2014 Blogging Archaeology eBook

Published by Landward Research Ltd in Association with Succinct Research andDIGTECH LLChttp://landward.eu/ | www.succinctresearch.com | http://www.digtech-llc.com/ISBN 978-0-9572452-1-1Edited by Doug Rocks-Macqueen and Chris WebsterCopyediting and Front Cover Design: Quonya HuffAuthors (Alphabetical):Matt ArmstrongMatthew AustinDavid GillMaria Beierlein de GutierrezSam HardyEmily JohnsonKristina KillgroveBernard MeansDoug Rocks-MacqueenJessica RymerJaime Almansa-SánchezLucy ShipleyChris WebsterKaty WhitakerWilliam WhiteHoward WilliamsKaty MeyersThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0International License. To view a copy of this license, visit:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/Blogging Archaeology Page 2

Limit of Liability and Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher, editors andauthors has used their best efforts in preparing this book, and theinformation provided herein is provided "as is." The publisher, editors andauthors makes no representation or warranties with respect to theaccuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specificallydisclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for anyparticular purpose and shall in no event be liable for any loss of profit orany other commercial damage, including but not limited to special,incidental, consequential, or other damages.Blogging Archaeology Page 3

Table of ContentsIntroduction- It is like no other archaeology book before it. ____________ 6Archived Links _______________________________________________________ 8Archaeological Blogging and Engagement ___________________________ 9Matthew AustinProfessionals, Not Adventurers: Personal Reflections on the Value, Ethics,and Practicalities of CRM Blogging ___________________________________ 20Matt ArmstrongTeaching Public Engagement in Anthropology _______________________ 36Kristina KillgroveLooting Matters: Blogging in a Research Context ______________________ 44David W. J. GillCalling All Archaeology Careerists: Discussing Archaeology CareersOnline ______________________________________________________________ 60William A. White, IIIWhy archaeological blogging matters: Personal experiences fromCentral Europe and South America. __________________________________ 77Maria Beierlein de Gutierrez‘A masterpiece in political propaganda’ and a futile exercise inarchaeological blogging ____________________________________________ 93Sam HardyVirtual Curation and Virtual Collaboration __________________________ 122Bernard K. MeansBlogging Archaeology Page 4

#freearchaeology: blog post turned international debate ___________ 146Emily JohnsonBlog Bodies: Mortuary Archaeology and Blogging __________________ 153Katy MeyersHoward WilliamsPerceptions of Archaeology and The Words We Use ________________ 180Jessica RymerThe end of a cycle. Blogging about public archaeology in Spain. El fin deun ciclo. Blogueando sobre arqueología pública en España ________ 188Jaime Almansa- SanchezEtruscans Online __________________________________________________ 197Lucy ShipleyThe Edgcumbe cannibal fork – blogging a creative response to themeanings of things ________________________________________________ 214Katy WhitakerFired Twice for Blogging and Social Media: Why CRM Firms are Afraid ofSocial Media _____________________________________________________ 223Chris WebsterRunning An Archaeology Blogging Carnival - A Post-mortem ________ 233Doug Rocks-MacqueenAppendix ________________________________________________________ 247Archived Links ____________________________________________________ 269Blogging Archaeology Page 5

Introduction- It is like no otherarchaeology book before it.On April 26 th , 2014 a session was run at the Society of AmericanArchaeologists Annual Meeting in Austin, Texas, on Archaeology, SocialMedia and blogging. Or we should more correctly say, will be run at theSAA conference; at the time of writing this book, it has yet to take place.This book is like many other contribution-based books or special journalissues that are based on a session at a conference. However, it differs inthat it has not taken years, after the fact, to be published. In fact, it willbe published at the beginning of the session, Saturday morning April 26 th ,2014. Some of the papers will be online before they are even presentedin the session.In an attempt to reach a wider audience, the editors and organiserof the SAA session, envisioned putting together a book of the papersgiven at the session and contributions from others interested in thesubject. The idea was that everyone, public and archaeologists alike,would have instantaneous access to many of the same thoughts andinsights as those who could attend the session in Austin. Thus, severalmonths before the blogging archaeology session would take place inAustin, a call for papers was announced. After several rounds of editing,this book is finally complete.The general theme of this book can best be described by theabstract from the session it was born out of:Blogging Archaeology, AgainBlogging and social media have become indispensable tools forarchaeologists in recent years. Academic and cultural resourcemanagement projects are utilizing blogging and social media foroutreach and in classroom settings. The sharing of archaeologynews and information by archaeologists and journals is a primarysource of up to the minute information for many. A number ofblogs are aimed at providing the public with information on eitherBlogging Archaeology Page 6

a single topic or a range of related topics. With all the benefits toblogging and the use of social media in archaeology there are stillissues to overcome. The problem of relating site and projectinformation to the public while maintaining anonymity of theparties involved and keeping site locations confidential issomething that every archaeologist struggles with. In this sessionwe will examine the ways archaeologists use social media andblogging and how problems related to the use of social mediacan be overcome.You will find that almost no two papers are alike, both in content andpresentation. As bloggers ourselves, we have noticed the great diversityin the archaeology blogging community and we wanted a book thatreflected that. The authors were given instructions to write whatever sortof paper they wanted to, and they did. Some of the papers are heavilyreferenced research presentations while others are personal narratives.We did not specify what type of English to use, British or American, andboth are found throughout this book. For referencing, we only asked forHarvard style but, there was no house style. First person or third personvoice, it did not matter to us. Word limits: we had none. We askedauthors to write the papers they wanted to present to the world, not thepapers we, the editors wanted to present.What resulted is one of the most unique pieces of writing the field ofarchaeology has seen in a long time, and we would argue has ever seenin such a formal publication as a book. When have you seen an authoralternate the language a section is written in? Each author presents astyle of writing that is uniquely their own. You will find some papers usedfootnotes to express additional ideas in sentences, (while others usedbrackets) -- or dashes --. Each of the author’s voices comes out in uniqueand very discernable ways, like what one would find on archaeologyblogs. Essentially, all of the authors were given the subject of bloggingand social media and asked to present to us how they wanted to.We hope you enjoy the book.Doug Rocks-Macqueen & Chris WebsterBlogging Archaeology Page 7

Archived LinksBecause this book deals with blogs and social media, many theresources cited are digital in nature. This means that we run the risk of“link rot”. To avoid this problem, most of the webpages cited throughoutthis book have been registered with the Internet Archive (IA). Eachunique link has an end note with a link to the archived version of thewebpage on the Internet Archive. We believe that the Internet Archivewill most likely be around longer than many of these Internet resources.The Internet Archive cannot archive every page, for various reasonsincluding those pages blocking IA, and while the majority of linkedresources have been archived, some have not. If you find that theorgional hyperlink no longer works please see the archived links for asnap shot of the resource being cited. You can find them by followingthe end notes behind each hyperlink.Blogging Archaeology Page 8

excavators, many of which offered humorous takes on excavation life xix(e.g. Madge 2011). The excavations were well received by the public,and the blog gave them a way to pursue further information and keepup to date with the project. Two enterprising students even created afilm about the excavations xx , which was fully integrated into the blog(Durbin and Barrett 2011).Additional examples of research project blogs include the ThamesDiscovery Project’s ‘FROG blog’ xxi , which was awarded the Best CommunityArchaeology Project 2012 xxii prize at the British Archaeological Awards, andthe University of Reading’s ‘Lyminge Archaeology’ xxiii blog (ForeshoreRecording & Observation Group 2008-2014; British Archaeological Awards 2012;Knox 2012-2014). By allowing interested individuals the chance to follow theprogress of projects, such blogs can be seen as gateways between academicresearch and the general public. In addition to this, posts can go beyond thereporting of new finds to the personal and social aspects of archaeologicalactivity. This point is emphasised by a comparison of The Guardian’s ‘Saxonfind in Lyminge has historians partying like it's 599’ xxiv and LymingeArchaeology’s ‘The end of a wonderful season of digging, discoveries andmany new friends’ xxv (Kennedy 2012; Knox 2012). The former provides a usefuland accessible summary of the discovery, but the latter provides an altogethermore detailed and coherent account, as well as a reflection on the richexperience of the excavation itself.Some blogs are even designed with public engagement as anexplicit purpose. Guerilla Archaeology xxvi , a Cardiff-based outreachcollective, has a popular blog with a fitting tagline; ‘creativeengagement with changing times’ (Guerilla Archaeology 2012-2014).The blog chronicles the efforts of the team to engage people who mightotherwise have no connection with archaeology. One such way they dothis is to take the past to the people, as it were, through streetdemonstrations and music festivals. These events are then written up asblog posts xxvii which allow those involved to revisit the experience andfollow up on their learning (Austin 2013a).Blogging Archaeology Page 12

EngagementWhilst the preceding section has highlighted the degree of diversityobservable in the archaeological blogosphere, the desire to makeinformation, news, analysis and interpretation available online for freecan be seen as a universal factor. Raising awareness of the discipline isalso a common theme, whether through formal discussion on the payand conditions of professional archaeologists xxviii or by using a popularvideogame series to facilitate and inspire education about the past xxix(Rocks-Macqueen 2013a; McGuire 2013-2014). Some authors even feelas though it is something of a public duty xxx to effect a greater publicengagement with the past and increase awareness of the work ofarchaeologists:‘I am increasingly reassured by a number of us PhD/ECRs [Early-Career Researchers] who see this as a sort of public duty… asopposed to REF [Research Excellence Framework]/institutionalpromotion. True PE [Public Engagement].’- (O’Hagan 2014)It is argued here that blogging represents the perfect medium forsuch endeavours. This is due to two principle reasons; accessibility andinteractivity. Blogs are free to access by anyone with an internetconnection. Unlike the more traditional forms of media, such asnewspapers, magazines and books, there is no associated paywall withblogging and readers need never purchase or donate anything inreturn. In addition to this, readers can engage directly with the contentof a blog, and its author, through various mechanisms such ascommenting, liking and reblogging. For some bloggers, this two-wayprocess of engagement is explicitly mentioned xxxi :‘I openly encourage people to contact me with resources andalternative viewpoints... In fact- this is one of the most important partsof blogging. Blogs are a way of opening the dialogue to the greaterworld.’- (Meyers 2013)For reasons of accessibility and interactivity, then, it is argued thatarchaeological blogging should be seen as an effective medium inBlogging Archaeology Page 13

which to engage a wider audience. It is also posited that the relevantacademic and blogging communities should, wherever possible, supportand encourage such endeavours. Volumes such as this one are strongevidence for the growing importance of archaeological blogging andthe benefits it can bring to specialists and non-specialists alike.Papers, Posts and ImpactOur final consideration is the relationship between blogging and thetraditional means of scholarly publication. The case put forward here isthat blogging can serve as an effective way in which to increaseawareness of archaeological literature and ongoing research. Whilst theimportance of printed publication is still significant, there has been atrend in recent years towards online access. In the context of the UK,most of the major archaeological journals are now available online,including the Archaeological Journal xxxii , Antiquaries Journal xxxiii andAntiquity xxxiv , although a subscription is often required (RoyalArchaeological Institute 2014; Cambridge Journals Online 2014; Antiquity2014).There has also been a move towards journals that are exclusivelyonline – so-called e-journals – such as Internet Archaeology xxxv and theBulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology xxxvi (Internet Archaeology 2014;Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology 2014). When we consider this trendtowards digital publication, and take into account how some blog postsactually receive more views than published journal articles xxxvii , it standsto reason that blogging can play an important role in complementingpublished academic research (Rocks-Macqueen 2013b).We can illustrate this point with an example from my own area ofresearch. When I was researching the early Anglo-Saxon cremation riteof post-Roman England for my MA dissertation last summer (Austin2013b), a post on Howard Williams’s blog called ‘Why Decorate EarlyAnglo-Saxon Pots?’ xxxviii was particularly valuable (Williams 2013). It wasimportant for two reasons; not only did it serve as a concise andaccessible overview of the topic in question, but it also alerted me tonewly published research xxxix in the area (Nugent and Williams 2012).Blogging Archaeology Page 14

Because it increases awareness of published academic research, and ispresented in an accessible way, this case study can be viewed as agood example of how blogging can increase awareness of researchand increase its impact.ConclusionThis paper has discussed archaeological blogging in terms ofengagement. The argument that blogging represents the perfectmedium in which to increase levels of engagement with the past hasbeen supported by references to a plethora of successful blogs. Animportant final consideration, though, is how one can assess the impactof archaeological blogging. Quantitatively speaking, this can begauged using readership statistics xl and traffic analysis xli (Rocks-Macqueen 2014; Rothwell 2014). Statistics such as these are essential inevaluating the effectiveness of a blog and offer useful supportingevidence to universities, funding bodies and employers. However, thereis no point trying to quantify the deeply personal experience ofconnecting with the past itself. Encouraging engagement should alwaysbe seen as more important than measuring it.At the core of archaeological blogging is a belief that studying thepast is worthwhile and relevant. Connecting with the past can be ajourney of almost spiritual proportions and having even a basicunderstanding can enrich all aspects of one's life. Consequently,archaeological blogs should be seen as having the potential to affectpeople in an immeasurably important way. When such engagementbecomes the focus of our collective efforts, then, our capacity tochange lives becomes incredibly exciting.Blogging Archaeology Page 15

ReferencesAntiquity. 2014. ‘Antiquity Archive’.http://journal.antiquity.ac.uk/archive xlii [Accessed 27/03/2014].Austin, M. 2013a. ‘Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation in 2013: Knowledge,Understanding and the EASCREM 13 Database Project’. Unpublished MADissertation, Cardiff University.Austin, M. 2013b. ‘The ‘Guerrilla Archaeology GlastonburyExperience’ from a student perspective; Or, my free holidaymaking rings’.http://guerillaarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/the-guerrillaarchaeology-glastonbury-experience-from-a-student-perspective-or-myfree-holiday-making-rings/xliii [Accessed on 27/03/2014].Austin, M. 2013-2014. ‘Darkage-ology: A light-hearted look at the‘Dark Ages’’. http://darkageology.wordpress.com/ xliv [Accessed on31/03/2014].British Archaeological Awards. 2012. ‘Best Community ArchaeologyProject 2012’. http://www.archaeologicalawards.com/2012/07/10/bestcommunity-archaeology-project-2012/xlv [Accessed on 31/03/2014].British Science Association. 2014. ‘National Science & EngineeringWeek’. http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/national-scienceengineering-weekxlvi [Accessed on 24/03/2014].Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology. 2014. ‘Bulgarian e-Journal ofArchaeology: a peer-reviewed open access journal’. http://be-ja.org/ xlvii[Accessed 27/03/2014].Cambridge Journals Online. 2014. ‘The Antiquaries Journal’.http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ant xlviii[Accessed 27/03/2014].Council for British Archaeology. 2014. ‘Festival of Archaeology 2014’.http://www.archaeologyfestival.org.uk/ xlix [Accessed on 24/03/2014].Durbin, T. and Barrett, R. 2011. ‘Cosmeston 2011: The Movie!’.http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/2011/11/29/cosmeston-2011-themovie/l [Accessed 28/03/2014]/Blogging Archaeology Page 16

Foreshore Recording & Observation Group. 2008-2014. ‘FROG blogArchive’. http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog-archive li[Accessed on 31/03/2014].Forward, A. and Nicholas, M. 2011-2013. ‘Cosmeston Archaeology:Cardiff University Excavations at Cosmeston Medieval Manor’.http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/ lii [Accessed 28/03/2014].Guerilla Archaeology. 2012-2014. ‘Guerilla Archaeology: Creativeengagement with changing times’.http://guerillaarchaeology.wordpress.com/ liii [Accessed 27/03/2014].Herschend, F. 2011-2014. ‘On the Reading Rest’.http://floasche.wordpress.com/. [Accessed on 26/02/2014].Higher Education Funding Council for England. 2006. ‘Beacons forPublic Engagement’. Available online athttp://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100202100434/http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2006/06_49/ livInternet Archaeology. 2014. ‘Internet Archaeology: the premier e-journal for archaeology’. http://intarch.ac.uk/ lv [Accessed 27/03/2014].Johnson, E. 2012-2014. ‘Archaeology, Academia and Access: I’mpassionate about something, I’m just not sure what it is yet’.http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/ lvi [Accessed on 31/03/2014].Kennedy, M. 2012. ‘Saxon find in Lyminge has historians partying likeit’s 599’. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/oct/30/lymingekent-anglo-saxon-hall?CMP=twt_gulvii [Accessed 27/03/2014].Knox, A. 2012. ‘The end of a wonderful season of digging, discoveries andmany new friends’. http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/lyminge/2012/09/07/the-end-of-a-wonderful-season-of-digging-discoveries-and-many-new-friends/ lviii [Accessed on 27/03/2014].Knox, A. 2012-2014. ‘Lyminge Archaeology’.http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/lyminge/ lix [Accessed on 31/03/2014].Konieczny, P. and Alvarez, S. 2008-2014. ‘Medievalists.net’.http://www.medievalists.net/ lx [Accessed on 28/03/2014].Blogging Archaeology Page 17

Madge, J. 2011. ‘For the Love of Clay’.http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/2011/07/15/for-the-love-of-clay/lxi [Accessed on 31/03/2014].McGuire, K. 2013-2014. ‘The Archaeology of Tomb Raider: ExploringArt & Archaeology Through the Tomb Raider Series’.http://archaeologyoftombraider.com/ [Accessed on 31/03/2014].McKerracher, M. 2012-2014. ‘Farming Unearthed: Exploringagriculture in archaeology’. http://farmingunearthed.wordpress.com/lxii [Accessed on 31/03/2014].Meyers, K. 2010-2014. ‘Bones Don’t Life’.http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/ lxiii [Accessed on 31/03/2014].Meyers, K. 2013. ‘About Me and BDL’.http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/about/ lxiv [Accessed on 28/03/2014].National Co-ordinating Centre for Public Engagement. 2014. ‘What isPublic Engagement?’. https://www.publicengagement.ac.uk/what lxv[Accessed on 26/03/2014].Nugent, R. and Williams, H. 2012. ‘Sighted Surfaces: Ocular Agency inEarly Anglo-Saxon Cremation Burials’. In I-M, Back Danielsson, F.Fahlander and Y. Sjöstrand (eds.). Encountering Imagery: Materialities,Perceptions, Relations. Stockholm: Stockholm University. pp. 187-208.http://www.mikroarkeologi.se/publications/encounteringimagery/11.Howard_Ruth.pdf lxviO’Hagan, T. 2014. ‘Comment on ‘Blogging the Past as PublicEngagement’’. http://darkageology.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/215/lxvii [Accessed on 31/03/2014].Rocks-Macqueen, D. 2013a. ‘Jobs in British Archaeology 2012-13 (draft)’. http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/10/28/jobs-inbritish-archaeology-2012-13-draft/lxviii [Accessed on 31/03/2014].Rocks-Macqueen, D. 2013b. ‘What is the Deal with the Nacirema?!?-AAAViewer Stats and the Relevance of #Anthropology’.http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/what-is-the-dealwith-the-nacirema-aaa-viewer-stats-and-the-relevance-ofanthropology/lxix [Accessed on 31/03/2014].Blogging Archaeology Page 18

Rocks-Macqueen, D. 2014. ‘You’re blogging, people are reading, but whatimpact are you having? #blogarch’.http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/03/04/youre-bloggingpeople-are-reading-but-what-impact-are-you-having-blogarch/lxx[Accessed on 31/03/2014].Rothwell, H. 2014. ‘Lies, damned lies, and archaeology blogstatistics’. http://digitaldigging.net/lies-damned-lies-statistics/ lxxi[Accessed on 31/03/2014].Royal Archaeological Institute. 2014. ‘The Archaeological Journal’.http://www.royalarchinst.org/publications/journal lxxii [Accessed on27/03/2014].Rundkvist, M. 2006-2014. ‘Aardvarchaeology’.http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/ lxxiii [Accessed on 26/02/2-14].Rundkvist, M. 2014. ‘And Yet Another Gold Foil Figure Die fromZealand’. http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/2014/03/10/andyet-another-gold-foil-figure-die-from-zealand/lxxiv [Accessed on27/03/2014].Shillito, L. 2012-2014. ‘Castles and Coprolites’.http://castlesandcoprolites.blogspot.co.uk/ lxxv [Accessed on31/03/2014].Tumblr. 2014. ‘About’. http://www.tumblr.com/about lxxvi [Accessedon 19/03/2014].Williams, H. 2013. ‘Why Decorate Early Anglo-Saxon Pots?’.http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/07/14/why-decorateearly-anglo-saxon-pots/lxxvii [Accessed on 27/03/2014].Williams, H. 2013-2014. ‘Archaeodeath’.http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/ lxxviii [Accessed on26/02/2014].Wordpress. 2014. ‘Stats’. http://en.wordpress.com/stats/ lxxix[Accessed on 19/03/2014].Blogging Archaeology Page 19

Professionals, Not Adventurers:Personal Reflections on theValue, Ethics, and Practicalitiesof CRM BloggingMatt ArmstrongBlog: http://anthroslug.blogspot.co.uk/ lxxxIntroductionI began keeping a blog in 2007 for a few reasons, but key amongstthem was that I wanted to tell stories and share my experiences. I waswriting about my work as an archaeologist, but I was telling it in the formof stories that one might tell at a cocktail party. These stories, the funnyones, the scary ones, the just plain odd ones, were, in essence,adventure stories told to pass the time. Over the next five years, as Icontinued blogging, I had time to think about what I was writing andwhy I was writing it. Certainly, archaeology was not the only topic that Icovered, but when I did write about archaeology, I began to be lessinterested in telling the adventure stories and more interested indiscussing my work and my role as a CRM professional. At the same time,events in my workplace and in my personal life led to me consider, morecarefully, how I wrote what I wrote.In 2012 I became a father, and as a result, many of my leisure-timeactivities, including blogging, were put on the back burner. However, Ihave continued to think about the role of social media, including blogs,in my life and my profession. When I return to blogging (which I whollyintend to do), my subjects and approach will be different than it was in2007, or even in 2012.Blogging Archaeology Page 20

This essay is a reflection on what I have learned about the role ofblogging as a Cultural Resource Management (CRM) professional, as ablogger, and as a reader of other blogs. It should also be noted that, as Iwork in the United States, and the relationship between CRM (whether itis called “heritage management”, “public archaeology”, “contractarchaeology” or any other name in your locale) and academicarchaeology varies from country to country. So, what I write here isspecific to the United States, and is informed by my own experiences inthe western United States. In other words, your mileage may vary. Otherperspectives are available from CRM bloggers, and I recommendDoug’s Archaeology (http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/ lxxxi ) andthe DIGTECH blogs (http://www.digtech-llc.com/blog/ lxxxii ) as beingespecially worthwhile.The ValueIt will come as no surprise to anybody that archaeology ismisrepresented in the general media. What is, perhaps, less wellunderstood is that archaeologists do as much to misrepresent our field asdo television and radio producers or print media writers and editors. Ifone focuses on mass-media outlets where archaeologists discuss theirwork, one walks away with the impression that: all archaeologists work inuniversities or museums; that we teach classes most of the year andperform fieldwork only during summers or while on sabbatical; that wededicate our time to “digs”; and focus on individual archaeological sites(usually ones with huge temples and impressive statuary) for years ordecades at a time. This is true whether the archaeology is beingdiscussed on a respected radio news show (All Things Considered 2008;Talk of the Nation 2008), larger news papers and networks (Germaine2008), on an internet comedy site (Evans and Levine 2014), or even theNational Science Foundation (National Science Foundation n.d.)(though this makes sense for the NSF, as it primarily funds academicresearch). And, while archaeologists who are interviewed by, or write for,media outlets stress that archaeology is not the action-packed fielddepicted in adventure films, the association of archaeology with “faraway” and exotic locales is nonetheless typically played up.Blogging Archaeology Page 21

Academic archaeology is the nucleus of the archaeologicalcommunity, and without research being performed at universities andmuseums, there would be nothing guiding the methods employed byCRM archaeologists. Ideally, CRM work would provide data that feedsand informs academic research. There is no mystery as to whyacademic archaeologists have the lion’s share of media attention –many work for institutions that encourage their staff to engage in publicoutreach. Moreover, they often have flexible work schedules that allowthem to engage with reporters and producers on the media outlet’sschedule, and, importantly, it makes for better radio/television/print totalk about someone doing exciting research in a far-flung andpicturesque place than to talk with the fellow who just completed anegative survey in downtown Fresno.However, in the United States, academic archaeologists are adistinct minority. It is difficult to ascertain the exact proportion ofarchaeologists who work in CRM. Neumann and Sanford (2009:2)estimated that approximately 7,400 archaeologists work in CRM either forprivate companies or for government agencies (at the federal, state,and local levels), comprising approximately 85% of the total number ofarchaeologists working in the United States. Altschul and Patterson (2010)estimate that at least 9,850 work for private CRM companies, withseveral thousand more working for government agencies. WhileNeumann and Sanford (2009: 2) dispute similarly large numbers fromDoelle and Altschul (2009), the fact remains that CRM archaeologists,including both private and public employees, constitute the vastmajority of archaeologists working in the United States.For the time being, (and likely into the foreseeable future), mostpeople will continue to get their information about archaeology fromtelevision, radio, print, or the internet outlets of these traditional media.They will, therefore, likely continue to see archaeology as a largelyacademic pursuit. However, there is a segment of the public that iscurious and that wish to dig deeper, no pun intended, into the nature ofmodern archaeology. This includes students considering careers inarchaeology, people entering avocational archaeology, and peoplewho simply have the time to spend casually studying a subject thatinterests them. As people “in the trenches” (seriously, I am not trying toBlogging Archaeology Page 22

make puns), CRM archaeologists are in a unique position to providevaluable information regarding how archaeology is really done.The blog is a media form uniquely suited to CRM archaeologists. Theever-expanding availability of Wi-Fi means that we are able to accessour blogging platform from most hotels and coffee shops. The fact thatblog platforms are inexpensive, and many are completely free to use,means that we do not have any significant cost barriers. The ability tostructure a blog entry however we like and to write on whatever subjectwe please means that blogging is a delightful break from theregimented report formats that we must follow at work.Moreover, CRM archaeologists can provide a valuable perspectiveand important information to each of these audiences. To the student,we can provide insight into the day-to-day realities of thearchaeological workplace. Entries describing such mundane things aslodging conditions during fieldwork, variations in expense report andreimbursement policies, types of personalities encountered duringfieldwork, and confrontations common in CRM (conflicts with landowners, clients, and members of the general public, for example)provide an understanding of this career path that cannot be gainedthrough studying archaeology and regulations. No doubt thebureaucratic matters sound dull as dishwater and half as deep, butthere exists a long history of tackling tales of bureaucracy with humor toturn them into entertaining stories. In fact, my own experience has beenthat the best way to deal with the frustration caused by dealing with redtape is to write about it and lay it all bare (and when possible to do sowithout violating my professional ethics, to mock it). Similarly, sometimesthe best way of dealing with a conflict is to write about it, and to try tounderstand where the other party is coming from. Importantly, these areaspects of CRM archaeology of which anyone entering the field must beaware.Avocational archaeologists benefit from discussions of projects andorganizations that are seeking volunteers, resources available throughCRM companies, academic institutions, and community organizations. Ifidentified as stakeholders, avocational archaeological organizationsmay find themselves pulled into conflicts and troubles surroundingBlogging Archaeology Page 23

archaeological sites, and as such, they may benefit from the same typesof insights and information as prospective students.Curious members of the general public may benefit from the samediscussions as students and avocational archaeologists, though I suspectthat (unless the entries are spectacularly well written) such interest will belimited. However, CRM blogs do provide a number of benefits for thecurious public:• These blogs allow people to learn about archaeologyoccurring around them, rather than on the other side of theworld (a point also made by blogger Chris Webster on hisDecember 29, 2013 entry on Random Acts of Science [Webster2013]). While working on field projects, I often find myselftalking to locals who are surprised (and more often than not,excited) to learn that archaeologists might be interested intheir home town.• When CRM blogs discuss regulations concerningarchaeological and historic sites, it can help to dispel some ofthe common misconceptions regarding the regulations.Common misconceptions, such as that a construction projectwill be abandoned because of the discovery of anarchaeological site, or that land can be taken from its legalowners because a site was discovered.• As CRM archaeologists are often required to work more closelywith Native American individuals and organizations than ouracademic colleagues, we can draw positive attention to thedescendants of the people whom we study, demonstrate thatNative American communities remain active and vibrant, andhelp to dispel the still puzzlingly common notion that NativeAmericans no longer exist.By choosing to write about CRM, we can provide a service to eachof these three groups, and help to better represent archaeology in theoverall media. While blogs do not permeate the wider culture to thesame degree as traditional media, they do allow a supplemental voiceto the archaeologists that are typically represented. And, as more CRMBlogging Archaeology Page 24

archaeologists take to blogging, this will help to provide a moreaccurate picture of archaeology to those who are interested.EthicsI believe that not only should more CRM archaeologists blog, but weshould specifically blog about CRM. However, CRM archaeologists workwithin a complex web comprised of project stakeholders, clients,regulatory agencies, and regulations. We must, therefore, consider theethical implications of our writing.I, like many of my colleagues, am a member of the Register ofProfessional Archaeologists (RoPA, members referred to as RegisteredProfessional Archaeologists or RPAs), and I have found that the RoPAcode of conduct (RPANET.org n.d.) is a useful guide for determining theethics of archaeology, as it reflects the realities of CRM work andcommunicating information. It has been one element of my developingcode of ethics, though I have also had to rely upon others that weredeveloped specifically for online communication including the BloggersCode of Ethics at cyberjournalist.net (@Stylehatch n.d.), and Rebecca’sPocket weblog ethics guide (Blood 2002). Though hardly exhaustive,these sources provide guidance to the blogger, and consideration ofRoPA’s guide is especially relevant to CRM archaeology bloggers.What follows is the code of ethics that I have developed during myblogging career. It should be noted that these are my own personalguidelines and do not constitute legal advice for bloggers. Readers ofmy blog will, no doubt, observe that many of my entries do not meet thiscode. As this code of ethics has developed in response to feedbackfrom clients, colleagues, and readers, as well as my own changing viewsof both CRM and public communication, I have discovered that mymore recent entries are quite different from my older ones. While I don’tfeel that anything I have posted violates the interests or rights of mycolleagues, clients, or project stakeholders, I do feel that keeping to thefollowing principles improves my ability to protect them:Blogging Archaeology Page 25

Don’t screw your client.Do not air their dirty laundry, talk trash about them, or otherwisemake them look bad. Do not release confidential/proprietaryinformation. That is UNLESS they are up to no good and you have a legalobligation to expose the scoundrels (please note, however, that suchexposure should be done through appropriate legal/regulatorychannels, and is likely to have a detrimental effect on your career)).This is both a matter of ethics and a practical consideration. It hasbeen my experience that many CRM archaeologists, especially thosewho deal more with the fieldwork than with the business side of CRM,assume that they have a responsibility to the archaeological communityand the archaeological sites, but not their client. This is patently false.Within the United States, CRM archaeologists typically work for theproject proponent (or, in some localities and on some projects, agovernment agency that performs project environmental permitting).CRM archaeologists occupy an odd position – we are unable to doeverything that many of our clients desire without violating our principlesas archaeologists. However, we are nonetheless also performing servicesfor pay, and as such, we owe our clients a professional courtesy similar tothat provided by other types of consultants.However, we are often in the position of explaining to our clients thatthey must perform, or fund, tasks on which they do not wish to spendtime and money. As a result, conflicts and frustrations with clients are alarge part of our day-to-day reality, and should be discussed.Each blogger must find the balance on their own (though they maybe aided by non-disclosure agreements and other legal restrictions onwhat they can say), but I have found an approach that seems to work.First off, I never name my clients in blog posts. I generally avoid givingany but the vaguest of geographic descriptions when doing so mightindicate whom my client is.I have had clients who have been wonderful, and who have goneout of their way to protect archaeological sites even when they weren’tlegally required to do so. I have also had clients who told me directlyBlogging Archaeology Page 26

that they did not want me there and wanted to try to sue the regulatoryagencies to get us to go away. However, no reader of my blog wouldknow who my clients were, much less which ones were in either of thesecamps.Know what belongs to you, to the archaeologicalcommunity, and what belongs to your client oremployer.Some of the information generated by your work belongs to thearchaeological community; some of it belongs to your client. Know thedifference and act accordingly.A separate issue is that of ownership of information and materials. Formost projects, it should be assumed that, at the very least, the projectlocation, description (that is, the description of what the client wishes todo/build), and project photographs are client property. This means thatyou should not discuss them in your blog entries. This is typically simple –most archaeology blog readers aren’t going to care overly much aboutthe technical specifications of an electrical peaking station, or that itwas placed in Bigol County and not Goodolboy County.However, it is common to see CRM archaeologists post photographstaken during fieldwork to their blogs (I have even done it in the past,though I have stopped doing so now). Most of the time, your clientswon’t care, but you should always err on the side of caution. Onoccasion, it might even get you fired (hey, if Chris Webster can get firedfor simply announcing where he is on Twitter or mentioning publiclyknown information on his blog [Webster 2013], don’t assume that yourjob is secure if you post things that are literally your client’s property). Ifyou must post photos of your project area, be sure to not describe thetype of project, and to post photos taken A) with your own personalcamera, B) outside of work hours, and C) from publicly accessibleplaces.Blogging Archaeology Page 27

Don’t screw your coworkers or colleagues.Do not claim credit for the work of others. Criticism of others is fine,but do not denigrate or misrepresent their work.This one is generally pretty straightforward – don’t plagiarize anddon’t state that other archaeologists have made claims that they havenot. However, for the blogger, it is a bit more complicated. If youhappen to be in the field and a coworker has a good idea or makes asharp observation, do not claim it for your own when writing a blog entry.Similarly, if you are not genuinely certain that an idea is yours do notclaim it (though you can write something along the lines of “we thoughtthat…” rather than “I thought that…”).It is equally important to not misrepresent what another has said ordone. This can be especially difficult for the blogger, as we are oftenmoved to write an entry as a response to someone making claims orarguments with which we disagree (indeed, some blogs, such asArchaeology Fantasies [http://archyfantasies.wordpress.com/], areentirely dedicated to this). The criticism of claims or ideas is valid, but wemust make a good faith effort to understand the nature of the positionwith which we disagree so that we do not make others lookunnecessarily foolish – or make ourselves look foolish to well-informedreaders.Again, in addition to the ethical necessity of this point, this is also apractical matter. I learned early on that while most of my co-workers didnot read my blog, some were regular readers and others wouldoccasionally look it up to see what I was saying about work. This meantthat I had to tread lightly in discussing my co-workers and be cautious tonot put them in a bad light. Although my supervisors never expressedany misgivings about my writing, I was always wary that this could occur.Had a coworker or supervisor objected to something that I had written, Icould easily have ended up being disciplined by my employer, gaininga soiled reputation, or both.I will make one exception to the “try to understand where they’recoming from” rule: if it’s people holding to clearly bizarre and outlandishpositions (like the “ancient aliens” crowd), then mockery is anBlogging Archaeology Page 28

appropriate response (I will again point you towards the excellentArchaeology Fantasies blog). However, even then it may be valuable tounderstand why people buy into that nonsense.Do not mis-represent the Native American Community.Do not try to speak for them or make mis-leading statements abouttheir position. Moreover, do not present them as a monolithic whole.Although many academic archaeologists work with members of theNative American community, CRM archaeologists are typically requiredto do so. In our work life, we often find ourselves having to explain likelyNative American reactions or views to our clients, which can put us into atough situation as our own views and goals often don’t coincide withthose of the Native American community. It is, unfortunately, tempting todo this outside of the work place and write about the Native Americancommunity on our blogs. The problem with this is twofold. First, as noted,our position as archaeologists means that we must often take positionsnot in keeping with those of Native Americans, and we may not be ableto provide a fair accounting of the places where we disagree. Second,the Native American community has typically been misrepresented inthe media, and in trying to speak for them we run the risk of furthermisrepresenting them.For my own part, I rarely write about the Native Americancommunity. I do not trust my ability to articulate the views of individualsor organizations within the community to others. Moreover, I am alwaysconcerned that anything that I write regarding the views of NativeAmerican individuals will be taken to represent the community as awhole, which it cannot because the community is a collection ofindividuals and not a monolithic whole. On those occasions that I dodiscuss the Native American community, I am cautious to accuratelyrepeat what was said, and to not claim to speak for anyone but myself.Blogging Archaeology Page 29

Do not shoot your mouth off about an archaeologicalsubject without knowing what you are talking about.When you are talking about a subject about which you are notparticularly knowledgeable, own up to the fact upfront, and make itclear just how sizeable a serving of salt should be taken with youropinion. And don’t exaggerate – that’s the news media’s job.This one is generally easy to follow, as most of us are inclined todiscuss areas in which we are experts and/or have a special interest(and therefore generally have developed a special knowledge), and assuch we will typically either discuss our areas of expertise, or else put inqualifiers explaining when we are outside of our area of specialization(e.g., “I’m a Californian archaeologist, so take my views regarding 3 rdCentury Israeli archaeology with a tablespoon of salt, but…”).However, there is one area of concern: regulations. The laws,regulations, and guidelines under which we work vary by country, andoften by region within the country. In the United States, they tend to besomewhat confusing, and we often deal with multiple, overlappinglayers of regulations at the federal, state, and county levels. As a result,one must have a degree of expertise in order to understand what aproject proponent is required to do in a given situation as regardsarchaeological sites. This expertise is typically earned by performingconsulting work at the project management level. As a result, I haveknown many field technicians and field supervisors who were whollymistaken in their views regarding cultural resource laws and regulations(for example, many times I have heard a field tech inform someone thatland containing an archaeological site cannot be farmed, which iscompletely false). The regulations are very much a part of the context ofmodern archaeology, and if you are not extremely knowledgeableabout them, you run the risk of propagating false beliefs which can bedamaging to archaeology as a profession.Blogging Archaeology Page 30

Show your sources.If there is an online source, link to it. If there is not, cite your sources inwhichever manner seems most appropriate (I tend to use the AmericanAntiquity citation standard).This one is important, and easy to forget. We are only as good as theinformation that we provide, and if we do not share our sources we bothunder-inform our readers and make it more difficult for them to discoverwhether they agree or disagree with our views and conclusions. What’smore, as professionals who wish to educate our readers, we have anobligation to help hone critical thinking skills, and helping people todistinguish between good and bad sources of information is animportant part of this.I rarely include a bibliography, instead opting for hyperlinks in the text(thus helping readers to find the information quickly). ArchaeologyFantasies does an excellent job of keeping a more traditionalbibliographic reference at the end of her posts, and also includeshyperlinks (in truth, I should follow her example, but I am a lazy, lazyman).Admit when you have been wrong.Whether in a follow-up post or in an edit to your existing entry, correcterrors that you have made.Because of the nature of our jobs, CRM archaeologists often run upagainst controversial issues surrounding land rights, intellectual property,Native American rights, and local traditions. We may also feel inclined tocomment on public controversies surrounding these or other issuesrelated to historic preservation and archaeology. When we discuss theseissues, we often do so with only partial information, and it is common forfurther information to come to light as situations progress.As a result, we must be ready to either edit our old posts or createfollow-ups (preferably with links to the follow-up edited into the originalpiece) explaining how we got it wrong. This helps to show that we arehonest in our dealings.Blogging Archaeology Page 31

Screw looters.Do not write anything that can reasonably be interpreted assupporting or furthering activities that may destroy the archaeologicalrecord. And if you are able to actively discourage the destruction of thearchaeological record, then do so.Many members of the general public do not understand thedifference between archaeologists and looters. Through discussinglooting and making the problems that it causes well known, we can helpto discourage otherwise honest people from engaging in looting. I havewritten about looting as it pertains to television shows that promote andglorify it, about how looting has impacted the sites on which I haveworked, and about the effects that looting has on the archaeologicalrecord. It is, in my opinion, not sufficient to simply note the problems withlooting, or to discuss the lack of paperwork done as part of looting. Wemust also discuss the fact that it is, as often performed, a crime, and canhave heavy penalties.In addition, many antiquities dealers do business, whether knowinglyor not, with looters. As a result, I have chosen to avoid saying or doinganything that promotes the antiquities market. I do not make false claimsabout the dealers, nor do I typically call them out for dealing with looters(I suspect many of them are unaware that they are). However, I havebeen asked to write posts promoting antiquities sales or to respondpositively on my blog or other social media in support of antiquitiesdealers, and I refuse to do so.Protect Privacy.However one feels about another person, that person still has a rightto privacy, and this should be respected.When we are in the field, we get to know some of the moreannoying (or dangerous, or unsanitary) habits of our fellowarchaeologists. While these entries can make for entertaining readingand writing, we must tread with caution when producing them. If theperson is identifiable through the description in the blog, then what isBlogging Archaeology Page 32

written could, conceivably, prevent them from finding further work.Alternatively, depending on what was written, it is possible that you mayfind yourself in violation of your employer’s anti-harassment policies.ConclusionCRM bloggers make important contributions to the publicunderstanding of archaeology, and CRM specialists should beencouraged to engage in public outreach activities, including blogging.However, because of the nature of our work, we must proceedcautiously. We must portray ourselves as the professionals that we are,and we must make certain that we do not violate our ethical obligationsto our clients. To that end, we must develop codes of ethics that reflectthe realities of CRM and allow us to provide information to the publicwithout endangering our careers or harming our clients.The code offered here is essentially my own guide that I havedeveloped both through a consideration of the various existing codes ofethics for blogging and archaeology, and through my experience as aCRM professional. Some of this discussion is widely applicable, whilesome of it is applicable primarily to the United States. However it is mywish that this spurs other CRM archaeologists to publicly state their ownethical codes, and that consideration of these points might encouragemore CRM archaeologists to write about our profession. I am aware thatmy own code has deficiencies of which I am unaware, and I hope thatthe publication of other’s codes can help guide bloggers as wecontinue our writing.Blogging Archaeology Page 33

References@Stylehatch, S. n.d. CyberJournalist.net. [online] Available at:http://www.cyberjournalist.net/news/000215.php lxxxiii - it is gearedtowards journalists and is only partially applicable [Accessed: 5 Apr2014].All Things Considered. 2008. [TV programme] National Public Radio,April 21, 2008.Altschul, J. H., and T. C. Patterson. 2010. Trends and Employment inAmerican Archaeology. In Voices in American Archaeology, editedby Wendy Ashmore, Dorothy Lippert, and Barbara J. Mills, pp. 291–316. SAA Press, Washington, D.C.Blood, R. 2002. The weblog handbook. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Pub.Doelle, W. H. and J. H. Altschul. 2009. Career Development: Preparingfor Work in the Billion-Dollar CRM Industry. Anthropology News 4 (27): pg.27.Evans, R. and Levine, H. 2014. 6 Things Movies Don't Show You AboutBeing an Archaeologist. [online] Available at:http://www.cracked.com/article_20795_6-things-movies-dont-show-youabout-being-archeologist.htmllxxxiv [Accessed: 5 Apr 2014].Germaine, D. 2008. Dig 'Indiana Jones'? Real archaeologists don'tuse whips - USATODAY.com. [online] Available at:http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2008-05-14-indianajones-archaeology_N.htmlxxxv [Accessed: 5 Apr 2014].National Science Foundation. n.d. nsf.gov - Archaeology from Reelto Real - A Special Report. [online] Available at:http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/archaeology/index.jsp lxxxvi[Accessed: 5 Apr 2014].Neumann, T. W. and Sanford, R. M. 2009. Practicing archaeology.Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.Blogging Archaeology Page 34

Rpanet.org. n.d. Register of Professional Archaeologists Code ofConduct. [online] Available at:http://www.rpanet.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=3 lxxxvii[Accessed: 5 Apr 2014].Talk of the Nation. 2008. [TV programme] National Public Radio, May26, 2008.Webster, C. 2013. #208 Blogging Carnival: The Good, the Bad, andthe Ugly. Random Acts of Science, [blog] December 29, 2013, Availableat: http://www.digtech-llc.com/blog/208-blogging-carnival-the-goodthe-bad-and-the-uglylxxxviii [Accessed: 5 Apr 2014].Blogging Archaeology Page 35

Teaching Public Engagementin AnthropologyKristina KillgroveBlog: PoweredbyOsteons.org lxxxixIntroductionIn the spring of 2013, I offered a proseminar entitled PresentingAnthropology for the master’s students in anthropology at my institution,the University of West Florida xc . Proseminars in our department serve twopurposes: to help the graduate students practice being anthropologicalprofessionals and to allow the faculty to teach a course directly relevantto their interests and research. This course was actually one I had pitchedduring my job interview, and the grad students had been very receptiveto learning more about how to engage the public in anthropology, bothonline and through social media. The public engagement aspect of thecourse fit in nicely with the aims of the Florida Public ArchaeologyNetwork xci (FPAN), the headquarters of which are also located inPensacola, Florida. I decided that combining my success inbioarchaeological outreach (which I accomplish primarily throughblogging at Powered by Osteons xcii , being active on Twitter and G+,and giving public talks) with the interests and ideas of grad students, onthe cusp of becoming professional anthropologists, would make for atimely and useful seminar.My course set-up was fairly simple and based on the TV show ProjectRunway xciii [Syllabus xciv ]. Each unit was two weeks long. The first weekwas like a traditional seminar devoted to discussing readings, but our“readings” included webpages, video, and other media, in addition tojournal articles and book chapters. The second week in each unit wasdevoted to presenting a project that tied in with the unit themes ofSocial Media, Print, Audio, Video, Kids, and Avant-Garde. At the end ofthe semester, each student revised his or her three best projects forBlogging Archaeology Page 36

inclusion in a digital portfolio. The goals for the course were for studentsto: 1) speak knowledgeably about traditional and social media use inanthropology; 2) discuss problems with presentation in anthropology; 3)explore new techniques and technology applicable to anthropologicalresearch and practice; 4) produce innovative, high-qualitypresentations; and 5) understand how to make anthropology morevisible to the public and how to become one of the public faces ofanthropology. Links to readings, questions from the discussion leaders,and projects were put up each week on a closed wiki, but throughoutthe semester, I blogged about the discussion and projects produced[See all posts here]. Since I never wrote an overview blog post for thecourse as a whole, I thought I would take the opportunity provided bythis forum to reflect on what worked and did not work in the course, andgive some suggestions for best-practices in teaching about publicengagement in anthropology.Reflections on Unit Themes, Readings, and DiscussionAttempting to find relevant articles and book chapters for teachingthis course was more difficult than I had anticipated. Anthropology,unlike many other fields, does not have a strong culture of researchinghow to teach the subject. In the universities at which I have taught, Ihave had free reign to choose whichever texts I want for Introduction toAnthropology, and the curriculum has not been standardized, evenamong sections of the same course at the same university. For all the inkspilled over STEM education and outcomes at the university level, and forall the discussions at multiple institutions about how anthropology shouldbe considered part of or at least relevant to the STEM disciplines, there isan astonishing lack of research into how to promote anthropology andengage the public with the information anthropologists generate. While Ithink it is important that anthropology be taught a multitude of ways witha multitude of voices, the lack of research into how to teachanthropological concepts seems to discourage publication of bestpracticearticles. Still, there are some bright spots on the web, like the“Syllabus as Essay” xcv mini-series at Ethnography Matters. In that vein, mythoughts on the readings and discussions for each unit follow.Blogging Archaeology Page 37

Anthropology, Digital Humanities, and Web 2.0. [Reading list xcvi ] Istarted the semester with a basic introduction to the conversationshappening online and in print about digital humanities, social media,and open access. There is a growing body of literature on these topics,but the most relevant and accessible book chapters and articles I foundwere primarily focused on digital approaches to archaeological dataproduction and dissemination. These were useful for starting a discussionamong the archaeology students, but the cultural and biologicalstudents did not see them as very relevant. Each anthropologicalsubdiscipline has different data and therefore different ethicalconsiderations for publication and outreach, and the readings I chosedid not run the gamut of anthropological perspectives. The death ofAaron Swartz xcvii just days prior proved to be the most striking catalyst toour discussion. However, our conversation about this unit would haveworked better towards the end of the semester, after the students hadengaged in their course-long social media project.Social Media. [Reading list xcviii ] The majority of the readings I assignedfor this unit were navel-gazing blog posts (including my own) on therelevance of blogging to anthropological outreach, but there are plentyof examples of this genre of writing within peer-reviewed journals likeAmerican Anthropologist (e.g., Price 2010, Sabloff 1998, 2011) 1 . Mychoice of readings reflected my attempt to convince students thatblogging or otherwise engaging in public outreach through social mediawas an important facet of their future anthropology careers. Although Irequired each student to maintain a social media presence xcix for the1 Price, D.H. 2010. Blogging anthropology: Savage Minds, Zero Anthropology, and AAA blogs.American Anthropologist 112(1):140-8.Sabloff, J.A. 1998. Communication and the future of American archaeology. American Anthropologist100(4):869-875. Sabloff Intellectuals. American Anthropologist 113(3):408-416. [2010 AAADistinguished Lecture Video ],J.A. 2011. Where have you gone, Margaret Mead? Anthropology and Public Intellectuals. AmericanAnthropologist 113(3):408-416. [2010 AAA Distinguished Lecture Video]Blogging Archaeology Page 38

entire semester, most of them quickly dropped blogging as a routineactivity because they were not seeing immediate returns in audienceengagement. I empathize with being disheartened at the lack of interesta post generates, since blogging, especially at the beginning before youbuild an audience, can feel like tilting at windmills. While we circled backto the topic later in the semester to discuss the results of the semesterlongproject, there was little enthusiasm for adding yet another voice tothe anthropological blogosphere, and students seemed to feel that theirother projects, which had more tangible and demonstrable outcomes,were more worthy of their time and efforts. One student, TristanHarrenstein, created a website c after the course was over, specifically toshowcase some of the projects he produced during the semester.Print Media. [Reading list ci ] This unit was a bit of a mixed bag,covering everything from research posters to news articles, but itgenerated a good discussion about audiences. I have seen increasingmedia presence at research conferences over the past decade ofdoing anthropology professionally, which means that the line betweenpresentations for one’s colleagues and presentations for the public isstarting to blur. In particular, we focused on Elizabeth Bird’s AnthropologyNews piece on engagement with news media cii and discussed theproblems that can occur when journalists report on anthropologicalfinds. An especially interesting idea to come out of this conversation withstudents was a suggestion for teaching anthropologists how to writemore journalistic and PR-friendly pieces. I would like to organize aworkshop to help students do this, either at my home institution or at aprofessional conference. As several of the students in this class wereaffiliated with FPAN, some already had experience writing short materialsfor the general public. But every student could benefit from this, as beingable to encapsulate research in an attention-getting way for the generalpublic would help them write everything from blog posts to grantproposals. In future iterations of this class, I plan to have students read adozen or so news stories and attempt to write one themselves based ontheir own research.Audio. [Reading list ciii ] Although the tape recorder is a staple ofethnography and linguistic anthropology, there are few recurringoutreach programs that use audio to communicate anthropologicalBlogging Archaeology Page 39

topics to the public. One exception is “Unearthing Florida,” which startedas a weekly two-minute radio spot in the local Pensacola market, hostedby our university president, archaeologist Judy Bense. However, thismedium has a lot of potential, as DIY programming such as podcastingand embedded audio in blogging is easy to accomplish. Most of ourdiscussion focused on the kinds of audio students are most interested in,namely short, scientifically-focused segments that relate in some way toour lives (e.g., food, relationships, local history), and most of the projectstook this form. One of the best examples of interesting audio came fromthe group of Linda Hoang, Stella Simpsiridis, and Tina Estep Ebenal, whocreated a series of short clips called Anthropology: Did you know?featuring key moments in the lives of Margaret Mead, Claude Levi-Strauss, Lewis Binford, Franz Boas, Clyde Snow, and Jane Goodall [Listenhere civ ].Video. [Reading list cv ] With the ubiquity of smartphones, it isincredibly easy to make and post short videos, animated GIFs, and Vinescvi . In this unit, we looked at short anthropological videos and discussedlonger-form visual media, from documentaries to TV shows like AmericanDigger cvii that present anthropology in a bad light. Although I wasinterested in the phenomenon of research-by-documentary (e.g.,Armelagos et al. 2012) 2 and what this means for the future of the lesstelegenic aspects of anthropological research, the students had strongopinions about how anthropology was presented on television. Wediscussed the concept of “edutainment” cviii at length, and the students’end products, made primarily in iMovie, were slick and informative.2 Armelagos, G.J., M.K. Zuckerman, and K.N. Harper. 2012. The science behind pre-Columbian evidenceof syphilis in Europe: research by documentary. Evolutionary Anthropology 21:50-57.Blogging Archaeology Page 40

