8th Anniversary Souvenir - Nepal Telecom

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8 th Anniversary Souvenir 2012 

cGtjf{tf{ 

cfly{s ;d[l4 eP klg ahf/ lj:tf/ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 

– k|aGw lgb] {zs cd/gfy l;+x 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cf7f} 

+ + + + + jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df sDkgLsf 

k|aGw lgb] 

{zs >L cd/gfy l;+x;Fu ;Fu :dfl/sf k|sfzg 

;ldltsf ;b:o nId0f clwsf/Ln] n] ;d;fdlos 

ljifodf lnPsf] cGtjf{tf{sf] ;f/;+If]k M 

g]kfn 6]lnsd * jif{ k"/f u/L (cf}+ jif{df k|j]z ub}{ 5 . 

sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePkl5 o;sf] k|ultnfO{ s;/L d"NofÍg 

ug'{x'G5 < 

d'n'ssf] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ( bzseGbf nfdf] Jofj;flos 

;kmntfsf] Oltxf; af] ]s]sf] ;/sf/L b"/;~rf/ lgsfo sDkgLdf 

kl/0ft ePkl5 cfh (cf} + jif{df k|j]z ub} { 5 . 

sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'g'cl3 ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 

cj:yfdf ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgb] {zgcg'?k ;'udb]lv 

b'u{d If]q;Dd b"/;~rf/sf cfwf/e"t ;]jfx? k'¥ofpg] /x]sf] 

lyof] . ;f] cg';f/ sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'g'cl3 s'n u|fxs cfwf/ 

;]jfk|bfossf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ sl/a %) k|ltzt 

g]kfnL hgtf df]afOn ;]jfsf] kx' 

Fraflx/ /xg'k/]sf] 

x'gfn] ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu k|z:t cj;/ /x]sf] 

5 . oxL cj;/nfO{ dgg ug] 

{{{{{ xf] eg] sDkgLn] 

vl/b ug] 

{{{{{ k|lqmofdf /x]sf] ! s/f]8 hLP;Pd 

nfOgn] xfn df]afOn ;]jfsf] kx' 

FreGbf aflx/ 

/x]sf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;xh?kn] df]afOn ;]jfsf] 

kx' 

Frleq Nofpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . 

% nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf dfq lyof] eg] o; d+l;/ dlxgfdf sDkgLsf] 

u|fxs cfwf/ &@ nfv ^( xhf/ gfl3;s]sf] 5 . 

xfn b"/;~rf/ If]qdf leq\ofOPsf] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt / 

k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0fdf sDkgLn] d'n'ssf #,(!% j6} uflj;df 

;]jfsf] kx' Fr :yflkt ug' {sf] cltl/Qm pkef]Qmfx?sf] gofF ?lrnfO{ 

;Daf]wg ug{ Value Aded Services x? klg pknAw u/fpFb} 

cfPsf] 5 . 

!


g]kfn 6]lnsd g} d'n'ssf] Psdfq b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos 

xf], h;n] d'n'ssf kQxQ/} lhNnfsf sDtLdf klg ;b/d'sfddf 

df]afOn ;]jfcGtu{t GSM / CDMA, :yfgLo ;]jfcGtu{t 

PSTN / CDMA-fixed, tyf b| 'tultsf] Internet sf] nflu 

ADSL ;]jf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L sDkgLn] d'n'ssf 

clt b'u{d :yfgx?df Satellite backhaul dfkm{t GSM / CDMA 

df]afOn ;]jf klg pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;du|df eGg] xf] 

eg] sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePkl5 cfly{s b[li6n] klg sDkgL lgs} 

;an ePsf] 5 . 

;+:yfnfO{ h'g p2]Zon] sDkgLdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] xf], Tof] 

p2]Zo k|fKt eO/x]sf] dx;'; ug' 

{ePsf] 5 ls 5}g < 

cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf ;+:yfnfO{ 

;Ifd / ;lqmo agfO/fVg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj /x]sf] 

;+:yfgnfO{ ;/sf/s} gLlt / of]hgfcg';f/ sDkgLdf kl/0ft 

ul/Psf] lyof] . 

sDkgLdf kl/jt{g ePkl5 ljutsf jif{x? ;]jf ljt/0f tyf 

cfly{s ;d[l4sf] b[li6n] ;an / ;'b[9 eP klg xfnsf lbgx? lgs} 

r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ . sDkgLsf] ?kdf /x] tfklg xfn o; 

;+:yfsf] (@ k|ltzt :jfldTj g]kfn ;/sf/s} /x]sf] x'gfn] 

;/sf/L gLlt–lgodx? lglj{sNk?kdf sDkgLn] klg cg'z/0f 

ug' {kg] { afWotf /x]sf] 5 . log} Jofjxfl/s afWotfx?n] ubf{ 

Psftkm{ lghL ;]jfk|bfosx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug] { Level playing 

field af6 sDkgL ljd'v /xg'k/]sf] 5 eg] csf] {tkm{ xfnsf] 

sfo{z}nLn] ubf{ sDkgL :yfkgfsf] d"n p2]Zo k"0f{?kn] k|fKt ug{ 

sl7gfO{ x'g;S5 . 

:jtGq / :jfoQ sDkgLsf] ?kdf sfd–sf/afxL ug{ s]xL 

afwf–c8\rgsf] dx;'; ug' 

{ePsf] 5 ls < o;sf nflu ;DalGwt 

lgsfoaf6 s:tf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ug' 

{ePsf] 5 < 

k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L gLlt–lgodx?sf] 

;Ldf (limitation_ leq /x]/ sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj arfpg 

;Dej gx'g] x'gfn] Jofjxfl/s ?kdf :jfoQtf x'g'k5{ . o;sf 

nflu k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g cg'?k P]g–lgodx?df cljnDa 

kl/dfh{g x'g cfjZos 5 . t/ sDkgLnfO{ s'g xb;Dd :jfoQ 

agfpg] jf sDkgLdf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/L leq\ofpg] eGg] 

ljifox?df sDkgLsf] (@ k|ltzt :jfldTj /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

lg0f{o g} dxTjk"0f{ x'g] jf:tljstf dgg ug' { pko'Qm x'G5 . 


t/ sDkgLnfO{ s'g xb;Dd :jfoQ agfpg] jf 

sDkgLdf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/L leq\ofpg] eGg] 

ljifox?df sDkgLsf] (@ k|ltzt :jfldTj /x]sf] 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o g} dxTjk"0f{ x'g] 

jf:tljstf dgg ug' 

{{{{{ pko'Qm x'G5 . 

o;;DaGwdf sDkgLn] d'n'ssf] ljsf;df k'¥ofO/x]sf] of]ubfg 

tyf ;/sf/nfO{ lgodfg';f/ lgoldt ?kdf a'emfO/x]sf] /fh:jsf] 

kl/df0f;d]t dgg ub} { ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ;dofg's"n 

pko'Qm lg0f{o lng]df d ljZj:t 5' . 

b"/;~rf/ ahf/df eO/x]sf] s8f k|lt:kwf{sf] ;fdgf ug{ s]– 

s:tf] tof/L ub} 

{{{{{ x'g'x'G5 < To;sf nflu ;/sf/af6 s'g} ;xof]usf] 

ck]Iff ug' 

{ePsf] 5 ls < 

d'n'ssf] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ;g\ @))# ;]K6]Da/b]lv z'? 

ePsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf xfn s'n ^ j6f ;]jfk|bfosx?n] 

k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . sDkgLn] bureaucratic limitation 

leq /x]/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg] eP tfklg k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?n] 

h:tf] entrepreneurial spirit df Joj;fo cufl8 a9fpg 

sf]lzz ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, of]hgfx? l56f]5l/tf];Fu 

;dod} ;DkGg u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ tyf ljt/0f ug]{tkm{ klg sfo{ 

cufl8 a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf afws 

/x]sf P]g–lgodx? ;do;fk]If?kdf kl/dfh{g u/L sDkgLnfO{ 

yk k|lt:kwL{ agfpg ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] kxn ug]{ 

ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' . 

cl3Nnf] jif{eGbf o; jif{ sDkgLsf] ahf/ lx:;fdf s]xL sdL 

ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfossf] tfh 

hf]ufO/fVg s:tf] /0fgLlt ckgfpg] ;f]r /fVg'ePsf] 5 < 

d'n'ssf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfossf] tfh 

hf]ufO/fVg sDkgLn] ;j{k|yd ljBdfg u|fxsju{nfO{ 

pRr:t/Lo ;]jf lbFb} u|fxs u'gf;fx? ;dfwfg ug'{ cfjZos 

5 . ljBdfg &@ nfveGbf a9L u|fxs sDkgLsf] ;]jf;Fu 

;Gt'i6 ePkl5 ltg} u|fxsju{sf] ;sf/fTds k|ltlqmofn] 

sDkgLsf] u|fxs cfwf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . o;} u/L 

u|fxsju{n] ?rfpg] ;]jf–;'ljwfx?sf] ;xh pknAwtf tyf 

Value added Services x?n] klg u|fxs cfsif{0fdf clej[l4 

ug]{ x'gfn] o:tf sfo{x?df sDkgL ljutdf eGbf a9L k|lta4 

/xL cufl8 a9\g]5 . 

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cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogtkm{ @) nfv IP-CDMA 

cfof]hgfcGtu{t h8fgsf] sfo{ ;'rf? /x]sf] 5 eg] ! s/f]8 

GSM nfOgsf nflu pks/0f cfk"lt{sf] sfo{ klg cufl8 al9/x]sf] 

5 . oL cfof]hgfx?af6 sDkgLsf] ahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt yk dha't 

x'g]5 . o;sf] cnfjf sDkgLsf] csf] { dxTjfsf+IfL cfof]hgf 

"Convergent Real Time Billing & Customer Support 

System" n] sDkgLsf ;]jfx?sf] PsLs[t lan, Marketing 

tyf pRr:t/Lo u|fxs ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu pNn]vgLo e"ldsf 

v]Ng]5 . oL k|of;x?n] pkef]Qmfsf] dfu pko'Qm?kdf ;Daf]wg 

ug{ tyf ahf/ cu|0fL l:yltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg sDkgLnfO{ ;Ifd 

agfpg]5g\ . 

sDkgLn] b"/;~rf/afx]s cGo If]qdf u/]sf] nufgL xfn s'g 

cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 < 

sDkgLsf] nufgL ljljwLs/0fsf] gLltcg'?k g]kfn ljB't\ 

k|flws/0f;Fu dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf ?= ^) 

s/f]8 a/fa/sf] z]o/ k' FhL nufgL tyf ?= ^ ca{ a/fa/sf] C0f 

nufgL ug] { ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . xfn;Dd ?= %$ s/f]8sf] 

z]o/ k' FhLdf nufgL ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] lqz"nL #–aL hnljB't\ 

cfof]hgfdf ;d]t nufgL ug] { ;Demf}tfcg';f/ gofF sDkgL :yfkgf 

ug] { sfo{ k"/f eO;s]sf] 5 . 

cfufdL jif{ sDkgLsf ;]jfx?nfO{ cem u'0f:t/Lo, 

e/kbf]{ / ;x'lnotk"0f{ agfpgsf nflu s]–s:tf] of]hgf 

agfpg'ePsf] 5 < 

;]jf lj:tf/sf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg Jofjxfl/s sfo{gLlt 

/ ;]jf cfk"lt{;DaGwL sfo{–tflnsf tof/ u/L k|efjsf/L?kdf 

sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;ldltx? 

v8f u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgfx?sf] Monitoring & 

Evaluation / ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;]jfx?sf] dd{t–;Def/ / 

u'0f:t/;DaGwL ljZj;gLo k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug] { sfo{ cf/De 

eO;s]sf] 5 . 

u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf] klxnf] k|of; ;]jf ;~rfng ug] { :yfgLo 

PsfOx?af6 x'g] ePsfn] ubf{ k|ToIf?kdf pkef]Qmf tyf pks/0f 

k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt /xg] PsfO tyf sd{rf/Lju{af6} u'0f:t/ 

;'wf/sf] nflu cfjZos kxn x'g'kg] { b]V5' . o;sf nflu sDkgLsf 

;|f]t–;fwgx? k|fyldstfsf ;fy Joj:yf u/L d'n'ssf s'gfsfKrf;Dd 

lj:tf/ x'g] qmddf /x]sf ;]jfx?nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo, e/kbf] { / ;x'lnotk"0f{ 

agfpg] sfo{nfO{ sDkgLn] lg/Gt/tf lbg]5 . 


u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf] klxnf] k|of; ;]jf ;~rfng ug] { 

:yfgLo PsfOx?af6 x'g] ePsfn] ubf{ k|ToIf?kdf 

pkef]Qmf tyf pks/0f k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt /xg] PsfO 

tyf sd{rf/Lju{af6} u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf] nflu cfjZos 

kxn x'g'kg] { b]V5' . 

cGt/f{li6«o Sofl/o/ kf6{g/x?;Fu cGt/cfa4tf u/]kl5 

pkef]Qmfx?n] s]–s:tf nfe k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ < o;af6 

sDkgLnfO{ klg yk nfe ePsf] 5 ls < 

w]/} g]kfnLx? a;f]af; ug]{ ljZjsf !) d'n'sx?sf 

;]jfk|bfosx?;Fu k|ToIf cGt/cfa4tf u/L sn cfbfgk|bfg ug] 

sDkgLsf] of]hgfcg';f/ ef/t, stf/, dn]l;of, o'PO{ / a+unfb]zsf 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx?;Fu ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] 5 . o;} u/L 

l;+ufk'/df sDkgLsf] Pop (Point of Presence) ;~rfngdf 

NofO;lsPsf] 5 eg] stf/df ;~rfng x'g] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 . 

oL k|of;x?af6 Psftkm{ /f]huf/L tyf cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf 

ljb]zdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] kfl/jfl/s / 

;fdflhs ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 eg] csf] {tkm{ cGt/f{li6«o 

;~hfnsf] lj:tf/af6 sDkgLsf] Jofkf/ clej[l4 ug{ 6]jf ldNg]5 . 

sDkgLn] ! s/f]8 hLP;Pd nfOg vl/b ug] 

{h:tf] 7"nf] 

cfof]hgf cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . s] b"/;~rf/ ahf/df cem} olt 7"nf] 

dfu 5 / < 

xfn d'n'sdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] s'n 6]ln3gTj sl/a %^ 

k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . df]afOn ;]jftkm{ d'n'sdf s'n u|fxs ;+Vof 

! s/f]8 #! nfv gfl3;s]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf] 

b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ sl/a %) k|ltzt g]kfnL hgtf df]afOn 

;]jfsf] kx'Frleq cfpg' 7"nf] pknlAwsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . 

t/ ;]jfk|bfossf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ sl/a %) k|ltzt g]kfnL 

hgtf df]afOn ;]jfsf] kx' Fraflx/ /xg'k/]sf] x'gfn] ;]jf lj:tf/sf 

nflu k|z:t cj;/ /x]sf] 5 . oxL cj;/nfO{ dgg ug]{ xf] eg] 

sDkgLn] vl/b ug]{ k|lqmofdf /x]sf] ! s/f]8 hLP;Pd nfOgn] 

xfn df]afOn ;]jfsf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ /x]sf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 

;xh?kn] df]afOn ;]jfsf] kx'Frleq Nofpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 . 

o; cltl/Qm gofF k':tfsf] cfjZostf tyf rfxgfcg'?ksf 

pRr ultsf 8f6f tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf klg 3G k|ljlwdfkm{t 

pknAw x'g] x'gfn] of] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogaf6 ahf/sf] dfu 

k"lt{ ug{ d2t ldNg] b]lvG5 . 

#


b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu sDkgLn] s:tf] k|fyldstf 

lbPsf] 5 < 

b'u{d If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug] { sfo{ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df 

dfq geO{ ljsl;t d'n'sx?df klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ /xg] u/]sf] 5 . 

o:tf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ s'g} Ps k|ljlwn] dfq ;Daf]wg ug{ g;lsg] 

x'gfn] sDkgLn] klg ljleGg k|sf/sf k|ljlwdfkm{t b'u{d :yfgx?df 

;]jf lj:tf/ ug] { u/]sf] 5 . 

k|fljlws ?kn] ;Dej x'g] :yfgx?df clK6sn kmfOa/ 

/ /]l8of] ln+s :yfkgf u/L :yfgLo ;]jf, GSM, CDMA 

/ Internet ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] d'n'ssf clt 

b'u{d :yfgx?df :of6]nfO6 Aofsxndfkm{t GSM / 

CDMA ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . o;} 

u/L o; cfjdf WIMAX k|ljlwsf] pks/0f cfk"lt{ u/L 

d'n'ssf ;Dk"0f{ uflj;x?df pRr ultsf] OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] 

kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 

a9fOPsf] 5 . 

sDkgL cfly{s ?kdf of] jif{ s'g cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 < 

utcfj @)^^÷^& sf] s'n cfDbfgL @& ca{ @@ s/f]8 

/x]sf]df o; cfjdf (=^% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ s'n cfDbfgL @( 

ca{ *% s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . o;dWo] cfos/k"j{sf] gfkmfdf 

utjif{eGbf !#=$( k|ltztn] a9f]Q/L eO{ ?= !^ ca{ #( s/f]8 

k'u]sf] 5 eg] s/kl5sf] d'gfkmfdf !@=$* k|ltzt a9f]Q/L eO{ 

?= !@ ca{ !@ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L cfly{s :jf:Yotkm{ 

sDkgLn] k|ltjif{ k|fKt ul//x]sf] k|ultnfO{ o; cfjdf klg 

lg/Gt/tf lbg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . 

o; jif{ klg sDkgLsf z]o/xf]N8/x?nfO{ nfef+z lbg ;lsg] 

cj:yf 5 ls < 

sd{rf/Lju{sf] d]xgt / sDkgLsf z'e]R5's pkef]Qmfju{sf] 

;b\efj tyf ;'emfjn] o; cfjdf klg sDkgLsf] cfly{s :jf:Yo 

;an /xg ;s]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] cfkm\gf nufgLstf{nfO{ ;Dej 

eP;Dd clwstd k|ltkmn lbg] p2]Zo lnPsf] x'gfn] o; cfjdf 

klg plrt nfef+z k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . 

sDkgLsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmofdf 

/x]sf] nfdf] ;do eO;s]sf] 5 . slxn];Dddf o;nfO{ 6' 

+Uofpg] 

;f]r /fVg'ePsf] 5 < 


sDkgLsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljlgodfjnLnfO{ xfn;Dd 

cfjZostfg';f/ kl/dfh{g ul/Fb} cfPsf] eP tfklg d'n'sdf 

ljsl;t k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lju{n] 

cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L yk :jR5 tyf kf/bzL{ 9+un] lgjf{x ug{ 

k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;Sg] ljlgodfjnLsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o; 

cy{df sDkgLsf] Jofj;flos /0fgLlt, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] z}nL, 

sd{rf/Lju{sf] lxt tyf sDkgLsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf k|lts"n 

c;/ gkg] { u/L ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ug' {kg] { x'gfn] uxg 5nkmn 

/ leGg–leGg b[li6sf]0faf6 ;dLIff ug{ yk ;do nfUg uPsf] 

xf] . o; ljifodf yk s]xL 5nkmnkZrft\ cu|ufdL / ;Gt'lnt 

k|sf/sf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL lgs6 eljiod} nfu" ug{ ;lsg] 

ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . 

jt{dfg k|lt:kwf{Tds cj:yfdf sDkgLdf ;Da4 sd{rf/L 

o'lgogx?sf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g'kg] 

{{{{{ ck]Iff ug' 

{ePsf] 5 < 

sDkgLsf] k|ultdf sd{rf/L o'lgogsf] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 

e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . sDkgLdf cfkm\gf] ;Dk"0f{ ;lqmo hLjg ;'Dkg] 

;d:t sd{rf/Lju{sf] xslxt, Jofj;flos k|ult / ;fdflhs 

pGgltsf nflu Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'emfj lbg sd{rf/L o'lgogx?n] 

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf sDkgLsf 

;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lju{nfO{ P]Soa4 u/L sDkgLsf] p2]Zo / nIok|lt 

;dlk{t u/fpg sd{rf/L o'lgogx?n] of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] ljZjf; 

lnPsf] 5' . 

jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df ;d:t pkef]Qmfju{, z]o/xf]N8/x?, 

sd{rf/Lju{ tyf cGo z'elrGtsx?nfO{ s] eGg rfxg'x'G5 < 

d'n'ssf cGo ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] /0fgLlts pkl:yltsf] 

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sfdgf ug'{x'g] z'elrGts dxfg'efjx?df o; cf7f}+ 

jflif{sf]T;jsf cj;/df cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . 

$



My second Term of Seven months as 

MD of Nepal Telecom 

I worked almost seven months as Managing Director 

of Nepal Telecom (NT) during my second term (2067/ 

12/03- 2068/06/27). During last Dashain Festival I 

thought I must review my achievement, failures and path 

forward for Nepal Telecom. 

1. Achievement: 

When I joined 2 nd time as Managing Director of 

Nepal Telecom on 2067/12/03, I found NT was 

without much telephone lines (CDMA, GSM or 

PSTN) to sell. There was scarcity in all its products. 

Since NT is in business, a business without product 

can not exist, and then I put my thrust to expedite 

and conclude on going tenders and float new tenders 

for purchase of new technology/ services. 

We were successful in concluding the following 

on-going projects. 

- 2 Million Lines IP CDMA Project. 

- 150K lines NGN Project. 

- Convergent Real Time Billing & Customer 

Care System (CRTB- CS)Project. 

- Billing system for postpaid customers' project. 

- IP Backbone routers. 

- Projects concluded later. 

o International Gateway exchange. 

o Wimax Project 

- Project under evaluation. 

o Customer Call Center 

o 10 Million GSM Project 

Project under Pipeline 

- Network Operation Center 

- Service Delivery platform for VAS. 

- ADSS Project with NEA. 

- GIS software project. 

- Data Center. 

Other job accomplished. 

- 1498, 191 Outsourcing. 

- Incentive + bonus distribution. 

Vishwa Nath Goel 

- Employee by-law (i.e. Karmachari Sewa 

Sarta Biniyamawali) modification. 

- Connectivity to 10 top call making countries to 

NT. 

- Establishment of "POP" at Singapore, 

Hong Kong & Qatar. 

- Organizing ' International Carrier Partner 

Meet 2011" to develop Nepal as transit point. 

2. Failures : 

CDMA + GSM Bridging Project – The effort 

to buy 0.4 Million CDMA lines and 10.5 Million 

GSM line to meet growing demand of both 

services till the new projects are materialized 

could not be accomplished due to hindrances by 

in fight of vendors. This has been a setback to 

NT's development and continued presence in the 

market. Incidentally, these prices were cheaper 

or same as newly opened tender prices and 

return on investment was expected within six 

months. 

3. Path Forward : 

1. Please accomplish all projects with quality in 

least possible time frame. 

2. Successfully conclude 10 Million GSM Project. 

3. Outsource following : 

%



a. Present GSM network maintenance. 

b. Maintenance of MSAN. 

c. Establish Customer Care Center 

soon. 

4. Unions in NT must understand the need of 

changing time. They have to rise to the 

demand of time and decide their priorities. 

Pressuring management for petty things 

will not help the organization in long term. 

They shall support the management so that 

it can meet the growing external 

challenges. 

5. Changing political scenario : 

One of the biggest challenges to the top 

management is to take the concerned ministry 

and the board of directors (BOD) into 

confidence. It is important for the success of 

Organization. 

6. As the strategic Partner Concept as proposed 

by NT does not seem possible into near future, 

and as our real competition is in mobile sector, it 

is best to create "Mobile Service Directorate" 

as a separate company and sell 40- 49 % share 

to strategic investor. It will bring following 

advantage : 

a) Money realized by sale will remain 

in NT. 

b) This can be accomplished fast as NT 

board can take decision. 

c) NT will get more revenue than what 

it is getting now. It will also earn 

revenue from network uses it will 

provide to mobile company. 

d) NT will get a partner to share NRs 

20 Billion as the License fee. 

e) At the present scenario this seems 

only possible solution. 

7. Bring i-phone and blackberry and other value 

added services as soon as possible. 

8. Share NT infrastructure like Tower, Power, and 

Optical fiber with other operators and earn 

revenue. 

Other experiences: 

- In the last 7 months, I went abroad 3 times, 

cancelled my 2 confirmed visits. In every visit I 

went abroad, I signed an agreement with 

international carriers that helped NT to raise 

its incoming traffic from 40 M minutes per 

month to 120 M minutes per month. NT's 

revenue of the fiscal year 2067-068 surpassed 

its set target only for this reason. "Let us think 

in a broader way." 

- Although Nepal Telecom is government owned 

company, it is in the competition with other 

private companies. Nepal Telecom is the only 

public company that pays a largest tax amount 

to the government. It's revenue is also much 

higher than other public company. In this 

context, the managing director deserves some 

appropriate official facilities for the prestige of 

company. I had done somewhat towards this as 

follows. 

o On my buying ' Skoda Laura ' car - I 

thought NT MD deserves it. It is also a 

prestige for NT. 

o On my salary rise to 1 Lakh /month - NT 

MD should be paid modestly for its 

services. 

- Death of my younger brother was a great shock 

for me. It let me down. 

- On my retirement: I had 17 months to go as 

per my appointment letter, however, only 5 

months as per my retirement age. What shall I 

do after 5 months - continue or retire. I 

thought I shall talk to my colleagues and 

unions. However somebody else decided for 

me. Thanks to the authority. I have nothing 

to regret. One should be judged by others and 

not by himself. I think I did my little bit in 

Nepal Telecom in its development. Sorry to 

many others whose expectations I was not able 

to meet. 

At last " Together we stand, divided we fall." 

^



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k5fl8 kfg] { / k|lt:kwL{nfO{ a]/f]s6f]s cufl8 hfg af6f] lSno/ 

ul/lbg]_ k| ]l/t /x]sf k|tLt x'G5g\ . t;y{ ;Da4 lgsfox?n] klg 

To:tf ph'/L s'g k|of]hgaf6 btf{ ul/“b} 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofg 

lbg' cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . vf;u/L o:tf ph'/Lsf cfwf/df 

# lsl;daf6 ph'/Lsf] p2]ZonfO{ juL{s[t ug{ ;lsG5 . -!_ 


sDkgLsf] sfdnfO{ k5fl8 kfg] { / k|lt:kwL{nfO{ a]/f]s6f]s cufl8 

hfg af6f] lSno/ ul/lbg] p2]Zoaf6 k| ]l/t eP/ . -@_ af]nkqbftfn] 

cfkm\gf] kIfdf af]nkq kfg{ g;s]kl5 Tof] k|lqmofdf k'gM ;fd]n 

x'g] cj;/sf] nflu jf cfkm\gf] k|lt:kwL{nfO{ b'Mv lbg] lgotn] klg 

ph'/L kg] { u/]sf] b]lvG5 . -#_ sltko cj:yfdf jf:tljs ?kd} 

dsf{ k/]sf] cfwf/df klg s]xL ph'/L kg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5, t/ To:tf] 

;+Vof ;f/} gu0o dfq x'g ;S5 . t;y{ To:tf lglxt cfzoaf6 

k| ]l/t, a]gfd], ;/f]sf/ gePsf ph'/LnfO{ dfGotf lbOg' x' “b}g . 

cGTodf, g]kfn 6]lnsd /fHosf] ;+:yf xf], g]kfnL hgtfsf] 

;+:yf xf] . o;sf] cfkm\g} a]Un} Oltxf; 5 / /fHonfO{ 

cfjZostfg';f/ cfhko{Gt cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}lts of]ubfg 

k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . clxn];Dd eO/x]sf] k|ult / of]ubfgnfO{ 

cIf'00f /fVb} yk pTyfgsf] 9f]sf vf]Ng /fHosf tkm{af6 g]kfn 

;/sf/ tyf o;sf ljleGg lgsfosf ;fy} /fhgLlts bnx?sf] 

;d]t ljz]if Wofgfsif{0f x'g' cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . sDtLdf 

klg tTsfn k|lt:kwf{Tds cj:yfsf sDkgLx?sf] nflu pko'Qm 

P]gsf] Joj:yf jf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf tTsfn cfjZos 

;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] ljifo Pp6f x'g ;S5 . To:t} Jofj;flos Pj+ 

bIf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ csf] { pko'Qm ljsNk 

xf], h'g clGtd lg0f{osf] k|lqmof dfq k"/f ug] { kvf{Odf g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] sf]6{d} /x]sf] 5 . bL3{sfndf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] 

s'g} ljsNk 5}g eGg] oyfy{nfO{ hlt;Sbf] rf“8f] a'em]/ lg0f{o 

u/]df sDkgLsf] ;fy;fy} ;/sf/ tyf d'n'ssf] nflu klg 

nfebfosl;4 x'g]5 . To;} u/L b"/;~rf/ P]g, gLlt–lgoddf 

;d]t cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L d'n'ssf] nflu s]–s:tf, slt 

;]jfk|bfosnfO{ cg'dlt lbg], lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/, nfO;]G; jf gljs/0f 

jf jflif{s /fh:j s]–slt x'g] h:tf ljifonfO{ /fHon] kfpg'kg] 

plrt /fh:j gu'Dg] u/L ;]jfk|bfossf] ljsf; / lg/Gt/tfnfO{ 

(Growth & Sustainability) ;d]t ;Gt'ng x'g] u/L gLlt lgdf{0f 

x'g' h?/L 5 . 

It's all right letting yourself go, 

as long as you can get yourself back. 

- Mick Jagger 

(

{ 

{ 


a}Íssf] e|d0fkl5 g} d]/f] hfkfgdf ! a;] { 6]lnsDo'lgs];g 

l;:6d Knflgª sf];{ k9\g hfg] 5fqj[lQsf] sGkm/d];g k|fKt eof] . 

d Hofb} xlif{t ePF . g]kfnsf] k|;+udf hflu/ vfPsf] # jif{leq}df !– 

! jif{;Dd ljb]z hfg kfpg' efUosf] s'/f xf] . 

d sfddf lgs} Jo:t lyPF . rf}yf] of]hgfsf] b"/;~rf/ 

cfof]hgfx?sf] lj:t[t -kmf/fd e/]/ tof/ ug' {kg] {_ ljj/0f PsLs[t 

?kdf of]hgf cfof]udf dGqfnodfkm{t k7fpg'kYof] { . sfd ;lsPsf] 

lyPg . hfkfg hfg] ePsfn] ca t sfdaf6 5'6sf/f kfOg] xf] 

eG7fg]sf] t emg\ ufx|f] eof] . dnfO{ of]hgf cfof]usf pk;lrj 

/]jtL/d0f gGb >]i7n] kmf]g u/]/ rfF8f] ljj/0f k7fpg" eGg'ePsf] lyof] . d}n] 

…d t ca hfkfg hfg] ePsf] 5'Ú eg]sf] lyPF . s]xL l5g\kl5 dnfO{ 

lgdf{0f, oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf pk;lrj /ljb]j zdf{sf] 

kmf]g cfof] . pxfFn] æk'8f;}gLhL, tkfO{ + hfkfg hfFb} x'g'x'G5 /], of]hgf 

cfof]udf k7fpg'kg] { ljj/0f gk7fO{ hfg kfpg'x' Fb}g, olb ljj/0f 

k7fpg'ePg eg] hfkfg hfg] klg /f]lsG5, t;y{ t'?Gt ljj/0f 

k7fpg'xf];\Æ eGg'eof] . d cGof]ndf k/] + . sfd hf]8tf]8sf ;fy ug{ 

yfn] + . ljj/0f tof/ ug{ lgs} ;do nfUg] lyof] . 6fOk u/fpg ;Dej 

lyPg . sfa{g /fv]/ @ k|lt tof/ u/] + . 3/df klg sfuhkq nu]/ sfd 

ug{ yfn] + . geGb} t Toqf] of]hgfsf] 8s'd]G6 agfpg] sfd # lbgd} 

;lsof] . xflsdsf] ;xL u/fO{ dGqfnodfkm{t /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf 

rf}yf] of]hgfsf] lj:t[t of]hgf k7fP . ha d rf}yf] of]hgfsf] 

lstfadf cfkm"n] n]v]/ k7fPsf] s'/f x'ax' 5flkPsf] b]V5', dnfO{ Tof] 

36gfsf] ofb cfpF5 . olb d}n] cfb]zsf] kngf gu/]sf] eP, ;sf/fTds 

;f]r lnP/ cufl8 ga9]sf] eP d]/f] cj:yf s] x'GYof] xf]nf < t;y{ xfdLn] 

hlxn] klg ;sf/fTds ;f]r lnP/ d]xgt ug{ kl5 kg' {x' Fb}g eGg] afgL 

/fVg'kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] x]Ssf /x\of] . 

kf;kf]6{ a}Ís hfFbf alg;s]sf]n] csf] { agfpg'k/]g . EoflS;g];g 

nufpg'kg] { sfd / g]kfn /fi6« a} +saf6 8n/ lng] sfd dfq afFsL 

lyof] . tL b'j} sfd Ps} lbgdf ;lsof] . hfkfgL /fhb"tfjf;n] hfkfg hfg] 

l6s6 pknAw u/fOlbof] / d hfkfg hfg] lbg kv] {/ a;L /x] + . hfkfg 

hfg] cl3Nnf] lbg ;a} ;fyLefO, xflsdnfO{ e]6L labf lnP/ 3/ kms] + . 

d]/f] hfkfgsf] ofqf ;'? eof] . 

!! d] !(&) sf lbg d sf7df8f} +sf] lqe'jg ljdfg:ynaf6 

yfO{ Pc/nfoG;sf] h]6 ljdfgaf6 hfkfgsf] nflu k|:yfg u/] F . 

a}Ísdf Ps /ft latfpg'kg] {, xf]6n hfg / xf]6naf6 xjfO{ c8\8f 

cfpg 6\ofS;Lsf] Joj:yf xjfO{ p8fg sDkgLn] g} ul/lbg] ePsfn] 

af6f]df k};f vr{ x'g] / s'g} cK7\of/f] cj:yf cfOkg] { s'/} lyPg . ef]ln 

kN6 hfkfg Po/nfoG;sf] Kn]gaf6 6f]lsof] hfg'kb{Yof] . a}Ís k'u]kl5 

Oldu| ];g / ;fdfg ;+sngsf] sfd ;s]/ aflx/ lg:sFbf xf]6n / 


hfkfgsf] ofqf / g"gsf] ;f]emf] lrtfpg] 1fg 

!) 

O= ;'/]z s'df/ k'8f;}gL 

k"j{dxfk|aGws, g]kfn 6]lnsd 

6\ofS;Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg ;xof]u x'g] /x]5 . s'g} ufx|f] ePg . 

xf]6n k'u]kl5 l8g/ vfg s'kg / ef]ln kN6 laxfgsf] a| ]skmf:6sf] 

nflu s'kg;d]t k|fKt eof] . ef]ln kN6 laxfg ;a]/} xjfO{ c88\f 

hfg'kg] { egL sfpG6/af6} ;a} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L pknAw eof] . l8g/ 

lnP/ ;'t] + / ef]ln kN6 laxfg ;a]/} p7]/ g'jfO–w'jfO ;sL a| ]skmf:6 

lng @$ ;} 306f v'Ng] Sofkm]lt/ uPF . a| ]skmf:6 lnP/ sf]7faf6 

;fdfg tn njLdf NofPF . s]xL l5g\kl5 6\ofS;L 8«fOe/ cfOk'Uof] / 

dnfO{ af]nfof] . ;fdfg 6\ofS;Ldf /fvL Po/kf]6{lt/ nfu] F . emG8} ! 

306fsf] 6\ofS;Lsf] ;km/kl5 6ld{gn k'luof] / hfkfg PonfoG;sf] 

sfpG6/tkm{ nfu] + . r]s Ogkl5 nfpGhdf cf/fd u/+ ] . s]xL a]/kl5 

af]l8{Ë ;'? eof] . hfnsf] Kn]gleq l5bf{ csf] { ;+;f/leq l5/]sf] h:tf] 

efg eof] . Kn]g xªsª–tfOk]O{, cf];fsf x' Fb} 6f]lsof]sf] xg]bf Po/kf]6{df 

plqof] . Po/kf]6{af6 lg:sg]lalQs} 6«fen Ph]G;Lsf] dflg;n] dnfO{ 

P:s6{ u/L 6\ofS;Laf6 6f]lsof] Og6/g];gn ;]G6/df k'¥ofof] . 

af6f]df uugr'DaL 3/x? b]Vbf g]kfn x' Fbf hfkfgdf ;wF } e'OFrfnf] 

uO/xG5, sfuhsf 3/ x'G5g\ /] eg]sf] s'/f ;kgf kf] /x]5 ls eg]sf] 

h:tf] nfUg yfNof] . 6L=cfO{=;L=df g]kfnsf uf]kfn sfˆn]nfO{ e]6 

eof] . pxfFn] /]n :6];gdf nu]/ ;a} s'/f atfOlbg'eof] . !–@ lbg 

hfkfgL efiffsf] tflnd a;]s} 7fpFdf x'g] ePsfn] aflx/ hfg'kg] 

cj:yf g} cfPg . d]/f] tflnd ToxfF b"/;~rf/ ;+:yf Pg=6L=6L=kL=;L= 

/ -lgKkg 6]lnkmf]g PG8 6]lnu|fd klAns skf] {/];g_ sf] s]Gb|Lo 

sfof{nodf x'g] /x]5 . ;f] sfof{nodf 6f]lsof]sf] s]Gb|ljGb' / ODk]l/on 

xf]6nsf] glhs} /x]5 . d]/f] klxnf] sf];{ Sofl/o/ 6]lnkmf]gL OlGhlgol/ª 

lyof] / ;f] sf];{ # dlxgf cjlwsf] lyof] . ljleGg d'n'ssf u/L hDdf 

@% hgf k|lzIffyL{ lyof} + . ;aeGbf sd pd]/sf] d g} lyPF . To; 

avt d]/f] pd]/ @^ jif{sf] lyof] . To; avtsf] 5fqj[lQ /sd vfg 

/ a:g dfq k'Ug] vfnsf] x'GYof] . vfgf vfg, n'uf lsGg, ahf/ 3'Dg 

ah]6sf] lgs} ljrf/ ug' {kb{Yof] . d]/f] hfkfg e|d0fsf] p2]Zo Pp6f 

df]6/;fOsn klg lsGg' ePsfn] k|To]s dlxgf Ps ;o 8n/a/fa/sf]

] 

{ 


#^,))) o]g 5'6\ofP/ klxn] g} /fVy] + . Sofd]/f, y|L Og jfgsf] /]l8of], 

gofF–gofF n'uf lsGg] ;f]r x'GYof] t/ k};fsf] cj:yfn] lg/f; x'g'kYof] { . 

tflnddf l;sfOg] ljifox? lgs} rfvnfUbf lyP . gofF s'/f l;Sg 

kfpFbf v'zL nfUg' :jfefljs} xf] . ;}4flGts tflndkl5 k|flS6sn 

tflnd klg x'GYof] . d]/f] # j6f u| 'k 6« ]lgª s]f;{df efu lng'kg] { ePsf] 

/ Pp6f sf];{ cfp6;fO8 KnfG6 / dfOqmf] j]e OlGhlgol/ª sf];{ 

cf]e/Noflkª ePsfn] # j6} sf];{ k|To]s #–# dlxgfsf] eP klg d]/f] 

sf];{ cjlw ( dlxgfeGbf sd} lyof] . tflndsf] bf}/fgdf ljleGg 

ˆofS6«Lx?sf e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf b]v]sf–ef]u]sf 36gfn] 7"nf] lzIff 

k|fKt x' Fbf] /x]5 . lgKkg On]lS6«s sDkgL hfkfgsf] Pp6f k|d'v 

cf}Bf]lus sDkgL xf] . ;f] sDkgLn] ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'ssf 

b"/;~rf/ pks/0f lgof{t ug] { ub{5 . Tof] sDkgLsf] e|d0f ug] { d}n] 

# k6s cj;/ kfPF . klxnf] k6s Sofl/o/ 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgol/ª 

tflndsf] k|lzIffyL{sf] gftfn], bf];|f] k6s cfp6;fO8 KnfG6 g]6js{ 

OlGhlgol/ªsf] k|lzIffyL{sf] gftfn] / t];|f] k6s dfOqmf] j]e OlGhlgol/ª 

k|lzIfyL{sf] gftfn] . lgKkg On]lS6«s sDkgLdf kfPsf] :jfut ;Tsf/sf] 

lsl;d klg km/s–km/s kfPF . dfOqmf] j]e pks/0f w]/}h;f] d'n'sdf 

lgof{t ug] { ePsf]n] / dfOqmf] j]e OlGhlgol/ª sf];{df efu lng] 

k|lzIffyL{x?n] pgLx?sf] pks/0fdf sfd ug] { ePsf]n] ;f] sf];{df 

efu lng] k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ pkxf/ klg /fd|f], vfgf klg % sf];{sf] 

nGrsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] eg] Sofl/o/ 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgol/ªsf] 

k|lzIffyL{x?sf] nflu # sf;{sf] nGr / cfp6;fO8 KnfG6sf] 

k|lzIffyL{x?sf] nflu eg] ;fG8ljr dfq pknAw ePsf] lyof] . 

lsgeg] cfp6;fO8 KnfG6 sf];{df efu lng] k|lzIffyL{x?n] Pg=O{=;L=sf] 

sd pks/0f dfq} k|of]u uy] { . æg"gsf] ;f]emf] lrtfpg]Æ / There is 

nothing like free lunch in this world eg]sf] s'/fx? oxfF rl/tfy{ 

ePsf] kfPF . 

g]kfnL /fhb"t k|sfzrGb| 7fs'/ x'g'x'GYof] . lgs} xFl;nf] ldhf;sf 

/fhb"t / /fhb"tfjf;df uPkl5 bfneft vfg kfOg] ePsfn] xfdL 

slxn]sfxLF b"tfjf;df hfGYof} + . /fhb"tfjf;df # hgf sd{rf/L 

lyP . /fhb"t, låtLo ;lrj cd//fh e08f/L / ;xrf/L df]xg 

clwsf/L . tLg} hgf ;xof]uL lyP . tLg} hgfsf] cf–cfkm\g} u'gf;f] 

;'lgGYof] . b"tfjf;df hfg' eg]sf] g]kfnL vfgf vfg' / g]kfnsf] 

af/]df s]xL yfxf kfpg' xf] . ToxL jif{ hfkfgsf] cf];fsfdf PS:kf]– 

&) sf] cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] :6n klg lyof] . PS:kf] 

e|d0f /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 klg ePsf] lyof] . cf];fsfdf PS:kf] 

;'?jft ePsf] lbg xfdL k|lzIffyL{x? ;a}nfO{ nluPsf] lyof] . xfd|f] 

a:g] 7fpF PS:kf]glhs} ePsf]n] @–# lbg /fd|/L 3'Dg kfOof] . 

tTsfnLg ;xfos dGqL xl/ZrGb| dxt / xf]6n Joj;foL åfl/sfbf; 

>]i7, dT:o ljefusf dxflgb] {zs /f]lxtaxfb'/ yfkf;Fu PS:kf]:yndf 

g} e]6 ePsf] lyof] . 

hfkfgsf] ( dlxgfsf] a;fOdf d}n] h] l;s] +, h] hfg] +, Tof] d}n] 


g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt÷;+:yfgdf sfd ubf{ lgs} k|of]u u/] + . 

hfkfgsf] tflnd d]/f] nflu ky–k|bz{s ;flat eof] . d}n] tflnddf 

/fd|f] u/]sf]n] hfkfg ;/sf/n] b"/;~rf/;DaGwL tflndsf] 5fqj[lQ 

lbg] qmd rfn" /fVof] . hfkfgsf] b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgdf tflnd lng] 

k|yd g]kfnL d g} lyPF . 

d}n] hfkfg e|d0f ug] { cj;/ # k6s kfPF . # k6ssf] leGgfleGg} 

5 . klxnf] k6ssf] e|d0f l;Sgsf] nflu lyof], Tof] ;g\ !(&) df ( 

dlxgf cjlwsf] lyof] . bf];|f] k6ssf] e|d0f l;s]sf] s'/f s;/L k|of]u 

u/]sf] 5 eg]/ ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf nflu lyof] . gofF ;Lk l;Sg] 

pRr:t/sf] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd–uf]i7L @ xKtf cjlwsf] lyof] . Tof] 

;g\ !(&& df h'g a]nf d lrkm OlGhlgo/ sf]–sfpG6/ kf6{ lyPF, To;} 

a]nf ePsf] lyof] . 

t];|f] k6s cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] Pl;of Kofl;lkms 6]lnsDo'lg6Ln] 

cfof]hgf u/]sf] # lbg] uf]i7Ldf efu lnFbf d g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

;+:yfsf] dxfk|aGws lyPF . tLg} k6ssf] cg'ej leGgfleGg} k|sf/sf] 

/x\of] . d]/f] Pp6} lgrf]8 /x\of]– cfkm\gf] b]zsf] ljsf; cfkm} +n] 

ug' {k5{ . c7f]6 ePkl5 s'g} ;|f]tsf] vfFrf] x'g] /x]g5 . 

hfkfg a;fOsf] l;nl;nfdf cf];fsf, lx/f]l;df, sf]j], Sof]6f], 

gf/fh:tf ljleGg ;x/x?sf] e|d0f ug] { cj;/ ldNof] . æhtf uof] 

pt} x]¥of], ;a} h:tf] Ps} ;x/Æ eGg] ljrf/ dgdf cfpFYof] . e|d0fsf] 

l;nl;nfdf xfdLNffO{ xf]6ndf a:g / /]ndf ;km/ ug{ eg]/ yk 

b}lgs eQf ldNYof] . /]nsf] ef8f / xf]6nsf] vr{ s6fP/ dfq afFsL 

/sdn] cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] ;fdfg lsGg kfOGYof] . hfkfgL ;+of]hsn] 

xfd|f] sl7gfO a'em]/ ;s];Dd k|lzIffyL{nfO{ sd cfly{s ef/ kfg] 

lsl;daf6 e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd to u/]sf] b]Vbf cfZro{ nfUYof] . 

k|lzIffyL{x?sf] dfgl;stf a'em]/ g} ;+of]hsn] lgodfg';f/ kfpg] 

k|yd >]0fLsf] l6s6af6 e|d0f gu/fO{ afFsL x'g hfg] /sd 

k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ af8F \g] uy] { . 

!(&) l8;]Da/ @# sf] lbg d hfkfgaf6 sf7df8f} + kms+ { . ef]ln 

kN6b]lv b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt k'tnL au} +rf hfg] qmd rfn" eof] . hfkfg 

hfFbf ;ldltsf k|d'v gj/fh j}B x'g'x'GYof] eg] kms{ +bf /fdk|;fb 

zdf{ . s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf rxnkxn lgs} lyof] . ljZja} +ssf] k|yd 

r/0fsf] !& nfvsf] C0fsf] sfo{qmd, C0fsf] ;t{cg';f/ gofF 

;+u7g rf6{cg';f/ b/aGbL ;[hgf, b/aGbL s6f}tL, gofF sfof{no 

:yfkgf, dfn;fdfg dufpg cGt/f{li6«o:t/df af]nkq cfXjfg 

ug' {kg] { ePsfn] :k]l;lkms];g agfpg] sfo{h:tf ljleGg cfofdsf 

sfo{ ug' {kg] { ePsfn] / cfO{=6L=o"=af6 cfpg'ePsf ljz]if1 P=Pr=jfN8«dnfO{ 

;3fpg'kg] { klg ePsfn] gls} Jo:t b]lvGy+ ] . cfO{=6L=o"=sf ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ 

;3fpg] l;nl;nfdf hfkfgdf l;s]sf ;Lk / 1fg k|of]u ug{ kfpFbf 

hfkfgL k|ljlwk|ltsf] d]/f] em'sfj jf ;fFrf] cy{df æg"gsf] ;f]emf] 

lrtfpg] sfdÆ k'li6 ug{ ;kmn ePF . 

!!

{ 

{ 

+ { 


g]kfn 6]lnsd sl/a #^ jif{cl3 …;ldltÚaf6 …;+:yfgÚdf 

kl/0ft eO{ sl/a cf7 jif{klxn] …sDkgLÚdf kl/0ft ePsf] tyf 

uf}/jdo Oltxf; af]s]sf] Ps ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . l56km'6 

cfnf]rgfafx]s ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?dWo] ;w} F tfl/km kfO/x]sf] of] 

;+:yf xfn cfP/ Pp6f ax'/fli6«o ljb]zL sDkgLn] ;~rfng u/]sf] 

Ps …k|lt:kwL{Ú b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosn] ljsl;t d'n'sdf x'g] Ifdtf 

/ ;fdYo{ k|bz{g u/]/ d'n'ssf] clwsf+z dWod tyf pRr ju{sf 

df]afOn pkef]Qmfx?sf] dg lhTg ;kmn eP klg a9L dfqfdf 

cfnf]lrt ePsf] 5 . of] cToGt :jfefljs s'/f klg xf] . To;} u/L 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;DaGwdf cfd;~rf/dfWodaf6 klg Jofks?kdf 

cfnf]rgf u/L k|rf/–k|;f/ x'g' klg c:jfefljs dfGg ;lsGg . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|d'v dflns g]kfn ;/sf/ xf] . h;nfO{ cfkm\gf] 

:jfldTjsf] ;+:yf g]kfn 6]lnsddf ;'wf/ ug{ h'g;'s} kfOnf rfNg 

klg ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ 5 . ;fy} ;/sf/n] oxL ;+:yfaf6 jflif{s caf} 

?lkofF …sdfO/x]sf]Ú klg 5 . t/ klg o; ;+:yfleq /x]sf sdL– 

sdhf]/Lx?sf] sf/s tTj klxrfg gug' { cyjf klxrfg eP klg 

r'krfk al;/fVg' cToGt c:jfefljs b]lvG5 . o; c:jfefljs 

tYonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] klg dflns kf}g] # s/f]8 hgtfn] 

cToGt uDeL/?kdf lng} kg] { x'G5 . 

s]xL jif{cl3;Dd klg Psflwsf/sf] l:yltdf hgtfaf6 

jfxjfx kfO/x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] PSsfl; o'/f]k, cd]l/sf, 

hfkfg:t/sf] Pp6f ljzfn km"lt{nf] / vaf} + ?lkofF cfly{s x}l;ot 

ePsf] ax'/fli6«o sDkgL;Fu ;Lwf k|lt:kwf{ eO/x]sf] 5 . oL b'O{ 

j6f sDkgLaLr u|fxs / ;j{;fwf/0fn] t'ngf ug' { s'g} gf}nf] s'/f 

xf]Og . t'ngfTds?kdf lzlyn …d]/f] df]afOnÚsf] sl/a–sl/a 

ztk|ltzt z]o/ vl/b u/L …Pg ;]nÚ dfsf{df kl/0ft ePsf] 

:kfO; g]kfn k|fOe]6 lnld6]8n] ljgflxlRsrfx6 caf} +sf] yk 

nufgL u/L, /ftf/ft df]afOn g]6js{ k|0ffnL lj:tf/ u/L, Jofkfl/s 

/0fgLltdf pRr k|fyldstf lbO{, o'4:t/df dfs] {l6ª / k|rf/– 

k|;f/ u/]/ ljsl;t d'n'sdf x'g] :t/sf Jofj;flos s'zntf 

k|bz{g u/]sf] 5 . o; sf/0fn] g]kfnL hgtfn] pQm sDkgLnfO{ 

tfl/km u/L …k/Dk/futÚ z}nLdf rln/x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ 

cfnf]rgf ug' { c:jfefljs xf]Og . 

of] cj:yfdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx? lrlGtt 

x'g' :jfefljs xf] . oxL lrGtfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ x/]s sd{rf/Ln] 

cf–cfkm\gf] sfo{z}nL, afgL–Joxf]/f, pTkfbsTj / Odfgbfl/tfdf 


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;d:of 

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;'wf/ Nofpg ;s]sf] v08df …P]g;]nÚsf] ;kmntfaf6 ck|ToIf?kdf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] kmfObf lnPsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . t/ 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] k|of;n] dfq cfqmfds k|lt:kwf{sf] ;fdfgf u/L 

ahf/sf] d}bfgdf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] o'4 lhTg ;Dej 5}g . Jofkfl/s 

o'4df lhTg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] dflns g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g} 7"nf] 

e"ldsf x'G5 . dflnsn] g} P]g, sfg'g, lgod, ljgod agfP/ 

Jofkfl/s o'4sf] d}bfgdf lhTg geO{ gx'g] xltof/x? 

Joj:yfkgnfO{ pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . t/ ;/sf/n] Tof] e"ldsf 

lgjf{x u/]sf]h:tf] nfUb}g, a? P]g–sfg'g kfngf gu/]df …clVtof/ 

nufOlbG5'Ú egL ;ts{ u/fP/ Joj:yfkgaf6 ug] { lg0f{ox?df 

l9nf;':tL eO/x]sf] ;a}sf] hfgsf/Ldf cfO/x]sf] tYo xf] . 

k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?n] o'4df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] nflu 3fts x'g] 

7"nf–7"nf xltof/ k|of]u ubf{ …clVtof/Ú gnfUg] t/ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

rSs';/xsf] ;–;fgf xltof/ k|of]u ug{ klg …clVtof/Úsf] 8/n] 

cndn x'g] ePkl5 lghL sDkgLsf] tfl/km u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

ljr/f Joj:yfkg / ^ xhf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq ufnL ug' { d"v{tf 

x'g;S5 . 

;a}n] a'em\g'kg] { csf] { Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf s] xf] eg] g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] dflns cGo #^ j6f ;+:yfx?sf] klg dflns g} xf] . 

tL #^ j6f ;+:yfx?dWo] ;w} F rrf{df cfP/ g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ 

eGbf a9L dfqfdf ufnL vfO/x]sf ;+:yfx?df ljB't\ k|flws/0f, 

cfon lgud / jfo';]jf lgud x'g\ . ljB't k|flws/0f / cfon 

lguddf dflns cfkm} +n] k/n d"NoeGbf ;:tf]df ;fdfg / ;]jf 

laqmL ug{ sfg'gL?kdf afWo kf/]/ ef]ln kN6 3f6f s;/L eof] 

egL xf:of:kb k|Zg ug] { rng cfhsf] ldlt;Dd sfod g} 5 . 

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uxlsnf], d'Vo / hl6n ;d:of ;dfwfg ug] {tkm{ s'g} 7f]; kfOnf 

grfnLsg 7"nf–7"nf ;+:yfx?df ljZjJofkL?kdf cfGtl/s 

Joj:yfkgdf x'g] emLgf–dl;gf ;d:ofx?nfO{ dfq Wofg lbP/ 

dflns cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ Joj:yfkg 

lj1fgsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ laNs'n} unt / cj}1flgs dfGg'k5{ . 

p/f]Qm tLg j6f ;+:yfx?df eO/x]sf] ultljlwaf6 g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] Joj:yfkgn] kf7 l;Sg} k5{ . g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu tTsfn} 

uDeL/ 5nkmn ug} { k5{, bafa lbg} k5{ / ;TotYo s'/f dflns;dIf 

/fVg} k5{ . cGoyf lghL If]q;Fusf] Jofkfl/s k|lt:kwf{df g]kfn 

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lgsfox?sf ;fgf–7"nf cfof]hgf, Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/, ;fdfg / 

;]jf vl/b cflb ;DaGwdf clgjfo{?kdf kfngf ug' {kg] { 5ftf P]g 

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# af6 eO/x]sf] afwf–c8\rg / 

;d:ofnfO{ s]–s;/L ;dfwfg ug] { eGg]af/] dflnsn] g} kfOnf 

grfnLsg g]kfn 6]lnsd Joj:yfkgn] dfq s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g . 

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] 8/nfUbf] lsl;dn] ljsl;t eO/x]sf] 

gsf/fTds ;f]r / dfgl;stf bf];|f] 7"nf] ;d:of xf] . …d'n'ssf 

;Dk"0f{ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{x? aGb x'g\, lsgls ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] 

lqmofsnfkdf e|i6frf/ x'G5Ú eGg] crDdsf] dfgl;stf d'n'sdf 

vt/gfs lsl;dn] ljsl;t eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oxL 

dfgl;stfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{x? hlt;'s} 

l9nf] eP klg, !* 306fsf] nf]8;]l8ª eP klg, k]6«f]n kDkdf 

hlt;'s} nfOg nfu] klg, ljb]zL Po/nfoG;n] jif{sf] &) ca{ 

?lkofF aflx/ lnP/ uP klg / lghL df]afOn sDkgL hlt;'s} 

cfqmfds eP klg ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] dflns g]kfn 

;/sf/ cfkm"n] ug' {kg] { sfds'/fnfO{ Psflt/ kG5fP/ ;+:yfx?sf] 

Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/Lx?sf] bf]ifnfO{ dfq pQfpnf] tl/sfn] 

k|rf/–k|;f/ u/L …s'Dnf] af]sL l7dLlt/Ú nfu]sf] nfUo} 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;zQm?kdf cfO/x]sf lghL sDkgLx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ 

ub} { b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ahf/df cfpFbf lbgx?df klg cflwkTo hdfO/xg 

/ Ps gDa/sf] sDkgLsf ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ sfod u/L cl3 a9\gsf 

nflu lgDg rf/ j6f sbd tTsfn rfNg'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

s_ d'n'ssf] ;Dk"0f{ s'gfsfKrfdf ;d]t kx' Fr k'Ug] u/L 

df]afOn / OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ sfo{ o'4:t/df ug] { . 

v_ vf;u/L df]afOn ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ hlt;'s} 

/sd nufgL ug' {k/] klg / h'g;'s} gLlt lng'k/] klg cljnDa 

sbd rfNg] . 

u_ ;]jfx?sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkgdf sGh':ofOF gu/Lsg 


cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] s'g} Pp6f g]kfnL jf ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf 

sDkgLsf] ;]jf lnP/ Jofks?kdf k|rf/–k|;f/ u/L Pp6f 7f]; 

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3_ ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg, sfo{z}nL / 

afgL–Joxf]/fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg / sDkgLnfO{ Ps Jofj;flos, 

cfw'lgs / …lghL If]q:t/Úsf] ;+:yfdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ Joj:yfkgn] 

tTsfn kxn ug] { . 

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;+:yfx?df eO/x]sf] ultljlwnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf pk/f]Qm rf/ 

j6f sfo{x?dWo] klxnf] tLg j6f sfo{x? ;'rf??kn] u/fpg'kg] 

b]lvG5 . To;sf nflu sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt / sDkgL 

Joj:yfkgn] lgle{s eP/ ;dod} lg0f{ox? ug{ ;s]df / tL 

lg0f{ox?nfO{ cGo lgsfox?af6 x:tIf]k jf /f]sfj6 gx'g] eP 

dfq oL sbd yfNg ;Dej x'G5 . o;;DaGwdf /fhgLlt1x? / 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pRr kbflwsf/Lx?af6 …P]g sfg'g / lgod– 

ljlgodcg';f/ kf/bzL{ 9+un] hlt;'s} /sdsf] h'g;'s} ;fdfg 

/ ;]jf vl/b ul/of] eg] s'g} lgsfoaf6 x:tIf]k ug] { jf /f]s 

nufpg] jf sf/afxL ug] { t s'/} cfpFb}g lgÚ egL …cf}krfl/s / 

…cflwsfl/sÚ wf/0ff cfpg] lglZrt 5 . t/ ljutsf jif{x?sf] 

cg'ejnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt / 

Joj:yfkgn] pQm wf/0ffnfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf :jLs[lt hgfP 

klg cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ljZjf; gug] { k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . 

t;y{ df}h'bf P]g–sfg'g, lgod–ljlgodsf] k|zf;lgs 

rqmJo"xaf6 aflx/ lg:sg g;s];Dd g]kfn 6]lnsdnufot #^ 

j6f ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?af6 sfofkn6 x'g] vfnsf 7"nf–7"nf ljsf; 

lgdf{0f sfo{x? l56f]5l/tf] / o'4:t/df gx'g] lglZrt 5 . oxL 

rqmJo"xsf] sf/0fn] lghL ;]jfk|bfossf k|d'vn] @ lbgdf ug] 

lg0f{o g]kfn 6]lnsd k|d'vnfO{ dlxgf} + / slxn]sfxLF t jiff} + nfUg] 

u/]sf y'k| } pbfx/0f 5g\ . o:tf] jf:tljstfnfO{ k"0f{?kdf a]jf:tf u/L 

lg/Gt/?kdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/Lx?sf] dfq bf]if 

b]vfO{ pk/f]Qm …k|zf;lgs rqmJo"xÚsf] ljifodf rrf{ g} gx'g'nfO{ 

g]kfnL ;dfhs} sdhf]/L dfGg'kg] { x'G5 . 

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;ldlt / Joj:yfkgn] ug{ ;Sb}g, lsgls pxfFx?sf] clwsf/ 

If]qeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf] . of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg dflnsn] 

dfq ug{ ;S5 . ;fy} of] ;d:of ;dfwfg geP;Dd hlt;'s} 

;Ifd, lelhg/L, Ifdtfjfg\ / g]t[Tj Ifdtf ePsf] k|aGw lgb] {zs 

eP klg g]kfn 6]lnsdn] …Pg ;]nÚ h:tf] o'/f]k]nL:t/sf] sDkgLnfO{ 

lhlt/xg sl7g k5{ . of] tLtf] ;To xf] . 

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ljZjel/ g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] rfF8} }–rfF8} 

?kfGt/0f x'g] Jofkfl/s Models sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ . 

u|fxssf] ?lrdf cfpg] ljljwtf tyf gofF–gofF ;]jfsf] k|fb'ef{jdf 

s8f k|lt:kwf{ / 36\bf] Traffic dx;'n / Network Ifdtfsf] 

;Lldttfn] nufgLdf k|ltkmn b/ 3l6/x]5 . lgofds ;+:yfsf] 

bafa / nufgLstf{x?sf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ vr{df ldtJolotf 

ckgfpg'kg] { afWotf 5 . 

b"/;~rf/ ahf/sf] :j?k lgolGqt ahf/af6 v'Nnf k|lt:kwL{ 

ahf/tk{m ?kfGt/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf ;/sf/ jf 

lgofds ;+:yfn] gfkmfsf] e/f];f lbnfpg ;Sb}g . a? b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfk|bfosx? ahf/–lx:;f / /fh:jsf nflu s8f k|lt:kwf{df 

5g\ / cGtdf ;kmn ltg} x'G5g\ h;n] ;docg'?k b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

k|bfg ug{df ;Ifd eO{ lbuf] gfkmfd"ns Pj+ kl/0ffdd'vL Strategic 

Framework lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5g\ . 

g]kfndf df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfudg;Fu} a9\b} uO/x]sf] 

k|lt:kwf{Tds k[i7e"lddf l6ls/xg vr{df s6f}tL tyf gofF–gofF 

/fh:jsf] ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ckl/xfo{ x' Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L Psflwsf/ 

sDkgLaf6 k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLdf ?kfGt/0f ePkl5 g] ]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

ca k'/fgf Psn /fli6«o ;~hfnaf6 ax'n k|lt:kwL{ /fli6«o ;~hfnleq 

sfo{ ug' {kg] { x'G5 . aflx/af6 cfpg] snaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLdf ;d]t 

tLj| k|lt:kwf{ tyf ax'n Gateways sf sf/0f /fh:j cfDbfgLdf 

x«f; cfpg] ;Defjgf a9L g} /x]5 . 

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k|d'v @ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M 

!= ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf ;~rfng ug] { o'u -@)^) ;fneGbf 

cl3_ M ;/sf/L Psflwsf/sf] ?kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg 

ubf{ sDkgLn] vf;} Cost-effective / /fh:j j[l4tk{m 

cfqmfds ?k ckgfPsf] b]lvFb}g . 

@= b"/;~rf/ If]qdf pbf/Ls/0fsf] o'u -@)^) ;fnkl5_ M t/ 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf pbf/Ls/0fsf] o'usf] ;"qkft ePkl5 

g]kfn 6]lnsd k|lt:kwL{ eP/ cl3 a9\g'kl//x]5 . 

cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] ?kdf b"/;~rf/ If]qn] ljsf;sf] cf}hf/sf] 

?kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf ljleGg ljsf; Model x?af6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . 

zlbof} +;Dd ;/sf/, Jofkfl/s ju{ / b"/;~rf/ ;]jfu|fxLn] 

cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] ?kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs 

ljsf;sf] kf6f]sf] ?kdf dxTj lbPsf lyPgg\ / /fHox?n] klg 

;'wL/k|;fb cof{n 

gf=k|=lg= -cf=n]=k= tyf lg= ljefu_ 

cfk\mgf] k~rjifL{o of]hgfx? tyf jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] dfWodåf/f 

;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;nfO{ pNn]Vo k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOFb}g . 

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg /fli6«o ah]6n] b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] 

ljsf;df vf;} ah]6/L ;xof]u pknAw u/fPsf] kfOFb}g . 

g]kfn 6]lnsd klg ;/sf/L Psflwsf/ ;+:s[ltaf6 

Corporate-Management ;+:s[lttk{m ?kfGt/0f x'g clt 

cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . ;Lldt ahf/sf nflu a9\bf] 3fF6L–sf6\g] 

k|lt:kwf{n] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ klg vr{ s6f}tLsf ;fy} gofF–gofF 

cfDbfgLsf ;|f]t j[l4 ut] { afWotfn] 3]l//x]sf] 5 . ctM ljZjel/ 

g} df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfnsx?n] /fh:j k|Tofe"ltsf] sfo{ 

yfngL u/L jflif{s %–& k|ltzt;Dd /fh:j j[l4 ug{ ;Ifd 

ePsf 5g\ . ljZj kl/j]znfO{ x]bf{ xfd|f] sDkgLn] /fh:j 

k|Tofe"ltsf] yfngL ug{ ca]/ eO;s]sf] 5 . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"ltsf] sfd–sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg ;j{k|yd 

;f] ;DaGwL ljefu v8f u/L cfjZos Software vl/b u/L 

To;;DaGwdf cGo sfd–sfo{jfxL cl3 a9fpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 

5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;~rfns ;ldlt;d]tn] gLltut lg0f{o u/L pRr 

Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfjZos kxn ug{ lgb] {zg lbg'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"lt eg]sf] ;f+u7lgs 9fFrf, k|lqmofx?, k|ljlw 

/ ;"rgfx?sf] ;ld>0f xf], h;n] /fh:j k|lqmofx?sf] cg'udg 

ug] { lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] x'G5 . o;sf lqmofsnfkx? o; lsl;daf6 

9flnPsf] x'G5, h;n] Jofkfl/s k|lqmofx? / k|0ffnLx?n] tf]s]adf]lhd 

sfo{ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] af/]df k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ub{5 . 

– hf]lvdx?sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ 

/fh:j r'xfj6sf] hf]lvd sd ug] { . 

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Design flaws sf] cWoog u/L vr{ 36fpg'sf ;fy} ;~rfng 

bIftfsf] clej[l4 ug] { . 

– cfjZos ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lg0f{o / cgk]lIft 

36gfx? Go"g ug{sf nflu Jofkfl/s hf]lvdx?sf ;DaGwdf 

Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;';"lrt ug] { . 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ljleGg k|lqmofx? h:t}– b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

tyf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yfkg, ahf/Ls/0f, d]l;g h8fg ug] { cf} 

k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug] {, pwf/f] Jofkf/sf] hf]lvd sd ug] {, 

k};f c;'nL ug] { sfo{, nfut / cfDbfgLsf] ljin]if0f, ;fem]bf/L 

Joj:yfkg, u|fxsx?n] sDkgLsf] ;]jf 5f8\g] 8/ clg u|fxs 

Joj:yfkg / ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf Joj:yfkg cflb sfo{x?sf] 

k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] 7"n} cj;/x? pknAw 5g\ . oL ;a} k|lqmofx? 

gfkmf a9fpg cfjZos 5g\ . 

/fj:j k|Tofe"lt sfo{nfO{ Jofkf/sf] ;jf{lË0f k|ult, /0fgLltsf] 

Ps dxTjk"0f{ lx:;fsf] ?kdf lng'kg] { b]lvG5 . ;~rfng 9fFrf, 

k|lqmof / k|ljlw d~rdf ljBdfg /x]sf sdL–sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ 

b'Mv u/]/ cfh{g u/]sf] /fh:jsf] lx:;f r'xfj6 eO/x]5 . o;sf] 

Go"gLs/0f / lgoGq0fljgf d'gfkmf a9fpg ;Dej gx'g ;S5 . 

cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]gsf] hdfgfdf k|efjsf/L 7flgPsf] k|0ffnL 

clxn]sf] hl6n k|fljlws ;ld>0fdf ckof{Kt xF 'b} uO/x]5 . ctM 

/fh:j j[l4 ug{sf ;fy} cflh{t /fh:jnfO{ ;d'lrt n]vfÍg ug{ 

klg ;+ul7t / s]lGb|t tl/sf ckgfO{ kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] 

r'gf}tLsf ;fy} k|0ffnL, Jofkfl/s k|lqmof, ;Lk / ;+7g ;xlqmofsf] 

k"/f kmfObf p7fpg' jf~5gLo x'G5 . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"lt k|lqmofn] lgDg s'/fx?df ljz]if Wofg lbG5 M 

-s_ ljleGg ;]jfx? / ltgsf] dx;'n b/ . 

-v_ u|fxsx?sf] ;]jf pknAwtf, u|fxs;DaGwL tYofÍ, 

u|fxsx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf] cfwf/df k|0ffnL tyf Network 

sf] ;'wf/ / ;+j4{g ug] { . 

-u_ /fh:j 7uLsf] klxrfg / /f]syfd M cfGtl/s tyf afXo 

7uLnfO{ klxrfg u/L lgoGq0f k|lqmofx? tf]Sg] . 

-#_ tYofÍ ;+sng / lalnª sfo{ . 

-ª_ cGt/–;DaGwtf / Roaming ;]jfsf] lansf] cg'udg . 

-r_ u|fxs ;]jf . 

-5_ gub ;+sng . 

-h_ n]vfÍg tyf l/kf]l6{ª . 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f, u|fxssf] ?lr / 

5gf]6df ljljwtf cflbsf sf/0f jt{dfg kl/j]zdf b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] Psflt/ vr{ 36fpg] clg csf] {lt/ 

/fh:j cfDbfgL a9fpg] bf]xf]/f] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug' {kl//x]5 . 

o; ;Gbe{df ljZjel/ g} ljz]ifu/L df]afOn ;]jfk|bfosx?n] 

/fh:j 7uL tyf r'xfj6af6 $)–%) ca{ 8n/eGbf a9L /fh:j 

u'dfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o; kl/b[Zoaf6 g]kfn 6]lnsd klg 


c5'tf] /xg] ;Defjgf b]lvFb}g . o;y{ /fh:j k|Tofe"ltsf] sfo{sf] 

yfngL ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"ltsf] nflu cfjZos Tools -;+oGq_ M– 

!. Reconciliation Tools; 

@. Fraud Monitoring Tools; 

#. Test-Call-Generators; 

$. Various Auditing Tools; 

/fh:j k|Tofe"ltn] a[xt\ cy{df w]/} s'/f ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . 

ljz]if u/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jfleq df]afOn ;]jfsf] k|of]u Jofks g} 

5 . /fh:j k|Tofe"ltn] Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ;~rfng k|lqmofsf] 

sdL–sdhf]/L kQf nufO{ ljz]ifu/L lalnª / /fh:j ;+sngdf 

a9L hf]8 lbg'kg] { x'G5 . xfnsf] cj:yfdf sDkgLsf] s'n /fh:jsf] 

b'O{ ltxfO lx:;f df]afOn ;]jfn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"ltsf] sfd k|foM cy{ ljefu, cfGtl/s 

n]vfk/LIf0f ljefu, ;"rgf k|ljlw lgb] {zgfnon] ;Dkfbg ug' {kg] 

x'G5 . t/ klg /fh:j k|Tofe"lt sfo{ Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg ljefusf] 

cu|;/tfdf z'?cft ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . /fh:j 

k|Tofe"ltsf] sfdsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L /fh:j k|Tofe"lt ljefusf] 

dfq geO{ Jofkf/ k|j4{gb]lv /fh:j Generate ug] { / n]vfÍg 

ug] { ;a}sf] ;xeflutf cfjZos x'G5 . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"lt sfo{ ljQLo lgoGq0fsf sf/0f cy{;Fu, 

n]vfk/LIf0f / k|ltj]bgsf] sf/0fn] n]vfk/LIf0f;Fu tyf Network 

Joj:yfkg / IT ;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] IT Directorate ;Fu 

cGt/;DalGwt 5 . Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg ljefun] cfk\mgf] ;]jfsf] 

vr{ / gfkmf b/sf] cGt/ a9fpg /fh:j k|Tofe"ltdf a9L 

cu|;/tf k|bfg ub{5 . u|fxsx?sf] 6]lnkmf]g lan tyf ;]jf– 

u|fXotfaf/] Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg ljefun] dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf Pj+ 

hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpF5 . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"ltsf] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df b]lvg] ;Defljt 

;d:ofx? M– 

-!_ ljleGg sfo{;Fu cGt/;DalGwt ePsfn] - IT, cy{ / ahf/ 

Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk sf}zntfsf] cefj x'g ;S5 . 

