath<br />

1.12 ACTIVITIES<br />

savaktuk<br />

sakuuktuk (K), siggal$:tu~ (N)<br />

apta ruk (N)<br />

GENERAL<br />

ruling power<br />

greatness,<br />

kingdom (God's)<br />

authority, power<br />

works, makes<br />

works hard<br />

is busy<br />

47

---

48<br />

alJivsiruk (N), aIJivraktuk (K)<br />

nimaksr'ugaa<br />

aki gaktuk<br />

akigagaa<br />

akiyaun<br />

disassembles<br />

fits it together<br />

Aativities<br />

bears, carries<br />

bears it, carries it<br />

stretcher to carry<br />

things<br />

iksrukkaa carries it on the<br />

shoulder<br />

kakaaktuk carries on head or<br />

shoulders<br />

nanmaktuk (N), natrnaktuk (K) carries on the back,<br />

back packs<br />

saagaktuk carries by hand, by<br />

arm<br />

ti gumi aktuk (N)<br />

tigumivik<br />

agl.aktuk<br />

aglak<br />

aglagvik<br />

aglagviksrak<br />

agl.auti tak, aglautitaun (N),<br />

aglaksruutit (K)<br />

agrautitaktif'N). aglautiti (K)<br />

aglautitaktuk (N), aglautiruk (K)<br />

aglaun<br />

hand carries<br />

handle<br />

writes<br />

mark, pencil line,<br />

letter of alphabet<br />

school desk, paper pad<br />

pape r , writing<br />

material<br />

typewriter<br />

typist<br />

types<br />

pencil<br />

aglikiruk (K), tai guaktuk (N) reads<br />

MEN'S ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT<br />

(see also Hunting, Fishing, Trapping 1.14)<br />

-liukniksi<br />

-Liuk-tuk<br />

umia -Iiuk -tuk<br />

make<br />

makes a hook<br />

makes a boat

---

Aetivities<br />

anautak (N), ipigauta~ (K)<br />

ivruJ.>sifi (K,q), siklaJ.>(N)<br />

sanlugun (N), aavalgun (K)<br />

sanluguvik (N), ikligvik (K)<br />

ikuun (N), itchuun (K)<br />

kar-ruutak (K), kaugun (q),<br />

kautak (N)<br />

kauktuk (K), kautaktuk (N)<br />

kikiak<br />

aaglu<br />

kigisik (K), kilJmautik (N)<br />

savik<br />

pitnuktak (K), pilJlJu~ta~ (N)<br />

mitlik<br />

puttun<br />

agiaJ.><br />

agi aktuk<br />

agiksuk<br />

agikkaa<br />

piksrun, paulgifi, paufhi.n (n)<br />

pfks rutrtaktuk<br />

ni igaun<br />

s ikuk<br />

uuktuun<br />

uluun<br />

kipluun (K), kivluun (N)<br />

axe<br />

pickaxe<br />

tool<br />

tool kit<br />

plane, skin scraper<br />

hammer<br />

hammers<br />

nail<br />

tack<br />

pliers<br />

knife<br />

folding or pocket<br />

knife<br />

carving tool<br />

piercing tool<br />

file<br />

files, rubs<br />

files, rubs<br />

(continually)<br />

files it, rubs it<br />

shovel<br />

shovels<br />

drill, brace<br />

bit<br />

ruler, measuring<br />

device<br />

saw<br />

cross -cut saw<br />

49

---

50<br />

kivluktuk<br />

i.kai.ks in (K), kuvluun (N)<br />

ulimaun adze<br />

cuts across<br />

rip saw<br />

LADIES' ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT<br />

(see also Trapping, Fishing 1.14)<br />

Activities<br />

ka rvaktuk (N), katvaktuk (K~ fleshes sea mammal<br />

_ (and polar bear), tans<br />

ulu ~ ~ woman's knife<br />

ikuuktuk (N), it chuuktuk (K) fleshes animal skin,<br />

tans<br />

ikuun (N), itchuun (K) skin scraper, plane<br />

Irnakai ruk moistens skin<br />

putchimaal.laktitchagaa stores moistened skin<br />

for short while<br />

putchimaapka~saagaa stores moistened skin<br />

overnight<br />

uluktuk rubs and twists hide<br />

to soften it<br />

inni akai ruk stretches hide on<br />

frame<br />

kiir-aktuk (N), kigi raktuk (K)<br />

kuki ruk (N), nikniaktuk (K),<br />

su li.iktuk<br />

kakki ruk (K), punni liuktuk (N)<br />

alf.iktuk (K)<br />

a lgun<br />

is crimping soles<br />

is cooking<br />

bakes bread<br />

cooks dog food<br />

dog soup pot<br />

ka Iii ktuk (K) cooks fish<br />

ur-r iuktuk (N), ni kipi alfiktuk (K) boils meat

---

Activities<br />

igaapial$tul$<br />

Ir ai liuktuk<br />

ar giksuk<br />

ar gi k<br />

payuktaktuk<br />

kill.aiyaktuk<br />

mi kuktuk (N)<br />

kiluk<br />

ivalu<br />

kipr-i ruk (K)<br />

tikik<br />

kakivik<br />

miksrun (N), rrritkun (K)<br />

sallisik<br />

tilaggirul$ (N), sa.Iikkuktuk (q),<br />

samj iyaktuk (K)<br />

tflagi stch (N), s aruj iyaut it (K),<br />

salikkuun (q)<br />

Ikaks r-ir-uk (N), iggul$sirul$ (K)<br />

tilaktuk (N), natchikrruk (K)<br />

pugutchikir-uk (K), pugutchi ruk (N)J<br />

kal lugaur-aki ruk (N)<br />

kuvigaa<br />

naavitkaa (N)<br />

igitchal$tuk<br />

aviktuk<br />

boils meat or fish<br />

fries meat<br />

cooks over open fire<br />

roasting spit<br />

gives gift of food<br />

mends, sews<br />

sews<br />

stitch<br />

sinew, thread<br />

twists sinew, makes<br />

thread<br />

thimble<br />

pincushion<br />

needle<br />

scissors<br />

sweeps<br />

broom<br />

washes clothes<br />

washes floor<br />

washes dishes<br />

pours it<br />

dumps it (non -Ii.qui.d)<br />

plucks fowl<br />

cuts, divides (meat,<br />

bread etc.)<br />

51

---

52<br />

amaaktuk<br />

amagaa<br />

miluktitkaa<br />

m akkatk'i.kauk<br />

makkak<br />

saglial$tul$<br />

YOUTH ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT<br />

~\'h lII~j<br />

anii ksuaktuk -

---

Activities<br />

alJilgis aktuk (n),<br />

alJiHiisa~tuk (K)<br />

itluk (K), iIluk (N)<br />

~agrupiat<br />

pisiksi (N), siksi (K)<br />

~agru~<br />

ai sugaktuk (N), s is ur-agaaktuk (K)<br />

puuvr-aktuk<br />

puuvr aaktuk<br />

kinriaktuk , agaktuk<br />

al.Iayuaktuk (N), atlayuaktuk (K)<br />

al Iayu al ai.tchuk (N),<br />

atlayuatlaitchu~ (K)<br />

aggiruk<br />

AMUSEMENTS<br />

swings<br />

sling<br />

aularuk (K), uamittuk, dances<br />

asiktuk<br />

ki1aun<br />

ki1ausira~ti<br />

bow and arrow<br />

bow<br />

arrow, shell<br />

slides down a hill<br />

swims (human swimming<br />

only)<br />

plays in water<br />

fights, plays roughly<br />

is shy, bashful (of<br />

toddler)<br />

is friendly, not<br />

bashful (of toddler)<br />

participates<br />

is nodding (with head<br />

while others dance)<br />

drum<br />

drummer<br />

aks r-aatchaun high-kick ball<br />

tikitkaur-aktuk<br />

akpalfi.r-ak, akpa.Iiu r ak (N),<br />

akpa.Ii itr ak (K)<br />

akpalrgaaktuk<br />

akirnaruk<br />

races<br />

race, footrace<br />

runs a race<br />

wins<br />

53

---

54<br />

aki itchuk<br />

akiiJ,igaa<br />

atuktuk<br />

atuktuur ak<br />

atu ktuur-aktuk<br />

kumaarat<br />

Activities; Food, Eating<br />

lost (contest)<br />

beats him (in contest)<br />

sings<br />

musical instrument<br />

plays instrument<br />

igluktsaaktuk ~ juggles<br />

iglukisaaksral$. . juggling pebbles<br />

nalukataktuk ~~ ~ X- ~.4 is blanket tossing<br />

nalukatak ~a7 ~1 blanket toss<br />

~.~,.rfI1Ifir.<br />

1.13 FOOD ,EATING<br />

(for fowl, see BIRDS 2.8; for berries see BERRIES 3.3; for edible<br />

plants, see PLANTS 3.3)<br />

akaluk (kiv .»). Ikaluk (N,q),<br />

kaluk (K)<br />

akutuk<br />

akutkaa<br />

avu, kapsitaak (K)<br />

imaks rak<br />

imigal$.<br />

immuk (N), miluk<br />

ipkak<br />

kiriiktuk<br />

fish<br />

"Eskimo ice cr-eam"<br />

(of cooked fats, meats<br />

and berries)<br />

stirs it<br />

sugar<br />

yeast<br />

broth<br />

milk<br />

boiled ribs<br />

thick soup<br />

kaituktuk intestine that is<br />

turned inside out,<br />

cleaned and eaten<br />

beans

---

Food, Eating<br />

kuukpi.ak<br />

~a~~ia~, kakuk (K),<br />

~a~ulaa~ (N)<br />

kakkuayaak (K), kakulaar ak (N)<br />

kauk<br />

kuak<br />

coffee<br />

pilot bread<br />

cookie<br />

walrus skin (for food)<br />

raw frozen meat or<br />

fish<br />

maktak (N, K), maptak (q) whale skin with<br />

blubber<br />

mannik<br />

egg<br />

mukkaak (K), palauvak flour<br />

mukpaar ak<br />

biscuit<br />

matchaak (N) oatmeal<br />

mi.ki gak blubber strips aged<br />

in seal skin poke<br />

mi stgaak (N) meat dip of sea<br />

mammal oil<br />

ni~ meat, food<br />

nikipi.ak<br />

parriktak<br />

papa<br />

punnik (N), puvl akak (K)<br />

saiyu, tii tea<br />

meat (vs. food)<br />

dried meat or fish<br />

pepper<br />

yeast bread<br />

silaavyak hotcake (pancake)<br />

tuktak fermented walrus<br />

meat rolled in walrus<br />

skin<br />

tagiuk salt, ocean<br />

55

---

56<br />

uJs.sruJs.<br />

sea mammal oil<br />

Food, Eating<br />

uJs.srugaaJs. blubber strips in<br />

uJs.srul,.<<br />

ukarukuaktak<br />

ur r ak (N), utr ak (q)<br />

aiparuk (K)<br />

doughnut<br />

fermented flipper<br />

is fresh, raw (uncooked<br />

food)<br />

uunn ai lak (N), uupiagnigi.Iak (K) food cooked rare<br />

uurul,.< boiled meat<br />

aluutak<br />

aluutagaktuk<br />

kakiirat, kakki ak<br />

spoon<br />

eats with a spoon<br />

fork<br />

l,.allutaun (K), kayuutak (N) ladel, large spoon<br />

niginiitnal,.< (K) table knife<br />

pugutaurak<br />

savik<br />

bowl<br />

knife<br />

ulu woman's knife<br />

kukki Iin<br />

kukki li ruk<br />

toothpick<br />

picks teeth<br />

ivgun, tivliyyaun napkin<br />

i.miktuk<br />

imil,.<<br />

nigi ruk<br />

tamuktuk<br />

uuks iruk<br />

drinks<br />

water<br />

eats<br />

chews<br />

tastes

---

Food, Eating; Food, Gathering<br />

ka laktuk (N, q), nikaaaktuk (K) burps<br />

iigaa swallows it<br />

itkutak (N), itkutchik (K) breakfast<br />

niukkak (N), yuukak (K) snack time, refreshment<br />

aiJ.ili~ (K), kit ikkutak (N, q)<br />

nul.lautak (N), nul.lautchik (K)<br />

noon meal (lunch)<br />

supper<br />

takuak trail snack<br />

-naksfruk<br />

itkutchig -nakstr-uk<br />

nul lautchtg -naksfruk<br />

~iti~~utchig-na~siru~ (N, q),<br />

aili -riaks ir-uk (K)<br />

-tuktuttu-tuk<br />

-tuk<br />

kuukpiak-~ -tuk<br />

tuvaak (N), arjuni akt i<br />

tuvaaktuk<br />

1.14 Faa D, GA THE RING<br />

HUNTING<br />

is time to<br />

is breakfast time<br />

is supper time<br />

is lunch time (noon<br />

meal)<br />

IS eating, drinking<br />

is eating caribou<br />

is drinking coffee<br />

arjuni aktuk is hunting<br />

-Ii ak -<br />

tuttu -liak -tuk<br />

hunter<br />

attracts caribou by<br />

hollering<br />

is hunting<br />

is hunting caribou<br />

satkut hunting equipment,<br />

weapons<br />

savik hunting knife<br />

iyagi lhak (K), yagir hak (n) knife sheath<br />

57

---

58<br />

sHUn<br />

ayak<br />

pana<br />

~~;;_~/~~~==~::=:::==""",,-;;;;BoJ-II--~<br />

Food, Gathering<br />

knife sharpener<br />

(emery stone)<br />

spear pole, whaling<br />

harpoon<br />

spear, two edged<br />

cutting tool<br />

kapusiut wooden shaft igiinaJs; tukkak aklunaak<br />

iron rod toggle head rope<br />

unaak<br />

aiyauppi ak<br />

sippun (K), suppun (N)<br />

kagruuraktuun (N), saatkaak (K)<br />

Js;agru1$.<br />

aggififiaJs;(N), aggitnaJs; (K)<br />

satkuun (N), kagrukagvik (K)<br />

m anak (N, q)<br />

m.ana.ktuktuk (q)<br />

irigruak<br />

puksraa1$.<br />

kilami.tautit<br />

harpoon (pole with<br />

metal point to check<br />

ice thickness, hooked<br />

at the other end)<br />

staff, walking stick<br />

gun, rifle<br />

shotgun<br />

arrow, shell<br />

knapsack, storage<br />

bag<br />

ammunition case<br />

hook (multipronged)<br />

for retrieving seal,<br />

a fishing tackle for<br />

jigging tomcod<br />

is hooking fish<br />

(torncod)<br />

binoculars<br />

sleeping bag<br />

bola

---

Food, Gathering<br />

kuyapigaurut block and tackle<br />

avatakpak (N), puptagun (K)<br />

at aaktuktuk (N)<br />

float (buoy)<br />

goes to set up whale<br />

camp on the ice<br />

it chuktuk (K), nikpaktuk (N) waits for an animal<br />

to appear<br />

saavittuk launches a boat in<br />

chase, comes forward<br />

piyugaktuk (N) is approaching a sea<br />

mammal by crawling<br />

puyuaktuk (K) stalks<br />

auktuk stalks seal, crawling<br />

and scratching on ice<br />

at the same time<br />

pinrgli ruk inadvertently startles<br />

animal<br />

unulugusaaktuk (N), Iks.is aaktuk (K) frightens away an<br />

attacking animal<br />

nas ittuk (N), nas rttchuk (K) ascends to a high<br />

spot for scanning<br />

al atkaktuk scans the landscape<br />

from an elevated<br />

point, looks into<br />

water for signs of<br />

fish.<br />

tuvr aktuk<br />

pisikkaa (N), sikkaa (K)<br />

is tracking<br />

shoots it, hits it<br />

pi s iks aktuk (N), srksaktuk (K) tries to shoot, tries<br />

to hit<br />

pakiksuk<br />

mapkaktuk<br />

squeezes trigger<br />

report of a gun, sound<br />

of an explosion<br />

59

---

60<br />

anuruk<br />

alJugaa<br />

alJiitchul$. (N), alJiiiial$.tul$.<br />

kavra~<br />

ami.ikai ruk<br />

arni k<br />

pilaktuk<br />

urjur-ak<br />

U1Jugaa<br />

narii gi ak<br />

narriktuk<br />

nani giaktuktuk<br />

sautaak<br />

ni gak<br />

nigaktuk<br />

ni.gaktuktuk<br />

nigatchial$.<br />

napittuk<br />

nigatchia~tul$.tu~.-._,""" __~

---

Food, Gathering<br />

akalugniaktuk (kiv , n},<br />

ikalugniaktuk (N, q),<br />

kalurjni aktuk (K)<br />

FISHING<br />

(see also FISH 2.7)<br />

akaluktuk (kiv, n), il$;aluktul$.(N, q),<br />

kaluktuk (K)<br />

nikstksuktuk<br />

niksik<br />

al luak<br />

aulasraun<br />

Ipi itak<br />

il$;lal$;(K, q)<br />

al$.l$;augaa<br />

aki<br />

tuuk<br />

tuugaa<br />

tuuktuk<br />

kuvral$;<br />

kuvr-aks ruktuk , kuvr-iki ruk<br />

kuvr-aktuk<br />

kuvr iksuk. niI]itkaa kuvr ak<br />

kuvr iruk<br />

amumaruk<br />

is fishing<br />

catches a fish<br />

is hooking (jigging)<br />

fish<br />

hook, fishhook, lure<br />

fishing or sealing hole<br />

jigging stick<br />

fish line<br />

is jigging, is hooking<br />

mudshark (K), is<br />

hooking tomcod (q)<br />

multipronged fishhook<br />

angled a fish<br />

(fish) bit on hook<br />

hook, gaff<br />

ice chisel (metal<br />

point on long pole for<br />

making fishing holes<br />

in ice)<br />

chisels it<br />

chisels<br />

net, fishing net<br />

checks net<br />

netted fish<br />

is setting net<br />

makes net<br />

is pulled out (e.g. a<br />

net)<br />

61

---

62<br />

arnrnun<br />

Food, Gathering; Travelling<br />

net rope<br />

puptaun net float<br />

kalu<br />

kaluuktuk , kaluruk. kalugaa<br />

kaaktuun<br />

kaaktuktuk<br />

all.aiyagaa<br />

inigaa<br />

si.iksuk<br />

nuvirat<br />

uuyurat<br />

Ig liktuk<br />

Iglaak<br />

1.15 T RA VE LLING<br />

LAND<br />

(see also Directional- Locational Pronouns 4.2)<br />

tukkuk<br />

tukkumavik (N), nul.lagvik (K)<br />

uvlf ruk<br />

dip net<br />

is dip netting<br />

seining net<br />

is seining<br />

is mending net<br />

net lashing<br />

hangs (fish or net for<br />

drying) over a pole<br />

is cutting fish<br />

(for drying)<br />

fish strung on a<br />

willow stick<br />

eight dried fish<br />

linked together<br />

travels, moves<br />

traveller, stranger,<br />

visitor<br />

host<br />

hotel, inn<br />

layover, rests between<br />

periods of<br />

travel or other<br />

activity

---

Travelling<br />

aul laktuk departs, goes away<br />

kuki luktuk goes about from place<br />

to place<br />

kasui ruk meet (by chance)<br />

while travelling<br />

kasuuti ruk meets, rendezvous<br />

tikittuk (N), t.ikitchuk arrives<br />

apkun<br />

apkus raagaa (K)<br />

trail<br />

passes him<br />

talgaktuk (N) travels up river by<br />

sled<br />

tagr aktuk travels up river by<br />

boat<br />

ati ks aaktuk travels down river by<br />

sled<br />

ataaktuk travels down river by<br />

boat<br />

at aaktuktuk (N) goes down to the<br />

lead to camp for<br />

whaling<br />

tul aktuk returns from the<br />

water, lands<br />

nalautchaagaa (N)<br />

apkus r aaktuk (K)<br />

travels past<br />

travels through<br />

aval laktuk travels straight out<br />

from the shore<br />

ar guktuk<br />

atkas al.ik<br />

tilJiru~<br />

ti!Jmiru~<br />

travels into the wind<br />

travels down wind<br />

flies away, takes off<br />

flies<br />

63

---

64<br />

tiIJIJun (N), tirj mi suun (K)<br />

uivaktuk (N), iivaktuk (K)<br />

tagluk<br />

nuluk<br />

uni agaktuk<br />

us rilfi ruk (K), ikuktuk (N)<br />

usiat (N, q), usriat (K)<br />

ni ir-i<br />

ruk (K),<br />

niurf<br />

ruk (N)<br />

ka.ivluktuk, kairnugaktuk (N)<br />

kamutit (N)<br />

uniat (see picture 2)<br />

ij:ilgich (see picture 1)<br />

anut<br />

anuksraij:<br />

ki mmik (N), kipmtk (K)<br />

kimmich, kiprni ch<br />

kimuktuk<br />

nanmaun<br />

tiIJilgairuls: (N),<br />

tiIJilgaij:sils:suls:(K)<br />

tilJilgautals:<br />

napals:ti<br />

niuruk<br />

SEA<br />

airplane<br />

Travelling<br />

comes around a point<br />

snowshoes<br />

snowshoe webbing<br />

sleds, travels by sled<br />

loads sled<br />

load<br />

unloads sled<br />

pushes heavy sled<br />

sled for transporting<br />

umiak over ice<br />

sled<br />

basket sled<br />

harness (one or many)<br />

harness webbing<br />

dog<br />

dogs, team<br />

pulls (of an animal)<br />

is tangled<br />

dog pack<br />

sails<br />

sail<br />

mast<br />

disembarks

---

Travelling<br />

..... Picture 1<br />

kilgich basket sled<br />

1 aglu runner shoe<br />

agluvinik bone runner piece<br />

(old time use)<br />

2 s iku , sikuk (K) runner rod, runner<br />

base<br />

3 napagiak upright<br />

4 ayagun, ikaa]s.saun bed crosspiece<br />

5 kitgur'ak outside stringer<br />

6 satguuk central stringer<br />

7 pigiaga]s. rounded portions<br />

8 usi aguat loading platform<br />

9 nu]s.agun lashings for lower<br />

stands<br />

10 apugaikut ak, stvugun front bow<br />

11 apugun front crosspiece<br />

12 sani gaagun crossed ropes<br />

13 nakitaagun tie-down rope<br />

14 ]s.imugviita]s., kimugvik bridle (sled to dog)<br />

15 ]s.ilgun upper lashings<br />

16 ]s.itigagun tug<br />

17 i.tkir vi k , akugun sled bag<br />

18 ]s.i]s.aagvik stands at the back<br />

19 kinatagun sled brake<br />

kinataktuk brakes sled<br />

20 kiavluutit handle bar<br />

21 kivluutak handles<br />

65

---

66<br />

uniat<br />

1 kiavluun<br />

2 igilaat<br />

3 nakittagun<br />

4 nakitakpik<br />

5 ij:itigagun<br />

6 anut<br />

7 pauktaun, niksikpak<br />

8 aglu<br />

Picture 2<br />

sled<br />

Travelling<br />

stanchions<br />

crosspieces (forming<br />

the platform)<br />

rope lashes<br />

rope tie-downs<br />

main tug<br />

harness<br />

anchor<br />

runner

---

'I'r av e l l i n q<br />

umi ak<br />

Picture 3<br />

skin boat<br />

1 kul ik gunwale<br />

2 ~UIJialik seat in front of pilot<br />

3 iksugak seat<br />

4 naparu~ rib<br />

5 niutak stern or bow<br />

6 a~u stern<br />

7 sivu bow<br />

8 kiglu bow deck<br />

9 kuyaa~ keel<br />

10 akkuk bottom formers<br />

11 tulvik fore and aft framing<br />

member to which<br />

skin is lashed<br />

tuutuk is lashing skin to the<br />

frame<br />

tugrun skin's lashing ropes<br />

12 amiun thread for sewing<br />

skins together<br />

13 ami~ skin covering<br />

amtksuk covers a frame with<br />

skin<br />

14 amj un pitch (caulking)<br />

67

---

68<br />

ilJiuliulj:tuk<br />

ki tnu ruk , pahrktuk (K), kinuruk (N)<br />

Iki ruk<br />

ni ur-i r-uk<br />

ukamrnaktuk<br />

kayak<br />

paagur'r-aktuk (N)<br />

paaijuutik (K)<br />

umiak (see pict. 3)<br />

urni aktuktuk<br />

umialik<br />

umi aktukt.i<br />

umi akpak<br />

umi akpaar-ak (N)<br />

umi ahaar-ak (N)<br />

ipun<br />

iputtuk (K), Ipuaktuk (N)<br />

anuun<br />

anuaktuk<br />

l$;allun<br />

kitchak (N), kis ak (K)<br />

akuttuak<br />

pitches (boat)<br />

capsizes<br />

Travelling<br />

embarks (boat, sled,<br />

airplane etc.)<br />

unloads, longshores<br />

pulls a boat along<br />

shore with a rope<br />

decked -in skin canoe<br />

paddles (kayak)<br />

kayak paddle<br />

large skin boat<br />

travels by umiak<br />

boat captain, rich<br />

man, king<br />

whaler<br />

ship<br />

rowboat<br />

small skin rowboat<br />

transportable on a<br />

sled<br />

oar<br />

rows<br />

paddle (single bladed)<br />

paddles<br />

bailer, cup<br />

anchor<br />

ship Is pilot

---

2. CREATURES<br />

2.1 GENERAL<br />

aJ]lJun game animal<br />

aJ]usallu~ (N, q), arjus ra lluk (K)<br />

agnasallu~ (N, q), agnas r-al.luk (K)<br />

pi ayaak<br />

auIlastk<br />

ni guaktu ktuk (N),<br />

nuyuaktuk (K)<br />

pan alrktuk<br />

tumi<br />

General<br />

aktak<br />

2.2 LAND ANIMALS<br />

male (animal)<br />

female (animal)<br />

offspring<br />

instinct<br />

is wary<br />

gallops<br />

track (trail)<br />

brown bear, grizzly<br />

bear (Ursus<br />

horribilis)<br />

black bear (Ursus<br />

americanus)<br />

polar bear (Thalarctos<br />

maritimus)<br />

wolf (Canis lupus)<br />

fox<br />

69

---

70<br />

kaiyuktuk (N), kavviak (K)<br />

kiangak<br />

kiangaktuluk (N), kiangak (K)<br />

~gfii~ta~<br />

kusr-haak , kulhaak (K),<br />

tigigannia~ (N)<br />

niituuyi k (q), niutuiyik (N),<br />

nuutuuyik (K)<br />

immulivik<br />

Imriaik (N),<br />

nanmakti (N), natmakti (K)<br />

tuttukhrk (N), paikinak (K)<br />

tuttukpak<br />

tuttuvak, tmni ikak (q, n},<br />

tinniika (K)<br />

red fox<br />

Land Animals<br />

cross fox, blue fox (K)<br />

blue fox<br />

black or silver fox<br />

arctic fox (Alopex<br />

lagopus)<br />

lynx (Lynx canadensis)<br />

domestic cow (lit.<br />

milk place)<br />

sheep, dall sheep<br />

reindeer (Rangifer<br />

tarandus)<br />

donkey (lit. burden<br />

bearer)<br />

pig (lit. queer deer)<br />

horse (lit. big caribou)<br />

moose (Alces alces)