Kids. [Reading list cix ] Talking about how and why to tell childrenabout anthropology allowed me to bust out my all-time favorite KurtVonnegut quote, from his 1973 Playboy interview cx :"I didn't learn until I was in college about all the other cultures, and Ishould have learned that in the first grade. A first grader shouldunderstand that his or her culture isn't a rational invention; that thereare thousands of other cultures and they all work pretty well; that allcultures function on faith rather than truth; that there are lots ofalternatives to our own society. Cultural relativity is defensible andattractive. It's also a source of hope. It means we don't have tocontinue this way if we don't like it."Science museums in particular tend to teach archaeological andpalaeontological concepts to kids, but instruction in ethnography andlinguistics is generally lacking. Jumping off from Matt Thompson’s“Illustrated Man cxi ” post on Savage Minds and my post on “TeachingPreschoolers about Anthropology,” we read a variety of kids’ books andcritiqued their presentation of anthropological concepts. While myexperience focuses almost solely on the preschool set, since I have twodaughters under five, many of the graduate students had worked withFPAN on developing activities for the Grades K-8 set in Florida throughthe “Beyond Artifacts” cxii guide. One example is the detailed, three-dayintroduction to archaeology lesson plan that Tristan Harrenstein created,tested, and refined for his project [download here cxiii ]. The consensuswas that teaching basic concepts in anthropology was best done atGrades 3 and above, since children at this age can read on their own,use a computer, and self-educate by following up on informationthrough the library or internet. The resulting kid-focused projects cxivincluded books, a felt board, videos, and classroom activities. Teachinganthropology to kids is still a largely untapped market, which is oddconsidering how interested they tend to be in archaeology and inlearning about other cultures and customs. Video games andaugmented reality may be the new frontier in kids’ education, so findingways to combine anthropological topics with advances in computingwill be worthwhile.Blogging Archaeology Page 41

Avant-Garde. [Reading list cxv ] As anyone who watches ProjectRunway knows, one of the most interesting events is the avant-gardechallenge, where contestants have to draw on all their creative ideas tomake an outfit that pushes the boundaries of fashion. Similarly, I askedthe students at the end of the semester to push the boundary ofpresenting anthropology, to try to find a new, different, and unique wayof communicating a topic. This unit theme was the most difficult to findreadings for, and although I did assign things to read, they were notparticularly useful, with the exception of Amber Case’s work on cyborganthropology cxvi . Rather, discussing innovative uses of media was mostfruitful in identifying avant-garde approaches to communication – thingslike Dance Your PhD cxvii and physicist Leon Lederman’s cxviii penchant forsetting up a stand on a street corner and answering science questions.The students’ projects were on the whole quite creative: DrunkArchaeology (a take on Drunk History cxix ), a brochure for a fictitiousanthropology travel agency, human stratigraphy (gutsy performance arton campus), a prototype for an anthropological sculpture, various lessonplans and activities, mixed drinks inspired by a student’s thesis, cxx and acollectible pin set cxxi . Some of the projects did indeed pushanthropological communication in a new direction, and I was happywith the discussion of innovation in presenting anthropology.Reflections on Projects and Ongoing OutcomesI structured the syllabus from most traditional to least traditionalapproach, with familiar methods (like research posters) early in thesemester, in order to establish a baseline of communication methodsthat we could diverge from as the semester progressed. At the end ofthe course, I still liked the six main themes and was happy with the twoweekunits of discussion and project presentations. There were definitedrawbacks to some of them, though, particularly the Social MediaChallenge and the Print Challenge. Printed material was simply boring;there was really nothing innovative or exciting about printedcommunication in anthropology. Social media outlets have a lot ofpotential to reach multiple audiences, but creating and maintaining ablog or Tumblr throughout the semester was too much work for mostBlogging Archaeology Page 42

students. Particularly problematic is that, in blogging, the author takes awhile to develop his or her voice, and the blog takes a while to developan audience, especially if the author is not synchronously involved onother social media platforms. The Audio Challenge week held the mostsurprises for me. I am not a regular radio listener, but the short segmentsthe students created were interesting and well produced, leading me tobelieve that audio programming in anthropology, such as a podcast orregular feature on the radio, holds great potential.As anthropology is not generally taught in grade school, it has thereputation of being solely an ivory tower subject, when that couldn’t befurther from the truth. I am not sure if the course convinced students whowere not already using social media of the utility of it. A few studentscontinue to blog and to do public anthropology on an occasional basis,nearly a year after the end of the course, but the most engagedstudents were those already interested in public outreach. As thesestudents earn their M.A. degrees and look for jobs or PhD programs, it willbe interesting to see whether they use the projects they created or thenew skills they developed in this course to aid in their applications.Regardless, presenting anthropology is an important concept forgraduate students to learn, particularly since there are myriad ways ofcommunicating anthropological topics and being a publicanthropologist. Bringing anthropological concepts to the public isincreasingly important in an age of slashed funding for social sciences,and my hope is that all graduate students and practicinganthropologists find ways to communicate their research and interests toa general audience.Blogging Archaeology Page 43

Looting Matters: Blogging in aResearch ContextDavid W. J. GillBlog: http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/ cxxii“Looting Matters” was launched as a blog on 17 July 2007 with its firstpost, “Does looting matter?”. The blog emerged from a long-standingresearch interest in archaeological ethics with Christopher Chippindaleof Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Inthe late 1980s we were working as museum curators in Cambridge andhad become increasingly concerned about the growing examples oflooted antiquities that were emerging on the market (see Butcher andGill 1990). One of the prompts was the display of Gandharan sculpturesfor publicity photographs in St James Park in London. We recognised thatthe looting of archaeological sites not only had material consequencesbut also intellectual consequences. Artefacts were being removed fromcontexts and were thus deprived of contextual information that wouldhelp with the interpretation.The Research Background: Cycladic Sculptures andPrivate CollectionsIn one of our first studies we considered a clearly defined corpus ofarchaeological material. This consisted of marble figures (mostly female)from the Cycladic islands of the southern Aegean and dating to the thirdmillennium BC (Gill and Chippindale 1993; see also Chippindale and Gill1993). The study identified that some 85 per cent of the corpus of figureshad no known, or even vague, archaeological context. This wasfollowed by two further studies. The first was a quantification study thatcreated two sets of base data, the first for the London market, and thesecond for a major university collection, Oxford’s Ashmolean MuseumBlogging Archaeology Page 44

(Chippindale et al. 2001). The second study was prompted by a NewYork based dealer who had suggested that the Cycladic study wasatypical and unrepresentative (Eisenberg 1995). We therefore focussedon a series of European and North American private collections ofantiquities (e.g. Shelby White and Leon Levy; Barbara and LawrenceFleischman; George Ortiz) and their display in public exhibitions(Chippindale and Gill 2000).The Medici ConspiracyIn 1997 our research took on a new emphasis. Journalist Peter Watsonpublished a revealing study of the way that antiquities had beenhandled by Sotheby’s in London (Watson 1997; see also Gill 1997). Theresulting investigation led to the raid on premises at the Geneva Freeportowned by the Italian dealer Giacomo Medici. This resulted in the seizureof a large dossier of Polaroid photographs showing objects that hadpassed through the Swiss market. Further investigations by the Italianauthorities revealed the cordata or network of diggers, middlemen,dealers, collectors, auction houses and museums. Watson and CeciliaTodeschini published a dossier of the evidence in The Medici Conspiracy(Watson and Todeschini 2006). Further revelations from theseinvestigations have appeared (Silver 2009; Felch and Frammolino 2011).The Polaroid photographs had allowed the identification of largenumbers of antiquities that had been acquired by public and privatecollections in Europe, Japan and North America (for an overview Gill2010e). In the autumn of 2006 Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts announcedthat it would be returning 13 antiquities to Italy. The museum published alist of the objects along with the full collecting histories showing how theitems had passed through the market. We made a study of this firstreturn, exploring the different routes and individuals (Gill andChippindale 2006). Supporting material was posted on static websites.However things started to move more quickly. The J. Paul Getty Museumannounced that it would be returning a first batch of material, includingitems that had been acquired (by gift and by purchase) from New Yorkcollectors Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman, two of the subjects of ourearlier study (Gill and Chippindale 2007; see also Exhibition catalogueBlogging Archaeology Page 45

1994). Newspapers started to report and comment on thedevelopments, and we realised that it was important to “capture” thesenon-academic sources for information. A blog was the obvious platformto do this. At the time I was chairing Swansea University’s e-learningCommittee, and one of the technology support team, Christopher M.Hall, suggested setting up a blog to support our research.Creating a Research BlogThe first few months of ‘Looting Matters’ was a time to explore thismore relaxed style of blog writing. Topics included the expectedadditional returns from the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Brussels Oriental ArtFair III, the scale of the market for Egyptian antiquities, ‘radicalarchaeologists’, looting in Bulgaria, the UK Illicit Trade Advisory Panel, the‘licit’ trade of antiquities, coins from Cyprus, and a response to ShelbyWhite. In the first 18 months of “Looting Matters” there were just under500 posts, peaking in 2008 and 2010 with 345 posts per annum.Research-led Teaching and BloggingIn the autumn of 2007 I was teaching a postgraduate course oncollecting and archaeological ethics (see also Gill 2010a). The studentswere expected to analyse sale catalogues and to understand therecording of collecting histories. This coincided with a sale of antiquitiesat a London auction house, and among the lots was a Lydian silverkyathos. I had a long-standing interest in ancient silver through researchwith Michael Vickers (Vickers and Gill 1994), and it was obvious that theitem on offer was closely related to the silver plate acquired by NewYork’s Metropolitan Museum of Art and subsequently returned to Turkey(as the Lydian Hoard). Indeed the lot entry made reference to the NewYork catalogue prepared by curator Dietrich von Bothmer (Bothmer1984), but the writer seemed to be unaware of the subsequentpublication after the objects had been returned to Turkey (Özgen andÖztürk 1996). I used “Looting Matters” to point out the association withthe Lydian Hoard, and to discuss the looting of archaeological sites inBlogging Archaeology Page 46

Lydia (Roosevelt and Luke 2006). The kyathos was removed prior to thesale.The Geddes Sale of AntiquitiesIn 2008 the London auction house Bonhams attracted publicity forone of its upcoming sales by suggesting that a head from a fragmentaryRoman sarcophagus looked like Elvis (Bonhams 2008b). The sale was forthe antiquities collection of the Australian dealer and collector GrahamGeddes. The name Geddes was familiar as it appeared on anannotated copy of a Sotheby’s sale catalogue reproduced in PeterWatson’s Sotheby’s: Inside Story (Watson 1997; see also Gill 2009e, 83-84).A study of the lots revealed that a large number of items, especiallyAthenian and South Italian pots, had passed through Sotheby’s inLondon at exactly the period when Watson had revealed materialspassing through the hands of Medici. The sale itself became moresignificant as it contained an Apulian krater that had passed through thehands of London dealer Robin Symes (see also Watson 2006). Therelevant lots were discussed on “Looting Matters” and on the eve of theauction a number of lots were withdrawn, including the cover piece forthe Bonhams magazine that celebrated the sale. Bonhams wereinterviewed for the press, but they did not appear to acknowledge thattheir due diligence process had failed to identify the link between theGeddes material and the Medici Dossier (Alberge 2008; Bonhams 2008a;Gill 2009e; Gill 2010b).The Impact of BloggingAs objects started to be identified in North American collections itbecame clear that there needed to be consolidated discussions inacademic journals. Christopher Chippindale and I published twodetailed analyses for the objects returned from Boston’s Museum of FineArts and the J. Paul Getty Museum (Gill and Chippindale 2006; Gill andChippindale 2007). One of the pieces that had not been returned to Italywas an Attic red-figured volute-krater in the Minneapolis Institute of Art(Padgett 1983-86 [1991]). By this point I was working closely with ChristosBlogging Archaeology Page 47

Tsirogiannis who was researching his doctoral project on Ribin Symes(Tsirogiannis 2012). Images of the krater were identified from the MediciDossier and the Schinoussa archive. The Medici Dossier images wereparticularly telling as they showed the krater still covered with mud and,as they must have been taken in the 1970s or later (due to theintroduction of Polaroid technology), it was clear that the krater wasderived from a recently disturbed grave (indicated by the near intactstate of the krater). It soon became clear that the anonymous Swiss andLondon private collections referred to in the krater’s collection history (socalled“provenance”) were in fact allusions to Medici and Symes. Abreakthrough came when the Director of the Minneapolis Institute of Art,Kaywin Feldman commented (in a letter to The New York Times,December 7, 2010) on Egyptian claims over an Egyptian mummy mask inthe St Louis Museum of Art. Feldman suggested that if a museumbecame aware of information then it would want to respond to claims.“Looting Matters” discussed the logic of applying Feldman’s statementto the krater in her own museum and Lee Rosenbaum of the Arts Journalmanaged to press Feldman on her position. Shortly afterwardsMinneapolis announced that it would be returning the krater to Italy (Gill2011b).Commenting on the Antiquities MarketAccess to the Medici, Becchina and Symes photographic archivesmeant that the appearance of material on the market could bediscussed. A series of identifications were made for objects that werebeing offered by Christie’s in New York City (Gill and Tsirogiannis 2011;see also Tsirogiannis 2013a; Tsirogiannis 2013b). An interesting twist wasthat in 2009 Christie’s had to hand over some items to the ItalianGovernment after they had been identified from the photographicarchive (Gill 2010b). Although Christie’s were unwilling to discuss thedetail, their press officer noted that the appearance in the photographicarchives indicated that the objects had been “stolen”. This way ofviewing objects shown in the various photographic dossiers could thenbe used when further identifications were made. In fact, Christie’s wasBlogging Archaeology Page 48

eluctant to withdraw lots, even when information was passed to theItalian authorities and formal government requests were made.Bonhams also continued to offer objects that could be identifiedfrom the archives. One of the items was a Roman sculpture of a youth,apparently offered by a Spanish collector (or at least a vendor whocame under Spanish legal jurisdiction) in the April 2010 auction. It soonbecame clear that there was a wider debate about whether or notobjects had been identified by the Art Loss Register and whether theauction-house had acted on that information. In the case of the statue itwas claimed that the Italian government had no continuing claim; theItalians felt that this was not completely true (Gill and Tsirogiannis 2011).The case served to raise fundamental questions about the due diligenceprocess conducted prior to sales and the ability of the Art Loss Register toadvise appropriately in the case of potentially recently looted antiquities.The appearance of objects from the Polaroids on the marketbecame clear when Tsirogiannis identified 16 objects that were beingoffered by a New York dealer in early 2011. Some of the objects werediscussed on “Looting Matters” and the dossier of information with detailsof the collecting histories was passed to the Italian authorities. The dealercontinued to offer the objects, although it was unclear how potentialpurchasers reacted.Much of the focus has been on the Medici Dossier. However itemsfrom the archive of Gianfranco Becchina (and seized in Basel,Switzerland) allowed the identification of key objects acquired by theMichael C. Carlos Museum at Emory University. The report was broken byGreek journalist Nikolas Zirganos and a request for their return made bythe Hellenic authorities. Pertinent questions about the objects wereasked through “Looting Matters” although at the time of writing thepieces remain in Georgia (Gill 2009e).Pot Fragments and Museum CuratorsOne of the most controversial announcements was the return to Italyof a number of fragmentary pots from a New York private collector (Gill2012a). The fragments were reported to be linked to pots that hadBlogging Archaeology Page 49

already been returned to Italy from other North American collections.The implication was that the pots had been removed from theirarchaeological contexts, possibly broken up, removed from their countryof origin, and parts were sold or given to museums or private individuals.The significance of the return was clear when the private collector wasidentified in the Italian press as Dietrich von Bothmer the long-standingkeeper of Greek and Roman Art and New York’s Metropolitan Museumof Art (MMA). This immediately raised questions about how the fragmentshad been acquired and under what circumstances. The MMA did notcomment and did not issue a press release. “Looting Matters” was ableto explore and discuss other fragments that formed part of Bothmer’scollection and that had been given to other museums. An interestingtwist was that a very limited number of images from the collection wereposted on the Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD) ObjectRegistry. Some of the fragments came from an Athenian cup where thecentral tondo was in the Villa Giulia in Rome (Tsirogiannis and Gill, inpress). It remains unclear how Bothmer acquired the fragments, and whyhe had failed to make the connection between his fragments and thedocumented piece in Rome.The Princeton University Art MuseumThe collection, formed by Princeton University Art Museum, hasfeatured regularly on “Looting Matters” (since the initial announcementof returning material in October 2007). There was an initial story linked tothe identification of a series of pieces from the Medici Dossier. However itbecame clear that Princeton had to return further objects apparentlyderived from the dealer, Edoardo Almagià. This dealer was particularlyinteresting as his name was linked to Etruscan objects already returnedfrom the Cleveland Museum of Art (Gill 2010e). Princeton did not makeany statement but the Italian Ministry of culture issued a limited pressrelease. Research on the collection made it possible to relate the outlinedescriptions to specific pieces mentioned in formal publications. Itbecame clear that the return included a series of Etruscan architecturalfragments (Gill 2012b). Princeton’s silence about the affair was all themore surprising given that it appears to be contrary to the transparencyBlogging Archaeology Page 50

expected from an internationally recognised institution that should besetting the highest ethical standards for its acquisition policies.The Cleveland ApolloAnother line of research has been the authenticity of informationthat is provided by museums. This was explored through the acquisitionof a bronze Apollo by the Cleveland Museum of Art (Bennett 2013).Details of the collecting history could be analysed and questioned, notleast the reported discovery of the statue in a house in Saxony where it issaid to have once been displayed in a garden gazebo. The statue wasacquired from a Swiss-based gallery that had separately sold themummy mask to the St Louis Art Museum and where there are stronglyconflicting accounts of its collecting history from the dealer and theEgyptian authorities who had a record of the mask in an inventory at atime when it was allegedly already circulating in Europe (Gill 2009e).Comments and observations about the scientific analysis were broughttogether in an extended review article when the glossy publication ofthe Apollo was published by Cleveland (Gill 2013b).From Blog to News MediaOne interesting development was the invitation from the newsagency, PR Newswire, to write a weekly 400 word press release linked toa more detailed blog post. This gave free news exposure to storiesbreaking on “Looting Matters” and provided an opportunity for journaliststo be provided with key facts about the issues related to the looting ofarchaeological sites. The project ran some 45 releases from May 2009 toJanuary 2011 (see Appendix). Topics included discussions of theproposed Memorandum of Understanding between Italy and the USGovernment to cover the restriction of movement on antiquities (see Gill2009e) as well as the so-called Crosby Garrett helmet. “Looting Matters”continues to be cited in major international newspapers and journals. It isalso a source of information for journalists wanting to gain accurateinformation on specific topics.Blogging Archaeology Page 51

From Blog to Print MediaIn contrast to the blog, Noah Charney (The Association for Researchinto Crimes Against Art, ARCA) invited me to write a regular column forhis newly established Journal of Art Crime. It was agreed that the issuescovered by “Looting Matters” would be summarised in a regular column,“Context Matters”. This would be linked to a longer essay relating toantiquities (see also Gill 2009d). Topics covered have included the returnof material from Princeton University Art Museum. The column alsoprovided that ideas explored on the blog could be consolidated in apublished print journal and then cited for academic purposes (Gill 2009a;Gill 2009b; Gill 2010c, d; Gill 2011a; Gill 2011b; Gill 2012a; Gill 2012b; Gill2013a; Gill 2013b).Blogging and the Cultural Property Debate“Looting Matters” covered the developing story over thenegotiations for the return of the Attic red-figured Sarpedon krater thatwas acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1972 for $1 million.This archaeological object, perhaps more than any other, had been afocus of the debate about recently surfaced antiquities for more than 30years. As the debate became so crucial for North American museums,James Cuno, then of the Chicago Institute of Art, used it as part of hisprovocative study, Who Owns Antiquity? (Cuno 2008; see also Gill 2009c)and followed with the edited volume, Whose Culture? (Cuno 2009; seealso Gill 2009f). The MMA’s Director, Philippe de Montebello, was alsooutspoken about Italian claims (de Montebello 2007; de Montebello2009). There were claims that the loss of knowledge caused by thelooting was minimal when compared with the knowledge that could beobtained from an art historical approach. As the debate continued,culminating with the announcement that the Sarpedon krater wouldindeed be returned to Italy after an initial period of loan to the MMA, Iprepared a longer study on the material and intellectual consequencesof acquiring the krater (Gill 2012c). This in some ways developed theideas first explored for Cycladic figures some 20 years before andapplied to one of the iconic figure-decorated pots in a major museum.Blogging Archaeology Page 52

There is a tendency in some academic circles to ignore new media.However in a recent overview of recent archaeological developmentson Sicily for Archaeological Reports, published by the UK-based Societyfor the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, “Looting Matters” was specificallycited as a source for developments on recent looting and returns (DeAngelis 2012). This is in one sense unsurprising given that the returns toItaly have included a number of objects clearly derived fromarchaeological contexts in Sicily and the region of Tuscany. In 2012 I wasawarded the Outstanding Public Service Award from the ArchaeologicalInstitute of America for my research on archaeological ethics. “LootingMatters” received a specific mention (Archaeological Institute ofAmerica 2012, 366).The topic of archaeological ethics is not one solely restricted toarchaeological circles. There needs to be a solid and rigorousarchaeological debate that appears in the mainstream journals. Part ofthis means engaging in formal dialogue with those who hold oppositepositions. Thus the concerted effort by James Cuno to defend themuseum establishment has received formal academic responsesthrough review and review articles (Cuno 2009; Cuno 2011; Gill 2009c;Gill 2009f; Gill 2012d). Academic journals tend to be restricted toacademic communities and to subscribers. The archiving of print journalsthrough repositories such as JSTOR is still restricted to those who havepaid access. A blog such as “Looting Matters” is free to users fromanywhere in the world. At the time of writing approximately two-thirds ofthe readers on any given day are from North America. Readers areinvited to leave comments or to respond, and there have been timeswhen important statements to clarify the situation have had to be issued.Blogging and ResearchThe time investment to keep posting to a blog is substantial. Achange of job and role meant that time slots that could be used forreflecting and writing on posts were substantially reduced. There is also asense that the need to comment on stories has diminished as so manyidentifications have been made, although it is worth reflecting thatperhaps only 1 per cent of the objects from the Medici Dossier haveBlogging Archaeology Page 53

een identified. And with the continuing importance placed oninternationally recognised research for the UK “Research ExcellenceFramework” (REF), can limited time be justified in writing blog entriesrather than articles for peer-reviewed journals? Yet, the other major issuerelates to how “Looting Matters” became a window on the debatesabout the looting of Italy (and to a lesser extent Greece and Egypt)during the first two decades of the second millennium. And this in turnraises the issue of how the blog should be archived.Conclusion“Looting Matters” emerged from an established research projectlooking at specific case studies that explored the material andintellectual consequences of collecting. The blog has been useful torespond to immediate issues and to capture the “grey literature” sooften left uncited in academic publications. It has fed stories to the pressthrough the partnership with PR Newswire, tried out ideas for formalacademic publications, and provided the basis for a regular column inthe Journal of Art Crime. Empirical research on issues relating to thelooting of archaeological sites and the collecting of cultural property bypublic museums and private collectors helps to inform public debateand to feed into the creation of international and national policiesrelating to heritage. Blogs and other Web 2.0 platforms place thisresearch in the wider public domain.Blogging Archaeology Page 54

ReferencesAlberge, D. 2008. “Italy tries to block sale of Bonhams antiquitieslinked to disgraced dealer.” The Times October 10, 2008.Archaeological Institute of America. 2012. “The 113th AnnualMeeting of the Archaeological Institute of America.” American Journalof Archaeology 116: 363-68.Bennett, M. 2013. Praxiteles: the Cleveland Apollo. ClevelandMasterwork Series, vol. 2. Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum of Art.Bonhams. 2008a. “Bonhams withdraws objects from antiquities salefollowing request from Italian government.” Bonhams press releaseOctober 15, 2008.—. 2008b. “Urning respect.” Bonhams Magazine: 40-43.Bothmer, D. v. 1984. A Greek and Roman Treasury. New York:Metropolitan Museum of Art.Butcher, K., and D. W. J. Gill. 1990. “Mischievous pastime or historicalscience?” Antiquity 64: 946-50.Chippindale, C., and D. W. J. Gill. 1993. “Cycladic figurines: art versusarchaeology?” In Antiquities: Trade or Betrayed. Legal, Ethical &Conservation Issues, edited by K. W. Tubb: 131-42. London: ArchetypePublications Ltd.—. 2000. “Material consequences of contemporary classicalcollecting.” American Journal of Archaeology 104: 463-511.Chippindale, C., D. W. J. Gill, E. Salter, and C. Hamilton. 2001.“Collecting the classical world: first steps in a quantitative history.”International Journal of Cultural Property 10: 1-31.Cuno, J. 2008. Who Owns Antiquity? Museums and the Battle overour Ancient Heritage. Princeton: Princeton University Press.—. Editor. 2009. Whose Culture? The Promise of Museums and theDebate over Antiquities. Princeton: Princeton University Press.—. 2011. Museums Matter: In Praise of the Encyclopedic Museum.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Blogging Archaeology Page 55

De Angelis, F. 2012. “Archaeology in Sicily 2006-2010.”Archaeological Reports 58: 123-95.de Montebello, P. 2007. “Whose culture is it? Museums and thecollection of antiquities.” The Berlin Journal 15: 33-37.—. 2009. “ ‘And what do you propose should be done with thoseobjects?’.” In Whose Culture? The Promise of Museums and the Debateover Antiquities, edited by J. Cuno: 55-70. Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress.Eisenberg, J. M. 1995. “Ethics and the antiquity trade.” In AntiquitiesTrade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical and Conservation Issues, edited by K.W. Tubb: 215-21. London: Archetype.Exhibition catalogue. 1994. A Passion for Antiquities: Ancient Art fromthe Collection of Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman. Malibu, Calif.: J.Paul Getty Museum in association with the Cleveland Museum of Art.Felch, J., and R. Frammolino. 2011. Chasing Aphrodite: the Hunt forLooted Antiquities at the World’s Richest Museum: Houghton MifflinHarcourt.Gill, D. W. J. 1997. “Sotheby’s, sleaze and subterfuge: inside theantiquities trade.” Antiquity 71: 468-71.—. 2009a. “Context matters: looting in the Balkans.” Journal of ArtCrime 1: 63-66.—. 2009b. “Context matters: museums and the looted world.” Journalof Art Crime 1: 43-46.—. 2009c. Electronic review of James Cuno, Who Owns Antiquity?Museums and the Battle Over Our Ancient Heritage (Princeton UniversityPress, 2008). American Journal of Archaeology 113: 104.—. 2009d. “Homecomings: learning from the return of antiquities toItaly.” In Art and Crime: Exploring the Dark Side of the Art World, editedby N. Charney: 13-25. Santa Barbara: Praeger.—. 2009e. “Looting matters for classical antiquities: contemporaryissues in archaeological ethics.” Present Pasts 1: 77-104.Blogging Archaeology Page 56

—. 2009f. Review of James Cuno (ed.), Whose Culture? The Promiseof Museums and the Debate Over Antiquities (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 2009). Journal of Art Crime 2: 99-100.—. 2010a. “Collecting Egyptian antiquity.” In Linking Research andTeaching in Wales, edited by S. K. Haslett: 49-51. York: Higher EducationAcademy.—. 2010b. “Collecting histories and the market for classicalantiquities.” Journal of Art Crime 3: 3-10.—. 2010c. “Context matters. Greece and the U.S.: reviewing culturalproperty agreements.” Journal of Art Crime 4: 73-76.—. 2010d. “Context Matters. Italy and the US: reviewing culturalproperty agreements.” Journal of Art Crime 3: 81-85.—. 2010e. “The returns to Italy from North America: an overview.”Journal of Art Crime 3: 105-09.—. 2011a. “Context matters: compliance and the antiquities market.”Journal of Art Crime 6: 52-56.—. 2011b. “Context matters: the unresolved case of the Minneapoliskrater.” Journal of Art Crime 5: 57-61.—. 2012a. “Context matters: Fragmented pots, attributions and therole of the academic.” Journal of Art Crime 8: 79-84.—. 2012b. “Context matters: Princeton and recently surfacedantiquities.” Journal of Art Crime 7: 59-66.—. 2012c. “The material and intellectual consequences of acquiringthe Sarpedon krater.” In All the King’s Horses: Essays on the Impact ofLooting and the Illicit Antiquities Trade on our Knowledge of the Past,edited by P. K. Lazrus and A. W. Barker: 25-42. Washington DC: Society forAmerican Archaeology.—. 2012d. Review of James Cuno, Museums Matter: In Praise of theEncyclopaedic Museum (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,2011). Journal of Art Crime 7: 86-87.—. 2013a. “Context matters: Dallas Museum of Art takes theinitiative.” Journal of Art Crime 9: 79-84.Blogging Archaeology Page 57

—. 2013b. “Context matters: The Cleveland Apollo goes public.”Journal of Art Crime 10: 69-75.Gill, D. W. J., and C. Chippindale. 1993. “Material and intellectualconsequences of esteem for Cycladic figures.” American Journal ofArchaeology 97: 601-59.—. 2006. “From Boston to Rome: reflections on returning antiquities.”International Journal of Cultural Property 13: 311-31.—. 2007. “From Malibu to Rome: further developments on the returnof antiquities.” International Journal of Cultural Property 14: 205-40.Gill, D. W. J., and C. Tsirogiannis. 2011. “Polaroids from the MediciDossier: continued sightings on the market.” Journal of Art Crime 5: 27-33.Özgen, I., and J. Öztürk. 1996. The Lydian Treasure: HeritageRecovered. Istanbul: Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture GeneralDirectorate of Monuments and Museums.Padgett, J. M. 1983-86 [1991]. “An Attic red-figure volute-krater.”Minneapolis Institute of Arts Bulletin 66: 66-77.Roosevelt, C. H., and C. Luke. 2006. “Looting Lydia: The destruction ofan archaeological landscape in western Turkey.” In Archaeology,Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade, edited by N. Brodie, M. M.Kersel, C. Luke, and K. W. Tubb, Cultural heritage studies: 173-87.Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Silver, V. 2009. The Lost Chalice: the Epic Hunt for a PricelessMasterpiece. New York: William Morrow.Tsirogiannis, C. 2012. Unravelling the Hidden Market of IllicitAntiquities: The Robin Symes - Christos Michaelides Network and itsInternational Implications. PhD Dissertation, Cambridge University.—. 2013a. “Nekyia. From Apulia to Virginia: an Apulian Gnathia askosat the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.” Journal of Art Crime 10: 81-86.—. 2013b. “Something is confidential in the state of Christie’s.” Journalof Art Crime 9: 3-19.Blogging Archaeology Page 58

Tsirogiannis, C., and D. W. J. Gill. In press. “ ‘A fracture in time’: a cupattributed to the Euaion painter from the Bothmer collection.”International Journal of Cultural Property.Vickers, M., and D. W. J. Gill. 1994. Artful Crafts: Ancient GreekSilverware and Pottery. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Watson, P. 1997. Sotheby’s, the Inside Story. London: Bloomsbury.—. 2006. “Convicted dealers: what we can learn.” In Archaeology,Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade, edited by N. Brodie, M. M.Kersel, C. Luke, and K. W. Tubb: 93-97. Gainesville: University Press ofFlorida.Watson, P., and C. Todeschini. 2006. The Medici Conspiracy: the IllicitJourney of Looted Antiquities from Italy’s Tomb Raiders to the World’sGreat Museums. New York: Public Affairs.Blogging Archaeology Page 59

Calling All ArchaeologyCareerists: DiscussingArchaeology Careers OnlineWilliam A. White, IIIBlog: http://www.succinctresearch.com/succinct-research-blog/ cxxiiiIntroductionMe: “Honey! Guess what? I just passed 500 connections on LinkedIn!”Clarity: “That’s great.” (Pondering what I just said.)“Sooooooo…When are you going to ask some of them out for a drink totalk about nerdy archaeology stuff?”Me: “……Uuh. Well, they’re spread around the globe.”(Condescendingly) “It’s not like I can just ask them out for drinksanytime.”Clarity: “So these are folks you know, right? People you’ve met atconferences?” (Brief pause) “I mean, don’t some of these guys go toschool with you at the U of A? Some of them live in Tucson, right?”Me: (Struggling to find a way to respond without acknowledging it’sstupid to brag about LinkedIn connections or letting her know she’sbrought up a valid point.) “Of course, some of them live here in town.But, I mean, they’re LinkedIn connections. I already know the phonenumbers of the guys I’d like to ask out for beers. I can just text them.LinkedIn connections are for networking all over the world.” (Feelingunsure that my response convinced her)Clarity: (A sly smile perks the corners of her mouth like a cat thatknows it’s got a mouse cornered.) “Well if you can’t even ask them totalk shop in person over a drink, what use are they?”Me: (Thinking.)Blogging Archaeology Page 60

Clarity: “I mean, don’t you archaeos love to drink? Isn’t that whereyou come up with most of your ideas?”Me: (Still thinking about her question. I know she’s right, but can’t lether know. Mentally maneuvering.) “Well, they’re useful because theycan help me stay ‘in-the-know’ about the job market and give careeradvice. You know, help me learn about archaeology stuff before it’spublic knowledge. They help me keep a sharp edge.” (Feelinguncomfortable because I know she’s brought up a valid point that Inever thought about before…as usual.)Clarity: (Generously not twisting the knife.) “Okay honey. That’sgood. I’m proud of you. Really, I am.”Me: (Don’t believe her but can’t do anything about it. She won thisround) “Thanks.”What good is online professional networking? Do archaeologistsreally “talk shop” over the internet? How useful are LinkedInconnections? Can you really learn about practicing archaeologythrough online conversations? How will any of this help me find a job?Those are typical questions I have received whenever I told peopleabout the topic of my SAA 2014 presentation. They’re questions I wantedto answer before writing this paper. “How can I use LinkedIn to further mycareer?” Until 2013, I had a LinkedIn profile for years but really hadn’tdone anything with it. It wasn’t even complete. I’d been hearing abouthow important online connections can be for career development andjob opportunities, but I was still doing things the old fashioned way—through face-to-face conversations with other archaeologists andprofessors. That method worked for years and it still works today.However, during the Great Recession, the face-to-face techniquestarted failing me because of the dearth of cultural resourcemanagement (CRM) work going on in the country. In an age ofshriveling opportunities and increased competition, I knew I had to findanother way to land work. Still, I did not turn to LinkedIn or other onlinenetworking services.Blogging Archaeology Page 61

In 2012, I started blogging as a way to share knowledge and helpother archaeologists have more fruitful job searches. It was at this timethat I realized how social media outlets provided a way to reach a wideraudience and connect with other archaeologists around the world.Initially, I was completely anti-social media. Other than LinkedIn and theobligatory Google/Yahoo profiles that come along with their free emailaccounts, I had no social media presence. Yet, slowly, I came to realizethat social media could help my career and help me share informationwith other archaeologists.I reluctantly signed up for a couple different social media accountsand started watching the conversations that were going on. Most of itwas gossip, ads, or junk, but sometimes I learned something orconnected with a particularly knowledgeable individual that actuallyhelped my career. As the current largest social media platform forprofessionals, I realized LinkedIn provided me an opportunity to connectwith thousands of archaeologists from around the world and, unlike mostof the other media outlets, archaeologists on LinkedIn were focused ontheir careers. I started paying particular attention to conversations onLinkedIn groups and began growing my own connections. This papergrew from my professional networking efforts during the last year (2013).Experiential Learning, Careerism, and the InternetWe all know that forging a path in archaeology requires a wealth ofexperiential learning that is amassed throughout an individual’s career.Therein lays the paradox: you need to have experience to get work, buthow do you get work without the experience? Our career paths asarchaeologists usually follow a similar trajectory. We go to college for adegree in archaeology, anthropology, historic preservation, or a similarfield. During college, most of us take a field school or internship as a wayto get experience because hands-on experience is one of the things youneed most to get a job after graduation. Some of us go on to graduateschool right after getting our BA, while a larger number go on to work inarchaeology, usually in CRM, before heading back to graduateschool…or not. Some of us are even crazy enough to go for the PhD orwork as professors.Blogging Archaeology Page 62

Regardless of the path your career takes, in archaeology,professional development is strongly dependent upon experientiallearning. Whether you aspire to be a field archaeologist, professor,principal investigator, or government archaeologist, it is easier to landthat particular job when you already have experience in that position.Experience trumps education when it comes to successfully landing anarchaeology job; but, who you know trumps experience. How do youget experience when you don’t have any experience? You need toknow the right people or be very, very lucky. Building your network is asafer bet and, today, networking includes making connections over theInternet.I’m not the oldest man to wield a trowel, but when I started inarchaeology your network was really limited to the archaeologists in yourcommunity or those you had directly worked with in the past. In order tobuild a robust network of connections, you needed to have decades ofexperience and projects behind you. Having decades of experience isstill the best way to build a network because, in the process ofconducting projects, the connections you make come from direct,person-to-person interactions. The Internet, specifically social media,adds a new way for us to connect and provides each of us anopportunity to interact without meeting in person. It also allows us toexpand our networks far beyond our local communities and shareinformation with individuals we’ve never actually met. This can help usbuild a huge “network”, but it will never supersede face-to-faceinteraction in most instances. Online connections should be consideredlike a first date that may or may not lead to something bigger.How many archaeologists are there to connect with?Archaeology is a pretty closed field because there aren’t too manyof us in the world. While I’m not sure about the exact number ofarchaeologists in other countries, various sources suggest there arebetween 7,200 and 12,000 archeologists in the United States. On the lowend, the archaeology/anthropology job outlook created by the UnitedStates Department of Labor says there are about 7,200 individualsworking in this industry in the U.S. and suggests that the number will growBlogging Archaeology Page 63

y 19% between 2010 and 2020. This is the least accurate estimate I’veencountered because the Department of Labor is most likely onlycounting individuals with a graduate degree (their definition of an“archaeologist” or “anthropologist” says a Master’s Degree is theminimum education requirement) (U.S. Department of Labor 2013).Recent information collected by the American Cultural ResourcesAssociation (ACRA) (2013) suggests the CRM industry employs 10,000individuals and generates over $1 billion in revenue.Another assessment of the number of archaeologists in the U.S.comes from Jeffery H. Altschul and Thomas C. Patterson (2010). In theirchapter in Voices in American Archaeology, Altschul and Patterson(2010:297–302) estimate that there are about 2,500 archaeologistsworking in the public sector, that the CRM industry employs about 10,000archaeologists, and that 1,500 archaeologists work in universities. Theyalso suggest that there are about 14,800 total CRM specialists, includingarchaeologists and others involved in CRM, in the United States, but notincluding temporary archaeological technicians, although they use around figure of 14,000 for their CRM industry employment statistic(Altschul and Patterson 2010:300–302). Including archaeologicaltechnicians in this statistic could inflate the total of CRM archaeologistsby another 2,200 (Altschul and Patterson 2010:302) to around 12,000archaeologists and 16,000 CRM specialists.How many archaeologists are on LinkedIn?There are three different types of LinkedIn profiles: individual,business, and groups. Individual pages primarily include informationabout persons. Similarly, business pages summarize the same informationabout businesses. Group pages are a little different in that they areplaces where individuals can congregate to share information about aspecific topic. While individual and business pages are open to all otherLinkedIn users, groups can be either open or closed, meaningmembership can be controlled by the group’s organizer to only admitselect individuals—typically persons with similar career experiences or inthe same industries.Blogging Archaeology Page 64

Quantifying archaeologists using a free LinkedIn account is evenmore difficult than the attempts made by the ACRA, Department ofLabor, or Altschul and Patterson. LinkedIn has two different types ofaccounts, free basic accounts and paid membership accounts. Thereare a variety of paid accounts designed for different clients including jobseekers, recruiters, and sales professionals. Like all search engines,LinkedIn searches depend on keywords found on profile pages. Theamount of information you can access is dependent on the type ofaccount you are using. Obviously, you have access to a greater amountand range of information if you buy a membership. Paid membershipscan get more accurate, nuanced search results.It is difficult to quantify the number of archaeologists that useLinkedIn because the free account search options are very basic and donot provide for nuanced search results. For instance, when I, with a basicaccount, searched for persons with the word “archaeologist” in theirprofile, LinkedIn showed me all personal profile pages with that wordanywhere in the individual’s profile. This search showed me all LinkedInusers that are, or have been, an archaeologist in the past. This goes thesame for locational data. LinkedIn showed me all persons that are orwere archaeologists that currently work or have worked in a specificstate. Thus, LinkedIn basic account searches show networks: individuals,organizations, and companies with connections to a given trade orlocation in the past and in the present.Despite these restrictions, I found that LinkedIn can provide fairlygood information on archaeologists and archaeology groups, but it isseverely lacking in information on CRM companies and non-profitorganizations. According to the information I accessed through my freeaccount (March 10 th – 13 th , 2014), LinkedIn lists 18,253 individuals aroundthe world that are currently or have been archaeologists, 8,140 of whichlive/worked in the United States (US), 2,719 in the United Kingdom, 1,029in Canada, 747 in Australia, and 705 in Greece. Table 1 illustrates states inthe US with the most and least archaeologist connections. Mostimportantly, we have to remember that this search yielded results for allindividuals that have career or educational connections to these statesin the past or present. For example, the search shows a person thatearned their degree at the University of Washington, worked as anBlogging Archaeology Page 65

archaeologist at some point in the past in Wyoming, but does notcurrently work as an archaeologist. That person would have ties toWashington and Wyoming even though they’re no longer anarchaeologist.Table 1: LinkedIn Results for the Term “Archaeologist” in the United States* Top 10 States Bottom 10 States Rank State Ind. Prof. Rank State Ind. Prof. 1 California 1,847 144 1 Vermont 98 10 2 Washington 1,188 132 2 Delaware 101 12 3 New York 1,183 174 3 Maine 104 11 4 Texas 836 81 4 Nebraska 106 9 5 Florida 747 77 5 Rhode Island 113 9 6 Arizona 743 75 6 New Hampshire 125 13 7 New Mexico 732 76 7 South Dakota 139 16 8 Colorado 713 61 8 Connecticut 153 14 9 Virginia 644 72 9 North Dakota 159 17 10 Pennsylvania 583 79 10 Arkansas 165 16 *Search conducted March 10th, 2014; results yielded individual profiles with the term “archaeologist” in past or present job titles; shows past or present connection to locations Since the majority of archaeologists in the United States work incultural resource management, I also searched LinkedIn for thatinformation. There are 11,768 individual profiles that contain the term“cultural resource management”; 7,158 profiles have connections to theUnited States, 852 to Canada, 832 to the United Kingdom, and 454 toAustralia. Table 2 summarizes the results for this search that also has theaforementioned caveats.Blogging Archaeology Page 66

Table 2: LinkedIn Results for the Term “Cultural Resource Management” in the United States* Top 10 States Bottom 10 States Rank State Ind. Rank State Ind. 1 California 1,476 1 Maine 88 2 Washington 1,296 2 New Hampshire 102 3 New York 1,019 3 Rhode Island 119 4 Texas 826 4 Vermont 131 5 Virginia 819 5 South Dakota 139 6 Arizona 664 6 Connecticut 142 7 New Mexico 649 7 Delaware 156 8 Colorado 643 8 Iowa 158 9 Pennsylvania 643 9 North Dakota 170 10 Florida 642 10 Nebraska 173 *Search conducted March 13th, 2014; results yielded individual profiles with the term “cultural resource management” in past or present job titles; shows past or present connection to locations The results of individual profile searches indicate areas wherearchaeologists are concentrated, primarily the mid-Atlantic, Southwest,and Pacific coast states. There are few archaeologists in the NewEngland and Midwestern states (Note: not all of the states in theseregions made it into the top or bottom 10 list). The top 10 list indicatesstates where archaeologists have the most and fewest connections andthis list remains similar whether the search focuses on the term“archaeologist” or “cultural resource management.”I also surveyed LinkedIn for archaeology professor profiles, which aresummarized in Table 3. The search for “archaeology” and “professor”revealed a total of 6,239 profiles with 3,552 linked to the United States,453 to the United Kingdom, 323 to Canada, and 177 to Italy. The top fiveuniversities noted in these profiles included the University of California,Berkeley (23), Columbia University in New York City (23), UniversityCollege of London (21), the University of Pennsylvania (19), and theUniversity of Copenhagen (19). This includes individuals that arefull/tenure, assistant, and adjunct professor.Blogging Archaeology Page 67

Table 3: LinkedIn Results for “Archaeology” and “Professor” in the United States* Top 10 States Bottom 10 States Rank State Prof. Rank State Prof. 1 New York 174 1 Nebraska 9 2 California 144 2 Rhode Island 9 3 Washington 132 3 Vermont 10 4 Texas 81 4 Maine 11 5 Pennsylvania 79 5 Delaware 12 6 Florida 77 6 New Hampshire 13 7 New Mexico 76 7 Connecticut 14 8 Arizona 75 8 South Dakota 16 8 Virginia 72 9 Arkansas 16 10 Michigan 63 10 North Dakota 17 *Search conducted March 10th, 2014; results yielded individual profiles with the term “archaeology” and “professor” in past or present job titles; shows past or present connection to locations; includes adjunct, assistant, and full or tenure professors Again, these results do not indicate how many archaeologyprofessors are in these states. It simply reflects the number of individualsthat have been or currently are archaeologists or professors. It is anindicator of the places where archaeology professors are connected to;however these numbers also mirror the results in Tables 1 and 2. Thesetables point toward the states that have played a larger role inarchaeology careers and where the largest numbers of archaeologistshave connections.LinkedIn statistics for companies and organizations that doarchaeology are much less refined. It appears that a very small segmentof the CRM and contract archaeology community has a presence onLinkedIn. Perhaps this reflects the overall dearth of online presence withinthe CRM community. A total of 535 companies with LinkedIn profilesstated archaeology is part of what they do. This includes a wide range oforganizations including CRM companies, non-profit organizations, andtourism companies that provide tours of archaeology sites. Of thecompanies with profiles, 132 have connections to the United States, 109to the United Kingdom, 26 to the Netherlands, 25 to Canada, and 21 toItaly. The results for the United States are summarized in Table 4.Blogging Archaeology Page 68

Table 4: LinkedIn Results for “Archaeology” Companies in the United States* State California Pennsylvania Companies 2 States (Alabama, Tennessee) 6 4 States (New York, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming) 5 7 States (Arizona, Colorado, Ohio, Maryland, New Jersey, Nevada, Texas) 4 6 States (Delaware, Florida, Illinois, New Mexico, North Carolina, Washington) 3 15 States (Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia) 2 11 States (Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Wisconsin) 1 4 States (Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Washington, D.C.) 0 *Search conducted March 10th, 2014; results yielded company profiles with the term “archaeology” 20 7 Clearly, these results are inaccurate. The ACRA website indicatesthere are 28 CRM companies that do work in the state of Arizona alone(ACRA 2014). Another ACRA publication, written in 2013, states there areover 1,500 CRM companies in the United States. It appears that mostcompanies that do archaeology do not have LinkedIn profiles. However,these data do roughly correlate with the individual profile data in thatmany of the states connected with a larger number of companies arealso states with a large number of individual archaeologist profileconnections. The same goes for the states with the fewest or noarchaeology company connections.Are career-related conversations taking place onLinkedIn groups?While LinkedIn members can send private messages to each other,most conversations about archaeology take place on archeologyrelatedgroups. These groups are intended to serve as a forum whereinformation can be shared with group members who have theopportunity to comment. This is probably the main way archaeologistscan network because LinkedIn usually only allows individuals to connectwith each other if they have something in common, such as past workBlogging Archaeology Page 69

experience, went to the same college, or are members of the sameLinkedIn groups. My research indicates that there are 159 “archaeology”groups on LinkedIn that vary widely in membership size as illustrated inTable 5.Table 5: LinkedIn Results for “Archaeology” Groups* Group Members Status** Archeology 7866 Closed Professional Anthropology/Archaeology Group 6,779 Closed Medieval and Renaissance Art, Antiques, Architecture, Archaeology, History and Music 4,987 Closed Society for American Archaeology 4,346 Open Archaeology and Heritage Jobs 3877 Open Historical Archaeology 3683 Closed The Discovery Programme 2350 Open Freelance Cultural Resources Professionals 2061 Closed Geschichte/History 2000 Open Experimental Archaeology 1898 Open 17 groups have only one member 4 closed, 13 open *Search conducted March 10th, 2014; results yielded groups with the term “archaeology” in title or group profile **Group membership status is either “closed”, meaning members are vetted by group managers, or “open” to any LinkedIn user LinkedIn archaeology groups also vary widely when it comes toactivity. LinkedIn notes group activity in the last 30 days, and for lessactive groups, notes the total number of group posts. Table 6 summarizesthe most active 25 percent of LinkedIn archaeology groups (n=40)based on the amount of activity in these groups.Table 6: LinkedIn Results for “Archaeology” Groups* Group Members Status Activity Level** Last Month History Enthusiasts Group 334 Open Very Active 334 Medieval and Renaissance Art, Antiques, Architecture, Archaeology, History and Music 4987 Closed Very Active 259 Archeology 7866 Closed Very Active 91 Professional Anthropology/Archaeology Group 6779 Closed Very Active 70 Past Horizons Archaeology 548 Open Active 35 Blogging Archaeology Page 70

Roman Archaeology 949 Closed Active 31 Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Culture, Language, Literature, History, and Archaeology 333 Open Active 30 Archaeology News 563 Open Active 25 Society for American Archaeology 4346 Open Active 22 Archaeology 1850 Closed Active 21 Archaeology and Heritage Jobs 3877 Open Active 20 Historical Archaeology 3683 Closed Active 20 The Society for Historical Archaeology 248 Closed 11 CAA: Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1596 Closed 10 Tennessee Council for Professional Archaeology 33 Open 10 Maritime Archaeology 1842 Closed 8 American Cultural Resources Association 1486 Closed 8 University of Leicester School of Archaeology and Ancient History Alumni 12 Closed 8 Council for British Archaeology 1789 Open 7 Evolution of Language Research 1579 Open 7 History Jobs English Art Literature Library Political Science, Museum Liberal ArtsHistoryJobs.com 982 Closed 7 Digital Archaeology 1206 Open 6 Friends of The Archaeology Channel 314 Open 6 Forensic Archaeology 292 Closed 6 BAJR Archaeology Jobs and Resources 280 Open 6 Celtic Studies 106 Open 6 Experimental Archaeology 1898 Open 5 Sea Research Society 797 Open 5 The Discovery Programme 2350 Open 4 Freelance Cultural Resources Professionals 2061 Closed 4 Archaeologists and CRMers 494 Closed 4 Archaeology Careerist's Network 152 Closed 4 Geschichte/History 2000 Open 3 GIS and Archaeology 770 Open 3 GIS History and Archaeology 694 Open 3 Cambridge Heritage Research Group 182 Closed 3 Texas Archaeology 99 Open 3 Australian Archaeology 718 Open 2 Archaeology Scotland 290 Open 2 *Search conducted March 10th, 2014; results yielded groups with the term “archaeology” in title or group profile **Activity Level determined by LinkedIn; all “very active” and “active” groups have more than 20 posts each month Blogging Archaeology Page 71

As indicated in Table 6, activity level varies between archaeologyrelatedgroups. A small number of groups (n=12) are classified byLinkedIn as “very active” or “active” and a larger number of groupshave much lower activity levels. About 67 percent (n=107) of allarchaeology groups have had no activity in the last 30 days. It is alsointeresting to note that the majority of “very active” archaeology groupsare “closed”, which means their membership is vetted by the group’smanager(s). Closed groups are usually comprised of a very selectdemographic of professionals and enthusiasts. Discussions in thesegroups, generally, are more focused on topics mentioned in the group’sprofile.In order to get a better idea of the types of people that composethese groups and the types of conversations happening in them, Idecided to analyze five groups within the largest 25 percent range(n=40; 7,866–297 members) and five groups within the middle 50 percent(n=79; 292–4 members). I wanted to look at five groups in the lowest 25percent (n=40; 4–1 members), but none of these groups had any activityin the last month. These ten groups were chosen in a completely biasedmanner and were selected based on which ones I thought had the mostinteresting title/profile, or groups I thought would be more orientedtoward career-related conversations. I was also limited to open groupsor groups of which I was already a member (as of March 19 th , 2014).Archaeology Career Conversations on LinkedIn GroupsTable 7 is a summary of the last month’s activity for the 10 groups Ichose to examine (Full Disclosure: I am the group manager for theArchaeology Careerist’s Network). In order to quantify the conversationson these groups, I categorized the posts into five principal types: queries,jobs, information, promotions, and spam. Queries included questionsaddressed to other group members and were primarily about artifactidentification and job inquiries. The jobs category included posts aboutemployment opportunities. It was most difficult to differentiate betweeninformation and promotions, but I noticed that most informational postsfocused on recent findings and current events in the field ofarchaeology. Posts on upcoming conference calls and fundraisingBlogging Archaeology Page 72

efforts were categorized as promotions. The spam category includedadvertisements that were not related to archaeology.Table 7: Archaeology Career Conversations on LinkedIn Groups* Post Type Group Member Status Posts** Query Jobs Info Promo Spam Top 25 Percent Archaeology 7,866 Closed 91 1 2 71 16 SAA 4,346 Open 22 3 1 11 5 2 Historical Archaeology 3,683 Closed 20 1 12 7 CRM Freelance Professionals 2,061 Closed 4 4 Archaeologists and CRMers 494 Closed 4 5 Middle 50 Percent TN Council for Professional Archaeologists 33 Open 10 10 BAJR Archaeology Jobs 280 Open 6 3 3 Celtic Studies 106 Open 6 4 2 The Discovery Programme 2350 Open 4 2 2 Archaeology Careerist’s Network 152 Closed 4 2 2 TOTAL 171 10 3 124 32 2 *Limited to Open groups and groups the author was a member of as of March 19th, 2014 **Only includes posts made in last 30 days According to my wholly unscientific, limited, and biased analysis ofselect LinkedIn group conversations that took place during the last 30days (from March 19 th , 2014), most group conversations focused ondiscussing recent findings and promoting conferences and fundraisers. Asmaller proportion of group posts are queries about artifactidentification, career advice, or about education. An extremely smallnumber of group queries appear to be job posting discussions. It is alsoimportant to note that the bulk of the material in these groups is postedby a small number of individuals who broadcast the same informationBlogging Archaeology Page 73

across a wide number of LinkedIn groups. Thus, many of theconversations are actually shared across a large number of groups.These findings appear quite bleak, but it is important to note that Ionly investigated the last 30 days of activity in these groups and waslimited in which groups I could examine. While older posts (created morethan 30 days ago) appear to have similar trends as the data for the last30 days, it is possible that the focus of posts varied in the past.Additionally, it is important to remember that these groups are primarilyfor conversations about archaeology. LinkedIn has separate searchcapabilities for job seekers. Finally, as the manager of an archaeologycareer-oriented group, I know that conversations that can contribute tocareer development do occur on LinkedIn. In the past, my group hasdiscussed several important topics such as CRM/university studies, grantwriting, CRM marketing, and professional standards. This qualitativeinformation would not be identified using the data collection methods Iemployed for this paper.ConclusionIt would be easy to admit that my wife was right in insinuating thatLinkedIn connections are less valuable than the ones you make face-toface.The data presented in this paper certainly suggests there are fewcareer-related conversations taking place in LinkedIn groups andparticipating in these groups is simply a way to hear about the awesomediscoveries around the world. These data also indicate career advice isnot being conveyed via LinkedIn groups and users are not learningmuch about what it is like to be a professional archaeologist throughgroup conversations. However, my methods would not reveal this type ofqualitative information.While groups are currently not being used by archaeologists to theirfull potential, my research indicates LinkedIn is still a great way toconnect with other archaeologists. Groups are useful because theyprovide a way to connect with archaeologists you have not worked withdirectly. LinkedIn does not typically allow “cold calls”. A commonreference point is necessary to reach individuals you have not workedBlogging Archaeology Page 74

with before and this commonality can include a LinkedIn group. IfAltschul and Patterson are correct in their estimations of the number ofarchaeologists in the US, than over half of all archaeologists in the UnitedStates may be on LinkedIn and this number continues to grow. LinkedIn isa great networking tool because it allows you to connect witharchaeologists in your state or even metropolitan area, which gives youthe chance to create those powerful face-to-face interactions that areso central to a successful career in archaeology.Blogging Archaeology Page 75

