g]kfn d)*n of af}B :jLs[lt %u" cWoog - Lotus Research Center

g]kfn d)*nof af}$ ;+:s[lt %u' cWoog- k|f= ah|/fh zfSocWoIf, nf]^; l/;r{ ;]G^/e'ldsfljleGg yfo\of dg'to\;+ eujfg a"$oft yMyMu" Ifdtf k")o cg";f/ Dxl;sfj;kf]nofu" wd{oft y"Osf kfng ofgf jofRj+u" b" . g]kfn d)*nof af}$ lkG;+a"$wd{oft yMu" x] lsl;d+ k/Dk/f Gx\ofsf kfngf ofgf jofRj+u" b" . a"$of lzIffd'ntM %u" x] h"of g+ ;+:s[lt leGg h"of jofRj+u" b" . g]kfno\ b"g] yL yL hflttb" uy]ls tfdfé, z]kf{, /fO{ lnDa", u"?é, ysfnL, yf?, du/ cflb hflt lkG;+ a"$wd{ yMyMu" tfn+ dfg]ofgf jofRj+u" b" lxGb" If]qL a|fDx)fto\;+ g+ a"$oft lji)f" wsfdfg] ofgf jofRj+u" b" . g]kfn d)*no\ Rj+lk+ af}$to\;+ vf;ofgf g]jfto\;+ a"$wd{oft uy] kfng ofgf jofRjg j k/Dk/f, ;+:s[ltoft Dxl;s]u" p@]Zo sof YjcWoog ofgfu" h"n , Yj cWoog ofo]t Oltxf;of ;k'mt, :joDe' k"/f)f, lznfkqAjg]u" axf, jxLof cjnf]sg j ljåfgt gfk+ v¤nf anf ofgfu" h"n gfk+ yMDx]l;g+Gogf jof Rjgfu" v¤oft lrGtg dgg\ ofgf yMt nu] h'u" v+ t yg Gx\oAjofu"h"n .Yj cWoogof nflu k|of]u h'u" zJb j wf/)ff -CONCEPT_ ofkl/efiff1= ;+:s[lt%"+ vf; yf;o RjgfRj+lk+ jfl;Gbfto\u" ljZjf;, d'No dfGotf j ljlwJojxf/oft ;+:s[lt wfO, cn] Yj ljZjf;, d'No dfGotf j Jojxf/t jyf;o\ Rj+lk+ clwsf+z dg"to\;+ yMu" gfnfM kfng ofgfRjgL, Olds] y"lk+:ki^ vg] bof RjgL, y"HjMu" ;+:s[ltof v¤t %u' k":tf+ d]u" k":tfoft :og]sg]ofgfRjgL, y"Hju" j ;dfhof dg"to\;+ ;o]sf l;Osf RjgL . ;+:s[ltof yLyL kIfoft ;dGjo ofgf ;+ul&t ofgf tOu" %u' d'n tTj bofRjgL u"s]+Oldu" ljZjf;, d'No dfGotf Jojxf/oft %wL %kf¤o\ ofgf toftO y"HjMu";+:s[lt b"lk dg'to\u" :jefj ljrf/ Hofv¤ Do]u" l;+:s[ltof dg'tkfv]+ leGgvg] bO . y"Hju" ;+:s[lt hLljt h"Ot Gx'Gx'u" kl/l:ylt cg"s'n lxnfjgfRjgL, t/ d'nu" ljZjf; wf/)ff d"No dfGotf NogfRjgL .copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

2= g]kfn d)*n%rfv]n+ xfs"u" kj{tof b"g] d}bfgo\ Rj+u" sf&df)*f}+ pkTosf oft g]kfnd)*n wsf Yj cWoogo\ k|of]u h'u" b" . t/ vf; ofgf o]¤, on, Vjk,l&ld Sok', kf+uf, ;Sj, yfgsf]^, kmlk{é, yy] x] xfs"u"+ b"g] Rj+u" on, o]¤ jVjk of cf;kf;o\ b"u" uf+ km"Ss x] g]kfn d)*nof b"g] nfMjM . g]kfnd)*n oft /fhg}lts k|zf;gLs If]qofu" lx;fa+ d:j;] ef}uf]lns :j?kGxfkf gfubx h"ofRj+u" tfn dbof j;f]jf; of]Uo h'jMu" %u' rfsnfu"yfo\of wf/)ff sy+ Yj cWoog] g]kfn d)*n k|of]u ofgfu" vM . hfdfrf],Wo¤rf], l;km"rf] j km'rf] w', Jof lgu' ln Gx\o\Sjof k|df)f lj:tf/ h"ofRj+u"uf]n ?ku" Gxfkf bx h"of+Rju" yfo\oft d)*n wsf k|of]u ofgfu" h"n .3= g]kfn d)*nof af}$ ;+:s[lta"$wd{ ug ug k|rf/ k|;f/ h"n cg cg Rj+lk ;Dk')f{ af}$ wdf{jnDjLto\u"ljZjJofkL %u' x] af}$ ;+:s[lt b" . Oldu" by"O Do]lk+ wdf{jnDjLt l;s]+km/s ljZjf;, d'NodfGotf, Jojxf/ b"u" h"n . d'n d'nu" v¤ ljZjJofkLaf}$to\u" ;dfgtf b"u" h"n . gfk+ yMyMu" Ifdtf cg";f/ ljleGg yfo\oflk+af}$to\;+ yL yL ;do kl/l:ylt cg";f/ a"$wd{ kfngf ofgfjMu" h"n .ljZj AofkL af}$ ;+:s[lt b"u" wf/)ff sofM g]kfMofu" /fli^«o :t/ofu" w/)ffb"u" h"n cn] pls af}$ ;+:s[lt u"?é, z]kf{, tfdfé, g]jf/, ysfnL, yf?,cflblk+u" ;+:s[lt b"Yofu" h"n . g]kfM ofu" ljleGg yfo\ofu" ljleGg hftLofby"O Ajngf Rj+u" af}$ ;+:s[ltoft ljZj af}$ ;+:s[ltof %u" srf y]+ sofu"h"n, Yj srfof xf gfk Sjft'u" ;DjGw b"u" h"n xf kfv] hj /; k|fKtdh"of jgL cn] j srf lj:tf/+ ugfM dbof jgL . g]jf af}$ ;+:s[ltoftljZj af}$ ;+:s[ltof %u' jNnfu" ;]Nnfu" d'nu" srfofu" ?ko\ Yj cWoogofnflu k|of]u ofgfu" h"n, c+u|]hL efiff wfn wf;f Yj %u" BUDDHIST SUBCULTURE wfo]dfM .4= :joDe'yMx] :jo+ bofRj+u", ;"ofu"+ cfwf/] dv" dh";] x]t" k|Too kfv]+ b"u" dv";];"ofu"+ s[lt dh';] bofRj+u" vM :joDe" vnf Yj k/dfy{ ;Toof vM,clrGt]u", lrGtg ofo]dkm"u", cslNkt, sNkgf ofo]dkm"u" cj)f{gLo j)f{gofo]dkm"u" cy];f+ ;+a[lt ;To sy+ y"s]oft Yj cWoogof nflu efif+ljskl/dflh{t ofgfu" h"n .copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20081

:joDe' wOu" lrQ r}tGo :j?ku" r}To vM . Yj ;bf k|sf;do h"of Rj+u";snl;of lxt ;"vof nflu t]hof vfgL h"of Rj+u" k|efj z"Gotf dxf!fgvM . ;Dos ;Djf]lw!fgof d'lt{ vM . lq/Tg a"$ wd{ ;+#of %]+ h"of Rj+u"lgjf{)f jlgOlk+ ;sn ;j{! tyfutlk+ nLg h"Ou" :yfg vM . k|!f]kfofof d'nk~r!fg :j?ku" wd{ wft"; k~r a"$ clwi&fg ofgf tO tMu" r}To vM .%"+ ljsf/ db"u" kl/z"$u" cfsf;y] ;j{q JofKtu" r}tGo :j?k cflb a"$ vM. ;Do ;Djf]lw!fgof d'lt vM :joDe' z"Gou" kl/z"$u" cfsf; y] ;j{qJofKtu" ;Dk')f{ !fgof >f]t h"of Rju" r}tGof k|jfx :j?k r}To vM .:joDe' ofu" u")fsy+ Gofu" gf+ b"u" h"n .1= z"Go lg/~hg :jefj Dx, z"$ zfGt h"of RjDx, cgflbsfn+ lg;]+bof RjxDx h"of cflb a"$ wfn2= k|efZj/ wd{sfo kfv]+ Hof]lt :j?k h"of bz{g Jo"Dx h"of Hof]lt?k:joDe' wfou" rng h"n .3= y"u" Hof]lt ?k :joDe' ;gfg+ bofsf b"Dx dv", :jo+ k|sf; h'Dx h"of:joDe' wsf wof jof Rjg .4= Wj :joDe' Hof]ltdo tTj k|efj kfv] wd{wft" dxd+un :j?k bz{gJou" h"of :joDe' oft wd{wft" wfn .5= Yjx] wd{wft" d)*nof k~r a"$ GofDx+ %Dx h"of !fgsfo jfuLZj/dxf d+h">Lof ?k bz{g Jo'u"ln :joDe'oft jfluZj/ dxfd+h">L g+wfn . cyf{t Dou" cy{o cfo{ gfd ;+uLlt wsfg+ wof tn .5= g]jf af}$Yj kq] yfoyf;] g]jfMaf}$ zJb g+ k|of]u h"ofRj+u" h"of g]jf zJbof ygk|of]u h"of Rj+u" cy{ JoQm ofo Togfu" h"n .vf; ofgf sf&df)*f}+ pkTosfo\ k":tf}+ k":tf a;f]jf; ofgf ygofu" ef}lts;dflhs ;+:s[lts jftfj/)f] tMwL h"of g]kfn efiff+ NxfOlk+t g]jf wsf ygk|of]u h"u" b" . vt" ygoflk+ g]jfto\ ;Gtfg g]kfof hs dv", ljleGg lhNnfhs dv" . cGt/fli^«o ljleGg yf;] jgf k":tf}+ k":tf+ rf]gf rf]g] w"+sn;f+tlj yMt g]jfM ;Dem] h"of uf}/j tfo\sf rf]gf Rj+u" h"n . g]jf af}$wfojn] lq/Tg z/)f jgf jh|frfo{lk+ u"? gfnf u"?h"lkgL kfv]+ yM lkgLu"bzsd{ cflb k"hf cfhf ofsf jof Rj+lk+ h"n . yy] wfojn] y"s] b"g] Gxf+kf+copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20082

jh|frfo{, zfSo, af}$frfo{ t w"+sf t"nfw/, tfd|fsf/, k+dfo, dfgGw/, >]i&,l%kf, l;Nksf/, lrqsf/, gsdL{, b"O{, uy", Hofk", s"n", RofDvn, gfo, kf]cflb g b"Yofj . z+s/frfo{ hol:ylt dNnlk+; /fHo zlQm k|of]u ofgfha/h:tL leIf" leIf")fLlkGt ljjfx ofsf u[x:yL ofgf ljpu" cn] Olk+ leIf"lk+u[x:y h";fg ljxf/] r"*fsd{ j jh|fleif]s sof zfSo jh|frfo{ h"of leIf"lk+;/x x] -;/sf/L ?k] ;Gof;L_ cfr/)f ofgf af}$ sd{sf)* rn]ofgf snfd:t bo\ w"s'u" h"of %u" nhuf Hjgf ;Dos cflhljsf ofgf jof Rj+u"h"n, Do]lk+ af}$ pkf;s pkfl;sf lkGt lxGb" wd{ sy hft hftL juL{s/)fofgf o+s'u" h"n . Gxfkf ;sn] ;dfg h"of Rj+u" oft yM hft sf]hft ofgf;dfhoft ljefhg ofu" h"n , cn] af}$ ;dfh+g\ hftofu" efjgf Ajngfjg . /fhsfhof ofu" Hof b"Yoflk+ lj:tf/+ af}$ k/Dk/f tfkfgf jgfa|fDx)ft k"/f]lxt tof sd{sf)* Gxfs]u" j(]h"of jg cy] h";fg+ yu";+:s[lt x] yM vM w}u" h"u"ln+ yM oft Dxl;s]t yMu" ;+:s[ltof kl/rocfjZos h"u' h"n .sf]o\ Yjx] ;+:s[ltof wf/)ff sy+ g]kfn d)*nof af}$ ;+:s[ltoft Dxl;s]u"sf]lzz ofgfu" h"n .6= jf;:yfgyM Rjg]u" jf;:yfg oft g]jf af}$ to\;+ d)*nof ?k] wf/)ff ofgf tMu"h"of Rjg, yM Rjg]u" yfx] cyf{t ef}lts jftfj/)f yM Djfot dfu" ;"/lIftjftfj/)f, zfGtu" jftfj/)f, GxfOk"u" jftfj/)f, Hofl%+u" jftfj/)f, :jR%;"wf/u" jftj/)f, %u" d)*n cfsf/ofu" jftfj/)f >[hgf ofu" k|fs[ltsjftfj/)f oft dfgjLo jftfj/)fo\+ kl/)ft oft yMoft pko"Qmtu" jftfj/)fbo]s]u" >[hgf ofou" g]jfMaf}$ tou" ;+:s[tofu" %u" ljz]iftf h"of Rjg .lxdfno >[v+nfof blIf)f kfv]+ kj{t dfnf b"g] yfo yf;]+ pkTosf t oSsf]b" . g]kfn b"g] j g]kfn+ lk+g] t/ Yj sf&df*f}+ pkTosf %u" ljz]ifpkTosf h"n ug GxoDx a"$lk+ ljleGg o"u] jof :joDe' pTklt ofgf ygb"u" gfubx ofu" nM lk%f]of a;f]jf; of]Uo e'ld tof/ ofgf zx/ :yfkgfofgf ysn . %rgv]/+ xfs"u" u"+ rfx"nf Rj+u" rfsnfu" pkTosfof b"g]jfudtL, s]zfjtL, j lemlgu" tLy{of rf]o kfv]+ &fxf+ ju"+ yfo yf;o\ j:tLof]hgf j$(+u bosf ysn . j:tL of dfu" n of nfuL lxlt, wMofu"Joj:yf, wd{, k'hf kf& of nfuL jxf jxL, gou"of nfuL k|z:t a"¤ j a¤"Hofou" jGbf]j:t, n+, unL cn] ;"/Iffof nfuL %rflv+n+ kMvf lkg];+ l;+tdfu" d;fg, j:tLof Ko+u" lbzfo ttw+u" (f]sf, åf/kfn %rfv]+/ /IfkfnofJoj:yf h"u" h"n . j:tLO b"g] tw+u" r"s lrw+u" r"s jx jxL ;*snfl%of jGbf]j:t ofou" rng b"u" h"n . yy] k|To]s yfoof j:bf] j:tofojn] d)*nof ?k ljof jMu" h"n . d)*n wfojn] %u" rfsnfu" e'ldpls+ b"g] Ko+s"+ nfuL yfo\ rf]s tw+sf] rf]s, b"g] rLrLs+w+u" r"s, t+w+u" r"scopyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20083

Dj]u" rf]s jg]u" nfl% k|To]s Ko+s"+ nfu" r"sof by"O lrjf %uM cyfjeujfg a"$of d'lt{ jf s?)ffdoof d'lt{ bofRjgL yfoofu" v+ jOjn] g]jfaf}$ to;+ %u" ?kofu" sNkgf ofO{ uf]nfsf/u" yfoofu" v+ jO{jn] g]jf af}$to;\ %u" ?kof sNkgf ofO{ ps] s]Gb|Lo d'nDx Oi^ b]jtf . af}$ tou"Oi^ b]jtf wofDx :joDe', %]+o\ %]+o\ r"s] :joDe'of k|tLs r}To b}u" h"ofRjg . cn] j d)*n] ;"/Iffof Joj:yf h"of Rj+u" h"n . g]jf af}$ to;\xfs"u" u"+ b"g]of uf]nfsf/u" e'ldoft d)*nof ?k] ljsl;t oft cn] yfo\yf;]+ yfxf+ jMu" yf;] d)*n cfsf/u" j:tL cn] ps] b"g] d)*n ?kof rf]s%]+ cg+ jxf jxL bosf ;"/lIft zfGt dgf]/d jftfj/)f bosf rf]gfGx\ofOk";] Rj+s hLjg xgf jof Rj+u" h"of RjgL cf jof yof]u" ljrf/efjgf dl;of jgf nfs kfs j:tL bosf nMwM lgefof ljrf dof;] %]+j:tL bosf jg . yg h+un dGt a¤" dGt, n dGt, yfoof Joj:yf dGt,dg"t oSsf] b"xf¤ jn, ;"/Iffof Joj:yf dGt, d)*nof efjgf dGt cn]ljrf/ dGt . Yj d)*n d)*n dh";] czfGt c;"/lIft cJojl:ytUofgfk";] Rj+u" yfo h"jnM . xfsg+ %s af}$ hfu/)f xof yfoofu" Joj:yfjf+nfs ofodfu" l:ylt pTkGg h"n .jfudtL s]zfjtL rL rL w+u" v"l;rf to\;+ l;lGrt ofgf tMu" Yj pj{/fzlQm jNnfu" e'ld cg]s cGg t/sf/L kmnkm"n ;Ou", b%Lof+ gofg+ Nogu"cGg of e)*f/ b"u"ln+ dg"to\ yg km";{t b"u", k|fs[lts k|sf]k xtk^ dh"u";"/lIftu" yfo h"of yg oflk+ dg"tot x/]s v¤of ljrf/ ofou" lrGtgdgg ofou", Wofg tk:of ofou", Gx'Gx'u" ;flxTo ;+uLt snfof ljsf; ofou"cj;/ b"u" h"of Rjg . lrGtg dgg\ jNnfgf ;DkGg g+ h"of yg Rj+lk+dg"g]u" Xbo ljzfn h"n, yg b"xf+js dg'to\t :jfut ;Tsf/ ofgf b"TyfosfRjg cn] b"xf+ jMlk dg"to\t qmdzM ;ef j ;";+:s[t ofgf jofRj+u" h"ofRjg . yy] dgofu" d)*n :j?ku" ef}lgs jftfj/)f %u" :onfu" ;+:s[ltlgdf{)fof nlfu cfwf/ h' jg .yg d)*n ?k] ljsl;t h"u" Yj e'ld d)*n cg";f/ ci^ låk, ci^ kL&,ci^ dfq[sf, cn] ci^ e}/j, ci^ ;d;fg, cn] ci^ r}To ofu" Joj:yf h"u"h"of Rjg yg ofu" d"Vo d"Vou" gu/ t g+ cnu cnu d)*nof ?k+ljsfl;t ofgf tMu" h"of Rjg .lnkf oflk+ k|zf;sto\;+ Yj g]kfn d)*noft wfld{s :jofg+ k|zf;slgsb[li^ :jof o+sn . yMu" k|zf;g If]q j(] h'u" yfo km"Ss ;lDdlnt ofgfd)*n wfou" oft . lj:tf/+ kmDkL, ;Sj, yfgsf]^, b"Yofsn, lnkf g"jfsf]^,lrtnf+u, jg]kf b"xf+ jn, yy] h"h"+ d)*n] b'g] k|zf;lgs (+u If]q a[l$ h"h"+jg . cf jof g]kfn d)*n wfojn] ;Dk')f{ g]kfnx] b"Yofu" y] h"O w'sn .yy] %rfv]/ xfs"u" rflxu" rfsnfu" yfo jg h+un v"l; tLy{ k"v" b"u"copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20084