---

Land Animals<br />

kirnmi k (N), J,s.ipmiJ,s. (K)<br />

IPmmiagru~ (N), kipmiurak (K)<br />

ipiga~tuun (q), IPpmiJ,i.~un (K)<br />

~UIJisigun<br />

pituich<br />

prtui.tchuk<br />

pitukkaa<br />

avaal.aruk (K, q), magaararuk (N)<br />

anignitchia~tu~<br />

. ki.Iuktuk<br />

tuttu<br />

maguruls<br />

iIIllJ aluktuk<br />

kimuktuk<br />

aluktuk<br />

kusauktuk<br />

paki ksuk (N), rrivaktuk (K)<br />

Caribou<br />

tuttu agr-ui ch (N),<br />

tuttugaurat<br />

tuttukpaur agatat (N),<br />

tuttugaagruich (K)<br />

dog<br />

puppy<br />

dog whip<br />

dog collar, neck band<br />

chain<br />

is loose, untied<br />

ties it (dog, boat)<br />

yelps with pain<br />

is panting<br />

barks (dog, fox)<br />

howls (dog, wolf)<br />

whines<br />

pulls<br />

licks<br />

sits<br />

paws<br />

caribou (Rangifer<br />

arcticus)<br />

herd of caribou<br />

a few caribou<br />

huge herd of caribou<br />

71

---

72<br />

tikitugaur at , tikitut<br />

pagnik (N), pannik (K)<br />

arj ayukfitkik (N), nukatagak (K)<br />

3lJ ayukh agruk (K)<br />

arj ayukrik<br />

pagni.agr-uit.chtak (N)<br />

nukatagaur ak (N)<br />

nukatagaaluk (N, q)<br />

nukatagagruak (N), nukatagaagruk (K)<br />

nuliagnik<br />

kulavak<br />

kulavaura~<br />

kulavagr aitchiak<br />

kulavagruitchaur-ak (N, n)<br />

kulavagruitchiak<br />

nuggaila~<br />

nuggalik<br />

nugga~<br />

nuggaiyaa~,<br />

nuvak (N)<br />

Land Animals<br />

herd of cows and<br />

calves<br />

caribou bull (mature)<br />

three year old bull<br />

two year old bull<br />

two year old bull (N),<br />

one year old bull (K)<br />

very old bull (with<br />

worn teeth)<br />

young bull (2 - 3 yrs.)<br />

bull nearly full grown<br />

large bull (just<br />

matured)<br />

stinking caribou bull<br />

(after breeding)<br />

caribou cow<br />

young cow before conceiving<br />

(in 2nd year)<br />

large cow<br />

very old skinny cow<br />

old cow (over 20 yrs.)<br />

cow without fawn<br />

cow with fawn<br />

fawn, colt (less than<br />

1 yr.)<br />

newborn fawn<br />

male fawn

---

Land AnimaZs<br />

nuggaagruk (N)<br />

calf during first<br />

winter<br />

nuggaatchia~ calf during 2nd winter<br />

(prime skin)<br />

ivi.lauk, ilummik caribou fetus<br />

Caribou Parts<br />

(* means same word for other animals, human)<br />

amtk<br />

ukiul li k<br />

uki al.Ii.k<br />

ual.Iik , uar-al lik (N)<br />

upingaks r al.Iik<br />

skin<br />

winter skin<br />

autumn skin<br />

summer skin<br />

spring skin<br />

rnitkuk * hair (piece of fur)<br />

ni ki *<br />

meat<br />

nuukik, nukik * tendon, ligament,<br />

cartilage<br />

uuliutik * back tendon<br />

nigavik<br />

kaunak * fat<br />

auk *<br />

saunik *<br />

haunch<br />

blood<br />

bone<br />

patik * marrow<br />

nagruk antlers (horns)<br />

~lJusifiil$:, l$:UlJisi~* neck<br />

kuyapikkat (N), ki.grpigak , ki aiprgak (K) * backbone<br />

pikusuk longest bone of<br />

shoulder hump<br />

pikuk<br />

3 or 4 longest vertabrae<br />

near neck<br />

73

---

74<br />

kiasik *<br />

sat~a~*<br />

shoulder blade<br />

chest<br />

sakiak * breast bone<br />

isatigich<br />

tultmaak * rib<br />

eye<br />

Land Animals<br />

connecting cartilage<br />

ribs to breast bone<br />

kuutchik (K), kutchik (N) * pelvis (one side)<br />

kuutchiriaak (K), kutchinaak (N) * whole pelvis<br />

pamiuk<br />

niu *<br />

kinignik<br />

i.kiipkuk (N), sivugagluk (K)<br />

s ivul Iik<br />

kukiilik (N), kukik (K) *<br />

kuvluguk<br />

mumi k<br />

anautak (N), anautaks rak (K)<br />

ptagnik (N), piannik (K)<br />

ni akuk ,-<br />

iri *<br />

siun *<br />

Imrlguk (N), umi.lguk (K)<br />

kuniun<br />

kakiaak *<br />

tail<br />

leg<br />

hip joint<br />

foreleg<br />

foreleg (lower section)<br />

hoof (fingernail)<br />

dew claw<br />

hind leg, hind quarter<br />

hind upper leg<br />

hind lower leg<br />

head<br />

ear<br />

nose<br />

nose tip<br />

brain

---

Land Animals<br />

ukak *<br />

uniagaak *<br />

agltkkuk (K)<br />

kigun *<br />

stvugat *<br />

tongue<br />

lower jaw<br />

lower jaw (both sides)<br />

tooth<br />

cutting teeth<br />

kullimagaat * upper teeth<br />

al'limagaat * lower molars<br />

puvaich<br />

uuman *<br />

lungs<br />

heart<br />

kanivaun (N), mulik (K) * diaphragm<br />

tilJuk *<br />

taktuk '"<br />

liver<br />

kidneys<br />

mapsa * pancreas<br />

kivvi.g ruak caribou appendix<br />

kisaguak (K), ki s ag ruak<br />

nigukkak<br />

first stomach<br />

stomach with contents,<br />

anything in the abdominal<br />

cavity<br />

tunus is ak hard covering of<br />

small stomach<br />

i1Jaluat * intestines<br />

Itchaur'ak mesentery apron<br />

amaniilik edible intestines<br />

(with fat, cooked)<br />

mamaun udder<br />

miluk *<br />

nipple<br />

75

---

76 Land Animals<br />

nuggal$:mi luktuk fawn sucks<br />

nuggal.ik miluktitkaa cow nurses fawn<br />

al$:iaviilik<br />

Rodents<br />

ilukutak (K), l$:i.JJagluk<br />

outer meat of body<br />

pana quill of porcupine<br />

(two-edged knife,<br />

sword, spear)<br />

paluktak, aku (K) beaver (Castor<br />

canadensis)<br />

mapkuti ttuk , aikifhat'ittuk slaps the water with<br />

his tail (beaver)<br />

ki vgaluk (N),<br />

ukallisugruk<br />

muskrat (Ondatra<br />

zibethicus)<br />

<strong>Alaska</strong> hare (Lepus<br />

othus)<br />

ukallik (N, s), snowshoe rabbit,<br />

varying hare (Lepus<br />

americanus)<br />

siksrikpak hoary marmot<br />

(Marmota caligata)<br />

siksrik ground squirrel<br />

(Citellus parryi)<br />

sakta.taiyak (N), sakalataayik (K) tree squirrel, red<br />

squirrel (Sciu ru r<br />

hudsonicus)<br />

avinnak (K) mouse, vole (Microtus<br />

operarius), lemming<br />

(Synaptomys borealis)

---

Land Anima~s; Sma~~ Creatures<br />

avirjak (N)<br />

l;P.laIJmiutaura~<br />

ugr urjnak<br />

pamiuktuuk (K) I ~ -.;;:;<br />

~~<br />

tigia~pak (K, q)<br />

tigia~ (K, q), itigia~<br />

brown lemming<br />

(Lemmus trimucronatus)<br />

collared lemming<br />

(Dicrostonyx rubricatus)<br />

2.3 SMALL CREATURES OF LAND AND SEA<br />

77<br />

shrew (Sorex cine reus ,<br />

Sorex tundrensis)<br />

Weasel Family<br />

~~:r<br />

kapvi.k (K), kavvik (N)<br />

kapvai tchi a (K)<br />

{ Ii..~i?~\\\11 ~j -f' {f;, wolverine (Gulo<br />

luscus)<br />

marten (Martes<br />

americana)<br />

f,<br />

UJ / ~<br />

otter (Lutra canadensis)<br />

i.Iar-i, silu (K) jellyfish<br />

ivi luk (N, q), uvi Iu (K)<br />

ki ir-aur-ak<br />

naagaayik<br />

nirnrgi ak<br />

mink (Mus tela vison)<br />

weasel (Mustela<br />

erminea)<br />

clam, shellfish,<br />

bivalve, mussel,<br />

snail<br />

scallop, clam<br />

edible sea worm<br />

wood frog (Rana<br />

sylvatica)<br />

water worm, eel,<br />

serpent, snake

---

78<br />

niprtchak<br />

putuguks iuyuk<br />

putyuun (K)<br />

srutukuyuk<br />

Igutchak<br />

kiktugiak<br />

pamiuktuur ak<br />

kiktuks r alik<br />

kirgavaitchauraJs:<br />

kaluki sak (K)<br />

milugai tchiak<br />

mtluyuuk<br />

kumak<br />

itJs:iJs:<br />

mirnjuk<br />

niilgiJs:<br />

anaks iugayuk<br />

nuviivak<br />

2.4 INSECTS<br />

Small Creatures; Insects<br />

octopus<br />

shrimp (lit. going for<br />

big toe)<br />

crab (lit. pinching<br />

tool)<br />

mollusk, shell<br />

bumble bee<br />

mosquito<br />

mosquito larva<br />

ant<br />

gnat, "no-seeum"<br />

(colored like a hawk)<br />

butterfly<br />

tiny mosquito, "white<br />

socks"<br />

caribou bot fly<br />

(Oedemagena tar andi )<br />

louse, larva of the<br />

caribou bot fly<br />

louse egg<br />

beetle<br />

dragon fly<br />

dung fly (Musea<br />

stercoraria)<br />

fly, blow fly

---

Inseats; Sea AnimaZs<br />

ku pi.lguks r ak ,<br />

nuviivaum kupilguksr ana<br />

kuprlguk<br />

kuglugiak<br />

ptgli gai lfk (K), prgl.igayuk (n) , ~<br />

nuttagayuk (N)<br />

putuguks itgayuk<br />

tuggayuuk<br />

aasrivak (K), aasivak (N, q)<br />

General<br />

naluktuk<br />

nakkaktuk<br />

pui ruk<br />

kavaktuk (N, q)<br />

sHu<br />

puktaktuk (q),puktuktuk (N),<br />

puptaktuk (K)<br />

"--<br />

25 SEA ANIMALS<br />

egg<br />

larva, worm<br />

pupa<br />

grasshopper<br />

stag beetle<br />

wasp, hornet, yellow<br />

jacket<br />

spider<br />

killed a whale<br />

swims (of sea mammals<br />

and polar bear)<br />

dives, sinks<br />

surfaces<br />

sleeps on back in<br />

water<br />

carcass of a sea<br />

mammal drifted<br />

ashore<br />

stinker (dead animal<br />

floating after having<br />

first sunk)<br />

79

---

80<br />

aivi~<br />

Walrus<br />

isavga~<br />

nunavak<br />

tuugaak<br />

Whales<br />

aaglu (K), aagluk (N)<br />

kilalugak (N), ai suak<br />

iJ.lutu~<br />

iJ.lutuvak<br />

us tnautchtak<br />

i.sirjuatchaur-ak<br />

walrus<br />

young walrus<br />

walrus on ice<br />

Sea Animals<br />

walrus tusk, ivory<br />

bowhead whale<br />

(Bal aena mystecetus)<br />

killer whale<br />

(Orcinus rectipinna)<br />

gray whale<br />

(Rhachianectes<br />

glaucus)<br />

beluga whale<br />

(Delphinapterus<br />

leucas)<br />

young female (choice<br />

whale, soft muktuk)<br />

large whale with rolled<br />

blubber on back<br />

medium size whale<br />

male whale

---

Sea Animal.s 81<br />

1 aglu<br />

2 mamaak<br />

3 sukkak<br />

4 suppuktagvia<br />

5 akikkak (N), avatr ak (K)<br />

s itkuak<br />

6 tal'iguk<br />

Seals<br />

natchik<br />

l;s.aigutlik (K, q), kaya.gul ik (N)<br />

kas igiak<br />

kiinaak<br />

6<br />

4<br />

2<br />

1<br />

jawbone<br />

gums, material holding<br />

baleen<br />

baleen<br />

its blowhole<br />

fluke<br />

rear flipper of seal,<br />

walrus<br />

foreflipper<br />

hair seal<br />

ringed seal<br />

(Phoca hispida)<br />

spotted seal, harbor<br />

seal (Phoca r-ichar dii )<br />

ugruk bearded seal<br />

(Erignathus barbatus)<br />

male seal in mating<br />

season<br />

ti ggaqriik strong smelling bull<br />

seal

---

82<br />

2.6 ANIMALS OF HISTORY AND LEGEND<br />

kiligivak (N), kiltgvak<br />

tl r-itchi k<br />

uminmak, imummak (K)<br />

akaluk (n, kiv), kaluk (K),<br />

ikaluk (N, q)<br />

ifhuagnik<br />

Huu~ifii~ (K)<br />

kanayu~<br />

ikalugruak (N), kalug ruak (K)<br />

2.7 FISH<br />

akalukpi k (n, kiv), Ikalukprk (N, q),<br />

~alukpik (K)<br />

kalupi at (K)<br />

anaakrik (N), kaus rIluk (K)<br />

~aalgi~ (K)<br />

mammoth, mastadon<br />

monsterous reptile,<br />

dragon (with four<br />

short legs -originally<br />

six -w ith alligator -like<br />

tai l , rocky scaled<br />

skin, long neck and<br />

small head)<br />

musk ox (Ovibus<br />

moschatus)<br />

fish<br />

rainbow smelt<br />

(Osmerus dentex)<br />

blackfish (Dallia<br />

pectoralis)<br />

bullhead, sculpin<br />

(Oncocottus quadricornis)<br />

salmon, chum, humpback<br />

salmon<br />

trout, lake trout,<br />

arctic char<br />

whitefish<br />

(Coregonidae)<br />

whitefish (big round<br />

nosed)<br />

whitefish (smaller<br />

sharp nosed)

---

Fish<br />

~uptik (K)<br />

ikalus aak (N), kalus raak (K)<br />

~avi~sua~ (K), mi lugi ak (s)<br />

natagnak<br />

whitefish (small sharp<br />

nosed)<br />

whitefish (smallest)<br />

northern sucker<br />

flounder<br />

sii sheefish (Stenodus<br />

leucichthys nelma)<br />

siilik<br />

northern pike (Esox<br />

lucius)<br />

tittaal.ik mudshark, ling-cod,<br />

burbot (Lota Iota)<br />

sulupaugak grayling (Thymalus<br />

signifer)<br />

uks ruktuuk ___ -~ herring<br />

uuga~<br />

Fish Parts<br />

suluun<br />

sipik<br />

ataa<br />

aquun<br />

kavi s ik<br />

kavitchich<br />

masrik<br />

suvaich<br />

o<br />

tomcod (Boreogadus<br />

saida)<br />

its topside, dorsal<br />

area<br />

dorsal fin<br />

caudal fin, fish tail<br />

its underside, ventral<br />

area<br />

fin (lit. paddle)<br />

fish scale<br />

scales<br />

gills<br />

fish eggs, spawn<br />

83

---

84<br />

2.8 BI RDS<br />

(All of the following birds except sea ducks are common to the<br />

Kobuk River area. Birds marked with * are known to be on the<br />

North Slope, others may migrate there.)<br />

Swans, Geese, Ducks<br />

kugruk *<br />

karjuk *<br />

kigiyuk (K), mgl ivatluk (N) *<br />

i~sra~tilik *<br />

rmttlugruak *<br />

ni~li~ak (K), nigltngak (N) *<br />

ahaal.ik *<br />

al.Iuutak<br />

ivugak , kurugak (N) *<br />

ivugasrugruk<br />

killalik<br />

kakhikpaltk<br />

whistling swan<br />

(Olor columbianus)<br />

snow goose<br />

(Chen hyperborea)<br />

white -fronted goose<br />

(Anser albifrons)<br />

Canada goose<br />

(Branta canadensis)<br />

emperor goose<br />

(Philacte canagica)<br />

pacific black brant<br />

(Branta nigricans)<br />

old squaw<br />

(Clangula hyemalis)<br />

shoveler<br />

(Spatula clypeata)<br />

pintail duck<br />

(Anas acuta)<br />

mallard duck<br />

(Anas platyrhynchos)<br />

white -winged s coter<br />

(Melanitta deglandi)<br />

green -winged teal<br />

(Anas carolinensis)<br />

greater scaup duck<br />

(Aythya marila)

---

Birds<br />

kakluktuuk<br />

mit'ik (q), kaugak<br />

kirj al ik *<br />

amaulrgruak<br />

rgnikauktuk<br />

~avaasuk<br />

nunuks igi.i.lak<br />

paisugruk<br />

sagvak tirjm.iak<br />

tuungaag ruk<br />

tuungaagrupiak , uvinauyuk ,<br />

nayarpjak<br />

ugiihik<br />

Loons and Grebes<br />

taatchirj ik<br />

lesser scaup duck<br />

(Aythya affinis)<br />

duck<br />

king eider duck<br />

(Somateria spe ct.abilis)<br />

common eider<br />

(Somateria mollissima)<br />

Steller's eider<br />

(Somateria stelleri)<br />

spectacled eider<br />

(Somateria fischeri)<br />

buffle-head duck<br />

(Bucephala albeola)<br />

red-breasted merganser<br />

(Mergus serrator)<br />

harlequin duck<br />

(Histrionicus<br />

histrionicus)<br />

surf scoter<br />

(Melanitta perspicallata)<br />

common scoter<br />

(Oidemia nigra)<br />

baldpate or American<br />

widgeon (Mareca<br />

americanas)<br />

common or blackbilled<br />

loon (Gavia<br />

immer)<br />

85

---

86<br />

tuutlik *<br />

ntksaakturjik<br />

yellow -billed loon<br />

(Gavia adamsii)<br />

pacific arctic loon<br />

(Gavia arctic a<br />

pacifica)<br />

kaks r-auk * red -throated loon<br />

(Gavia stellata)<br />

horned grebe<br />

(Podiceps auritus)<br />

rock ptarmigan<br />

(Lagopus mutus)<br />

Birds<br />

suglitchaurak red-necked grebe<br />

(Podiceps grisegena)<br />

Grouse, Ptarmigan<br />

akar gik *, akalgik (p)<br />

willow ptarmigan<br />

(Lagopus lagopus)<br />

napaaktum akar-gik hudsonian spruce<br />

grouse (lit. spruce<br />

ptarmigan) (Canachites<br />

canadensis)<br />

urgiilgim akar gia sharp-tailed grouse<br />

(lit. birch ptarmigan)<br />

(Pediocetes phasianel-<br />

Ius)<br />

tattirgak * lesser sandhill crane,<br />

little brown crane<br />

(Grus canadensis)

---

Birds<br />

Murres! Puffins<br />

akpak *<br />

l>HaIJ ak *<br />

Hawks, Falcons, Osprey<br />

kirgavik<br />

papiktuuk<br />

tirjmi akpak '"<br />

tinmtagruum kirgavia<br />

kalukairgayuk (K), akaluksrtgayuk (n)<br />

common murre<br />

(Uria aalge)<br />

87<br />

common puffin, tufted<br />

puffin (Lunda cirrhata)<br />

black guillemot<br />

(Cepphus grylle)<br />

goshawk (Accipiter<br />

gentilis),<br />

peregrine falcon<br />

(Falco peregrinus)<br />

rough -legged hawk<br />

(Buteo lagopus)<br />

marsh hawk (lit. long<br />

parka tail) (Circus<br />

cyaneus)<br />

eagle, golden eagle<br />

(Aquila chrys aetos),<br />

bald eagle (Haliaetus<br />

leucocephalus)<br />

pigeon hawk, (lit. duck<br />

hawk) (Falco columbar-ius)<br />

osprey (Pandion<br />

haliaetus) (lit. goes<br />

for fish)

---

88<br />

Plovers I<br />

~urrakura~<br />

tullik<br />

tul lignak<br />

tullikpak<br />

Turnstones,<br />

Snipes, Sanderlings<br />

iks rfktaayuuk<br />

kuukukiak<br />

Ii vi.Ii vi.Il.aur-ak<br />

li vili villakpak<br />

puvi aktuuk<br />

puviaktu uyaak<br />

Surfbirds<br />

Birds<br />

semipalmated plover<br />

(Charadrius semipalmatus),<br />

killdeer<br />

(Charadrius vociferus)<br />

golden plover<br />

(Pluvialis dominica)<br />

ruddy turnstone<br />

(Arenaria interpres)<br />

black-bellied plover<br />

(Squatarola squatarola)<br />

sanderling<br />

(Crocethia alba)<br />

(lit.' runner)<br />

spotted sandpiper<br />

(Actitis macularia)<br />

common snipe<br />

(Capella gallinago)<br />

least sandpiper<br />

(Erolia minutilla)<br />

semipalmated sandpiper<br />

(Ereonetus<br />

pusillus)<br />

pectoral sandpiper<br />

(Erolia melanotus)<br />

(lit. inflating the<br />

chest)<br />

baird's sandpiper<br />

(Erolia bairdii)

---

Birds<br />

satkagtrlak<br />

siituvak<br />

siyukpaligauraJs.<br />

siyukpalik<br />

tiIJmiam kipmia<br />

rur r-aatur-ak<br />

Phalaropes<br />

auks ruak *<br />

kayyi igun<br />

Jaegers<br />

isuIJIJagluk<br />

buff -breasted sandpiper<br />

(Tryngites subruficollis)<br />

(lit. rough<br />

breasted)<br />

whimbrel (Numenius<br />

phaepus hudsonicus)<br />

dunlin , red-backed<br />

sandpiper (Erolia<br />

alpina pacifica)<br />

long-billed dowitcher<br />

(Limnodromus scolopaceus)<br />

lesser yellowlegs<br />

(Totanus flavipes)<br />

(lit. goose's dog)<br />

pacific godwit, bartailed<br />

godwit (Limosa<br />

Iapponic a)<br />

red phalarope<br />

(Phalaropus fulicarius)<br />

(lit. blood-like)<br />

northern phalarope<br />

(Lobipes lobatus)<br />

(lit. like a person in<br />

a kayak)<br />

pomerine jaeger<br />

(Stercorarius<br />

pomarinus)<br />

long-tailed jaeger<br />

(Stercorarius longi -<br />

caudus )<br />

89

---

90<br />

mtgi aks aayuk<br />

Gulls, Terns<br />

nauyak *<br />

nauyatchi ak<br />

nauyavasrugruk<br />

akar gtyiak<br />

rnitkutai lak *<br />

naatak<br />

naatakpak<br />

ni akuktu ag ruk<br />

nipai hrktak (K), nipai luktak (n)<br />

nukisugak<br />

rakpii laagruk<br />

Birds<br />

parasitic jaeger<br />

(Stercorarius parasiticus)<br />

(lit. goes for<br />

vomit)<br />

gull<br />

mew gull (Larus<br />

canus ) herring gull<br />

(Larus argentatus)<br />

glaucus gull<br />

(Larus hyperboreus)<br />

Sabine Is gull<br />

(Xema s abini )<br />

arctic tern<br />

(Sterna paradisaea)<br />

(lit. without needle)<br />

great gray owl<br />

(Strix nebulosa)<br />

barred owl<br />

(Strix varia)<br />

hawk owl<br />

(Surnia ulula)<br />

short-eared owl<br />

(Asio flammeus)<br />

(lit. flies soundlessly)<br />

horned owl<br />

(Bubo virginianus)<br />

boreal owl<br />

(Aegolius funereus)

---

Birds<br />

ukpik *<br />

Kingfisher,<br />

nukuutchikik<br />

nagrulik<br />

Woodpeckers<br />

tuuyuk<br />

tuuyukpa k<br />

tuuyus rugruk<br />

Swallows<br />

tulugagnak<br />

tulugagnaur ak<br />

tulugagnasrugruk<br />

snowy owl<br />

(Nyctea scandiaca)<br />

belted kingfisher<br />

(Megaceryle alcyon)<br />

pallid horned lark<br />

(Eremophila alpestris<br />

arcticola) (lit. has<br />

horns)<br />

downy woodpecker<br />

(Dendrocopus pubescens)<br />

hairy woodpecker<br />

(Dendrocopus villosus)<br />

yellow-shafted flicker<br />

(Colaptes auratus<br />

borealis)<br />

91<br />

bank swallow<br />

(Riparia riparia),<br />

cliff swallow<br />

(Petrochelidon pyrr -<br />

honota) (lit. resemb-<br />

1es raven)<br />

tree swallow<br />

(Iridoproene bicolor)<br />

barn swallow<br />

(Hirundo rustica)

---

92 Birds<br />

Jays, Crows<br />

kiiri~ * Canada jay, camp<br />

robber (Perisoreus<br />

canadensis)<br />

tulugak * raven (Corvus corax)<br />

Chickadees<br />

ikni aai lak<br />

boreal or browncapped<br />

chickadee<br />

(Parus hudsonicus)<br />

mi.sikaakkaur-ak , mtaikaagak black-capped chickadee<br />

(Parus atri -<br />

capillus)<br />

Thrushes<br />

kanayuur ak * robin<br />

(Turdus migratorius)<br />

piiga~, s avtigavifk gray-cheeked thrush<br />

(Hylocichla minima)<br />

sujutlul.luuk varied thrush<br />

(Ixoreus naevius)<br />

Wagtails, Pipits,<br />

European wheatear<br />

(Oenanthe oenanthe)<br />

(lit. little eagle)<br />

Ikar-iktaayuuk yellow wagtail<br />

(motacilla naval<br />

putukiHuk American water pipit<br />

(Anthus spinoletta)

---

Birds<br />

aanaruum ki vir uk<br />

Waxwing, Shrike<br />

suluktaatchialik<br />

ir-aiyayuuk<br />

Warblers<br />

sUlJ akpaluktun ik<br />

si lalukaityau rak<br />

Blackbird<br />

tulukkam i.ttuk,<br />

tulukkatun ittuk<br />

Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows,<br />

amautl igak , amautlikkaurak (K), *<br />

amauhgaaluk (N), avatal.iguuvak (p)<br />

water ouzel (Cinclus<br />

Mexicanus) (Iit .<br />

grandmother sank)<br />

bohemian waxwing<br />

(Bombicylla garrulus)<br />

(lit. with pretty wing<br />

feathers)<br />

shrike (Lanius excubitor)<br />

(lit. eye extractor)<br />

arctic warbler<br />

(Phylloscopus borealis)<br />

yellow warbler<br />

(Dentroica petechia)<br />

myrtle warbler<br />

(Dentroica coronata)<br />

(lit. rain again)<br />

rusty blackbird<br />

(Euphagus carolinus)<br />

(lit. like raven)<br />

snow bunting<br />

(Plectrophenax<br />

nivalis)<br />

93

---

94<br />

aanaruin sultikpa<br />

ikhgvik<br />

kayuuttaak<br />

kayuutaayuuk, taatchintr ak<br />

kianarutuuk , ki ar anatuuk<br />

nUIJ aktuagruk<br />

pi sikpi sikpi.i.srhak<br />

putukii.hrk, kupahik *<br />

,putukiilukpak<br />

saks akik<br />

siyyuum kipirjaruk<br />

Birds<br />

savannah sparrow<br />

(Passerculus sandwichensis)<br />

(lit. what<br />

is your grandmother<br />

cooking? )<br />

fox sparrow<br />

(Passerella iliaca)<br />

(lit. tool bag)<br />

pine grosbeak<br />

(Pinicola enucleator)<br />

slate -colored junco<br />

(Junco hyemalis)<br />

golden -crowned<br />

sparrow (Zenotrichia<br />

atricapilla) (lit. is to<br />

be mourned)<br />

white-crowned sparrow<br />

(Zenotrichia<br />

leucophrys)<br />

tree sparrow<br />

(Spizella arborea)<br />

<strong>Alaska</strong> longs pur<br />

(Calcarius lapponicus)<br />

smith's longspur<br />

(Calcarius pictus)<br />

common redpoll<br />

(Acanthis flammea)<br />

hoary redpoll<br />

(Acanthis hornemanni)<br />

white -winged crossbill<br />

(Loxia leucoptera)

---

Birds<br />

Bird Parts<br />

uvluutit nest<br />

iva ruk is nesting<br />

mannik<br />

manniim saunina<br />

satkatiktaak (N) egg white<br />

kuksuktaak (N) egg yolk<br />

puvi ak crop<br />

Isaguk (N, q), Lsr-aguk (K) wing<br />

egg<br />

egg shells (lit egg's<br />

bones)<br />

suluk wing feather<br />

mitkuk feather (fur, body<br />

hair)<br />

kiviut down, musk oxen wool<br />

sigguuk (N), siyyuuk (K)<br />

sigguk (N), siyyuk (K)<br />

papik tail<br />

beak, bill<br />

one mandible<br />

tuttuk (N) upper leg (drumstick)<br />

95

---

96<br />

3. HEAVENS. EARTH. ATMOSPHERE<br />

3.1 HEAVENLY BODIES<br />

kiIak sky, heaven, roof<br />

stkinik sun<br />

stkinaagiksuk sun shines<br />

- - n<br />

nipi ruk ~=:;;;ii~_:";~!iil=lII!i~.~_~~(sun, moon) sets<br />

nui ruk<br />

tat~iJs.:<br />

tatkigiksuk<br />

(sun, moon) appears<br />

from behind cloud<br />

moon<br />

moon shines<br />

pularuJs.: is eclipsed (lit. slipped<br />

into the brush)<br />

uvlugi ak star<br />

uvlugi am anarj a shooting star,<br />

meteorite (lit. star's<br />

feces)<br />

srkupsfkkat<br />

tuvaurat (N), uuyurat (K)<br />

ki kuyat (N), kirguyat (K)<br />

kikuyalfksuk<br />

ni gritchtak (N); kinnaum<br />

nigilJa (a), nigak (K)<br />

tgniguukpatittuak (N),<br />

iknikpaltk (K)<br />

Ignrgukpatittuk (N), kaummai'liksuk<br />

Pleiades constellation<br />

three stars of sword<br />

in constellation Orion<br />

(N lit. little hunters<br />

K lit. linked ones)<br />

northern lights,<br />

(Aurora borealis)<br />

northern lights are<br />

shining<br />

rainbow<br />

lightning<br />

is lightning

---

Heaventy Bodies; Earth<br />

kalluk<br />

kal lularuk<br />

3.2 EARTH (MINERALS)<br />

thunder<br />

is thundering<br />

nuna land, earth<br />

aula ruk nuna (N), earthquake<br />

il,i~sa~tu~ nuna (K)<br />

akaiya (N) mud<br />

tuvi at chi ak solid ground<br />

maggak<br />

uyagak , iyagak (K)<br />

apyuk (K), avyuk (N)<br />

apyularuk (K)<br />

~ikku<br />

aijmaak (N), akrnaak (K)<br />

aluak (N), kalluk (K)<br />

kannuyak , kannuyak (K)<br />

ivi s aak<br />

saviks rak (K), savi lhaak (N)<br />

tagiuk<br />

tagium smaun (K), tagium s inaa (N)<br />

uls:hals:<br />

sand<br />

stone, rock<br />

dust<br />

is dusty<br />

clay<br />

flint, shert, firestone<br />

jade<br />

coal<br />

copper<br />

red stone (used for<br />

paint)<br />

iron<br />

salt, ocean<br />

beach (lit. place<br />

between ocean and<br />

cliff)<br />

lead<br />

ls:aYUlJnilik crystal (rock crystal,<br />

bead)<br />

97<br />

I "