ReferencesAltschul, Jeffery H. and Thomas C. Patterson2010 Trends in Employment and Training in AmericanArchaeology. Voices in American Archaeology, Society for AmericanArchaeology Press, United States. Pgs. 291–316.American Cultural Resources Association (ACRA)2013 The Cultural Resources Management Industry. ACRA,Baltimore. http://www.acra-crm.org/news/159051/CRM-Industry-Metrics.htm cxxiv Accessed April 19, 20142014 ACRA Consultants Database. http://acra.siteym.com/search/custom.asp?id=1797cxxv Accessed April 19, 2014.United States Department of Labor2013 Occupational Outlook Handbook: Anthropologists andArchaeologists. Department of Labor and Statistics, United StatesDepartment of Labor, Washington, D.C. Accessed April 19, 2014http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-socialscience/anthropologists-and-archeologists.htmcxxviBlogging Archaeology Page 76

Why archaeological bloggingmatters: Personal experiencesfrom Central Europe and SouthAmerica.*Maria Beierlein de GutierrezBlog: http://sprachederdingeblog.wordpress.com cxxviiIntroductionI am a fully trained archaeologist, specializing in Bolivian ceramics. Igraduated in “Latin American Archaeology” and “EuropeanArchaeology” in Berlin in 2004 and went on to my Ph.D. at the Universityof Bonn, Germany. My studies were centred on values and a historicalbackground that came from the Anglo-American tradition ofArchaeology & Anthropology with all its history and discussions on thecommunication and interaction of Archaeology to and with a broaderpublic (for a short overview: Beavis and Hunt 1999; Clack and Brittain2007; Holtorf 2005, 2007). As opposed to the other more traditionalGerman approach of teaching archaeology mainly as an extendedversion of Art History, avoiding any mingling of Archaeology with social orpolitical matters. This rather descriptive and only reluctantly interpretativeapproach was still en vogue when I began my studies in the 1990s (for anabbreviated history of German archaeology see Eggert 2012, p. 7ff.)Nevertheless, communicating archaeology became a constant andeven urgent necessity in my professional life when I started investigatingin Bolivia in the late 1990s. Postcolonial countries tend to be very sensitiveto people coming to investigate certain aspects of their life and culture,and the past is an especially sensitive issue after more than 500 years ofcolonization (see also: Bruchae et al. 2010, Oyuela-Caycedo 1994 a, b;Gnecco 2012 and the growing body of literature at Left Coast Press,Blogging Archaeology Page 77

e.g. 3 ). Communicating archaeology can help to lower barriers betweenthe investigator and local people, and in the best case, creates anintertwined relationship between both; it offers archaeological data andinformation, thus presenting access to a new facet of interpretation ofthe local past. It explains how we are doing Archaeology, ensuring abroader understanding of the issues of cultural heritage in academicterms. It is vital in this context that while we are increasingly respectinglocal knowledge and attitudes to the past and its material remains, asarchaeologists, we should also present our standpoint based onacademic knowledge (see also: Holtorf 2005 arguing the sameviewpoint regarding “alternative archaeologies”).On the contrary, during my work in Germany, communicatingArchaeology was almost no issue. German Archaeology still clings widelyto the practice of communicating exclusively between scientists and notso much with the public, although this panorama has recently begun tochange and is still highly debated (Karl 2012, 2014). Since the mid 1990sthe courses of studies of European and non-European archaeology haveincreasingly suffered major cutbacks 4 - the last of those when the closureof the studies of Classical Archaeology at the renowned University ofLeipzig in January 2014 was announced (have a look at:http://ausgraben.wordpress.com cxxviii ). In my opinion, these two facts,insufficient communication outside our discipline and funding cutbacks,are intertwined. Therefore, communicating archaeology as a disciplineof deep relevance for the German and Central European society isgetting even more important.3 https://www.google.de/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=left+coast+press+archaeology+and+indigenous+issues+series&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&gfe_rd=cr&ei=ZF8hU-SeKMvesgaUsYBY4 Have a look at the excellent analysis of this situation at Eggert 2012, p. 382. Eggert centres on therelevance of “economic usefulness of knowledge” and the “relevance of the pecuniary” (ibid., 382, mytranslation) in our current, western society, which is certainly an absolutely decisive factor in the currentdevelopments at universities when it comes to archaeology and humanities in general.Blogging Archaeology Page 78

This chapter focuses on how communicating archaeology inincreasingly Internet based societies matters – in Central Europe and inSouth America. The parameters may be different and the approachesand problems as well, but the importance of blogging archaeologyremains the same. I would like to present my personal experience of thehow and why.Archaeological blogging and outreachAs has been stated recently, the use of Web 2.0 in and forarchaeology has become a fact (Henson 2013; Huvila 2013; Scherzler2012). There are a multitude of publications on the practical uses of Web2.0 for archaeological research. Data storing and exchange (e.g. Kansaet al. 2008) and digital humanities are a major subject at universities,conferences and the like. The coverage on possibilities of Web 2.0 for theoutreach of archaeological projects and its impacts on thecommunication of archaeological knowledge and thinking has beenpatchy at best. The communication of archaeology via media such asTwitter, Facebook, blogs, websites and on platforms like Pinterest hasbeen seen in the tradition of analogue media used by archaeology(Clack and Brittain 2007; Henson 2013; Kulik 2007). Archaeology has evenbeen considered “a subject with a mass-market appeal” (Henson 2013,p. 4).Many authors stress the blurring of former hierarchical or academicfrontiers between the public and archaeologists, and go on to state thecreation of new boundaries and new, widened communities (Henson2013; Huvila 2013). Hierarchies are being abolished by the ratherheterarchic use of internet spaces and media by a wider public. Thisincludes not only academics working in the field of archaeology, butalso a broad range of so-called amateur archaeologists or peopleBlogging Archaeology Page 79

simply interested in archaeology cxxixcxxx 5 . This widened community callsfor a different approach to communicating archaeology on part of thearchaeologists. A need has arisen to accept and integrate differentapproaches and ideas on archaeology held in high esteem by thepublic but maybe not always by archaeologists. As Holton says:“[…] The significance of archaeology may lie less in any specificinsights gained about the past than in the very process of engagingwith the material remains of the past in the present.” (2005, p. 548).It´s still difficult to find a consensus on how to act and interact withpeople in the Web 2.0 who are not academically trained archaeologists.The widening of the community that takes an interest in archaeologicalwork and their interaction with archaeology and archaeologists haschanged through the direct interaction with the public on the Internetinstead of ‘displaying content to a disconnected and largely passiveaudience’ (Henson 2013, p. 3) via television or radio.What can be said is that the possibilities to interact with andcommunicate to an audience outside the academic world have beenincreasingly used in the last years by archaeologists, often either in blogsabout archaeological projects, covering and presenting archaeologicalfieldwork itself 6 cxxxi cxxxii , or on archaeology and related discussions 7 cxxxiii5 A current example of this interaction and debate in Germany is the case of the so-called “treasure ofRülzheim” which has been recently uncovered by a so-called “amateur archaeologist” and retrieved byGerman authorities. The comments on this case and its media coverage have been analyzed by JuttaZerres on the archaeological blog “Archaeologik” in a remarkable articlehttp://archaeologik.blogspot.de/2014/02/das-nennt-sich-fieldwork-ihr.html.“Archaeologik” (http://archaeologik.blogspot.de) is being hosted by Rainer Schreg.6 Have a look at: http://nunalleq.wordpress.com or http://reaparch.blogspot.de7 Some rather unusual examples may be found at:a) http://pastthinking.comb) http://archaeopop.blogspot.dec) http://www.visualizingneolithic.comBlogging Archaeology Page 80

cxxxiv cxxxv . In that way, archaeologists are part of Web 2.0, whereinteraction, constant re-modelling of information, and sharing are thenorm.Two blogs – two continentsMy first experience with blogging was a descriptive blog about myPh.D. project in South Bolivia. My team and I practised different kinds ofcommunity outreach communication on a daily basis during the project,including presentations aimed at different audiences and offering dataand interpretations to a wide range of social and political groupings.It seemed necessary to offer our data to a wider public, especiallyafter the project was finished. This was due to the complete lack ofinformation on the subject of my investigation and the desire expressedby local people to know more about it. The goal was to present asystematic overview of the investigations, past and present, in the studyregion and of the first results of my project that were upcoming on thetime we opened the blog. The blog was consequently aimed at thebroad public, and not at fellow scientists who can access the sameinformation at archaeological journals or via www.academia.edu cxxxvi 8 .We were therefore looking for the possibility to present theinformation as cheap and broadly as possible. Surely, blogging seemedthe best option at this time instead of setting up a whole website, payingfor rented web space and the like. We opened http://paastarija.blogspot.decxxxvii in 2007, offering information on the project itself,the participants, the preliminary results, an overview of the earlierarchaeological investigation of the area and a special section named“What is Archaeology? Towards a future replete with past”. Duringfieldwork we found that archaeology was a decisive part of the localBlogging Archaeology Page 81

and regional social reality. It was, and is, used openly in politicaldiscourses and helped different groups to back up their specific positionson political autonomy, ancestry and the like, bending thearchaeological data at their convenience. The blog was a medium topresent our data to a wider audience, but can be read at the sametime as our basic version of the data, presenting them explicitly withoutpolitical and social interpretations for current struggles about autonomyand politics.In Germany, the approach to the use of archaeology is completelydifferent. Archaeology fascinates the broad public but is rarely usedopenly to substantiate different political agendas 9 . Since the 1950s,German archaeology has limited itself mostly to the presentation of datawith a minimum of interpretation, relying on a rather descriptiveapproach (Strobel & Widera 2009). The dichotomy between the interarchaeological,supposedly “objective” discourse of merely describingfinds on the one hand and the fascination for sensational findings in thewider public on the other, has resulted ultimately in an ever-growingirrelevance of basic archaeological data and research in everyday life.Archaeologists have retreated to their laboratories, and‘Communicating Archaeology’ is not practised very often. Rather, wecommunicate for and between ourselves, reaching out only in minorinstances to a wider public in the realm of expositions and publicationson rather sensationalist topics (see also: Benz and Liedmeier 2007). Thisleads ultimately to insufficient funding of archaeological investigationsand education because we don’t communicate the relevance of ourstudies to a wider public. Archaeology is about the ‘Past’ permeating8 https://uni-bonn.academia.edu/MariaBeierlein9 The reason for the rather anti-interpretative approach in German archaeology up to the 1990s may besuspected in the political use of archaeology in the nationalist debates from the 1860s onwards, resultingin the inclusion in the agenda of National Socialism (see: Focke-Museum 2013, Hardt et al. 2003,Schachtmann et al. 2009).Blogging Archaeology Page 82

everyday life around us, about its relevance to us and about how itshapes our current situation.In order to raise my voice on this topic, I started an archaeologicalblog called “Language of Things”(http://sprachederdingeblog.wordpress.com), which focuses mainly onthe persistence of archaeological questions in our everyday life. It asksquestions like: How are history and archaeology permeating our lives?Why is archaeology relevant to our everyday experiences? How doexpositions and musings on these topics influence us? Aimed at fellowscientists as well as interested non-archaeologists, the blog is a platformfor thoughts on archaeology and the ‘Past’ as well as exhibitions andprofessional training. It is also, a space to present ideas and thoughts inan informal way, without writing a full-length article or other ratherscientific publications.Differences and Similarities. What does ArchaeologicalBlogging mean in both continental contexts?Archaeological blogging in Bolivia faces big challenges andpossibilities at the same time. There is a growing demand forarchaeological data from different societal segments: students,archaeological colleagues, indigenous groups, political parties,archaeologically interested persons and so on 10 cxxxviii . Archaeologicalprojects working in Bolivia are regularly asked to leave printeddocumentation of their findings with the local and regional communitieswhere the investigation took place. When offering archaeologicalinformation on the internet, you can be sure that there will be a steady10 To get an overview for the cases of Chile and Bolivia, have a look at the special issue of Chungará35(2): http://www.chungara.cl/index.php/vol35-2Blogging Archaeology Page 83

and even growing interest visible in hit numbers for your site, an interestthat does not diminish with time.But there are several big questions: Who has access to the Internet,how is this access provided and at what cost? What are the technicalpossibilities of Bolivian Internet cafés or access at your home? That’s abig problem because access is available, but mainly in big cities. Ruralareas are seldom provided with Internet access or don’t have anyaccess at all, with people relying on sparse visits to town only once ortwice a month or even less. If access is provided, the speed of theInternet is often limited and impedes reading and/or printing pages ordocuments with high data volume or pictures 11 .So, who has access to your information? It is mainly the non-ruralsegments of society and this is surely a big disadvantage because ruralpeople often have a major interest in learning more about a differentview on their past. The Bolivian educational system has existed for severalhundred years in the obsolescence of prehispanic cultural developmentsand has only recently integrated the prehispanic past into the curricula.But still, it centres on the so-called “high civilizations” 12 , like Tiwanaku 13 orInka 14 , and ignores regional cultural developments that may spanseveral thousand years. This negation of regional history has led to anever-growing interest about the “real” past (i.e. the past not represented11 See the first hits with the search terms „Acceso de internet en Bolivia“ and find some of relevantstatistics:https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=acceso+de+internet+en+bolivia&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-812 See Swartley, 2002, for an interesting introduction regarding the use of prehispanic cultures inBolivian politics.13 Tiwanaku: Archaeological entity of the South-Central Andes, spanning a time between approx. 400 –1100 AD.14 Inka: Archaeological entity of the Andes, spanning the time between 1000 AD – 1535 AD. The Inkaculture developed the valleys near the city of Cuzco, Peru, expanding their dominium up to Ecuador inthe North and to Chile and Argentina in the South in the last 200 years of their development which cameto a forceful halt due to the arrival of the Spaniards.Blogging Archaeology Page 84

in school books and the like) from regional, often indigenous, groups. Thiswas experienced by our project, as well as by many others, when doingfield work and encountering dozens of interested people on the siteduring the excavations or during survey, who asked continuous questionson how, why and when people lived there. There may be differentapproaches and ideas about the past and ancestry, but still the interestpersists. Archaeological narratives may provide a counter image ofregional, local and official history.It is these rural people who have the least access to knowledgeprovided via archaeological blogging. But as rural education centresare being increasingly provided with computers and electrification,access to the Internet is growing. In the meantime, personal expositions,visits to schools and other cultural or educational institutions as well asthe transfer of written accounts on the results of fieldwork have to coverthe gap between occasional online access and the direct possession ofarchaeological data and information for rural areas. At the same time,the presentation of archaeological data via a permanent Internetsource is – up to point - a guarantee for accessibility. Printed versionsmay get lost or perish because space, resources and interests limit theirstorage and accessibility in local communities, while the information onthe web is available even years after being published 15 . In this sense, ablog persists, offering data to everyone who is able to get to an Internetcafé and search for the history of his/her region.While archaeological blogging in Bolivia has political and societaldimensions, touching on themes like ethnicity, (post-) colonialism, theintegration of archaeology into politics and other sensible domains,blogging about archaeology in Germany is a completely different world.Archaeology is widely understood as an ivory tower discipline that15 I am aware that Internet sources may be manipulated or updated, but in this context I am assuming thatthe data remain unchanged on a maintained web site or blog.Blogging Archaeology Page 85

fascinates a lot of people but many of them are not even remotelyaware that there may exist a connection between Archaeology, thediscipline that studies the material remains of the past, and their ownpolitical or social situation. Although archaeological blogs in Bolivia andGermany are similarly sparse, the reasons for this are completelydifferent.Continuous access to the Internet is available almost everywhere inGermany and the use of the Internet has increased in the last decade 16cxxxix , but blogging is still a minor activity compared to the Englishspeakingpart of the Internet. Most German blogs on archaeology offerdescriptions of new finds and try to communicate news and data to arather scientific public 17 cxl cxli or to people looking for beautiful objects orsites. The reasons for this situation can be suspected in the Germantradition of communicating archaeology (see above). There are only afew blogs on archaeology that are offering something beyond scientificnews and sensational objects, presenting the impact of archaeology oncontemporary society and perceptions. It was this facet that seemed tome the most important. Archaeology is much more than its objects, andmuch more than just science. In my opinion, history permeates our liveseverywhere. But mostly we are not aware of it - not of its presence andeven less of how it shapes our decisions and us. Many publications existon the conscious and rather unconscious mingling of Archaeology withpolitical and social perceptions today and in the past (Hardt et al. 2003;Kaeser 2008; Molineaux 1997; Smiles and Moser 2005). Archaeology, tome, is a tool to get to know the past and to communicate the past. To16 http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/13070/umfrage/entwicklung-derinternetnutzung-in-deutschland-seit-2001/17 To cite some examples:a) http://www.praehistorische-archaeologie.de/blog/b) http://provinzialroemer.blogspot.dec) http://alpinearchaeologie.wordpress.comBlogging Archaeology Page 86

make the past relevant to all of us, sensitizing ourselves to the impact ofthe past on our everyday life. Archaeology, in my opinion, has ceased toreceive the attention that it should have due to its impact on our socialand political realities. Instead, it has become something like a beautifulhobby, a search for gold and silver, and the occasional bones of elitepeople from past times. And this development is leading ultimately tothe disappearance of Archaeology in public opinion. It’s standing as aluxury good, a science that nobody really needs unless she/he isinterested in some remote, seemingly irrelevant past.I felt that it was time to translate this reality into written words andopened the blog ‘Language of Things’. Instead of presenting data as ameans of equal access to the past as we did in Bolivia, where therelevance of the past and archaeology are not at stake, the Germanblog aims at the opposite side of archaeology: to claim relevance,leaving the presentation of data outside this medium. Writing aboutexpositions, the Past in our contemporary lives, about the many detailswhere the past mingles with our current society, is the goal of this blog.Based on the necessities that archaeology has in Germany today, this isfor me the most important action to take.Conclusions: Why does archaeological blogging matter?If Archaeology matters then we should communicate this fact. Weshould communicate data, information and relevance. CommunicatingArchaeology outside the academic realm is something we should docontinuously, with high standards and a conscience of the importanceof this communication. The relevant themes that archaeology representsin a given society and cultural-scientific backgrounds differ from countryto country, but the fact remains the same: if we don’t speak up, then wewon´t be heard. And if there are no big budgets to give or much time tospend, blogging can be an important opportunity to share thoughts anddata. Personally, I have a deep belief in archaeology´s relevance andso I decided that I would present my view of the Past to the world,putting my grain of sand into the World Wide Web. In my belief, the Pastis not just some murky, cloudy thing hovering there in the classroom or onour bookshelves in (unfortunately often badly written and researched)Blogging Archaeology Page 87

novels. It´s not a past “Disneyland” where kings and queens leave goldand jewels behind, It´s so much more. Archaeology matters. Accordingto Kulik (2007, p. 123ff.), we are approaching a time when TV,newspapers, and radio are becoming increasingly indifferent toarchaeological coverage and he calls for the ‘strength of the bondsamong archaeologists, the media, and the public that was developed inrecent years’ to go on establishing this relationship. Blogging and Web2.0 may be a considerable part of it.I have had different experiences with blogging, in central Europe aswell as in South America. There were and are problems regarding theaccessibility and problems with outreach. The main points to cover aredifferent ones, at least in my opinion. But I still think that there is nothingmore relevant than communicating that Archaeology and History matterto us, to our society and to our lives. If we can't communicate this overallimportant message, then we shouldn't wonder why we are continuallyunderfinanced and neglected - or respected only for gold, jewels andIndiana Jones. Gold, jewels and Indiana Jones are part of Archaeology -but they are not its essence. The essence is something else: the shape ofour present is the impact of our past. We should get this point across inwhichever way we can. I chose blogging.Blogging Archaeology Page 88

*Minor parts of this article have been published at the blog “Spracheder Dinge” in the context of Doug Rocks-Macqueen´s(http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/about/) questions onarchaeological blogging, which I consider a great opportunity to reflecton the reasons of archaeological blogging:http://sprachederdingeblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/05/what-are-thegoals-of-archaeological-blogging-blogarch/cxlii .ReferencesBeavis, J. and A. Hunt, 1999. Communicating Archaeology.Bournemouth University School of Conservation Sciences OccasionalPaper 4. Oxbow Books, Oxford.Benz, M. and A.K. Liedmeier, 2007. Archaeology and the GermanPress. In: Clack, T. & M. Brittain (Eds.): Archaeology and the Media, p.153-174. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Bruchae, M., S. Hart & M. Wobst (Ed.), 2010. IndigenousArchaeologies. A reader on decolonization. Left Coast Press.Clack, T. & M. Brittain, 2007. Archaeology and the Media. Left CoastPress, Walnut Creek.Eggert, M.K.H., 2012. Prähistorische Archäologie. Konzepte undMethoden. A. Francke Verlag, Tübingen & Basel.Focke-Museum (Ed.), 2013. Graben für Germanien: Archäologieunterm Hakenkreuz. With the participation of Geringer, S., F. von derHaar, U. Halle, D. Mahsarski & K. Walter. Stuttgart : Konrad Theiss-Verlag.Gnecco, C., 2012. Europe and the people without archaeology. In:Van der Linde, S.J., M.H. van den Dries, N. Schlanger & C. Slappendel(Eds.): European Archaeology Abroad. Global settings, comparativeperspectives, p. 387-400. Sidestone Press, Leiden.Hardt, M., Lübke, C. and Schorkowitz, D., 2003. Inventing the pasts inNorth Central Europe: the national perception of early medieval historyand archaeology, Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]: Lang.Blogging Archaeology Page 89

Henson, D., 2013. Digital media and public engagement inarchaeology: an opinion piece. Archäologische Informationen, EarlyView. http://www.dguf.de/fileadmin/AI/ArchInf-EV_Henson-2.pdfHoltorf, C., 2005. Beyond Crusades: How (not) to engage withalternative archaeologies. World Archaeology 37 (4): 544-551.2007. Archaeology is a brand! The meaning of archaeology incontemporary popular culture. Left Coast Press.Huvila, Isto, 2013. Engagement has its consequences: the emergenceof the representations of archaeology in social media. ArchäologischeInformationen, Early View. http://www.dguf.de/fileadmin/AI/ArchInf-EV_Huvila.pdf cxliiiKaeser, M.-A., 2008. Ansichten einer versunkenen Welt. DieDarstellung der Pfahlbaudörfer seit 1854. Hauterive,Latenium/Schweizerisches Landesmusem Zürich.Kansa, E., S. Whitcher Kansa & E. Watrall, 2011. Archaeology 2.0. Newapproaches to communication and collaboration. Cotsen DigitalArchaeology Series 1, Cotsen Institute of Archaelogy Press, UCLA, LosAngeles.Karl, R., 2012. The Public? Which Public? In: Schücker, N. Integratingarchaeology: science - wish - reality ; International Conference on theSocial Role, Possibilities and Perspectives of Classical Studies ; papersheld in Frankfurt a. M. on 12 - 14 June 2012, p. 23-28. Frankfurt a. M.:Römisch-Germanische Komm.2014 Unseres? Deins? Meins? Wem gehören archäologischeKulturgüter? Archäologische Informationen, early view, Accesshttp://www.dguf.de/fileadmin/AI/ArchInf-EV_Karl.pdf cxliv 11.3.14Kulik, K., 2007. A Short History of archaeological communication. InClack, T. & M. Brittain (Eds.): Archaeology and the Media, p. 111-124. LeftCoast Press, Walnut Creek.Molyneaux, B. (Ed.), 1997. The cultural life of images. Visualrepresentation in archaeology. Routledge, Oxford & New York.Oyuela Caycedo, AugustoBlogging Archaeology Page 90

1994 History of Latin American Archaeology. Avebury, Brookfield-Hong Kong – Singapure.1994b Nationalism and Archaeology: a theoretical perspective. InOyuela Caycedo (Ed.): History of Latin American Archaeology: p. 3-12.Avebury, Brookfield-Hong Kong – Singapure.Schachtmann, J., Strobel, M. & Widera, T., Politik und Wissenschaft inder prähistorischen Archäologie: Perspektiven aus Sachsen, Böhmen undSchlesien 1. Aufl., V&R.Scherzler, D.,2012. On humility, power shift and cultural change.Archaeology on Web 2.0 sites. In: Schücker, N. Integrating archaeology:science - wish - reality ; International Conference on the Social Role,Possibilities and Perspectives of Classical Studies ; papers held in Frankfurta. M. on 12 - 14 June 2012, p. 237-240. Frankfurt a. M.: Römisch-Germanische Komm.Schlanger, N., S van der Linde, M. van den Dries & C. Slappendel,2012. European Archaeology abroad: global settings, comparativeperspectives. In: Van der Linde, S.J., M.H. van den Dries, N. Schlanger &C. Slappendel (Eds.): European Archaeology Abroad. Global settings,comparative perspectives, p. 21-32. Sidestone Press, Leiden.Schücker, N., 2012. Warum in die Ferne schweifen? An overview ofGerman archaeology abroad. In Van der Linde, S.J., M.H. van den Dries,N. Schlanger & C. Slappendel (Eds.): European Archaeology Abroad.Global settings, comparative perspectives, p. 157-190. Sidestone Press,Leiden.Smiles, S. and S. Moser (Ed.), 2005. Envisioning the Past: archaeologyand the image. Malden, US, Oxford, GB, Blackwell, 264pp. (NewInterventions in Art History).Strobel, M. & T. Widera, 2009. Einleitung. In: Schachtmann, J., Strobel,M. & Widera, T. (Eds.), Politik und Wissenschaft in der prähistorischenArchäologie: Perspektiven aus Sachsen, Böhmen und Schlesien, p. 9-30.1. Aufl., V&R.Swartley, L., 2002. Inventing Indigenous Knowledge. Archaeology,Rural Development and the Raised Field Rehabilitation Project in Bolivia.New York & London: Routledge.Blogging Archaeology Page 91

Van den Dries, M. and S. van der Linde, 2012. Collecting oral historiesfor the purpose of stimulating community involvement at Tell Balata(Palestine). In: Schücker, N. Integrating archaeology: science - wish -reality ; International Conference on the Social Role, Possibilities andPerspectives of Classical Studies ; papers held in Frankfurt a. M. on 12 - 14June 2012, p. 49-56. Frankfurt a. M.: Römisch-Germanische Komm.Van der Linde, S.J., M.H. van den Dries, N. Schlanger and C.Slappendel, 2012. European Archaeology Abroad. Global settings,comparative perspectives. Sidestone Press, Leiden.Blogging Archaeology Page 92

‘A masterpiece in politicalpropaganda’ and a futileexercise in archaeologicalbloggingSam HardyBlog: http://unfreearchaeology.wordpress.com/ cxlvOn the 11 th of April, 2010, after a 28-hour journey home from aconference, I found an e-mail to me and my supervisors. Its author‘protest[ed my] words and alleged findings concerning the looting of theCypriot Cultural heritage’; stated that it was ‘very obvious’ that I had‘never visited [the] North part of Cyprus’ and that I was ‘heavily underthe Greek fic[ti]tious propaganda’; asserted that my findings were‘fic[ti]tious’; and informed me that, ‘although [he] could not read [my]thesis’, he ‘strongly believe[d]’ that it was ‘also fic[ti]tious and ha[d] noacademic value’ (Atun, 2010n). It was certainly fictitious insofar as it hadnot yet been written.Having met the e-mail’s author, Turkish Cypriot Near East UniversityProf. Ata Atun, in the north part of Cyprus (in Famagusta in 2007), Iremembered that he was also a journalist, I searched for keywords frommy paper and was horrified by what I found. I went on to challenge myaccusers, reasoned with their publishers (unsuccessfully) and bloggedthe research paper and multiple defences. However, they had scoredtheir point and moved on. On that occasion, at least, my archaeologicalblogging appears to have been the equivalent of boxing someoneelse’s shadow. This chapter reviews that story.Blogging Archaeology Page 93

Blogging as communicationIn response to nationalist reactions in Cyprus to my earliest blogging, Iquickly developed a habit of posting irregularly and writing in adisengaging style. It certainly reduced the nationalist reaction, but it mayhave prevented my work from developing a moderate audience aswell. Even after I had augmented that blog with the texts of backgroundnotes and conference papers, and published 24 village surveys asassociated photo blogs, I only received about twenty or thirty visitors aday in total.When I launched the Conflict Antiquities blog, I experimented withblogging and micro-blogging news, but ended up focusing on deepinvestigations into intriguing, public interest cases – the Olympia museumrobbery, Syrian civil war looting, the Gezi Park uprising (shared betweenConflict Antiquities and Unfree Archaeology), and the Gaza “Apollo”case. I greatly improved the readability of my work, and the readership –to fifty or sixty visitors a day.Paul Barford’s (2014) blog on Portable Antiquity Collecting andHeritage Issues has received one million site visits in five years. After fiveyears, Conflict Antiquities – my most popular and most successful blog –will probably have got only one hundred thousand page views. SinceBarford’s blog offers similarly international coverage of the same subject,it may provide an instructive comparison.Heritage Issues is updated frequently (often, several times daily) withbrief but combative notes and analyses of news; it has a widergeographical coverage overall, grounded in the study of metaldetecting in the UK. Conflict Antiquities is updated irregularly (but, onaverage, twice weekly) with reports and investigations that arecommonly thousands of words long – far longer than the average postlength of the most popular blogs on news and politics (cf. Allsop, 2010); ithas a narrower focus on zones of conflict and crisis.Although Heritage Issues may have a naturally larger Anglophonecore audience, based upon its retweets and site referrals, ConflictAntiquities has a wide appeal to audiences for information on organisedcrime and political violence. So, it appears that something in theBlogging Archaeology Page 94

alchemy of frequency, length and style accounts for Barford’sachievement of a more than tenfold superiority in feeding and keepingpublic interest (through increased numbers of visitors and/or visits).Blogging as research, blogging as engagementBlogging has enabled me to share experiences and warnings thatwould have been much diluted and delayed by scholarly publishing(e.g. Hardy, 2007). It has demonstrably increased my readership andengagement with affected communities, and thereby improved theaccuracy and detail of my research (Hardy, 2011c: 113-115; 2013b; forsystematic analysis, see Garfield, 2000: 3; Moxley, 2001: 63). As a result ofit, I have been quoted in the Weekly Standard (Eastland, 2010, regardingHardy, 2010a), consulted by Bloomberg Businessweek (Silver, 2014a,regarding Hardy, 2013d; Silver, 2014b, regarding Hardy, 2014a) and theDaily Mail (Thornhill, Kisiel and Walters, 2014; Kisiel and Walters, 2014; cf.Hardy, 2014b), Jadaliyya (Barry-Born, 2014, regarding Hardy, 2013a) andother media and civil society organisations (privately).However, the success of the community campaign against Nazi WarDiggers – in which I was a more visible member of a much largermovement against an intrinsically problematic television programme,and which was not actually a campaign concerning my research assuch – was exceptional in every sense. My research into state complicityin cultural property crime and illegal undercover police activity (Hardy,2011: 201-215; 2014c; 2014d), which I have blogged in draft and postprintform (Hardy, 2009d; 2010a; 2010b; 2010p; 2011a; 2011b; 2012), and whichI have summarised in Greek and Turkish (e.g. Hardy, 2010k; 2010l), hassimply been ignored.Journalists approached me about Nazi War Diggers. No-one (outsidethe case) approached me about the death of Stephanos Stephanouand, when I approached them, no-one considered it newsworthy.Indeed, the only news coverage of my work on that case was a libellousattack on me. So, I question whether blogging has significantly increasedthe social impact of my research. And perhaps the best evidence ofBlogging Archaeology Page 95

that is my futile attempt to defend myself from the attack on me for myinvestigation into the death of Stephanos Stephanou.Myths and misrepresentationsOn the 9 th of April 2010, I discussed Cypriot Antiquities Rescue fromthe Turkish Deep State: the Rescue of Forgeries and the Death ofStephanos Stephanou at the World Archaeological Congress’sInternational Conference on Archaeology in Conflict in Vienna (Hardy,2010a). The paper was based on a blog post on Death and Denial:Stephanos Stephanou and the Syriac Bible (Hardy, 2009d), which wasbased on information from a confidential informant, who had contactedme regarding a previous blog post on [the] Antiquities Trade, Turkey-Cyprus: [a] Syrian Orthodox Bible (Hardy, 2009a).In the conference paper: I had described the deprivation of theghettoised Turkish Cypriots, who were enclaved during the Cypriot civilwar and who turned to ‘antiquities looting [as] a way of surviving’;explained the paramilitary takeover of the illicit trade, which was asource of personal enrichment and conflict funding; highlighted theassassination on the 6 th of July 1996 of dissident Turkish Cypriot journalistKutlu Adalı, who had reported on the looting of the Monastery of SaintBarnabas by the Civil Defence Organisation (Sivil Savunma Te kilâtı(SST)), which was an auxiliary of the Turkish Cypriot Security ForcesCommand (Kıbrıslı Türk Güvenlik Kuvvetleri Komutanlı ı (GKK)), which wasthe successor organisation of the civil war paramilitary Turkish (Cypriot)Resistance Organisation (Türk Mukavemet Te kilâtı (TMT)) (Irkad, 2000;Kanlı, 2007a; Kanlı, 2007b); and explored the death on the 1 st ofNovember 2007 of a Greek Cypriot undercover antiquities police agentin Turkish Cypriot police custody.In the session discussion, an unidentified Turkish Cypriot, who lived inVienna, accused me of a litany of offences, including: denying TurkishCypriot suffering; representing Turkish Cypriots as ‘animals’ and the ‘worstcriminals in the world’; scapegoating them for looting, which they couldnot have committed precisely due to their containment in the enclaves;misrepresenting TMT as a paramilitary or deep state structure when it wasBlogging Archaeology Page 96

a ‘defence’ force; perpetuating the myth of the Turkish deep state (anultranationalist para-state), which did not exist; and perpetuating themyth of the deep state murder of Kutlu Adalı, whose death was theconsequence of a clash between ‘Communists and Conservatives’.Already concerned with precise language regarding such a sensitivecase, I had written out my paper and read my text from the page, sothere was no possibility that I had spontaneously used ambiguous ormisleading words or phrases by mistake. The representation of my paperwas so unreal and so provocative that I suspected that he was not arandom member of the audience. Nonetheless, unable to expose anyvested interest to the audience, I simply refuted his claims point by point.Outside, I had a civil conversation with Turkish Embassy Counsellor(Botschaftsrat) Ufuk Ekici. Then I found that the Republic of Turkey’sEmbassy in Vienna (ROTEIV, 2010) had left print-outs on Protection of theCultural Heritage in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Since thatdocument regarded destruction, whereas my paper concerned theft, itmay have been a reaffirmation of their monitoring of my (other) researchactivities. After all, when I had been conducting fieldwork on destructionin northern Cyprus, plain-clothes police had: surveilled, doorstepped,and questioned me; had (albeit inattentively) searched my computerand documents; and had questioned my contacts and acquaintances,until I moved back to southern Cyprus to avoid putting anyone at furtherrisk. Otherwise, since my research into destruction in southern Cyprus hadactually documented violence against Turkish Cypriot cultural propertythat had been excluded from other scholarly studies and publiceducation (Hardy, 2009b; 2009c, which I developed into Hardy, 2011:152-168; 2013c), it may have been evidence of an oblivious localembassy’s last-minute reaction to my paper’s title or the Turkish Forum’sactivism.At the time, I almost – almost – welcomed the trouble-makingintervention, because it made everyone forget my nervous presentationand it certainly eased introductions.Blogging Archaeology Page 97

‘A political thriller’Then I went home and found the e-mail that started this chapter. Aswell as an academic and a journalist, Atun was (or had been) an Adviserto the (nationalist) Democratic Party President Serdar Denkta , and aConsultant to the (nationalist) National Unity Party government’s DeputyPrime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs under Democratic Partyleader Rauf Denkta ’s presidency. I was not optimistic. Searching onlinefor “Sam Hardy” and “Stephanos Stephanou” revealed that, the dayafter my presentation, a technically unnamed person had posted apurported summary of my paper and the incident (Anonymous, 2010). Itwas on the Turkish Forum, an international, not-for-profit organisation,which was established to influence public opinion by presenting ‘therealities of the world with regards to Turks’ (Turkish Forum, 2011), whichhad about 19,000 members (Akçam, 2007a). The day after that, Prof.Atun had published an article regarding that summary in newspapersacross Europe. The day after that, the article had reached a strategicresearch centre in Western Asia. Within a week, it had reached myneighbourhood newspaper in north London (Atun, 2010a-m; 2010o-2010z). I began to track the spread of the article through its onlinepublication (though since then, due to common practice in Turkishnewspapers, some of these articles have had their address changed,and many have been taken offline), and to investigate the people whohad been involved in the article’s production. I also began to draft anexamination of it through blogging.Kufi SeydaliThe anonymous Turkish Forum posting revealed that the person whohad commented on my paper was Mr. Kufi Seydali, who was (or hadbeen) an Honorary Representative of the Turkish Republic of NorthernCyprus (TRNC), the President of the Friends of the TRNC, a Representativeof Turkish Cypriot Associations (Overseas), the President of the EuropeanCyprus-Turkish Associations Congress, the President of the World Turkish-Cypriot Federation and the Vice-President of the World Cyprus-TurkishAssociations Congress.Blogging Archaeology Page 98

Moreover, Seydali was a Member of the Senior Advisory BoardCommittee of the Turkish Forum and Chairman of its Advisory BoardCommittee on Issues of Turkish Cyprus and Western Thrace. When a longpersecutedTurkish historian of the Armenian Genocide, Prof. TanerAkçam, discussed the international Turkish nationalist campaign againsthis research, he identified three of the elements of the ‘Deep State’,‘military-bureaucratic complex’: the Assembly of Turkish AmericanAssociations (ATAA); Tall Armenian Tale, which is ‘one of the mostpopular Armenian Genocide denial sites’; and the Turkish Forum (Akçamand Schilling, 2007).‘A masterpiece in political propaganda’The texts of Anonymous’s and Atun’s attack(s) were so close as to beeither simultaneously-authored articles or an English-language originaland a Turkish-language translation (cf. Hardy, 2010e; 2010f). The attackswere not only unreal and provocative but self-contradictory – forexample, Anonymous (2010) alleged that I had ‘creat[ed]a mythical Greek hero called Stephanos Stephanou, who was presentedas an under-cover, Greek Cypriot police officer’ (Anonymous, 2010),while Seydali claimed that I had shown ‘signs of manipulation by GreekCypriot under-cover agents of the type of [the implicitly real] Stephanou’(Seydali, 2010).It is unnecessary, and would be even more futile, to refute theseallegations again, because they were made with a wilful disregard forwitnessed, verifiable, documented truths in the first place. Still, it may beworthwhile to consider a few of the claims and their relationship to thetruth, in order to expose the production and intention of the authors’arguments.All used sarcastic and emotive language, such as Seydali’s mockingof my work as a ‘political thriller’ (9 th April 2010, paraphrased byAnonymous, 2010), Seydali’s description of my work as ‘anything butacademic [akademik olmaktan ba ka her eye benziyordu]’ (Seydali,9 th April 2010, paraphrased by Anonymous, 2010; paraphrased by Atun,2010a-2010m; 2010o-2010z), and Atun’s description of me as someoneBlogging Archaeology Page 99

who was ‘silly, foolish or stupid [sersem]’, who ‘told lies without blushing[yalanları yüzü kızarmadan da söyleyen]’, in an attempt to underminemy carefully sourced investigation.Seydali judged my work to be ‘a masterpiece [of] politicalpropaganda using an international scientific forum to present the TRNCas an illegal and criminal entity [gerçekte uluslararası bilimsel bir forumukullanarak KKTC’yi yasadı ı ve suçlu bir varlık gibi göstermek amacınıgüden politik propagandanın bir aheseri]’ (9 th April 2010, paraphrasedby Anonymous, 2010; paraphrased by Atun, 2010a-2010m; 2010o-2010z).In fact, I (2010b) had specifically avoided directly or indirectlycommenting upon the legality or status of the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC) [Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (KKTC)]. Seydalipositioned himself on the defensive; he presented me as the ‘attack[er]’,who had ‘unjust[ly]’ maligned TMT, ‘whose sole function was to defendthe Turkish Cypriot community against Greek-Greek Cypriot attacks’ (9 thApril 2010, paraphrased by Anonymous, 2010). Yet, for instance, on the23 rd of May 1962, TMT assassinated Turkish Cypriot Cumhuriyet journalistsAyhan Hikmet and Muzaffer Gürkan, because they had exposed TMT’s“false flag” (staged, provocative) bombings of Bayraktar Mosque andÖmeriye Mosque (An, 2005: 6; CyBC, 2006: 39-40); and, on the 11 th ofApril 1965, TMT assassinated two trade unionists, Turkish Cypriot Dervi AliKavazo lu and Greek Cypriot Costas Mishaoulis, because they werebicommunalists/pacifists (An, 2005: 6; Papadakis, 2003: 260).Seydali accused me of ‘a veiled attack on the TMT and TurkishCypriot State[,] which was equated to some mythical and indefinableentity called “The Turkish Deep State”, which was made responsible forall ills on Cyprus [Kıbrıs’ta ya anmı tüm kötülüklerden sorumlu oldu unuiddia etti i, tanımlanamayan ve hayali bir varlık olan “Derin Devlet”lee le tirilmeye çalı tı ı TMT’ye ve Kıbrıs Türk Devletine üstü kapaklı birsaldırı yapmı bu ki i]’ (9 th April 2010, paraphrased by Anonymous, 2010;paraphrased by Atun, 2010a-2010m; 2010o-2010z). In fact, I (2010b) hadexplicitly categorised the ‘plunderers’ as ‘Turkish and TurkishCypriot nationalist gangs, which form[ed] a Turkist deep state, whichoperate[d] outside and beyond Turkish state control’. Seydali askedrhetorically: ‘How is it possible... that a small community imprisoned intoBlogging Archaeology Page 100

3% of Cyprus and beleaguered by the Greek army and Greek Cypriotarmed elements, and under UN observation, could do such damage tothe cultural heritage of Cyprus?’ (9 th April 2010, paraphrased byAnonymous, 2010). ‘How is it possible that the Turkish Cypriots, who wereconfined in 3% of the island, were able to loot all of the island’s historicsites [nasıl olur da adanın yüze üçüne sıkı tırılmı Kıbrıslı Türkler adanıntümündeki eski eserleri ya malayabilir[di]]?’ (Seydali, 9 th April 2010,paraphrased by Atun, 2010a-2010m; 2010o-2010z).I had said that the illicit antiquities trade was ‘primarily’ structuredaround poor Turkish Cypriots’ subsistence digging and rich GreekCypriots’ collecting (2010b). I had explained precisely how that tradewas possible. According to then Greek Cypriot antiquities director VassosKarageorghis, the Greek Cypriot administration had secretly allowedGreek Cypriot collectors to purchase illicit antiquities from Turkish Cypriotenclaves (1999: 17), and he had used a UNESCO vehicle to do so withgovernment money (2007: 102-103). Since then, I have blogged samplestudies of archaeological excavations and antiquities collections fromthe civil war (2010p; 2011a; 2011b; 2012), which corroborate thatinterpretation. (Indeed, one peer-reviewer of that data (Hardy, 2014c)considered it to be a ‘polemical’ indictment of Greek Cypriotarchaeologists, rather than the Turkish Cypriot community.) Needless tosay, that research blogging has elicited no response.Intriguingly, Seydali noted that ‘Stephanou was visited by UN officersand Doctors [sic]’ (9 th April 2010, paraphrased by Anonymous, 2010). I(2010b) had not mentioned the repeated autopsies under UN supervisionand the UN has not acknowledged access to Stephanou before hisdeath, only ‘representations’ on his (family’s) behalf (Christou, 2007) – so,evidently, Seydali had known the Stephanou case very well before Ipresented it. Ironically, Seydali’s intervention at the conference mayhave been one of the few tangible products of my research blogging.Blogging Archaeology Page 101

Atun’s (2010a-2010m; 2010o-2010z) article concluded with a rallyingcall:Now the time for us to be organised has come. We must tell our owntruths to the world, and lay out in front of them Cyprus’s realities.Sam Hardy’s e-mail address is “[deleted]” and his thesis supervisorProf. [deleted]’s e-mail address is “[deleted]”. Please deliver yourprotests to these addresses and state that Sam Hardy’s commentswith regard to the Turkish Cypriots did not reflect the truths.[Artık organize olmamızın zamanı gelmi tir. Bizler de dünyaya kendido rularımızı anlatabilmeli ve onların önüne Kıbrıs’ın gerçeklerinisermeliyiz.Sam Hardy’nin e-mail adresi “[silinmi ]” ve tez hocası Prof.[silinmi ]’un e-mail adresi “[silinmi ]” dir. Lütfen bu adreslereprotestolarınızı iletin ve Sam Hardy’in Kıbrıslı Türkler ile ilgilisöylediklerinin do ruları yansıtmadı ını belirtin.]The only protest that my supervisor and/or I received was his own.A futile exercise in archaeological bloggingInitially, I commented under the articles to make specific pointsand/or to share links to the text of my paper on my blog (e.g. Hardy,2010c; 2010d), so that readers could judge my work for themselves. Iblogged a string of English-language and Turkish-language defencesand demands for a retraction and an apology (Hardy, 2010e-2010j;2010n); but it made no identifiable difference. Only my very first defenceis in my doctoral blog’s top 100 entry/exit pages. And that’s 63 rd : TRNCRepresentative Kufi Seydali: A ‘Masterpiece in Political Propaganda’?Avrupa Gazete (2010) removed Atun’s article from their website. AçıkGazete (2010) refused to expose themselves to accusations ofcensorship, but offered a right of reply. However, exhausted and fearfulBlogging Archaeology Page 102

that I would highlight and prolong the attack, I did not submit a reply.None of the other publishers replied to my (2010m) appeal.While I am not under the level of scrutiny, nor under the intensity ofharassment, nor in the kind of physical danger that Prof. Akçam (2007a)is – thugs have ‘tried to break up [his] meeting[s]’ and have ‘physicallyattacked’ him – I suspect that the intention and the mechanism of theattacks on me are the same as the intention and the mechanism of theattacks on him. Akçam (2007a) and his employer have been sent‘harassing e-mails’. He has been accused of being a ‘propagandistic toolof the Armenians’ (ibid.). And he (2007b) has been the subject of libellousnewspaper articles: ‘There [wa]s no record of a call, not one single emailfrom [the newspaper]. They never bothered to contact me. They didn’tcheck their facts or attempt to interview me. And when I demanded acorrection, the editor-in-chief ignored my letter.’At one point, Akçam’s (2007a) Wikipedia page was ‘persistentlyvandalized’. Then, when he went to Canada to give a lecture on theArmenian Genocide, he was detained by Canadian border police dueto the claims in one out-of-date, vandalised edit. Seemingly, one ormore members of ‘Tall Armenian Tale and[/or] the... Turkish Forum.... hadseized the opportunity to denounce [him]’ and used the publishedfalsehoods to trick or trap the police into detaining him (ibid.), in order tointimidate him and to interfere with his research and teaching.‘You will never be quite sure that I will not be listeningto you’As Seydali (2010) publicly warned me during the spread of Atun’snewspaper article, ‘you may continue to deliver your polit-thriller but youwill never be quite sure that I will not be listening to you’. Supposedly tofind out the source of my information concerning the assassination ofKutlu Adalı, even though I had stated my source, and it was the police’sChief Investigative Officer at the time of the assassination, Tema Irkad(2000), Atun (2010aa) privately notified me that he had it ‘in mind toinform our Criminal Department of the TRNC Police HQ to interrogate youupon your arrival to North Cyprus’.Blogging Archaeology Page 103

If he is listening, he’s one of fewThis case raises questions about the social significance of unbloggedas well as blogged research. Although books are significant media forpublication, it is undeniably significant that 48% of peer-reviewedresearch articles in social sciences, some majority of peer-reviewedresearch articles in archaeology specifically, and 93% of peer-reviewedresearch articles in humanities are never cited (Hamilton, 1991;Pendlebury, 1991); and 80% of citations in humanities are concentratedin 7% of the cited articles (Larivière, Gingras and Archambault, 2009).Some argue that any reduction in citation is a sign of efficient sourcing ofkey information (e.g. Evans, 2008), and that these statistics are evidenceof the advance of knowledge (e.g. Garfield, 1998). Nonetheless, it isdifficult to escape the conclusion that many scholars are publishingmany works ‘on the periphery of human interest’ (Gordon, 2014). Eventhe demonstrably inconsequential archaeology blogging underdiscussion has a readership hundreds of times larger than the readershipof the average archaeology article.Still, the simple act of making archaeology visible through blogging isnot enough to describe it as knowledge mobilisation orprofessional/public engagement. I “mobilised” my work, but it did not goanywhere. I “engaged” colleagues and communities, but I did notestablish a connection, let alone a change in thought or action. I fearthat nine years’ research blogging has had negligible social impact.Nonetheless, it has at least enabled immediate, multilingualcommunication, which was not possible even for the official release ofthe pre-submitted abstract of the conference paper (cf. Hardy, 2010o).In addition, it has enabled the presentation of sources for fact-checkingwith an immediacy that is not possible even through the online editionsof most academic journals. The result of the Nazi War Diggers casesuggests that, through collective public action, notably throughcollective public blogging and micro-blogging, archaeologists do (orcan) have the power to drive real social change. Perhaps it would befairer to judge that ten years’ research has had negligible social impact,and blogging has been unable to change that.Blogging Archaeology Page 104

AcknowledgementsThanks to Prof. Shawn Graham, who thought of ways for me tomeasure the comparative influence of the publications, before I realisedjust how one-directional the flow of information and opinion was.ReferencesAçık Gazete. 2010: “Atun’un bilimsiz sahtelikleri [Atun’s unscholarlyuntruths]”. E-mail [faruk@acikgazete.com], 28. Nisan.Akçam, T. 2007a: “A shameful campaign”. Z Magazine, 24 th March[17 th March]. Originally available at: http://www.zcommunications.org/ashameful-campaign-by-taner-ak-amcxlvi [Still available at:http://zcomm.org/znetarticle/a-shameful-campaign-by-taner-ak-am/cxlvii ] [First accessed: 16 th February 2009] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Akçam, T. 2007b: “Shoot the messenger”. Akçam in Danger, 16 th July.Available at: http://akcamindanger.blogspot.com/2007/07/shootmessenger.htmlcxlviii [First accessed: 16 th February 2009] [Last accessed:20 th April 2014]Akçam, T and Schilling, P. 2007: “Is it still genocide if your allies did it?”Minnesota Law and Politics, 20 th December. Available at:http://www.lawandpolitics.com/minnesota/Is-It-Still-Genocide-if-Your-Allies-Did-It/cef7381e-fe46-102a-aeb9-000e0c6dcf76.html cxlix [Firstaccessed: 16 th February 2009] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Allsop, G. 2010: “Bloggers: This is how long your posts should be”.ViperChill, 18 th February. Available at: http://www.viperchill.com/blogpost-length/cl [First accessed: 4 th April 2014] [Last accessed: 20 th April2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 105