yfo, cg]s /+u k+l% b"u" yfo, ttM ;s+ v"l;jffM jOu", uf]+ kmo\ jOu", ld+gOu" kfv]+ ;"/lIftu", t;s+ tfMgf] rLs" w}u"g+ du"b"yfo clt dgf]/d ;"Gb/zfGtu" yfo Noof ljkZjL a"$+ ygofu" ;+:s[ltof xfM :joDe' pTkltof nflu;sL lkgf ljHofu" h"u"ln+ j jfnfu" jfln ;os]t jf+nfu" hUuf dfu"y]ygofu" af}$ ;+:s[lt yf}+ ts hLljt h"of Rju"of ljz]iftf ygofu" k|fs[ltsjftfj/)fo t v+sf a"$ af]lw;Tj lk+; yg dfgjLo jftfj/)f >[hgf ofgfygofu" ;+:s[lt ofu" cfwf/ bo]sf ys'u" Yj ;+:s[ltofu" tw+u" ljz]iftf h"n.7= g]jf af}$ ljZjoft :jou" b[li^sf])fx/]s ;+:s[lt cjnDjg ofgf Rjlk+ dg'to\ ljZjoft :jou" yMu" x] b[li^sf])fbof RjgL, b[li^sf])f Oldu" ;Dk')f{ ;+:s[ltof d'n cwf/ h"of RjgL .;+:s[ltof km"Ss c+uto\t %wL %kf+o h"Os ;dGjo ofgf tO{ . Yj d'ncfwf/ dy"nsL ;+:s[lt wsf ofgf tMu" ;Dk")f{ ultljlw Djf db"u" Hof v+y] h"of jgL w"sf cn] %u" %u" ofgf tf]lkmgf jgL . ps] ;+:s[ltof xfM y]hfu" yHju" WORLD VIEW g]jf af}$ tou" g+ b"u" h"n u"s]+ Oldu" ;+:s[ltoftDo]lklgu" ;+:s[lt kfv]+ leGg h"of Rj+u" b" .:joDe'of Ko+u" lbzfo Rj+u" ldvf+ :jOu" vgLu" b[li^sf])fg\ yg Rj+lk+ g]jfaf}$ to\u" ;+;f/oft :jou" j v+s]u" b[li^sf])f vM . :joDe'of ldvf¤ ;f]ofRj+u" wfofu" k~r!fg t rIf+" ;f]of Rju" vM . Yj efj ;+;f/o b"Mv l;ofRj+lk+ k|f)fL lklgu" lxt ;"vof nflu ;'rgf dxfs?)ff cyf{t k|!f]kfof b[li^;r]t j hfs?s h"of ;f]of Rj+u" . :yL/ g;f+ k|jflxt h"of Rj+u" lrqr}tGo ;bf ;r]t h"of k~r dxfe'tdo ;+;f/of jf;ofgf Rj+lk k~r:sGwof cfTdf h"of Rj+lk k|f)fL lkgLu" lrQ a[ltO k~r ljifoofu" :jefjclgTotf oft v+sf RjgL cn] yof]u" clgToofu" ;+;f/] Kok"gf b"Mv ;LofRjlk+ k|f)fL lkgL k|lt s/)fftof b"Mv+ uy] t/] ofou" wsf :jof RjgL . ygk~r!fg wfojn] :joDe'of GofDx tyfut lklgu" !fg cIof]Eo tyfutofcfb{z of !fg, /Tg ;Dejof ;dtf !fg cldtfjof k|Toj]If)ff !fg, cdf]wl;l$of s[Tofg":yfg !fg j a}/f]rgof wd{wft" !fg wfu" vM . yf] !fgn"d+sf tot Yj b[i^L sf])f :yL/ofgf tot g]jf af}$ to;\ yu" x] r"s] ggLljxf/ r}To bosf lGx lGx k"hf ofgf r}Toof Gx\of]g] Rjgf k~r a"$ lkg]u"!fg n"ds]u" gfd ;+lutL t"t Jjgf RjgL . cn] Yj !fg JofVof ofgftu";flxTo gju|Gy k|!fkf/ldtf cflb kf& ofgf RjgLu" ;+;f/of k|To]s j:t"k|To]s hLj, k|To]s l:ylt ;d:of oft Oldu" clgTotf cl:y/tf kl/jt{gzLn :jefj l;Osf Old+ kfv] lgln{St h"of Tofu lrq u|x)f ofgf RjgL .Yj Tofu :jefj g]jf af}$ tos] :ki^ l;Obof Rju" b" . ;+If]k] af}$b[li^sf])f wofu" deLu" oft leu"nL kl/jt{g ofou" cs"znoft s'zn ofou"copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20085

ljif oft cd[t ofou" ;+;f/ kfv]+ lgjf{)f xou" af}{$ b[li^sf])f vM . nf]etf]tf Tofu lrQ u|x)f ofou" å]if tf]tf d}qLof efjgf u|x)f ofou" df]x ofttf]tf ;Do]s u|x)f b[li^ k|fKt ofou" O:of{ tf]tf stlkgL eL h"u"n] cfgGbtfs]u" yhfDx JolQmoft k~r a"$ lkg]u" k~r!fg k|fKt h"of RjgL yy]lrQ r}tGoof k|tLs r}To oft lGxof lGxy k'hfofgf km"Ss hLj j:t"oftclgTo ;'Go :jefj v+sf af]lwlrQ pTkGg ofgf s?)ffd}qL, d"l$tf pk]Iffefj+ ;+;f/oft xg]u" ;Do]s b[li^ x] af}$ tou" b[li^sf])f vM .8= df}lvs ;+~rf/ -Oral Tradition_ ygofu" ;+:s[ltofu" ljziftf%fkf vfgf joGx\of] Rjou" j jf]g]u" w}u" ;Lldt ?k] hs h"Ou" :jfefljsvM . yy] ;Lldt h"Ou"ln+ Rjou" Ajg]u" w}Ou" dbos+ dufM lk;+ hs ofOu"h"n . vf; ofgf ;/sf/L Hof, Jofkf/L ju{ lk;+ hs Rjou" Ajf]g]u" ofO{ .clen]v tou" j lrL kq ofodfu" h"of clgjfo{ ?k+ cfvM ;osf Old+;+;~rf/ ofgf RjgL . Yj jfx]s ;j{ ;fwf/)f hgtf u"Dx]l;g+ ;fwf/)f zLkofu" Hof ofO{ Oldt cfvM Rjou", Ajf]g]u" clgjfo{ dh' . Old;+ cfvdRjM;f+ lrq Rjou" gS;f -DIAGRAM_ Rjou" ofM t/ Yj t;s+x] ;Lldt?k] hs h'u" vg]b". ;j{;fwf/)f hgtf+ v+ wfou" j Gog]u" ckf] ofO . %]+ysfnL lk+;+ sf]sfnL lkGt k":tf+ k":tf sgf+ jof Rj+u" v]n] b'u" cg"ejofv+t gfk+ Rjgf Hof of of+ sg]u" ofO{ . y"sy+ x] v+ Go+ Go+ yMu" ljZjf;d'No dfGotf j Jofjxfl/s zLk t cflb ;os] ;Ls] ofgf ljsf; ofO .wd{ofu" v+t g+ wd{ u"? lk+;+ sgLu" j lziolk+;+ Gogf n"d+sf tOu" h"nyy] h"of bf]xf]/] t]x/] ofgf sgLu" j jx] %u" v+ Gofs v"s wof n"d+sftOu' h"n v+ y";fx]g+ nf]dg] km"u" h"of s+&:y h"Os :jtM n"dgLu" sy+ s)&ofOu" h"n . wd{ u"? lk;+ lnkf ltgL Rjou" Ajg]u" ofgf xn . Rjx]Rj;f+ d"Vo d'Vou" v+ t dGqy]+hs RjOu" h"n , xfg+ NxftL+ Rjog+ ck"dh" . ;f/] ofgf sfou" Hof cMk" dh'. ps] Ajg]u" kf&\o ;fdu|L t;s+ x];Lldt h"Ou" h"n ps]+ ofgf Dx"t"+ wfou" sg]u" j Gog]u" hs Jofks gS;f+rn] h"u" vg]b" . cn] k":tf+ k":tf yy] kf; -;+rf/_ h"of jOu" v+dxTjk')f{u" vM vu" v hs h"Ou" h"n .cn] yy] Rjof tMu" ;Lldt kf&\o ;fdfu|Lt g+ cg]s sf/)f dbof jgLldgof k"nf j EjfyM h"of, dxTj dl;o jf+G%f]of Ejf]vfo\ Jjof Nxfgf cflbk|sf/+ dbof jgL u"ln yof]u" Rjof tMu" ljIflk+;+ hfgf hfg :o+sf jLu" g+dofu" dv" . %u" k"tf+ Do]u" k"":tfoft v¤ sgLjn] yMt ljZjf; b"u", of]u",Vo]n] b"u", ldn] h"u", ;sl;g+ &Ls wfu" vM t ckf] ofgf sgf o+sL cy]h"of k":tf+ k:"tf Go]g] sg] ofu" ofgf jofu" v+t t;s+ x] ljZjf; ofo\jxh" .copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20086

ps] :joDe' ;DjlGw bz{g, Gxo\Dx a"$lk+ jof g]kfn d)*n ljsf; ofu" v¤,wd{ pkb]zofu" v¤ cflb ;n+; jif{ lg;]+ df}lvs tl/sf x] JoQm h"h" + joflnkf ltgL lnlvt ?k] RjMu" vg]b" . Yj d]d]u" jfv+ y] sNkgf ofgf Rju"cjZog dv" . k+)*Lt t d"gf Gogf jofu" v+ oft ljZn]ifg ofgf JofVofofgf ldnh"u" v+ t hs clen]v y]+ Rju" h"O . cn] Yj ;+:s[t efif+ RjMu"w}u" g+ :ki^ ;L b" .:joDe' ofu" uf}/j dxTj j)f{g JofVof ofgf tMu" dfxfTdf vM Yj k"/f)fOltxf; hs dv" :yfg ;do ;fk]If ?k+ %u" w^gf+ d]u" #^gf pTklt h"u"sy+ Znf]s afv+ y] hs woftMu" dv" . :joDe' k"/f)f wsf RjOtMu"Oltxf; dh";] lg/~hg lg/fsf/ :joDe' Hof]lt ?k] gfk uy]nLg h'jg]u" w}u"dfu{ bz{g vM . Yj dfu}{ j+ lk+ ;+# lkgLu" cg"ejdlt JolQmut j;d"xut ?k+ j)f{g j JofVof ofgf sgf tMu" ;To tYo v+ wsf w}u" g]jfaf}$ to\u" tw+u" ljZjf; b"u" h"n .9= af}$ ;flxTo efiff lnkLg]kfn pkTosfof af}$ ;+:s[ltof %u" ljz]iftf Yjx] vM yoflk+ g]jf af}$to\;+ gf]+ jfOu" efiff g]kfnefiff v;f lnlvt ?ko\ %]lnu" efiff %u" ljz]iflsl;dof ;+:s[t efiff vM . ;+:s[t %u" ljåfg tou" efiff, lnlvt ?k+k|of]u ofou" efiff, cn] k'hf kf& d+q tGqofu" b]j efiff z"$ efiff kljqefifof ?k] dfg]ofgf jof RjgL cy] h"of d"ne"n af}$ ;flxTo ;+:s[t efiffofhs Nogf Rjg . ltAjto\, rLg, sf]l/of, hfkfg y]+ yMyMu" efiffo\ d'nd'nd"nu" u|Gy cflb cg"jfb g]kfn efifo dh"n . lnkf ltgL g]kfn efiff+af}$ ;flxTo g]kfn efiffo cg"jfb ofo]u" ;"? h"n .af}$ ;+:s[t efiff+ dxfofgL u|Gyt Kofxf+ ju" h"n . y"sL b"g] gj a}k"No;"qt xgf jof Rj+u" h'n, Yj jfx]s cjbfg ;flxTo Yjx] efiffo lkbgfRj+u" h"n . cabfg ;flxToof b'g] cjbfg zts, lbJofjbfg, dxfj:t",cjbfg, czf]sfjbfg, jf]lw;Tjfbfg, eb|sNkfjbfg, cjbfg sNkntf b"YofgfRj+u" b" . y"lk+ af}$ ;+:s[t efiff+ Rjof tMu" cjbfg ;flxToof cfwf/] af}$lj$fg cfrfo{ lk+;+ ljleGg clxn] g]kfn efiff+ afv+ sg]u" wsf eujfgzfSod"gL a"$of Gxfkfofu" hGd gfk :jfsf yfo kl/l:ylt :jof dg'to\u"r/Lq le+s]t s"znsd{of k")okmn cz"znsd{of sd{ ljkfs ef]u ofu"HjnGt pbf/)f Sogf g}ltstfof af]w ofgf jof Rj+u" b" .Yj cjbfg af}$ ;flxTo y]/jfbof hfts gfk+ g+ ldn] h"u' h"of Yj dxfofgaf}$ ;flxToof k|efj yg Rj+lk+ af}$ to\u" d"No dfGotfo\ oSj oSj k|efjnfgf OdLu" r/Lq lgdf{)f] oSj of]ubfg h"of Rj+u" b" .copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20087

zfSod"gL a"$+ wfGos^s kj{to Rjgf d+q tGqof ljifo b]zgf ofgf ljHofu";Gbe]{ yg g]kfn] dxfd~h">L u"?of x]jh|g}/fTdf bz{g k"hg jzflGts/frfo{of zflGtk"/ :yfkgf ofgf tGqdGq qmd Gx\of+ jof Rj+u" g]kfofaf}$ ;flxToof %u" ljz]iftf vM . g]kfof k/Dk/f u"x\o ;dfh tGq,;Dj/f]bo tGq, x]jh| tGq of]uLgL tGq, s/jL/ tGq, rqm;+j/ tGq,jh|jf/fxLsNk, b'u{lt kl/zf]wg tGq ljz]if pNn]vgLo h' . y"u" x] tGqofcfwf/ sof yg g]kfn] ljleGg rqm k'hf, cxf]/fq, lbIff ljwfg clfb k'hfofgf jof Rj+u" b" . cy]x] ujn]+ %lq ;De/;f+ ujn]+ qof]bzfTds, ujn]k~rfolg, ujn] l;Gxfodt, u"jn] ls/)f b]vf cflb tGq rof{ ofgf jofRj+u" vg] b" . t/ y"lk+ rof{of cy{ j nfe b" w}u" dl;o jg, cf jcWoog cg";+Gwfgof ljifo h'ju" b" . tGq k/Dk/fo b'g] rof{ xfnf Kofv+x"nf k+otf k"of, sf]tfMyfgf b]jb]jLof d)*M rf]of of]u Wofg ofgf ;dflwnfe ofou" dxfd"b|f nfe ofou" k/d ;+af]wL nfe ofou" rof{ ofgf jofRj+u" h"n .tGq u|Gyof cfwf/] k'jf{rfo{lk+ aw"bGt, s'n bGt, zfZjt jh|, x"sf/ jh|,z"Go ;dlwjh|, cdf]w jh|, lnnf jh|, jfs jh|, ;"/y jh|, d~h" jh| lk;+/rgf ofgf j+u" rrf sfJo, >f]qof gfk gfk+ ljleGg x:tlnvt u|Gyt/fli^«o clen]vfno, cfzf;km" s"yL, jxf jxLnL k+l)*t lklgu" %]+ %]+ blgw}u" jf+nfs ;Lb" .x]jh| tGq cg";f/ tGq rof{ %sn+ ofo dHo'u" y"s]of nfuL k'j{ tof/Lofdfu" ln+ tGq dGqof v+ sGx] Gxof] a}eflifs of]ufrf/, dfWoldsof v¤ sg]dfu" lgb{]zg h"of Rj+u" b" . yy] h"of dxfofg, jh|ofgof b'g] ;jf{l:yjfb,lj!fgjfb, z"Goafb bz{gt qmdj$ ?k] ;+u&Lt h"of %wL %kf+o h"of %u"tw+u" rof{ h'ju" h"n .ljxf/] a"$ wd{ rof{ ;DjlGw :og] sg] %nkmn ofou" qmd] ljleGgcfrfo{lk+; Rjof tMu" ljleGg bz{gof ;km"t k|of]u h"of jof Rju" ;Lb" .a}eflif{sof cfrf{lk j;"jGw" ;+#eb| clfb lk+;+ Rju" clewd{sf]if, cle#d{ sf]ifefiff, of]urf/ lj!fgjfb of cfrfo{ d}qLgfy, c;+u lk+; dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/sl/sf, dxfofgf]Q/ tGq, cleifdofn+sf/, dxfofg;"qfn+sf/, dxfofg;"efn+sf/, of]ufrf/ e'ldzf:q, cn] dfWolds ;"Gotfjfb gfuh{"g cfo{b]j,zflGtb]j, lbugfu wd{sLlt{ lkgL kfv]+ /lrt dfWolds sfl/sf pkfosf]zNo, lju|x Jofjt{lg, z"XNn]v, rt":tj cflb u|Gy t g]kfn] cfrfo{ lklg%nkmnof ljifo tof ljifo k"hf rof{of nflu cwfe't bz{gof ?k] k|of]uh"of j+u" h"n .copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20088

g]kfn Oltxf;] ljxf/ lgdf{)fof sfnlg;] u|Gy rf]ou" Noxfou" ofgf %u"ljxf/+ Do]u" ljxf/ gfk cfbfg k|bfg ofou" k/Dk/f Gxo\hfu" vg]b" . ;+:s[tefiff+ g]kfn efif] cg'bLt h"u" ;km"t cfzf;km" s'yL clen]vfno JolQmut;+sng] b"u" h"n .g]kfn efiff k|of]u ofgf af}$ ljifo; gf^s ;flxTo Koxf+ jof bj"lnO{k|blzt h"u' g+ vg]b" . h"h" /fh]Gb| ljqmd zfxb]jof kfno\ lkb+u" dxf;Tjh"h"+ w" oft yMu" nf yDx gt"+ rs"lt Wogf gs'u" dxf;Tj uLlt Kofv¤ofrrf{ cfts+ Gog] bgL .g]kfufno %fkfvfgf ofu" Joj:yf b"xf+ j;]+ln u|Gy /Tgt %fk] ofgf lkyg]u"Hof j(]h"n, :jlu{o k+= lgi&f gGb jh|frfo{, :j+= k+ glbdfgGb jh|frfo{, af}$Clif dxfk|!f lk+;+ cg]s b"v si^ xgf ;km" lkygf jg . cy] x] :j= k+=/Tgjxfb"/ ah|frfo{, :j= k+= wdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{, :j+ k+= hf]ud"lg jh|frfo{ :j=k+= cfzfsfhL jh|frfo{ lkgLu" b]g ufsf] x] dxTjk')f{ h' .cy]x cf jof k+ jlb|/Tg jh|frfo{, k+ /TgsfhL jh|frfo{, k+= kml)fGb| /Tgjh|frfo{ lkgLu" of]ubfg pNn]v ofo\ jxh' . ljz]if ofgf k+ lbJo jh|jh|frfo{ kfv] dxTj')f{u" u|Gy t cg"jfb of ;fy] u|Gy /rgfg+ ofgf ljHofu"b" . cy]x] k+= x]d/fh zfSo h"of g]kfn efiff+ Koxf+ ju" ;km"t af}$ ;flxTofe)*f/ emg emg hfosf Jo'u" b" .g]jf af}$ ;flxTo nf]d+s] dHo"Dx sljj/ :j+ lrqw/ Xbo vM u"jn] lemu"dxfsfJof ;"ut ;f}/e g]kfofu" a}f$ ;+:s[lt %n+é s]gf Jo'u" b" .wdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{ a"$wd{ j g]kfn efiff klqsf lksfo w'+sf, wdf]bo ;ef+wdf]{bo klqsf lkbt g]kfn efiffof df}lns ?k+ sljtf, lgjGw j hftsofcfwf/] jfv+t Koxf+ jn .y]/jfbL leIf" lklg kfv] vf; ofgf dxfk|!f, k|!fgGb dxf:yjL/, cldtfgGbdxf:yjL/, a"$wf]if dxf:yjL/ ;"b{zg dxf:yjL/, !fgk")fL{s dxf:yjL/ lkgLkfv]+ g]kfn efi+ff a"$ wd{ ;+:s[ltaf/] cg]s ;km" n]vt t lkxf+ jn cy] x]ljleGg klqsf dfkm{t cfwf/o zfSo ;To df]xg hf]zL, k"ik /Tg ;fu/lklgu" n]v ;km" g+ lkbg] bt . yf} sGx] n]v ;km' RjO lklgu" gf+ pNn]vofgf ;fWo dh' . t/ cg";GwfgfTds pRr :tl/oof n]v wf;f b"n{e x]ltgL .10= ;+uLt g[To jfBjfbgcopyright©Lotus Research Centre, 20089