---

98<br />

nauruls:<br />

ar gaignak<br />

3.3 PLANTS<br />

(Plants marked *. are edible)<br />

grows<br />

nautchtak flower<br />

mushroom (lit. don't<br />

handle)<br />

akutukpak broad -leafed plant<br />

nikaak plant stem<br />

iJJalugaaluk * seaweed (Perphyra<br />

laciniata)<br />

ivr uiyak green moss<br />

ivruk sod for house building<br />

ivgich grass<br />

nakaat<br />

nakaaguurut<br />

pa.Ili ks r ak<br />

swamp grass<br />

patch of swamp grass<br />

cotton (used for tinder)<br />

(from cotton grass,<br />

pussy willow buds,<br />

cotton wood buds)<br />

mani k tussock (moss used<br />

with stove lamps),<br />

clump grass<br />

ugru~ spongy moss (diaper<br />

liner when dried)<br />

tilJaura~ (N) dried black moss<br />

(used for tinder)<br />

ni kaat lichen<br />

taki Iaki saak northern buttercup<br />

(Ranunculus affenis)

---

Plants<br />

tilaaki k *<br />

masu (N, q), masru (K) *<br />

masukutak<br />

masu ai gak *<br />

~uIJuli~ *<br />

~uaga~ *<br />

Ikuusuk (K) *<br />

kupp ikutak *<br />

ikugutigiksut<br />

~usrimmak (K) *<br />

paatitaak (K) *<br />

~immiurat (N)<br />

tulukkam naultgaana<br />

~II/~<br />

- ~<br />

~/\\::.~<br />

Hudson's bay tea<br />

(Ledum decumbens)<br />

Eskimo potato<br />

(Hedysarum alpinum)<br />

plant of Eskimo potato<br />

edible root, Parry's<br />

Wallflower (Par rya<br />

nudicaulis)<br />

99<br />

wild rhubarb, sour<br />

grass, mountain<br />

sorrel (Oxyria digyna)<br />

sour dock, wild spinach<br />

(Rumex arcticus)<br />

wild celery<br />

(Angelica lucida)<br />

fireweed (edible young<br />

shoots) (Epilobium<br />

angustifolium)<br />

heather (Cassiope<br />

tetragonal (good fire<br />

starter)<br />

wild rhubarb,<br />

(Polygonum <strong>Alaska</strong>num)<br />

wild chives (Allium<br />

schoenoprasum) ,<br />

onion<br />

tundra cotton (lit.<br />

little dogs)<br />

parasitic plant on<br />

alder roots<br />

(Boschniakia rossica)<br />

(lit. raven's spear)

---

100<br />

Berries<br />

au Ilaks rugniaktuk<br />

as iak (q), asr-iak (K)<br />

as iak (N), as iavi k (q), asriavik (K),<br />

sugak (sh)<br />

akpi k<br />

igrUlJnak (K)<br />

kakrtlarjnak (K)<br />

ka vl ak<br />

tinnik<br />

kikminak (K), kipmujnak (sh)<br />

"unm= as r-iak (K)4<br />

niviI,]akutak (K)<br />

paunga~<br />

tulukkam as r-iak (K)<br />

tuungaum asr iak (K)<br />

ukpinnak (K)<br />

picks berries<br />

berry, fruit<br />

Ptants<br />

blueberry (Vaccinium<br />

uliginosum) -<br />

Salmonberry, cloudberry<br />

(Rubus chamaemorus)<br />

rose hip<br />

wild rose (Rosa<br />

acicularis)<br />

bearberry (Arctostaphylos<br />

alpina)<br />

bearberry (Arctostaphylos<br />

uva-ursi)<br />

lowbush cranberry<br />

(Vaccinium vitis<br />

idaea)<br />

bog cranberry<br />

(Vaccinium oxycoccus)<br />

red current<br />

(Ribes triste)<br />

crowberry, blackberry<br />

(Empetrum<br />

nigrum)<br />

juniper berry (Fructus<br />

juniperus) (lit- raven's<br />

berry)<br />

trailing raspberry<br />

(Rubus pedantus) (lit.<br />

devi.L' s berry)<br />

highbush cranberry<br />

(Viburnum edule)

---

3.4 TREES<br />

tikigaij: forest<br />

napaaktuk<br />

napaaktum kiprniu rana<br />

akutuk , akutukpa.li k<br />

aki guk (K), ki siks iun (N.n)<br />

aki aguk<br />

ami.gak<br />

ikki.k<br />

ikik<br />

mumrgnak<br />

amaak<br />

uurnak<br />

ki r-uk<br />

naungat<br />

nimjuk<br />

nunarj iak<br />

kanun ik<br />

ukpi k<br />

palliksrat<br />

ij:igaich<br />

tree, spruce tree<br />

spruce cone (K),<br />

(lit. spruce's puppy)<br />

leaf<br />

branch<br />

tree heart (stomach)<br />

bark<br />

101<br />

irregular hard section<br />

in the tree rings (K)<br />

block of wood<br />

(vertebra)<br />

tree stump<br />

root<br />

green wood<br />

dry, dead wood<br />

young tree growing<br />

from old root<br />

cottonwood tree (K)<br />

alder tree, rust<br />

colored dye from<br />

alder bark<br />

diamond willow<br />

wiIlow<br />

pussy willows<br />

willow stumps

---

102 Trees; Mountains & Hills<br />

urgiiJ.ik birch tree<br />

kutchuk resin, spruce gum,<br />

chewing gum<br />

3.5 MOUNTAINS AND HILLS<br />

ig~ils: (N, q), mountain<br />

uvaagni k mountain base with<br />

gradual slope<br />

kimi alu k foothill<br />

ipnak (K), imriak (N) cliff (where land<br />

slides are possible)<br />

ikpik<br />

Ikp ikt it aktuk<br />

ipnagruich (K), imnagruich (N) canyon<br />

pirjuk (N), pinuks rak (K)<br />

iiguk (N)<br />

kirni gaak ridge<br />

cliff (where land<br />

slides are not<br />

possible)<br />

water is undercutting<br />

bank<br />

individual round hill<br />

(swelling)<br />

high hill<br />

managaar ak steep rise<br />

kipaluak steep undercut<br />

river bank<br />

kimugruk stepped rise<br />

Is irnrjaaktuk line of gently sloping<br />

hills<br />

kavlunak brow of hill (also of<br />

human)

---

Mountains & Hills; Lakes, Rivers, Oeean 103<br />

katcni ruak<br />

slope (wall)<br />

aagiak (K), kattagnik (a) valley, pass<br />

nati k<br />

nati gnak<br />

nunavik<br />

narvak<br />

taksruk<br />

valley floor<br />

flat tundra<br />

36 LAKES, RIVERS, OCEAN<br />

undulating tundra<br />

lake<br />

oval- shaped lake<br />

tas ik (N) lagoon, lake<br />

kuugaatchial>.<br />

kuuk<br />

kuuguk<br />

kuuguural>.<br />

irnik<br />

imak<br />

immaktmmk<br />

ikkattuk<br />

rti ruk<br />

kiur-i ruk<br />

ki ki kt ak<br />

I>.ikil>.tasugruk(N), k.ikiktag ruk (K, q)<br />

ikalguk<br />

nuvuk<br />

rivulet linking a lake<br />

to river<br />

river<br />

tributary river<br />

creek<br />

water (drinkable)<br />

water (undrinkable)<br />

puddle<br />

is shallow<br />

is deep<br />

freezes<br />

island<br />

big island<br />

submerged sandbar<br />

point, promontory

---

104<br />

atani!5:<br />

Lakes, Rivers, Ocean; Weather<br />

isthmus<br />

tagiuk ocean, salt<br />

puvi ak bay<br />

nati k bottom.<br />

in iul ik wave, swell<br />

ul ivr-ik (N), i1Jiulikpak (K)<br />

kaaktak<br />

breaker on ocean<br />

breaker on shore<br />

kai li ksuk is rough water<br />

kuuniks uk is calm<br />

sagvaktuk flows<br />

supi ruk flows, rushes (river<br />

at break-up)<br />

sinaa shore (it's edge)<br />

3.7 WEATHER<br />

(includes snow and ice conditions)<br />

itrisriun (K) thermometer<br />

sila<br />

s i.Iagi.kauk<br />

s i.Iag.i itchuk<br />

si!5:ifii~<br />

stkinaagiksuk (N),<br />

s ikini agi ksuk (K)<br />

uunaktuk<br />

uunagugaa<br />

weather, outside,<br />

atmosphere, air<br />

is good weather<br />

is bad weather<br />

sun<br />

sun is shining<br />

is warm<br />

it's warm<br />

ir r-aitchuk (N), itraiksuk (K) has moderated (having<br />

been cold)

---

Weather<br />

niptaktuk<br />

niptarul$. (N)<br />

niptai tchuk (N)<br />

nuvuya (N), nuviya<br />

nuvuya.li kauk ,<br />

nuviyaltksuk<br />

nuvuyal.aktuk<br />

kunikruk<br />

I$.uvyugagnil$.su~,<br />

I$.upyugagnil$.sul$.(K)<br />

t aktuktuk<br />

taktugugaa<br />

is clearing, clouds<br />

are dispersing<br />

is bright weather<br />

is hazy<br />

cloud<br />

is overcast, is<br />

getting cloudy<br />

is cloudy (broken)<br />

indistinct horizon,<br />

hazy<br />

uyumi.ksuk (K) is misty, blurred<br />

is white out<br />

is foggy<br />

it's foggy<br />

al appaa , alappuu (N) is cold<br />

ki yarraktuk<br />

ir-rirjugaa (N), it r-irjugaa (K)<br />

sf aluktuk (N, n), siIa.luktuk (K)<br />

mirii iksuk<br />

ul.iktuk<br />

anugi<br />

anukl iksuk<br />

anukkan aruk<br />

ni gikpak , ni.gik<br />

is cold<br />

is icy cold<br />

is raining<br />

is misty<br />

is wet from dew<br />

is damp<br />

is flooded<br />

wind<br />

is windy<br />

is windy (gale force)<br />

north, northeasterly<br />

wind<br />

kiluagnak {N), kivaknak (K) east, southeasterly<br />

wind<br />

105

---

106<br />

atchagrrik (noa, ki ), kivaknak (K)<br />

pamarjna (p)<br />

easterly wind<br />

wind from land<br />

UIJ al.ak , uIJal lak southerly wind<br />

Weather<br />

uannagruk (N) southwesterly wind<br />

kanagnaJs., kanaknal> westerly wind<br />

ikagnak (N) north, northwesterly<br />

wind paralleling the<br />

coastline<br />

atuagnak (N) northerly wind (not<br />

paralleling coast)<br />

iJ.alulasraal$ (K), uiyula (N)<br />

agrrik (N), arjni.k (K)<br />

agniksuk (N), anniksuk (K)<br />

agnigiksuk (N), annigiksuk (K)<br />

pi ks iksuk (b)<br />

nati gviks uk<br />

Snow Conditions<br />

karmi k<br />

kanni.ksuk (N), kani.gr'uaktuk (K)<br />

karri k<br />

kanig ruak<br />

whirlwind<br />

blizzard<br />

having a blizzard<br />

blizzard has ceased<br />

is snow storming<br />

is ground drifting<br />

snowflake<br />

is snowing (no wind)<br />

frost<br />

frost on face, tree,<br />

etc.<br />

pilik (N), s aviguk (K) ice crystals in air<br />

apun<br />

api ruk<br />

apigaa<br />

snow<br />

is snow covered<br />

it is snow covered<br />

nutagak fresh snow, powder<br />

snow

---

weather<br />

aniu packed snow (N),<br />

aniuvak<br />

any snow (K)<br />

snowbank<br />

natrgvik<br />

natigviksuk<br />

snowdrift<br />

snow is ground drifting<br />

kimaug ruk snowdrift blocking a<br />

trail or in lee of a<br />

building<br />

mavsa (N), mapsak (K) snowdrift overhang<br />

(ready to fall)<br />

kaiyugl.ak, kaiyuktak rippled surface of<br />

snow<br />

pukak sugar snow (near<br />

ground)<br />

misulik (N), misrulik,<br />

misruligrua]s. (K)<br />

auks al ak , auks atak (K)<br />

sleet<br />

melting snow<br />

akillu~]s.a]s. soft snow<br />

milik very soft snow<br />

mi tai lak soft snow on ice floe<br />

covering an open spot<br />

sillik (N), s itIik (K) hard crusty snow<br />

kika rukak glazed snow in thaw<br />

time<br />

mauya break through snow<br />

condition<br />

katiksunik (N), katfksugrrik (K) light snow, deep for<br />

walking<br />

apuyya~, aputya~, apuya]s. snow patch<br />

ai suuk snow slide, avalanche<br />

107<br />

i<br />

I

---

108<br />

Ice Conditions<br />

kiuvi r'uk water freezes<br />

aunni.k rotten ice (unsafe)<br />

mapturuk is thick<br />

maptugitchuk is thin<br />

siku ice<br />

srkult.ir-ak new formed ice<br />

sikuliak ice thick enough<br />

to walk on<br />

Weather<br />

stkul.iagruak ice about 1 1/2 inches<br />

thick<br />

srkuruk is frozen<br />

sfkulfki ruk is in process of<br />

break-up<br />

sikuigvik ice break-up time<br />

kus rulugak icicle<br />

sikuk Iak , natatkugnak hailstone<br />

pi kaluyik glacial ice (blue<br />

appearance)<br />

mugattik slush ice<br />

kinu<br />

kinur-uk<br />

sarri ice pack<br />

broken chunks of<br />

slush ice<br />

slush ice is forming,<br />

floating downstream<br />

uifii~ lead (open water between<br />

landlocked ice<br />

and pack ice)

---

Weather<br />

tuvak<br />

landlocked ice<br />

kaigarlak siku rough ice causing<br />

difficult travel<br />

ki s rs ak<br />

grounded ice pile<br />

(keeps landlocked<br />

ice from floating<br />

away), £Ioeberg<br />

ivuni k ice pressure ridge<br />

ivuni.gaur ak little pressure ridge<br />

agiukpak, aayugak (K) perpendicular pressure<br />

ridge<br />

puktaak<br />

iceberg<br />

i.vsargutipkak. mukutipkak ice-bound boat<br />

kisuk<br />

brightness on horizon<br />

indicating presence<br />

of ice on ocean<br />

dark cloud over open<br />

water<br />

109

---

110<br />

4. PLACE. TIME. DESCRIPTIVES<br />

4.1 GENERAL<br />

Although "place" and "time" concepts are carried by the same<br />

morphemes, the concept of "place" seems to be primal. "Time"<br />

is not abstract but rather" occasion for ... .'I<br />

-vik<br />

pi-vik<br />

narjir -vik<br />

igni -vik<br />

-viks r ak<br />

pi vvik s r ak<br />

tumja -viks r ak<br />

iglig-viksrak<br />

place, time<br />

place, time<br />

hospital (lit. place for<br />

sick ones)<br />

birth time, month of<br />

June<br />

place for, occasion<br />

for, time for<br />

place for, occasion<br />

for, time for<br />

place for foundation,<br />

place for trusting<br />

occasion, time for<br />

travel<br />

si vikitchuk is a short distance,<br />

is of short duration<br />

aivi su ruk is a long distance, is<br />

of long duration<br />

ini<br />

ini kit chuk<br />

iriikpak<br />

i.ni.Il.aktuk<br />

inillakkaa<br />

4.2 PLACE<br />

place, room<br />

small place, room<br />

city (N), big place,<br />

big room<br />

is placing<br />

is placing it<br />

nunaakkik city, town, village,<br />

nation

---

Place<br />

nunauruat country, nation (N)<br />

kanittuk is near, is close<br />

UIJ as iks uk (N), UIJ as riks uk (K) is far<br />

saumik left side<br />

tal ikpik right side<br />

alj:u back (stern)<br />

sivu front (bow of boat)<br />

ataani<br />

ataani ittuk<br />

ataa<br />

kaarj ani<br />

kaan anii ttuk<br />

kaana<br />

Directional- Locational Pronouns<br />

under<br />

is under<br />

it's underside, ventral<br />

area of fish<br />

on top<br />

is on top<br />

it's top side, dorsal<br />

area of a fish<br />

Eskimo directionals and locatives are not based upon the<br />

cardinal points of the compass but relative to the area, being<br />

based upon reference to the direction of the sea coast, or<br />

river's flow (if inland).<br />

(Directional-Iocational and demonstrative pronouns<br />

may be prefixed with ta- on words beginning with a vowel or<br />

tat - on words beginning with a consonant.)<br />

ta-, tat- adds emphasis or<br />

extends direction<br />

rriaani<br />

ta-maani<br />

here<br />

here indeed<br />

111

---

112 Place<br />

(Pronouns which are commonly inflected are displayed with<br />

their postposition forms)<br />

With the speaker inside the same room:<br />

kivva there (inwards, visible),<br />

(upriver, inland)<br />

pinna, pitcha up there (above, visible)<br />

taugga the re (doorw ards, visible)<br />

uvva<br />

uvani<br />

uvakq a (K), uvarpj a (N)<br />

uvuna<br />

uvuuna<br />

uvani ittuk<br />

uvun aktuk<br />

With the speaker inside a different room:<br />

kakma (K), Js.aIJma(N) outside<br />

kamrna<br />

Js.amani<br />

kamakn a (K), Js.amaIJlJ a (N)<br />

kamurja<br />

here, now, as follows<br />

located here<br />

from here, hence<br />

hither, to here<br />

through here, by way<br />

of here<br />

is here<br />

comes here, hither<br />

inside (further from<br />

entrance than speaker),<br />

(upriver)<br />

on the inside, at the<br />

inside<br />

from inside<br />

toward inside<br />

sakma (K) in front of (closer to<br />

entrance than speaker)<br />

When referring to locations within sight or reach of the speaker:<br />

agga across there (visible)

---

Place<br />

itcha on the other side,<br />

over there<br />

avva far off (in place or<br />

time), over there<br />

avani<br />

avakna (K), avarpja (N)<br />

avuna<br />

(shoreward)<br />

located over there<br />

from afar off, from<br />

over there<br />

towards there (over<br />

there)<br />

kanna down there, downriver,<br />

kanani<br />

kananii ttuk<br />

kanakrj a (K), kanarpja (N)<br />

kanurj a<br />

kanaknak (K), kanagnak (N)<br />

kanakntgniksuk (K)<br />

in front of<br />

located down there<br />

is down there (visible)<br />

from down there<br />

towards down there<br />

wind from downriver,<br />

from ocean<br />

wind blows from the<br />

downriver direction<br />

kivva upriver, inland,<br />

kivaknak (K)<br />

klvaknigniksuk (K)<br />

further inside<br />

wind from upriver<br />

wind blows from the<br />

upriver direction<br />

kavva over there, upriver,<br />

(visible)<br />

pagga up there (above and<br />

behind speaker),<br />

away from shore,<br />

landwards, mountain-<br />

paani<br />

paakrj a (K), paarpj a (N)<br />

paurj a<br />

pauna<br />

paurjaktuk<br />

wards<br />

located up there<br />

from up there<br />

towards up there<br />

by way of up there<br />

travels inland<br />

pavva back there (behind<br />

the speaker), away<br />

from shore, landwards,<br />

mountainwards<br />

113<br />

,<br />

I<br />

I<br />

I

---

114<br />

pavani<br />

pavakrj a (K), pavarpja (N)<br />

pavurj a<br />

unna<br />

unani<br />

unaloja (K), unarpj a (N)<br />

unun a<br />

unUIJaktuk<br />

kamani<br />

located back there<br />

from back there<br />

towards back there<br />

Place<br />

far down there, downriver,<br />

down at sea<br />

located far down there<br />

from far down there<br />

toward down there<br />

travels downriver,<br />

travels out on sea ice<br />

When referring to locations unseen by the speaker or beyond<br />

reach of the speaker:<br />

amma<br />

amani<br />

amakrj a (K), amarpja (N)<br />

arnurj a<br />

amani ittuk<br />

over there, outside,<br />

downri ver, then<br />

(somewhat distant in<br />

place or time, intermediate<br />

between uvva<br />

and imma)<br />

located over there<br />

from over there<br />

towards over there<br />

is there (out of sight)<br />

imma there, then, when,<br />

(remote in place or<br />

or time, beyond<br />

amma)<br />

taimma<br />

taimani<br />

t aimaloj a (K),<br />

tai.murj a<br />

l>amma<br />

taimarpj<br />

a (N)<br />

there, then, when<br />

(very distant in place<br />

or time, beyond<br />

taamma)<br />

located there (over<br />

yonder), at that time<br />

from yonder, from<br />

time immemorial<br />

forever<br />

upriver, inside (further<br />

from entrance<br />

than speaker)<br />

located inside

---

Place<br />

kamakrja (K), karnarpj a (N)<br />

karmnja<br />

from inside<br />

toward inside<br />

pamma back there, behind,<br />

landwards, mountainwards<br />

(absent, beyond<br />

reach, invisible)<br />

sarnrna , tasramma (K), tasamma (N) down there, downriver,<br />

oceanward, in<br />

front of<br />

samani, tasramani<br />

located down there<br />

aamakrj a , tas r-amaloj a (K),<br />

s amarpja (N)<br />

s amurj a , tas r amurj a<br />

samuuna<br />

aamani.ittuk<br />

Demonstrative Pronouns<br />

una<br />

uuma<br />

uumirj a<br />

uumani<br />

uurnakrj a (K), uumarpj a (N)<br />

uumurj a<br />

uumuuna<br />

uumatun<br />

uumani ittuk<br />

ukua<br />

ukunirj a<br />

ukunani<br />

ukunakn a (K), ukunarpj a (N)<br />

ukunun a<br />

ukunuuna<br />

ukunatun<br />

from down there<br />

towards down there<br />

through or along down<br />

there<br />

is down there (out of<br />

sight)<br />

travels downriver,<br />

travels coastward<br />

this one<br />

this one's<br />

(with/ about) this one<br />

at, in this<br />

from this<br />

to, for this<br />

through, by this<br />

like this<br />

it is this one here<br />

these<br />

(with/about) these<br />

at, in, on these<br />

from these<br />

to, for these<br />

through, by these<br />

like these<br />

ukuak these two<br />

115

---

116 Place<br />

(The rare dual case forms are built on the base ukuplus<br />

-IJ- and the pertinent case ending, e.g. uku-rj-muuna<br />

through these two)<br />

manna<br />

maani<br />

m.aakrj a<br />

m aun a<br />

mauna<br />

matun<br />

makuak<br />

makua<br />

makunirj a<br />

makunani<br />

rnakunakrj a (K), makunarpj a (N)<br />

makunurj a<br />

makunuuna<br />

taamna<br />

taavruma<br />

taa vrumiIJ a<br />

taavrumani<br />

taavr-umakna (K), taav rumarpj a (N)<br />

taavr umurj a<br />

taavrumuuna<br />

taavrumatun<br />

amna (usually with prefix ta-,<br />

cf taamna)<br />

taapkua<br />

t aapkunirj a<br />

taapkunani<br />

taapkunakrj a (K), taapkunarpja (N)<br />

taapkunurj a<br />

taapkunuuna<br />

taapkunatun<br />

taimfia<br />

this one around here<br />

around here<br />

from around here<br />

hither<br />

through here<br />

like this one here<br />

these two<br />

these here<br />

with these<br />

at these<br />

from these<br />

to these<br />

through these<br />

that one (person or<br />

thing)<br />

that one's<br />

(with/ about) that<br />

at, in, on that<br />

from that<br />

to, for that<br />

through, by that<br />

like that<br />

this one, that one<br />

(person or thing)<br />

(somewhat distant in<br />

place or time, intermediate<br />

between una<br />

and irnna , or manna<br />

and imna)<br />

those<br />

(with/about) those<br />

at, in, on those<br />

from those<br />

to, for those<br />

through, by those<br />

like those<br />

that one (remote in<br />

place or time)