An, A D. 2005: “Forms of Cypriotism in the Turkish Cypriot community:Obstacles and necessary conditions”. Paper presented at the NewCyprus Association Seminar, Limassol, Cyprus, 10 th November. Originallyavailable at:http://www.virtualict.com/~erpicorg/images/attachments/Erpic%20Files/Cyprus%20Problem/Forms%20of%20Cypriotism%20in%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Community,%20etc.doc [Still available at:http://www.erpic.eu/files/Forms%20of%20Cypriotism%20in%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Community,%20etc.doc] [First accessed: 18 th January2009] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Anonymous. 2010: “Archaeology in conflict”. Turkish Forum, 10 th April[9 th April]. Originally available at:http://www.turkishforum.com.tr/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-inconflict/[Archived at:http://web.archive.org/web/20100422134156/http://www.turkishforum.com.tr/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-in-conflict/comment-page-1/][Still available at:http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-inconflict/][First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Atun, A. 2010a: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Açık Gazetesi, 11. Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir:http://www.acikgazete.com/yazarlar/ata-atun/2010/04/11/ingilizakademisyenin-yalanlari.htmcli [First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Lastaccessed: 20 th April 2014]Atun, A. 2010b: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Açık Mutfak, 11. Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir:http://acikmutfak.com/yazarlar/ata-atun/2010/04/11/ingilizakademisyenin-yalanlari.htm[First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Lastattempted access: 20 th April 2014 – domain for sale]Atun, A. 2010c: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Su ve Defne, 11. Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir:http://suvedefne.com/yazarlar/ata-atun/2010/04/11/ingilizakademisyenin-yalanlari.htmclii [First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Lastaccessed: 20 th April 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 106

Atun, A. 2010d: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Turkish Gate, 11. Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir:http://www.turkishgate.com/yazarlar/ata-atun/2010/04/11/ingilizakademisyenin-yalanlari.htmcliii [First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Lastaccessed: 20 th April 2014]Atun, A. 2010e: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Aytürk, 11. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adreste bulunabildi:http://www.ayturk.de/kose.php?id=265 [First accessed: 11 th April 2010][Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 – dead]Atun, A. 2010f: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Ba aran Press, 11. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi: http://www.basaranpress.com/yazar/3326-ata-atun-ingilizakademisyenin-yalanlari.html[Ayrıca ba langıçta unlar adrestebulunabilir: http://www.basaranpress.com/yazdir.asp?haber=3326;http://www.basaranpress.com/ms_word.asp?haber=3326] [Firstaccessed: 11 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 – dead]Atun, A. 2010g: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Haber Cumhuriyeti, 11. Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir:http://www.habercumhuriyeti.com/yazar/PROFDR-ATA-ATUN/818/Ingiliz-Akademisyenin-Yalanlari.html [First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Lastattempted access: 20 th April 2014 – temporarily unavailable]Atun, A. 2010h: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Haber TE, 11. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi: http://www.haberte.com/author_article_detail.php?id=2210[First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 –dead]Atun, A. 2010i: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Kıbrıs 1974, 11. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi: http://www.kibris1974.com/ingiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlarit110341.htmlcliv [First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Last attempted access:20 th April 2014 – dead]Blogging Archaeology Page 107

Atun, A. 2010j: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. KKTC Medya, 11. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi: http://www.kktcmedya.com/yazar/2264-ata-atun-ingilizakademisyenin-yalanlari.html[Ayrıca ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi: http://www.kktcmedya.com/popup/haber-msword.asp?haber=2264][First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Last attemptedaccess: 20 th April 2014 – dead]Atun, A. 2010k: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Samsun Haber, 11. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi:http://www.samsunhaberportal.com/haber_detay.asp?bolum=30389&uyeid=59 [First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April2014 – dead]Atun, A. 2010l: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Trakya Net Haber, 11. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi:http://www.trakyanethaber.com/yeni/koseyazi.asp?yid=39&id=2727[First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 –dead]Atun, A. 2010m: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Turkish Forum, 11. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi: http://www.turkishforum.com.tr/tr/content/2010/04/11/ingilizakademisyenin-yalanlari/[Hala u adreste bulunabilir:http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/11/ingilizakademisyenin-yalanlari/clv ] [First accessed: 11 th April 2010] [Lastaccessed: 20 th April 2014]Atun, A. 2010n: “Thesis of Mr. Sam Hardy”. E-mail [ata.atun@atun.com],11 th April.Atun, A. 2010o: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Ata Atun, 12. Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir:http://www.ataatun.org/ingiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlari.html clvi [Firstaccessed: 12 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 108

Atun, A. 2010p: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Ahmet Akyol, 12. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi:http://www.ahmetakyol.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6220 clvii [First accessed: 12 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 thApril 2014 – dead]Atun, A. 2010q: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Bakı Strateji Ara dırmalar vəә Xəәbəәrləәr Məәrkəәzi, 12. Aprel.Bu adresde: [First accessed: 12 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 thApril 2014 – dead]Atun, A. 2010r: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Demokrat Mersin Gazetesi, 12. Nisan. u adrestebulunabilir: http://www.demokratmersin.com/editornews.asp?ID=1135[First accessed: 12 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 –internal server error]Atun, A. 2010s: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Kıbrıs Gazetesi, 12. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi:http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/1/col/151/art/14130/PageName/Ana_sayfa [First accessed: 12 th April 2010] [Last attemptedaccess: 20 th April 2014 – dead]Atun, A. 2010t: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Kıbrıs Postası, 12. Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir:http://www.kibrispostasi.com/index.php/cat/35/col/97/art/7801/ clviii [Firstaccessed: 12 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Atun, A. 2010u: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Kıbrıs Rota Gazetesi, 12. Nisan. Ba langıçta uadreste bulunabildi:http://rotagazetesi.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14400&Itemid=34 [First accessed: 12 th April 2010] [Last attemptedaccess: 20 th April 2014 – dead]Blogging Archaeology Page 109

Atun, A. 2010v: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. ROGG ve NOK Haber Merkezi, 12. Nisan. Ba langıçtau adreste bulunabildi:http://www.cdgbim.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2745:ngiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlar&catid=1:son-haberler&Itemid=50[First accessed: 12 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 –dead]Atun, A. 2010w: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Seeangel, 13. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi:http://www.seeangel.com/index.php/nazifkaracamyazilari/8063?task=view [First accessed: 13 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014– dead]Atun, A. 2010x: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Avrupa Gazetesi, 15. Nisan. Ba langıçta u adrestebulunabildi: http://www.avrupagazete.com/avrupa.asp?Id=12130 [Firstaccessed: 15 th April 2010] [Last possible access: 29 th April 2010 – takendown]Atun, A. 2010y: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Yeni Dünya Gündemi Gazetesi, 18.-24. Nisan.Ba langıçta u adreste bulunabildi:http://www.dunyagundemi.com/279/Ingiliz-Yalanlari.html [Firstaccessed: 18 th April 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 – dead]Atun, A. 2010z: “ ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [the Englishacademic’s lies]”. Hür Yorum Gazetesi, 19. Nisan. Ba langıçta uadreste bulunabildi:http://www.huryorum.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:ngiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlar&catid=43:ata-atun&Itemid=186[Ayrıca ba langıçta u adreste bulunabildi:http://www.huryorum.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:ngiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlar&Itemid=186] [First accessed: 19 thApril 2010] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 – dead]Blogging Archaeology Page 110

Atun, A. 2010aa: “Re: Thesis of Mr. Sam Hardy”. E-mail[ata.atun@atun.com], 27 th April.Avrupa Gazete. 2010: “Re: ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları”. E-mail[avrupa@btopenworld.com], 29. Nisan.Barford, P. 2014: “One million”. Portable Antiquity Collecting andHeritage Issues, 2 nd April. Available at: http://paulbarford.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/one-million.htmlclix [Last accessed: 4 thApril 2014]Barry-Born, T. 2014: “Tahrir, Taksim, Tempelhof: Between politicalfields”. Jadaliyya, 17 th April. Available at:http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/17357/tahrir-taksimtempelhof_between-political-fieldsclx [First accessed: 17 th April 2014] [Lastaccessed: 20 th April 2014]Christou, J. 2007: “Former consul Stephanou dies in Turkish Cypriotcustody”. Cyprus Mail, 3 rd November. Available at: http://www.cyprusmail.com/news/main.php?id=35688&archive=1[First accessed: 23 rdMarch 2009] [Last attempted access: 20 th April 2014 – dead]CyBC (Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation). 2006: TMT: Blood and fire.CyBC, 13 th January; 20 th January. Available at:http://www.cybc.com.cy/html/TMT%20ENGLISH.pdf clxi [First accessed:28 th June 2008] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Eastland, K. 2010: “Attempted art heist in Cyprus: Over 11 millionEuros’ worth of artifacts intercepted”. The Weekly Standard, 26 th January.Available at: http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/attempted-artheist-cyprusclxii [First accessed: 26 th January 2010] [Last accessed: 20 thApril 2010]Evans, J A. 2008: “Electronic publication and the narrowing ofscience and scholarship”. Science, Volume 321, Number 5887, 395-399.Garfield, E. 1998: “I had a dream... about uncitedness”. The Scientist,Volume 12, Number 14, 10.Blogging Archaeology Page 111

Garfield, E. 2000: “Is acknowledged self-archiving prior publication?”Paper presented at the Third International Symposium on ElectronicTheses and Dissertations, St. Petersburg, Russia, 16 th -18 th March. Availableat: http://thesis.wvu.edu/r/download/37169 clxiii [First accessed: 17 th July 2007][Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Gordon, A. 2014: “Killing pigs and weed maps: The mostly unreadworld of academic papers”. Pacific Standard, 18 th March. Available at:http://www.psmag.com/navigation/books-and-culture/killing-pigsweed-maps-mostly-unread-world-academic-papers-76733/clxiv [Firstaccessed: 18 th March 2014] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hamilton, D P. 1991: “Research papers: Who’s uncited now?”Science, Volume 251, Number 4989, 25.Hardy, S A. 2007: “Turkey: Siirt J TEM questioning”. samarkeolog, 22 ndJuly. Available at: http://samarkeolog.blogspot.com/2007/07/siirt-jitemquestioning.htmlclxv [First accessed: 22 nd July 2007] [Last accessed: 20 thApril 2014]Hardy, S A. 2009a: “Antiquities trade, Turkey-Cyprus: Syrian OrthodoxBible”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 6 th February. Available at:http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/antiquitiestrade-turkey-cyprus-syrian.htmlclxvi [First accessed: 6 th February 2009][Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2009b: “Dalibard, Jansen: Suppressed UNESCO culturalheritage report”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 20 th February. Available at:http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/dalibardjansen-suppressed-unesco.htmlclxvii [First accessed: 20 th February 2009][Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 112

Hardy, S A. 2009c: “The liberation of censorship in Cypriotarchaeology: Representations of a suppressed UNESCO report in historiesof cultural heritage destruction”. Paper presented at the Histories ofArchaeology Research Network (HARN) Conference, Cambridge, UK,14 th March. [“Histories of archaeology, and the liberation of censorship”.Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 16 th March.] Available at: http://humanrights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/histories-of-archaeologyand-liberation.htmlclxviii [First accessed: 16 th March 2009] [Last accessed:20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2009d: “Death and denial: Stephanos Stephanou and theSyriac Bible”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 19 th March. Available at:http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/death-anddenial-stephanos-stephanou.htmlclxix [First accessed: 19 th March 2009][Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010a: “Greek Cypriot antiquities smuggling; illegalundercover antiquities police”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 26 th January.Available at: http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/01/greek-cypriot-antiquitiessmuggling.htmlclxx [First accessed: 26 th January 2010] [Last accessed: 20 thApril 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010b: “Cypriot antiquities rescue from the Turkish deepstate: The rescue of forgeries and the death of Stephanos Stephanou”.Paper presented at the International Conference on Archaeology inConflict, Vienna, Austria, 6 th -10 th April. [“Archaeology, conflict, antiquitiesrescue”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 15 th April.] Available at:http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/archaeologyconflict-antiquities-rescue.htmlclxxi [First accessed: 15 th April 2010] [Lastaccessed: 20 th April 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 113

Hardy, S A. 2010c: “Archaeology in conflict: Comment”. TurkishForum, 13 th April. Originally available at:http://web.archive.org/web/20100422134156/http://www.turkishforum.c1/#comment-4973 [Still available at:om.tr/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-in-conflict/comment-page-http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-inconflict/clxxii ] [First accessed: 13 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April2014]Hardy, S A. 2010d: “Archaeology in conflict: Comment”. TurkishForum, 17 th April. Originally available at:http://web.archive.org/web/20100422134156/http://www.turkishforum.c1/#comment-5003 [Still available at:om.tr/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-in-conflict/comment-page-http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-inconflict/clxxiii ] [First accessed: 17 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April2014]Hardy, S A. 2010e: “TRNC Representative Kufi Seydali: A ‘masterpiecein political propaganda’?” Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 18 th April.Available at: http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/trnc-rep-kufi-seydali-political.htmlclxxiv [First accessed: 18th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010f: “Ata Atun: An ‘English academic’s lies [ngilizakademisyenin yalanları]’?” Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 19 th April.Available at: http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atun-academics-lies.htmlclxxv[First accessed: 19 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010g: “Ata Atun: ngiliz akademisyenin yalanları [AtaAtun: the English academic’s lies]”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 22.Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir: http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atun-akademisyenin-yalanlar.html clxxvi [First accessed: 22 nd April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 thApril 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 114

Hardy, S A. 2010h: “Ata Atun: International libel; unprofessional,unscholarly”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 25 th April. Available at:http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atuninternational-libel.htmlclxxvii [First accessed: 25 th April 2010] [Lastaccessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010i: “Ata Atun’un yazısını sökmesi, özür etmesi içinsormam [Ata Atun’s article’s withdrawal, apology asked]”. CulturalHeritage in Conflict, 26. Nisan. u adreste bulunabilir: http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atunun-yazsn-sokmesi-ozur-etmesi.html clxxviii [First accessed: 26 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 thApril 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010j: “Ata Atun’s article’s withdrawal, apology asked”.Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 26 th April. Available at: http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atuns-articles-withdrawal-apology.html clxxix [First accessed: 26 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 thApril 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010k: “(Kypriaki sotiria arxaiotiton apo totourkiko vathy kratos [Cypriot antiquities rescue from the Turkish deepstate])”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 26 i Apriliou. Vrisketai sto:http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/blog-post.htmlclxxx [First accessed: 26 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010l: “Türk derin devletinden Kıbrıs’ın tarihi eserlerikurtarması”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 26. Nisan. u adrestebulunabilir: http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/turk-derin-devletinden-kibrisin-tarihi.html clxxxi [First accessed: 26 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April2014]Hardy, S A. 2010m: “Atun’un bilimsiz sahtelikleri [Atun’s unscholarlyuntruths]”. E-mail [samarkeolog@gmail.com], 26. Nisan.Hardy, S A. 2010n: “Akçam’s opinion: Turkish Forum, Deep State”.Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 3 rd June. Available at: http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/akcams-opinion-turkish-forum-Blogging Archaeology Page 115

deep-state.html clxxxii [First accessed: 3 rd June 2010] [Last accessed: 20 thApril 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010o: “Cypriot antiquities rescue from the Turkish deepstate: The rescue of forgeries and the death of Stephanos Stephanou –abstract”. Forum Archaeologiae, Volume 55, Number 6. Available at:http://homepage.univie.ac.at/elisabeth.trinkl/forum/forum0610/55hardy.htm clxxxiii [First accessed: 9 th July 2010] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2010p: “Archaeologists accepted Greek Cypriot lootingof Alaas, Cyprus?” Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 22 nd December.Availablae at: http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/archaeologists-accepted-greekcypriot.htmlclxxxiv [First accessed: 22 nd December 2010] [Last accessed:20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2011a: “Cypriot antiquities, Pierides Foundation Museum,Larnaca”. Cultural Heritage in Conflict, 14 th January. Available at:http://human-rights-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/cypriotantiquities-pierides-foundation.htmlclxxxv [First accessed: 14 th January2011] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2011b: “Cypriot antiquities, Severis Collection –intercommunal conflict, bicommunal illicit antiquities trade”. CulturalHeritage in Conflict, 21 st January. Available at: http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/cypriot-antiquities-severiscollection.htmlclxxxvi [First accessed: 21 st January 2011] [Last accessed:20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2011c: Interrogating archaeological ethics in conflictzones: Cultural heritage work in Cyprus. Brighton: University of Sussex –DPhil thesis. Available at:http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/7344/1/Hardy%2C_Samuel_Andrew.pdf clxxxvii [Firstaccessed: 28 th August 2011] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2012: “Destruction, theft and rescue of archaeologicalartefacts in Cyprus, 1963-1974: From the intercommunal conflict until theforeign invasions [postprint]”. Conflict Antiquities, 12 th December.Available at:http://conflictantiquities.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/hardy-2012-cyprus-Blogging Archaeology Page 116

illicit-antiquities-trade-intercommunal-conflict-paramilitary.pdf clxxxviii [Firstaccessed: 12 th December 2012] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2013a: “Free archaeology and Occupy Gezi: The politicsof (a lack of) archaeological work”. , 2 nd July. Available at:http://unfreearchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/07/02/occupy-gezi-thepolitics-of-a-lack-of-archaeological-work/clxxxix [First accessed: 2 nd July2013] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2013b: “Should I have embargoed my thesis until I got ajob?” Conflict Antiquities, 26 th August. Available at:http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2013/08/26/open-accesspublication-embargo-blacklisting/cxc [First accessed: 26 th August 2013][Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2013c: “Maintained in very good condition or virtuallyrebuilt? Destruction of cultural property and narration of violenthistories.” Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, Volume 23, Number1, Article 14, 1-9. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pia.432 [Firstaccessed: 20 th September 2013] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2013d: “The Apollo of Gaza: ‘Nobody can say, “I didn’tknow where it came from”’”. Conflict Antiquities, 13 th October. Availableat: http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2013/10/13/palestine-gazahamas-funding-illicit-antiquities-market/cxci [First accessed: 13 th October2013] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2014a: “The Apollo of Gaza: Stories as different as nightand day”. Conflict Antiquities, 6 th February. Available at:http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2014/02/06/palestine-gazaapollo-accidental-discovery-story/cxcii [First accessed: 6 th February 2014][Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Hardy, S A. 2014b: “Nazi War Diggers: Error 404 – page not found”.Conflict Antiquities, 1 st April. Available at:http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2014/04/01/nazi-war-diggerserror-404-page-not-found/cxciii [First accessed: 1 st April 2014] [Lastaccessed: 20 th April 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 117

Hardy, S A. 2014c (forthcoming): “Using open-source data to identifyparticipation in the illicit antiquities market: A case study on the Cypriotcivil war”. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research.Hardy, S A. 2014d (forthcoming): “Destruction, theft and rescue ofarchaeological artefacts in Cyprus, 1963-1974: From the intercommunalconflict until the foreign invasions”. In Nys, K and Jacobs, A, (Eds.). Cypriotmaterial culture studies: From picrolite carving to proskynetaria. Proceedings of the 8 thAnnual Postgraduate Cypriot Archaeology Conference held in memory of Paul Åström,at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium) from 27 th to 29 th November 2008.Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag. Available at:http://conflictantiquities.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/hardy-2012-cyprusillicit-antiquities-trade-intercommunal-conflict-paramilitary.pdfcxciv[Postprint release date: 12 th December 2012] [First accessed: 12 thDecember 2012] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Irkad, T. 2000: “Topal ve Adalı cinayetinde aynı Uzi [Same Uzi used inboth Topal and Adalı murders]”. Yeni Düzen, 6. Temmuz, 8-9. CyprusAction Network, (Tr.). Available at:http://www.cyprusaction.org/humanrights/terrorism/adali/irkadadalicinayet2.html cxcv [First accessed: 29 th October 2007] [Last accessed: 20 th April2014]Kanlı, Y. 2007a: “The Turkish deep state”. Turkish Daily News, 29 thJanuary. Originally available at:http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=64951 [Still available at:http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-598627] [First accessed: 29 thJanuary 2007] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2010]Kanlı, Y. 2007b: “The forgotten cost”. Turkish Daily News, 7 thDecember. Originally available at:http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=90657 [Still available at:http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=the-forgotten-cost-2007-12-07 cxcvi ][First accessed: 7 th December 2007] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2010]Karageorghis, V. 1999: Ancient Cypriote art in the Severis Collection.Athens: Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation.Karageorghis, V. 2007: A lifetime in the archaeology of Cyprus: Thememoirs of Vassos Karageorghis. Stockholm: Medelhavsmuseet.Blogging Archaeology Page 118

Blogging Archaeology Page 119

Larivière, V, Gingras, Y and Archambault, É. 2009: “The decline in theconcentration of citations, 1900-2007”. Journal of the American Societyfor Information Science and Technology, Volume 60, Number 4, 858-862[arXiv 0809:5350].Moxley, J. 2001: “Universities should require electronic theses anddissertations”. Educause Quarterly, Number 3, 61-63.Papadakis, Y. 2003: “Nation, narrative and commemoration: Politicalritual in divided Cyprus”. History and Anthropology, Volume 14, Number3, 253-270.Pendlebury, D A. 1991: “Science, citation, and funding”. Science,Volume 251, Number 5000, 1410-1411.ROTEIV (Republic of Turkey Embassy in Vienna). 2010: Protection ofthe cultural heritage in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Vienna:Republic of Turkey Embassy in Vienna.Seydali, K. 2010: “Archaeology in conflict: Comment”. Turkish Forum,17 th April. Originally available at:http://web.archive.org/web/20100422134156/http://www.turkishforum.com.tr/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-in-conflict/comment-page-1/#comment-5000 [Still available at:http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-inconflict/cxcvii ] [First accessed: 17 th April 2010] [Last accessed: 4 th April2014]Silver, V T. 2014a: “The Apollo of Gaza: Hamas’s ancient bronzestatue”. Bloomberg Businessweek, 30 th January. Available at:http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-30/hamass-ancientbronze-statue-the-apollo-of-gazacxcviii [First accessed: 30 th January 2014][Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Silver, V T. 2014b: “New details emerge in mystery of bronze Apolloheld by Hamas”. BusinessWeek, 10 th February. Available at:http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-10/new-details-emergein-mystery-of-bronze-apollo-statue-held-by-hamas-in-gazacxcix [Firstaccessed: 10 th February 2014] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 120

Thornhill, T, Kisiel, D and Walters, G. 2014: “‘Nazi War Diggers’television show scrapped by National Geographic after furious viewerscomplain about insensitive historians excavating Second World Wargraves”. The Daily Mail, 1 st April. Available at:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2594201/Nazi-war-diggers-television-scrapped-National-Geographic-furious-viewers-complain-insensitive-historians-excavating-Second-World-War-graves.html cc [Firstaccessed: 1 st April 2014] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Turkish Forum. 2011: “About us”. Turkish Forum, 3 rd October. Availableat: http://www.turkishnews.com/en/content/about-us/ cci [First accessed:4 th April 2014] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Walters, G and Kisiel, R. 2014: “Fury over the National Geographicchannel historians digging up Second World War graves”. The Daily Mail,28 th March; 29 th March. Available at:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2591894/Fury-National-Geographic-channel-historians-digging-Second-World-War-graves.htmlccii [First accessed: 28 th March 2014] [Last accessed: 20 th April 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 121

Virtual Curation and VirtualCollaborationBernard K. MeansBlogs: vcuarchaeology3D.wordpress.com cciii andvirtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com ccivIntroductionFor the last two-and-half years, much of my time outside of teachingundergraduate students has been consumed with operating the VirtualCuration Laboratory (VCL) at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU).My time includes blogging on a regular basis about what my studentsand I are doing in the VCL or our work with our partners in the heritageand preservation communities. At first, I viewed blogging as primarily atool for documenting our progress as we became entangled with virtualcuration—a subject that I had only a passing acquaintance with prior toAugust 2011. However, our blog(http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com ccv ) quickly became integralto marshalling my thoughts as I worked through the promises andpotential of virtual curation. Blogging has also helped me establish adialogue with like-minded individuals and people with a passing interestin digitally preserving the past.Virtual Curation and the Virtual Curation LaboratoryWith funding from the Department of Defense’s (DoD) LegacyProgram, I established the VCL in August 2011 in cooperation with JohnHaynes, then archaeologist for Marine Corps Base Quantico. As analumnus of VCU, John felt that undergraduate students at VCU would beideally suited for carrying out DoD Legacy Project 11-334, entitled “VirtualArtifact Curation: Three-Dimensional Digital Data Collection for ArtifactAnalysis and Interpretation.” I certainly agreed that my anthropologyBlogging Archaeology Page 122

students were up to the task of testing the NextEngine Desktop 3Dscanner for its suitability in virtual curating artifacts recovered from DoDinstallations (Figure 1).Figure 1: Mariana Zechini prepares a raccoon bone for scanning with theNextEngine Desktop 3D scanner.Blogging Archaeology Page 123

Virtual curation - the creation of intangible digital models from tangibleartifacts—can extend collections from the material world into virtualrealms. This process enhances the preservation of artifacts whilesignificantly increasing how much and in what ways people can accessobjects from the past. 3D scanning of artifacts can be seamlesslyintegrated into more traditional efforts for curating archaeologicalremains (Means 2014a; Means et al. 2013a, b).Creating digital media that can be shared and manipulated inmultiple dimensions certainly expands our ability to generate newinterpretations and new insights into archaeological remains. With 3Dartifact scanning, we can display many details of an object frommultiple viewpoints—without touching or even directly seeing the objectitself. We have created digital models of artifacts that can be sharedwith researchers across the globe, and used in a variety of educationaland public archaeology settings.Virtual Curation and EducationWhat I did not anticipate when I established the VCL is how central itwould become to fostering professional training and researchopportunities for my undergraduate students, as well as increasinglyexpanding public outreach activities. For over two-and-a-half years,undergraduate student researchers associated with the Virtual CurationLaboratory have focused on creating virtual avatars of unique artifacts,including small finds from cultural heritage sites located throughoutPennsylvania and Virginia (Figure 2). What has made all of this researchand outreach possible is the considerable and generous accessprovided for my VCU students and myself by museums, archaeologicalrepositories, cultural heritage locations, and private individuals acrossVirginia and throughout the Middle Atlantic region (Figures 3 and 4). In2013 alone, we did research, demonstrations, or public outreach at theVirginia Department of Historic Resources, Clover Hill High School, JamesMadison’s Montpelier, the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference,George Washington’s Ferry Farm, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,Virginia Museum of Natural History, Fairfax County Park AuthorityPreservation Branch, Carter Robinson Mound site, Archaeology in theBlogging Archaeology Page 124

Community’s Day of Archaeology in Washington, D.C., The StateMuseum of Pennsylvania, Jamestown Rediscovery, AlexandriaArchaeology Museum, and the Archeological Society of Virginia annualmeeting–some more than once. Because some of these repositoriescurate artifacts from throughout the world, our creation of virtual modelsis not limited to North America.Figure 2: Animated smoking pipe recovered from the Consol site, aMonongahela village located in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.-Depending on the format you are reading this is in e.g. PDF, EPUB, etc. itmay not be anitmated.Blogging Archaeology Page 125

Figure 3: VCU alumnus Crystal Castleberry scans an artifact at GeorgeWashington’s Ferry Farm.Figure 4: VCU student Ashely McCuistion scans an artifact at MountVernon as Mount Vernon archaeologist Eleanor Breen looks at thescanning effort.Blogging Archaeology Page 126

My students are energized by their engagement with others workingto preserve and make the past come alive. This is in part because virtualcuration opens up the back rooms and deep storage of collectionsrepositories, as we travel around the region. We either scan on locationwith a portable set up, or borrow collections to 3D scan back in the VCL.Even those students who have not had the opportunity to physically goand be exposed to any of the cultural heritage locations, or who nevereven saw collections as they were being scanned in the lab can stillengage with the digital models that have been generated during thisprocess. If I cannot bring students to the collections, I can bring thecollections to the students—even if only in a virtual form. The VCL isstaffed by a highly motivated and dedicated team of undergraduatestudents pursuing majors in anthropology, and they all have their ownresearch interests. I am certainly more than happy to accommodatetheir interests as it meets our broadest goal—preserving and making thepast more accessible. I am especially pleased with the number ofstudents who have presented their research at local and internationalconferences (Figure 5). This research has been or soon will be publishedin the pages of the Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology (McCuistion2013), Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia (Ellrich2014; Huber 2014a; Hulvey 2014a; McCuistion 2014; Volkers 2014; Zechini2014a), and Pennsylvania Archaeologist (Bowles 2014; Huber 2014b;Hulvey 2014b; Zechini 2014b).Blogging Archaeology Page 127

Figure 5: At the October 2013 Archeological Society of Virginia annualmeeting. Left to right are VCU students Aaron Ellrich, Mariana Zechini,Allen Huber, Rachael Hulvey, Ashley McCuistion, Lauren Volkers, andVCL director Dr. Bernard K. Means.Figure 6: Lowell Nugent examines a panel depicting animal bone fromarchaeological sites. Courtesy of Mary Nugent.Blogging Archaeology Page 128

Some digital models have been used to create tangible replicas, inplastic, of small finds artifacts—these accurately scaled objects can behandled in ways not possible for the actual artifacts. The VCL employsMakerBot Replicators to generate our plastic replicas of artifacts andecofacts scanned from archaeological sites, which we refer to asartifictions and ecofictions, respectively. These plastic replicas areintegral to public outreach efforts, educational endeavors on the K-12and undergraduate levels, and as part of tactile components oftemporary and transitory exhibits (Figure 6). We have found that digitalmodels of artifacts are very effective for educational endeavors on thehigh school and undergraduate levels, and in public outreach efforts,especially if they have been translated into tangible forms with ourMakerBot Replicator, which can create plastic replicas of our virtualmodels. Archaeology in the Community recently produced an Instagramseries “The Dig” that featured objects scanned and printed in the VCL,and, that were uploaded throughout the month of January 2014 (Figure7; http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/2014/01/20/artifacts-andartifictions-presenting-the-past-with-archaeology-in-the-community/ccvi ).Figure 7: Archaeology in the Community films VCU student OliviaMcCarty at the Virtual Curation Laboratory.Blogging Archaeology Page 129

Blogging and Virtual CollaborationShortly after we began blogging athttp://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com ccvii , researchers began tocontact us about our 3D scanning efforts. Our first contact fromsomeone who read our blog was Dr. Michael Shott of the University ofAkron, who also 3D scans artifacts. He focuses his efforts on 3D scanningof chipped stone tools to capitalize on the researcher’s ability tomeasure digital models in ways not possible with analog measuring tools(Shott and Trail 2011, 2012). Most of our contacts via our “official” blogsite have related to people who either have a parallel effort in 3Dscanning, or are seeking advice on setting up a virtual curationlaboratory along the lines that we operate with here at the VCL. Mostrecently, we had a visit from Jeremy Barker, an Engineering TechnologySpecialist at Mercer University in Savannah, Georgia (Figure 8). Jeremyhad been following our blog as he set up his own 3D scanning project,using a NextEngine Desktop 3D scanner that had been purchased in thepast but was underutilized and basically neglected. Jeremy has abackground in history and uses the 3D scanning technology to getengineering students interested in heritage. This was of interest to us inthe VCL, as we are using 3D scanning of heritage items partly to getstudents in history. While our virtual collaboration here became actual,we can maintain our collaboration via the sharing of culture heritageitems in a digital format—expanding radically the opportunities forresearch that we can make available to our students.Blogging Archaeology Page 130

Figure 8: Jeremy Barker, an Engineering Technology Specialist at MercerUniversity in Savannah, Georgia, visits the Virtual Curation Laboratoryand watches VCU alumnus Lauren Volkers edit a file.Our most fruitful virtual collaboration has been with Dr. Zac Selden ofthe Center for Regional Heritage Research (CRHR) at Stephen F. AustinState University in Austin, Texas. CRHR and VCL have partnered to makemore widely available data on Caddo vessels curated at CRHRResearch Fellow Dr.Tom Middlebrook’s repository in Nacogdoches,Texas. VCL created 3D animations and some printed replicas of theCaddo vessels using digital models created by Selden(http://crhrarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/02/05/virtualcollaboration-crhr-vcl-and-the-middlebrook-collection-selden-andmeans/ccviii ). This virtual collaboration has been mutually beneficial, froma research perspective, and has expanded our horizons on how virtualsharing of complex 3D digital models differs from more traditional sharingof static images and other two-dimensional data.Last year, I had a short piece published in a special issue of the onlineMuseum Practice devoted to 3D technology(http://www.museumsassociation.org/museum-practice/3dtechnology/15082013-virginia-commonwealth-universityccix ). In this piece,Blogging Archaeology Page 131

I detailed particularly how reactions to digital models of artifacts orprinted replicas differ depending on the needs and expectations of ouraudiences, as well as the needs and expectations of those who arepresenting virtual or tangible versions of the past. Ultimately, we aretalking about opening the past to a broader audience, particularly thosewho might not readily have access for one reason or another. RobertJaquiss, who has been blind since birth, contacted me after followingour blog and shared his perspective on the importance of virtualcuration for the blind(http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/2013/08/16/access-to-theages-the-importance-of-virtual-curation-for-the-blind/ccx ):“It has been my experience that many people who are blind avoidmuseums. Glass cases, barriers and a lack of signage make visitingmuseums a boring experience. Persons who are blind cannot easilyget to sites that are not accessible by public transit. They mustinstead rely on family, friends or possibly a tour operator in order tovisit a site. The practice of Virtual Curation makes it possible to share3D images of artifacts. An artifact may be viewed by anyone withthe appropriate computer hardware and software. From the point ofview of this author, Virtual Curation has a major benefit. 3D imagescan be printed with a 3D printer producing a touchable 3D model.Such models can be touched by the blind allowing those who areblind to more fully appreciate the subject matter.”We have been able to share with Mr. Jaquiss some of the digitalmodels that we scanned from artifacts recovered from a diverse rangeof locations, including George Washington’s Ferry Farm and GeorgeWashington’s Mount Vernon Estate and Gardens. As Mr. Jaquiss lives onthe west coast, providing him with the ability to create 3D printedversions of historic artifacts—what he refers to as tactile graphics—is aneffective way to make a virtual heritage tangible again, albeit at alocation far removed from an artifact’s original place of discovery anddisplay.Blogging Archaeology Page 132

Virtual Curation MuseumWhile I am certainly pleased with the virtual collaboration inspired byour original blog site at vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com, that blog hasbeen less conducive to inspiring research and co-creation by outsideindividuals than I had hoped. In October 2013, roughly two years afterthe VCL was established, we “opened” the Virtual Curation Museum(http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com ccxi ) as an extension of theVCL University to highlight research by myself, by undergraduatestudents working, interning, or volunteering in the laboratory, and by ourpartners in the heritage and preservation communities (Figure 9). Thebasic goal of the Virtual Curation Museum is to make available aselection of the 3D digital models that we have scanned fromarchaeological sites across the world and place them in an onlineformat that parallels the standard conception of a museum. Unlike abrick-and-mortar museum, we have more flexibility in changing our“virtual space” and the Virtual Curation Museum is intended to be quitedynamic as we add new exhibits and new exhibit halls. Erecting amuseum without walls has not been without its challenges.Figure 9: Preparing a replica ground hog skull from George Washington’sFerry Farm for exhibition.Blogging Archaeology Page 133

The Virtual Curation Museum was officially “opened” on October 21,2013 to coincide with a physical exhibit opening at VCU’s James BranchCabell Library in Richmond, Virginia(http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/2013/10/23/virtual-curationexhibit-and-museum-opens/ccxii ). The exhibit opening was co-sponsoredby the VCU Libraries, the VCU School of World Studies, the VirtualCuration Laboratory, and the VCU student-run Virtual ArchaeologyScanning Team. The exhibit was billed as a celebration ofundergraduate research into 3D scanning and archaeology, part of myinitiative to use the VCL to foster and promote research and presentationskills by my students. Entitled “Digital Archaeology in the Virtual CurationLaboratory: 3D Scanning and Research at VCU,” the exhibit featuredplastic replicas of artifacts scanned by Virtual Curation Laboratory teammembers. One large glass case highlighted research that was presentedat the October 2013 meeting of the Archeological Society of Virginia:Ashley McCuistion (2014) on measuring lithic artifacts, represented by areplica of an Acheulean handaxe; Lauren Volkers (2014) on differentways of replicating artifacts, represented by a replica of a sandstonecarving; Allen Huber (2014a), on creating a digital osteologicalcollection, represented by various printed human cranial elements;Rachael Hulvey (2014a), on the historic component at James Madison’sMontpelier, represented by various artifacts including a musket rest; and,Aaron Ellrich (2014), on the prehistoric component at James Madison’sMontpelier, represented by projectile points from varying periods.The exhibit also included four panels that are portable and could bemoved throughout the library or other campus (and non-campuslocations). The four panels consisted of 2-foot by 3-foot display boardswith the usual text and illustrations, but with two unusual additions: plasticreplicas of artifacts adhered to the panels that enable viewers to touchthe past; and, QR (Quick Response) codes next to the text or artifacts,that take the viewer equipped with a smart phone or tablet to an onlinemuseum component (Figure 10). A free, online QR code generator wasused to create the QR codes that were located on each of the portableexhibit panels. The use of QR codes was a low-cost way to incorporatedigital animations into the exhibit without using expensive touch screensfor each panel—something beyond our budget in the VCL. A userBlogging Archaeology Page 134

equipped with their smart phone or tablet computer becomes anextension of the exhibit. We did not see this as a major limiting factor foraccess to the digital animations, given the ubiquity of smart phonesgripped tightly in the hands of every student walking zombie-like acrosscampus. Viewers would be required to download a QR code reader, ifthey did not have one.Figure 10: Ashley McCuistion, Lauren Volkers, and Mariana Zechini standnext to one of the poster exhibits in the James Branch Cabell Library.The online Virtual Curation Museum has additional text related to theexhibited plastic items, as well as animations of the objects themselves.The extension of the physical exhibit onto the internet via the VirtualCuration Museum was intended to allow visitors who could not physicallycome to VCU’s Cabell Library to still have the ability to enjoy and learnabout the past. The Virtual Curation Museum and the exhibit panels wereboth designed using free, or freely available, software. WordPress wasBlogging Archaeology Page 135

chosen for the web component because it has free options andbecause two years of blogging for the VCL made me familiar with itsquirks and limitations. The four portable exhibit panels include:George is Waiting: Archaeology at George Washington’sFerry Farm(http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/george-is-waitingarchaeology-at-george-washingtons-ferry-farm/ccxiii): Archaeologistsworking at Ferry Farm in Fredericksburg, Virginia, are actively excavatingthe site where George Washington spent his childhood, beginning atage six. Since 2012, VCU students have joined with George WashingtonFoundation archaeologists to uncover traces of young George, hismother Mary, and the rest of their family, as well as that of theWashington family’s enslaved servants. Archaeologists here have alsofound evidence of the American Indians who lived on this landscapebeginning 10,000 years ago, Union encampments associated with theAmerican Civil War, and even the families who lived here above thebanks of the Rappahannock River into the 20 th century. The VirtualCuration Laboratory at VCU has created 3D digital models and printedresin replicas of artifacts from all major time periods revealed througharchaeology at George Washington’s Ferry Farm.Making No Bones About It: Why ZooarchaeologistsStudy Animal Bones Found at Archaeological Sites(http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/making-no-bonesabout-it-making-no-bones-about-it-why-zoorchaeologists-study-animalbones-found-at-archaeological-sites/ccxiv ): VCL began systematicallycreating 3D digital models of faunal remains in Fall 2012 using elementsof a raccoon skeleton loaned by the Virginia Museum of Natural History(VMNH) and California University of Pennsylvania. Particularly through apartnership with VMNH, undergraduate researchers have been workingunder the direction of Digital Zooarchaeologist Mariana Zechini tocreate a virtual faunal type collection. The digital comparativecollection that we are developing in the VCL will allow archaeologists,Blogging Archaeology Page 136

educators, and students the ability to study, manipulate and share virtualmodels of animal remains anywhere in the world. The creation of anaccessible digital comparative collection of animal bones is part ofrecently funded Department of Defense (DoD) Legacy Program projectentitled: “Virtual Mobility Archaeology Project with Further Applicationsof Three Dimensional Digital Scanning of Archaeological Objects” that isbeing developed jointly with the Fort Lee Regional ArchaeologicalCuration Facility.Telling Time with Stone: How Archaeologists UseChipped Stone Tools to Find the Age of ArchaeologicalSites(http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/telling-time-withstone-how-archaeologists-use-chipped-stone-tools-to-find-the-age-ofarchaeological-sites/ccxv ): In the absence of material suitable forradiocarbon analysis or other dating technique, archaeologists rely ontemporally diagnostic chipped stone tools to date archaeological sites.Thus, diagnostic chipped stone tools were the focus of this panel. As weare doing for animal bones, we are also creating a digital comparativecollection of diagnostic chipped stone tools as part of our active DoDLegacy Program project.Digging Up the Noxious Weed: the Archaeology ofTobacco Smoking Pipes(http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/digging-up-thenoxious-weed-the-archaeology-of-tobacco-smoking-pipes/ccxvi ).Tobacco cultivation dominated the economies of Virginia, Maryland,and other states almost from their initial establishment as colonies ofEngland and continuing well into the twentieth century. The vast acres ofland needed to grow tobacco and meet an insatiable appetite on aglobal scale led to the establishment of plantations worked by enslavedlaborers first brought over from Africa. Sometimes it is difficult to envisionthat the very custom of smoking tobacco dates, for much of the world,only from the late 15 th century A.D. Well before their sustained contactBlogging Archaeology Page 137

with people of European and African descent beginning in A.D. 1492,however, American Indians had cultivated tobacco. VCL has created3D digital models and plastic replicas of smoking pipes associated withthe largely prehistoric Monongahela Tradition of southwesternPennsylvania, the Susquehannock Indians of eastern Pennsylvania, andenslaved Americans located on Virginia plantations—as well as smokingpipes made commercially in the U.S. and Europe.The physical exhibit was open until early December 2013, but theVirtual Curation Museum was designed to be open indefinitely. TheVirtual Curation Museum remains very much something underconstruction and is ever expanding to include more content and digitalanimations. One issue we had was related to internet access in thelibrary. The QR codes were not always readable due to connectionissues. The placement of QR codes next to each animated object madeeach poster panel look busy. One solution would be to just have one QRcode for each panel—something I considered—but this would lower theviewer’s immediacy of getting more information about an object andseeing its animation. We also had no way to track how many peopleviewed our exhibit components. The panels were placed in high trafficareas, but, on the other hand, they were placed in high traffic areas. Myown observations of students was that they rarely paused to look atpanels on the main floor, as their primary goal was to find a vacantcomputer, or stand in line at the library’s coffee establishment. Even if wedid not establish the Virtual Curation Museum in conjunction with aphysical exhibit, we still would have found working within the confines ofa pre-existing WordPress template challenging.Does the Virtual Curation Museum meet the basic goalsof a museum?In the late 19 th century, George Brown Goode, director of the USNational Museum, outlined three valuable functions that museums couldserve: as repositories for reference material; as places of publiceducation; and, as preservers of collective memory (MacArther 2011:56-57). At this stage, the Virtual Curation Museum blog and the original VCLblog, I think, meet all of these functions at a minimalist level. FullyBlogging Archaeology Page 138

addressing these functions will take a more concerted effort, and,dialogue with others working with digital materials. I will also be workingwith teachers and my own students interested in K-12 andundergraduate education with developing lessons using our virtualmuseum, and I think that the dynamic nature of these efforts will helpfurther refine the ability of the museum to become a true reference tool.Whether we can do this for free, and through WordPress or other similaronline avenues remains to be seen.The museum site is currently being used to highlight objects in ourvirtual collection, usually timed to accompany major research projects,trips to heritage locations to scan new materials, public outreach efforts,or even important dates in history. This is done primarily by posting ananimated object of the day (Figure 11). I like the idea of regularly postinganimated objects, but I recommend not using a daily frequency. Whilewe have plenty of animated archaeological objects, and are addingmore each week, a daily posting—however brief—takes time. Nextcalendar year (2015) we will switch to an animated object of the week,with special posts as warranted.Figure 11: Animation of a mummified juvenile opossum. Depending onthe format you are reading this is in e.g. PDF, EPUB, etc. it may not beanitmated.Blogging Archaeology Page 139

The Future of Virtual Curation and Virtual CollaborationThe future of the Virtual Curation Laboratory will involve various kindsof actual and virtual collaborations, more diverse educational andpublic outreach efforts, and an expansion of our virtual curation effortsbeyond traditional archaeological objects—and this future will bedocumented and dissected via our main blog site atvcuarchaeology3D.wordpress.com. We will also continue to ensure thatthe virtual collaboration efforts will have a home on our sister blog site atvirtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com, where we plan to increase thatsite’s interactivity and research content.The remainder of 2014 will see some major student-driven initiatives.One of my undergraduate anthropology students, who is a veteran ofthe armed forces, is developing plans to involve fellow returned veteransat VCU in a Veterans Curation Project type program using the resourcesof the Virtual Curation Laboratory. An art student is working with ourdigital artifact and ecofact models—and their printed replicas—toreimagine them using traditional art media, including painting andillustration.As a major project, I will be working with interns in the Virtual CurationLaboratory and students in a new Virtual Museum Anthropology courseto create a new archaeology exhibit to open in late 2015 at the VirginiaMuseum of Natural History (VMNH) (Figure 12). We are also working withthe VMNH’s paleontologist to 3D scan Miocene fossil whale bones for usein a future exhibit—a non-archaeological application, to be sure, butone that fits in broadly with virtual curation of the past. We will go evendeeper into the past and create virtual models of dinosaur remains.Blogging Archaeology Page 140

Figure 12: Mariana Zechini and Ashley McCuistion scan an artifact at theVirginia Museum of Natural History.Figure 13: Lauren Volkers scans a bracket from the Space ShuttleDiscovery.Blogging Archaeology Page 141

Exactly what the future holds for the Virtual Curation Laboratorydepends on our virtual and actual interaction with other scholars andmembers of the public at large. We recently had the opportunity to scanbrackets from the Space Shuttle Discovery(http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/in-space-no-onecan-hear-you-scan/ccxvii ) at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of theSmithsonian National Air and Space Museum (Figure 13). The bracketswill be used to produce replicas that can be used on the Space ShuttleEndeavour, which is to be displayed at the California Science Center inLos Angeles (Figure 14). This 3D scanning effort helped solve an issue ofhow to obtain unique parts for the Endeavor when they are no longerbeing manufactured. There are apparently no limits to where we can gowith virtual curation—and we will share our travels through digital realmsvia our social media endeavors.Figure 14: Animation of a bracket from the Space Shuttle Discovery.Depending on the format you are reading this is in e.g. PDF, EPUB, etc. itmay not be anitmated.Blogging Archaeology Page 142

ReferencesBowles, Courtney2014 Moving Between Reality as Virtual and Reality as Actual.Pennsylvania Archaeologist 84 (1). In press.Ellrich, Aaron2014 Lithics and Lasers: 3D Scanning Prehistoric Projectile Pointsfrom James Madison’s Montpelier. Quarterly Bulletin of the ArcheologicalSociety of Virginia 69(1):In press.Huber, Allen2014a Broken Bones: Digital Curation and Mending of HumanRemains. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia69(1):In press.2014b Handing the Past to the Present: The Impact of 3D Printingon Public Archaeology. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 84 (1). In press.Hulvey, Rachael2014a Manipulating Montpelier: Creating a Virtual Exhibit of Life atMontpelier for the Madisons and their Enslaved People. Quarterly Bulletinof the Archeological Society of Virginia 69(1):In press.2014b New Dimensions: 3D Scanning of Iroquoian Effigy Ceramics.Pennsylvania Archaeologist 84 (1). In press.MacArthur, Matthew2011 Get Real! The Role of Objects in the Digital Age. In LettingGo? Sharing Historical Authority in a User-Generated World, edited by BillAdair, Benjamin Filene, and Laura Koloski, pp. 56-67. The Pew Center forArts and Heritage, Philadelphia.Blogging Archaeology Page 143

McCuistion, Ashley2013 Promoting the Past: The Educational Applications of 3DScanning Technology in Archaeology. Journal of Middle AtlanticArchaeology 29:35-42.2014 One Million Years of Technology: Lithic Analysis and 3DScanning in the 21st Century. Quarterly Bulletin of the ArcheologicalSociety of Virginia 69(1):In press.Means, Bernard K.2014a Who Benefits From Virtual Curation? PennsylvaniaArchaeologist 84 (1). In press.2014bCurrent Research in the Virtual Curation Laboratory @Virginia Commonwealth University: Introduction to the Collected Papers.Pennsylvania Archaeologist 84 (1). In press.2014c Two Years Before the Past: Activities in the Virtual CurationLaboratory @ VCU from August 2011 to December 2013. QuarterlyBulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 69(1):In press.KingMeans, Bernard K., Courtney Bowles, Ashley McCuistion, and Clinton2013 Virtual Artifact Curation: Three-Dimensional Digital DataCollection for Artifact Analysis and Interpretation. Prepared for theDepartment of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program,Legacy Project #11-334. Prepared by the Virtual Curation Laboratory,Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.Means, Bernard K., Ashley McCuistion, and Courtney Bowles2013 Virtual Artifact Curation of the Historic Past and theNextEngine Desktop 3D Scanner. Technical Briefs in HistoricalArchaeology 7:1-12. Peer reviewed article available online at:http://www.sha.org/documents/VirtualArtifacts.pdf ccxviii .Shott, Michael J. and Brian W. Trail2011 Exploring New Approaches to Lithic Analysis: Laser Scanningand Geometric Morphometrics. Lithic Technology 35 (2):195-220.Blogging Archaeology Page 144

2012 New Developments in Lithic Analysis: Laser Scanning andDigital Modeling. The SAA Archaeological Record 12 (3):12-17, 38.Volkers, Lauren2014 The Miss Measure of Artifacts? Examining Digital Models ofArtifact Replicas to Observe Variation on Size and Form. Quarterly Bulletinof the Archeological Society of Virginia 69(1):In press.Zechini, Mariana2014a Zooarchaeology in The 21st Century. Quarterly Bulletin of theArcheological Society of Virginia 69(1):In press.2014b Rocky Raccoon: The Application of 3D Technology toZooarchaeology. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 84 (1). In press. Blogging Archaeology Page 145

#freearchaeology: blog postturned international debateEmily JohnsonBlog: http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/ ccxixMuch like a blog post, this short chapter will take the form of apersonal narrative. Through this narrative I will explore certain aspects ofblogging that I believe bring something to academia (with regards toarchaeology in particular) that no other form of dissemination can. Afterintroducing my place in the archaeological blogosphere and therealisation of the #freearchaeology hashtag, I will deal with the lessonsthat I have learned from about a year and a half of bloggingarchaeology. I will argue that the democratic nature of bloggingindiscriminately gives a hugely diverse group of people a voice. It allowstopics too controversial or 'unacademic' (whatever that may be) to beapproached in an environment primed and ready for equal discussion.Most of all, it provides a platform for open conversation and debate.#freearchaeology: blogging and twitterThe blog post on which this chapter will focus (Johnson 2013) wasinitially conceived of in a Tweet (see fig. 1). My Twitter account pre-datesmy Blog by several years. If you delve back to the very first tweets(although I wouldn't recommend it) on that account you will findyouthful obscenities, numerous swears and ridiculous observations onundergraduate life. Only when I started my Master's programme inDigital Heritage at the University of York did I decide that it might beuseful to have a Twitter account for networking in the arguably verysmall online archaeology community.I quickly found myself engaging with a wide range of people in theonline world of archaeology, anthropology, heritage, museums and thewider cultural sector. I encountered fellow students, academics,Blogging Archaeology Page 146

professionals, ‘normal’ people with ‘normal’ jobs, and even - thanks tosome earlier posts about prehistory in fiction (Johnson 2012) - authors! Thefirst thing that struck me about the people I was encountering in theTwitterverse and the blogosphere was how friendly they all were. Thesecond was how open to discussion and full of fascinating, importantopinions people were. I instantly knew I’d fit in well.Really it was only a matter of time before I ruffled feathers. I casuallytweeted one day, contemplating discussing the problem of volunteerculture in British archaeology (fig 1.). The idea was met with suchenthusiasm I wrote a blog post and published it on my blog (Johnson2013). The post, which can still be found there, confronted issues that Imyself was just coming to terms with. I wrote about how, in my search fora job related to my educational background, I was discovering that thevolunteer culture in the British heritage sector was a great hindrance tothose in a similar position to me. I suggested that there was a huge socialbias in the cultural sector. The only people getting the highly sought-afterjobs in museums and heritage/archaeology organisations were thosewho could afford to spend huge amounts of time working for free andgaining the vast amounts of experience that are expected of mostsuccessful applicants in the cultural sector. I asked the question:‘Could it be argued, then, that heritage practice is becoming despecialisedbecause there are those without qualifications who arewilling to work for free?’These were quite controversial things to say, particularly consideringthat without volunteers the noble cause that is archaeological pursuitwould fall flat on its face, flounder in the mud, and then have to creepback to the university departments that it once emerged from. I like tothink that I emphasised my appreciation for all volunteers worldwidesufficiently, and I am sure that most volunteers would sympathise andunderstand entirely rather than being utterly affronted by the notion. Mypoint is that despite all the good work that is done by volunteers, theissue here is evidently a very real one. I know this because of the hugeresponse the post received in the form of comments on the original post,responses on other blogs, and discussions on the Twitter hashtag,#freearchaeology.Blogging Archaeology Page 147

I treated the post itself as a forum for discussion, promising to edit inlinks to any blogs posted in response and to moderate the comments onthe post itself. I soon found that the task was rather a large one and feltthat the response was so widespread and well-circulated on Twitter thatthere was no need to catalogue all of the responses on my main blog. Ichose to allow the discussion to develop organically. Now, I wish I’dbeen less lazy about the whole thing and kept track of the postsproperly. I’m sure there were tens of responses elsewhere on the webthat people didn’t get to see because mine was the first thing they sawand then the trail went cold.Figure 1. A screenshot of the tweet that initiated the #freearchaeologydebate.Blogging Archaeology Page 148