-@_ ljleGg b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx? -h:t} PSTN, CDMA, ADSL, 

GSM ;Fu ;DalGwt a]Unfa]Un} Features ePsfn] 

PsLs[t?kdf /fh:j k|Tofe"lt nfu" ug{ ufx|f] x'g] . 

-#_ /fh:j r'xfj6 / k|Tofe"ltsf] lhDd]jf/L s;n] lng] eGg] 

;DaGwdf cGt/ljefudf c;fd~hZotf cfpg ;S5 . 

-$_ /fh:j k|Tofe"ltaf6 x'g] yk of]ubfgaf/] 7f]; lg?k0f ug{ 

ufx|f] x'g ;S5 . 

plNnlvt cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ /fh:j k|Tofe"lt sfo{ 

ljleGg ljefu;Fu cGt/;DalGwt ePsfn] s'g} Ps 

ljefunfO{ -ljz]ifu/L cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f ljefu;Fu 

/fh:j k|Tofe"lt ljefu ;dfof]hg u/L_ d'Vo ;~rfnssf] 

?kdf tf]Sg' a9L Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . 

!%

"" 


/fh:j k|Tofe"lt;Fu ;DalGwt ;Defljt If]qx? M– 

-!_ ljleGg ;]jfaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] CDR / Billing Process 

nfO{ Monitor ug] {, 

-@_ Inter connection / Wholesale contracts af6 x'g] 

cfDbfgLx?, 

-#_ ljleGg ;~hfn tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf] nufgLsf] 

k|ltkmn ljZn]if0f . 

-$_ Roaming sf] cfDbfgL Fraud ;DaGwL . 

-%_ cGo Operators ;Fu x'g] Traffic cfbfgk|bfgdf 

Reconciliation / Assurance ug] { ;DaGwL . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"ltaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfe M– 

-!_ tLj| kl/jt{gsf] qmddf tyf ;3g Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{df 

x'g] uNtL–sdhf]/Lx? sd ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . 

-@_ ljleGg k|0ffnL tyf k|lqmofx?sf] ldl>t k|efjsf] 

hl6ntfnfO{ lgwf{/0f u/L ;/nLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . 

-#_ sd d"Nosf] t/ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf x'g] n]gb]gsf] ;fgf] uNtLn] 

klg x'g] 7"nf] cfly{s kl/0ffdaf/] a]n}df lg0f{o lnO{ hf]lvd 

Go"g ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . 

-$_ ;]jf lj:tf/ If]qsf] If]q Jofks ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . 

-%_ lj:t[t d"n sf/0f ljZn]if0f . 

-^_ t'?Gt} ljZn]if0f ug] { ;Sg] Ifdtf . 

-&_ Jofkfl/s k|lqmof–pGd'v k|j[lQ ePsf] . 

-*_ sfo{k|jfx Joj:yfkg . 

-(_ Psåf/ s]lGb|t cjnf]sg . 

-!)_ ;+lIfKt ?kdf ;j} cfjZos ;"rgf lbg], hfgsf/L u/fpg] 

/ k|ultsf] ljZn]if0f ug] { . 

-!!_ cfkm"nfO{ ldNg] cg's"ntfdf 9fNg] . 

-!@_ ;xL Billing / Charging u/]/ u|fxs ;Gt'li6 j[l4 ug' {sf 

;fy} cfosf] ;xL n]vfÍgdf ug] { . 

-!#_ /fh:j k|Tofe"ltaf6 cflh{t yk cfDbfgLn] ;Lw} gfkmf a9fpg] . 

-!$_ l56f]5l/tf] Fraud klxrfg u/L ;/n / nfutsf] art . 

b" ""/;~rf/ 

If]qdf ePsf r'gf}tLnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M– 

-!_ /0fgLlts r'gf}tLx? (Strategic Threats):- 

u|fxs, k|lt:kwL{ / Jofkf/sf] ;~hfndf nufgLstf{;Fu 

;DalGwt . 

-@_ lgod cg'kfngsf r'gf}tLx? (Compliance Threats):- 

/fhgLlts, sfg'gL, lgodg / ;+:yfut ;'zf;gaf6 pTkGg r'gf}tL . 

-#_ ;~rfng r'gf}tLx? (Operational Threats):- 

k|lqmofx?, k|0ffnLx?, dflg; / d"No–dfGotfdf k|efj 

kfg] {x?, cfo ;+oGqaf6 ;[lht r'gf}tLx? . 

-$_ cfly{s r'gf}tLx? (Financial Threats):- 

ahf/sf] pQf/r9fj / cy{tGqaf6 pTkGg x'g] r'gf}tLx?, 

ljZjJofkLs/0f, cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ultljlwaf6 ;[lht 

r'gf}tLx? . 


plNnlvt r'gf}tLaf6 ;[hgf x'g] hf]lvdx? lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't 

ug{ ;lsG5 M– 

hf]lvd g+= -!_ u|fxsx?sf] ahf/–lx:;fdf x«f; x'g] M 

k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?n] k|bfg ug] { gofF–gofF ;]jfn] a9L k|lt:kwf{ 

hGdfpg]5 . b' |tultsf] Internet ;]jfsf] dfu j[l4n] Fixed 

Broadband df a9L data sf] k|of]u al9/x]5 / Mobile data 

Traffic df 7"nf] kl/df0fdf j[l4 eO/x]5 . kl/0ffd:j?k Smart 

Phones / Mobile Internet ;]jfsf] k|of]u a9\g' :jfefljs g} 

b]lvG5 . lbg–k|ltlbg k|ljlw tyf Devices k|bfg ug] { sDkgLx?n] 

u|fxssf] ?lr / k|fyldstfdf k|efj kfl//x]5g\ . o; sf/0fn] 

sDkgLx?n] u|fxs–lx:;f u'dfpg] ;Defjgf a9L b]lvg hfG5 . 

b"/;~rf/k|bfos sDkgLx?n] ljleGg lj/f]wL d'2fx? ;Daf]wg 

ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . 

-s_ 

vr{tk{m lgoGq0f M 

a9\bf] Data Traffic n] ubf{ Network Joj:yfkg vr{df 

j[l4 eO/x]5 t/ ;f]xL cg'?k Voice /fh:jdf ePsf] 

sdLnfO{ k"/f ug{ /fh:j a9\g g;s]sf] . a9\bf] Network 

Band width sf nflu k' FhLut vr{sf] Joj:yf ug{ ufx|f] 

eO/x]sf] . Spectrum vl/bdf 7"nf] nufgLsf] cfjZostf . 

-v_ 

/fh:jtk{m M 

a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{n] Average Revenue Per user j[l4 

ug{ ;d:of eO/x]sf] 5 . 

hf]lvd g+= -@_ u|fxs d"No clej[l4 ug{ c;kmn x'g' . 

b"/;~rf/k|bfos sDkgLx?n] gofF–gofF Jofkfl/s Models 

ckgfP/ u|fxs d"No a9fpg ;S5g\ . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf !) 

k|ltzt ;]jf s/ clg To;dfly !# k|ltzt VAT n] ubf{ 

b"/;~rf/ ;]ju|fxLn] 7"nf] ef/ vKg'kl//x]sf] 5 . 

hf]lvd g+= -#_ lgofds ;+:yfsf] a9\bf] bafa M 

Network Neutrality sf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg x'g yfn]sfn] a9\bf] 

Data-Volume af6 cfly{s ?kdf kmfObf lng ufx|f] x'g] b]lvG5 . 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] csf] { k':tfsf] 3G/ 4G / 

LTE/ Wi-MAX cflb k|ljlwdf 7"nf] nufgL ug' {kg] {5 eg] 

To;sf] k|ltkmndf kof{Kt /fh:j cfDbfgLsf] ;'lglZrttf 5}g . 

gjLg k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jfsf] cg'dlt lng nufot cGo ljifodf 

;]jfk|bfosx?dfly lgofds ;+:yfsf] bafa a9L g} b]lvG5 . 

ljleGg lsl;dsf Regulating ;+Vof al9/x]sf] 5 . Regulation 

driven risk sf] Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L 9+un] ug' {kg] { cfjZostf 5 . 

hf]lvd g+= -$_ k"jf{wf/ If]qdf ck|efjsf/L nufgL M 

gofF–gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;qmdn] 7"nf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/lznfdf 

ljzfn nufgL ug' {kg] { x'G5 / g]6js{ ljsf;df ;dod} plrt 

nufgL cfjZos x'G5 . t/ /fli6«o cfw/lznf gLlt ce}m lgdf{0fs} 

qmddf 5 / dfu / cfk"lt{sf kIfx? klg rfF8}–rfF8} kl/jt{g 

eO/xG5g\ . ;~rf/ k|ljlw ljsf; rqm klg l56f]–l56f] ;fgf] 

eO/x]5 / nufgLsf] dfqf klg al9/x]5 . 

!^

" 

{ 


– df]afOn ;~rfns sDkgLx?n] Roaming / 

Termination b/df sdLsf ;fy} Networking sf] 

;d:of e]mln/x]5g\ . 

– Fixed Operators x?n] Fiber Regulation sf ;fy} network 

bundling / duct access ;Defjgf cem a9\bf] 5 . 

– TV ;]jfk|bfosx?n] Content exclusivity df r'gf}tL 

dx;'; ul//x]5g\ . 

k"jf{wf/df 7"nf] nufgL ug' {kg] { x'gfn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos 

sDkgLx?sf] cufl8 7"nf] hf]lvdsf ;fy} cj;/x? klg 5g\ . 

hf]lvd g+= -%_ vr{ 36fpg] tyf vr{df lgoGq0f ug]{ 

cIfdtf M 

cfly{s dGbLsf] sf/0fn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] 

cfk\mgf] vr{df s6f}tL ub} { nu]sf 5g\ t/ vr{ s6f}tL u/] tfklg 

Share-holders nfO{ nfef+z t lbg} kg]{ x'G5 . Legacy 

Services af6 Voice sf] cfwf/df x'g] cfDbfgL 3l6/x]sf] tyf 

gofF ;]jfx?n] eljiodf lbg] cfDbfgLsf] lglZrttf ce}m 

ljZj;gLo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx?n] cem a9L Systematic approach 

ckgfpg'kg] { x'G5 . pgLx?n] cfk\mgf] Core Business sd vr{sf] 

cfwf/d} ;~rfng u/]/ gfkmfsf] b/ sfod /fVg'kg] { afWotf 5 . 

hf]lvd g+= -^_ k|ltef / gofF cfljisf/sf] sdL M 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] Technology 

sDkgLx?sf] cg'z/0f ug{ afWo ePsf 5g\ . Device 

Manufactures / Online Applications Developers n] 

ahf/df cfk\mgf] k|fylds dxTj bzf{Psf 5g\ / b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx? 

bf];|f] bhf{sf Partners sf ?kdf /xg ljjz 5g\ . 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx? u|fxs s]lGb|t x'g h?/L 5 . pgLx?n] 

Technology / Media af6 /0fgLlts bIf lj1x? cfk\mgf] 

sDkgLsf sfddf nufpg'kg] {5 . cg';Gwfg / ljsf; sfo{df 

k|fyldstf lbg'kg] {5 . k|ljlw, ;~rf/ / cGo b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx?;Fu 

;fe]mbf/L ug' {kg] {5 . 

hf]lvd g+= -&_ nufgLstf{sf] ck]Iffsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cIfdtf M 

nufgLstf{x?sf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ a9L k|ltkmn lbg ;Sg] 

jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{k5{ . nufgLstf{x? cfk\mgf] nufgLsf] 

;'/IffeGbf klg gofF cfljisf/sf] kIfdf 5g\ . nufgLstf{x?sf] 

ck]Iff k"/f ug{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] cfk\mgf] 

sfo{If]qdf ePsf] r'gf}tL / cj;/x?sf] af/]df /fd|/L hfgsf/L 

u/fpg'kb{5 . sDkgLn] d'Vo–d'Vo sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;" "rsfÍ ljsf; 

ug' {kg] { x'G5 . ;fy} b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx?n] ;/sf/;Fu / cGo 

cfk"lt{stf{;Fusf] ;DaGw klg kl/eflift ug' {kg] {5 . 

hf]lvd g+= -*_ cg'ko'Qm k|0ffnLx? / k|lqmofx? M 

cfly{s dGbLsf] cj;/df Legacy Jofkf/nfO{ hf/L /fVg' 

emg\ h?/L x'G5 . df]afOn Voice ;]jfaf6 cfpg] cfDbfgLsf] 

ce}m 7"nf] lx:;f 5 . k|lt:kwL{ df]afOn ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] 


la:tf/} h/f] ufl8/x]sf 5g\ . 

– b"/;~rf/k|bfos sDkgLx?n] cfk\mgf] Platform sf] ;d'lrt 

dd{t–;Def/ tyf clej[l4 ug' {kg] { x'G5 . 

– s'g k|ljlw t'?Gt k|of]u ug] {, clgZro 5 . 

– HSPP+ cyjf LTE cyjf Wi-MAX cyjf IP- Based 

cGo k|ljlw < 

– Legacy Technologies sf] Consolidation n] hf]lvd a9fpF5 . 

– Migration paths w]/} hl6n 5 . 

hf]lvd g+= -(_ PsLs[t pkqmd tyf ;fe]mbf/Lsf] sdhf]/ 

Joj:yfkg M 

clxn] b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx?df cGt/–ahf/ k|lt:kwf{, vr{sf] a9L 

Jooef/ / gofF k"jf{wf/df 7"nf] nufgLsf] cfjZostfn] PsLs[t 

pkqmd cyjf /0fgLlts ;fe]mbf/Lsf] cfjZostf dx;'; eO/x]5 . 

gofF k|sf/sf ;fe]mbf/x?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug' {kg] { x'G5 h:t}– 

IT ;]jfx?, IPTV, Mobile Internet tyf cGoaLr 

;fe]mbf/L cfjZos 5 . 

hf]lvd g+= -!)_ uf]kgLotf, ;'/Iff / 7uL M 

uf]kgLotf, ;'/Iff / 7uL b"/;~rf/ If]qsf nflu bL3{sfnLg 

r'gf}tLx? g} x'g\ . ablnFbf] Jofkfl/s 9fFrfn] gofF–gofF r'g}tLx? 

h:t}– Web2.0, Vittualization / Digital rights ;Fu 

;DalGwt d'2fx? ;fdflhs–cfly{s cfofd;Fu hf]l8P/ b]vf kg{ 

yfn]sf 5g\ . 

Digital ;dfhsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug] 

{{{{{ lhDd]jf/L 

Digital ;dfhsf] b|'t ljsf;n] o; If]qnfO{ ;'k/Lj]If0f 

ug]{ clg lgodg ug]{ sfo{ emg\–emg\ hl6n aGb} uO/x]sf] 

5 . df]afOn ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] cfkm\gf] u|fxssf] 

Data-;"rgf unt k|of]u x'gaf6 /f]Sg] bfloTj klg axg 

ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 

df]afOn ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] b| 't ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, 

k|fljlws / u|fxs rfxgfdf kl/jt{gnfO{ cfkm\gf] a9\bf] bfloTj 

;DemL ;Daf]wg ug' {kb{5 . 

/fh:j k|Tofe"lt ;~rfng k|lqmof cgj/t?kdf rln/xg] 

k|lqmof ePsfn] o;df ;dosf] ;fy} ;'wf/ klg eO{ g} /xG5 . 

cGtdf, 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{ b"/;~rf/ If]q Psflt/ ljZjel/ 

g} km}lnFb} uPsf] 5 eg] csf] {lt/ ljleGg k|ljlwsf] ;ld>0fn] Ps} 

ljGb'df ;a} k|ljlwx? s]lGb|t klg eO/x]5 . ctM a9\bf] cfDbfgLsf 

cj;/x? klxNofpFb} tyf cflh{t cfDbfgL ;'/lIft ub} { hfg'kg] 

cfhsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] . ;fy} b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ljsl;t eO/x]sf 

ljleGg vfn] hf]lvdx? tyf k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?sf] /0fgLlt tyf 

bfpk]rx?nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 cNksfnLg 

tyf bL3{sfnLg Strategic Framework tof/ u/L pQm 

r'gf}tLx?nfO{ pRr Joj:yfkgn] ;Daf]wg ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . cGoyf 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] cj:yf klg clglZrt x'g] ;Defjgf 

a9\b} hfg]5 . 

!&



hLjgsf] lgod / g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] hLjGt ofqf 

!= hLjg ofqf / c;kmntfsf nIf0f 

!=! dflg;sf] ofqf / ;+:yfsf] ofqfdf ;dfgfGt/tf x'G5 . 

dflg;sf] hLjg ofqf lgGtfGt JolQmut x'G5 eg] ;+:yfsf] ofqf 

;fdflhs x'G5 . ofqf hLjGt x'g'k5{ . dflg;sf] ofqf hLjGt 

ePg eg] pm af]lemnf] hLjg af]s]/ af“lr/x]sf] x'G5 . ;+:yfsf] 

ofqf hLjGt ePg eg] p2]ZoljxLg ofqfdf pmhf{ vkt eO{ 

d[To'tkm{ pGd'v eO/x]sf] x'G5 . dflg;sf] ofqf hLjGt geP klg 

dgsf] ;xf/fdf hLjGt /x]sf] clego jf axgfdf rNg ;S5 . 

t/ sDkgLsf] ofqf hLjGt gx' “bf c;kmntfsf nIf0fx? b]vfpg 

yfN5 . h'g p2]Zoaf6 ;+:yf :yflkt ePsf] xf] ;f] cg'?k kl/0ffdx? 

b]vfpg 5f]8\5 . kmn:j?k ;+:yfsf ;]jfu|fxLx?n] klg kL8f 

v]Kg'kg] { x'G5 . t/ nIf0fx? :jo+ /f]u xf]Ogg\ . k|f/lDes cj:yfdf 

b]vfOPsf oL nIF0fx? cy{k"0f{ x'G5g\, h'g ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj 

hf]ufpg lbO/x]sf ;+s]tx? x'g\ . 

!=@ xfd|f] d'n'ssf] kl/j]zdf klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf 

w]/} ;+:yfx? ofqfdf 5g\ t/ hLjGt ofqfdf 5}gg\ . sltko 

;+:yfx?sf oL nIf0fx?n] leqL /f]usf] cj:yfnfO{ ;+s]t ul//x]sf 

x'G5g\ . afx\o?kn] cfly{s ;d'Gglttkm{ pGd'v e}/x]sf] b]lvg] t/ 

cfGtl/s ;+/rgf sdhf]/ e}/x]sf] 5 eg] To:tf] ;+:yf d[t ;+:yfdf 

?kfGt/0f x'g] k|an ;Defjgf /xG5 . To:t} u/L jftfj/0fdf 

cfO/x]sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfn] cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;Sbf tyf kl/jt{gsf 

hl6ntf;“u cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug] { Ifdtfdf sdL 5 eg] Tof] klg 

;+:yf c;kmn x'g] nIf0f xf] . To:t} u/L ;+:yfleq sfd–sf/afxLsf] 

Jo:ttf (Busy) eO/x]sf] b]lvg], pQm Jo:ttfd} /dfO/xg] t/ 

;f]af6 sDkgLsf] Jofj;flos (Business) ;kmntfdf s'g} 

;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] ;+s]t b]lvPsf] 5}g eg] klg sDkgL 

c;kmntfsf] af6f]lt/ pGd'v e}/x]sf] nIf0f xf] . ;fy} ;+:yf tyf 

;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;du| lxtaLr ;Gt'ng x'g] u/L ;+:yfsf] 

sfo{ jftfj/0f ljsl;t e}/x]sf] 5}g eg] Tof] klg sDkgL 

b"/fj:yflt/ pGd'v ePsf] ;+s]t xf] . 

@= sDkgLsf] k'gd{"NofÍg 

@=! g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Oltxf; ztfAbL nfdf] 5 t/ d'nssf] 

b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] jf:tljs kl/jt{g Ps bzsdf dfq ePsf] 5 . 

ha kl/l:yltdf kl/jt{g x'G5 ta sDkgLsf] sd{rf/Lju{sf] dgl:ylt 

tyf sDkgLsf] ;+:sf/df kl/jt{gsf] 9f]sf 9s9SofPsf] x'G5 . 

dn'ssf] b"/;~rf/ ahf/df b]lvPsf] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ sDkgLn] 

cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;s]g eg] o;nfO{ b'ef{Uosf lbgx?sf] uGtL 

k|f/De ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . d'n'ssf] ;fgf] b"/;~rf/ ahf/df ^ j6f 

;]jfk|bfosx?sf] pkl:ylt /xg', ljZjahf/df /fd|f] ahf/ pkl:ylt 

;'/]Gb| k|;fb lys] 

gf=k|=lg=, Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu 

/x]sf] ax'/fli6«o sDkgLaf6 cfqmfds?kdf ahf/ lj:tf/ eO/xg', 

b"/;~rf/ gLlt tyf lgodg ;+oGqsf] c:ki6tfaf6 sDkgL cK7\of/f] 

cj:yfdf kg{ ;Sg] vt/f b]lvg', ;/sf/L ;+oGqcg'?k ;~rfng 

x'g'kbf{ hf]lvd p7fP/ sDkgLsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;fx;L lg0f{o 

ug{ cK7\of/f] v8f x'g', sDkgLleq cfGtl/s ;+:sf/sf tTjx? 

d"No, dfGotf / ljZjf;sf] cjd"Nog x'g'n] sDkgLsf] jt{dfg 

ofqf ;xL lbzfdf 5÷5}g egL k'gd" {NofÍg ug] { ;+j]bgzLn 38L 

cfPsf] 5 . unt lbzfdf uP/ ;xL lbzftkm{ pGd'v e}/x]sf] 5 

eGg] ;f]r ljsl;t ePsf] 5 eg] c;kmntfnfO{ l56f] lgDTofpg' 

xf] . ;fy} unt lbzfdf pGd' 'v 5 eg]/ klxrfg x' “bfx' “b} klg 

sDkgL] hLjGt ofqfdf a9\g g;Sg' eg]sf] ;+3if{, ;+sNk tyf 

;dk0f{sf] cefj xf] . sDkgL h'g p2]Zosf] nflu :yflkt 5, 

;f]df ljrng cfPsf] 5 eg] sDkgL c;kmn x'g] ;+s]t xf] . 

lsgeg] p2]ZoljxLg ofqf ;fy{s x'g ;St}g . 

@=@ sDkgL clxn] Crisis of identity sf] cj:yfaf6 

u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . (@ k|ltzt z]o/sf] :jfldTj ;/sf/sf] /x]sf]n] 

sDkgLsf] sfd–sf/afxL ;/sf/L gLlt–lgodaf6 lgb] {lzt 5 

eg] d'n'ssf] b"/;~rf/ ahf/ lgs} k|lt:kwf{Tds /x]sf]n] cfkm\gf] 

cl:tTjsf] nflu sDkgL Jojf;flos d"No–dfGotfaf6 ;~rfng 

x'g'kg] { ckl/xfo{tf 5 . t/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf / Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf 

rl/q lgtfGt k[ys x'G5g\ . sDkgL o:tf] b'O{ km/s rl/q ePsf] 

b'O{ 3f]8fdf Ps–Ps v'§f /fvL ;jf/ eP/ uGtJodf k'Ub}g, 

b'3{6gf dfq x'G5 . o:tf] c;fd~HoZotfsf sf/0f sDkgLdf 

ysfg tyf 3fpx? clxn] b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L tj/n] 

sfo{ ul//x]sf] ] Psflwsf/sf] cjz]ifsf sf/0f sDkgLsf sfo{x? 

r':t tl/sfn] ;DkGg ug{ sl7gfO eO/x]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos 

?kdf cufl8 a9\g ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] k"0f{?kdf kfngf ug' {kbf{ 

ljleGg cj/f]wx? ;fdgf ug' {kg] { cj:yf ;[hgfn] sDkgLsf] 

ljsf; sfo{qmdx? g/fd|f] tl/sfn] k|efljt eO{ pkef]Qmfsf 

!*

{ 

{ 



cfjZostfx? kl/k"lt{ ug{ sDkgL ;an eO/x]sf] 5}g . o;af6 

sDkgLsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf x|f;f]Gd'v lbzfdf hfg] vt/f 

lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . of] k|d'v lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . t/ 

clxn];Dd lrGtfdf g} ;do lat]sf] 5 . of] lrGtfnfO{ Go"g ug] 

lrGtg u/L 7f]; sfo{lbzf;lxt sDkgLsf] ljutsf] uj{nfO{ sn'lift 

gug{ k|efjsf/L sbd rfNg' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu 

sDkgLsf] cfGtl/s dgl:yltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g h?/L 5 eg] 

afx\o kl/l:yltnfO{ cfkm\gf] cg's"n :yflkt ug] { s'6gLltsf] klg 

vf“rf] b]lvPsf] 5 . 

#= ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj / pQ/bfloTj M 

#=! dflg; k"0f{ :j:y x' “bf cfkm\gf] :jf:Yoaf/] Vofn cfp“b}g . 

6fpsf] gb'v];Dd z/L/df 6fpsf] 5 eg]/ ofb cfp“b}g . ha 

6fpsf]df s]xL rf]6 k'U5 / kL8f x'G5, To; a]nf 6fpsf]sf] 

cl:tTjaf/] ;lDemG5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;DaGwdf o:t} cj:yf 

clxn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . sDkgL xfn cfly{s ?kdf 

;an ePsf] ]n] ] sDkgLsf] ;~rfngdf cGo ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?nfO{ 

h:tf] ;/sf/af6 cfly{s cg'bfg lbg'kg] { cj:yf /x]sf] 5}g . 

jt{dfg cj:yfdf xfn;Dddf sDkgL d'gfkmfdf ;~rfng eO{ 

/fHosf]ifdf ;a}eGbf a9L s/ ltg] { sDkgLsf] ?kdf :yflkt 5 . 

ljleGg zLif{ssf s/x? tyf nfef+zafkt jflif{s ?kdf sDkgLaf6 

;/sf/n] 7"nf] /sd k|fKt ul//x]sf] 5 . ljut $ jif{df /fHosf]ifdf 

sDkgLaf6 ePsf] cfly{s of]ubfg lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 . 

of] cfly{s of]ubfgafx]s sDkgLn] ;/sf/L gLltcg'?k 

gfkmfljxLg b'u{d u|fdL0f If]qx?df 7"nf] nufgL u/L Go"gtd 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf :yflkt u/L cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs bfloTj klg lgjf{x 

ul//x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] ljleGg p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ sDkgLsf] 

jt{dfg alnof] l:ylt clxn] Pp6f jfxssf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ 

;dosf] bfo/fleq x'g] s'g} klg rLh kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . kl/jt{g 

cfkm} +n] r'gf}tL / cj;/ af]s]/ cfPsf] x'G5 . d'n'ssf] b"/;~rf/ 

If]qdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{gaf6 sDkgL cnu /xg ;Sb}g . kl/jt{gnfO{ 

sDkgLn] cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;s]g eg] l5d]sL d'n'ssf] ;flas 

!( 

;]jfk|bfos (Incumbent Operator) ef/t ;~rf/ lgud 

lnld6]8sf] h:tf] sl7g kl/l:ylt cfp“b}g eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug{ ;ls“b}g . 

s'g} a]nf "Crown Jewel" sf] ?kdf lng] ;f] sDkgL cfh 

cfkm\gf] cl:tTjsf] nflu ;/sf/af6 ;+/If0f vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . 

c;n ;]js geO{sg c;n dflns aGb}g . cem ;]jsdf eGbf 

dflnsdf c;n u'0fx? a9L cfjZos x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

æxL/fÆ sf] ?kdf /x]sf] of] sDkgLsf] cu|udgdf b]lvPsf jt{dfg 

;/sf/L gLlt–lgoddf ePsf ;LldttfnfO{ sDkgLsf] dflnssf] 

x}l;otn] k|lt:kwf{ cg's"n x'g] u/]/ ;/sf/n] plrt kl/dfh{g 

u/L rf}8f af6f] ;[hgf ul/lbg'k5{ . 

#=@ k|To]s dflg;sf] hLjg cfkm} +df æo'lgsÆ x'G5 . k|To]s 

dflg;sf] :jefj z}nL leGg x'G5 . of] æsG6«f:6Æ nfO{ a'em\g 

g;Sg' jf gvf]Hg'sf] kl/0ffd b'Mv ;[hgf x'g' xf] . To:t} u/L 

;/sf/sf k|To]s cË tyf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?sf 

k|s[lt leGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . oL ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;+:yfx? 

Psgf;sf] gLlt–lgodn] ;~rfng x' “bf Pp6} k|sf/sf] kl/0ffd 

cfpg ;Sb}g . kl/jt{g 5}g eg] gLlt–lgodsf] hLjGttf nfdf] 

;do /xG5 t/ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gn] gLlt–lgod ;'wf/ ug{ klg 

lg/Gt/?kdf 3r3RofPsf] x'G5 . ;a} gLlt–lgodsf] ckjfb x'G5 

/ ckjfbn] g} gLlt–lgodsf] pkl:yltnfO{ emNsfp“5 . b"/;~rf/ 

If]q;“u ;DalGwt ;+:yf / ef}lts lgdf{0f If]q;“u ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] 

af6f] o;} klg cnu x'G5 . To;df klg b"/;~rf/ If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ 

/x]sf]n] af6f] æljlzi6Æ 

-/sd ?= ca{df_ 

?kdf g} cnu 5 . t;y{ 

k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf 

sDkgLsf] hLjGt ofqfnfO{ 

u|f=b"=lj=sf]if 

cg's"n x'g] u/L jt{dfg 

gLlt–lgod kl/dfh{g ug{ 

;/sf/ k|lta4 x'g'k5{ / 

sDkgLn] klg ;/sf/;“u 

;dGjo u/L kxn ug'{ 

;|f]t M sDkgLsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg h?/L 5 . sDkgL sdhf]/ 

x'g'eGbf klxn} g} o:tf] 

;'wf/sf] af6f] klxNofp“bf ;/sf/sf] /fh:j ;+/IF0f x'G5 / ;/sf/n] 

cf=j= b"/~rf/ ;]jf z'Ns÷ cfos/ nfef+z z'Ns /f]oN6L÷ cGo hDdf 

d"=c=s/÷ :jfldTj 

@)^$÷^% @=*% @=*$ !=$( !=)! !=$* (=^& 

@)^%÷^^ #=^# #=^% #=$% !=)! )=%@ !@=@$ 

@)^^÷^& %=@% $=@# $=*) !=@# )=@( !%=*) 

@)^&÷^* $=%# $=$* %=$( !=%) )=@& !^=@& 

7"nf] 6fpsf] b'vfO ef]Ug' gkg] { x'G5 . cGoyf 3f6fdf uPsf 

;+:yfgx?sf] sf/0f b'v]sf] 6fpsf]df dnxd k§Lsf] cefjdf 

cem kL8fbfos x'G5 . 

#=# h:tf] b[li6 x'G5 ;[li6 To:t} x'G5 . JolQmsf] b[li6 æb'O{ 

lbgaLrsf] Ps /ftÆ klg x'g ;S5 cyjf æb'O{ /ftaLrsf] Ps 

lbgÆ klg x'g ;S5 . of] km/s b[li6af6 JolQm hLjgsf] ;'v tyf 

b'Mvsf] ckf/ leGgtfdf pleG5 . /fHon] klg of] sDkgLnfO{ x]g] 

b[li6 :ki6 kfg{ h?/L 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sx? ef/t, kfls:tfg /

{ 


a+unfb]zsf ;flas ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ /fHosf] gLltaf6 g} k|lt:kwf{df 

;Ifd agfpg s]xL ;'ljwfx? lbPsf 5g\ . ef/tdf ef/t ;~rf/ 

lgud lnld6]8n] cg'dltkq b:t'/ /fHoaf6 lkmtf{ kfp“5 . 

kfls:tfgdf gof“ ;]jfk|bfosx?nfO{ cg'dltkq k|bfg u/]kl5 

;~rfngdf /x]sf ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] klg ;]jf ;~rfngb]lv nfu" 

x'g] ;t{df cg'dltkq gljs/0f ePsf 5g\ . b"/;~rf/ If]q 

pbf/Ls/0fk"j{ ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf /x“bf gfkmfljxLg u|fdL0f 

If]qdf g]6js{ lj:tf/sf] bfloTj, dx;'n b/sf] ;+/rgfdf 7"nf] 

kl/jt{g Nofpg'kg] { cj:yf / Psflwsf/af6 k|lt:kwf{df hf“bf 

;fdgf ug' {kg] { c;xh kl/l:yltnfO{ b[li6ut u/L :j:y k|lt:kwf{Tds 

jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'g] u/L cGo d'n'sx?df /x]sf] k|rngcg'?k 

sDkgLnfO{ ;'ljwf lbg /fHon] sGh':ofO“ ug' {x' “b}g . ;fy} k|ljlw 

ljsf;sf] pko'Qm kmfObf ;dod} p7fpg / k|lt:kwf{Tds 

jftf/0fdf sDkgLsf] ;+/rfgf tyf ;+:sf/df 7f]; ?kfGt/0f u/L 

Jofj;flos ;kmntf lbuf] /fVg xfn df}g l:yltdf /x]sf] /0fgLlts 

;fem]bf/ leq\ofpg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;/sf/n] kxn 

ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . of] bzsdf g} cGo If]qx?eGbf 

qmflGtsf/L?kdf k|ljlw Pj+ u|fxs cfwf/ ljsf; ePsf] b"/;~rf/ 

If]qdf ljBdfg P]g, lgod, gLltdf pko'Qm kl/dfh{g u/L :j:y 

k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ /fHo ;+j]bgzLn x'g' lgtfGt 

cfjZos ePsf] 5 . 

$= lgsf;sf] af6f] M 

$=! sDkgL ?kfGt/0fsf b'O{ k|d'v jfxsx? 5g\ . afx\o 

jftfj/0fdf e}/xg] kl/jt{gsf] /km\tf/ tyf o;af6 pTkGg 

hl6ntfx?n] sDkgLsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 

x'G5 eg] sDkgLdf sfo{/t hgzlQmn] sDkgLdf pTkGg o:tf 

t/Ëx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L k'gM ;Gt'gng ug] { k|of; ul//x]sf] 

x'G5 . oL b'O{ ljk/Lt zlQmx?sf] ;+3if{af6 dfq sDkgL ;kmn x'g 

;St} }g . oL b'O{ ;+oGqaf6 ;[hgf x'g] ;+uLtaf6 sDkgL cfkm\gf] 

p2]Zosf] ofqfdf cufl8 al9/xg'k5{ . o; b[li6n] sDkgLsf 

sd{rf/Lju{ sDkgLsf] ;kmntfsf] k|d'v jfxs x'g\ . sDkgL 

Pp6f ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ;dfh klg xf] . sDkgLsf] nflu ;Eotf 

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . sDkgLnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmuttf;“u s'g} 

;/f]sf/ x' “b}g, a? p;sf] cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/ d"Nojfg\ x'G5 . 

JolQmut?kdf sd{rf/Lsf] nflu p;sf] cfr/0f s] k|s6 x'G5, 

Tof] dxTjk"0f{ 5}g, a? tL cfr/0fx? s] sf/0fn] k|s6 e}/x]sf 

5g\, Tof] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t;y{ Ps JolQm tyf ;+:yfsf] Ps 

;b:osf] x}l;otn] sd{rf/L]sf] b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . pm 

sDkgLsf] nflu ;'zfl;t / ;Eo x'g'k5{ eg] :jo+ cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf] 

nflu ;';+:s[t x'g'k5{ . ;';+:s[t ePkl5 ;Eotf :jfefljs ?kdf 

k|s6 x'G5 . k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] cfTdaf]waf6 dgl:ylt kl/jt{g 


x'G5 / o;af6 g} ;+:yfut ;';+:sf/ ljsl;t eO{ sDkgLsf] ofqf 

hLjGt agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . 

$=@ JolQmut?kdf dflg; ul/a eP/ klg ;d|f6 x'g ;S5 . 

To:t} ;d|f6 eP/ klg ul/a x'g ;S5 . of] dflg;sf] cfTdaf]wdf 

lge{/ /xG5 . t/ sDkgL ;d|f6 eP/ ul/a x'g' x' “b}g . To:t} ul/a 

eP/ ;d|f6 aGg ;Sb}g . ljutsf] ;'gf}nf] Oltxf;, ;an cfly{s 

l:ylt, a[xt\ g]6js{ k"jf{wf/, pkef]Qmfsf] ;xof]u tyf ;lbR5fsf 

b[li6n] sDkgL jf:tljs ;d|f6 xf] t/ pkef]Qmfsf] dfucg'?k 

ljleGg ;]jfx?sf] ;xh cfk"lt{ ug{ g;Sbf sDkgL ul/aLtkm{ 

pGd'v ePsf] b]lvG5, h'g sDkgLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kL8f xf] . 

sDkgLsf] ahf/ lx:;f vl:s/x]sf] 5 eg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;]jfdf 

sDkgLsf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f k|lt:kwL{ sDkgL]n] 

ahf/ lx:;f j[l4 ug] { cj;/ kfPsf] 5 . Jofj;flos df]8df 

o:tf] cj:yf cfpg] u5{ . o;df lg/fz x'g} kg] { afWotf 5}g . 

sDkgL;“u ;d|f6 aGg] cfGtl/s u'0fx? /x]/ klg ;f]sf] phfu/ 

ug{ g;sL ls+st{Joljd'9 eP/ sDkgLsf] vl:s“bf] cj:yf x]l//xg'kg] 

afWotf 5 eg] cfzfjfbL eP/ a:g'sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . of] cj:yf 

eg]sf] s'g} JolQm wg / kbaf6 ;';lHht eP/ klg cfkm\gf] 

/f]unfO{ c;xfo?kdf x]l/g'kg] { cj:yfh:t} xf] . t;y{ o:tf] df}g 

l:yltaf6 aflx/ cfpg'k5{ t/ o;sf] dtna xNnf ug] { xf]Og . oL 

b'O{ df}g / xNnf ljifd?kdf Pp6} l:ylt xf] . t;y{ sDkgLn] 

cfkm\gf] ;]jf ljt/0f cfjZostfcg';f/ ug{ g;Sg'sf] d"n h/f]nfO{ 

;Daf]wg ug' {kg] { x'G5 . pks/0f cfk"lt{sf ljleGg k|lqmofnfO{ 

cfGtl/s ?kdf k|efjsf/L?kn] ;Daf]wg ug' {kg] { x'G5 eGg] afWo 

sf/0fn] k|lqmof cj?4 e}/x]sf] 5 eg] zfGt xNnfsf] s'6gLltsf] 

cfwf/df afwf–c8\rg km'sfpg sDkgLsf] ;/f]sf/jfnfx? k|lta4 

x'g'k5{ . tLj| k|lt:kwf{sf] dWoefudf ef/t ;~rf/ lgud lnld6]8sf] 

;]jf cfk"lt{ Joj:yfdf lasf] { nfUbf pQm sDkgL cfh b'/fj:yfdf 

k'u]sf] tYo oxf“ :d/0fLo x'g cfp“5 . t;y{ sDkgLsf] ;]jf 

ljt/0fnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg], sDkgLsf 7"nf cfof]hgfx? 

ljz]if u/L ! s/f]8 GSM df]afOn cfof]hgf, @) nfv IP 

CDMA cfof]hgf tyf cGo ;a} dxTjk"0f{ cfof]hgfx?sf] ;kmn 

sfof{Gjogdf b]lvg] cfGtl/s Pj+ afx\o c8\rg km'sfpg sDkgL 

;'b[9?kdf nfUg'kg] { cj:yf 5 . 

$=# dflg;sf] z/L/ :j:y /fVg pm :jo+ lhDd]jf/ /xG5 . 

:j:y z/L/sf] nflu 7Ls vfgf, 7Ls kl/df0fdf >d tyf 7Ls 

;dosf] ulx/f] lgb|fsf] ;Gt'ng cfjZos x'G5 . h'g Jojxf/df 

ptfbf{ :jo+ JolQmn] cg'e"lt ub{5 . u|fxs cfwf/ ;+/If0f ug{ 

tyf gof“ u|fxs cfwf/ :yflkt ug{ ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ 

k|fylds kIf xf] . u'0f:t/Lo / ljZj;gLo ;]jfn] sDkgLsf] 

:jf:Yosf] cj:yfnfO{ OlËt ub{5 . of] sDkgLsf] lgtfGt cfGtl/s 

Joj:yfaf6 kmlne"t x'G5 . sDkgLaf6 k|bfg ul//x]sf] ;]jfsf] 

@)


u'0f:t/ clej[l4 sfo{ sDkgLsf] k|To]s PsfOsf] cfGtl/s 

lqmofsnfkdf lge{/ /xG5 . ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ sDkgL;“u 

/x]sf] ljBdfg ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng, sDkgLdf 

sfo{/t k|To]s sd{rf/Lju{sf] plrt >d Pj+ l6d–efjgf tyf 

Joj:yfkgsf] k|lta4tfsf] vf“rf] /xG5 . sDkgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ 

ug] { cleofgsf] yfngL ;]jfefjaf6 k|fb'ef{j x'G5 . ;]jfu|fxLx?af6 

cfpg] u'gf;f] tyf ;'emfj u'0f:t/sf] klxnf] dfkb08 xf] eg] 

sDkgLsf] cfGtl/s ;+oGqaf6 cg'udg x'g] u'0f:t/sf] dfkg 

bf];|f] dfkb08 xf] . t];|f] tyf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ dfkb08 ;DalGwt 

;]jf;“u k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf ;+nUg sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lju{sf] 

cfkm\g} cg'e"lt xf] . 8f6fnfO{ a+Uofpg ;lsG5 t/ cfkm\g} cg'e"lt 

aflËb}g . t;y{ sDkgLsf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgoldt?kdf dfkg, 

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug] { k|efjsf/L k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L tyf 

;f] k|0ffnLsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf /x]/ k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] sDkgLsf] 

5lj ;'wf/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug' {k5{ . 

Joj;fodf n]gb]g x'G5 cyjf æhLt–hLtÆ jftfj/0f ;[hgf 

ug{ vf]lhG5 . JolQmut hLjgdf v'zL af“8\g' eg]sf] v'zL ælng'– 

lbg'Æ xf]Og, v'zL ælbg'–lbg'Æ xf] . sDkgL / u|fxssf] ;DaGw 

Jofj;flos ;DaGw dfq xf]Og cGt/JolQm ;DaGw klg xf] . 

cGt/JolQm ;DaGwdf ælbg]Æ ;"q dfq x'G5 . t;y{ sDkgLsf] ] 


k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] u|fxsx?;“usf] cGt/;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{ ;bf 

k|oTg/t x'g'k5{ . u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf u/] u|fxsaf6 j/bfg k|fKt 

x'G5 . o; b[li6n] klg sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx? g} u|fxsnfO{ ;Gt'li6 

lbg] ;jf] {kl/ dfWod xf] . 

$=$ ;]jfu|fxLx? g} sDkgLsf] eljio lgdf{tf ePsfn] 

k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf sDkgLsf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu 

sDkgLsf lqmofsnfkx? pkef]Qmf s]lGb|t x'g' h?/L 5 . 

pkef]Qmfju{;“u xflb{s ;DaGw sfod ub} { ;'ky tyf ;x'lnotk"0f{ 

d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfsf] dfucg'?k cfk"lt{ u/]/ dfq sDkgLsf] 

Jofj;flos ;kmntf lglZrt x'G5 . hLjgdf ;a} s'/f lgoddf 

3l6t x“ 'b}gg\ . hLjgdf x/]s dxTjk"0f{ 36gfx? lgodaf6 aflx/ 

ljgfsf/0f 3l6t x'G5g\ / cgk]lIft ?kdf ltgLx? 9f]sf 9s9SofP/ 

cfPsf x'G5g\ . sDkgLsf] Jofj;flos ;kmntf sDkgLsf] nflu 

dxTjk"0f{ 36gf xf] . lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] k|lt:kwf{Tds 

jftfj/0fdf sDkgL gLlt–lgodsf] ;f“3'/f] af6f]df lg/Gt/ lx“8]/ 

kl/jt{gsf] ultnfO{ k5\ofpg sl7g x'G5 . cGtdf jt{dfg sl7g 

df]8df u|fxsk|ltsf] ;]jfefj tyf sDkgLsf] pHHjn eljioaf6 

clek] |l/t eP/ sDkgLn] gLlt–lgodsf] ckjfbsf] ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ 

lg0f{ox? ug] { ;do cfPsf] 5 . o:t} lg0f{oaf6 sDkgLsf] cgGt 

ofqf hLjGt x'G5 . 

Health - Important Tips. 

Answer the phone by LEFT ear 

Do not drink coffee TWICE a day 

Do not take pills with COOL water 

Do not have HUGE meals after 5pm 

Reduce the amount of OILY food you consume 

Drink more WATER in the morning, less at night 

Keep your distance from hand phone CHARGERS 

Do not use headphones/earphone for LONG period of time 

Best sleeping time is from 10pm at night to 6am in the morning 

Do not lie down immediately after taking medicine before sleeping 

@!

{ 



k|lt:kwf{sf] ahf/df g]kfn 6]lnsd 

lj=;+ !(&) b]lv DofUg]6f] k|ljlwaf6 ;'? ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g 

;]jf / df]xg zdz]/sf] kfnfdf @))% ;fndf ;'? ePsf] xfO{ 

lk|mSj]G;Ldf cfwfl/t df]xg cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf s|dzM 6]lnkmf]g x]8 

clkm; / cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm;af6 5'§f5'§} ;~rfng e}/x]sf]df 

g]kfnsf] k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfsfn -@)!@-@)!&_ df @)!^ 

;fndf b"/;~rf/ ljefusf] :yfkgf ePkl5 PsLs[t ?kdf ;~rfng 

x'g yfn]sf lyP . @)@^ ;fndf b"/;rf/ ljefu b"/;~rf/ ;ldltdf 

kl/0ft eof] . ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g @)@* sf] dd{cg'?k b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / lj:tf/ ug] { p2]Zon] g]kfnsf] t];|f] k~rjifL{o 

of]hgfsfn -@)@#-@)@*_ df b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt ;/sf/L ;+:yfgsf] 

?kdf @)#@ ;fndf kl/0ft eof] . @( jif{;Dd ;/sf/L ;+:yfgsf] 

?kdf ;~rflnt g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg sDkgL P]g @)%# adf]lhd 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ?kdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] gfdaf6 

@)^! j}zfv ! ut]b]lv ;~rfng e}/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnel/sf 

s'gfsfKrfdf 5l/Psf cfkm\gf u|fxsx?nfO{ :t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug] 

p2]Zosf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsd g]kfnsf ;a} ;/sf/L 

tyf cw{;/sf/L ;+:yfdWo] cfly{s ?kdf ;a}eGbf ;an /x]sf] 5 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltadf]lhd lghL sDkgLx?sf] 

k|j]z x'g yfn]kl5 tTsfnLg b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ Psflwsf/sf] 

l:yltaf6 k|lt:kwf{Tds Jftfj/0fdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf] 

lnld6]8 sDkgLdf kl/0ft ul/Psf] xf] . 

lghL sDkgLx?nfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;~rfng ug{ lbg] ;/sf/L 

gLltadf]lhd k]lhª ;]jf, eL:of6 ;]jf / OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;~rfngsf] 

nflu :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/Psf sltko ;+3;+:yf / JolQmsf cltl/Qm 

g]kfndf xfn b"/;~rf/ ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt k|fKt sDkgLx?df 

g]kfn 6]lnsd, :kfO; 6]lnsd k|fOe]6 lnld6]8, o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd 

k|fOe]6 lnld6]8, P;=6L=Pd= 6]lnsd k|fOe]6 lnld6]8, g]kfn :of6]nfO6 

6]lnsd / :DFF6{ 6]lnsd lnld6]8 /x]sf 5g\ . ;L8LPdP k|ljlwsf] 

jfo/n]; nf]sn n"k k|0ffnLaf6 kmf]g ;~rfng ug{sf nflu @)^) 

;fndf o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8n] :jLs[lt kfPsf] lyof] eg] hLP;Pd 

k|ljlwsf] ;]n'n/ df]afOn ;]jfsf] ;~rfngsf nflu :kfO; g]kfn 

k|fOe]6 lnld6]8n] @)^@ ;fndf cg'dlt kfPsf] lyof] . To;sf] sl/a 

Ps jif{kl5 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;]jf gk'u]sf k"jf{~rn If]qsf ufp“ 

ljsf; ;ldltx?df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ug] { lhDdf P;6LPd gfds 

lghL sDkgLn] lnof] . g]kfnsf] klZrd If]qsf u|fdL0f hgtfdf 

eL:of6sf] dfWodaf6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ug{ cg'dltk|fKt g]kfn 

:of6]nfO6 6]lnsdn] sl/a b'O{ jif{cl3 ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] 5 eg] 

k"jf{~rnafx]ssf rf/ ljsf; If]qsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx' “r gePsf 

#(* j6f uf=lj=;=df ;]jf k|bfg ug{ :jLs[lt kfPsf] :df6{ 6]lnsdn] 

klg To;sf] nuQ}h;f] ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf cem;Dd klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] (@ k|ltzt 

z]o/ nufgL 5 eg] ] c? b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx?df ;/sf/sf] nufgL 

5}g . g]kfn 6]lnsdafx]ssf c? sDkgLdWo] o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd 

lnld6]8 ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] eP tfklg Tolt cfqmfds?kdf k|:t't 

x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . STM Sanchar klg w]/} cufl8 a9]sf] b]lv“b}g . 

@@ 

lx/0o s'df/ e6\6/fO{ 

k"j{ gfoj k|aGw lgb] {zs 

g]kfn 6]lnsd 

Nepal Satellite / Smart Telecom t'ngfTds?kn] kl5 cfPsf 

/ u|fxs cfwf/ Tolt j[l4 ul/g;s]sf sDkgL x'g\ . To;kl5 

cfPsf] :kfO; 6]lnsd lnld6]8 :jL8]gsf] Telia AB / lkmgNofG8sf] 

Sonera Corporation ldn]/ ag]sf] -Merger_ TeliaSonera sf] 

5ftfd'lg ;~rfng e}/x]sf] 5 . TeliaSonera o'/f]ksf kf“r 

zlQmzfnL sDkgLdWo]sf] Ps xf] . To:tf] 7"nf] sDkgLsf] clwsf+z 

z]o/ /x]sf] / To;}sf] /]vb]vdf Pg;]nsf] a|fG8 g]daf6 

;~rflnt :kfO; g]kfn lnld6]8 cToGt cfqmfds?kdf 

k|:t't ePsf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] PSTN, CDMA df 

cfwfl/t C kmf]g, Skyphone sf] gfdn] lrlgg] df]afOn, 

GSM df cfwfl/t df]afOn cflb ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 eg] 

Ncell n] GSM df cfwfl/t df]afOn ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . 

s]xL ;docufl8b]lv g} Ncell n] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ GSM 

df]afOnsf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df pl5lg;s]sf] 5 . t/ ;fdfGo 

kmf]gsf] t'ngfdf s}of} + u'gf a9L df]afOn kmf]gsf] u|fxs ;+Vof j[l4 

e}/x]sf] tYonfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;Dk"0f{ u|fxs ;+VofdWo] ;fdfGo 

6]lnkmf]g u|fxssf] ;+Vof clxn] g} gu0oh:tf] /x]sf] 5 eg] c? b'O{– 

rf/ dlxgfdf Tof] k|ltzt cem} 36\g] b]lvG5 . ;Dk"0f{ u|fxs ;+Vof 

clxn];Dd g]kfn 6]lnsds} a9L x'g ;Snf t/ of] ;dLs/0f s'g} 

klg a]nf pN6g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . 

b"/;~rf/ ;DaGwdf kqklqsf 

ljut ^ dlxgfdf b"/;~rf/ / ljz]if u/L g]kfn 6]lnsd 

;DaGwdf kqklqsfx?df 5flkPsf dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?df 

;+:yfgx?dWo] g]kfn 6]lnsd dfq pNn]Vo gfkmfdf /x]sf], g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] &% lhNnfdf ;]jf k'u]sf] t/ u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df Wofg 

lbg g;s]sf], b"/;~rf/ ;~rfnsx?n] Psfk;df ;ls{6 lbg 

sGh':ofO{ u/]sf], ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|ultdf 

jfws ePsf], g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ;/sf/n] xftv'6[f af“w]/ k|lt:kwf{ 

ug{ nufPsf], PsLs[t nfO;]G;sf] gfddf ;fgf sDkgLnfO{ 

sf} +8Lsf] df]ndf df]jfO{n lk|mSj]G;L af+l8Psf,] clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]u, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt / /fli6«o ;ts{tf 

s]Gb|sf] x:tIf]kn] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfO{=lk=l6=le=sf] k|s[of cj?4 

ePsf], g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Ps s/f]8 yKg] of]hgf /f]lsPsf], g]kfn


6]lnsd b'O{ jif{b]lv Knfg xf]ln8]df /x]sf], g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

Teliasonera h:tf] 7"nf] ljb]zL /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] 5ftfd'lg 

/x]sf] Ncell ;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ljb]zL ;fem]bf/ leq\ofpg l9nf 

e};s]sf]df b'O{ b'O{j6f sfo{bn k|:tfj k]z u/]tf klg g]kfn 

;/sf/ cy{ dGqfnodf kmfOn /f]lsPsf] eGg] cfzosf ;dfrf/ 

/ cleJolQmx? cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . 

Psfk;df ;ls{6 lb+bf csf]{ ;~rfnsn] gfkmf u5{ eg]/ 

dfq ;f]lrG5 eg] Tof] unt x'G5 lsgls To;af6 cfk\mgf] cfh{gdf 

klg k|lts"n k|efj kg] { x'G5 . a? Win-Win sf nflu Psfk;df 

;ls{6 lbg g} /fd|f] b]lvG5 . u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf] ;DaGwdf w]/} rrf{ 

klg x'g] u/]sf], sDkgLsf] k|of; klg e}/x]sf] / sf7df08'df ev{/} 

;+kGg 6]lnsdsf ljb]zL ;fem]bf/sf] e]nf klg u'0f:t/ / ;:tf] 

;]jf pknAw u/fpg s]lGb|t ePsf]af6 klg eljiodf o;df 

dxTjk"0f{ k|ult x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . 

gof“ jif{sf nflu Ncell n] g]6js{ lj:tf/ / u'0f:t/Lo 

;]jfdf hf]8 lbg] atfPsf] b]lvG5 . g]6js{ lj:tf/ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

klg k|fyldstfdf /xL cfPsf] xf] . t/ g]kfn 6]lnsd / Ncell 

df km/s ToxL xf] h'g xftv'6[f af“lwPsf] / :jtGq ?kdf /x]sf] 

JolQm ljrsf] x'G5 . :jtGq JolQm;“u xftv'6[f af“lwPsf] JolQmn] 

bu'g] { k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] t g]kfn 6]lnsdn] jf:tljs 

:jfoQtfsf] ;jfn af/Daf/ p7fg ug] { u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf 

tTsflng k|=lg= ljZjgfy uf]onn] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg gLlt, nfO;]G; 

z'Ns, gljs/0f z'Ns nfUg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g c? 

df]jfOn sDkgLnfO{ ;d]t nfu" ug' { k5{ egL lbg' ePsf] hfohL 

cleJolQm To;}sf] Bf]ts xf] . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf ljb]zL nufgLsf] ckl/xfo{tf ;DaGwdf 

g]kfn ;/sf/df nfdf] ;do;Dd ;]jf ug' { eO{ cy{ ;lrjsf] kbaf6 

/flhgfdf lbP/ xfn k|wfg dGqLsf] cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf 

sfo{/t /fd]Zj/ k|;fb vgfnn] Corporate ;fKtflxsdf !-& cu:t 

@)!! c+sdf n]Vg' ePsf] Foreign investment in Telecom ;DaGwL 

n]vaf6 p4[t lgDg jfSof+z ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 M 

"To be able to compete with Ncell which uses 

international telecom network of TeliaSonera Nepal 

Telecomm must enter into a strategic partnership with 

another foreign company having a similar network ; there 

is no alternative to such an arrangement." 

cyf{t\ TeliaSonera sf] cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ ;~hfn 

k|of]u ul//x]sf] Ncell ;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

TeliaSonera sf] h:t} ;~hfn ePsf] csf] { ljb]zL sDkgL;“u 

/0fgLlts ;fem]bf/L ug' {k5{ . o:tf] Joj:yfsf] -s'g}_ ljsNk 5}g . 

;d:of s:tf 5g\ < 

g]kfnh:tf] sd ljsl;t b]zsf sDkgL / ljsl;t d'n'ssf 

sDkgLnfO{ sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df To;} klg bf“Hg ;ls+b}g . 

To;dfly g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf ;+:yfdf t emg\ cGo 

sltko aGb]h x'G5g\ . :jtGq?kdf sfo{ ug] { jftfj/0f x' “b}g . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?df kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] :jfoQtf sfuhdf 

dfq ;Lldt x'G5 . ;/sf/L ljefuaf6 ;+:yfgdf kl/0ft x' “b}df jf 

;+:yfgaf6 sDkgLdf kl/0ft x' “b}df sfd ug] { jftfj/0fdf tflTjs 


;'wf/ x' “b}g . To;}n] ;+:yfgaf6 sDkgLdf kl/0ft x' “b}df :jfoQtf 

k|fKt x'G5 eGg] e|d dfq xf] . pRr ;/sf/L cf]xbfdf /x]sf 

;~rfnsx?sf] afx'No /xg] ;/sf/ lgolGqt sDkgLsf] ;~rfns 

;ldltn] :jtGq?kdf sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] x'G5 eg] ;aeGbf 7"nf] 

afws ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g;“u 

aflemg] u/L sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] s'g} klg lgodx? 

agfpg ;Sb}g . s'g} klg sDkgLsf] lg/Gt/ k|ultsf] nflu 

rflxPsf ;fdfgx? ;xh?kdf b| 'tultdf vl/b ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f 

ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b 

P]gcg'?k ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ clwsf+z vl/b 6]G8/af6 ug' {kg] { x'G5 . 

6] ]G8/sf] klqmof cToGt emGeml6nf] / ;do nfUg] x'G5 . ha ;a} 

k|lqmof k'¥ofP/ ;fdfg lsGg] l:ylt cfp“5 clg a]gfdL ph'/Lsf 

tf“tL nfU5g\ . ph'/L 6]G8/ gkg]{ 6]G8/bftfn] ug{ ;S5g\, 

k|lt:kwL{x?sf] rfnafhLaf6 ph'/L kg{ ;S5,cGo ljljw sf/0fn] 

ph'/L kg{ ;S5 . clg s}of} + dlxgfsf] k|of; Joy{ x'g hfG5 . 

k|lqmof k'Uof]÷k'u]g eg]/ x]g]{ lgsfon] k|lqmof k'u]s} xf] eg]/ 

olsg ug{ klg kmfOnx? cWoog ug' {kg] { xG5 . cWoog ug{ ;do 

nfUg] x'G5 t/ ToltGh]ndf k|lqmofdf Jojwfg Joxf]g'{ gkg]{ 

k|ltåGåLx? w]/} cufl8 k'lu;s]sf x'G5g\ . 

s'g} klg ;]jfk|bfosn] ;]jfsf] Jofks lj:t./af6 g} k|lt:kwf{ 

ug{ ;Ifd eOG5 eGg] a'em]/ dfq k'Ub}g . ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ cfly{s ;|f]t 

rflxG5, ;/;fdfg rflxG5 clg hgzlQm rflxG5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

;DaGwdf ;/;fdfg vl/b ;aeGbF 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 

. cfly{s / hgzlQmsf] ;d:of g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ sd} k/]sf] 5 . 

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] sf/0fn] pks/0f pknlAw / To;sf] kmn:j?k 

;]jfsf] lj:tf/df ;a}eGbf a9L c;/ kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

clwsf+z nufgL ;/sf/sf] /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;/sf/n] 

axg ug' {kg] { hgtfk|ltsf] ;fdflhs bfloTjsf] ?kdf gfkmf gx'g] 

u|fdL0f If]qx?sf] ;]jf ug' {kg] { x'G5 . To:tf] afWotf gk/]sf cGo 

b"/;~rf/ ;~rfnsx?n] gfkmf x'g] If]qdf dfq cfkm\gf ;]jf 

lj:tf/ ug' { :jfefljs b]lvG5 eg] ;/sf/sf] bfloTj axg u/]afkt 

kfpg'kg] { ;+/If0fsf] ck]Iff ug' { klg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] nflu TolQs} 

:jfefljs x'G5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ / cGo k|lt:kwL{x?nfO{ Pp6} 

txdf /fv]/ Jojxf/ ug] { / p:t} lgod nufpg] ugf{n] g]kfn 

6]lnsdnfO{ cGofo kg] { x'G5 . 

Psflwsf/sf] ?kdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;~rfng e}/x]sf] g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf sd{rf/Lx?df lghL sDkgLx?;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ 

afWotf;“u;“u} k|lt:kwf{Tds dgf]efjgf cfpg'kg]{ eGg] 

cfjZostfsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ hlt ;xh 5, Jojxf/df 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]efjgf kl/jt{g ug{ TolQs} ufx|f] 5 . ;/sf/sf] 

lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;+:yfdf /fhgLlts bafan] sfd ul//x]sf 

x'G5g\, rfx] tL sd{rf/L egf{df x'g\ jf pks/0f vl/bdf jf cGo 

sltko gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ dfldnfdf x'g\ . To:tf bafasf 

cfwf/df egf{ x'g] sd{rf/Ln] sDkgLsf] lxtdf eGbf bafa 

;[hgf ug] { zlQmsf] g"gsf] ;f]emf] ug' { lgtfGt :jfefljs x'G5 . 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx?nfO{ sf}8Lsf] df]ndf df]afOn lk|mSj]G;L 

af“l8Psf] eGg] af/]df ;+;b\sf] ;fh{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] 5fglag 

ul//x]sf] a]nfdf k|flws/0fn] Pg;]nnfO{ lbPsf] c:yfoL lk|mSj]G;L 

:yfoL ul/;s]sf] / g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] lk|mSj]G;L :yfoL x'g af“sL 

@#

{ 

{ 


/x“b}sf] cj:yfdf 5fglag ;ldltsf ;+of]hsn] cfk\mgf] k|ltj]bg gcfP;Dd 

gof“ lk|mSj]G;L glbg / :yfoL gug{ cfb]z lbPsf] ] kl/k| ]Iodf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

lk|mSj]G;L :yfoL ug] { ;DaGwdf ;d:of kg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . 

g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;~rfng;DaGwL lgodg ug] { clwsf/ 

kfPsf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] a]l;s 6]lnsd ;]jfsf] 

cg'dltk|fKt sltko b"/;~rf/ ;~rfnsx?nfO{ Limited 

Mobility sf] :jLs[lt / Limited Mobility sf] cg'dltk|fKt 

sltko ;~rfnsx?nfO{ /f]ldª ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]/ jf:tljs df]afOn 

;]jfsf] cg'dlt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/sf nflu cg'dlt 

kfPsf] STM 6]lnsdnfO{ clw/fHoel/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug] { cg'dlt 

lbPsf] 5 . o;/L ;a} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosnfO{ lgikIf?kn] z'Ns 

nufO{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug] { / h'g k|of]hgsf] nflu cg'dlt lbPsf] xf] 

To;}df cl8u /xg nufO{ lgikIf lgofdssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug' {kg] {df 

;f] gu/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgofdssf] e"ldsf lgikIf ePg eg] :j:y 

k|lt:kwf{sf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsGg . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf o'lgogx?n] ;+:yfk|lt lgofds ;+:yf / 

;/sf/af6 x'g] u/]sf kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/sf ;Gbe{df Pstf 

sfod ug] { u/]sf] eP tfklg sd{rf/L ;?jf–a9'jfh:tf ;fdfGo 

s'/fx?df dt}Sotf ug] { u/]sf 5}gg\ . o;af6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

;dli6ut k|ultdf eg] gsf/fTds k|efj kg] { u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . 

ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf pbf/Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg'?k b"/;~rf/ 

If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltadf]lhd b"/;~rf/ 

P]g @)%# sf] Joj:yf ePsf] xf] . ;f]xL P]gdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ 

lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug] { p2]Zon] cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/Ljfnf 

:jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ?kdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] 

:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# s} cg'dltkq;DaGwL 

Joj:yfdf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] b:t'/ lnP/ cyjf jftf{af6 cyjf 

af]nsaf]n k|yfaf6 cg'dltkq b:t'/, gjLs/0f b:t'/ tyf /f]oN6Lsf] 

lgwf{/0f ug] { Joj:yf 5 . Psflt/ cg'dltkqafkt nfUg] b:t'/sf] 

() k|ltzt dx;'n gjLs/0fafkt nfUg] eGg] Joj:yf 5 eg] 

;f]xL P]gdf cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ cg'dltkq b:t'/, gjLs/0f b:t'/ 

tyf /f]oN6Lsf] lgwf{/0f a9fa9sf] k|lqmofaf6 x'g] lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ 

k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . a9fa9sf] k|lqmof kf/bzL{ / j}1flgs ePg 

eg] bL3{sfnLg ;d:of klg kg{ ;S5 . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f 

df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfngsf] nflu k|yd cg'dltkq lb“bf ePsf] 

af]nkq sfo{sf] glthfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . Spice Nepal 

Telecom Limited n] h;/L eP klg cg'dltkq xft nufpg] 

p2]Zon] cg'dltkq b:t'/sf] !)) u'gf a9L gjLs/0f b:t'/ / 

xr'jfsf] e/df /f]oN6L ;sf/]/ cg'dltkq k|fKt u¥of] . af]nsaf]n 

k|yfnfO{ j}1flgs agfpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] pAh]sf] Toltv]/sf] 

;d:of clxn];Dd Ho" “sf To" “ 5 . g Spice Nepal Telecom 

Limited n] gjLs/0fafkt saf]n]sf] @) ca{ ?lkof“ lt/]sf] 5 

g lt/fpg ;lsPsf] 5 . kl5 k|j]z ug] { sDkgLn] saf]n]cg';f/ 

/sd a'emfpg] eg]/ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;sf/]sf] eg]/ Spice 

Nepal Telecom Limited n] xr'jfsf e/df cGwfw'Gw 

af]n]/ alNemPsf] ;d:of g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu ;d]t ;lNsPsf] 

5 . Tolt dfq geO{ kl5Nnf] ;dodf PsLs[t nfO;]G;sf] gfddf 

c? sDkgLx?df klg oxL ;d:of ;fg{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f9] 


@( s/f]8 ?lkof+ cg'dltkqafkt lt/]/ % jif{df @) ca{ s'emfpg] 

saf]n u/] h'g;'s} sDkgLnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx? ;~rfng 

ug] { PsLs[t nfO;]G; lbg ;lsg] u/L ul/Psf] k|:tfjn] hl6ntfdfly 

hl6ntf yKg] b]lvG5 . df]afOn nfO;]G;s} gjLs/0fafkt ltg' {kg] 

elgPsf] @) ca{ /sd g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ltg{ ;Sb}g eg]/ ljefuLo 

dGqLn] egL klg /xg'ePsf] 5 t/ ;d:ofsf] lgsf; x'g] s'g} } kQf] 

5}g . PsLs[t cg'dltkqsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;d:ofnfO{ hl6n agfpg'sf 

;fy} g]kfn 6]lnsd / Pg;]nh:tf w]/} nufgL u/]sf 7"nf s+DgLx?sf] 

txdf /fv]/ ev{/} k|j]z u/]sf / Hofb} sd nufgL u/]sf s~kgLx?nfO{ 

x]g{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 . tTsfnLg Spice Nepal Telecom 

Limited n] s8f k|lt:kwf{df sltko k|lt:kwL{x?nfO{ k/f:t u/]/ 

kfPsf] df]afOn ;~rfngsf] cg'dltkq ca cfP/ ljgfk|lt:kwf{ 

;fgf]ltgf] /sd lt/]/ cg'dlt kfPsf ;~rfnsx?nfO{ lbg' k|fs[lts 

Gofosf] ljk/Lt x'g] b]lvG5 . ;a} ;~rfnsx?nfO{ lgikIf?kdf 

Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ ;/sf/ / lgofds lgsfon] o:tf] e]b\efjk"0f{ 

Joj:yf ug{ ;'xfpg] s'/f xf]Og . 

cy{ dGqfnon] k|sflzt u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;dLIff 

k':ts @)^* df k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf j[l4, gof“ k|ljlwsf] 

k|of]u, sf/f]af/df j[l4, cBfjlws n]vf k/LIf0f, kf/bzL{ ljQLo 

cj:yfh:tf sf/0fn] ;+:yfgdWo] g]kfn 6]lnsd ;a}eGbf ;kmn 

;+:yf ePsf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . &% lhNnfdf ;]jf k'u]sf] 

t/ u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df Wofg k'Ug g;s]sf] egL pQm ;dLIff 

k':tsdf cf}+NofOPsf] tYo g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu dggof]Uo 

b]lvG5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ljljw Jojwfgsf afah'b sDkgLdf 

?kfGt/0f ePkl5sf * jif{;Dd klg g]kfn 6]lnsd dha't?kdf 

;~rfng eO/x]sf]df sDkgLn] uj{ ug] { 7fp“ k|z:t 5g\ . t/ klg 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] eljio Tolt ;xh b]lvGg . ;/sf/ / lgofds 

lgsfon] lgDg s'/fsf] Joj:yf u/L ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] 

g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ lghL sDkgLx?;“u :j:y k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] 

jftfj/0fsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] xf] eg] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] 

cu|0fL e"ldsf sfod /fVg ;Sg] b]lvG5 M 

-!_ ;/sf/sf] hgtfk|ltsf] ;fdflhs bfloTjsf] cleef/f 

of t ;Dk"0f{ b"/;~rf/ ;~rfnsx?nfO{ lbg] of t g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

g} ub} { hfg] xf] eg] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ljz]if ;x'lnot k|bfg lbg] . 

-@_ b"/;~rf/ ;~rfnsx? ;a}nfO{ ;dfg gLlt, nfO;]G; 

z'Ns, gjLs/0f z'Ns nfUg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs P]g ;a} ;~rfns 

sDkgLx?nfO{ ;dfg?kn] nfu" ug] { . 

-#+_ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/Lx? sDkgLsf z]o/bf/ x' “bf 

sDkgLsf] lxtx]t' sfo{ ug{ k|f]T;flxt x'g] x'“bf z]o/ gkfPsf 

sd{rf/LnfO{ ;x'lnot b/df lglZrt ;+Vofdf z]o/ k|bfg ug] { / 

sDkgLdf sfo{/t /x'Gh]n z]o/ las|L ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ug] { . 

-$_ df]afOn ;~rfng nfO;]G;sf] gjLs/0fafkt\ Pg;]n / 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ltg' {kg] { elgPsf] @) ca{ ?lkof“sf ;DaGwdf 

sDkgLsf] cl:tTj g} w/fkdf kfg] { lx;fan] geO{ pko'Qm lsl;dn] 

lg?k0f u/L clxn] sfod /x]sf] cGof]n ;dfKt ug] { . 