---

Place; Time<br />

imfia that one (remote in<br />

place or time)<br />

taipkua (N), taipchua (K) those (remote in<br />

place or time)<br />

kamna that one inside, that<br />

one upriver<br />

pakimna that one up there,<br />

(invisible)<br />

pamna that one behind, back<br />

there (invisible)<br />

samna<br />

sil$.ifigural$. (N), tuktuktak (K)<br />

sassak (K)<br />

uvluk<br />

uvlui lgitchuk<br />

uvluktus ir'uk (N, q),<br />

uvluktus riruk (K)<br />

uvlaak<br />

uvlaakun<br />

kitikaktuk<br />

4.3 TIME<br />

the one down there,<br />

the one there in front<br />

timepiece, clock<br />

clock, watch, hour,<br />

(Russian loan)<br />

day<br />

days are getting short<br />

again<br />

days are getting longer<br />

morning<br />

tomorrow (lit. by way<br />

of morning)<br />

noon (lit. has middle)<br />

kiti~usianikpata afternoon (lit. when<br />

they passed the middle)<br />

unnuk<br />

evening<br />

unnual$. night, last night<br />

117

---

118<br />

urj alragu (K)<br />

urj al.i arri (K)<br />

ikpaksral$.<br />

day after tomorrow<br />

day before yesterday<br />

yesterday<br />

unnumman (b) yesterday (lit. when<br />

it was evening)<br />

ikpaksraal$.sugruk<br />

many days ago<br />

ikpaksraal$.amik three days ago<br />

akku<br />

akkupak (N), akkuvak (K)<br />

akkupaur'ak (N), akkuvaur ak (K)<br />

a short while ago<br />

immediately, right<br />

now<br />

a little while later<br />

iJ.aanni sometime (in future)<br />

'l$.akugu<br />

anytime<br />

aippaapak (N), aippaavak (K) distant memorable<br />

past<br />

iIJilgaa!l indistinct past<br />

taimani<br />

(cf taimma 4.1)<br />

ikarr ak (N)<br />

Time<br />

then, at that remote<br />

time (past or future)<br />

hour (lit. a crossing<br />

place)<br />

sas sak (K, q) hour, watch, clock<br />

(Russian loan word)<br />

-pak (N), -yak (K)<br />

(cf -pak- Sect. II)<br />

anaka-pak (N), anaka-vak (K)<br />

ukiu -pak (N), ukiu -yak (K)<br />

unnua-pak (N), unnua-vak (K)<br />

uvlaa-pak (N), uvlaa-vak (K)<br />

uvlu -pak (N), uvlu -vak (K)<br />

-t kik .<br />

(cf -fki k- Sect. II)<br />

ukiu-t kik<br />

immediate, entire<br />

(lit. big)<br />

tonight, this evening<br />

this winter, this year<br />

last night<br />

this morning<br />

today<br />

the second of two<br />

winter before last,<br />

two years ago

---

..<br />

• Time<br />

upingaa -t ki.k<br />

uvlaaku -tkik<br />

ikpaksra -t kik<br />

summer before last<br />

day after tomorrow<br />

day before yesterday<br />

ukiuk winter, year<br />

ukiak, ukiaksrak autumn, fall<br />

upinga~, upingaa~, aura~ summer<br />

upingaks r ak spring (lit. potential<br />

summer)<br />

tatkik month (moon)<br />

iki.atchaktuk (moon) begins to wane<br />

kupaguktuk (moon) is half<br />

naaguktuk (moon) is full<br />

t atkik nui ruk new moon<br />

Names for Eskimo moons (months) vary from village to village<br />

based upon location and seasonal events.<br />

January<br />

s ikinaatchi ak (N)<br />

stktnaas rugruk (K)<br />

February<br />

aikinaasugruk (N)<br />

kus rugaktugvik (K)<br />

March<br />

panikstks iivik (N)<br />

kilgit t atki at (K)<br />

April<br />

kilgich tatkiat (N)<br />

tinmi r-at tatki at (K)<br />

May<br />

suvlugvik (N)<br />

aikuigvik (K)<br />

new sunshine<br />

longer sunshine<br />

icicle time<br />

skin bleaching<br />

white hawks coming<br />

white hawks coming<br />

geese are coming<br />

rivers flow<br />

ice break-up time<br />

119<br />

,<br />

I

---

120 Time; Desariptives<br />

June<br />

igf'iivik birth time<br />

July<br />

inukkuks ai vik (N)<br />

itchavik (K)<br />

August<br />

akavir-vik (N)<br />

ami gai.ks ivik (K)<br />

September<br />

tilJlJivik<br />

mi Iukatai.ks ivfk (kiv)<br />

October<br />

nu li agvi k (N), nul.li guvi k (kiv)<br />

sikuvik (K)<br />

raising time<br />

moulting time<br />

moulting time<br />

caribou lose velvet<br />

birds fly (migrate)<br />

leaves falling<br />

breeding time (caribou)<br />

ice time<br />

November<br />

nippivik (N) sunset time<br />

December<br />

srkingf lak (N)<br />

aikinaatchiak (K)<br />

4.4 DESCRIPTIVES<br />

OPPOSITES<br />

no sunshine<br />

s ivul li k first one, foremost<br />

one<br />

akul l ik<br />

last one, hindmost one<br />

kul Iik<br />

allik<br />

nutauruk<br />

nutaak<br />

utukkau ruk<br />

parjrnapak (N), pakma (K)<br />

ilaanni (N), ilaatni (K)<br />

uppermost<br />

bottommost<br />

is new<br />

newness, freshness<br />

is old<br />

now<br />

later, sometime

---

Descriptives<br />

sivuani before<br />

front)<br />

(lit. at it's<br />

akuani<br />

behind (lit.<br />

back)<br />

at it's<br />

arjiruk<br />

mi kiruk<br />

taki ruk<br />

na itchuk<br />

kumi ruk (N), uvinaktuk,<br />

uks ruu ruk (K)<br />

pannaur-uk , pani ktuk<br />

saattuk<br />

m aptu ru k<br />

iki ktu ruk , siLiktuk (K)<br />

ikiki itchuk , arnit chuk (K)<br />

kutchi ksuk<br />

al Ii ks uk<br />

nakuuruk<br />

piIuktuk (N), pigiitchuk<br />

siignaaktuk<br />

surj agni tchuk<br />

atugriaktu k<br />

atUIJai ks uk , atuguiksuk<br />

kiriiyunaktuk , pinnaknaktuk<br />

inugi itchuk<br />

is big<br />

is small<br />

is long<br />

is short<br />

is fat<br />

is thin, skinny<br />

is thin<br />

is thick<br />

is wide<br />

is narrow<br />

is high<br />

is deep<br />

is good<br />

is bad<br />

is sweet<br />

is bitter<br />

is useful<br />

is worthless<br />

is pretty<br />

is ugly (lit. not a<br />

good person)<br />

aki su r-uk , pi kpaktuk is expensive, precious,<br />

valuable<br />

palagniksuk<br />

worthless<br />

inugi aktuk<br />

inukit chuk<br />

akiruk<br />

atiruk<br />

al.larpjuktuk (N), at lagi.iksuk (K)<br />

are many<br />

are few<br />

.are opposite (of 2)<br />

are identical (of 2)<br />

is different, other<br />

121

---

122<br />

salumaruk<br />

s a lum ai tchuk<br />

ipki tchuk<br />

ipkur uk<br />

ipiktuk<br />

ipkrtchuk<br />

pani ktuk<br />

ai Laktuk<br />

ag itchuk<br />

uunaktuk<br />

ni glinaktuk<br />

ki vl iktu k<br />

ki.vl.in itchuk<br />

agvaluktuk , ahaval uktuk (N),<br />

aks r avaluktuk (K)<br />

ikiraalik<br />

ki sirn.gi uktuk<br />

-lhinakpi<br />

ka.ti gikaut<br />

sikkuktuk<br />

ag ina ktuk<br />

sig~ignaktuk (N), sapignakai ruk (K)<br />

srg~ignaitchuk (N), sapigna.itchuk,<br />

kaganaktuk (K)<br />

uki tchuk<br />

ukumait chuk<br />

sayaktu ruk<br />

s ayait chuk<br />

kati ktaak<br />

kati ktuk<br />

COLORS<br />

is clean<br />

is dirty<br />

is pure<br />

is dirty<br />

is sharp<br />

is dull<br />

Descriptives<br />

is dry<br />

is wet (N), damp (K)<br />

is wet (K)<br />

is hot<br />

is cold (not weather)<br />

is shiny<br />

is dull<br />

is round<br />

square, cube<br />

is alone<br />

alone<br />

are together<br />

is hard<br />

is soft<br />

is difficult<br />

is easy<br />

is light<br />

is heavy<br />

is strong, healthy<br />

is weak<br />

whiteness<br />

is white

---

•<br />

Descriptives<br />

kaviks aak<br />

kavi ksuk<br />

redness<br />

is red<br />

kuksukt aak (N) yellowness<br />

kirgia~taa~ grayness<br />

marj aaktaak (N) light grayness<br />

kigniktaak<br />

marjaaktuk (N), kigi'iiktuk (K)<br />

surj aaktaak<br />

surj aaktuk<br />

sunaur aaktaak (N), silagiks aak (K)<br />

NUMBERS<br />

at aus ik (N, q), ataus rtk (K) one<br />

m a.lguk two<br />

blackness<br />

is black<br />

.greenness<br />

is green<br />

blueness<br />

pilJasut (N), pinas rut (K) three<br />

sisamat four<br />

tallimat five<br />

itchaksrat six<br />

tallimat malguk seven<br />

tallimat pirjasut (N),<br />

tallimat pifiasrut (K)<br />

eight<br />

kulirpjutai lak (N), kulirjugutai Iak (K) nine<br />

kul.it ten<br />

kulit ataus ik (N),<br />

kulit ataus r ik (K)<br />

eleven<br />

kul it rnal guk twelve<br />

123<br />

I<br />

I

---

124 Descriptives<br />

kul it pirj a.sut (N), thirteen<br />

kul it pinas rut (K)<br />

ak irni arpj utai Iak (N), fourteen<br />

akirn iagutai lak (K)<br />

akimiak fifteen<br />

ak irni ak ataus ik (N), sixteen<br />

aki.miak atausrik (K)<br />

ak irni ak rnal.guk seventeen<br />

ak irni ak pujasut (N), eighteen<br />

akirni ak pinasrut (K)<br />

inuinnalJlJutai~aJs. (N), inuinaguutai lak (K) nineteen<br />

inuinnak (N), inuinak (K) twenty<br />

inuinnak kulit (N), inuinak kul.it (K) thirty<br />

m al.gukipi.ak forty<br />

m al gukipi ak kul it fifty<br />

pirjasukipi ak (N), pinas rukipiak (K) sixty<br />

pilJasukipi ak kul it (N), seventy<br />

pinas rukipi ak kuli.t (K)<br />

sisarnakipiak eighty<br />

sisarnakipiak kul it ninety<br />

tallirnakipiak one hundred<br />

av vak one half<br />

iIlatt ruk (N), iIa ruk (K) is adding<br />

HalJlJaaktaaktuk is subtracting<br />

ilarj a pi igaa is subtracting (lit. its<br />

part he takes away)

---

aannagu (N), maatnagu (K),<br />

maatnugu (K)<br />

aasii, aasiifi (N,q),<br />

aasrii, aasriifi (K)<br />

aa.s n.n-uvva, uvva-aasii (N),<br />

aasriifi-uvva, uvva.-aasrii (K)<br />

5. OTHER WORDS<br />

a<br />

wait a minute!<br />

and, and then, (used<br />

consecutively, contrast<br />

with r suli I,<br />

which is used in an<br />

additive sense)<br />

and then this (introduces<br />

a change of<br />

subject<br />

aarigaa good! fine!<br />

aarj (N), aa (K), ii<br />

aat chi kk aarj (K)<br />

aatchui ruk (K), aitchuiruk (N)<br />

aatchugaa , ait chugaa<br />

aatchuun , aitchuun<br />

yes<br />

danger! exclamation<br />

of warning<br />

gives<br />

gives it<br />

gift<br />

aatigaa, aatkaa (K) snatches it away<br />

agalJIJait chuk is gentle, kind<br />

agg-iksuk (K), kai ruk (N)<br />

aggun (N)<br />

aglaan<br />

-aglaan (enclitic)<br />

comes<br />

corruption<br />

but<br />

up to, as far as<br />

agiis r uknaga.a is offended by it<br />

agliitr ak (K) picture<br />

125

---

126<br />

agliitigaa (K)<br />

agi ur-uk (N), kas ruktuk (K)<br />

ai<br />

aigaa (K), aitkaa (N)<br />

Other Words<br />

takes one Is picture<br />

ends, quits, stops,<br />

is satisfied<br />

what? eh? well?<br />

okay?<br />

fetches it, goes to<br />

get it<br />

ai ruk (N), aqi Iaaktuk (K) goes home<br />

aitchuiruJs. (N), aatchui r-uk (K)<br />

ait chugaa , aatchugaa<br />

aiyugaaktuk<br />

aiyugaagun<br />

aki.agaktaaktuk<br />

gives<br />

gave it, gives it<br />

invites<br />

invitation<br />

they (2) alternate<br />

akit laaktuk is free, without cost<br />

aki.i Iak<br />

akii Iaktuk<br />

akiitchua1uk (N), akiisruk (K)<br />

aki ks ruktuk<br />

akiks rugigaa<br />

akiks ruun (K), unnikeukriun (N)<br />

aki.Ii.gaa<br />

aki Iiun<br />

aki.Ii k<br />

akiUiliJs.suJs.<br />

akihigak (N), katr ak (K)<br />

debt<br />

is owing<br />

harlot<br />

promises<br />

promises it<br />

promise, covenant<br />

paid it (lit. countered<br />

it)<br />

wage, price<br />

reward<br />

opposes<br />

echo<br />

aki s aktuk revenges (lit. tries<br />

to counter)<br />

akitchaktuk trades, barters<br />

akl:aa (N)<br />

Oh my! (having made<br />

a mistake)

---

Other Words<br />

akpaktuk<br />

steps up (from lower<br />

to higher place)<br />

akprttuk starts to sing<br />

aksikkaa touches it<br />

ak s r aktuk is rolling<br />

akt igiruk is so long, is this<br />

much<br />

akti laana<br />

its size<br />

akugluk , kas r-aun (K),<br />

avi Iuktaun (K, q, p)<br />

akugluktuk , kas r aktuk (K),<br />

avi luktaktuk<br />

akuktuk<br />

akuktugaa<br />

akunik<br />

akunganni<br />

127<br />

bell (an instrument to<br />

make repeated noise<br />

by hitting)<br />

bell rings<br />

receives, accepts<br />

accepts it<br />

middle, between<br />

among, in between<br />

akkaa smells bad!<br />

akpaksruktuk (K), akpattuk (N)<br />

alai (K)<br />

runs (of human)<br />

exclamation of<br />

surprise<br />

alaitchuk is not torn<br />

al akaa al.akkaa exclamation of sorrow<br />

artifact<br />

aliik tear, rip<br />

aliitchuk not lonely though<br />

li ving alone<br />

alIa (N), atla (K) another one, different<br />

one<br />

allaktigiruk dries, wipes<br />

(e.g. dishes)<br />

I<br />

!

---

128<br />

al Iaktuk<br />

clear weather<br />

al Iarpjuktuk is different<br />

allatuun<br />

al latuktuk<br />

Other Words<br />

adultery, fornication<br />

commits adultery<br />

alluvak seal's breather hole<br />

(suitable for placing<br />

net)<br />

amai (p) don't know<br />

amiun thread for skins<br />

anas rmnuks ak (K) punishment<br />

anaugaa<br />

anautak<br />

hits him, beats him<br />

axe, beating tool<br />

(upper hind leg)<br />

ani ruk exits, is born<br />

annaa, annii, arrii! exclamation of pain,<br />

sorrow or disappointment<br />

annaktuk is sheltered, is safe,<br />

saves<br />

aq iktuk agrees, assents,<br />

says yes with raised<br />

eyebrows<br />

agrees with him,<br />

assents to it<br />

arj ikus aun (kiv , q),<br />

arj ikus r aun (K)<br />

temptation<br />

arji.Laaktuk (K), aggi ruk (N) goes home<br />

arjiruk<br />

aniruk<br />

is big<br />

arjisitkaa tempers it<br />

resuscitated, revived,<br />

arose

---

Other Words<br />

arj ivr aktuk loosens,<br />

unties<br />

unravels,<br />

anivr agaa<br />

unravels it, unscrews<br />

it, unties it<br />

anularuk chews<br />

anuyaktuk<br />

arjuyarik (K, q), arjuyaun (N)<br />

arjuyi ikti (K), arjuyakti (N)<br />

arjuyaunnat<br />

alJ uyautairrun<br />

aijuun<br />

arjuutaa<br />

apaiksuk<br />

apai<br />

apiks r-i ruk<br />

apiks rugaa<br />

apigigaa<br />

api.ks ruun<br />

is open, turned on<br />

(radio, tape recorder)<br />

fights<br />

war<br />

soldier, fighter<br />

armor<br />

peace<br />

paddle, propeller<br />

his paddle, a fin<br />

(anyone of the paired<br />

fins of a fish)<br />

is enough, had enough<br />

plenty! enough!<br />

asks, questions<br />

is about to question<br />

him, ask him<br />

questioned him, asked<br />

him<br />

question<br />

apluktuk steps, takes a step<br />

apuktuk meets, bumps,<br />

strikes against<br />

apugaa, apuktigaa<br />

bumps, strikes<br />

against<br />

him<br />

it, meets<br />

arakaa comforts<br />

argua~tugaa doubts it<br />

arraa I've had it! exclamation<br />

when something<br />

goes wrong<br />

129<br />

I<br />

1<br />

I

---

130<br />

ar r-ikaktuk (N), at r-ikaktuk (K)<br />

arri, atri<br />

arriligaa, atriligaa<br />

Other Words<br />

is like, is comparable<br />

likeness, parable<br />

draws, sketches its<br />

likeness<br />

arruk dampness around floor<br />

arrii, annii, annaa! exclamation of pain,<br />

sorrow, disappointment<br />

asik dear one<br />

atakkiat alJ ' atakkii,<br />

uvva-takku (K)<br />

at akai ruk<br />

atchitkaa<br />

because<br />

borrows<br />

lends him<br />

atai exclamation of<br />

surprise (K), cute<br />

(of baby) (N)<br />

ataramik<br />

at ar'uk<br />

always<br />

is connected with<br />

at angusuktuk is cranky<br />

atangi ks aur-uk<br />

atangi r run<br />

atauttuk<br />

atautkaa<br />

is free<br />

liberty<br />

goes beneath<br />

goes beneath it<br />

atchigaa names him<br />

atchuu! (N) I don't know!<br />

atigaa wears it, puts it on<br />

ati ruk is the same, there<br />

is no difference<br />

atkaktuk descends<br />

atkunaktuk is much, too much,<br />

plenty, there is an<br />

abundance

---

Other Words<br />

atkunak plenty, abundant<br />

atuktuk<br />

atugaa<br />

atuktuk<br />

atugaa<br />

atuun<br />

atuktuur ak<br />

atuktuur akti<br />

atunim<br />

uses, acts immorally<br />

uses it<br />

sings<br />

sings it<br />

song<br />

musical instrument<br />

musician<br />

together<br />

ataa, atta hush! be still!<br />

aularul$:<br />

au Ilagnii ruk begins<br />

aul.laktuk<br />

aullautigaa<br />

aul Iakti tkaa<br />

moves (N, s).<br />

dances (K)<br />

goes away<br />

leads him away,<br />

takes it away<br />

sends him away<br />

aullasik habit, unconscious<br />

habit, instinct<br />

auruk is rotten, is rotting,<br />

aukkaa<br />

auniktuk<br />

auni k<br />

aunrrik<br />

aging<br />

melts it (ice, snow)<br />

has a rotten spot<br />

rotten spot, rotting<br />

substance<br />

rotten ice<br />

aur ak, upirigak summer<br />

autaaktuk<br />

autaagaa<br />

divides, shares<br />

divided it<br />

avallik the farthest over<br />

avaTIlJagaa<br />

avanmun (N), avatmun (K)<br />

all around him<br />

toward each other<br />

131

---

132 Other Words<br />

avi Lruk shouts, raises a<br />

cheer, his ear rings<br />

aviktuk<br />

avikkaa<br />

cuts, breaks in two<br />

cut it up .<br />

avittuk is separated, is<br />

divorced<br />

avi Iai.tkan (N) friend (lit. never<br />

separate)<br />

avr iaktuk is in the way,<br />

blocking the way<br />

avugaa salts or peppers it,<br />

mixes it<br />

avu sugar<br />

avulik gas mixed with oil<br />

avvarj a half<br />

ayaktuk<br />

ayakkaa<br />

ayak<br />

ayaupi ir ak (K), ayauppi.ak (N)<br />

ayakhaaktuk<br />

ayal$:haal$.<br />

ayyai ruk is rejecting<br />

pushes off, departs by<br />

boat (lit. poles)<br />

pushes it off,<br />

rejects it<br />

post, pole, pillar,<br />

spear<br />

walking stick<br />

is doing string figures<br />

string figure, cat's<br />

cradle<br />

ayaurul$: is going blind<br />

ayual$: boil (sore)<br />

ayurul$:<br />

ayugaa<br />

---- - ---<br />

precedes<br />

is beyond reach

---

Other Words 133<br />

•<br />

I<br />

Igittuk<br />

igitkaa<br />

igitt ak<br />

Iglaktuk<br />

igla1)aattuk (N), igla1)arut<br />

iglittuk<br />

iglilJnattut<br />

ig~ua<br />

ig~utuiruk<br />

Iglutugaa<br />

igni ruk<br />

throws away,<br />

discards<br />

throws it away,<br />

discards it<br />

abandoned baby<br />

laughs<br />

smiles<br />

travels, moves<br />

is cute (of a baby)<br />

the other one,<br />

next one<br />

endure<br />

endures it, suffers it<br />

make fire with flint<br />

iggialarut yells, shouts<br />

igliktuk<br />

igligigaa<br />

ii (cf aa)<br />

is stingy<br />

clings to it for himself,<br />

is stingy with it<br />

yes<br />

rivaks aaktuk (K), uivaks aaktuk (N) rounds a bend<br />

ikaaktuk<br />

ikaun<br />

ikautit<br />

ikaagaa<br />

ikayuktuk<br />

ikayugaa<br />

iki ruk<br />

ikuma ruk , rkirnar-uk<br />

ikipkaivik<br />

crosses over<br />

bridging pole<br />

bridge<br />

crosses it<br />

helps<br />

helps him<br />

burns, is consumed<br />

is burning, is on<br />

(of electric light)<br />

altar (in Bible)<br />

(lit. burning place)