;+uLt g[To jfBjfbg %"+g+ ;+:s[ltofu" cleGg c+u vM . vnf g]kfnd)*nofu" cfkf w}y]+ ;+:s[lt ef/tof gfnGbf ljZj ljBfno j ljqmdlznf ljZjljBfnof cfrfo{ lkgL kfv]+ yg jof yg yMu" lsl;d+ ljsfl;th"n, xfsfn . Yjx] qmd+ ;+uLt g[To g+ jfBjfbg g+ cg+ jof yg yMu"x]lsl;d+ ljsf; h'u" vg]b" .jh|ofgL k"ik lqmof b"g] rrfDo] xfn Kofv+ x"of jfh+ yfgf cfwfTdefjgf;DjLu)flk+, of]lugL u)flk+, ;fIffTsf/ ofou" ygofu' af}$ k/Dk/f of ljz]iftfvM . ljleGg rqm k"hf ofgf rr+ xfn jx] rrof tfn] ljleGg d"b|f Hofgfkb ;fwfg cg";f/+ kb rfng ofgf Kofv+ x"ou" lgjf{)fof n+ s]gf ljOu"dfWod vM . rrfof b'g] /fu tfnf ;lxt+ h"of cfWoflTds ;+ult of ?k+GxoHofgf jof Rj+u" vg]b" . jfx]s lGx lGxo jf]g]u" :qf]q kf& cflb eho;+uLt do h"Os xfnLu" rng b" .tGq gfk+ :jfk" b"u" rof{ g[To cfWoflTds efj+gf o"Qm h"of jL//; s?)ff/;+hfofM snfk")f{ efj k')f, nflnTok')f{ h"of cud :yfg] ljleGg rqm k'hfl;Gxfodt, cxf]/fq, %lq;d/, b]vf cflb k'hfjn] ljleGg ;+dj/ of]lugLlkgLu" rof{ g[To rof ;"/o\ tfMof tfno j k+rtfM sf]tf, k+otf, tfM ja"cflb yfgf x"Ou" Kofv+ vM . ;+uLt gfk jfB jfbg of :jfk" b"u" h"n ,jfBfjfbg yfgf ;+uLt lksfof wd{ k|lt Wofg cfslif{t ofgf wd{ k|ltcg"/fu a[l$ ofou" wd{of v+n"d+sf tou", wd{ ;+nUg ofgf tou", lrQ zfGtl;nt ofgf wd{ lrq pTkGg ofgf to\t, ;+uLtj jfBjfbg t+w+u" pkfosf}zNo h"u" h"n ., ;+uLtoft lrq d]d]u" lkHjos]u" of nlfug+ k|of]u of .t/ yg ;+uLt ofu" wd{ lrq pTkltof nflu ;b k|of]u h'u" vg]b" .jfBjfbg ofu" ;+uLl pkfo sf}zn ofu" lx;fj+ hs k|of]u h'u" vg]b";+uLtof /;] e'n] h"ofu" p@]Zo sy+ dv" .jfB jfbg] g]s" k"ou" rng b', %\o+u" e"gf tMu' jfh w]d]jfhf, wf jfh, lv+jfh osf] x] k|rlnt h', gfk+ tfM e':of, ;xofs jfhfof ?k] k|of]u h' .kf]+uf k"Ou", z+v k"O" g+ On] j]n] of .rrf gf+ %"nLu" b]j b]ljtf lklgu" Kofv+ Gxfkf cfud] k"hf cfhf gfk hs%"lnu" vM ;fg+ cf jof ;jf{hlgs yf;] bj"lng+ x"s]u"ofgf xn . Yj %u">$f /lxt dgf/+hgof ;fwg y] h"O To+u" b" . lnkf Yj xcTjxLg h"of jgLw}u" ;+s]t b" . y's]oft ljlwk'j{s ;ljgof bk wd{ k|lt cfsl;{t ofou" sy+hs k|bz{g h"Odfu" cfjzostf b" . b"+ x] uxn rLh pn] w" wfoj dgoftk]|/)ff ljOu" zlQm dbof lt/:s[t h"of jgL, v]n] dbof jgL . b"g+ j:t"k|bz{ ofon] u"jn] ut uto\ bfo w}u" ;fGblw{s h"Ou" clt cfjZs h' .10copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

11= ;dfh ;+/rgf%"+ vf; yf;] Rjgf+ Rj+lk dg"to\u' ;dfh %u" ljz]if k|sf/+ ;+u6Lt h"ofRjgL . g]kf pkTosfof af}$ ;dfhof ;+u&g :j?kg+ ljz]if k|sf/of vg]b" .a"$of wd{ kfngf ofOu" ;+#of :j?kx] ygofu" ;dfh /rgfof d'n cfwf/vM . Ko+"s+ nfu" %rfv]/+ %]+ b"u" ggL ljxf/ bosf leIf"leIf")fL pkfzspkfl;sf h"of ;+#of ?k] ;dfh /rgf h'u" vg]b" .af}$ ;dfh /rgfof d'n cWoog ;dfgtf j :jtGqtf vM . leIf" leIf"gLh"Ou" clwsf/ ;sl;t+ ;dfh?k] b"u" h"n . ys] hftkftof %"+ e]befj db"u"vM . ozf]w/ dxflj/of ozf]w/ j|fDx)f vofg+ r'*fsd{ ofgf cfrfo{ofu"clez]if sof+ ah|frfo{ h'u" b" . ;"Go >L ld> j|fDx)fof ;Gtfg cWoflk+j|Dxrfo{ leIf" zfSo leIf"of ?k] bx] bgL . yy]x] ljleGg k]zf ofgf Rjlk+g+leIf" h"Ou" ;dfg clwsf/ b"u" h"n . y"sy+ :jOR%f+ wd{ kl/jt{g ofou"JolQmut :jtGqtf g+ Yj ;dfh] b"u" h"n .yof]u" pbf/jflb ;dfh lnR%jLsfnts jf¤nfs rn]h'u" vg]b" . z+s/frfo{xl/l;+x b]j hol:ylt dNn lk+;+ /fHo zlQm k|of]u ofgf lxGb" ;dfh Joj:yfcg"?k hftLkftLof k|yf nfu" oft . leIf" leIf")fL lkGt hj/h:t ljjfxofgfu[x:y ofgf ljn, ;+Gof;L wof ljn . Do]lk+ pkfzs pkflzsf lk+t k]zfcg";f/ ljleGg txofu" hftkftL juL{s/)f oft . yof]u" k|lts'n cj:yfog+cfrfo{lk+;+ pkfo sf}zNo k|of]uofgf ljxf/ofu" ;+# sfdo ofgf jof Rj+u"vM /fHo ;Qf+ ;dfh oft hftL k|yfof cfwf/] t"qmf t"qmf ofou" sf]zL;oft . hftL k|yf dNnsfn] aNnfgf jj+ /f)ffsfn] k/fsfi& YogL 2007;fn ofu" k|hftGq+ nLof 2020 ;fn] Gx"u" d"n"sLP]g j;]+ln sfg"gL ?k+ hfthftLof Joj:yf dGt . t/ ;+ljwfg] lxGb" /fHo wf]iff)ff oft . hftkfltof xfuy]vM cy]x] h'jgL . 2046 ;fn+ Gx"u" k|hftfGq jn . t/ pbf/jflb,k|hftGqjfbL, ;dfhjflb, ;fDojflb, wfMlk+ g]tf to;+ hgtfof k|ltlglwTjdof;] k|hftfGqLs l;$fGtoft j]jf:tf ofgf hfltkfgLof d"n cfwf/ lxGb"/fHooft sfod oft . y"s]ofu" k|efj af}$ ;dfh]g+ nfju" b" . k|Tosf]/fhg}lts kf^L{of ;+u&g :jn wf;fg+ hftLkftLofu" emns :ki^ vg] bofRj+u" b" . yy] t"qmf t"qmf h"of ljv+bLt h"u" ;dfh+ ;+u&Lt h"of %"+ g+cfly{s pGglt h"Ou" Hofofo dkmof g]kfnL hgtf ;+;f/] bs]l;j] u/Lj b]zg]kfnof ul/j httf h'jMu" b" . a}f$ ;dfh g+ hftLkftLofu" k|yf+ cnuh"O dkm"t . zfSo sfodrf jh|frfo{of sfo drf hs r'*fsd{ ofou" k|yfrfn" h"n . r'*fsd{ ofou" ;dfg cj;/ Do]u" hftLoft dbof zfSojh|frfo{ j Do]lk+ af}$ to\u" jLr] km/s vg]bt . af}$ ;dfhg+ ljv+l*th"Ou" n+ k"Onf jgL yy] hftLkftL k|yf o"Qm af}$ ;dfh ;+u&g g]kfn ufyfaf}$ ;+:s[ltof %u" laz]iftf h' jg . >Ln+sf, jdf{, yfOn]G*, hfkfg,11copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

ltJjnt] yg y]+ hfu" hftLkftL o"Qm af}$ ;dfh db" . cg a"$ wd{ cg"sn;dfg ?k+ ;sn ;+#lk+ j/fj/ h' .zfSo ah|frfo{ lk+ u[x:y leIf"of ?k] jf}Wb rof{ ofgf jofRj+u" bgL . ljxf/]r'*fsd{, ah|frfo{ clez]v sof ;+w] b"xf jgf k'hf sd{ bz sd{ cflbofgf jof Rj+u" cBflk hLljt bgL . ;+#ofu" Hof j ljxf/ ofu" ofotcg]s u"&Lofu" Joj:yf b" .zfSo jh|frfo{ jfx]s Do]lk+ jf}Wb pkf;s pkfl;sf lkGt hftLkftL Joj:yfcGt/ut to w"+sf Old ;Gtfg to\t r'*fsd{ ofot %u" d]u" x] ljxf/of:yfkgf h"n . Oldt lrefj/] #fOu" h"n . Gxfkf d' ljxf/] r'*fsd{ ofkL+ jyof]u" ljxf/] r'*fsd{ oflkgLof ljr] km/s xof ljjfx cflb ofou" rngdb";f+ taL yf}+sGx] OdLu" jLr] e]* dGt . zfSo jh|frfo{ jfx]s d]u"hftoflk+ a"$wd]{ k|j]z ofot Yj Joj:yf Jojxfl/s h'jg . yy] r'*f sd{oflk+ zfSo leIf"lk+ KoGx"ts d'jxfof SjfkfBf] efuL ofo b"u" h"n . d]lk+jf}Wbt u"lk+ r'*fsd{ doft Olk+ lj:tf/ lj:tf/+ af}$ ;+:s[lt kfv]+ tfkfgfjgL t/ cftsg+ Olk+ k"lGx ci^dL, cdfO{ kf? jxfn] B]s] jof Rj+u" b" .a"$ ofu" k"hf ofM jofRj+u" b" . cg]s lqmof sd{ ofou" ljxf/ gfk+ :jfk"+b"u" u"&L bgL . jf}$ to]u" d'n Oi^b]jtf :joDe"of k|tLs r}Toof ;Dd"vcfrfo{ lkgL kfv]+ r'*fsd{ ofou" jf}$ to]u" tw+u" u"efh' k/Dk/f vM .zfSo, jh|frfo{ jfx]s d]lk+ jf}$ to\;+ yy] lrafn] jx|] %"of zfSo k"hflj:tf/+ jof ;Gtfgt d'jxfn] jx|] %"gf jg] Ho'u" k|yf ljsf; ofo dfu"vg]b" .jf}$ ;dfh /rgf v¤ Nx\ofo\ jn] zfSo jh|frfo{ jfx]s Do]Do]u" hft oflk+jf}$t] j";]g;] dl;tNn] ofou" lqmof jf}$ tl/sf+x] HjLu" vM . OdL k"/f]lxtjh|frfo{ x] vM . /fHo ;Qf zlQm ofu" k|of]u ofgf lxGb"s/)f ofu" klqmoftLj| ult+ Gx\ofsf x¤;]+ln+ j|fDx)fto\t k"/f]lxt ofgf xMu" vg]b" . k"/f]lxt lkgLlzIff lbIffofu" sdL, hhdfg lkGt jf¤nfs v+sgf ljZjf; k|fKt ofs] dkm'u",k"/f]lxt lkgL k"hf cfhf jfx]s Do]Do] nhuf, Hjg]dfu", hhdfg lkgL k"/f]lxtj wd{ sd]{>$f sd h"of j+u" cflb+ ofgf k"/f]lxt j hhdfg ofu" #ft"u";+jGw %jf;"of jg / Yj km"Ss Djf db"u" sd{sf)* y]+ hs h'jgL hhdfglk;+ sd Wojf vr{ h"Ou" sd{ dfdf+ jgLu" h"n . yy] h"of lj:tf/ lj:tf/+jh|frfo{ u"?h" lk+gL hhdfg lk+ dbof jgL .vt" x/]s ;dfh] wgL u/Lj lx;fj+, ;Mlk+ d;lk+, OHht b"lk+ OHht db"lk+,zlQmzfnL h"of k|efjnL h"lk+ zlQm db"lk+ bof dg"dg"of aLr] e]befjbofRjgL . t/ ug+ yMu" sd{ ofgf sf]o kfv]+ Rjo, Rjo kfv]+ sf]o, zlQmb"lk+ zlQm bosf, OHht b"lk+ dbof yfxf sf]xf jgfRjgL . ug+ yy] jg]12copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

dlhof RjgL g]jf ;dfh] hftLkftLof s^/kGyL ofgf osf] txbof %u" txg+Do]u" txn] ljlw Jojxf/ rn] dh"n . t/ jx] txn] ljlw Jojxf/ rn] h"u"h"n . Vertical Mobililty dh" Horizental Mobility hs h'u" vg]b" .;fdflhs ;+/rgf of %u" Do]u" ljz]iftf v ;dfh] ld;fto\u" pRr :yfgLjh|ofg] ld;f oft k|!fof ?k] v+sf tMu" b";f ldh+oft pkfo wsf v+sftMu" h"n . k|!f j pkfo dbos+ jf]lw!fg k|fKt h"O dv"u" h"of RjgLx/Ps tMt w+u" k"hf ld;f dbos dufM . cfud] kfq sfou" b]jL h"ofRj+Dxg+ ld;fof NxftL sof Rjg]df . x/Ps k~r a"$lkgL gfkgfk+ %Dx%Dx tf/f bof RjgL . yg k+r a"$ lkgL ;fy] tf/fofu"g+ ptLs+ dxTj b". cfkt ljkt h"Ojn], tMtw+u" Hof ofo jn] ;"/lIft h"Ot tf/f k"hf ofgfjof Rj+u" b" . tf/f, hf]lugL, xf/tL km"Ss ld;flk+ vM . Jojxfl/s ?k]:jnwf;f ljjfx ofxjn] Jx+sLu" On] %kfx] e"O tof ldh+ld;f lgDx]l;glrklgk Nofdbos] gO . b]vf ljOjn] lgDxl;t+ gfk+ kf kf ofgf lbIff ljO,%¤" x] km/s bxdv" . u"? af oft y]+ u"?df¤ oft g+ plts+ dfg]ofgf RjgL .;dfh u"lng+ ld;f ldh+ofu" e]b bofju" jhfltkftLof k|yfof k|efj x]wfodfu" b" . ps]+ ofgf ld;ft]t r"*fsd{ofo\ dHo'u", ;+#of b'g] jgf bzkfl/ldtf cfh" y] chL h' jg] dHo'u" h"n . hftkftL+ ofgf ld;ft ;dfh]+bf;L y]+ h" j+u" h"n .eujfg a"$ofu" k'j{ hGd syf cjbfg afvg] h"h"of s'n] hGd sof h"h"af]lw;Tj h"of k|f)fL lkgLu" /Iff ofu" osf] jfv+ b"u"ln+ yg g]kf ufM oflk+af}$ to\;+ h"h"oft af]lw;Tjof ?k] dfg]ofgf On]Jon] k"hf ofgf jO Rj+u" b". h"h" w}Dx ;sn ofu" lxt sNof)fof sf/)f] yMu" JolQmut :jfy{ Tofuofgf ;dfh ;]jf ;bfsfn+ ofgf RjgLDx wsf efkf RjgL . hj hj YjljZjf; hgtf kfv]+ dbof jg pjn] h""h"lk+ km]/] km]/] h"of j+u" Oltxf;+ :ki^s]gf jof Rju" h"n .jf}$ ;dfh ;dfgtf :jtGqtf pbf/tfof cfwf/] ;+#of?k] /rgf h'u" v;f+ghftL k|yf hj/h:tL nfu" h'u" sf/)f+ ofgf ;+# t"qmf h'n . r'*fsd{ ofOlk+j dofOlk+ h'jg . r'*fsd{ ofOlkgLu" hs ;+# y] h'jg . t/ ljxf/]cfts g+ r'*fsd{ dofOlk+ jf}$ to\;+ pkf;s pkfl;sfof ?k] Sjfkf Bf]a"$ofyfo B]s] jg]u", :qf]q jf]g]u" ehg ofou", ;#ofu" Hofo ljleGg lsl;d+u"xfnL ofou", u"&L bosf k"hf ofou", jxfk"hf jg]u", #n+ bg]u" b;sd{ofojn] u"?Ho'lk+ k"/f]lxt tof k"hf ofs]u", s/)ffdo :joDe' cflb yf;ojfh+yfgf k"hf of jg]u", yMyMu" k]zf cg";f/ k"hfcfhf oft dfu" xn+ Hjn+bos]u" clfb ofgf jO Rj+u" b" . yMoft af}$ ;Dem] h"of jof Rj+u" b" .wn+ bgL jn] ;sn]+ gfk+ Rjgf gof jof Rj+u" b" . af}$ ;dfh ljv)*Lt13copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