The #freearchaeology Twitterstorm… and its aftermathWhilst the main bulk of discussion on the topic of #freearchaeology isnow viewable in the form of its contributors’ blog posts, the original andmost exciting, immediate discussions were held on Twitter. I am unsure ifwhat happened with the #freearchaeology hashtag in March 2013 canbe described as a Twitterstorm in its truest sense (Greenslade 2011defines a Twitter storm as a story that is initiated on Twitter but then gainsattention from a wide audience in traditional press), but it was certainlya global discussion which gained a wide audience in the realm of onlinearchaeology.Here is not the place to gather and review every blog post or articleever written on the subject of #freearchaeology, there’s the internet forthat, but there is one person who absolutely must get a mention.Archaeologist and blogger Sam Hardy took the subject under his wing,creating a whole new blog page for his musings on the matter: (un)freearchaeology, subtitled unpaid labour, precarious lives in the culturalheritage industry. Sam has done a truly excellent job analysing anddiscussing a range of aspects to the issue and has now become thesource for #freearchaeology. This wonderful resource and forum fordiscussion would not be in existence now if it weren’t for the fact thatblogging – a form of open access, immediate publication – is a popularpursuit amongst academics and professionals in archaeology andheritage.Lessons learned: the failures and successes of#freearchaeology as an example of blogging inacademiaIn the interest of ending on a positive note, I will deal with theshortcomings of #freearchaeology before I sing its praises. I believe thatthe one failure of blogging archaeology as a forum for genuineintellectual - even political - discussion in academia is that it is a difficultthing to police. Obviously, nothing is peer reviewed (although I think peerreviewing is quietly becoming less important, particularly in nontraditionalforms of study) and opinions can be more forcefully airedthan with traditional forms of publication. However that isn’t where IBlogging Archaeology Page 149

elieve the problem lies, especially in the case of the #freearchaeologydiscussions. Whilst the aforementioned Sam Hardy of (un)freearchaeology has done a truly excellent job of creating and maintaininghis blog as a resource for all things #freearchaeology, there was so muchmore potential for more organised discussion. I know that at one pointthere was talk of a conference and subsequent publication, but theidea never came into fruition. I think the reason that something of this sortnever happened wasn’t a lack of dedication or passion, but more thelack of an organisational body urging the contributors to collaborateand organise themselves. Had the discussion originated in a non-digitalsetting - at University or at a conference for example - there may wellhave been more action taken to move the discussions forward.More positively, there are huge successes as far as this particularcase of blogging archaeology is concerned. The giant surge inconversation on a topic of obvious and pressing importance must beseen as entirely positive. This is even more significant considering thearguably taboo nature of the discussions. When I brought up the topicthere was a very real danger that I could have sounded like somepetulant graduate, whining, ‘all these volunteers, coming in here, takingall our jobs!’ Which, of course, is not at all what I was saying. It has takenso long for the problem of unpaid internships, and free labour in general,to be confronted in the world of heritage because of the generally unprofitablenature of the sector. Of course, commercial archaeology isdone for profit, but there is still the general consensus that we are doingthe archaeology for a noble cause - the preservation and understandingof our collective past. Surely to do such a thing is a privilege and no onehas the right to complain that they aren’t paid enough to do a thing thatsome people are willing to do for free, or even pay to do. The wellconsidered observations on the #freearchaeology conundrum, madeby people in the know and backed up by real and genuine statistics(Rocks-Macqueen 2013), made the problem seem all the more real.I very strongly believe that without an open, democratic and freeform of publication, like blogging, conversations similar in nature to the#freearchaeology discussion wouldn’t find a place in academicdiscourse, or it would but it would be far too late in the day.Blogging Archaeology Page 150

Conclusion and recommendations: what blogging inarchaeology has now and needs in the futureThis short essay has very briefly summarised and considered the waythat international discussions similar to the #freearchaeology debate areinfluenced by blogging in archaeology. It is by no means an in depthanalysis. Indeed, there is certainly room for one elsewhere. It is areflection on one of my own most powerful experiences of blogging inarchaeology. I have introduced the way in which a difficult topic in theheritage sector was made possible by blogging. It is this potential forenabling discussion and conversation, particularly where challenging ortaboo subjects are concerned that I believe is one of the best things thatblogging has to offer. I have also mentioned my positive experienceswith the nature of networking – both social and professional - in theblogosphere.What I feel blogging really needs now is recognition as a respectableand valid form of publication for scholars and professionals. The fact thatblogging is both Open Access and democratic in its nature has hugeimportance for the dissemination of knowledge in a newly globalsociety. My hope is that the new generation of researchers inarchaeology will publish and/or promote their findings in theblogosphere, making this form of sociable knowledge-makingcommonplace in future. The past is something that we are all connectedto. It belongs to each and every one of us. Therefore it is not onlysomething that everyone has a right to know about; it is also somethingthat everyone has a right to an opinion on, and blogging is the place forthose opinions and conversations to live and breathe.Blogging Archaeology Page 151

ReferencesGreenslade, R. 2011. When is a Twitter storm a real Twitter storm? TheGuardian. Available at:http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2011/dec/09/twitter-social-media ccxx [Accessed April 6, 2014].Johnson, E. 2012. On the lack of good prehistoric fiction. Archaeology,Academia and Access. Available at:http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/2012/07/29/on-the-lack-ofgood-prehistoric-fiction/ccxxi [Accessed April 1, 2014a].Johnson, E. 2013. The problematic topic of the volunteer culture inarchaeology and heritage in Britain. Archaeology, Academia andAccess. Available at:http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/03/25/freearchaeology/ccxxii [Accessed April 1, 2014b].Rocks-Macqueen 2013. #freearchaeology- The greatest trick the Devilever pulled. Doug’s Archaeology. Available at:http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/08/19/freearchaeology-the-greatest-trick-the-devil-ever-pulled/ ccxxiii [Accessed April 7,2014].WebsitesArchaeology, Academia and Access Available at:http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/ ccxxiv(un)free archaeology Available at:http://unfreearchaeology.wordpress.com/ ccxxvBlogging Archaeology Page 152

Blog Bodies: MortuaryArchaeology and BloggingKaty MeyersBlog: http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/ ccxxviHoward WilliamsBlog: http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/ ccxxviiIntroduction: Mortuary Archaeology TodayMortuary archaeology - the study of past beliefs and practicessurrounding dying, death and the dead using archaeological theories,methods and techniques - is a rich, diverse and growing field of researchthat incorporates, and extends beyond, bioarchaeology(osteoarchaeology) in its scope (Parker Pearson 1999; Tarlow and NilssonStutz 2013a). This particular subfield has many dimensions, a global reachand the scope to study human engagements with mortality from earliesttimes to the present day. Mortuary archaeology is inseparable from otherkinds of archaeology - it inevitably overlaps with material cultureanalyses, settlement studies and landscape archaeology. It incorporatesmany specialists scientific techniques used to analyse artefacts, bonesand other materials retrieved from mortuary contexts.The archaeology of death also extends far beyond the study ofmummified human cadavers and articulated and disarticulated skeletalremains (burnt or unburnt). It also involves: considering artefacts andecofacts from mortuary contexts; the structure and arrangement ofgraves; burial chambers and tombs; a wide range of art, architectures,monuments and memorials to the dead. Mortuary archaeologyincorporates both cemeteries and other spaces designed tocommemorate the dead, the spatial relationships between mortuarylocales and the evolving landscape in which they are situated. Thearchaeology of death and burial can be site-specific, or it can lookwithin particular localities or regions. Likewise, it can look at single periodsBlogging Archaeology Page 153

or they can chart the development and shifts in mortuary practice overmany centuries and millennia.Taking these various points into account, it is evident that today’smortuary archaeology not only has multiple dimensions and scales ofanalysis, but also many tendrils into, and explicit dialogues with, otherdisciplines. For instance, the archaeological and bioarchaeologicalinvestigation of death, burial and commemoration can involve closedialogue with cultural anthropologists as well as with social historians ofdeath. Equally, mortuary archaeology shares and exchanges ideas andperspectives with: sociologists and theologians of death, dying andbereavement; studies of the representation and material culture ofdeath; and memory by art-historians and architectural historians. Bearingthese points in mind, for both prehistoric and historic eras, mortuaryarchaeology reveals increasingly new and fascinating insights intohuman engagements with mortality across time and space.Public Mortuary ArchaeologyA key part of mortuary archaeology is public engagement. Thediscovery of human bodies, fragmented or articulated, both fascinatesand disturbs, and simultaneously intrigues and repels. Tombs, graves,mummies and bog bodies are widespread icons of archaeology. Forinstance, mortuary archaeology embodies the romance of discoveryand the mythologies surrounding archaeologists’ fictional meddling withsupernatural powers, embodied in the stories and reception of theexcavation of Tutankhamun’s tomb. To this day, excavations of graves,cemeteries and human remains are among the most widely popularisedarchaeological research.This fascination with human remains in Western modernity might bedismissed as ghoulish and unnatural, but it can be situated in relationshipto global media trends and shifts in a variety of senses (Asma 2012).Deaths of individuals and of entire populations is now seen andwitnessed in the media more than ever before. Conversely, Westernsociety is obsessed with the mental and physical health of the self andwith the maintenance of corporeal beauty; so death disturbs andBlogging Archaeology Page 154

challenges the body-project and the vision of the healthy society (e.g.Jupp and Walter 1999). Moreover, the focus on the body’s mortalitychimes with Western modernity’s consideration of the self as bound toindividual corporeality (Crossland 2009).Set against this background, it is unsurprising that, from the study ofNeanderthal graves to the forensic application of archaeologicaltechniques in the study of recent mass-graves resulting from wartimeatrocities, mortuary archaeology is high-profile and popular. Also for thisreason, the archaeology of death is the focus of considerable politicaldebate and the ethical dimensions of digging up and displaying thedead have been called into question and are subject to massive seachangesin archaeological thinking and practice (e.g. Jenkins 2010;Sayer 2010; papers in Tarlow and Nilsson Stutz 2013a). In particular, theclimate and conditions within which mortuary archaeology operates hasseen recent and rapid shifts with the colonial tradition of digging andcuration of artefacts and human remains extracted from mortuary sitesacross the world called into question and subject to calls for repatriationand reburial. This change has had a massive impact on mortuaryarchaeology across the Western world. For example, following protestsand pressure from Native American communities and a revaluation ofthe role of museums themselves, the introduction of NAGPRA (NativeAmerican Graves Protection and Repatriation Act) in 1990 in the USAwitnessed a radical shift in relationships between native tribes, the USgovernment and the work of museums and other archaeologicalinstitutions and groups. Human remains are now rarely on display andincreasingly rarely curated within anthropological collections (Giesen2013). In the UK, there has been a more subtle trend over the last twodecades towards the repatriation of human remains obtained fromoverseas, together with the increasing reburial of human remainsexcavated from British soil following a reinterpretation of the 1857 BurialAct in 2009 (see Parker Pearson et al. 2013). Still, in the UK and elsewherein Europe, digging, displaying and curating human remains havecontinued to be seen as a legitimate and integral part of archaeologicalresearch by universities, museums and other sectors if subject to correctguidelines and due respect and dialogue with stakeholders andBlogging Archaeology Page 155

descendant communities where they exist (e.g. Swain 2006; Sayer 2010;papers in Giesen 2013).Archaeologists as Death-DealersDespite significant differences in national and regional policy andprocedure, it remains the case that archaeologists are widelyrecognised across Western societies as a specific group of professionalswho work close to death and the dead and a large part of their popularappeal comes from this relationship (Sayer 2010; Williams 2009: 201). Theclimate for this perception is worth noting. Modernity is oftencharacterised as a time when death is distanced (Aries 1974). Medicaladvances and improving lifestyles and social infrastructures have madelife expectancies soar across the world during the twentieth century. Theprocess of dying, death and disposal are managed by innumerablespecialists, professional and semi-professional groups. Many of us in theWestern world can go for months, years or even decades withoutwitnessing dying and death and few take a direct role in handling thebodies of the dying and the dead and arranging for their disposal.Perhaps because of this increasing distance from death, linked to themedicalisation and secularisation of society as well as theprofessionalisation of death industries, mortuary archaeology hasbecome a distinctive yet often overlooked group through which Westernindividuals can engage with the corporeality of death and a wider senseof mortality by engaging, in a relatively safe and sanitised fashion. Ratherthan the ‘abject’ engagement with just-dead corpses, archaeologyoffers the possibility of reflection upon the deaths of long-deadindividuals and communities whom can be adopted as ‘ancestors’without the powerful and painful emotions of mourning (e.g. Williams2009). In this regard, there remains a secular aura of sacredness aroundmany museum displays of human remains, and discussions persistregarding the need to show ‘respect’ and ‘reverence’ to the remains oflong-departed humans from the sites of their excavation to museumstores and university laboratories, giving them names and giving thempersonalities that we conjure from artefacts and bones.Blogging Archaeology Page 156

Therefore, in its many dimensions, from the study of early homininfossils to the study of historic gravestones and cemeteries, mortuaryarchaeology has become more than a subject about death – theproduction of knowledge about death in the past- it has become aprominent medium for experiencing and understanding death inWestern modernity. Mortuary archaeologists, as narrators about howpast societies mourned, disposed of, and commemorated their dead invarying and changing ways, have become a principal Western form ofdeath-dealer, mediating and narrating stories about dying, death andmortuary practice for the vast majority of the human past without writtenrecords (see also Kirk forthcoming). As death-dealers, mortuaryarchaeologists provide tangible, rich and varied sources of newevidence on mortality in prehistoric and historic eras and inform oursense of mortality in the present.An Online Death ExplosionDespite the radically different environments in which mortuaryarchaeology takes place in the USA and UK and the spectrum of policiesand procedures found around the globe (see papers in Clegg et al.2013), the continuing role of mortuary archaeologists as a distinctive kindof professional and academic death-dealer permeates widely.Furthermore, national and regional differences in policy and procedureare overshadowed by a far more impressive trend than repatriation andreburial. Mortuary archaeology is increasingly taught, studied,researched, disseminated and debated through virtual media using theWorld Wide Web by archaeologists from a range of backgrounds:professional and semi-professional; academic; governmental;commercial; and museum-based. What is striking about this trend is howit has been largely escaped critical reflection by mortuary archaeologiststhemselves. Namely, while there has been a steady growth in academicliterature evaluating mortuary archaeology’s ethical dimensions andpublic engagement, how mortuary archaeology operates online,responding to, and even building public engagement, has largelyescaped scrutiny (but see Renshaw 2013: 41).Blogging Archaeology Page 157

We suggest that the reason for this is that mortuary archaeologistshave taken a profoundly materialist and corporeal approach to theethics and practicalities of studying human remains. Almost all thedebates have focused on how, when and why should archaeologists digup human remains and mortuary contexts? How, when and why shouldmuseums curate and display human remains? How, when and whyshould human remains and other mortuary derived artefacts be subjectto repatriation and/or reburial? (e.g. papers in Clegg et al. 2013; Giesen2013; Tarlow and Nilsson Stutz 2013a; Giles and Williams forthcoming). Todate, no studies have taken place to explore how online media interactwith all these questions and create new strategies and audiences formortuary archaeological discoveries and analyses as well as to exploreand debate the processes and nature of how these audiences andnetworks are created (Renshaw 2013; but see also Sayer and Walterforthcoming). Moreover, online media are interpretive environments inwhich human remains, artefacts and other materials and spaces areassembled to construct knowledge of human mortality, akin to Moser’s(2010) vision of museum displaysSince the intervention of the Internet and the development of theWorld Wide Web, a wide range of applications and media thereon havedeveloped that report subjects in mortuary archaeology. Establishedmedia of film, television, books and newspapers now have wellestablishedand expanded online presences which feature mortuaryarchaeology in both fact and a wide range of fiction (see Sayer andWalter forthcoming). Furthermore, social media has facilitated thedissemination of many news stories about the archaeology of death andburial, as well as photographs and videos from museums and heritagesites to be disseminated to all and sundry.Increasingly, archaeologists themselves have grappled with the‘archaeo-appeal’ (Holtorf 2005: 150) of mortuary projects in a variety ofways. As well as publishers providing increasingly open access platformsfor archaeological publications including mortuary discoveries, manyonline archaeology magazines feature burial archaeology stories forpublic consumption. Mortuary remains also feature on the websites ofmany heritage sites and museums whilst commercial archaeologicalcompanies showcase human remains upon their websites and hostBlogging Archaeology Page 158

innumerable grey literature reports listing new discoveries of graves,cemeteries and memorials. Moreover, many archaeologists, professionaland amateur, have been writing their own online archaeologymagazine stories, creating project websites and disseminating theirdiscoveries and ideas through social media like Facebook and Twitter.Together, through all these avenues and more, the ancient dead haveexploded across the World Wide Web and, on an unprecedented scale,the worldwide population can access stories about the discovery andstudy of human remains and mortuary contexts like never before.The proliferation of archaeological death online has manyramifications that go beyond the concerns of existing ethical, politicaland procedural debates regarding the practice of mortuaryarchaeology. Who are the communities that are stakeholders in thedead? Which religious and ethnic groups should be afforded respectand sensitivity in relation to the human remains we uncover, report anddiscuss? Online communities are loose and complex, unbounded andvaried, uncensored and unparalleled. Barriers of language, nationality,locality, physical appearance and issues of age, gender, race and otherdimensions of personal identity can be manipulated or (de)emphasisedonline. In this environment, mortuary archaeologists are findingthemselves communicating with a whole range of new online groupsand individuals.To put it baldly, it is becoming less clear whether the ‘public’ to whichmortuary archaeology is most readily engaged with is the localcommunity near the dig site, the museum visitor, or the consumer ofspecialist print publications, but instead to a vast, varied and complexonline community. If this point is accepted as an important one for howwe write and engage the public with mortuary archaeology, thennational policies on the display and reburial of human remains, whilstremaining important topics for debate, are joined by a new need todebate how we utilise online media to explore and debate death in thehuman past as well as the theories, methods, and ethical concerns ofmortuary archaeology. Archaeologists and heritage professionals needto afford detailed scrutiny to what, how and when we write online andits ethical, moral, academic, social and other ramifications. They alsoneed to scrutinise the potential for online blogging to create a newBlogging Archaeology Page 159

environment for disseminating mortuary archaeological research andproducing new knowledge about human mortality (see also Sayer andWalter forthcoming).Bones Don’t Lie and ArchaeodeathIt is against this background that there is a need to consider anddiscuss the rise in blogging about the archaeology of death (see alsoMeyers and Killgrove 2014). Here, we see mortuary archaeology asbroader than blogging about the scientific analysis of human remains. Aswe define it above, mortuary archaeology, it encapsulates many moretopics and interdisciplinary intersections than either ‘burial archaeology’(excavating and surveying ancient burial sites) or ‘bioarchaeology’ (theanalysis of human remains in particular). Using our experiences from theUSA and UK, we critically explore the current use and future potential ofblogging as a key medium of teaching and researching mortuaryarchaeology. We have both created blogs as mechanisms for exploringand disseminating our research interests in the archaeology andbioarchaeology of death, burial and commemoration. Let us explain ourbackgrounds and how we came to be mortuary archaeology bloggers.Katy Meyers (KM) is a PhD candidate in the Department ofAnthropology, Michigan State University, USA ccxxviii . She began bloggingthrough her Wordpress site Bones Don’t Lie ccxxix as a way to disciplineherself in keeping up-to-date with the latest archaeology news andarchaeology publications in her chosen field of study. It has subsequentlyevolved as a widely read site for discussing new theories, methods anddiscoveries in mortuary archaeology from across the globe, including5,500 followers from over fifty different countries through Wordpress, aFacebook community over 1,100 strong and 1,600 followers on Twitter.KM reports on the latest news from archaeological and anthropologicalmagazines and news websites, the latest research published inacademic journals, and sometimes she focuses on places and sites ofparticular affinity and interest to herself, particularly early historicmortuary practices and bioarchaeological analyses. Recent blog entriesin 2014 have ranged from discussions of the antiquity of cancer ccxxx tothe study of funerary trends and photography ccxxxi . KM distributes herBlogging Archaeology Page 160

log through Twitter, LinkedIn and Academia.edu on a weekly basis.Since her blog began in August 2010, KM has posted over 375 entries. Herwork has been recognised in the Oxford Annotated Bibliography as topdigital resource for bioarchaeology (Killgrove 2013), and is cited inBioarchaeology: An Integrated Approach to Working with HumanRemains written by Debra L. Martin, Ryan P. Harrod, Ventura R. Pérez inthe chapter “The Future of Bioarchaeology” (Martin, Harrod and Ventura2012) as a digital resource.Howard Williams (HW) is Professor of Archaeology in the Departmentof History and Archaeology, University of Chester, UK ccxxxii . He wasinspired to blog by Bones Don’t Lie but also by the long-establishedarchaeology blog Aardvarkaeology ccxxxiii by Swedish archaeologist DrMartin Rundkvist. HW is relatively new to blogging. His Wordpress siteArchaeodeath ccxxxiv is motivated in part by the frustrations experiencedin relying on his own academic institution to promote his newpublications and fieldwork as well as in part from the desire tocommunicate to a wider community than those attending hisconference presentations and public talks. Archaeodeath was anexperiment that continues to evolve and currently has to date arelatively modest 139 followers but regularly attracts a wider audiencethrough dissemination via Facebook and Twitter. CurrentlyArchaeodeath serves as an outlet for a range of topics ccxxxv . Theseinclude discussions of medieval and modern mortuary andcommemorative practices, focused on HW’s ongoing research projectsincluding fieldwork at the Pillar of Eliseg, North Wales ccxxxvi : Project Eliseg.HW posts about his latest publications, academic conferencepresentations and public talks in early medieval and contemporaryarchaeology. HW also uses his blog to discuss his role as Honorary Editorfor the Royal Archaeological Institute’s ccxxxvii publication: theArchaeological Journal ccxxxviii . HW incorporates commentaries on visits tomuseums, ancient monuments, heritage sites and archaeologicallandscapes with a mortuary or memorial dimension. Finally, HWoccasionally writes opinion pieces (“archaeorants”) regarding directionsand debates in the archaeology of death, burial and commemoration.Indeed, his most popular posting to date was an “archaeorant” aboutthe excavation of King Richard III at the site of Greyfriar’s church,Blogging Archaeology Page 161

Leicester, that has been viewed 2,250 times to date far more than hisother posts. His blogging began only recently, in June 2013 ccxxxix ,andsince then HW has subsequently posted over 130 entries.From our joint experience, we identify some specific issues thatdemand our attention in utilising blogging as a medium forarchaeological publishing. Stopping short of presenting guidelines forgood practice, we argue that blogging about ancient death is animportant part of academic engagement with the public, howeverthere are certain considerations regarding sensitivities, tone and use ofimagery that must be taken into consideration.Why Should Archaeologists Blog about Death? Pros andConsStories about mortuary archaeology are online, disseminated anddiscussed regardless of whether they were written by practising scholarsor not. The popular media has increasingly delved into mortuaryarchaeology as a topic of discussion and sensationalist news. Bloggingas a medium allows for archaeologists to rapidly publish and openlyshare new ideas, discoveries and debates without and sometimesovertly questioning, the spin and inaccuracies of the journalists whoregularly report archaeological stories. Further, blogs are often moreapproachable than journal articles due to the high cost of access andcomplicated jargon utilised in the latter. Blogging is also a more liberatedmedium for archaeological writing, allowing responses and hencedialogue, unrestrained by the precise conventions of academicpublishing; in this regards, it shares a powerful position in its relationshipon a spectrum between academic and creative writing (see also Kirkforthcoming).Furthermore, by increasing our involvement in online discussionsabout the field, we improve the overall perception and understanding ofancient death and direct both specialists and the wider public to theever-evolving literature on this topic. In this regard, with a potentialworldwide audience embracing many ethnicities and faiths,archaeologists have the responsibility to disseminate as far and wideBlogging Archaeology Page 162

their discoveries. Moreover, they have the duty to explain the value ofdigging up, curating and displaying the dead where deemedappropriate and acceptable to descendant communities, academicresearch questions and other factors.Given the rapid dissemination of information through the Internet,mortuary archaeology news will be reported on whether or not we wantit. Due to this, archaeologists are advocated to control the story throughdisseminating it, not through hiding it (Sayer 2010). Rather thanconcealing death, archaeologists should be educators and enablers ofcommunity engagement with death. Blogging about mortuaryarchaeology can challenge misconceptions in the popular media(Meyers and Killgrove 2014). Furthermore, sometimes archaeologists canbe lobbyists through their blogs, arguing for changes in the law and inattitudes and practices, or, as with the social media campaign againstthe proposed National Geographic TV show ‘Nazi War Diggers’, activelyvocalising concerns over the ethics of their actions in digging up wargraveswithout utilising trained archaeologists or bioarchaoelogicalmethods and expertise. Examples of this are the forthright postings byDeathsplaining ccxl on this topic.An example of the work that can be done by mortuaryarchaeologists to support research and prevent sensationalism is the riseof ‘vampire burials’ over the past few years. On Bones Don’t Lie, theactual journal articles and evidence that led to these accusations ofvampirism have been explored and broken down in Archaeology ofVampires, Part I ccxli and Part II ccxlii . KM is able to coherently convey thatthere is no evidence of vampires themselves, but rather there is evidenceof behaviour to prevent perceived vampire-like activity among thedeceased. While it is a small matter of perception, it is important that webe active proponents of evidence-based research, rather than silentlycritiquing popular media.Another example comes from Archaeodeath. The sensationalistfinding of Richard III was widely publicised, but no-one had been talkingabout the broader issue of what this excavation meant with regard tothe popular perception of mortuary archaeology. HW was able toarticulate that the real problem was not the organisation and focus ofBlogging Archaeology Page 163

the investigation, the evidence or the way it was discussed - rather it wasthe fact that this overshadowed the important process of mortuaryarchaeology in exploring process, variability and change, not the gravesof named historic personages. In ‘What is truly wrong about digging upRichard III ccxliii ’, HW argues that celebrity excavations detract attentionfrom the population-level study of mortuary variability and change in theMiddle Ages and other periods. It also detracts from the shamefulneglect of many skeletal populations following excavation. Finally, HWargued that the search for celebrity burials constitutes a form of royalnecrophilia in its fetishistic focus on reconstructing the identity of a singleindividual from the past.Finally, the rise of mortuary archaeology blogging is part of a biggertrend of bringing back conversations about death. Death used to bepart of the home, part of the average life, it was photographed,discussed and there was ownership over it. Death as a topic fordiscussion is coming back; groups like Order of the Good Death ccxliv orDeath Salon ccxlv have been discussing death and related topics. As partof this broader trend, mortuary archaeologists have an important role toplay by providing the historic and prehistoric context of how death haschanged through time. Further, mortuary archaeologists have a deeperunderstanding of the variability of death and mourning behaviour. Byengaging in these broader discussions occurring online we provide animportant service of normalizing death related behaviour by situating it inits historical context and discussing its variation.These points lead us to a broader consideration about the potentialfor blogging on death in the human past and in archaeological practicefor mortuary archaeologists – from those building careers (e.g. KM) tothose more established in the field (e.g. HW) to operate as publicintellectuals, contributing towards, challenging and driving newdirections in popular thinking about dying, death and the dead in thepast and present (see contributions to Tarlow and Nilsson Stutz 2013b).Whilst we make no grand claims to be achieving this ourselves at thisstage in our blogging, this medium affords new voices operating in lessrestricted and less hierarchical structures and thus perhaps moredemocratising (or indeed subversive). Blogging offers a means ofdistributing and debating mortuary topics that escapes from theBlogging Archaeology Page 164

stranglehold of the media of television documentaries and newspaperstories that favour a small academic elite as well as only a selection ofmortuary topics focusing on the discovery of fleshed human remains inparticular (e.g. mummies and bog bodies). To put boldly, KM hasacquired during her graduate studies a far more extensive network andplatform via her blogging than many expert mortuary archaeologistscan ever hope to enjoy through their academic writing or briefappearances as talking heads on television documentaries. Moreover,the blog is arguably a more rich, informative and enduring mediumcompared with the brevity and simplicity and singular voices that theseestablished media afford and with the potential of driving new viewsand perspectives that might have weight outside the academy (e.g.Larsson 2013).Despite these many positive reasons for writing online, we canappreciate the inertia and ambivalence of some archaeologists towardsblogging about mortuary matters. First, many groups involved in museumand field projects may have tight restraints imposed by employers,developers or funding bodies regarding strategies for disseminating theirfinds and copyrights. For example, housing developers might not wantpublicity that human remains were found during excavations to affectthe sale-price of their flats and housing. It also may infringe uponestablished policies within some organizations. Second, localcommunities and descendant communities might wish to avoid toomuch publicity in fear of attracting disrespectful comments andattention as well as treasure-hunting and illicit excavations at the sites ofdiscovery. Archaeologists might wish to avoid criticisms of, andappropriations of, their methods and techniques by blogging, ahead offormal publication. In such scenarios, details of their fieldwork projectsmight fear a compromising of their professional perception.Archaeologists might be reluctant to post information about mortuaryremains found during excavation until a trained physical anthropologisthas had the time to analyse the remains, and other post-excavationanalyses have been conducted. For many archaeologists, bloggingmight be seen as too much ceding of authority and control overknowledge production and dissemination, without peer-review and theability to verify facts and argumentation. Finally, concerns over bloggingBlogging Archaeology Page 165

might be related to the archaeological finds themselves, some deemedtoo disturbing to exhibit them via a blog because of perceived issues ofethics, taste and aesthetics.We would not attempt to refute any of these concerns asillegitimate. in specific instances, and blogging strategies should beadapted to avoid likely pitfalls. However, in many ways these concernsare attempts to lock the stable door after the horse has bolted.Censorship of mortuary archaeology online is impossible to achieve sinceso much is already uploaded. Moreover, secrecy online regarding keymortuary archaeology stories and discoveries can breedmisunderstandings and the perceptions of elitism or even of conspiraciesof silence regarding discoveries (see Sayer 2010). Every archaeologistmust weigh the pros and cons themselves; however it is argued here thatthe positive aspects of blogging far outweigh the challenges, and manyof these concerns can be avoided through mindful attention to potentialproblems. Therefore, blogging in some form should be regarded as animportant and integral part of mortuary research by archaeologists.How Should Archaeologists Blog about Death? Debatingthe Tenor of DeathThere are no pre-set guidelines for blogging about mortuaryarchaeology, or death in general. The Internet has proven time and timeagain that any topic can and will be shared. However, as scholars, weneed to be aware of broader ethical and emotional concerns thatcome with talking about death and the deceased. At all times, theremust be a clear awareness of the sensitivity of death. Here, we discusshow the use of different literary devices such as humour, metaphor andshock can be employed in blogging to create a deeper publicconnection to death in the past, but must be used carefully to avoiddiminishing or disrespecting the deceased.Determining when to exercise sensitivity is primarily up to the author,however there are topics where careful use of imagery and awarenessof tone is important. Over the past couple of years, there has beendebate around the Tophet of Carthage. The site contains the burials ofBlogging Archaeology Page 166

hundreds of cremated infants, and since its discovery there has beenargument over whether the site represents a ritual site of humansacrifice, or a special cemetery reserved for this age group. The debatehas led to sensationalist news reports with headlines like “Carthaginianssacrificed their own children, archaeologists say ccxlvi ” or “Ancient Greekstories of ritual child sacrifice in Carthage are TRUE, study claims ccxlvii ”.News stories like these do not however share the detailedarchaeological and archival evidence, nor do they discuss the deeperreasons for this practice and the historical context. To counteract this, KMwrote multiple blog posts including “Ancient Baby Graveyard or InfantSacrifice Site ccxlviii ” and “Cemetery or Sacrifice Site in Carthage, Againccxlix ” discussing all the available evidence and all related journal articles.As archaeological bloggers, it is important to challenge this type ofsensationalism, and objectively discuss the evidence so that popularaudiences might better read between the journalistic spin.Because HW’s interests extend from the early historic period to thepresent day, Archaeodeath contends with the commemorativepractices of recent centuries. This is evident in the entries aboutcathedral memorials at Chester ccl and Norwich ccli as well as discussionsof memorials on public spaces such as country parks and roadsidememorials cclii . In addition to discussing sites visited about ongoingresearch (without outlining the details of the research itself), HW hasattempted to outline new ways of thinking afresh about well-studied andwell-visited buildings and landscapes in our contemporary society andfrom the perspective of mortuary archaeology. For example, forroadside memorials, HW is taking a perspective usually afforded to farmore ancient remains and applying them to a very sensitive dimensionof present-day memorial practice through the medium of the blog, thussimultaneously challenging howDead Funny: Using humour to discuss deathTone is important for blogging as it can range from conversational toacademic. When dealing with topics of death, it is important to beaware to the possibility that the reader might be sensitive to thelanguage utilised. Having said that, archaeologists should avoid beingBlogging Archaeology Page 167

either overly maudlin or euphemistic. Archaeologists may be deathdealers,but we are not undertakers dealing with newly bereavedfamilies. Our writing can be upbeat, even humorous, if it serves tocommunicate our message. Therefore, while no single tenor of writingshould be recommended, being too sensitive and obscure can be ahindrance more than a help. Death and comedy have long been goodbedfellows, and the combination of the two has proven quite successfulin modern medical settings. Thorson (1985) argued that “death humor isseen to have functions both as a defense mechanism as well as a sociallubricant”, further it gives the dying and bereaved a sense of controlover death. In clinical settings, joking has been proven to relieve anxiety,decrease discomfort, provide coping mechanisms, as well as increasecomprehension and retention in educational settings (Johnson 1990).Comedy can be used for archaeological blogging in a similar manner.By infusing some jests in our work, we remove some of the unnecessarymystery, discomfort and fear surrounding death.Both KM and HW have used humour as a mechanism for lighteningan otherwise dark topic but are always sensitive to the challenge thathumour online is readily misinterpreted as ‘disrespect’. In general, BonesDon’t Lie provides commentary on journal and news articles broadlyrelating to mortuary archaeology, which are written with an academicand respectful tone. However, witty posts are often intermixed into thesemore serious publications in order to provide levity and prevent readerburnout. “Waiter there’s a toe in my drink” was a blog post thatdiscussed an absurd example of cannibalism from a modern newsarticle. Another example was “The Santa Issue II” ccliii , which proposedwhat the fictional burials of different incarnations of Santa Claus wouldlook like if they were excavated by archaeologists.For Archaeodeath, HW attempts to mix humour into posts onotherwise serious matters. For example, in a recent post regarding a visitto the Neolithic site of Woodhenge, HW parodied the title of a famousarticle from the Journal Antiquity as ‘Woodhenge for the ancestors: theconcrete cylinders pass on the message’ ccliv . HW reviews the latestevidence about this monument, appraises its heritage presentation, butthen adds some lighter comments regarding the merits of the site forexercise and child’s play, satirsing but not deriding both academic andBlogging Archaeology Page 168

popular perceptions of Neolithic monuments as sites of healing. In otherposts, HW restricts humour to the titles and occasional references topopular culture in otherwise more dense discussions of sites, monumentsand other archaeological remains, as in the entries “Completely Stonedin Ceredigion 1 cclv and 2” cclvi . In the former, HW likens the carving ofhuman figures on one early medieval stone cross to characters fromSchultz’s Peanuts cartoons. A more overtly humorous commentary is“Talking Archaeo-heads cclvii ”, yet it is still a reflection on a seriousheritage issue for mortuary archaeology: the widespread use, almost anobsession, with facial reconstruction in archaeological museums andvisitor centres. HW sees this as a mechanism by which new ‘ancestors’are created and venerated by museums (see also Williams 2009) but alsomuses what these heads would say if they could see us in the presentday, both their museum environment and visitors.Other blogs on human remains utilise humour more regularly, overtlyand effectively, notably the superb Deathsplaining cclviii blog. Whetherused sparingly or frequently, humour has the ability to lighten topics thatmay be difficult for readers to confront, and used sparingly can be agood way of breaking up what have the potential to be very sombrereadings. It can also be a way of lightening critiques of mortuary displaysand practices.The Past in the Present: Making connections to modernphenomenaOne of the challenges of blogging about ancient death is making itrelevant to the modern audience. Our selection of titles for our blogs initself calls out to popular audiences. Bones Don’t Lie making a rhetoricstatement about the evidential power of human remains to tell us aboutpast societies and dispel mythologies and speculation. MeanwhileArchaeodeath’s title was intended as tongue-in-cheek pomposity yetalso succinct and memorable. It was also intended as an accuratedescription of the blog’s focus: consciously avoiding a focus on bonesbut citing the principal connections of archaeology and mortality as keyto the blog’s subject matter.Blogging Archaeology Page 169

Popular news has been quite effective at making connections to thepublic by exploring the more sensational side of mortuary studies.Examples include the supposed discovery of vampire burials acrossEastern Europe, or the search for celebrity burials like Richard III or MonaLisa. There are two major ways of making connections that we haveused repeatedly: drawing connections between physical spaces andpopular media.In Archaeodeath, HW repeatedly introduces concepts and themesfrom his research through the use of popular examples of particular wellknownsites and landscapes, such as critiques of museum displays ofmortuary contexts - “Stonehenge Incomplete 1 cclix and 2 cclx ”, “RomanDeath at the Grosvenor Museum, Chester cclxi ” or “Old Mold Gold” cclxii .Then there are discussions of the material cultures of death at heritagesites and country parks – “Bodnant Garden - Death in the FamilyGarden” cclxiii or “Gazing through the Lens” cclxiv - or else explorations ofcommemorative practice in the past and the present such as: “MoorMemories - Dartmoor” cclxv and “The Childe of Hale” cclxvi . By exploring thepast through these physical places, readers gain a deeper appreciationfor their local heritage and are encouraged to explore these - and othersimilar - spaces themselves with a new, archaeological perspective.In Bones Don’t Lie, KM explores the concept that one of the easiestways to aid people in better understanding death is to createconnections to popular media. The use of metaphor can improve affinitywith, and understanding of, complex topics within mortuaryarchaeology. KM has used movies such as “Weekend at Bernie’s” cclxvii asan illustration for understanding the complexities of interpreting humanremains. Over the course of a single weekend, the corpse of BernieLomax is subjected to a number of activities including attending a party,playing monopoly, getting buried in the sand and even dragged behinda boat. None of these activities would have been readily apparent tothe individuals excavating a grave. However, there could be importantsigns of post-mortem activity if examined carefully. Similarly, AnthonyBourdain, popular foodie, chef and television host, inspired a post cclxviiithat drew connections between modern food television shows tofunerary behaviour in the past. We often do not know what happensBlogging Archaeology Page 170

etween death and burial, and using a popular movie can help illustratehow important that information can potentially be.Razor’s Edge of Challenging Perceptions and ShockingIn many ways, we play an important role in the broader shift todiscussions of death and dying. In the modern world where death ismedicalised and bereavement is often hidden, archaeologists can offerinsight into alternative options and discuss how this current state of deathhas occurred. We provide historical context for broader debates relatingto death and human remains. Further, we have unique insight tochallenge monolithic perceptions of death by presenting the widerange of variation that exists in the world. However, there is a thin linebetween challenging the current beliefs and shocking the audience. Thegoal should not be to appal an audience, but rather to push the limits oftheir perception and challenge their preconceived notions regardingdeath and the dead.Last year, the web exploded in outrage over a trend known as‘Funeral Selfies’ cclxix , whereby teens were using camera phones to takephotos of themselves whilst at a funeral. While most audiences weredisgusted, Caitlin Doughty, creator of the Order of the Good Death anda Los Angeles-based mortician, argued that we need to be more awareof what this behaviour actually means. She argues that instead of disgusttowards teens, we should focus more on educating them, and recognisetheir behaviour as an outlet for ritual and mourning not found in WesternSociety (Doughty 2013). However, this is where taking a historicperspective can help others better understand this behaviour. In manyways, the funeral selfie trend is just a reincarnation of post-mortemphotography from the 19th century. This was discussed by KM in a blogpost cclxx following the modern phenomenon, and it allowed for abroader discussion about the incorporation of technology into themourning and grieving process, allowing death to become part ofbroader rituals of life. By blogging about this broader trend, and creatinghistorical connections, readers are better able to interpret behaviourdespite the blog challenging their initial reaction.Blogging Archaeology Page 171

Visualising the DeadMuseums and publications utilise a wide range of methods tovisualise the dead, from artist’s impressions of funeral scenes, toreconstructions of graves as they were once composed, to plans andphotographs of mortuary remains in their context of discovery (Williams2009; 2010). One key area of blogging is to augment and expand textualarguments with the use of images. This is enhanced by the ability toselect from material available with Creative Commons licenses and fromphotographs taken by the blogger at a range of archaeological sites,mortuary monuments and cemeteries.For recent memorials, there are issues regarding whether individual,named memorials should be reproduced. Some academic journals likeMortality have pursued a strategy of pixelating-out personal names uponmemorials in photographs accompanying academic research (e.g.Parker and McVeigh 2013). As guest editor for that journal (Williams2011), HW resisted this, accepting that some anonymity of the location isrequired and the depiction of full-names of the very-recently deadshould be avoided unless absolutely necessary. In many blogs, one canfind photographs of 19 th - and 20 th -century gravestones taken without fullpermission of living relatives and HW believes that to do otherwise is apoorly considered attempt to show ‘respect’ and thus thoughtlesscensorship, self-imposed or by publishers. In Archaeodeath, memorialssituated in public places are regarded as intentionally for public viewingand hence it is legitimate to transcribe their texts and photograph them.This approach is taken in some archaeological publications (e.g. Corkilland Moore 2012). HW would argue that this is not ethically problematic.Memorials are by definition designed for audiences, often (but notalways) placed intentionally to be read in publicly accessible andowned spaces. Indeed it is questionable to censor since it gives theimpression that the personal name is somehow ‘dirty’ or ‘tainted’ whilstthe memorial itself is less person and specific. Crucially, the name andmaterial become disconnected, and the latter dehumanised, throughcensorship. Thus, writing about these memorials holistically - both text,material and context - with due respect and sensitivity as well asvisualising them with care to their context of creation should not in itselfBlogging Archaeology Page 172

cause offence or require permission from relatives of the deceased.Indeed, depicting the memorial practices from the human past – distantor recent – is itself a form of respectful honouring of both past lives andpast deaths. What possible ‘disrespect’ is afforded to reproduce imagesof (for example) war graves or gardens of remembrance that arealready fully accessible to the public?Still, it is recognised that perceptions of a public space can be seenas simultaneously public by many and private by their creators. Hence,where possible, the precise location and details of full personal namesshould be omitted where not necessary. For example, the park benchwith a memorial plaque and recently scattered ashes is simultaneously apublic and private space. In order to communicate my argumentregarding commemoration in contemporary British society, in “Gazingthrough the Lens cclxxi ” HW incorporated two photographs, one of thefront of a memorialised new bench in an anonymised Welsh countrypark, another of the ashes of the loved one scattered behind the bench.HW also transcribed the memorial to ‘dearest Len’ and commented onthe memorial in what HW regards as a sensitive and respectful fashionwithout intruding on private property. Since a full name is not recorded,affording anonymity in this instance is not an issue.For older remains, and for human remains in particular, the questioncomes: what is the function of the blog as a medium for visualisingdeath; are some images too shocking and disturbing to reproduce?Notwithstanding the fact that blogs almost always utilise images andmaterials already in the public domain, we need to justify how and whythey are being used, rather than deploy images simply to attract the eyeor to make gratuitous statements about the suffering of past individualsfrom particular diseases affecting bone or the fate of particular deadpersons. An example from blogging, for Bones Don’t Lie, is the absenceof modern imagery from many posts despite its potential relevance. In“New Morbid Terminology: Coffin Birth” cclxxii , imagery for the past is ingeneral lacking, while modern forensics imagery is more common.Despite that, it was determined by KM not to include modern imagery asit was too gratuitous and could be emotionally damaging. Conversely,humour has been used in visual imagery to lighten death, such as thecomic-like format of the Horrible Histories by Terry Deary and MartinBlogging Archaeology Page 173

Brown (1993), which portray scenes of death and violence in a lightheartedformat. As discussed previously, humour in some situations canlessen the discomfort of discussing death, but must be used carefully.Imagery of the deceased should be used to augment and educate,not to shock. Moreover, if the images are publicly accessible via otherexisting media, the question comes as to whether the blog is makingthem more or less shocking by carefully incorporating them within a newand considered context. There is also future potential to employ the useof art and digital imagery in innovative ways to articulate concepts andideas about mortuary archaeology afresh, something advocated forarchaeological publishing but also pertinent to blogging aboutarchaeology and death (Perry 2009; Williams 2009; 2010; Gilesforthcoming). The use of alternative forms of imagery, such as art, drawncomics or cartoons, could also aid in engaging alternative audiences, orperhaps convey messages in a different way than more traditional formsof photograph and video. Archaeological illustrator John Swogger(2012) has argued that comics are a two-dimensional form of artworkthat have explanatory power, and can act as graphic reports ofarchaeological work.Hence, in blogging death, a range of visual imagery should becarefully and cautiously encouraged to facilitate innovation incommunicating death past and present, not quashed by false attemptsto show ‘respect’ through censorship. Again, as Sayer (2010) argues,concealment like this is counter to a spirit of public research in whichmortuary archaeology should embrace openness in order to drive newperspectives and debates.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this article is the first attempt to tackle thecomplex issues affecting blogging in mortuary archaeology, althoughblogs in bioarchaeology and archaeology more generally have, on rareoccasions, addressed some of the issues within their own pages (e.g.Archaeodeath’s “Blogging Ugly Death” cclxxiii ; see also Meyers andKillgrove 2014). Unlike blogs on archaeology generally, or more specificBlogging Archaeology Page 174

human remains-focused themes in bioarchaeology or forensic science,mortuary archaeology deals with a wide range of evidence andbehaviour relating to the deceased and mourning community; offeringunique insight on the perceptions and approaches to death in the past.Blogging offers an approachable and open medium for mortuaryarchaeologists to communicate complex and often difficult topics to abroad audience. However, as discussed above, because we aredealing with a topic that has ethical and emotional concerns, theremust be a greater awareness when blogging about death as to thepurpose of the writing and the goal. Indeed, we would argue thatblogging in mortuary archaeology has the potential as a medium ofdriving new levels of openness in the recording and debating of ourmotives and choices regarding how to write and visualise death inarchaeological theory and practice. Thus, as mortuary archaeologybloggers, we hope to challenge and educate our readers about deathin the human past but also about the archaeological project and thearchaeological imagination, developing new formats to disseminateand debate research into mortuary practice and commemoration in thehuman past. By using humour, creating connections with the presentand carefully selecting illustrative imagery, we create a digital arenawhere death can be explored and discussed and in which mortuaryarchaeologists, as public intellectuals, can challenge and shape popularunderstandings of death past, present and future.Blogging Archaeology Page 175

AcknowledgementsWe are extremely grateful to Doug Rocks-Macqueen, Sara Perry andChris Webster for valuable comments on pre-publication drafts of thischapter.ReferencesAries, P. 1974. The reversal of death: changes in attitudes towarddeath in Western societies. American Quarterly 26(5) Special Issue: Deathin America: 536-560.Asma, S.T. 2013. A healthy mania for the macabre. Chronicle forHigher Education. Electronic Document. https://chronicle.com/article/A-Healthy-Mania-for-the/133463/ cclxxiv . Accessed 4/3/2014.Clegg, M., Redfern, R., Bekvalac, J. and Bonney, H. (eds) 2013 GlobalAncestors: Understanding the Shared Humanity of Our Ancestors, Oxford:Oxbow.Corkill, C. and Moore, R. 2012. ‘The Island of Blood’: death andcommemoration at the Isle of Man TT Races, World Archaeology 44(2):248-62.Crossland, Z. 2009. Acts of estrangement. The post-mortem making ofself and other, Archaeol. Dialogues, 16(1): 102-25.Deary, T. and M. Brown. 1993. Awesome Egyptians. London:Scholastic.Doughty, C. 2013. A passionate defense of funeral selfies. Jezebel.Electronic Document. http://jezebel.com/a-passionate-defense-ofselfies-at-funerals-1455095190/all.Accessed 4/1/14.Giesen, M. 2013a. The protection and repatriation of NativeAmerican cultural items in the United States, in M. Clegg, R. Redfern, J.Bekvalac and H. Bonney (eds) Global Ancestors: Understanding theShared Humanity of Our Ancestors, Oxford: Oxbow.Blogging Archaeology Page 176

Giesen, M. 2013b. (ed.) Curating Human Remains. Caring for theDead in the United Kingdom, Heritage Matters Series: Volume 11,Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.Giles, M. forthcoming. Reconstructing death: the chariot burials ofIron Age East Yorkshire, in M. Giles and H. Williams (eds) Archaeologyand the Dead: Mortuary Archaeology and Contemporary Society.Giles, M. and Williams, H. (eds) forthcoming. Archaeology and theDead: Mortuary Archaeology and Contemporary Society.Holtorf, C. 2005. From Stonehenge to Las Vegas: Archaeology asPopular Culture, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.Jenkins, T. 2010. Contesting Human Remains in Museums: The Crisis ofCultural Authority, London: Routledge.Johnson, H. 1990. Humor as an innovative method for teachingsensitive topics. Educational Gerontology (16)6.Jupp, P. C. and Walter, T. 1999. The healthy society: 1918-1998, in P.C. Jupp and C. Gittings (eds) Death in England: An Illustrated History,Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 256-82.Killgrove, K, ed. 2013. New digital resources. Oxford AnnotatedBibliography of Bioarchaeology. Electronic Document.http://goo.gl/5HllUn cclxxvKirk, T. forthcoming, Writing about death, mourning and emotion:archaeology, imagination and creativity, in M. Giles and H. Williams (eds)Archaeology and the Dead: Mortuary Archaeology and ContemporarySociety.Larsson, Å. M. 2013. Participate or perish. Why archaeology must gainconfidence, Archaeological Dialogues 20(1): 29-35.Martin, D., Harrod, R. and Perez, V. 2013. The future ofbioarchaeology, in Bioarchaeology: An Integrated Approach toWorking with Human Remains. New York: Springer. pp. 249.Meyers, K. and K. Killgrove, K. 2014. Bioarchaeology. Society forArchaeological Sciences Bulletin 37(1): 23-25. Electronic Document.http://www.socarchsci.org/bulletin/SAS3701.pdf cclxxviBlogging Archaeology Page 177

Moser, S. 2010. The devil is in the detail: museum displays and thecreation of knowledge, Museum Anthropology 33(1): 22-32.Parker, G. and McVeigh, C. 2013. Do not cut the grass: expressions ofBriths Gypsy-Traveller identity on cemetery memorials, Mortality 18(3):290-312.Parker Pearson, M. 1999. The Archaeology of Death and Burial,Stroud: SuttonParker Pearson, M., Pitts, M. and Sayer, D. 2013. Changes in policy forexcavating human remains in England and Wales, in M. Giesen (ed.)Curating Human Remains. Caring for the Dead in the United Kingdom,Heritage Matters Series: Volume 11, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer,pp. 147-58.Perry, S. 2009. Fractured media: challenging the dimensions ofarchaeology’s typical visual modes of engagement, Archaeologies:Journal of the World Archaeological Congress, 5(3), 389-41Renshaw, L. 2013. The dead and their public. Memory campaigns,issue networks and therole fo the archaeologist in mass-graveexcavation, Archaeological Dialogues 20(1): 29-34.Sayer, D. 2010. Ethics and Burial Archaeology, London: Duckworth.Sayer, D. and Walter, T. forthcoming. Digging the dead in a digitalage, in M. Giles and H. Williams (eds) Archaeology and the Dead:Mortuary Archaeology and Contemporary Society.Swain, H. 2006. Public reaction to the displaying of human remains atthe Museum of London, in J. Lohman and K. Goodnow (eds) HumanRemains and Museum Practice, 97-105, London: Museum of LondonSwogger, J. 2012. The sequential art of the past: archaeology, comicsand the dynamics of an emerging genre. John Swogger Illustration.Electronic Document.https://johngswogger.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/sequential_art_of_the_past_text_only.pdf cclxxviiTarlow, S. and Nilsson Stutz, L. 2013a. (eds) The Oxford Handbook ofthe Archaeology of Death and Burial, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Blogging Archaeology Page 178

Tarlow, S. and Nilsson Stutz, L. 2013b. Can an archaeologist be apublic intellectual? Archaeological Dialogues 20(1): 1-5.Thorson, J. 1985. A funny thing happened on the way to the morgue:Some thoughts on humor and death, and a taxonomy of the humorassociated with death. Death Studies 9: 3-4.Williams, H. 2009. On display: envisioning the early Anglo-Saxon dead,in D. Sayer. and H. Williams (eds) Mortuary Practices and Social Identitiesin the Middle Ages: Essays in Burial Archaeology in Honour of HeinrichHärke, Exeter: University of Exeter Press, pp. 170-206.Williams, H. 2010. Death becomes us, Minerva 21(2): 42-45.Williams, H. (ed.) 2011. Archaeologists on Contemporary Death:Mortality Special Issue, 16.2.Blogging Archaeology Page 179