---

134 Other Words<br />

i.ki r'uk<br />

ikkii icky<br />

ikUgutchaktittu~<br />

ikpait chi ak suitcase<br />

embarks, enters, gets<br />

on or into<br />

is tempted (lit induced<br />

to want the other)<br />

i.kpi.kt i.taktu k bank is being undercut<br />

by water<br />

ikpi gak (K)<br />

ikpigigaa (K)<br />

ikt.ak dump<br />

set (foundation) of<br />

mind, where they<br />

come from<br />

gets it on his mind<br />

and believes it<br />

ikugaa loads it on<br />

Ikatau ruk (K), itkatauij aruk (N)<br />

rki asuktuk , iki as ruktuk (K)<br />

iki atkaa<br />

iki itchuk<br />

ikkul.i ruk<br />

i.kkul in<br />

i.ksiruk<br />

i~sigigaa<br />

is together with<br />

is lazy<br />

does not want to do it,<br />

is lazy<br />

is not lazy<br />

skins muskrat (by<br />

cutting the belly<br />

section)<br />

small pointed knife<br />

fears<br />

is afraid of him<br />

iksuktuk responds negatively by<br />

wrinkling nose<br />

i.li.tkus ik (N) spirit<br />

Ha relative by blood,<br />

marriage or name;<br />

companion, friend or<br />

partner

---

Other Words<br />

ilaksiagaa<br />

bothers him<br />

ilalptniktuk is married (lit. he<br />

obtained a partner)<br />

iIa.Li r uk<br />

ilal.igaa<br />

ilarri<br />

ilasrailaruk (K)<br />

(cf nipaalaruk (N) )<br />

ilavinik<br />

iJ,igaa<br />

il.iks aktuk<br />

il,il$.sal$.tul$. nuna<br />

il,imasuktul$.<br />

ilisal$.tuk<br />

shakes hands<br />

shakes his hand<br />

lead dog, leader<br />

cries with pain,<br />

screams<br />

135<br />

some (a part of something)<br />

lays it down, places it<br />

quakes, wobbles<br />

earthquake<br />

suspect<br />

tries to learn, practices<br />

iIal.ir uk (K), iJ,J,atirul$.(N) adds, joins, shakes<br />

hands with<br />

iIi tku s ik (q), iIitkus r ik (K) habit, happening,<br />

experience<br />

ill.iagur-ugaa (K)<br />

iJ,J,ial$.suktuk(N)<br />

i.lliagutit<br />

ilu<br />

iluaktuk<br />

iJ,umun, ilurnutun<br />

i.lumutuur'uk<br />

tangle<br />

combs it<br />

combs hair<br />

comb<br />

inside, abdomen,<br />

stomach<br />

puts it in, (makes a<br />

basket in basketball)<br />

true, truth<br />

is true

---

136<br />

iluvviktuk (N)<br />

iIuvik (K), i.Iuvviv ik (N)<br />

ih~ (K)<br />

(cf Ittuk)<br />

buries<br />

grave<br />

being, existence,<br />

presence<br />

iIuaktuk is right, good,<br />

iluaks i.ruk<br />

correct, fitting<br />

heals, fixes<br />

iJ:uitchu~ is wrong<br />

Other Words<br />

i.m ai.kauk is low (water in river)<br />

i.m.ait chuk is empty<br />

irriakaktuk is full<br />

imrnaktuk is leaking<br />

immiksuk<br />

irnrni gaa<br />

is full<br />

fills it<br />

irnni ks aktuk groans<br />

irnrj aluktuk whines (dog), hums<br />

(person)<br />

inna (N), itna (q, K) thus, like this or that,<br />

mna s ik (N), itrias ik (q),<br />

itrias r ik (K)<br />

this way, that way<br />

the like of, such kind<br />

irma ittuk (N), itnaktuk (K) is thus, is like this<br />

inuktuk is insufficient, fails to<br />

reach it, shoots low<br />

irriks iruk (K)<br />

iniktagigaa<br />

inikti gaa<br />

in iktuktuk (K)<br />

inni aktuk (K)<br />

made, created<br />

made it, created it<br />

rebuked him, permitted<br />

him not<br />

threatened him<br />

is tired<br />

is visiting

---

other Words<br />

inugi.ksuk<br />

inugi itchuk<br />

inugiilil$.sul$.<br />

is handsome, beautiful<br />

is ugly<br />

frowns (lit. makes<br />

himself ugly)<br />

inupi atun Eskimo language<br />

(lit. like Eskimo)<br />

inukpalliktul$. comes from, originates<br />

inuuruk<br />

iJJil$.srul$.tul$. (K)<br />

iJJigaa<br />

lives<br />

asks, prays<br />

asks him, begs him,<br />

prays to him<br />

ipi handle (of a bucket<br />

etc.)<br />

ipi gaktuk<br />

ipigal$.tul$.<br />

whips him<br />

wades<br />

cuts himself<br />

ipiktusuktuk is sad, despondent<br />

ipi ruk suffocates,<br />

drowns<br />

smothers,<br />

ipitkaa<br />

suffocates<br />

smothers<br />

him,<br />

him,<br />

drowns him<br />

ipnai ktuk<br />

goes to a cliff<br />

ipun , ipuun<br />

ipu<br />

iri<br />

irigaak<br />

irigruak<br />

Is aguti ruk<br />

oar<br />

tool handle<br />

eye<br />

eye glasses<br />

binoculars, goggles<br />

begins<br />

is iktuk enters, visits<br />

137

---

138<br />

is iks iruk<br />

is getting smoke<br />

filled<br />

Other Words<br />

isilgigaa corrects his misunderstanding<br />

isivgiir-uk (N)<br />

atanrrigaa (K)<br />

isivgiigaa<br />

judges<br />

judges him<br />

examines him, tries<br />

him out<br />

isui.tchuk (N, q), isrurtchuk (K) is endless, eternal,<br />

is clear, is not muddy<br />

rsuktuk (N), isruktuk (K) is opaque, is muddy,<br />

not clear<br />

isuma (N, q), isruma (K) mind<br />

isaaktuk (N), isr'aktuk (K)<br />

rsaguk (N), israguk (K)<br />

itiruk is deep<br />

raises his arms<br />

wing<br />

itkanai ksuk is ready, finished<br />

it kaktuk<br />

itl$.agigaa<br />

remembers<br />

remembers it<br />

rttuk exists, is, lives,<br />

stays<br />

iv aktuk (N)<br />

iv aluktuk (N), ivukutaktuk (K)<br />

searches<br />

flaps<br />

ivayaktugaa (K) defrauds, robs him<br />

ivigaktul$. pleases<br />

i.viktitag aat puzzle<br />

iv iktuk fits<br />

ivvaktuk (N)<br />

ivyangunaktuk (N), ipyamjunaktuk (K)<br />

bathes<br />

is stuffy

---

Other Words<br />

k<br />

kaagnak, kaaksiugun (N), nigisulJnal;,((K)<br />

ki avluktuk (N), kai vittuk (K)<br />

kaki r uk<br />

kakkaaktuk<br />

kakkiiyaun<br />

kalikkaa<br />

kalvi ttuk<br />

kamaks riruk<br />

kamagigaa<br />

kamakr irjitchuk<br />

karnanaktuk<br />

karnatchaktuk<br />

karjata li ikt aktuk<br />

kapi ruk<br />

ka.suq ar uk (N)<br />

kataktuk<br />

katakkaa<br />

kati ttuk<br />

katitkaa<br />

kavi iHk (K), kaviukkun (N)<br />

kayurj iit.igaa (K)<br />

famine<br />

circles around<br />

pricks<br />

is starving, starved<br />

to death<br />

handkerchief<br />

drags it<br />

is stuck<br />

obeys<br />

obeys him<br />

disobeys<br />

is great, is to be<br />

honored<br />

139<br />

is surprised at another's<br />

ability, takes<br />

pride in another's<br />

ability<br />

to rumble (as a<br />

moving sled) ,<br />

stabs<br />

is loose (e.g. rope<br />

tied loosely around<br />

pole)<br />

is falling<br />

drops it<br />

gathers<br />

gathers it<br />

covetousness<br />

coaxes him, urges<br />

him<br />

I

---

140<br />

ki a , kisum (K)<br />

ki , ki.i, kii kkaa<br />

kigunnik<br />

whose?<br />

Other Words<br />

do it! say it! proceed!<br />

box<br />

kiigaa (K), kiugaa (N) answers him<br />

kiirak crease, corrugation<br />

kiisaimma finally, at last<br />

kiker ak<br />

ki.Ii ktuk<br />

kiIiktugaa<br />

kilgun<br />

ki l luku aktuk<br />

killukun<br />

kinnau ruk<br />

kinnak<br />

kina<br />

kilJugau tchiru~ (N), kinugau tiruk (K)<br />

kilJuvaannaktuk (N), partcnaktuk (K)<br />

ki pakfi.kauk (N), mttautu ruk (K)<br />

kipaluniktuk<br />

kipalukkaa<br />

kip igi ruk , ki.pi.kni.uktuk (K),<br />

kiprgniuktuk (N)<br />

kipr-i ruk (K), kt r rt ruk (N)<br />

a path cut through<br />

brush or trees<br />

tells news, warns<br />

tells him news, warns<br />

him<br />

warning<br />

errs<br />

mistake<br />

is foolish<br />

fool<br />

who?<br />

is too late<br />

inherits<br />

mocks<br />

has helpers<br />

works for him, helps<br />

him<br />

is anxious to<br />

cuts off, severs<br />

ki pli gaa cuts it in two,<br />

severs it<br />

kiptait chuk bright child,<br />

fully awake

---

Other Words<br />

kirratchai~titkaa<br />

kisima<br />

kisivich<br />

kisimi<br />

ki s irpjugaa<br />

kita<br />

kiviktuk<br />

kivikkaa<br />

kivi r uk<br />

shines brightly<br />

I alone<br />

you alone<br />

he alone<br />

left him alone,<br />

left her bereaved<br />

ready!<br />

lifts<br />

lifts it<br />

sinks<br />

kivgak servant, messenger<br />

kivi lfktuk<br />

kurni ktuk<br />

kurrujut it<br />

kuni ksuk<br />

kunikkaa<br />

kunik<br />

ku r aktuk<br />

can't recall word or<br />

name, forget<br />

scratches<br />

rake<br />

ku sr-iksuk (K) drips<br />

kuvi r-uk<br />

kuvigaa<br />

kuyakkaa<br />

k •<br />

kisses<br />

kisses him<br />

kiss<br />

looks down<br />

pours<br />

pours it out<br />

lies with her<br />

kaaktuk (N), kaaks inti r aulgataktuk (K) bursts, explodes,<br />

readily blows his<br />

top (K)<br />

passes by<br />

141

---

142<br />

kaarj iu laarjavai tchuk (N),<br />

kaarj iafaus r-im ar-uk (K)<br />

kaayuk (K)<br />

kaayul iksuk<br />

~agana~tu~ (K), siglignaitchu~ (N)<br />

kargitchuk<br />

Other Words<br />

veers away, goes to<br />

excess<br />

dirt<br />

dirties himself (of<br />

baby messing diapers)<br />

is easy, not difficult<br />

is rough, not smooth<br />

kaiksuk is smooth, level, flat<br />

kai ruk (N) comes<br />

kai tchi ruk<br />

ka.itchtgaa<br />

gives<br />

gives it<br />

~akugu, ~akugun when? (future<br />

inte rrogati ve)<br />

kana (N), kaagl aan (K) when? (past tense<br />

interrogative)<br />

kaki gaa boxes him<br />

kakuktuk<br />

~a~~ugaa<br />

ka.lguktuk<br />

kal.i ks ikaut<br />

ka Iitkaa<br />

ka lli ruk<br />

kal.li.gaa<br />

crunches, cracks<br />

cracks it<br />

croaks, crow s , quacks ,<br />

honks, whistles<br />

tows one boat with<br />

another<br />

pulls it, drags it<br />

behind<br />

approaches, nears<br />

draws near<br />

kami ruk goes out, extinguishes<br />

itself<br />

rust<br />

kami ttuk is turned off,<br />

extinguished

---

Other Words<br />

kamitkaa turns it off,<br />

extinguishes it<br />

kanittuk is near<br />

kannigaa orders it<br />

kanugvi itchuk it can't be helped,<br />

too bad (that he died,<br />

is mortally ill, etc.)<br />

~anul$: how, what, for,<br />

kanus r ik (K), kanus ik (N)<br />

kanutun<br />

kanutun - aglaan<br />

because (N)<br />

what kind?<br />

how long, how much?<br />

how far?<br />

kan aa (K) no! used more<br />

sparingly than<br />

English 'no'<br />

~apsinik, l$:avsinik how many?<br />

kas ruagaa (K) (wind) died down<br />

kas ruktuk (K), agiuruk (N) ends, quits, stops,<br />

is satisfied<br />

katchaktuktuk , trgluktuktuk knocks, is knocking<br />

kati tittuk marry<br />

katrni ksuk (K) is impatient, dislikes<br />

to wait<br />

kaugr-i ruk<br />

becomes conscious<br />

kaugr-immaagti tchuk can't recognize one<br />

kaummagi ksuk<br />

kaumarrik<br />

is bright<br />

beam of light<br />

kaumrnaktuk clear, translucent,<br />

light enough to see<br />

kaunaksr-i ruk<br />

kaunagi gaa<br />

cares<br />

cares for him<br />

143

---

144 Other Words<br />

kaunakran it chuk<br />

kaur iaktuk<br />

careless<br />

rests<br />

kavaktuk to sleep on back in<br />

water (of seal)<br />

kaviugnaksauruk glamorous, seductive<br />

ki gluktuk is saddened about a<br />

loss<br />

ki kirj ar-uk<br />

kiki s.itkaa<br />

ki kittuk<br />

kikit igaa<br />

is warped<br />

warps it<br />

is frozen (part of<br />

body)<br />

freezes it quickly<br />

ki ks r aur-uk (K), kikumar uk (N) is frozen (not of<br />

body)<br />

ki lamtk quickly, immediately<br />

ties a knot<br />

ki mrn aktuk escapes, flees<br />

kinuruk to cry fitfully (of a<br />

baby)<br />

kipirj ar-uk<br />

kipi gaa<br />

kipigniuktuk<br />

kip igniugun<br />

is twisted<br />

twists it<br />

desires<br />

desire<br />

kitchaktuk (K) stands upright<br />

kitchuktuk<br />

ki.t chukt ig aa<br />

scratch<br />

scratches it<br />

l>:ituttu~ is soft, flexible<br />

ki tyagnaktuk<br />

ki vl.iktuk<br />

is bright, glaring<br />

shines, glitters,<br />

sparkles

---

Other Words<br />

l>iviul><br />

kukuul ar-uk (N, q), tukrularuk (K) calls<br />

down (of water fowl),<br />

wool (of musk-oxen)<br />

kivi ktuk (N), kirrit chuk (K) commits suicide,<br />

hangs himself (K)<br />

kiviktuk (N), kivi ttuk (K) leaves another, not<br />

wanting to be together<br />

kivilJ aaktuk stands pr-oudly, erect<br />

kivi ruk (N), niviktuk (K) lays on his back<br />

kuaktuk<br />

kuagaa<br />

kuaktuk<br />

kuiyakttchuk slips<br />

splits loose (e.g. the<br />

sole from a shoe)<br />

splits, separates,<br />

loosens it (of things<br />

frozen or otherwise<br />

fused together)<br />

eats kuak (frozen<br />

food)<br />

l>uglial>tul> drools, slobbers,<br />

oozes (of tree resin)<br />

kugluktak , kugluktuk<br />

kuinaktuk<br />

ku ifini.ktaur-uk<br />

waterfall<br />

tickles<br />

is ticklish<br />

kulauttuk is passing overhead<br />

kuli aktuaktuk tell a true story, an<br />

experience,<br />

preach (K), confess(N)<br />

kul iaktuak true story<br />

kumi.kauk folds arms inside of<br />

parka<br />

kupi ruk splits, cracks<br />

145

---

146<br />

kuppak<br />

kus r auktuaktuk (K), kus auktuaktuk (N)<br />

kus ikauk<br />

kuvi aauktuk<br />

kuvi gus r-uktuk (K)<br />

~uyaru~<br />

kuyanaktuk<br />

ls:uyana~<br />

m akp iktuk<br />

makpi.gaat<br />

rna kpigaak<br />

m al iktuk<br />

malikkaa<br />

maliksukti tau ruk<br />

manik<br />

mamaitchuk (K)<br />

rnarn ai lak CK)<br />

mami.anaktuj;<br />

m att aktuk<br />

m atuni gaa<br />

m<br />

crack, split<br />

squats<br />

is dripping<br />

is happy<br />

Other Words<br />

is surprised, amazed,<br />

astonished<br />

is thankful<br />

is to be thanked, is<br />

to be praised (K)<br />

thank you!<br />

opens (as a shirt,<br />

coat)<br />

book (lit. papers)<br />

page, sheet of paper<br />

follows (another)<br />

follows him,<br />

accompanies him<br />

convinced<br />

money<br />

smells strong,<br />

smells foul<br />

sulfur<br />

is annoyed, offended<br />

disrobes, removes<br />

the harness from a<br />

dog<br />

covers it

---

other Words<br />

mauruk<br />

maur agaaktuk<br />

maur agak<br />

mayuktuk<br />

rnayuktak (K), mayuagautit (N)<br />

mi Iuktuk<br />

mirjuaktuun (N), aglaun (K)<br />

misuit chuk (q)<br />

steps into, falls into<br />

a hole, breaks<br />

through (of snow)<br />

crossing open water<br />

by jumpin?\ on "stepping<br />

stone' ice pans<br />

small ice pan used<br />

as stepping stone<br />

ascends, climbs up<br />

ladder, stairs<br />

hits with a thrown<br />

object<br />

minitkaa missed him, omitted<br />

him<br />

minguktuk is tired<br />

minik splash (from a fish<br />

or thrown object)<br />

minugluktuk<br />

minugluk<br />

minufiktuk<br />

mi.nukkaa , minufigaa<br />

mi s ruguk (K), mrsuguk (q)<br />

mi suktuk<br />

misuktaun<br />

is stained, spotted<br />

stain, spot<br />

is painting<br />

paints it<br />

pencil<br />

mitaa~tu~ jokes<br />

is pale (lit. without<br />

juice)<br />

juice, kool aid, wine<br />

dips<br />

fountain pen<br />

mitautigigaa mocks him, makes<br />

a fool of him<br />

mukpaktuk dives (of a sea<br />

mammal whose body<br />

curves high out of<br />

the water)<br />

147

---

148<br />

mul.iktuk<br />

rnurni ks ir-uk translates<br />

Other Words<br />

is closed, turned off<br />

(radio, etc.)<br />

mumi ksuk turns over, changes,<br />

repents<br />

muluuruk stays a short while<br />

munagtgaa watches him, takes<br />

care of him<br />

naagga, (N, q), kan aa (K) no! (emphatic), or<br />

naamar uk<br />

naarnmaktuj,<br />

naarul$.<br />

naattuk<br />

na avi ttuk<br />

naavitkaa<br />

na.gl.i.ks r-aktuk<br />

nagligigaa<br />

naglikkun<br />

nag Iigdnni gaa<br />

n<br />

is complete, is<br />

enough<br />

is fitting, right,<br />

perfect<br />

ends, runs out,<br />

finishes<br />

is ended, finished,<br />

stopped, caught<br />

dumps out (non -Iiqui d)<br />

dumps it out<br />

pities<br />

pities him<br />

mercy<br />

is merciful to him<br />

naghrjnaktuk (K), nagl ignaktuk (N) is poor, pitiable<br />

naglfksaaktitchtruk<br />

nagliksaun<br />

nagliktuutiJs.pak (N) grace<br />

naggugigaa<br />

persecute<br />

affliction, suffering<br />

despises it, rejects it

---

Other Words<br />

naipi ktuk (N)<br />

naipitkaa (K)<br />

nairuk smells<br />

watch critically<br />

watches it closely,<br />

tests it<br />

nakiktuk goes direct<br />

(as path of bullet)<br />

naktuktuk is chipped<br />

nakuaks rrr-uk likes, loves<br />

nakuru~ is cross -eyed<br />

nakuuru~ is good, fine<br />

nakittuk is low<br />

nal.aumj aruk is right, just<br />

nalauraa~tu~ rests<br />

na.l.aut ch akt.uk guesses, gambles<br />

nalauttuk is right<br />

nalautittu~ fulfills, sights in a<br />

nalautitkaa<br />

nalautirrun<br />

nalguks rui ruk<br />

na.lguks rugaa<br />

rifle<br />

aims it, focuses it<br />

gunsight<br />

corrects, instructs<br />

straightens it,<br />

corrects him<br />

nal.laktuk has lain down<br />

nallaruJs;.<br />

nallautigaa<br />

lays (himself) down<br />

lays him down, puts<br />

him to bed<br />

nalua~ bleached seal skin<br />

naluksri.rJua~tu~ (N), irnirujur-uk (K) has a hangover<br />

naluna~tu~ is secret, is hidden<br />

149

---

150<br />

nalunainnutak<br />

mark, seal<br />

Other Words<br />

nalunaitchuk is clear, easy to see<br />

nalupkiriaktuk<br />

nalup~igigaa<br />

is uncertain,<br />

unpredictable<br />

is uncertain about it<br />

nalupkiriaitchuk is certain, sure<br />

na lupki auktuk<br />

nalupki sun<br />

nangagaa<br />

nangaun<br />

nani (K), naUIJ (N)<br />

(cf . su-)<br />

naami<br />

nakini<br />

napmun<br />

nallkun<br />

doubts, is uncertain<br />

doubt<br />

brags, praises<br />

(himself)<br />

praises him, brags<br />

about him<br />

praise, honor<br />

where?<br />

nani.guun (K) flashlight<br />

where at<br />

where from<br />

where to<br />

by which way, how<br />

naij iit chuk is daring, is brave<br />

narj ittuk<br />

nanir-run<br />

is sick<br />

disease<br />

napaaktuk tree<br />

naparuB: sticks up<br />

napagiak upright (vertical)<br />

nappai ruk builds<br />

natchrksuk<br />

natchikkaa<br />

natkikkaa correction<br />

naumi (N, sh) no!<br />

yearns to follow<br />

yearns to follow him

---

Other Words<br />

naulikkaa spears it<br />

naurj (N), nani (K) where?<br />

nautchii ruk<br />

(cf. nirjit chi ruk)<br />

nautchi akagvik<br />

naviagaa<br />

naviagigaa<br />

navianaktuk<br />

naviktuk<br />

navikkaa<br />

plants<br />

garden, field<br />

does not dare it<br />

is dangerous for him<br />

is dangerous<br />

breaks<br />

breaks it<br />

nayaarj agaa (K) greets him, sends him<br />

greetings<br />

nayagaktuk (N), naYaIJaktuk is drowsy<br />

nayuuti ruk<br />

nayugaa<br />

stays, remains<br />

lives with him, stays<br />

with him<br />

nrglaktuk has cooled (of food,<br />

drink)<br />

ntgiuktuk (N)<br />

nigiigigaa (K), nigiugigaa (N)<br />

nigliktu~<br />

nigvallaksraa~tu~ (K), nivaktaktuk (N)<br />

nikali~su~ (K), nikat chaktuk (N)<br />

expects, hopes<br />

expects him<br />

choked to death<br />

falls backward<br />

gives up<br />

nikaitchu~ keeps trying,<br />

determined<br />

nilJitchiru~<br />

(cf . nautch iiruk)<br />

nipaalaru~<br />

(cf . i.las r ai lar-uk (K) )<br />

sets out, plants<br />

screams<br />

nipitu ruk is noisy, loud<br />

151

---

152<br />

nipittuk<br />

ni vaktuk<br />

nivirj aktuk<br />

nivinagaa<br />

nui ruk<br />

nuktaktuk<br />

nuki tchi r-ug,<br />

nu~itkaa<br />

nul.laktuk<br />

nunuur-aktuj;<br />

nuijuz-uk<br />

nut~a~tul$:<br />

nutkaktitkaa<br />

nuur-uk , nuuttuk<br />

nu vaks ir-uk, nuvaktuk<br />

is sticky<br />

shovels, digs<br />

hangs down<br />

hangs it up<br />

comes into view,<br />

rises (sun)<br />

Other Words<br />

moves from place to<br />

place<br />

raises an object by<br />

pul.Iing with a rope<br />

draws, pulls it<br />

camps<br />

is remorseful<br />

is used up<br />

stops, dies<br />

stops it<br />

moves to another<br />

dwelling<br />

has a cold<br />

nuyui.ksuk is not afraid, is not<br />

scared<br />

paaksaaguti ruk<br />

paagaa<br />

paalaktuk<br />

paarnguktuk<br />

paarriaktuk<br />

p<br />

they (2) pass each<br />

other<br />

meets him<br />

stumbles, falls<br />

forward<br />

crawls<br />

crawls on all fours

---

Other Words<br />

paglagaa<br />

paglan<br />

welcomes him<br />

greeting, welcome<br />

pai ruk stays behind, stays<br />

home (when others<br />

went on a journey)<br />

pakaktuk , pakiktuk (K) searches<br />

pa~ittu~<br />

pakitkaa<br />

pas iaktuk<br />

finds<br />

found it<br />

warms himself by<br />

the fire<br />

pastaksr-aitchuk is faultless<br />

pasinaktuk , patchi saur-uk is guilty<br />

pasigaa (N), patchisigigaa (K),<br />

pasrigaa (K)<br />

patchi s ai ka aur-uk<br />

patchi sargaa<br />

blames him, accuses<br />

him<br />

is not guilty, innocent<br />

frees him<br />

pi- base substitute to<br />

which any post base<br />

or suffix may be<br />

pi-ga<br />

pi-gaatin<br />

pi-suktu~<br />

pigru~tu~<br />

piaptuk (n)<br />

pigaaktu~<br />

piiksuk<br />

piigaa<br />

piiguktu~<br />

(cf'. puuguktuk)<br />

pii~aaktu~<br />

added<br />

mine<br />

he (wants) you<br />

wants<br />

flees<br />

sloppy<br />

stays up late<br />

is absent<br />

removes it<br />

forgets<br />

denies<br />

153

---

154<br />

piitchuk<br />

pi iyaktuk<br />

pi.iyagaa<br />

ptksr agniksuk (K),<br />

pi ks r-aktaagur-uk (N)<br />

nothing, no one,<br />

empty<br />

is broken<br />

breaks it<br />

chooses<br />

pi kas iksuk accompanies<br />

pi.kat igifktuk are together (2)<br />

pikpaks r-ir-uk loves<br />

pi kpagi gaa<br />

pi Iai ksuk<br />

loves him<br />

is tired<br />

Other Words<br />

pi Iairjiaks iaktuk takes a rest (a break<br />

from work)<br />

pi lla ruk (N), pi tIar-uk (K)<br />

piIluataktuk (N), pitlauta~tu~<br />

is able to do<br />

is dependable, is<br />

good<br />

pi.lui Ilrksuj, is not as capable as<br />

used to be<br />

pi rnrn agi ks aaktuk does it well<br />

piriaktuk happened<br />

pifti aktuk will do, happen<br />

pinnagtaktuk<br />

pinna~na~tu~ (K)<br />

is early<br />

is good-looking,<br />

beautiful<br />

piz-aks r iksuk admonishes<br />

pi s aa suur uk (N), pi saasruktuk (K) is always trying to do<br />

pisagaluagnak (N), pisangitchikpifi (K) excuse me!

---

Other Words<br />

pisuaktuk (N), ptsruktuk (K)<br />

prsukataktuk<br />

walks<br />

takes a stroll<br />

pisugnaitchul$: is not safe (ice)<br />

pisugugil$:sul$:<br />

(cf. nikirnjuktuk)<br />

pi suktuk<br />

hunger is satisfied<br />

wants, desires<br />

pitkur ak law, command<br />

pituktuk ties up (as a dog to a<br />

pole)<br />

pitukkaa<br />

ties up, anchors<br />

piyakkuktuk had an accident<br />

piyuagaa tempts him, pursues<br />

him<br />

pumja.ruk bows low, hides from<br />

animal while stalking<br />

(used for nonappearance<br />

of sun in<br />

December (K) )<br />

puttuk bows, bends at the<br />

waist<br />

puptaak floating moss (not<br />

walkable)<br />

puptar uk<br />

puptal$.un, puptal$:uta~<br />

floats<br />

buoy<br />

puttuls:srirul$: (N) comes to mind, is inspired<br />

puugul$:tul$:(p), puuyuktuk (K)<br />

(cf ptiguktuk)<br />

forgets<br />

putu hole, piercing<br />

puturiruls: made a hole, drilled<br />

a hole<br />

155

---

156<br />

puukaktuk<br />

stumbles<br />

puugrrigaa wraps it<br />

puul$. seal skin poke<br />

Other Words<br />

puuksral$. envelope, wrapper<br />

puuvr aktuk (N), puuvruktuk (K) swims, plows through<br />

deep soft snow<br />

puvl.ignik resin drop (of spruce<br />

trees, used as chewing<br />

gum)<br />

puya<br />

puyattuk<br />

puyaurul$.<br />

s<br />

dirt, grime<br />

is dirty, grimy,<br />

gummy<br />

is soiled, (e.g of unwashed<br />

clothes)<br />

saa huh! what's that?<br />

eh?<br />

s aattuk faces him<br />

saavittuk launches in pursuit of<br />

sea mammal, steps<br />

forward from a group<br />

aaglur-uk<br />

sagluu raktuk<br />

aagvi ksuk<br />

aagvi ruk<br />

sagval$.tu~<br />

sagvagiksuk<br />

sagvagaa<br />

lies, prevaricates<br />

joking by telling<br />

false stories<br />

appears, becomes<br />

plain, obvious<br />

is open, is obvious<br />

flows<br />

flows swiftly<br />

flows swiftly over it<br />

sal$.ulJaru~ is crooked, bent

---

Other Words<br />

salap~iksuk (N) reveals, appears<br />

salumattchuk is dirty, unclean<br />

salumaruk<br />

salummagaa<br />

is clean<br />

cleanses it<br />

sarnrna , hamma (N) let's see!<br />

sanaturuk<br />

is skilled<br />

samjuruk is dusty, dirty<br />

sanni ruk (N), SaIJIJiruk (K) is strong<br />

sarjutkaa gossips about him<br />

sapignaktuk (N)<br />

sapigaa (K)<br />

is strong, mighty<br />

is difficult<br />

sapi ruk blocks it (one's way)<br />

satugaa (K) obtains it back,<br />

redeems it<br />

savaktuk<br />

savakkaa<br />

savautigaa<br />

works<br />

works it<br />

serves him<br />

savitkaa feels it, touches it<br />

aiamittuk spreads, scatters<br />

si atkikauk is straight (as of a<br />

board)<br />

sig~ikiraktuk works hard, is difficult<br />

sigga~iruk<br />

siigruktuk (K)<br />

simmausiksuk<br />

simmigaa<br />

is difficult, laborious<br />

hisses, whistles (of<br />

wind, gas stove or<br />

lantern)<br />

exchanges<br />

changes it, exchanges<br />

it<br />

157

---

158<br />

s irnmi Iigaa<br />

Other Words<br />

returns something<br />

borrowed<br />

siirnaktuk is arguing heatedly<br />

s iruks r aaktuk (K) goes around visiting<br />

from house to house,<br />

collects food for the<br />

poor from house to<br />

house<br />

sippak something left over,<br />

surplus<br />

sf sug iaktuk baby has a wet burp<br />

sisu r uk slides, glides down<br />

s it kuks im anaktuk is tragic<br />

s ivunrriks uk<br />

s ivunni gaa<br />

sivunniun<br />

decides, plans<br />

decides it, plans it<br />

plan, purpose, decision<br />

sivukki.ksuk sets a straight course<br />

sua, suna what?<br />

su - (N),(cf. nani)<br />

su-vich<br />

su-mi<br />

su-kun<br />

su-rnin<br />

su-mun<br />

su -rnrnan , su -vaata<br />

question marker<br />

what do you want?<br />

where?<br />

how, by which way?<br />

from whence?<br />

to where?<br />

why?<br />

suamrnaktuk revitalized (as: engine<br />

works better, workers<br />

more diligent)<br />

s uarj aitchuk<br />

is weak<br />

suan aruk is strong<br />

sugruich a group of fighters,<br />

war party

---

other Words<br />

suguktu~<br />

sukaitchu~<br />

sukattuk<br />

sukpaluk<br />

suksraagaa<br />

suks raungiksuk<br />

wrestles<br />

is slow<br />

is fast<br />

sound<br />

gives up on it, forsakes<br />

him<br />

is destroyed<br />

sukurni.tkaa (K) broke it up, tore it<br />

to pieces<br />

sukuti gaa<br />

suli<br />

sultkutrgir; aiksuk<br />

takes notice of someone,<br />

pays attention<br />

to someone<br />

and (used in an additive<br />

sense, contrasts<br />

with aasii/aasrii)<br />

forgives, ignores<br />

suluktuktuk brushes clothes<br />

supi r'uk blows (of a person),<br />

rushes (of a stream<br />

during break-up)<br />

suppuktuk<br />

spurts out (of liquids<br />

under pressure)<br />

suur-ak (K), sugal ik (N) thing, wealth, treasure<br />

suvaluk especially<br />

euvli.ktuk<br />

gushes out (as oil<br />

from a punctured<br />

drum)<br />

159

---

160<br />

ta aktuk is dark<br />

taarpj ak<br />

taaIJlJakti<br />

ta.iguaktuk (N), agliki ruk<br />

t<br />

Other Words<br />

intoxicating beverage,<br />

alcohol<br />

drunkard<br />

reads<br />

tairnrnainak suddenly<br />

tainna (N), taitna (K)<br />

tainnaittuk<br />

tai ruk<br />

taigaa<br />

like<br />

is like<br />

is named<br />

names him<br />

takpi ksuk has keen eyesight<br />

takupkarj aruk has a reunion<br />

takki ruk (K)<br />

(cf. utakki ruk)<br />

waits<br />

ta.Iiinn aruk goes over the hill<br />

tamrnaktuk<br />

tammagaa<br />

is lost<br />

lost it<br />

tanugaksi ruk diminishes in light<br />

taIJigil$.sul$.,tarj igitchuk<br />

(cf sagluruk)<br />

taIJlJiksuk<br />

taIJlJigaa<br />

is false (lies)<br />

is fulfilled<br />

does what is told,<br />

brings it to reality<br />

tapiktuk is along side, is<br />

parallel<br />

taputigaa takes it along<br />

ta.siks ruktuk<br />

tas iks rugigaa<br />

stretches<br />

stretches it

---

Other Words<br />

tasugaa (N)<br />

(d. satugaa)<br />

obtains it, redeems it<br />

tasritchagaa stretches it<br />

tatamittuk gets very frightened<br />

tatamnaktuk is terrible, is very<br />

frightening<br />

tatigaa lays against it, leans<br />

against it, touches it<br />

tauksiksuk<br />

tauks igaa<br />

buy<br />

buys it<br />

tavra (N, q), tarra (K) that's right! then<br />

(conj.), that's all<br />

(at end of story)<br />

tavrauvvaa (N, q}, tarvauvva at once, immediately<br />

tiguaktuk<br />

ttgl.iktuktuk<br />

tigluktuk<br />

tigluktuktuk , katchaktuktuk<br />

tigutaagvik (N), isiJ,.sivik (K)<br />

tikkuaktuk<br />

tilirauruJ,.<br />

tilirauruaJ,.<br />

adopted, is<br />

steals<br />

hits with side of fist<br />

is knocking<br />

prison, jail<br />

points<br />

tilisiruJ,. sends<br />

tilJaaglut<br />

tilJittuJ,.<br />

tilJitkaa<br />

161<br />

was told to do something,<br />

was sent to do<br />

something<br />

an apostle<br />

things washed ashore<br />

drifts away<br />

drifts him away

---

162<br />

tiIJIJil$:sirul$:<br />

ti.paaktuk , tipiturul$. stinks<br />

tipi odor<br />

tuniks irna ruk is faithful<br />

Other Words<br />

gets full (of a person<br />

who eats too much<br />

or is pregnant)<br />

tipigaa washes it ashore<br />

tiprgiksaun (K),<br />

tivr agfks aun (N,q)<br />

perfume (lit. a means<br />

or cause of good<br />

odor), incense<br />

tipsigigaa laughs at somebody,<br />

mocks someone<br />

tirrak (K) sandbar, mile<br />

(measure)<br />

titiktuk<br />

titigaa<br />

titik , tittak<br />

tugaktuk<br />

tuggaun<br />

draws a line, makes<br />

a mark<br />

marks it, draws a<br />

line on it<br />

mark, dot, line<br />

pokes it with a stick<br />

poking stick<br />

tuglaugaa , tuvl augaa shields him, protects<br />

him<br />

tugvagaa puts it away<br />

tukkuruk stays overnight, is<br />

a guest<br />

tuklugaa calls him, hails him<br />

tukur uk dies<br />

tukpal.laktuk (K) gets upset<br />

tukuttuk<br />

tukutkaa<br />

kills himself<br />

kills it

---

Other Words<br />

nmrlagaa<br />

tuni.si.ruk sell<br />

tumjaruk<br />

turuj agaa<br />

tupaktuk<br />

tupakkaa<br />

gives it, makes a<br />

present of it,<br />

sacrifices it<br />

rests firmly on,<br />

trusts<br />

rests firmly on it<br />

is startled<br />

startles him<br />

tupigigaa (K) obeys him<br />

tupsigaa<br />

tuti ruk<br />

tutmagaa<br />

finds an animal track<br />

steps on<br />

stepped on it<br />

tuttuk touches ground,<br />

bottom, lands<br />

tutkiksuk<br />

tutkiun<br />

is content, is solid,<br />

is peaceful<br />

peace, contentment<br />

tutkuktuuruk is settled in (having<br />

moved)<br />

tuugnik dot<br />

tuungaurisaa~ a whirlwind (moving<br />

horizontally, chiefly<br />

across water)<br />

tuungak<br />

tuvra~tu~<br />

tuvragaa<br />

tuyugigaa<br />

tuyugmia~<br />

tUyuutit<br />

evil spirit, devil<br />

follows a trail or<br />

pattern<br />

follows him, tracks<br />

him, imitates him<br />

sends it<br />

guest<br />

sent things, mail<br />

163

---

164 Other Words<br />

u<br />

ui ruk , uus ir-uk<br />

ui s aur-uk<br />

ukpi.ktuk<br />

ukpigigaa<br />

ukpigun<br />

ukpi.gnaktuk<br />

is over-excited, too<br />

eager, hurries<br />

is adrift on an ice<br />

pack<br />

believes<br />

believes it<br />

faith<br />

is faithful<br />

ukpUJIJuaktuk hypocrite (pretend<br />

believer)<br />

ukuk<br />

ukuIJaruij:<br />

ukaaktuktuk (K)<br />

(cf. kuli aktuaktuk)<br />

uka aktuak , ukaaktuun<br />

ukaal.aruk , ukagnigluktuk (K),<br />

ukamakhiktuk<br />

ukaksrtaak trial<br />

moldy<br />

is moldy<br />

relates experiences,<br />

tells what happened<br />

experience, happening,<br />

history, true story<br />

talks bad language,<br />

blasphemes<br />

ukakti tagaa asked him to speak,<br />

talk<br />

ukaktuk<br />

ukal ik (no, ki}, ukafik (K),<br />

ukaluk (N)<br />

speaks, says, tells<br />

word<br />

ukal laktuk is speaking<br />

ukautchit language<br />

ukkitchuk<br />

uB:umaigigaa<br />

ulguruk<br />

is secure, safe,<br />

sheltered<br />

sucks it (something<br />

held in mouth)<br />

topples, falls over

---

Other Words<br />

ul igr-ui.tchuk steady, patience for<br />

fine work<br />

unipchaak (K), unipkaak (N),<br />

ulipkaak (no, w )<br />

uluktaaktuk<br />

umialtnnak (N)<br />

fable, myth, story<br />

staggers<br />

church elder<br />

umiktuk is closed (e.g. the<br />

chimney draft)<br />

unitchaa (K) leaves it behind<br />

uniuktuk misses, doesn't hit<br />

(as nail, bull's eye)<br />

unnikaukfi ir-uk (N)<br />

unniksukb un (N)<br />

promises<br />

promise, covenant<br />

upaktuktuk charges (of an angry<br />

animal or person)<br />

upaktugaa<br />

charges him, goes<br />

after him<br />

upyakkaa (K) remarks about it,<br />

wisecracks about it<br />

urri~sugaa demonstrates it, shows<br />

it by his actions<br />

uta~~iru~ (N, q)<br />

(cf. takki ruk)<br />

utiktuk<br />

waits<br />

returns<br />

utukkuu is tiny!<br />

uuktuj,<br />

uuktuun<br />

uUktua~tu~<br />

uUktua~aa<br />

tests<br />

parable, example<br />

tries, tests, measures<br />

tests it, measures it<br />

uUliktu~ quivers, shakes,<br />

trembles<br />

165

---

166<br />

uuyurul$:<br />

ugaigaa<br />

ugisigigaa<br />

(cf. ui r-uk)<br />

is linked to<br />

Other Words<br />

bites him, mauls him<br />

over-excited

---

SECTION II<br />

POST BASES

---

168 Post Bases<br />

Explanation of Symbols<br />

Hyphens<br />

A hyphen before a post base indicates that it must be attached<br />

to a base.<br />

-kagvik container agr a-Lagvik ash can<br />

A hyphen following a post base indicates that, normally, it<br />

cannot occur word final, but must have a suffix attached to it,<br />

(or other post bases with a suffix).<br />

-kayak - almost ati -kayak -tuk almost the same<br />

Bracketed Symbols<br />

A bracketed symbol indicates that the post base has more<br />

than one form, and its form depends upon the last symbol of the<br />

base to which it is affixed.<br />

When the base ends in a vowel, the bracketed letter initiates<br />

the post base.<br />

-(g)iit - bad pi -giit -chuk is bad<br />

When the base ends in a consonant, the post base without the<br />

bracketed letter is affixed to the base.<br />

-(g)iit- bad iggiag-iit-chu~ has a sore throat<br />

Other Form Changes<br />

Other phonological changes occur to change the form of post<br />

bases, such as ~ becoming g, 1 becoming ~ etc. For a<br />

further discussion of this phenomena, see" Let's Learn Eskimo",<br />

p. 31,32, by D. H. Webster, Summer Institute of Linguistics,<br />

Box 1028, Fairbanks, <strong>Alaska</strong> 99701.