dh'gL . efjgfTds Pstf bgL ;dfgtf :jtGqtfof cfwf/] lrefn] r'*fsd{ofgf af}$ lzIff cg";f/ ljleGg txofu" lqmof ofof+ s"znsfo{ ofof+ lbIffsof yfxf+ jgu" clwsf/ cfg+ bgL .12= u[x:yL k|jhLt leIf" k|yfu[x:yL k|jhLt leIf"h"of lyly nhufM ofgf g]kfofu" jh|ofg k/Dk/f Gx\ofsfto km"u" ygofu" ;+:s[ltof tw+u" ljz]iftf vM . lnR%jLsfnts k|fltdf]IfleIf" lgod kfng ofou" k|yf bof lyly ljxf/] j|Dxrfo{ leIf" b"u" cg"dfgofokm" . z+s/frfo{ xl/l;+xb]j hol:ylt dNn lklgu" k|efj+ ofgf af}$cfrfo{lk+;+ a"$ wd{/Iffy{ pkfosf}zn sy+ u[x:y jf]lw;Tj ofu" k|yf sfodofgf ys'u' vg]b" . KoGx" ts k|ltdf]If lgod kfng lrj/ sf]sfou' cg";f/jf]lw;Tj ;+j/ kfngf ofgf u[x:y jf]lw;Tjof k|yf rn] h"n . yy] u[x:yleIf" h"of dxfofg jh|ofgfof rfo{ ofou" cg"s'n h'u" h'n . yy] u[x:yleIf" h"of dxfog jh|fofgof rof{ ofou" cg"s"n h'u" h"n . yy] u[x:y leIf"h"of af]lw rof{ ofgf jMlk h"of cft+s g+ k~rbfg g/f+ ;Dos bfg n] yy]u[x:y leIf" wsf bfg cftsg+ ofgf jORj+u" bgL .yy] u[x:y leIf" h"of zLnofu" lgod] Rjgf ;"y] ;Dkljwfgf]Q/ k"hf ofgfOi^ b]jtf lkgLu" Wofg ofgf k|!fkfl/ldtf kf& ofgf bfg ufyflb Jjg]u"cflb jf]lwrof{ ofO . Gx]g] ef]hg l;wosf wd{ k|rf/of nflu x] Hof v]n]b"h" ;fdfgt snfs[lt bos]u" nhufM ofO{ . ;Dos cflhljsfof lkg] jgLdv" . cn] jxgL xfg+ zfSod"gL, r}To cflbof Gx\of]g] Rjgf lbjf Rofsfbfgufyf jf]gL Wofg ofO . cGto\ wd{ofu" k|efj+ ;sn l;u" lxt d+unsfdgf ofgf b]gL .yy] u[x:y leIf" h"of dxfogf jh|ofg rof{ ofgf wd{ k|rf/ k|;f/ ofou"cn] stM lkGt ;"lj:tf k'j{s Djfot dfu" ;fdfg rLhjLh bofs]u" nhuf,uy] %]+ bos]u", k"hf ;fdfg bos]u" k"hfeM Wof] b]jf bos]u", a"+Hof oft dfu"HofjM bos]u" OToflb Hof ofgf ;Dos cflhljsf ofou" rng ltJjt, rLg,sf]/Lof, hfkfg cflb b]zg+ nf]slk|o h"of rn]h"u" vg]b" . leIf" j:qk"gflgod kfng dofu" l;s+ u[x:y leIf" h"of snf d:t bosf ;+j/ kfngfofgf k]zf hf]gf wd{ cfr/)f ofou" ofgf ju" g]kf ofu" %u" ljz]if ;+:s[ltvM . Yj ;+:s[lt lnkf lj:tf/+ Do]yfog+ km}n] h"of j+u" vg]b" .13= cfly{s k|)ffnL;+:s[ltof Do]u" dxTk')f{ kIf vM cfly{s k|)ffnL . ;fd"xls ?k+ yM lkGt dfu"got k"g]t Rjg]t Gx\ofOk"s]t ;os] l;os]t cflb hLjg xg]t dfu" ;fdfgt14copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

uy] ofgf bos]u" pTklt ofou", lxn ljnf ofou", bos]t of]hgf ofou", OgfljOu", dg"to\u" Hof nhuf of Joj:yf cflb km"Ss Hof v¤ cfly{s k|)ffnLb"g]nfjO .g]kfn d)*n] xfs"u'+ b'g] jfudlt s]zfjtL v"l;j jof gfk+ hfb]h"Ou" srfv"l;to\u" gfk gfk b"u" ;dy/ j tSsL tSsL n"u" a"x+ jf %f] cflb cGgt/sf/L got dfu" lrs+oft t" cflb pTklt ofou" x] ygof d"Vou"cfDbfgLof >f]t vM . a"+ jOu" cGg cflb kbfy{ Gxfkf yg Rjgf RjgLlk+d"g"to\u" nflu k|z:t ufM blIfof gof+ dkm' gof+ Nof]+ b"u" cGg clfb s[lifkbfy{ x] yg] of ;+:s[ltof %u" d'nu' cfwf/ vM .cn] Yj s[lif pkh yg ;dfhof nflu dfu" ljleGg ;]jf pknJw ofou"ofnflu lxnfljnf ofou" rng b" . Yj g]jf ;dfh] %u" ljsfl;t ;dfhoftdfu" km"Ss x] w}y] ;]jf ofOlk+ dg"t b" . uy] s[lifof nflu dfu" HofjMbOlslk+ sf}+, %]+ bolslk+ bsdL{, l;sdL{ jh|sdL{, k"g]u"of nflu %]+vf klttf¤uf tof ld;f+ lk+;+ sfk yfgf ;"lhsf to\;+ n+ ;"Ou" ofgf jof Rj+u" b" .;fSs dl/r/L got dl/sMldt b";f tMtM w+u" Ejo hf]/] ofot eln+ b" .jfhf bolskL+, lrq bolslk+ lt;f bolslk+lgu" ;]jf pknJw h' . jy]+ x] nfM gou" of nlfu Do], b"u" x] :ofgf nf pknJw ofgf ljOlk+ gfo, r"s];*s] kmf]x/ ;kmf ofOlk+ wM rfosf ljOlk+ kf], Bf] ofyfo\ kf RjgLlk+ Bf]nf,lrs+ bosLlk+ ;fodL, rf ofu" ef*f bosLlk+ s"dGxf, wnf}^ of ef*fbOlslk+ ysdL{ jfhf DjfonL k"Olk+ Tjfh+, ;+ vfOlk+ n"l; WolgkL gf}+ t, %"+Hof ofot z"e lbg ;f]Olk+ hf]zL tM, dfu" On] Wojf Tof ljOlk+ ;fx"t cflbhDdf 64 k|sf/of ;]jf Hof cg";f/ of Hof ofOlk+ dg"to\u" Hof cg";f/ofhft b"u" h"of Rjg . Yj km"Ss dg"to\u" ;]jf ;dfhof nflu dbos dufu"h"u"ln+ km"Ss dxTjk')f{ vM . kbfy{ kbfy{ lxnf ljnf ofou" ;]jf ;]jflxnfljnf ofou" j kbfy{ j ;]jf lxnffljnf ofgf sfou" BARTER SYSTEMb"u" h"n . u"u" oft hhdfg k|yf wfO{ Yj k|yf cftsg+ rn] h"of Rj+u" b". Yj k|yfof b"g] d'ne'n v+ vM ;]jf pknJw ofou" ;xof]u ofou" j yMtdfu" kbfy{ j ;]jf pknJw ofou", yg k|lt:kwf{ ofou", zf]if)f ofou" v¤Dxhs h' .yf}sGx] klZrd b]z+ jMu" cy{ k|)ffnL vf; ofgf cf}Bf]lus qmflGt jMu"k'+lhjfbof cy{ k|)ffnL of k|efj ljZjof Go+sg+ JofKt h"O w"+sn, s]Gb|Loof]hgf ofgf ;sl;t+ ;dfg?k+ kbfy{ ;]jf pknJw ofou" clfy{s k|)ffnL b"u"yfo ts g+ yf} k'+lhjfb sy+ cy{ k|)ffnL rn] h"O w"+sn . cn] Yjk'+lhjfbof cy{ k|)ffnL b"u' lgu" d"vou" l;$fGt EFFICIENCY vM . >d jk'+lhofu" kmtln+kmsf] xfg+ k|of]u ofgf u"lnkmt pnL ckf] kbfy{ ;dfh j ;]jfpkjJw ofou" . y"sy+ ofgf w]jf sdfo ofou" . Yj Wojf k|of]u ofgf15copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

Gx"Gx"u" ;fdfg lksfou" cn] emg sdfofou" yy] ofgf wgL ju/j ljr]WjjfM km/s h"ln;] b"lk+s] zlQm j k|lti&f s]lGb|Lt h"of jgLu", u/Ljto\jLr] c;Gtf]if FRUSTRATION j(] h"of CRIME j(] h"of jgLu" . k'+hLjfbofDo]u" l;$fGt vM ;fdflhs Gofo . Yj Gofo of cfwf/+ af}lwstf(RATIONALITY) vM . k|To]s dg"g+ yMu" ;"v j :jfy{of nflu Hof ofO .u"ln l;of nflu Do]lkgLu" ;]jf ofou" Do]lkgLof nflu yMu" kbfy{ ;]jf Tofuofou" x] yMu" ;"v j ;Gtf]if of sf/)f h"of RjgL . yy] yMu" ;"v j:jfy{ of nflu Hof ofxjn] Do]lkgL ;"v j :jfy{ gfk ldn] dh"Okm", ps]+cg ;dfh] %u" lgod bof RjgL %Dx l;lg+ Do]+Dx l;u" ;"v :jfy{ jfwfdh"Os";] cem kmt wf;f lgDx l;u"+ ;"v ;"ljwf h"Ou" lsl;d+ Hof v+ ofou"lgod bof RjgL, cn] j lgod oft uy] vM cy]x] %"+ %nskt dof;]cg"zf;g] Rjgf Hof v+ ofou" y"s] %"+ lsl;d+ e]befj dofou", y"sy+ ;dfh+:jLsf/ ofou" sd;]sd ofu" hLjg :t/ xg]u" cj;/ ;dfhof km"Ss;b:oto\t pknJw ofou" . Yj vM k+'lhjfbofu" Gof]lrt (+u ;dfh] pTklth'u" kbfy{ ;]jf ;Dklt ljt/)f ofou" k|)ffnL . k'+hLjfbof k|yd l;$fGt jd'n l;$fGt vM JolQmjfbL b[li^sf])f yMu" JolQmjflb ;"v stlkgL kfv]+ jfwfdh"Os]u" of nflu hs stlkgLu" lxt ;"v oft Wofg tou" yMu" ;"vGxfkfnfs cn] hs ;fdflhs Gofo w}u" k'lh+jfb lsl;d+ RATIONALBEHAVIOUR -plrt Jojxf/_ h"n . Yj x] klZrdL l;$fGt+ emLu" ;Dk')f{cfly{s sf/]fjf/ Tjk"of jof Rj+u" b" . Yj l;$fGt x] %u" lsl;d+ lemyfou/Lj j(] h"h"+ jMu" sf/)f h"of Rjg . k'+lh, >d j !fg lj!fg of kx"+rb"lk+ ;Lldt dg"to\;+ ;+rfng h"Ou" Yj k'+lhjfb Joj:yfo ;fdflhs Gofob"Yofo wf;fg+ Joj:yf gOu" kmfObf lj:tf/+ ;dfhof ;sn ju{ lkGt YogLwf;fg+ dYogLu"ln+ Yj TRIPLE DOWN l;$fGt oft tf]tf ljZjof ljleGgtMtM(+u" ;Dd]ng+ lg)f{o ofu" sy+ ;/sf/L :t/+ k|To]s b]z+ ;fdflhs GofobOu" lsl;d+ hLjg ofkgof nflu dbos+ dufu" ;fdflhs kbfy{ j ;]jf ofnflu ;/sf/+ yMu" jflif{s jh]ôf 20 k|ltzt todfu" j ljb]zL bftfto\;g+ 20 k|ltzt sd;]sd cg"bfg ljOu" sf]lIfu" b" . y"u" k|sf/+ k"/fjhf/ k|f)ffnL hs dh';] ;/sf/L tf}/+ g+ u/Llj lgjf/)f ofou" k|)ffnL ;"?h"u" b" .yg ofu" af}$ cy{ k|)ffnL af}$ bz{g cg";f/ k|To]s j:t" j JolQmofclgTotf, k/:k/ofu" cGt/ lqmofof cfwf/] k/tGq :jefju" cl:tTj, t[i)ffx] cgGt b"Mvof sf/)f vM j(] h"h"+ jgLu" t[i)ff of :jefj dl;of x] b"vj(] h"h"+ jgLu" vM w}u" v¤of cfwf/] dg"g+ ylkgLu" cfjZostf j(] ofgfdjg]u" eujfg a"$ ofu" lzIff vM yMu" cfjZostf yMu" dgkfu" v+ vMdgoft ;+od] tof yMu" OR%Ff cfjZostf oft lgkZkIf of ps]+of dtnjc;Gtf]if a[l$ of wfu" dv", OR%fof pTklt x] dh"Ou" sy+ yMu" ;Dks{b[liôf ljsf; of . cGt/ ;DjGw b"u" Yj ;dfh] yM j stM wsf %"to\16copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

;DjlGwt ;sl;t+ yM x] ;Dem] h"of Oldt dfu" ;"v zflGt yMDx+ UjxfnLofokmt wf;f j s"zn sd{ h"n . cy] dof;] yMu" x] hs ;"v zfGtL:jof yM gfk ;DjlGwt ;sl;g+ j:t" y]+ k|of]u ofot :jn wf;f j cs'znsd{ h"n, ps]of sd{ ljkfs Do]lku" ;"v zfGtL hs+ dbOu" dv" yM t g+;"v zfGtL dbof b"u{ltof ef]u ofodfnL .Yjx] ;Gbe]{ lemu" af}$ ;+:s[ltO{ yM lylt lkgL jLr+ ljrf ofou" /Llt l:yltbosf tMu" ;dfhofu" b"Uo+u" Joj:yf vM . t/ ;dofg";f/ cf %" rLh Gxkfy]+ cfjZos db";f kl/jt{g ofo dfn]km" .15= drf Kjfy] b;f+ lg;]+ drf a"an] tsofu" sd{drf Kjfsy bof :jnf bo]j+ k";jg lqmofofgf ue{kf^ ;"/Iff ljOu" Hof h"O+cg Rofnf boj+ l;df+tf]kgog lqmof ofgg Kjfy] b"Dx drfof ;Dk')f{ OGb|Lok')f{ h"u" efjgf ofgf r]tgf yg]u" lqmof ofO . cg+ln Kjfyof b"Dx dfDxoftwf}jhL gs]u", yM%]+ ;Mtf wf}jhL, ;f;fu" of]of]u" dl/rf/L gs]u" rngcftsg+ bgL . Gxfkf of]d/L gs]u" rng vgL . yy] g]jf to :jnf db"tNn] Kjfyo bt wsf kl/jf/ wf]lift h"Odv" . :jnf bt wfou" ltgL Kjfyobt wsf #f]if)ff h"O . yy] Kjfyo b"jn] lg;]+ x] drf j df+ oft go Tjg]cf/fd ljof ljrf ofou" g]jf af}$ ;dfhof ljz]iftf vM . nLkf Yjx] rng;Dk')f{ g]jf ;dfhof rng h"of jg .16= drf a"of v"nf tsofu" sd{drf a"of KoGx" ts df¤Dx drfoft k"/f cf/fd ljO sy+ ljrf/ ofO .yM%] Rj+ lkGt ;"r+ ljOsy+ l;r"kfn" s]g] %f]o]u" rng b" . kl/jf/lk+;sl;g+ ;f] jO, ljrfof jO a"of :jGx" b" v"Gx" jxgL chLrf j stfgls+rf jof kL WogL . jhL stf gls+rf jfo o+sL . chL rf j stfgsL+ lk+;+ j Hof ofOjn] dg dg+ jf]g]of j %"vM w}u" cg";+wfgof ue]{ x]ltgL .drf a"of KoGx" v"Gx" drfa" Jos]u" wsf gLrL ofgf u"efh"+ drfofu" hftMtof k"hf ofgf kmnfgfDx ca"Dxl;of kmnfgfDx ef/of snf kfv]+ sfo jfDxfo a"n wsf ;sl;of Gxof] wf]if)ff h"O, drfof hft cg";f/ gfdfs/)f g+h"O . drf oft kl/jf/] b"g] af} g;]+ sof ;s l;g+ gftf :jLsf/ oO .u?h"+g+ :jLsf/ ofO k"hf l;wosf bLbL chL %\jf;] af} jfo o+sL, cuf+Jjrf bfg ofO{ . drf oft wf]^L rf}sL w}u" ;]v| Kofjf ofu" jf; /IffofOu" jNnfsLu" jf;+M gsL . yy] ofu" drfofu" hftqmd lqmof k'j+sL .19copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

ugug+ l;yfn k"hf %\of d~h">L u"?of d)*n tof VjLKjf dt rfMx"osfdrfoft ;+/If)fof efjgf ofgf jof Rj+u" lqmof g b" .yg+ lnkf nIfL bt woj df¤Dx drf Hjgf nlR% nTof lgnf ts yM%]+ jgfdrfa' nlxs] jgL . yM Dxfofo\ drfa"O jn] Dxof oft nlR% lgnf u"lnl;+ :jnf yMu" x] %]+ xof nlxgf ljrf ofgf %f]O . yy] yMx] ;tf nlxgf%f]o]u' g]jf af}$ tou" ljz]iftf vM . yy] df¤ drf yMx] jOjn] j y%] eftlkGyfo\ Noxf+ jgLjn] lbbLchL RjsL xf]nf dle+lk+t gsf ;+tf]ifofgf drf df+oft /Iff ofou" ofgf tMu" vgL .v"nf bosf cGgk|f;g wsf drf h+sf] ofgf drf oft df¤ofu" b"? hs dv"cGg g+ gs] dfn wsf cGg kmn km"n gs]u" drfot rfrf lt;f+ lts]u",ef]o j+;f drfoft ef]o efu sof ef]o ;d]t gou" drf ofu" clwsf/ bOu"h"n .16= k'j{ jfNoj:yf j jfNoj:yfzfSo u"efh"oft r'*fsd{ ofgf lrj/ k"+sf leIf" u|x)fofsf af}$f r/)fo"Qmu" lzIff lznf+s"z u"nfif Hj+sf leIfofgs cg+ KoGx"bosf lrsf TjsfleIfTj+ lnxf+jo u[x:yL b"xf+ jof a|hl;Tj s'n] cfjlZjt h"O ah|fleif]scrfo{ leif]s sof ah|;j s'no jh|frfo{ h"of jof Rj+u" b" .zfSo jh|frfo{ jfxs] Do]lk+ jf]$ of drf t tMwL h"nsL j|tZjof lqmforfxL . Yj s[ofo bg+g u"?s"no jgf lzIff u|x)f ofO{ . ;Gof;L bk wg")fofgf df¤jf} lk+s] ljIffsof jg] jg]u" k/Dk/f vM lzIff cwoog sf]rfosfNofxf+ jM lkGt nfs"; ofgf u[x:yL b"t xou" rng rn] h"of jof Rj+u" b".ld;f drf t Kob+ Gofb+ bo w"s"lkkGt OxL ofou' wsf >df w]of k|lt:yfof]yfo Hosf hsL hgsf ox yfo OsL lqmLofxL cg+ lnkf le;Gd:t nof;]h"of jMu' ;+s]t :j?k /h:jnf h:o u"uls ue{ wf/)f ofu" ;Ifd h"nwfofu" g+ ;+s]t vM . y"u" ld;f drf to\u" lxpkf jOu" On] jf/f tou"wsf ldh+to\;] dv+s tof Nof;] h"of jx jn] l;u" cj:yf, rf}g ;DjlGwlziff, ue{wf/)f ;DjlGw lzIff, ldh+t gfk ofo dfu" ;Djgwo lziff, ljjfx;DjlGw ;v+ xflof jf/] lzIff ljfo jOu" lbgof nflu tof/L oxL No;]h"Ojn] dv"u" n]+ dnfodf ;dflhs dfGotf b"g] Rjgf of}g ;+t[i^L h"Ou" s+nLkf bdDkTo hLjg ;+tf]if k')f{ ;":tL h"Odf w}u" yof]u" sd{ cjYof g+ g]jf;dGho fRj+ Gxofu" sd{ sf)* vM .20copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