Perceptions of Archaeologyand The Words We UseJessica RymerBlog: http://digthisfeature.tumblr.com/ cclxxviiiIn 2006, eminent archaeologist Bruce Trigger gave an interview in theJournal of Social Archaeology; asked about the future of archaeology inthe 21 st century, he replied that:"Archaeology will continue to excite substantial public interest solong as it continues to discover ‘wonderful things’ and provides themass media with ‘mysteries’ that entertain people." (Yellowhorn 2006,p. 326)This quote is one that I have used before, and one that I respondedto in the following way in a post about the importance of communityengagement:“As all of us are aware, we don’t always find ‘wonderful things’.Sometimes, you don’t find ANYTHING. But I don’t think that meansthat archaeology is on its way out if it can’t remain ‘sexy’, I think thatit means that we’re entering a new period of archaeologicalpractice where the goal is to make the public care by getting themengaged and invested.” (Rymer, 2013, emphasis added)I chose the emphasis specifically to highlight a challenge that I haveboth grappled with and observed in the year plus that I have beenBlogging Archaeology Page 180

logging. Coupled with the first quote it represents two ends of aspectrum in talking about archaeology: at one end we have treasurehunting, Indiana Jones, and Lara Croft, at the other we have realism,tedium, and drudgery. The former is more common in the mainstreammedia cclxxix ; the latter usually comes from frustrated archaeologistswishing to be taken seriously.I saw this play out on my blog as I strove to provide an accuratepicture of fieldwork while still posting news stories that coveredarchaeological finds that I found interesting. As social media becomesmore integrated into archaeological projects as a tool of communityengagement, the language that we, as archaeologists, use becomeseven more important. The words we use communicate our ideas to ouraudience but they also drive page views and search results in a verypractical way that can have a powerful affect on a project’s visibility inthe community. In the following sections I want to explore the languageat each end of the spectrum, citing print sources, but also includinghyperlinks to relevant blog posts and online articles as if these sectionswere actual blog posts.Extreme # 1: Archaeologists as treasure huntersIt's no secret that archaeology has been used to perpetuate colonialstereotypes that preserve a historical narrative sympathetic to colonizersat the expense of the colonized. Randy McGuire perhaps said it best inArchaeology as Political Action when he wrote that, "the products of thearchaeological ideology factory have most commonly sustained,justified, and legitimized the dominant ideological values" (2008, p.16).The more involved I’ve become in indigenous archaeology, the moreapparent it has become that perpetuating, even inadvertently, thattreasure-hunting myth is not only harmful but counter-productive. Phraseslike “treasure trove” and “gold mine”, even when used alongside wordslike “ceramics” or “knowledge”, are problematic because theyBlogging Archaeology Page 181

associate archaeology with treasure hunting in the public consciousness.They can drag up painful memories for groups who have been victims ofthis kind of archaeology in the past, and are damaging to therelationships we are trying to build in the present. How many times have Iseen “Archaeologists unearth prehistoric treasure trove” or “Largest IronAge hoard yet found” and immediately hit re-blog? What does thiscommunicate to my followers about my priorities? How does this reflecton my original content?“The words we use” is a phrase that Stephen Mrozowski used at theConversations Between Communities event cclxxx at the University ofMassachusetts, Boston, in November. He remarked that reflecting on thewords archaeologists have used was important in how he came tounderstand how the archaeological community was initially seen as theenemy by the Nipmuc Nation. But so often these words, as problematicas they are, can provide a quick signal boost. And they are good PRbecause they garner immediate interest in our projects. Trigger, in theopening quote, was making a purposeful reference to Howard Carter’swords after his first look at Tutankhamen’s undisturbed tomb. Bill Kelsoand the brilliant minds behind the PR machine of the JamestownRediscovery Project did something similar when they found the “Rosettastone of Jamestown" in 2010. Appropriating references to well knownfinds like these to drum up interest (and funding) is really nothing new,but one of the challenges of using social media is how do we get peopleto care without falling into the treasure trap?I wrote about this dilemma in a blog post from February (“TheProblem with Treasure” cclxxxi ), in which I cited a 2006 article by Palus,Leone, and Cochran. They point out that historic preservation in the U.S.works a lot like “treasure” logic- we tend to preserve “things, not theconnections between people and things” (Palus, Leone, and Cochran2006, p. 93). The solution that they suggest, which I’m sure will resonatewith a lot of people, is to engage the public so that they are invested inwhat is being preserved and passionate about its protection.Archaeology and the past fascinate people all on their own. I think thesolution to the “problem with treasure” is to realize that the mention ofarchaeology is interesting enough on its own to grab people’s attention.It can be difficult at times to accept when you’re in the throes ofBlogging Archaeology Page 182

sampling plowzone, but archaeology is only boring when we, thearchaeologists, make it so in our attempt to separate ourselves fromIndiana Jones and Laura Croft. Which brings me to the other end of thespectrum.Extreme #2: Realistically portraying a realisticarchaeologyWhen I was salting a mock dig for my campers one summer I jokedthat we should leave three of the four units empty so the kids wouldknow what it’s like to be a real archaeologist. This is precisely the kind ofattitude that Colleen Morgan called out on Middle Savagery (and wasrecently re-posted by Archaeology, Museums, and Outreach cclxxxii ) in apost aptly titled “Stop Saying ‘Archaeology is actually boring’”. It can bea gut reaction sometimes; a visitor comes by the site and asks if you’vefound any gold coins, and you dutifully respond that you’ve foundnothing but nails, and sometimes you don’t find anything! Witharchaeological funding being cut by the NSF and under fire fromCongress cclxxxiii , it’s perfectly reasonable to want to throw away ourfedoras, put on our white lab coats and declare that we are seriousscientists, not fanciful adventurers. An emphasis on the less exciting, dayto-dayrealities of running a dig can seem to be the perfect way to dothis.Portraying realism in a positive way is one of the challenges of beingan archaeology blogger, particularly when the blog is a personal one.Though the content I posted to Dig This Feature from the field was alwaysposted with the permission of my P.I., it is ultimately a personal endeavorBlogging Archaeology Page 183

that remains unaffiliated with an institution. While this gives authors suchas myself more freedom in the content we choose to post, it alsoexposes us to the danger of our blogs becoming less of a vehicle ofpublic outreach and more of an outlet for our own feelings. The dangerhere is not that archaeology will be portrayed as dull but thatarchaeology will be portrayed as terrible, as a thankless job that no oneshould pursue.Archaeology can be hard. It is a field that comes with a set ofunique challenges. There are holes in the ground that fill with waterwhen it rains and have to be pumped. There are days when it is belowfreezing and you find yourself outside. And you will probably have tobuy a wristguard at some point. I do not think that there is anythingwrong with being honest about these things; in fact, I feel a certainresponsibility to share them because of the number of undergraduatearchaeology and anthropology students amongst my readership. I’vealso shared links to articles about wages, funding, diversity, and being afemale archaeologist cclxxxiv for the same reason. While complaining isdefinitely a bonding experience, we need to be careful with the wordswe use, especially when we are speaking with our authority asarchaeologists.Finding your voiceFinding your voice is one of the more difficult parts of blogging. If youlook at my first response to #blogarch, a Blogging Carnival, on why Istarted blogging and my last response on where I hope to go with ityou’ll see that I’m still not entirely sure. And part of the reason is that withblogging comes the freedom to change your voice as you experimentwith what kind of blogger you want to be. Do you want to be funny orserious? Re-blog mostly news stories or create your own content? Offercommentary or post things as they are? Is it mostly for yourself, or, is itacademic?In experimenting with voice, one thing that has remained is thatblogging is ultimately a form of media for consumption, and as such the“words we use” are important. As I’ve experimented with some of theBlogging Archaeology Page 184

questions I mentioned above and seen more and more how integratedvarious forms of social media are, I’ve paid more attention to the words Iuse. Words are powerful things. It’s not a coincidence that books like TheDeath of Prehistory cclxxxv are being published on the heels of aconversation I had with a coworker who was uncomfortable withlabeling our field historical archaeology. Regardless of whether you holda B.A., M.A., or Ph.D. when you introduce yourself as an archaeologistyour audience perceives you as having the authority to speak on thepast and issues related to it. So while my blog is ultimately a personalone, because I am perceived as having the authority to speak oncertain issues because of how I describe myself in my “About” section, Ineed to critically reflect on the perceptions that I am perpetuating. Imay think that because my blog is not affiliated with an institution that Ihave the unbridled freedom to post as I please but, as different forms ofsocial media have become increasingly integrated with one another,the Internet has become a very small place.While social media, from my perspective at least, is no longer “new”,it continues to offer new challenges as archaeologists integrate it intotheir toolkit. I will echo some of the other responses cclxxxvi to the bloggingcarnival’s final question when I express uncertainty about archaeologyblogging’s future, mostly due to the attitudes of my own peers. It may bethat something new comes along and these issues become a mootpoint, however, critically evaluating ourselves is never a bad thing, andblogging is fortunately a great venue for doing just that.Blogging Archaeology Page 185

ReferencesMcGuire, R. (2008) Archaeology as Political Action. Los Angeles, CA:University of California PressMontpelier Archaeology 9 AM (2013). Video. Holly Morris, Fox NewsDC [Internet clip] myFoxDC.com:http://www.myfoxdc.com/video?clipId=7034380&autostart=true#axzz2y9FrobTiMorgan, C. (2014) Stop Saying But Archaeology is Actually Boring[Online] Available from:http://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/2014/03/05/stop-sayingarchaeology-is-actually-boring/cclxxxvii [Accessed 9 th March 2014]Mullins, P. (2013) Response to Eric Cantor and Lamar Smith [Online]Available from: http://www.sha.org/blog/index.php/2013/10/responseto-eric-cantor-and-lamar-smith/cclxxxviii [Accessed: 10 th October 2013]Neely, P. (2010) Mysterious Jamestown Tablet an American RosettaStone? [Online] Available fromhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100113-jamestowntablet-slate-american-rosetta-stone/cclxxxix [Accessed 23 rd February 2014]Palus, M., Leone, M., and Cochran, M. (2006) Critical Archaeology:Politics Past and Present. IN Hall, M. and Silliman, S. (eds) HistoricalArchaeology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.Pinkher, A. (2013) New Exhibit Celebrates Collaboration BetweenArchaeologists and Tribal Nations. UMass Boston News [Online] 13 thNovember 2013. Available fromhttp://www.umb.edu/news/detail/new_exhibit_celebrates_collaborationccxc [Accessed: 26th November 2013]Rocks-Macqueen, D. (2014) Blogging Archaeology: The Final Reviewof #blogarch [Online] Available fromhttp://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/04/06/bloggingarchaeology-the-final-review-of-blogarch/ccxci [Accessed 6 th April 2014]Blogging Archaeology Page 186

Rymer, J. (2013) A Better Way to do Archaeology, Part 2: TheConversation. [Online] Available fromhttp://digthisfeature.tumblr.com/post/70231001238/a-better-way-to-doarchaeology-part-2-theccxcii [Accessed: 16th December 2013](2014) The Problem with Treasure. [Online] Available from:http://digthisfeature.tumblr.com/post/77598129177/the-problem-withtreasureccxciii [Accessed: 23rd February 2014]Yellowhorn, E. (2006) "Understanding Antiquity: Bruce Trigger on hislife’s work in archaeology- an interview". [Online] Journal of SocialArchaeology October 2006 6: 307-327. [Accessed 26 th November 2013] Blogging Archaeology Page 187

The end of a cycle. Bloggingabout public archaeology inSpain. El fin de un ciclo.Blogueando sobrearqueología pública enEspañaJaime Almansa- SanchezBlog: http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com ccxcivEnglish.*This is a bilingual text.**Con bilingüe quiero decir que hay partes en español, and others in14 Apr 2014, 16:07In this exact moment, I am writing the last post on the first blog I evercreated. I am correcting the proofs of this chapter, which will be the lastpost of the “Public Archaeology” blog. The next lines are an overview ofthe blog, how it started and how it ended. La última reflexión antes decambiar de ciclo.Introduction. So you had a blog?28 Sept 2007, 14:30That is the exact moment I started my first blog. I cannot remembermuch more. I was a bit bored in those days. My MA in London had juststarted and the blog seemed to be a great idea to share publicBlogging Archaeology Page 188

archaeology with my Spanish colleagues. I remember I checked domainnames and both “Public Archaeology” and “Arqueología Pública” wereavailable, so I picked them for myself. The Spanish Government hadstarted a campaign to make us create web pages by giving us freedomains. I had chosen “arqueologiapublica.es”, so while figuring outwhat I was going to do with the domain name (and its blog), I startedusing the English domain for myself. For a while I thought about doing theblog in English, but I felt my audience should be in Spain, so I went for itand created a Spanish blog.When you start a blog you are a bit obsessed with statistics, for awhile. For weeks I was writing and checking my blog statistics severaltimes a day. I thought I was going to write about my experience inLondon, but at the end it was about raw public archaeology more thanmy experiences.One day I had dozens of posts and thousands of visits. My presencein the Internet had increased a lot, and with it my prestige. Early in 2008 Ireceived an email from a professor in Galicia who was starting a blogabout the use of the past in popular culture. She wanted me toparticipate and, of course, I did. “Pasado Reciclado” is a successfulblog, still active, in which we analyse contemporary material cultureevoking past icons. It is the most fun you can have writing aboutarchaeology.Almost seven years later I manage four blogs about archaeologywith regular content, of which “Public Archaeology” and “PasadoReciclado” are still the most important. In the meantime, “El futuro de laarqueología en España” (http://elfuturodelaarqueologia.blogspot.comccxcv ) served its purpose as an extension of the same titled book foralmost two years, with several controversial posts that triggered debatein different events. Today, I still try to use blogging for something different.“El diario de Lancaster Williams”(http://eldiariodelancasterwilliams.blogspot.com ccxcvi ) is the extension ofa different book, “El Hallazgo”. Besides announcing events and offers, it isthe platform for the voices of two of the main characters, LancasterWilliams, and Ian MacAllister (http://irlandescabreado.wordpress.comccxcvii ), in what has been called a “blognovel”.Blogging Archaeology Page 189

Seven years ago, I would never have imagined I was going to besuch a blogger. I have over 800 blog posts and more to come.Figure 1: Public Archaeology’s first post in 2007 (screenshot)Toda la arqueología es pública por definición¿Por qué empieza todo esto? En 2005 le dije por primera vez a mitutora lo que quería hacer en mi tesis. Arqueología Pública. «Pero todala arqueología en España es pública por definición» me contestó… Yentonces se me cayó el alma a los pies y decidí ir a Londres. Puede queallí empezara todo, en mi frustración a la hora de explicar qué es lo quehacía. Nadie me entendía. Tenía que cambiar aquello.Por un momento, las pocas referencias que podías encontrar enEspaña a la arqueología pública estaban en mi blog. Ya había algunosequipos trabajando con comunidades, pero mi posición iba un pasomás allá. Yo quería tratar las relaciones arqueología/público en toda suextensión, especialmente la política y la económica.Por eso, en las entradas del blog intenté analizar la actualidadarqueológica desde la arqueología pública, intercalando entradas másexplicativas durante los primeros años, con otras más «extrañas»después.Blogging Archaeology Page 190

Entre los dos blogs, conseguimos que la arqueología pública llegaraa mucha gente. Sólo quedaba asentar el proceso. ¿Es posible queinternet cambiara en algo la forma de entender la arqueología? No.Pese a la estupenda acogida de los blogs y la rápida incorporación deotros dedicados a diferentes ámbitos de la arqueología, los blogs nomovían la actualidad española. En lo que a mi concierne, congresos ypublicaciones hicieron el trabajo, pero los blogs se convirtieron poco apoco en una referencia alternativa a las vías oficiales.La arqueología en España está aún lejos de ser pública pordefinición, pero si me volvieran a decir eso hoy, ya podría reaccionar deotra manera.Ranting, ranting and rantingI have said that “Public Archaeology” was a blog in Spanish, but,there were certain topics I needed to write about in English. The blogwas the only platform I had to express myself in more than a couple oflines. What happened? If I needed to express myself in English, thereason could not be good. Actually, a boycott and a half…The WAC controversy:April 2012http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com.es/2012/04/wac7-lostillusion.htmlccxcviiiNovember 2012http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com.es/2012/11/road-toperdition.htmlccxcixI never met Peter Ucko. Unfortunately, he passed before I went toLondon. However, his spirit was still there, especially for publicarchaeology students. UCL changed my mind in very different ways andthe World Archaeology Congress (WAC) was one of them. These kinds ofcongresses are monstrous, and lately too standardized for my taste.Blogging Archaeology Page 191

Although there was something about WAC that made it different. Itreally was a World Archaeology Congress. My relationship with theorganization has been turbulent, and now I just want it to change backto what Ucko wanted it to be. For details, check the links.The Springer controversy:http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com.es/2013/12/boycott.html cccIn close relation with the WAC controversy, I just exploded lastDecember (2013) with the publisher Springer and decided to start apersonal boycott against them. The post did not have muchrepercussion besides my own journal, which declined to review anybooks from them. Funny thing was, that this same day (I saw the articlethe day after, shared dozens of times in Facebook) a Nobel Laureate didso and made a huge impact. I need a good award in order to rantproperly.The System controversy:http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com.es/2014/02/what-ispoint.htmlccciWith the boycott to Springer still fresh, in late winter 2014, eventscame like a syzygy and I felt like ranting again about the system itself.What was the point of participating anyway? This has not been made forforeigners. But this same day I got an email about this book (the one youare reading now) and just forgot about it. Crazy chapter going on inSpanish and English…Will anyone read it?La audienciaLa verdad es que he tenido varios finales en falso para el blog, perosiempre que digo que lo dejo, tengo muchas cosas que contar derepente. Estoy convencido de que el blog ha sido un éxito, pero hacíaya unos años que la audiencia me tenía decepcionado. La interacciónBlogging Archaeology Page 192

pasó de poca a nula y no me gusta escribir para que nadie lo lea, sobretodo cuando se trata de temas controvertidos.Hoy, con la perspectiva que da escribir sobre el tema y variassemanas a un ritmo muy bajo, me pregunto si en el fondo el blog nohabrá sido un fracaso. Me resisto a pensarlo y la experiencia de «Elfuturo de la arqueología en España» me ayuda a reafirmarme en ello. Elcolectivo arqueológico español está aún poco decidido a debatir enun blog. Mientras en las mesas redondas asociadas a los eventos depresentación del libro nos quedábamos sin tiempo para debatir, en elblog nada…Pero la mayor desesperación llega cuando te comparas con otrasplataformas y ves que allí hay más movimiento. En cualquier caso, laoferta es tal, que hoy en día es difícil encontrar lo que buscas sin elapoyo de otras redes sociales, lo que implica tener también unaaudiencia en esas redes sociales.Gestionar un blog es mucho más que escribir. Para triunfar sin ser deantemano una personalidad, necesitas mantener un nivel muy alto enlas entradas, con unos contenidos atractivos. ¿Y eso qué significa? Quehay que elegir entre un blog comercial, y un blog personal (lo que creoque era el sentido original). Pero, sobre todo, como diría LornaRichardson, que hay que diseñar una buena estrategia decomunicación digital.En cualquier caso, esa sensación que tenía al comenzar el blog yano existe. No tengo la necesidad de escribir que tenía antes. Pero, sobretodo, ahora tengo muchos compañeros escribiendo blogs de grancalidad. No siento que tenga nada más que aportar. Es el final de unciclo.-Pablo Aparicio: http://pabloaparicioweb.blogspot.com cccii-Antonio Vizcaíno: http://pi3dra.tumblr.com ccciii-Juan I. García: http://arqueoart.blogspot.com ccciv-Adrián Carretón: http://arqueoblog.com cccvBlogging Archaeology Page 193

De hecho, cuando hace unas semanas el autor de este último blogme dijo que «Public Archaeology» había sido un ejemplo para él, lo tuveclaro. Si el alumno supera al maestro, quítate del medio.Figure 2: Un pantallazo de Pasado Reciclado (captura de pantalla)The end of a cycleSo, that was all! Seven years and a…legacy? I want to think that allmy writing was for something. It helped me clarify and share ideas.During this time I had the opportunity to share everything that was goingon in public archaeology, set some ideas that I was about to publish inthe traditional academic media, and, more importantly, build a smallnetwork of researchers and students willing to work under the premises ofpubic archaeology. I don’t remember if I had a goal when I started theblog, but even if I was so pretentious to think I could indoctrinate mycolleagues, I finally managed to do it (I want to believe it was not onlythrough the blog). What was the point of continuing? This is the story ofan end; like the last post of a long-living blog that ran out of ideas. I amglad I have now the opportunity to write it.Having a look at the list of “friend blogs” I linked to in my blog, I seethat most of them are out of business now. Some of them did not evenlast a couple years. People get tired, sooner or later. It has taken meBlogging Archaeology Page 194

more time, but, I am tired too. I think I’ve run out of ideas and I don’twant the blog to become a collection of news, or a ranting platform. Itwas a place for reflection and analysis, and that is over now. It is hard toadmit it, but at some point you have to stop.What happens now? I guess I will continue collaborating with“Pasado Reciclado”, although “Pi3dra” is offering great content in thissame line. Sharing the blog makes it easier to maintain the activity atleast. I know that I will come back at some point, with renewed strength,so this is more like a “see you later” or an “under refurbishment” than a“good bye”.¿Y ahora qué?Ahora he empezado un blog sobre series de televisión y me tomaréun tiempo para pensar qué quiero hacer con mis redes sociales. Tengomás blogs de los que cuidar y quiero que todos ellos mejoren en calidady en contenido. Mi abuela siempre me decía: «quien mucho abarca,poco aprieta» y puede que ese haya sido el detonante de mi adiós.Simplemente no podía más, pero cuando escribes más de 100 entradasal año, es imposible mantener el nivel.Voy a terminar la tesis, voy a cerrar proyectos y, mientras tanto, medivertiré un poco…http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IsVjJ0zK08[*English speaking friends, you can find subtitles in the video]EpilogueI have just started a new blog about different TV Series. Quite achange, but I cannot avoid writing about archaeology sometimes. Ireally hate to give up on archaeology blogging, so I will keep doing it.This is like a drug, or a therapy… After all this time, I can only concludethat blogs have been one of the greatest advances in communication.We might have a limited audience, but search engines always find youwhen someone is looking for the topics you talk about. Academicpublishing is becoming more and more difficult for certain topics. TheBlogging Archaeology Page 195

market is obscene and the rankings are actually killing talent in the fakesearch for quality. Blogs let you write about topics that would not makean article, or would not even need to make an article, but are interestingfor the community. They have been extremely useful for me, both as anauthor and researcher, so I only have good words.I said this was the last post of my blog…Ask me again in anotherseven years.Blogging Archaeology Page 196

Etruscans OnlineLucy ShipleyBlog: http://potsplacesstonesbones.blogspot.co.uk/ cccviIntroductionWhen people ask me what I work on as an archaeologist, I knowwhat’s coming. I say “the Etruscans.” They look confused. I say “pre-Roman Italy.” They nod, smile and glaze, popping my specialism into aneat little box, conceptualising a people by the southern rivals whodestroyed and absorbed their civilisation. No matter that Etruscanculture transformed large areas of Italy and the wider WesternMediterranean as they spread out from their heartland of Tuscany andUmbria between around 800 and 300 BCE, that Etruscan objects havebeen found from Egypt (Grmek 1994) to Germany (Arafat and Morgan1997), that Etruscan influence kept the Greeks out of central Italy andkept the forces of Rome at bay. No, the Etruscans just came before theRomans, and that’s that. This conversation, and the ensuingawkwardness, is one of the reasons I started blogging about this Iron Agesociety, and its misrepresentation in the past and present.So what can blogging accomplish? How can blogging be of help,aside from making me feel better and providing an expressive outlet? Inthis chapter, I will argue that blogging has the potential to transform subdisciplineslike Etruscan studies, relatively closed communities from whichthe general public has been systematically excluded. From busting themyths of the Etruscan mystique, to exposing poor reporting in the paperpress, blogging could be a way forward for a discipline that is notoriouslyresistant to change (Izzet 2007: 13). I suggest that current models inpublic reporting of Etruscan archaeology stem from antiquatedprecedents, visible from at least the early Renaissance period in Italy, ifnot the ancient world itself. These have led to an evolving series oftropes, focused on the presentation of the Etruscans as possessors ofmysterious, arcane knowledge, a people apart. These stereotypes formBlogging Archaeology Page 197

the subject of the second part of this paper, as I demonstrate theirdangerous transmutation into online media, including the primarysources of information for non-expert Etruscology. It is only through openaccess content produced by expert scholars and presented in anaccessible manner that these kinds of stereotypes can be underminedand blogging is an ideal method for accomplishing this.The dangers of such misrepresentations are exposed fully in thepenultimate part of this paper. I analyse the development anddissemination of an archaeological media storm focused on thediscovery of infant remains at one of the most complex sites of theEtruscan world, Poggio Civitate. The presentation of the findings at theAmerican Institute of Archaeology conference was picked up on bynon-digital media, and presented entirely inaccurately. The nuancesand subtleties of the original argument were lost, and caution wasthrown to the winds by journalistic reporting. Subsequently, bloggersweighed in to attack the interpretation offered for the presence of theinfant remains. The episode illustrates the problematic position ofspecialist disciplines in an age of 24 hour news media, both on andoffline, but also the positives and pitfalls of blogging as archaeologicalcritique. The incident demonstrates the need for archaeologists to takeownership of the presentation of our work in the media, developing nonacademicwriting styles that nonetheless present complex information inan accessible way. This need is at its most desperate in those disciplines,like Etruscology, that present startling finds to the world, then abandonthem to inappropriate and inaccurate reporting based on stereotypesand misconception. Large scale scholarly blogging could be a way toresolve this pressing problem.Discovering the Etruscan WorldThe most lasting image of the Etruscans is that they are somehowother, foreign and strange. When one considers their position within theclassical world, this idea is not a surprising one. Rivals of the Greeks forpower in the western Mediterranean, the earliest classical sourcespresent the Etruscans as malign or predatory. Hesiod (Theogony 12.1.1)describes the Etruscans, or Tyrsenoi, as being the descendants ofBlogging Archaeology Page 198

Odysseus and Circe, the product of a union hemmed about withunnatural power. Aristotle recounts (Pol. 3.19.1280a) the Etruscanallegiance with Carthage, and their staunch defence of trade routesaround Corsica, preventing Greek settlers from establishing theirdominance in the area. The home lives of the Etruscans are alsodiscussed, most famously by Theopompus of Chios (Histories 115), whouses accusations of sexual intrigue to question the right of Etruscanfamilies to their land. His description of Etruscan women as emboldenedand masculine, sexually voracious and untrustworthy, is a deliberateaction, simultaneously emphasising the barbarous ‘Otherness’ of thesepeople and hinting at the illegitimate nature of their rule.These models were adapted and adopted by Roman authors,including Livy (History of Rome 5.1 and 7.2). Yet, by the 1 st century AD,the strange behaviour of the Etruscans had become an object offascination. Three hundred years after the fall of Veii in 396 BC, an eventwhich marked the end of the Etruscan period of dominance in centralItaly, Etruscan religious practices and fortune telling are recounted bythe philosopher Lucretius (6.397-82). He relates the existence of carmina,or books of divination, which record methods of interpreting lightningstrikes to tell the future. This is just one aspect of a wider Etruscan interestin prediction, with a raft of methods from hepatoscopy (the study of theliver of sacrificed animals) to observing the flight of birds. Thesetechniques were gathered together under the term “Etrusca disciplina”(Colonna 2005). The retained value of these forms of arcane knowledgedeveloped the old Roman rivalries and antipathies into a more complexform of estrangement, establishing the major stereotype of themysterious Etruscan. Strange and unknowable, separate from pragmaticRoman practices, the Etruscan behaviours described by Lucretius are thefirst hint of two thousand years of speculation and alienation.These early descriptions of Etruscan religious mysteries wereelaborated in the 1 st century AD. The Emperor Claudius himself compileda substantial volume on the history and religion of the Etruscans, perhapsdue to his own familial connections to old Etruscan families (Holleman1988). The figure of the Etruscan haruspex, or fortune teller, was aparticular feature of Claudius’ interest, deepening the associationbetween Etruscan culture and mysterious religious practices. TheBlogging Archaeology Page 199

uncanny accuracy of Etruscan soothsayers is illustrated in the legendthat it was a haruspex who provided Julius Caesar with his fatal warningprior to his assassination (Rawson 1978). The survival of Etruscan religiouspractices as a quasi-underground cult is attested to by inscriptionsnaming individuals as haruspices, with examples written in the Etruscanlanguage surviving from the 2 nd century AD (Freeman 1999). Etruscanreligion was still a force to be reckoned with during late antiquity,although it remained a shadowy mystery cult, akin to that strange newreligion, Christianity. Both religions promoted the idea of an eternalafterlife, although Etruscan beliefs suggested that this could be obtainedthrough sacrifice rather than faith and good works, and bothincorporated the figure of a central prophet, Tages in the Etruscan case(Briquel 2007: 157).As Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire, Etruscanreligion lost its influence and appeal, Etruscan texts disappeared or weredestroyed, and even the Claudian history was lost, adding an additionallevel of separation between Etruscan culture and those whoencountered or considered its workings. Yet, the earlier inferences ofunearthly knowledge and mysteriousness remained attached to thepeople who had developed these beliefs, now interpreted through theprism of Christian disgust for pagan practices. Etruscan rulers andmagicians alike appear in Dante’s Divina Commedia (Schoonhoven2010), where they are placed firmly in Inferno, condemned for theirtorture of noble Roman kings (Paradiso IV: 84) and their warped beliefs(Inferno XX: 46). The mysterious Etruscan had become a figure of horrorfor Dante’s Christian audience. Attitudes towards Etruscan ancestors didbegin to change during the 14th and early 15 th centuries as a rebellionagainst an alienated papacy (Shipley 2013), and chroniclers (medievalbloggers?) such as Leonardo Bruni revived images of the Etruscans asoriginators of Italian culture (Ianziti 2007:249). This idea, however,remained closely entwined with a vision of secret knowledge, and whileFlorentines in particular grew increasingly engaged with their Etruscanpast, these ancestors continued to be presented as strange andunknowable, albeit in an idealised rather than vilified fashion.This interest was facilitated by the discovery of Etruscan artefacts inItaly, the recording of these discoveries by chroniclers, and theBlogging Archaeology Page 200

establishment of collections of antiquities by wealthy families, such as theMedici of Florence. Yet, the earliest recorded excavation of Etruscanartefacts dates from the late 13 th century, and establishes a secondclear trope which continues to be used in the modern world. During thedigging of foundations for an extended city wall at Arezzo, strangeobjects were uncovered, painted vases that the chronicler Ristorod’Arezzo described as "blue and red...light and subtle, withoutheaviness" (D’Arezzo 1872: 137). He presented these discoveries as a giftfrom God, a divine sign of favour for the city of Arezzo. This is the secondmajor trope in Etruscan archaeology the idea that discoveries areunusual events, rare survivals or extraordinary blessings from the past orfrom the heavens. Starting with d’Arezzo, this stereotype continuedthroughout the 18 th and 19 th centuries, reinforced by the regulardiscovery and eventual systematic looting of Etruscan cemeteries(Leighton 2004: 12). Intact tombs filled with immensely valuable objectscontinued to be viewed as singular incidents, with the discovery of theRegiolini-Galassi tomb at Cerveteri a case in point. Excavated in 1836 byan unusual pairing of a priest and an architect, the golden jewelleryenclosed within this tumulus, alongside bronze and silver pieces andpottery, was quickly purchased by the Vatican and enfolded within theChurch. The artefacts were displayed like relics, and never incorporatedinto nuanced interpretations of the individuals who were buried withthem, the two bodies instantly assigned royal status and obscured bytheir glorious grave goods. For English travellers and Grand Tourists, suchfinds were objects of intrigue and desire, and these individuals gladlyadopted the twin conceptions of the Etruscans as mysterious, and theexcavation of their tombs as extraordinary (Chai 2011: 182-3; Pieraccini2009: 7; Ramage 2011: 189).As the 19 th century went on, archaeologists turned to the historicalrecord to fit Etruscan discoveries into the sweeping dialectics of culturehistory, and in doing so inadvertently added a further layer to themysterious Etruscan’s stereotype. Such wonderful artefacts as thosediscovered at Regiolini-Galassi, clearly influenced by contact from theeastern Mediterranean, could not have been made by the indigenouspeoples of Italy. The account of Herodotus, describing the Etruscans asthe result of a migration from Turkey (Histories 1:94), seemed entirelyBlogging Archaeology Page 201

plausible. Yet as excavations grew more rigorous, this orthodoxy beganto crumble. The young Massimo Pallottino, the greatest Etruscologist ofthe last century, began to argue for cultural continuity betweenindigenous Villanovan peoples and the later Etruscan cities (Pallottino1939, 1947). He suggested that trading connections had resulted in thenew Near Eastern styles, with the rich metal resources of Etruria used togain influence and luxury goods across the seas. While Pallottino’sarguments fitted the archaeological evidence, the old adherence toclassical sources refused to die (Drews 1992; van der Meer 2004).Linguistic evidence, too, was used to support the latter idea Etruscan is anon-Indo European language, unrelated to any other indigenous Italiantongue (Bonfante and Bonfante 2002; Wallace 2008). The result of theseacademic arguments was confusion in public perceptions of Etruscanorigins. The fact that nobody seemed to agree on who these peoplewere and where they came from only added to their mystique.Away from academic archaeology, another author was busilycompiling a travelogue which would pull together the strands of theseprevious stereotypes, and construct his own vision of the Etruscan worldwhich would prove hugely influential. D.H. Lawrence had fled from theconstraints of middle class England during the 1920s, and hidden inTuscany with his scandalous new wife, Frieda, whose academic exhusbandhad once taught Lawrence. After a summer spent exploringarchaeological sites in Tuscany in 1927, Lawrence wrote his Sketches ofEtruscan Places, a passionate protest against the political situation offascist Italy and the constrained nature of the England he had fled. In thiswork, the Etruscans were recast as rebellious heroes, hedonistic lovers ofpleasure and beauty, contrasted against the dull, militaristic Romanswho would overcome them. Lawrence’s writing is characteristicallylyrical, and the book was unsurprisingly influential. Building on a centuryof miraculous discoveries and mystical origins, Lawrence’s intimate viewof the Etruscans added a compelling further vision; the Etruscan astormented, artistic victim, broken on the wheel of Roman rigour. This ideacould be incorporated perfectly with the initial conception of theEtruscans as strange and other, now that they could appeal to thoseoutside traditional society, providing a past people to identify with.Conspiracy theories and crypto-archaeology began to cling to theBlogging Archaeology Page 202

Etruscan world, and would only strengthen over the 20 th century, beforebursting into life on the internet.Etruscans OnlineThese three stereotypes the figure of the mysterious Etruscan, themiraculous, God-given discovery and the beautiful rebel have now allmigrated online. To investigate the Etruscans through a search engine isto dive into a mish-mash of all three ideologies, presented by non-expertwebsites. The most problematic of these iswww.mysteriousetruscans.com, whose front page is illustrated in Figure 1.The name of the site is a very obvious reference to the most powerful ofthe three Etruscan stereotypes, and is deliberately chosen to appeal toreaders fascinated by the false mystery. For it is false, after a century ofwell-organised, professional archaeological research, the Etruscans areno more mysterious than any other people of the Iron Age. Indeed, theycould be considered better understood than many other cultural groupsof the period, certainly better than the peoples inhabiting Britain andIreland during this period, Celts or otherwise (Collis 2003, 1996a, 1996b).Figure 1. Home page of www.mysteriousetruscans.comBlogging Archaeology Page 203

Yet, this knowledge has not migrated outwards from the increasinglyrestricted journals. The major English language journal dedicated toEtruscan archaeology, Etruscan Studies, ceased to be open-access in2012, while the Italian language Studi Etruschi is not available online.Even within these journals, the sub-discipline remains locked inremorseless patterns of presentation, focused on the preparation oftypologies, the analysis of single artefacts and entrenched arguments.They are the opposite of accessible academia, difficult to access anddifficult to understand. The frankly dull and repetitive patterns ofinterpretation that are employed in academic Etruscan studies do nottranslate well to the fast moving world of the internet. The archaeology isleft to be interpreted by non-experts, who are of course free to developand perpetuate their own vision of the past, one influenced bystereotypes and outside perception, rather than deep study of the dataat hand. The promotion of emotive and non-factual responses to theEtruscan world by D.H. Lawrence finds its successor on sites such asMysterious Etruscans and they colour the online reporting of anything todo with the Etruscan world.Mysterious Etruscans itself is by no means the worst example of thiskind of online media. While it presents information in a fashiondeliberately designed to support preconceptions of Etruscan otherness,the site nonetheless does provide factual information. Other sources ofonline Etruscology are not so rigorous. YouTube is a particular arena inwhich Etruscan conspiracy theories can grow and spread. A video withover 29,000 views declares that the Etruscans were lost Israelites whoended up in Italy and “ruled Rome”(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdRLC_N2UDM cccvii ). Anothervideo, which argues that the key to the Etruscan language was found ina cave in Illinois considered by the filmmakers to be the tomb ofAlexander the Great(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_XiOKoV8QM cccviii ), has hadover 26,000 views. It is impossible to know whether these thousands ofpeople were genuinely searching for information about the Etruscanworld, and whether they were convinced or confused by the strangearguments presented to them. Such films are an inevitable extension ofthe ideology which associates Etruscan culture with occult knowledgeBlogging Archaeology Page 204

and strangeness, or which chooses to identify with the Etruscans asunderdogs and misfits of the ancient world.One particular example of the warping of Etruscan archaeologythrough online media involves excavations at the city of Orvieto, anEtruscan and medieval stronghold, in the summer of 2012. Funerarystructures of an unusual pyramidal form were uncovered duringexcavations led jointly by the Orvieto Archaeological Park and StAnselm’s College, thought to date to at least the 5 th century BC.Instantly, the online reporting of the story referenced the classic Etruscanstereotypes. Discovery News described the Etruscans as “one ofantiquity’s great enigmas” and followed this up with a reference to themas a “fun loving and eclectic people” (Lorenzi 2012). However, thesespeculative and inappropriate comments were only the first indication ofwhat was to come. The story was picked up by a far wider communityinterested in crypto-archaeology, and ended up appearing onwww.muldersworld.com cccix , an X-files inspired website dedicated to theparanormal. The opinions of the excavators and the Etruscan communitywere steadily swallowed up by the Internet, with anyone seeking theviews of the archaeologists online due for disappointment.Not Playing the GameAny discovery which violates the code of mystery and idealism withwhich the non-specialist reporting of the Etruscan world is likely toprovoke a strong reaction from these quarters. This was demonstrated bythe presentation at a professional conference of material from one ofthe most important Etruscan sites, that of Poggio Civitate (Murlo). Thesite, located on a hilltop about 20km south of Siena, was oncedominated by a monumental complex of buildings, deliberatelydestroyed around the mid-6 th century BC (Phillips 1993; Tuck et al 2010).The site had been occupied prior to this phase of construction, with threeearlier, equally large-scale buildings destroyed by an accidental fire atthe end of the 7 th century BC (Tuck and Nielson 2001), and evidencesuggesting even earlier occupation dating back to the Iron Age (Tuck,Rodriguez and Glennie 2012). Excavations at the site began in the mid-Blogging Archaeology Page 205

1960s, under the direction of Kyle Meredith Phillips, and have continueduninterrupted to the present day 18 .In the summer of 2012, a project to re-analyse and categorise thebulk bone finds from the site began, directed by Sarah Kansa. Kansa setto work on the endless bags of bulk animal bone, excavated alongsidepotsherds, terracotta tile and other artefacts from the monumentalcomplex and labelled by trench and context. She painstakingly ascribedspecies to each fragment, pulling together a picture of the animalsbeing consumed at Poggio Civitate. However, during this process, Kansaalso encountered the remains of human infants, a discovery whichsurprised everyone. They were found on the floor of one of the earlier 7 thcentury buildings, associated with domestic refuse, and werefragmentary, mixed with animal bones, not indicative of a formal burial.Site director Anthony Tuck, from the University of Massachusetts Amherst,presented the findings at the American Institute of Archaeology AnnualMeeting in January 2013. He developed a careful and sophisticatedinterpretation of why the infant remains might have ended up wherethey did, arguing that high rates of infant mortality may have influencedthe treatment of their remains, and that infants did not qualify for fullEtruscan personhood (cf. Fowler 2001).This story did not fit with the established tropes of Etruscanarchaeology. First, the remains were found in the course of reexamination,part of a long series of investigations, not in a “God-given”miraculous single find. This long history of excavation ensured that therewas little mystery surrounding the remains, which were presented initiallyin a matter of fact way, accompanied by a nuanced explanation.Second, and most importantly, modern identification with Etruscanpeople as romanticised rebels was halted in its tracks. How couldanyone choose to identify with a people who didn’t treat infants with the18 I should say at this point that I have been part of the Poggio Civitate Project for the past four years.Blogging Archaeology Page 206

same adoration they receive in the Western world of the 21 st century?Etruscan websites and blogs ignored the story entirely, the discoverysimply did not fit with the vision of the past they wished to present. Thegrisly details, however, appealed directly to the more general world ofarchaeological blogging. “Baby bones found scattered in ancient Italianvillage” screamed LiveScience (Pappas 2013), steadfastly not using theword “Etruscan” in its headline. The Daily Mail online went one better,attributing the remains to Romans (Smith 2013) in a spectacular exampleof poor archaeological journalism. Osteoarchaeologists who had nevervisited the site then critiqued the original work based on the presscoverage, with blogs such as “Bones Don’t Lie” (Meyers 2013) and “PastHorizons PR,” (Killgrove 2013) arguing for the misinterpretation of theremains, unknowingly supporting utopian models of the Etruscan past.The entire episode illustrated the constricted situation of Etruscanarchaeology online, particularly compared with the earlier discovery inOrvieto. The two stories garnered almost equal attention, but from twovery different communities. The pyramidal funerary structures wereexactly the kind of information which supported and appealed to thestereotypes of Etruscan archaeology in the public eye and they wereembraced without question. The infant remains from Poggio Civitatewere mislabelled, misunderstood and criticised.I would suggest that this isbecause they did not fit with the idealised mythologies and narrativesthat reconstruct the Etruscan world online. The full information from theexcavation was published in the autumn of 2013 in Etruscan Studies,behind the paywall of the journal’s publisher, allowing it to be ignored bythe non-specialist communities. Although the reaction to both finds wasvery different, the end result was the same: an opportunity for thegeneral public to find out more about the realities of Etruscanarchaeology was lost. Overcome with speculation in the first case,drowned out with criticism and misinformation in the second, twodiscoveries that should have cleared the smoke and broken the mirrorsof Etruscan archaeology passed the public by. How many more will dothe same?Blogging Archaeology Page 207

ConclusionI may have appeared, throughout this article, to consider much ofthe online media surrounding the Etruscans as deeply negative,promoting outdated stereotypes and developing and encouragingemotive reactions to Etruscan archaeology. Yet, as I have also argued,this situation is entirely due to the lack of engagement with the public byEtruscan specialists. The literature remains exclusive in terms of bothaccess and content, particularly in the context of online knowledge andresearch. These problems are not unique to Etruscan studies. Almost anysmall sub-discipline in archaeology will have similar issues incommunicating itself to the public, and many others experienceproblems with unfortunate preconceptions linked to mystery andpseudoscience like pre-Columbian archaeology and Egyptology, toname just two examples.The only way for Etruscan scholars to improve both our own publicimage, the information available online to the public and the perceptionof the Etruscans by non-specialists, is to take action. I began this articlewith a reference to my own blog, which I use not only to discuss theEtruscan world, but other issues within archaeological practice. I havehad popular (well, for me; 200+ views is nothing special by comparisonwith larger blogs) posts on some of the very issues discussed in this article:the infant remains at Poggio Civitate and the issue of the trope ofmysterious Etruscans. Yet, I am deeply aware that my blog remainsundiscovered and unread by the majority of people who might find itinteresting. Other specialists are also making an effort to reach out to theinternet Classics Confidential have uploaded two video blogs onYouTube featuring Etruscan scholar Dr Phil Perkins on the geneticevidence for Etruscan origins(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEt1b0Zazfo cccx ), as have touristorganisations such as Orvieto Viva(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SINkEE7Z7yM cccxi ) and museumsacross the world. Yet all these individual videos have, like my blog,experienced relatively little interest. All have fewer views than theinaccurate videos discussed in this paper. Yet all are also simple formatlecture or question and answer videos, which cannot compete with theBlogging Archaeology Page 208

sensationalist views presented in their unprofessional rivals. They do notcapture the interest of the reader in the same way, and as such aredoomed to remain under appreciated and under watched.I remain convinced that presenting accurate, nuanced informationonline is the only way forward for Etruscan archaeology, and the onlypossible method of exposing the misconceptions at the heart of what, tome, are very tired stereotypes. However, the failure of simple videos tobeat off the myths of the Etruscans is unsurprising. New approaches topresenting our knowledge must be developed in order to succeed insharing the Etruscan world online. It is only by making our content moreavailable, more compelling, more exciting, without sacrificing depth andaccuracy, which archaeologists can compete with pseudo-scienceonline. This is the great challenge for archaeology in the 21 st century, yetsuccessful promotion and enjoyment of archaeological knowledgethrough online media would soon have effects elsewhere, perhaps intelevision and paper news reporting. If every excavation wasaccompanied by a detailed blog by the team in question, this couldform the primary source for the inevitable non-specialist articles, whetherin digital or print format. By gathering together these different accountsin a single forum, accompanied by pages dedicated to alreadyestablished information about Etruscan culture, the work of publicisingEtruscan archaeology could be shared out among many hands. Agroup blog (a glog?), worked on by a community of scholarsdetermined to break away from myths, break the disciplinary silence andshare Etruscan archaeology of the world could be a solution. AnEtruscanpedia would gather together experts and younger scholars,students and interested members of the public, and would break thetwo thousand year old power of the image of the mysterious Etruscanthrough the newer power of the Internet. It would take a vast amount ofcooperation, promotion and most of all time, but never having to hearthe Etruscans described as “Roman” again would be more than worth it.Blogging Archaeology Page 209

ReferencesAlighieri, D.1987. The Divine Comedy. Trans. Kirkpatrick. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Arafat, K. and Morgan, C. 1994. Athens, Etruria and the Heuneburg:mutual misconceptions in the study of Greek-Barbarian relations. In I.Morris (ed.) Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modernarchaeologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 108-134.Aristotle. 2002. Politics. Trans. Saunders. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Bonfante, L. and Bonfante, G. 2002. The Etruscan language: anintroduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Briquel, D. 2004. Tages against Jesus: Etruscan religion in the lateRoman Empire. Etruscan Studies 10:153-162.Chai, A. 2011. Consumer specialization and the Romantictransformation of the British Grand Tour of Europe. Journal ofBioeconomics 13: 181-203.Collis, J. 2003. The Celts: origins, myths and inventions. Oxford:Tempus.Collis, J. 1996a. Celts and politics. In P. Graves Brown, S. Jones andC.Gamble (ed.)Cultural Identity and Archaeology. London: Routledge,167-178.Collis, J. 1996b. The origin and spread of the Celts. Studia Celtica 30:17-34.Colonna, G. 2005. Italia ante Romanum Impericum: scritti diantichità etrusche, italiche e romane. Pisa: Istituti editoriali e poligraficiinternazionali.D’Arezzo, R. 1872 [1282]. La composizione del mondo di Ristorod’Arezzo : testo italiano del 1282. Roma: Enrico Narducci and FrancescoFontani.Drews, R. 1992. Herodotus 1.94, the Drought ca. 1200 B.C., and theOrigin of the Etruscans. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 41: 14-39.Fowler, C. 2004. The Archaeology of Personhood. London: Routledge.Blogging Archaeology Page 210

Freeman, P. 1999. The Survival of the Etruscan Language. EtruscanStudies 6:75-84.Grmek, M. D. 1994. The Zagreb Etruscan ceremonial fragment and anancient Egyptian medical papyrus. Lijecnicki vjesnik 117:194-196.Hall, J.F. 1996. Etruscan Italy: A Rediscoverable History? In J.F. Hall(ed.) Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy fromAntiquity to the Modern Era, 3. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press,3-14.Herodotus. 2008. Histories. Trans. Waterfield. Oxford: Oxford WorldClassics.Holleman, A. W. J. 1988. Did the Emperor Claudius have EtruscanBlood in his Veins? L'Antiquité Classique 57: 298-300.Ianziti, G. 2007. Challenging Chronicles: Leonardo Bruni’s History ofthe Florentine People. In S. Dale, A. Williams Lewin, and D. Osheim (eds.)Chronicling history: chroniclers and historians in Medieval andRenaissance Italy. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania University Press: 249-273.Izzet, V. 2007. The Archaeology of Etruscan Society. Cambridge,Cambridge University Press.Killigrove, K. 2013. Infanticide in paradise? Past Horizons PR 12 January2013. Accessible at:http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/01/2013/infanticidein-paradisecccxiiLawrence, D.H. 2007 [1932]. Sketches of Etruscan Places. London:Penguin.Leighton, R. 2004. Tarquinia: an Etruscan city. Oxford: Duckbacks.Livy. History of Rome. Trans. Ogilvie and de Selincourt, 2002. London:Penguin Classics.Lorenzi, R. 2012. First ever Etruscan pyramids found in Italy. DiscoveryNews 27 th November 2012. Accessible athttp://news.discovery.com/history/ancient-egypt/etruscan-pyramids-120918.htm cccxiiiBlogging Archaeology Page 211

Lucretius. 1999. De Rerum Natura. Trans. Kenney. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Meyers, K. 2013. The swept up remains of infants. Bones Don’t Lie 15January 2013 http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2013/01/15/the-sweptup-remains-of-infants/cccxivPallottino, M. 1939. Sulle facies culturali arcaiche dell’Etruria. StudiEtruschi 13: 85-128.Pallottino, M. 1947. L’origine degli etruschi. Roma: Tumminelli.Pappas, S. 2013. Baby bones scattered in ancient Italian village. LiveScience 7 th January 2013. Accessible at:http://www.livescience.com/26042-baby-bones-scattered-ancientitaly.htmlcccxvPhillips, K.M. 1993. In the hills of Tuscany. Recent excavations at theEtruscan site of Poggio Civitate (Murlo, Siena). Philadelphia (PA):University Museum of Pennsylvania.Pieraccini, L. C. (2009). The English, Etruscans and ‘Etouria’: the GrandTour. Etruscan Studies, 12(1), 3-20.Ramage, N. 2011. The English Etruria: Wedgwood and the Etruscans.Etruscan Studies 14: 187-202.Rawson, E. 1978. Caesar, Etruria and the disciplina Etrusca. Journal ofRoman Studies 68:132-152.Schoonhoven, E. 2010. The Etruscan myth in early RenaissanceFlorence. Renaissance Studies 24: 459-471.Shipley, L. 2013. Guelphs, Ghibellines and Etruscans: archaeologicaldiscoveries and civic identity in late Medieval and early RenaissanceTuscany. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 23.Smith, L. 2013. Did Romans dump the remains of their dead childrenwith their refuse? Daily Mail 8 th January 2013http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2259021/Baby-dead-Romans-dumped-bodies-rubbish-archaeologist-suggests-grizlydiscoveries.htmlcccxviBlogging Archaeology Page 212

Theopompus of Chios. 1927. Histories. In Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae.Trans. Burton Gulick. London: LCL.Tuck, A.S., and Nielsen, E.O. 2001. An Orientalizing Period Complex atPoggio Civitate (Murlo): A Preliminary View. Etruscan Studies 8: 35-64.Tuck, A., Brunk, J., Huntsman, T., and Tallman, H. 2010. An ArchaicPeriod well at Poggio Civitate: evidence for broader final destruction.Etruscan Studies 13: 93-106.Tuck, A., Rodriguez, A. and Glennie, A. 2012. The Iron Age at PoggioCivitate: Evidence and Argument. Poster session presented at the annualmeeting of the Archaeological Institue of America, Philadelphia, PA.van der Meer, L. B. 2004. Etruscan Origins. Language andArchaeology. BaBesch 79: 51-57.Wallace, R. 2008. Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Languageand Inscriptions. Ann Arbor, MI:Beech Stave Press.Websites Cited (last accessed 3/4/14)Mysterious Etruscanswww.mysteriousetruscans.comMulders Worldhttp://muldersworld.com/photo.asp?id=4406 cccxviiClassics Confidential- Etruscan Genetics Part 1, feat. Dr Phil Perkinshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEt1b0ZazfoClassics Confidential- Etruscan Genetics Part 2, feat. Dr Phil Perkinshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSYa0NZI2rwOrvieto Viva- Monumenti Etruschihttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SINkEE7Z7yMGadayawan- Etruscans, lost Israelites who ruled Romehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdRLC_N2UDMLiving Light Network- Ancient Etruscan Decipheredhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_XiOKoV8QMBlogging Archaeology Page 213