-%_ eljiodf /sd k|fKt x'G5 eg]/ saf]n u/sf] e/df clxn] 

sf}8Lsf] e/df PsLs[t nfO;]G; lbg] k|:tfjnfO{ k'g/jnf]sg u/]/ 

j:t'k/s (Realistic) agfP/ dfq sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg] . 

@$



Turning Point in Nepal Telecom 

Nepal Telecom is the principal and the biggest 

telecom company in Nepal. Though it was a 

government organization initially, it was transformed 

into Public Limited Company in the year 2004. 

Nepal Telecom was the basic telephonic service 

provider to the country. The company now provides 

total telecom services including internet facilities, 

mobile phone services and all other 

telecommunication facilities to the customers. Nepal 

Telecom as a client spirited and purchaser receptive 

body is dedicated to provide countrywide 

unswerving telecommunication service to serve as 

a momentum to the social, political and economic 

development of the country. The process of 

privatization has enabled NT to efficiently deliver 

goods and services. The further expansion and 

success depends on the entrepreneurs operating this 

company. 

Role of executives is quintessential: 

Studies show that private markets can more 

competently deliver many commodities or service 

than governments due to free market fight. This 

tends to lead to lower prices, improved quality, more 

choices, less corruption, less red tape, and/or quicker 

delivery. Industries which are ready for action are 

with well-informed consumers, privatization 

constantly improves effectiveness. The more 

competitive the industry, the greater the 

improvement in yield, abundance, and efficiency. 

A very interesting sentence was quoted in a study 

which goes as "The great threat to freedom is the 

concentration of power in the hands of government. 

Economic freedom protects individual freedom by 

limiting the extent of political power." 

Privatization can lessen any political pressures 

by taking an activity out of the hands of those with 

Shiv Bhushan Lal 

Director, IT Directorate 

individual wellbeing. Bureaucrats are replaced by 

private sector entrepreneurs, and recipients of 

Government goods and services have transformed 

into patrons. The former persons had an interest in 

greater spending, the latter want low-cost services. 

The people controlling the powerhouse as such 

need to increase awareness on the requirements and 

benefits of privatization process among the 

subordinates specially. Enhancing the knowledge, 

participation and experience of privatization among 

the juniors would promote output. The supervisor 

has to motivate the junior colleagues and 

subordinates about the increasing competition in the 

market- the success of which would provide them 

as well as the company of performance-based 

incentives, merit-based pay and bonuses, 

performance-based budgeting — to encourage 

departments and work teams to identify opportunities to 

increase efficiency. This would act as an indicator of the 

administrative capacity of the supervisors. The executives 

should provide better inducement to colleagues to 

produce more services for the sake of reaching the 

customer foundation and thus escalating profits. 

Managers of privately owned companies are 

answerable to their owners/shareholders and to the 

consumer and can only exist and thrive where 

expectations are met. Private companies make a 

@%



profit by enticing clients to buy their products in 

preference to their competitors' either by 

increasing demand for their products or by reducing 

costs. The executives can thus ensure ongoing cash 

flow or performance of the company. These 

corporations typically profit more if they serve the 

needs of their customers well. Possession of and 

profits from flourishing enterprises tend to be 

discrete and diversified. 

Why should we come away from government 

monopoly? 

As we know, the endeavor of privatization is to 

contemplate on government failure by sorting out 

service stipulation from service delivery. This 

potentially gives the consumer more alternatives. As 

the economy becomes more proficient, more profits 

are obtained and no government subsidies and fewer 

taxes are required, there will be more private money 

available for savings and expenditure and more 

lucrative and well paid jobs will be created. 

State-owned industries are usually the targets of 

meddling by politicians for reasons that might be 

political or populist. State-run industries tend to be 

routine and technical. An opinionated government 

improves its purpose when its performance is poor 

and it becomes a sensitive issue politically. This step 

up is thus reversible on accounts of the situation of 

the government. The government may postpone 

upgrading and expansion due to political sensitivity 

and individual interests. The government domination 

is easily manipulated by gains of personal or political 

nature rather than fiscal ones. This kind of corruption 

shows its affects on the company’s performance and 

assets. Administrators of publicly owned companies 

are answerable to the public and to political 

advisories. State owned industry tends to run for 

political goals. State managed companies may also 

apply harsh rules against protestors to their policies. 

The private companies pursue one vital aim: to 

trail profits; all other goals are secondary. It faces 

strong incentives to embark on activities that uphold 

this indispensable goal. This can demonstrate to the 

government that the private firm work out more 

resourceful and competent means of production and 

develop new products and services. 

Internet users in 2011 

Younger people tend to be more online than older people, 

in both developed and developing 

countries. In developing countries, 30% of those under the age of 25 use the Internet, 

compared to 23% of those 25 years and older. At the same time, 70% of the under 25- 

year olds — a total of 1.9 billion — are not online yet: a huge potential if developing 

countries can connect schools and increase school enrolment rates. 

Of 1.8 billion households worldwide, one third have Internet access, compared to only 

one fifth five years ago. In developing countries, 25% of homes have a computer and 

20% have Internet access, compared to 20% and 13%, respectively, 3 years ago. 

Source : ITU 

@^


cGt/;+:yfg v]ns'bdf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;kmntf 


g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfg (Public Enterprises) x?df sfd ug] { sd{rf/Lx?dfem 

ljleGg v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx? ;~rfng ug] { p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfg v]ns'b ljsf; ;+3 g]kfnsf] u7g ul/Psf] xf] / of] ;+3 

/fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\df $& cf} + ;+3sf ?kdf ljlwjt\ btf{ 

ePsf] 5 . 

;+3n] p2]Zocg'?k cfkm\gf ultljlwx?nfO{ cl3 a9fpFb} 

cfPsf] 5 . o;} qmddf ;+3n] v]ns'b;DaGwL uf]i7Lx?, sfo{zfnf, 

cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf u/L sd{rf/Lx?dfem kf/:kl/s 

Pstf, ;b\efj a9fpg'sf ;fy} cfk;L efOrf/f ;DaGw clej[l4 

ug{ d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df sfo{/t 

sd{rf/Lx?dfem v]ns'b ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug' { o; ;+3sf] 

d'Vo p2]Zo ePsf] x' Fbf elnan dlxnf / k'?if, a'l4rfn, bf}8 

dlxnf / k'?if, xflh/Lhjfkm k|ltof]lutf / 6]a'n 6]lg; tyf 

Aof8ldG6gsf ljleGg Oe]G6;\x? ;dfj]z u/L v]ns'b 

k|ltof]lutfx? cfof]hgf ub} { cfPsf] 5 . v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf 

cfof]hsn] ck]Iff u/]cg'?ksf] v]nf8L ;xefuL x'g] gu/]sf] eP 

klg v]n dgf]/~hs / s8f k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g] u/]sf] 5 . 

:yfkgfsfnb]lv g} ;+3n] ljleGg v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx? cfof]hgf 

ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / cGo v]ns'b ;+3x?n] cfof]hgf ug]{ 

k|ltof]lutfx?df ;+3sf] tkm{af6 l6d k7fO{ v]nf8L ;xefuL 

ug]{ sfo{ klg u/]sf] 5 . o; n]vdf ;+3n] @)^& df cfof]hgf 

u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf af/]df k|sfz 

kfl/Psf] 5 . 

;+3n] @)^& >fj0f !@ b]lv !% ;Dd sf7df8f}+sf] 

lqk'/]Zj/l:yt /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf] se8{ xndf eJo 

pb\3f6g / ;dfkg ;df/f]x u/L cGt/;+:yfg:t/Lo Aof8ldG6g 

k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfn 6]lnsd, 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg, g]kfn /fi6« 

a}+s, s[lif ljsf; a}+s, /]l8of] g]kfn, pbok'/ l;d]G6 sf/vfgf, 

sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if, k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd 

kl/ifb\, cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8, hgs lzIff 

;fdu|L s]Gb|, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s / l6Da/ skf]{/];gdf 

sfo{/t v]nf8L sd{rf/Lx?n] efu lnPsf lyP . 

s'n axfb'/ cfrfo{ 

cWoIf 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg v]bs'b ljsf; ;+3 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;a} Oe]G6;\x? 

d]G; l;Ën, d]G; 8aN;, n]l8h l;Ën, n]l8h 8aN;, e]6«fG; 

8aN;, PSh's]l6e l;Ën / l6d Oe]G6;\df efu lnPsf] lyof] . 

6]lnsdsf] tkm{af6 l6d Joj:yfkssf] e"ldsfdf x\ofG8ansf 

/fli6«o v]nf8L ;Gb]z /]UdLnfO{ k7fOPsf] lyof] eg] v]nf8Lx? 

u'8\8L sfsL{, >4f dfgGw/, ;lagf k|wfg, ;latf dxh{g, ;'lht 

cfgGb dNn, xl/s[i0f zdf{, lbnLkl;+ rf}w/L, ;Ltf/fd >]i7, 

/fhLjl;+ l;+hfklt, lx/0os'df/ e§/fO{, g/xl/bf; hf]zLn] efu 

lnPsf lyP . 

k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fn] $ j6f :j0f{kbs 

NofO{ k|yd, g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] @ j6f :j0f{kbs NofO{ låtLo / 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] Pp6f :j0f{kbs NofO{ t[tLo ePsf lyP . g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf u'88\L sfsL{n] n]l8h l;Ëndf :j0f{kbs NofPsL 

lyOg\ eg] 6]lnsdn] cGo Oe]G6;\df /ht / sf:okbs k|fKt 

u/]sf] lyof] . 

@)^& s} r}q !@ b]lv !^ ;Dd sf7df8f} +df ljleGg v]ns'b 

;dfj]z u/L ;+3n] cGt/;+:yfg v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg 

u/]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIf ;DdfggLo ;'jf; g]Djfªsf] 

k|d'v cfltYotfdf eJo pb\3f6g ;df/f]x / tTsfnLg o'jf tyf 

v]ns'bdGqL jif{dfg k'gsf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf ;dfkg sfo{qmd 


ldgL cf]nlDkssf] ?kdf w]/} v]nf8Lx? ;dfj]z u/L Ps} 

;dodf ;~rfng ul/Psf] k|ltof]lutfdf elnan dlxnf / k'?if, 

bf}8 dlxnf # ls=ld=, k'?if % ls=ld=, 6]an6]lg;sf ljleGg 

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Oe]G6;\x?, a'l4rfn / xflh/Lhjfkm k|ltof]lutf ;fd]n ul/Psf] 

lyof] . hDdf !* j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] efu lnPsf] 

k|ltof]lutfsf v]nx? elnan lqk'/]Zj/l:yt /fv]ksf] se8{xndf, 

xflh/Lhjfkm g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fdf, a'l4rfn g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nol:yt xndf / bf}8 bz/y /Ëzfnfdf 


g]kfn 6]lnsdn] elnanafx]s ;a} v]nx?df efu lnPsf] 

lyof] . # ls=ld= dlxnf bf}8df g]kfn 6]lnsdsL lkml/of rf}w/L 

k|yd / g]kfn 6]lnsds} kz'klt lu/L låtLo ePsf lyP eg] 

g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fsL rGbf ld> t[tLo ePsL lyOg\ . To;} 

u/L % ls=ld= k'?if bf}8df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf bnaxfb'/ bdfO+ 

k|yd, g]kfn 6]lnsds} s]zjaxfb'/ >]i7 låtLo / g]kfn jfo' 

;]jf lgudsf ljqmd dxh{g t[tLo ePsf lyP . 

xflh/Lhjfkmdf sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if k|yd, /fli6«o jfl0fHo 

a} +s låtLo / g]kfn 6]lnsdn] t[tLo :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf tkm{af6 ;Ltf/fd vltj8f, Zofds[i0f e08f/L 

/ hLjbUgL kf]v/]nn] efu lnPsf lyP . To;} u/L a'l4rfndf 

g]kfn a} +s ln=sf dbgjL/ l;+ 8+uf]n k|yd, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf 

ljsf; nfdf låtLo / g]kfn 6]lnsdsf uf]ljGbaxfb'/ v8\sf 

t[tLo ePsf lyP . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 6]an6]lg;sf ljleGg Oe]G6;\x?df klg 

efu lnPsf] lyof] . 6]an 6]lg;sf] PSh's]l6e l;Ën -!) tx / ;f] 

eGbf dflysf sd{rf/L ;xefuL x'g]_ df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf k|aGws 

afa'sfhL zfSo k|yd, g]kfn 6]lnsds} gfoa k|aGw lgb] {zs 

hLjg/Tg zfSo låtLo / s[lif ljsf; a} +s sDkgL ln=sf g/]zdfg 

k|wfg t[tLo ePsf lyP . To;} u/L e]6«fG; 8aN;df g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf ;fg'eQm >]i7 / k|bLks'df/ pkfWofosf] hf]8L k|yd 

ePsf] lyof] . d]G; l;Ëndf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;fg'eQm >]i7 / 

k|bLks'df/ pkfWofo t[tLo ePsf lyP . To;} u/L d]G; 8aN;df 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf /ljs'df/ kf}8]n / k|bLks'df/ pkfWofo t[tLo 

ePsf lyP eg] ldS; 8aN;df ;fg'eQm >]i7 / ;lagf k|wfgsf] 

hf]8Ln] låtLo :yfg xfl;n u/]sf] lyof] . 

bf];|f] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf] k'?if elnandf 

hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb| k|yd, g] ]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f låtLo / 

pbok'/ l;d]G6 t[tLo ePsf lyP . To;} u/L dlxnf elnandf 

/fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\ k|yd, ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfg låtLo / g]kfn 

ljB't k|flws/0f t[tLo ePsf lyP . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b'j} v]ndf 

efu lnPsf] lyPg . 

xhf/f} + v]nk] |dLx?sf] pkl:yltdf #%) eGbf a9L ;xefuL 

v]nf8Ldfem ;DkGg bf];|f] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf] 


pb\3f6g / ;dfkg sfo{qmddf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf tTsfnLg 

k|aGw lgb] {zs ljZjgfy uf]on / 6]lnsdsf pRrkb:y sd{rf/Lsf] 

klg ?lrk"j{s pkl:ylt lyof] . o;n] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf tkm{af6 

k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnPsf v]nf8Lx?df yk pT;fx yk]sf] lyof] . 

kmn:j?k g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljleGg v]ndf kfFr :j0f{, bz /ht / 

bz sf:okbs k|fKt u/L bf];|f] :yfg xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 

lyof] . To;} u/L ;ft :j0f{, bz /ht / cf7 sf:okbs k|fKt u/L 

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] k|yd :yfg xfl;n u¥of] eg] g]kfn 

6]lnlehgn] b'O{ :j0f{, Ps sf:okbs k|fKt u/L t[tLo ePsf] lyof] . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|fKt u/]sf] låtLo :yfgsf] l;N8 k|ltof]lutf 

;dfkg ;df/f]xsf k|d'v cltly tyf tTsfnLg o'jf tyf 

v]ns'bdGqL jif{dfg k'gaf6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf tTsfnLg k|aGw 

lgb] {zs ljZjgfy uf]onn] u|x0f ug' {ePsf] lyof] . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf v]ns'b / cGo cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk 

;~rfng tyf ;+of]hg ug{ b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|sf lgb] {zs 

kb]g cWoIf /xg] u/L s]Gb|Lo ;fdfGo k|zf;gsf clws[t ;b:o 

;lrj, btf{jfn o'lgogsf k|ltlglw Ps hgf, v]nf8Lx?dWo]af6 

dgf]gLt b'O{ hgf k|ltlglw / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg v]ns'b ljsf; 

;+3 g]kfndf sDkgLsf tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug] { k|ltlglw Ps 

hgf u/L hDdf ( ;b:oLo cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;ldlt /x]sf] 5 . 

o;n] sDkgLsf] jflif{sf]T;jdf ljleGg cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk 

;~rfng ug] { u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLdf lgoldt v]ns'b ;~rfng / 

cEof; ug{ k"jf{wf/sf] cefjdf sl7gfO x'g] u/]sf] 5 . v]ns'bsf 

;fdu|Ldf b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| aa/dxndf lhdvfgfafx]s 

c? s]xL 5}g . Go"gtd?kdf klg sf7df8f} + pkTosfdf / cGo 

If]qLo lgb] {zgfnox?df elnan sf]6{, Aof8ldG6g sf]6{ / 6]an6]lg; 

af]8{ tyf xnsf] Joj:yf x'g' clt cfjZos 5 . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg v]ns'b ljsf; ;+3 g]kfn :yfoL?kdf 

v]ns'b ultljlw ;~rfng ug] { ;+3 ePsf] x' Fbf lgoldt?kdf 

v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng ub} { cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+3n] v]ns'bsf] 

dfWodaf6 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Pp6} ;"qdf afFWg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . 

o;n] sd{rf/Lx?df kf/:kl/s Pstf / cfk;L efOrf/f;DaGw 

clej[l4 ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . ;+3n] k|ltof]lutfx? 

;~rfng ubf{ dflg;x?sf] ef/L hd36 x'g] / To; cj;/df 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf pTkflbt j:t' tyf k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx?sf] 

k|rf/k|;f/ x'g] u/]af6 ;+:yfgx?sf] Joj;fo k|j4{gdf klg ;3fp 

k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 . 

/fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf] ;a}sf nflu v]ns'b (Game For 

All) eGg] gf/fnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg ;+3n] sd{rf/Lx?sf] If]qdf 

v]ns'b ultljlw lg/Gt/ cl3 a9fO/xg]5 . 

@*



hgzlQm kl/rfng M cfp6 ;f]l;{ª / 6g{ sL 

Human Resource Mobilization: Outsourcing and Turn Key 

…g]kfnu~hsf] clt b'u{d 7fpFdf !) jif{;Dd /fd|f] sfd 

u/]sf] ;xfos o'lgogsf] bAffadf ;?jf eP/ sfof{no 7Kk 

eof], lj/f6gu/ If]qdf klg To:t} 5 . e}/xjf, wgu9Lsf] s'/f] 

slt bf]xf]¥ofO/xg] . jL/u~h t yfxf 5Fb} 5 . b'u{ddf nfdf] 

;dob]lv clkm; y]lu/x]sf Ps–b'O{ hgf ePsf sd{rf/L klg 

;'uddf ;fl/lbof] eg] t b'u{dsf clkm; tfnf nufOlbP x'G5 . 

gofF lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ b'u{ddf k7fpg] eg]sf] t Pd8L 

;fx]anfO{ sf7df8f} +d} lgo'lQm lbg bafa cfPsf] 5 /] . sf7df8f} +df 

g 6]an–s';L{ /fVg] 7fpF 5, g t sfd} lbg ;lsPsf] 5 .Ú 

…k|aGw lgb] {zs, k|aGws, pkk|aGwssf] l/hN6 t k]lG8ª 5}g . 

o'lgogsf] klg Tolt bafa cfpFb}g . w]/}h;f] pDd]bjf/ a/fa/sf] 

l;6 eP/ klg xf] . l;6 sd eof] eg] pxfFx?n] 8]lnu];g cfP/ 

yfkfOxfNg'x'G5 . t/ ;xfos :t/sf w]/} l/hN6sf] sfd ug{ 

EofOPsf] 5}g . Ps–b'O{ l;6df ;of} + pDd]bjf/ 5g\ . b'u{d 

7fpFaf6 d"Nof+sg kmf/d g} cfPsf] 5}g . o'lgogsf] bafa klg 

yfld;Sg' 5}g .’ 

pk/f]Qm egfOx? sd{rf/Lsf ;?jf, a9'jf, l/hN6sf] s|ddf 

cgf}krfl/s e]63f6df hgzlQm ljefusf sd{rf/Laf6 ;'lgg] 

u/]sf s]xL c+z dfq x'g\ . o;n] sDkgLsf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf] 

jt{dfg l:yltnfO{ emNsfPsf] 5 . ljlgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ePsf 

;?jf–a9'jf;DaGwL k|fjwfg lgliqmo /x]sf 5g\ . ;?jf–a9'jfnfO{ 

yk Jojl:yt ug{ k6s–k6s sDkgLdf ls|ofzLn % j6} o'lgogsf] 

;xdltdf ag]sf gLltx? Klg sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . 

Joj:yfkgn] o;df lxDdt b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;f]emf;femf 

kx' Fr gePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ b'Uf{d k7fpg], !) cf}+ jif{;Dd ToxLF 

;8fO/fVg] / 6f7faf7f kx'Fr ePsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;s];Dd 

b'u{ddf kb:yfkg g} gug]{ / ul/xfn] klg 5 dlxgf gx'Fb} 

b'u{dsf clkm; vfnL u/L kfosdf ;?jf ug]{{ rng xfaL 

ePsf] 5 . Joj:yfkgsf] of] z}nLsf] sf/0f ;xfos:t/sf 

sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf tyf k|df];gdf o'lgogsf] bafa klg a9L g} 

/x]sf] 5 . Joj:yfkgsf] sfvf / kfvfsf] Jojxf/dfly cf}+nf 

p7fpg' o'lgogsf] wd{ klg xf] . 

Psflt/ ;'udsf sfof{nodf sd{rf/Lsf] eL8n] sf]7f, 6]an, 

s';L{;d]t geP/ a:g] 7fpF klg 5}g . b'Uf{dsf clkm; sd{rf/LljxLg 

rqmkfl0f cfrfo{ 

dxf;lrj TEAN 

5g\ . ePsf Ps–b'O{ sd{rf/Ln] EofO–gEofO sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . 

ltgLx?sf] g If]q, g s]Gb|sf xflsd ;fx]a;Fu kx' Fr x'G5 . 

o'lgog;Fu ;w} F cfP/ ugug ug{ klg ;Dej 5}g . g k|df];g, g 

tflnd, g kfos ;?jf, g sfh jf cf]e/ 6fOd g} kfpF5g\ . 

o;/L b'u{ddf sfd ug] { sd{rf/L sDkgLleq} bf];|f] bhf{sf] sd{rf/Lsf] 

x}l;otdf sfd ug{ afWo 5g\ . o;df sDkgLsf] pRr Joj:yfkg 

cfFvf lrDn]/ a;]sf] 5 . 

hgzlQm kl/rfngsf] of] xfnt 5 . o;sf] cfsf/ klg 

lbg–k|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] 5, ;Fu;Fu} Outsourcing sf] cfsf/ 

klg a9b} 5 . z'?sf lbgdf ;/;kmfO tyf ;'/Iff k|of]hgsf 

nflu Outsourcing ul/Fb} cfPsf]df kl5 cfP/ !(&, !$(* 

cflb ;]jf klg cfp6 ;f]l;{ª ul/Psf] 5 . xfn}sf lbgdf t 

;]jfnfO{ Outsourcing ug' {eGbf hxfF h;nfO{ dg nfUof] p;}n] 

cfkm\gf dfG5]nfO{ s'g} sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 egf{ ug] { rng cTolws 

a9]sf] 5 . Outsourcing sf] d'Vo efu dfgjLo kIf ePsf]n] 

cfsf/df j[l4 / ;do nlDaFb} hfbf of] zlQm :jfefljs?kdf 

;+ul7t x'g] / Tof] l:yltdf kg{ ;Sg] c;/sf] af/]df klg Wofg 

lbg h?/L 5 . cfhsf] lbgdf sfdbf/ jf d]gkfj/ sDkgLaf6 

s/f/df sd nfutdf ;Demf}tf ug] { / sfddf ;+nUg JolQmsf] 

;fdflhs ;'/Iffnufot cGo s'g} emGem6 lng gkg] { l:ylt ef]ln;Dd 

sfod g/xg ;S5 . o;/L eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] ljleGg ;d:ofsf] 

;"Id ljZn]if0f gu/L clxn]s} kf/fdf Outsourcing ub} { hfg] xf] 

eg] l:ylt eofjx x'g] b]lvG5 . 

To:t} 7"nf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ Turn Key cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf 

cl3 a9fOFb} 5 . Turn Key sf] cy{ Vendor cfkm} +n] pks/0f 

@(


h8fg tyf g]6js{ lgdf{0f u/L ;]jf ljt/0fof]Uo agfO{ sDkgLnfO{ 

x:tfGt/0f ug' { xf] . sDkgLn] rfaL vf]nL ;Lw} u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf 

ljt/0f ug] { xf] . sDkgL oltdf dfq ;Lldt geP/ nfdf] ;do;Dd 

dd{tsf] ;d]t lhDdf lbg] u/L cfof]hgf cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . 

;Fu;Fu} OlGhlgo/sf] b/aGbL klg a9fOPsf] 5 . tflndsf] Joj:yf 

klg ul/Psf] 5 . 6]lnsddf nfdf] ;dob]lv sfd u/]sf tflndk|fKt 

bIf k|fljlwsx? Vendor sf] tkm{af6 gjl;sf?x?n] hfgL 

ghfgL sfd ul//x]sf] 6'n'6'n' x]g{ ljjz agfOPsf] 5 . 

OlGhlgo/nufot bIf k|fljlws s]jn slt tna ;'ljwf kfOG5 

eGg] dgf]efjgf dfq /fVb}gg\ . pgLx? System, 

Independency, Opportunity, Recognition rfxG5g\ . 

cfkm\gf] bIftf ljsf; ug{ rfxG5g\ . cfkm\gf] Ifdtf b]vfpg] 

cj;/ rfxG5g\ . :jfledfgsf ;fy sfd ug{ rfxG5g\ . oxL 

cj;/ kfOG5 eg]/ :jb]z–ljb]zsf sltko cj;/sf] afah'b 

g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ /f]h]sf x'g\ . sDkgLn] ;d]t 7"nf] nufgL u/]sf] 

o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ hgzlQm lglis|o / lg/f; x' Fbf sDkgLnfO{ slt 

3f6f x'G5, o;af/]df sDkgL Joj:yfkg ;r]t x'g'kb{5 . cfkm\gf] 

hgzlQm g} gePsf] sDkgLsf] Turn Key Model sf] l;sf] 

ug' {eGbf yk u[xsfo{sf ;fy sDkgLsf] ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] 

clwstd pkof]u / bIftf j[l4 x'g] cfkm\g} cfjZostfcg';f/ 


Turn Key Model agfOg'kb{5 . Turn Key sf] ;dofjlw 

;lsPkl5 Operation & Maintenance lgaf{w?kdf cl3 

a9fpg ;Sg] u/L k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f;lxtsf] Model df hfg' 

xfd|f] sDkgLsf] nflu kmfObfhgs x'G5 . o;n] of]hgfsf] nfut 

36fO{ k|fjlwssf] bIftf j[l4 ub{5 . 

cfhsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL hgzlQm kl/rfng g} xf] . ljBdfg 

hgzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ g;s]/ Outsourcing / Turn 

Key nfO{ lgsf;sf] ?kdf lnof} + eg] of] sDkgLsf] nflu b'ef{Uo 

;flat x'g]5 . ljlgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ePsf ;?jf–a9'jf;DaGwL 

k|fjwfgnfO{ k"0f{?kdf nfu" ug] { / pkTosfaflx/ tyf b'u{dsf 

sfof{nox?df k|df];g, cfly{s nfesf sf/0f clek| ]l/t eO{ hfg] 

jftfj/0f agfpg h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . ablnFbf] k|ljlwnfO{ ;d]t 

Wofgdf /fv]/ lzlIft / o'jf hgzlQmsf] k|j]znfO{ ;xh agfpg] 

/ k|ljlw;Fu tfbDo /fVg g;Sg] sd{rf/LnfO{ /rgfTds k|ls|ofaf6 

labfO ug' { cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ljBdfg hgzlQmnfO{ clwstd 

kl/rfng ubf{ub} { ;Dej gx'g] cj:yf / If]qdf dfq Outsourcing 

ug' {kb{5 . of] lgolGqt x'g'kb{5 . To:t} sDkgLsf] k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] 

k"/fk"/ pkof]u / bIftf j[l4 x'g] u/L Turn Key sf] Model 

agfOg'kb{5 . lgisif{df x/]s gofF ultljlwn] sDkgL / sd{rf/Lsf] 

hLtnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug' {kb{5 . 

“The quality of a person life is in direct 

proportion to their commitment, to 

excellence regardless of their chosen 

field of Endeavour.” 

“I” –Avoid it 

“We” -Use it 

“EGO” -keep it 

“Love” –value it 

“Smile” -Keep it 

“Rumor” -Ignore it 

“Success” -Achieve it 

“Jealousy” - Distance it 

“Knowledge” -Acquire it 

“Confidence” –Trust it 

How to make yourself happy? 

- Have targets and goals. 

- Smile always. 

- Share the happiness with others willing 

to help others. 

- Keep a child like heart. 

- Get on well with different kinds of people. 

- Keeps the of the sense of humor . 

- Forgive others. 

- Have some really good friends. 

- Always work in a team. 

- Enjoy the family gathering the time. 

- Be confident and product yourself. 

- Respects the week. 

- Indulge yourself sometimes. 

- Work from him to him. 

- Be brave and courageous. 

- Finally, don't be money grubber. 

#)

{ 

{ 

F 



xl/df]xgsf] r]tfjgL / 6]lnsd ;d[l4sf] k|Zg 

…?kfGt/0fsf s'/f s] u5f} { ltdLx?, ===rsf] { o'lgogafhL 

lsg u/fpF5f} ltdLx?, cfkm\g} 6]lnsd vQd e}/x]sf] ] yfxf 

5}g===cem}===


;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6} cfPsf] b]v]F . ljleGg kqklqsfdf 

6]lnsd;DaGwL ljZn]if0f k9\b} hfFbf t vQd e};s]sf] xf] ls 

eGg] h:tf] efg eof] . klqsfdf Pp6f ljZn]ifsn] eg]sf 

/x]5g\– …kGw| lbg;Dd l9nf] u/]/ klg ;Da4 dGqfno g} rfxg' 

/ kfpg', lgo'Qm x'g'eGbf # lbgcufl8 lghL If]qsf] 7"nf] df]afOn 

;]jfk|bfossf d'Vo dfG5];Fu nfd} sfg'v';L u/]sf] s'/f k|sfzdf 

cfpg', cGo ljb]zL / :jb]zL nufgL eg]/ cfPsf emG8} cfwf 

bh{g c? sDkgLdf ;d]t k|ToIf–ck|ToIf nufgL /x]sf Pp6} 

JolQmsf] Ozf/fdf g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ @) ca{sf] P]nfg u/fpg' 

/ lghL sDkgLnfO{ Pp6} 5ftfdf NofO{ 6]lnsdnfO{ 3]/faGbLdf 

kfb}}{ 7f]Sb} ug]{ /0fgLlt clVtof/ ug{ nfu]sf] cfefif ldNg'n] 

6]lnsdsf] eljiodfly vt/f alh/x]sf] k|tLt x'G5.Ú of] 

ljZn]if0fdf elgPsf s'/fdf d cfkm}+ klg 3f]lTnPF . /fi6« g} 

rnfpg] lhDdf lnPsf JolQmTjx?af6 6]lnsd 8'afpg] v]n x'g 

;Snf / < eGb} ;Da4 JolQm / ;+:yfx?af6 ;sf/fTds x]/fOsf] 

h?/L 7fg] F . 

…;fdfGoeGbf klg ;fdfGo sfd /f]Sg] u/L dGqfnosf 

;~rfns k|ltlglwn] l9nfO ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg', clVtof/sf 

gfddf ljsf; cfof]hgfx? k"0f{tM lgliqmo agfpg vf]lhg', k|lt:kwL{ 

/ dflkmof s]Gb|x?sf] OR5f / cfu|xadf]lhd s;}sf] c:yfoL 

lk|mSj]G;LnfO{ :yfoL u/fOlbg] clg 6]lnsdsf] lk|mSj]G;L lkmtf{ 

u/fpg] ;Lwf kIfkftL Jojxf/ b]vfOg' clg /fi6« lgdf{0fdf 

6]lnsdn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] k"/} pk]Iff ug' {n] 6]lnsdsdL{ / 

o;sf] z]o/xf]N8/ dfq xf]Og cfdg]kfnLx?df cfqmf]z a9\g 

yfn]sf] kfOG5===.Ú o:t}–o:t} ljZn]if0fn] d]/f] /utdf clnslt 

rfk a9fof], cl3NNff] ;fFemsf] xl/df]xg bfOsf] r]tfjgL / ;'emfj 

d]/f] dfg;k6ndf 3'ld/x\of] . …gfdb{, nfIfL, s]sf] r'/Lkm'/L lds xfdL ;dlk{t x'g] nIo p2]Zo aGof] .. 

kl/>d u/L ;~rf/ wgn] eljio pHHjn aGof] . 

g]kfn /fi6« ljsf; x]t' of] /Qm;~rf/ ef] .. 

oxL sDkgLsf >lds xfdL ;uj{ eGg ;S5f+ } . 

oxL ;+:yfd} hLjg ofqfdf ;xofqL aGg ;S5f} + .. 

pj{/ pd]/sf s}og j;Gt ;]jf u/L a:b5f} + . 

o;s} ;'vb :d[ltdf lgj[Q e} hLjg latfp5f} + .. 

;xsdL{ xfdL o} sDkgLsf ;/n, ldqjt\ 5f} + . 

Psh'6 eO{ ;xsfo{ ub} { nIo klg r'Dg]5f} + .. 

leGg–leGg e} ljeflht ge} cleGg x'g ;S5f} + . 

hGde"ldsf C0fL xf} + xfdL :jfledfg;fy a9\5f} + .. 

j=k|=c= Zofdk|;fb vgfn 

g]kfn 6]lnsd, s]=sf= 

#@



g]kfn 6]lnsd g]kfnL hgtfsf] w/f]x/, xfd|f] ;/f]sf/ 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubf 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljefu, ljsf; ;ldlt, ;+:yfg x' Fb} ljleGg 

lsl;dsf cf/f]x–cj/f]x kf/ u/L lj1fg hut\n] ljsf; u/]sf] 

b"/;~rf/ k|ljlw cjnDag ub} { cfPsf] 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / 

;+/rgfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ ;[hgf u/fO{ 

cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zoaf6 

:yflkt ;+:yfgdWo] g]kfn 6]lnsd klg Ps xf] . ;/sf/L nufgLaf6 

:yflkt o; sDkgLn] d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg 

k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff /flvP tfklg d"n nIo g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;xh, 

;/n / ;j{;'ne?kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'¥ofpg' g} xf] . 

:yfkgfsfnb]lv cfk\mgf] nIodf b[9tfk"j{s ljsl;t d'n'sn] 

pTkfbg u/]sf 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|ljlw vl/b u/L h8fg u/]/ ;]jf 

lj:tf/ / ljt/0f ub} { cfO/x]sf] / pQm ;]jf hgtfnfO{ k|bfg 

u/]afkt ;]jf z'Ns lnO{ /fHonfO{ ltg' {kg] { lgoldt z'Nsx? 

a'emfO{ afFsL cfDbfgLaf6 cfk\mgf] ;]jf tyf ef}lts ;+/rgf Pj+ 

;DklQ :yflkt ub} { uO/x]sf] xf] / z'?sf lbgdf cfsfzjf0fLaf6 

;~rfng u/]sf] ;]jf cfh l8lh6n k|ljlw x' Fb} NGN, 2G, IP x' Fb} 

3G, 4G tyf LTE k|ljlwdf hfg Planning ub} { 5 . of] xfd|f] 

uf}/j / g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fvsf] ljifo xf] . 

sDkgLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / r'gf}tL M 

jt{dfg ;Gbe{df s'/f ug' {kbf{ sDkgL h'g ultdf cufl8 

a9\g'kg] { xf], g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfzf / e/f];f 5, Tof] k"/f ug{ 

sDkgLnfO{ sl7g ePsf] oyfy{ g} xf] . To;sf] sf/0f vf]lhg'kb{5 

t/ Tof] sf/0f gvf]hL ckmjfx k}mnfpg] h'g g]kfnL hgdfg; / 

;dfhdf hfnf]sf] ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 Tof] g} xfd|f] nflu 

b'Mvb ;dfrf/ aGg uPsf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds cj:yfnfO{ @)%# 

b]lv g} :jLsf/ u/L @)^! df sDkgL eO{ @)^* ;Dd cfOk'Ubf 

em]Ng'k/]sf sl7gfO /fHosf tt\–tt\ lgsfox?df k6s–k6s 

lnlvt, df}lvs Pj+ cGo tf}/tl/sfaf6 cg'go, ljgo ubf{ub} { klg 

tL / To:tf lsl;dsf sfg'g / P]gx? ;do;fk]If kl/jt{g ug{ 

g;Sg' jf:tjd} kf}g] tLg s/f]8 g]kfnL hgtfsf] dfof / :g]xsf] 

?kdf /x]sf] 6]lnsd st} Psfb]zsf] syf t x'g] xf]Og < Tof] 

lrGtf lg/fs/0f cfhs} lbgaf6 s;n] z'? ug] { < sd{rf/Lx?n], 

g]kfnL hgtfn], /fHosf gLlt–lgofds lgsfon], Joj:yfkgn], 

sd{rf/L 6] «8 o'lgogn] ls h;n] sDkgLsf] :yfkgf u¥of] To;n] < 

of] g} k|d'v ljifo aGg'kg] {df galgg' b'Mvb l:ylt aGg k'u]sf] 5 . 

sDkgLsf] (@Ü /fHosf], %Ü sd{rf/Lsf] / #Ü ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 

lx:;]bf/L ePsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf o;sf cgluGtL sfg'gL Jojwfg 

b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L lgodsf] kfngf ug' {kbf{ To;;Fu 

;DalGwt lgsfox?sf] cg'dlt lng'kg] { ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, 

cfly{s ljlgod, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o 

s[i0fk|;fb cof{n 

dxf;lrj, g]kfn 6]lnsd js{;{ o'lgog (NTCWU) 

;ts{tf s]Gb|, ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt, cy{ ;ldlt x' Fb} sfof{Gjogsf] 

clGtd r/0fdf hfg'kg] { afWotf;Fu gofF :yflkt lghL sDkgLx?;Fu 

k|lt:kwf{ ug{ 'kg] { kl/l:ylt /x]sf] x' Fbf ahf/df Psflt/ Price 

war sfod ug] { csf] {lt/ Project x?sf] of] / Tof] axfgfdf l9nf] 

u/fpg tfgfafgf a'gfpg] / sDkgLsf] ef}lts ;+/rgfdfly cfqmd0f 

x'g], s]a'n rf]/L ug] {, clK6sn kmfOa/nfO{ a] |s u/fpg] h:tf 

lqmofsnfkn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] rf}tkmL{ cfqmd0f u/L sDkgLnfO{ 

l5GgleGg ug] { sfo{ jt{dfg cj:yfsf] oyfy{ xf] . 

sDkgLsf] :yfkgfb]lv g} u|fxs ;'ljwfdf :ki6 / v/f] 

9+uaf6 cufl8 al9/x]sf] o; sDkgLn] cfufdL lbgdf g]kfnL 

hgtfnfO{ rfx]sf] avt vf]h]sf] :yfgdf ;j{;'ne?kdf u'0f:t/Lo 

/ h'g;'s} ;]jf k'¥ofpg] k|lta4tfsf ;fy cfk\mgf of]hgfx? 

cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 eg] eO/x]sf] ;]jfsf] ;d]t u'0f:t/sf] :t/f]Ggltsf 

nflu x/;Dej k|of; z'?cft u/]sf] 5 . t/ b'ef{Uo, b"/;~rf/h:tf] 

;+j]bgzLn ;]jfsf nflu /fHoaf6 k|bfg ug' {kg] { ;'ljwf sDkgLn] 

slt k|fKt u/]sf] 5, vf]hLsf] ljifo xf] ls xf]Og < ha b]zdf !* 

306f;Dd nf]8;]l8ª x'G5 clg u'0f:t/sf] vf]hL ;a}lt/af6 x'G5, 

of] ax;sf] ;jfn xf] ls xf]Og < 

;g\ !(() kl5 v'Nnf ljZj cy{tGqn] cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ 

pTsif{df k'¥ofpFb} 5 . Ps b]zsf] pTkfbg csf] { b]zdf ;xh} 

ahf/ k|j]z u/]sf] 5, To:tf] k|j]zn] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ tLj| agfPsf] 

5 . u|fxssf] ?lr / OR5f;Fu d]n vfg] ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] pTkfbg 

ahf/ k|j]z cjZo g} ;xh / ;/n 5}g . o;sf nflu Human 

Resources lgs} sl7g sfo{ xf], r'gf}tL / ;d:of;Fu h'Wgsf 

nflu Human Resource n] gofF r'gf}tL xn ug{ ;Sg] v"aL / 

Ifdtfjfg\ sd{rf/L tof/ u/L sDkgLsf] eljionfO{ ;xL uGtJodf 

k'¥ofpg s'zn Joj:yfkg sDkgLsf nflu cfhsf] r'gf}tL aGg 

uPsf] 5 eg] sDkgLsf] cfly{s ;|f]tx?sf] j}slNks vf]hL;d]t 

ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . cfkm\gf] e}/x]sf ef}lts ;+/rgfx?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds 

cj:yf a9LeGbf a9L k|of]udf NofO{ cfk"mn] dfq geO{ cGo 

sDkgLnfO{ ;d]t k|of]u ug{ lbO{ cfly{s ;|f]tnfO{ bl/nf] agfpFb} 

n}hfg' cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds cj:yfdf clt cfjZos e};s]sf] 

##


5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf sDkgLdf b]lvPsf k|d'v cfGtl/s / 

afXo r'gf}tLx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ . 

cfGtl/s r'gf}tL M 

dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg sDkgLleq Jojl:yt x'g 

g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . Joj:yfkg lgo'lQm;Fu;Fu} tLj| 

w' |jLs/0f x'g] / ;xof]u–c;xof]u jftfj/0f b]lvg hfg], ;do;fk]If 

sDkgLn] sd{rf/Lx?;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg 

u/L ;Daf]wg gul/g], ;?jf, a9'jf, sf=d'= / tflnddf :ki6 gLlt 

/ lgodsf cfwf/df ug' {kg] { sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g;Sg', sd{rf/L 

Joj:yfkg gofF egf{ ub} { hfg', Out Sourcing, Bench Marking, 

VRS h:tf ljifonfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg' / Project x?sf] 

Specification lgdf{0fdf cGt/f{li6«o lj1af6 ;~rfng / 

cg'udgdf ljz]if Wofg gk'¥ofpg'h:tf ljifo 5g\ . 

afXo r'gf}tL M 

nfO;]G; gjLs/0fsf] @) ca{, ;du| ;~rf/ gLlt, lk|mSj]G;L 

lkmtf{, MD lgo'lQm, Third Party Evaluation, Strategic Partner 

k|lt:kwL{ cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, clVtof/, /fHosf P]g– 

sfg'g cflbh:tf ljifox? . 

;an / ;Ifd sDkgLsf nflu 6] «8 o'lgog ckl/xfo{ ljifo xf] . 

g]kfn 6]lnsd ljutb]lv Joj:yfkg / 6] «8 o'lgogaLr sDkgLsf] 

ljsf; / sd{rf/L lxtsf ljifodf ;xsfo{ x' Fb} klg cfO/x]sf] xf] . 

sDkgLn] $ j6f CBA lgjf{rg ;DkGg;d]t u/L sDkgLsf] ;~rfns 

;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpFb} sDkgL / sd{rf/L xslxtsf ljifodf 

NTCWU n] sfo{ u/]sf] oy]i6 k|df0fx? 5g\ . t/ @)^% efb| #) 

b]lv sDkgLn] CBA lgjf{rg ug{ gkfpg' g} sDkgL / sd{rf/Ln] 

Iflt Joxf]l//x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yf 5 . pQm lgjf{rg u/fpg sDkgLdf 

% j6} lqmofzLn o'lgog / Joj:yfkg ;xdt t b]lvG5g\ t/ 

sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' b'ef{Uo g} aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ;do anjfg\ 5 / 

;don] s;}nfO{ kv{b}g . sDkgLn] cgluGtL ;d:ofx? em]Ng'k/]sf] 

cj:yfdf PSn}n] oL ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5}g . t;y{ 

;femf ;jfnnfO{ ;femf d'2f agfpg'kb{5 / ;femf ;dfwfg vf]lhg'kb{5 . 

xfdLn] b'O{ bzs nfdf] 6« ]8 o'lgog ultljlw k"/f ul/;s]sf 5f} + / 

sltko dfGotf :yflkt klg ePsf 5g\ . …Pstf g} an xf] .Ú of] 

oyfy{ klg xf] . cfh Tof] k"/f ug' {kg] { xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj ePsf] 

5 . t;y{ l9nf] gu/L cufl8 a9\g, sDkgL / sd{rf/Lsf] eljiodf 

;'lglZrttfsf] nflu sDd/ s:g ;a}df xflb{s cg'/f]w Pj+ cfx\jfg 

ub} { bfloTj ;a}n] axg ug' {kg] { ;fGble{stf xf] . 

;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] e"ldsf M 

v'Nnf ahf/ gLltnfO{ ;jf]{kl/?kdf cfTd;ft\ ub}{ 

k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug] {÷u/fpg], :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf] 

dfWodaf6 ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;xh, ;/n / ;'ne?kdf u'0f:t/Lo 

;]jf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj;/ ;[hgf ug] {, sfg'gadf]lhd :yfkgf 

ePsf lgsfo Pj+ ;+:yfx?sf] lgikIf?kdf Jojxf/ ug{ ;ls/x]sf 

5g\ ls 5}gg\ < lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf / k|j]zkZrft\ g]kfn 

6]lnsd klg cfqmfds?kdf ahf/df k|:t't eO/x]sf] 5 . gofF 


;]jfk|bfossf] k|j]znfO{ Threat / Opportunity sf] ?kdf lnO{ 

k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ nflu/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ 

;/sf/L P]g–lgodk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTj, csf{lt/ 

d'gfkmf cfh{g, nufgLstf{sf] k|ltkmn clg lgofds lgsfosf] 

cs+ 'z . s] oxL xf] t :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ < ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ Joj;fo 

ug] { xf]Og, lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf / nufgL kl/kSj x'g] jftfj/0fdf 

;/sf/n] of t sDkgLnfO{ k"0f{tM Jofkf/ ug] { 5'6 lbg'kb{5 xf]Og 

eg] ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . d"No lgwf{/0fdf aGb]h, nfO;]G; 

-cg'dltkq_ df cg]s emGem6, cg'dlt b:t'/sf] ?kdf s'n 

k' FhLeGbf a9L /sd lgwf{/0f, Frequency df ;Lldttf o:tf] 

lkFh8fdf /fv]sf] ;'ufsf] cj:yfaf6 sDkgLn] slxn];Dd 

d'gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ < /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug{ s;/L 

;xof]u k'Ug] < /fli6«o cy{tGqdf ;xof]u s;/L ug] { < 

dflysf k|ZgnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/n] gLltut?kdf :ki6 

x'g'kb{5 . of t g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ Psflwsf/sf] s]xL lx:;f lbg'kb{5, 

of t k"0f{?kdf :jtGq agfO{ :jR5 k|lt:kwf{df rNg lbg'kb{5 . ahf/sf] 

dfu / u|fxssf] ?lrnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ahf/df ljsl;t k|ljlw ;/n?kdf 

vl/b ug] {, h8fg ug] { / ;]jf ljt/0f ug] { :jtGqtf x'g'kb{5 . lgofds 

lgsfosf] cg'udg Ifdtf j[l4 u/L u'0f:t/sf] lgodg / lgoGq0f ug{ 

;Sg'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] kbdf a;]sf] JolQm jf Joj:yfks 

jf clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] kbLo clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L sDkgLnfO{ 

xflg gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPdf To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;+/If0f ug' {x' Fb}g, k|rlnt 

sfg'gadf]lhd bl08t ug' {kb{5 gls sDkgLsf] of]hgf cj?4 x'g] u/L 

vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ cj?4 ug] {tk{m tNnLg x'g] . 

xfd|f] ;/f]sf/ 

;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnL hgtfsf] nufgLsf] lx:;f ePsf] / 

dWod / Go"g:t/sf JolQmx?sf] /f]huf/sf] cf>o:yn ePsf] 

;+:yfsf] pGglt, k|ult, :yfloTjdf dfq xfd|f] eljio klg ;'lglZrt 

x'g ;S5 . sDkgLsf] cl:y/tfdf cfd & xhf/ sd{rf/Lsf] /f]huf/Lsf] 

u'hf/f ;Dej 5}g . t;y{ sfo{If]qsf] ;+/If0f xfd|f] d"n nIo xf] . 

sfo{If]qsf] ;+/If0fljgf xfd|f cfsf+Iff, p2]Zo Pj+ xfd|f ;GttLsf] 

;'lglZrttf k|efljt x'G5g\ . pko'Qm ;do / pko'Qm lsl;dsf] 

lg0f{o u/L sDkgLsf] bL3f{o', lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu Joj:yfkg ;Ifd 

x'g'kb{5, h;sf] nflu p2]Zo, of]hgf kl/sNkgf / Timebound 

Action Plan ;lxt sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t s/f/ u/L Joj:yfkgnfO{ 

clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 . h;sf] nflu xfdL sDkgLsf lqmofzLn 

% j6} o'lgogn] 5ftL rf}8f kf/L Strategic Partner Nofpg ;DalGwt 

lgsfodf 5nkmn Pj+ ;xdlt;d]t ul/;s]sf 5f} + . ;fy} dfly 

plNnlvt cfGtl/s Pj+ afXo ljifonfO{ l56f]eGbf l56f] ;dfwfg ug{ 

cufl8 a9\g'kg] { x'G5 . kl/0ffdd'vL sfo{;Dkfbg, hjfkmb]xL k"0f{ 

lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF8, cj;/sf] pkof]udf ;dfgtf Pj+ ;a}n] pkof]u 

ug{ ;Sg] sDkgLsf] kl/sNkgf g} xfd|f] ;/f]sf/ xf] . g]kfnL hgtfsf] 

w/f]x/ P]ltxfl;s If0fdf u'lh|g' gk/f];\, ;fgsf ;fy tkfO+ {–xfd|f ;fy 

;]jfk|jfx ul//fvf];\ . o;df g} ;/sf/, hgtf / sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] 

sNof0f ;'lglZrt b]lvG5 . 

#$

+ 


ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wgleqsf] 

cGtj{:t' / ;Lk k/LIf0f 

utjif{ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|sfzg u/]sf] :dfl/sfdf o;} 

zLif{s;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo …sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wgÚ df 

d}n] g]kfn /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;+u7g g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|ltlglwsf] 

?kdf ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wgsf] cGtj{:t'sf ;DaGwdf n]v k|sflzt 

u/]sf] s'/f k'gM :d/0f u/fpg rfxG5' . pQm n]vdf n]lvPsf] 

lyof]– of] :tDe k|sflzt x' Fbf;Dd xfd|f] ljlgodfjnLsf] @&cf} 

;+zf]wg e};Sg]5, eGg] cfzosf jfSof+zx? k|of]u ul/Psf] 

lyof] . t/ ;+of]u egf} + of kl/l:yltsf] pkh, cfh To;sf] 7Ls 

! jif{ lalt;Sbf klg ;+zf]lwt ljlgodfjnLn] 7f]; cfsf/ u|x0f 

ug{ ;ls/x]sf] kfOFb}g . To;}sf] lg/Gt/tf:j?k k'gM ;f]xL 

ljifodf d}n] cfkm\gf] snd rnfpg] / ;DalGwt ;a} kIf;fd' 

;+zf]wgleqsf] cGtj{:t' s]nfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5' . 

)^& ;fn c;f/ !* ut] gfoa k|aGw lgb] {zs ;'wL/ k|;fb 

cof{nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg sld6L u7g u/L 

Ps jif{leqsf] k6s–k6ssf] a}7sn] Pp6f ;fgf] v];|fdf ;xdlt 

hgfO{ k|aGw lgb] {zsdfk{mt ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]; ul/Psf]df 

;f] k|:tfjpk/ lj:t[t 5nkmnsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L ;~rfns 

;ldltsf ;b:ox?;lxtsf] Ps pksld6L u7g ul/of] . pQm 

sld6Ln] cfkm\gf] cg's"ndf pQm b:tfa]hdfly ;do;LdfljxLg 

tl/sfn] wf/fjflxs 5nkmn ul//x]sf] 5 . cfzf u/f} +, s'g} g s'g} 

lbg o;n] k"0f{tf kfpg]5 . o;n] k"0f{tf kfpg of t sd{rf/Lx?n] 

7"n} bafa l;h{gf ug' {kg] {5, of t pQm sld6Lsf kbflwsf/Lx? 

kbLo lhDd]jf/Laf6 kbd'Qm x'g'kg] {5 . xfdLn] clxNo} ljlgodfjnL 

cfPg eg]/ xtf/ ug{ ' Tolt plrt gxf]nf ls < a'em\g'kg] { s'/f 

oxL g} xf] . olb xfdLn] of] jf:tljstfnfO{ a'em]gf} eg] kmut 

xfdL b'MvL x'g'l;jfo c? s]xL 5}g . ;doeGbf klxn] / efUodf 

n]v]sf] eGbf w]/} s;}n] kfpg klg t ;Sb}g Û 

kl/jt{g eg]sf] Tolt ;xh ljifo klg xf]Og . km]l/ kl/jt{g 

s;sf] nflu lsg ug] { < xfdLnfO{ s] s'/fsf] cefj 5 / km]g] { eGg] 

klg t x'g ;S5 . km]l/ kltjt{gn] ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg 

t lbFb}g . olb ;dfwfg lbg] g} eP @^cf} + k6s ;+zf]wg x' Fbf gx'g] 

clg @&cf} +n] rflxF ;dfwfg lbG5 eGg] g} s] Uof/]G6L 5 / < km]l/ 

lghfdtLdf ^) a;] { cfpg] xNnf rln/xFbf xfdL dfq lsg xtf/ 

ug] { < oL ofjt\ jftfj/0fn] ubf{ xfd|f] kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf lbg– 

k|ltlbg lvof nfUb} uPsf] 5 . x'g t clwsf+z kl/jt{g an 

k|of]uljgf x' Fb}gg\ . k|Zg p7\g ;S5– Tof] an s;n] k|of]u ug] { < 

hjfkm x'g ;S5– %–% j6f sd{rf/L ;+u7gx?sf] e"ldsf / 

#% 


gjLg ltjf/L 

sf]iffWoIf, g]kfn /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;+u7g (NEON) 

bfloTj s] xf] eGg] . oxfFg]/ a'em\g'kg] { s'/f of] 5 ls ltvf{ 

nfu]sf] JolQm vf]nf wfpg] xf], ltvf{ g} gnfu]sf] JolQmnfO{ 

vf]nf uP/ kfgL NofOb]pm eGbf slt ;Dej xf]nf < csf] {tk{m, 

cfk"mnfO{ ltvf{ nfUbf h'; g} Joj:yf x'G5 eg] ehgd08nLsf 

nflu s]sf] vf]nf wfO{–wfO{ kfgL NofOlbg] eGg] klg t ljrf/ 

gknfpnf eGg ;lsFb}g . s;sf] dgleq s] 5, sf] k:g ;S5 

/ s;n] a'em\g ;S5 < o;} u/L csf] { dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] s] 5 eg], 

tL ;+u7gx?sf] klg s] /f]lsPsf] 5 / < an k|of]uaf6 eGbf :j/ 

ldnfgaf6 w]/} nfebfos x'G5 eg] . gxf];\ klg lsg / < ca 

t sDkgL Joj:yfkgnfO{ g} em6\sf lbg] u/L jif{df !%–@) 

hgfeGbf a9L sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx? ljleGg axfgfdf 

ljb]z ;o/ ug{ s'g ;+zf]wg kv{g'k/]sf] 5 / < ;fy}, pxfFx?sf] 

eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwfx? kl/jt{g ug{ s'g} ljlgod kl/jt{g 

sld6Ldf ;xdltsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] klg t 5}g lg Û …sfn]– 

sfn] ldn]/ efn] vfg s;n] /f]s]sf] 5 / oxfF

{ 

] 


eg]/ pkb]zfTds uh{g uh{ +bfsf] kL8f olt w]/} c;Xo x' Fbf] /x]5 

ls To;sf] j0f{g zAbdf ug{ ;lsFbf] /x]g5 . ;+u7gsf] d"No, 

dfGotf, ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ s'7f/f3ft ug] { a'h{ 'jf kydf 

cfk"mnfO{ ljno ug] { k|j[lQk|lt clxNo} ;hu gx'g] xf] eg] 6« ]8 

o'lgog cfGbf]ng knfogsf] dfu{df hfg] ;Defjgf k|an x'G5 . 

Psftk{m dlxgf} + nufP/ Joj:yfkg / ;+u7gx?aLr ;xdlt ug] 

clg ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]; ubf{ ;xdltsf] efjgfdf låcyL{ efj 

hgfpg] zAb k|of]u u/L lg0f{o u/fpg] / ;xdltsf] d"n dd{nfO{ 

g} a+Uofpg] Joj:yfkgsf] rft'o{tf / ToxL ljifonfO{ ;Rofpg k'gM 

ljleGg sld6L agfO{ ;+u7gx?nfO{ dlxgf} +sf] hflu/ lbg] clg 

ToxL hflu/df km]l/ dlxgf} + e'Ng] ;+u7gx?sf] ljz]iftfnfO{ xfldn] 

dfGg} k5{ . oxL ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5 xfd|f] ljlgod ;+zf]wgsf] . 

;Lk k/LIf0f (Skill Test) 

ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wgsf qmddf b'O{ j6f ljifoj:t'n] d]/f] 

dfg;k6ndf km/s 7fpF lnPsf] 5, Tof] xf] tx ! sf] Skill Test 

/ tx ^ af6 & df hfg dflyNnf] of]Uotf (Engineer 

Qualification) sf] ;DaGwdf . oxfFg]/ a'em\g'kg] { of] 5 ls tx 

@ b]lv tx ( ;Ddsf dflyNnf] txsf z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf / 

cf7 jif{ lgoldt :yfoL ;]jf u/]sf] h'g;'s} sd{rf/L dflyNnf] 

txdf kbf]Gglt (Upgrade) x'g ;S5 / olb of]Uotf geP !) 

jif{kl5 dflyNnf] txdf kbf]Gglt x'g ;S5 . s'g} yk of]Uotf 

tyf ;Lk k/LIf0f tyf cGo k/LIffsf] cfjZostf kb} {g, t/ tx 

! df nuftf/ !) jif{ k|fljlws x]Nk/ kbdf /x]/ lkmN8df sfd 

u/]sf] x]Nk/ tx @ df hfg yk of]Uotf jf CTEVT af6 ;Lk 

k/LIf0f (Skill Test) ug{ 'kg] { eg]/ ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o 

u¥of] . 7Ls oxfFg]/ Wofg lbP/ a'em\g'kg] { ljifo of] 5 ls 

sd{rf/L ;+u7g / Joj:yfkgsf] aLrdf 5nkmn x' Fbf …h'g–h'g 

sd{rf/Lx? tx ! sf] x]Nk/ kbdf /x] tfklg k|fljlws ?kdf 

lkmN8sf] sfd gu/L sfof{noleq sfof{no ;xof]uL, rf}lsbf/, 

au} +r] jf d]xQ/h:tf kbdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ eg] ltgLx? ;flassf] 

s, v, u, 3 / ª txsf] a9'jf k|0ffnL 5f]8]/ k|fljlws x]Nk/ eP/ 


tx @, #, $ sf] kbdf qmdzM a9'jf x'g rfxG5g\ eg] b"/;~rf/ 

tflnd s]Gb|af6 ;fdfGo ;Lk k/LIf0f (Skill Test) lbP/ ;]jf 

kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb5g\Ú eGg] eb| ;xdltsf] cf8df ;Dk"0f{ tx ! 

sf x]Nk/x?n] !) a;] { kbf]Gglt (Upgrade) lng CTEVT af6 

;Lk k/LIf0f (Skill Test) clgjfo{ ug{ 'kg] { eg]/ lg0f{o ul/of] . 

h'g s'/fnfO{ ;xdtLo dof{bf ljk/Ltsf] sbd xf] eg]/ d}n] 

eGbf cTo'lQm x' Fb}g eGg] d}n] a'em]sf] 5' . 

o; k|;Ëdf d]/f] a'emfO s] xf] eg] ls tx ! b]lv dflysf 

;a} kbdf kbf]Gglt (Upgrade) sf nflu ;Lk k/LIf0f (Skill 

Test) sf] Joj:yf u/f} + . geP tx ! nfO{ dfq To;sf] 

cf}lrTotfsf] k'li6 x'g ;Sb}g eGg] g} xf] . t/ of] dfGg Joj:yfkg 

tof/ b]lvFb}g . -cfh )^* kf}if @% ;Dd_ sf/0f a9'jfsf] nflu 

Pp6f cfwf/ nfOg (Buttom line) s] /fVg] < ;Lk k/LIf0f 

(Skill Test) nfO{ Buttom line agfcf} + eGg] Joj:yfksLo 

wf/0ff 5 eg] nuftf/ !) jif{ k|fljlws x]Nk/ eP/ sfd u/]sf] 

cg'ej g} tx @ sf] cku| ]8sf] nflu Buttom line xf] eGg] xfd|f] 

wf/0ff xf] . ;Fu;Fu} csf] {tk{m c? ;a} txdf cfGtl/s kmfOn a9'jf 

tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfaf6 a9'jfsf] nflu of]Uo x'g' / ;flas 

kbeGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] nflu of]Uo x'g' / ;flas kbdf $ jif{ :yfoL 

;]jf k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg] {5 t/ tx ^ sf] nflu k|fljlwsn] rflxF tx & 

df cf=k|=af6 a9'jfsf] nflu of]Uo x'g dflyNnf] txsf] OlGhlgol/ª 

cWoog eP klg ;flas kbdf ^ jif{ sfd u/]sf] x'g'kg] {5 . of] 

lje]bsf/L eof], o;nfO{ klg c?;/x $ jif{ ug{ 'kb{5 eGbf Joj:yfkgsf] 

hjfkm of]Uo eP/ dfq gx'g] /x]sf] 5 . oxfFg]/ a'em\g'kg] { ljifo s] 

5 eg] ! txsf] x]Nk/af6 tx @ df hfg of]Uotf rflxof] t/ tx ^ 

-k|fljlws_ af6 tx & df a9'jf x'g OlGhlgo/ l8u|Lsf] of]Uotfn] x' Fb}g . ^ 

jif{ ^ txd} sfd u/]sf] cg'ej eP OlGhlgo/ l8u|L g} grflxg] t/ 

tx ! af6 tx @ df hfg !) jif{sf] cg'ej eP/ klg gk'Ug] < of] 

s:tf] lsl;dsf] hgzlQm tof/ ug{ vf]Hb} 5f} + xfdL < ;a}n] 

5ftLdf xft /fv]/ ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 . 

nabin. tiwari@ntc. net. np 

"Your children are not your children. 

They are the sons and daughters of Life's longing for itself. 

They come through you but not from you, 

And though they are with you yet they belong not to you". 

.. . On Children by Kahlil Gibran............ 

#^

{ 

{ 

{ 



c;n g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; 

jt{dfg o'u k|lt:kwf{sf] o'u ePsf]n] x/]s ;+3;+:yf, lgsfo 

jf b]zs} lglZrt p2]Zo / nIo k|flKtsf] nflu c;n, ;fx;L / 

cfkm"nfO{ abln;s]sf] g]t[Tjsf] h?/t kb{5 . c;n g]t[Tj eP 

dfq s'g} klg ;+u7gx? c?eGbf cufl8 a9\g ;S5g\ . ;du| 

JolQmx?sf] ;f]r / nIox?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/L ;du| ;+u7gsf] 

nIo k|flKtsf] nflu cufl8 a9\g ;Sg] JolQm g} g]t[Tjdf /xg 

of]Uo x'G5 . To;}n] cufl8 nfUg] JolQm -g]tf_ ;fx| } g} c;n, 

Odfgbf/, d]xgtL, l;h{gzLn / ;fx;L x'g'kb{5 eGg] cfddfGotf 

xf] . g]t[Tjn] c?sf] Jojxf/nfO{ k|efj kfg{ ;Sg'kb{5 . s'g} klg 

g]tfn] Vision, misssion and commitment ;lxt s'g} ;+u7g, 

;d"x, ;dfh, /fi6« jf ;+;f/s} g]t[Tj ug{ 'kb{5 . o;f] x'g g;s] 

;+u7g /fd|f];Fu cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g . s'g} vf; p2]Zo / lbzflt/ 

pGd'v u/fpgsf] nflu c?sf] Jojxf/df k|efj kfg{ ] IfdtfnfO{ 

g]t[Tj elgG5 . cyf{t\ g]t[Tj s'g} JolQmsf] To:tf] of]Uotf jf 

Ifdtf xf], h;n] s'g} lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu sfd ug{ 

cfkm\gf] dftxtsf ;b:o ;fyLx?nfO{ lqmofzLn / k| ]l/t ub{5 . 

;+u7gsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;~rfng ug{ cfkm\gf] 

;+u7gsf ;b:ox?nfO{ xfFSg] / of]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] 

nflu g]t[Tj Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf] . t/ jt{dfg xfd|f] b]zsf] 

kl/l:yltdf c;n g]t[Tjsf] htftt} v8]/L g} k/]sf] ;a}n] dx;'; 

ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . 

jf:tjdf g]t[Tj eg]sf] sfo{ xf], kb jf s';L{ xf]Og . g]t[Tj 

Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . of] Joj:yfksLo ;fFrf] klg xf] . 

;f+u7lgs ;kmntf g]t[Tjsf] u'0f:t/df e/ kb{5 . g]tf h:tf] 

x'G5, c? ;b:ox? klg ;a} p:t} x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . gt[Tjn] 

;+u7gsf] nIo / p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ c? ;b:ox?nfO{ k|efljt kfg] 

/ dfu{bz{g ug] { sfd ub{5 . of] kl/l:yltd"ns / sfo{d"ns 

(Situational and Action-oriented) x'G5 . 

g]t[Tj;DaGwdf ljåfg\ :6km]g /f]laG; (Stephen Robbins) 

sf cg';f/– nIo k|flKt ug{sf nflu ;d"xnfO{ k|efljt kfg] 

Ifdtf g} g]t[Tj xf] . (Leadership is the ability to influence 

a group towards achievement of goals.) 

s'Gh / ljxl/r (Koonz and Werich) sf cg';f/- g]t[Tj 

eg]sf] dflg;x?df :j]R5f / pT;fxk"j{s ;fd"lxs nIo k|flKtsf 

nflu k|efljt ug] { k|lqmof xf] . ( Leadership is the process of 

influencing people so that they will srive willingly and 

enthusiastically towards the achivement of goals.) o;/L 

g]t[Tj eg]sf] lglå{i6 nIo k|flKtsf nflu s'g} ;d"xnfO{ k|efljt 

kfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf eGg] a'lemG5 . g]t[Tjsf nflu tLg s'/fsf] 

;'Gb/ >]i7 

s]=sf= 

cfjZostf kb{5– g]tf (Leader), cg'ofoLx? (followers) / 

kl/l:ylt (Situation) . o;n] lglZrt?kn] cg'ofoLx?nfO{ k|efljt 

/ dfu{bz{g ul//xG5 . cyf{t\ g]tf h:tf] x'G5, sfo{stf{x?nfO{ 

p:t} agfpg vf]H5 . g]t[Tjn] nIo lgwf{/0f ub{5, nIon] 

cg'ofoLx?sf] Jojxf/df k|efj kfb{5 . 

g]t[Tjn] nIo k|flKtsf nflu cfkm\gf ;d"xsf ;b:o tyf 

cg'ofoLx?nfO{ dfu{bz{g / Jojxf/df k|efljt ug{ ] sfo{x? ub{5 . 

g]t[Tjn] ;+u7gsf] nflu b"/b[li6 (Vision), a[xt\ nIo (Mission) 

/ nIox? (Goals) lgwf{/0f ug] { sfd ub{5 . o; sfo{n] ;+u7gnfO{ 

bL3{sfnLg lbzfaf]w / sfo{If]q k|fKt ub{5 . nIo k|flKtsf nflu 

gLlt / sfo{qmd to u5{ . g]tfn] ;f+u7lgs / JolQmut nIox?aLr 

tfnd]n ldnfpg] sfd ub{5 . g]t[Tjn] kyk|bz{gsf] e"ldsf 

lgjf{x ub{5 . g]t[Tjn] nIocg';f/sf] of]hgf agfpg], ;+u7g 

ug] {, dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug] {, g]t[Tj lbg] / lgoGq0f / 

d"Nof+sg ug] { sfdx? ub{5 . o;sf cnfjf ;+u7gdf pknAw 

dfgjLo / ef}lts ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L ;+u7gsf] 

pTkfbsTj a9fpg] sfd klg g]t[Tjs} xf] . o;n] ;+u7gsf] 

;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . ;d"x / JolQmx?nfO{ sfo{x? 

lglZrt ub{5 . sfo{ k|f]T;fxgsf pkfox?sf] vf]hL ub{5 . 

g]t[Tjn] ;dGjo ug] {, pTk| ]/0ff hufpg] / ;"rgfsf] k|efj ug] 

sfd klg ub{5 . 

g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df g]tfdf xg'kg] { u'0fx? dfq ge} 

g]tfn] lgefpg'kg] { e"ldsf jf p;sf] sfo{Ifdtf;DaGwL u'0fx? 

klg kb{5g\ . g]tfdf x'g'kg] { u'0fx?nfO{ JolQmut cGt/lglxt 

u'0fx? / sfo{bIftf jf g]tfsf] e"ldsf;Fu ;DalGwt Ifdtfsf] 

u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5- klxnf] u'0fx?df rl/qjfg\, 

d]xgtL, ;fx;L, Odfgbf/, w}o{jfg\, st{Jolgi7, c;n 5jL ePsf], 

lgM:jfyL{, cg's/0fLo / c?nfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . 

JolQmut u'0fx?af6 g} Ps c;n g]tf agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . 