17= o"jfj:yfj}; hfof jof w"+sf u[x:yL hLjg xg]t Olxkf ofO{ . ld;f ldh+ oftk|!f]kfg :j?k bfdkTo hLjg xg]u" ofO{ .18= k|f}( cj:yfa"$ h"of jMlk+ df+ cj" cfh" chL lk+t >$f tof x]/ljrf/ hs dof;]le/yf/f]x)f b]jyf/f]x)f, j dxf/f]yf/fx)f cflb s[of sd{ ofgf df+ af}+ lkGtb]jTjof tof xgLu" rng b" .19= ;Ljn] ofOu" lqmof;Lw+"sf Yj z/L/oft b'u{lt dnfodf wsf k'hf kf& ofo w"+s sf]tfn] tyfsfxf jh+ k"Osf lbk] o+sf sfog+ ld+ tosf pgf+ v/fgL ofgf v"zL r"Osf%f]O{ . v"zL r"Os] Gx\of] v/fgL j sf]o ofu" lref bosf k"hf ofgf;"vfjtL e'jg+ jf; nodf b"ult dnfodf wsf lref bosf k'hf ofgvf/fgL sf]+o v"zL r"Os] %f]O . cn] nTof ts zf]s dfg] ofgf kl/jf/ofckf]l;g+ zf]s km]gL . kl/jf/ d'nlk+ l;t wf;f sfo Dxfo snf eft lk+blIf o+sM zf]s Rjgf rf]gL .Yj jfx]s emLGofGx" bosf kLu+ yof k"hf ogf kLu+ jfy o+s]u" ofO{ . Yj%fo ofO{ w}u" jf/] cg;"Gwfgo of jfsL x] bgL . cn] Tjfh+ oft ;Lstou" wjf tox] Rjg]df . bl% o+s KoDx eujfg :joDe', gdMa"$fo gdj/]jf+ dtM Rofsf jgL . cy]x} yn] u"+ k"GxL b"tLdf v"Gx" ;L lkgLu" gd+lref klt+ dtM %f]osf dtof jgL .yy] a";f+ g;]+ ;Lw"+sf tsg+ df¤ g drfoft yM gflny] kl/jf/] Tjfn] b]oflk+ ;sl;t+ cfh" chL, cfjf, wf]df, ssf, ddf bfh" lshf ttf s]+ x]+wsf yM gfnf ;Djf]wg ofgf ysfnL lkGt efuLofgf sf]sfnL lkGy cflyjf{bljof ;DjGw Sjft"sf x/]ljrf/ ofu" af}$ ;+:s[ltofu" ljz]iftf vM .20= gvM rvM%" g+= ;dfhof y, Rjgfu" yf;] blIfof b'g] cg]s k|sf/of ;Defljt k|fs[ltsk|sf]k kfv]+ jr] h"ot /Iff ofot >f]t ;fwg cflb cfjzos h"O ps]nflu;fd"lxs k|of; dflnu"ln hfu" ;+:s[lt h"O . kfl/hf v+ g} h"O yof]u" kjof eo kfv] Gofot g]kfn d)*n] af]$ lkgL ;DjlGwt b]jtf lkGt cfJxfofgf k"hf ofg ;Defljt k|sf]k w^gf b"Mv si^ kfv] ;"/lIft h"of dfuHofv+ ofgf RjgL, dfu" xn+ Hjn+ tof/ ofg tO Ct" cg";f/ jOu" dfktljkt t/] h"nsL v}of ofgf Ejo gou" yfO{ .21copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

g]jf af}$ ;dfh] g+ Ct" cg";f/ blIfof b"g] dlxgf lkR%] yM lkGt /Iffofu" x]t' ljleGg k"hf cfhf ofgf dfu" Hof ofgf gou" Hof ofgf jof Rj+u"b' . cfkt ljt t/] h"O s"+sf Gx\ofk"s]u" ls;d+ ef]o gou" l;s+ cfktljkt d/]sf %f]ou" jf jr] h"Ou" of nflu wfld{s sfo{qmd ofgf jof Rj+u"%u" ;+:yfut ?ksof ;f+:s[lts sfo{ y] h" j+u" vg]b" .1= gvM of qmd a};fv cf}+l; g;]+ ;? h"O . Yj v"Gx" ;"y Gxfkf dftftLy{ jgf :gfg ofgf ;"lrofgf ckf/ >$f elQmtof df+ dosf ljJxnh"of RjDxg, dfgof nv] dôf Vjf ;f]O / df¤ofu" Vjf vgL x+v";L v";L d"gf lg/Gt/ Gx\ofgf Rj+u" n]v df¤ofu" Vjf vgL wfu" %u"pkh hs h"O ljJxn h"of Jolyt h"of Rj+Dx df¤ gfk Kok'gf RjDxl;g+ cg+ :gfg+ dfofjn] l;tn h"of hj v";L Gx\ofu" vgL j+ pjn]hLjg v";L y] vgL . yMu" lrq r}tGo z/L/ gfk+ tLy{ y] ;udh"of ctf ?k+ lg/Gt/ k|jflxt vgL . yMu" dgkft af]$ dfO{ . cn]dbDddf¤ cult jf b"u{ltnfgf w+u" b";f lgjf{)f dfu]{ nfodf wsfk"hfcfhf bfg wd{ ofOldf+ hLJklt blgu" v;f >$f k'j{ g]Tj+s] ofgfdf+ofu" ;f}P cn] y] Vof ;f]o b"u"ln no tfosf RjgL .2= cg+ lnkf a}zf; z"Ns k|ltkbf jlx vfO ;Nx" wsf . pv"Gx" jfbgjgf cg tLs]{ :gfg\ ofgf dl)fr"b jgL . Gxkf oflk+ tyfut lk+;+r'*fsd{ ofgf leIf"ofgf a"$wd{of hu tof j+u" yf;] tLy{ ofgf ofylk+t wd{ ofu" clek|]l/t ofgf jof RjgL vfO;Nx" v"Gx" sLld Kjfy]bOlk+ lsrft dbo]st kfnjL %jfgf nv] ldn] ofgf d:t]o\ gsf;"/lIft ofou" rng b" . pv"Gx" x] udL{ an] ;Ltn] ofot alkt jfjosf jLxn cgfa[li^ Old{:of jr] ofgf >Llxn s?)ffdocjnf]s]Zj/ofu" hfqfofot on] s?)ffdo /y] tOu" h"of RjgL pv"Gx"%]+ %]+ hf+sL r"+ofu" SjftL %"r"+d/L gou" rng b" . Yj km"Ss ;"/lIfth"Ou" lx;fa+ ofgf tMu" wsf jf+nfsf x] ;L b" .3= cIfo t[tLof .q]tf o"u ;"? h'u" lbg kljqu" z"e lbg wsf Gx\ofu" sd{sf)* ofO{. b]jL b]jtf lk+yfo\ jgf k'hf of jgL . vf;ofgf a"$ k'hf ofgf;+# lk+t bfg ef]hg ofO{ .4= a}zfv z"Sn k"lGxYj :jf¤of k"lGx eujfg zfSod"lg a"$ hGd h'u", Yjx] k"lGx v"Gx"af]lw!fg nfu" cn] Yjx] k"lGx v"Gx" lgjf{)f k|fKt h'u" lbg h"of a"$:d/)f ofgf k'hflb ofgf jO Rj+u" h"n . pv"Gx" zfSod"gL a"$ oft22copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

vt] tof zx/ kl/qmdf ofgf afhfufhf :tf]q af]gf w"+ w"kf¤o\ hf]gfhfqf ofou" rng b" .5= l;+ gvM .Ho]i& z"Sn ifi&L v"Gx" l;ltgvM dfg] ofO{ . jiff{ ;"? h"of l;gf Hofjf lkou" of nflu tof/L ofou" Hof ofO{ . ;Dk')f{ hfqfof Hofl;wosf b]p k"hf cflb g+ l;wosf hfqf of afhf cflb ;fdfgtu"+nf cf/De dh" tNn] oft ;"/lIft ;fy %yfo\ dYo';] tOu" h"n .l;gf Hof l;dw+ tNn] ;Dk')f{ zlQm ;fwg l;gf Hofo x] tg dgwg laof nu] u"Ou" h"n . pv"Gx" vf; ofgf Oi^ b]jtf k"hf ofO{ .;doahL vf;ofgf j dfojM k'jM nfkL tof jM gou" rng b" .pv"Gx" t"+yL Rj+u" nM km"Ss ;fnf ;kmf ofou" rng b" . jy]+ r"swM g+ ;kmf ofO{ .6= gSjf lbzLcfiff( s[i)f bzdL v"Gx" gSjf lbzL wsf gvM dfg] ofO{ . vt"k|To]s ci^dL, k')fL{, cf}+;L, ;+Nx", %u" g+ %u" wfld{s s[ofsnfk ofgfRjgL . cy]x] k|To]s s[i)f kIf] bzdL v"Gx" cfud] rqm;+e/ of]ufDa/b"yfof bzdL k"hf ofgf ef]o gou" rng b" . yy]x] cfif( s[i)ff kIfbzdL v"Gx" cfud] x] jh| ;+j/ ofu" jh|ofgL k/Dk/f sy+ h"Dx k"hfofO .7= uyf+d"uM>fj)f s[i)f rt"b{zL v"Gx" uyf+d"u wsf bsl;j] ysflnu" Gxfkf+u"gvM wsf dfg] ofO . l;gf Hof sf]rfn w}u" #f]if)ff ofOu" lbg vM. udL{of jvto\ h"Ou" cg]s k|sf/of /f]uflb kfv]+ ar] h"of w]+, s";Lklt cflb sLrft kfv]+ d"Qm h"of ;Lgf ;Lgf ofodfu" l;gf Hof k')f{ofo w"+sf u"+nf wd{ ;"? h"O lgGx" Gx\of] uyf+ d"uM ofg] ofO{ .uyf+d"uM wfODx dle+Dx e't k|]t vM . u"+nfwd{ k|f/De ofot e't k|]tdbos]t anL k"hf ofgf anL laof jftfj/)f :jR% kjLq j ;"/lIftofO{ .8= >fj)f z"Sn k/]jf .u"+nfwd{ cf/De h"O{ . Yj nlR%g+ clt eo b"u" nf h"of RjgL eojif{ ofu" vM . clt j[li^ h"Ou"ofg+ eo b" cgfj[li^ h"of jfdf ugf+jgLu"of g+ eo b" . clta[li^ h"of jfdf r"Os] o+sLu",sf]blnu", %]+b"gLu"ug jg] dhLu" OToflb eo nMofu" dd{ cflb t/] ofot cg]s wd{sd{;"?h"O . k/]jf v"Gx" g;]+ nlIfts u"+nf wd{ ;]jf ofO{ . jf j;f+,kmo j;f+ eQmhglk+ :joDe" j"+u s?)ffdo jgf :tf]q cflb af]gf23copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

wd{sd{ ofgf RjgL . k/]jf v"Gx" g;]+ on] dTof kfM nfu" Tjfoflk+ %jf ts rfGx] bgf on bSsf] jxf jlx lrof wd{wft" b"yfo jfhf;lxt jgf k'hf;"? ofO{ .9= gfu k+rdLa"$ wd{ ;+:s[lt gfu ofu" tw+u" dxTj b" . nM ;DalGw ;Dk')f{tTjoft lgoGq)f ofODx gfu vM lrefn] gfu+ rflxnf /Iff ofgfRjgL . gfu gfk cjnf]s]Zj/ ofu" tw+u" :jfk" b" . gfu oftlgoGq)f ofODx u?b v;f u?b oft lgogq)f ofODx s?)ffdocjnf]s]Zj/ h"of RjgL, u"+nf n ofu" eo b"u" h"of gfuoft /Ifsof?k] k"hf ofou" rng b" .10= on k~rbfg>fj)f z"Snof ci^dL v"Gx" ah|frfo{ zfSolk+t leIf' ;+#of ?k] bfgljOu" ofgf jORj+u" b" . a"$lk+t k"hfofgf vf; ofgf bLk+s/ tyfutoft k"hfofgf bfg sd{ ofou" lbg vM g]kfofu" ;+:s[lt bfgofu" tw+u"dxTj b"u" h"of wg ;Dos bfg g/f+ cflb bfgof Hof h"of RjgL,Vjkb]z] b]+ b;+ x] ;Dos bfg ljOu" k/Dk/f b" . cy]x] on] Gofb+of%s j o]+ lGx\olgbo %s ;Dos ofou" rng b" . Yj afx]s >$fcg";f/ n:tf+g+ ;Dos GofosLu" b" . b}lgs hLjg] dbos dufu";fdfg bfg ljOu", hLjg ;"/Iffof nflu ceo bfg jLu" j wd{bfgjLu" rng cg";f/ pv"Gx" ;+#oft dbos+ dufu" ;fdfg bfg jLu"rng ==== ;+:yfut h"j+u" b" .11= u"+ k"lGx>fj)f z"Sn k'l)f{df v"Gx" jxf jlx klt+ af]of tMkL lbk+s/ tyfut,a"$lk+ af]lw;Tj lk+t k"hf efj ofgf a"jMofu" SjftL TjgLu" vM . YjSjftL Tjg wf;f :o]v+ skm sdhf]/Lofu" /f]u btwf;f nfOu" w}u"laZjf; b" . cn] pv"Gx" a"$dfuL{ tg+ on] s"De]Zj/ jgf s"De]Zj/af]lw;Tjoft g+ k"hf of jgL . lxGb" to\;+ dxfb]j lzjwsf dfg]of;faf}$to\;+ s?)ffdo cjnf]s]Zj/of ?k] dfg]ofgf jof Rj+u" b" . dxfBf]lzj wsf cg k"hf of jgLu" dv" .12= h"uM rx|]efb| qof]b;L v"Gx" o]+ lbk+s/ tyfut a"$ af]lw;Tj lk+ k"hf ofgf;+# lkGt k~r bfg ljOu" rngoft gvMof ?k] dfg]ofgf jof Rj+u"b" . pv"Gx" a"$ dfuL{ t :joDe" jgf a"$lk+t k"hf ofO{ .13= af} of Vjf ;f]ou"24copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

efb| s[i)f cf}+;L b"lj+ ca" lkgLu" Vjf ;f]of gs] Tj+s] ofgf yM lkgLg+ go Tjg] ofO{ . ca" dbo w"+s" lkgL uf]s)f{ tLy{ jgf :gfg\ ofgfca"h"of lgjf{)f sfdgf of;] k"hf bfg sd{ ofO{ . ;Lu" gf tLy{ ;]jfofu" tw+u" :jfk" b"u" h"of RjgL yM of]lk+ ;Lu" Joyf+ %tkt h"Oan]v";L tLy{ ofu" k|s[lt :jefj ;Lt wfoj hLjg d/)fof ;To wsfy"Ou" h"of wgL ;Lu" w}u" %" Djfou" w}u" %" y"s]of ;To v+ %" w}u";Ls] kmOu" h"of RjgL ps]+ ;Ljn] ;LDx];Lu" z]if v";L r"Os] %f]ou",v";L :gfg\ ofou", v";Lof Gx\ofgf w+u" nv] Vjf ;f]of ;+;f/ sLkfg]hs vM wsf Dxl;s]u" ofgf jof RjgL . Yj lemu" dg lrtcfsfz+ o+sf ct"t ?k+ Gx\ofgf Rj+u" r}tGoof k|jfx wsf Dx l;Osf;Lu" b"Mv+| d"Qm h"Ou" !fg tLy{ kfv]+ ;Lu" h"of tLy{ jgf k"hf sd{ofOu h"of RjgL .14= u"+nf wd{ ;dfKtLefb| z"sn k|ltkbf v"Gx" u"+nf nlR% o+sM nM ofu" eo d"e h"ota"$ jf]lw;Tj vf; ofgf cjnf]s]Zjofu" k"hf efj ofgf ;]jfogfu"of ;dfKtLof pkn] u"+nf kf? ef]o GofosL .15= r&fefb| z"Sn rf}ls v"Gx" ;+WofO{ g;]+ v"+ofu" eo kfv]+ d"Qm h"Ot lgefljOw"g wfoj %]+ Koxf+ dj;] ;sn] %yfo d"gf %":of d":of af]of w"+,w"kfo Rofsf hfts jfv+ sgf :qf]q cflb kf& ofgf w{dof v+ >j)fofgf+ k|;fby] %":of d":of l;;fkm";f tou" ofO{ . jf}$ ;+:s[lt dxfb]joft canf]s]Zj/ jf/Djf/ jr] ofu" v+t b" . dxfb]j %"+ kfk sd{ofgf gfn] b'g] lj:o"+ jgLu" Og"+ dxfb]joft v"+ wsf dfnf RjgLu", cn]dxb]j+ lnkf lnkf v"+ Hofo dofs]t cn] dxfb]j oft jr] ofu" ja"$ dfu{ to\;+ wd{ sd{ ofu", dxfb]j x] v"+ h"n wf Do]lk+ %fov"+dHo'O wsf v"+ofu" eo b"u" h"of k"hf kf& ofO ofgf Rj+u" h"ofRjg .16= o]Gof k"lGxefb| z"Ns k"lGx v"Gx" s"df/L e}/j j u)f]z k"hf ofgf ;do jhLbfg ljOu" j ylkgL g+ gou" rng b" . s"df/L e}/j j u)f]zoftaf}$ b[li^sf])f+ k"hf cfhf oO . jh|ofg dfu" d)*n] Oldt b]jkfnnf]skfnof ?k] oyf :yfg ljof tMu" b" . cs"znoft lgoGq)f ofgfs"znoft /Iff ofot y"lk /Ifsto\u" ;s/fTds e"ldsf bof RjgLps] o]Gof k"lGxjn] Og"+ cflb b]jtf lk+t /Ifof ?k] k"hf ofou" rngb" .25copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