The Edgcumbe cannibal fork –blogging a creative responseto the meanings of thingsKaty WhitakerBlog: http://artefactual.co.uk/ cccxviii“The practice of kidnapping persons, on purpose to be eaten, provesthat this flesh is in high repute.” (Williams 1858, 211)This short chapter describes the rationale behind one of my blogposts (Whitaker 2014) which was inspired by an artistic intervention to adisplay of Fijian cannibal forks at the University of Cambridge’s Museumof Archaeology and Anthropology (MAA). The blog post also tried to riseto Mike Pitts’ (2013) recently blogged call to action for specialists ingeneral and archaeologists in particular to find better ways tocommunicate about their work.Pitts, editor of popular monthly magazine British Archaeology,identifies the need for “a different form of writing and thinking” in theface of, for example, thrill-seeking television programmes, in order toengage a public interested in archaeology; and states that, far from‘dumbing-down’, this new communication – using vehicles such as blogs– will succeed if it focuses on “the stimulation of thought”. Just as theMAA’s cannibal fork display represents a different way to stimulatethought in the museum’s visitors, I experimented with a way to promptquestions about artefacts and archive material through blogging.Cannibal forksCreated in the Autumn of 2010, “Tall Stories: Cannibal Forks” was anintervention into the MAA display of Fijian cannibal forks, led by Arts andHumanities Research Council Creative Fellow, Alana Jelinek. It comprisesBlogging Archaeology Page 214

of 26 new forks carved in native British greenwood by museum staff andtheir colleagues, displayed alongside the historical forks carved in Fiji inwood from native palm tree species. Jelinek (2010) intended that theresulting artwork would prompt consideration of “why and how we thinkwhat we think.” As well as videoing their craft activity the participantsalso exchanged and recorded their knowledge about the creation anduse of the historical forks that are curated in the museum’s anthropologycollections. Since then Jelinek has developed a series of art exhibitionsand interventions designed to explore ideas of story-telling andknowledge; myth-making, fact-sharing, knowledge-transfer –considerations of the facts that people choose to learn and choose torecount.Fijian cannibal forks are potent objects to experiment with in thisregard. They are contested objects whose histories are coloured byaccounts of barbarous behaviour by the Fijian people. So terrifying werethe observations of Fijian cannibalism made by Thomas Williams (a midnineteenthcentury missionary in Fiji) for example, that his editor felt itnecessary to print a caveat to Williams’ (1858, 214) descriptions,“It is but just to state, that much detail and illustrative incidentfurnished by the author on this subject, have been withheld, andsome of the more horrible features of the rest repressed or softened.”This reassurance following such graphic reports as mutilated victimsbeing made to watch parts of their dismembered bodies being cooked,candid descriptions of human butchery methods, and accounts ofcannibals made famous for the numbers of people they claimed tohave eaten (Williams 1858, 205-214)!Cannibal fork hermeneutics are reflected in the MAA catalogue, inwhich each record grows and expands as new information is madeavailable. The record for cannibal fork 1955.246 is a typical example ofthe developing interpretive cycle. Collected by Sir Arthur Gordon(Governor of Fiji from 1875 to 1880; Francis 2011) and given to Baron vonHügel (who became the museum’s founding curator in 1883, and whohad also spent time in Fiji; Allot 2012), this fork and associated objectswere listed in the Faculty Board of Archaeology and Anthropology’sBlogging Archaeology Page 215

Annual Report on the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, List ofAccessions to the Museum, 1955-56. As the compiler of the AccessionRecord noted, “The Duckworth Laboratory [Leverhulme Centre forHuman Evolutionary Studies, Cambridge] possesses some of the bones ofthe last man to be eaten in Fiji, so the addition to the Museum'scollection of Fijian cannibal forks is considered very appropriate” (1956,1). The implication of the 1950s record is that cannibal fork meaningsinherited from the nineteenth-century were not being questioned; thesewere the objects used by those Fijians who had practiced cannibalism,to share and feast on human flesh.In 2011 the meaning of fork 1955.246 and others in the cataloguestarted to shift – or accrete – as a more nuanced and scholarly additionwas made to the record, quoting Fergus Clunie’s interpretation of theFijian terminology for cannibal forks which suggests that the names“have been more of an explanatory term applied when explaining whatthey were used for to outsiders rather than terms applied amongstthemselves by people native to the areas in which the forks were used”(MAA Catalogue). As Jelinek (2010) concluded from her researchfollowing her first encounter with the museum’s holdings, that whilstbased on a real object used in ritual feeding, many (perhaps all?) of theforks collected in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries wereproduced to satisfy the predilections and prejudices of the missionaries,ethnologists and tourists who brought them home to Europe (see forexample Arens 1980 and Obeyesekere 2005).As they carved their new forks and discussed the knowledge andstories that they held in mind, the “Tall Stories” project participantsmoved the record on further when their greenwood forks wereaccessioned to the museum collections. The ongoing craft activity –literally telling stories around the camp fire or basking in the late Summersun whilst whittling, if photographs of the developing project are a goodrepresentation (Jelinek 2012) – provided the reflective context in which,whilst hands were occupied, knowledge could be collected, developedand exchanged through conversation. The outcomes could then beshared with a wider audience – the museum’s visitors – through theartwork.Blogging Archaeology Page 216

Blogging a cannibal fork storyI saw in this an opportunity to explore the wider nature of theinformation that we use when trying to understand objects. Drawing onmy professional career in archaeological archives, my woodworkingpractice, and inspired by the MAA artwork (thus demonstrating theachievement of Jelinek’s aim), I started to make cannibal forks and tothink about primary evidence from archival sources – in addition toreports, travellers’ tales, antiquarian inventories – that might bear uponfork meanings.Whilst I concede that the museum’s new cannibal forks are intendedto be interpreted in the site-specific context of their display alongside thehistorical objects, they are nevertheless too young to have accumulatedthe time-deep museum paraphernalia of document, written record,note, photograph, drawing and publication that, following theircollection, contributes to Fijian fork meanings. The new fork biographiesare shorter. There are perhaps fewer facts to interpret and dispute. Yet,what chapters are missing from the biographies of the historical Fijianforks? What parts of their stories cannot be told for want of testimony leftby their carvers and their various owners, for example?In our world of online catalogues and digitised archive material, ablogpost seemed an appropriate way to try to communicate a cannibalfork story through not only the fork itself, but also additional elements ofgathered archive. Blogs provide a flexible way to work with multipledigital media. This resulted in my creation of the Edgcumbe cannibal forkblog post.Blogging Archaeology Page 217

Object type: forkMuseum number: MAEB:1987.11.622Description: four-pronged Cannibal Fork made of wood, 290mm x 53mmx 53mmMaterials: woodTechnique: carvedAcquisition Date: 1987Notes: Donated by the Edgcumbe family (see correspondence file 1987-11-EDG), claimed to be a Fijian cannibal forkThe fork’s museum catalogue photograph and caption arepresented alongside transcribed manuscripts and scanned documentsdating from 1841, sourced from three different archives, including: atranscribed diary entry; a transcribed letter; a digitised copy of aGeneral Register Office registration of death; and a digitised newspaperarticle. These items give contradictory evidence about the fork,suggesting different ways that it has been or could be interpreted andBlogging Archaeology Page 218

understood. Certain elements in the archive material can, should thereader care to make enquiries, be established as factual by referring toother sources that are readily accessed online.Finally, a gallery of photographs that show stages in the object’smanufacture confirm that the artefact is in fact recently carved; andallow the reader who is interested in understanding manufacturing andtechnical processes – common archaeological and historical interests –to unpick at least part of the fork’s chaîne opératoire. The evidence,presented under a lurid title, “My brother was eaten by cannibals”,which reflects intentionally the tenor of the Victorian ethnography, isintended to prompt questions about the information that we depend onto make sense of things; and from those things, to make sense of thepast.The completed post can be found at:http://artefactual.co.uk/2014/02/26/my-brother-was-eaten-bycannibals/cccxixSmall steps towards a big conversationFor archaeological organisations and individuals who want toengage with an increasingly internet-literate audience, the flexibility topresent a rich mixture of text, images, web-links and other media, andthe various evaluation tools with which to assess both quantitative andqualitative impact on readers should make blogs a very attractive andpowerful communication medium. Blogs enjoy a more immediate andconvenient means of evaluation than most museums enjoy in judgingthe impacts of a display – with the added advantage that interactionover time with any given blog post is also captured. Blogs come withtools and techniques to make posts more searchable and “findable”. AsPitts (2013) observes, an archaeological blog post can be just as highquality as a more traditional journal article, yet have a far wider reach toa potentially limitless online audience.Nevertheless, the audience that an established museum can, tosome extent, take for granted needs to be found by the bloggersthemselves. Also, a museum can target its evaluation activities toBlogging Archaeology Page 219

guarantee a response from visitors in person, whilst with an online blog, avisitor can remain silent. For archaeological blogs to live up to theirpromise to reach out and to engage, they must be read and respondedto.It is outside the scope of this brief article to begin to assess thedemographics of archaeologically-themed social media use or toanalyse the consumption of blogged archaeological content. Whilstarchaeologists blog for a range of different reasons, and so will expect tocommunicate with a varied audience which could range from the tensto the thousands, blogging offers an unrivalled opportunity to connectand to communicate. We can inform our readership of archaeologicalissues and questions without a dependency on traditional forms ofcommunication, such as a capricious mainstream broadcast media.My blog’s digital medium gave me a way to experiment with acreative response to object meaning, and I look forward to using theblog platform’s tools to find out who comes across the Edgcumbecannibal fork, and what they think of it. It is too early, however, for me tojudge that blog post’s impact. Just as my response to Alana Jelinek’sintervention at MAA has come some four years after the artwork’screation, archaeologists’ blog posts might prove to have the mostimpact in the long term. I contend that we must take a long view. Thearchaeological community, in its broadest sense, is already takingadvantage of the benefits that blogging can bring to buildingrelationships. Yet beyond the exciting immediacy of a still-youngmedium, we should consider how we curate our online presence tohave the best chance, over time, to effect the stimulation of thought innew readers around the world.Blogging Archaeology Page 220

ReferencesAllott, P.W. (2012) “Hügel, Anatole Andreas Aloys von, Baron von Hügelin the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire (1854–1928)”, Oxford Dictionary ofNational Biography, Oxford University Press [online edition September2012 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/103702 cccxx [accessed 12March 2014]Arens, W. (1980) The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology andAnthropophagy Oxford: Oxford University PressFaculty Board of Archaeology and Anthropology (1956) AnnualReport on the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 1955-56Cambridge: University of CambridgeFrancis, M. (2011) “Gordon, Arthur Charles Hamilton, first BaronStanmore (1829–1912)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, OxfordUniversity Press, 2004; [online edition January 2011]http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33459 cccxxi [accessed 12 March2014]Jelinek, A. (2010) “Tall Stories: Cannibal Forks” [online] Alana Jelinek– art as philosophical praxishttp://www.alanajelinek.com/interventions.html#TSCF cccxxii [accessed 10March 2014]Jelinek, A. (2012) “Cannibal forking: an experiment in distributedprotocol (2010-12)” [online] Alana Jelinek – art as philosophical praxishttp://www.alanajelinek.com/interventions.html#CF [accessed 10 March2014]Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Catalogue [onlinedatabase] http://maa.cam.ac.uk/maa/category/collections-2/catalogue/ cccxxiii [accessed 10 March 2014]Obeyesekere, G. (2005) Cannibal talk: the man-eating myth andhuman sacrifice in the South Seas Berkeley and Los Angeles: Universityof California PressBlogging Archaeology Page 221

Pitts, M. (28 December 2013) “Talking Archaeology” [online] Mike Pitts– Digging Deeper http://mikepitts.wordpress.com/ cccxxiv [accessed 16March 2014]Whitaker, K. (26 February 2014) “My brother was eaten by cannibals”[online] Artefactual http://artefactual.co.uk/2014/02/26/my-brother-waseaten-by-cannibals/cccxxv [accessed 10 March 2014]Williams, T. (1858) Fiji and the Fijians: The Islands and their InhabitantsLondon: William NicholsBlogging Archaeology Page 222

Fired Twice for Blogging andSocial Media: Why CRM Firmsare Afraid of Social MediaChris WebsterBlog: http://www.digtech-llc.com/blog/ cccxxviDuring the 2011 Society for American Archaeology Meeting inSacramento, California I attended a session called “BloggingArchaeology”. I’d heard of blogs before but hadn’t read any regularly. Iwasn’t even on Twitter. At the start of the session the chair, ColeenMorgan, had a slide up showing the conference hashtag for Twitter,among other things. That pretty much changed my life.Before the first paper started, I’d signed up to Twitter for the first timeand @ArcheoWebby was born. Instantly, I was transported to theconference back-channel by following the #SAA2011 Twitter hashtag.People were having conversations about papers they were seeing. Therewere people not even in attendance that were interacting with peopletweeting from the conference. A new world of possibilities was opening,but that was just the beginning.After a very enlightening session that fateful Saturday afternoon Iwent right back to my hotel room and started a blog called, “RandomActs of Science”. I’d been thinking of starting something like that for awhile and the session was the final straw. How could I not participate inthis behind-the-scenes action? It’s the same way I felt when I found outabout geocaching. What do you mean there are little treasure boxeshidden all over the world and all around me?Blogging Archaeology Page 223

Fired OnceWhen I started Random Acts of Science (RAoS) I was working for amedium-sized cultural resource management (CRM) firm out of Reno,Nevada. The firm was based in Colorado, but, Reno was one of thebigger offices. I was a Crew Chief and had a mediocre level ofresponsibility. I was very cautious regarding blogging about my work andtook care in not revealing anything sensitive. I’ll cover sensitivity ofarchaeological information in a few pages.It was blog post number seven that did it for me. We were on aproject in central Nevada and I’d seen an article in the local paperabout the history of the town we were in, Tonopah. I decided to write ablog post about the history of Tonopah and the resurgence of mining inthe area. The article mentioned the mining company we were workingfor, so, that was no secret. Using information available on the miningcompany’s website, I created a post that talked about what they weredoing in the town and what we were doing on the survey.The post went largely unnoticed for a couple months. Then, I sent anemail to my boss asking if he could put me in contact with some agencyofficials so I could ask them some questions for a blog post I was workingon. Within a few days, after not hearing anything about the email I sent, Ireceived an email from my boss. The subject line was “conditions fortermination”. That’s right, they fired me by email!I immediately called the owner of the company in Colorado. He saidI was fired because I broke confidentiality by mentioning that we wereon a survey for a client. The fact that the client was talking about theproject to the local media was beside the point. The company had azero tolerance policy about breaking client confidentiality, which I wasnot aware of. I’m sure I signed something in the confusing mountain ofpaperwork when I was hired, but that had been nearly a year prior to thisincident.There was no going back. They wouldn’t listen and wouldn’t hire meback even if I took the post down. In fact, I did take the post down, butIput it back up when I realized I was never going back. Within a coupleweeks I had a new job and a new appreciation for theBlogging Archaeology Page 224

apprehensiveness companies can have against social media, or so Ithought.Fired TwiceMy next job was with another Reno company. This one was a bitsmaller and had just the one office in Reno. Years earlier this was the firstcompany I’d worked for in the Great Basin.By the time I started working with company number two I was usingTwitter and Instagram, in addition to blogging, quite extensively. Thiscame into play when we were on a project on a mine in centralNevada.In CRM,when you go on a mine and it’s been a year or more sinceyou worked on the mine you have to do what’s called “site specific”training. It’s part of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)training you have to get before even stepping foot on the mine. Often,the training from the mine is all about how they are great for theenvironment,how mining is good for all, and it’s all sunshine and roses.Well, I have a blog now, so I thought I’d write a little story about it.I found the mine on Google Earth first. Then, I looked back in thesatellite image history and found the mine area about 10-15 years earlier.I put both in a blog post. Keep in mind, the blog post didn’t mention thatI was working on a mine, didn’t mention what company I was workingfor, and didn’t mention the name or location of the mine. So, there wasno identifying information at all. I wrote about how the site specifictraining I’ve had always had a touch of arrogance from the minecompany and a little too much hyperbole. You get tired of hearing thembrag about how good they are for the environment while you’re sitting ina hole the size of a mountain.A few days after I posted the blog entry I got a call from the PrincipalInvestigator (P.I.) at the company. She was furious! She said the post wasway out of line and that I should take it down immediately. I asked herwhat in particular was bad about it and she couldn’t even tell me. All shesaid was to take it down. Well, I had bills to pay so I complied, but Ididn’t, and still don’t, know exactly what was wrong with the post. TheBlogging Archaeology Page 225

mine company would never be able to tell that an employee of a subcontractorwrote the post and that is assuming they could even find thepost online. There was literally no defining information in it whatsoever.That’s not what got me fired, however.A few months went by and we were still on the same project. I hadn’twritten any more blog posts about the mine, or, about the project wewere on. I was, however, using Instagram and Twitter to send outinteresting photographs of projectile points and other artifacts. We werefinding a lot of intact points on the project and it was fun sharing themwith the world via social media.Of course, when I took the photos I made sure that GPS and locationservices were turned off on my iPhone so the meta data in the picturewould not contain any coordinates. I also made sure to not mention anylocation data in the posts. Finally, I never took a photo with geographicfeatures in the background. I didn’t want someone to be able to findthese locations at all.At some point, though, I connected the social networking appFoursquare to my Instagram account. Foursquare is a check-in app andlets people know where you are. It also connects with other applications,like Instagram, and will insert a place name into your photos if you wantit too. When I’d connected Foursquare it automatically reconnected mylocation services. Apparently, I sent out a picture on Instagram andTwitter with the name of the mine tagged in it. The mine was autotaggedby Foursquare and I missed it.The company waited until we got back to Reno at the end of thesession to tell me about all this. I was called into the PI’s office and shetold me about the tweet. I almost didn’t believe it and had to go backand check. Sure enough, I’d tagged the mine in the tweet. She said itwas my second infraction, which they don’t normally give, and that shehad to let me go. At least she called it a lay-off in case I wanted to goon unemployment.What was wrong with the tweet, really? Well, since the mine was onlytagged with a location then probably not much. If they’d searched theirown name (the name of the mine) then they might have seen it. Whatwould they have seen? They would have seen a projectile point, or aBlogging Archaeology Page 226

sunrise, or some meal I had for lunch; the usual stuff you see onInstagram. Would that have broken their confidentiality agreement that Ididn’t know existed? Maybe. Would it have caused any actual harm tome, my company, or the mine? Certainly not. If anything, it showed thatthey were being attentive stewards to the land and that they weredoing the right thing by having it surveyed.ConfidentialityNow we get to confidentiality agreements. Almost every companyhas something in place that you sign that says you won’t shareinformation you gain while employed with the company. They also oftenhave a clause that says something about not talking about clientinformation, which includes even naming the client in public, and notreleasing any information about project specific details.Are confidentiality agreements useful? Yes. Do we need them? Yes.Should they be re-written for the digital age? Absolutely. Having ablanket statement that says, “The first rule about archaeology is that youdon’t talk about archaeology” isn’t really the way to do things. Part of ourresponsibility as professionals should be to relay our experiences to thepublic so everyone can learn something about the land they live on.Companies need to rethink their confidentiality and social mediapolicies to reflect the world we live in.LootingA common concern I’ve heard regarding blogging and photosharingarchaeological sites and artifacts is that they’ll be moreaccessible to looters. This is a valid concern and companies should makea concerted effort to establish parameters for sharing prior to any fieldproject. The information could be disseminated at the same time safetyinformation and project information is given out.Blogging Archaeology Page 227

Some restrictions related to blogging and photo-sharing include:• Disable location services on your smart phone.o Photos are often “tagged” with a latitude and longitudeand a savvy looter can obtain those meta data with theright software.• Don’t include prominent geographic features in yourphotographs.o If you’re taking a photo of an archaeological site, anglethe camera down slightly so the mountain ranges in thedistance are not visible. It’s unlikely that the exactlocation of the site could be determined by triangulatingthe location based on distinct features, but it’s notentirely implausible. Better safe than sorry.• Never include client information.o Unless a client specifically says they want to drawattention to their project, don’t mention them. Often, wework on projects on land that is in the process of beingpurchased, or is in dispute in one way or another. Theclient my not be ready to disclose their involvement withthe land, and their wishes should be respected.• Be vague about locationo When I post a photograph, or discuss a project, I refer tothe location in extremely vague terms. I say, “centralNevada” or “somewhere north of I-80 in northernNevada”. I never give detail that could locate theproject within 50-100 miles of the actual location. Neverreveal a nearby town, county, or geographic feature.• Wait until the project is over and no one cares.o Sometimes you just have to wait. Most, if not all,blogging platforms give you the ability to schedule apost. Write the post while it’s fresh in your mind, thenschedule it out six months to year. When it finally posts itwill be a pleasant surprise and there is a good chancethat none of the concerned parties will care, or evennotice.Blogging Archaeology Page 228

o You can’t really do the same with photos on Instagramor other social media sites. What you can do is schedulea calendar appointment for six to twelve months out toremind you to post photos of artifacts or features. This willensure that no one will be concerned about your posts.More than likely, you won’t even be working for thecompany that did the work anymore.There are other concerns, of course. These, however, are some of themost important ones that I’ve come across in my experience. If acompany you work for doesn’t have a social media policy, suggest tothem that they create one and maybe show them this chapter.Public Outreach and Archaeological ResponsibilityI always say that our job as professional archaeologists is only halfdone when the fieldwork is done and the report is written. We have anobligation to disseminate additional information about the project onvarious platforms. Of course, you need to write this into your proposalsand contracts so clients are aware that you’ll be sharing data andinformation collected on their land. More often than not, you’ll get thepermission. You only have to ask.I make a policy to disclose information about a project on at leastone platform that is accessible by more than a few people. This caninclude:Blog entryJournal articleConference presentationConference posterPhoto series on a popular photo-sharing siteArticle on acedemia.edu cccxxviiPublic presentation at a local eventWebsiteBlogging Archaeology Page 229

BookNumerous other outlets — be creative!Blogging and Social Media ToolsAs mentioned above, there are many ways you can teach thepublic and colleagues about your fascinating archaeology project.Blog. Starting a blog is probably the easiest, and most flexible, way todisseminate information about a site or project. With a blog you caninclude photographs, videos, commentary, data tables, and almostanything else. Blogs can be distributed to a number of media and socialmedia outlets and can provide a potentially limitless audience.Youtube. Making videos is simpler than you might think. A video canbe produced using camera-phone footage, a PowerPoint or Keynotepresentation, or of a series of photographs. It doesn’t have to becomplicated. If the video is titled and tagged for maximum searchengine optimization (SEO) then it could be seen by millions of people.Monetize your videos and you just might fund the next ones.Instagram. Instagram can be a great tool for publicizing yourcompany and your projects. Using hashtags, photographs can besearchable by the millions of users of Instagram. From this platform, youcan also post your photographs and short (15 seconds) videos to Twitterand Facebook. It’s staggering how many people can be reached by thisone simple, free, platform. The opportunity for public engagement isastounding.Facebook and Twitter. I’m including these two popular social mediaplatforms because they accomplish essentially the same goals. Theyboth give you the ability to reach a massive audience, but Facebookallows you to write longer descriptions and have more meaningfulcomments and dialogue with the public.Both Facebook and Twitter utilize hashtags for searching. However,as of this writing the Facebook hashtag has limitations. Unless the post ispublic, and most are not, the hashtag will not be searchable by peopleyou aren’t “friends” with on Facebook. Twitter, on the other hand,functions almost exclusively on hashtags. The #archaeology communityon Twitter is vibrant and prolific. I don’t need to follow all of the peopleBlogging Archaeology Page 230

that might post about archaeology as long as they include#archaeology in their posts. Sometimes you have to be creative with aTwitter post, since you only have 140 characters to work with. There aresome changes possible on the horizon, though. It is rumored that Twitter isgoing to stop including hashtags and user names in your charactercount. This will really increase the posting potential of a single tweet.Facebook groups are where the real power lies. Two groups, theArchaeology group and the Archaeo Field Techs group, both havethousands of members. Not all of the members are archaeologists,although many are. These groups give you the ability to reach a wideraudience than just your “friends list”. Observe the rules of the groups,though. Some don’t allow certain kinds of posts and like you to stay ontopic.New platforms. By the time this eBook comes out, or whenever youget around to reading it, there will probably be some new, hot, platformfor posting and bragging. If you’re concerned with public archaeologyand with education you’ll stay on top of the latest trends. Just make sureyou’ve always got a 20 year old college student as an intern and putthem in charge of social media. That will ensure you’re always on top ofthe next big thing and that your company will stay relevant.SummarySocial media doesn’t have to be scary. Companies don’t have toworry that their employees will post something that is either unethical orwill lose them a contract. What they need to do is be pro-active withsocial media. Show the employees that they want to participate andactively put in place policies that encourage the dissemination ofarchaeological information in a safe and respectful manner. Acting likethe old man on the porch yelling, “get off my digital lawn!” is a sure wayto alienate not only your young employees and temporary fieldtechnicians, but, the public as well. I firmly believe that if we, asarchaeologists, were freer with our archaeological information thatshows like “American Diggers” and “Nazi War Diggers” wouldn’t exist, orhave such a massive audience. People would see them as we do, asBlogging Archaeology Page 231

unethical looters. Instead, show the public that archaeology can be funand informative, without destroying sites or removing artifacts. It’s ourduty to present archaeology in a fun and interesting way. Almosteveryone I’ve ever talked to has said that they wish they could havebeen an archaeologist. Let the world know what it’s like!Blogging Archaeology Page 232

Running An ArchaeologyBlogging Carnival - A PostmortemDoug Rocks-MacqueenBlog: http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/ cccxxviiiThis chapter is going to be a post-mortem, of sorts, on running adigital collaborative event. Reading the introduction to this book you willbe aware that it came out of the efforts to increase participation for asession on blogging and social media at the 2014 Society for AmericanArchaeology (SAA) Conference in Austin. This book was not the onlyattempt to involve a wider audience beyond those who could attendthe SAA conference. In the months leading up to the session, I createdand ran a blogging carnival whose purpose was, to quote the tag line ofthe carnival, to bring the SAA blogging session to the Blogosphere. Whatfollows are my recollections, insights, and lessons learned from running aBlogging Carnival of Archaeologists, known by its Twitter hashtag as#blogarch. It is both a personal narrative of my experience with#blogarch and a “lessons-learned” guide for others hoping to run similarevents.What is a Blog CarnivalA blogging carnival is essentially a collaborative project amongstbloggers. While this may sound cliché, it is not, no two blog carnivals arealike. That means what I describe as a blogging carnival is a genericdescription, not hard facts that can be used to characterize what is andis not a blog carnival. Essentially, a blogging carnival is an event werebloggers, using their personal blog, discuss a particular subject orsubjects. These responses or links to these responses are then correlatedBlogging Archaeology Page 233

into a single location, on-line and usually on one of the participatingblogs, where everyone else can see what the participants said. It is like amodern day salon where everyone is brought together to discuss a topicor topics, though the meeting space is digital.Typically, a single blogger will post the topic to be discussed on theirblog as a call to participate. They may then solicit responses from otherbloggers through email, phone calls, social media, etc. or just use thecalling post as a way to garner interest. A deadline will be set and thenafter it has passed the blogger who posted the subject will make anotherpost of all the responses. This can take the form of just hyperlinks to therelevant posts on other blogs, a narrative describing the points made byothers with links, or a multitude of other ways of presenting the results.What they all have in common though, are hyperlinks back to theparticipants so that others can see what they wrote and potentially learnmore about the author(s) and their blog(s). Some of these carnivals areone off events while overs run for months or years with the responsibilityof posting a new topic and collecting responses moving betweenparticipants, one blogger running it one week and another bloggerrunning it the next.What Do We Know About Blogging CarnivalsWe know almost nothing about blogging carnivals. The publishedliterature on the topic is non-existent. Though I have found reference tothem in some papers this is almost exclusively as a side note and as far asmy research has found there are no formal examinations of thephenomenon. This might be the first “formal” examination of a blogcarnival outside of the Blogosphere. It also may be the last, unless anethnographer decides to take up the cause. While publications arescarce on the topic, making this simply hearsay, it appears, at least fromothers in the Blogosphere that blog carnivals are going extinct.Archaeology Blog CarnivalsThere have been several previous blog carnivals before this one thathave involved archaeologists. The most well-known was, Four StoneBlogging Archaeology Page 234

Hearth, cccxxix an anthropology blogging carnival that did includearchaeologists, but was not exclusive to archaeology. It was a rotatingcarnival in which different blogs would pick a topic every few weeks.According to the website it ran for several years, from October of 2006 toJune 2011, through 120 different topics (FSH 2014). Dr. Colleen Morganran a similar event to #blogarch about Blogging and Archaeology(Morgan 2011). It was undertaken in the run up to a 2011 SAA session onblogging and it only ran for a few weeks leading up to the event. Mycarnival took great inspiration from the 2011 SAA carnival, as discussedbelow. Another one off carnival was one run by Matt Law aboutMistakes in Archaeology (Law 2013a, 2013b) (see call cccxxx andresponses cccxxxi ). Given the ephemeral nature of the Internet, it is quitepossible I am missing other carnivals that have since disappeared, butessentially, archaeology blogging carnivals have been one off events orarchaeologists have joined larger ones encompassing a more diverserange of bloggers, e.g. Four Stone Hearth.Precedent and SupportA search of the Internet will bring up some resources and “How-To”guides for carnivals. However, there is not much advice on the topic.Moreover, most of the advice one finds on the Internet is so generic thatit is not helpful. Most describe what a carnival is and makerecommendations like giving your carnival a name, but beyond thatthere is no depth. Most of the advice is how to use a carnival to get linksto rank higher on Google searches. Because of this lack of in-depthguidance most of the steps I took were based on of the examples set bythose few existing archaeology blog carnivals and a “trial & error”methodology.Idea for a Blogging CarnivalIn 2011, Colleen ran the first #blogarch carnival as a lead up to hersession on blogging at the 2011 SAA conference. Having participated, Iwas exposed to the idea of a blog carnival. However, I did not thinkabout creating one until Chris Webster, noted author of Random Acts ofBlogging Archaeology Page 235

Science cccxxxii and CRM podcast, cccxxxiii decided to run another sessionon archaeology blogging at this year’s SAAs. You can read Chris’chapter for a brief mention of how he was exposed to blogging atColleen’s first Blogging Archaeology SAA session. I had planned onparticipating in the 2014 Blogging Archaeology session, even writing anabstract for the session. However, living in Scotland I found it was notfinancially feasible to attend on my budget.Yet, I was very interested in contributing in some way. After thedeadline for submitting abstracts and participating in the SAAs hadpassed, Chris and I had a conversation before one of the CRM podcastsand he mentioned making an e-book out of the session papers andasking several other people to contribute, me being one of them. Thatidea is what led to this book, but beyond the book the idea of includingthose outside of the SAA session led me to think about ways to include awider audience too. One of the ideas was to do a carnival along thelines of the one I had participated in several years earlier, the first#blogarch, and thus the carnival was born. I would start a blog carnivalon the subject of blogging in archaeology to get more people toparticipate and join in on the conversation about the topic.Planning a CarnivalWas there a plan? Yes, do a blog carnival. That was the basicsummary of my plans. As already mentioned, I had participated in acarnival before and the Internet did not provide especially helpfulinformation on running one. This led me to be a bit over confident as Ibelieved that having been a participant I could run a carnival. Insteadof planning the full carnival out I decided to just jump in, feet first, andrun the carnival, except I didn’t. I had intended on starting the carnivalin October 2013 and for it to run monthly but missed the beginning of themonth, an auspicious start. In fact, I missed the first of November as wellbut decided I needed to get it out there so I launched it on November5 th i.e. remember, remember the 5 th of November.Blogging Archaeology Page 236

The LaunchI launched the Carnival with a blog post cccxxxiv explaining about whyI was doing it, wider participation around the topic of blogging andarchaeology, and a set of brief instructions:Each month leading up to the SAAs I will post a question. If youwould like to answer this question, blog about it. Tell us yourthoughts and opinions. Please steal the banner above, and linkback to this post (wordpress alerts me to links).Colleen had done her carnival as a weekly event but I wanted to havemore time than a few weeks prior to the SAA conference to buildmomentum and I was not sure I could commit four or five weeks in a rowleading up to the conference, as April is a very busy month for me. I haddecided I would do mine monthly. Other instructions were:Also, email me or post the link in the comments (either here or thepost with the questions on it). This is so I know about your post andcan link to it.At the end of the month, I will summarize all of the post and addlinks so that folks can find them all in one place. Hopefully, this willallow us to highlight some great archaeology blogsI then had to quickly amend those instructions, as they were not clear, toinclude these additional clarifications:EDIT- Kelly asked- ‘Is there any obligation to take part everymonth?’ Absolutely not, take part as many or as few times as youwant. If there is a question you really like, blog about it. If it doesnot particularly interest you, wait till the next month. It is all up toyou.EDIT- You do not have to be interested in going to the SAAs or anAmerican to participate. We want everyone who blogs or whoare interested in blogging to participate, regardless ofgeographic location.Blogging Archaeology Page 237

Moreover, I had never thought of creating a Twitter Hashtag for theevent. This was quickly sorted out by others on Twitter and it was decidedto use the previous hashtag used for Colleen’s Carnival, #blogarch. Thisin turn became the defacto name of the carnival.RecruitmentOver the course of the carnival several people commented on thehigh number of respondents, 70+ for some questions. The past carnivals,the ones I had mentioned earlier, had participation in the single digits orat best less than two dozen. I wish I could say that this happenedbecause a lot of people read my blog or that my single post announcingthe carnival was enough to create a storm of participation. I wish I couldsay archaeologists have become more interconnected and that theblog carnival spread like wildfire, but that would be only half true. Theother half of that truth is that it took a lot of work to advertise it. I had alist of 350+ archaeology/archaeology-related blogs, not all of them stillblogging but it was a starting point. Towards the end of November I tookout this list and started contacting the bloggers. This meant looking attheir blog, trying to find contact information, Googling names, etc. just toget the info to contact them. While I did find some emails, many times itwas hard to find people's contact information. Sometimes this meantleaving comments on blogs, using Twitter (because it is not creepyhaving a stranger message you on twitter about a blogging carnival),even Facebook messaging (again, not awkward). For around 180 ofthese blogs I could find no contact information, at least after searchingfor 10-15 minutes. However, I ended up personally contacting 135archaeology bloggers, archaeobloggers for short. Only rarely did I leavecomments on blogs.Out of the 72 blogs that participated in the first month a total of 28(39%) were unsolicited, at least personally by me. That means that thereis some interconnection among Archaeobloggers/Facebook/Twitterwhere these bloggers saw others posting and decided to participate.However, that means 44 (61%) of the participants were ones I personallymessaged about participating. I am not sure if the number of unsolicitedresponses would have been so high if they had not seen theBlogging Archaeology Page 238

posts/tweets/mentions from the others. It creates a bit of a feedbackeffect. If I had not done personal solicitations the first month, which hadthe greatest participation, there would have been around two dozenparticipants. It took a lot of work to get this carnival to the level that itreached. Also, that meant that there were 91 bloggers that I contactedwho did not participate in the first month, though several did later on.Questions AskedHere is a brief look at the questions asked and why. For the first monthI asked a series of questions:Why blogging?Why are you still blogging?In the interest of trying to expand the potential users and to add anotherperspective to the responses I also asked:Why have you stopped blogging?This last question was aimed at some blogs that had gone dormant. Ispecifically approach several blogs that had not blogged in a longwhile, several months to several years, to see if they would participate.The following questions were asked for the other months:December- The good, the bad, and the ugly of blogging. Participantscould blog about any of these themes.January- What are your best (or if you want, your worst) post(s) and why?February- Was an open question. Participants could blog about anysubject they wanted to that related to archaeology blogging.March- The future of blogging. Participants were encourage to blogabout the future of their blog or the future of archaeology blogging ingeneral.Blogging Archaeology Page 239

Reasons for Choosing QuestionsThe reason I choose the “why blog” question as the first question wasbecause I thought it would be a good start to the carnival. Overall, mostof the questions for each month were thought up at the last moment.This is not to say that a lot of thought did not go into them, it did. Afterposting a question I would then spend the next month thinking aboutwhat the next question would be. Sometimes this work out to be great,other times the question was a bit sub-par.The Good, the bad and the ugly was a play on the movie of thesame name. I thought it would be good to see what people liked ordisliked about blogging. January’s question was meant to be a way forpeople to showcase some of their best work. Blogs tend to be followed ina linear fashion. Once someone starts following a blog they will readeach new post. However, older posts are not always read. I thought thiswould provide an opportunity for people’s older work to be brought intothe light. The last question, looking towards the future seemed like apositive way to end the carnival, at least to me. It would be a way for usto think about the future instead of the past.Killing the CarnivalIn February we announced a call for papers for this book. I hadthought of using that month’s question as a possible way for people tocreate practice runs, review ideas, or even start first drafts of papers togo into the book as part of #blogarch. Because this book had only themost general of themes, nothing that could be converted to a single setof questions for #blogarch, I made February’s question an open call topost about anything on blogging. It was a complete failure. That monthonly received 12 responses compared to:November - 73December - 59January - 42March - 49Blogging Archaeology Page 240

Several of the respondents commented that they were not going toparticipate for that month. The question just did not inspire them. Othersappear to have missed the call for questions in the call for papers for thisbook. While the responses we did get were excellent, there were farfewer than in the previous months.Bring it Back from the Dead and Further SolicitingAfter contacting each person personally in November I set up alistserv using MailChimp. MailChimp allows some customization of emails,like using individual names, but for the most part I began to send outtemplate emails to participants. This was at the end of the month to letpeople know about the most recent summation of posts and to informthem of next month’s question. However, I felt I got better response andparticipation when I hand typed each email. After almost killing thecarnival in February I went back to individually emailing participants. Atthe end of March I started to contact all of those people who had notanswered March’s question yet to ask them if they would participate inthe last month. This resulted in a significant increase in participation overthe previous month.The Carnival by the NumbersOn a personal level I greatly enjoyed the carnival. In terms ofnumbers over 200 posts were made over five months. A total of 87different bloggers participated in the Carnival. Going into the carnival Iwas hoping to get around two dozen participants and far exceededthat goal. How did the participants feel about it? I am currentlycollecting those data. The Carnival ended on April 5 th 2014 which wasthe same day that papers for this book were due. I am in the process ofcreating a survey to gage opinions but the time between this bookbeing published and the carnival ending was too short to collect themand publish them here. Ideally, I will have results out soon about what theparticipants thought.Blogging Archaeology Page 241

If you are interested in reading the responses to each month of#blogarch the responses can be found here:November cccxxxvDecember cccxxxviJanuary cccxxxviiFebruary cccxxxviiiMarch cccxxxixInsights and Lessons LearnedThe rest of this chapter is going to be spent dissecting the six mainlessons I learned from this experience in hopes of providing insights orbest practises for people who want to run similar events.DeadlinesGiven that I started #blogarch on November 5 th I figured I wouldkeep doing the round-ups on the 5th of every month. That way everyonehad a full month to answer each question. This had mixed results. Aroundthe first of each month I would get a flurry of people apologizing forbeing late even though the deadline was the 5th of the month. Placingthe deadline a few days after the first of the month allowed thebeginning of the month to act as a reminder for some, which was agood thing. Though, I cannot help but worry that some people were putoff from posting because they thought the deadline had passed.I also accepted and added posts after the deadlines. I would justedit the summation blog posts to include links to their posts. Some peoplejoined the carnival part of the way through and so choose to answerprevious month’s questions, which I added. Others were a few hours, ordays, late and they just need a little more time to finish their posts. Iwould recommend including late posts but still keep a deadline. Withouta deadline writing posts gets pushed further and further down the to-dolist.Blogging Archaeology Page 242

Advertisement and SolicitingAs mentioned, I used both a mailing list and individual emails to solicitresponses and remind people about posting. Each has its advantagesand disadvantages. Personal emails get more responses, both in terms ofpeople emailing back and ultimately participating in the carnival. WhenI first asked people through personal emails, I made specific suggestionsin the email about a first post they could do that was relevant to theirblog. I felt this helped those who had never participated in a carnivalbefore by giving them a little extra help in writing their first post. However,this takes up a lot of time, as I will discuss next. If you are short on time Iwould recommend an email list or mass generic emails. A Twitterhashtag allows those people with twitter accounts to follow along andread posts as them come out.Time#blogarch took up much more time than I had anticipated.Collecting the responses and writing the summary took, on average,about a day and half of work for each month. I spent an additionalweek collecting emails and soliciting participants in November. Creatingand managing the email list through MailChimp took several hours oftime. The final personal push took about a day and a half of my timeemailing and fielding responses. Answering questions and responding toemails took many hours of my time as well. In total, I estimated thatrunning #blogarch took about two and half weeks of eight hour workingdays. It was much more time than I had initially anticipated. Assumeseveral hours of work for each question posed and summation made.Collecting ResponsesIn my directions to participants I asked them to either post acomment to the previous months question or email me to let me knowabout their posts. However, some people also posted to Twitter andsome participants never actually alerted me to their posts. I found thembecause I followed their blog’s RSS feed or because I saw traffic comingBlogging Archaeology Page 243

from them in my blog’s statistics and investigated. While I did use aspread sheet to track posts, it took extended periods of time trying to sortthrough Tweets, Comments, Emails, and blog traffic sources to find posts.In hindsight, I should have created a simple form where peoplecould have posted a link to their contributions. Too many choicescaused confusion among participants and more work for myself. I wouldrecommend keeping routes of submission limited to one, with a possiblemaximum of two. Giving so many choices in my instructions wascounterproductive.Single or Multiple HostsWhile I had made a call asking if anyone wanted to host one of themonths, no one took me up on this offer. That meant that this carnivaldid not turn into a moving carnival. In terms of ease of finding questionsand having a central location this worked out well. Yet, I felt that thishampered building an archaeology blogging community. Severalpeople referred to the #blogarch as Doug’s Blogging Carnival. Whilegreat for name recognition and possible career devolvement for myself,it meant that some, if not most, of the participants did not see this ascommunal property. One of my goals was to try and use #blogarch tobuild up the community of archaeology bloggers. Given the success inasking people personally to participate, in the future I would most likelyapproach or ask certain bloggers in they would like to host a specificmonth. I recommend approaching others to host certain questions tobuild more of a sense of community with your carnivals.PlanningReading through my recap of the carnival you will be aware thatthere was no extensive pre-planning that went into the carnival.Obviously, more planning improves events and projects but I am not surehow much I could have planned for with #blogarch. Given the lack ofadvice available or personal narratives like this one to learn from the trialand error method was most likely the best option available. This is not toadvocate a rigid schedule. For example, questions may need to beBlogging Archaeology Page 244

altered to take into account who participates or issues raised in previousposts. Most of the planning should come in the setup of the carnival e.g.deciding on methods of collecting responses, setting time tables, etc. Awell thought out set of instructions can alleviate many of the problems Iexperienced.Final ThoughtsBlogging carnivals are a way to widen participation and buildcommunities. It is certainly not the only way to achieve these ends, norshould it be. However, as more and more of our work as archaeologistsmoves into the digital world we may need to consider running more ofthese events. It is my hope that the narrative of how #blogarch wasstarted and ran gives insight to those who participated or are interestedin how it developed the way it did. More importantly, I hope thediscussion and my experiences of running a blogging carnival can be ofuse to others who are interested in running one or something similar.Blogging Archaeology Page 245

ReferencesFour Stone Hearth (FSH) 2014Four Stone Hearth. http://fourstonehearth.weebly.com/index.html cccxlLast Accessed 4/18/2014Law, Matthew 2013aLet’s talk about failure (a public engagement/ digital engagement blogcarnival). http://matthewlaw.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/lets-talk-aboutfailure-a-public-engagement-digital-engagement-blog-carnival/cccxliLast Accessed 4/18/2014Law, Matthew 2013bLet’s Talk About Failure – The Shared Experiences.http://matthewlaw.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/lets-talk-about-failurethe-shared-experiences/cccxliiLast Accessed 4/18/2014Morgon, Colleen 2011Tag Archives: blogarch.http://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/tag/blogarch/ cccxliiiLast Accessed 4/18/2014Blogging Archaeology Page 246

AppendixPosts on Looting Matters mentioned in that Chapter.Post are in chronological order.2007Does Looting Matter? (July 17, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/does-looting-matter.htmlcccxliv'Meaningless numbers'? (July 18, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/meaningless-numbers.htmlcccxlvWho are the radical archaeologists? (July 19, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/who-are-radicalarchaeologists.htmlcccxlviThe scale of the market for Egyptian antiquities (July 26, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/scale-of-market-foregyptian.htmlcccxlviiBrussels Oriental Art Fair III (July 30, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/brussels-oriental-art-fairiii.htmlcccxlviiiMany Getty Returns? (July 31, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/many-getty-returns.htmlcccxlixDue diligence at the St Louis Art Museum (August 18, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/due-diligence-at-st-louisart-museum.htmlccclBlogging Archaeology Page 247

Can there be a "licit" trade in antiquities? (August 20, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/can-there-be-licit-trade-inantiquities.htmlcccliCoins and Cyprus (August 23, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/coins-and-cyprus.html cccliiApulian pots and the missing memorandum (August 28, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/apulian-pots-and-missingmemorandum.htmlcccliiiLooting in Bulgaria (August 29, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/looting-in-bulgaria.htmlccclivMinneapolis and Robin Symes (October 1, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/minneapolis-and-robinsymes.htmlccclv"Old Collections" at Bonham's (October 15, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/old-collections-atbonhams.htmlccclvi"The Lydian Hoard" revisited (October 19, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/lydian-hoard-revisited.htmlccclvii"Lydian" silver at Bonham's (October 22, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/lydian-silver-atbonhams.htmlccclviiiBonham's, Lydian silver and due diligence (October 24, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/bonhams-lydian-silver-anddue-diligence.htmlccclixBonham's, Lydian Silver and a Code of Ethics (October 24, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/bonhams-lydian-silver-andcode-of.htmlccclxBlogging Archaeology Page 248

Bonham's and the Lydian silver kyathos: some unanswered questions(October 26, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/bonhams-and-lydian-silverkyathos-some.htmlccclxiLydian silver update (October 26, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/lydian-silver-update.htmlccclxiiPrinceton antiquities and Italy: acquisition details (October 27, 2007)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/princeton-antiquities-anditaly.htmlccclxiii2008"An era of scrupulous acquisition policies" (January 7, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/01/era-of-scrupulousacquisition-policies.htmlccclxiv"Elvis" up for auction (July 23, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/elvis-up-for-auction.htmlccclxvA Big Hunk O'Antiquity: Headlines (July 23, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/big-hunk-oantiquityheadlines.htmlccclxviThe Graham Geddes Collection at Bonhams (August 8, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/08/graham-geddescollection-at-bonhams.htmlccclxvii"Elvis" and the Graham Geddes Collection (August 21, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/08/elvis-and-graham-geddescollection.htmlccclxviiiBlogging Archaeology Page 249

From Atlanta to Athens: Press Statement (September 25, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/from-atlanta-to-athenspress-statement.htmlccclxixFrom Atlanta to Athens: Press Statement (September 25, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/from-atlanta-to-athenspress-statement.htmlccclxxFrom Atlanta to Athens: The Start of the Trail (September 26, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/from-atlanta-to-athensstart-of-trail.htmlccclxxiThe Geddes Collection at Bonham's: Publicity (September 26, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/geddes-collection-atbonhams-publicity.htmlccclxxiiThe Graham Geddes Collection at Auction (September 29, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/graham-geddescollection-at-auction.htmlccclxxiiiThe Robin Symes Collection at Auction (September 30, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/robin-symes-collection-atauction.htmlccclxxivThe Geddes Collection at Bonham's: A Puzzle (October 1, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/geddes-collection-atbonhams-puzzle.htmlccclxxvHomecomings: Lucanian Pottery (October 6, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/homecomings-lucanianpottery.htmlccclxxviFrancesco Rutelli on Robin Symes (October 9, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/francesco-rutelli-on-robinsymes.htmlccclxxviiBonhams and Robin Symes (October 10, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-and-robinsymes.htmlccclxxviiiBlogging Archaeology Page 250

Bonhams Responds to Rutelli (October 10, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-responds-torutelli.htmlccclxxixPress Exposure and Bonhams (October 11, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/press-exposure-andbonhams.htmlccclxxxApulian Pottery at Bonhams (October 11, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/apulian-pottery-atbonhams.htmlccclxxxiThe Graham Geddes Collection and Apulian Pottery (October 11,2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/graham-geddescollection-and-apulian.htmlccclxxxiiBonhams Withdraws Further Lots (October 14, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-withdrawsfurther-lots.htmlccclxxxiiiThe Geddes Collection at Bonham's: Withdrawn Lots (October 14,2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/geddes-collection-atbonhams-withdrawn.htmlccclxxxivBonhams Withdraws Further Lots: Update (October 15, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-withdrawsfurther-lots-update.htmlccclxxxvBonhams: "The most important item in the Geddes collection"(October 15, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-most-importantitem-in-geddes.htmlccclxxxviElvis and Bonhams: "You'll Be (Going, Going) Gone" (October 16,2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/elvis-and-bonhams-youllbe-going-going.htmlccclxxxviiBlogging Archaeology Page 251

Bonhams Withdraws Further Lots: Press Comment (October 16, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-withdrawsfurther-lots-press.htmlccclxxxviiiThe Geddes Collection at Bonhams: Forecast and Results (October17, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/geddes-collection-atbonhams-forecast.htmlccclxxxixBonhams: "The session went as well it could ever have" (October 17,2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-session-went-aswell-it-could.htmlcccxcBonhams: Don't Be Miffed With The Italians (October 18, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-dont-be-miffedwith-italians.htmlcccxciThe Graham Geddes Collection: Previous Loans (October 20, 2008)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/graham-geddescollection-previous-loans.htmlcccxcii2009Corinthian krater recovered from Christie's (June 3, 2009)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/corinthian-kraterrecovered-from.htmlcccxciiiPots seized in NYC: update (October 30, 2009)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/pots-seized-in-nycupdate.htmlcccxcivPots seized in NYC: comment from Christie's (November 4, 2009)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/pots-seized-in-nyccomment-from.htmlcccxcvBlogging Archaeology Page 252

Is the "Bulldog" on the Minneapolis case? (November 17, 2009)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/is-bulldog-on-minneapoliscase.htmlcccxcvi2010Bonhams and the Medici Statue (April 22, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/bonhams-and-medicistatue.htmlcccxcviiBonhams and the Medici Statue: Lot Withdrawn (April 22, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/bonhams-and-medicistatue-lot-withdrawn.htmlcccxcviiiDue Diligence at Bonhams (April 27, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/due-diligence-atbonhams.htmlcccxcixBonhams and the Medici Statue: Additional Information (April 27,2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/bonhams-and-medicistatue-additional.htmlcdAn Apulian rhyton from an American private collection (May 8, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/apulian-rhyton-fromamerican-private.htmlcdiMedici Archive: Roman Marble Youth (May 12, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/medici-archive-romanmarble-youth.htmlcdiiChristie's and the Medici Dossier: Correction (May 18, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/christies-and-medicidossier-correction.htmlcdiiiBlogging Archaeology Page 253

Medusa and the Medici Dossier (May 18, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/medusa-and-medicidossier.htmlcdivApulian rhyton from the Medici Dossier (May 19, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/apulian-rhyton-frommedici-dossier.htmlcdvThe Medici Dossier and the Identification of "Stolen Artifacts" (May 20,2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/medici-dossier-andidentification-of.htmlcdvi"The transparency of the public auction system led to theidentification of stolen artifacts" (May 20, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/transparency-of-publicauction-system.htmlcdvii"A part of Italy's national heritage and identity" (May 26, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/part-of-italys-nationalheritage-and.htmlcdviiiA Dilemma for Christie's (May 27, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/dilemma-for-christies.htmlcdixItalian Prosecutor: "We want to repatriate those objects" (June 3,2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/italian-prosecutor-wewant-to.htmlcdxLooting Matters: Italian Prosecutor Calls for Return of Antiquities (June4, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/looting-matters-italianprosecutor.htmlcdxiChristie's, the Medici Dossier and William G. Pearlstein (June 7, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/christies-medici-dossierand-william-g.htmlcdxiiBlogging Archaeology Page 254

Youth with Cockerel: Collecting History (June 7, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/youth-with-cockerelcollecting-history.htmlcdxiiiCleveland and Edoardo Almagià (June 7, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/cleveland-and-edoardoalmagia.htmlcdxivApulian pottery and loss of knowledge (June 8, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/apulian-pottery-and-lossof-knowledge.htmlcdxvThe Medici Dossier: Unresolved Issues (June 10, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/medici-dossier-unresolvedissues.htmlcdxviYouth with Cockerel: Lost Value? (June 11, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/youth-with-cockerel-lostvalue.htmlcdxviiThe Michael C. Carlos Museum: Unresolved issue with Greece?(August 12, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/michael-c-carlos-museumunresolved.htmlcdxviiiFrom Crete to Atlanta (August 13, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/from-crete-to-atlanta.htmlcdxixThe Atlanta Pithos and its journey through Switzerland (August 20,2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/atlanta-pithos-and-itsjourney-through.htmlcdxxBlogging Archaeology Page 255

An Attic Red-figured Krater from the Medici Dossier (September 1,2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/attic-red-figured-kraterfrom-medici.htmlcdxxiLooting Matters: An Attic Krater in Minneapolis (September 3, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/looting-matters-attickrater-in.htmlcdxxiiThe Medici Dossier and Corinthian Pottery (September 4, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/medici-dossier-andcorinthian-pottery.htmlcdxxiiiLooting Matters on PR Newswire 5 (September 13, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/looting-matters-on-prnewswire-5.htmlcdxxivPrinceton: further information on the returns (September 22, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/princeton-furtherinformation-on.htmlcdxxvAAMD President "taken aback" on cultural property debate(December 9, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/aamd-president-takenaback-on-cultural.htmlcdxxviThe Medici Dossier and the Minneapolis krater (December 21, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/medici-dossier-andminneapolis-krater.htmlcdxxviiCulture Monster and Minneapolis (December 22, 2010)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/culture-monster-andminneapolis.htmlcdxxviiiBlogging Archaeology Page 256