#&

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{ 


o;sf] cnfjf bf];| |f] k|sf/sf u'0fx?df– ;a}nfO{ lrQ a'emfP/ 

sfd lng ;Sg], c?sf] ljrf/ a'em\g ;Sg], ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg 

u/L ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;Sg], sfdsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Sg], sfddf 

;a}nfO{ pTk| ]l/t ug{ / u/fpg ;Sg]h:tf u'0fx? g]t[Tjsf nflu 

cfjZos x'G5g\ . c;n g]t[Tj c;n g]tfn] dfq lbg ;Sg] x' Fbf 

Pp6f c;n g]tfdf w]/} c;n u'0fx?n] el/k"0f{ ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

:j:ytf (Healthy) :- ;aeGbf klxnf c;n g]tf x'gnfO{ 

zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :j:ytf clt cfjZos kb{5 . Health is 

wealth eGGf] gf/fnfO{ x[bo+ud ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . x/]s b[li6sf]0faf6 

:jf:Yo /fd|f] x'g'kb{5 . c;n :jf:Yo agfpg cfxf/, ljxf/ / 

ljrf/df v"a} Vofn ug] { ug' {kb{5 . :j:y /xg] snfx? l;Sg'kb{5 . 

lsgeg] dflg; hGd]/ gd?Gh]n p;sf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] / 7"nf] 

;DklQ eg]sf] p;sf] cfkm\g} :jf:Yo xf] . z/L/ / dg :j:Yo /x] 

dfq d]xgt ug{ ] OR5fzlQm, pT;fx, pd+u / hfFu/ a9\g] x'G5 . 

h;n] ubf{ g]tfdf ;fx; / d]xgtsf ;fy cfkm\gf] sfd ug] { zlQm 

/ Ifdtfdf (Energy to act) tfhsLkg /lx/xG5 . 

g}lts Odfgbfl/tf (Moral Integrity) :- g]tfsf] rl/q 

/fd|f] xg'kb{5 . rl/q cg's/0fLo x'g'kb{5 . g}lts Odfgbfl/tf, 

afgL–Jojxf/ ;a}n] cg's/0f ug{ nfossf] x'g'kb{5 . lsgls 

afgL–Jojxf/ dflg;sf] ;a}eGbf pQd ;]js x'G5, of t vQd 

dflns x'G5 . dgdf h] 5, aflx/ klg k|:6?kdf To:t} s'/f /fVg] 

vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . zlQm / clwsf/ cfkm";Fu 5 eg]/ cfkm\gf] dfq 

:jfy{ k"/f ug] { ug' {x'Gg . cflys dfdnfdf rf]vf] / kf/bzL{ 

x'g'kb{5 . ;d"x, ;dfh, b]z / ljZjnfO{ h:tf] agfpg vh]sf] xf], 

To:tf u'0fx? ;a}eGbf klxnf g]t[Tjn] cfkm"df Odfgbf/Lk"j{s 

nfu" ug' {kb{5 . c;n g]tfdf x'g'kg] { u'0fx?dWo\ of] dxTjk"0f{ / 

clgjfo{ u'0f xf] . 

cfTdljZjf; (Self Confidence) :- g]tfdf cfkm"n] ;kmn 

g]t[Tj ug{ ;S5' eGg] cfTdljZjf; x'g'kb{5 . cfkm\gf] ;an / 

sdhf]/ kIfaf/] 1fg x'g'kb{5 . cfzfjfbL b[li6sf]0f x'g'kb{5 . 

zlQm k|of]u ug] { Ifdtf x'g'kb{5 . g]tf cfkm+ } :jcg'zf;gdf a;]/ 

dfq c?nfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fVg ;lsG5 . 

b"/b[li6 (Vision) :- g]t[Tjn] /fd|f] Vision af]s]sf] cyf{t\ 

bL3{sfnLg b"/b[li6 /fVg] x'g'kb{5 . ;+u7g / ckm\gf cg'ofoLx?nfO{ 

s:tf] agfpg], sxfF k'¥ofpg] / s;/L ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g u/fpg] 

cflb s'/fx? g]tfsf] lbdfudf /x]sf] x'g' 'kb{5 . 

l;h{gzLntf (Creativity) :- g]tf l;h{gfTds?kdf ;f]Rg 

;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . hf]lvd axg ug] { ;fx; ug{ 'kb{5 . kl/jt{g / 

åGåsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ 'kb{5 . jftfj/0fn] kfg] { cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?sf] 

klxrfg / ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . x/]s gofF ljifox?sf] af/]df 

hfGg / l;Sg pT;'s x'g' 'kb{5 . x/]s ;d:ofx?nfO{ l;h{gfTds 

tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug{ vf]Hg'kb{5 . 


k|fljlws bIftf (Technical competence) :- g]tfdf 

cfkm\gf sfdx?;DaGwL k|ljlws 1fg x'g'kb{5 . gofF–gofF k|fljlws 

1fgx?af6 cfkm\gf cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ dfu{bz{g u/fpg'kb{5 . 

g]tfdf k|fljlws Ifdtf ePdf cfkm\gf cg'ofoLx?df ljZjf;sf] 

jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'G5 . 

Joj:yfksLo u'0fx? (Managerial Qualities) :- g]t[Tj 

Pp6f Joj:yfks klg aGg'kg] { ePsf]n] p;df Joj:yfksLo 1fg 

x'g clgjfo{ x'G5 . of]hgf, ;+u7g, dfgj ;+;fwgsf] plrt 

Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f sfo{x? ug] { u'0fx? x'g'kb{5 . ;dosf] 

k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ;+u7gdf cfOkg]{ 

cK7\of/fx?sf] plrt 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . 

dgf]j}1flgs u'0fx? Psychological Qualities) :- g]t[Tjn] 

x/]s dfgjLo :jefjsf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg'kb{5 . ;+u7gsf 

;b:ox?;Fusf] ;DaGwdf Gofgf]kg x'g'kb{5 . ltgsf] efjgf / 

b[li6sf]0fk|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g' 'kb{5 . afgL / Jojxf/df kl/kSjtf 

x'g'kb{5 . /fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/ / laufg]{nfO{ b08 

lbg'kb{5 . o;sf cnfjf g]t[Tjdf ;do / kl/l:yltcg';f/ 

rNg ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . g]tfn] ablnFbf] kl/l:ylt;Fu cg's"ntf 

sfod ug'{kb{5 . gofF ;"rgfx? k|fKt ug{ g]tfn] ;Sg] sfd 

ug{'kb{5 . yf]/} / uxlsnf s'/fx? dfq af]Ng] / w]/} ;'Gg] 

afgL x'g'k5{ . ;'Gg] zlQmn] g]tfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpF5 . 

c;n g]t[Tjn] ;du| JolQmx?nfO{ PsLs[t kfg{ ;Sg'kb{5 . 

JolQmx?nfO{ cfkm\gf ljrf/x?, sfo{x? ;+:yfut?kdf cufl8 

a9fpgsf nflu g]tfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . c;n / k|efjzfnL 

gtfn] sfo{stf{sf] dfgl;s ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g u/]/ ;sf/fTds 

pknlAw xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;a}nfO{ sfdk|lt cfkm\gf]kgsf] 

lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/fP/ ;d"x tyf ;+:yfdf /x]sf ;a} JolQmx?sf] 

kl/rosf] ljsf; u/]/ c?sf] nflu ;xof]u ug] { tTk/tf b]vfP/ 

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f sfod u/fpg'kb{5 . ;+:yfut kl/jt{g Nofpg 

g]tfn] k'/fgf s'/Lltx?nfO{ x6fO{ gofF k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f ug{ / 

;+:yfsf] ;b:ox?nfO{ ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ ] kl/kf6Lsf] 

l;h{gf ug{ 'kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ ;+u7gdf gofF tl/sfn] sfd ug] 

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . c;n g]tf ;do / kl/l:yltcg';f/ 

cfkm\gf] l;h{gzLntf k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd xg'kb{5 . h;sf nflu 

p;n] cfkm\gf ;b:ox?nfO{ kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostfsf] af]w u/fpg], 

;femf ;xdlt u/fpg ;xof]u ug] { / kl/jt{gsf afwsx?nfO{ 

x6fpg k|oTg ug] {h:tf gLlt cjnDag ug{ 'kb{5 . g]tfn] b"/b[li6sf] 

;f]r agfO{ :jo+ ;r]t, b[9 / ;Gt'lnt x'g'kb{5 . af}l4s pTk| ]/0ff 

/ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf 

jftfj/0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 . 

;d'bfo txdf g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd 

;d"xleqsf lqmofsnfkx?af/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L / cfjZostfx?sf] 

#*

{ 

{ 

] 

{ 


klxrfg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . klxrfg ePsf ;d:of / cfjZostfx?sf] 

kl/k"lt{sf nflu Odfgbf/Lk"j{s k|of; ub} { ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{ 

lbzfaf]w / cg'zfl;t agfpg plrt gLlt tyf lgodsf] Joj:yf 

/ ;f] sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug' {kb{5 . o;sf nflu pknAw 

;fwg / ;|f]tsf] clwstd ;b'kof]u ug' {sf ;fy} ;a} lg0f{o 

k|lqmofdf ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf u/fpg cfjZos 

x'G5 . ;d"xsf] lqmofsnfkdf ;b:ox?af6 ;Sbf] l;h{gzLn 

of]ubfg / lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ / u/fpgdf k| ]l/t u/fpg'kb{5 . 

;a} ;b:ox?sf] JolQmut / ;fd"lxs ;an / b'a{n kIfx?sf] 

/fd|f] hfgsf/L tyf pgLx?sf] lxt / cfjZostfdf ;w} F ;+j]bgzLn 

x'g'kb{5 . ;d"xsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] nflu a9LeGbf a9L ;b:ox? 

;xeflutfsf] nflu s'g} klg sfo{ ug{ s] ug] { < lsg ug] { < s;/L 

ug] { < / sxfF ug] { < cflbaf/] /fd|f] 5nkmn u/L sfo{ u/fpg] JolQm 

g} pko'Qm g]t[Tj dflgG5 . ;a} g]tfx?df plQ g} Ifdtf x'G5 eGg 

;lsGg . ;dfhzf:qsf] cWoogcg';f/ @ lsl;dsf g]t[Tjx? 

x'G5g\- hGdhft cyf{t\ hlGdbf g} lnP/ cfpg] u'0f ePsf g]tfx? 

M h:t}– dfl6{g n'y/ sL+, ca|fxd ln+sg . hlGdbfv]l/sf] kl/jf/ 

jftfj/0fsf] cwf/df aGg] g]tfx? M h:t}– /fhf–/hf}6fx? . o;afx]s 

s'g} l;4fGtcg';f/sf] tflnd / lzIff lbP/ g]t[Tjsf] bfloTj 

;'lDkg] rng klg 5 . To;sf/0f x/]s JolQmdf cGt/lglxt 

ePsf u'0f / k|ltefx?nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f ug{ ;s]df hf];'s} klg 

k|ltefzfnL, ;an / c;n g]tfsf] ?kdf ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 

eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . 

ufpF, zx/, lhNnf / b]zs} d'xf/ km]g{ w]/} dfG5]x?sf] 

cfjZostf kb{ }g . b"/b[li6sf ;fy lgM:jfy{ / Odfgbf/Lk"j{s 

d]xgt ug] { Pp6} c;n g]tfn] g} b]zsf] d'xf/ km]g{ ;S5 . To;sf 

nflu JolQmuteGbf ;fx;sf ;fy ;fd"lxs :jfy{nfO{ Wofg lbg'kg] 

x'G5 . xfn;fn}sf] pbfx/0f xfd|f] l5d]sL b]z ef/tsf] ljxf/ 

k|fGtsf g]tf lgt]zs'df/sf] sfd ug] { z}nLnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . pgnfO{ 

/ pgsf] ;dfh kl/jt{g ug] { cleofgnfO{ s'g} jfb / System 

n] 5]Sg ;s]g . yf]/} ;dodf g} ljxf/ /fHosf] d'xf/df ;sf/fTds 

kl/jt{g Nofpg pgL ;kmn b]lvPsf 5g\ . xfd|f] b]z g]kfn / 

ofxfFleq /x]sf ;a} ;+3–;+:yfg / ;d'bfosf g]t[Tj k+lQm tyf 

b]zs} k|d'v g]tfx?n] klg pgLaf6 s]xL ;sf/fTds s'/fx? 

l;Sg h?/L b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ xfd|f] cfkm\g} b]zdf k|fs[lts 

?kdf k|fKt ckf/ hnzlQm -*$ xhf/ d]ufjf6 Ifdtf_, hgzlQm, 

hldg / h8La'6Lsf] ;b'kof]u u/]/ ljzfn b]z rLg / ef/tdf 

lgof{t u/L g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg ;lsG5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] g]t[Tjn] sDkgLsf nflu tof/ ePsf 

l/kf]6{x?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . h:tf]– Telecom Company 

Restructuring sf] nflu Pentascope / Staff college sf] 

reports nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu nfvf} +sf] /sd vr{ 


ePsf] x'g'k5{ . xfn;fn}sf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg sld6Ls} 

s'/f ug' {kbf{ sld6L u7gsf] ;do w]/} g} eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;dodf 

sd{rf/Lsf d'2f ;dfwfg gx' Fbf To;sf] c;/ k'gM csf] { 7fpFdf kg{ 

;S5 . sDkgLdf lqmofzLn ;a} o'lgogx?;Fu ;xdlt e};s]sf] 5 

t/ ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ug{ cfn6fn ePsf] dx;'; ePsf] 5 . 

xfd|f k|lt:kwL{ lghL sDkgLx?sf] ] 5l/tf] / r':t Joj:yfksLo 

g]t[Tjsf] cufl8 xfd|f] sDkgL / dflysf] d'v tfSg'kg] { afWotfn] 

;':t ag]sf] 5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf xfd|f] sDkgL;Fu cGt/f{li6«o 

ahf/af6 gofF k|ljlw vl/b ug{ k' FhLsf] cefj 5}g . tflndk|fKt 

k|fljlws / c? sd{rf/Lx? klg rflxg]eGbf a9L g} 5g\ . xfd|f] 

;]jf k|of]u ug] { u|fxsx? jiff} +b]lv k|tLIffdf al;/fv]sf] s'/f xfdL 

;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . xfn klg xfd|f u|fxsx?sf] dfu k"0f{?kdf 

xfdLn] k"/f ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf} + . u|fxsx?n] vf]h]h:tf] ] gofF k|ljlw 

/ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf xfdLn] k'¥ofpg ;s]sf 5}gf} + . cGo sDkgLx?n] 

u|fxs gkfP/ j:t' / ;]jf a]Rg kfPsf 5}gg\ eg] xfd|f] ;]jf dfu 

ul//x]sf u|fxsx?nfO{ ;]jf lbg ;s]sf 5}gf} + . o;/L xfdL;Fu 

Pp6f Jofj;flos sDkgLsf] nflu cfjZos k' FhL (Money), 

hgzlQm (Man), cfjZos ef}lts ;fdu|Lx? (Material) / 

Joj:yfkg ( Management) cyf{t\ Joj:yfkgsf] 4M k|z:t 

eP/ klg Pp6f g]t[Tjsf] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf, ;Lk / cg'ejsf] 

pkof]u x'g g;Sbf xfd|f] sDkgL aflx/ /fd|f] b]lvP tfklg leq 

vf]qmf] x'g] xf] ls eGg] qf;n] ;a}nfO{ lrlGtt agfPsf] 5 . 

6]lnsd sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} (@=%% z]o/ 

ePsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;~rfns ;ldlt, 

Joj:yfkg, lqmofzLn ;a} o'lgogx?, sfo{/t ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx? 

/ ;j{;fwf/0f z]o/xf]N8/x?sf] ch{ 'gb[li6 Pp6} x'g'kb{5, Tof] xf]- 

b"/;~rf/sf] ahf/df 6]lnsd sDkgLnfO{ hlxn] klg x/]s b[li6sf]0faf6 

Ps gDa/df /flv/fVg] . o;sf] nflu klxnf] sbd lat]sf] ;dosf] 

cg'ejaf6 kf7 l;s]/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg jf sDkgLx?sf] 

Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tj rog ubf{ ljefuLo dGqLsf] Psn :jljj]sdf 

ge} s]xL ;docufl8 g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ g} v'Nnf 

k|lt:kwf{af6 ;Ifd Joj:yfksLo g]t[Tjsf] lgo'lQm ug] { jf sDkgLleq 

s/f/ Joj:yfkg leq\ofpg] ljlw ckgfpg sDkgLleq lqmofzLn 

;a} o'lgogx?, Joj:yfkg, ;~rfns ;ldlt / g]kfn ;/sf/ ;a}n] 

;sf/fdTs e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . s/f/ Joj:yfkgsf] 

cjwf/0ff nfu" u/]/ kl/0ffd /fd|f] ePsf pbfx/0f xfdL;Fu /fli6«o 

jfl0fHo a} +s, g]kfn a} +s cflb 5g\ . 

cGTodf, Ps c;n g]t[Tj ;kmn / s'zn ;+u7s, of]hgfsf/, 

Joj:yfks / lgoGqs klg x'g ;S5 . pm l;h{gzLn, d]xgtL, 

Odfgbf/, ;fx;L, TofuL / c?nfO{ abNg cfkm} +af6 z'? ug] 

x'g' 'kb{5 . g]t[Tj ;a}sf nflu cg's/0fLo, k| ]/0ffsf] ;|f]t / ;a}sf] 

cf:yfsf] s]Gb| aGg ;Sg'kb{5 . 

#(

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{ 


g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL ln= x'g'k"j{ b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt, b"/;~rf/ 

;+:yfg x' “b} g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL ln=df kl/0ft ePsf] of] 

;+:yfsf] Oltxf; xf] . o;n] cg]sf} + cf/f]x–cj/f]x kf/ ub} { cfh 

of] l:yltdf cfkm"nfO{ pEofO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfhsf] lbg;Dd 

g]kfn 6]lnsd g]kfndf lqmofzLn ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?dWo] w]/} 

d'gfkmf cfh{g ug] { / g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cTolws /fh:j a'emfpg] 

;+:yfsf] ?kdf ;d]t :yflkt ePsf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsd sDkgLdf 

kl/0ft ePnuQ} o;n] :yflkt u/]sf] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo …/fi6« lgdf{0f 

xfd|f] nIoÚnfO{ cfhsf] lbg;Dd klg lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]5 . eljiodf 

klg To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg] b[9 k|lta4tf ;do–;dodf 

hfx]/ ul//x]sf] of] ;+:yf cfhsf] lbg;Dd #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfx?dWo] x/]s b[li6sf]0fdf g]kfndf lqmofzLn ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfx?dWo] g+= ! sfod} 5 . /, o:t} e}/xg'kb{5 eGg] dfGotfsf 

;fy of] …/fi6«sf] ;~rf/Ú x'g'kb{5, h;sf] nflu xfdL ^ xhf/ 

sd{rf/Lsf] Pp6} efiff / dfGotfdf km/s x'g'x' “b}g . xfdLnfO{ 

s'g} klg cf“wL–a]x/Ln] xNnfpg ;Sb}g . 

sDkgLsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ Toxf“ ul7t ;~rfns ;ldltsf] 

cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ljlgodfjnL eg]sf] To; 

;+:yfsf] …wd{u|GyÚ x'g'kb{5 . 6]lnsdsf] xsdf sDkgL P]g @)^# 

sf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL ln=sf] k|aGwkqsf] bkmf 

$ sf] v08 -%_ sf] pkbkmf -@%_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL ln= sf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL ln= sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL agfPsf] 5 . sDkgLsf] 

ljlgodfjnL @)^! sf] cg';"rL !! sf] v08 -u_ sf] b|i6JoM -!_ 

df :ki6 efiffdf n]lvPsf] 5– g]kfn ;/sf/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dGqL, 

/fHodGqL, ;xfosdGqL Pj+ n]vfk/LIf0f ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ 

;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox?;/x ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] . of] 

ljlgodfjnL agfpg] lgsfon] of] …wd{u|GyÚ nfO{ dfGg k5{ ls 

kb} {g < of] 6]lnsdsf] nf]slk|otf;“u uf“l;Psf] ljifo xf] . 

;+;f/sf clt ljsl;t w]/} b]zx?sf] pbfx/0f lbO/xg' OGb|sf] 

cufl8 :ju{sf] aofgh:t} dfq x'G5 . To;}n] xfd|f l5d]sL d'n's 

ef/t / rLg x]/f} +, tL d'n's s;/L rln/x]sf xf]nfg\ < Toxf“sf 

dflg; klg xfdL h:tf g} x'g\, dfq Toxf“ gLlt, lgod / g}ltstfsf] 

e/df dfq rln/x]5 . oxf“ dflysf tLg} cfwf/ lgsDdf agfO“b} 

5 lbgfg'lbg . oxf“sf] h:tf] @–# dlxgfdf dGqL km]l//xg] clg 

dGqL km]/]lkR5] MD km]l/g] / MD lkR5]sf] of]hgf / ljefuLo 

k|d'v km]l/g] xf] eg] sDkgL cufl8 a9\g ;Qm}g . sDkgL ;~rfns 

;ldltdf lhDd]jf/ / sDkgLk|lt hjfkmb]lxtf axg ug{ ;Sg] 

;Ifd JolQmx?sf] ;d"x dfq cfjZos 5 . jf:tjd} sDkgLsf] 


of] ;'´fj xf] ;'w|g ! s'g} lj/f]wkq xf]Og 

/fhf/fd zdf{ 

cWoIf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL sd{rf/L kl/ifb\ 

;~rfns ;ldlt xf] eg] sDkgLsf] k|aGwkqdf plNnlvt p2]Zo 

xfl;n ug{ sDkgLleq df}h'bf ;fwg, ;|f]t / hgzlQmnfO{ ;xL 

:yfgdf ;b'kof]u ug{ of]Uo / xfn df}h'bf a]lylt / b08xLgtfsf] 

l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg klxn] ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 ;'wf/ cfhsf] 

vf“rf] 5 . x}g eg] cfP;Dd t't' / gcfP lrrL eg]em} “ sltGh]n 

hgu'gf;f] ;'lg/xg'kg] { xf], yfxf 5}g . o:t} vfn] hjfkmb]xLxLg 

/ lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ g;Sg]x?sf] eL8sf] kl/0ffd xf] bh{gf+ 

;'gsf km'n kfl//xg] s'v'/fx?h:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? cfh 

d[To'zøofdf k'lu;s]5g\ . 

csf] {tkm{ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] /fv]sf] jflif{s nIocg'?k /fh:j 

xfl;n u/] klg oxf“sf] lzlyn Joj:yfkgsf] sf/0f ;xL 9+un] 

of]hgfsf] th' {df x'g ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5}g . ;xL JolQm, ;xL 

:yfg / ;xL ;dosf] cjwf/0ff kfngf ug{ g;Sg', k|zf;g oGq 

eg]sf] c/fPsf] sfd ug] { lgsfoh:tf] dx;'; x'g', n]vfk/LIf0fsf] 

k|ltj]bg slxNo} nfu" gx'g', lbguGtL dfgl;stfn] ult ln“b} hfg', 

sd{rf/Lx?df cg'zf;gxLgtf, ljb]z tflnddf ;w} “ ljjfb x'g', 

b08–;hfo“, ;?jf–a9'jfdf ;d'lrt d"NofÍgljgf lg0f{o ug] 

k|j[lQ, k|:6?kdf eGg'kbf{ sdfO x'g] :yfgdf cfkm\gf] jf cfkm\gf] 

ehgsLt{g ug] {x?nfO{ dfq 3'dfO{–lkm/fO{ df}sf lbO/xg], rfs/Lbf/ 

/ /fhgLlts k|efjn] dfq k|efj hdfO/x]sf]n] Odfgbf/, Ifdtfjfg\ 

bIf tyf st{Jolgi7 sd{rf/Lx?sf] lubf] { dgf]ansf sf/0f w]/} 

cg'zfl;t sd{rf/Lx?df g}/fZotf a9\b} hfg' c:jfefljs dflg“b}g . 

t/ o:tf k|efjzfnL sd{rf/Lx?sf] lg/Gt/ knfogn] eljiodf 

sDkgLn] 7"nf] gf]S;fgL Joxf]g{ afWo x'g] lglZrt} 5 . /fh:jsf] 

lx;fadf km/s kSs} gknf{, lsgeg] pks/0f vl/b ug] { xf] clg 

ljb]zLn] g} h8fg ul/lbxfN5 clg :jrflnt 5, 8/ dfGg} kb} {g, 

s;}sf] 6fpsf] b'vfOsf] ljifo g} ePg . To;}n] xf]nf s';L{sf] 

nflu Gjf/gb]lvsf] an k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] . k|lt:kwL{x?sf] s'l6n 

/0fgLltnfO{ Joj:yfkgn] cfh;Dd cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 

cfdsd{rf/Lx?n] dx;'; ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . 

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+ 

{ 


ldtJolotf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] zAbsf]ifdf ;fob 5}g xf]nf, 

To;}n] Pp6} lgod–sfg'gcg';f/ ;~rflnt g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

tflnd s]Gb|df cltl/Qm @% k|ltzt eQfsf sf/0f Toxf“ ljgfsfddf 

sd{rf/Lx? y'k|g] / /fhgLlt k|efj b]vfP/ tflnd s]Gb|df ;?jf 

x'g] nx/f] g} nfu]sf] 5 . t/ ;du| g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] gLlt, of]hgf 

lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog u/fpg] Corporate office / 6]lnsdsf] 

/fh:j a9fpg lbg/ft tNnLg BU df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?n] 

To:tf @% k|ltzt cltl/Qm eQf gkfp“bf sltGh]n o;nfO{ krfO{ 

a:g ;Snfg\ < To:t} cf]e/6fOd eQf sfd ug] {n] dfq geO{ 

gug] {x?n] klg NofKr] xfg]sf] e/df lnO/x]sf 5g\ . Outsourcing 

af6 sDkgLnfO{ slt kmfObf k'lu/xG5, To;sf] cf“s8f s;};“u 5 

h:tf] nfUb}g . slxn] Overstaffing sf] gfp“df change 

management ljefu v8f u/]/ b"w b'lx/x]5f} +, slxn] VRS 

nfu" ug] { k|k~r ldnfO{ ljleGg :t/sf] sld6L agfP/ eQfsf] 

vf]nf] aufpg tof/ 5f} + . cem o:tf pbfx/0f 6]lnsd;fd' w]/} 

5g\ t/ vfg kfP 7Ls gkfP a]l7s k|j[lQn] 6]lnsd rln/x]sf] 5 

. ;f“Rr} eGg'kbf{ ;To af]Ng] JolQm g} ca 6'sL afnL vf]Hg'kg] 

cj:yf cfO;s]sf] 5 . 

sl/a @ jif{ x'g nfUof] ljlgodfjnL ;+zf]wgsf] nflu pRr 

:t/sf] sld6L agfPsf], ljrf/ u/f} + vr{ slt eof] xf]nf < clg 

km]l/ hf/L ug{ lsg ;Sb}gf} < sld6Lx?sf] Report sf] sfuhx? 

Dffq hDdf ug] { xf] eg] bzf} + 6«s xf]nf . ljb]z tflnd x]/f} + eg]/ 

;fWo 5}g t/ Output ZTE / HUWAI n] xft lemSg] xf] eg] 

sl/a–sl/a g]kfn 6]lnsd ynf kg] { l:yltdf 5 . o;sf] hjfkmb]xL 

sf] < s] xfdLn] !)-% sfd g} ug{ gkg] { < s]jn kl/0ffdljgfsf] 

sld6L a}7sdf cNem]/ eQf dfq a'emL k]G;g ksfpg] < ;f“Rr} 

eGg'kbf{ kl/0ffdsf] s;}nfO{ dtna g} 5}g h:tf] nfU5 . To;}n] 

clxn]sf] of] 6]lnsdsf] nyflnË cj:yfnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug] { xf] 

eg] xfdLnfO{ wgL afpsf] lau| ]sf] 5f]/f eg]df km/s knf{ / < 

clxn] 6]lnsddf ^ xhf/ sd{rf/Lx? 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ 

sfo{/t 5g\ eGg] a'emfpg ;Sg'kb{5, To;sf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ jl/i7 

Joj:yfksx? Ps x'g'sf] ljsNk g} 5}g / Pp6} p2]Zoaf6 

:jrflnt x'g'k¥of] tfls xfdLx? ;a} sDkgL lxtdf b' |tultdf 

cl3 al9/x]5f} + eGg] ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx?n] cefif u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . 

g]t[Tj axg ug]{n] sDkgLsf] eljio ;'lglZrt 5, Tof] d]/f] 

lhDdfdf 5 eGg] h:tf pbf/x0fx? cfdsd{rf/Lx?dfem cfO/xg 

h?/L 5 . dfq ##–#$ jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ejsf] efif0f u/]/ k'Ub}g, 

Jofj;flos Joj:yfkgsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . ;fy} 

g]t[Tj txdf a:g]x?n] dfgj ;+zfwgnfO{ ;do cg's"n ljsl;t 

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o'lgog kIfn] xft]dfnf] ug' {sf] klg ljsNk 5}g . o'lgog txaf6 

obfsbf uNtL gu/]sf xf]Ogg\ t/ ;du|df sDkgL lxtdf ;w}“ 

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k'Ug] / xfnLd'xfnL ug]{ e¥ofªsf] ?kdf k|of]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 / 

cem emflËb} 5 . t;y{ Joj:yfkgn] of] a'em\g h?/L 5, 

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5 eg] Tof] g} 6]lnsdsf] k||ultsf] afws xf] . t;y{ a]n}df ;'wf/ 

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s'lb/x]h:tf] x'g]5 . 

$!



Critical Issues in Telecom Sector Regulation: Why 

are we delaying in addressing them? 

Introductory Background: 

The importance of telecommunications to economic 

and social development is well established both for 

developed and developing countries. 

Telecommunications/ICT is not only a catalyst for the 

overall development of the country but also an industry 

in itself. A monopoly market is invariably regulated by 

the government. Under such circumstances, the 

government is a policy maker, the regulator and the 

operator. In the context of Nepal, before the liberalization 

and introduction of the private sector players, the telecom 

sector could not really make significant progress. Rural 

telecom could not take off despite the fact that the 

government made some kind of policy level commitments 

through its successive five-year development plans and 

annual policies and plans. It has been an international 

best practice that the governments interested in promoting 

a vibrant telecoms sector would seek to build a strong 

and independent regulator to ensure that national 

development goals are also met. Through the 

promulgation of telecommunication Act 1997 and 

telecommunication regulation 1997, the legal and 

institutional framework for telecom regulation was 

established. Pursuant to the provision made in the 

Telecom Act, Nepal Telecommunications Authority was 

established in March 1998. The constitution of the 

Authority shows that it is an autonomous body. Many 

people even presume it to be independent. It looks like 

independent for the reasons that the Chairman and the 

members of the authority are appointed by the 

government –there is no government representation in 

the authority. All are independently selected. They require 

to possess certain qualifications-academic as well as 

experience - as prescribed by the Act itself. They are 

not fired before they complete their 5 years tenure unless 

under special circumstances. They can create 

appropriate organizational structure as needed. The 

terms and conditions and qualifications of the employees 

are fixed by the Authority-no approval is necessary from 

the Government. They are independent in formulating 

their own annual plans and programs and approve the 

budget-however it should be based on the government’s 

plan and policies- but it has never in its history of more 

than 13 years of existence ever been questioned by the 

Ananda Raj Khanal 

Director, Nepal Telecommunications Authority 

government regarding its plan and program and budget 

vis-à-vis the government’s five year plan and annual 

programs. It can appoint advisors and formulate different 

committees to carry out its special and even regular 

tasks. Many people who have some information and little 

knowledge about the telecom sector feel that Nepal 

Telecommunications Authority has got some kind of 

indemnity from its responsibility and accountability even 

for the sector regulation. During the last 13 years, NTA 

has grown in its size-organization structure has 

dramatically changed. During this time many decisions 

have been made with long term impacts and 

consequences so far as sector growth as well as 

organization is concerned. However the media has shown 

its interest in the activities of the authority recently after 

the sub-committee of the Public Accounts Committee 

started its study on spectrum, licensing and VoIP issues. 

Functions, Duties and Powers of NTA 

As prescribed in the Act, NTA broadly has the 

following jurisdiction in terms of its functions, duties and 

power: 

• Government advisor on telecom sector 

• QoS benchmarking and regulation 

• Licensing 

• Competition regulation 

• Tariff regulation 

• Spectrum management and new technology 

management 

• Human Resource Development in telecommunication 

sector 

• Consumer interest protection 

$@



• Universal service obligation ( RTDF Management) 

• Dispute settlement 

• Law enforcement 

If an entity does not carry out any work or function, 

it will hardly make any mistakes. If it works and that too 

in a technologically fluid and rapidly transforming sector, 

it is likely to make mistakes due to a number of factorsdue 

to proper lack of information on the subject in which 

it is making decision, due to lack of the ability to analyze 

and synthesize the information to arrive at the right 

decision, lack of its ability to see the future and more 

dangerous of all when it makes decision to cater to the 

whims and fancies and vested interest of one player in 

the sector-sometimes by mere political or other pressure, 

sometimes due to personal interest of the decision 

makers. 

Critical issues in the telecom sector 

Since the main objective of this article is to bring 

out some of the pressing, urgent and very controversial 

issues of importance in the telecom sector regulation, 

the author feels that the following issues need special 

attention. 

• Issuance of the Mobile License through competitive 

bidding 

• Issuance of Limited Mobility License for basic 

service licensee 

• Authorization of Roaming between Limited Mobility 

Licensees 

• Cellular Spectrum Assignment for basic and rural 

telecom service providers 

• Jurisdictional expansion of rural service providers 

either by the amendment of the license or by the 

award of limited mobility license 

• Development of scientific basis for Spectrum 

allocation, assignment and pricing 

• Liberalization of VoIP /IP telephony and control of 

growing grey market through call bypass 

• Development of proper policies and programs for 

RTDF disbursement and management 

• Enforcement of QoS standards -particularly in 

mobile service 

• Enforcement of proper interconnection regime 

• Maintaining level playing field 

The list continues but the discussion is limited to 

some of the critical issues that will pose difficulty even 

when there is a unanimous desire and commitment 

among the stakeholders to go forward-they will be 

elaborated one by one. 

Issuance of the first Mobile License through 

competitive bidding 

If we look into the historical evidence of the 

chronology of the entire licensing process-we come to 

know that the first notice of international tender was 

published in 7 April 2000.The last date of submission of 

the Application was 5 June 2000. Out of 21 companies 

who purchased the Request for Proposal Document , 8 

of them submitted the Application. Six of them were 

technically qualified for financial bidding. Financial 

bidding was conducted on 1 st November 2000. Letter of 

Intent was given to the Khetan Group Pvt. Ltd. to operate 

GSM900 MHZ based mobile service on 3 rd November 

2000. The basis for awarding the LOI was the total 

amount it quoted to get the license-that included the sum 

of license fees plus the renewal fees to be paid after 10 

years for renewing the license and the royalty for 10 

consecutive years. The license fees quoted was 210 

million, the renewal fees as 20 Billion and the total royalty 

in 10 years was 3 Billion 900 million and 700 Thousand. 

After this date, a number of activities and changes 

occurred. Khetan Group Pvt. Ltd. entered into joint 

venture agreement with Spice Cell Pvt. Ltd. India and 

thus Spice Nepal Pvt. Ltd was registered in 21 June 

2001. And finally Spice Nepal Pvt. Ltd got the license 

to operate mobile service on 1 st September,2004. It 

seems that NTA overlooked certain conditions in the 

tender document and also during subsequent processfor 

example, renewal of any license is normally optional 

but in this process, as the renewal fees is the determining 

factor in getting the license, license renewal is mandatory 

for Spice Nepal Pvt. Ltd. Normally Letter of Intent could 

not be issued on an open ended basis-that is without 

giving a deadline to award the license. This lapse has 

been adequately misused by Khetan Group Pvt. Ltd. It 

took almost 4 years to award the license after LoI was 

issued. The negative impact of this delay in the 

development of mobile telecom is tremendous. More 

serious issue that this license has created is 20 Billion 

Rs renewal fees. The issue is not limited to the renewal 

of now Ncell but that of the government owned 

incumbent Nepal Doorsanchar Company Ltd. Nepal 

Telecom was awarded a conditional mobile license on 

12 May 1999. It agreed to accept all the terms and 

conditions regarding the license fees, royalty and the 

renewal fees that would be quoted by the company 

through a global tender for the award of the mobile 

license . Nepal Telecom paid the license fees as quoted 

and paid by Spice Nepal Pvt. Ltd. However royalty was 

$#



not paid as quoted and the major issues arose during the 

payment of the renewal fees. It asked the intervention 

of the government for a review of the license fees, 

royalty and renewal fees showing its inability to pay due 

to its financial health and revenue status. Nepal 

Telecommunications Authority, in an interesting way, 

" provisionally" renewed its license by just taking 

90% of the license fees as an advance upon the 

further condition that Nepal Telecom has to pay 

the remaining dues within 3 months time after 

the payment of the renewal fees by Ncell. This 

ad-hoc decision of NTA addressed the demand 

of the NT employees unions but has raised a 

number of questions on the regulation and 

enforcement of license conditions. Another very 

important thing to be noted in this context is that 

Nepal Telecom has to renew its mobile license 

for the second time before the first renewal of 

the Ncell mobile license. The important questions 

here from the perspective of effective and efficient 

regulations are: 

• Are the government, regulator and the operator 

( Ncell ) aware that Ncell’s mobile license renewal 

is not optional but it is mandatory because that was 

the only condition which qualified Khetan Group 

Pvt. Ltd among the applicants to receive the LoI 

and hence the license to Spice Nepal Pvt. Ltd. This 

is in general not in agreement with the existing laws. 

In general, renewal of any license is optional. The 

obvious question would be-what will happen if Ncell 

opts not to renew its mobile license? 

• Was this 20 Billion Rs as the renewal fees a 

reasonable amount quoted at the time of 

financial bidding? Did NTA ever think about 

the viability of this proposal and still issued the 

license? 

• Is that same 20 Billion Rs is applicable for the 

subsequent renewal which happens to be every five 

years after the first renewal or it is just the 90% of 

the license fees for the subsequent renewals? 

• Why not the government and the regulator did 

entered into discussion and study about Nepal 

Telecom’s request for review of the royalty 

and the renewal fees? And still provisionally 

renewed the mobile license without paying the full 

renewal fees? 

Issuance of Limited Mobility License for basic 

service licensee 

United Telecom Ltd was awarded the license to 

operate Basic Telephone Service based on WLL 

Technology in September 2002. Upon the 

recommendation of NTA the government opened Limited 

Mobility as a new telecommunication service in the 

gazette on 26 January 2004. A writ petition was filed at 

the Supreme Court against this gazette notification. 

Hearing the writ petition, the Supreme Court initially 

issued an interim order and finally gave its verdict in the 

favor of the writ petitioner and the gazette notification 

to open the limited mobility service was quashed. 

However, upon further recommendation of NTA with 

more elaborate study and details the government 

again issued a gazette notification to open the limited 

mobility service on 6 March 2006 and UTL got the 

Limited Mobility license for Kathmandu valley on 

24 March 2006. Finally UTL was allowed to provide 

roaming facility among its limited mobility service 

areas on 24 August 2007. Limited mobility and 

roaming between the limited mobility service areas made 

UTL a de facto mobile operator. One important thing to 

be noted here is that the additional legal facilities given to 

UTL however did not involve the allocation of additional 

scarce resources such as spectrum. The major issue that 

has drawn attention from the perspective of the sector 

regulation and completion is - 

• Level playing field between the mobile operators 

such as Nepal Telecom and Ncell and the limited 

mobility operator with roaming facility such as UTL. 

Issuance of Rural Telecommunication Service License 

NTA has so far issued two rural telecommunication 

service licenses –the first one to STM Telecom Sanchar 

Pvt. Ltd in 2002 and the second one to Smart Telecom 

Pvt. Ltd. in 2008. They were both given the license to 

operate basic telecom service in the targeted VDCs of 

the given geographical areas. In the similar fashion, 

Nepal Satellite Telecom Pvt. Ltd. was given a nationwide 

license to provide telecom service in the targeted rural 

areas and all over the country in a phase wise manner. 

Unlike UTL and Ncell (the then Spice Nepal Pvt. Ltd.) 

the licenses to these three operators were issued 

pursuant to section 23 sub section 2 of the Telecom Act. 

STM Telecom and Smart Telecom were given license 

based on the least subsidy amount they quoted from 

among the qualified applicants whereas Nepal Satellite 

Telecom was awarded license based on the beauty 

$$


contest selection criterion. The original geographical 

jurisdiction of STM Telecom Sanchar was increased by 

the amendment of its license to cover the rural areas of 

Central, Western, Mid Western and Far Western 

development regions. STM Telecom Sanchar and Smart 

Telecom are also allowed to operate Limited Mobility 

Service which is naturally not confined to the 

geographical boundaries of their respective original 

licenses whereas the Basic Telecommunications service 

license of Nepal Satellite includes limited mobility 

service as a built in facility not requiring separate limited 

mobility service licenses for every district as other 

operators need. Obviously for operating any kind of 

limited mobility services, operators need cellular 

spectrum. Unlike UTL who operates limited mobility 

service on the same spectrum assigned to it for basic 

service, rest of the three have been granted cellular 

spectrum to operate limited mobility service. The issues 

raised from the perspective of the regulation and 

competition are- 

• Level playing field between the mobile operators 

such as Nepal Telecom and Ncell and the limited 

mobility operators 

• Same Spectrum assignment criterion for all 

operators irrespective of whether they are operating 

mobile service or rural telecom service with limited 

mobility as separate service or basic telecom service 

with limited mobility as a built in service 

Spectrum Assignment for operating telecom services 

Enforced by NTA and later endorsed and approved 

by the Radio Frequency Policy Determination 

Committee, the spectrum assignment criteria for telecom 

service providers treats all the six voice operators as 

equal. Same subscriber base and/or revenue criteria 

for getting spectrum are being enforced by NTA. 

The obvious issue here is – 

• Do all the operators stand on the same footing, 

despite the fact that they are all different licenses 

having different terms and conditions and brought 


in the telecom sector with different objectives and 

priorities? 

Conclusion and the Way Forward 

Compared to other infrastructure and service 

sectors, significant progress has been made in the telecom 

sector in Nepal after Jan Andolan II. Overall teledensity 

including mobile has crossed 50%. The access to 

Internet-both fixed and mobile- has increased, the overall 

data penetration is more than 13%. Investment has 

increased and telecom service providers ranked first 

among the tax payers for many consecutive years. The 

policy, legal and regulatory as well as institutional 

frameworks are in place. 

These frameworks seem to have been unable to 

cope up because of the tremendous changes in the 

technologies and the convergence towards which 

technology and services have already moved to, and due 

to very specific development need of the country like 

ours challenged not only by geography but also by the 

overall socio-economic indicators. The successive 

governments tried to address these challenges through 

certain policy, legal and regulatory interventions. Such 

interventions produced certain tangible results as well 

so far as availability and access to services, reduced tariff 

due to competition etc. and their applications for socioeconomic 

sectors such as education and health, agriculture 

and government service delivery are concerned. However, 

along with these seemingly positive consequences such 

interventions have been proved to be critical challenges 

in ensuring level playing field among the service providers, 

enforce effective competition in the sector and moreover 

ensure a transparent, objective, professional, efficient and 

independent sector regulation. We cannot afford to delay 

in addressing these critical issues unless we are heading 

towards a disastrous future in telecom sector. 

Disclaimer: This article is written by the author in his 

personal capacity. The opinions expressed in this article 

are the author's own and do not reflect the view of the 

Nepal Telecommunications Authority. 

"Hatred injures the hater as well as the hated. 

Love blesses the lover as well as the loved. 

This is hard economics as well as good common sense". 

– Kenneth Boulding 

$%



Inside/Outside of Box: Think 

At present, there are more than six competitors 

in communication business knocking NT’s doors 

from every nooks & corners. If we analyze and 

compare the market share of our Competitors & our 

company from 2010 till 2012 January, it seems we 

are at the verge of losing dominant position especially 

in Mobile Market. Hence, it is high time for NT 

(Nepal Telecom) to formulate strategies to face the 

challenges prevailing in the market and thereby 

improve its market share. If we continue moving in 

traditional way, I doubt whether we would ever be 

able to remain the targeted no.1 position in mobile 

market. 

In brief, the challenges / Issues that our company 

is facing at present are as follows: 

1. Customer Relation Management: Real threat that 

we are facing from our competitors is in customer 

care issues. Most of the employees hold 

the bureaucratic attitude "I don’t care, let it be". 

We have ignored the fact that at times of dissatisfaction, 

customers today have options to go for 

other telecom services as well and in fact, 

subscriber’s churning is increasing day by day. 

2. Human Resource Management: Transfer, Promotion, 

Training abroad and Opportunity are the 

key elements of frustration & de-motivating factors 

among employees. We make policies regarding 

the same but the implementation is very poor. 

3. Political Interference /MD’s appointment: Frequent 

change of CEO / MD has vital impact on 

any organization. In public organization like NT, 

it has left a negative impact leading to success of 

competitor and we are left as mere spectators. 

4. Major problem from external environment: 

Mostly purchase orders (Global tender) have to 

pass through CIAA (Commission for the Investigation 

of Abuse of Authority) and if someone 

complains then it has to justify the PPA (Public 

Procurement Act) rules. If Public Account Committee 

(PAC) raises its concern on any tender, 

we have to take permission from them as well 

whereas if we talk for private companies, they 

decide themselves and implement on their own. 

Though as per Nepal Telecom’s Financial Rule, 

Rabindra Jha 

Manager, PSTND 

purchase procedure has been well defined and 

can be decided by NT’s board but being a government 

owned company (92 % share owned 

by government), we have to follow PPA rule, 

directives of CIAA & PAC. The problem is in 

PPA rule which hasn’t been well explained in 

context of a company like NT that runs in competitive 

environment. 

Let us discuss about solution which can be used 

to face challenges mentioned above. 

If we analyze the Issues no. 1 (related with 

Customer) & 2 (related with Human Resource), it is 

clear that these issues are related with NT's 

management. Our management should clearly 

differentiate between what they can and what cannot 

be controlled by them, and focus on the areas that 

will make the most difference. In my opinion, these 

issues can be solved with cooperation of Unions. 

Similarly, Issues no. 3 (Political) & 4 

(Government Entity) are related with external 

environment and is the most difficult task. Our 

management has to develop good relationship with 

government agencies, political leaders then only these 

issues can be solved. But if we can establish the 

autonomy of NT (NT should govern by NT's board 

only) then, mostly such issues shall be overcome or 

solve by NT"s management. 

At present situation, we know how to move 

ahead. We do have capital, infrastructure, technically 

sound manpower etc but still we have to face 

problems right from tendering process till the 

$^



completion of projects. So how should we move now 

onwards? 

Let us discuss: 

There are Administrative & Financial 

BINIYAMAWALIs (Rules & regulation) which 

governs day-to-day work of company and used to 

approve by NT's board which are virtually approved 

by government. We as an employee of company have 

to follow those BINIYAMAWALIs. If we want to 

take any decision, it is must that BINIYAMAWALIs 

should justify it otherwise those decisions will be 

invalid. It shows that if you want to do favor or 

benefit to NT but its against the BINIYAMAWALI, 

you shouldn’t or can’t do it. 

Here, thinking as per BINIYAMAWALI is 

nothing but just like thinking inside a box. We are 

doing this job from beginning of our appointment 

till retirement. But, in competitive environment, either 

the BINIYAMAWALI should be modified to cope 

with competitive environment as well as market trend 

or if not, then there should be sufficient authority to 

management side so that they can take decision in a 

minute of time. We have many examples in which our 

competitors make moves in a day itself and we on the 

other hand take more than three months of time, and 

being honest, sometimes not decided as well. 

Most managers and professionals are quite 

capable of thinking effectively inside a box. They 

live with constraints all the time and automatically 

explore alternatives, way out to solve the nontechnical 

problems. If it is required due to market 

trend that we should create new type of boxes that 

are useful, but different, from the boxes we people 

currently thinking is so complex phenomenon in our 

context. Why not, we should talk about Thinking 

outside of Box. 

For thinking outside of box, let us know about a 

puzzle of 9-dots: A specific box - in the form of a 

two-dimensional square mentioned in Sam Loyd's 

Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles, Tricks, and Conundrums 

(With Answers), 1914, known as the 'Nine Dots 

Puzzle', which was posed like this: 

The picture is about a set of 9 dots and it is 

required to make a continuous four straight lines in a 

single-go touching all the 9 dots without lifting the 

pen from the paper. Many people try it and then give 

up thinking its absurd, impossible and no worth 

putting efforts to solve it. A dot is always left over. It 

is at this point where creative thinking comes into 

play: "What would happen if I extend one or more 

of the four lines beyond the box?" That hunch turns 

out, in fact, to be the relevant insight. He put an effort 

on something which everyone left as impossible 

stuff, he thought different, in an unconventional way 

and by virtue of that thought we have arrived to a 

solution. 

Let me define it theoretically: Thinking Outside 

of Box is the Idea generation or problem solving that 

is not constrained by self-imposed limits or 

conventional barriers. Being free or breakthrough 

thinking, it creates new paradigms and explores nonlogical 

and uncommon ways and solutions. 

From different websites, it is known that 'Think 

outside of box’ is originated in the USA in the late 

1960s/early 1970s. It has become something of a 

cliché, especially in the business world, where 

'thinking outside the box' has become so complex. 

For the same, according to Stephen Shapiro, 

author of Best Practices Are Stupid: 40 Ways to Out- 

Innovate the Competition mentioned: 

Creative ideas are the lifeblood of any business, 

so how do we get more of them out of our team? One 

frequent answer to this question is encouraging an 

adventurous, risk tolerant and playful environment 

in which employees feel safe to select any left-field 

ideas that occur to them. Allowing teams to "think 

outside of box" in this way sounds great 

(and not punishing failure is still a good idea), but 

sadly this approach has one drawback, namely, it 

doesn't work. 

Does one need to fully understand the parameters 

of the box they're in? "Thinking outside of box" 

merely implies to think differently, challenge 

conventional wisdom, or approach an issue from a 

new perspective. Really, this could apply to just about 

anything in life. No doubt it helps to know what your 

challenging (box), but I don't believe it is always 

necessary. In fact, in my experience people with no 

experience in the box tend to be the most objective, 

and can offer the whole team a unique insight. So, 

$&



Keep Thinking Outside of Box. The exhortation to 

think outside of box has become ubiquitous in 

business. 

Thinking outside of box without understanding 

the box is a petulant exercise in resistance - every 

idea that comes from the process has the box written 

all over it. It's a reaction to the box. It's fighting the 

box. It's a child of the box. 

We don’t want employees who will always play 

it safe, or act as yes men. Reward employees who 

take risks and attempt to think outside of box, even 

if they fail, since this is a hallmark of a true leader. 

Such ideas and thoughts are required in present day 

corporate sector like in Nepal Telecom (NT) to achieve 

new goals and to make leaps in the competitive market. 

Now, if you have non-performing employees, 

even after encouragement, it may be time to part ways. 

We should think again for VRS (Voluntary Retirement 

Scheme). Clearly warn and let go of those employees 

for non-performance. There’s no point in subtlety here 

if we want to maximize our employees’ overall 

performance. These ideas should get better in tune 

with maximizing employee potential, and as a result, 

make us a better manager. 

A good leader is one who sets an example and 

inculcates a sense of responsibility in his teammates 

by inspiring them through his personal demeanor. It 

is unfeasible today to lead without having some 

expertise, some domain understanding. You should 

have good understanding of all the drivers of business. 

It is vital for board members and senior management 

to lead by example. 

Are leadership and success two sides of the same 

coin? Perhaps yes, because a leader should have 

desire to succeed. A burning desire can be translated 

into ambition, execution and persistence i.e. it covers 

everything. 

"We must step back and see if the solutions to 

our problems lie outside of box." Organizations 

benefit more from leaders who take responsibility 

for what they don't know than from leaders who 

pretend to know it all. 

You cannot possibly think outside the box unless 

you understand the nature of the box that bounds 

your current thinking. You must come to know that 

nature deeply. You must have real insight into it. You 

must accept it, and embrace it at some level, before 

it will ever release you. 

In management, we should look beyond preconceived 

ideas. NT should focus on customers, 

employees, vendors, regulators, shareholders 

(Government as well as minority shareholders). 

NT should make an environment to attract, motivate 

and retain talents by creating secure and prosperous 

operating environment and improving operational 

performance i.e. enhancing company’s reputation. 

In fact, many of us operate on the belief that we 

must appear as though we know everything all the time 

or else people will question our abilities, diminishing 

our effectiveness as leaders. If you're honest with 

yourself, you'll admit that really the opposite is true. 

Because whether you acknowledge your weaknesses 

or not, everyone still sees them. So rather than conceal 

them, the person who tries to hide weaknesses actually 

highlights them, creating the perception of a lack of 

integrity and self-awareness. 

Conclusion: 

· The low performance of NT is attributable to 

number of factors such as undefined strategy, 

poor decision making procedure, political interference, 

union rivalry and inadequate encouragement 

to professional manpower. Mostly 

hurdles we face in technical areas are poor decision 

making which affects the technological 

development, up-gradation of system, expansion, 

efficient operation & maintenance for new 

services. 

· We have to transform NT in to a competitive, 

clean & customer driven company providing 

world-class services. We should understand the 

organizational capabilities, customer’s expectation, 

stakeholders’ expectation and environmental 

dynamics of our company to plan proper 

strategies. 

· Our senior managers have to develop cordial 

relation with political leaders, ministry (MOIC), 

CIAA, PPA and NTA (Nepal Telecommunication 

Authority) to facilitate speedy decisions. 

Our senior management should make change 

their priority. 

· Many managers fail to generate a stream of solid 

ideas because they employ two common techniques: 

They encourage their people to go wild 

and think outside the box or they assign them 

the task of slicing and dicing the old boxes. 

$*

+ 

{ 



b"/;~rf/df k|lt:kwf{ / :jfoQtf 

cfheGbf sl/a (* jif{cufl8 ;/sf/L tj/af6 z'? ul/Psf] 

6]lnkmf]g cf]kg jfo/ -sf7df8f} +-jL/uGh÷/S;f}n_ xF 'b} lj=;+= 

!((@ df @% nfOgsf] PS;r]Gh sf7df8f} + -b/af/_af6 z'? eO{ 

lj=;+= @))% df df]xg cfsfzjf0fL, lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf 

;/sf/L:t/df b"/;~rf/ ljefusf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . b]zsf] 

rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] cfsf+Iffcg'?k eO/x]sf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ 

cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ ljZja} +ssf] ;xof]un] lgs} 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Uof] . 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] tLj| ultdf ljsf; ug{ b"/;~rf/ ljefunfO{ 

b"/;~rf/ ;ldltdf kl/jlt{t ul/of] . cem o;df km8\sf] dfg] 

sfd @)@* ;fndf cfPsf] ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]gn] u¥of] . hgtfsf] 

;d]t ;xeflutf Jofks u/fpg lj=;+= @)#@ cfiff9 ! ut] 

b"/;~rf/ ;ldltnfO{ ;+:yfgdf ?kfGt/0f ul/of] . b"/;~rf/ 

If]qdf cfPsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf ljZjahf/df cfPsf] cfly{s 

pbf/Ls/0f tyf lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 

;/sf/n] ;~rfng ub} { cfPsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf klg k|lt:kwf{ 

u/fpg] ;f]r cufl8 cfof] . o;} cg'?k lj=;+= @)$( df o; 

If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] gLltsf] kmn:j?k ;f] gLltnfO{ ;fsf/ 

?k lbg b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# NofOPsf] / b"/;~rf/ If]qdf 

:jb]zL tyf ljb]zLnfO{ nufgL ug{ v'nf ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;/L k"0f{ 

;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ lj=;+= 

@)^! j}zfv ! ut]b]lv sDkgLsf] ?kdf kl/0ft ul/of] . sDkgL 

P]gcGtu{t g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ?kdf :yfkgf 

ePsf] of] sDkgL @)^* df3 @@ ut] cf7f} + jif{ k"/f u/L gjf} 

jif{df k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . 

k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0f 

…cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts If]qnufot /fli6«o hLjgsf 

;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod u/L v'nf ;dfhdf cfwfl/t 

nf]s sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clej[l4 ug] {, b]zsf] pknAw cfly{s 

;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt Joltmx?df s]lGb|t x'g glbO{ ;fdflhs 

Gofosf] cfwf/df b]zsf] ;d'Ggltsf] nflu :jb]zL nfufgLsf] 

k|j4{g ub} { j}b]lzs k' FhL / k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug] { tyf lj1fg 

/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]Ú gLlt g]kfn clw/fHosf] 

;+ljwfg @)$& n] lglb{i6 u/]cg';f/ ;/sfn] ] klxnf] ;~rf/ gLlt 

@)$( NofPsf] ] kfOG5 . ;~rf/ gLlt @)$( n] …b"/;~rf/nfO{ 

/fli6«o ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf tyf cTofjZos ;]jfsf] 

?kdf ljsl;t / lj:tf/ ub} { hfg], o; If]qsf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;df 

lghL If]qnfO{ ;+nUgtf u/fpg]nufot cfdhgtfnfO{ pkof]uL 

bIf, e/kbf] { / lgaf{w ;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg cTofw'lgs 

;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ub} { hfg]Ú p2]Zo /fVg'sf ;fy} g]kfn 

c?0f s'df/ dlNns 

pkk|aGws, sDkgL ;lrjfno 

b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|bfg ub} { cfPsf] ljBdfg tyf gofF ;~rfng 

x'g] ;]jfx?df qmlds?kdf pbf/ gLlt ckgfpFb} hfg], lghL 

If]qnfO{ klg k|lt:kwf{Tds tl/sfaf6 d'n'ssf ljleGg :yfgdf 

;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g sfof{no vf]nL ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ lbg]Ú 

/0fgLlt cjnDag u/]sf]n] jf:tjdf oxL gLltcGtu{t b"/;~rf/df 

lghL ;]jfk|bfosx?nfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/fpg] ;f]r lnPsf] kfOG5 . 

;f] gLltnfO{ g} sfo{?k lbg b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# / b"/;~rf/ 

lgodfjnL @)%$ NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . 

k|lt:kwf{sf] z'?cft 

b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# n] …b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf] { / ;j{;'ne 

agfpg, b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;+nUg u/fpg 

tyf To:tf] ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{ ] p2]Zo /fvL @)%$ 

;fndf b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# cg';f/ b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] 

:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;kl5 P]gsf] p2]Zocg';f/ g} lghL If]qnfO{ 

klg ;xefuL u/fpg] p2]Zocg'?k k|flws/0fn] k|lt:kwf{Tds 

jftfj/0f agfpg z'? u/]sf] xf] . o;} cjlwlt/ ljZjdf b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfsf] Jofks k|ljlwsf] k|ultn] g]kfndf klg ljsl;t b"/;~rf/sf 

k|ljlwx? leq\ofpg / lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fpg 

b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)%^ NofOPsf] xf] . 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf k|j¢{g ug{ o; 

gLltn] s]xL dfqfdf cg's"n jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 / ;f]xL 

gLltdfkm{t lj=;+= @)^) b]lv b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ v'nf u/L k"0f{ 

k|lt:kwf{ sfod ug] { ;/sf/L k|lta¢tf klg Jotm ePsf] 5 . 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf xfl;n ePsf pknlAwx?sf] clwstd ;b'kof]u 

u/L eljiodf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf b]vf kg] { yk ;Defjgf / 

cj;/x?nfO{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;d'Gglt / lxtdf pkof]u ug{ 

;fdflhs Pj+ ultlzn gLltsf] cfjZostf dx;'; eO{ b"/;~rf/ 

gLlt @)%^ nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) th' {df 

ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf 

$(

{ 

{ 


/fhgLlts ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg lghL If]q;d]tsf] 

;xeflutfdf d'n'sel/ plrt d"Nodf e/kbf] { b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

;j{;'ne u/fpg cg's"n jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug' { /x]sf] 5 . 

o;sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] ;/sf/L, ;xsfl/tf 

/ lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug] { gLlt 

lnPkl5 emg\ k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f tof/ ePsf] 5 . 

b"/;~rf/df k|lt:kwf{sf] xfnsf] l:ylt 

-s_ cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf :- ;/sf/L sDkgLsf] ?kdf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf O=;+= !(%% b]lv 

;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f u/L ;~rfng ub} { cfPsf]df 

g]kfnel/ &% lhNnfsf @%) :yfgx?sf] @*$ 7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g 

PS;r]Gh :yfkgf u/L &,^$,^($ u|fxsx?nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} 

cfO/x]sf]df o'gfO6]8 6]lnsdn] -o'6LPn_ lj=;+= @)%( df cg'dlt 

k|fKt u/L lj=;+= @)^) af6 ;]jf lbg z'? u/]kl5 k|lt:kwf{sf] 

z'?cft ePsf] xf] . z'?df o'6LPnn] sf7df8f} + pkTosfdf dfq 

;]jf ;~rfng ub} { cfPsf]df xfn cfP/ pkTosfaflx/;d]t ;]jf 

lbO/x]sf] 5 . o'6LPnafx]s lkmS:8 nfOgsf] ?kdf ;]jf ;~rfng 

ug{ c? tLg sDkgLx? STM, Smart, / NCell ;d]tn] 

cfkm\gf] pkl:yt hgfO;s]sf 5g\ . 

o;/L lkmS:8 nfOgdf % j6f ;]jfk|bfosn] ;]jf lbg yfn]sf]n] 

u|fxsn] ;]jf 5gf]6 ug] { cj;/ kfpg'sf ;fy} 6]lnkmf]g lng s'g' {kg] 

cj:yfaf6 d'ltm kfpg'sf ;fy} dx;'n b/ klg lgs} ;x'lnotk"0f{ ePsf] 

5 . o; ;]jfsf] /fli6«o 3gTj #=!^% /x]sf] 5 tyf s'n u|fxs ;+Vof 

*,$#,*$& /x]sf 5g\ . x]g' {xf];\ 6]an !, @ / u|fkm ! . 

-v_ df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf :- g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)%^ j}zfvaf6 

df]afOn ;]jf z'? u/]sf] xf] . lj=;+=@)^! efb|af6 :kfO; 

g]kfnn] klg d]/f] df]afOnsf] gfdaf6 

df]afOn ;]jf z'? u/]kl5 o;df 

k|lt:kwf{ z'? ePsf] xf] . z'?df of] 

;]jf dxFuf] ePsf]n] cfly{s ?kdf 

pRr ju{n] dfq k|of]u u/]sf lyP . 

cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df cfPsf] k|lt:kwf{ 

/ pks/0fsf] d"Nodf ePsf] 

lu/fj6n] ubf{ of] ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 

kxF'rdf k'u]sf] 5 . k|f/Dedf 

cfjfudg sndf klg z'Ns ltg' {kg] {df 

k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ xfn cfjfudg 

sndf nfUg] dx;'n vf/]h ul/Psf] 

5 . df]afOn ;]jfsf] :yfkgfsf] z'?df 

/fli6«o :t/df b"/Lcg';f/ /sd 

ltg' {kg] {df xfn cfP/ ;]jfk|bfox?n] 

g]kfnel/ Pp6} b/ cyf{t\ nf]sn 


sn;/x d"No sfod u/] ]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L k|lt:kwf{ df]afOn 

6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf ePsf]n] o;sf] kx' Fr ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf k'u]sf] 

5 . cfqmfds ahf/ /0fgLltn] ubf{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] df]afOn 

u|fxs ;+Vof ^@,*!,%@@ / Pg;]nsf] u|fxs ;+Vof ^#,#$,)!! 

/x]sf] 5 . df]afOn ;]jfsf] /fli6«o 3gTj $&=#*% /x]sf] 5 . o; 

;]jfsf] s'n u|fxs ;+Vof !,@^,!%,%## /x]sf] 5 . x]g' {xf];\ 6]an g+= 

!, @ / u|fkm ! / @ . 

-u_ cltl/tm ;]jfx? :- gmpcs, OG6/g]6, Od]n, kmofS; 

d]n VSAT, pco ;]jfdWo] ;aeGbf a9L ;]jf ;~rfng ug] 

OG6/g]6 xf] . o;df tLg 7"nf sDkgLx? g]kfn 6]lnsd, Pg;]n, 

o'6LPnafx]s u|fdL0f If]qsf] ;d]t u/L %^ j6f ISP x?n] ;]jf 

;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] s'n u|fxs cfwf/ #%,(!,%@& 

/x]sf] 5 tyf o;sf] /fli6«o 3gTj !#=$(% /x]sf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{sf] 

sf/0fn] cGo If]qsf] t'ngfdf OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] d"No lgs} 36]sf] 5 . cGo 

;]jfx?df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] g} afx'Notf sfod /x]sf] 5 . 

o;k|sf/ k|lt:kwf{ 5 ls 5}g / ;f] k|lt:kwf{sf] l;¢fGtcg';f/ 

g} :jR5 5 ls 5}g eGgsf] nflu ;]jfx?sf] ahf/ k|j]zsf] l:ylt, 

ahf/df k|j]z ubf{ nufOPsf] ;t{ aGb]hx?, ahf/ k|j]z ubf{ 

Ps?ktf eP÷gePsf] cyf{t\ s;}nfO{ cg'dlt lnFbf lgs} /sd lng] 

t/ s;}nfO{ yf]/} /sd lnO{ kl5 a9L /sd lt/]/ lnPsf] cg'dltkq 

jfxs;/x pEofpg] tyf ahf/df ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] ahf/df /x]sf] 

ks8n] gjk|j]zLx?nfO{ ;xh pkl:yt x'gaf6 x6fpg] rfn cflbn] 

ubf{ k|lt:kwf{ eP÷gePsf] olsg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm 

u|fxsn] cg'e"t ug{ ]df ;]jf 5gf]6sf] cj;/ 5÷5}g / ;f] ;]jfx?sf] 

d"Nodf k|lt:kwf{ eP÷gePsf] olsg ug{ ;lsP dfq ;]jfx?df 

k|lt:kwf{ sfod 5 eGg ;lsG5 . 

%)



%! 

:jfoQtf 

k|To]s b]zdf w]/} ;+3;+:yfx? /fHosf] k|ToIf jf a9L 

nufgLdf ;~rflnt eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf ;+3;+:yf sDkgLx?df 

/fHosf] tkm{af6 nufgL ePafkt gLlt lgdf{0f txdf lgoGq0f 

sfod u/]sf] x'G5 . ljZjsf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] nx/n] /fHon] 

;a} sfo{ cfkm} + gu/L b]zL–ljb]zL lghL If]qx?nfO{ ;xefuL 

u/fpFb} cfkm\gf] xft lemSb} uO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ /fHon] 

nufgL u/]sf ;+3;+:yf sDkgLx?nfO{ gofF pbo ePsf b]zL– 

ljb]zL ;+3;+:yf sDkgLx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{df pqg'kg] { x'g cfpF5 . 

;/sf/L nfufgL ePafkt /fHosf sDkgLx?nfO{ /fHosf ljleGg 

gLlt, lgod, sfg'g tyf 

P]gn] afFlwPsf] x'g'sf ;fy} 

hgtfk|lt ;d]t pt/bfloTj 

ePsf] x'G5 . hals ToxL 

k|s[ltsf lghL ;+3;+:yfx? 

oL ;a} s'/fx?af6 :jtGq 

x'G5g\ . s] o:tfdf oL 

b'j} k|sf/sf ;+3;+:yfx? 

Ps} gf;n] sfd ug{ 

;S5g\ t < of] 7"nf] ljrf/0fLo k|Zg /x]sf] 5 . 

Pp6} k|s[ltsf] sfddf ;Fu} lxF8\g / afFRg Pp6} lsl;dsf] 

cg'zf;gdf gafFlwO{ cl:tTj arfpg sl7g x'g] ePsfn] /fHon] 

cfkm\gf] nufgL u/]sf] If]qdf ;d]t k|lt:kwL{x?n] kfPsf] sfo{ 

jftfj/0f pknAw gu/fP;Dd ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx? 

cfpFb} hfFbf la:tf/} w/fzfoL aGg hfg' s'g} gf}nf] s'/f xf]Og . 

of] ;don] b]vfPsf] jf:tljstf xf] . 

g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf Psflwsf/ kfPsf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL lnld6]8n] sDkgL P]gcGtu{t kl/jt{g -u7g_ ePkl5 o; 

;]jfdf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f z'? ePsf] xf] . k"0f{?kdf /fHoåf/f 

;~rflnt Pj+ kf]lift o; sDkgLn] cfk\mgf s]xL z]o/x? sd{rf/L 

tyf hgtfnfO{ laqmL u/L lghLs/0fsf] lbzfdf cu|;/ ePsf] xf] . 

xfn;Dd klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nueu (@% z]o/ /x]sf] x'gfn] 

;/sf/L ;a} lgod sfg'g Pj+ ;/sf/L lgoGq0f k"0f{?kd} sfod 

/x]sf] g} 5 . o:tf]df b"/;~rf/ If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf] gofF b]zL 

tyf ljb]zL sDkgLx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f sfod eO{ 

cfkm\gf] cl:tTj arfO{ ;/sf/nfO{ nufgLafkt s/f}8f}+ ?lkofF 

nfef+z / s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . ;/sf/n] o;sf] sfd– 

sf/afxLdf cgfjZos /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs x:tIf]k 5f]8L 

:jtGqfk"j{s cGo lghL ;]jfk|bfos;/x sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f 

tof/ ul/lbPdf dfq ;a}eGbf a9L s/ ltg]{ sfd lg/Gt/?kdf 

sfod /lx/xg ;S5 .

{ 


b"/;~rf/ If]qdf g]kfn 6]lnsdafx]s cGo kfFr 

;]jfk|bfosx? sfo{ ul//x]sf] tyf lgs6 eljiodf ;d]t Ps 

gofF sDkgL cfpg] ePsf] ck'i6 va/n] o; If]qdf a;]{lg 

s/f8f}+–caf}{+sf] d'gfkmf eO/x]sf] :jt: k'li6 x'g cfpF5 . cGo 

k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?h:t} :jtGqtfk"j{s b}lgs sfdsfhsf] 

jftfj/0f l;h{gf gul/Pdf k|lt:kwf{df v/f] pqg sl7g dfq 

geO{ cGo ;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?h:t} lghL sDkgLx? cfpFb} ubf{ 

qmdz: ;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx? nf]k x'g hfg] qmd hf/L gxf]nf 

eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ljleGg lsl;dsf 

sfdx? vf;u/L dfn;fdfg vl/b k|lqmofdf hfFbf g} a9L 


ljjfbf:kb x'g' tyf ljleGg ;/sf/L lgoGqs sfof{nox?af6 

ptm sfo{ ug{ lSng lr6 lng dlxgf} + tyf jiff} + nfUgfn] ahf/sf 

;Defljt cj;/x?af6 jl~rt x'g hfg] eO{ sDkgLsf] bL3{sfnLg 

:jf:Yodf g} uDeL/ c;/ kg{ hfg] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ Ps} lsl;dsf] 

Jofkf/ Joj;fodf sfo{ ul//x]sf dWo] s;}nfO{ 5]saf/ ug'{ / 

s;}nfO{ v'nf 5f]l8lbg' / k|lt:kwf{ ug{ eGg' cldNbf] Jojxf/ 

x'g cfpF5 . Pp6fnfO{ xft afFw]/ c? k|lt:kwL{;Fu bf}8g / 

k|yd cfpg' eGg';/x g} xf] . o;sf] s] glthf x'G5, ;a}nfO{ 

yfx} ePsf] s'/f xf] . o;df ;a} kIfn] ;do /xFb} ljrf/ ug'{ 

jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . 

d'n'se/ a+ }sdfkm{t /sd a'emfpg] ;lsg] 

u|fxsx?sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL g]kfn 6]lnsdn] PSTN 6]lnkmf]g (Land Line Phone), GSM df]jfOn tyf ADSL ;]jfsf] z'Ns 

b]zJofkL ?kdf ljleGg a+}sx?af6 e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd d'n'se/ /x]sf @& j6f a}+sx?df sDkgLsf ;]jfsf 

z'Ns a'emfpg ;lsg] Joj:yf eO;s]sf] 5 eg] cGo @ j6f a}+sdfkm{t ;f] ;]jfsf] e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf x'g nfu]sf] 5 . lgDglnlvt 

a}+ssf d'n'se/sf h'g;'s} zfvfdf sDkgLaf6 pknAw ;]jfsf] z'Ns e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . 

l;=g+= 

a}+sx?sf] gfd 

k|fKt cgnfOg ;'ljwfx? 

! P; -Ace_ 8]enkd]G6 a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

@ a}+s ckm Pl;of ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

# a}+s ckm sf7df08f}+ lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

$ lSng OghL{ 8]enkd]G6 a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

% l;l6hg OG6/g]zgn a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

^ g]kfn Pe/]i6 a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

& Unf]an a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

* lxdfnog a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg 

( s'df/L a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

!) ls:6 a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

! ! nIdL a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

!@ n'lDagL a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

! # df5fk'R5|] a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

!$ glan a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

!% g]kfn a+unfb]z a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, Pl8P;Pn 

!^ g]kfn a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg 

!& g]kfn qm]l86 P08 sdz{ a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

!* g]kfn OGe]:6d]G6 a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

!( g]kfn OG8li6«on P08 sdlz{on a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

@) PgPdaL a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

@! g]kfn P;aLcfO{ a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg 

@@ l;4fy{ a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd 

@# l;4fy{ 8]enkd]G6 a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

@$ ;g/fOh a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, lhP;Pd, Pl8P;Pn 

@% 6'l/Hd a}+s ln= lkP;l6Pg, Pl8P;Pn 

@^ :6\of088{ rf6{8 a}+s ln= lhP;Pd 

@& /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s lhP;Pd 

@* sdz{ P08 6«i6 a}+s g]kfn ln= -lhP;Pd lkP;l6Pg / Pl8 P; Pnsf] nflu zL3| ;Demf}tf x'Fb}_ 

@( ;flgdf ljsf; a}+s ln= -lkP;l6Pg, Pl8P;Pnsf] z'Nssf nflu ;Demf}tf x'Fb}_ 

o;}u/L u|fxsnfO{ cfkm"n] k|of]u u/]sf] ;]jfsf] ltg'{kg]{ /sdsf] hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ lgDg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf klg ldnfOPsf] 5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] Website df df]jf=n gDa/ /lhi6«];g u/L Bill Amount sf] ;fy} Outstanding Amount ;d]t x]g{ ;lsg] 5 . cfkm\gf] Land Line 

Teliphone af6 !^)^ df 8fon u/L Outstanding Amount a'em\g ;lsG5 . 