17= ultnfcflZjg s[i)f t[ltof v"Gx" >L j;"Gw/f dftfof j|t bgf k'hf sd{ofO . u/Lj lgjf/)fo nflu wgwfGo nfe of nlfu sfdgf ofgfa;"Gw/f j|t RjgLu" vM . lgGx" o+SsM dfg] ofOu" Yj gvM of sGx]v"Gx" ef]o gou" rng b" . j;"Gw/f k[YjL tTjof dflns vM /TgofvfgLvM bsl;j] tw+u" /Tg lq/Tg vM . lq/6Tg nfe h'd]l;t ;Dk')f{;+;f/ tyf lgjf{)f x] nfe h"u" wo]dfn . /Tg ;Dej tyfutof s'nRj+Dx j;"Gw/fofu" k"hf ofojn] yy] /Tg k|fKt h"Ou" Do]u" %" + x]Djflnu" cefj w}u" %"x] db}u" k')f{tf k|fKtL h"Ou" j bsfl;j] tw+u";Dklt lgjf{)f k|fKtL h'Ou" h"of Rjg .18= dxMgL gvM .cflZjg z"Sn ci^dL gjdL bzdL :jGx" o+s a"$dfu{ to\;+ yMyMu"cfud] dxMgL kmof yMDx Oi^ b]jtf rGb| dx/f]if)f, rq;+# ofufDj/cflb oft k"hf ogf ;DGjofTds (+u gfvM dfg] ofgf jof Rj+u" b". cn] gvM of w/f Dxfo drf legf drf gsf jof Rj+u" b" .Gx\ofsf]x] tw+u" k|lts'n l:ylt g+ af}$ dflu{ to\;+ yMu" bz{gcg";f/ofu" sfd{sf)* k"hf cflb dtf]t";] cflb l:ylt cg";f/ yMu"wd{ ;+:s[lt ;gftfg wd{ s'nb]jtf ofu' wd{ ct"t ?k] rn] ofgfjof Rj+u" b" . /fHo zlQm gfkg+ ldn] h"u" y] Rj+s Do]u" wd{gfk g+ldn] h"u" y]+ Rj+s wd{ wft";] Hjgf wd{ /Iffofgf ef]o gof jMu" b".19= slt k"lGxocflZjg z"Sn k"lGx v"Gx" >L sfZok a"$+ :joDe' :yfkgf ofu" j;joDe' :ofkgf ofu" j kn]:jf+ pTklt h'u" lbg vM . :joDe' jgfk'hf cfhf g ofO{ . ;k| ljBfgf]t/ k"hf ofOu" lbg k"hf ogf ef]ogou" gvM of ?k] dfg]of .20= :jGtL gvMsflt{sof cf}+;L sflt{s z"Ns k|ltk|bf j l$ltof v"Gx" nIdL k"hf, Dxk"hf, lshf k"hf, wsf ;Dk')f{ g]jf %u" hftL %u" /fi^« lsl;d+g]kfufn] b"g] ;sl;g+ dfg]ofgf jof Rj+u" vM . g]kfn ;Djt ;"?h"u"On] /fli^«o cl:tTj ofu" ;d:of h'jn] %Dx jf]lw;Tjy] hfDx ;fx"+C)f k"nf /fi^«Lo ;d:of ;dfwfg ofu" n:tfo yMyMu" wd{ bz{gcg";f/ oflk+ b]jtf lk+ k"hf ofgf dfg] ofgf ju" gvM vM . af}$26copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

dfuL{ t];+ Yj gvM ;DGjofTds (+u ;sn]+ gfk ldn] rn] h"of dfg]ofgf jof Rj+u" b" . k|ltk|bf ;d"Tofb lgod sy+ ;Djj[lt ;To sy+bof Rj+u" Yj z/Lj j Yj lhu" w}u" cfTdf ofu" oyfy{ :jefj oftd)*n] k|ljljlDjt ofgf Dxl;s]u" j y"s]oft k/dz{ ;Tokfv] jg]u"tw+u" ;fwg of ?k] k|of]u ofot jNnfs]dfu" h"of yMu" z/L/ yMu"clgtou" cfTf k"hf ofou" ofgf jMu" h"n .21= d"Vo ci^dLsflt{s z"Sn ci^dL af}$ wdf{nDjL lklgu" tw+u" lbg vM . Yj v"Gx">L cfo{jnf] lst]Zj/of d"Vou" lbg vM pv"Gx" rf]ef/ jgf cgofDxs?)ffdo oft k"hf ofO . pkfifb j|t blgu" lbg vM . Yj v"Gx"kz"klt dxfb]joft k+ra"$ ofu" d"s^+ k"OsL af}$ wdf{jnDjL lk+;]kz"klt dxfb]joft zLj wsf dxfb]j wsf kz"klt wsf k"hf ofOu"dv", j? k~ra"$ wsf k"hf ofOu' vM . wfld{s :jtGq tb cg";f/yyu' bz{g b[li^sf])f k"hf ljlw cg";f/ yMyM lkgL b]jtf oft k"hfofO{ .22= sflt{s z"Sn gjdLsflt{s z"Sn gjdL ;To o"u pbd h"u'' lbg vM . Yj v"Gx" af}$;+# lkGt bfg k|bfg ofO{ .23= ;lsldnf k"lGx:joDe' dxf r}To k|lt:yfofu" lbg . Yjof %Gx" Gx\of] ax+gL dxfbLkRofsf xlndlnJjof :qf]q Jjgf efj elQm ofO{ . k"lGx v"Gx" ;"y]cfo{ gfd ;+uLlt :qf]q jf]gL . jxf jlxgL lref b"yfo g+ yy] x]xlndnL jf]of :qf]q Jjgf Yj lbg dfg] ofOu" h"n .24= of]dl/ k"lGxd+;L/ z"Sn k"lGx v"Gx" of]dl/ bosf gvM bgL of] d/L bosfhf/L ofu" cfh" clh drf vfrf kz"k+IfL bosf el/s"ly ;f]y"jf KoGx"ts cn] Dxfo d:t ;tf gsL k"lGx v"Gx" of]d/L hfsL cflb bfgljOu" g+ of .25= lbl; k"hfkf}if s[i)ffof bzdL v"Gx" cfud] rqm;+j/ j cg"/fw b]jL jh|jf/fxLofu"x\o k"hf ofgf bgL, r%Lof cfu+ k"hf ofou" sGx] v"Gx" k|!f Jj+ef]o gO{ .26= Wof] rfs" ;+Nx"27copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

dfw ;+Nx" v"Gx" lbk+s/ tyfut oft k"hfofO{, o]+ d"xv]n] ;Dos vf]k]g+vfg sd{ ofOu" lbg . Yj v"Gx" Wof] rfs" t?jn cflb gof lrs"nft+s]u" pkfo ofO .27= >L k+~rdLdf# z"Sn k~rdL v"Gx" g]kfn lgdf{tf d+h">L u"?oft k"hf ofgfljBf cf/De ofOu" gvM . d+h">Lof :qL wsf ;/:jtLoft yfoyf;]k"hf ofou" ;/:jtLof k|;fb gou" rng b" .26= kmfu")f s[i)ff cf};L v"Gx" åfk/ o"uof pbo h'u" lbg wsf ;+# ef]hgofs]u" j bfg k|bfg ofou" rng b" .27= xf]lnk"lGxkmfu")f z"Sn k"lGx v"Gx" wjlx ljqmdzLn dxfljxf/of lbk+s/ a"$ofu"hfqf ofgf ef]o gou" rng b" . pv"Gx] gfnfo s?)ffdo Gxs+ ofOu"lbg .28= cfrfo{ u"&Lr}q s[i)ff ci^dL gjdL v"Gx" ah|frfo{ lkgL b] cfrfo{ u"&L GofosfzflGtk"/; u"Dx k"hf ofgf ef]o gou" ofgf tn . Yj v"Gx" Gx"ah|frfo{ lkGt u"&L k|j]z, sGx] v"Gx" u|xd)*n k"hf ofgf ah|frfo{lkGt bfg k|bfg cflb ofOu" h"n .29= kfMrGx] -r}t s[i)f qof]bzL_Yj lbg kL& kL&] k"hf xf]d ofgf tMhLu" gvM xf]gf jORj+u" b" . Yjcfkf ofgf o]+ dfg] ofou" rng b" .30= r}t b;}+r}t z"Sn ci^dL v"Gx" >L hdnf]s]Zj/ -hgdf BM_ of /yf/f]x)fofgfhfqf ;"? ofO{6 . piff]if( tyf c/De ofou" lbg31= r}Q z"sn k"lGxNx"lt k"lGx v"Gx" ljkZjL a"$+ :joDe' dxfr}To pTkltof yf;] kn]:jfk" -;ls_ lkgf ljHofu" lbg hfdfrf] jgf cgofDx lrefBf] k'hf ofgfNx"tL :gfg\ ofu" lbg .r/Lq lgdf{)f28copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

g]kfn d)*nof af}$ to\u" r/Lq lgdf{)f dxfofg cGt/ut kf/ldtfofg oftw+u k|efj b" . lGxof lGxy+ if* kf/ldtfof :tf]q t"tM af]gfu" k|efj+ Oldu" :jefjDo] Do]u" wdf{nDjL lk+:jof+ ljns"nx] kms/ vg]b" .bfgkf/ldtf kf& ofgfu" of k|efj bfg ofou" lrQ a[ltO{ nfj+u" b" k~rbfg,g/f+, ;Dosbfg y]+ hfu" bfg s[of ofou" ofgf jof Rj+u" b" . hgdt sdfof ofgf;Dks{ Gofs]u" ;+sNk ofgf RjgL . Yj jfx]s lGx lGx ;"y]+ k"hf ofu" s|d] çcw{ k"ik w"k bLk ======== cfTdft+ ;Dks{ ofDx wsf yMu" z/L/ ;d]t ck{)f ofgfRjgL cy]x] /Tg d)*n r(] ofgf RjgL . Yj z/L/ j lrQ ;d]t+ :jf+ y] pTkltljgfz h"of RjgLu" clgTou" wsf Tofu ofgf ck{)f ofou" b}lgs rof{ ofgf RjgL. bfgofgf Tofu lrQ a[l$ ofgf RjgL . sfou" l;s+ ljOu" lnO lgknf Gx\of]g]nfgf RjgL .cy]x] zLn kf/ldtof k|efj Odu" r/Lq] jf+nfs+ vg] bof Rj+u" b" .bzcs"zn sd{ z/L/+ ofOu" :j+u", jrg+ ofOu" Ko+u" j lrQ+ ofOu" :j+u" :qf]qemLu' cs"zn kfk sd{ dof;] emLu" x] s"znsd{ ofgf yMu" k")o ;+ef/ a[l$ofgfRjgL . Yj zLn kf/ldtf d"/]ofot yg j|t Rjg]u" tw+u" ;f+s[lts k/Dk/f b" .ci^dL j|t ltnf a|t, wd{wft" a|t, cfo{tf/f j|t, rt"b{zL j|t cflb k|rlnt j|tvM . a"$ jf]lw;Tjlk+ n"d+sf lg/fld; ef]hg ofgf pkfifb j|t Rjg]u" wn+bg]u" ofgfjx Rj+u" b" . y"s] ;j{hft ;sl;g+ sof jof Rj+u" b" . zflGt kf/ldtf ofu" g+rl/q+ jf+nfs k|efj nfgf Rj+u" vg]b" . %"+ le+u" p@]Zo k|fKtLof nflu b"Mv ;xofu"b"Mv dtfou" zfGtL vM . Do]lkG;+ dl;of dle+u" Hof of;f+ qmf]wofdlks;] pkfosf}znåf/f jofu" x[bo kl/jt{g ofou" zfGtL vM .yMDx z"? ofgfu" Hof k'Mdj+ tNn] Gxofsf]x] yfs";fg+ j Hof dtf]t";]nuftf/ ofgf l;$ ofou" lglDt Gx\ofsf] x] b"Mv ;L;f+ ;xofgf Hof k'j+s]u" ygoflk+af}$ tou" :jefj vM . Yj zfGtL kf/ldtf ofu" k|efj vM .cy]x] k|]/)fbfoL h"of pT;fxL h"of lg/f; dh'; s'zn Hof ofot dfu" jLo{o"Qm h"of RjgL. g]kfn] ttM w+u" Hof y"lk+x]jLo{ b"Olk+ af}$ to\;+ ofgf jof Rj+fu"b" . ttw+u" snf a[lt, k'hf cfhf, jfxf jxL bos]u" ;?Dos gf+ gkfofs]u" Hofaf}$ kfv]+ x] h":of rj+u' b" . af}$ to\;+ dofs+ g]kfn]+ b"+ x} tw+u" Hof k')f{ dh'.Wofg ofou" yg oflk+ af}$ to\u" b}lgs rof{ vM u"? ofs] lbIff sof lGxoflGxg+ ;'y ;"lr :gf ofot j kf& ofou" cn] jxfn] jgf yfkBf] j D]o Do]lk+ Bf]lklgu" k"hf kf& ofgf w"g wfj+ yMu' k]zfut Hofo nflu h"O . xfg+ jlGx j]nLl;wo w"+sf jxf jxL ggL r"s] lref Bf] of yfo b]jf Rofsf Yjx] kf/ldtfof29copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

:qf]q JjgL . cn] b]g] Gxof] hk Wofog ofgf b]gL. tf}sGx] uf]oGsf hL ofu" Wofgofu" wMwMu" k/Dk/fut Wofg ofou" oft yk k|]/)ff jMu" b" .bsl;s] tw+u" k|efj OdLu" r/Lq] k|!kf/ldtf ;Dks{ b[li^ ofu" vg] bofRj+u'b" . lbIff sof Rj+kL af}$ cfkfl;g+ ;"Gotf wsf Gogf tMu" gfd ;+uLlt kf&ofgf tMu" bof RjgL. Yj ;+;f/] bSs km"Ss hLj lghL{j j:t" ofu" :jefj ;"GovM Yj km"Ss k/tGq vM . dfof kl/lr ;d'x vM wfy] b"u" dv", clgTo h"of/f]s]dh';] lxt" lxnfjgLu" vM, u|fx\o w}u" g+ db" u|fxs w}u" g+ db", Yj km"SsGxfosg] vg] b}u" y] hs vM dlbs Gx\ofgf jgf Rj+u" nof wgf v"zLy] vg] bOu"hs vM wsf wfy] b"u" w}u" %"g+ db" . ;Ldf wsf y"Osf Rjg]df wsf jf/Djf/GogftMu" bof RjgL . u"?lk+;] wn+ bgL jn k"hf ofOjn] cg]s hfts pkbfg jfv+sgLjn] yof]u" v+ jf/Djf/ jof RjgL . wy] ;+;f/ ofu" km"Ss j:t" cltTo vMwsf rfosf xf]; tof RjgL cn af]lw!fg d"Qm af]lwlrQ cfsfz ;dfg JofKth"of hGd d[To kf/h"of ;j{sfn+ :yL/ h"of RjgL w}u" v+ jf/Djf/ Gogf cfkfdxf;] ;+;f/ofu" cltTou" :jefj n"d+sf lglnKt h"of yMu" dfu" snf s[lt Hofo;+nUg h"of RjgL . k|!f o"Qm h"n wfou" ltgL bfgzLn IffGtL , jL/ Wofg, pkfoh"of kf/ldtf k')f{ h"O w}u" j jf/Djf/ Gogf tMu" bof RjgL . ps]+ yNoflk+ af}$to\u" Vjfn] Jojxf/] Yj if*kf/ldtf :tf]qofu" k|efj Gx\ofsg] vg] bos+ :ki^ vg]bof Rj+u"b" . Yj :jfefj r/Lqoft u"lnl;g+ sdhf]/L wsf wf;f tjL y"lk+ ;f]If,;Lwf, emLtM d:o' y] Rj+;f tjL y"ldu"x] snfs[lt lgisk^ rfn rng+ ljZjog]kfnof gf+ lxdfny]+ x] prr h"of lygf Rj+u" b" .1= af}$ lrlsT;fDx dkm"t wf;f u"?Ho' ;tf lx+ wfou" rng cfts g+ bgL . u"?h" lk+; %"ofO %fo ofO w}u" v+ afnfs dl;of jg] w"+sn . yg %u" lgu" vgfu" jGogf tofu" v+ pNn]v ofo\ Togf . y"s]of af/] ;M:o' lk+; yk #^ ofgfYj !fg a[l$ ofo bt;f leu" pksf/ h"Ou" tfof .vMt" ;Jj] ;+vf/f clgRrf jg] h'O ;Dk')f{ a:t" clgTo vM :ogf dxofjltu" vM lemu" z/L/g+ :ogf dbof jlgltgLu" vM dl;;] ufx] duf, /f]udh"Os+ l;Ox] dv", z/L/ hL)f{ h"of a"(fa"(L h"of jgLx] ltgL . Yj zfl/l/sk|lqmof ;"gfg+ /f]s] ofgf ofo kmOdv" .cn] lemt wof tMu" b" ls lemu" ;+:sf/ b", sd{ljs b" u"u"ls lem;+ pv]+y"v]+ ofo kmOdv" . lemu" sfn ult Yog wfou" Gx\ofu" x] wf;f+ /f]u+ d"Qmh"O km}dv" . lem;+ sd{kmn ef]u ofox] dfnL . Yj lemu" tw+u" laZjf; b" .uy] %dfx] l;dfo tMu" lsl;dof kmn ;O{ . u"ln+ :jf+ h"of s"t"+ jO{, u"ln+uf] vfgf lruf]u" cj:yfo x] s"t"+ jO{ . u"ln+ tuf] h"of kfs] dh"j+ n+ vfof30copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

s"t"+ jO{, cn] u"ln+ t;s+ kmo jof s"t"+ jO{ . yy] kmn ====== lemu" z/L/g+sd{ cg";f/ ljleGg pd]/] ljleGg sf/)f+ d[To" h"of RjgL .%v] sd{of]u ofgf dTof]u" On]x] ;L db";f %v]+ lemu" z/L/ofu" :jefj ;Lsf:o+u" oft le+s]u" lrlsT;f k|)ffnL g+ b"u" h"n . lemu" z/L/of ;+rfngofot, lkQ, skm kfv]+ h"of Rj+u" wfO{ . Yj :jtf rLhofu" ;Gt"ng ofgfto km";f z/L/ &Ls cj:yfo nfgf RjgL w}u" ljZjf; b" . a"$ wd]{ ;Dk")f{vM dg lrQ ofu" h"u"ln+ z/L/ j dg ofu" tw+u" :jfk" b"u" h"n . YjlrQ] /fu a[l$ h"n wf;f jft a(] h"Ou", å]if a(] h"n wf;f lkQ a(]h"Ou", df]x a(] h"n wf;f skm a(] h"Ou" wO tMu" b" . /f]u h"n wf;fjft lkQ j skm dWo] %tf oft lgoGq)f ofgf xfg+ ;Gt"ng ofo dflnu"b" . u"?h" lk+;+ /f]uof nIf)f Gog] w"+sf ;f]odfu" jft lkQ skm %" s] h'u"w}u" ;Ls] w"+sf ;DalGwt lrQ ofu" bf]if oft lgbfg ofot ;DalGwt b]jtflk+t lgd)q)f ofgf ;tf lj/fdLof kfv]+ ydL k"hf k|fy{gf ofO{ . /f]u kfv]+h'u" v;f /f]u ;DalGw tyfut cdtfe å]if kfv]+ h'u" vM;f cIf]d, df]xkfv]+ h'u" vM;f j}/f]rg, #d)*L h"of /f]u h"of jMu" h";f /Tg ;Dej jO:of{ bfx kfv]+ h'u" vM;f cdf]wl;l$of s'n oflk+ Bf]lk+ k'hf ofO{ . ckf]ofgfk~r a"$ lkgL :qL lk+ tf/flk+tg+ dkmn wf;f k"hf ofOu" rngL bsl;s]ckf] e}ifHo tyfut -zfSod"gL a"$of e}ifHo tyfut ?k_ oft k"hf ofO{wf/)fL AjgL . cn] ck/ldtf wf/)fL g+ af]g]u" rng b" . y"s]of gfk gfk+u"?h"lk+ dg"to\u" u|x b;f ;f]Olk+ a}Bto\;+ u|x b;f cg";f/ dfu" k"hfpkrf/ g+ of . uy] ;'o{ k"Hofou" ci^dft[sf of b]jtflk+, cflb /Iff ofOlk+nf]skfn b]jtf lk+t z/L/of zfGtL sfdgfy]{ k"hf ofgf aL jf k"hf ofou"pkb]z jL .lrQofu" a[lt cg";f/ z/L/] ;DalGwt tTj k[YjL wft", hnwft", cUgLwft",jfo"wft" ;Gt"ng sfod h"Ou" cn] jx] cg";f/ jft lk+t skm a[l$ h"Ou",cn] z/L/] cg]s b"Mv ljh pTklt h"Ou" h"u"ln /f]u lgbfg bsl;j] tw+u"jf;M lrtoft j;] tou", /fu å]o/f]x oft sd ofou" O{:of{ bfx sd ofou"#d)*L dh"Ou", yMu" /f]uof a}B yx] h"Ou" . cn] %] vf+ klt jftof nfluwsf lznfhLt, lktof nflu wsf vfo" s"gMa" lkgf t}u" j skmof nfluwsf kLkL gou" rng JofSs b" . lrs"nf an] skm ;DalGw nf]o j jft;DalGw nf]o h"Ou' cn] udL{ an] ckr j lkQ ;DalGwo h"Ou' ln+ On]On]Sjfu" j Vjf+u" g;f tou" k]rofot ef]on] ;d]t+ pko"Qm vfgf jf;Mof ?k]u"?h"lk+; lj/fdL lk+t e}ifHo tyfuty]+ x] s?)ff tof gfo"u" ;n+ /f]u nfO{w}u" e/f];f ljof gou" Tjg]u" Rjg]u" cflb cg]s k|sf/+ larf ofou" lgb]{zglaof RjgL . /f]u nfos]u" lhDdf sof lGx lGxy+ jof ljrf/ ofgf RjgL .;"gfg+ s"ljBf k|of]u ofgf j;Ls/)f ofgf dgoft :o+sf tM;f dfu" dGqtGq ofgf dfu" sy+ ofgf dv"u" sd{ ofgf Rj+ Dxl;t lgoGq)f ofO{ .31copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