2011The "open wound" of surfacing antiquities (January 13, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/open-wound-of-surfacingantiquities.htmlcdxxixDealing in recently-surfaced antiquities? (January 15, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/dealing-in-recentlysurfaced.htmlcdxxxA Corinthian olpe from a (recent) Swiss "collection" (April 15, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/corinthian-olpe-fromrecent-swiss.htmlcdxxxiPolaroids and unresolved issues (April 30, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/polaroids-and-unresolvedissues.htmlcdxxxiiMinneapolis to return krater (September 17, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/minneapolis-to-returnkrater.htmlcdxxxiiiAn Etruscan head on the market (September 24, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/etruscan-head-onmarket.htmlcdxxxivThe Schinoussa Archive and Italian Antiquities (October 1, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/schinoussa-archive-anditalian.htmlcdxxxvChristie's on cultural property (October 3, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/christies-on-culturalproperty.htmlcdxxxviCollecting histories and Christie's (November 15, 2011)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/collecting-histories-andchristies.htmlcdxxxviiBlogging Archaeology Page 257

2012Items from deceased New York collector returned to Italy (January23, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/items-from-deceasednew-york-collector.htmlcdxxxviiiPrinceton: more on the return (January 23, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/princeton-more-onreturn.htmlcdxxxixPrinceton Issues Statement (January 25, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/princeton-issuesstatement.htmlcdxlWhat has Princeton returned? (January 26, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/what-has-princetonreturned.htmlcdxliPlanet Princeton Comments (January 27, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/planet-princetoncomments.htmlcdxliiPrinceton: collecting histories needed for further antiquities (January30, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/princeton-collectinghistories-needed.htmlcdxliiiPrinceton and Almagià (February 8, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/princeton-andalmagia.htmlcdxlivPrinceton and transparency (February 23, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/princeton-andtransparency.htmlcdxlvBlogging Archaeology Page 258

Silence from the Met over those fragments (March 27,2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/silence-from-met-overthose-fragments.htmlcdxlviAntiquities returned to Italy from New York auction-house (April 26,2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/antiquities-returned-toitaly-from-new.htmlcdxlviiAegisthus painter pelike returned to Italy (April 27, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/aegisthus-painter-pelikereturned-to.htmlcdxlviiiMet with silence (May 3, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/met-with-silence.html cdxlixThe Sarpedon krater: intellectual consequences (May 23, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/sarpedon-kraterintellectual.htmlcdlMedici Dossier and Christie's (May 31, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/medici-dossier-andchristies.htmlcdliChristie's Ignores Italy? (June 7, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/christies-ignores-italy.htmlcdliiTom Campbell and transparency (June 8, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/tom-campbell-andtransparency.htmlcdliiiChristie's and the unsold Canosan kraters (June 12, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/christies-and-unsoldcanosan-kraters.htmlcdlivBlogging Archaeology Page 259

Princeton Returns: a discussion (June 25, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/princeton-returnsdiscussion.htmlcdlvSilent Met: where did the fragments surface? (July 23, 2012)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/silent-met-where-didfragments-surface.htmlcdlvi2013Princeton update (January 14, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/princeton-update.html cdlviiFrom Greece to Atlanta: overview (January 19, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/from-greece-to-atlantaoverview.htmlcdlviiiVillanovan bronze hut from an undisclosed source? (January 25,2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/villanovan-bronze-hutfrom-undisclosed.htmlcdlixBothmer fragments on the AAMD Object Register (February 23, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/bothmer-fragments-onaamd-object.htmlcdlxBothmer fragments raising questions about transparency (February28, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/bothmer-fragments-raisingquestions.htmlcdlxiBothmer Fragments Linked to Rome (March 8, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/bothmer-fragments-linkedto-rome.htmlcdlxiiBlogging Archaeology Page 260

Two Canosan kraters returned to Italy (May 22, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/two-canosan-kratersreturned-to-italy.htmlcdlxiiiA Gnathian Krater from the Swiss Art Market (May 24, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/a-gnathian-krater-fromswiss-art-market.htmlcdlxivAn East Greek Bronze Warrior from the Medici Dossier (June 1, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/an-east-greek-bronzewarrior-from.htmlcdlxvRecently surfaced antiquities on the market (June 7, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/recently-surfacedantiquities-on-market.htmlcdlxviThe Art Loss Register and Antiquities (June 8, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/the-art-loss-register-andantiquities.htmlcdlxviiImages of the Bothmer fragments (June 19, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/images-of-bothmerfragments.htmlcdlxviiiChristie's and recently surfaced antiquities (July 6, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/christies-and-recentlysurfaced.htmlcdlxixNew York to return further Bothmer cup fragments (July 31, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/new-york-to-return-furtherbothmer-cup.htmlcdlxxPot Fragments Matter (August 30, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/pot-fragments-matter.htmlcdlxxiThe Symes Pan (December 9, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/the-symes-pan.html cdlxxiiBlogging Archaeology Page 261

The Cleveland Apollo (September 28, 2013)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/the-cleveland-apollo.htmlcdlxxiii2014The Medici Archive and a London sale (March 28, 2014)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/the-medici-archive-andlondon-sale.htmlcdlxxivBecchina, Medici and the London market (April 2, 2014)http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/becchina-medici-andlondon-market.htmlcdlxxvBlogging Archaeology Page 262

PR Newswire Press Releases1. Looting Matters: Why Does the Return of the Euphronios Krater to itsOriginal Home Awaken Debate?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-whydoes-the-return-of-the-euphronios-krater-to-its-original-home-awakendebate-61883767.htmlcdlxxvi2. Looting Matters: Is UK Cultural Property for Sale to the HighestBidder?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-is-ukcultural-property-for-sale-to-the-highest-bidder-61953352.htmlcdlxxvii3. Looting Matters: Why Is Switzerland Featured so Frequently in theReturn of Antiquitieshttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-is-switzerland-featured-so-frequently-in-the-return-of-antiquities-61658057.html cdlxxviii4. Looting Matters: Is the Archaeology of the Balkans Under Threat?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-is-thearchaeology-of-the-balkans-under-threat-62018402.htmlcdlxxix5. Looting Matters: Why is Greece Reclaiming so Much CulturalProperty?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-isgreece-reclaiming-so-much-cultural-property-62106927.htmlcdlxxx6. Looting Matters: The New Acropolis Museum Opens in Athens,Greecehttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-the-newacropolis-museum-opens-in-athens-greece-61816977.htmlcdlxxxiBlogging Archaeology Page 263

7. Looting Matters: Why are Ancient Coins From Cyprus Featured in aSuit Against the US Department of State?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-areancient-coins-from-cyprus-featured-in-a-suit-against-the-us-departmentof-state-61896222.htmlcdlxxxii8. Looting Matters: Why Do Antiquities From Iraq Continue to Surfaceon the Market?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-doantiquities-from-iraq-continue-to-surface-on-the-market-62222392.htmlcdlxxxiii9. Looting Matters: Will Those Involved in the Medici Conspiracy FaceTrial?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-willthose-involved-in-the-medici-conspiracy-face-trial-62278717.htmlcdlxxxiv10. Looting Matters: Are New Museums Acquisition Policies Having anImpact on Private Collectors?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-are-new-museums-acquisition-policies-having-an-impact-on-private-collectors-62183697.html cdlxxxv11. Looting Matters: Where are the Sculptures Stolen from Albania?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-whereare-the-sculptures-stolen-from-albania-62280142.htmlcdlxxxvi12. Looting Matters: Are Toxic Antiquities From India Surfacing on theMarket?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-aretoxic-antiquities-from-india-surfacing-on-the-market-62081272.htmlcdlxxxvii13. Looting Matters: Italy continues to celebrate the return ofantiquitieshttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-italycontinues-to-celebrate-the-return-of-antiquities-63275462.htmlcdlxxxviiiBlogging Archaeology Page 264

14. Looting Matters: Egypt Puts Pressure on French Museumhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-egyptputs-pressure-on-french-museum-63856292.htmlcdlxxxix15. Looting Matters: Why Did the Met Purchase an Object to Return Itto Egypt?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-didthe-met-purchase-an-object-to-return-it-to-egypt-67616377.htmlcdxc16. Looting Matters: Should Auction-Houses Be More Careful OverAntiquities?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-shouldauction-houses-be-more-careful-over-antiquities-69380567.htmlcdxci17. Looting Matters: Are Import Restrictions on Italian AntiquitiesWorking?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-areimport-restrictions-on-italian-antiquities-working-70627327.htmlcdxcii18. Looting Matters: Coin Dealers and Collectors Lose Case Againstthe US State Departmenthttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-coin-dealers-and-collectors-lose-case-against-the-us-state-department-76177687.html cdxciii19. Looting Matters: Antiquities Returned to Italyhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-mattersantiquities-returned-to-italy-78525457.htmlcdxciv20. Looting Matters: Archaeological Institute Offers Views on ItalianAntiquitieshttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-mattersarchaeological-institute-offers-views-on-italian-antiquities-79065482.htmlcdxcv21. Looting Matters: Sale of Antiquities on a Downturnhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-sale-ofantiquities-on-a-downturn-81006217.htmlcdxcviBlogging Archaeology Page 265

22. Looting Matters: The Fano Athlete and Its Acquisition by the Gettyhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-thefano-athlete-and-its-acquisition-by-the-getty-81725167.htmlcdxcvii23. Looting Matters: The Return of Antiquities to Italy and the SwissConnectionhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-thereturn-of-antiquities-to-italy-and-the-swiss-connection-82391612.htmlcdxcviii24. Looting Matters: The Corrupting Influence of Forged Antiquitieshttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-thecorrupting-influence-of-forged-antiquities-83646522.htmlcdxcix25. Looting Matters: Do Coin Collectors Care About the Archaeologyof Cyprus?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-do-coincollectors-care-about-the-archaeology-of-cyprus-84779592.htmld26. Looting Matters: Why Are Antiquities From Iraq Continuing toAppear on the Market?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-areantiquities-from-iraq-continuing-to-appear-on-the-market-86613262.htmldi27. Looting Matters: Why Has a Coffin Been Returned to Egypt?http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-hasa-coffin-been-returned-to-egypt-88563512.htmldii28. Looting Matters: Returning Sicilian Antiquitieshttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-mattersreturning-sicilian-antiquities-89270837.htmldiii29. Looting Matters: The Miho Museum and Italyhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-themiho-museum-and-italy-89776462.htmldivBlogging Archaeology Page 266

30. Looting Matters: Protecting the Cultural Heritage of Italyhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-mattersprotecting-the-cultural-heritage-of-italy-91036994.htmldv31. Looting Matters: Bonhams Withdraws Roman Statue From Auctionhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-mattersbonhams-withdraws-roman-statue-from-auction-91914934.htmldvi32. Looting Matters: Toxic Antiquities and Photographic Evidencehttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-toxicantiquities-and-photographic-evidence-92510214.htmldvii33. Looting Matters: Toxic Antiquities in the Market Placehttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-toxicantiquities-in-the-market-place-94588439.htmldviii34. Looting Matters: Italian Prosecutor Calls for Return of Antiquitieshttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-italianprosecutor-calls-for-return-of-antiquities-95620419.htmldix35. Looting Matters: Antiquities Sales Increasehttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-mattersantiquities-sales-increase-96658089.htmldx36. Looting Matters: Greek Pots, Madrid and the Medici Dossierhttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-greekpots-madrid-and-the-medici-dossier-98608484.htmldxi37. Looting Matters: Colosseum Setting for Return of Antiquitieshttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matterscolosseum-setting-for-return-of-antiquities-99109824.htmldxii38. Looting Matters: Antiquities and the Invasion of Kuwaithttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-mattersantiquities-and-the-invasion-of-kuwait-100626689.htmldxiii39. Looting Matters: An Attic Krater in Minneapolishttp://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-an-attickrater-in-minneapolis-102155889.htmldxivBlogging Archaeology Page 267

Archived Linksi https://web.archive.org/web/20140208165829/http://darkageology.wordpress.com/iihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140322112940/http://www.tumblr.com/aboutiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140417134734/http://en.wordpress.com/stats/ivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418034043/http://www.medievalists.net/vhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140212205903/http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/years-nsewvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140330021156/http://www.archaeologyfestival.org.uk/viihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140409232759/http://www.publicengagement.ac.uk/viiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140410210002/http://www.hefce.ac.uk/ixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140225142529/http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/xhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140204024119/http://floasche.wordpress.com/xihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320135614/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/xiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418171824/http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/2014/03/10/and-yet-another-gold-foil-figure-die-from-zealand/xiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140208165829/http://darkageology.wordpress.com/xivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320133535/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/xvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140201224824/http://farmingunearthed.wordpress.com/xvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140409205215/http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/xviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130713005155/http://castlesandcoprolites.blogspot.co.ukxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130524181401/http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/xixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140111100409/http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/2011/07/15/for-the-love-of-clay/xxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130822163507/http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/2011/11/29/cosmeston-2011-the-movie/xxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131111120140/http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog-archivexxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418173831/http://www.archaeologicalawards.com/2012/07/10/best-community-archaeology-project-2012/Blogging Archaeology Page 269

xxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130530115656/http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/lyminge/xxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418174354/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/oct/30/lyminge-kent-anglo-saxon-hall?CMP=twt_guxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418174536/http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/lyminge/2012/09/07/the-end-of-a-wonderful-season-of-digging-discoveries-andmany-new-friends/xxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140410185026/http://guerillaarchaeology.wordpress.com/xxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418174820/http://guerillaarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/the-guerrilla-archaeology-glastonbury-experiencefrom-a-student-perspective-or-my-free-holiday-making-rings/xxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140309031220/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/10/28/jobs-in-british-archaeology-2012-13-draft/xxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140208063433/http://archaeologyoftombraider.com/xxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418175210/http://darkageology.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/215/xxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320133535/http://www.bonesdontlie.com/xxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140311004453/http://www.royalarchinst.org/publications/journalxxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131205113909/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ANTxxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140208022113/http://journal.antiquity.ac.uk/archivexxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140209145711/http://intarch.ac.uk/xxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130521131021/http://be-ja.org/xxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140405153824/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/what-is-the-deal-with-the-nacirema-aaa-viewer-statsand-the-relevance-of-anthropology/xxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140411173531/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/07/14/why-decorate-early-anglo-saxon-pots/xxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418180307/http://www.mikroarkeologi.se/publications/encounteringimagery/11.Howard_Ruth.pdfxlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140410221934/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/03/04/youre-blogging-people-are-reading-but-what-impactare-you-having-blogarch/xlihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140309032859/http://digitaldigging.net/liesdamned-lies-statistics/xliihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140208022113/http://journal.antiquity.ac.uk/archivexliiihttp://guerillaarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/the-guerrillaarchaeology-glastonbury-experience-from-a-student-perspective-or-my-freeholiday-making-rings/Blogging Archaeology Page 270

xlivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420115638/http://darkageology.wordpress.com/xlvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418173831/http://www.archaeologicalawards.com/2012/07/10/best-community-archaeology-project-2012/xlvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140210214024/http://www.britishscienceassociation.org/national-science-engineering-weekxlviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130521131021/http://be-ja.org/xlviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131205113909/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=ANTxlixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140330021156/http://www.archaeologyfestival.org.uk/lhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130822163507/http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/2011/11/29/cosmeston-2011-the-movie/lihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131111120140/http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog-archiveliihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130524181401/http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/liiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140410185026/http://guerillaarchaeology.wordpress.com/livhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140424100514/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100202100434/http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2006/06_49/lvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140209145711/http://intarch.ac.uk/lvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140409205215/http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/lviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418174354/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/oct/30/lyminge-kent-anglo-saxon-hall?CMP=twt_gulviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418174536/http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/lyminge/2012/09/07/the-end-of-a-wonderful-season-of-digging-discoveries-andmany-new-friends/lixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130530115656/http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/lyminge/lxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418034043/http://www.medievalists.net/lxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140111100409/http://cosmestonarchaeology.co.uk/2011/07/15/for-the-love-of-clay/lxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140208063433/http://archaeologyoftombraider.com/lxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320133535/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/lxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/*/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/lxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140414000537/http://www.publicengagement.ac.uk/whatlxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140424101531/http://www.mikroarkeologi.se/publications/encounteringimagery/11.Howard_Ruth.pdfBlogging Archaeology Page 271

lxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420064101/http://darkageology.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/215/lxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140309031220/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/10/28/jobs-in-british-archaeology-2012-13-draft/lxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140405153824/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/what-is-the-deal-with-the-nacirema-aaa-viewer-statsand-the-relevance-of-anthropology/lxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140410221934/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/03/04/youre-blogging-people-are-reading-but-what-impactare-you-having-blogarch/lxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140309032859/http://digitaldigging.net/liesdamned-lies-statistics/lxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140311004453/http://www.royalarchinst.org/publications/journallxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140225142529/http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/lxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418171824/http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/2014/03/10/and-yet-another-gold-foil-figure-die-from-zealand/lxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130713005155/http://castlesandcoprolites.blogspot.co.uklxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140322112940/http://www.tumblr.com/aboutlxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140411173531/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/07/14/why-decorate-early-anglo-saxon-pots/lxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320135614/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/lxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140421184855/http://en.wordpress.com/stats/lxxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140424103442/http://anthroslug.blogspot.co.uk/lxxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320140316/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/lxxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131021041249/http://www.digtechllc.com/blog/lxxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140209035322/http://www.cyberjournalist.net/news/000215.phplxxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140312054222/http://www.cracked.com/article_20795_6-things-movies-dont-show-you-about-being-archeologist.htmllxxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419090614/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2008-05-14-indiana-jones-archaeology_N.htmlxxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130820122039/http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/archaeology/index.jsplxxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131127113050/http://rpanet.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=3Blogging Archaeology Page 272

lxxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419090907/http://www.digtechllc.com/blog/208-blogging-carnival-the-good-the-bad-and-the-uglylxxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320140504/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/xchttps://web.archive.org/web/20140407142238/http://uwf.edu/anthropology/xcihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140214135701/http://www.flpublicarchaeology.org/xciihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320140504/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/xciiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140301235927/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Runwayxcivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418222932/https://www.academia.edu/4095129/Presenting_Anthropology_Syllabus_Grad_Proseminar_xcvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130820140713/http://ethnographymatters.net/tag/syllabus-as-essay-2/xcvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130125015413/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/01/presenting-anthropology-weeks-1-2.htmlxcviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140404114705/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartzxcviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130202093551/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/01/presenting-anthropology-weeks-3-readings.htmlxcixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130829195410/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/02/presenting-anthropology-weeks-3.htmlchttps://web.archive.org/web/20131006042649/http://archaeostein.org/cihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418224126/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/02/presenting-anthropology-weeks-5-readings.htmlciihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418224242/http://www.aaanet.org/pdf/upload/51-4-Elizabeth-Bird-In-Focus.pdfciiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418224434/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/02/presenting-anthropology-weeks-7-readings.htmlcivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418224614/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/03/presenting-anthropology-weeks-7-audio.htmlcvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418224726/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/03/presenting-anthropology-weeks-9-readings.htmlcvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140401023309/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_%28software%29cviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418224922/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/21/arts/television/spikes-american-digger-draws-concern-fromscholars.html?_r=2&cviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131221134227/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_entertainmentcixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418225141/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/04/presenting-anthropology-weeks-11.htmlcxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140328224112/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kurt_VonnegutBlogging Archaeology Page 273

cxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418225345/http://savageminds.org/2011/06/06/illustrated-man-5-journey-to-cahokia-and-jingle-dancer/cxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20120620033529/http://www.flpublicarchaeology.org/resources/BeyondArtifacts2011.pdfcxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418225725/http://archaeostein.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Introduction-to-Archaeology-The-Archaeological-Process.pdfcxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20131003151313/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/04/presenting-anthropology-weeks-11-kids.htmlcxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418230015/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/04/presenting-anthropology-weeks-13.htmlcxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130928101406/http://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2011/02/10/amber-case-cyborg-anthropologist-a-critique/cxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131227170345/http://gonzolabs.org/dance/cxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130801090428/http://boingboing.net/2012/07/12/nobel-laureate-occasionally-ha.htmlcxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140412224656/http://www.cc.com/shows/drunk-historycxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130624180023/http://www.poweredbyosteons.org/2013/04/presenting-anthropology-weeks-13-avant.htmlcxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131006041938/http://archaeostein.org/projects/the-pensacola-pin-series/cxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131009015739/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/cxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140424121627/http://www.succinctresearch.com/succinct-research-blog/cxxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419211434/http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.acra-crm.org/resource/resmgr/pdf/acra_updated_govt_affairs_ha.pdfcxxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419211539/http://acra.siteym.com/search/custom.asp?id=1797cxxvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140411014429/http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Life-Physical-and-Social-Science/Anthropologists-and-archeologists.htmcxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140410180502/http://sprachederdingeblog.wordpress.com/cxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418220732/http://ausgraben.wordpress.comcxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140407221654/http://www.archaeologik.blogspot.de/2014/02/das-nennt-sich-fieldwork-ihr.htmlcxxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140328102304/http://archaeologik.blogspot.de/cxxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140328124659/http://nunalleq.wordpress.com/cxxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419101115/http://reaparch.blogspot.de/cxxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140212173733/http://pastthinking.com/Blogging Archaeology Page 274

cxxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20131204012100/http://archaeopop.blogspot.de/cxxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140411120129/http://www.visualizingneolithic.com/cxxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140416221511/http://www.academia.educxxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130515220804/http://paastarija.blogspot.decxxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419102747/http://www.chungara.cl/index.php/vol35-2cxxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140329025942/http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/13070/umfrage/entwicklung-der-internetnutzung-indeutschland-seit-2001/cxlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20120509212056/http://provinzialroemer.blogspot.de/cxlihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140218121023/http://alpinearchaeologie.wordpress.com/cxliihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419103310/http://sprachederdingeblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/05/what-are-the-goals-of-archaeological-bloggingblogarch/cxliiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419103410/http://www.dguf.de/fileadmin/AI/ArchInf-EV_Huvila.pdfcxlivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419103529/http://www.dguf.de/fileadmin/AI/ArchInf-EV_Karl.pdfcxlvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140204174939/http://unfreearchaeology.wordpress.com/cxlvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419092217/http://zcomm.org/znetarticle/a-shameful-campaign-by-taner-ak-am/cxlviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419092217/http://zcomm.org/znetarticle/a-shameful-campaign-by-taner-ak-am/cxlviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419092325/http://akcamindanger.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/shoot-messenger.htmlcxlixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20120210201235/http://www.lawandpolitics.com/minnesota/Is-It-Still-Genocide-if-Your-Allies-Did-It/cef7381e-fe46-102a-aeb9-000e0c6dcf76.htmlclhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418192206/http://www.viperchill.com/blog-post-length/clihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419092750/http://www.acikgazete.com/yazarlar/ata-atun/2010/04/11/ingiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlari.htmcliihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419093007/http://suvedefne.com/yazarlar/ata-atun/2010/04/11/ingiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlari.htmcliiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419093115/http://www.turkishgate.com/yazarlar/ata-atun/2010/04/11/ingiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlari.htmclivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419093653/http://www.kibris1974.com/ysk-baskanindan-dicle-aciklamasi-Blogging Archaeology Page 275

t110341.html?s=d3c5be0efcf05163bfcb120bbd3895c5&s=2fe7f09331f9a399d09b5d99e178fb3e&s=9c7d70a9276c812f2a2523416a4fd8a3&s=50d9e08ac0a40927ae82a5d452ec541e&s=20ab5e045ad19405c753c338d54bfc45&s=b01db1a2521d8fc31aead6fa9947568b&s=7c4ff17c04de06b5cb3830375a44bb51&clvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420215257/http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/11/ingiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlari/clvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419093224/http://www.ataatun.org/ingiliz-akademisyenin-yalanlari.htmlclviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419094126/http://www.ahmetakyol.net/?option=com_content&task=view&id=6220clviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419094622/http://www.kibrispostasi.com/index.php/cat/35/col/97/art/7801/clixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420215457/http://paulbarford.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/one-million.htmlclxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419191746/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/17357/tahrir-taksim-tempelhof_between-political-fieldsclxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20111207072828/http://www.cybc.com.cy/html/TMT%20ENGLISH.pdfclxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131007212344/http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/attempted-art-heist-cyprusclxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220022/http://thesis.wvu.edu/r/download/37169clxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140319011147/http://www.psmag.com/navigation/books-and-culture/killing-pigs-weed-maps-mostly-unread-worldacademic-papers-76733/clxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20111130103619/http://samarkeolog.blogspot.com/2007/07/siirt-jitem-questioning.htmlclxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220334/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/antiquities-trade-turkey-cyprus-syrian.htmlclxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220355/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2009/02/dalibard-jansen-suppressed-unesco.htmlclxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220416/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/histories-of-archaeology-andliberation.htmlclxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220433/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2009/03/death-and-denial-stephanosstephanou.htmlclxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220630/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/01/greek-cypriot-antiquities-smuggling.htmlclxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220649/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/archaeology-conflict-antiquitiesrescue.htmlclxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220712/http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-in-conflict/Blogging Archaeology Page 276

clxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220712/http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-in-conflict/clxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420221616/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/trnc-rep-kufi-seydali-political.htmlclxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420221635/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atun-academics-lies.htmlclxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420221654/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atun-akademisyenin-yalanlar.htmlclxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420221713/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atun-international-libel.htmlclxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420221851/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atunun-yazsn-sokmesi-ozuretmesi.htmlclxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420221908/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/ata-atuns-articles-withdrawalapology.htmlclxxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420221924/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/blog-post.htmlclxxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420221942/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/turk-derin-devletinden-kibrisin-tarihi.htmlclxxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420222123/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/akcams-opinion-turkish-forum-deepstate.htmlclxxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20120119045027/http://homepage.univie.ac.at/elisabeth.trinkl/forum/forum0610/55hardy.htmclxxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420222201/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/archaeologists-accepted-greekcypriot.htmlclxxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420222219/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/cypriot-antiquities-pieridesfoundation.htmlclxxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420222406/http://human-rightsarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/cypriot-antiquities-severis-collection.htmlclxxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420222425/http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/7344/1/Hardy%2C_Samuel_Andrew.pdfclxxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420222526/http://conflictantiquities.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/hardy-2012-cyprus-illicit-antiquities-tradeintercommunal-conflict-paramilitary.pdfclxxxixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20131012050700/http://unfreearchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/07/02/occupy-gezi-the-politics-of-a-lack-of-archaeologicalwork/cxchttps://web.archive.org/web/20140220105502/http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2013/08/26/open-access-publication-embargo-blacklisting/cxcihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131202003640/http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2013/10/13/palestine-gaza-hamas-funding-illicit-antiquities-market/Blogging Archaeology Page 277

cxciihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140326075804/http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2014/02/06/palestine-gaza-apollo-accidental-discovery-story/cxciiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420222826/http://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com/2014/04/01/nazi-war-diggers-error-404-page-not-found/cxcivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420222526/http://conflictantiquities.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/hardy-2012-cyprus-illicit-antiquities-tradeintercommunal-conflict-paramilitary.pdfcxcvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20131122194122/http://www.cyprusaction.org/humanrights/terrorism/adali/irkadadalicinayet2.htmlcxcvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420223133/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=the-forgotten-cost-2007-12-07cxcviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420220712/http://www.turkishnews.com/tr/content/2010/04/10/archaeology-in-conflict/cxcviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140209164643/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-30/hamass-ancient-bronze-statue-the-apollo-of-gazacxcixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140211050046/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-10/new-details-emerge-in-mystery-of-bronze-apollo-statueheld-by-hamas-in-gazacchttps://web.archive.org/web/20140402014252/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2594201/Nazi-war-diggers-television-scrapped-National-Geographicfurious-viewers-complain-insensitive-historians-excavating-Second-World-Wargraves.htmlccihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140326154855/http://www.turkishnews.com/en/content/about-us/cciihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140330173824/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2591894/Fury-National-Geographic-channel-historians-digging-Second-World-War-graves.htmlcciiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140325030708/http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/ccivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140221072909/http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/ccvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140325030708/http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/ccvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140130131113/http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/2014/01/20/artifacts-and-artifictions-presenting-the-past-witharchaeology-in-the-community/ccviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140325030708/http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/ccviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140214072233/http://crhrarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/02/05/virtual-collaboration-crhr-vcl-and-the-middlebrookcollection-selden-and-means/ccixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418231657/http://www.museumsassociation.org/museum-practice/3d-technology/15082013-virginia-commonwealthuniversityBlogging Archaeology Page 278

ccxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130827055724/http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/2013/08/16/access-to-the-ages-the-importance-of-virtual-curationfor-the-blind/ccxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140221072909/http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/ccxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140208141615/http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/2013/10/23/virtual-curation-exhibit-and-museum-opens/ccxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418232028/http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/george-is-waiting-archaeology-at-george-washingtons-ferryfarm/ccxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140406070859/http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/making-no-bones-about-it-making-no-bones-about-it-whyzoorchaeologists-study-animal-bones-found-at-archaeological-sites/ccxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418232151/http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/telling-time-with-stone-how-archaeologists-use-chipped-stonetools-to-find-the-age-of-archaeological-sites/ccxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418232259/http://virtualcurationmuseum.wordpress.com/digging-up-the-noxious-weed-the-archaeology-of-tobaccosmoking-pipes/ccxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140418232416/http://vcuarchaeology3d.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/in-space-no-one-can-hear-you-scan/ccxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140329035922/http://www.sha.org/documents/VirtualArtifacts.pdfccxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140409205215/http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/ccxxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20131030085702/http://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2011/dec/09/twitter-social-mediaccxxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419163911/http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/2012/07/29/on-the-lack-of-good-prehistoric-fiction/ccxxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419164021/http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/03/25/freearchaeology/ccxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140321223229/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/08/19/freearchaeology-the-greatest-trick-the-devil-everpulled/ccxxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140409205215/http://ejarchaeology.wordpress.com/ccxxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140204174939/http://unfreearchaeology.wordpress.com/ccxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320133535/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/ccxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320135614/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/ccxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320132940/http://anthropology.msu.edu/ccxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320133535/http://www.bonesdontlie.com/Blogging Archaeology Page 279

ccxxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420143545/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2014/03/18/the-antiquity-of-cancer/ccxxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140407163246/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2013/12/10/changing-funerary-trends-now-and-then/ccxxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131023053336/http://www.chester.ac.uk/departments/history-archaeologyccxxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140225142529/http://scienceblogs.com/aardvarchaeology/ccxxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320135614/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/ccxxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140207140901/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/11/26/why-did-i-start-a-blog/ccxxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140118134000/http://www.projecteliseg.org/ccxxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140104202123/http://royalarchinst.org/ccxxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140311004453/http://www.royalarchinst.org/publications/journalccxxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420144400/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/06/page/2/ccxlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420144505/http://deathsplaining.wordpress.com/2014/03/27/nazi-war-diggers/ccxlihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131015154402/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2012/06/08/archaeology-of-vampires/ccxliihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130815165233/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/archaeology-of-vampires-part-ii/ccxliiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131014042127/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/09/28/what-is-truly-wrong-about-digging-up-richard-iii/ccxlivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140330192928/http://www.orderofthegooddeath.com/ccxlvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140330192941/http://deathsalon.org/ccxlvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140223013941/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/21/carthaginians-sacrificed-own-children-studyccxlviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140124032946/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2544728/Ancient-Greek-stories-ritual-child-sacrifice-Carthage-TRUE-study-claims.htmlccxlviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20121114033309/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2012/09/20/ancient-baby-graveyard-or-infant-sacrifice-site/ccxlixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140221103502/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2014/01/23/cemetery-or-sacrifice-in-carthage-again/cclhttps://web.archive.org/web/20131023035455/http://howardwilliamsblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/chester.jpg?w=460&h=306cclihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140314215105/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/02/09/past-in-its-place-norwich/Blogging Archaeology Page 280

ccliihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420145656/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/02/17/death-and-deposition-roadside-memorials-androadpeace/ccliiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140128231356/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/the-santa-issue-ii-excavating-santa/cclivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420145943/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/woodhenge-for-the-ancestors/cclvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420150038/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/24/early-medieval-stones/cclvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420150105/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/25/completely-stoned-in-ceredigion-2-the-emwargfieldtrip/cclviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140130130038/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/01/24/talking-archaeo-heads/cclviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140330192926/http://deathsplaining.wordpress.com/cclixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420150530/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/29/stonehenge-incomplete/cclxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420150605/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/29/stonehenge-incomplete-2/cclxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420150749/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/03/08/roman-death-at-the-grosvenor-museum-chester/cclxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420150915/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/08/24/old-mold-gold-back-in-the-fold-the-story-told-and-apostcard-sold/cclxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420150828/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/08/07/bodnant-garden-death-in-the-family-garden/cclxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140403154710/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/07/21/gazing-through-the-lens-a-view-from-a-hill/cclxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140417041926/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2014/02/24/moor-memories-dartmoor/cclxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140411172453/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/08/25/the-childe-of-hale/cclxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131009013113/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2013/04/30/between-death-and-burial/cclxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130921052623/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2013/05/09/on-feasting-food-and-funerals/cclxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420051634/http://selfiesatfunerals.tumblr.com/cclxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140131175934/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2014/01/10/the-presence-of-the-deceased/cclxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140403154710/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/07/21/gazing-through-the-lens-a-view-from-a-hill/cclxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130930100823/http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2012/08/23/new-morbid-terminology-coffin-birth/Blogging Archaeology Page 281

cclxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140128213841/http://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2013/12/27/blogging-ugly-death/cclxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130530102117/http://chronicle.com/article/A-Healthy-Mania-for-the/133463/cclxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419091628/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0121.xml?rskey=jOT1TM&result=1&q=bones+don%27t+liecclxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419091745/http://www.socarchsci.org/bulletin/SAS3701.pdfcclxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419091847/https://johngswogger.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/sequential_art_of_the_past_text_only.pdfcclxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130912163957/http://digthisfeature.tumblr.com/cclxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419080418/http://www.myfoxdc.com/video?clipId=7034380&autostart=truecclxxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419080956/http://www.umb.edu/news/detail/new_exhibit_celebrates_collaborationcclxxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419081155/http://digthisfeature.tumblr.com/post/77598129177/the-problem-with-treasurecclxxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419081340/http://rcnnolly.wordpress.com/2014/03/09/stop-saying-archaeology-is-actually-boring/cclxxxiiihttp://www.sha.org/blog/index.php/2013/10/response-to-eric-cantor-andlamar-smith/cclxxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140424190438/http://digthisfeature.tumblr.com/post/64025732446/crm-archaeology-podcast-women-in-archaeologypart-1cclxxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419081545/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199684595.docclxxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419081913/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/04/06/blogging-archaeology-the-final-review-of-blogarch/cclxxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140312074810/http://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/2014/03/05/stop-saying-archaeology-is-actually-boring/cclxxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131105013124/http://www.sha.org/blog/index.php/2013/10/response-to-eric-cantor-and-lamar-smith/cclxxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20131002213138/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100113-jamestown-tablet-slate-american-rosettastone/ccxchttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419080956/http://www.umb.edu/news/detail/new_exhibit_celebrates_collaborationccxcihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419081913/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/04/06/blogging-archaeology-the-final-review-of-blogarch/ccxciihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419082329/http://digthisfeature.tumblr.com/post/70231001238/a-better-way-to-do-archaeology-part-2-theccxciiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419081155/http://digthisfeature.tumblr.com/post/77598129177/the-problem-with-treasureBlogging Archaeology Page 282

ccxcivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140219135727/http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com/ccxcvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419082633/http://elfuturodelaarqueologia.blogspot.co.uk/ccxcvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419082741/http://eldiariodelancasterwilliams.blogspot.co.uk/ccxcviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140203080502/http://irlandescabreado.wordpress.com/ccxcviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419082939/http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com.es/2012/04/wac7-lost-illusion.htmlccxcixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419083038/http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com.es/2012/11/road-to-perdition.htmlccchttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419083129/http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com.es/2013/12/boycott.htmlcccihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419083225/http://publicarchaeology.blogspot.com.es/2014/02/what-is-point.htmlccciihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419083342/http://pabloaparicioweb.blogspot.co.uk/ccciiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140201124915/http://pi3dra.tumblr.com/cccivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419083549/http://arqueoart.blogspot.co.uk/cccvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140208051249/http://arqueoblog.com/cccvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131205020444/http://potsplacesstonesbones.blogspot.co.uk/cccviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419084158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdRLC_N2UDMcccviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131224212602/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_XiOKoV8QMcccixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140208020209/http://www.muldersworld.com/cccxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130723073437/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEt1b0Zazfocccxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419084340/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SINkEE7Z7yMcccxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130615234543/http://www.pasthorizonspr.com/index.php/archives/01/2013/infanticide-in-paradisecccxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140405124802/http://news.discovery.com/history/ancient-egypt/etruscan-pyramids-120918.htmcccxivhttp://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/2013/01/15/the-swept-up-remains-ofinfants/cccxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140405055037/http://www.livescience.com/26042-baby-bones-scattered-ancient-italy.htmlcccxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130218120030/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2259021/Baby-dead-Romans-dumped-bodies-rubbisharchaeologist-suggests-grizly-discoveries.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 283

cccxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130925053546/http://www.muldersworld.com/photo.asp?id=4406cccxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140204052556/http://artefactual.co.uk/cccxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140227011950/http://artefactual.co.uk/2014/02/26/my-brother-was-eaten-by-cannibals/cccxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419085110/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/103/101103702/cccxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419085241/http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/33/101033459/cccxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419085333/http://www.alanajelinek.com/interventions.htmlcccxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130928145230/http://maa.cam.ac.uk/maa/category/collections-2/catalogue/cccxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140307123453/http://mikepitts.wordpress.com/cccxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140227011950/http://artefactual.co.uk/2014/02/26/my-brother-was-eaten-by-cannibals/cccxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20131021041249/http://www.digtechllc.com/blog/cccxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140416221511/http://www.academia.educccxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140320140316/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/cccxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130420091938/http://fourstonehearth.weebly.com/cccxxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140411100249/http://matthewlaw.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/lets-talk-about-failure-a-public-engagement-digitalengagement-blog-carnival/cccxxxi https://web.archive.org/web/20140411095731/http://matthewlaw.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/lets-talk-about-failure-the-shared-experiences/cccxxxii https://web.archive.org/web/20131021041249/http://www.digtechllc.com/blog/cccxxxiii https://web.archive.org/web/20130504013418/http://www.digtechllc.com/podcast/cccxxxiv https://web.archive.org/web/20140329201559/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/11/05/blogging-archaeology/cccxxxv https://web.archive.org/web/20140420235008/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2013/12/03/blogging-archaeology-blogarch-all-ofthe-responses-to-why/cccxxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140331132154/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/01/05/blogging-archaeology-blogarch-all-of-theresponses-to-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/cccxxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140217133440/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/02/06/blogging-archaeology-blogarch-all-of-theresponses-to-the-best-and-worst-posts/Blogging Archaeology Page 284

cccxxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140410180023/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/03/05/blogging-archaeology-responses-to-febs-questionor-how-i-killed-blogarch-and-final-question/cccxxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140419081913/http://dougsarchaeology.wordpress.com/2014/04/06/blogging-archaeology-the-final-review-ofblogarch/cccxlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130413231227/http://fourstonehearth.weebly.com/index.htmlcccxlihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140411100249/http://matthewlaw.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/lets-talk-about-failure-a-public-engagement-digitalengagement-blog-carnival/cccxliihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140411095731/http://matthewlaw.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/lets-talk-about-failure-the-shared-experiences/cccxliiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140420093636/http://middlesavagery.wordpress.com/tag/blogarch/cccxlivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419164724/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/does-looting-matter.htmlcccxlvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419164859/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/meaningless-numbers.htmlcccxlvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419165016/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/who-are-radical-archaeologists.htmlcccxlviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419165232/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/scale-of-market-for-egyptian.htmlcccxlviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419165440/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/brussels-oriental-art-fair-iii.htmlcccxlixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419165552/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/many-getty-returns.htmlccclhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419165707/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/due-diligence-at-st-louis-art-museum.htmlccclihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419165820/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/can-there-be-licit-trade-in-antiquities.htmlcccliihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419165931/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/coins-and-cyprus.htmlcccliiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419170036/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/apulian-pots-and-missing-memorandum.htmlccclivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419170151/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/08/looting-in-bulgaria.htmlccclvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419170256/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/minneapolis-and-robin-symes.htmlccclvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419170357/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/old-collections-at-bonhams.htmlccclviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419170517/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/lydian-hoard-revisited.htmlccclviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419170620/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/lydian-silver-at-bonhams.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 285

ccclixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419170741/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/bonhams-lydian-silver-and-due-diligence.htmlccclxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419170846/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/bonhams-lydian-silver-and-code-of.htmlccclxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419171027/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/bonhams-and-lydian-silver-kyathos-some.htmlccclxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419171135/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/lydian-silver-update.htmlccclxiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419171246/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2007/10/princeton-antiquities-and-italy.htmlccclxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419180403/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/01/era-of-scrupulous-acquisition-policies.htmlccclxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419180528/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/elvis-up-for-auction.htmlccclxvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419181500/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/07/big-hunk-oantiquity-headlines.htmlccclxviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419181959/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/08/graham-geddes-collection-at-bonhams.htmlccclxviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419182114/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/08/elvis-and-graham-geddes-collection.htmlccclxixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20130405022935/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/from-atlanta-to-athens-press-statement.htmlccclxxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20130405022935/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/from-atlanta-to-athens-press-statement.htmlccclxxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20130405022950/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/from-atlanta-to-athens-start-of-trail.htmlccclxxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419205428/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/geddes-collection-at-bonhams-publicity.htmlccclxxiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419205537/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/graham-geddes-collection-at-auction.htmlccclxxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419205639/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/09/robin-symes-collection-at-auction.htmlccclxxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419205735/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/geddes-collection-at-bonhams-puzzle.htmlccclxxvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419205902/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/homecomings-lucanian-pottery.htmlccclxxviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419205958/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/francesco-rutelli-on-robin-symes.htmlccclxxviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419210154/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-and-robin-symes.htmlccclxxixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419210255/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-responds-to-rutelli.htmlccclxxxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419210348/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/press-exposure-and-bonhams.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 286

ccclxxxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419212145/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/apulian-pottery-at-bonhams.htmlccclxxxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419212337/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/graham-geddes-collection-and-apulian.htmlccclxxxiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419212702/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-withdraws-further-lots.htmlccclxxxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419212819/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/geddes-collection-at-bonhams-withdrawn.htmlccclxxxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419212932/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-withdraws-further-lots-update.htmlccclxxxvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419213037/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-most-important-item-in-geddes.htmlccclxxxviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419213139/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/elvis-and-bonhams-youll-be-going-going.htmlccclxxxviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419213244/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-withdraws-further-lots-press.htmlccclxxxixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419213351/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/geddes-collection-at-bonhams-forecast.htmlcccxchttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419213445/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-session-went-as-well-it-could.htmlcccxcihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419213539/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/bonhams-dont-be-miffed-with-italians.htmlcccxciihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419213628/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2008/10/graham-geddes-collection-previous-loans.htmlcccxciiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419213749/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/corinthian-krater-recovered-from.htmlcccxcivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20120523214311/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/pots-seized-in-nyc-update.htmlcccxcvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20120523204924/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/pots-seized-in-nyc-comment-from.htmlcccxcvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419214025/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/is-bulldog-on-minneapolis-case.htmlcccxcviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419214540/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/bonhams-and-medici-statue.htmlcccxcviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419214649/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/bonhams-and-medici-statue-lot-withdrawn.htmlcccxcixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419214746/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/due-diligence-at-bonhams.htmlcdhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419214924/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/bonhams-and-medici-statue-additional.htmlcdihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419215032/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/apulian-rhyton-from-american-private.htmlcdiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419215153/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/medici-archive-roman-marble-youth.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 287

cdiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419215342/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/christies-and-medici-dossier-correction.htmlcdivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419215523/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/medusa-and-medici-dossier.htmlcdvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419215642/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/apulian-rhyton-from-medici-dossier.htmlcdvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419215818/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/medici-dossier-and-identification-of.htmlcdviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419215838/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/transparency-of-public-auction-system.htmlcdviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419215853/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/part-of-italys-national-heritage-and.htmlcdixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220023/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/05/dilemma-for-christies.htmlcdxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220037/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/italian-prosecutor-we-want-to.htmlcdxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220053/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/looting-matters-italian-prosecutor.htmlcdxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220108/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/christies-medici-dossier-and-william-g.htmlcdxiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220305/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/youth-with-cockerel-collecting-history.htmlcdxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220321/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/cleveland-and-edoardo-almagia.htmlcdxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220335/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/apulian-pottery-and-loss-of-knowledge.htmlcdxvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220351/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/medici-dossier-unresolved-issues.htmlcdxviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220610/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/youth-with-cockerel-lost-value.htmlcdxviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20130405022806/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/michael-c-carlos-museum-unresolved.htmlcdxixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20130405022900/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/from-crete-to-atlanta.htmlcdxxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20130405022816/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/atlanta-pithos-and-its-journey-through.htmlcdxxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220907/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/attic-red-figured-krater-from-medici.htmlcdxxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220921/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/looting-matters-attic-krater-in.htmlcdxxiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220936/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/medici-dossier-and-corinthian-pottery.htmlcdxxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419220956/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/looting-matters-on-pr-newswire-5.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 288

cdxxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221258/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/princeton-further-information-on.htmlcdxxvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221313/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/aamd-president-taken-aback-on-cultural.htmlcdxxviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221330/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/medici-dossier-and-minneapolis-krater.htmlcdxxviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221346/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/culture-monster-and-minneapolis.htmlcdxxixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221602/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/open-wound-of-surfacing-antiquities.htmlcdxxxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221616/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/dealing-in-recently-surfaced.htmlcdxxxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221635/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/corinthian-olpe-from-recent-swiss.htmlcdxxxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221656/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/polaroids-and-unresolved-issues.htmlcdxxxiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221825/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/minneapolis-to-return-krater.htmlcdxxxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221844/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/09/etruscan-head-on-market.htmlcdxxxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221902/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/schinoussa-archive-and-italian.htmlcdxxxvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419221949/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/christies-on-cultural-property.htmlcdxxxviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222129/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/collecting-histories-and-christies.htmlcdxxxviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222142/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/items-from-deceased-new-york-collector.htmlcdxxxixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222201/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/princeton-more-on-return.htmlcdxlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222217/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/princeton-issues-statement.htmlcdxlihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222415/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/what-has-princeton-returned.htmlcdxliihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222434/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/planet-princeton-comments.htmlcdxliiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222449/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/princeton-collecting-histories-needed.htmlcdxlivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222507/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/princeton-and-almagia.htmlcdxlvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222652/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/princeton-and-transparency.htmlcdxlvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20120523212613/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/silence-from-met-over-those-fragments.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 289

cdxlviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222724/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/antiquities-returned-to-italy-from-new.htmlcdxlviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222739/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/aegisthus-painter-pelike-returned-to.htmlcdxlixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222921/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/met-with-silence.htmlcdlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222935/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/sarpedon-krater-intellectual.htmlcdlihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419222949/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/medici-dossier-and-christies.htmlcdliihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223006/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/christies-ignores-italy.htmlcdliiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223150/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/tom-campbell-and-transparency.htmlcdlivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223207/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/christies-and-unsold-canosan-kraters.htmlcdlvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223225/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/princeton-returns-discussion.htmlcdlvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223242/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/silent-met-where-did-fragments-surface.htmlcdlviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223442/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/princeton-update.htmlcdlviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223459/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/from-greece-to-atlanta-overview.htmlcdlixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223513/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/villanovan-bronze-hut-from-undisclosed.htmlcdlxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223528/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/bothmer-fragments-on-aamd-object.htmlcdlxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223704/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/bothmer-fragments-raising-questions.htmlcdlxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223719/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/bothmer-fragments-linked-to-rome.htmlcdlxiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223734/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/two-canosan-kraters-returned-to-italy.htmlcdlxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223748/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/a-gnathian-krater-from-swiss-art-market.htmlcdlxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223940/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/an-east-greek-bronze-warrior-from.htmlcdlxvihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419223959/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/recently-surfaced-antiquities-on-market.htmlcdlxviihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224014/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/the-art-loss-register-and-antiquities.htmlcdlxviiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224031/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/images-of-bothmer-fragments.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 290

cdlxixhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224215/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/christies-and-recently-surfaced.htmlcdlxxhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224229/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/new-york-to-return-further-bothmer-cup.htmlcdlxxihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224245/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/pot-fragments-matter.htmlcdlxxiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224303/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/the-symes-pan.htmlcdlxxiiihttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224448/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2013/09/the-cleveland-apollo.htmlcdlxxivhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224501/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/the-medici-archive-and-london-sale.htmlcdlxxvhttp://web.archive.org/web/20140419224515/http://lootingmatters.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/becchina-medici-and-london-market.htmlcdlxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423222929/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-does-the-return-of-the-euphronios-kraterto-its-original-home-awaken-debate-61883767.htmlcdlxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423222946/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-is-uk-cultural-property-for-sale-to-the-highestbidder-61953352.htmlcdlxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423223002/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-is-switzerland-featured-so-frequently-inthe-return-of-antiquities-61658057.htmlcdlxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423223020/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-is-the-archaeology-of-the-balkans-under-threat-62018402.htmlcdlxxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20101115140555/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-is-greece-reclaiming-so-much-culturalproperty-62106927.htmlcdlxxxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20110624065048/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-the-new-acropolis-museum-opens-in-athensgreece-61816977.htmlcdlxxxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423223323/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-are-ancient-coins-from-cyprus-featuredin-a-suit-against-the-us-department-of-state-61896222.htmlcdlxxxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423223345/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-do-antiquities-from-iraq-continue-tosurface-on-the-market-62222392.htmlcdlxxxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423223402/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-will-those-involved-in-the-medici-conspiracyface-trial-62278717.htmlcdlxxxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423223421/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-are-new-museums-acquisition-policies-havingan-impact-on-private-collectors-62183697.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 291

cdlxxxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20110407171608/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-where-are-the-sculptures-stolen-from-albania-62280142.htmlcdlxxxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20121108033632/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-are-toxic-antiquities-from-india-surfacing-onthe-market-62081272.htmlcdlxxxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20091005045900/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-italy-continues-to-celebrate-the-return-ofantiquities-63275462.htmlcdlxxxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130704121215/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-egypt-puts-pressure-on-french-museum-63856292.htmlcdxchttps://web.archive.org/web/20120104003513/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-did-the-met-purchase-an-object-to-return-itto-egypt-67616377.htmlcdxcihttps://web.archive.org/web/20091110132157/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-should-auction-houses-be-more-careful-overantiquities-69380567.htmlcdxciihttps://web.archive.org/web/20091201044251/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-are-import-restrictions-on-italian-antiquitiesworking-70627327.htmlcdxciiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423224426/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-coin-dealers-and-collectors-lose-case-againstthe-us-state-department-76177687.htmlcdxcivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20091207070911/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-antiquities-returned-to-italy-78525457.htmlcdxcvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20091215064954/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-archaeological-institute-offers-views-on-italianantiquities-79065482.htmlcdxcvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423224628/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-sale-of-antiquities-on-a-downturn-81006217.htmlcdxcviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423224646/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-the-fano-athlete-and-its-acquisition-by-thegetty-81725167.htmlcdxcviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20100125212311/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-the-return-of-antiquities-to-italy-and-the-swissconnection-82391612.htmlcdxcixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20100207013340/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-the-corrupting-influence-of-forged-antiquities-83646522.htmldhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423224906/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-do-coin-collectors-care-about-the-archaeologyof-cyprus-84779592.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 292

dihttps://web.archive.org/web/20100312081614/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-are-antiquities-from-iraq-continuing-toappear-on-the-market-86613262.htmldiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20100325211705/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-why-has-a-coffin-been-returned-to-egypt-88563512.htmldiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130617024723/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-returning-sicilian-antiquities-89270837.htmldivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20120205024551/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-the-miho-museum-and-italy-89776462.htmldvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130704192241/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-protecting-the-cultural-heritage-of-italy-91036994.htmldvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20100426063726/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-bonhams-withdraws-roman-statue-from-auction-91914934.htmldviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20100503174116/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-toxic-antiquities-and-photographic-evidence-92510214.htmldviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423225354/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-toxic-antiquities-in-the-market-place-94588439.htmldixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20100608023141/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-italian-prosecutor-calls-for-return-of-antiquities-95620419.htmldxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423225510/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-antiquities-sales-increase-96658089.htmldxihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130708160739/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-greek-pots-madrid-and-the-medici-dossier-98608484.htmldxiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20100725014127/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-colosseum-setting-for-return-of-antiquities-99109824.htmldxiiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20130324095659/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-antiquities-and-the-invasion-of-kuwait-100626689.htmldxivhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423225735/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-an-attic-krater-in-minneapolis-102155889.htmldxvhttps://web.archive.org/web/20110115142532/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-protecting-the-archaeological-heritage-ofgreece-102628664.htmldxvihttps://web.archive.org/web/20101021034121/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-rome-trial-of-marion-true-dropped-105033799.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 293

dxviihttps://web.archive.org/web/20101124071937/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-the-treasure-act-and-the-crosby-garrett-helmet-109229319.htmldxviiihttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423230016/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-zeus-returns-to-italy-110848314.htmldxixhttps://web.archive.org/web/20101220061816/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-looting-in-spain-112077849.htmldxxhttps://web.archive.org/web/20140423230050/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/looting-matters-us-extends-agreement-with-italy-over-antiquities-114366669.htmlBlogging Archaeology Page 294

2014 Blogging Archaeology eBook

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?