---

Post Bases<br />

-Ir lakukiug-ag-imman<br />

itkagmi -r ak -tuk<br />

-(rr)a~si-(N), -(y)a~si-(K)<br />

mitchaag'-ukai -ruk<br />

~ia-rra!$:si-ru!$: (N),<br />

l$.ia-ya!$:si-ru!$:(K)<br />

-(g)alua~-, -kaluak<br />

nakuupi aq it -kaIuak -tuk<br />

tainnaunnii<br />

-(g)ata!$.-<br />

nakuupi ag -at ak -tuk<br />

inugug -atak -man<br />

-anik -<br />

nigi -anik -tu~<br />

atu -anik -tuk<br />

-aluk<br />

suppu -aluk<br />

agna-aluk<br />

-asugi- (N), -asrugi- (K)<br />

(cf . -sugnag-)<br />

tammag-asrugi -gigaa<br />

-chau!$:, -chuu!$:<br />

(cr. -tau~, -tuuk)<br />

a<br />

habitually, usually does<br />

whenever it is winter<br />

he habitually remembers<br />

starts to, proceeds to<br />

(inceptive action)<br />

is proceeding to land<br />

starts to cry<br />

though, although, and yet (a<br />

possibility which has not or<br />

perhaps will not be realized)<br />

although not very good, it is<br />

okay<br />

very, much (intensive action,<br />

extensive time)<br />

is extremely good<br />

when he finally grew up<br />

already<br />

has already eaten<br />

has already sung<br />

big, old<br />

old rifle<br />

big lady<br />

thinking<br />

thinking he is lost<br />

ch<br />

169

---

170<br />

-gi -<br />

pi -gi -giga<br />

pikati -gi -girjma<br />

-(g)iak-<br />

ivag-Lak-tuk<br />

nig -Lak -tuk<br />

-(g)iit -<br />

pi -giit -chuk<br />

iggiag -Lit - chuk<br />

-(g)iknuna<br />

-gik -suk<br />

kifiig-ik-suk<br />

-(g)isi-, -kisi- (K)<br />

nakuu -gisi - r-uk<br />

tautuk -kisi -gaat<br />

g<br />

Post Bases<br />

has it for<br />

it is mine<br />

I am your companion (lit. you<br />

have me for a companion)<br />

going in order to, come in<br />

order to<br />

is going to search<br />

is going to eat<br />

bad<br />

is bad<br />

has a sore throat<br />

good<br />

is a good land<br />

is good looking<br />

intends to, is going to, will<br />

it is going to be good<br />

they will see it<br />

-gu - (N), -IJu- (K), -uiglaa-gu-ruIJa<br />

(N),<br />

iglaa-nu-c-una (K)<br />

is (stative)<br />

I am a traveller<br />

uVaIJ a -u - rUIJa it is I<br />

-gukinu<br />

-guk -tuk<br />

-(g}uuk<br />

atautchimik -suE -guuk<br />

-gu-<br />

ikalugnia -g-u-siptiktun<br />

change to, become<br />

became a man (having grown up)<br />

said, reported<br />

"one more" he said<br />

•<br />

g<br />

class changer or stative<br />

(verb to noun)<br />

like you have caught fish

---

Post Bases • I<br />

-iik<br />

atig-iik<br />

mal.g-Itk<br />

-il>pi<br />

-Ik-auk<br />

arni vi k-jsuk<br />

-Hamitkuta<br />

-i~a-l><br />

-inrjaan (K)<br />

(d. IJaiflIJaan)<br />

siku -ifIIJaan<br />

-(g)innal>kiu<br />

-ginnag - aa<br />

-it -<br />

pt-Ir-chuk<br />

inu -it - chuk<br />

-iyak -<br />

uniag -Iyak -tuk<br />

-kammil>- (N), -kamik- (K)<br />

mitchaal> - kammi k -suk<br />

-katta~- (N)<br />

sialuk -katta.k -tuk<br />

isi -kattak -tu~<br />

ivaluk -kattak -tuk<br />

pair, couple<br />

two people with same name<br />

twins<br />

is deprived of, deprives of<br />

is taken away<br />

he skins (it)<br />

is without<br />

arctic tern (lit. is without a<br />

needle)<br />

before<br />

before it froze<br />

only, merely<br />

is merely answering him<br />

lack of<br />

is not<br />

there are no people<br />

is broken<br />

sled is broken<br />

k<br />

just (happened)<br />

just landed<br />

repetitive<br />

scattered rain showers<br />

is visiting<br />

is flapping (slowly)<br />

-kattaa~ - (N) repetitive<br />

-kattak -)<br />

(more intense than<br />

ivaluk -katt aak -tuk<br />

is flapping (rapidly)<br />

-kka-<br />

changes verb to noun<br />

atu -kka -IJa<br />

(nominal clause marker)<br />

his song (singing)<br />

171

---

172<br />

-ksraanu-ksra-l;s:<br />

atuuti -ks r a-kaktuk<br />

-ks r aktaakinu<br />

-ksr aktaak<br />

pi-ksral;s:taag-igaa<br />

-kual;s:al.la<br />

-kuak -tu!):<br />

killu -kuak -tuk<br />

-kagvik<br />

nautchia -kagvik<br />

agr-a -kagvtk<br />

-!):al}igni-l;s:ag-nial}tu!):<br />

rriki - kak -tuk<br />

-kas ikkuvi<br />

asu -kas ik -stna<br />

-katrgikaulla<br />

-l}atigik-sut<br />

iUsa-l;s:atigik-sut<br />

-kati -<br />

ukpiktuagu -kati -si<br />

-kayakati<br />

vkayak -tut<br />

-l}l}aal}imi<br />

-~l}aag-uktun a<br />

-(!):)pakisumaak-pak-tuk<br />

ulu-kpak<br />

-~u-<br />

(cf. -(t)~u-)<br />

potential, material for<br />

harness material<br />

has a song choice<br />

chosen, selected<br />

chosen people<br />

is choosing him<br />

through, by means of<br />

goes by another way<br />

goes wrong way<br />

k •<br />

container, place of<br />

garden<br />

ash can<br />

have, owns<br />

will have a son<br />

has meat<br />

together with<br />

rejoice with me!<br />

together, each other<br />

they depart together<br />

they teach each other<br />

with, together<br />

your fellow believers<br />

almost<br />

are almost the same<br />

first, before<br />

first I want to drink<br />

big, much<br />

is sorrowing much<br />

big ulu<br />

wants him to do<br />

Post Bases

---

Post Bases<br />

-Iait - (N), -t lait- (K)<br />

iks i-lait -chuk,<br />

ikst -tlait - chuk<br />

-lgit -<br />

uti -lgit -chuk<br />

ani -Igft -chuk<br />

-Igatakpi<br />

-~gatall:-tuk<br />

nalau -Igatak -tillugu<br />

-Ihaak- (N)<br />

(d. -tluk -)<br />

kamana -Ihaak -tuk<br />

sapigna -Ihaak -tuk<br />

-lhinak<br />

uv31.Ja -Ihinak<br />

-li -<br />

(d. -liuk-)<br />

su-li-va<br />

ulu-li-ruk<br />

-lik<br />

pr-Lik<br />

umia-lik<br />

-uaukpi<br />

-Lik-suk<br />

-likaa<br />

sumu-likaa<br />

su -Likaa<br />

ilaa-likaa<br />

-Iiki -<br />

su -liki -vi ch<br />

ami -lill:i - r-uk<br />

-liksi<br />

31.J aayu -Liksi<br />

I<br />

never, unable<br />

is never scared<br />

again<br />

returns again<br />

exits again<br />

finally, till<br />

finally he did it<br />

till it is right<br />

more (comparative)<br />

is greater<br />

is stronger<br />

merely, only<br />

merely me<br />

make<br />

what is he making?<br />

is making an ulu<br />

is supplied with<br />

is supplied with<br />

boat captain<br />

come to, get to<br />

has come to believe<br />

any, so it is! (an exclamation)<br />

anywhere<br />

anything<br />

so it's him!<br />

involved in, works on, at<br />

what are you doing?<br />

works with skins<br />

one involved in<br />

preacher (lit. one involved in<br />

praying)<br />

173

---

176<br />

-miu<br />

Ul.gurng-rniu<br />

NuurviJ]-miu<br />

-rnuk-<br />

Utkiagvir; -muk -tuk<br />

-mukti-<br />

Utkiagvnj -mukti -gaa<br />

-mutr-<br />

Utkiagviq -rnuti -gaa<br />

-nagrakitig-nagia]s:<br />

-tuk<br />

-nasuga- (N)<br />

(cf. -asugi-, -sugnag-)<br />

isumanasi ]s:aiJ]a -nasugaluq<br />

a ...<br />

-rias ruk- (K)<br />

tuku -rias rug -niaklugu<br />

-(n)ayak- IN), -tyak- (K)<br />

agiu -riayak -tuk<br />

nigi -tyag -iii<br />

-(n)ayait- (N), -tyait - (K)<br />

tu]s:u-nayait-chuk<br />

-ngit- (K)<br />

(cf.-lJit- )<br />

paki -ngir-chuk<br />

-niak-<br />

(cf. -maak-)<br />

nigi -ni ak -tugut<br />

agaayu vi.IJ mUIJ-niak -tUIJa<br />

inhabitant of<br />

Wainwright villager<br />

Noorvik dweller<br />

(going) to<br />

he is going to Barrow<br />

send<br />

is sending it to Barrow<br />

take<br />

is taking it to Barrow<br />

n<br />

early<br />

arises early<br />

think (with dependent verb)<br />

don't-think thinking-I-havecome<br />

...<br />

is thought to be<br />

is thought to be dead<br />

would<br />

would be stopped<br />

would you come to eat!<br />

would not<br />

he would not have died<br />

not<br />

did not find<br />

Post Bases<br />

intends to, will, is doing and<br />

will continue (when related to<br />

present and certain of fulfillment)<br />

we will eat<br />

I'm on my way to church

---

Post Bases 177<br />

-niatak- (N) try<br />

(d. -niluk-, -niur aak-, -sa~-)<br />

istg-riiatak-tuk is trying to enter<br />

-niluk- try<br />

(d. -rriatak-«, -niur aak-, -saij:-)<br />

savagvni luk-fuk is trying to work<br />

-niur aak- (N), -rriir-ak - (K)<br />

(d. -niluk-, -niatak-, -sa~-)<br />

savag-niuraa~-tu~,<br />

savan -nitr-ak-tuk<br />

-nikilakat<br />

-nik -tuk<br />

-ni~tuttu<br />

-ni~ - suk<br />

savarj -nik -eutin<br />

-IDJu -<br />

iri -IllJ u - ruk<br />

Ilu -IllJ u - ruk<br />

-mjulrktaigua<br />

-IllJ ul.ik-auk<br />

sava-rnjulfk -suk<br />

-lJa- (N)<br />

sava-lJa-ru~<br />

-lJai~- (N)<br />

(cr. -IJ ait - )<br />

atu-lJai~-suij:<br />

nipu-lJai~-sul><br />

-lJaifuJaag-, -rj aimjaan (N)<br />

tuku -IJ aifuJaag -man<br />

isi -IJ aifuJaan<br />

try, do what you can<br />

is doing what work he can!<br />

obtain, get<br />

obtained a marriage partner<br />

apparently, is in state of<br />

has apparently caught a caribou<br />

you are working (lit. in state<br />

of working)<br />

hurts<br />

eye hurts<br />

stomach hurts<br />

to be tired of something<br />

is tired of reading<br />

is tired of working<br />

completive (past tense)<br />

he worked<br />

is not (having been)<br />

is useless (having been useable)<br />

alert<br />

before<br />

before he had died ....<br />

before he entered

---

178<br />

-rj ait - (N)<br />

(cf;-IJaik-)<br />

~ai -IJait - chuk<br />

aIJ alan -IJai t -kaa<br />

-IJit- (N)<br />

(cf. -n~it-)<br />

kai -IJit-chu~<br />

-IJlJua~pi<br />

-IJIJuak -tuk<br />

ukpi -lJIJua~-tu~<br />

-IJlJu~nuvuya<br />

-lJlJu~-saififia~aa<br />

-paalluk

---

Post Bases<br />

-paUuksava-paUuk-tu]s:<br />

-payaainu<br />

-payaa -k<br />

-piagataksava-piagata]s:-tu]s:<br />

-piaknikr-piak<br />

sava -piak -tuk<br />

inu -piak<br />

-piallak - (N)<br />

(cf. -Tlapi.ak - )<br />

sava -piallak -tuk<br />

-piangit - (K)<br />

(cf . -piaq it-}<br />

kaIJiks ina -pi angit - chuk<br />

-pianir - (N)<br />

(cf. -ptangit -)<br />

kalJiksma -pi arj it -chuk<br />

-pkag-, -pchakkai<br />

-pkag-rnagittn<br />

nigr-pchagvaa<br />

-p~aura]s:tusaa-pkaur-ak-arnigtch<br />

-psaa-<br />

(cf'. -vsaa-l<br />

pi-psaa-mik<br />

-(p)tau]s:(N), -(p)tuu]s.,<br />

-psuu]s:(K)<br />

(cr. -vsauk)<br />

uvan a -ptauk, uVaIJ a -ptuuk<br />

ilivsi -psuuk<br />

uvagut-taul;><br />

ineffectively, inappropiately<br />

is working poorly (ineffectively)<br />

every, any<br />

any/every person<br />

extremely, intensively<br />

is working extremely hard<br />

real, really<br />

real food (meat)<br />

is really working<br />

Eskimo (lit. real person)<br />

quite intensively, very much<br />

is working quite hard<br />

not very<br />

is not very understandable<br />

not very<br />

is not very understandable<br />

cause<br />

tell her to come (cause her to<br />

come)<br />

he feeds him<br />

immediately, as soon as<br />

as soon as he heard them<br />

more<br />

more (if you please)<br />

also, too<br />

me too<br />

you (pl.) too (K)<br />

we (pl..) too<br />

179

---

180 Post Bases<br />

r<br />

-r-aks r agi -, -taksr agr-<br />

(cf. -ruksrau-)<br />

~aunagi-raksragi-gaa<br />

savak-takar-agt-gtga<br />

-raksrau -, -taksr au-<br />

(cf. -ruksrau-)<br />

nigi -raksrau -ruk<br />

savak-taksrau-ruk<br />

-ri (cf . -til<br />

- ruinnak - (N)<br />

ifiug-ruinnak<br />

-ruksrau -, -tuksrau-<br />

(cf. -raksrau-)<br />

nigi-ruksrau-rUk<br />

savak-tuksrau-ruk<br />

-ruk<br />

imag-ruk<br />

-s ainnak- (N)<br />

agli -sainnak-tuk<br />

-sak-<br />

(cf -rii luk> , niatak -,<br />

tirJi-sak-pich<br />

su-rsak-pich<br />

-sausiit - (N)<br />

ta vrUlJak - s aus iit -chuk<br />

kanuk -sausiit -chuk<br />

-si (cf. -ti )<br />

-siuunak<br />

e sis r-uk<br />

t aak e si e r uk<br />

must be, has to, ought to<br />

(transitive)<br />

must be caring for it<br />

I have to work on it<br />

must be, has to (passive)<br />

must be eaten<br />

must be worked<br />

mere, common<br />

mere man<br />

should, must, has to (active)<br />

has to eat<br />

has to work<br />

big<br />

big lake<br />

s<br />

continuing to increase, develop,<br />

expand<br />

is continually getting bigger<br />

try<br />

-niu r aak)<br />

are you trying to fly? (away)<br />

where are you trying to go?<br />

uncertain about<br />

is uncertain about going there<br />

is uncertain as to what to do<br />

becoming (process)<br />

is becoming hot<br />

is becoming dark

---

Post Bases<br />

-siak- (N), -s iik- (K)<br />

akiliu - sia -ksr-akai<br />

aitchuu -siak , aatchuu -s iik<br />

-siakak -<br />

aitchuu -s iakak -tuk<br />

-sima-<br />

( d. -ma-)<br />

nakuu-sima-ruk<br />

savak -sima - ruk<br />

-sinnak - (N)<br />

tautuk -sinnak -tuk<br />

-sugnag-<br />

(d. -asugi-, -nasuga-,<br />

hi -sugnag-ruksuk<br />

iltaima-uugnak-tuk<br />

-suguiknigi<br />

-auguik -auk<br />

pi-suguik -auk<br />

-suk- (N), -sruk- (K)<br />

kuvta-suk-tuk<br />

-(s)uupiluksisug<br />

-uu -r-uk<br />

aitchuusiagi -suu -gaa<br />

-suguninnik- (N),<br />

-susrUlJnififiik- (K)<br />

Uksruk-suguninnik-suk<br />

-sugrukakisulhaa<br />

- sugruk -tuak<br />

ukalli - sugruk<br />

receive<br />

your future rewards (potentially<br />

received rewards)<br />

gift (received)<br />

has received<br />

has received a gift<br />

in state of, assurance of something<br />

now is good ( having been not<br />

good)<br />

is working<br />

only, merely, simply<br />

he simply sees<br />

think (similar to,"1think<br />

nasruk- )<br />

is thought he is coming<br />

(I think he is coming)<br />

is thought to know<br />

(I think he knows)<br />

enough, filled up<br />

has had enough food<br />

is enough (as when filling gas<br />

tank)<br />

used in reflexive action<br />

is happy (within himself)<br />

always, habitually, incessantly<br />

is always wanting to do badly<br />

is always receiving it<br />

smells like<br />

smells like seal oil<br />

big, great<br />

that which is more valuable<br />

jackrabbit<br />

181

---

182<br />

-(s)uksiku-suk-tuk<br />

alutag -uk -tuk<br />

-takimik<br />

-tak -tuk<br />

kiruk -tak -tuk<br />

-tai - (N)<br />

ukpigu-tai-gupta<br />

unnau -tai - ruk<br />

-tait- (N)<br />

ukpigu-tait-kupta<br />

-t aukiltk-tau-z-uk<br />

-t chai li><br />

pi -tchai.li -kkich<br />

karjiks i-tchafli -r-agai<br />

-tchakkuya<br />

-tchak -tuk<br />

-t.chi akatigi<br />

-tchi.ak<br />

atigi -t chi.ak -tuk<br />

-ti, -si<br />

savak-ti<br />

alJ aayul ik -si<br />

-tigi -, -sigiak<br />

-tigi -r-uk<br />

kuyanak -tigi -va<br />

urj aai k-atgt -r uk<br />

want<br />

wants to go to bed<br />

wants a spoon<br />

t<br />

goes for<br />

is going for water<br />

is going for wood<br />

absence of (having had)<br />

if we no longer have faith<br />

is not now feverish<br />

Post Bases<br />

absence of (never having had)<br />

if we have no faith (never having<br />

had faith)<br />

passive<br />

is being warned<br />

stop<br />

stop (doing) those things!<br />

prevents them from understanding<br />

induced action<br />

is thankful<br />

new<br />

new parky<br />

is a new parky<br />

agent (like English -er)<br />

worker<br />

preacher<br />

is so much, to what degree<br />

it Is that much<br />

how much he is to be thanked<br />

is thus far

---

Post Bases<br />

-ti~maki<br />

-tik -luni<br />

-tilaa-<br />

ilisimavich sumii -tilaaptirjnik<br />

savaktuk pi suk -tilaa - kti.ktun<br />

-titaull<br />

ak -tit -kaa<br />

-tit- (with appositional)<br />

savak -tit -Iun a<br />

-tkikukiu-tkik<br />

pf -tktk -suk<br />

-(t)~u(v)aulla<br />

-ku -visigut<br />

tilalJ mun nigi -tku -gai<br />

apigigiga puttuks ri -tku -vlusi<br />

-(t)~uyuma -<br />

al -tkuyuma-gtn<br />

aikuyaktu -kuyuma -galuagaa<br />

-tluk- (K)<br />

(cf . -Ihaak-)<br />

kagana -tluk -tuk<br />

pigii -tluk -tuk<br />

-tualu -, -sualu -<br />

igni -tualu -ni<br />

atausi -sualu -k<br />

-tuinnal$:kipigniug-utigi<br />

-tuinnak -sigik<br />

-tullatu -<br />

tuttu -tullatu - r-uk<br />

-tuksrau- (cf. -ruksrau-)<br />

immediately<br />

immediately getting up<br />

objective phrase marker<br />

accompanying intransitive verb<br />

do you know where we live?<br />

is-working as-much-as-possible<br />

causes to do, become<br />

causes it to depart, sends<br />

while<br />

while I work<br />

the second of two<br />

two years ago (lit. the second<br />

past year)<br />

happens a second time, does it<br />

once more<br />

wants him to do<br />

do you want us to depart?<br />

he wants Tilak to eat them<br />

1- ask that-you-be -inspired<br />

command, want that ..<br />

tell her to come home!<br />

want him to go to bed<br />

comparative, superlative<br />

it is easier<br />

it is worse<br />

only<br />

his only son<br />

only one<br />

continuously<br />

keep on desiring them<br />

like<br />

likes caribou<br />

183

---

---- ----~------~---<br />

184<br />

-tuksavik<br />

-1llif -tuk<br />

tuttu -tuk -tuk<br />

-(k)tu -, -(k)su-<br />

(base medial consonant may<br />

be geminated)<br />

ukkak -tu - r-uk<br />

nigi-l;s:su-rul;s:<br />

savvak -tu -r-uk<br />

-ugakkamaksri-ugak-tuk<br />

-umau - (N), -umu - (K)<br />

itch -umau - k,<br />

itch-umu-l;s:<br />

-unni.i<br />

suuramik -unni i<br />

-urak<br />

agna-urak<br />

-uti -<br />

nayu -uti -gaa<br />

uka-utf -gaa<br />

-vaaluanugi<br />

-vaalu - a<br />

ima-vaalu-a<br />

-vi nakaul<br />

laks i-vrnak -tuk<br />

-vigi -<br />

savag-vigi-gaa<br />

ul;s:ag-vigi-gaa<br />

uses, eats, drinks<br />

uses a knife<br />

eats caribou<br />

excessively<br />

Post Bases<br />

talks always (i .e . likes to talk),<br />

gossips (K)<br />

likes to eat excessively (N)<br />

is always working diligently<br />

u<br />

continuously<br />

is always obedient<br />

might if .<br />

may it be<br />

even, lest<br />

in no wise<br />

little<br />

little woman (i .e . girl)<br />

about it, with it<br />

brought it up (climbed up with it)<br />

talks with him<br />

v<br />

sound of<br />

wind's sound<br />

water's sound<br />

quickly<br />

is departing quickly<br />

for, about, concerning<br />

works for him<br />

talks about it

---

Post Bases<br />

-vik<br />

aglag-vik<br />

Nuur-vik<br />

-viks rak<br />

savag-viksrak<br />

pi-viksra -kakpan<br />

-vsaa -<br />

(cf. -psaa - )<br />

pi-vsaa -mik<br />

-vsauk (N)<br />

(cf. -ptauk)<br />

ilivsi -vsauk<br />

-yasi - (N), -yas ri - (K)<br />

kai -yasi -ruk<br />

tukutau -yasi -ruk<br />

-yuitsava<br />

-yuit -chuk<br />

atu-yuit-ichurja<br />

-(y)umaak-<br />

(cf. -niak - )<br />

tikitch -um aak -tuk<br />

kat-yumaak-ituk<br />

-(y)uminakpi-yuminak<br />

-tun a<br />

-(y)uminaitpi<br />

-yuminai.t - churj a<br />

-(y)ummakinig<br />

-umrna -tikaktuak<br />

-yunakkini<br />

-yunak -tuk<br />

uka -yunak -tuk<br />

place<br />

desk, writing pad<br />

move place, Noorvik<br />

potential place, potential time<br />

time for work<br />

if he has time<br />

more<br />

more (if you please! )<br />

also, too<br />

you (pl.) too<br />

y<br />

about, soon<br />

is about to come<br />

is about to be killed<br />

poorly<br />

is working poorly<br />

I sing poorly<br />

is willing to, will<br />

(when disconnected from<br />

present and doubt regarding<br />

the possibility of fulfillment)<br />

will arrive (someday)<br />

will come (someday)<br />

able<br />

I can do it<br />

unable<br />

I can't do it<br />

hope<br />

he who has hope of seeing<br />

185<br />

is pleasant<br />

is beautiful (lit. pleasant looking)<br />

is receptive (lit. pleasant to talk<br />

with)