cfts g+ u"?h" lkGyfo /f]uL t pkrf/of nflu Sof]+ jou" km'kmf ofs]u"rng osf]x] bgL .2= pk;+xf/g]kfn d)*nof af}$ ;+:s[lt lxdfnoof blIf)f Ko+v]+ kj{t rfx"o"u" cltdgf]/d k|fs[lts ;+kbf b'u" v";L, h+un d[u, k+IfL h+unL kz", ag:klt b"u"e'ld ;Kt a"$lk+;+ a;f]af;of nflu wd{sd{of nflu pko"Qm h"Os bosf Jo'u"e'ldO{ lasfz h'u" ;+:s[lt, :joDe' bz{g kfng ofOlkgLu" ;+:s[lt, Rjou"af]g]u" ;+:s[t, v+Nxfou" g]kfn efiff k|of]u ofOu" ;+:s[lt, Gxou" Rofu" lnkLb"u" ;+:s[lt, lnlvtof l;s+ df}lvs ?k+ dxTjk)f{ v+ Gog]sg] ofou" ;+:s[lt,gj u|Gy d"Vou" ;flxTo h"u" ;+:s[lt, rrf ;+uLt j rrf g[To b"u" wf lv+w]d] tf r':of sf]u kf}+uf afBjfbg ofOu" ;+:s[t Jofks g]jf to;+ kfngofgf jof Rj+u" ;+:s[lt b]zof ljleGg efu] jgf RjkL+ g]jf to;+ kfngofgf jof Rj+u" /fi^«Lo ;+:s[lt, cGt//fi^«Lo VoftL k|fKt h"of Rj+u" ;+:s[lt,/fli^«otf cfwf/ h"of Rj+u" ;dGjofTds ;+:s[lt, u[x:y leIf"to\u" ;+# b"u" jhftL kftL Joj:yfo Rjgf g+ yMyMu" hftL b"g] ;dfgtf j yMyMu" ljrf/cg";f/ dfg]ofgf b"u" :jtGqtf b"u" ;+:s[lt, ;Dos cflhljsf j t[i)ff sdofgf cefj sd ofgf dWod dfu{ cjnDag ofgf ;+tf]ifL hLjg ljto\ofou"cfly{s k|)ffnL b"u" ;+:s[lt a";f+ g;] dl; tNn] k|To]s cj:yfo larf ofou"b; sd{ ljlw b"u" ;+:s[lt, Gx\of]g] jo km"u" cfktL ljktL kfv]+ /Iff tyfcfkt ljkt t/] h"O{ w"+sf Gx\ofk"s]t dfg] ofOu" gvM rvM b"u" ;+:s[lt,cg]s a"$ jf]lw;Tj, b]j, b]jL, nf]skfn lkgLu" hfqf ofou" ;+:s[lt b'u";+:s[lt, ljleGg Hof v+ ofot dfu" xn Hjn+ dfSsf] x] b"u" ;+:s[lt,v*kfl/ldtfof k|efj nfu" r/Lq b"lk+lgu" ;+:s[lt, dGq tGq ofgf /f]unfos]u" lrlsT;f k|)ffnL b"u" ;+:s[lt, %u" pGgt lasl;t ;+:s[ltO bodfu";Dk')f{ c+u b"u" x/Ps kl/l:ylt kf/ ofgf yf}+ ts laBdfg b"u" hLljt h"ofRj+u" g]kfn d)*n of af}$ ;+:s[lt vM . y"s]oft jt{dfg cj:yfocfw"lgs/)f of gfd] jORj+u" JolQmjflb ef}ltsjflb of nx/ jof Rj+u"lasf;of nflu %u" dfu{ bz{s h"of yMt Gx"u" kl/l:ylt gfk ;DaGwofodfu" cfjZostf b" . o"jfto\u" of nflu cfsif{s h"Odfu" b" .hfqfaf}$ ;+:s[lt b'g] hfqfofu" ljz]if :yfg b'u' h"n . a"$ af]lw;Tj hf]uLgL,b]jkfn nf]skfn lklgu" hfqf ofgf ef]o gou" rng b"u' h"n . bs]l;j] tw+u" hfqf32copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

s?)ffdo cjnf]lst]Zj/ ofu" vM . on] kIfkfgL nf]s]zj/ ofu" hfqf ;j{ lk|o h'u"vg]b" . on o] Do]u" uf+ oflk+ ;snl;g+ dfg] ofu" hfqf vM . Yj hfqf lxGb"wdf{jnDJl lk+;+ g+ dfg]of . h"h";d]t ;jf/L h"of dfg] ogf jof Rj+u" b" . cy]x]hgjfxof t"o"dxo s?)ffdo hfqf o] /y] tof hqf dfg]of . yy]x] gfnfo RjXds?)ffdo rf}ef/ RjDx s?)ffdo hfqf dfg] ofgf jof Rj+u" . w'+ w"kfof HojgfhfsL k"hfo ofo+ :qf]q jf]gf jfBjfbg yfsf /y gfk+ gfk+ jfgf hfqfof efu sfO.x/Ps a};fv k')fL{df v"Gx" Gxcfk+ lg;]+ zfSd"gL a"$oft vto\ tof zx/kl/qmdf ofgf hfqf ofu" rng Gxfk+ lg;]+ b'u" h"of Rjg . sf&df)(f}+ pkTosflkg] ug ug g]jf af}$ t rf]gf Rj+u" h"n cgcg a"$ k|ltdf vto\ tof hfqfofu' a"$ofu" u")f ufg ofu" rng j(]h"of jMu" vg]b" .yy]x] ;sf]o jh|of]lulg hfqf, ef]to rGb]Zj/Lof hfqf o]+ s"df/L e}/j u)f]zof vto\ tof hqf, OGb|of Wjhf af]osf hfqf dfg]ofgf jof Rj+u" b" . cy]x} v*\uHjgf le+u" ofOd leBf]+ hfqf g+ w"d wfd ofou" rng b" . Yj leBf]+ k~rkf)*jof led;]g dv", Yj %Dx cs"zn kfv]+ /IffoDx le+Bf]+ b]jtf v . e}s/u"?k Sogf kfkoft Vofgf %f]ODx db]sf %f]Od le+Bf]+oft kz'jnL jOu" u)f]Bf]oftkz"jln ljOy] z+s/frfof{of k|efj+ lnkf ltgL z"?h"u" vg]b" .1= xn+Hjn+k|To]s ;+:s[lt Hjgf Rj+lk+ dg"t;+ yMt dfMu" ;dfgt bo]s]t yMu" HofjMxn+ Hjn+ bosf tOu" h"of RjgL g]jf af}$ t];+g+ yMt dfu" xn+Hjn+ dfsf]x] bos]u" ofgf jof Rj+u" b" . uy]sL dt Rofs]t ;"s"Gbf, Tjfb]jf, nM totsnzM cf+Vj/f, tf¤km tou" yn Hn+ hM;L, t]k, kmf];L, jftf, s;f}/L Vjfnf,srf}/. cflb, n+ yfot ld;fto\;+ o+, km]n", tf+uf tf+ufof ;fdgt Jjto\t ;km"Yof;km" ef]+, n"+, jxf cflbof d;L, cy]x] ljleGg nhuf ofOlk+t dfu" HofeMj ;fdfgt n"+sMld, bsdL{, l;sdL{, gsdL{, jh|sMdL, ;fodL, k"+, Hofk",Tjfoh+, k"/f]lxt, a}B cflb ;sn] Hof ofOlk+gL yMtdfu" HofeM ;fdfgtlj:t[t ?k+ cg]s k|sf/of dfu" ts bosf tu'h"of Rjg uy] k"hfofot dfu";fdfg Gxos+, l;gd', Bf}klt, vfokf, ;Dxo] vf]nf, k'hfeM, wfnfrf, Yofsf,vfo s"lnrf, sfoeM hh+sf TjfsM Otf, u+ jh|, d"s"^ d)*nof, bd? ;+v,tfM cn] rg"xf; v*u .y"lk+ ;fdfgt Hof v]n] b"u" hs dh';] cy{k')f{ h"of RjgL uy] ;"s"GbfdtRofs]u" hs dh';] ps]ofu" yMu" bz{g ;"nf RjgL ps] k~r a"$fTds:joDe' dfu" rLef ?k vg] bof RjgL cy]x] snzM n tou" yn hsdh';], j d+unof k|lts :j?k jof ?k ;"s"Gbf y]+ x] k[YjL hn, clUg,jfo", cfsfz wft' j jof gf gfk+ k+r :sGb k+r ljif, k+r !fg k+r33copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

a"$lkgLu" k|lts :j?ku" ?k ljof tu" h"of Rjg x/Ps j:t"n] %u" %u"!fg ofu" k|lts :j?k ?k ljof tMu" bof RjgL .Yj km"Ss ;fdfg t Nxft+ bosf tMu" h"of rf]lg . j bosLDx HodL bos"+bos"+ snf ljsfz ofOu" h"of RjgL !fg j efjgfof cfwf/] hs Nxfof;Lk j snf of ljsf; j k|sfz h"Ou" h"of RjgL .yy] HofeM ;fdfgt Hof v]n] b"u", !fg cy{k')f{ tyf snfTds h"Ou" h"ofRjgL .yof]u" HofeM ;fdfgt osf]x] dflnu" h"of y"s]of pTkfbg g+ osf]x] h"Ou" jyfo yf;] o+sf ljlqm ljt/)f h"Ou" h"of RjgL y"s]+ ofgf osf] l;of Jofkf/nhuf Hof bof cfly{s t]jf bof Rj+u" g+ h"of RjgL .cf jof ljh"nL, sn sf/vfgf ofgf v]n] b"u" ;fdfgt osf] osf] %sn+pTkfbg h"o sd d'No+ jhf/ osf] pknJw h"of jn Nxfofu" zLk j snfj Do]Do]u" cy{ l;s]+ ef}ltsjflb b[li^ cy{k')f{ j cfsif{s h"O sy+ ld;fd:t gfk+ :jfk" b'u" sy+ lj!fkg ofgf ;fdfg osf] r"Os]u" sy+ Hof h"ofRj+u" b" . cf j snfTds x:t pBf]uof ;fdfg t b}lgs k|of]ufof nlfudh';} %]+ jf]of tou", ljb]zL tot pkxf/ ljou", So'l/jf] y] hs h"of Rj+u"b" . Yj w]jf b"lklgu" ljnf; j:t" y]+ h'jgL .2= :joDe' ;+:s[lt d'nxfM ;DjGwof ;"qg]kfn af}$ ;+:s[ltof %u" Do]u" ljz]iftf vM >fjsofg, dxfofg j jh|ofgof;dGjo . yg b"u' k|To]s jxf jlxnL :jn wf;f cg :j+u" ofgof sy+, k"hfrn] h"of RjgL . zfSod"lgof Gxog] >fjsofg cg";f/ zLn, rt"/cfo{ ;Toci^+fuLsdfu{ a"$k"hf cflbof Hof h"of w+sf jxfof b'g] x s?)ffdo ofGxof]g] ci^dL j|t bg]u" kf/ldtf k"/]ofo]u' k"hf h"of RjgL . cy] x] jxfn]rGb| dxf/f]if)f rqm;+j/ of]ufDj/ bof RjgL ug b; kf/ldtf cfh"lk of]urof{ ofgfRjgL yg a"$ wdf{jnDjL lk+t %l;sy+ >fjsofg, dxfofg jjh|ofgof rof{{ ;+nUg ofgf o+sf RjgL . cy]x] z"e j tGq ofu" j;dGjo h"of Rj+u" Do]u" ljz]iftf vM .3= af}$ j lxGb" ;+:s[ltof ;dGjovt" OGb; gbL kfv] d';ndfgt j o'/f]k oflk+ b"xf+jMjn] Old;+ yMlkgu"b[li^sf])fof l;s+ leGgu" wd{ ;+:s[lt ;Eotf vg cn] cg b"u' ;Dk')f{34copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

;Eotf oft %u" g+ tn lxGb" wd{ ;+:s[lt wsf Oldu' ldvf+ cg b"u"ljleGg vfnofu" bz{g wd{ ;+:s[lt %u"x] wsf vg . ps] jLr] b"u" leGgtfl;s+ OdL ljr] %u" ;dfgtf vg u"u" ;dfgtf Oldu" yM bz{g wd{ j;+:s[lt l;s+ leGg h"u" vg . lxGb" wd{ ljb]zL o"/f]k]ln to\;+ tMu" gf+ vM. ef/to\ b'g] ljleGg k|sf/of wd{ ;+:s[lt b"u" vM . yg d"Voofgfj|fDx)fjfb j >d)fjfb b"u"vM cn] af}l$s wd{of g+ ljleGg lje]b b"u" h"n. cy]x] af}$ t]u" jLr]g+ ljleGg ;Dk|bfo b" "u" h"n %u"x] yf;] Rj+ Rj+ jn]cfk;L ;Dks{ ofgf efif, b[li^ py] py] hfu" h"of %"^] ofo yfs"of jg .jx] %u" j:t" hLj j l:ylyoft ;f]ou" b'i^sf])f km/s km/s h";f+ efif %u"x]h"jgL lxdjt v+*] :yfg cg';f/ osf]+ efiff ;+:s[lt j; d'n efiff ;+:s[ltx] vM . cy]x] %u"x] yf;] Rjgf Rj+u" lx;fj+ w^gfs|d %u"x] vt Oltxf;%u"x] h"n t/ ef}lts jftfj/)f, j #^gf j Oltxf; dfq ;f]ou" b[li^sf])fkm/s km/s húu" h"n .py] py]+ hfu' t/ km/s km/su" ljrf/ b'u"ln ;DGjoof cfjZostf h"Ou"h"of RjgL af}$ j a}lbs ljrf/ t km/s km/s h"u"ln x] ;DGjo ;Dejh'u" h"n . yy] ;DGjo h"of Rj+u" wd{ ;+:s[ltO{of ljr] ;dfGtf j leGgtflgu"lnx] v+s]] dfu" h"n . pbf/)fof nflu %u" lgu" sf]if k|:t"t ofgfu" h"n .kz"kltgfy oft a}lbs j af}$t lgvn l;g+ dfg]ofgf jO Rj+u" b" . ps];dGjo h"u" wfld{s ;lxi)f"tf b"u" vg]b" . t/ lgvn l;g+ uy] ofgfjORj+u"b" < yMyMu" b[li^sf])f dfg] ofgf jO Rj+u" b" . yy] g]kfn d)*n]yMyMu" b[li^sf])f dfg] ofou" wfld{s :jtGqtf b" . kz"kltgfyoft a}lbsto\;+ lzjof ?k] dfg] of;f af}$to\;+ cjnf]lst]Zj/of ?k] hs dfg]ofgfRj+u"b" . jx] cg";f/ k'hf efjgf ofgf Rj+u" b" .lgvn l;g+ lj?kfIffof v+ Nxfgf Rj+u" b" a}lbs to\;+ g+ s"s[To ofu"lndfxfBf]g+ b)* ;hfo ljpu" wsf wfu" b";f af}$ to\;+ jot jofu" kfk d"Qmofot s?)ffofu" b[li^+ ;f]of u"xfnL ofu" vg]b" .u"x]Zj/Loft a}lbs to\;+ kfj{ltofu" u'x\o c+u u"u"sL lzjhL kfj{ltofu" ;Lu"Wjluu" zl// sf]ljof h'jn] z/L/of c+ut s"t" jj+ u"Kt c+u s"t"+ ju" wsfdfg] ofgf Rj+u" b";f af}$ to\;+ g}/fTd b]jL wsf k'hf cfhf ofgf jO Rj+gcy]x] cjnf]lst]Zj/ kßkfgL nf]s]Zj/oft uf]/vgfyof u"? Gofofu" cjtf/sof Rj+Dx dT;]Gb|gfy wsf k'hf cr{gf ofgf jfo RjgL g]kfn d)*n]af}$to\ %u" ciâ}t /fh wsf tLy{ tLy]{ wn+ b+ jgLu" b" . Yjx] lznlznfKoDx gf/fo)f b" yf;] g+ ci^dL j|t wn+ b+ jg]df . yy] jg]jn] af}$ t];+gf/fo)f wsf k'hf cfhf ofOu" dv" . gf/fo)fof km";] Rjxd cldtfe a"$cjnf]lst]Zj/of k"hf cfhf ofOu" h"of RjgL gf/fo)fof zl//] cy] cldtfe35copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

a"$ cjnf]s]Zj/ lk+ tof tMu" t/ cf j z/L/] Rj+lk+ lj:tf/ lj:tf/+ nf]kh"of jgL on] s[i)f dlGb/of rf]sfo of]uL l;l$ g/l;+x dNn h"+h+"cjnf]s]Zj/ of d'lt{ tof j+u" cf vg] dbo] w"+sn . jof sfo of]u lgjf;dNn h"h"+ on] s?)ffdo hfqfx] jGbf]j:t ofgf jg . cy]x] e"OhMl;gf/fo)fof km";] Rj+Dx a"$ oft vg] dbosf to w"+sn , yy] x] rf+u"gf/fo)fof km";] Rj+dx xl/xl/jfxg vg] bosf dto w"+sn . kz"klt b¤o%s a"$of nf]s]Zj/ d"vi^dL v"Gx" k"Os]u" cf u"Kt ?k+ hs k"Os]u" ofgfjof RjgL .cy]x] bz} ljhof bzdL wsf a}lbs to\;+ lx;f cflb sd{ ofgf dfg]ofgfjof Rj+;f pjn] x] af}$ dflu{t];+ cfud] b"g] Otf Rofsf ;nLrfo dMgLkmof rGb|dxf/f]if)f rqm;+j/ of]ufDj/ k"hf ofgf jof RjgL lx+:ff %"+ ofoDjfdf]x cGwsf/ dbos]t dfu" k"hf ofgf jof Rj+u" h"n .yMu" Ifdtf cg";f/ ;Tooft emg emg v+sf y"Osf o]+s]u" a"$ ofu" lzIffcg";f/ Gxfkfnfs b"v v+s]dfu" h"n cn] b"v db"u" ljrf ofo kmOu" h"n .Gxfkfnfs cfTdf v+s] dfu" h"n cn] cfTdf v+s] kmOu" h"n . Gxfkfnfs>[li^stf{ v+s] dfu" h"n . cn] ltgL j >[li^stf{ w}u" sfNklgs vM, ldYofvM wsf v+s] km}u" h"n . Gxfkfnfs %u" yno b"? v+s] dfu" h"n . cn]b"? db"u" v+s] kmOu" h"n . ps] cfTdf ofu" sNkgf ofo] kmOu" x] cgfTdfv+s]u"of nflu TjfyM h"n . ps] eujfg a"$+ Do]u" b[li^ jfnfto\t ;Dosb[li^ bos]u"of nflu k|]/)ff ljof RjgL t/ Oldt yMu" yMu" b[li^sof Rj+u"oft cfnf]rgf ofgf lv;Lofgf, luh]ofgf, x]nfofgf, :jO ljdHof s?)ff tofyMyMu" k"Go ;+ef/ cg";f/ ;fwgf ofou" k|]/)ff ljof ljHoft . ldYof b[li^;Dos b[li^kfv] jg]t k]|/)ff ljof RjgL .a|Dx j ;"Gotf jx] %u" h"of ;dGjo h"of Rj+u" dv" . jx] %u" l:yltoft;sf/fTds lx;fj+ a|Dx j gsf/fTds lx;fj+ ;'Gotf wfu"hs vM jx] %u"vM :jou" tl/sf hs kfu" vM wsf ;dGjo ofou" k|of; h'u" vg]b" .^]lnlehg] :joDe' j kz"klt lgu"ln Njfs %\ofgf Sogf tMu" b" . t/;Dej pu" lsl;d+ h"u" dv" .lxGb" t]o\;+ ;+;f/ofu" b"Mv dbo]s]t k/d ;Toofu" ?k] cljgf;L cem :jtGqtTj a|Dx oft dfg] of;f af}$ to\;+ cof]u" tTj ugg+ db" wsf dfg]dof;] ljns"n x] km/s dt dfg]ofu" b" . d"lQmof nlu lxGb" ljrf/ cg";f/:yfoL tTj a|Dxofu" cfjZostf dxz"; ofu" vM;f af}$ to\;+ cof]u"tTjofu" cfjZostf dxz"; dof .36copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