%@



The importance of Publishing notice with 

mention of Audio Notice Board Service No : 

- It is said 'thousand words may not be enough to 

describe a picture ' , similarly thousand pictures may 

not be enough to convey meaning of some word. 

- All public notices of government or public 

organizations need to publish mentioning an Audio 

notice no , so that people can dial and listen from any 

of 75 districts of Nepal. Good examples set up by 

Kaski districts CDO for MRP e.g. 1618061462476, 

similarly e.g. Audio notice no 

1618068520158 Baglung Malpot Office are 

commendable. Information available by Audio notice 

no address illiteracy problem to an extent. 

- An Audio Notice board no in the following 

Navin Lal Shrestha 

Graffiti may appear as advertisement at a glance. 

However this graffiti is meant to convey how one or 

one' organization can convey to public about 

its products, 

services or 

news 

Office hours during normal days, 

Office hours during weekends or holidays 

-to people in mass even when there is load shedding 

and listener happens to be illiterate also. More 

information available on web-site http://www.ntc.net.np 

Audio Notice Board for 

Loadshedding Schedule ….. 

1618070701011 (Group 1) 

1618070701012 (Group 2) 

1618070701013 (Group 3) 

1618070701014 (Group 4) 

1618070701015 (Group 5) 

1618070701016 (Group 6) 

1618070701017 (Group 7) 

%#

] 

] 



/0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] cfjZostf{ 

'Don't Judge each day by the harvest you reap, but 

by the seeds you plant' -Robert Louis Stevenson 

kl/jlt{t k[i7e"ld M 

;do ;w} F Psgf; /xFb}g . dflg;sf cfjZostf, ?lr Pjd\ 

rfxgf ;dosf] ultzLntf;Fu} kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\ . lxhf] 

c;Dejh:tf] nfUg] ljifo cfh lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, dfgjLo 

cfjZostfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnufotsf sf/0fn] Jofjxfl/s 

k|of]udf ?kfGtl/t ePsf 5g\ . ef]hg, nQfsk8f / cfjf;nfO{ 

cfwf/e"t cfjZostfdf u0fgf ug{ ] k/Dk/fut ;f]r, lqmofsnfkdf 

cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf g]kfnL ;dfhdf cTofjZosLo 

dfgjLo cfjZostfdf ?kfGtl/t ePsf] 5 . b}lgs ultljlw 

;~rfng ug{ ;xh agfpg tyf ;do / nfutsf] lx;fan] ldtJooL 

agfpg b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ckl/xfo{ cfjZostfsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g] 

qmd tLj| ag]sf] 5 . dfgjLo cfjZostfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] If]q klg km/flsnf] aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . 

ahf/ lj:tf/sf] ;Defjgf M 

cfheGbf Ps bzscl3;Dd klg ljnfl;tfsf] sf]l6df kg{ ] b"/;~rf/ 

;]jf cfhef]ln cTofjZosLo cfjZostfsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g] qmd 

a9]sf] 5 . g]kfndf sl/a %$ k|ltzt hgtfsf] dfq b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf 

kx' Fr x'g'n] afFsL hgtfn] of] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ cem} s]xL ;do s'g{ 'kg{ 

cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . o;n] Psflt/ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ahf/ lj:tf/sf] 

k|r'/ ;DefjgfnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 eg] csf{ ]lt/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] 

;'ne b/df u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ 'kg{ ] bfloTj klg a9]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf lqmofzLn ^ j6f ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?dWo] g]kfn 

6]lnsd Psdfq ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] sDkgL /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] ;a}eGbf 

7"nf], k'/fgf] / ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] sDkgL x'g'sf] gftfn] cGo lghL 

sDkgLx?sf] t'ngfdf o;sf] e"ldsf Pj+ bfloTj klg km/s x'g' 

:jfefljs 5 . gfkmf cfh{gsf] cnfjf b'u{d / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf 

;fdflhs ;]jfefjn] ;]jf lj:tf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug{ ' klg sDkgLsf] 

bfloTj /x]sf] 5 . oyfl:ylt k|ultsf] ;"rs xf]Og . ;/sf/L :jfldTj, 

;fdflhs bfloTj / k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod u/L ;DefJo 

ahf/ If]qdf cfˆgf] jr{Zj sfod /fVg] r'gf}tL g]kfn 6]lnsd;fd' 

kxf8 ag]/ plePsf] 5 . 

cnkq cfof]hgf M 

b'O{ jif{cl3;Dd klg ;du| b"/;~rf/ ;]jf If]qsf] b'O{ ltxfO 

ahf/ lx:;f cf]u6]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsd cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf o;sf] 

ahf/ lx:;f %) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf em/]sf] 5 . ahf/ lx:;fdf 

cfˆgf] ks8 u'Db} hfg'sf cGt/lglxt sf/0fx? kQf nufP/ 

oyf;dod} ltgsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ h?/L 5 . cGoyf of] qmd cem 

rqmkfl0f zdf{ 

tLj|?kdf ga9\nf eGg ;lsFb}g . d"n?kdf eGg'kbf{ a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{, 

;dodf gofF of]hgf gcfpg', ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ck]lIft gx'g', 

sDkgLdflysf] ;/sf/L x:tIf]k a9\b} hfg', z]o/wgLn] ck]lIft k|ltkmn 

gkfpg', sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{Ifdtf k|efjsf/L gx'g', a9\bf] o'lgogafhL 

ahf/ lx:;f u'Dg'df lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5g\ . 

ljut s]xL jif{otf s'g}klg gofFcfof]hgf ;doa4?kdf sfof{Gjogdf 

Nofpg g;Sg' Joj:yfkgsf] 7"nf] sdhf]/L b]lvG5 . k|lt:kwL{sf] /0fgLltaf6 

a]va/h:t} b]lvPsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt klg hflu/] dfgl;stfaf6 dfly 

p7\g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;doa4?kdf gofF k|ljlwsf] cjnDag / ;]jf 

lj:tf/sf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ g;Sbf Psflt/ ahf/ 

lx:;f u'Db} uO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{ ]lt/ To;sf] c;/ sDkgLsf] cfly{s 

cj:yfdf klg kg{ uPsf] 5 . jflif{s ?kdf a9\bf] vr{sf] cg'kftn] gfkmfsf] 

cfotg 36\g uPsf] 5 / To;sf] c;/ sDkgLsf] z]o/ d"Nodf kg{ uPsf] 

5 . kl/0ffd:j?k $–% jif{otf z]o/sf] ahf/ d"No nueu l:y/ h:t} 

b]lvPsf] 5 . of] cj:yfn] sDkgLsf df}h'bf / efjL u|fxsx? k|lt:kwL{ 

sDkgLlt/ cfslif{t x'g] ;Defjgf a9]/ uPsf] 5 . 

gofF cfof]hgfsf] cefjdf To;af6 cfpg] k|ltkmnsf] sNkgf 

u/]/ a:g] cj:yfdf 6]lnsd /x]sf] 5 . rfx] Tof] NGN sf] 

;Gbe{df xf];\ jf !) ldlnog GSM cfof]hgfsf] ;Gbe{df xf];\ . 

o:tf cfof]hgfx? Nofpg g;Sg' eg]sf] k|lt:kwL{ ahf/sf 

k|lt:kwL{nfO{ Psnf}6L d}bfg vfnL ul/lbg' xf] . aLp g} g5/]/ 

;fdGt–hldgbf/x?n] afnL leq\ofpg] ck]Iff u/]h:tf] cj:yfdf 

clxn] 6]lnsd b]lvPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|l;4 ;fDojfbL ljrf/s 

Karl Marx sf] egfO p4[t ug{ ' ;fGble{s x'g]5– "Landlords 

like other men, love to reap where they never sowed." 

gofF cfof]hgf Nofpg vf]Hbf afwf–Jojwfg pTkGg ug{ 

;Dk"0f{ k|j[lQ lj?4 sDkgL Joj:yfkg / ;~rfns ;ldltn] 7f]; 

sbd rfNg ;s]g eg] b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfaf6 

aflxl/g ca sDkgLn] w]/} ;do s'g{ 'kg{ ]5}g . 

%$

} 

] 

} 


k|lt:kwf{ k]lrnf] aGb} uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljutsf] 

Psflwsf/k|fKt dfgl;stfaf6 sDkgL aflx/ lg:sg h?/L 5 . 

;/sf/L :jfldTj;Fu} ;/sf/L dfgl;stf af]s]/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ 

;lsFb}g . vf; cy{df eGg'kbf{ sDkgLsf cfof]hgf k5fl8 kg{ 'df 

lgDg tTjx? k|d'v?kdf lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M 

s_ ;/sf/, v_ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt 

u_ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, 3_ Vendor 

ª_ k|lt:kwL{ sDkgL 

;/sf/ sDkgLdflysf] cfˆgf] lgoGq0f u'dfpg rfxFb}g . 

olb ;/sf/ sDkgLnfO{ ;'b[9 / k"0f{ Jofj;flos agfpg rfxG5 

eg] cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] z]o/ ;fem]bf/ sDkgL / ;j{;fwf/0fdf 

laqmLsf] nflu v'Nnf ul/lbg'k5{ . 

cGoyf ;/sf/L gLlt–lgodsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ sDkgLn] ] lghL 

Joj;foLx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g . ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt / 

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] a]gfdL ph'/Lsf] cfwf/df ;d]t 

5fglagsf] axfgfdf dlxgf} + / sltko cj:yfdf jiff{ +;Dd klg cfof]hgfsf] 

sfd /f]Sg] u/]sf] 5 . Tof] k|lqmof ca bf]xf]l/g lbg'x' Fb}g . oy]i6 cfwf/ 

/ k|df0fa]u/ cfzª\sfsf] e/df sfd /f]Sg' ;DalGwt lgsfosf] sdhf]/L 

b]lvG5 . To;/L g} cfkm"n] k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf] sfd kfpg g;Sg] cj:yf 

b]lvP zlQm s]Gb|, clVtof/ / n]vf ;ldlt wfpg] Vendor x?sf] 

dfgl;stfdf klg kl/jt{g cfpg h?/L 5 . k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?n] klg 

:jR5 k|lt:kwf{sf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . 

gofF ;f]rsf] vfFrf] M 

;g\ @)!! df cd]l/sfsf] New York zx/df occupy wall 

street movement n] ha/h:t wSsf k}bf u/]sf] lyof] / To;sf] 

k|efj ;+;f/sf ( ;oeGbf a9L zx/x?df km}lnPsf] lyof] . of] 

cfGbf]ng ljZj kF 'hLjfbn] l;h{gf u/]sf] c;dfg ;fdflhs Gofo / 

cfDbfgLsf] c;dfg ljt/0flj?4 s]lGb|t lyof] . cd]l/sfsf] dfq s'/f 

ubf{ ToxfFl:yt $ ;o j6f wgf9\o sDkgLx?;Fu ePsf] ;DklQ afFsL 

;Dk"0f{ cd]l/sL hgtf;Fu ePsf] s'n ;DklQeGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . 

cfDbfgLsf] c;dfg ljt/0fn] k}bf u/]sf] of] cj:yf cfpg'df ;/sf/ 

/ wgf9\o sDkgLx?aLrsf] ;fF7ufF7 lhDd]jf/ /x]sf] 5 . ToxfFsf] 

;/sf/n] ToxfFsf wgf9\o sDkgLx?nfO{ s/ 5'6, cg'bfg, ljz]if 

nfO;]G; ;'ljwf, gLltut kIfkf]if0fsf] dfWodaf6 yk wg y'kfg{ d2t 

ul//x]sf] lj/f]wdf ToxfFsf hgtf cfGbf]lnt ePsf x'g\ / Tof] cBflk 

hf/L g} 5 . Wall streeet movement l;h{gf x'g'sf] sf/0faf/] k|Voft 

gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf cy{zf:qL Paul Krugman n] JoQm u/]sf] 

ljrf/ ;fGble{s ePsf] x' Fbf oxfF pNn]v ug{ ' pko'Qm x'g]5 . pxfFsf 

cg';f/ "Privatizing the profit, socialising the losses." 

xfd|f] ;Gbe{df klg ;/sf/ / ;/sf/ lgolGqt sDkgLsf] 

dfgl;stf Paul Krugman n] cleJoQm u/]sf] ljrf/;Fu ;fdLKotf 

/fVg] u/]sf] ljZn]ifsx?sf] 7x/ 5 . sDkgLn] cfkm"n] k|bfg u/]sf] 


;]jfdf yk ;]jf z'Ns / d"No clej[l4 s/ hf]8]/ pkef]Qmfaf6 /sd 

c;'Ng] u/]sf] 5 . o;df lgodg lgsfo b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f / 

;/sf/sf] df}g ;dy{g b]lvG5 . k|flws/0f / ;/sf/n] klg /f]oN6L, 

cfos/ / d"No clej[l4s/sf] gfddf sDkgLaf6 /sd c;'Ng] u/]sf] 

5 . o;/L sDkgL / ;/sf/aLr cfdpkef]Qmfaf6 /sd c;'n]/ cfˆg' 

y}nL eg{ ] s'/fdf Psdt b]lvG5 . sDkgL / ;/sf/nfO{ /sd ltg{ 

pkef]QmfnfO{ yk ;x'lnot / ;'ljwf lbg] af/]df b'j} kIf ;+j]bgzLn 

b]lvFb}gg\ . of] k|s/0fdf g]kfn / cd]l/sL gLltdf ;dfgtf b]lvPsf] 5 . 

cfdpkef]Qmfaf6 c;'Ng] u/]sf] /sd pgLx?sf] lxtdf Gofof]lrt 9+un] 

ljt/0f ug{ ] ;f]r ;Da4 gLlt lgdf{tfx?df knfpg' h?/L 5 . cGoyf 

gfkmf hlt ;/sf/ / sDkgLsf] x'g], gf]S;fg hlt cfdpkef]Qmfsf] 

efudf kg{ ] gLlt sfod} /xg] xf] eg] To;n] Wall street Movement 

sf] g]kfnL ;+:s/0f hGdg ;S5 eGg] x]Ssf /fVg h?/L 5 . 

a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{, b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf 36\bf] ;]jf z'Nsnufotsf 

sf/0fn] sDkgLsf cfufdL lbgx? yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] lglZrt 

k|foM 5 . ;Defljt r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ / ahf/ lx:;fdf 

cfˆgf] jr{Zj sfod /fVg sDkgLn] gofF ;f]rsf ;fy sfo{of]hgf 

lgdf{0f u/]/ cl3 a9\g'sf] ljsNk 5}g . 

uGtJo M 

'If you are not sure where you are going, any road 

will take you there' 

sDkgL;Fu pknAw ;]jf ;~hfn, hgzlQm / k' FhLsf] cfwf/df 

o;sf] dfkg ubf{ uGtJo sl7g 5}g . kl5Nnf] tYof+scg';f/ 

emG8} #& ca{ ?lkofF a}ª\s ;l~rlt /x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . 

Psflt/ gofF of]hgfsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 eg] csf{ ]lt/ k' FhL 

lgliqmo a;]sf] 5 . lgliqmo k' FhLnfO{ gofF k|ljlw leq\ofpg / 

ljleGg Jofj;flos kl/of]hgfx?df nufgL ug{ ;lsG5 . b"/;~rf/ 

;]jf cTofjZosLo ;]jfsf] ?kdf :yflkt x' Fb} hfg', emG8} $^ k|ltzt 

hgtf ;~rf/ ;]jfaf6 jl~rt /xg'k/]sf] cj:yfn] ubf{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] 

ahf/ lj:tf/sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ ub{ 

a9\bf] k|lt:kwL{;Fu h'Wg /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] dfWodaf6 cl3 a9\g] gLlt 

zL3|fltzL3| Jojxf/df ?kfGtl/t ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . blIf0f Pl;ofnL b]zx? 

aª\unfb]z, kfls:tfg / >Ln+sfsf ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf 6]lnsd 

sDkgLx?n] o:tf ;fem]bf/x? leq\ofO;s]sf 5g\ . /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/;Fu 

ePsf] k' FhL, k|ljlw / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf sDkgLdf leq\ofP/ clxn]sf] 

csd{Gotfsf] l:yltaf6 aflx/ lg:sg'kb{5 . ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 

z]o/ /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/afx]s b]zleqsf ;j{;fwf/0f / /fli6«o k' FhLklt 

ju{df ljt/0f u/]/ sDkgLnfO{ yk ;'b[9 / k"0f{ Jofj;flos agfpg'TolQs} 

cfjZos b]lvG5 . plNnlvt ;d:of / ;'emfjx?sf] hlt l56f] ;dfwfg / 

sfof{Gjog x'G5, Tolt g} l56f] clxn]sf] tby{jfbL cj:yfaf6 sDkgL aflx/ 

lg:sg ;Sg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . 

chakrapani.sharma@gmail.com 

%%



An Introduction to 

IP-CDMA System and its Facilities 

What is an IP-CDMA system? 

• IP-CDMA is the Internet Protocol based Code 

Division Multiple Access Technology. This 

is a Third generation (3G) telephony services 

which allows simultaneous operation of 

voice and data. 

IP-CDMA verses GSM and CDMA 1x System 

• GSM and CDMA 1x is a 2G system whereas 

IP-CDMA is 3G system 

• CDMA 2000 1x is evolved from CDMA one(IS- 

95) with increased voice capacity, and only 

support low rate data services (up to 153.6 kbps). 

• IP-CDMA network support both 1x and 

EVDO, EVDO(Evolution-Data Optimized) is 

a telecommunications standard for the 

wireless transmission of data through radio 

signals, typically for broadband Internet 

access, which can provide mobile broadband 

service, the downlink can reach 3.1Mbps and 

uplink 1.8Mbps. 

• Voice quality is better in IP-CDMA due to 

use of 4GV (EVRC-B) vocoder. 

• IP-CDMA Provides Higher voice quantity 

and capacity compared with GSM. 

• IP-CDMA Provides mobile broadband 

EVDO data service with less frequency 

compared with WCDMA (3G GSM) system. 

• BTS power consumption is comparatively low. 

• IP-CDMA can complement countrywide 

mobile broadband EVDO data service over 

GSM network, this is the most important 

value for IP-CDMA network 

Objectives of IP-CDMA Project: 

Ø Carpet coverage with CDMA technology 

based telephony services 

Ø Technology advancement 

Ø Furnish enriched data service 

Ø Environment friendly Technology 

Ø 

Ø 

Affordable services with best quality 

Grab market and sustain in highly 

competitive telecom market 

Surendra Karmacharya 

Deputy Manager 

IP-CDMA Co-ordination Unit, Nepal Telecom, Pokhara 

History of CDMA System in NT 

Nepal Telecom has signed contract with ZTE 

Corporation China in October 04, 2004 (B.S. 2061- 

07-02) for Supply and Delivery of One Million 

Capacity of CDMA 2000 1x system. This project 

was launched commercially from February 05, 2006 

(B.S. 2062-10-23). Within very short period, it 

became very much popular in rural sector. The vision 

and hard work of the responsible team (technical as 

well as non-technical) yielded an unprecedented 

achievement of covering the entire 75 districts within 

the short period of 2 years. 

NT has been providing Voice, PDSN Data, SMS, 

VMS, Fax and EVDO (Rev. 0) data from the existing 

CDMA system. To meet the ever increasing demand 

of CDMA service up to certain extent in rural area, 

NT has signed for additional capacity of 260K in 

25 th August, 2009. 

Current Status of Existing running CDMA Project 

Existing system is running for almost 7 years. 

Total number of existing BTS till Kartik, 268 is 584 

and total CDMA subscriber is 1,020,515. 

Introduction to IP-CDMA Project 

To sustain the popularity of the CDMA system 

and facilitate the existing subscriber with new features 

and facility, a new CDMA system was felt necessary 

for which a specification committee was formed in 

2009 to come up with the detailed specification based 

%^



on the market analysis, advancement in CDMA 

technology and vision of NT. This team submitted the 

final specification and the requirement BOQ. The 

submitted document was reviewed and floated in 2010 

for acquisition of additional 3.5M IP-CDMA system. 

Due to some administrative and legal issues the floated 

RFP (request for proposal) was called off. After making 

the required changes in the previously floated document 

and reducing the line capacity to 2 million lines the RFP 

was floated for the second time in January 2011. 

For the realization of the 2 million line capacity 

the project was divided into 2 parts namely East and 

West. Both East and West Network consist of One 

Million Capacity each. West Network includes 7 

Zones (Gandaki, Dhaulagiri, Bheri, Rapti, Karnali, 

Seti and Mahakali) wheras East Network consists of 

5 zones (Bagmati, Janakpur, Sagarmatha, Koshi and 

Mechi). Narayani and Lumbini zones are not 

included in this project. These two zones are 

separated from this contract expecting 400K project 

from ZTE. As this project could not take place, they 

need to be planned again. Delivery of BTS and BSC 

under old CDMA project from ZTE has been delayed 

and can be used for Lumbini zone. 

After final evaluation of all the proposals 

received, the contract for EAST as well as WEST IP- 

CDMA was signed with M/S Huawei Technologies, 

China on August 5th of 2011. 

This is a fully turnkey project which helps to 

accomplish the project on time in cost effective 

method. NT has to play the role of Supervisor in each 

and every step of project execution to keep the project 

execution in the manner as depicted in the contract 

document in time and with optimum uses of resources. 

This project has introduced some new 

methodologies for project execution, which is sought 

to change the traditional way of working and 

provides result as per the requirement more efficiently 

within optimum time period. Some of the main points 

in this regard are as follows: 

1. Main time consuming works like site survey, 

Land acquisition, infrastructure development 

(Shelter/Building construction or hiring, Pole or 

Tower Construction with all necessary civil work 

such as soil test, fencing etc...), and Electric 

connection from NEA are all defined to be the 

contractors responsibility. All these jobs shall be 

completed by the contractor in close coordination 

and with necessary approval from 

concerned NT office. 

2. Contractor needs to provision necessary 

bandwidth for BTS-BSC interconnection (Abis 

interface), if existing interface is not sufficient. 

3. New BTS sites shall be deployed by the contractor based 

on the RF planning for coverage and capacity issue. 

RF coverage overlapping shall be minimized so as to 

reduce the PN pollution and wastage of RF resource. 

4. KPI (Key Parameter Index) is fixed and contractor 

is obliged to maintain the KPI. Inconsistency with 

the KPI is compensated from the contractor in 

monetary terms. 

Architecture of IP-CDMA System 

Architecture of IP-CDMA System under West region 

is as shown in the Figure 1, as follows; 

WEST NETWORK 

Figure 1: Physical Connection Diagram of IP- 

CDMA West Network 

Similarly, Architecture of IP-CDMA System under East 

region is as shown in the Figure 2, as shown below; 

East Network 

Figure 2: Physical Connection Diagram of 

IP-CDMA East Network 

%&


Features of IP-CDMA System 

IP-CDMA has lots of new features compare to the 

existing CDMA 2000 1x system, which are 

described below; 

1. East and West both Networks have Core locations 

at 2 different sites. In east Network, core 

equipment (MSCe, HLRe, SMSC, MGWe, BSCe 

etc.) will be installed at Kathmandu and 

Biratnagar. Similarly, in West Network, core 

equipment shall be installed in Pokhara and 

Nepalgunj. Furthermore, BSCe and MGWe for 

Seti and Mahakali shall be installed in Dhangadhi. 

By increasing the core locations we can reduce 

the total BW requirement from one core location 

to other core significantly. 

2. Call processing time will be quick as voice can 

be switched from MGW and only the signaling 

part is processed by MSCe. If allowed, intra call 

facility can be provided within a MGWe even if 

link between MSCe and MGWe is broken. 

3. All the BTS are of split type which helps to 

increase the coverage with same RF power 

compared to the existing ones by reducing the 

loss in feeder cable significantly. 

4. Installation time and cost is also reduced due to 

split type of BTS, as it uses feeder cable of few 

meters to connect Outdoor RF unit to the Antenna. 

5. Power consumption of BTS is quite low 

compared to the similar type of existing BTS. It 

helps to increase the backup time of existing 

battery. Even if new battery is required, capacity 

of battery requirement shall be quite less. 

6. New BTS type supports 240 voice subscribers/E1, 

which is quite high in compare to the existing BTS 

supporting around 180 voice channels/E1 only. 

7. MSCe supports the pool functionality between 

MSCe installed in two different locations. BSCe can 

be connected to MSCe pool which allows working 

even if its parent MSCe fails (A-flex technology). 

8. It can interconnect to IP carriers through Session 

Border Controller (SBC). 

9. VSAT link is provided, as a backup 

Interconnection between MSCes in same 

network. Signaling gateway (SGW) work with 

signaling links over satellite. 

10. To save the privacy of voice user over the air 

interface, it provides latest encryption technology 

on voice known as CAVE (Cellular 

Authentication Voice Encryption) algorithm. 

11.It is based on ATCA (Advanced Telecom 

Computing Architecture) and supports smooth 

evolution to IMS. 


12. MSCe supports Mini A-Flex feature. With this 

feature, one BSCe can be connected to multiple 

MGW of one MSCe at the same time, and 

multiple MGWs can manage services in the load 

sharing mode. 

13. It also supports OTAF (Over The Air Function) 

services, which can be adopted to allow the 

operator to download or update data for user 

handset without the participation of the user. It 

helps users set necessary parameters for access 

to related services and meanwhile helps OMC 

(operation and Maintenance Centre) to modify 

parameters such as PRL (preferred roaming list), 

SID (System ID), NID (Network ID), MIN (Mobile 

Identification Number), AKEY (Authentication 

Key) and other user related parameters. 

14. All the BTS are of split type which will extremely 

reduce the heat dissipation inside the room. The 

contractor has guaranteed operation of all indoor 

unit of these BTS without use of either air 

condition (AC) or free cooling unit (FCU). 

15. 4GV vocoder (EVRC-B) is introduced to enhance 

voice quality at 9.6Kbps or even less. 

16.It provides high efficiency IP transmission 

solutions with Enhanced CRTP (Compressed 

Real Time Transport Protocol) and RTP 

multiplexing in the IP over Ethernet networking. 

17. With the help of IWF (Inter Working Function) 

service, it supports G3 fax service. 

18.It provides MMS (Multimedia Messaging 

Service) of 250 Kbytes data per MMS, which 

helps user to send multimedia data such as short 

audio, video clips and photographs along in 

addition to SMS (Short Message Service) as in 

2000 1x system. 

19. It provides PTT (push to talk) service too. Nepal 

Telecom intends to test the PTT network on pilot basis. 

20.It provides the NMS (Network Maintenance 

System) in Kathmandu. It helps to monitor, 

control and issue even commands to the Core 

equipment at all 5 locations. It helps a lot when 

difficult problems arise in the remote core 

locations and experts are not available on time. 

21. When the system is idle and the load on a sector 

is light, the system automatically shuts down 

some carriers on the sector to reduce power 

consumption. On each sector, at least one carrier 

is never shut down. If a carrier to be shutdown is 

serving any subscriber, the system does not shut 

it down until all calls on it are complete. Once 

the system decides to shut down a carrier, 

requests for accessing the network through this 

%*


carrier are all rejected. When the load on a carrier 

becomes heavy, carriers that have been 

automatically shut down are automatically 

powered on to avoid congestion. 

Facilities included in IP-CDMA System 

1. It supports Value Added Services such as CRBT 

(Caller Ring Back Tone) which was not there in 

the existing system. 

2. It supports lawful interception functionality. 

3. Currently, only two carriers for voice and one 

carrier for EVDO are in use, whereas this system 

utilizes three carriers for voice and two carriers 

for EVDO. The optimum use of carriers will 

increase the voice and data capacity per BTS. 

4. EVDO data service is being provided in 

Kathmandu and Pokhara with 14 and 1 BTS 

respectively. Whereas, this project is designed 

to provide EVDO BTS in all district 

headquarters, main high way sites and touristic 

areas so as to provide best data service to the 

customers in every nook and corner. 

5. PDSN data rate decreases with increase in voice 

user because voice and PDSN user share same 

carrier and voice got higher priority. EVDO data 

service has separate carrier so it is purely 

independent to the voice users. 

6. Some of the sites are proposed with 1x BTS only; 

EVDO data users can use PDSN data service in 

such area automatically. The Bandwidth of PDSN 

is low compared to EVDO. 

Challenges and Opportunities in IP-CDMA System 

1. Total subscriber of CDMA is decreasing from 

last few months. It is due to various reason which 

are listed below: 

a. Most of the Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) 

users have faced lots of problem due to 

unavailability of the spare parts. Latest 

contract with Vuppalamritha Magenetic 

Component Ltd., an Indian Company which 

has supplied Chinese company (Linktop 

Technology Co. Ltd.) made FWT. It 

provided some option and helped to revive 

all the faulty old FWT Sets. Even these Sets 

are not up to the expectations of the 

Subscribers. If possible we should also tieup 

with some re-known vendors of FWT 

manufacturer so as to provide best possible 

service to our customers. 

b. CRBT (Caller Ring Back Tone) became 

one of the attractive services to the mobile 


users which is not available in the existing 

system. New IP-CDMA system supports the 

CRBT, which may attract the subscribers 

again back to CDMA service. 

c. CDMA service was not an option for the 

people who wanted to transfer balance so 

as to control the mobile expenditure 

especially to the students by their parents. 

Such customers also can choose this IP- 

CDMA service if we do so through the new 

billing system with USSD Like feature. 

2. PDSN data service has average throughput of 

38.4 Kbps. AT the beginning it was widely 

accepted and highly demanded service 

throughout the country. When users started 

demanding more speed (i.e. more bandwidth) 

in PDSN, it couldn’t satisfy the bandwidth 

hungriness of users. Now, with high data rate 

EVDO (Rev. A) having average throughput of 

128Kbps with maximum download of 3.1Mbps 

can definitely attract lots of new and existing 

users. We can attract many users in this data 

service with economic and attractive schemes. 

3. Almost all GSM projects are turn-key but their 

performance is not up to the expectations because 

of quite low NT employee involvement in each 

step of project execution. To make this project 

free from those problems being faced by GSM 

projects, we must involve our well experienced 

technical manpower in the project execution 

when and where they are needed. 

4. Training in NT is becoming one of the main 

sources of motivation. Sometimes it also worked 

in other way, when trained personals are not 

allowed to work in the field of his training or the 

personnel working in the system are not selected 

for the training. To avoid these types of issues, most 

of the personnel should be transferred to the core 

and local office locations with defined job and same 

personnel should be selected for the training. 

Finally, with introduction of CDMA 2000 1x system 

in 2005, NT has changed the way of peoples thinking 

about mobile communications system. Most of the 

people in remote areas used to say "if you get FM 

radio signal anywhere around you, you definitely 

have the CDMA signal there". This system has made 

different success stories in the economic activity in 

rural areas. The upcoming IP-CDMA system will 

definitely add a new paradigm in the field of mobile 

communication of Nepal. 

%(



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pk–k|aGws 

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lbg' h?/L x'G5 . 

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;Daf]wg ub}{ uPaf6 cfdsd{rf/Lx?df To:tf sd{rf/Lx? 

zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ eGg] ;Gb]z km}nFb} u}/x]sf] 5 . cem of] eGbf 

klg 7"nf] lj8Dagf rfs/L, rfKn';L / tf]ssf] cfwf/df lgo'Qm 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] gh/df ;a} sd{rf/Lx? sdhf]/ / cof]Uo x'g] / 

pgLx?n] ;a}nfO{ Go"g d"Nof+sg ug] { kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; xF 'b} 

u}/x]sf] 5 . 

dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 

sdhf]/L JolQmsf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ hfgL–ghfgL cToGt} tLj| 

:t/df prfNg] ul/Psf] 5 . JolQm x]/L lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] k/Dk/fsf] 

ljsf; xF 'b} u}/x]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k Pp6f JolQmnfO{ PseGbf a9L 

ljefu tyf zfvfsf] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkP/ afFsL ;a} of]Uo sd{rf/LnfO{ 

lgsDdf ;flat ug] { k|of; e}/x]sf] 5 . ;+u7gsf] ;]jfdf JolQm 

ljz]ifsf] ckl/xfo{tf dx;'; ug{ ' cfkm} +df ck|fs[lts ;f]r / 

cEof;sf] k|ltkmn xf] . JolQmsf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ sfvL RofKbf 

s;}n] cfjZostfeGbf a9\tf dxTj kfpg] / sf]xL of]Uo eP/ 

klg klxrfg lng g;s]sf x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ 

;]jfsf] cj;/ lbP/ dfq d"NofÍg ug] {, cfjlws ;?jf k|0ffnLnfO{ 

s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug] { / ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t dfgj 

;+;fwg Joj:yfkgn] JolQm lg/k]Iftf (Personnel Neutrality) 

^!

{ 


l;4fGt cjnDag ug' {kb{5 . ljs[t cEof;sf] sdhf]/Lsf] kmfObf 

p7fO{ cfkm"nfO{ ckl/xfo{ 7fGg] ;d"xx?n] cfkm\gf] ;fv u'Dg] 8/n] 

lhDd]jf/L lng] gofF sd{rf/LnfO{ c;kmn agfpg] sf]lzz ug] 

;Defjgf k|an /xg] x'gfn] k|zf;lgs jftfj/0fsf] ;"Id cWoog 

u/L ;f]xL d'tflas sd{rf/Lx?sf] d"NofÍg ug' {kg] { x'G5 . o;sf 

;fy} cfjlws ;?jf k|0ffnLdf Pp6f sfo{ ;d"xdf /x]sf 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Ps} k6s ;?jf gu/L qmdzM s]xL ;dosf] 

cGt/fndf ;?jf ug' {kb{5 . kl5Nnf] k':tf 1fg / k|ljlwsf b[li6n] 

cl3Nnf] k':tfeGbf of]Uo x'g] ePsf]n] kl5Nnf] k':tfsf] 1fg, 

tLgsf] Ifdtf / rft'o{tfnfO{ xfdL k|z+;f ug] { ub{5f} + . k'/fgf] 

k':tfsf] cg'ej / :yfgLo ;Gbe{df sfd ug] { z}nL tyf gofF 

k':tfsf 1fgsf] ld>0faf6 ;+u7gn] clwseGbf clws nfe lng 

;Sg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . t/ cEof;df xfdL k'/fgf k/Dk/fsf] 

cGweQm 5f+ } . clwsf+z lg0f{ox? klxnf s;/L ul/Psf lyP, 

utjif{ s] ePsf] lyof] eGg]df lge{/ /xG5 / of]Uo / ;[hgzLn 

sd{rf/Lx?n] klg k/Dk/fnfO{ 6]s]/ lg0f{o ubf{ ;'/lIft dx;'; 

ug] { u/]sf] b]lvG5 . olb xfdL ljz'4 k/Dk/fjfbL g} aGg' 5 eg] 

;+u7gdf of]Uo dflg; leq\ofpg'sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . lsgls 

k/Dk/fut cEof;nfO{ 6]s]/ To;}af6 lgwf{l/t ;Ldf / l;4fGtsf 

cfwf/df sfd ug{ k|lt:kwf{af6 5flgP/ cfPsf] s'g} h'emf? 

sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf g} kb} {g . eg;'g, rfs/L / tf]ssf] 

cfwf/df ;]jf k|j]z ug] { jf ;f]xL a/fa/ of]Uo cGo sd{rf/Laf6 

h]gt]g ;]jf lng ;lsG5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf pTkGg ePsf ;d:ofx? k|foM ;a} dfgj 

;+;fwgsf] pko'Qm Joj:yfkgsf] cefjn] g} ePsf] kfOG5 . 

Psflt/ sfd gu/L tna, eQf, ;'ljwf dfq yfKg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

hdft lbglbg} a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 eg] csf] {tkm{ :jLs[t b/aGbL 

;a} k"lt{ x'g g;Sbf Field df sfd ug] { hgzlQmsf] sdL klg 

dx;'; e}/x]sf] 5 . ePsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfd nufpg g;lsPsf] 

sf/0fn] l/Qm b/aGbL k"lt{ ug' {eGbf outsourcing ug' { pko'Qm 

x'g] 7fgL outsourcing nfO{ xfd|f] Joj:yfkgn] d"ndGq g} 

agfPsf] 5 . t/ outsourcing ;DaGwdf 7f]; gLlt tyf of]hgf 

aGg g;Sbf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cefjsf] ;d:of oyfjt\ /xg uO{ 

nIocg';f/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ / u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf] sfddf xfdL w]/} 

kl5 kl/;s]sf 5f} + . 

dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgdf cToGt ljj]szLn / pbf/ eO{ 

lgikIf 9+un] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ d'Vo s8Lsf] ?kdf lnFb} cufl8 

a9\g ;s]df &) k|ltzt hlt ;d:ofx? ;lhn} lg/fs/0f ug{ 

;lsG5 . k|To]s sfdnfO{ ;+VofTds?kdf olsg u/L To;nfO{ 

;Dkflbt sfdsf] aLrdf ;xh} t'ngf ug] { k|0ffnLsf] k|f/De u/]/ 

tf]lsPeGbf a9L sfd ug] { hgzlQmnfO{ cltl/Qm cfly{s ;'ljwf 

pknAw u/fpg] k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug' {kb{5 . 


pTkfbsTj j[l4sf] nflu dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cxd\ e"ldsf 

x'g] / dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{ pTk| ]l/t u/fO/fVg ;xL d"NofÍg k|0ffnL 

nfu" ug' {kg] { x'G5 . :jfoQ ;+:yfn] cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] d"NofÍg 

k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;lsg] xF 'bfx' Fb} xfd|f] d"NofÍg k|0ffnL d"ntM 

lghfdlt sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg k|0ffnLaf6 lgb] {lzth:tf] b]lvG5 . 

t/ o;sf] cy{ lghfdlt sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg k|0ffnLaf6 xfd|f] 

ljlgodfjnL / To;leqsf] d"NofÍg k|0ffnL k|efljt ePs} sf/0f 

g/fd|f] x'g] klg xf]Og . d"n ljifo To;sf] k|efjL sfof{Gjog xf] . 

xfnsf] xfd|f] d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs agfpg cfjZos 5 . 

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu 

sfo{;Dkfbgs} cfwf/df dfq /f]huf/L, kfl/>lds, j[lQ ljsf;, 

sNof0f / Jofj;flos ;DaGw ljsf; ug] { ul/Pdf sfo{;Dkfbgdf 

bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] b]lvG5 . o;}n] dfgj ;+;fwg 

Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/sf] nflu d"NofÍgnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu 

cfa4 ug'{÷u/fpg' h?/L 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] csf]{ 

;d:of xf], tfn's clws[t / dftxtsf sd{rf/LaLrsf] ljrf/ 

/ wf/0ffdf c;dfgtf . s'g} sd{rf/L / tfn's clws[tsf] 

ljrf/, wf/0ff / cfddfGotfx? ;dfg x'g jf gx'g ;S5g\ . 

t/ o;} cfwf/df s'g} klg sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg k|efljt x'G5 

jf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'zf;geGbf afx]s cGo 

ljifodf d"NofÍgstf{ k"0f{tM lg/k]If /xg ;Sb}g eg] 

sfo{;DkfbgeGbf ;Dks{n] ;'/lIft eOG5 eGg] wf/0ff cfd?kdf 

lj:tfl/t x'g k'U5 / of]Uo sd{rf/Ln] klg cfkm\gf] cl:tTj / 

klxrfg Pjd\ ;'/Iffsf] nflu zlQms]Gb| wfpg'kg] { jftfj/0f aGb} 

hfG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;+u7gsf] pTkfbsTjdf tLj| ultn] k|xf/ 

eO/x]sf] 5 . 

dfgj ;+;fwg a'emfOdf hlt ;fdYo{jfg\ 5, of] plQs} 

r'gf}tLk"0f{ klg 5 . Joj:yfkgsf k|0ffnLdf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

ef}lts ?kdf dfq pkl:yt u/fP/ k'Ub}g, efjgfTds?kdf 

;d]t pkl:yt agfpg] / tLgsf] dfWodaf6 ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo 

k|fKt ug]{ cGoGt} sl7gtd cEof;af6 dfgjLo ;+;fwg 

Joj:yfkg u'h|g ;Sg'kb{5 . ablnFbf] kl/j]zsf] pRrtd 

cfb]znfO{ k|0ffnLleq le¥ofpg'sf ;fy} sltko :yflkt dfGotf 

/ l;4fGtx?sf] klg ;+/If0f ug' {kb{5 . cfhsn ;+:yfut lxt / 

sd{rf/Lsf] :jfy{ aflemP/ y'k|} u'gf;f / ph'/Lx? 

Joj:yfkg;dIf cfpg] ub{5g\ . o:tf u'gf;f / ph'/LnfO{ 

plrt tl/sfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{sf ;fy} wDsL, bafa / 

zlQms]Gb|sf cjfl~5t lgb]{zgnfO{ lrb}{ Odfgbf/ / d]xgtL 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] kIfkf]if0f u/L sd{rf/L ;+oGqnfO{ r':t / 

pRr dgf]ano'Qm agfpg] lhDd]jf/L g]kfn 6]lnsd 

Joj:yfkgsf] sfFwdf 5 . 

^@

} 



6]lnsdnfO{ bf}l8g} lbpm“ 

;+:yf / JolQmsf] gfd glnpm“ . Ps lghL b"/;~rf/ sDkgLdf 

sfd ug] { Ps hgf sd{rf/Lsf] sfd g} g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ug{ 

vf]h]sf k|f]h]S6df ef“hf] xfNb} lx“8\g] b]lvPsf] 5 . 6]lnsdn] s'g} 

gof“ sfd ug{ vf]Hof] eg] pgL ;a}eGbf klxn] clVtof/df ph'/L 

u5{g\ . ph'/L k5{– …b]zeQm g]kfnLÚ, …6]lnsdsf] enf] rfxg] 

pkef]QmfÚ, …Ps ;r]t gful/sÚ cflb cflb o:tf gfdaf6 . Toxf“ 

dfq xf]Og, cg';Gwfg ug{ ;Sg] egL lhDd]jf/L kfPsf hlt ;a} 

lgsfodf 6]lnsdn] lsGg nfu]sf] pks/0fdf caf+ { 3f]6fnf eof] 

eGb} ph'/L k5{g\ . slxn]sfxL“ 7]Ssf gkfpg] 7]s]bf/ / ltgsf 

g]kfnL Ph]G6n] xfNg]eGbf afx]s clwsf+z ph'/L ltg} Ps sDkgLsf 

sd{rf/Ln] btf{ u/fPsf 5g\ t/ cd's gfddf . ;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs 

n]vf ;ldlt, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no, /fli6«o ;ts{tf 

s]Gb|nufotdf kg] { ph'/L t ugL ;fWo g} 5}g . 

d}n] cg'ej u/]sf] tYo s] xf] eg], ljut b'O{ jif{{otf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf pRr clwsf/Lx?sf] lbgrof{ g} oL dfly 

pNn]v ul/Psf lgsfox?df aofgsf nflu hfg], k'li6 ug]{ 

cfwf/ k]; ug]{d} JotLt ePsf] 5 . gof“ of]hgf / ;f]rfOdf 

Wofg lbg] ;do g} 6]lnsdsf clwsf/Lx?n] kfPsf 5}gg\ . 

dfgf}+ ls 6]lnsdsf clwsf/Lx? eg]sf ck/fwL g} x'g\ eGg] 

h:tf Jojxf/ e}/x]sf 5g\ . rfx] n]vf ;ldlt xf];\ of clVtof/, 

6]lnsdsf clwsf/Lx? Toxf“ k]; x'“bf ck/fwLsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ 

e}/x]sf] 5 . 

csf] { ;Gbe{ . ;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt, ljsf; 

;ldlt, cy{ ;ldlt;“u g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] sltko ljifodf k|ToIf 

;DaGw b]lvG5 . b"/;~rf/;“u ;DalGwt s'g} a}7sdf ;ef;b\x?n] 

rsf] { s'/f u/] eg] a'lemG5 ls s]xL JolQmut :jfy{ n's]sf] 5 . 

a}7sdf rsf{ s'/f ug] { / aflx/ lg:s]/ JolQmut sfd dfUg] 

k|j[lQ;d]t ;ef;b\x?df b]lvPsf] 5 . 

s]xL dlxgfcl3 ;+;b\sf] n]vf ;ldlts} Ps ;ef;b\n] 

6]lnsdsf tTsfnLg k|aGw lgb] {zs ljZjgfy uf]onnfO{ ckzAb 

g} af]n], Tof] klg a}7s e}/x]sf] ;dodf . kl5 rrf{ rNof]– 

ckzAb af]Ng] ;ef;b\ / 6]lnsd pRr clwsf/Lsf] Ps 306f 

e]63f6kl5 pgL cfkm} + nfOgdf cfP . 

s]xL lbgcl3sf] dfq ;Gbe{ xf], ;+;b\sf] ljsf; ;ldltsL 

/fdrGb| e§ 

Ps ;b:o eGb} lyOg\– …6]lnsdn] u/]sf] lj1fkgdf d]/f] 5f]/fn] 

klg lbPsf] lyof] t/ hf“r} lnPg .Ú pgsf] ;+s]t hf“r glnPsf] 

eGg] eGbf klg cfkm\gf] 5f]/fn] cfj]bg u/]sf] / hflu/ lbg'k5{ 

eGg] b]lvGYof] . a}7s ;lsPkl5 pgn] Toxf“ pkl:yt gfoa k|aGw 

lgb] {zs hLjg/Tg zfSonfO{ cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf] gfd / gDa/;d]t 

ha/h:tL l6kfOg\ . 

6]lnsdh:tf] ;'gsf] c08f lbg] ;+:yf 8'a] 8'af];\ t/ cfk"m 

eg] aGg'k5{, sdfpg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff oltv]/ dGqLb]lv lnP/ 

;f+;b clg cg';Gwfg ug] { lgsfosf clwsf/Lx?df JofKt 5 . 

;+:yfnfO{ Joj:yfksLo, k|fljlws ?kdf ;Ifd agfpg] eGbf klg 

cfkm\gf] nflu sdfO vfg] ef“8f]sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . 

axfnjfnfb]lv lnP/ e"tk"j{ ;~rf/dGqLsf nflu t 6]lnsd 

b'x'gf] ufO{ g} e}xfNof] . 

lsg o:tf] x'“b} 5 < 

of] cfn]v n]lv/x]sf] @)^* k'; @^ ut] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

z]o/ d"No :6s PS;r]Ghdf tLg ?lkof“n] a9\of] . 6]lnsdn] 

cfkm\gf] gfkmfaf6 $% k|ltzt gub nfef+z lbg] k|:tfj cl3Nnf] 

lbg dfq cy{ dGqfnodf k7fPsf] 5 . !) k|ltzt nfef+z lbg] 

3f]if0ff ug] { sDkgLx?sf z]o/ d"No $)÷%) ?lkof“n] a9]sf 5g\ 

t/ $% k|ltzt nfef+z lbg] k|:tfj ug] { sDkgLsf] z]o/ d"No 

tLg ?lkof“n] dfq a9\g'sf] ;+s]t kSs} /fd|f] dfGg ;lsGg . 

sf/0f vf]tNb} hf“bf clGtddf 7f]lsg] dfly pNn]v ul/Ps} 

lgsfox? x'g\ . ;j{;fwf/0f nufgLstf{nfO{ ca ljZjf; 5}g ls 

6]lnsdn] gof“ k|f]h]S6x? Nofpg ;S5 / a9L eGbf a9L gfkmf 

z]o/wgLnfO{ lbg ;Snf eg]/ . clVtof/n] 6]lnsdn] …l8«dÚ eg]/ 

3f]if0ff u/]sf k|f]h]S6x? 7]Ssf lg0f{o x'g gkfO{ /f]S5, n]vf 

^#

{ 


;ldltn] l;dsf8{ geP gxf];\ t/ …la|lhª k|f]h]S6Ú gNofpm eg]/ 

lgb] {zg lbG5, ;~rfns ;ldltn] Pp6f lg0f{o ug{ dlxgf} + nufOlbG5 . 

clVtof/df wfpg'knf{ eg]/ ;~rfnsx?aLr g} efufefu x'G5 

eg] of] ;+:yfn] s;/L c? k|ult ug{ ] cfwf/ aG5 < 

$% k|ltzt nfef+z lbg] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{okl5 d}n] 

cfk"m sfo{/t gful/s b}lgsdf ;dfrf/ agfpg] qmddf k"j{cy{dGqL 

tyf ;ef;b\ 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL;“u lh1f;f /fv]sf] lyP“ . 

pxf“n] o;nfO{ csNkgLo nfef+zsf] ?kdf JofVof ug' {ePsf] 

lyof], t/ ahf/n] o;nfO{ kTofPg . sf/0f ;/sf/L x:tIf]k 

a9\tf 5, 6]lnsdn] ug{ nfu]sf gof“ k|f]h]S6x?df w]/} lgsfon] 

ef“hf] xfN5g\ / cl3 a9\g lb+b}gg\ eGg] w]/]sf] a'emfO 5 . oyfy{tf 

klg oxL xf] . 

jflif{s !@ ca{ gfkmf sdfpg' eg]sf] rfgr'g] s'/f x' “b} 

xf]Og . clg To;af6 emG8} ;ft ca{ gfkmf t z]o/wgLnfO{ af“8\g] 

lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . s'g} sDkgLn] gfkmfsf] 7"nf] c+z z]o/wgLnfO{ 

af“8]sf] kfO“b}g . xf], emG8} (@ k|ltzt z]o/ ;/sf/sf] ePsf] x' “bf 

clwsf+z nfef+z ;/sf/L vftfd} hfG5 . o;nfO{ 6]lnsdn] 

;'wfg{ ;Sg] ljifo klg xf]Og . ;/sf/L z]o/ a9L ePsf] sf/0fn] 

:jfefljs ?kdf a9L nfef+z pt} hfG5 . t/ klg $% k|ltzt 

lbg] lg0f{on] ;j{;fwf/0fn] sDtLdf ^)! ?lkof“ /fv]/ lsg]sf] 

z]o/sf] efp Tof] ljGb';Dd klg gk'Ug'n] 6]lnsdleq / aflx/ 

cg]s ;d:of 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;+s]t eg] u/]sf] 5 . 

;d:of oL x'g\ M 

– g]S:6 h]g]/];g g]6js{ -PghLPg_ lsGg] clGtd tof/L 

ul//x“bf utjif{ sflQsdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg 

cfof]un] 7]Ss} /2 ug{ lgb]{zg lbof] . o;n] 6]lnsdn] tf/jfnf 

6]lnkmf]gaf6 lbg vf]h]sf] pRr ultsf] OG6/g]6;lxtsf] gof“ 

k|ljlw g} /f]lsg k'Uof] . 

– ;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] klxn]s} df]ndf goF“ 

df]afOn nfOg -la|lhª k|f]h]S6_ glsGg lgb] {zg lbof] . of] lgb] {zgkl5 

6]lnsdn] b]ze/ ;L8LPdP :sfO{ kmf]gsf] dfu eP klg a]Rg 

;s]g . 

– b'O{ dlxgfcl3 dfq 6]lnsdn] vf]n]sf] Ps s/f]8 df]afOnsf] 

6]G8/ klg olt v]/ clVtof/df k'lu;s]sf] 5 . of] ljifodf 

6]lnsdsf clwsf/Lx? x/]s lbgh;f] clVtof/df k'u]/ aofg 

lb“b} kmls{g] u/]sf 5g\ . 

o:tf bh{gf+ } pbfx/0f 5g\ . h;n] 6]lnsdnfO{ b]zsf c? 


6f6 kN6]sf / klN6g nfu]sf ;+:yfg;/x agfpg] af6f]df ha/h:tL 

3“r]l8/x]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf clwsf/Lx? o;nfO{ gDa/ ! 

;]jfk|bfoss} ?kdf /fVg k|of;/t 5g\ . t/ ;/sf/L lgsfon] 

ug] { cj/f]w, x:tIf]kn] ubf{ ahf/df lx:;f u'Dbf] qmddf 5 . 

6]lnsdsf clwsf/Lx?n] ;+:yfnfO{ dfly p7fpg], ljZjdf 

cfPsf gof“ k|ljlw / ;]jf g]kfnL pkef]QmfnfO{ lbg] of]hgf 

/ ;f]rfO agfP klg w]/} lgsfon] ug]{ cj/f]wn] of] ;+:yfnfO{ 

w/fzfoL x'g an k'Ub} 5 . cfqmfds of]hgf;lxt lghL 

If]qsf sDkgL ahf/df cfO/x]sf a]nf ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ahf/ lj:tf/ of]hgfdf Pskl5 Ps cj/f]w 

ePsf 5g\ . 

;/sf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L /fh:j ltg] { 6]lnsdn] cufl8 

;f/]sf gof“ k|ljlwsf clwsf+z k|f]h]S6x? ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6} 

/f]ls“b} cfPsf 5g\ . gof“ k|ljlw z'? ug{ g;Sg] / k'/fgf ;]jf klg 

dfucg';f/ lbg g;Sg] ePkl5 6]lnsdsf] ;]jfsf] :t/ t lubf] 

5 g}, ef]ln of] sDkgL hgsk'/ r'/f]6h:t} gaGnf eGg ;lsg] 

cj:yf 5}g . 

6]lnsdsf of]hgfdfly nuftf/ cj/f]w ePkl5 nufgLstf{sf] 

ljZjf; a9fpg / cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ sDkgLx?;“u k|lt:kwf{ 

ug{ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] xfn} dfq /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ Nofpg 

k|wfgdGqL sfof{nonfO{ lgb] {zg lbO;s]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf] lrGtfhgs 

cj:yf b]lvPkl5 k'; clGtd ;ftf a;]sf] n]vf ;ldltsf] a}7sn] 

x:tIf]k sd ug{ / /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ Nofpg k|wfgdGqL sfof{no, 

;~rf/ dGqfnonfO{ lgb] {zg;d]t lbPsf] 5 . t/ k"j{cy{dGqL 

nf]xgLs} efiffdf …s't vfg kNs]sf]Ú ;/sf/n] 6]lnsddf /0fgLlts 

;fem]bf/ NofOxfNnf eg]/ kTofpg] cfwf/ eg] 5}g . 

b'O{ jif{cl3 g} @% b]lv #) k|ltzt z]o/ lbP/ ;fem]bf/ 

Nofpg ;~rf/ dGqfnon] cy{ dGqfnonfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] xf] . 

clxn] 6]lnsdn] lbO/x]sf] gfkmf b]v]/ x'g'k5{, lsg gfkmf vfg 

ljb]zLnfO{ Nofpg] eGg] ;f]rfO agfPsf] b]lvG5 . of] ljifo 

clxn];Dd cl3 ga9\g'sf] sf/0f Pp6} xf] ls gfkmf e}/x]sf] 

;+:yfdf lsg ljb]zL Nofpg] eGg], lsg Vjfpg] eGg] < t/ k|ljlw, 

Joj:yfkg, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ /fVg ljZjdf oxL If]qdf sfo{/t 

;+:yfx?nfO{ gNofpg] xf] eg] 6]lnsdsf] cj:yf casf] % jif{kl5 

eGg ;ls“b}g . ;Ifd l6d / k|ljlw Nofpg] xf] eg] 6]lnsd 

lglZrt?kdf of] eGbf cl3 a9\g]5 eg] /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ gx'g] 

xf] eg] casf] % jif{kl5 hgsk'/ r'/f]6 sf/vfgfsf] xljut 

^$

{ 

{ 

} 

{ 


o;n] ef]Ug'kg] { lglZrt} 5 . 

k|ljlwdf sfd ug]{ ePsf] x'“bf 6]lnsdsf] nflu 5'§} 

vl/b P]g x'g'kg]{ h?/L b]lvG5 . ljBdfg vl/b P]gn] Unf]an 

6]G8/, To;sf] vf]Ng] k|lqmof, d"Nof+sgh:tf sfdd} nfdf] 

;do vfg] u/]sf] 5 . Ps jif{cl3 clVtof/sf] lgb]{zgn] 

PghLPg 6]G8/sf] 8s'd]G6 tof/ u/]/ /2 k|lqmof;Dd cfOk'Ubf 

tLg jif{ hlt nfu]sf] lyof] . tLg jif{sf] d]xgt v]/ hfg] 

cj:yf cfpg glbg sltko lg0f{ox? ljgf6]G8/ cyjf a9Ldf 

b'O{ ;ftfleq} vf]Ng kfpg] u/L ug]{ xf] eg] gof“ k|ljlwx? 

l56f]5l/tf] dfWodaf6 cfpg]5g\ . l56f]–l56f] kl/jt{g x'g] 

k|ljlw ePsf]n] Ps k6s 6]G8/ /2 x'“bf kl5Nnf] k6s Tof] 

k|ljlw km]h cfp6 e};s]sf] x'g ;S5 . To;tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ 

6]lnsdnfO{ ;f“Rr} Ps gDa/s} ;]jfk|bfos agfP/ l6sfpg] 

xf] eg] clxn]sf] h:tf] x:tIf]k / lg0f{odf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] 

cGTo x'g h?/L 5 . 

7]Ssfk§fdf clgoldttf eof] eGg] a]gfdL ph'/Ls} e/df 

clVtof/h:tf lgsfon] cg';Gwfgsf nflu eg]/ dlxgf} +;Dd 

lg0f{o gul/lb“bf 6]lnsdsf] cj:yf lgs} gfh's agfPsf] 5 . 

o;n] 6]lnsd sd{rf/Lsf] dfq xf]Og, z]o/wgLsf] dgf]an;d]t 

v:s]sf] 5 . 

g]S:6 h]g]/];g g]6js{ -PghLPg_ sf] 6]G8/ /2 u/]kl5 

To;kl5sf 6]lnsdsf clwsf+z gof“ k|f]h]S6x? /2 x' “b} uPsf 

5g\ . @) nfv nfOgsf] cfO{kL ;L8LPdP, Ps s/f]8 nfOg 

hLP;Pd df]afOnsf sfuhkq ;a} clVtof/n] cg';Gwfg ug{ 

6]lnsdaf6 nu]sf] 5 . o:t} cfO{kL Aofsaf]gsf] 6]G8/;d]t 

clVtof/n] /f]s]kl5 To;sf] df/df 6]lnsd t 5“b} 5, pkef]Qmf;d]t 

k/]sf 5g\ . 

clVtof/n] kmfOn nu]kl5 lg0f{o ug{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf 

clwsf+z ;b:ox? Ps sbd cl3 ga9\g] k'/fg} /f]u xf] 6]lnsdsf] 

nflu . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf sf]xL 

klg ;b:o 6]lnsdsf] kIfdf lg0f{o ug] { cf“6 ub} {gg\ . kfP;Dd 6]lnsdaf6 

;]jf–;'ljwf lng] t/ o;sf] lxtdf eg] l;Gsf];d]t gef“Rg] k|j[lQ 

;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;dodf lg0f{o geP/ 6]lnsd 8'a] 

8'af];\ t/ eljiodf clVtof/sf] d'2f v]Kg], a9'jfaf6 jl~rt 

gx'g] gLlt ;~rfnsdf :ki6 dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 . 

;To s'/f s] xf] eg], lghL If]qsf 6lnkmf]g sDkgLx? Pp6f 

a}7ssf] e/df caf} + ?lkof“sf ;fdfg / gof“ k|ljlw lsGg ;Ifd 


eP klg 6]lnsdn] eg] hlt;'s} k|lt:kwf{ u/fP/ lsg] klg ;/sf/L 

k|lqmofn] ubf{ l9nf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lg0f{o x'g gkfp“b} e|i6frf/ 

eof] eGb} clVtof/n] b'O{ jif{otf 6]lnsdsf dxTjfsf+IfL / 

dxTjk"0f{ k|f]h]S6x?df c+s'z nufPsf] 5 . k|df0fsf] cfwf/df 

xf]Og, z+sfsf] e/df e|i6frf/ x' “b} 5 eg]/ 6]lnsdsf gof“ ;]jf, 

k|ljlwx? Pskl5 csf] { /f]ls“b} 5g\ . e|i6frf/ ePsf] 5 eg] lg0f{o 

ug] {nfO{ h]ndf xfNg'k5{, t/ cg';Gwfgs} nflu dlxgf+ } e'mnfOlbg] / 

kl5 6]G8/ /2 ug{ lgb] {zg lbg] k/Dk/fn] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ xftv'§f 

af“w]/ Dof/fyg bf}8df efu lng k7fPsf] h:tf] b]vfPsf] 5 . 

clVtof/n] 6]lnsdn] lsg]sf] df]afOnnufot pks/0fdf 

e|i6frf/ ePsf] eg]/ s;}nfO{ klg h]ndf xfn]sf] / Ifltk"lt{ 

lt/fPsf] 5}g . ph'/Ls} e/df wdfwd 6]G8/ /2 ul/lb“bf lghL 

sDkgLsf] ;]jf lj:tf/df clVtof/nufot lgsfon] ;xof]u u/]/ 

6]lnsdsf] xft af“Wg] sfd eO/x]sf] eGb} ;+;bLo ;ldltdf ;d]t 

5nkmn ePsf] 5 . 

6]lnsdn] gfkmf sdfof] eg] b]zleq} Tof] gfkmf a:5 eGg]df 

s]xL ;ef;b\x? 9'Ss 5g\ . h;nfO{ ;/sf/n] rfx\of] eg] ljsf;sf 

cGo k"jf{wf/df nufgL ug{ ;S5 . ;a}n] b]v]s} ljifo xf], 

6]lnsdn] $%^ d]ufjf6sf] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zLdf ^ ca{ ?lkof“ 

C0f / ^) s/f]8 ?lkof“ z]o/afkt nufgL u/]sf] 5 . dflyNnf] 

lqz"nL # la df 6]lnsdn] ljB't k|flws/0f;/x nufgL ug] 

k|lta4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 . 

l56f]–l56f] km]l/g] k|ljlwdf sfd ug] { 6]lnsd ;+:yf lgsfonfO{ 

cl3 a9\g lbgsf] nflu clVtof/nufotsf lgsfon] k/]sf ph'/L 

rf“8f] 6' +uf] nufOlbg'k5{ . k6s] ph'/Lsf cfwf/df klg cfkm+ 

slGeG; x'g g;s]sf] ljifodf ;Knfo;{ / ltgsf Ph]G6af6 kg] 

ph'/Ls} e/df 6]lnsdnfO{ cl3 a9\g glbg] rnv]ndf nfUg] 

k|j[lQ cg';Gwfgstf{df b]lvPsf] 5 . /fli6«o nufgL /x]sf] 

6]lnsdnfO{ cl3 a9\g glbg ;dodf lg0f{o glbg] / Rof“v] dfq 

yflk/xg] xf] eg] lg0f{ostf{nfO{ eljion] sbflk dfkmL lbg]5}g . 

c? t c?, ltgs} ;Gtfgn] klg gof“ k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ /f]s]sf]df 

lwSsfg] {5g\ . e|i6frf/, clgoldttf ePsf] 5 eg] lg0f{o ug] {nfO{ 

h]ndf sf]rf} +, Ifltk"lt{ e/fpm“, t/ sDkgLnfO{ aGws agfP/ cl3 

a9\g glbg] gLlt s;}n] klg gln“bf d'n's / cfdhgtfnfO{ g} of] 

;+:yfn] ;]jf–;'ljwf lbg ;Sg]5 . 

-gful/s b}lgsdf sfo{/t e§ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf 

l/kf]l6{ª u5{g\ ._ 

^%


g]kfn 6]lnsdn] lj=;= !(&) df /fhwfgLdf DofUg]6f] 

k|0ffnLaf6 b"/;~rf/ ;]jf z'? gu/]sf] eP cfh xfd|f] vNtLdf 

df]afOn kSs} klg x'g] lyPg . ;do;Fu} k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ 

cfTd;ft\ ub} { cufl8 hfg'kg{ ] r'gf}tL ca g]kfn 6]lnsddfly 

cfPsf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{n] r/d ?k lnPsf] a]nf 6]lnsd slxn] s] 

slxn] s] ;d:ofdf clNem/x]sf] 5 . sltko ;d:of 6]lnsdsf] 

cfkm\g} sdL–sdhf]/Ln] cfOkg{ ] u/]sf 5g\ eg] sltko 6]lnsd 

8'afpg] if8\oGq a'Gg]x?n] ub} { cfPsf 5g\ . of] ljifodf 6]lnsdn] 

rf;f] gb]vfpg] xf] eg] cfheGbf s]xL jif{cufl8 h;/L hgsk'/ 

r'/f]6 sf/vfgf wf/fzoL eof] ] 6]lnsdsf] ToxL xljut gxf]nf 

eGg] s;/L < 

g]kfn 6]lnsd b]zsf] cu|0fL df]afOn ;]jfk|bfos sDkgL 

dfq geP/ sl/a &) nfv ;j{;fwf/0fsf] rf;f]sf] s]Gb| xf] . 

Psflt/ g]kfn 6]lnsd b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} u|fxs cfwf/sf 

lx;fan] 7"nf] sDkgL xf] eg] csf{lt/ ;/sf/nfO{ /fh:j a'emfpg] 

gDa/ Ps klg xf] . utjif{ 6]lnsdn] 7"nf s/bftfdWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} 

s/ ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] 5 . o;/L g} sDkgLnfO{ gDa/ Psdf 

/fVg casf] cfJfZostf Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ g} xf] . 

6]lnsd ;/sf/sf] ax'dt z]o/ nufgL ePsf] sDkgL ePsf]n] 

;/sf/sf] cfFvf klg o;tkm{ ;sf/fTds x'g' h?/L 5 . /fh:j 

w]/} a'emfpg] sDKfgLdf ;/sf/n] ;d:of / afwf–JojwfgnfO{ 

sd u/fpg] gofF sfo{of]hgf NofP/} eP klg k|lt:kwf{aLr 6]lnsdnfO{ 

cufl8 a9fpg'k5{ . kl5Nnf] %–^ jif{otf sDKfgLsf] JoJf:yfkgdf 

b]lvPsf] sdL–sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ 6]lnsdn] 7"nf] /sd 3f6f 

a]xf]l/;s]sf] 5 . k'gM o:tf ;d:of gbf]xf]¥ofpg JoJf:yfkgtkm{ 

Wofg lbg] xf] eg] ;do;fk]If cufl8 hfg ;lhnf] x'G5 . b]Vbf 

/fd|f] / 7"nf] b]lvP klg leq wld/fn] uf]nf] nufpg w]/} ;do 

nfUb}g . To:f}n] sDkgLsf] JoJf:yfkg z}nL xfnsf] h:tf] eP/ 

eljiodf cufl8 hfg g;Sg] lglZrt 5 . 6]lnsd ;~rfns 

;ldlt / pRr lgsfosf clwsf/Lx?n] ;dod} ;f]Rg'kg{ ] a]nf 

cfPsf] 5 . s] oxL Joj:yfkgdf sDkgL cufl8 a9\g ;SNff < 

k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLsf] JoJf:yfkg s:tf] 5 eg]/ Ps k6s ;f]Rg], 

a'em\g] / hfGg] ;do cfPsf] 5 . 

…cfuf] tfKg' d'9fsf] s'/f ;'Gg' a"9fsf]Ú eGg] pvfgh:t} 

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf 6]lnsd eg] a"9f]h:t} xf] . 6]lnsdn] cGo 

sDkgLsf t'ngfdf w]/} ;+3if{ / d]xgt u/]/ cfh of] 7fpF;Dd 

cfPsf] xf] . c?n] b]vfPsf] af6f]df lxF8\geGbf cfk} +mn] af6f] kQf 


6]lnsddf k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ casf] cfjZostf 

^^ 

;/:jtL 9sfn 

sf/f]af/ /fli6«o cfly{s b}lgs 

nufP/ cufl8 hfg lgs} sl7g x'G5 . g]kfn 6]lnsd cfkm} + af6f] 

vf]h]/ cfPsf] xf] eg] cGo ;]jfk|bfos sDkgL 6]lnsdn] af6f] 

b]vfPkl5 cfPsf x'g\ . o;df s'g} z+sf g} 5}g . dfu{bz{s 

sDkgLnfO{ arfO/fVg' ;/sf/sf] klg bfloTj x'g cfpF5 . 

6]lnsdnfO{ arfpFbf ;a}eGbf w]/} gfkmf ;/sf/nfO{ x'G5 . 

lsgls 6]lnsddf ax'dt z]o/ ;/sf/sf] 5 . Psflt/ ;/sf/sf] 

/fh:jsf nflu 6]lnsd arfO/fVg'k5{ eg] csf{lt/ ahf/df 

Psflwsf/ x6fpg klg 6]lnsd ;w} F dfub{zs aGg'k5{ . olb 

6]lnsdn] 3' F8f 6]Sof] eg] o;df &) nfveGbf a9L pkef]Qmf t 

df/df kg{ ]5g\ g}, ^ xhf/sf] sd{rf/Lsf] /f]hL/f]6L;d]t u'Dg]5 . 

olt dfq geP/ 6]lnsd;FUf cyfx ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . c;n 

Joj:yfkgsf] cefjdf 6]lnsd Knfg xf]ln8]df 5 . sdhf]/ 

Joj:yfkgn] ubf{ clxn] 6]lnsdn] h]–hlt gofF kl/of]hgf Nofpg] 

tof/L u5{, Jojxf/df cfpg gkfpFb} kmfOn clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k'U5 . of] s] sf/0fn] ePsf], s;n] v]n 

v]ln/x]sf] 5, lsg /f]lsG5 kmfOn To;/L dlxgf} +;Dd, Ps lbg dfq} 

kmfOn lgliqmo eP/ /xFbf 6]lnsdn] nfveGbf w]/} 3f6f a]xf]g' {k5{ . 

o;af/]df 6]lnsd k|zf;gn] slxn] ltvf] lbdfu nufP/ ;f]Rg] < 

lsg sfg'gL bfo/f k"/f gu/L sfd ug{ ] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOG5 < 

o;df klg 6]lnsd k|zf;gsf] Wofg hfg'k5{ . 

;/sf/sf] cflwkTo ePsf] ;+:yfdWo] g]kfn 6]lnsd dfq} 

xf] gfkmfdf uPsf], c? ;a} 3f6f / h]gt]g vr{ wfGg ;Sg] 

cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;j{ljlbt} 5 . ;/sf/L sDKfgLdf sd{rf/Lsf] 

sfd ug{ ] k|j[lQ g} 7Ls gePsf]n] gfkmfdf hfg g;s]sf x'g\ . 

#^ j6f ;+:yfgdWo] gfkmf / sf/f]af/sf lx;fan] 6]lnsd g} 

cufl8 5 . g]kfnL ahf/, oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof / vr{ ug{ ] IfdtfnfO{ 

x]bf{ 6]lnsdsf] sf/f]af/ ck]Iffs[t w]/} xf] . 6]lnsdn] cfly{s jif{ 

)^&÷^* df !@ ca{ !@ s/f]8 ?lkofF gfkmf u/]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf]

{ 


cfly{s jif{ )^^÷&& df !) ca{ &* s/f]8 ?lkofF gfkmf 

sdfPsf] sDKfgLdf )^&÷^* cfpFbf ! ca{ #$ s/f]8 ?lkofF 

j[l4 ePsf] 5 . 

o;/L gfkmf j[l4 ePsf] sDkgLdf Joj:yfksLo :f'wf/ 

ePdf cem dfly hfg ;lhnf] x'g] lglZrt 5 . utjif{df sDkgLsf] 

s'n cfDbfgL @( ca{ *$ s/f]8 ?lkofFdWo] ;/sf/nfO{ s/ tyf 

u}/s/ u/L !^ ca{ @& s/f]8 /lkofF a'memfPsf] 5 . sDkgLn] 

6]lnsd ;]jf z'Ns, cfDbfgL s/, d"No clej[l4 s/, u|fdL0f 

b"/;~rf/ sf]if z'Nsnufotdf ;/sf/nfO{ s/ ltg' {k5{ . sDkgLn] 

utcfjdf #) ca{ ?lkofF cfDbfgL ug{ ] nIo lnPsf] lyof] . 