---

SECTION III<br />

ENGLISH INDEX

---

abdomen<br />

has a. ache<br />

has a. cramps<br />

able, is<br />

unable<br />

about<br />

abrase<br />

absence<br />

absent, is<br />

abstains<br />

accepts<br />

accident<br />

accompanies<br />

accused<br />

accuses<br />

acquainted<br />

across there<br />

acute<br />

Adam Is apple<br />

adding, is<br />

adds<br />

admonishes<br />

adopted, is<br />

adrift, is<br />

adultery<br />

adze<br />

affliction<br />

afraid, is<br />

a. is not<br />

afterbirth<br />

afternoon<br />

again<br />

agent<br />

agony<br />

agrees<br />

aims<br />

air<br />

airplane<br />

alcohol<br />

alive, is<br />

all<br />

almost<br />

alone<br />

already<br />

--"=---------------- - --<br />

a<br />

ENGLISH<br />

10,135<br />

21<br />

21<br />

154,185<br />

185<br />

178,184,185<br />

20<br />

182<br />

153<br />

42<br />

127<br />

21,155<br />

146,154<br />

47<br />

153<br />

23<br />

112<br />

19<br />

8<br />

124<br />

111,135<br />

24,154<br />

161<br />

164<br />

128<br />

50<br />

32,148<br />

29,134<br />

152<br />

12<br />

117<br />

173<br />

182<br />

32<br />

128<br />

149<br />

104<br />

64<br />

160<br />

11<br />

2<br />

172<br />

122,141<br />

169<br />

186<br />

INDEX<br />

also<br />

175,179,185<br />

altar<br />

133<br />

although<br />

169<br />

always<br />

130,181<br />

amazed<br />

146<br />

amiable<br />

29<br />

ammunition case<br />

58<br />

among<br />

127<br />

amulet<br />

42<br />

ancestors<br />

3<br />

anchor<br />

68,155<br />

a. for trap<br />

60<br />

and<br />

angel<br />

125,159,174<br />

. 45<br />

angled a fish<br />

61<br />

angry, is<br />

25<br />

deeply a., is<br />

25<br />

animal<br />

69<br />

a. male<br />

69<br />

a. female<br />

69<br />

ankle joint<br />

9<br />

annoyed, is<br />

146<br />

anoints<br />

22<br />

another<br />

127<br />

answers<br />

140<br />

ant<br />

78<br />

anus<br />

12<br />

anxious, is<br />

any<br />

anytime<br />

apostle<br />

apparently<br />

appears<br />

appendix<br />

approaches<br />

argues<br />

a. heatedly<br />

a. incessantly<br />

arises<br />

arm<br />

a. sinew<br />

a. muscle<br />

a. bones<br />

broken a.<br />

armor<br />

arose<br />

around<br />

140<br />

173,179<br />

118<br />

46, 161<br />

177<br />

96 156,157<br />

, 12<br />

142<br />

24<br />

24,158<br />

24<br />

16<br />

8<br />

8<br />

8<br />

14<br />

21<br />

129<br />

42, 128<br />

131

---

English Index 187<br />

arrives 63 bears 48<br />

arrow 53,58 beard 6<br />

artery 11 beats 54,128<br />

artifact 127 beautiful, is 137,154<br />

ascends 59,147 beaver 76<br />

ashamed, is 29 beaver dam 36<br />

ashes 39 because 130,143<br />

asks 129,137 become 170,183<br />

a. him to speak 164 becoming 180<br />

assents 128 bed 40<br />

at once 161 goes to b. 18<br />

attention 159 bee 78<br />

aunt 4 beetle 78<br />

autumn 119 b .; stag 79<br />

authority 47 before 121,171,172,177<br />

avalanche 107 begins 131,137<br />

awake 140 behind 115,121<br />

away 131 in b. 10<br />

axe 49,128 looks b. 13<br />

being 136<br />

b believer 44<br />

believes 44,164<br />

baby 1 bell 45,127<br />

cares for b. 52 belt 33<br />

holds b. on knee 52 bench 39<br />

abandoned b. 133 beneficial, is 31<br />

bachelor 2 benefits 31,44<br />

back 10, 13,III bent, is 156<br />

b. there 113,114,115 berry 100<br />

backbone 13 kinds of b. 100<br />

bad 170,174,175 better, getting 22<br />

bad, is 31, 32,121 big 169,172,180,181<br />

bag 58 big, is 121,128<br />

bailer 68 binoculars 58,137<br />

bait 60 birds 84-94<br />

bakes 50 b. parts 95<br />

ball 52 birth 17<br />

high-kick ball 53 b. time 110<br />

bank, river 102 biscuit 55<br />

barks 71 bites 7,166<br />

bashful, is 29 fish b. on hook 61<br />

basin, wash 40 bitter, is 121<br />

basket 40 bivalve 77<br />

bathes 138 black 123<br />

bay 104 blackbird 93<br />

beach 97 bladder 12<br />

beam, cross 38 blames 47,153<br />

beam, ridge 37 blanket 40<br />

beans 54 b. toss 54<br />

bear, kinds of 69 blasphemes 164

---

188<br />

bleeds<br />

blessing<br />

blind, is<br />

going b.<br />

snow-blind<br />

blinks<br />

blizzard<br />

block and tackle<br />

blocking<br />

blocks it<br />

blood<br />

b. flows<br />

b. vessel<br />

blows<br />

blubber<br />

blueness<br />

blushes<br />

boastful, is<br />

boasts<br />

boats<br />

parts of<br />

b., ice -bound<br />

body<br />

boil<br />

boils<br />

bola<br />

bold, is<br />

bone<br />

book<br />

boots<br />

b. with caribou soles<br />

b. with ugruk soles<br />

b. waterproof<br />

b. rubber<br />

b. mukluk<br />

b. parts of<br />

b. resoles<br />

b. insole<br />

born, is<br />

b. on same day<br />

borrows<br />

boss<br />

bothers<br />

bottom<br />

bottommost<br />

bow<br />

bow and arrow<br />

bowl<br />

bows<br />

b. low<br />

19<br />

43<br />

19<br />

132<br />

19<br />

15<br />

106<br />

59<br />

132<br />

157<br />

11<br />

11<br />

11<br />

159<br />

55,56<br />

123<br />

6<br />

32<br />

25<br />

68<br />

67<br />

109<br />

10<br />

19,132<br />

50,51<br />

58<br />

28<br />

12<br />

146<br />

34,35<br />

34<br />

34<br />

34<br />

34<br />

34<br />

34<br />

34<br />

35<br />

17, 128<br />

2<br />

130<br />

44,47<br />

135<br />

104<br />

120<br />

9, 67<br />

53<br />

56<br />

16,155<br />

155<br />

boy<br />

box<br />

boxes him<br />

brace and bit<br />

brags<br />

brain<br />

brave. is<br />

bread, yeast<br />

pilot bread<br />

breaker<br />

breakfast<br />

breaks<br />

b. through<br />

breast<br />

b feeds<br />

breastbone<br />

breath<br />

breathes<br />

breeches, fur<br />

bride<br />

bridegroom<br />

bridge<br />

bright, is<br />

broke<br />

broken, is<br />

b. arm<br />

b. leg<br />

b. fingers<br />

broom<br />

broth<br />

brother<br />

brother -in -law<br />

brow<br />

browbeats<br />

bruise<br />

brushes<br />

builds<br />

bumps<br />

bunting, snow<br />

buoy<br />

buries<br />

burns<br />

burps<br />

bursts<br />

busy<br />

but<br />

butcher<br />

buttercup<br />

butterfly<br />

buttock<br />

Eng lis h Index<br />

1<br />

140<br />

142<br />

49<br />

150<br />

11<br />

28,150<br />

55<br />

55<br />

104<br />

57<br />

132,151,154<br />

147<br />

10<br />

52<br />

14<br />

17<br />

17<br />

34<br />

2<br />

2<br />

133<br />

143,144<br />

159<br />

154,171<br />

21<br />

21<br />

21<br />

51<br />

54<br />

4<br />

4<br />

102<br />

27<br />

19<br />

159<br />

36, 150<br />

129<br />

93<br />

155<br />

136<br />

39,133<br />

57,158<br />

39,141<br />

47<br />

125<br />

60<br />

98<br />

78<br />

10

---

English Index<br />

buy 161<br />

c<br />

cabin, log 36<br />

cache, on poles 37<br />

c. underground 37<br />

c. on the ground 37<br />

calls 145,162<br />

camps 152<br />

can 174<br />

cannot 174<br />

canoe, decked -in 68<br />

can opener 38<br />

canyon 102<br />

cap 33<br />

capable, is 31<br />

not as c. as used to be 154<br />

capsizes 68<br />

captain 68<br />

carcass, sea mammal 79<br />

careless 144<br />

cares 52,143<br />

caribou 71<br />

stages of development 72,73<br />

parts of c. 73-76<br />

wounded c. 60<br />

carousing, is 32<br />

carries 48<br />

c. baby on back 52<br />

gets c. away 32<br />

catches on 23<br />

c. it 52<br />

c. fish 61<br />

caught 148<br />

cause 179<br />

causes 183<br />

celery, wild 99<br />

certain, is 150<br />

chagrined, is 27<br />

chain 71<br />

chair 38<br />

change to 170,178<br />

changes 46,148,157<br />

charges 165<br />

charm 42<br />

cheek 6<br />

cheerful, is 26<br />

~e~ 10<br />

chews 56, 129<br />

189<br />

chickadees 92<br />

child 1,5<br />

c. adopted 1<br />

c. bright 140<br />

c. illegitimate 5<br />

c. lively 11<br />

c. raised 1<br />

chills 20<br />

chimney 39<br />

chin 6<br />

chipped, is 149<br />

chisel, ice 61<br />

chisels 61<br />

chives, wild 99<br />

chooses 154<br />

choked 151<br />

chops 39<br />

chosen 172<br />

Christian 44<br />

chronic 19<br />

church 44<br />

circles 139<br />

city 110<br />

clam 77<br />

class changer 170,171<br />

clay 97<br />

clean, is 122,157<br />

cleanness 46<br />

clear, is 138,150<br />

c. weather 128<br />

clear 143<br />

clearing, is 105<br />

clever, is 24<br />

cliff 102<br />

climbs 16,147<br />

clitoris 12<br />

clock 117,118<br />

closed, is 148,165<br />

closes 38<br />

cloth 33<br />

clothing 33, 34<br />

cloud 105<br />

dark c. over open water 109<br />

coal 39,97<br />

live c. 11<br />

coal scuttle 39<br />

coat 33,34<br />

coaxes 139<br />

coffee 55<br />

c. pot 40

---

190<br />

cold, is<br />

c., has a<br />

collarbone<br />

collar, dog<br />

collects food<br />

comb<br />

comes<br />

c. to mind<br />

c. into view<br />

c. in order to<br />

c. around a point<br />

c. from<br />

c. to<br />

comforts<br />

command<br />

commands<br />

commandment<br />

common<br />

communicative, is<br />

c. is not<br />

community house<br />

companion<br />

comparable, is<br />

comparative<br />

compasai onate , is<br />

complete, is<br />

completive<br />

concerned, not<br />

condemns<br />

confesses<br />

confident, is<br />

confused, is<br />

connected with<br />

conscience, bad<br />

conscious, becomes<br />

constellations<br />

container<br />

water c.<br />

content, is<br />

continuously<br />

controls<br />

convinced, is<br />

convulsions<br />

cookie<br />

cooking, is<br />

c. pot<br />

c. rare<br />

cooks<br />

cooled<br />

copper<br />

105,122<br />

21,152<br />

14<br />

71<br />

158<br />

135<br />

125,142<br />

24,155<br />

24,152<br />

170<br />

64<br />

137,175<br />

173<br />

129<br />

155,183<br />

25<br />

43<br />

180<br />

26<br />

26,27<br />

37<br />

134<br />

130<br />

183<br />

25<br />

148<br />

177<br />

32<br />

47<br />

46,145<br />

28<br />

30<br />

130<br />

32<br />

143<br />

96<br />

172·<br />

39,40<br />

26,163<br />

183,184<br />

47<br />

30,146<br />

20<br />

55<br />

50<br />

40<br />

56<br />

50,51<br />

151<br />

97<br />

English Index<br />

coquettish 32<br />

corner 37<br />

c. of mouth 7<br />

correct, is 136<br />

corrects 24,138,149<br />

correction 45, 150<br />

corrugation 140<br />

corruption 125<br />

cotton, tundra 98,99<br />

coughs 20<br />

counsel, open to 29<br />

c. is not open to 30<br />

country 111<br />

couple 5, 171<br />

cousin 5<br />

covenant 44,126,165<br />

covers 146<br />

covetousness 139<br />

cow 70<br />

crab 78<br />

cracks 142,145,146<br />

cramps, muscle 20<br />

stomach c. 10<br />

abdominal c. 21<br />

crane 86<br />

cranky, is 32,130<br />

crawls 152<br />

c. up on a seal 59<br />

cr~z~ is 30<br />

crease 140<br />

created 136<br />

creek 103<br />

crime 43<br />

crimping soles 50<br />

croaks 142<br />

crooked, is 156<br />

cross, a 45<br />

crosses 133<br />

cross -eyed 149<br />

crucify 45<br />

crunches 142<br />

cries 15<br />

c. with pain 135<br />

c. fitfully 144<br />

crystal 97<br />

ice c. 106<br />

cup 56,68<br />

curtain 38<br />

cuts 20 132,140<br />

c. fish ' 62

---

English Index 191<br />

c. meat 51 did not 178<br />

c. self 20,137 dies 18,152,162<br />

cute, is 133 different, is 121,128<br />

d<br />

difficult,<br />

digs<br />

dipper<br />

is 122,157<br />

152<br />

56<br />

damp, is 105,122 dips 147<br />

dampness 130 dipnetting, is 62<br />

dances 53,131 director 47<br />

dandruff 6 directs 47<br />

danger 125 dirt 142,156<br />

dangerous, is 151 dirty, is 122,157<br />

daring, is 28,150 disassembles 48<br />

does not d. 151 discards 133<br />

dark 160 disciple 45<br />

daughter 5 discipline 45<br />

daughte r -in -law 4 discomfort 32<br />

day 117 discouraged 26<br />

d. after tomorrow 118,119 disease 150<br />

d. before yesterday 118,119 disembarks 9,64<br />

many d. 118 dislikes 25<br />

three d. ago<br />

deaf, is<br />

dear one<br />

debt<br />

decides<br />

decision<br />

deep, is<br />

defecates<br />

defrauds<br />

demon<br />

demonstrates<br />

denies<br />

departs<br />

dependable, is<br />

deprives<br />

descends<br />

desire<br />

desires<br />

desk<br />

despises<br />

despondent, is<br />

118<br />

21<br />

130<br />

126<br />

158<br />

158<br />

103,121,138<br />

17<br />

138<br />

43<br />

165<br />

153<br />

63,132<br />

30,154<br />

171<br />

130<br />

144<br />

144,155<br />

48<br />

148<br />

26,137<br />

disobeys<br />

disrobes<br />

distance<br />

disturbed, is<br />

dives<br />

divides<br />

divines<br />

divining rod<br />

divorced<br />

dizzy<br />

do it!<br />

doctor, medical<br />

d. witch<br />

does it well<br />

d. what is told<br />

dog<br />

d. collar<br />

lead d.<br />

d. pack<br />

d. team<br />

d. whip<br />

139<br />

146<br />

110<br />

25<br />

79,147<br />

131<br />

41<br />

22,41<br />

132<br />

20<br />

140<br />

3<br />

41,43<br />

154<br />

160<br />

64,71<br />

71<br />

135<br />

64<br />

64<br />

71<br />

destroyed, is<br />

determined<br />

devil<br />

devoted, is<br />

diaper<br />

changes d.<br />

diaphragm<br />

diarrhea<br />

159<br />

151<br />

43,163<br />

31<br />

52<br />

52<br />

11<br />

19<br />

doll<br />

donkey<br />

door<br />

dot<br />

doubts<br />

doughnut<br />

down<br />

d. there<br />

52<br />

70<br />

37,38<br />

162,163<br />

129,150<br />

56<br />

145<br />

113,115

---

192 English Index<br />

dragon 82 echo 126<br />

drags 139 edge 104<br />

drains 20 eel 77<br />

draws 130,152,162 egg 55<br />

dream 18 egotistical, is 31<br />

dress 33 eh? 126,156<br />

dries 127 eight 123<br />

drifted away 161 eighteen 124<br />

drill 49 eighty 124<br />

drinking, is 57 elbow 8<br />

drinks 18,56,184 elder, church 47,165<br />

dripping, is 146 eleven 123<br />

drips 141 elf 42<br />

drives 60 embarks 68,134<br />

drools 145 embarrassed, is 29<br />

drops 139 emery stone 58<br />

drowns 137 empty, is 136,154<br />

drowsy, is 151 encourages 27<br />

drum 41,53 endless 45, 138<br />

drummer 53 ends 126,143,148<br />

drunk, is 30 endures 27,28,133<br />

drunkard 160 enduring, is 28,31<br />

dry, is 122 enema equipment 22<br />

duck, kinds of 84,85 enjoys 26<br />

dull, is 122 enough, is 129,148,181<br />

dumb, is 21 enters 134,137<br />

dump 134 entire 118<br />

dumps 51,148 entrance hall 38<br />

duration 110 envelope 156<br />

dust 97 envious, is 32<br />

dusty, is 97,157 epileptic, is 20<br />

dwarf 42 equipment, hunting 57<br />

e<br />

error 43<br />

errs 140<br />

escapes 144<br />

eager 164 Eskimo 2<br />

ear 6 E. language 137<br />

e. cavity 6,13 especially 159<br />

e. pendant 33 eternal 45,138<br />

e. rings 33 even 184<br />

early, is 154,176 evening 117<br />

earth 97 every 179<br />

earthquake 97,135 everyone 2<br />

east 105,95 evil, is 31<br />

easy 122 examines 138<br />

easy, is<br />

eats<br />

e. with a spoon<br />

e. frozen food<br />

142<br />

8,18,56,184<br />

56<br />

145<br />

example<br />

excess<br />

exchanges<br />

excited, is<br />

165<br />

32,142,184<br />

157<br />

27<br />

eclipsed, is 96 over -excited 164,166

---

EngZish Index 193<br />

exclamations<br />

warning 125<br />

too bad 143<br />

cute 130<br />

surprise 127,130<br />

sorrow 127,128,130<br />

pain 128,130<br />

disappointment 128,130<br />

something goes wrong 129<br />

icky 134<br />

do it! 140<br />

so it is! 173<br />

excuse me! 154<br />

exhorts 24,46<br />

exists 138<br />

existence 136<br />

exits 17,128<br />

expects 151<br />

expensive, is 121<br />

experience 135,164<br />

explodes 141<br />

sound of e. 59<br />

extinguishes 142,143<br />

extremely 179<br />

eye 7,137<br />

iris 7<br />

e. cavity 7,13<br />

e. are closed 7<br />

closes his e. 18<br />

opens his e. 18<br />

eyebrow 6<br />

e. ridge 7<br />

ridge between e. 6<br />

eyelashes 7<br />

eyesight, keen 160<br />

family<br />

famine<br />

far<br />

f. down there<br />

f. off<br />

farthest over<br />

fast, is<br />

fat, is<br />

father<br />

faultless, is<br />

fears<br />

feeds, breast<br />

feels<br />

does not f. well<br />

f. light of body<br />

feces<br />

femur<br />

fetches<br />

fetus<br />

fever, has<br />

few<br />

fibia<br />

field<br />

fifteen<br />

fifty<br />

fights<br />

fighters<br />

files<br />

fills<br />

fin<br />

finally<br />

finches<br />

finds<br />

f. an animal track<br />

f. it out<br />

fine<br />

fingers<br />

5<br />

139<br />

111<br />

114<br />

113<br />

131<br />

159<br />

121<br />

4<br />

153<br />

29,134<br />

52<br />

157<br />

26<br />

28<br />

17<br />

14<br />

126<br />

12<br />

22<br />

121,175<br />

14<br />

151<br />

124<br />

124<br />

53,129<br />

158<br />

49<br />

136<br />

129<br />

140,173<br />

94<br />

153<br />

163<br />

23<br />

125<br />

8,14<br />

f<br />

bones of f.<br />

fable 165 fingernail 9<br />

face 6 broken f. 21<br />

faces 156 finished 138,148<br />

fainted 20 fire 39<br />

faith 44,164 make f. with flint 133<br />

faithful, is 162,164 fireweed 99<br />

falling, is 139 first 172<br />

f. backward 151 f. one 120<br />

f. forward 152 f. time 178<br />

f. into 147 fish 54<br />

f. over 164 dried f. linked 62<br />

false, is 160 f. on a willow stick 62<br />

9

---

- - - ---- - ~~~~-<br />

194 English Index<br />

kinds of f.<br />

parts of f.<br />

fishhook<br />

fishing, is<br />

82,83<br />

83<br />

61<br />

61<br />

forever<br />

forgets<br />

forgives<br />

fork<br />

114<br />

141,153,155<br />

45,159<br />

56<br />

fist<br />

8<br />

fornication 128<br />

fits 48,138 forsakes 159<br />

fitting, is 136,148 forty 124<br />

five 123 foundation 38<br />

fixes 136 f. of mind 134<br />

flaps 138 four 123<br />

flashlight 150 fourteen 124<br />

flatus 17 fox, kinds of 69,70<br />

flees 144,153 free, is 126,130<br />

fleshes 50 frees him 153<br />

flexible 144 freezes 103,108,144<br />

flipper 81 frequent 162<br />

fermented f. 56 fresh, is 56<br />

flint 97 friend 2,5,132<br />

float 59,155 friendly, is 26,53<br />

net f. 62 fries 51<br />

floats 155 frightens 59<br />

flooded, is 105 f. gets 161<br />

floor 37,103 frog, wood 77<br />

flour 55 from 113,114,158<br />

flower 98 front 111<br />

flows 104,156 body f. 10<br />

fly, bot 78 in f. 112<br />

egg 78 frost 106<br />

larva 78 frostbite 20<br />

fly, blow 78 frowns 137<br />

egg 79 frozen 144<br />

larva 79 fruit 100<br />

pupa 79 fuel oil 39<br />

fly, dung 78 fugitive 3<br />

fly, dragon 78 fulfill 149,160<br />

flies 63 full, is 119,136<br />

focuses 149 gets f. 162<br />

foggy, is 105 fur 33,34<br />

fold arms inside parka 145<br />

follower<br />

45<br />

follows 146,163 g<br />

food<br />

55<br />

fool 140 gaff 61<br />

foolish, is 32,140 gale 105<br />

foot 9 gallops 69<br />

bones of 14 gambles 149<br />

foothill 102 garbage pail 40<br />

for 143,184 garden 151<br />

forehead 6 garment 33<br />

forest 101 gas mixed with oil 132

---

English Index 195<br />

gathers 139 grass 98<br />

generous, is 31 grasshopper 79<br />

gentle, is 125 grave 136<br />

gentleman, is 30 gray 123<br />

gesticulates 16 great, is 139<br />

get 173,177 greatness 47<br />

ghost 43 grebes 85,86<br />

giant 42 greedy, is 32<br />

giddy 28 green 12,123<br />

gift 125 greets 151<br />

girl 1 greeting 153<br />

g. friend 5 grime 156<br />

gives 125,126,142,163 groans 136<br />

g. gift of food 51 grosbeaks 94<br />

g. up 151 grouse 86<br />

g. up on it 159 ground - drifting 106,107<br />

glamorous 144 ground, solid 97<br />

glass, window 38 grows 98<br />

glasses 137 g. up 17<br />

glitters 144 grudge 25<br />

gloves 34 guesses 149<br />

gnat 78 guest 162,163<br />

God 44 guilty, is 153<br />

goes about 63 g. is not 153<br />

g. after 165 gulls 90<br />

g. away 63,131 gullet 8<br />

g. away because angry 25 gum 102<br />

g. beneath 130 gums 7<br />

g. to a cliff 137 gun 58<br />

g. direct 149 g. sight 149<br />

g. to excess 142 shotgun 51<br />

g. for 182 gushes 159<br />

g. home 126,128<br />

g. in order to 170 h<br />

g. out 142<br />

g. over the hill 160 habit 131,135<br />

g. to get 126 habitually 169,181<br />

g. Whaling 63 hailstone 108<br />

going to, is 170 hair, head 6<br />

good, is 30,121,136,149,154 body h. 11<br />

good! 125 braids h. 33<br />

good 170,174 hall, entrance 38<br />

g., not 174 half, is 119<br />

goose, kinds of 84 half 132<br />

gospel 46 h. breed 3<br />

gossips 157 hammer 49<br />

governor 47 hand 8<br />

grace 45,148 palm of h. 8<br />

grandchild 5 handbag 34<br />

grandparents 3,4 handkerchief 139

---

196 EngZish Index<br />

handle 48,137 history 164<br />

handsome, is 137 hits 59,128<br />

hangover 149 h. with thrown obj. 147<br />

hangs 152 h. with side of fist 161<br />

h. himself 145 hole 155<br />

h. fish or f. net 62 fishing or seal h. 61,128<br />

happened 154 made a h. 155<br />

happy, is 26,146 holiness 46<br />

hard 122 hollering 57<br />

hare 76 Holy Spirit 44<br />

harlot 126 holy, is 46<br />

harness 64 home 36<br />

harpoon 58 honest, is 31<br />

has it for 170 honor 150<br />

h. to 180 honored 139<br />

hates 25 hood 33<br />

haughty, is 32 hook 58,61<br />

haunts 29,43 hooking fish 58,61<br />

have 172 hope 151,185<br />

hawks 87 hops 17<br />

hazy, is 105 horizon, bright 109<br />

he 3 h., indistinct 105<br />

head 6,13 horse 70<br />

moves h. 7,15 hospital 110<br />

lowers h. 15 hospitable, is 26<br />

raises h. 15 host 62<br />

turns h. 13,15 hot, is 122<br />

headache 20,21 hotcake 55<br />

heals 22,136 hotel 62<br />

healthy, is 22,122 hour 117,118<br />

hears 15 house 36<br />

heart 11 types of 36,37<br />

heater 39 parts of 37,38<br />

heather 99 how 143,150,158<br />

heaven 45,46,96 howls 71<br />

heavy 122 huh! 156<br />

heel 9 humble, is 31<br />

hell 46 hums 136<br />

helps 31,44,133,140 hunchbacked, is 21<br />

can't be h. 143 hungry, is 18<br />

herd, caribou 71. 72 h. satisfied 155<br />

here 111,112 hunter 57<br />

hides 7,155 hunting, is 57<br />

hidden, is 149 h. equipment 57<br />

high, is 121 hurries 164<br />

hills 102 hurt, is 25<br />

hips 10 hurts 19,177<br />

h. bone 14 husband 4<br />

h. joint 9 hush 131<br />

hisses 157 hypocrite 164

---

English Index<br />

•<br />

I<br />

I<br />

ice conditions<br />

rotten i.<br />

iceberg<br />

ice cream, Eskimo<br />

ice crystal<br />

3<br />

108,109<br />

109,131<br />

109<br />

54<br />

106<br />

is not<br />

island<br />

isthmus<br />

it<br />

ivory<br />

•<br />

J<br />

197<br />

177<br />

103<br />

104<br />

3<br />

80<br />

icicle 108<br />

icky 134<br />

identical 121<br />

idol 42,45<br />

ignores 159<br />

ignorant, is 23<br />

illegitimate 5<br />

imitate 163,178<br />

immediately 118,144,161,<br />

179,183<br />

immoral 131<br />

immortal soul 43<br />

impatient 143<br />

inattentive 30<br />

increasing 180<br />

Indian 2<br />

ineffectively 179<br />

inhabitant of 176<br />

inherits 140<br />

inhospitable 27<br />

inland 113<br />

innocent 153<br />

insects 78<br />

inside 112,114,115,135<br />

insole 35<br />

inspired, is 24,155<br />

jade<br />

jaegers<br />

jaw<br />

jays<br />

jealous, is<br />

jellyfish<br />

jerkily<br />

jigging, is<br />

jigging stick<br />

joins<br />

joints<br />

jokes<br />

jolly, is<br />

joyful, is<br />

judges<br />

judgment<br />

juggles<br />

juice<br />

jumps<br />

j. down<br />

see-saw j.<br />

j. across ice -pan<br />

just, is<br />

just (happened)<br />

97<br />

89,90<br />

6,13<br />

92<br />

32<br />

77<br />

17,175<br />

61<br />

61<br />

135<br />

9<br />

147,156<br />

26<br />

26<br />

47,138<br />

47<br />

54<br />

147<br />

16<br />

17<br />

52<br />

147<br />

149<br />

171<br />

instinct 69,131<br />

instructs 149 kerchief 33<br />

insufficient, is 136 kerosene 39<br />

insulating, is 37 kettle, tea 40<br />

intends 170,176 key 38<br />

intensively 179 kicks 16<br />

quite i. 174,179 kidney 12<br />

intestines 11 kills 162<br />

edible animal i, 54 kind, is 26,31,125<br />

intoxicating beverage 160 king 44,47,68<br />

invites 126 kingdom 47<br />

invitation 126 kingfisher 91<br />

involved in 173 kisses 141<br />

iron 97 knapsack 58<br />

is 138,170 knee 9<br />

is in, at 175 kneecap 14<br />

k

---

200<br />

mosquito 78<br />

m. larva 78<br />

tiny m. (white socks) 78<br />

moss 98<br />

floating m. 155<br />

mother 4<br />

mountain 102<br />

mourns 27<br />

mouse 76<br />

mouth 7<br />

corner of 7<br />

oral cavity 13<br />

roof of 7<br />

moves 131,133<br />

m. out 27<br />

m. from place to place 152<br />

m. to another dwelling 152<br />