cy]x] ;+;f/oft v+s]u" b[li^ km/s h"of Rjg . lxGb" lk+;+ ;+;f/oft ldYofcn] a|Dx hs ;Tof wsf v+sf a|Dxfofu" !fg sfou" lnO nu] h"u" vg]b" .af}$ to\u" b[li^ ;+;f/ ldYof dv" OGb|hfny] vg] b"u' hs vM . k/:k/]cfl>th"of cfwfl/th"of pTkGgh'of Rj+u"ln OGb|Hffny] Rj+u" vM ;+;f/ ldYofdv" . k/:k/] cfwfl/t h"of pTkGg h"of Rj+u" ;+;f/ofu" wfy]ofu :jefj x]lgjf{)f vM . k/:k/] cflwfl/t h"of pTkGg h"of Rju" wsf ;"Gotfofu' b[li^;f]o] dkmt wf;f ;+;f/ ofu" oyfy{ ;To lgjf{)f v+u" h"n . ;+;f/ j lgjf{)f%u"x] wsf v+s] kmOu" h"n . lvkM j ;k{ofu" pkdf sy+ a}lbs j af}$b[li^sf])f cem :ki^ hO km" . Yj pkdf oft lgvn l;g+ k|of]u ofM .lxGb"to\u" nlfu ;k{ ldYof ;+;f/ vM . j b"u"x] dv" lvk j|Dxf y]+ :yfoLtTj vM . Yj af}$ t]u"nflu Yj pkdf yy] k|of]u h"of Rj+u" b". ;k{ b"u"y] vg] b"u"hs vM . k/dfTdf y]+ jf:tljs] b"u" vx] dv" . jf:tljs b"u"lvkM vM j lvkM k/:k/] cfwfl/t h"of ljifowsf vg] b"u" vM . k/:k/]cfwfl/t h"of pTkGg h"u' wfy] pTkGg h"u" dv", wfy] h"u" dv" wfy] >[i^h"u" dv" . ;k{ ldYofo b[li^ vg b"u" hsfvM wfy] b"u" dv" lvk wfy] vg]b"u" vM t/ j j:t" k|ltTo ;d"Tkfb vM k/:k/] cfwfl/t h"of b"u" vM cy]h"of j g+ ;"Go x] vM sfNklgs vM gf+ hs vM . lrQg+ yy] x] vM .t/ Yj lrQ+ Yj km"Ss k|lqmof ;Ls]km"u" h"n ;j{q JofKth"of ;+;f/ rqmwd{ rqm v+sf Rjg] km"Dx h"n .4= ;dGjo xfljleGgofgof ;dGjo, lxGb" ;+:s[lt gfk ofu" ;dGjo af}$ ;+:s[ltof ljljwkIfof ;dGjoof s]Gb|ljGb" lg/Ghg lg/fsf/ cflb a"$ :joDe' wd{ wft"jfuLZj/ h"of RjgL ;Dk')f kIfoft :joDe' wd{ wft"+ :jfsf %wL+ %kfoofgf tMu" h"n . y"s] b"g] ;+;f/ lgdf{)f h"u"ln+ nfu" h"n . ps]+ Gx\ofu"x]+Hofv+ of;fg+ bsf]l;j] Rjo :joDe'of k|lts r}To t}u" h"n, cy] h"ofGxofyfo g+ r}To b"u" h"n .5= b]s] jg]u"b]s jg]u" g]kfn] af}$t]u" tw+u" ;+:s[lt vM . kf?, ci^dL, k')fL{, cdfO, yMu"hGd lbg v"Gx", cn] hfqf gvM ljz]if lbg kj{ af}$t k'hf ;fdfg HjgfBf]ofyfo jgf k'hf of jgL . yy] k'hf ofolk+ b]jtf lk+ Kovn b" . 1_ u"?2_ a"$lk+ j af]lw;Tjlk+, Oi^ b]jtf wd{kfnlk+a"$ wd{ ;+:s[lt %" dfg] g+ OZj/ wDx db", ps] b]s]jgLjn] OZj/ k"hf ofjgLu" dv", b]jtflk+ k"hf of jlgu" vM . j b]jtlk+ lrQ Dxl;s]t, z"$ofoof nflu Wofg ofot k|of]u ofOlk+ -k"hf ofOlk_ hs vM . ;Dk')f{ b]jtflklgu" d'n -ERASE_ yMu" lrq x] vM .37copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

yg -g]kfn d)*n_ af}$ to\;+ u"? d)*n bgf u"?efh" oft lg+ k"hf ofO%" Do]u" k"hf ofoGx\of] zfSod'lg a"$oft g+ a"$Tj k|fKt ofof w"s"Dx jwd{of n+ SolgDx u"? wsf dfg] ofgf z/)f jlgu" vM OZj/ wsf dv" .u"? oft a"$ ;/xx] dfg] ofg] k"hfofO{ j u"? zfSod"gL a"$ lg;]+ sofk"mSs u"? s'nof k|ltlglwTj ofgf RjgL u"? lzio k/Dk/f sy+ k":tf k":tfj !fg j Wofg Gxfofgf jx RjgL u"ln k"hfofO{Dx u"?oft ;Dk")f{ u"?lkgLk|ltlglw :j?k h"u"ln j u"? oft k"hf ofgfu" ;Dk")f{ u"? lkGt k"hf ofgfu"j/fj/ h"Ou" vM . Gxfu" k"hf of;f+ u"? oft k"hf ofodf .yg a"$ af]lw;Tj lk+ k"hf ofou" wofu" of cy{ k~ra"$ j a"$ lkgLs"noflk+ af]lw;Tj kl/jf/ wfu" vM . k~r a"$lk+ j yMyM s'nof b]jtflk+:joDe' cyf{t r}tGo of ljleGg kIf vM . lems] b"u" k+~r ljifo dbos] tk~r a"$ lkgLu" k+~r !fg k|fKt ofoof nflu k"hf ofO{ . qmf]w dbos]tcIff]Eo a"$ oft k"hf ofO, cy]x] df]x dbos]t a}/f]rg, sfd t[i)ff dbos]tcldtfj, Oiof{ bfx dbos]t cdf]#l;l$, cn] wd)* dbos]t /Tg ;Dejk"hf vfO{ .ygoflk+ af}$ to\;+ yMyMu" s'n b]jtf k"hf ofO{ . k|To]s af}$ to\u" Ifdtf?lr cflb ;f]of joft yMu" lrtof :jefj ;Ls]t nf]Dx k~rs'n dWo %u"s'n nofDx tyfut oft Oi^ b]jtf Wofg k"hf ofoft u"?+ n]of ljO . u"Dxb]jtfof Wofg k"hf h"O w}u" v+ Wofg ofot %"tGq k|of]u ofO w}u" v+olge{/ h"O . yg tGq k|of]u h"Olk+ Oi^ b]jtflk+ dWo bsl;j] ckf] k|of]uofgf tMDx Oi^ b]jtf s'n b]jtf rqm;+j/, of]ufDj/ j u"x\o ;dfh vM .yy]x] Do]Dx s'n b]jtf lklgu" gf+ vM sfn rqm dxfdfof x]jh| cflb .df]Ifof nlfu lrQ ofu" :jfefj :jtMl;$ ofot yMyM ofDx s"nb]jtf ;fwgftw+u" ;xfos l;$ h"Ou" h"of Rjg . ps]+ On] jn] b]vf Gofosf u"? kfv]+clez]if sof cfud] s'nb]jtf rqm;+j/of lGx lGx k"hf ofgf Wofg hkofou" rng b" .d]" k|sf/oflk+ b]jtflk+ u"Dx l;tM yg oflk+ af}$ to\; k"hfofgf Rjg .OlkvM hf]lugLlk+, *flsgL wd{kfnlk+ nf]skfnlk+ vM . y"lk+ km"Ss b]jtflk+ uy]OGb|, dxf+sfn, e}/j, sfnL, u)f]z lkGt af}$ lk;+ yMu" x] lsl;d+ dfg] ofgfjof Rjg . yu" ;fwgf ofojn] jOlk+ df/u)f to\t yu" z"$u" lrQof If]qob"g] jo xnrfn ofot jOu" jfwf c*rg xt\o ofot k|of]u ofOlk+ y"lkb]jtflk+ vM /Ifs t vM . y"lDx;+ wd{ /Iff ofgf RjgLlk+ vM y"lk+ wd{ /Iffofot kf Rjgf RjgLlk vM . y"lk+ ;xfos vM e"n dv" . ps]+ zx/oflkg]lkg] ci^dft[sf ci^ e}/j tof k"hfogf Rjg . af}$ to\;+ b]jtf lk+tk"hf ofOjn] ckf]ofgf k~rf]krf/ k"hf ofOu" vM cy] w}u" :jf+, l;Gx, hfsL,38copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

g}jB kmnkm"n Goftf ;fdfg bO . . Yj b]jtf lk+t %fou" of dtnj Yjk~r tTj Yj k~r:sy+ ci^ b;+ wfu" ;Dk')f{ ;+;f/ clgTo cgfTdf ;"Go:jefju" vM ps]+ Yj km"Ss k|ltTo ;d"Tkfb of lgod sy+ Gxofgf jgLu"vM Yj ;"ofu"+ h"of RjgLu" dv" y"s] lh lhu" w}u" Dx" . Yj v+;Lsf yMu"z/L/ ;d]t Tofu ofgf ck{g ofg RjgL . Yj lhu" dv"u"ln y"lk+ dGtwf;f g+ lht b"Mv h"O dv" ps]+ lh TofuL h"O w"g wsf ck{)f ofOu" vM.snfg]kfn ljZj k|l;$ h'u" %u' d"Vo sf/)f af}$ snf x] vM . af}$ snf wfo]an]si&snf, wft"snf, lrqsnf d'lt{snf, k|:t/snf -Stone_, jf:t"snf cflb b"Yoft .%u' %u' snfo\ k":tf+ k":tf nu] h"n, %u' %u' sfnfo\ nu] h'lk+ %u' %u'k]zfo\ ljsl;t h"n . cn] k]zf x] %u' hftL h'jg . l;sMldof sfo{ l;sdL{ x]h"n . bsMldof sfo{ bsdL{ x], cn] k'hf ofODx u"efh"of sfo{ u"efh" x] h'jg .ca'+ sfo\oft yMu" x] Hof;no\ tofM :og]an] ca"oft UjfnL y]+ h'u"of ln;]+sfo\oftMu" ;jf{é v¤, af}l$s, efjgfTds, sf}zn, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, wfld{s, ;Dk')f{;DalGwt v¤t Jojxfl/s ?k+ :ogfjMu" h"n . yy] snf k":tf+ k":tf x:tfGt/)fh"ofjMu" h"n .Yj snf ;o]sf sfo]u" Ono\ %u' yMu" x] %]¤o\ cgf}krfl/s lsl;d+ h"Ou"vM;f y"sL %u' cf}krfl/s kIf g+ b", j vM k]zfut snf :og]sg] ofo]t,;o]s]−l;Os] ofo]t %u' k'hf ofgfM lbIff sfo]df . lrqsnf ;o]s]t vfln snd,a"|; rn] ofo] ;of+hs dufM, a"$wd{ofu" d"Vou" bz{g, wd{ ;DjGwL !fg, ljleGgb]jb]jtflklgu" !fg %fo\, %", uy] w}u" ;}$flGts !fg, k"ss l;Os] y"Os] ofOu"h"n .bsl;a] d"Vou" v¤ snfsf/ofu" efjgf vM . snfsf/of yMDx+ >[i^L ofo]u" j:t";DjGwL !fg k|lt y"hfMu" >$f elQm j lrq yMu" dg] :ki^ c+sLt h"Odfn .:joDe'ofu" lrq bo]s] dfnwfM;f :joDe' k|lt >$felQm efj ljef]/ h"Odfn . yy]Psfu| h"ofM ;Dk')f{ ?k+ ;+nUg h"ofM ;jf{é k"/] ofgfM j snfTds ?k+ :joDe'ofu"lrq tof/ ofO . cn] j lrqo\ k|f)f k|lt:yf h"O, ;hLj h"O, k|efjk')f{ h'O .:jf+ofu" lrq b]o]s';f psL eDjMt h'jO /; sfo]t, BMlk+ bo]s';f j BMg+ :jofRj+u"y]+, Gj+ jfgfxMu' y]+ e}nM BM h";f UofMu" y], eujfg zfSod"lg h';f zLnt zfGtu"cge'j h'y]+ RjgL . jf:tjo\ lrqofu" clek|fo g+ yy] x] vM . yy] x] d]u" k]zfutsnfo\ g+ ;o]s]t, l;s]t af}l$stf, efj"stfo"Qm h'of Psf]xf]/f] cEof; ofgfjgL .yMu" snfof sf}zntf xfl;n ofo]t yMu" d]u" km"Ss x] ;dk{)f ofO, Tofu ofO .39copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

Kofv¤ x"n]u" snf ;o]s]t g]/fTdf b]jL, gf;MBt yM ;d]t ;dk{)f ofO j snfofsf}zn xfl;n ofo]t .yy] h"of x] ygofu" af}$ snf ;+;f/ k|l;$ h'u" vM . cfM jofM d]l;gk|of]u ofgfM j:t" bo]s]u" h"of jMan] snf kIf uf})f h"n, d]l;g+ ofsg+ oSj oSjpTkfbg h'an] efjgfTds kIf dbofjgL, Jofkf/ kIfof dxTj a[l$ h"n, Wojfofu"gfkmf go]u" ;fwg y]+ hs h'jgL .u"u" j:t" u"u" p@]Zo+ bo]s'u' vM psy+ k|of]u dh';] Do'lhodo\ jo]t bo]s]u"y]+ h"n . BMlk+ k'hf ofo]t k'hf sf]&fo\ to]u" dh';] a}&sof zf]ef j(] ofo]t lhy"ln b"Dx wsfM yMu" cxd\ Ajo]t k|of]u h'jg . yy] bosLlklg g+, k|of]u ofOlklgg+ >bf efjgf sd h"of af}l$stf j cx+sfl/tf hs No+ bt .;Gbe{ u|Gy1= Shisser, M.S, Nepal Mandala, A cultural study of Kathmandu Valley, Vol 1,Princeten University Tran, 19822= Petch, Luciano, Mediaeval History of Nepal, Rome, 1984.3= Vajracharya, D. and Malla K.P., The Gopalrajvamsavali, Nepal Research Centre,19854= zfSo, ah|/fh -;Dkfbs_, g]jfM af}$ ;+:s[lt ;+/If)f uf]i&Lof k|ltj]bg,nf]^; l/;r{ ;]G^/, on, g]= ;+= 11145= zfSo, ah|/fh -;Dkfbs_, rof{uLt ljifos uf]i&Lof k|ltj]bg, nf]^; l/;r{;]G^/, on, 20536= >]i&, dflgsnfn, g]jfM hfltofu" ljsf; h'u" yfo\ g]kfnd)*n Onfsf vM,kln:yf, b¤ 6, Nof 6, kln:yf, o]¤ g]=;+= 11187= wfVjf, ;ljtf, g]kfMof af}$ ;dfho\ bfgof k/Dk/f, kn]:jf+ c+s 3, nf]^;l/;r{ ;]G^/, on, g]=;+= 11118= g]kfn, !fgdl)f, g]kfnsf] k'j{ dWosfnsf] Oltxf;, g]kfn / Plzofcg";Gwfg s]Gb| lqe"jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k"/, 2054 .9= jh|frfo{, ab|L/Tg -;Dkfbg_, >L :jjoDe' dxfk"/f)f, hf]u/fh zfSoj+z,cf]s"axfn, nlntk"/, g]=;+= 1116 .10= zfSo, ah|/fh -;Dkfbg_, g]jfM af}$ ;+:s[ltO u"ly uf]i&Lof k|ltj]bg, nf]^;l/;r{ ;]G^/, on, g]=;+= 205311= zfSo, x]d/fh, >L :joDe' dxfr}To, :joDe' ljsf; d)*n, :joDe' o]¤,g]=;+= 1098 .12= jh|frfo{, ab|L/Tg, g]kfnsf] af}$ sd{sf)*, dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno, g]=;+=111213= zfSo, x]d/fh, wd{ ;+:s[lt j;"hf Hjn+, /fh]Gb| zfSo, ;"/]Gb| zfSo, g]= ;+=111340copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

14= kf)*], /fd lgjf;, /]UdL lbg]z rGb|, g]kfnsf] kf}/fl)fs Oltxf;, g]kfn /PlzofnL cg";Gwfg s]Gb| lqe"jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k"/, 205415= /]UdL, hubLz rGb|, kz"klt−u"Xo]Zj/L dfxfTdf, gO{ k|sfzg, cgfd gu/,sf&df*f}+, 2053 .16= jh|frfo{, /fh]Gb| d)*nsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro, ljZjzflGt, jif{ 8 c+s 8, a"=;+=2542 .17= zfSo, ah|/fh, jh|frfo{, x]/fsfhL / c?, ozf]w/ dxfljxf/ ;+#, 2537 cf}a"$hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt, g]jfM af}$ ;+:s[lt ;+/If)f uf]i&Lof k|ltj]bg, nf]^;l/;r{ ;]G^/, on, ozf]w/ dxfljxf/, a'axfM, on18= g]kfn lnlk u"ly, k|rlnt g]kfn lnlkof j)f{dfnf, g]=;+= 1111 .19= Ember, Carol R. and Ember Melvin, Anthoropology - ( 2nd Edition) Preatice Hall,Ins., New Hersey.20= Kneller, Geroge F., Educational Anthropology : An Introducton, John weley andsons, Ins., New York.21= Sylvain Levi, Nepal, November 25-29, in Journal Anacient Nepal, Edited byRamesh Jung Thapa, The Department of anthropology, HMG, Nepal, 197422= Wright, Daniel, History of Nepal, Nepal Antiquated Book Publishes, Kathmandu,1972.23= London, Perceral, Nepal, Ratna Pustak Bahandar, Kathamandu, 1976.24= Monshikov, S., Towards on Economy of compassion in Buddhist Himalaya ajournal (Ed. Min Bahadur Shajya) Vol. V. 1993.25= Rana, Sridhar, Vajrayana and Hindu Tantricism in Buddhist Himalaya, a journaledited by Min Bahadur Shakya, Vol IV 199241copyright©Lotus Research Centre, 2008

g]kfn d)*n of af}B :jLs[lt %u" cWoog - Lotus Research Center

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