Joj:yfkg /fd|f] ePsf] eP ;lhn} nIo k|flKt ug{ ;Sg] lyof] 

6]lnsdn] t/ yf]/} r's]sf] 5 . )^%÷^^ df sDkgLsf] s'n 

cfDbfgL @@ ca{ @% s/f]8 /lkofF /x]sf]df )^^÷^& df cfpFbf 

@& ca{ @@ s/f]8 ?lkofF ePsf] lyof] . Ps jif{sf] ;dofjlwdf 

emG8} % ca{n] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf s'n 

cfDbfgLtkm{ @@=#) k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] xf] eg] v'b d'gfkmf 

%=*( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] xf] . cfDbfgL / gfkmfsf] lx;fan] 

6]lnsdsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5 . ca Joj:yfksn] s;/L 

eljiodf o;/L g} ;Gtf]ifhgs?kdf cufl8 hfg] eg]/ cfh}b]lv 

of]hgf agfpg' h?/L 5 . 

sDkgLn] )^%÷^^ df s/ tyf u}/s/kl5sf] gfkmf !) ca{ 

!* s/f]8 ?lkofF u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] )^) ebf} ! df lk|k]8 

df]afONf lj:tf/ u/]kl5 cfDbfgL a9]sf] xf] . clxn] sDkgLsf 

s'n &) nfv u|fxsdWo] %$ nfv hLP;Pd df]afONf k|of]ustf{ 

5g\ . sDkgLsf] d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] :f|f]t g} hLP;Pd df]afOn xf] . 

Rffn" cfly{s jif{ )^*÷^( df sDkgLn] s'n #! ca{ ?lkofF cfDbfgL 

ug{ ] nIo lnPsf] 5 . of] nIo k|flKtsf nflu sDKfgLn] cfkm\gf] 

Joj:yfkg / lg0ff{os tx kl/dfh{g jf ;'wf/ ug' { cfjZos 5 . 

sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ug{ ] k|j[lQ kl/jt{g u/fpg' csf{ ] r'gf}tL xf] . 

rfn" cfjsf] k|yd tLg dlxgfdf sDkgLn] * ca{ @% 

s/f]8 cfDbfgL e};s]sf]n] nIocg'?k k|ult x'g ;Sg] w]/} cfwf/x? 

5g\ . t/ sDKfgLn] cfkm\gf sbdx?df w]/} kl/jt{g Nofpg' h?/L 

5 . oxL rfndf eg] d'l:sn x'g] b]lvG5 . rfn" cfjsf] sfo{qmddf 

sDkgLn] ! s/f]8 nfOg hLP;Pd df]afONf lj:tf/ ug{ ] of]hgf 

5 . olt a]nf pQm kmfOn clVtof/n] lnFbf ;]jf lJf:tf/sf] sfd 

sDkgLn] cufl8 a9fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t a9fpg 

sDkgLn] cGt/cfa4tfsf] sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbPsf] 5 . sflt{sdf 

sDkgLn] vf8L d'n'snfO{ nlIft ub} { stf/sf] bf]xfdf dlN6;le{; 

KjfOG6 ckm lk|h]G; -kLcf]kL_ :yfkgf ug{ ] ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . 


o;n] g]kfnL pkef]Qmfn] sd z'Nsdf vf8L d'n'sdf sn ug{ 

kfpg]5g\ . o:tf s]Gb|x? cGo 7fpFdf klg :yfkgf ug{ 6]lnsdn] 

kxn ug' {k5{, h;n] ubf{ pkef]Qmfsf] ljZJff; slxNo} glu/f];\ . 

sDkgLdf ;/sf/sf] (@ k|ltzt, 6]lnsd sd{rf/Lsf] % 

k|ltzt / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] # k|ltzt z]o/ nufgL ePsf]n] sDkgLsf] 

sfo{ gfkmfd'vLeGbf ;]jfd'vL eP/ cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfdf lghL sDkgLx?sf] Psflwsf/ x'g glbg ;/sf/L :jfldTj 

ePsf] o; sDkgLnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg ;Da4 lgsfon] lng'kg{ ] kxnnfO{ 

a9fpg'kg{ ] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . o;/L g} gfkmfd'vL / ;/sf/nfO{ 

s/ ltg{ ] Ps gDa/sf] sDkgL agfO/fVg / sDkgLdf :yfloTj 

Nofpg /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . /0fgLlts 

;fem]bf/ NofO;s]kl5 sDkgLdf ;fdfg tyf pks/0f lsGbf k"/f 

ug{ 'kg{ ] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] k|lqmof / sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]j[lQdf 

;'wf/ cfpg'k5{ . o;f] ePdf sDKfgL eljiodf klg o;/L g} Ps 

gDa/d} /xg ;S5 . ;fy} sDkgLdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts 

x:tIf]k klg x'g'x' Fb}g . 

;/sf/L ;+:yfg /xFbf h;/L 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/Ln] sfd 

ug{ ] k/Dk/f lyof] Tof] cfh;Dd klg kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

o;df sd{rf/L dfq bf]ifL 5}gg\ . ha;Dd 3/sf] dflns /fd|f] 

/ :yfoL x' Fb}g ta;Dd Tof] 3/ b[9?kdf cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g eGg] 

a"9fkfsfsf] pvfgsf] ofb cfpFbf d 6]lnsd ;DemG5'– tLg÷tLg 

dlxgfdf kl/jt{g x'g] ;/sf/sf dGqL / ltgn] /f]h]sf k|aGw 

lgb{ ]zs . dGqL;Fu} kl/jt{g x'G5g\ 6]lnsdsf k|aGw lgb{ ]zs . 

6]lnsd ca sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePsf] klg cfwf bh{g jif{ kf/ 

ePsf] 5 . ca k|lt:kwf{af6 k|aGw lgb{ ]zs 5gf]6 k|lqmof cufl8 

a9fpg'k5{ . o:tf] gfkmfd'vL sDKfgLdf dGqLn] k|aGw lgb{ ]zs 

/f]Hg] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo x'g' clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . Ps k|aGw 

lgb{ ]zsn] NofPsf sfo{qmd csf{n] sfof{Gjog gug{ ] k/Dk/f 5 . 

/fd|f sfdnfO{ klg cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;Sg] ljrf/ xfaL ePkl5 

s;/L cufl8 hfg ;Snf 6]lnsd < 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ljZJfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; / 

lj:tf/nfO{ hlt ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 Tolt g} ;]jf ;~rfnsx?nfO{ 

r'Gff}tL klg ylkPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf ePsf] pbf/Ls/0fn] ubf{ 

ljZjel/sf Psflwsf/ 6]lnsd ;]jfk|bfosx?sf nflu k|l:tkwf{df 

cfpg afWotf eO;s]sf] 5 . oxL k|lt:kwf{n] ubf{ g} cfh 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ cfqmfds?kdf ePsf] 5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsd ca k|lt:kwf{ljgf cufl8 a9\g g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 

5 . k|lt:kwf{sf] dfxf]ndf sDkgLsf nflu cfjZos kg{ ] lgod, 

ljlgod, gLlt / /0fgLlt cfhsf] vfFrf] xf] . 

^&

{ 


;~rfns ;ldltn] ;xL lg0f{o ;xL ;dodf u/]/ To;sf] 

kfngf ;dofjlw tf]s]/ nufpg ;Sof] eg] 6]lnsdsf nflu 7"nf] 

nfe x'g]5 . cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ;xL ;dodf x'g g;Sbf 

sDkgLn] 7"nf] 3f6f dfq a]xf]g' {kb} {g, ljZJff; lhlt;s]sf] pkef]Qmf 

klg e8\lsg] lglZrt 5 . To;}n] ;xL lg0f{o ;xL ;dodf x'g' 

cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . k|ljlw b}lgs kl/jt{g x'G5, 6]lnsddf 

Pp6f lg0f{osf] nflu dlxgf} + laT5 eg] sfof{Gjogdf cfpg jif{ 

klg nfUGf ;S5 . cfhsf] lbgdf 6]lnsd ;~rfns ;ldltn] 

cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f ;/sf/L sDkgLsf] ;~rfns dfq g7fgL k|lt:kwf{df 

/x]sf] sDKfgLsf] ;~rfnssf] ?kdf /xg' h?/L 5 . 

b"/;~rf/sf] Jofkf/ sdf]l86LeGbf ljNs'n} km/s xf] . of] 

Jofkf/df ;dodsf] dxTj cToGt w]/} x'G5 . ;do;fk]If lg0f{o 

gx' Fbf 6]lnsdsf] xftdf kg{ ] Jofkf/ c?n] lnO;S5g\ . To;af6 

sDkgLn] 7"nf] 3f6f a]xf]Gf' {k5{ . sDkgLsf] ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] vl/b 

ubf{ lgoldttf / clgoldttfsf s'/f w]/} p7\5g\ . vl/b k|lqmofdf 

6]lnsd ;w} Fh;f] clVtof/sf] hfnf]df gk/L cufl8 hfg ;s]sf] 

5}g . ;ts{tf ckgfP/ hfg] xf] eg] 6]lnsd;Fu kof{Kt gub 

df}Hbft 5, ;]jf lJf:tf/ / gofF If]qdf nufgL u/L cfDbfgL 

bf]Aa/ agfpg ;S5 . 6]lnsddf ;Defjgf cyfx 5g\, s'g slt 

dxTjk"0f{ xf] egL hfgsf/L lnP/ cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . ;d:of 

6]lnsdnfO{ dfq xf]Og ;a}h;f] sDkgLnfO{ kg{ ] u5{g\ . cfkm"nfO{ 

k/]sf ;d:ofnfO{ s8f?kdf k|:t't eO{ sfg'gL bfo/fdf /xg' 

lg0ff{os txsf] lhDd]jf/L x'g cfpF5 . 

sDkgLsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofn] ubf{ sDKfgLnfO{ x'g] gfkmf / 

3f6fsf] ljifodf klg n]vfhf]vf x'g' h?/L 5 . ;~rfns ;ldltb]lv 

g} clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L]n] ug{ ] lg0f{ox?df l9nfO / q'l6nfO{ 

ljif]z ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ . 

6]lnsddf kof{Kt hgzlQmx? 5g\ . sltn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ 

/ st{Jo s] xf] eGg];Dd klg a'em\g ;s]sf 5| }gg\ . ltgnfO{ cGo 

lghL sDkgLdf h:t} k"0f{ kl/rfng u/fpg ;s] xfns} cj:yfdf 

klg 7"nf] kmfObf sDkgLn] lng ;Sg]5 . sDKfgLdf ?kfGt/0f 

ePkl5 klg ;/sf/L sfd ug{ ] k/Dk/f x6\g g;Sg' b'Mvsf] s'/f 

xf] . a]n'sf rf/ ah]kl5 3/ kms{g xtf/ ug] { jf sfd gkfP/ 

6]a'ndf emf]lqmP/ a:g] k|j[ltn] sDkgLnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg 


;ls+b}g eGg] ljifodf 6]lnsdsdL{ -Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L_ 

;a}nfO{ 1fg x'g' kb{5 . sDkgLnfO{ agfpg] jf laufg{ ] eGg] 

;DaGwdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L / ToxfF ul/g] lg0f{on] dxTjk"0f{ 

e"ldsf v]N5 . ;+:yfsf] 5lj p7fpg tNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lb]lv 

dflyNnf] txsf ;a} Psh'6 eP/ nfUg'k5{ t/ 6]lnsddf Tof] x'g 

;s]g, a? v'6\6f tfGg] / cfkm" s;/L dfly hfg] eGg] efj b]Vg 

;lsG5 . 6]lnsdn] w]/} JolQmnfO{ gf]s/af6 dflns agfPsf] 

tLtf] ;To xf] . w]/}nfO{ 6]lnsdn] /f]hL/f]6L lbPsf] 5 . eljio 

pHofnf] agfOlbPsf] 5 . To:f}n] sd{rf/Ln] sDkgLnfO{ w]/} dfof 

u/L sfddf v6\g'k5{ . ;/sf/L eGg] zAbn] cfh w]/} ;+:yf 

lau| ]sf] oyfy{ 5 . 6]lnsddf o:tf] sbflk gxf];\ . 

6]lnsdnfO{ k|lt:kwL{?kdf hfg ca k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf] 

ljkNs 5}g . sdhf]/ k|zf;gn] ubf{ utjif{ 6]lnsdn] w/} 3f6f 

a]xf]l/;s]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf clwsf+z sfdx? clVtof/df k/]sf]n] 

oxL a]nf 6]lnsd Knfg xf]ln8]df 5 . olt w]/} sd{rf/L / kF 'hL 

ePsf] sDkgLnfO{ Knfg xf]ln8]df /flvg' slt;Dd hfoh xf]nf < 

olt a]nf 6]lnsd;+ Fu pNn]Vo s'g} klg of]hgf 5}gg\ . 6]lnsdsf] 

xfn;Dds} kl/of]hgfdWo] 7"nf] ! s/f]8 nfOg ljt/0f ug{ ] of]hgf 

klg nfdf] ;do;Dd clVtof/s} b/fhdf a:of] . o;df ePsf] 

l9nfOn] 6]lnsdn] eljiodf 7"nf] 3f6f dfq xf]Og, ljZjf; g} 

pkef]Qmaf6 u'dfpg'kg{ ]5 . Ps k6s u'ld;s]sf] ljZjf; lkmtf{ 

lng slt d'l:sn k5{ eGg] ljifodf 6]lnsdn] n]vfhf]vf ug' 

h?/L 5 . cfly{s n]vfhf]vfljgf cufl8 a9\g\ ] kl/kf6Ln] klg 

6]lnsdnfO{ k|ult ug{ sl7g ePsf] cj:yf xf] . ca 6]lnsdn] 

h:tf];'s} hf]lvd p7fP/ eP klg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'wf/ u/]/ 

cufl8 hfg' g} eljiosf] pHHjn af6f] x'g]5 . 

sDkgLsf] cfDbfgL 

cf=j= s'n cfDbfgL gfkmf 

)^&÷^* @( ca{ *$ s/f]8 !@ ca{ !@ s/f]8 

)^^÷^& @& ca{ @@ s/f]8 !) ca{ &* s/f]8 

)^%÷^^ @@ ca{ @% s/f]8 !) ca{ !* s/f]8 

of] tYofª\s x]bf{ sDkgLsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvG5 . t/ 

olQd} 6]lnsdn] ;Gtf]if lnP/ a:g ldNg] cj:yf eg] 5}g . 

At his best man is the noblest of all animals; seperated from 

law and justice he is the worst. 

– Aristotle. 

^*

+ + + + + 


g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ d'n'ssf] gDa/ jfg ;+:yfsf ?kdf 

JofVof ug] { ul/Psf] 5 . t/ s]df gDa/ jfg < k|Zgn] Psl5g\ 

em:sfpg ;S5 . s'g} klg ;+:yf gDa/ jfg x'gsf nflu s'g– 

s'g dfkb08 k"/f ug{ 'k5{ < o;tkm{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsdL{x?n] s]xL 

If0f lrGtg ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] xfn elg/x]sf] g+= jfg ljz]ifu/L u|fxs 

cfwf/nfO{ lnP/ elg/x]sf] h:tf] nfU5 . u|fxs cfwf/, k' FhL, 

;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg] /fh:j, ;]jfdf ljljwtf, ef}uf]lns lj:tf/ 

cflbsf b[li6n] g]kfn 6]lnsd g+= jfg g} xf] . sd{rf/Ln] 

kfpg] ;'ljwfsf b[li6n] klg g]kfn 6]lnsd /fd|f ;+:yfx?dWo]d} 

k5{ . t/ jf:tjdf g+= jfg x'gsf nflu oltn] dfq kof{Kt 

x'Fb}g . ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / k|ljlwdf cu|tf, u|fxs, sd{rf/L / 

z]o/ xf]N8/x?sf] ;Gt'li6, Joj:yfksLo r':ttf, ;'/lIft / 

:j:y sfo{:yn, :j:y sd{rf/L / lje]b/lxt sfg'gL cj:yf 

klg x'g'k5{ . oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fsf] ;dli6ut ?k g} g+= jfgsf] 

kl/rfos xf] . 

:j:y / ;'/lIft sfo{:yn clxn] ljZje/sf sfof{nox?df 

k|of]u x'g] dxTjk"0f{ zAbfjnL xf] . s'g} klg sfof{no jf 

sDkgLn] cfly{s ?kdf hlt;'s} ;d[l4 xfl;n u/] klg To; 

sDkgLsf sfdbf/x?sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo 

/fd|f] 5}g eg] To; sDkgLnfO{ c;n jf pTs[i6 sDkgL 

dfGg ;lsFb}g . o;} cjwf/0ffcg'?k clxn] sf/vfgf tyf 

sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:YonfO{ dxTj lbg 

yflnPsf] 5 . /, :j:y tyf ;'/lIft sfo{:yn, sd{rf/L– 

d}qL sfo{:ynsf ;DaGwdf ax; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o; 

ljifonfO{ xfn sd{rf/L o'lgogx?n] klg dxTjsf ;fy d'2fsf 

?kdf p7fpg yfn]sf 5g\ . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] klg sDkgLsf] sfo{If]qdf x'g] Joj;fohGo 

b'3{6gf tyf To;af6 pTkGg x'g] dfgjLo Ifltsf] hf]lvdnfO{ 

plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ …Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff ;ldltÚ 

u7g u/]sf] 5 . 

sDkgLn] b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|sf lgb] {zssf] ;+of]hsTjdf 

;ldlt u7g u/L tflnd s]Gb|df …Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff 

OsfOÚ (Occupational Health & Safety Cell) klg 

;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . o;n] cfufdL lbgdf Job Safety 


ægDa/ jfgÆ x'g sfo{:yn klg ægDa/ jfgÆ x'gk5{ 

^( 

nId0f clwsf/L 

laxman.adhikari@ntc.net.np 

Analysis ug]{, Occupational Health & Safety ;DaGwL 

tflndx? ;~rfng ug] {, Working Guidlines lgdf{0f ug] { tyf 

Accidental Case Reporting System lgdf{0f ug] {nufotsf 

sfo{x? ug] { nIo lnPsf] 5 . + 

sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? c:j:y ePdf sfof{nosf] 

pTkfbsTj 36\g hfg] cg';Gwfgx?af6 kfOPsf]n] klg xfn 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:Yosf] ljifon] dxTj kfO/x]sf] xf] . 

ljZj :jf:Yo ;+3sf] Ps cWoogcg';f/ sfo{:yndf x'g] 

:jf:Yo hf]lvd dflg;sf] d[To' tyf /f]usf k|d'v !) sf/0fdWo] 

Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] . ljZj :jf:Yo ;+3 blIf0f–k"jL{ Pl;ofnL 

If]qLo sfof{non] u/]sf] Ps cg';Gwfgcg';f/ sfo{:ynsf] sfd;Fu 

;DalGwt d[To', /f]u / rf]6k6ssf sf/0f cgk]lIft ?kdf cfly{s 

gf]S;fgL ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf sf/0f hL8LkLdf $ b]lv % 

k|ltzt;Dd gf]S;fgL x'g] u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . 

:j:y sfo{:yn eg]sf] s] xf] < 

:jf:Yo eg]sf] /f]u / rf]6k6s nfu]sf] gx'g' dfq geO{ 

zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs ?kdf klg :j:y x'g' xf] . :j:y 

sfo{:yn eg]sf] sfo{:yndf :jf:YonfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] jftfj/0f 

gx'g' dfq xf]Og, :jf:Yo k|j4{g ug] { lsl;dsf] jftfj/0f x'g' 

klg xf] . sfo{:yn :jf:Yodf xflg k'Ug] lsl;dsf] gx'g' t 

cfwf/e"t s'/f g} xf] t/ /fd|f] sfo{:yndf sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:Yo 

/fd|f] agfpg] cj:yfx? klg x'g'k5{ . hxfF :jf:Yo / :jf:Yo 

k|j4{g ug] { s'/f k|fyldstfdf x'G5g\, To;nfO{ /fd|f] sfo{:yn 

dfGg ;lsG5 . 

;g\ !(%) df ljZj :jf:Yo ;+3 / cfO{Pncf]n] k];fut 

:jf:Yosf] kl/efiff ;+o'Qm?kdf tof/ u/]sf lyP / o;nfO{ ;g\ 

!((% df kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] lyof] .

{ 

{ 

{ 


o;cg';f/ Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo jf k];fut :jf:Yosf] 

kl/efiff o;/L ul/Psf] 5 M 

( "Occupational health should aim at: the promotion 

and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, 

mental and social well-being of workers in all 

occupations; the prevention amongst workers of 

departures from health caused by their working 

conditions; the protection of workers in their employment 

from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; the 

placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational 

environment adapted to his physiological and 

psychological capabilities; and, to summarize, the 

adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. 

The main focus in occupational health is on three 

different objectives: (i) the maintenance and promotion 

of workers’ health and working capacity; (ii) the 

improvement of working environment and work to become 

conducive to safety and health and (iii) development of 

work organizations and working cultures in a direction 

which supports health and safety at work and in doing so 

also promotes a positive social climate and smooth 

operation and may enhance productivity of the 

undertakings. The concept of working culture is intended 

in this context to mean a reflection of the essential value 

systems adopted by the undertaking concerned. Such a 

culture is reflected in practice in the managerial systems, 

personnel policy, principles for participation, training 

policies and quality management of the undertaking.") 

Joj;fohGo :Jff:Yosf] p2]Zo h'g;'s} Joj;fodf sfo{/t 

sd{rf/L/dhb'/ pRr:t/sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs 

:Jff:Yosf] k|j4{g tyf ;+j4{g ug] { x'g'k5{ . dhb'/x?n] sfd ug] 

ynf] 5f]8]/ hfFbf sfd ug] { ynf]sf] sf/0f :jf:Yodf kg] { c;/sf] 

/f]syfd x'g'k5{ . sfdsf] bf}/fg sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:Yodf k'Ug 

;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/af6 arfj6 ug' {k5{ . Joj;fo ;'xfpFbf] 

jftfj/0fdf leHg ;Sg] u/L sd{rf/Lsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s 

Ifdtfcg';f/ ltgLx?sf] b/aGbL Pj+ :yfgfGt/0f ul/lbg'kb{5 . 

;f/f+zdf eGg'kbf{ dfgj ;'xfpFbf] sfd jf sfdsf] 

k|j[lQcg';f/sf] sd{rf/L 5gf]6 x'g'k5{ . Joj;fohGo :jf:Yodf 

Wofg lbg'kgf{sf] d'Vo tLg j6f p2]Zox? 5g\ M 


!= sd{rf/Lsf] :jf:Yo / sfo{Ifdtfsf] k|j4{g ug] {, 

@= sd{rf/Lsf] :jf:Yo Pj+ ;'/Iff k'Ug] vfnsf] sfd jf sfd 

ug] { jftfj/0f tof/ ug] { / 

#= sfd ubf{ :Jff:Yo / ;'/Iffdf 6]jf k'Ug] lx;fan] sfd ug] 

;+:yf jf ;+:sf/ x'g'k5{ . 

o;n] ubf{ ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs jftfj/0fsf] k|j4{g x'g 

uO{ ;+:yf lglj{3\g ;~rfng x'g ;S5 / Joj:yfkgsf] pTkfbgzLntf 

klg a9\g hfG5 . oxfF sfd ug] { ;+:sf/ eGgfn] Jofj;foL jf 

dflnsn] sd{rf/Lsf] clt cfjZos d"No–dfGotfnfO{ k|ltljlDat 

x'g] jf sb/ x'g] lx;fan] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 

cj:yf xf] . Jofjxfl/s ?kdf pQm s'/f Joj:yfksLo tf}/tl/sf 

JolQmut gLlt, ;xeflutf, l;4fGtx?, tflnd gLlt, Joj;fosf] 

u'0f:t/Lo Joj:yfkgdf k|ltljlDat x'G5 . 

;g\ !(&* sf] cNdcf6f 3f]if0ffkqn] ;a}sf] nflu :Jff:Yo 

eGg] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 ;f] 3f]if0ffkqdf -$_ ;+u7gx?n] k];fut 

:jf:Yo ;]jf / ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg'kg] { s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo 

sfof{no jf sf/vfgfdf sfd ug] {x?df ljleGg sf/0fn] 

zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;d:of /x]sf x'G5g\ . 

dfgl;s :jf:Yo 

hflu/sf] c;'/Iff, sd tna, j[lQ ljsf;sf] cefj, 

cfjZostfcg'?ksf] ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd ug{ gkfpg', e]befjsf] 

;fdgf ug' {, bafadf sfd ug' {kg] { afWotf cflb sfdbf/x?df 

b]lvg] tgfjsf k|d'v sf/0f x'g\ . t/ hflu/sf] /fd|f] ;'/Iff / 

/fd|f] Hofnf kfPsf sfdbf/x? klg c? ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ 

tgfjdf k/]sf x'G5g\ . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf klg Joj;fohGo ljleGg zf/Ll/s / 

dfgl;s :jf:Yo hf]lvdx? g/x]sf xf]Ogg\ . a9L tna k|fKt ug] 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx?df g]kfn 6]lnsd klg k5{ / 

k];fut c;'/Iffsf sf/0fn] klg s'g} tgfj lng'kg] { l:ylt 5}g . 

t/ sfo{ ljefhg, sfo{ ;+of]hg, sfo{ d"Nof+sgh:tf s'/fdf 

;Gt'ng x'g g;s]sf sf/0f sd{rf/Lx? tgfjdf k/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

s;}nfO{ sfo{af]em a9L eP/ tgfjdf k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] s;}df 

sfo{af]em Go"g b]lvG5 . s;}df s'g} sfo{af]em g} geP tfklg 

d"Nof+sg ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df ePsf sf/0f klg sfo{af]em a9L 

x'g]x? tgfjdf kg] { u5{g\ . Joj:yfksLo txdf x]g] { xf] eg] 

ljleGg zlQms]Gb|x?af6 x'g] x:tIf]k / bafa tgfjsf] d'Vo 

sf/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . k/Dk/fut Joj:yfksLo z}nL, dgf]kf]nL 

k|j[lQsf] sfo{z}nL, sfg'gL c8\rg, c:j:y k|lt:kwf{nufotsf 

sf/0f nlIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g g;Sg'h:tf sf/0fn] pgLx? 

&)

} 

{ 


tgfjdf k/]sf b]lvG5g\ . o; lsl;dsf] tgfj ;fdfGotof tNnf] 

tx;Dd k'u]sf] x'G5 . 

o; lsl;dsf] jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ ubf{ tgfjsf] cj:yf w]/} 

xb;Dd lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . b]zsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] 

k|efj g]kfn 6]lnsdh:tf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?df klg :jefjtM 

k/]sfn] b]zsf] ;+qmd0fsfnsf] ;dflKt, b08xLgtfsf] cGTon] 

l:y/tfdf ;'wf/ x'g ;S5 . o;sf ;fy} b08–k'/:sf/sf] plrt 

Joj:yf, JolQmsf] Ifdtf / sfdsf] cfwf/df Hofnf tyf j[lQ 

ljsf;sf cj;/, u'0f–bf]ifsf] d"Nof+sg cflb s'/fn] klg tgfj 

Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm of]u, Wofg cflbaf6 

klg tgfj Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

tflnd s]Gb|df o; lsl;dsf] sfo{qmd slxn]sfxLF ;~rfng ug] 

u/]sf] eP klg of] kof{Kt 5}g . o; lsl;dsf sfo{qmddf klg 

;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ckgfpg g;s]df cj;/ gkfpg]x?df yk 

tgfj l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . 

zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;Gbe{df zf/Ll/s :jf:Yosf] hf]lvdsf] 

s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] lkmN8df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx? a9L hf]lvddf 

/x]sf x'G5g\ . b'u{d tyf lxdfnL If]qx?df pks/0fx? h8fg 

ubf{ jf dd{t ug{ hfFbf b'3{6gfsf hf]lvdx? ;w} F /x]sf x'G5g\ . 

n]s nfUg], lxpFn] vfg]nufot ;8s b'3{6gfx? klg /x]sf 

x'G5g\ . s'g} klg If]qdf pks/0f h8fg tyf dd{tsf qmddf 

cUnf] :yfgaf6 v:g], s/]G6 nfUg], ;jf/L b'3{6gfdf kg]{h:tf 

uDeL/ lsl;dsf b'3{6gfsf vt/fx? ;w} F /x]sf x'G5g\ . obfsbf 

x'g] oL 7"nf lsl;dsf b'3{6gfx? x'g\ . o; lsl;dsf b'3{6gfn] 

z/L/ c+ue+u x'g]b]lv lnP/ dflg;sf] d[To';d]t x'g] x'G5 . o; 

lsl;dsf b'3{6gfx?nO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljleGg ;'/Iffsf pkfox? 

ckgfpg ;lsG5 . 

o;sf cnjf b}lgs sfd ubf{ klg :Jff:Yo;DaGwL cg]sf+ 

hf]lvdx? /x]sf x'G5g\ . pks/0fsf glhs a;]/ sfd ug] {x?df 

On]S6«f]DofUg]l6s (Electromagnetic) k|efj, clK6sn kmfOa/ 

(Optical fiber) af6 kg{ ;Sg] c;/, nfdf] ;do sDKo'6/sf] 

k|of]u ubf{ x'g ;Sg] cg]sf+ } c;/x? 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} sfo{:ynsf] 

hLjgz}nL / vfgkfgn] klg sfdbf/x?sf] :jf:Yodf uDeL/ 

c;/ kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . 

b'3{6gfx?af6 kg{ ;Sg] c;/ ckem{6 / uDeL/ vfnsf] x'g] 

eP tfklg ;+VofTds lx;fan] of] lgs} sd x'G5 . o:tf 7"nf 

b'3{6gfdf kbf{ sDkgLaf6 ladfdfkm{t Joj:yfkg klg ug] { ul/Psf] 

x'G5 . cfdsd{rf/Lx?df b]lvg] d'Vo ;d:of eg]sf] :j:y 


hLjgz}nL / z/L/ cg's"nsf] :j:y sfo{:ynsf] cefj x'g' g} xf] . 

h;n] ubf{ sd{rf/L ;]jfdf /xFbf klg p;sf] pTkfbsTjdf 7"nf] 

c;/ kl//x]sf] x'G5 eg] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x' Fbf klg :j:y / 

pT;fxL x'g]eGbf a9L /f]uL / hL0f{ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . 

sDkgLdf sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u x/]s jif{ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . 

sDKo'/df gofF–gofF ;k\m6jo/sf] k|of]uaf/]df sd{rf/Lx? 

cBfjlws x' Fb} uP klg :jf:Yo–d}qL k|of]usf af/]df eg] hfgsf/ 

ePsf] kfOFb}g . o;n] ubf{ w]/} sd{rf/Lx?df cfFvf, 9f8, sDd/ 

b'Vg] 3fF6Lsf] xf8 lvOg] ;d:of ePsf] b]lvG5 . JolQmsf] 

prfOcg';f/ 6]ansf] prfO x'g' :jf:Yo–d}qL x'g] eP tfklg #) 

OGrsf] 6]annfO{ :6fG88{ dfg]/ ;dfg?kdf k|of]u ug] { ul/Psf] 

5 . o;n] zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf uDeL/ c;/ kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . 

To:t} sDkgLsf lglZrt sf]7fx? dfq aftfg's"lnt x'g] x' Fbf aftfg's"n 

ePsf / gePsf sf]7fx?df cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//xg'kg] { sd{rf/Lx?n] 

klg s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug' {kl//x]sf] 

x'G5 . o;sf nflu sDtLdf s]Gb|Lo tyf If]qLo :t/sf sfof{nox?sf 

;Dk"0f{ sf]7fx? s]Gb|Lo lxl6ª tyf s'lnª l;:6ddf cfa4 ug{ 

cfjZos 5 . o;n] :Jff:Yo dfq /fd|f] /fVg] xf]Og, sd{rf/Lsf] 

pTkfbsTj / sfof{nosf] :t/Lotf klg j[l4 u5{ . 

sDkgLsf clwsf+z SoflG6gdf tof/ ul/g] vfhfx? :jf:Yo– 

d}qLeGbf lha|f]–d}qL ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;/;kmfOsf b[li6n] eGg] xf] 

eg] SoflG6gsf] efG;f / ToxfF sfd ug] { sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;/;kmfO 

bogLo b]lvG5 . sDkgLsf] tflnd s]Gb|afx]s cGoqsf SoflG6g 

ePsf :yfg tyf sf]7fx? k|foM cGo sfddf k|of]u ug{ gldNg] 

lsl;dsf dfq 5g\, h'g :jf:Yosf b[li6n] /fd|f] xf]Og . sDkgLdf 

;ft 306f;Dd sfd ug] { sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtf a9fpg] lsl;dsf] 

lbjfef]hgsf] Joj:yfkg / 5gf]6sf] cefj b]lvG5 . dflg;nfO{ 

b}lgs ?kdf sfaf] {xfO8« ]8, k|f]l6g, lrNnf], vlgh, le6fldgsf] 

cfjZostf kg] { eP tfklg sfaf] {xfO8« ]8, lrNnf], k|f]l6g / g"gsf] 

dfqf a9L ePsf vfBj:t'x? a9L / le6fldg–vlgh ePsf 

kmnkm"n Pjd\ xl/of t/sf/Lsf] dfqf cGToGt} Go"g ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . cfjZostfeGbf a9L sfaf] {xfO8« ]8, lrNnf], k|f]l6g / 

g"gsf] k|of]un] sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx?df df]6f]kg, /Qmrfk, 

8folal6h, sf]n]:6«f]n a9\g], o'l/s Pl;8 a9\g], d'6' / g;f;DaGwL 

/f]u x'g] vt/f j[l4 ub} { nu]sf] 5 eg] le6fldg / ldg/n a9L x'g] 

kmnkm"n / xl/of t/sf/Lsf] Go"g pkef]un] /f]u–k|lt/f]wfTds 

Ifdtf eg] sdhf]/ x'g] hf]lvd al9/x]sf] x'G5 . w]/} sd{rf/Lx?n] 

rfprfp / lrofn] lbg u'hf/]sf b]lvG5g\ . o:tf vfBj:t'n] 

s]xL If0f zlQm lbPsf] cg'ej u/fP klg bL3{sfndf s'kf]if0f 

&!

{ 

| 


x'g], clhgf]df]6f]n] dGb a'l4 ug] { / lrgLsf] a9L dfqfn] 8folal6hsf] 

vt/f a9fpg] x'G5 . sDkgLdf clwsf+z?kdf ldg/n jf6/sf] 

k|of]un] w]/}n] :j:y kfgL lkPsf] dx;'; u5{g\ t/ kfgL /flvg] 

hf/x? ;kmf / :j:y /x]sf 5g\ eGg] l:ylt /x]sf] 5}g . g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf sd{rf/Lx? b}lgs ?kdf ;Gt'lnt vfhfdf vr{ ug{ 

g;Sg] 5}gg\ . t/ sDkgLn] vfhfsf nflu lbg] b}lgs eQf klg 

;Gt'lnt vfhfsf nflu vr{ ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . of] cfly{s 

eGbf klg Joj:yfksLo / r]tgfsf] ;d:of xf] . hLjgdf sfd 

u/]/ sdfpg] t xf], t/ s]sf nflu < gDa/ jfg cfly{s ;d[l4n] 

dfq x' Fb}g, zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s :j:ytf / ;d[l4sf] klg cfjZostf 

k5{ . o;sf nflu sDkgLn] g} ;a} s'/f ug' {k5{ eg]/ dfq klg x' Fb}g 

. JolQm cfkm} + klg ;r]t / hfu?s x'g h?/L x'G5 . sDkgLsf x/]s 

SoflG6g :jf:Yo–d}qL x'g h?/L 5 . dflg;sf] z/L/nfO{ b}lgs 

cfjZos kg] { sfaf] {xfO8« ]8, k|f]l6g, lrNnf], vlgh, le6fldgh:tf 

tTjx? ;Gt'lnt ?kdf k|fKt x'g] vfBj:t'x? SoflG6gdf pknAw 

x'g'k5{ . SoflG6gsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ d"No;"rL dfq x]g] { ul/G5 t/ 

;Gt'lnt ef]hg / ;/;kmfOnfO{ klg Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 . 

sd{rf/Lx?n] :j:ytfsf nflu sDkgLn] pknAw u/fPsf] 

;'ljwfsf] ;b'kof]u klg ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . sDkgLn] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

cf}iflw pkrf/sf nflu s]xL /sd ;l~rt ug{ gful/s nufgL 

sf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbG5 eg] s]xL /sd gub} e'QmfgL lbG5 . ;fy} 

la/fdL eO{ c:ktfn egf{ ePdf tLg xhf/dflysf] /sddf ladf 

bfaL u/L zf]wegf{ lng ;lsG5 . t/ clwsf+z sd{rf/Lxn] 

la/fdL ePkl5 pkrf/sf nflu dfq vr{ ug] { u/]sf] kfOG5 . /f]u 

gnfuLsg :jf:Yo k/LIf0f ug{df k|foM vr{ ul/Fb}g . /f]uaf6 

aRg] lsl;dsf] vfgkfg tyf hLjgz}nL ckgfpg] / jif{sf] 

sDtLdf Ps k6s :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg] xf] eg] eljiodf 

cgk]lIft uDeL/ lsl;dsf /f]u nfUg] / pkrf/sf nflu 7"nf] 

/sd vr{ ug' {kg{ ] cj:yfaf6 aRg ;lsG5 . 


x/]s jif{ ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fPsf] 

k|df0fsf cfwf/df dfq lglZrt cf}iflw pkrf/ /sd e'QmfgL 

ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] sd{rf/Lx? cgk]lIft bL3{/f]uaf6 u|l;t x'g] 

;d:of sd x'g ;S5 . o;n] sd{rf/L :j:y x'g] dfq xf]Og, 

sDkgLsf] pTkfbsTjdf klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;S5 . 

pkrf/ ubf{ klg c:ktfn egf{ eO{ vr{ ePsf] tLg xhf/dflysf] 

/sd dfq e'QmfgL lbg] k/Dk/fn] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fwf/0f cj:yfdf 

g} pkrf/ ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub}{g . o;n] bL3{/f]udf 

pkrf/ ug]{ jf lst]{ sfuh agfpgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u5{ . ladf 

eg]sf] sd{rf/L tyf sDkgLn] hDdf u/]sf] /sd g} cfjZos 

kbf{ zf]wegf{ kfpg] /sd xf] . To;sf/0f Go"gtd /sdsf] 

pkrf/df klg ladfaf6 e'QmfgL x'g] Joj:yf cfjZos 5 . 

:jf:Yo;DaGwL e'QmfgLx? sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:Yo 

pkrf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ lsl;dsf] g} x'g'k5{ . 

oL t :jf:Yo cj:yf ;fdfGo /fVg] s'/f x'g\ . :j:y 

sfo{:yndf sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:Yo k|j4{g ug] { cj:yfx? klg x'g 

h?/L 5 . h;n] ubf{ sd{rf/Lx?df ;wF } sfd ug] { hfFu/, pT;fx 

/ k| ]/0ff cfO/xf];\ . o;sf nflu sDkgL, sd{rf/L o'lgogx? / 

d'VotM :jo+ sd{rf/Lx?n] g} e"ldsf lgjf{x ug' {kg] { x'G5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsddf …Joj;fohGo :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff OsfOÚ :yfkgf eO;s]sf] 

/ ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf w"dkfg ug{ sfg'gtM lgif]w ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf w"dkfg lgif]lwt If]qsf] af]8{ em'lG8O;Sg'kg] {df 

Tof] eO;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . o;sf ;fy} sDkgLsf] ljBdfg ;fwg– 

;|f]taf6 g} :j:y / ;'/lIft sfo{:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu c? y'k} 

sfo{x? ug{ ;lsG5 / z'?cft ;fgf]af6} x'g ;S5 . 

alnof] u|fxs cfwf/, ;'b[9 cfly{s cj:yf, u|fxs ;Gt'li6 

cflb;Fu} :j:y / :t/Lo sfo{:yn, :j:y / hfFul/nf sd{rf/Lh:tf 

s'/fx? klg gDa/ jfg sDkgLsf kl/rfos aGg ;Sg'k5{ . 

"When you don't get what you want ,you suffer.If you get 

it,you suffer too since you can't hold on it forever." 

Peaceful Warrior,on the fallacy of attachment 

&@



Point to Ponder: Competition and Fear-of-Predation 

Background 

In the last decade, when I was a student of Data 

Mining 1 , I had spent much of my time on a software 

"workbench" developed by the Machine Learning Group 

of the University of Waikato, New Zealand. This 

software was named "Waikato Environment for 

Knowledge Analysis" or in short - WEKA 2 . In Data 

Mining, analyzing huge volumes of data (usually, 

operational data) from different perspectives and 

attempting to find some useful information may sometimes 

yield no useful results, and as such Data Mining requires 

huge patience and inquisitiveness. 

Very interestingly, there is a species of an endangered 

flightless bird that is said to be inquisitive 3 in nature and 

has the name "Weka". Like a professional Data Miner, 

the bird is said to be attracted to shiny objects and take 

the objects to the nearest cover to investigate them! 

The inkling for the topic of this article comes from 

the above mentioned details about the inquisitiveness of 

the bird Weka and its evolution to flightlessness! And, 

by attempting to introduce the fauna of New Zealand, 

this article is a mere attempt to positively sensitize the 

readers to the "Beauty of Competition" and "Impact of 

No-Fear-of-Predation" as an analogy of the natural 

environment to business environment. Conversely, the 

article is expected to encourage the readers to visualize 

importance of "Fear-of-Predation" in the competitive 

environment. 

Beauty of Competition: Survival of the Fittest 

Competition is found in every human activity, such 

as sports, education, business, and politics. Every moment 

and for every activity, people compete against each other 

to achieve their desired goals, fame, knowledge, wealth, 

superiority, etc. 

In the case of individuals, competitive nature 

strengthens their bodily structures and intellect thereby 

making them more fit for survival. That is, in the process 

of competition, individuals interact between the 

Rajesh Joshi 

Deputy Manager 

NEPAL TELECOM 

competitors leading to increase of their fitness for 

survival. 

As mentioned in [5], the British philosopher Herbert 

Spencer based his concept of social evolution 4 on 

individual competition, and believed that competition was 

"the law of life" and resulted in the "survival of the 

fittest 5 ." 

Impact of No-Fear-of-Predation: Fauna of New 

Zealand 

As mentioned in [1], New Zealand drifted away 

from the massive supercontinent of Gondwanaland into 

the South Pacific some 80-100 million years ago, and 

since then, a unique flora and fauna has evolved, with a 

large number of beautiful native birds and plants, as well 

as direct descendants of prehistoric wildlife, including 

giant snail. More interestingly, as mentioned in [2], the 

animals of New Zealand have a particularly interesting 

history before the arrival of humans (i.e. less than 900 

years ago) as the country was completely free of 

mammals, except those that could swim there (seals, 

sea lions, and, off-shore whales) or fly there (bats). 

In the absence of natural predators in New Zealand, 

the birds had no innate requirement to fly away to save 

their lives, and as such they lost their skill to fly and 

ultimately several of New Zealand's native birds became 

flightless! Like the national bird of New Zealand - "Kiwi" 

1 Data Mining : The analysis usually results into categorization and finding patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases. 

The outcomes are then used to automatically make predictions or to help people make decisions faster and more accurately. 

2 WEKA : http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/ 

3 Inquisitive: excessively curious 

4 Social Evolution: popularly known as "Social Darwinism" 

5 Survival of the Fittest: As mentioned in Reference[5], British philosopher Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" in 

1852, that is seven years before Charles Darwin published " Origin of Species". 

&#



- the bird "Weka" is flightless. And, strange to relate, the 

bats that fly at night and hang upside down on tall trees 

throughout the day in rest of the world spend most of 

their time on the ground – in New Zealand!! 

Consequences of introducing competitors: 

Predators in New Zealand 

As mentioned in [1, 2 & 3], the Maori people first 

arrived New Zealand via the Pacific islands, bringing 

with them the Polynesian Rat and the domesticated dog. 

Europeans later brought pigs, ferrets 6 , stoats 7 , mice, rats, 

cats, sheep, cattle, and many other mammals. Both the 

Maori and Europeans hunted birds; and the predators 

they brought with them had all seriously impacted the 

original fauna, driving many species to extinction. 

Possums 8 were introduced from Australia for a fur 

industry and deer from Europe as game animals. 

The introduction of foreign animals had introduced 

competition for space and food of the original fauna that 

had lost their skill and capability to protect themselves 

from the predators for tens of thousands of years. A 

number of birds that are flightless became extinct; and 

many of the remaining birds have become endangered. 

As mentioned in [4], predation by ferrets, cats and 

dogs are a threat to adult Weka; stoats and ferrets are a 

threat to chicks; stoats and rats are a threat to eggs. 

Moreover, the "Weka" had to compete with other 

mammals like sheep, cattle, deer, pigs for native fruits 

and invertebrates that Weka feeds on. 

Correctional Steps: Attempts to protect native 

fauna in New Zealand 

The un-natural introduction of predators in the native 

land of the flightless, land-dwelling unique bird species 

had resulted into extinction and endangering of the fauna 

that the evolutionary process had so well preserved in 

isolated islands of New Zealand. 

As mentioned in [4], in recent years, successful 

efforts have been made to remove possums, rats, 

ferrets, and other mammals from many offshore islands 

in an effort to return these places to something more 

closely resembling their original state. 

Analogy to Business World: Competition versus 

Predation 

From the business perspective, businesses compete 

with each other to win customers, and in doing so they 

6 Ferret : tamed cat used to catch rabbits or rats, etc. 

7 Stoat : small mammal of weasel family, with brown fur that turns 

white in winter 

8 Possum :small animal like a Kangaroo 

endeavor to produce higher quality products, provide 

better services, and all these at a lower price than that 

of the other competitors. Competition is central to the 

operation of markets; and competition fosters innovation, 

productivity and growth, all of which create wealth and 

reduce poverty. At par with how competition strengthens 

individuals, competition also strengthens internal 

structures and processes in businesses making them 

more fit for survival. 

As mentioned in [6], predation is intended to drive 

rivals from the market, and that predatory tactics include 

low prices, expanded output, aggressive advertising, rapid 

technological innovation, redesigns of existing products 

to make them incompatible with rivals' products, or 

monopolizing access to essential resources. 

When competition goes intense, a firm that cuts its 

prices or substantially reduces its profit margin may 

advocate that it is competing fairly. But, this may look 

like a predatory pricing behavior. So, the difficulty, of 

course, is distinguishing highly competitive pricing from 

predatory pricing. Indeed, there is a difficulty to 

distinguish such practices from predatory behavior as 

consumers generally benefit from the low prices at least 

for short term. However, as mentioned in article [6], the 

firms may use predation to expand market shares while 

lowering expected rates of profit to other incumbents or 

potential rivals; and after rivals exit, the predator firm 

presumably will raise prices to levels consistent with its 

market power. 

Analogy to Business World: Significance of Level 

Playing Field 

In the process of encouraging or facilitating 

competition, the businesses may indirectly act to meet 

their vested interests by taking benefit of weak regulatory 

mechanisms and inappropriate policies; and, they may 

even block necessary reform initiatives. There may be 

intentions of seemingly supporting rules and regulations 

in such a way that one competitor falls in the trap 

designed by the other competitor’s predatory moves. 

As mentioned in [7], perfect competition (in 

economic theory), describes markets such that no 

participants are large enough to have the market power 

to set the price of a homogeneous product; and as such 

a perfectly competitive market exists when there are 

infinite consumers with the willingness and ability to buy 

the product at a certain price, and infinite producers that 

have the willingness and ability to supply the product at 

a certain price. 

&$



In such a theoretical situation of perfect competition, 

markets work fairly well much of the time. But, actual 

business environment is not always an ideal situation, 

and so effective competition requires appropriate 

government policies and legislation, effective competition 

and anti-competitive laws, alertness against predatory 

behavior, and above all a level-playing-field! Correctional 

steps, as and when required, must be initiated immediately 

at the highest priority!! 

Finally . . . . 

No-Competition is an interesting situation. On one 

hand, we can convince ourselves that life would be 

"much livable" if there were no-competition; nobody 

would be going to neither take stress nor expend energy 

to compete. I am sure life without competition would be 

sooooooo relaxing! On the other hand, when there is 

competition among individuals having comparable 

interest and capability, then as seen in the bodily 

structures of the native birds of Australia/New Zealand 

– including emu, ostrich, weka, they develop longer legs 

that are suitable for running and grasping their foods. 

And, as such, competition strengthens the more fit 

individual, and as such is interesting too! 

Similarly, Fear-of-Predation is equally important for 

maintaining ones identity. As found in the bodily 

structures of the native birds of New Zealand, absence 

of "Fear-of-Predation" shreds ones feathers and even 

wings to the extent that one loses skill to fly and even 

loses ones distinguishing characteristics! If I were a bird, 

and I could not fly like my flock, life would be tooooooo 

boring!! 

Competition is attractive, but may bring with it the 

possibility of predatory behavior when regulatory 

mechanism is weak. However, Competition and the 

Fear-of-Predation are both equally important to sharpen 

ones skill, polish ones talents, maintain ones distinguishing 

characteristics, and preserve ones identity! 

Let’s ponder where our organization would be - if 

there were "No-Competition" and "No-Fear-of- 

Predation"! Happy Pondering!! 

References: 

[1] http://www.acrossnz.com/nzInfo/fauna.php 

[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 

Fauna_of_New_Zealand 

[3] http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/nativeanimals/birds/land-birds/weka/threats/ 

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weka 

[5] http://www.twyman-whitney.com/~/ 

SocialDarwinismandAmericanLaissez- 

FaireCapitalism.pdf 

[6] http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/ 

Economicae/strategicbehavior.html 

[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 

Perfect_competition 

Time Management Guidelines 

1. Set Objectives: 

Make sure your objectives are: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-based 

2. Prioritize: 

Decide which of your tasks you should: Do, Delegate, Delay, Delete 

Eliminate the urgent: Address the tasks that have short-term consequences, Attach deadlines to tasks 

that have more long-term implications. 

3. Organize: 

Use a planner, software program, or PDA to keep track of your tasks and appointments. 

4. Learn when to say "NO": 

Realize that you can’t do everything. Avoid agreeing to do things you do not have time to complete. 

Make sure your commitments are consistent with your goals and objectives. 

5. Use your waiting time: 

Accomplish small tasks like reading correspondence or writing letters while you wait. 

Look at time you spend waiting as a "gift of time" rather than a "waste of time." 

6. Concentrate on one thing at a time: 

Put your energy into the task at hand. Tune out interruptions. Set aside time when you will not 

answer the phone or schedule visitors. Don’t waste time thinking about all of the other things that 

need to be done. 

&%



Change Management: Importance and Challenge 

A student of class 11 asked to the teacher about 

the change in fashion, taste and preferences of 

customers, what should do by the business 

enterprises in this situation? And the teacher 

answered, business enterprises should change their 

roles on production as according to customer's tastes 

and preferences and have to implement different 

marketing strategies targeting to the desired 

customers. Needs, desires and taste of any product 

do not remain same as yesterday and today, it 

gradually change day by day. So change is a 

continuous process. 

Obviously, we also agree change is continuous 

process and people should adopt the changes as 

according to time and context .Whenever change 

happens on an individual and deeply personal level 

and in such a case, resistance is the normal human 

reaction to change. The size and scope of the change 

itself impacts how it will be received. We can accept 

it as a universal truth. Large and complexly 

structured organization feels the necessity of change 

in their organizational structure and have had 

establishment of management as per requirement and 

also deploy the staffs for the effective function of 

change management. Change management takes 

care of the people side of change. So it helps to create 

new organization, design to new work processes or 

helps to implement new technologies if necessary 

by leaving the people behind. 

Change management - a ubiquitous term that 

has been taken on many meanings, depending on 

where it is used. Prosci's (Change Management 

Learning Center) define change management as, 

"Change Management is the process, tools and 

techniques to manage the people -side of change to 

achieve the required business outcomes." It is the 

systematic management of employee engagement 

of an organization and adoption also when the 

organization changes how work will be done. 

Ultimately, change management focuses on how to 

help employees to embrace, adopt and utilize a 

Ishwor chandra Rimal 

Senior Business Officer 

change in their day -to-day work. Stephen Covey, 

author of Seven Habits of Highly Effective People 

tells us, "People cannot live with change if there is 

not a changeless core inside them. The key to the 

ability to change is a changeless sense of who you 

are, what you are about and what you value". As we 

ponder our challenge, consider if we need a new 

mindset, a new skill or toolset, we may need to adjust 

our view by changing or viewing new way to acquire 

some new skills or tools to tackle the problems. It 

shows, we may need to find a new model to drive 

success .This can be an exciting proposition because 

we will most likely find new growth and 

development in the process and achieving the 

positive results as we desire. In this context, Barbara 

Sher adds as, "Change is not only likely, it's 

inevitable." Hence, change management is a 

structured approach to transitioning individuals, 

teams and organizations from a current state to a 

desired future state. Change management includes 

both individuals and organizational change 

management models and processes, which together 

are used to manage the people side of change. 

Organizational change management includes 

process and tools for managing the people side of 

change at an organizational level. Changes in an 

organization takes place for many reasons, it is 

sometime made in order to find new ways of 

executing and organizing work. It is also made to 

change the processes in which people are utilized. 

Changes in organization also occur, as the 

organization evolves in the course of its life cycles, 

&^



for example, Nepal Telecom after conversion from 

corporation into government company, Ministry of 

communication appointed Pentascope 

International(PSI) as consultant and it submitted a 

report in 2005 and as recommended by this report, 

Change Management Department came into 

existence and is working in different sectors as per 

the change management principles. 

As we know, change management is a modern 

concept which helps in monitoring, executing and 

managing the changes that takes place in an 

organization. Over viewing with human aspects in 

an organization, Hughes (2006) define change 

management, " The leadership and direction of the 

process of organizational transformation-especially 

with regard to human aspects and overcoming 

resistance to change". Hunghes focused on people 

and their behavior in response to change to achieve 

success. Thus, change management is a systematic 

approach to dealing with change, both from the 

prospective of an organization and on the individual 

level. For an organization, change management 

means defining and implementing change procedures 

and/or technologies in the competitive business 

environment to gain success or to earn profit from 

changing opportunities. 

Change management is not just communication 

or training. It is not just managing hardware or 

software versions. It is not just managing resistance, 

but it leads to an individual and organization up to 

thrive if we adopt the change more successfully. But 

Change is generally resisted by both individual & 

organization. However, the way of people feel about 

change; it determines their response. Response to 

change can be of; Defiance ( change is opposed), 

Compliance (change is accepted) and Alliance 

(change is supported). 

While visiting to more Telecom offices of Nepal 

Telecom by the team of Change management and 

had put the main issue and relevance of change 

management in our organization to those concerning 

people, the people of managerial level showed 

defiance response and rest were in compliance and 

alliance response. It shows change is inevitable in 

our organization. A quote of Terry Paulson (the 

author of Paulson on Change) will assist on above 

defiance response. Terry says, "It's easiest to ride a 

horse in the direction it is going." In other words, 

don't struggle against change: learn to use it to your 

advantage. 

Implementing changes in a corporation with 

thousands of people in a controlled manner is not 

easy. The difficult task often falls to the Chief of an 

Organization, whose skills and ability to introduce 

the changes in a controlled manner decides the 

regulated work of flow between departments. He can 

analyze, foresight and can do comparative study of 

competitor's business strategy. In addition to this he 

can also analyze the global market changes and 

foresee future changes in the market, thereby 

introducing changes in itself that helps to sustain the 

change management and its potentiality. He can 

diagnose the change needed, set its objectives, apply 

the strategy, measure the results and then re-adjust 

the consequences. To apply into practice, it is needed 

to take into account the scope of the organization, 

political and societal culture of the country, that of 

the organization, technical environment, overall 

competition, the state of mind of employees, etc. All 

these factors make it more or less difficult for him to 

apply change. Therefore, when we diagnose the 

change needed, we must choose carefully every 

future in order to be successful. For it, we need to 

choose revolutionary or evolutionary change by 

analyzing the change needed. 

References : 

- Articles and Research -Change Management 

Learning Center-Prosci 

- Covey Dr.Stephen R-The 7 Habits of Highly 

Effective People 

- Pentascope International(PSI) report 

(2005),Telecommunications Sector Reform 

Project "Nepal Telecom Commercialization and 

Restructuring ". 

- Term paper, "A comprehensive review of change 

management", Hughes (2006) 

- Paulson Dr Terry, author of the popular books 

Paulson on Change. 

&&


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k|ToIf nfex? xfl;n x'g] b]lvG5 . Cost Effective k4ltaf6 

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dfWodn] sDkgLn] v]/ uO/x]sf k"jf{wf/x? h:t}– Space, Tower, 

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Ncell Nepal Salettite , NSTPL, UTL, Smart aLr 

cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] Technology and Infrastructure 

Sharing Independent Neutral Public Company v8f 

ePdf To;sf] g]kfn Branch jf geP ;f] cg';f/ s]xL jf ;a} 

sf/f]af/ ug] { sDkgL;Fu sf/f]af/ ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgfx? 

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u/L cfPsf eP ;f] ;d]t klxrfg u/L jf Telecom 

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Network lj:tf/df ;d]t tTsfn pknAw Infrastructure 

sf] e/k'/ pkof]unfO{ cem hf]8 lbg' >]ois/ x'g] b]lvG5 . 

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o; sDkgLdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg] {, ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf nufgL 

k' FhL agfO{ ;~rfng nfut (Operating Costs) ;d]t Go"g 

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hgtfsf] dfof kfO{ 

;w} F rDsL /xf];\ . 

#= w]/} lyP ;+3;+:yf 

s:tf] ?ksf] eP 

x]bf{x]b} { knfog e} 

cfh stf uP < 

$= slxNo} klg 6'6\g'x'Gg 

Odfgbf/L xfd|f] 

6]lnsdsf] 5q5fof 

alg/xf];\ /fd|f] . 

%= 6]lnsdsf] ldqtfdf 

;w} F dfnf ufF;f} 

cfh dfq xfF:g] xf]Og 

ef]ln klg xfF;f} + . 

^= gf]s/L t 5f8\g} k5{ 

lrGtf lng'x'Gg 

a]Un} ?k wf/0f u/L 

cl3 ;g' {x'Gg . 

ljZjgfy 9' +u]n 

sf7df8f} + If]qLo lgb] {zgfno 

&= lgu/fgL / levf/Ldf 

lbg hfG5 h;sf] 

x[bodf slxNo} klg 

/fd|f] x'Gg p:sf] . 

*= st} xfdL j}/efj 

/fvL lxF8b} 5f} + ls 

eljiosf] af6f] 5]sL -5]Sg_ 

bf}8Fb} kf] 5f} + ls . 

(= k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd 

a]Un} xfd|f] lxDdt 

sd{rf/L ldqtfdf 

slxNo} gxf];\ b'O{dt . 

!)= 6]lnsdsf] dfofk|lt 

;a} o'lgogn] 

l9nf x'g nflu;Sof] 

a'em\g tL dg–dgn] . 

!!= o'uf} +o'u;Dd klg 

ltdL afFrL /xg" 

hgtfsf] ljZjf; lhtL 

;w} F xfF;L a:g' . 

*)

{ 

{ 



Jofj;flos ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj d"Nof+sg / b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL lnld6]8df o;sf] k|of]u 

(Leadership evaluation of Business organization & its use in NT) 

!= Jofj;flos ;+u7g -Business Organization_ M— 

;+u7gnfO{ tf]lsPsf p2]Zo k|flKt ug{sf nflu ;'b[9, ;an, 

e/kbf] { Pj+ ljZjfl;nf] ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;+u7gleqsf 

ljefux?÷zfvfx?÷sfof{nox? ;';+ul7t gePdf jfl~5t nIo 

xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g . ;+u7gsf] cy{ ;fwg, tl/sf / k|0ffnL;Fu 

hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . log} ;fwg, tl/sf / k|0ffnLn] ;+:yfsf ljleGg 

cË, zfvf / cGtu{t sfof{nox?nfO{ Ps;"qdf cfa4 ub} { cfk;L 

;fd~h:o :yflkt ub{5g\ . 

;+u7gsf cg]sg k|sf/x?dWo] Jofj;flos ;+u7gsf] rrf{ 

;j{q b]lvPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf ;+u7gx? cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug] 

p2]Zon] vf]lnPsf x'G5g\ . oL ;a}sf] p2]Zo gfkmf sdfpg' / 

Joj;fosf] ;+oGq lj:tf/ ug' { xf] . o:tf ;+:yfaf6 nfe k|fKt ug] 

JolQmx?df z]o/ xf]N8/ / nufgLstf{x? x'G5g\ . h:tf]– a} +sx?, 

Po/j]h sDkgL, b"/;~rf/ sDkgL, l;d]G6 pBf]ux?, xf]6n, 

6«fen Ph]G;L, oftfoft ;]jf, l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/;d]t pBf]u 

Joj;fo ug] { ;+:yf jf ;+u7gx? Jofj;flos ;+u7gsf] bfo/f - 

Business Organization_ leq kg] { b]lvG5 . 

d'n'ssf] /fh:j clej[l4 u/L /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{df o:tf 

;+u7gsf] dxTjk"0f{ el"dsf /x]sf] x'G5 . Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf] 

;kmntfljgf d'n'sn] cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g . cfly{s 

lqmofsnfknfO{ rnfodfg agfpg o:tf k|s[ltsf ;+u7gsf] 

;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/n] ;xhstf{sf] -Facilitator_ 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug' {kb{5 . /fHosf] gLlt–lgodnfO{ kfngf u/]/ 

d'n'snfO{ ;d[l4tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] d"n Wo]o Jofj;flos ;+u7gsf] 

x'g'kb{5 . 

@=Jofj;flos ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj - 

-Leadership of Business 

Organization_ M— 

Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tj hl6n / ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf] . 

;+u7gnfO{ gful/ssf] lxtd'vL sfo{tkm{ pGd'v u/L a9L gfkmf 

Psgf/fo0f cof{n 

;x–;lrj 

g]kfn ;/sf/ 

cfh{g ug' { o;sf] p2]Zo x'G5 . o:tf k|s[ltsf ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tjdf 

d"ntM b]xfosf Ifdtfx? x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 . 

• They take an interest in employees. 

• They keep moral high. 

• They awaken enthusiasm. 

• They use commands sparingly. 

• They request not demand. 

• They show respect to associates. 

• They show faith in their workers. 

• They encourage workers to speak up. 

• They handle grievances fairly. 

• They act fairly. 

• They express approval. 

#= g]t[Tj d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x? -Basis of leadership 

evaluation_ M— 

;+u7gsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt, pb]Zo / nIok|flKtsf nflu g]t[Tj 

d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x? to u/L nfu" u/]df Joj:yfkgnfO{ d"Nof+sg 

ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 . d"ntM ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj d"Nof+sgsf Jofjxfl/s 

cfwf/x? b]xfoadf]lhd x'g ;S5g\ . 

‣ g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] k|ult 

‣ gLlt ljZn]if0f Ifdtf 

*!


‣ sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ g]t[Tj lng ;Sg] Ifdtf 

‣ lg0f{o ug] { Ifdtf 

‣ ;]jfu|fxL ju{sf] ;Gt'li6 

‣ a]?h' km5\of] {6sf] k|ult 

‣ ;fd"lxs sfo{ k|0ffnL 

‣ k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf 

‣ cGtj} {olQms ;DaGw 

‣ sfo{/t lgsfodf u/]sf] /rgfTds jf l;h{gfTds 

;'wf/ 

‣ cfly{s ;"rsf+sdf b]lvPsf] ;'wf/ g]t[Tj 

d"NofÍg;DaGwdf ;Da4 ;+u7gsf] sd{rf/L k|zf;g 

lgodfjnL]df ;dfj]z ug' {kg] { Joj:yfx? lgDgadf]lhd 

x'g ;S5g\ . 

-s_ g]t[Tj d"NofÍg ubf{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/L sfo{/t lgsfosf 

sd{rf/Laf6 uf]Ko?kdf sfdk|ltsf] Jojxf/ / 

cfr/0f;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ ;Sg] . 

-v_ d"NofÍsgsf cfwf/cg';f/ d"NofÍg ubf{ ;DalGwt 

sd{rf/Lsf] :t/ :ki6 pNn]v ug] { . 

-u_ g]t[Tj d"NofÍgsf cGo cfwf/ tyf sfo{ljlw tf]lsPsf] 

;ldltn] to u/L lgwf{/0f ug] { . 

-3_ ;+:yfn] To:tf sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf, ;?jf / a9'jf 

ubf{ g]t[Tj d"NofÍgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kg] { x'g ;S5 . 

$= g]t[Tj d"NofÍgsf cfwf/ ltgsf] dfkgof]Uo k|of]u M— 

Jofj;flos ;+:yf xf];\ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} sfof{no, 

s'zn g]t[Tjljgf ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g . g]t[Tj 

ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf jf u'0f ;a}df x'g] ljifo klg xf]Og, 

cfhef]ln ;+:yfsf] Jofjxfl/s kIfnfO{ Vofn u/L cfGtl/s 

/ afx\o jftfj/0f a'em]/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] k|s[ltsf] ljj]sk"0f{ 

g]t[Tj -Rational leadership_ cfjZos 5 . xfd|f] 

;Gbe{df log} s'/fx?nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd 5f]6f] ljZn]if0f ug{ 

vf]lhPsf] 5 . 

$=!= 

=!= sd{rf/Ln] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] k|ult M— 

of] cfwf/nfO{ ef}lts / ljQLo u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg 

ug{ ;lsG5 . ;DalGwt lgsfosf] ljQLo k|ult olsg ug{ ;xh 

eP klg Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] { lgsfosf] 

ef}lts k|ult ls6fg ug{ sl7g x'g ;S5 . To;f] t w]/} sfo{qmd 


;~rfng ug] { ;+:yfsf] cf};t ef}lts k|ult lng g;lsg] klg 

xf]Og, t/ o;f] ubf{ ;fgf / ;xh vfn] sfo{qmdsf] ztk|ltzt 

jf w]/} k|ltzt k|ultn] ] ;du| cf};tnfO{ g} k|efljt agfpg] x'G5 . 

csf] { ljsNksf] ?kdf Weighted Average nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg 

;lsG5 . km]l/ sfo{qmdsf] Weightage jflif{s ah]6s} cfwf/df 

lgsflng] x' Fbf o;nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] ljQLo k|ultnfO{ 

cfwf/ glnFbf klg x'G5, vfnL weighted average sf] class 

interval tf]sL ;f]xL cg'?k cÍ k|bfg ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o;nfO{ 

&) k|ltzt k|ultnfO{ Go"gtd dfgL *) / () jf ;f] eGbf a9L 

jflif{s k|ultnfO{ cnu–cnu cÍ lbg 7Ls x'G5 . cÍ k|bfg ubf{ 

cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] k|ultnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] / s'g} sd{rf/L 

rfn" jif{b]lv dfq xfnsf] ;+:yfdf sfo{/t /x]sf] eP rfn" jif{sf] 

d"NofÍg x'g] cjlw;Ddsf] k|ultnfO{ cfwf/ lng ;lsG5 . 

$=@= gLlt ljZn]if0f Ifdtf M— 

gLlt ljZn]if0f;DaGwL Ifdtf w]/} ljifout s'/f ePsf]n] 

b}lgs ?kdf ;Dkfbg x'g] sfdaf6 o;sf] d"NofÍg c;xh x'g 

;S5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfsf] s'g} klg gLlt th' {df / ljZn]if0fdf 

;DalGwt sd{rf/L slt xb;Dd ;+nUg /x\of] jf /x]g, olsg ug{ 

klg ;lhnf] 5}g . To;}n] o:tf] Ifdtf klxrfg ug{ d"NofÍg s]Gb| 

-Assessment Centre_ sf] ;xf/f lng dgfl;a x'G5 . o:tf] 

d"NofÍg s]Gb| -Assessment Centre_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg af]8{, 

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg jf tf]lsPsf] 

d"NofÍsg ;ldlt g} klg x'g ;S5 . t/ yk ljZj;gLotfsf 

nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbg ;fGble{s x'G5 . 

o;df ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf] gLltut ;d:ofdf 

;dfwfg vf]hL u/L To;sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug] {5g\ . lnlvt ;dfwfg 

/ k|:t'tLs/0fsf nflu cnUu} cÍ ef/ /flvg]5 . gLltut ;d:ofnfO{ 

;}4flGts, g]kfnL kl/j]z, ;dfwfg / sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgfsf 

?kdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . 

$=#= sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ g]t[Tj lng ;Sg] Ifdtf M— 

;+:yfdf cfk"mnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ cfTdljZjf;sf 

;fy ;xof]uLx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{ 

;Sg] Ifdtf sd{rf/Ldf x'g'kg] { u'0fdf kb{5 . ljefu÷zfvfdf 

tf]lsPsf] sfo{nfO{ ldtJooL k"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;Dkfbg u/L 5f]6f] 

;dodf glthf xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ g]t[Tj d"NofÍgsf] 

cfwf/df lng ;lsG5 . 

*@



$=$= lg0f{o ug] 

{{{{{ Ifdtf M— 

;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s / afx\o jftfj/0fsf] ;xL ljZn]if0f 

u/L ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ cfwf/ lng ;lsG5 . 

cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 / 

kl/lwdf /xL ax';+VosnfO{ lxt x'g] ;+:yfsf] tf]lsPsf] nIo 

xfl;n ug]{tkm{ pGd'v lg0f{o lng ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ cfwf/ lng 

;lsG5 . 

$=%= ;fd"lxs sfo{ k|0ffnL M— 

;+:yfsf] p2]ZonfO{ kl/0ffdof]Uo agfpg Team Work 

cTofjZos 7flgG5 . ;fd"lxs sfo{ljgf nIo k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g 

. ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ldf cf–cfˆg} Ifdtf -Potentiality_ 

x'g ;S5, tL Ifdtfsf] ;fd"lxs k|of]u u/L pRrtd glthf 

xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ g]t[Tj dfkgsf] cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 

. ;fd"lxs sfo{ k|0ffnLljgf s'g} klg ;+:yfn] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf 

nIo k|flKt ug{ ;Sb}g . 

$=^= cGtj} 

{olQms ;DaGw M— 

s'g} klg sd{rf/Ldf cGtlg{lxt dfly plNnlvt ljifo;DaGwL 

Ifdtfsf] cfFsng w]/} xb;Dd p;sf cg'ofoLx? -Followers_ 

nfO{ af]w x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;;DaGwL d"NofÍg x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] 

dftxtsf JolQmaf6 o:tf] Ifdtfsf] hfFr x'g Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . 

o;cGtu{t rf/ hgf dftxt sd{rf/Laf6 uf]Ko?kdf cÍ lbg nufO{ 

cf};t cÍsf cfwf/df :t/ sfod ug] { / ;f] cfwf/df pRr txsf 

nflu ;+:yf k|d'vn] cÍ lbg] k|fjwfg /fVbf Jofjxfl/s x'g ;S5 . 

$=&= 

;]jfu|fxL ju{sf] ;Gt'li6 M— 

df}h'bf sfo{ k4ltsf cfwf/df ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6sf] 

dfkg u/L sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ljifo lgs} sl7g 5 . a? 

sd{rf/L sfo{/t ;+:yfk|lt ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6 d"NofÍg u/L 

;f]xL cfwf/df ;DalGwt JolQmsf] :t/ olsg ug{ ;lsg] x'g 

;S5 . o;df klg w]/} ;]jfu|fxLdWo] s;nfO{ 5fGg] eGg] s'/f 

hl6n 5 . o;sf] k|of]usf] nflu rf/–kfFr j6f;Dd ;/n / 

;+lIfKt k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t Randomly ;]jfu|fxL olsg u/L 

;+:yfk|ltsf] wf/0ff a'‰g ;lsG5 . 