much, is 130<br />

much 169,172,174,175,178<br />

very m. 174,179<br />

so m. 178,182<br />

mucous 7<br />

mud 97<br />

muddy, is 138<br />

mukluk 35<br />

parts of 35<br />

murderer 3<br />

murre 87<br />

muscle 8,10,11<br />

m. cramp 20<br />

stiff m . 20<br />

mushroom 98<br />

musical instrument 54, 131<br />

musicians 131<br />

musk ox 82<br />

muskrat 76<br />

must 180<br />

myth 165<br />

nail<br />

names<br />

namesake<br />

napkin<br />

narrow, is<br />

nation<br />

naughty, is<br />

near, is<br />

nears<br />

n<br />

49<br />

130,160<br />

2<br />

56<br />

121<br />

110,111<br />

32<br />

111,143<br />

142<br />

neck<br />

needle<br />

hypodermic n.<br />

Negro<br />

nephew<br />

net<br />

n.rope<br />

seining n.<br />

dip net<br />

n. float<br />

n. lashing<br />

netting fish<br />

never<br />

new<br />

newness<br />

next<br />

niece<br />

night<br />

nine<br />

nineteen<br />

ninety<br />

nipple<br />

no<br />

no one<br />

nodding, is<br />

noisy, is<br />

noon<br />

noon meal<br />

north<br />

northern lights<br />

nose<br />

n. bridge<br />

n. cavity<br />

n. groove<br />

n,; blows<br />

n. bleeds<br />

n .; wrinkles<br />

has a stuffy n.<br />

nostrils<br />

not<br />

not very<br />

nothing<br />

notice<br />

now<br />

numb, is<br />

nurses<br />

oar<br />

o<br />

Engtish Index<br />

8<br />

51<br />

22<br />

3<br />

5<br />

61<br />

62<br />

62<br />

62<br />

62<br />

62<br />

61,62<br />

173<br />

120,182<br />

120<br />

133<br />

5<br />

117,118<br />

123<br />

124<br />

124<br />

10<br />

143,148,150<br />

154<br />

53<br />

16,151<br />

117<br />

57<br />

105,106<br />

96<br />

7<br />

7<br />

7,13<br />

7<br />

7<br />

11<br />

15,134<br />

19<br />

7<br />

176,178<br />

179<br />

154<br />

159<br />

112,120<br />

20<br />

10<br />

68,137

---

Engrish<br />

Index<br />

oatmeal 55<br />

obeys 139,163 paddle 68,129<br />

obedience 46 paddles 68<br />

objective phrase marker 183 page 146<br />

obstinate, is 30 paid 126<br />

obtains 157,161,177 pain 19,20<br />

obvious, is 156 painful 20<br />

occasion for 110 paints 147<br />

occipital 6 pair 5,171<br />

ocean 55,97,104 palate 7<br />

octopus 78 pale, is 147<br />

odor 162 palm 8<br />

offended, is 125,146 pan 40<br />

offering place 43 pancake 55<br />

officer 47 panics 27<br />

offspring 69 pants 34<br />

oh my! 126 panting, is 71<br />

oil, fuel 39 paper 48<br />

oil, sea mammal 55,56<br />

ointment 23<br />

old 120,169,175<br />

omitted 147<br />

one 123<br />

one half 124<br />

one hundred 124<br />

only 171,173,181,183<br />

oozes 145<br />

opaque, is 138<br />

parable<br />

parallel, is<br />

parasitic plant<br />

parent<br />

parka<br />

partner<br />

passes<br />

p. him<br />

p. overhead<br />

p. each other<br />

130,165<br />

160<br />

99<br />

1<br />

33,34<br />

4,134<br />

141<br />

63<br />

145<br />

152<br />

open, is 129,156 passive 182<br />

opens 38,146 past 118<br />

opinionated,<br />

opposes<br />

is 30<br />

126<br />

pastor<br />

patch, sole<br />

3,44<br />

35<br />

opposite,<br />

or<br />

order<br />

orders<br />

originates<br />

orphan<br />

osprey<br />

other<br />

are 121<br />

148<br />

43<br />

47,143<br />

137<br />

2<br />

87<br />

133<br />

p. snow<br />

path<br />

patient, is<br />

paws<br />

peace<br />

p. is at<br />

peaceable, is<br />

peaceful, is<br />

107<br />

140<br />

31<br />

71<br />

46,129,163<br />

26<br />

26<br />

31,163<br />

on the o. side<br />

otter<br />

outside<br />

Ouzel, water<br />

oven<br />

over there<br />

OWing, is<br />

owls<br />

owns<br />

113<br />

77<br />

112,114<br />

93<br />

39<br />

113,114<br />

126<br />

90,91<br />

172<br />

peg<br />

pen<br />

pencil<br />

penis<br />

people<br />

pepper<br />

perfect, is<br />

perfume<br />

perhaps<br />

persecute<br />

36<br />

147<br />

48,147<br />

12<br />

1<br />

55<br />

148<br />

162<br />

178<br />

148<br />

p<br />

201

---

202<br />

perserveres<br />

person<br />

pretty p.<br />

little p.<br />

white p.<br />

personality<br />

phalaropes<br />

pickaxe<br />

picks berries<br />

picks up<br />

pi ctur e<br />

pig<br />

pill<br />

pillar<br />

pillow<br />

pilot, ship's<br />

p. bread<br />

pincushion<br />

pinches<br />

pipit, water<br />

pitches<br />

pities<br />

pity<br />

place<br />

p. for<br />

p. of<br />

places<br />

placing, is<br />

plane<br />

plans<br />

plant<br />

plants<br />

plays<br />

pleasant, is<br />

pleases<br />

plenty<br />

pliers<br />

plovers<br />

plows<br />

plucks<br />

pocket<br />

point<br />

points<br />

poke, seal skin<br />

pokes<br />

poking stick<br />

pole<br />

poor, is<br />

poor<br />

poorly<br />

28<br />

2<br />

30<br />

42<br />

2<br />

43<br />

89<br />

49<br />

100<br />

16<br />

41,125<br />

70<br />

22<br />

37,132<br />

40<br />

68<br />

55<br />

51<br />

16<br />

92<br />

68<br />

148<br />

45<br />

110,185<br />

110<br />

172<br />

135<br />

110<br />

49,50<br />

158<br />

98<br />

151<br />

52,53,178<br />

185<br />

138<br />

129,130,131<br />

49<br />

88<br />

156<br />

51<br />

33<br />

103<br />

16,161<br />

156<br />

162<br />

162<br />

132,133<br />

148<br />

175<br />

185<br />

English Index<br />

porcupine 76<br />

post 37,132<br />

pot 40<br />

chamber p. 40<br />

potato, Eskimo 99<br />

potential 172,185<br />

pours 51,141<br />

power 47<br />

p., shaman's 41<br />

practices 135<br />

praised 146<br />

praises 25,26,150<br />

prayer 44,46<br />

prays 44,137<br />

preaches 24,46,145<br />

precedes 132<br />

precious, is 25,.121<br />

pregnant, is 17,162<br />

prejudiced, is 25<br />

presence 136<br />

president 44<br />

pretends 52,178<br />

pretty, is 30,1'21<br />

pricks 139<br />

pride 139<br />

prison 161<br />

probably 178<br />

proceed 140<br />

proceeds 169<br />

procures 60<br />

promise 44,126,165<br />

promises 126,165<br />

propeller 129<br />

proper, is 31<br />

prophet 43,46<br />

protects 162<br />

proud 31<br />

provokes 25<br />

prowler 42<br />

ptarmigan 86<br />

puberty 17<br />

puddle 103<br />

puffin, common 87<br />

pulls 64,71,142,152<br />

p. out a net 61<br />

p. a boat 68<br />

punishment 128<br />

puppy 71<br />

pure, is 46,122<br />

purity 46

---

English Index 203<br />

pursues 155 redeems 157,161<br />

pushes 64,132 reflexive action 181<br />

pussy willow 101 regrets 27<br />

puts away 162 reigns 47<br />

puts in 135 reindeer 70<br />

puts on 34,130 rejecting, is 132<br />

puzzle 138 rejects 132,148<br />

q<br />

relates<br />

relative<br />

46,164<br />

134<br />

quacks<br />

quakes<br />

questions<br />

question marker<br />

quickly<br />

quiet, is<br />

quill<br />

quits<br />

quivers<br />

142<br />

135<br />

129<br />

158<br />

144,184<br />

16,26<br />

76<br />

126,143<br />

165<br />

relatives<br />

remains<br />

remarks<br />

remembers<br />

remorseful,<br />

removes<br />

repentance<br />

repents<br />

repetitive<br />

reported<br />

is<br />

3<br />

151<br />

165<br />

24,138<br />

152<br />

153<br />

46<br />

46,148<br />

171<br />

170<br />

rabbit<br />

r , drive<br />

race<br />

radius<br />

rainbow<br />

rain gear<br />

raining, is<br />

raises'<br />

rake<br />

ransomed<br />

raven<br />

raw, is<br />

reaches<br />

fails to r.<br />

beyond r.<br />

reads<br />

ready, is<br />

real<br />

realizes<br />

rebuked<br />

receives<br />

receptive, is<br />

recognizes<br />

r , can't<br />

recover<br />

red<br />

red stone<br />

redeemed<br />

r<br />

76<br />

60<br />

53<br />

14<br />

96<br />

34<br />

105<br />

138,152<br />

141<br />

46<br />

92<br />

56<br />

16<br />

136<br />

132<br />

48,160<br />

138,140<br />

179<br />

23<br />

136<br />

127,181<br />

29<br />

23<br />

143<br />

22<br />

123<br />

97<br />

46<br />

r , of a gun 59<br />

reproves 46<br />

reptile 82<br />

resin 102,156<br />

resoles 35<br />

respect 31<br />

respects 29<br />

responds negatively 134<br />

rests 144,149<br />

takes a r. 154<br />

r. firmly on 163<br />

resurrect 42<br />

resuscitate 42,128<br />

returns 63,158,165<br />

reunion 160<br />

revealed, is 24<br />

reveals 157<br />

revenges 126<br />

revitalized 158<br />

revived 42,128<br />

reward 126<br />

rhubarb, wild 99<br />

ribs 14<br />

boiled r. 54<br />

ridge 102<br />

rifle 58<br />

right side 111<br />

right, is 136,148,149<br />

rings 44,127<br />

rip 127<br />

ripped, is 33

---

204 English Index<br />

rise 102 satisfied, is 126,143<br />

rises 152 saves 44,128<br />

river 103 Savior 44<br />

r. bank 102 saw, kinds of 49,50<br />

ri vulet 103 says 16,164<br />

robs 138 scalpel 23<br />

rolling, is 127 scallop 77<br />

roof 37,96 scans 59<br />

room 110 scar 20<br />

root 99,101 s. from burn 22<br />

rope 58 scatters 157<br />

rotten, is 131 scissors 51<br />

rough 142 scolds 24<br />

roughly 175 scratches 141,144<br />

round, is 122 screams 24,135,151<br />

rounds 133 seal 150<br />

rowboat 68 seal, kinds of 81<br />

rows 68 seal oil 22<br />

rubs 49 rubs with s. 23<br />

r. with seal oil 23 searches 138,153<br />

r. to make pliable 50 seaweed 98<br />

ruff, fur 33 second 118,183<br />

ruler 49 secret, is 149<br />

rules 47 secure, is 164<br />

rumble 139 seductive 144<br />

runs 16,127 sees 15<br />

rushes 159 seigning, is 62<br />

rust 142 selected 172<br />

sell 163<br />

S self-asserting, is 31<br />

send 176<br />

Sabbath 45,47 sends 161,163<br />

sacrifice 43,163 senile, is 20<br />

sad, is 26,137 separated, is 132<br />

saddened, is 144 servant 141<br />

safe, is 128,164 serves 157<br />

s. is not 155 sets 96<br />

said 170 s. out 151<br />

sail 64 s. a straight course 158<br />

sails 64 s. of mind 134<br />

saliva 8 settled 163<br />

salt 55,97,104 seven 123<br />

salvation 44 seventeen 124<br />

same 130 seventy 124<br />

sad 97 severs 140<br />

sandal 35 sews 51<br />

sandbar 103,162 shakes 165<br />

sanderlings 88,89 s. hands 135<br />

sandpipers- 88 shallow, is 103<br />

Satan 43 shaman 41,43

---

EngLish Index<br />

shares<br />

sharp, is<br />

shaves<br />

she<br />

shed<br />

sheep<br />

shelf<br />

shell<br />

sheltered, is<br />

shields<br />

shines<br />

shining, is<br />

shiny, is<br />

ship<br />

shirt<br />

shoots<br />

shore<br />

short, is<br />

shotgun<br />

should<br />

shoulder<br />

s. blade<br />

shouts<br />

shovel<br />

shovels<br />

shrew<br />

shrike<br />

shrimp<br />

shy, is<br />

sibling<br />

sick, is<br />

side<br />

sights in<br />

sign<br />

sinew<br />

arm s.<br />

twists s.<br />

sings<br />

starts to s.<br />

sinks<br />

sin<br />

sinner<br />

sins<br />

sister<br />

sister-in-law<br />

sits, human<br />

sits, animal<br />

six<br />

sixteen<br />

sixty<br />

131<br />

122<br />

6<br />

3<br />

38<br />

70<br />

38<br />

53,58<br />

128,164<br />

162<br />

96,140,144<br />

104<br />

122<br />

68<br />

33<br />

59<br />

104<br />

121<br />

58<br />

180<br />

10<br />

14<br />

24,132,133<br />

49<br />

49,152<br />

77<br />

93<br />

78<br />

29,53<br />

5<br />

19,21,150<br />

10<br />

149<br />

23<br />

35,51<br />

8<br />

51<br />

15,54,131<br />

127<br />

79,141<br />

43,45<br />

43<br />

32<br />

4,5<br />

4<br />

16,38<br />

71<br />

123<br />

124<br />

124<br />

size, its<br />

sketches<br />

skilled, is<br />

skin, animal<br />

s. boat<br />

s. pants, boots<br />

bear s. door<br />

stretches s. on frame<br />

bleached seal s.<br />

skin, human<br />

skin scraper<br />

skinned<br />

skins<br />

skirt<br />

skull cap<br />

s ., head<br />

sky<br />

skylight<br />

slaps<br />

sled<br />

sleds<br />

parts of s.<br />

sleeping bag<br />

sleeps<br />

goes to s.<br />

s. on back in water<br />

s .; talking in<br />

s. walking<br />

sleepy, is<br />

sleet<br />

sleeve<br />

slides<br />

s. down<br />

sling<br />

slips<br />

slope<br />

sloppy<br />

slow, is<br />

sly, is<br />

small, is<br />

smells<br />

s. bad<br />

s , strong, foul<br />

smiles<br />

smoke<br />

s. filled<br />

smooth, is<br />

snack time<br />

snake<br />

snare<br />

205<br />

127<br />

130<br />

157<br />

60<br />

613<br />

34<br />

37<br />

50<br />

149<br />

11<br />

49,50<br />

19,20<br />

60,134<br />

34<br />

6<br />

13<br />

96<br />

38<br />

16,76<br />

64<br />

64<br />

65,66<br />

58<br />

18<br />

18<br />

79,144<br />

18<br />

18<br />

18<br />

107<br />

33<br />

53<br />

158<br />

53<br />

145<br />

103<br />

153<br />

159<br />

32<br />

120<br />

15,149,181<br />

127<br />

146<br />

16,133<br />

39<br />

138<br />

142<br />

57<br />

77<br />

60

---

206<br />

snaring, is<br />

60<br />

snatches<br />

125<br />

sneezes<br />

15,21<br />

snipes<br />

88<br />

snores<br />

18<br />

snow<br />

106,107<br />

snow-block shelter<br />

36<br />

snowdrift<br />

107<br />

snowflake<br />

106<br />

snowing, is<br />

106<br />

snowshoes<br />

64<br />

soap<br />

41<br />

socks<br />

34<br />

sod, block<br />

38,98<br />

sod house<br />

36<br />

soft<br />

122,144<br />

soiled, is<br />

156<br />

soldier<br />

129<br />

sole of boot<br />

34<br />

sole of foot<br />

9<br />

sole patch<br />

35<br />

solid, is<br />

163<br />

some<br />

135<br />

sometime<br />

118,120<br />

son<br />

5<br />

son -in -law<br />

4<br />

song<br />

131<br />

magic-working s ,<br />

41<br />

soon<br />

185<br />

soot<br />

39<br />

sore, is<br />

19<br />

sorrow<br />

27<br />

soul<br />

43<br />

s. deceased<br />

42<br />

sound<br />

159,184<br />

sounds<br />

16<br />

soup<br />

54<br />

sour dock<br />

99<br />

sour grass<br />

99<br />

south<br />

106<br />

sparrows<br />

94<br />

speaks<br />

8,164<br />

spear<br />

58,132<br />

parts of<br />

58<br />

spears<br />

151<br />

spider<br />

79<br />

spine<br />

13<br />

spine tingling<br />

27<br />

spinster<br />

2<br />

spirit<br />

43,44,134<br />

EngZish Index<br />

bad s.<br />

conjuring s.<br />

evil s.<br />

s. governor<br />

haunting s.<br />

helping s.<br />

Spirit, Holy<br />

spit, roasting<br />

spits<br />

splash<br />

splinter<br />

splits<br />

spoon<br />

little s.<br />

spot<br />

spreads<br />

spring<br />

spurts<br />

square<br />

squats<br />

squeezes<br />

squirrels<br />

stabs<br />

staff<br />

staggers<br />

stain<br />

stairs<br />

stake<br />

stalks<br />

stands<br />

star<br />

startles<br />

s. awake while dozing<br />

s. an animal<br />

starts<br />

starving, is<br />

state<br />

stays<br />

s. behind<br />

s. overnight<br />

s. up late<br />

steadfast, is<br />

steady, is<br />

steals<br />

stem<br />

stepfather<br />

stepson<br />

steps<br />

s. into<br />

s. forward<br />

44<br />

41<br />

43,163<br />

41<br />

43<br />

43<br />

44<br />

51<br />

8<br />

147<br />

19<br />

145,146<br />

56<br />

22<br />

147<br />

157<br />

119<br />

159<br />

122<br />

146<br />

59<br />

76<br />

139<br />

58<br />

165<br />

147<br />

38,147<br />

36<br />

59<br />

16,144,145<br />

96<br />

163<br />

18<br />

59<br />

169<br />

139<br />

175,177,181<br />

138,148,151<br />

153<br />

162<br />

153<br />

30<br />

165<br />

161<br />

98<br />

3<br />

3<br />

38, 129<br />

147<br />

156

---

English Index<br />

s. on 163<br />

s. up 127<br />

stern 9,111<br />

stern, is 27<br />

stick 36<br />

poking s. 162<br />

walking s. 58,132<br />

sticks up 150<br />

sticky, is 152<br />

stiff, is 21<br />

gets s. 18<br />

s. muscle 20<br />

stingy, is 32,133<br />

stinker 79<br />

stinks 162<br />

stirs 54<br />

stitch 51<br />

stomach 11,135<br />

s. ache 10<br />

s. cramps 10<br />

s. growls 18<br />

s. sour 21<br />

stone 97<br />

stool 17<br />

stops 126,143,152,182<br />

storage place 38<br />

storming, is 106<br />

stove 39<br />

story 165<br />

story, true 145,164<br />

straightens 149<br />

straight, is 157<br />

s. course 158<br />

stranger 3,62<br />

stretcher 48<br />

stretches skin 50<br />

stretches 160,161<br />

strikes 129<br />

string figures 132<br />

stroll 155<br />

strong, is 22, 122, 157,158<br />

stubborn, is 30,31<br />

stuck, is 139<br />

stuffy, is 138<br />

stumbles 152,156<br />

eubtr acting , is 124<br />

sucks 164<br />

sUddenly 160<br />

suffers 27,133<br />

SUffering 148<br />

suffocates<br />

sugar<br />

suicide<br />

suitcase<br />

sulfur<br />

summer<br />

sun<br />

Sunday<br />

superlative<br />

supper<br />

supplied, is<br />

sure, is<br />

surfaces<br />

surgery<br />

surplus<br />

surprised<br />

suspect<br />

suspects<br />

swallows<br />

swallows (birds)<br />

swampgrass<br />

swan<br />

sweats<br />

sweeps<br />

sweet, is<br />

swelling<br />

swims, human<br />

swims, sea mammal<br />

swing<br />

t<br />

table<br />

taboo<br />

tack<br />

tailbone<br />

take<br />

takes<br />

t. care of<br />

t. notice<br />

t. off<br />

t . one's picture<br />

t. a rest<br />

talks<br />

easy to t. to<br />

t. bad language<br />

tangle<br />

tangled, is<br />

tans<br />

tanning process<br />

tastes<br />

207<br />

137<br />

54,132<br />

145<br />

134<br />

146<br />

119,131<br />

96,104<br />

45<br />

183<br />

57<br />

173<br />

28,150<br />

79<br />

23<br />

158<br />

146<br />

135<br />

47<br />

57<br />

91<br />

98<br />

84<br />

17,20<br />

51<br />

121<br />

21<br />

53,156<br />

79<br />

52,53<br />

40<br />

42<br />

49<br />

13<br />

176<br />

16,160<br />

148<br />

159<br />

63<br />

126<br />

154<br />

15,164<br />

29<br />

164<br />

135<br />

64<br />

50<br />

50<br />

56

---

208 English Index<br />

tattoo, chin 6 thirsty, is 18<br />

t. facial 33 thirteen 124<br />

tea 55 thirty 124<br />

t. pot, kettle 40 this one 115<br />

Hudson Is Bay tea 99 this one around here 116<br />

teacher 3 this way 136<br />

teaches 23 thorn in his flesh 21<br />

tear 127 those 116,117<br />

tears 7 though 169<br />

tells 140,145,164 thread 35,51,128<br />

tempers 128 threatened, is 136<br />

temporal bone 13 threatening, is 24<br />

temptation 128 three 123<br />

tempted, is 134 throat 8<br />

tempts 155 clears t. 16<br />

ten 123 sore t. 19,31<br />

tendon 11 throbbing, is 21<br />

tense, is 28 through 172<br />

tent 36 throws 133<br />

t. peg 36 thrushes 92<br />

frame for t. 36 thunder 97<br />

terrible, is 161 thus 136<br />

tests 149,165 tibia 14<br />

testicles 12 tickles 145<br />

thanks 26 ties 71,144<br />

thank you 146 t. up 155<br />

thankful 146 time 110<br />

that one 116,117 t. for 110<br />

that is all 161 t. to 57<br />

that is right 161 tingles 27<br />

that way 136 tiny, is 165<br />

then 114,161 tired, is 18,136,147,154<br />

t., remote time 118 tired of 177<br />

there 112 to 176<br />

there is 114 today 118<br />

thermometer 22,104 toes 9,14<br />

these 115,116 together 122,131,154,172<br />

they 3,126 t. with 134,172<br />

thick, is 121 toilet 40<br />

thigh 9,11 t. paper 40<br />

thimble 51 told 161<br />

thin, is 121 tomorrow 117<br />

thing 159 tongue 8<br />

things washed ashore 161 tonight 118<br />

things, sent 163 too 179,185<br />

think 176,181 took 140<br />

thinks 23 tool 49<br />

t. he knows everything 31 beating t. 128<br />

thought to be 176 carving t. 49<br />

thinking 169 t. handle 137

---

Eng~ish Index<br />

t. kit 49 t. to learn 135<br />

opening t. 38 t. to shoot 59<br />

piercing t , 49 keeps t. 151<br />

tooth 7,13 always t. to do 154<br />

t. ache 20 tundra 103<br />

pulls a t. 20 turn on 129<br />

picks t , 56 t. his back to 10<br />

tooth brush 41 t. head 13<br />

toothpick 56 t , over, off 46,142,143,148<br />

top, on 111 tussock 98<br />

topples 164 twelve 123<br />

tore 159 twenty 124<br />

torn, is 33 two 123<br />

t. is not 127 twisted, is 144<br />

touches 16,127,157,161 types 48<br />

t. bottom 163 typewriter 48<br />

towards 115 typist 48<br />

t. each other<br />

131<br />

t. over there 113 U<br />

tows<br />

142<br />

toy 52 ugly, is 31,121,137<br />

track 69 ulna 14<br />

tracking, is 59 umbilicus 10<br />

trades 126 u. cord 11<br />

trail 63,69 umiak 67,68<br />

t. snack 57 parts of 67<br />

tragic, is 158 unable 173<br />

translates 148 uncertain, is 150,180<br />

translucent 143 uncle 4<br />

trap 60 unclean 157<br />

t. entrance 60 undecided, is 29<br />

trapping, is 60 under 111<br />

traveller 3,62 undercut, is 134<br />

travels 62,63,133 understands 23<br />

t. down river 63,115 u. not 23<br />

t. up river 63 underwear 33<br />

t. by umiak 68 unenjoyable 27<br />

treasure 159 unfriendly, is 27<br />

treats him 43 unloads 9,64,68<br />

trees 101,102,150 unpredictable, is 150<br />

parts of 101 unravel<br />

129 .<br />

trial 164 unwise, is 32<br />

trim, parka 34 uppermost 120<br />

trouble 32 upright 150<br />

troubled, is 32 upriver 112,113,114<br />

true 135 upset, gets 162<br />

truth 135 up there 113<br />

trusts 163 up to 125<br />

try 177,180 urine 17<br />

tries 165 urinates 17<br />

209

---

210 English Index<br />

us 3 wary, is 69<br />

useful, is 121 washes ashore 162<br />

uses 131,184 washes 51<br />

u. up 152 wasp 79<br />

useless 177 watches 15,148<br />

uttermost 174 w. critically 149<br />

uvula 8 water 56,103<br />

V<br />

calm w.<br />

rough w.<br />

104<br />

104<br />

valley 103 waterfall 145<br />

veers away 32,142 wave 104<br />

vein 11 waxwing 93<br />

ventilator 7,38 way, in the 132<br />

vertebra 13 we 3<br />

very 169,175,178 weak 122,158<br />

not v. 179 wealth 159<br />

village 110 weapons 57<br />

visiting, is 136 wears 130<br />

visits 137 weasel 77<br />

v. house to house 158 weather 104<br />

visitor 3,62 is good w. 30,104<br />

voice 16 w. conditions 104,105,106<br />

vole 76 webbing, harness 64<br />

vomits 20 w. snowshoe 64<br />

vulva 12 weeps 7<br />

W<br />

welcomes<br />

well<br />

west<br />

153<br />

174<br />

106<br />

wades 137 wet, is 122<br />

wage 126 w. from dew 105<br />

wagtail, yellow 92 whales 80<br />

waist 10 parts of 81<br />

waits 59,160,165 w. skin with blubber 55<br />

w. a minute 125 killed a w. 79<br />

wakes up 18 whaler 68<br />

walks 16,155 whaling 59,63<br />

wall<br />

walrus<br />

37<br />

80<br />

what<br />

when<br />

126,143,158<br />

114,142<br />

edible w. skin 55 where 150,151,158<br />

fermented w. meat 55 while 118,183<br />

wants 153,155,172,182,183 whines 71, 136<br />

war 129 whip 71<br />

warblers 93 whips 137<br />

warm, is 104 whirlwind 106,163<br />

w. himself<br />

warns<br />

warning<br />

153<br />

140<br />

140<br />

whistles<br />

whispers<br />

white<br />

142,157<br />

16<br />

122<br />

war party<br />

warped, is<br />

wart<br />

158<br />

144<br />

21<br />

w. person<br />

w. out<br />

who<br />

2<br />

105<br />

140

---

English Index<br />

whose<br />

why<br />

wide, is<br />

widow<br />

widower<br />

wife<br />

will<br />

willow<br />

wind<br />

winds<br />

w. blows from<br />

w. dies down<br />

windy, is<br />

windbreak<br />

window<br />

windpipe<br />

wine<br />

wing<br />

winks<br />

wins<br />

winter<br />

this w.<br />

w. before last<br />

wipes<br />

wise, is<br />

unwise, is<br />

wisecracks<br />

with<br />

withered<br />

without, is<br />

wolf<br />

wolverine<br />

woman<br />

pretty w.<br />

wood<br />

block of<br />

green w.<br />

charred w.<br />

dry, dead w.<br />

woodpeckers<br />

wool<br />

word<br />

works<br />

w. for<br />

w. hard<br />

w. on, at<br />

worker<br />

worm<br />

worry<br />

worthless, is<br />

140<br />

158<br />

121 2<br />

2<br />

4<br />

170,176,185<br />

101<br />

105<br />

105,106<br />

113<br />

143<br />

105<br />

37<br />

38<br />

8<br />

147<br />

138<br />

15<br />

53<br />

119<br />

118<br />

118<br />

127<br />

23,31<br />

32<br />

165<br />

172,184<br />

20<br />

171<br />

69<br />

771<br />

30<br />

39<br />

101<br />

11,39,101<br />

39<br />

101<br />

91<br />

145<br />

46,164<br />

47,157<br />

140<br />

157<br />

173<br />

30<br />

77<br />

20,27<br />

121<br />

would<br />

wrapper<br />

wraps<br />

wrestles<br />

wrinkles nose<br />

wrist<br />

writes<br />

wrong, is<br />

y<br />

yawns<br />

year<br />

yearns to follow<br />

yeast<br />

yellow<br />

yells<br />

yelps<br />

yes<br />

yesterday<br />

you<br />

211<br />

176<br />

156<br />

156<br />

159<br />

15,134<br />

8<br />

48<br />

136<br />

18<br />

118,119<br />

150<br />

54<br />

123<br />

133<br />

71<br />

125,133<br />

118<br />

3