$=*= a]?h' km5\of] 

{6sf] k|ult M— 

t'ngfTds?kdf of] cfwf/ j:t'ut 5 . ;+:yfaf6 jflif{s 

?kdf tf]s]sf] Go"gtd k|ltztnfO{ tNnf] cfwf/ dfgL ;aeGbf 

a9L cÍsf] j]?h' km5\of] {6;DdnfO{ tLg ju{df ljefhg u/L 

d"NofÍg ug{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . pRr tx jf cfk"m k|d'v ePsf] 

k|yd >]0fLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ ;+:yfsf] k|ult / ljefuLo 

k|d'vx?sf] xsdf pgLx?n] x]g] { sfo{qmd ;DalGwt km5\of] {6sf] 

k|ultnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . s'g} JolQm sfo{/t 

lgsfo jf sfo{qmddf a]?h' 5}g jf a]?h' km5\of] {6df o;sf] 

;xof]u / ;+nUgtf /xFb}g eg] lghsf] xsdf of] cfwf/ nfu" gx'g] 

/ o;sf nflu k|bfg ul/g] ef/ x6fO{ s'n k|fKtfÍnfO{ cg'kftdf 

u0fgf ug' { pko'Qm x'G5 . 

$=(= k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf M— 

k];fut ;+j]bgzLntfn] sd{rf/Lsf d"No–dfGotf 

/ cfr/0f;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5 . To;f] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ 

cfr/0f kfngf u/]÷gu/]sf] ljifo;Fu cfa4 ug{ ldNg] 

b]lvG5 . o;cGtu{t g]t[Tj d"NofÍg cjlwdf cfr/0fsf] 

pNn+3g / To;sf] k'g/fj[lQnfO{ cÍ k|bfgsf] cfwf/ 

dfGg ;lsG5 . t/ cfr/0fsf] pNn+3gsf] lnlvt clen]v 

/fVg] cEof; gePsf]n] o;nfO{ oyfy{k/s agfpg yk 

cEof; cfjZos 5 . 

$=!)= sfo{/t lgsfodf u/]sf] /rgfTds jf l;h{gfTds ;'wf/ M— 

;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] sfo{/t lgsfodf u/]sf] /rgfTds 

jf l;h{gfTds ;'wf/, To;af6 ePsf] pknlAw / ;Defljt 

k|ltkmn;d]tsf] vfsf d"NofÍg ;ldltdf k]; ug{ nufO{ 

hDdf ef/dWo] k|To]s /rgfTds jf l;h{gfTds ;'wf/sf 

nflu clwstd tLg j6f sfo{sf nflu cÍ k|bfg ug]{, 

o:tf] d"NofÍg ;DalGwt ;ldltn] g} ug]{ Joj:yf /fVg 

;lsG5 . 

$=!!=cfly{s ;"rsf+sdf b]lvPsf] ;'wf/ M— 

;+u7gn] kl/nlIft u/]sf] nIo k|flKt;Fu} cfDbfgL / 

vRf{sf] ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg h?/L 5 . ;+u7gnfO{ 

gfkmfd"ns agfpg u/]sf kxn / To;af6 ePsf] ;'wf/ 

o; k|s[ltsf] dfkgsf] cfwf/ x'g ;S5 . ldtJooLk"0f{ 

;fwg–;|f]tsf] pkof]u, ;+u7gn] cfly{s If]qdf xfl;n 

u/]sf] pknlAwnfO{ lglZrt ;do tflnsfdf ljZn]if0f ub}{ 

hfg'kb{5 . ljutsf] t'ngfdf b]lvPsf] k|ult ;"rsnfO{ 

d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 . 

%= d"NofÍgsf cfwf/ / cÍ ljefhg M— 

%=!= pRrtx M— 

*#



qm=;+= 

d"NofÍgsf cfwf/ 

! jflif{s k|ult -;du| ;+:yfsf]_ 

@ gLlt ljZn]if0f / k|:t'tLs/0f Ifdtf 

-Assessment Centre dfkm{t_ 

# sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ g]t[Tj lng ;Sg] 

Ifdtf -dftxtaf6 cf};tdf_ 

$ lg0f{o ug] { Ifdtf 

-dftxtaf6 cf};tdf_ 

% ;fd"lxs sfo{ k|0ffnL 


^ cGtj} {olQms ;DaGw 


& ;]jfu|fxL ju{sf] ;Gt'li6 

-tTsfn sfof{Gjogdf hfg c;lhnf]_ 

* a]?h' km5\of] {6sf] k|ult -;du| ;+:yfsf]_ 

( jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf b]lvPsf] a]?h' 

-;DalGwt k|d'vsf] sfo{sfn;Fu ;DalGwt_ 

!) k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf -cfrf/;+lxtfsf] 

kfngf / k'g/fj[lQ_ 

!! /rgfTds jf l;h{gfTds ;'wf/ 

!@ cfly{s ;"rsf+sdf b]lvPsf] ;'wf/ 

%=@= 

ljefuLo k|d'v÷sfof{no k|d'v M— 

qm=;+= 

d"NofÍgsf cfwf/ 

! jflif{s k|ult -;du| ;+:yfsf]_ 

@ gLlt ljZn]if0f / k|:t'tLs/0f Ifdtf 

-Assessment Centre dfkm{t_ 

# sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ g]t[Tj lng ;Sg] 

Ifdtf -dftxtaf6 cf};tdf_ 

$ lg0f{o ug] { Ifdtf -dftxtaf6 cf};tdf_ 

% ;fd"lxs sfo{ k|0ffnL 


^ cGtj} {olQms ;DaGw 


& ;]jfu|fxL ju{sf] ;Gt'li6 

-tTsfn sfof{Gjogdf hfg c;lhnf]_ 

* a]?h' km5\of] {6sf] k|ult -;du| ;+:yfsf]_ 

( jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf b]lvPsf] a]?h' 

-;DalGwt k|d'vsf] sfo{sfn;Fu ;DalGwt_ 

!) k];fut ;+j]bgzLntf 

-cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf / k'g/fj[lQ_ 

!! /rgfTds jf l;h{gfTds ;'wf/ 

hDdf cÍ ef/ 

hDdf cÍ ef/ 

!@ cfly{s ;"rsf+sdf b]lvPsf] ;'wf/ 

^= g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLdf g]t[Tj d"NofÍgsf] k|of]u M— 

Jofj;flos ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj d"NofÍgsf] rrf{ ubf{ 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL klg To;af6 c5'tf] /xg ;Sb}g . of] 

;+:yf ;]jfd"ns dfq geO{ Jofj;flos ;+u7g xf] . h;n] 

nfe–xflgsf] pRrtd ljZn]if0f ub{5 . g]kfn /fHoe/ o;sf] 

;+oGq lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 eg] sl/a ^% nfv o;sf] ;]jfu|fxL 

/x]sf] sDkgLsf] tYof+saf6 a'em\g ;lsG5 . k|fOe]6 sDkgL;Fu 

k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] gofF k|ljlw / 1fgsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L 

cfˆgf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;Gt'li6 k|bfg u/L gfkmf cfh{g ug{ 

;Sg' o;sf] d"n Wo]o xf] . o; kl/k|]Iodf o; ;+:yfsf] 

g]t[Tjdf plNnlvt u'0fx? x'g h?/L 5 . Good leaders 

inspire people to do their best eg]h:t} o; ;+:yfdf 

g]t[Tj d"NofÍgsf] k|of]uaf6 lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{ ;lhnf] 

x'g ;S5 . /fhgLlts km]/abn;Fu} ;+:yfdf x'g] kl/jt{g / 

To;n] ;+u7gsf] sfo{ jftfj/0fdf kfg{] k|efjn] b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL lnld6]8nufot b]zsf cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfn] df/ 

a]xf]/]sf]] oyfy{ 5 . sDkgLsf] 5ljnfO{ pRr kf/L 

;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljZjf; cfh{g ug{ Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/sf 

gofF cfofdsf] yfngL ug{' h?/L b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts 

x:tIf]ksf sf/0f lzlyn ePsf xfd|f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df 

g]t[Tj d"NofÍgsf cfwf/ to u/L ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lleq}af6 

pRr g]t[Tj to ePdf Jofj;flostfdf clej[l4 gxf]nf eGg 

;lsGg . hgtfsf] Jofks ljZjf; / d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;d[l4df 

pRrtd e"ldsf v]Ng ;kmn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf] g]t[Tj ljsf;sf 

k|To]s tx / r/0fdf oL d"NofÍgsf cfwf/x? lnlka4?kdf 

sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s] g]kfn 6]lnsdn]] cem a9L ;kmntf k|fKt 

ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] sd{rf/L 

;]jf ;t{;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf oL cfwf/x?sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g] 

vfnsf] Joj:yf ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 . 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M— 

• Leadership - Anthony D' SOUZA 1989 Haggal 

institute 

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 / k|yd >]0fLsf 

clws[tx?sf] g]t[Tj d"NofÍg;DaGwL Joj:yf, @)^% 

-;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno_ 

*$


cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ahf/ cy{tGqsf] nx/ cfpg'k"j{ 

;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] 

pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ug] { clek|fon] g]kfndf ;g\ ^) sf] bzsb]lv 

;/sf/L :jfldTjdf ;+:yfgx?sf] :yfkgf x'g yfn]sf] xf] . g]kfnL 

cy{tGqdf j}b]lzs k' FhL / k|ljlw leq\ofpg'sf] ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf] 

cj;/ j[l4 ug{df ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 

/x]sf] 5 . ljZj cy{tGqdf b]vf k/]sf] ljQLo ;+s6 / cfly{s 

dGbLsf] k|efj pln{Psf] a]nf;d]t g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] 

dxTj 36]sf] cj:yf 5}g . 

lj.;+= @)$^ sf] k|yd hgcfGbf]ngkZrft\ d'n'sdf cfPsf] 

/fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu} ;/sf/n] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0fsf] 

gLltnfO{ k|d'vtfsf ;fy cjnDag u¥of] . o;} gLltsf] kmn:j?k 

;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] bIftf j[l4 u/L pTkfbsTj a9fpg, ;/sf/nfO{ 

k/]sf] k|zf;lgs tyf ljQLo ef/ sd ug{ / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf 

j[l4 ug' {sf ;fy} k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;d]t 

p2]Zo /fvL lj.;+= @)%) b]lv ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx?sf] 

lghLs/0f, vf/]hL / lj36g k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] xf] . o;} qmddf 

;g\ @))* df ;flassf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ ;/sf/sf] 

k|ToIf lgoGq0f / ;~rfngaf6 d'Qm ug] { p2]Zosf ;fy sDkgL 

sfg'gcGtu{t sDkgLsf] ?kdf :yfkgf u/L lghLs/0f ul/Psf] 

xf] . xfn g]kfn 6]lnsdn] *.%# k|ltzt z]o/ dfq laqmL u/L 

afFsL z]o/ ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj / lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] g]kfn 

b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg u/L Jofj;flos l;4fGtsf] 

cfwf/df ;~rfng ug] { p2]Zon] sDkgL sfg'gcGtu{t o;nfO{ :jfoQ 

;+:yfsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . sDkgL sfg'gcGtu{t :yfkgf 

ul/P tfklg o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ z]o/ hg;fwf/0fdf hfg g;sL clxn] 

klg o;sf] 7"nf] z]o/sf] lx:;f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ks8df /x]sf] 5 . 

o;sf] gLlt lgdf{0f tx ;fwf/0f;ef tyf ;~rfns ;ldltdf g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf] vl/b k|lqmof cjnDag ubf{ 

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf ljlw k|lqmofx? k"/f u/]/ 

dfq vl/b ug' {kg] { cj:yf 5 . sDkgLn] u/]sf x/]s vfnsf Jofj;flos 

of]hgf;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ sfd–sf/afxLx?df cgfjZos l6sf–l6Kk0fL 

eO{ ljleGg lgsfox?df ph'/L Pj+ u'gf;fx? cfpg] u/]sf / h;sf] 

sf/0faf6 sDkgLn] /fd|f sfd;d]t ;xh?kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;Sg] 

jftfj/0f;d]t gePsf] cj:yf 5 . 

sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePsf] ;+:yfn] sDkgL sfg'gcGtu{t 

k"0f{?kdf :jfoQtf k|fKt u/L tbg'?k lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ 

g;Sbf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] xfn cGo lghL If]qdf :yflkt eO{ 

;~rfngdf /x]sf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yf;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ 


:jfoQtfsf] s;Ldf g]kfn 6]lnsd 

*% 

/fh]Gb| g]kfn 

pk;lrj -sfg'g_ 

ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno 

cK7]/f] kl//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . cGo lghL b"/;~rf/;DaGwL ;+:yfx? 

lghL:t/df sDkgL sfg'gcGtu{t :yflkt ePsf] x' Fbf ltgLx? 

sfo{df k"0f{ :jfoQ 5g\ . To:tf ;+:yfx?n] l5g\e/df g} s'g} klg 

ljifodf tTsfn lg0f{o lng ;S5g\ . vl/b k|lqmofdf s'g} hl6ntf 

5}g . s'g} sfd u/] jf gu/]afkt s'g} lgsfodf pkl:yt eO{ 

:ki6Ls/0f Pj+ aofg lbg'kg] { cj:yf /xFb}g . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

h:tf] /fHok|lt ;f]emf] akmfb/sf] ?kdf pleP/ lhDd]jf/L Pj+ 

pQ/bfloTj axg ug' {kb} {g . ;~rfns Pj+ sd{rf/Lx? k"0f{?kdf 

Jofj;flos d"No–dfGotfsf] cfwf/df kl/rflnt x'G5g\ . ;/sf/sf] 

tkm{af6 s'g} x:tIf]k x' Fb}g . sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf b08 / k'/:sf/sf] 

gLltnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy cjnDag ul/G5 . /fhgLlts x:tIf]k 

z"Gok|foM x'G5 / cGttf]uTjf cfˆgf Jofj;flos of]hgf, gLlt, 

/0fgLlt Pj+ sfo{gLltx?nfO{ of]hgfa4 9+uaf6 cufl8 a9fpg 

;xh} ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/ To;sf] ljk/Lt g]kfn 6]lnsdn] 

tbg'?k cfˆgf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . 

o;nfO{ ;/sf/n] sDkgLs/0f u/] klg cfkm"af6 k"0f{tof cnu 

ug{ ;s]g . of] ;+:yf g t ;/sf/L aGg ;Sof], g t sDkgLcGtu{t 

k"0f{ :jfoQtf g} kfpg ;Sof] . o;n] bf]xf]/f] rl/q af]Sof] . of] 

;/sf/ / lghL If]q b'j}sf] ;femf aGg k'Uof] . of] b'j}sf] x' Fbf 

s;}sf] klg aGg ;s]g . cGttf]uTjf of] ;+:yf ;/sf/L cfFugaf6 

k|:yfg t u¥of] t/ uGtJodf k'Ug ;s]g, h;sf] sf/0f o;sf] 

;~rfng, lgoGq0f / :jfldTj clxn] klg ;/sf/s} dftxtdf 

/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/Ln] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] 

cWoIftf ug{ ], ;~rfns ;ldltdf ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfosf 

k|ltlglwx?sf] afx'Notf /xg] / sDkgLsf] k|aGw ;~rfnssf] 

lgo'lQm g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug] { Joj:yf /x];Dd o;sf] :jfoQtfsf] 

s'g} cy{ /xFb}g . /fhgLlts g]t[Tj kl/jt{g x'gf;fy k|aGw 

;~rfnsx?sf] klg km]/abn eO/xg] u/]sf] ljutsf] cg'ejaf6 

klg o;sf] :jfoQtfdf ;/sf/sf] sfdsf/afxLaf6 slt c;/ kg{ 

uPsf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;fgf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

{ 


g]kfn 6]lnsd lghLs/0f eP klg o;leq lghL If]qsf] 

Joj:yfksLo Jojxf/ lelqg ;s]g . o;n] ;/sf/L h8;"qjfbnfO{ 

lrg{ ;s]g . of] nfnlkmtfzfxLdf cl8O/x\of] . o;n] ;/sf/L 

x}l;otdf /xFbfsf] cg'xf/nfO{ km]g{ ;s]g . hgtfdf k'¥ofpg'kg] 

;]jf–;'ljwfnfO{ yk ;xh, k|efjsf/L, ultzLn Pj+ ;do;fk]If 

agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . sfo{ut :jfoQtfsf] cefjdf o;n] 

k|lt:kwL{x?;Fu qmdzM xfg] { cj:yf 5 . o;nfO{ hLjGt Pj+ 

ultzLn ;+:yfsf] ?kdf hgtfsf] 3/–3/df Pj+ dg–dgdf k'¥ofpg 

;j{k|yd o;nfO{ cfˆgf] sfg'gL x}l;otcg'?k :jfoQ?kdf rNg] 

jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/g' 68\sf/f] cfjZostf 5 . 

dfly cleJoQm ljifox? sDkgLsf] oyfy{ w/ftndf pleP/ 

x]bf{ k|ltljlDat x'g] ljifo x'g\ . sDkgLs/0f eO;s]kZrft\ klg 

o;n] sltko If]qdf /fd|f pknlAwx? xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . yf]/} g} 

eP klg hg;fwf/0fdf z]o/ laqmL eO{ hgtfx?n] sDkgLsf] 

gLlt lgdf{0f txdf ;xefuL x'g] df}sf kfPsf 5g\ . lghL If]q;Fu 

k|lt:kwf{ ug] { ;Lk–sf}zndf qmdzM j[l4 x' Fb} uPsf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{sf] 

efjgfn] k|:km'6g x'g] df}sf kfPsf] 5 . clxn] klg pNn]Vo?kdf 

gfkmfdf rln/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . kfP;Dd hgtfsf] klxnf] /f]hfO 

g} o;n] k|bfg ug] { ;]jf /x]sf] 5 . 

t;y{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] :jfoQtfnfO{ sfg'gL b:tfa]hdf dfq 

;Lldt g/fvL Jofjxfl/s ?kd} o;nfO{ :jfoQtf k|bfg ul/g' cfjZos 

5 . o;sf nflu lgDg pkfox? cjnDag ul/g' plrt b]lvG5 . 

!. k"0f{?kdf sDkgLs/0f ug] { M g]kfn 6]lnsd sDkgL 

sfg'gcGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf] x' Fbf o;sf ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? 

sDkgL P]g, @)^# tyf sDkgLsf k|aGwkq tyf lgodfjnL 

x'g'kb{5 . sDkgLn] cfˆgf sfd–sf/afxL ;~rfng ubf{ ltg} 

sfg'gL b:tfa]hnfO{ cg';/0f ug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/sf gLlt– 

lgb] {zgx?Aff6 sDkgLsf] sfd k|efljt x'g'x' Fb}g . 

@. z]o/ laqmL v'Nnf ug] { M sDkgLn] ha;Dd ;a} z]o/x? 

laqmL ljt/0f ub} {g ta;Dd ;/sf/s} lgoGq0f /lx/xg] cj:yf 

x'g cfpF5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ ;/sf/L k|efjaf6 d'Qm u/fpg 

;/sf/sf] gfpFdf /x]sf] z]o/nfO{ v'Nnf ahf/df laqmL ljt/0f 

ug] { Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 . o;n] sDkgLsf] :jfoQtfnfO{ Jojl:yt 

u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . 

#. vl/b k|lqmofdf :jfoQtf k|bfg ug] { M g]kfn 6]lnsd 

sDkgLdf kl/0ft eP klg cfˆgf cfGtl/s sfd–sf/afxLsf] 

nflu 5'§} sfo{ljlw Pj+ ljlgodfjnLx? aGffpg :jfoQtf k|fKt 

u/]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# sf] Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx?nfO{ cfˆgf] vl/b k|lqmofdf pQm P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 

k|lqmof cjnDag ug' {kg] { afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, h;af6 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cGo lghL If]qsf] ;+:yfn] h:t} ;Lw} vl/b ug{ 

;Sg] x}l;ot /fVb}g . t;y{ sDkgLs/0f eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf 


;/sf/n] cfˆgf nflu nfu" u/]sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

cfGtl/s vl/b k|lqmofdf nfu" ug{ vf]Hg' :jfoQtfsf] b[li6af6 

plrt b]lvFb}g . ctM vl/b k|lqmofsf] nflu kf/bzL{?kdf sfo{ljlw 

tof/ u/L ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj Pj+ lhDd]jf/Lsf cfwf/df g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] g} pko'Qm vl/b ljlgodfjnL tof/ u/L agfpg ;Sg] 

Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/n] k|rlnt ;fj{hlgs 

vl/b P]gdf g} ;+zf]wg ug' {kg] { x'G5 . 

$. k|aGw ;~rfnssf] lgo'lQm k|lt:kwf{af6 ug' {kg] { M xfn 

;/sf/n] ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df sfo{sf/L k|d'v lgo'lQm ug{ 

v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm ug] { gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] cj:yf 

ljBdfg /x]sf] x' Fbf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|aGw ;~rfnsdf g]kfn 

;/sf/n] ;Lw} lgo'lQm ug] { Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo u/L lglZrt of]Uotf / 

cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx?dWo]af6 k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df 5gf]6 

u/L ;~rfns ;ldltn] g} lgo'lQm ug] { Joj:yf ug' {kb{5 . o;af6 

Joj:yfksLo :jfoQtfdf yk d2t k'Ug hfg] x'G5 . 

%. /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs x:tIf]k aGb ug] { M g]kfn 

6]lnsddf clxn] klg /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs x:tIf]k JofKt 5 

. ljefuLo dGqL Pj+ ;lrjx?sf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw /xg] x' Fbf s'g} g 

s'g} ?kdf w]/yf]/ x:tIf]k x'g] cj:yf 5 . sd{rf/L;Da4 6« ]8 

o'lgogx?n] klg cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df sDkgLsf] sfd– 

sf/afxLnfO{ k|efljt kfg] { cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] x' Fbf oL ;a} 

lgsfo, ;+:yf jf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 cg'lrt bafa glbO{ sDkgLsf] 

:j:Yf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . 

ctM g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] :jfoQtfsf] kIf sfg'gL?kdf alnof] 

5 . o;sf sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / bfloTjnfO{ sfg'gn] g} ;Ldfa4 

u/]sf] 5 . o;sf lqmofsnfkx? :jljj]sdf rNb}gg\ . o;n] 

;j{;fwf/0fk|lt hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL eO{ sfo{ axg ug' {kg] { x'G5 . 

tyflk clxn] klg o;sf] clwsf+z z]o/sf] :jfldTj g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] gfpFdf g} /x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] x' Fbf ha;Dd 

To;nfO{ hg;fwf/0fdf nluFb}g ta;Dd ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt / 

ks8 sfod g} /xg] x' Fbf hlt ;Sbf] l56f] o;nfO{ sDkgLsf] 

l;4fGtadf]lhd rNg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L o;sf] :jfoQtfsf] 

kIfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' clgjfo{ ePsf] 

5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u cfjZos 5 . 

ha;Dd ;/sf/n] o;df rf;f] b]vfP/ tbf?stfsf ;fy sfo{ 

ub} {g ta;Dd o;sf] :jfoQtfsf] kIf sfg'gL?kdf alnof] t/ 

Jofjxfl/s ?kdf nË8f] eP/ al;/xg]5 . t;y{ ;/sf/n] o;sf] 

:jfoQtfsf] kIfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg Ps 

lglZrt sfo{of]hgf agfO{ cufl8 a9\g cfjZos Psflt/ b]lvG5 

eg] csf{ ]lt/ :jo+ sDkgLdf sfo{/t ;Da4 kbflwsf/L Pj+ sd{rf/Ln] 

;d]t o;df ljz]if rf;f] lbO{ cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ :jfoQtf 

s]lGb|t agfpg' h?/L 5 . 

*^

{ 



;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{ -u7g tyf 

sfo{;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* M 

sfof{Gjogdf ;Defljt hl6ntf 

k[i7e"ld 

Pp6f s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cy{tGq ljZj cy{tGqeGbf lg/k]If 

x'g ;Sb}g . ljZjJofkL nx/;“u} g]kfndf klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? 

:yfkgf eP / cfjlws of]hgf;“u} k' “hL lgdf{0fnfO{ a9L dxTj 

lbO{ w]/} If]qdf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 

cfly{s ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0fsf ;fy} pBf]u, pTkfbg, 

;fdflhs ;]jf tyf cGo If]qut?kdf ;+:yfg :yfkgf eO{ lqmofzLn 

/x] tfklg cfk\mgf p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{ ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ . 

g]kfnL cy{tGqdf lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf k"0f{?kdf ljsf; gePsf] 

cj:yf / sltko If]qdf ;/sf/sf] pkl:yltsf] cfjZostf 

x'“bfx'“b} klg ljZjJofkL?kdf rn]sf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / 

lghLs/0fsf] k|efjnfO{ g]kfnn] klg cjnDag ug' {kg] { cj:yf 

df}lns cfjZostfeGbf klg bftf–;d"xsf] bafasf] pkh xf] 

eGbf cGoyf x“ 'b}g . bftfx?sf] bjfjaf6 eGbf d'n'ssf] cfjZostf 

cg'?k ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] k|lt:kwf{ tyf Jofj;flostfsf] 

ljsf;af6 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g ;Sg] 

kIfnfO{ cfTd;fy ul/Pg\ . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] jt{dfg cj:yf 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?n] ;fdflhs ;]jfk|jfxsf] ;fy} cfly{s 

ultljlwdf of]ubfg k'¥ofp“b} cfP tfklg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, r]tgfsf] 

clej[l4, v'Nnf Pj+ pbf/ cy{gLlt, Jofj;flostfsf] clej[l4;“u} 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] p2]Zo / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg s]sf nflu 

/ lsg ;~rfng ug] { eGg] ljifodf :ki6 gLltsf] cefjdf 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ck]lIft ?kdf ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ . ;+:yfgx?n] 

p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ c;kmn x'g', gf]S;fgLsf] lx:;f qmlds ?kdf 

a9\b} hfg', /fHosf] 9's'6Laf6 cg'bfg lbO{ ;~rfng ug' {kbf{ ;]tf] 

xfQLsf ?kdf ?kfGt/0f x'g', lghL If]q;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg' 

h:tf ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lghLs/0f ug' {kg] 

ts{nfO{ :yflkt u/fpg ;xof]u k'Uof] eg] ;/sf/sf] cfsf/ / 

sfo{If]q 36fpg'kb{5, ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ ug] { xf]Og, Jofkf/–Joj;fo, 

d'gfkmf–k|ltkmn lghL If]qsf] nufgLsf] ljifo ePsfn] lghL 

If]qnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg'kb{5 eGg] ljZjJofkL cjwf/0ffn] 

lghLs/0fnfO{ k>o lbof] . kmntM @)$^ sf] /fhgLlts 

kl/jt{gkl5sf] ;/sf/n] pbf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag 

lbg]z s'df/ /]UdL 

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

u/L xfn;Dd #) j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ ljleGg k|lqmofcg'?k 

lghLs/0f ul/of] . xfnsf] cj:yfdf klg cGo #^ j6f ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx? cl:tTjdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

cf=j=)^^÷^& ;Dd oL ;+:yfgx?df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

?=*# ca{ z]o/ / sl/a *% ca{ C0f nufgL /x]sf] 5 . ;a} 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] s'n z]o/wgL sf]if &( ca{ (@ s/f]8 

/x]sf] 5 eg] s'n z]o/ /sdsf] #=^ n] 36L g} b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] 

z]o/ nfugLdf %=*) k|ltzt nfef+z k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . h'g b/ 

k|rlnt Aofhb/sf] cfwfeGbf sd b]lvG5 . cf=j=)^^÷^& df 

?=$ ca{ *@ s/f]8 nfef+z k|fKt ePsf]df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

d'gfkmf k|ltkmn dfq $ ca{ *) s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL 

cf=j=df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] v'b d'gfkmf !) ca{ %^ s/f]8 

/x]sf]df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] v'b d'gfkmf ?= !) ca{ && s/f]8 /x]sf] 

5 eg] cf=j=)^&÷^* sf] v'b d'gfkmf sl/a !@ ca{ /x]sf] 5 . 

ahf/ lj:tf/sf] ;Defjgf / plrt k|ltkmnsf] 

ljZj;gLo cfwf/ ePsf] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf g]kfn 6]lnsd /x]sf] 

eP tfklg ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfcg'?k ;]jfk|jfx 

;/n–;'ne u/fpg'kg]{, lghL If]q;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ / k|rlnt 

;/sf/L P]g–lgod–sfg'gsf] kl/lwleq /xL ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lx? 

;lDdlnt ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g x'g] cj:yfn] sDkgLsf] 

Jofj;flostf / eljiok|lt g} cfz+sf JoQm x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . 

;du|df cWoog ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] cj:yfnfO{ 

lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . 

• ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;xL ?kdf pkof]u x'g g;Sg' 

*&

{ 


• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf k|d'vx?sf] kl/jt{g sfo{;Dkfbgsf 

cfwf/df geO{ ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;“u;“u} x'g] 

• Joj:yfksLo kIf Joj;fod'vL / kl/df0fd'vL geO{ 

/fhgLlts g]t[Tjk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg] { bafa 

• ;+:yfgleqsf] Joj:yfksLo pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lxtf 

z"Go x'g' 

• sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm, ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g 

Jofj;flos bIftf / sfo{of]hgfdf cfwfl/t geO{ 

/fhgLlts lgi7fsf] cfwf/df x'g] 

• k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] cefj 

• sd{rf/Ldf sfo{s'zntf / sfo{bIftfsf] cefj 

• Joj:yfksLo :jfoQtfsf] cefj 

• j:t' tyf ;]jfk|jfx Pjd\ j:t'sf] cfk"lt{ lgoldt / 

u'0f:t/Lo x'g g;Sg' 

• sd{rf/Ldf pTk| ]/0ffsf] cefj 

• k/Dk/fut sfo{–;+:s[lt / lg0f{o k|0ffnL 

• ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTotf k|dfl0ft 

x'g g;Sg' . 

• ;/sf/L cy{tGqsf] af]emsf] ?kdf /xg' . 

;/sf/n] lghLs/0f gLlt cjnDag u/L s]xL ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f u/] tfklg lghLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf ePsf 

q'l6x?sf] sf/0f lghLs/0f k|lqmof g} c;kmn b]lvof] / ;f] 

k|lqmof cj?4h:t} 5 . lghLs/0f k|lqmof c;kmn x'g'df lgDg 

kIf k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ M 

• lghLs/0fsf] nflu ;+:yfgx?sf] 5gf]6 q'l6k"0f{ 

• cToGt nfdf] / hl6n k|lqmof 

• lghLs/0fsf] qmd q'l6k"0f{ 

• lghLs/0f gLlt;DaGwdf /fli6«o ;xdlt x'g g;Sg' 

• ;+:yfgx?sf] lj:t[t / ulx/f] cWoogljgf g} 

lghLs/0fdf n}hfg] lg0f{o 

• w]/} k|sf/sf Modality k|of]udf NofOg' 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? ;'wf/sf nflu ePsf k|of;x? M 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ;'wf/sf ;Gbe{df ;/sf/n] ljleGg 

;dodf lgDgfg';f/sf cfof]u, sfo{bn tyf ;'emfj ;ldltsf] 

dfWodaf6 cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/fO{ ltgLx?af6 k|fKt cWoog k|ltj]bg 

tyf ;'emfjx?cg'?k sfof{Gjogsf] k|of;;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 . 

s_ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)$* 

v_ 8f= z+s/ zdf{sf] ;'emfj cfof]u @)%& 

u_ 8f= ef]nf rfln;]sf] pRr:t/Lo ;+:yfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]u 

3_ dfggLo gf/fo0f bfxfnsf] ;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf 

vr{ k'g/jnf]sg cfof]u, @)^^ 

ª_ ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg 


plNnlvt cfof]ux?sf ;'emfjx?sf] k[i7e"lddf jt{dfg ;/sf/n] 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng_ cfb]z, 

@)^* hf/L u/]sf] 5 . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng_ 

cfb]z, @)^* M 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] k|lt:kwf{ tyf Jofj;flostf clej[l4 

ub} { ;dGjofTds 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug] { p2]Zo cg'?k lgb] {zg 

af]8{sf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, sfo{sf/L 

k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm l;kmfl/;;DaGwL ;ldlt / ;~rfnsx?sf] lgo'lQm 

l;kmfl/;;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ePsf 5g\ M 

!= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng_ 

cfb]z, @)^* ad]lhd af]8{sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M 

s_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] gLlt of]hgf tyf nufgL;DaGwL 

v_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] k'g;{ +/rgf, ljlgj]z, vf/]hL tyf 

Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL 

u_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v tyf ;~rfnssf] 

l;kmfl/;;DaGwL 

3_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] u7g tyf hgzlQm ljsf;;DaGwL 

ª_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;t{ / 

r_ 

;'ljwf;DaGwL 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cg'udg d"NofÍg tyf ;"rgf 

k|0ffnL;DaGwL 

@= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] u7g, ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL 

k|rlnt sfg'ggdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgsf sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ug{ 

b]xfosf] l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . 

s_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] nf]s 

;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:o 

cWoIf 

v_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ] tf]s]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:o 

;b:o 

u_ af]8{sf] cWoIf ;b:o 

3_ ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;lrj ;b:o 

ª_ dxfn]vf lgoGqs ;b:o 

r_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] lj1 ;b:o 

#= ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v kbdf lgo'lQmsf] 

nflu pDd]bjf/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf, cg'ej, ;+:yfg ;~rfng 

/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL Jofj;flos tyf ljQLo of]hgf cGtjf{tf{ 

/ k|:t'tLs/0fsf] cfwf/df d"NofÍg u/L a9L c+s k|FKt ug] 

pko'Qm tLg hgf pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf]6 u/L g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf 

l;kmfl/; ug] { Joj:yf tf]lsPsf] 5 . 

**

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 

{ 


s_ JolQmut of]Uotf tyf cg'ejafkt — @) c+s 

v_ Jofj;flos tyf ljQLo sfo{of]hgfafkt — %) c+s 

u_ cGtjf{tfafkt — !% c+s 

3_ g]t[Tj Ifdtf — !% c+s 

$= g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf 

;~rfns lgo'Qm ubf{ ;DalGwt P]gdf tf]lsPsf] xsdf ;f]xL 

adf]lhdsf] k|lqmofcg'?k / P]gdf gtf]lsPsf] xsdf o; 

lgb] {zgsf k|lqmof cjnDag u/L lgDgfg';f/sf] l;kmfl/; 

;ldltn] l;kmfl/; ug] {5 . 

s_ af]8{sf] cWoIf cWoIf 

v_ g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] 

sfof{nosf] ;x;lrj -;DalGwt dGqfno x]g] {_ 

;b:o 

u_ ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;x;lrj -;DalGwt If]q x]g] {_ 

;b:o 

3_ af]8{n] 5gf]6 u/]sf] Ps hgf ljz]if1 ;b:o 

ª_ af]8{sf] ;b:o ;b:o ;lrj 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng_ 

cfb]z @)^* sf] cg';"rL ! adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] 

gfdfjnLdf ljz]if P]gcGtu{t :yflkt k|lti7fg, sd{rf/L ;~ro 

sf]ifnufot cGo u/L hDdf #( j6f ;fj{hlgs cl:tTjdf /x]sf] 

kfOG5 . h;dWo] Pp6f g]kfn 6]lnsd klg /x]sf] 5 . 

lghLs/0f gLltcg'?k g} g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ lj36g 

u/L ;f]sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf rn–crn ;DklQ Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ bfloTj 

;fljssf] sDkgL P]g @)%# cGtu{t :yflkt g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL lnld6]8nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug] { g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ocg'?k 

xfn sDkgL P]g @)^# adf]lhd (@ k|ltzt ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf 

;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . k|rlnt sDkgL P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg'?k 

sDkgLsf] lgodfjnL agfO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd sDkgLsf] ;~rfns 

;ldltsf] u7g x' “b} cfPsf] 5 . k|aGw lgb] {zssf] lgo'lQmsf] 

;DaGwdf sDkgL P]g, lgodfjnL Pj+ k|aGwkq sxL“ klg :ki6 

sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] 5}g . k|aGw lgb] {zssf] lgo'lQmsf ;DaGwdf 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] s'g} klg ;dodf lgo'Qm ug] { / 

ljgfsf/0f x6fpg] k|rngn] sDkgLnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] k|an 

;Defjgf 5 . ;fy} g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf ;DaGwdf 

plNnlvt sfo{bn Pj+ cWoog sld6Lsf] k|ltlqmof lgDgfg';f/ 

/x]sf] kfOG5 . 

z+s/ zdf{ -@)%&_ 

– lg/Gt/ gfkmf cfh{g ug] { ;+:yf 

– ;|f]t–;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u ePsf] 

– k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf ;~rfng ePsf] 

– cf;fdLx?af6 p7fpg'kg] { /sd c;'n ug' {kg] 


ef]nf rfln;] -@)^#_ 

– /fd|f] ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 

– sf/f]af/df lg/Gt/ j[l4 e}/x]sf] 

dfggLo gf/fo0f bfxfn -@)^^_ 

– PPP df ;~rfng ug' {kg] 

– z]o/ Jofks?kdf hg;fwf/0fdf lj:tf/ ug' {kg] 

;+:yfgn] cf}+NofPsf] sdhf]/L 

– k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/ 

– ljZjJofkL?kdf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ahf/ 

– cGt/f{li6«o cfudg sndf e}/x]sf] u}/sfg'gL sf/f]af/ 

– u|fxssf] ?lr / rfxgfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g 

– sd{rf/Lsf] k/Dk/fut sfo{z}nL 

– ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ / u'0f:t/df j[l4 

;dfwfgsf ;'emfj 

– ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgk|lt ;/sf/sf] gLltdf kl/jt{g ug' {kg] { 

– k|lt:kwf{Tds Jofkfl/s l;4fGtadf]lhd ;~rfng x'g'kg] { 

– :jfoQ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf sfd ug] { jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'g'kg] { 

– ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gnufot ;/sf/L lgoGq0faflx/ /fVg'kg] { 

– ljb]zL nufgLstf{nfO{ /0fgLlts kf6{g/df /fVg'kg] { 

– Professional Management team nfO{ Joj:yfkg 

Handover -x:tfGt/0f_ x'g'kg] { 

;+;bLo pk;ldltsf] ;'emfj 

– PPP Model df ;~rfng ug] 

– ;dod} /0fgLlts ;fe]mbf/ NofP/ lghL If]q;“u k|lt:kwf{ 

ug' {kg] 

– k|efjsf/L / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf ;~rfng ug' {kg] { 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf d"ntM k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 . k|ljlwdf 

cfpg] kl/jt{gn] ;]jfu|fxLsf rfxgf / cfjZostfdf ljljwtf 

cfp“5 eg] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ljsf; lj:tf/sf] ;Defjgf k|z:t 

x'g'sf] ;fy} nufgLsf] k|ltkmn klg ;'lglZrt x'g] b]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df 

lghL Pj+ j}b]lzs nufgLsf] cfsif{0f klg a9\bf] 5 . kmntM 

cfGtl/s ahf/df xfn ^ j6f ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] pkl:yltn] k|lt:kwf{ 

a9\b} hfg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . o:tf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ?kdf sDkgLnfO{ Jofj;flos Ifdtf 

ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f cfjZos x'G5 ls x' “b}g, o;df uDeL/tfk"j{s 

;f]Rg'kg] { x'G5 . sDkgL P]gcg'?k :yfkgf ePsf] sDkgLsf] ;~rfng 

*(

{ 


Joj:yfkg sDkgL P]g @)^# cg'?k x'g] jf ;+:yfg P]gs} 

k|fjwfgcGtu{tsf cEof;cg'?k x'g], of] ljifon] klg plQs} 

dxTj /fV5 . cfzfjfbL agf} +, dGqfnosf] sfo{ ljefhg Pj+ 

g]t[Tj kl/jt{g x'gf;fy ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] klg g]t[Tj kl/jt{g 

x'g] cEof;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{ -u7g tyf 

sfo{;~rfng_ cfb]z, @)^* n] lg?T;flxt ug] {5 . 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb]{zg af]8{ -u7g tyf sfo{;~rfng_ 

cfb]z, @)^* sfof{Gjogdf ;Defljt hl6ntf M 

k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf d'gfkmf / ;]jf b'j} Ps};fy 

k|efjsf/L?kdf a9fpg] ljifo hl6n x'g ;S5 . sDkgLsf] sfg'gL 

:jfoQtf, Joj:yfksLo :jfoQtf ljgfk|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf 

sDkgLn] cu|tf xfl;n ug] { ;Defjgf IfL0f x' “b} hfG5 . t;y{ 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLnufot cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] 

p2]Zo :ki6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/n] Joj;fo ug] { ls ;]jf ug] { < 

;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx ug{sf] nflu 3f6f ;x]/ klg 

;fj{hlhs ;+:yfgx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] jf Break Even df 

;~rfng ug] { jf gfkmf dfq sdfpg] < :ki6 x'g cfjZos 5 . 

ahf/sf] cj:yf, Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf 

;/sf/L pkl:yltsf] cf}lrTo, ;+:yfgsf] cfly{s cj:yf, /f]huf/L 

cj:yf, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df ;/sf/sf] yk nufgL 

a9fpg]÷ga9fpg] h:tf cfwf/x?df j:t'ut d"NofÍg u/L ;+:yfg 

;~rfngsf cfwf/x? tof/ u/]df dfq ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg ;'wf/ 

k|lqmofn] ;xL dfu{ cjnDag ug] {5 . t/n /fhgLlts cj:yf, 

l:y/ ;/sf/sf] clglZrttf / Political Intigrity sf] cefjdf 

gLltut?kdf ;xdltsf] ;Defjgf t Go"g b]lvG5 g}, tyflk 

jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{ -u7g tyf 

sfo{;~rfng_ cfb]z NofO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df ;'wf/ ug] 

k|of; k|z+;gLo 5 . tyflk o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;Sg] 

hl6ntfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' h?/L x'G5 . 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] k' “hL ;+/rgfcg';f/ (@ 

k|ltzt ;/sf/L / * k|ltzt ;j{;fwf/0f Pj+ sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

z]o/ /x]sf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0fn] z]o/df nufgL ul/;s]kl5 :jfefljs 

?kdf k|ltkmnsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . t;y{ nufgLstf{sf] lxt clej[l4 

Pj+ k|ltkmn ;'lglZrt ug{ sDkgLsf] :jfoQtf cfjZos x'G5 . 

sDkgLnfO{ ;f] cg'?ksf] :jfoQtf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] 

cjwf/0ffcg'?k ;Dej x'G5 jf x' “b}g < 

b'/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfPsf] b' |t kl/jt{g / ahf/sf] ;Defjgsf 

sf/0f tLj| k|lt:kwf{ 5 . tLj| k|lt:kwf{df u|fxssf] rfxgf / 

5gf]6cg'?ksf] ;]jf–;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg g;s]df sDkgLsf] 

k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 x'g ;Sb}g / xfnsf] cj:yfdf /lx/xg] 

;Defjgf klg x' “b}g . t;y{ lghL If]qsf sDkgLn] ;/x g]kfn 


b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ jf sfo{sf/L k|d'v ;~rfns 

;ldltnfO{ pko'Qm ;dodf ahf/ /0fgLltcg'?k k|ljlw / pks/0f 

leq\ \ofpg ;Sg] jftfj/0f lbg ;lsG5 jf ;ls“b}g < 

sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm u7g cfb]zn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08cg'?k 

z}lIfs of]Uotf, cg'ej, sfo{of]hgfx?sf] cfwf/df k|lt:kwf{Tds 

k|0ffnLcGtu{t ul/G5 . t/ To;/L cfpg] sfo{sf/L k|d'vnfO{ 

cfk\mgf] sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ -Performance Contract_ cg'?k 

nIo xfl;n ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|rlnt P]g / lgod afws 

aG5g\ ls aGb}gg\ < cyf{t\ k|rlnt ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gk|ltsf] 

hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfoL eO{ sfo{ ubf{ cGo lghL If]qsf 

sDkgLx?;“u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Dej x'G5 ls x' “b}g < 

k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 u/fO{ pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/fpg 

sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ pkof]u ug' {kg] { ckl/xfo{tfcg'?k sDkgLsf] 

Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/LnfO{ sf“65f“6 ug{, cfjZostfcg'?k plrt 

lsl;dsf] dfgj;|f]t Joj:yfkg k|lqmof cjnDag ug{, Hire & 

fire ug{ ;fy} Reward & Punishment ug{ sDkgLsf] ;~rfns 

;ldlt, sfo{sf/L k|d'v jf Joj:yfkgnfO{ af]8{ lgb] {zg cfb]zn] 

clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u5{ jf ub} {g < k|rlnt >d P]g, 6« ]8o'lgog P]g 

afws x'G5g\ jf x' +b}gg\ < 

;+:yfgsf] s'g} klg txsf] g]t[Tjdf dGqL ga:g] / dGqLsf] 

x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm u/fpg /fhgLlts bn;“u cfa4 JolQmnfO{ 

lgo'lQmsf] k|lt:kwf{df efu lng gkfpg] jf x's'd k|dfËLsf] 

cj:yfsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'v 

aGg Briefcase Culture ljs[ltsf] ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] eGg] 

;j{;fwf/0fnufot 5fkfx?af6 cleJoQm ;Gbe{x?nfO{ lgjf/0f 

ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{n] ;'wf/ Nofpg] ck]Iff ug{ 

;lsG5 . tyflk sfo{sf/L k|d'v jf sDkgL Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|rlnt 

lgod–sfg'gsf] kl/lwcGtu{t /xL d"No lgwf{/0fsf] clwsf/sf] 

;'lglZrttf x'G5 jf x' “b}g < sfo{ ;+:s[lt / ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t 

sd{rf/Lsf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g cfhsf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] 

r'gf}tLsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf g]kfn ljB't\ 

k|flws/0fsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf pmhf{dGqL /xg] k/Dk/fnfO{ 

lg?T;flxt ub} { tTsfnLg pmhf{dGqLn] ;~rfns ;ldltdf ;xefuL 

gx'g] lg0f{o u/] . v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{ / of]Uotf, cg'ej, sfo{of]hgfsf] 

cfwf/df k|aGw lgb] {zssf] lgo'lQm ug] { ;'emfjnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbP . 

;+:yfg ;'wf/sf] cleofgdf of] k|of;nfO{ k|z+;gLo dfGg'kb{5 . 

t/ dGqLsf] x]/km]/;“u} /fhgLlts bafa, sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf] 

cgfjZos bafa / pRr txsf clws[tsf c;xof]usf sf/0f 

sfo{sf/L lgb] {zsn] /fhLgfdf lbg] afWotf ;[hgf x'g', sfo{sf/L 

lgb] {zssf] /fhLgfdfkZrft\ clgoldt tj/af6 ;?jfsf] af9L 

cfpg' / ;f]sf] nflu clVtof/af6 x:tIf]k ePsf h:tf ;dfrf/ 

5fkfdf cfpg'n] xfd|f] ;+:sf/ / z}nLdf kl/jt{gsf] clgjfo{tfnfO{ 

()

{ 


;+s]t ub{5 . xfd|f ;f]r / Jojxf/ kl/jt{gd'vL x'g g;s]sf] kIfnfO{ 

plNnlvt pbfx/0fn] lrq0f ub{5 . t;y{ o:tf] ljifo kl/l:ytL;“u 

lgb] {zg af]8{ cfb]zsf] tfbfTDotf x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g < 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf sDkgL P]gsf] 

kl/lwleq ag]sf] lgodfjnL / k|aGwkqcg'?k ;j{;fwf/0f 

z]o/wgLsf] tkm{af6 Ps hgf / z]o/wgL sd{rf/Lx?sf] tkm{af6 

Ps hgf /xg] ljBdfg Joj:yf ePsf]df lgb] {zg af]8{cg'?k 

;~rfns ;b:osf] l;kmfl/; / lgo'lQm;DaGwL Joj:yfn] 

lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ cj:yf ;[hgf u5{ jf ub} {g < 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLnfO{ ;+:yfg P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg'?k 

geO{ sDkgL P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg'?k ;~rfngsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g 

;S5 jf ;Sb}g < 

plNnlvt cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL 

lnld6]8nufot cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf lgb] {zg af]8{ cfb]zsf] 

sfof{Gjogdf s]xL hl6ntfsf] ;Defjgf 5 . ;fy} Joj:yfksLo 

:jtGqtfljgf k|efjsf/L / cf}lrTotf;d]t k'li6 x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 . 

t;y{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs sDkgLs} ?kdf ;~rfng ug] { xf] 

eg] s]xL If]qdf Psflwsf/ lbO{ ;]jfk|jfx u/fpg'kg] { x'G5 . 

pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;+;f/s} pTs[i6 /x]sf] a]nfotsf] la|l6; /]nj] 

;]jfnfO{ lghLs/0f ul/Psf]df xfn cfP/ k'gM /fli6«os/0f ug] 

k|lqmofdf nlu“b} 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng d'n'ssf] 

cfly{s Joj:yf / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df ul/g' 

cfjZos x'G5 . o'/f]kdf kfgL kbf{ g]kfndf cf]l9g] 5ftfsf] s'g} 

dxTj /x“b}g eGg] s'/fdf gLlt lgdf{tfx?sf] Wofg k'u]sf] cj:yfdf 

;/sf/n] cjnDag ul/g] gLltsf] k|efj ;sf/fTds /xg]df 

cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsG5 . 

;/sf/nfO{ nfef+z klg rflxg], s/ klg c;'n ug' {kg] {, Joj;fo 

klg ug] {, nfO;]G; z'Ns lng], Ohfht gljs/0fsf] nflu @) ca{ 

klg ltg{ afWo kfg] { / NCELL h:tf] j}b]lzs nufgL, cGt/f{li6«o 

cg'ejn] ;lHht ;fy} zL3| lg0f{o lng ;Sg] sDkgL;“u k|lt:kwf{ 

u/fpg] h:tf gLlt cjnDag ug] { xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg 

af]8{af6 g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLsf] pkrf/ ;Dej b]lv“b}g . 

ahf/sf] k|lt:kwf{, ;]jfu|fxLsf] rfxgf / dfu, k|ljlwsf] 

ljsf;cg'?ksf] b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnL cfoft u/L ;]jfsf] ljsf; / 

ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ / d"No lgwf{/0f;lxtsf] :jfoQtf 


sDkgLsf] cfjZostf xf] . ;"rgf / ;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; / 

lj:tf/sf] dfWodaf6 g]kfn 6]lnsdn] d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs cfly{s 

cj;/sf] lj:tf/ Pjd\ /fi6«lgdf{0f k'¥ofPsf] of]bufgsf] pRr 

d"Nof+sg ub} { sDkgLnfO{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ahf/df cu|0fL lgjf{x 

ug{ ;Da4 ;a} kIfsf] ;xof]u cfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg, 

sDkgLx?sf sfo{sf/L k|d'v jf ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ ;]jfsf] 

k|s[ltcg'?ksf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf ;'wf/ jf cnUu} vl/b 

k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg glbPdf vl/bsf] k|f/De jf 

d"NofÍgsf] qmddf 5fglag ug]{, clgoldttfsf] cfz+sfdf 

cg';Gwfg cleof]hg jf clgoldttf x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ lgoGq0f 

ug{ lg/f]wfTds sfo{x? eOg} /xG5g\ . o;/L cg';Gwfgsf] 

k|lqmof cufl8 al9;s]kl5 ;f]sf] lg?k0f geP;Dd vl/b 

k|lqmof;d]t k|efljt x'G5 . cGttM ;dodf s'g} klg of]hgf 

;Dkfbg x'g g;sL sDkgLn] ahf/sf] cj;/nfO{ u'dfpg'kb{5 . 

u|fdL0f ;d'bfo / zx/L If]qaLrsf] Digital Divide nfO{ sd 

u/L ;'ne / k|efjsf/L ;]jfk|jfx ug{ g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ c;'ljwf 

dx;'; x'g ;S5 . oL k|;+ux? t s]jn g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;Gbe{df 

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df klg o:t} lsl;dsf 

hl6ntf ;[hgf x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgfx?nfO{ lgb]{zg af]8{n] 

sfof{Gjogdf Wofg lbg'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? M 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lgb] {zg af]8{ -;~rfng tyf u7g_ cfb]z, @)^* 

k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* 

8f= z+s/ zdf{sf] ;'emfj cfof]u, @)%& 

8f= ef]nf rfln;]sf] pRr:t/Lo ;+:yfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]u 

dfggLo gf/fo0f bfxfnsf] ;/sf/L ah]6 Joj:yfkg tyf vr{ 

k'g/jnf]sg cfof]u, @)^^ 

;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltåf/f ul7t pk;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg 

cfly{s ;j] {If0f, @)^& 

g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ;dLIff, @)^* cy{ dGqfno 

g]kfn 6]lnsd jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^& 

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkg, k|f= Zofd hf]zL 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] cfjZostf / ;Defjgfsf] 

nflu ul7t sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg 

sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf ljleGg ldltdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/x? 

gful/s b}lgssf ljleGg ldltdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/x? 

"All knowledge that is divorced from justice must 

be called cunning rather than wisdom". 

P.J.Saher on Zen-Yoga. 

(!



NGN sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] xfn;Dd pknAw u/fPsf ;]jfx?df 

;sf/fTds kIfsf ;fy} gsf/fTds kIfx? klg /x]sf 5g\ . 

;]jfu|fxLsf] rfxgfcg'?k ljBdfg sdhf]/ kIfx?nfO{ lrb}{ 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf cfPsf] Globalization nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L 

Triple Play (Voice, Data & Video) ;]jf lbg ;Sg] NGN 

k|ljlw leq\ofO{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug' {kg] { cfjZostf 5 . ;/;tL{ 

x]bf{ Telephone, Internet / Dish TV sf nflu # j6f tf/ 

kf]naf6 3/;Dd nf“bf tf/x?sf] u'h'N6f a9L eO{ tf/sf] Joj:yfkg 

ug{ sl7g x'g] ;d:ofnfO{ NGN k|ljlwdfkm{t Go"gLs/0f ug{ 

;xof]u k'U5 . tyflk g]kfn 6]lnsd;fd' lgDgfg';f/sf k|fljlws 

tyf Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf 5g\ . 

k|fljlws ;d:ofx? 

!= TDM Migration : cfufdL !) jif{;Dd ;~rfngdf 

cfpg] TDM Switch sf] Spare Parts x? ;DalGwt 

Vendor Company x?af6 ;g\ @)!$ kZrft\ pknAw 

u/fpg g;lsg] eGg] hfgsf/Ln] ubf{ sl/a ^ nfv 

TDM 6]lnkmf]g nfOgx?nfO{ ;s];Dd l56f] IP (NGN) 

df Migration ug' {kg] { afWotf /x]sf] 5 . xfnsf] cj:yfdf 

sl/a $# xhf/ nfOg dfq -h'gdf Chronic ;d:ofx? 

b]lvPsf 5g\_ nfO{ IP df Migrate ug] { of]hgf /x]sf] 

x'“bf vl/b ul/Psf] ##* MSAN (Multi service 

Access Node) dWo] sl/a &% yfg MSAN 

5'6\ofpg'kg] { b]lvG5 . o;/L qmdzM x/]s jif{ %) xhf/ 

nfOgsf b/n] Migrate ug{ ;s] klg 36Ldf !) jif{ 

nfUg] b]lvG5 . !) jif{ ;do eg]sf] cfhsf] kl/jlt{t 

o'udf 5f]6f] xf]Og . ljZj ;~rf/ hut\df k|ljlwsf] 

ljsf; olt l56f] eO/x]sf] 5 ls % jif{kl5 TDM sf 

Spare pks/0f pknAw x'g b'n{e g} b]lvG5 . 

To;sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf TDM Network x?nfO{ 

;s];Dd rf“8f] IP df migrate ug' { jf~5gLo x'G5 . 

@ Access Network Management : xfnsf] TDM 

Network df CAT-1 Copper Cable dfq Use 

ePsf] / Exchange b]lv DP ;Ddsf] Network 6.3 

KM /x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0fn] Voice dfq rNg ;Sg] 

cj:yfsf] Plan ul/Psf] x' “bf ;f] Network df ADSL 

rNg g;Sg] ePsfn] pQm TDM sf] Access network 

af6 Triple play ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej 5}g . To;sf/0fn] 

TDM sf] Access network nfO{ IP df Migrate 

gf/fo0f k|;fb sfkm\n] 

ANPD, g]kfn 6]lnsd 

ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ Access Network 

Management ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . 

a) Area x]/L Underground jf Aerial Optical 

Fiber Access Network Jofks agfpg'k5{ . 

b) IP Technology af6 Triple Play ;~rfng 

ug{sf] nflu xfnsf] Copper Network nfO{ qmdzM 

lgDgfg';f/sf] ANPD sf] Norms cg'?k agfpg'k5{ . 

- MSAN af6 Last DP ;Ddsf] Copper 

Network a9Ldf 1.5 KM dfq agfpg'k5{, h;nfO{ 

Magic Distance klg elgG5 . Network 

Distance sd ePkl5 dB Loss klg sd x'g] 

x' “bf u|fxsn] Bandwidth a9L kfpg] x'G5 . 

- Site sf] hg3gTj / Demand nfO{ dWogh/ u/L 

100, 500 / 1000 Ports sf] MSAN Plan 

ug' {k5{, h;n] ubf{ k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 pQm :yfgsf] 

Network tyf Equipment sf] Operation & 

Maintenance ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . 

Magic Distance sf] Concept nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL 

Network Implementation ubf{ Copper Network 

nfO{ re-arrange ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . 

#= ;+VofTds?kdf NGN Equipment vl/b ug'{kg]{ 

tyf ;f]sf] Access Network Implementation 

ug'{kg]{ M 

xfnsf] Mobile Communication sf] hdfgfdf kSs} 

klg Land Line df w]/} nufgL ug' { plrt b]lvGg . 

lsgls Pp6F MSAN sf] Planning b]lv Access 

Network tof/ ug{ sDtLdf 8]9 dlxgf nfU5 . 

To;kl5sf] Billing tyf cGo Provisioning ug{ yk 

(@

{ 

{ 



-s_ 

;do nfU5 . Rate of Return / Break Even 

Point x]g] { xf] eg] Mobile eGbf t'ngfTds ?kdf 

/fd|f] x'g ;Sg] b]lv“b}g . tyflk Land Line k|ljlwåf/f 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug] { ;/sf/L sDkgL ePsf] gftfn] 

cfjZos :yfgdf Land Line ;]jf k'¥ofpg} kg] { x'G5 

. t/ dfu !)) nfOgsf] cg'dfg u/L Equipment / 

Network Design tyf Implement ubf{ hDdf !%– 

@) nfOg dfq ljt/0f x'g] cj:yf cfPdf kSs} klg 

sDkgLnfO{ kmfObf x' “b}g . o;n] ] ubf{ xfn %)–!)) 

nfOg hfg] :yfg w]/} 5g\, hxf“af6 Revenue Go"g x'g] 

/ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf Cable rf]/Lsf] ;d:of Jofks 

ePsf]n] NGN Network lj:tf/ ug{ Joj:yfkgn] 

kSs} ;f]Rg'kg] { b]lvG5 . xfnsf] cj:yfdf ljleGg If]=lg= 

tyf ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 dfu ePcg'?k ! xhf/eGbf 

a9L :yfgdf MSAN /fVg'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

Magic Distance sf] Concept tyf Land 

Line kmf]gsf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Network 

Implementation ubf{ w]/} ;+Vofdf MSAN vl/b 


of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of 

dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhd TDM Network nfO{ IP 

df Migrate ug' {kg] { / cGo gof“ dfu ePsf :yfgx?df 

klg MSAN /fVg'kg] { cj:yf x'G5 . ;fy} Access 

Network sf] Norms nfO{ Wofg lbg'kg] { cj:yfdf 

sl/a @ xhf/eGbf a9L MSAN sf] cfjZostf kg] 

b]lvG5 . ;f]xL sf/0fn] ubf{ ljleGg MSAN x?sf] 

Location km/s–km/s :yfgdf x'g] x' “bf x/]s MSAN 

sf] nflu 3/ ef8fdf lng'kg] { x'G5 . x/]s :yfgdf g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] BTS tyf Exchange gx' “bf 3/ ef8f 

lng'kg] { ePsf]n] ljsf; vr{eGbf ;fwf/0f vr{ a9L x'g 

hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . 

-v_ 

-u_ 

Load-shedding sf] cj:yf x]bf{ xfnsf] MSAN df 

@$ 306f Back-up Time elgP tfklg ;docg'?k 

Battery sf] Quality w6\b} hfg] ePsfn] j}slNks 

pmhf{sf] Joj:yf x/]s MSAN nfO{ ug' {kg] { x'G5 . 

xfnsf] Man Power sf] ;+VofTds cj:yf x]bf{ 

cjZo klg eljiosf] @ xhf/eGbf a9L ;+Vofsf] 

MSAN sf] Network Implement b]lv lnP/ 

Operation & Maintenance ug{ Man Power 

sf] sdL x'G5 . To;sf/0f Pp6f lglZrt 7f]; lgod 

agfP/ Tender u/L Network Implementation 

b]lv lnP/ Operation & Maintenance ;Ddsf] 

sfd ug{ Out-source ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ 

TDM Network x?nfO{ IP df Migrate ug{ 5f]6f] 

;dodf g} ;Dej x'G5 . / MSAN tyf Network 

sf] Operation & Maintenance Quality klg 

/fd|f] /xG5 . 

o;/L x/]s MSAN /fVg 3/ ef8fdf lng'kg] 

ePsf]n] ljsf; vr{eGbf ;fwf/0f vr{ a9L x'g hfg] 

;Defjgf x'G5 . To:t} Load-shedding sf] cj:yf 

x]bf{ j}slNks pmhf{sf] Joj:yf x/]s MSAN nfO{ 

ug' {kg] { x'G5 . Man Power sf] sdL x'g] x' “bf Pp6f 

lglZrt 7f]; lgod agfP/ Tender u/L MSAN sf] 

Network Implementation b]lv lnP/ Operation 

& Maintenance ;Ddsf] sfd ug{ Out-source 


Dffly pNn]v ePsf k|fljlws tyf Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofx?nfO{ 

;sf/fTds r'gf}tLsf ?kdf lnO{ g]kfn 6]lnsd cl3 a9\g ;s]df 

Land Line Telephone ;]jfdf Psflwsf/ /fVg ;lsG5 . 

o;f] ug{ g;s]df Mobile communication h:t} cGo ;]jfdf 

klg k|lt:kwf{Tds sDkgL cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf /xg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 

gxf]nf . 

Everybody is a Genius. 

But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, 

it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid. 

Albert Einstein 

(#

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;]jfsfnLg tflnd Ps ;Gbe{ 

tflndn]] of]hgfa¢ ;+ul7t lqmofsnfkaf6 k|To]s 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ] sfo{Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/fpg'sf] ] ;fy] ] ;+:yfsf] ] nlIft 

p2]Zo tf]lsPsf] ] ;do–;Ldfleq ;DkGg u/L jfl~5t nfe 

xfl;n ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'ofPsf] ] x'G5 . s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] 

u7g ljleGg ljefu tyf ltgLx?sf] ] 5'§f5'§} p2] ]Zo tyf sfo{ljefhg 

tf]sL ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;a} } ljefux?sf] cf–cfkm\g} } dxTjk"0f{ { e"ldsf 

/x]sf] ] x'G5 . To;dWo] hgzlQm Jo:yfkg ljefunfO{ Ps dxTjk"0f{ 

lgsfosf] ] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;+:yfsf] ] ;du| ljsf; Pj+ :yfloTjsf] 

nflu u'0f:t/o'Qm dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ] cfjZos kb{5 . u'0f:t/o'Qm 

dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ] ljsf; ug{ tflndsf] cToGt} } h?/t kb{5 . 

ljleGg z}lIfs 1fg xfl;n u/L Ps lglZrt p2]Zo k"/f ug] 

p2]Zon] ] :yflkt ;+ +:yfdf ;]jf k| |j]z u/]sf ljleGg sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldfleq nlIft sfo{x? k"/f ug{ cfjZos kg] 

k|fljlws, Jofj;flos, Joj:yfksLo Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0fsf] 

;Lkx?sf] Aff/]df k|lzlIft u/fpg] ] of]hgfa¢ Pj+ ;f+u7lgs 

lqmofsnfk g} tflnd xf] . ev{/ ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

;+:yfsf] sfo{z}nL Pj+ k|lqmofsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] ] / 

sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ] 1fg, ;Lk Pj+ dgf]andf clej[l4 ug{ 

tflndnfO{ pkof]uL cf}hf/sf] ] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . cfhsf] ] o'udf 

hgzlQmnfO{ hlt ;an / ;Ifd agfOG5 Tolt g} ;+:yfsf] 

cfly{s, k|ljlws Pj+ k|lt:kwL{ Jofj;flostf klg dha't x' Fb} } hfg] 

s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . 

;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] 

]]]]] p2]Zo 

g]kfn 6]lnsd b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cToGt} } km8\sf] df/]/ ;du| 

b]zjf;Lx?n] ] ljsf;sf] ] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPsf] ] Ps hLjGt ;+:yf xf] ] . 

a9\bf] ] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf sfo{ut hl6ntf / ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] 

a9\bf] cfsf+IffnfO{ { k"/f ug{ sd{rf/Lx?n] ] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Ltkm{ 

s]lGb|t eO{ sfd ug{ 'sf] k5fl8 ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] klg of]ubfg 

/x]sf] a'lemG5 . ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf cfwf/e"t p2]Zox? 

lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!= sd{rf/Lx?df e}/x]sf] 1fg / ;LknfO{ clej[ [l4 ub} { a9\bf] 

k|lt:kwf{df ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] u/L sfo{Ifdtf / 

pTkfbsTjnfO{ a9fpg] . 

@= b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cfkm\gf ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf, 

;'ljwf k|bfg u/L ;Gt'li6 lbnfpg] . 

#= ablnFbf] jftfj/0f;Fu} sfo{ut Jojxf/df kl/jt{g u/L cfk;L 

;xof]u / ;dGjo a9fpg], ;fy} ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] rfxgf 

cg's"n x'g] u/L l56f]5l/tf] ;]jfx? pknAw u/fpg] . 

/fh]Gb| s'df/ bfxfn 

n]vf clws[t 

s]=sf= cy{ ljefu 

$= of]hgfa4 sfo{gLltx? ckgfO{ ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?n] tflndsf] 

cg'e"lt x'g] u/L sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug] { . ljz]if u/]/ 

Non Managerial tyf No voice employees nfO{ nlIft 

u/L tflnd sfo{qmd th' {df ug] { . 

%= ;]jfsfnLg tflnd ljz]if u/]/ ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo tyf 

nIo xfl;n ug]{tkm{ s]lGb|t /xL ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf 

;do;fk]If k|ljlw / bIftfnfO{ Wofg s]lGb|t u/L tflnd 

;~rfng ug] { . 

;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] k|sf/ 

;]jfsfnLg tflndnfO{ juL{s/0f ubf{ of]hgfa4 / 

u}/of]hgfa4 u/L b'O{ ?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . u}/of]hgfa4 tflndn] 

;+u7gleq /x]sf High profile o'Qm sd{rf/Lx? h;n] rfs8L– 

rKn';LnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbG5g\ / /fhgLlts kxF 'rnfO{ 

cfk\mgf] k|lti7f 7fG5g\, ltgLx?nfO{ dfq kmfObf lbnfpF5 / vr{ 

tyf pknlAwnfO{ Wofg lbFb}gg\, ;fy} pgLx?n] tflndnfO{ s]jn 

cfk\mgf] JolStut k|lti7f;Fu hf]8\5g\ . t/ of]hgfa4 ;]jfsfnLg 

tflndn] ;+:yfsf] Non managerial tyf No voice employees 

nfO{ ;d]6]/ Odfgbfl/tf / k];fut cg'ejnfO{ ;+:Yffsf] d"n 

p2]Zo xfl;n u/fpg s]lGb|t u/fpF5 . o;y{ u}/of]hgfa4 

tflndeGbf of]hgfa4 tflnd ;~rfng x'g' ;+:yfsf] nflu 

nfebflos x'g] s' '/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . 

;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] ljZj Oltxf; x]g] { xf] eg], ;j{k|yd 

klxnf] ljZjo'4kl5 hxfh agfpg] pBf]udf Charles Skipper 

R. Allen eGg] JolQmn] b]xfosf rf/ r/0f nufP/ of]hgfa4 

;]jfsfnLg tflnd ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . 

klxnf] r/0f M sfdbf/x?n] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] nflu s] rfxG5g\, 

;f]sf] tof/L ug] { . 

($

{ 

] 

] 


bf];|f] r/0f M sfdbf/x?n] rfx]sf] s'/f lsg rfxG5g\, 

;f]sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug] { . 

t];|f] r/0f M sfdbf/x?sf] rfxgfcg'?ksf] sfd / ;'ljwf 

pknAw u/fO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ { nufpg] . 

rf}yf] r/0f M cGtdf sfdbf/nfO{ 7Ls–a]l7s nfu]sf] ljifodf 

k|ltlqmof lng] . 

Mr. Allen n] ;]jfsfnLg tflndnfO{ bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 pk/f]Qm 

$ r/0fnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L & r/0fdf ;~rfng ug] { u/L ljsf; u/]sf 

lyP . & r/0fLo ;]jfsfnLg tflnd o; k|sf/ 5g\ . 

r/0f sfo{ljlw 

!= sfo{;Dkfbg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, ;f]sf] juL{s/0f ug] { . 

@= tf]lsPsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos ;fwg–;|f]tsf] klxrfg ug] { . 

#= pknAw ;fwg–;|f]tn] s;/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ] eGg] ;DaGwdf 

ljZn]if0f ug] { . 

$= sfdbf/sf] bIftf / lhDd]jf/LaLr t'ngf ug] { . 

%= sfdbf/x?aLr cGt/;dGjo / ;xof]usf] efjgf 5÷5}g, 

cWoog ug] { . 

^= sfdbf/x?nfO{ bIftfcg'?ksf] lhDd]jf/L lbg] / ;f]sf] 

cg'udg ug] { . 

&= ;a} sfdbf/x?nfO{ :jtM:km"t{?kdf sfd ug{ lbO{ 

sfo{;Dkfbg u/fpg] . 

pk/f]Qmadf]lhdsf] & r/0fLo ;]jfsfnLg tflndn] ;+:Yffsf] 

pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df High 

profile sf sd{rf/L / No voice tyf Non managerial 

employees ;a}nfO{ ;d]6]/ tflnd ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . 

;]jfsfnLg tflnd ;~rfngkZrft\ ;DkGg ePsf sfo{;Dkfbg 

/ tflndljgfsf] sfo{;DkfbgaLr w]/} cGt/ b]lvPsf] s'/f ljleGg 

cg';Gwfgndf ;d]t b]lvPsf]n] o:tf ;]jfsfnLg tflndx?sf] 

;~rfng ug{ j}wflgs cfwf/x?;d]t x'g'kg] { cfjZostf eof] . 

h;cg';f/ ;j{k|yd ljZjdf ;g\ !(&# df ag]sf] 

"comprehensive employment and training act" cg';f/ 

;~rflnt tflndn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] b}lgs 

sfo{;Dkfbgdf lgs} pT;fx ldn]sf] lyof] . ;fy} k'/fgf] cg'ejsf] 

cfjZostf;d]t x6\b} uPsf] lyof] . g]kfndf ;d]t ;]jfsfnLg 

tflndsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg 

tflndk|bfos ;+:yfx?sf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @)@& df 

Center for Economic Development and Administration 

(CEDA) sf] :yfkgf eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf /fhkqf+lst låtLo 

>]0fLsf clws[t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tLgdlxg] ;]jfsfnLg tflnd 

lbg] Joj:yf ul/GYof] . To;} u/L lj=;+= @)#& df /fh:j k|zf;g 

tflnd s]Gb|, lj=;+= @)#* df Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb|, lj=;+= 

@)#( df g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, lj=;+= @)$( df 


:yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, lj=;+= @)^! df z}lIfs ljsf; 

tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg ;]jf ;d"x;Fu 

cfa4 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;]jfsfnLg tflnd lbOFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

o;} u/L b]ze/ ;:tf], ;'ne, ljZj;gLo / e/kbf] { b"/;~rf/ 

;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf 

sl/a ^ xhf/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]an pRr /fVg / pTkfbsTjdf 

j[l4 u/fpgsf nflu b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb :yfkgf u/L ljleGg 

ljifodf ;]jfsfnLg tflndx? ;~rfng ub} { cfPsf] 5 . sDkgLsf] 

sd{rf/L ;]jf ;t{ ljlgodfjnL @)^! sf] bkmf &* / &( df 

tflnd;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ :jb]zdf tflnd 

ug{ k|aGw lgb] {zssf] :jLs[ltdf / ljb]zdf tflnd lngsf] nflu 

tflnd l;kmfl/; ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df x'g] k|fjwfg 5 . ;f] 

;ldltdf k|aGw lgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] gfoa k|aGw lgb]{zssf] 

;+of]hsTjdf tflnd ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt gfoa k|aGw lgb] {zs ! 

hgf / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefusf gfoa k|aGw lgb] {zs ! 

hgf u/L tLg ;b:oLo ;ldlt /xg] k|fjwfg 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf b"/;~rf/ tflnd;DaGwL Ps :ki6 gLltsf] 

th' {df geP klg k|To]s jif{sf] ah]6 k'l:tsfdf eg] s]xL g s]xL 

Joj:yfx? pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf] # jif{sf] ah]6nfO{ x]bf{ 

tflndsf] nflu b]xfPsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

cf= j= @)^^÷^& sf] ah]6n] u/]sf] tflnd;DaGwL Joj:yf 

− sd{rf/LnfO{ sDkgLsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf sfd 

ug{ ;Sg] u/L costomer focus df s]lGb|t agfpg 

councelling / training sf] Joj:yf ug] { . 

− If]=lg= g]kfnuGh / wgu9Ldf dd{t ;'wf/ tyf 

− 

;~rfng;DaGwL tflnd u/fpg] . 

sDkgLsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?dWo] 

of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df pTs[i6 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

cfjZostfadf]lhd gofF k|ljlwsf] tflnd lbg] Joj:yf 

ldnfpg] egL Joj:yfkgaf6 lgb] {zg klg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . 

cf=j= @)^&÷^* sf] ah]6n] u/]sf] tflnd;DaGwL Joj:yf 

− sd{rf/LnfO{ sDkgLsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf sfd 

ug{ ;Sg] u/L customer focus df s]lGb|t agfpg 

counseling and training sf] Joj:yf ug] { . 

− Training sf ;fy} ljleGg cj;/x?df If]qx?nfO{ ;d]t 

;dfj]z ug' {kg] { . 

cf=j= @)^*÷^( sf] ah]6n] u/]sf] tflnd;DaGwL Joj:yf 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] 

u/L customer focus df s]lGb|t agfpg yk councelling / 

training sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . jt{dfg k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0fdf 

k|efjsf/L?kdf cl3 a9\g sDkgLsf] Joj:yfksLo kbdf sfo{/t 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 x'g] u/L tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ 

(%


cflb ;~rfng ug] { If]qLo:t/df ;d]t ljleGg tflndx? ;~rfng 

ug{ cfjZos ef}lts ;+/rgf lj:tf/ ug] { . 

o; k|sf/ dfly pNn]v ePcg';f/ nuftf/ tLg cfly{s 

jif{df tflndsf] nflu sl/a–sl/a Ps} k|sf/sf] gLlt tyf 

sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ :jb]z tflndsf] nflu cf=j= )^^÷^& 

df # s/f]8, cf=j= )^&÷^* df @=% s/f]8 / cf=j= )^*÷^( 

df # s/f]8sf] ah]6 Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ljb]z tflndsf] 

nflu klg qmdzM # s/f]8, $ s/f]8 / $=% s/f]8 ah]6 Joj:yf 

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg], ah]6 / sfo{qmdnfO{ x]bf{ 

ljut tLg jif{b]lv Ps} k|sf/sf] sfo{z}nLdf ;]jfsfnLg tflndx? 

;~rfng x' Fb} cfPsf] tyf k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0fdf Jofj;flos ;Lk 

ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug] gofF k|ljlwo'Qm tflnd ;~rfng x'g 

g;s]sf] cfefif x'G5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf ;]jfsfnLg tflnd;DaGwL ;d:ofx? 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;Ifd, bIf / 

Jofj;flos agfO{ b"/;~rf/ If]qsf cfkm\gf ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ 

ljZj;gLo Pj+ e/kbf] { ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ Joj:yf ePsf] tflnd 

Joj:yfkgn] ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?dfem ljZj:t, kl/0ffdd'vL / 

cfnf]rgf/lxt eP/ sfd ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . o;sf k5fl8 ljleGg 

;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!_ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] bL3{sfnLg b"/;~rf/ tflnd gLlt 

th' {df ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . kmn:j?k ax';+Vos sd{rf/Lx?n] 

tflndk|lt c;Gt'li6 / cljZjf; JoQm ub} { cfPsf] b]lvG5 . 

@_ b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|df ;~rflnt ljleGg ;]jfsf ljljw 

tflndx?df tflnd sfo{qmdx?sf] kf7\oqmd, k|ljlwh:tf 

ljifox?nfO{ :t/Los/0f ug{ ljz]if1x?sf] ;+oGq :yfkgf 

x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

#_ 6]lnsdleq dfgj;|f]t ljsf; of]hgf / j[lQ ljsf; 

of]hgfnfO{ Ps} /ysf b'O{ kfª\u|fsf] ?kdf c+lusf/ ug{ 

;lsPsf] 5}g . kmn:j?k 6]lnsdsf] bL3{sfnLg ;]jf lj:tf/ 

;~rfng x'g] tflnd sfo{qmdaLr ;dGjo / d"Nofª\sg 

x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . 

$_ :jb]zleq tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ s'g–s'g ;]jf ;d"xsf 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s]–s:tf tflnd pko'Qm x'g] xf], ;f] cg';f/ 

of]hgfa4 (structural palnned_ tflnd ;~rfng x'g'kg] {df 

tflndk|bfos ;+:yfsf] approach sf] cfwf/df high profile 

df /x]sf sd{rf/Lx? dfq 5gf]6 eO{ tflnd x'g] u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . o;af6 pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 gx'g], s]jn vr{ dfq} 

a9fpg] ;d:of lbgk|ltlbg b]lv/x]sf] 5 . 

%_ b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|nufot :jb]zleq ;~rflnt cGo 

tflndx?df of]Uo k|lzIfsx?sf] cefj x'g'sf] ;fy} k|lzIfssf] 

nflu lglZrt of]Uotf / :t/ lgwf{/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 


^_ sfdcg';f/sf] tflnd / tflndcg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbg 

;s]sf] 5}g . tflndnfO{ s]jn refreshment sf] cfefif 

lbg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . 

&_ k|To]s ;]jf ;d"x, >]0fL / txsf nflu sfo{ ljj/0f / ;f] 

cg's"nsf tflnd sfo{qmdx? th' {df x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

*_ :jb]z jf ljb]zdf tflndsf nflu dgf]gog eO{ efu lnP/ 

sfof{nodf xflh/ ePkl5 !% lbgleq cfkm\gf] tflndsf] 

k|ltlqmof;DaGwL k|ltj]bg k]; ug' {kg] { k|fjwfg sd{rf/L 

;]jf ;t{ ljlgodfjnLdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;f] cg';f/sf] 

sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg'n] klg tflndnfO{ refreshment 

dfq xf] eGg] dx;'; ePsf] 5 . 

(_ j}b]lzs tflnddf ;xefuL u/fpFbf sfo{af]em, Ho]i7tf / 

lhDd]jf/LnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L o'lgog, Joj:yfkg / /fhgLlts 

zlQmaLr efuj08f ug] { ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 of]Uo, 

Odfgbf/ / pQ/bfoL sd{rf/LOx?df g}/fZotf Pj+ knfog 

x'g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . 

!)_ a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{ / k|ljlw cg's"nsf tflndx? ;~rfng ug{ 

kof{Kt ah]6sf] ;d]t cefj b]lvG5 . n]vf, k|zf;g tyf 

k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx?sf] tflnd dgf]gogdf ;dfgtfsf] 

l;4fGt nfu" ePsf] b]lvFb}g . 

!!= tflnd sIff tyf ;f] sIffdf /x]sf ef}lts ;fwgn] klg 

k|lzIffyL{x?df :jtM cg'zfl;t / k|lzlIft aGg ;xof]u 

x'g] x' Fbf b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ Jojl:yt / cfw'lgs 

k|ljlw;lxtsf] ;|f]t–;fwg ;DkGg agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . 

!@_ tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ ;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if1tfnfO{ 

Wofg glbO{ kbLotfnfO{ g} k|fyldstf lbg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . 

h;n] ubf{ tflndk|ltsf] cfsif{0f sd x' Fb} uPsf] 5 . 

!#_ b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|df tflnd ;~rfng ug{ ljut tLg 

jif{b]lv Ps} k|sf/sf] sfo{qmd / ah]6 Joj:yf ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . o;n] klg tflnd ;~rfngdf cTofw'lgs k|ljlw 

cg's"nsf tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f x'g] u/]sf] 5}g eGg] 

;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] nflu ;'wf/ ug' 

{kg] 

{{{{{ If]qx? 

ljZjJofkL cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf] 

tLj| k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) df 

pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;g\ @)!@ ;Dd k|lt !)) hgfdf !% j6f 

6]lnkmf]g pknAw u/fpg] bL3{sfnLg gLlt lnPsf]df ;g\ @)!) 

df g} pQm nIo xfl;n e};s]sf] 5 . ;~rf/ If]qn] ljZjdf 

lnPsf] ult / pGgltn] ubf{ o; If]qdf lbgk|ltlbg gofF–gofF 

k|ljlwx?sf] ljsf; e}/x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cg'?k ;]jfu|fxLsf] rfxgf 

(^

{ 

{ 


klg ljsl;t x' Fb} uPsf] 5 . l56f]5l/tf] ;]jf, e/kbf] { / ljZj;gLo 

;~rf/dfWod cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf e};s]sf] 5 . o;} b[li6sf]0fnfO{ 

dWogh/ /fvL k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] k/Dk/fut sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g 

u/L ;Ifd, ;an, bIf / Jofj;flos x'g'kg] { 68\sf/f] dx;'; 

ul/Psf] 5 . h;sf] nflu ;]jfsfnLg tflndåf/f dfq cfd"n 

kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg] x' Fbf o;tkm{ lgDgfg';f/sf ;'wf/ x'g'kg] 

ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . 

!_ ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] bL3{sfnLg tflnd gLlt th' {df u/L 

;do;fk]If / cTofw'lgs k|ljlw cg's"n x'g] u/L cNksfnLg 

/ dWosfnLg tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug' {kb{5 . 

@_ sDkgLdf k|zf;g, n]vf, OlGhlgol/ª, sfg'g, Jofkf/h:tf 

ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xcGtu{t s'n ^ xhf/eGbf a9L sd{rf/Lx? 

sfo{/t 5g\ . To:tf k|To]s ;d"xcGtu{tsf tx / >]0fLcg';f/ 

sfo{ ljj/0f th' {df u/L ;f]xL adf]lhd cTofw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm 

Jofj;flos tflndx? ;~rfng x'g h?/L b]lvG5 . 

#_ ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljj/0f lnO{ 

ltgLx?sf] lhDd]jf/L / sfo{af]emnfO{ Wofg lbP/ :jb]z Pj+ 

ljb]zdf tflnd ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 . tflnd schedule / 

sd{rf/Lsf] ;xeflutf ;"rL;d]t kf/bzL{ agfOg'kb{5 . 

$_ k|To]s tflnd sfo{qmdkZrft\ k|lzIffyL{x?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{sIf 

/ sfo{z}nLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] af/]df clgjfo{?kn] k|ltj]bg 

k]; ug{ nufpg'k5{ . h;nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sg;Fu 

klg hf]l8g' pko'Qm x'G5. 

%_ tflnd ;~rfng ug' {eGbf cufl8 k|lzIfssf] of]Uotf, cg'ej 

/ :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L ljifo lj1 ljz]if1af6 tflnd k|bfg 

ug' {kb{5 . 

^_ tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 

u/fpg'kb{5 . ;fy} ;|f]t / ;fwgaf6 ;d'Ggt agfO{ cfsif{s 

agfOg'kb{5 . 

&_ ;]jfsfnLg tflndnfO{ sd{rf/Lx?n] ljleGg r/0f kf/ 

ubf{;d]t lg/Gt/ ;~rflnt x'g' h?/L 5 . h:t}– sd{rf/Ln] 


;]jf k|j]z ubf{, a9'jf x' Fbf, Ps :yfgaf6 csf] { :yfgdf 

;?jf x' Fbf, k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0fsf] tLj| ljsf; x' Fb} ubf{sf 

cj:yfdf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;dofg's"n bIf Pj+ Jofj;flos 

agfpg ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf] h?/L x'G5 . o;sf] nflu 

hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ljefu;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ eg] 

ul//xg' h?/L 5 . 

*_ tflnd dgf]gogdf :jljj]sLo 5gf]6 tyf /fhgLlts x:tIf]knfO{ 

b'?T;flxt u/L kf/bzL{ Criteria th' {df ug' {kb{5 . 

(_ ;]jfsfnLg tflnddf k/LIffsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/L 

;f]sf] glthfnfO{ a9'jf k|of]hgsf] nflu ;d]t d"Nofª\sg 

x'g'kb{5 . a9'jfsf] nflu sDtLdf #) lbgsf] -k6s– 

k6s u/]/ eP klg_ ;]jfsfnLg tflnd lnPsf] x'g'kg] 

of]Uotf lgwf{/0f x'g'kb{5 . 

!)_ sd{rf/Lsf] bIftf, 1fg, ;Lk / Jofj;flostf clej[l4 

ug{sf nflu ;]jfsfnLg tflnd ckl/xfo{ xf] . To;sf] ;fy} 

sd{rf/Lsf] :jf:Yok|ltsf] r]tgf a9fpg], vfgkfg, /xg;xg, 

;kmf;'U3/, ;]jf;'ljwf, cjsfzkZrft\sf] hLjgz}nL cflbsf] 

af/]df klg ;]jfsfn cjlwd} tflnd ;~rfng x'g' h?/L 5 . 

h;n] sd{rf/Lx?df gofF t/Ë k}bf ub{5 . 

cGtdf g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ b]z lgdf{0fsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf 

/fVg, o;sf] ;]jf lj:tf/ Pj+ u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ cfkm\gf 

;]jfu|fxLk|lt l56f]5l/tf], ljZj;gLo ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ;Ifd, 

;'b[9 tyf Jofj;flos aGgsf] nflu tflnd ckl/xfo{ tTj xf] 

eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . tflndljgf sd{rf/Ldf yk pmhf{ / 

k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg k|foM c;Dej ePsf]n] tflnd ;~rfngdf 

:yfoL ;+oGqsf] ljsf; x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . ljut cjlwdf 

eP÷u/]sf tflnd ultljlwnfO{ d"Nofª\sg u/L cfpFbf lbgdf 

Jojl:yt Pjd\ j}1flgs structural Planned af6 tflnd 

;~rfng ugf{n] 6]lnsdleqsf hgzlQmaf6 ck]lIft nfe lng 

;Sg] b[9 ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . 

Where is the Life we have lost in living? Where is the 

wisdom we have lost in knowledge? Where is the 

knowledge we have lost in information? 

– T. S. Eliot 

(&

{ 

{ 


b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfx?dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;+:yfsf] 

?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] ;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f ub} 

/fHosf] s'gf–s'gf;Dd ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . 

/fHon] klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?dWo] hgpkof]uL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ lnPsf] x' “bf hgtf;“u k|ToIf?kdf ;/f]sf/ 

/fvL ;]jfk|jfx ug] { ;+:yfsf] ?kdf o;nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfdf lghL If]qsf] k|j]z;“u} o; sDkgLnfO{ klg k|lt:kwL{ 

jftfj/0fdf plqg'kg] { cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf]n] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ 

cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg] { cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] agfpg' t h?/L 5“b} 5, To;dfly klg 

;]jfk|jfx (Service Delivery) nfO{ ;d]t k|efjsf/L agfpg 

;s]df ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ pRr /fVg ;lsg] x'G5 . u'0f:t/Lo 

;]jfsf] nflu k|ljlwsf] ;xL pkof]u, ;'dw'/ hg;Dks{, ;xL 

ahf/ Joj:yfkg, cfly{s cg'zf;g, pks/0fx?sf] /]vb]v / 

lgoldt dd{t–;Def/ tyf ;+:yfleq /fd|f] cfGtl/s ;dGjosf] 

cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;+:yfdf bIf hgzlQmsf] 

cfjZostf kg'{sf] ;fy} pQm hgzlQmsf] dxQd kl/rfng 

ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;+:yfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/sf 

hgzlQmnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{, 5gf]6 ug]{ / k|fKt hgzlQmnfO{ 

;+:yfsf] p2]Zocg';f/ clwstd kl/rfng ug] { dxTjk"0f{ dfWodsf] 

?kdf sfo{ljj/0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . 

sfo{ljj/0f s'g} ;+u7gdf s'g} kbdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ug' {kg] 

sfo{x?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f xf] . ljz]iftM o;n] JolQmsf ;DaGwdf 

eGbf JolQmn] ug] { sfdsf] ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/ /fV5 . ;+u7gdf 

ul/g] sfo{ ljZn]if0fkZrft\ dfq sfo{ljj/0fsf] af/]df hfgsf/L 

xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;+:yfdf ul/g] 

;Dk"0f{ sfdsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L xfl;n ul/g'sf ;fy} 

To:tf sfo{ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] Quality & 

Quantity sf] kIfdf ;d]t ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . s'g} klg 

;+:yfdf HR Forcast sf] nflu ul/g] Bench Marking 

nfO{ Job Analysis sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . 

;+:yfdf ul/g] Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f (Management Audit ) 

klg Ps k|sf/sf] sfo{ ljZn]if0f g} xf] . t/ sd{rf/LnfO{ 

tf]lsP/ k|bfg ul/g] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/;lxtsf] clwsf/ 

k|Tofof]hgnfO{ eg] sfo{ljj/0f (Job Description) sf] 

?kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;dfg kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? eP 

klg pgLx?sf] kb:yfkg ePsf] :yfgcg';f/ sfo{ljj/0f 

km/s–km/s x'g ;S5 . 

sfo{ljj/0f Pp6f lnlvt ljj/0f xf], h;df s'g} sfd lsg 

ul/G5 < s;/L ul/G5 < s:tf] jftfj/0fdf ul/G5 < s]–s:tf 

(* 


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;Gbe{df sfo{ljj/0f 

;'/]Gb|k|;fb vgfn 

b"=;+=sf=, rfalxn 

pks/0fx? k|of]u ug' {kb{5 < sfd ubf{ ckgfpg'kg] { ;fjwfgL s]– 

s] x'g\ < /, sfdbf/sf lhDd]jf/L tyf pQ/bfloTj s]–s] x'g\ < 

eGg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . sfo{ljj/0fsf] dfWodaf6 sd{rf/Ln] 

cfkm\gf] sfdsf ;DaGwdf k"j{hfgsf/L k|fKt ug] { x' “bf p;n] ;f]xL 

cg';f/ cfkm"df ;hutf / ;Ifdtfsf] ] ljsf; ug] { cj;/ k|fKt 

ub{5 . o;n] sd{rf/LnfO{ Self Regulate, Self Motivate / 

Self evaluate ug{ d2t ub{5 . sfo{ljj/0fn] ;+:yfdf s:tf 

vfnsf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eGg] s'/f cjut 

u/fpg'sf] ;fy} pQm hgzlQm k|fKt ug{ s:tf] vfnsf] 5gf]6 

k4tL tyf k/LIff kf7\os|d lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o 

lng ;xof]u ub{5 . 

;fdfGotof sfo{ljj/0fdf b]xfosf ljj/0fx? ;dfj]z 

x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . 

!= sfo{sf] klxrfg M 

– kbsf] gfd M 

– kbsf] ;+s]t M 

– sfd ug' {kg] { zfvf, OsfO{ M 

@= kbn] ug' {kg] { sfdsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro M 

#= sfo{;“u ;DalGwt lhDd]jf/L, st{Jo, hjfkmb]lxtf / cf}krfl/s 

;DaGw M 

– s;sf] dftxtdf /xL sfd ug' {kg] { / s;nfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f 

ug' {kg] { M 

– sf]k|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg] { M 

– sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu v]Ng'kg] { e"ldsf M 

$= clwsf/ M 

%= sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ M 

^= sfo{sf] jftfj/0f M 

&= sfd ubf{ k|of]u x'g] d]l;g, pks/0f / To;af6 x'g ;Sg] 

;Defljt vt/f M 

*= cGo kb;“usf] ;DaGw M


g]kfn 6]lnsddf sfo{ljj/0fsf] cfjZostf M 

!= sd{rf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg . 

@= sd{rf/Ln] lgjf{x ug' {kg] { e"ldsfnfO{ k|:6 kf/L æof] d]/f] 

sfd xf]OgÆ eGg] k|j[lQnfO{ x6fpg . 

#= sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;xh agfpg . 

$= sfddf cfpg ;Sg] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg . 

$= sd{rf/Lsf] sdL–sdhf]/L ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg 

ug{ . 

%= sd{rf/L ;?jf, a9'jf, k'/:sf/ / ;hfo;DaGwL lg0f{o lng . 

^= hgzlQm of]hgf;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ . 

&= Over Staffing And Under Staffing ;DaGwL ;d:of 

;dfwfg ug{ . 

*= sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg eQf (Incentives) 

cflb l;kmfl/; ug{ . 

(= Right Man Right Place sf] l;4fGt cjnDag ug{ . 

!)= tflnd cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug{ . 

!!= ;Defljt b'3{6gfx? sd ug{ . 

!@= Jofj;flos :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff (OHS) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ 

kfg{sf nflu Joj;fo;DaGwL ;"rgfx?sf] ljj/0f k|bfg ug{ . 

sd{rf/Lx? ;+:yfsf cd"No ;DklQ x'g\ . :j:y sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

dfWodaf6 dfq ;+:yfsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ ;Dej 5 . To;}n] 

Joj;fonfO{ s;/L :j:y / ;'/lIft agfpg] eGg] ljifo clxn]sf] 

Joj:yfksLo rf;f]sf] ljifo x'g k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsddf klg 

o;sf] nflu 5'§} OHS Cells sf] u7g u/L o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog 

ug] { hdsf] { u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] OHS nfO{ sfof{Gjg ug{ 'eGbf 

cufl8 ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? s:tf] jftfj/0fdf sfd 

ul//x]sf 5g\, pgLx? s'g–s'g s'/faf6 c;'/lIft 5g\ , s]–s:tf 

c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f sd{rf/Lx?sf] :jf:Yo / ;+:yfsf] pTkfbsTjdf 

c;/ kfl//x]sf] ] 5 eGg] 

s'/fsf] ljj/0f ;+sng x'g' 

h?/L 5 . To;sf nflu 

cfjZos ;"rgfx? lbg] 

dfWod eg]sf] sfo{ ljj/0f 

g} xf] . To;}n] OHS sf] 

nflu Job Description 

k"j{ cfjZostf xf] . 


/ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?df sfo{ljj/0fsf] 

k|of]u eO;s]sf] 5 . sltko ;+:yfx?n] t lj1fkg ubf{s} ;dodf 

sfo{ljj/0f / sfo{ ljlzi6 ljj/0f -lzIff, cg'ej, pd]/, JolQmTj 

cflb_ ;d]t v'nfO{ lj1fkg u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL 

;]jfdf ;d]t sfo{ljj/0f nfu" eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsddf o;nfO{ k"0f{?kdf nfu" gul/Psf] eP tfklg s]xL 

xb;Dd k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5, h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 . 

!= dflyNnf] txsf sd{rf/Lx?n] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/af6 

s]xL clwsf/ tNnf] txnfO{ k|Tofof]hg u/L sfd, st{Jo / 

clwsf/ tf]lslbg] Joj:yf 5 . 

@= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgnfO{ clgjfo{ ug{ g;lsPsf] / s'g} 

sfof{nodf o;nfO{ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 eg] s'g} sfof{nodf 

nfu" gul/Psf] cj:yf 5 . 

#= sfo{ljj/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ljlgoddf ;dfj]z ug{ 

;lsPsf] 5}g . 

$= sfo{ljj/0f tof/ kfg] { ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd klg s'g} kxn 

x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

lghfdtL ;]jf;“u t'ngfTds cWoog / g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

nflu pko'Qm 9f“rf M 

g]kfn 6]lnsd cem} klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 

sDkgL /x]sf] / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?dWo] w]/} sd{rf/Lx? sfo{/t 

/x]sf] ;+:yf ePsf] x'“bf lghfdtL ;]jfdf nfu" ePsf] 

sfo{ljj/0f;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] cWoog u/L o; ;+:yfsf] nflu 

pko'Qm x'g] 9f“rfsf] ljsf; ug' { h?/L b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 

cEof;nfO{ x]g] { xf] eg] kb;f]kfgsf] z[ª\vnfdf /xg] dflyNnf] 

kbaf6 tNnf] kbsf] nflu sfo{ljj/0f tof/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

h;cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 9f“rf / g]kfn 6]lnsddf pko'Qm 

x'g] 9f“rfnfO{ tnsf cg';f/ b]vfOPsf] 5 . 

g]kfn 

6]lnsddf 

sfo{ljj/0f;DaGwL 

Joj:yf M 

jt{dfg cj:yfdf 

ljleGg ;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf 

((


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;Gbe{df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] 

sDkgLsf] k|aGw lgb]{zssf], k|aGw lgb]{zsn] ljefuLo k|d'v 

tyf If]qLo lgb]{zsx?sf], ljefuLo k|d'v tyf If]qLo 

lgb]{zsx?n] dftxtsf k|aGws, pkk|aGws / n]vf 

sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'vx?sf], k|aGws, pkk|aGws / 

sfof{no k|d'vx?n] dftxtsf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

sfo{ljj/0f tof/ kfg]{ Joj:yf ePdf ;xh 9+uaf6} o;nfO{ 

sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;Dej b]lvG5 . 

sfo{ljj/0fsf] ;Ldf M 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkgsf z}nLdf cfPsf 

gof“–gof“ ;f]rcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ug]{ bfo/f c;Lldt 

x'g k'u]sf] 5 . cfhsf] Joj:yfksn] s'g} lgwf{l/t sfo{ 

ug'{eGbf klg b}lgs ?kdf ljleGg vfnsf ;d:ofx?sf] 

;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sfo{ljj/0fn] sfdsf] bfo/fnfO{ 

;Lldt ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ pgLx?nfO{ Innovative / 

Creative eO{ sfo{ ug{af6 ;d]t jl~rt kfg{ ;S5 . 

To;}n] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ ubf{ o;sf] nrstfnfO{ klg 

dWogh/ ug'{kb{5 . sfo{ljj/0fsf ;Ldfx?nfO{ 

b]xfoadf]lhd lng ;lsG5 . 

!= Changing Enviornment df sfo{nfO{ ;Lldt ug{ 

vf]Hbf JolQmsf] / ;+:yf b'j}sf] pTkfbsTjdf sdL 

cfpg ;Sg] x'G5 . 

@= sfo{ jf lg0f{odf nrstf cfpg g;Sg], k|lqmofnfO{ 

k|fyldstf lbOg] x'“bf sfd sf/afxLdf l9nf;':tL cfpg 

;Sg] . 


#= k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0fdf JolQmsf] e"ldsfdf l56f]–l56f] 

kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sg] x' “bf sfo{ljj/0fnfO{ lg/Gt/ Update 

ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ nfu" ug{ sl7g klg 5 . 

pk;+xf/ 

s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] lgZrt p2]Zo x'G5 . Tof] k|flKtsf 

nflu ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;fy} eO/x]sf] 

hgzlQmsf] dxQd kl/rfng cfjZos kb{5 . sfo{ljj/0fn] 

sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :ki6 lgwf{/0f ub{5 . sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ 

lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ sfd u/]sf] 5' jf 5}g :jd"Nof+sg 

ug{ ;S5 ;fy} ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ klg sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ 

cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . 

sfo{ljj/0fn] sfdbf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] x'“bf 

;]jfu|fxLn] klg ;xh 9+uaf6 ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt 

ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} kb;f]kfgsf] z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf ljleGg 

txx?aLr / zfvf–zfvfx?aLr /fd|f] ;dGjo :yfkgf u/L 

;+u7gnfO{ r':t /fVg d2t ub{5 . sd{rf/L ;?jf, a9'jf, 

k|f]T;fxg cflbsf ;DaGwdf ;xL ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{;d]t 

o;n] ub{5 . t;y{ g]kfn 6]lnsdh:tf] k|ToIf?kdf hgtf;“u 

;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;+:yfsf] nflu jt{dfg k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0fdf 

;]jfu|fxL;“u ;'dw'/ ;DaGw /fVb} ;]jfk|jfxsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ 

pRr /fVg sfo{ljj/0f ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos 

:jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ klg sfo{ljj/0f 

nfu" ug{ cTofjZos b]lvG5 . /fHo ;/sf/sf] d'6' dflgg] 

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;d]t o;sf] sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf] x'“bf 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf klg o;nfO{ nfu" ug{ ckl/xfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . 

"Your children are not your children. They are the sons 

and daughters of Life's longing for itself. They come through 

you but not from you, And though they are with you yet 

they belong not to you". 

.. . On Children by Kahlil Gibran............ 

!))

{ 



g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ljsf;df tflnd s]Gb| 

hgzlQm ljsf;df tflnd 

dfgjLo ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgdf hgzlQm ljsf; Pp6f 

dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;+u7gn] afx\o tyf cfGtl/s jftfj/0fsf] 

kl/lwdf /x]/ cfkm\gf sfd–sf/afxL ug' {kg] { ePsfn] kl/jlt{t 

jftfj/0fdf pko'Qm hgzlQm Joj:yf ug' {kg] { x'G5 . dfgjLo 

hgzlQmsf] df}lns rl/qsf sf/0fn] ubf{ jftfj/0fcg'?k hgzlQm 

/fVg–lemSg ;Sg] cj:yf /x“b}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{gzLn 

jftfj/0fcg'?k ;+u7gdf pko'Qm hgzlQm nuftf/?kdf 

lbO/xg'kg] { ePsfn] df}h'bf hgzlQmnfO{ cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk 

cfr/0f l;sfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg'kg] { x'G5 . 

h;sf] cf}hf/ eg]sf] tflnd / Joj:yfkg ljsf; g} xf] . 

;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf jfxs (Social Change sf Actor) x? 

k|ljlw lge{/tf, cfw'lgsLs/0f, klZrdLs/0f / b]vfl;sL k|efjsf 

sf/0fn] pkef]ujfbdf cfPsf] kl/jt{n] dfudf x'g] kl/jt{g;“u} 

tflndsf] dxTj emg} a9]/ uPsf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf tflnd s]Gb| 

b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ cfjZos kg] 

hgzlQm tof/ ug] { p2]ZonfO{ k"/f ug{ tTsfnLg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

;+:yfgsf] ljefusf] ?kdf @)## ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . 

;'?df o;sf] :yfkgf dWod:t/Lo hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{df s]lGb|t 

ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{df o;n] pNn]vgLo ;kmntf xfl;n 

u/]sf] Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 . xfnsf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df o;n] 

Joj:yfkg;DaGwL tflnd klg lb“b} cfPsf] 5 . dWod:t/sf] 

hgzlQm pTkfbg ug] { cGo ;+:yfx? ahf/df cfO;s]sf] kl/k| ]Iodf 

o;df nufOPsf] ;|f]t cGo If]qdf pkef]u ug' {kg] { cfjfh klg 

p7\g] u/]sf 5g\ . h;sf] pbfx/0fsf ?kdf k]G6f:sf]ksf] tflndnfO{ 

Out sourcing ug] { l/kf]6{nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . tyflk b"/;~rf/ 

tflnd s]Gb| lgDg goal / mission lnP/ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . 

Goals 

Development and conduct training course to 

meet the requirement of human resource for 

smooth operation and maintenance a telecom 

network and service of Nepal Telecom. 

Develop the training centre as continuous 

learning centre through enhancement of its 

resources and facilities. 

lszf]/ pk| ]tL 

b"/;+rf/ tflnd s]Gb| 

Create conductive atmosphere to enhance 

skills and expertise of the telecom staff in general. 

Conduct research and studies to improve the 

quality of telecom service in the country. 

Mission 

The mission of the training centre is develop 

highly competent human resource necessary for 

smooth operation, maintenance and expansion of 

telecommunication service networks. 

-;|f]tM NTC.website) 

tflnd s]Gb|sf jt{dfg sfo{qmdx? 

b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|n] cf=j= @)^*.^( df hDdf $,(#! 

Manweek sf] nIo /fv]/ cfkm\gf] tflnd sfo{qmd agfPsf]df 

@)^* d+l;/ d;fGt;Dddf hDdf !,*@# Manweek cyf{t\ 

jflif{s nIosf] #^=(&% k|ult xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . nIosf] k|ult 

% dlxgfdf jflif{s nIosf] xf/fxf/Ld} /x] klg s]xL sfo{qmdx?df 

km]/abn ePsf] klg 5 . hDdf % dlxgfdf ;~rfng ePsf &* 

tflnddWo] !% j6f tflnd Regional ?kdf ;~rfng ePsf 

5g\ . h'g s'n tflnd k|ltztsf] !( k|ltzt xf] . Regional 

Training eg]sf] Door to Door Training ePsf] / o;af6 

laxfg–a]n'sf cltl/Qm ;dodf ;d]t rnfpg ;lsg] ePsf]n] 

sfof{nosf] cltl/Qm ;dodf ;d]t ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . 

o;af6 sfof{nosf] sfddf s'g} cj/f]w gx'g] / k|lzIfsx? 

tflnd sfo{d} s]lGb|t x'g] x'gfn] nfebfos b]lvG5 . Regional 

Training df ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] sfo{n] ;d:of tyf tflnd 

s]Gb|d} tflndsf] vr{ n]lvg] x'gfn] sfof{nox?af6 e'QmfgL ubf{ 

b]lvg] ;d:ofx?nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;DalGwt If]=lg= df ef}lts 

k"jf{wf/;lxtsf] 6« ]lgª xn / tflnd ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug] { sfo{ 

ePdf Regional Training df k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] b]lvG5 . 

!)!


tflnddf ;ts{tf 

k|lt:kwf{sf] ahf/df u|fxsx? nueu &) k|ltzt;Dd u|fxs 

;]jfsf sf/0fn] aflxl/G5g\ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . k|lt:kwL{ 

b"/;~rf/sf] ahf/df b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

o:tf] Pp6f cf}hf/ xf], h'g xfn;Dd cGo k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?;“u 

5}g . ljljw sfg'gL sf/0fn] pko'Qm bIo hgzlQm lng rflxPs} 

a]nf g;lsg] kl/k| ]Iodf df}h'bf hgzlQmnfO{ tflndsf] dfWodaf6 

;dofg's"n agfpg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] tflnd s]Gb| g} /fd|f] ljsNk 

xf] . o;y{ tflnd s]Gb|af6 lbg] tflndx?df ;'wf/ Nofpg lgDg 

ljifo eP÷gePsf] k|lt rgfvf] /xg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

tflnd qm]Gb|af6 lbg] tflndsf] ljifoj:t' ;dofg's"n . 

tflnd lbg] k|lzIfssf] k|lzIf0f bIftf cfjZostfcg'?k . 

tflndsf] nIo / k|flKt 6]lnsdsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ . 

pko'Qm Resource person sf] 5gf]6 . 

tflnd Code of Conduct cg';f/ ;~rfng . 


pko'Qm k|lzIffyL{sf] 5gf]6 . 

Feedback df cfPsf u'gf;fx?sf] pko'Qm ;dfwfg . 

zLif{s Repeated eP/ tflnd ;~rfng . 

tflndsf] jftfj/0f zfGt / tflnd–d}qL . 

tflnddf ul/Psf] vr{sf] pkof]lutf . 

tflnd lbgsf] nflu /flvPsf k"jf{wf/x? tyf pks/0fx? . 

tflndsf] cfGtl/s cg'zf;gsf] cj:yf 

tflndsf] d"Nof+sg 

tflndnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg tflndsf] d"Nof+sg 

k|efjsf/L x'g'kb{5 . tflndsf] d"Nof+sgsf] nflu 

KIRKPATRICK'S FOUR LEVELS OF 

TRAINING EVALUATION cg';f/ lgDgadf]lhd 

x'g] pNn]v 5 . This grid illustrates the basic 

Kirkpatrick structure at a glance. 

!)@


b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|df o:tf] k|sf/sf] d"Nof+sg u/]/ 

tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ kmfObfhgs x'g] ePsf]n] o;tkm{ ;f]Rg] 

a]nf ePsf] 5 . 

;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] qmflGt / tflnddf gof“ k|j[lQ 

;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] qmflGtn] ljleGg If]qdf ljleGg lsl;dsf] 

gof“ k|j[lQx?nfO{ (Recent Trend) :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . cfh 

Virtual Organization tyf Virtual Learning h:tf 

s'/fx?sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . cfh tflnddf klg E-learning 

n] k|efj kf/]sf] cj:yfdf Class room training sf cltl/Qm 

o;sf] klg TolQs} dxTj 5 . E-learning gsfg'{ eg]sf] 

kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fnfO{ a'em\g g;s]sf] 7xl/G5 . t'ngfTds?kdf 

Class room training / E-learning nfO{ lgDgadf]lhd 

eGg ;lsG5 . 

Concept of E-Learning 


‣ cfnf]rgf / ;hfo“sf] eoaf6 d'Qm eO{ Ps–csf{sf] 

aLrdf v'Nnf ;~rf/ x'g] ;+u7gsf] ?kdf g]kfn 

6]lnsdnfO{ ljsf; ug] { u/L tflnd k|lzIf0f ug' { . 

‣ Performance corporate Culture ePsf] ;+u7gsf] 

?kdf 6]lnsdnfO{ ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] lsl;dsf 

tflnd ;~rfng ug' { . 

‣ 6]lnsdsf k|aGwssf] sfo{nfO{ Control others 

?kaf6 x6fP/ Enable others sf] ?kdf kl/jt{g 

ug{ Workshop x? ;~rfng ug' { . 

‣ k|lt:kwL{ ahf/df k|lt:kwf{sf] nfe lng CRM 

(Customer Relation Management) ;DaGwL 

tflnddf s]lGb|t x'g' . 

‣ ;a} sd{rf/Lx?df Competency development 

u/]/ cufl8 a9\g] lsl;dsf tflnd ;~rfng ug' {kg] { . 

b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf] Library nfO{ dha't 

kfg' {sf] cltl/Qm E-Library nfO{ klg Jojl:yt u/]/ tflnd 

;~rfng u/]df tflnd k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvG5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] 

e/k"/ pkof]u ub} { Video conference, Tele Learning sf] 

dfWodaf6 tflnd sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;s]df cfkm\gf] 

nIo k"/f ug{ tflnd s]Gb| ;Ifd x'G5 . 

cfhsf] ;Gbe{df tflnd s]Gb|sf] bfloTj 

‣ 6]lnsdnfO{ ;j{dfGo ;femf b[li6sf]0f ePsf] ;+u7gsf] 

?kdf ljsf; x'g] u/L tflnd ;~rfng ug' { . 

‣ u/]/ l;sf} +, 5nkmn u/]/ nfe lncf} +, a9LeGbf a9L 

cGt/lqmof u/f} + eGg] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug] {tkm{ pTk| ]l/t 

x'g] u/L tflnd ;~rfng ug' { . 

‣ Telecom nfO{ Share vision / Collaboration 

leadership ePsf] ;+u7g aGgsf] nflu ;xof]u 

k'¥ofpg]tkm{ sd{rf/LnfO{ clek| ]l/t ug' { . 

‣ olb ltdL ;do / jftfj/0f cg's"n?kdf kl/jt{g x'g 

;Sb}gf} eg] nfdf] ;do /xg ;Sb}gf} eGg] efjgfsf] 

ljsf; sd{rf/Ldf u/fpg' . 

"Love is like quicksilver in the hand.Leave the fingers open and it stays. 

Clutch it and it darts away" 

– DOROTHY PARKER 

!)#

]] 

] 

{ 

{ 


g] ]]kfndf 6]lnkmf]gsf] Oltxf;sf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ x]bf{ lj=;+=!(&) 

df klxnf] k6s 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . To;} u/L 

lj=;+= !(&! df sf7df8f} +af6 /S;f}n;Dd cf]kg jfo/ 6« +s 

nfOgsf] :yfkgf eof] . To:t} lj=;+= !((@ df /fhb/af/df @% 

nfOgsf] :jrflnt PS;r]Ghsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;} u/L qmlds?kdf 

lj=;+= @))^ df /f0ffx?n] cfk;L ;~rf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf 

nflu df]xg cfsfzjf0fLsf] :yfkgf u/] . lj=;+= @)!@ df 

;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ klxnf] k6s 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ul/of] . 

lj=;+=@)!( df sf7df8f} +df klxnf] k6s ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ 

6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug{ #)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] qm;jf/ PS;r]Ghsf] 

:yfkgf eof] . z'?sf lbgx?df 6]lnkmf]gsf] dxTj yfxf gkfpFbf 

/ hg3gTjsf] sdLsf sf/0fn] ubf{ @)!^ ;fndf dGqfno 

dftxt ;fgf] ljefusf] ?kdf /xL ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] ] ;+:yf 

xfn sDkgLsf] ?kdf cfOk'Ugsf] nflu w]/} 5nfª df/]sf] s'/f 

s;};fd' n's]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/sf] ljefuaf6 k[ys\ u/fO{ lj=;+= 

@)@^ df o;nfO{ ;ldltdf kl/0ft ul/of] . To;} } u/L lj=;+= 

@)#@ df ;+:yfgdf kl/0ft eO{ cfkm\gf ;]jfx? ;'rf? ub} { cfPsf] 

;+:yf ;dosf] dfu / ablnFbf] cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f;Fu} lj=;+= 

@)^! df sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePsf] xf] . 

k|f/Dedf ;~rf/ hut\df Psflwsf/ sfod u/L u|fxssf] 

cf+lzs dfu k"/f ub} { cfPsf] ;+:yf ljZjJofkLs/0f / ax'/fli6«o 

sDkgLsf] k|j]z;Fu} xfn cfP/ ^ j6f ;Frf/ ;]jfk|bfos 

sDkgLx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf] 5 . xfn ;+:yf;fd' :jfefljs} 

?kdf r'gf}tLx? ylkPsf 5g\ . o;sf] ;fy;fy} cfkm\gf] w/ftn 

klxrfg ug{, ;+:yfnfO{ cAan bhf{df ;bf sfod /fvL cfkm\gf] 

STRENGTH -zlQm_ k|bz{g / OPPORTUNITY -cj;/_sf] 

vf]hL u/L THREAT -r'gf}tL_x?nfO{ kf/ nufpg;d]t cfhsf] 

ablnFbf] kl/j]zn] kf7 l;sfPsf] 5 . 

/fi6«JofkL ;~hfn km}lnPsf], alnof] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ af]s]sf] 

/ cfly{s ?kn] ;an dflgPsf] ;+:yfdf SWOT ANALYSIS 

sf] h?/t lsg k¥of] t < eGg] ;jfn p7\g' :jfefljs} nfUg ;S5 

t/ cfh ;don] sf]N6] km]l/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsd dfq ;~rf/ 

;]jf k|bfg ug] { ;+:yf ePsf] eP Tolt w]/} km/s kg] { lyPg, t/ cfh 

g]kfndf ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] hut\df k|lt:kwf{ tLj|?kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . 

k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?n] gofF–gofF of]hgfsf ;fy u|fxsx?nfO{ cfslif{t 

ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;} x'gfn] g]kfn 6]lnsddf SWOT ANALYSIS 

sf] cfjZostf 68\sf/f]?kdf /x]sf] dx;'; eO/x]sf] 5 . 


g]kfn 6] ]lnsddf 

SWOT ANALYSIS sf] cfjZostf 

!)$ 

n]=c= g]qaxfb'/ e'h]n 

cy{ ljefu, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

SWOT analysis sf] af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L kfpg tnsf 

lrqx? ;xfosl;4 x'G5g\ . 

lrqdf b]vfOPsf] ! gDa/sf] t:jL/n] ;+:yfsf] STRENGTH 

sf] ;+s]t u5{ . s'zn Joj:yfksn] ;+:yfsf] ;du| ljZn]if0f ug] 

qmddf ;+:yfdf s]–slt zlQm 5 < ;+:yfsf ;an kIf s]–s] x'g\ < 

eGg] af/]df ;j{k|yd cWoog u/L hfgsf/L /fVg' h?/L 5 . @ 

gDa/sf] t:jL/n] ;+:yfsf] WEAKNESS sf] ;+s]t ub{5 . ;+:yfsf] 

zlQmsf] af/]df hfgsf/L /flv;s]kl5 ;+:yfsf sdhf]/L s]–s] 5g\ 

egL lgofNg' clt h?/L x'G5 . ;+:yfsf sdhf]/Lx? kQf nufO{ 

To;}d'tflas kfOnf rfnL ;+:yfsf] a[xt\ lxt ug{ s]–s:tf /0fgLlt 

to ug' {kb{5 egL of]hgf agfpg o;n] 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 . 

To;} u/L # gDa/sf] t:jL/n] ;+:yfsf] OPPORTUNITY 

sf] ;+s]t ub{5 . ;+:yfsf] zlQm / sdhf]/Lsf] ljZn]if0f ul/;s]kl5 

;+:yfdf efjL cj;/x? s]–s] ljBdfg 5g\ egL kQf nufpg' 

h?/L x'G5 . ;+:yfsf] zlQm / sdhf]/Lsf] aLraf6 cj;/sf] 

klxrfg u/L kmfObf p7fpg ;Sg' g} s'zn Joj:yfkssf] sf}zntf 

dflgG5 . To;} u/L $ gDa/sf] t:jL/n] THREAT jf vt/fsf] 

;+s]t u/fpF5 . ;+:yfdf k|z:t cj;/x? x'Fbfx'Fb} klg tL 

cj;/x?nfO{ ;dodf g} 5f]Kg g;Sbf jf cj;/x? 5f]Kg] qmddf 

ljleGg Jojwfgx? cfOk5{g\ . tL Jojwfgx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ub} 

;'/lIft uGtJolt/ ;+:yfnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg' ;+:yfk|d'v jf pRr 

Joj:yfkgsf] bfloTj xf] .

'' 



sDkgLn] …g]kfn 6]lnsd /fi6«sf] ;~rf/ / /fi6«lgdf{0f 

xfd|f] nIoÚ dfq eg]/ a:g] cj:yfsf] cGTo eO;s]sf] 5 . 

Psflt/ k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?n] xfd|f] ahf/ cfkm\gf] xftdf lnO;s]sf 

5g\ eg] csf] {lt/ dx;'n b/ 36fP/ ljleGg pkxf/;lxt ;]jf 

k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;sf] cnfjf g]kfn 6] ]lnsd eg] u|fxssf] 

dfu x' Fbfx' Fb}, ;]jf lng rfxFbfrfxFb} klg ;]jf k|bfg ug{ g;s]sf] 

cj:yfdf u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . oL sf/0fx?n] ubf{ g]kfn 6]lnsddf 

SWOT ANALYSIS sf] dxTj dx;'; eO/x]sf] 5 . 

ca k|Zg p7\5– SWOT eg]sf] s] xf] t < Joj:yfkgsf] 

If]qdf cTolws rrf{df /x]sf] SWOT sf] lj:tfl/t ?k 

STRENGTH, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITY & 

THREAT xf] eGg] s'/f dfly ljleGg ljåfg\x?n] lbPsf] 

kl/efiffaf6 :ki6 g} eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+:yfnfO{ ;w} F cAan bhf{df 

/fvL k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?sf ;fd' gofF–gofF of]hgfx? kl:sP/ 

;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;Gt'li6, r':t ;]jf / lskmfot dx;'n b/ sfod ug{ 

pRr Joj:yfkgnfO{ SWOT n] 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . 

"SWOT is a technique to analyze the 

environment where a company, an organization, a 

department, or an individual operates or plans to 

operate; furthermore the technique analyzes internal 

strengths and weaknesses." 

"SWOT a tool that identifies the strengths, 

weakness, opportunities and threats of an 

organization"-Investopedia 

"An analytical assessment and strategic planning 

tool comparing business internal capabilities with 

external possibilities." 

"Studying a firm's performance trends, resources 

and capabilities to assess a firm's strengths and 

weaknesses,explicitly stating firm's mission and 

objectives and scanning the external environment 

to identify opportunities and threats" 

o;/L ljleGg ljåfg\x?n] ljleGg lsl;daf6 SWOT sf] 

kl/efiff lbPsf] kfOG5 . cflv/ h–h;n] o;sf] af/]df kl/efiff 

lbP tfklg ;+:yfleqsf] ;du| sfo{;Dkfbg, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] 

;d'lrt kl/rfng ;+:yfsf] ;an / b'a{n kIf tyf cj;/ / 

r'gf}tLsf] af/]df klxrfg u/L ;+:yfsf] efjL /0fgLlt to ug' {nfO{ 

g} SWOT analysis eg]/ dfGg'kb{5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] SWOT analysis leq s]–s] kb{5g\ 

eGg] s'/f o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 : 

S=STRENGTH -zlQm_ M g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] STRENGTH 

nfO{ a' Fbfut?kdf o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . 

= w]/} 7"nf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ePsf] ;+:yf . 

= &% j6} lhNnfdf ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;~hfn k'¥ofPsf] ;+:yf . 

= cfly{s ?kdf ;an /x]sf] ;+:yf . 

= ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf . 

= ;~rf/ ;]jfdf ljljwLs/0f ePsf] ] ;+:yf . 

= bIf sd{rf/Lx? ePsf] ;+:yf . 

= gful/sdfem ;'kl/lrt ;+:yf . 

= 7"nf] nufgL ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yf . 

= ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L /fHonfO{ 

/fh:jdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;+:yf . 

= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd pkof]u u/L gful/snfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;+:yf . 

W=WEAKNESS -sdhf]/L_ M g]kfn 6]]lnsdleq /x]sf 

sdhf]/Lx? lgDgadf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . 

= gful/ssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g;Sg' . 

= ;dodf cfkm\gf k"jf{wf/ / ;+/rgfsf] dd{t sfo{ ug{ g;Sg' . 

= ;]jfu|fxL;Fusf] Jojxf/ :jLsfo{?kdf gx'g' . 

= ;~rf/ g]6js{n] /fd|f] sfd gug' { . 

= nufgLdf ljljwLs/0f ug{ g;Sg' . 

= k' FhLsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg' . 

= Right Man for Right place df kb:yfkg gx'g' '' . 

= u|fxs;fd' gf}nf] ;f}uft k|:t't ug{ g;Sg' . 

O=OPPORTUNITY -cj;/_ M g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;fd' 

lgDg cj;/x? ljBdfg 5g\ . 

= nufgLdf ljljwLs/0fsf] cj;/ . 

= g]6js{ ;'wf/ u/L u|fxs ;+Vof a9fpg] cj;/ . 

= ;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f u/L /fh:j a9fpg] cj;/ . 

= ;]jfu|fxL;Fusf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg] cj;/ . 

= ahf/df cfkm\gf] jr{Zj sfod ug] { cj;/ . 

= cTofw'lgs ;~rf/ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug] { cj;/ . 

= gjLg k|ljlw cjnDag u/L ahf/Ls/0f ug] { cj;/ . 

!)%

{ 


T=THREAT -r'gf}tL_ M g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cufl8 

lgDgadf]lhdsf r'gf}tLx? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ . 

= ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;+/If0f ul//fVg] r'gf}tL . 

= u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug] { r'gf}tL . 

= ;/sf/L gLlt tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] kfngf ug' {kg] 

afWotf . 

= k|lt:kwf{df pqg'kg] { r'gf}tL . 

= ;/sf/L bafaaf6 d'Qm x'g] r'gf}tL . 

= sd{rf/L ;+u7gx?sf] bafa . 

;f/f+zdf dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhd g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

STRENGTH -zlQm_, WEAKNESS -sdhf]/L_, 

OPPORTUNITY -cj;/_, THREAT -r'gf}tL_sf] ;"Id 

ljZn]if0f u/L gjLgtd ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] rfxgfadf]lhd 


gofF–gofF ;]jf kl:sP/ cufl8 a9\g' clt cfjZos eO;s]sfn] 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf sfo{/t pRr Joj:yfkgsf] o;tkm{ uDeL/ 

Wofgfsif{0f x'g' clt h?/L b]lvG5 . 

sfo{If]qdf /x]sf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnP/ tL 

r'gf}tLx?;Fu h'4} / cfTd;ft\ ub} { sdhf]/L x6fpg ;|f]t / 

;fwgsf] e/k"/ k|of]u u/L ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L ;~rf/ 

;]jf / gjLg k|ljlwsf ;fy ;]jf lj:tf/ tyf tLj| k|lt:kwf{df 

eO/x]sf] cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf ePsf]n] 

casf lbgx?df k/Dk/fut?kdf rlncfPsf Joj:yfksLo z}nLnfO{ 

kl/dfh{g u/L bIf hgzlQmsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng, cTofw'lgs 

;~rf/ ;'ljwf k|bfg ub} { ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6nfO{ d"ndGq 7fgL 

cufl8 a9\g'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

bL3f{o'sf] z'e–sfdgf 

;':jf:Yosf] z'e–sfdgf 

ult–k|ultsf] z'e–sfdgf 

/fi6« lgdf{0fsf] z'e–sfdgf 

6]lnsd d]/f] o:tf] 5 rfxgf 

nfv–nfv z'e–sfdgf . 

PSnf] x' Fbf h:tf] 5}g 

ca To:tf] slxn] x' Fb}g 

To:tf] lyof] / kf] plxn] 

x/fe/f eof] clxn] 


nfv–nfv z'e–sfdgf 

PSnf] 5}g;\ a'lem/x];\ 

;fyL 5g\ egL ;lDem/x];\ 

dfof ;a}sf] kfO/x];\ 

ljZjJofkL ;w} F eO/x];\ 



;'vdf xfF:g] slxn] gu/];\ 

b'Mvdf ?g] klg gu/];\ 

;fgf] 5}g;\ 7"nf] e};ls;\ 

;a} s'/f a'em\g] e};ls;\ 



z'e—sfdgf 

wg–hgsf] sdhf]/ 5}g;\ 

>d–;Lkdf sdL 5}g;\ 

nIo s] xf] k"/f u/];\ 

;w} F–;w} F klxnf] eO/x];\ 



l5s]{ bfp vf]lh/x]5g\ 

n8]kl5 p7\g g;Snf;\ 

xf]; ub}{ lxF8\g] u/];\ 

;f]rL–;f]rL sfd u/];\ 

;]jf–;'ljwf gofF–gofF lbP;\ 

;a}nfO{ v'zL kf/];\ 



/fdrGb| k'8f;}gL 

g]kfn 6]lnsd 

!)^



NT @ IT 

"IT in NT" was my first article published in 2006. 

The role of IT in NT was presented in the article. The 

area of IT in NT was limited at that time. IT was in it's 

childhood in the name of Computer Department at that 

time. This is my second article after six years. Time 

has changed. Everything got changed in this IT world. 

IT has grown up within organization in this six year of 

time. And my topic has got changed as well from "IT 

in NT" to"NT @IT". Because,Goal of NT is totally 

depended on IT and Roadmap of the goal cannot be 

drawn without IT. 

Information technology is all about information 

management. Knowledge is information with meaning. 

Wisdom is knowledge with experience and insight. 

Information is the key to succeed in business. As 

information gets crucial for timely and effective decisions, 

we will realize the importance of IT. Excellent decision 

support systems can be established only through IT.The 

ability to look forward is greatly enhanced by IT. There 

is no boundary at all in case of IT. Geography became 

history. IT crossed the barrier of geography. There is 

no discrimination of sex in the world of IT as such. So, 

It opens up a new world altogether. Our future lies in IT 

and IT is the future of NT. I would say that there is no 

field where IT has not made an impact within the 

organization. 

So, whether we are a technical person or not, 

whether we are computer savvy or computer phobic 

it’s high time that we learn all about computers and the 

By: Dy. Manager Saroj Shakya 

Nepalgunj Office 

benefits of IT. Some people think that implementing IT 

means replacing people. It's wrong interpretation. IT 

is here to improve the quality of life, services and help 

to make things better than before. It all depends on 

how best we take advantage that IT’s digital tools 

have got to offer and utilize it for better management 

of resources. We all know that time is money. Only 

IT can help to complete huge volume of tasks in short 

period of time. So, our dream may come true. IT is 

just ready to help you. 

Communication got changed from circuit switched 

to packet switch technology. Circuit switch can only 

carry voice data and serves once at a time but in packet 

switch voice, data and video can transmit in the same 

time. If we remove voice from circuit switch network 

then only cupper cable will remain as a dead body 

where as packet switch has ability to carry different 

source of data. In circuit-switch, the path is decided 

upon before the data transmission starts. And in packetswitch 

each packet finds its own route to the destination. 

There is no predetermined path. PSTN is an example 

of circuit switch and ADSL is an example of packet 

!)&



switch technology. People are lying with the different 

name of technology, but technology cannot be changed 

as the name changes. 

We must do the business analysis as time demands. 

Decision must be taken based on old data. Decision 

cannot be taken with our personal view. Decision making 

system helps to do such analysis. If we do in depth 

analysisthen we'll know that It is time to replace PSTN 

voice service with ADSL voice, data and video service. 

Voice is no more embedded on cupper. It is an 

application, which facilitate for voice communication 

and totally independent of legacy Telco organization. 

SIP(Session Initiation Protocol) technology is a good 

example of voice application. Voice is no more property 

of PSTN. It works on IP network.It not only saves 

money but also brings opportunities to serve verity of 

services called "Unified Communication", which may 

help to make money in the organization. There are few 

key things in business we all must know 'Spenders 

are more valued than earners'. As a business 

organization we must focus on write technology, quality 

of service, competitive price and maintenance of service. 

Without this there is no meaning ofBUSINESS. Itmakes 

possible only through IT. 

Wireless technology is replacing old wired 

technology and growing tremendously through out the 

globe. It eliminates the problem of cupper and also 

keeps the city clean. Most of the new Telco companies 

are adopting wireless technology for communication and 

entertainment. Widely adapted wireless technologies for 

communication are GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, WiMax 

etc. NT needs to further push GSM technology in future 

for communication and entertainment. Expansion of 

cupper technology in this 21 st century isn't a wise 

decision especially in the country like Nepal. Basically 

there are nine following parameters, which may help us 

to choose right computer technology. 

1. Utility – Ability to computerize all the business 

processes and must be user-friendly. 

2. Compatibility – Smooth integration with existing 

hardware/software. 

3. Flexibility – Capable of upgrading, customization 

to suit that business needs. 

4. Platform – Latest, not out-dated technology. 

5. Performance – Fast, error-free and maintenance-free. 

6. Price – Compitative priced, not expensive. 

7. Personnel – Availability of technical personnel to 

maintain and coordinate the system. 

8. Support – Strong & reliable vendor support to 

set things right and for AMCs. 

9. Security – Protecting info from external attacks 

IT makes people crazy with it's beauty and 

capability. Once we get started there is no looking back! 

It’s only going to get better in the years to come.IT 

makes our day-to-day life easier. IT guides for better 

way of living. Only IT can fulfill your everyday demands 

of quality of service. Be a part of the ongoing IT 

revolution and don’t be left behind. Everybody is part 

of IT revolution. Don't be confused that Competition is 

not in technology but in IT services, as customers are 

demanding today. We cannot imagine future of NT 

without IT. Hence, it is better to say NT @ IT. 

!)*



Positive Corporate Culture 

Every organization has some kind of culture. 

Schools and religious organizations have fairly 

positive and stimulating cultures. Even destructive 

gangs have cultures that, while positive to their 

members, are generally consider as negative by the 

rest of society. Similarly, Nepal Telecom has also a 

kind of culture. However, we need to analyze that it 

is positively or negatively flowing towards the 

organization, employees, customers and society. 

Only adding the heaps of abstract lecturing and 

inaugurating of numerous plans can assume no 

significance until and unless all concerned 

acknowledge any strong system of positive attitude, 

corrupt less activities and diligence at working 

performance. 

Corporate culture is not simple thing that we can 

easily define. It is intangible: a state of mind, a 

feeling, a collective consciousness that is infused in 

a business and its employees. If we ask 10 CEOs to 

define their corporate cultures, we will get 10 

different responses. However, knowing the various 

aspects of the organization’s culture, it can clearly 

guide the organization and employees to a better 

understanding of organizational goals, visions, and 

approaches to increased productivity, perhaps with 

the use of valuable technology. Culture influences 

the way we think, what we do, how we work, and 

what is acceptable in the organizational 

environment. There are some of the many factors 

involved in building, assessing, and understanding 

culture. There are majorly three groups of 

attributes of a corporate culture stand out: 

1. Beliefs, stories, and experiences: When a 

new employee enters, what are the stories he/she is 

told about the organization? About the people? About 

past events? Who are the company heroes and what 

have they accomplished that garnered them such a 

Mahesh Bhattarai 

Telecom Office ‘Thimi’ 

positive reputation that it deserves to be respected. 

More importantly, can others emulate these 

behaviors? Regardless of the size of the company, 

management needs employees who are committed 

to the same vision, beliefs, and experiences and there 

must be a corporate culture that is in tune with the 

humanware. 

2. Goals, norms, and history: “If you don’t 

know where you are going, you will probably end 

up somewhere else!” Sure, the goal of Nepal 

Telecom is to provide cost effective 

telecommunication services to every nook and 

corner of the country. But to what degree of quality? 

And what about customer service? Where in the 

company environmental equation does that fit? 

Surprisingly, these questions occasionally seem 

unanswered. To help the employee better understand 

the culture, the company and the employees all need 

to understand specifically where the organization is 

going, how it will get there, by when, and with what 

degree of quality and success. It helps employees 

distinguish between what has been tries and success 

and those things that were attempted but failed. 

3. Symbols, values, rituals: Symbols are crucial 

icons or signs that tell the observer, visitor, and even 

!)(



the employees something about the organization. 

Symbols can be as concrete as a name and as abstract 

as cleanliness, high tech, modernity, or quality. They 

reveal to all a measure of the company story. Many 

people chose to work in an organization is because 

of its values: honesty, pride, concern for others, 

independence, positive reinforcement for a job well 

done or well begun. These values may be unwritten, 

however, are still potent qualities that exist to inform 

employees about the company, especially when a 

clash of values occurs. Rituals are traditions or 

ceremonies that occur on a regular basis. Quite often, 

organizations miss opportunities to use rituals to 

improve morale. Simple events such as honoring 

anniversaries, important successes, or positive 

announcements all serve as occasions for the 

company to say, “We value you and we want to 

honor or acknowledge you and your 

accomplishments.” 

By reviewing these attributes of corporate 

culture, an empowering management can better 

assess the status of an organization with an eye to 

modifying or eliminating the parts that are 

dysfunctional or impractical, then replacing them 

with qualities that will improve working 

environment, productivity, and employee 

satisfaction. Then the culture will be positive too. 

The important thing is not which adjectives you 

choose to describe your culture; it is taking the steps 

to cultivate it. Your employees are your greatest 

assets, and when your business experiences a growth 

surge, you need a united front of employees that 

supports your company’s efforts in mind, body and 

spirit. Too many businesses lose sight of the 

importance of a coherent company culture, or they 

have limited knowledge about how to develop it. 

These companies concentrate on the business 

disciplines that are directly connected to their profit 

margins and neglect the emotional health of their 

team when, in fact, the two are closely related. 

If you neglect your culture, you may begin to 

notice some of these warning signs in your 

employees’ behavior. You may hear less laughter in 

the office or notice that people seem unfocused. 

Employees may begin working shorter days, taking 

longer lunches or even asking for more 

compensation. When employees request additional 

compensation, it usually means that they are 

reevaluating their contributions to your company’s 

goals or mission. 

Where is the Life we have lost in living? Where is the wisdom 

we have lost in knowledge? Where is the knowledge we have 

lost in information? 

T. S. Eliot 

"We shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our 

exploring will be to arrive where we started... and know the 

place for the first time." 

T.S. Eliot 

!!)

{ 



skf] {/]6 8f6f lalhg]; 

6]lnsdsf nflu cj;/ / r'gf}tLx? 

skf] 

{/]6 8f6f lalhg]; s] xf] < 

g]kfn 6]lnsd / o;sf Jofj;flos ;]jfx?sf] kl/k| ]Iodf 

skf]{/]6 8f6f lalhg]; eGgfn] OG6/g]6, OG6«fg]6, 8fs{ 

kmfOa/÷sk/nufotsf ;]jfx? kg{ cfpF5g\ . oL ;]jfx? k|foMh;f] 

Jofj;flos k|of]hgsf] nflu ;+:yfx?n] lng] ePsf]n] logLx?nfO{ 

skf] {/]6sf] ;fy;fy} skf] {/]6 ;]jf klg eGg ;lsG5 . skf] {/]6 

;]jfx?df df]afOn ;]jfcGtu{tsf ;]jfx? klg kg] { eP klg 

df]afOn skf] {/]6 ;]jfx?;DaGwdf 5'6\6}?kdf ljZn]if0f cfjZos 

kg]{ ePsf]n] of] n]vdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . OG6/g]6, 

OG6«fg]6nufotsf skf] {/]6 -jf lnh_ 8f6f;DaGwL ;]jfsf d"ne"t 

ljz]iftfx? lgDgfg';f/ ;"rLa4 ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!= OG6/g]6sf] nflu u|fxssf] sfof{no jf kl/;/;Dd 6]lnsdsf] 

glhssf] ;]jf ljt/0f gf]8 (POP) af6 Dedicated lnh 

jf kmfOa/sf] ln+s x'G5 . 

@= pQm lnh jf kmfOa/sf] ln+sdf 6]lnsdn] u|fxsnfO{ lbg] 

OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] Ifdtf (Bandwidth) ;'lglZrt ul/G5 . 

#= u|fxssf] leqL g]6js{ssf] nflu 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] IP 

Pool af6 Dedicated IP Address k|bfg ul/G5 . o;/L 

lbOg] Dedicated IP Address x?sf] kl/df0f pQm 

leqL g]6js{sf] cfjZostf, u|fxsn] lnPsf] ;]jfsf] 

Ifdtf / 6]lnsdsf] k|fljlws ljZn]if0f cflb 

dfkb08cg'?k lgwf{/0f x'G5 . 

$= OG6«fg]6 ;]jfsf] xsdf ;f]af6 ;]jfu|fxL ;+:yfsf] b'O{ jf ;f] 

eGbf a9L sfof{nox?nfO{ Ps–cfk;df hf]8\g'kg] { ePsf]n] 

sd;] sd b'O{ :yfgdf ;]jf k|bfg ul/G5 . 

%= OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf ln+ssf] Ifdtf hf]l8g] :yfgx?aLrsf] 

8f6f cfbfgk|bfgsf] cfjZostf / kl/df0fdf e/ kb{5 . 

^= w]/} :yfgdf zfvf–k|zfvf ePsf] ;]jfu|xL ;+:yfsf] nflu 

s'g} Ps :yfg -k|foM s]Gb|Lo sfof{no_nfO{ k|d'v gf]8 

agfO{ cGo ;a} sfof{nonfO{ ;f] gf]8;Fu hf]8\g] u/L klg 

Point-to-multipoint OG6«fg]6 ln+s k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . 

&= OG6«fg]6 ln+ssf] xsdf IP Address k|bfg ug' {kg] { eP 

Private IP Address k|bfg ul/G5 . t/ xfnsf lbgx?df 

Layer-2 lnh klg k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] pQm Layer- 

j=O= s[i0fk|;fb e08f/L 

;'=k|=lg= 

2 lnh lng] u|fxsnfO{ 6]lnsdn] IP Address k|bfg 

ul//xg'kb} {g . 

*= kmfOa/ jf sk/ lnh b'j}df dflysf ;a} kIfx? ;dfg 

x'G5g\ . sk/sf] xsdf 6]lnsdsf] Primary/Secondary/MDF 

nuftsf] sk/ g]6js{dfkm{t ;]jf lbOG5 eg] kmfOa/sf] 

xsdf 6]lnsdn] jf -k|foM_ u|fxs cfkm} +n] 6]lnsdsf] POP 

b]lv kmfOa/sf] Joj:yf ug] { ub{5g\ . 

(= ADSL ;]jfsf] Jofks lj:tf/;Fu;Fu} xfn ADSL 

g]6js{af6 klg clwstd?kdf lnh ;]jf k|bfg ug] { ul/Psf] 

5 . o;cGtu{t u|fxsn] ADSL Modem dfkm{t g} lnh 

;]jf lng ;S5g\ / yk pks/0f cfjZos kb} {g . 

skf] 

{/]6 8f6f ;]jfn] k|bfg ug] 

{{{{{ cj;/x? 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] o; ;]jfsf] ;Gbe{df ;jf{lws ;an kIf 

sDkgLsf] b]ze/ km}lnPsf] g]6js{ xf] . cGo ;]jfk|bfosx?n] 

jiff} +sf] nufgL / d]xgtkZrft\ klg o:tf] Jofks g]6js{ lj:tf/ 

ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . oBlk cGo ljljw sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx?n] 

cfkm\gf] skf] {/]6 ;]jfnfO{ 6]lnsdsf] eGbf cfsif{s?kdf k|:t't 

u/L u|fxs a6'ln/x]sf 5g\ . 6]lnsdsf] csf] { cj;/sf] ?kdf 

u|fxsx?aLr ljBdfg sDkgLsf] 5ljnfO{ klg lng ;lsG5 . 

dd{t–;Def/ cln lkmtnf] eP klg kfP;Dd cem} klg vf;u/L 

7"nf ;+3;+:yfx? 6]lnsdaf6} ;]jf lng tof/ x'G5g\ . ;/sf/L 

sfof{nox? t cfly{s n]gb]g;DaGwL kf/blz{tfsf] sf/0f klxnf] 

k|fyldstf 6]lnsdnfO{ g} lbG5g\ . o;sf] cnfjf k'/fgf], 

cg'ejL, 7"nf] / ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ;+:yf ePsf]n] ahf/df 

!!!


6]lnsdsf] cs}{ vfnsf] dfu / 5lj t 5Fb} 5 . k|lt:kwL{ 

ahf/df o:tf] cj;/ eg]sf] ax'd"No xf] / s]xL lglZrt 

kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;s] 6]lnsdn] o;af6 pNn]Vo Jofj;flos 

nfe lng ;S5 . 

skf] 

{/]6 8f6f ;]jfsf r'gf}tLx? 

w]/} cj;/ / ;Defjgf eP tfklg skf] {/]6 8f6f ;]jfnfO{ 

a9L k|efjsf/L, u|fxsd'vL / k|lt:kwL{ agfpgsf] nflu ljleGg 

;d:of / r'gf}tLx? /x]sf 5g\ . oL dWo] w]/}h;f] ;|f]t–;fwgsf] 

cefj jf k|fljlws bIftfsf] sdLeGbf a9L g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

jt{dfg sfo{z}nL / dd{t–;Def/k|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf;Fu ;DalGwt 

/x]sf 5g\ . o;y{ eljiodf clt alnof] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] o; 

;]jfnfO{ ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf r'gf}tLx?nfO{ 

cj;/df kl/0ft ub} { n}hfg'kg] { cfjZostf 5 . 

!= g]6js{ pknAwtfsf] kIf M g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] /fi6«JofkL 

g]6js{ ePsf] sf/0fn] w]/} ;+3;+:yfx? lnh ;]jf lng pT;'s 

x'G5g\ t/ ;f] ;]jf pQm ;+:yfx?sf] lgoldt Jofj;flos lqmofsnfk 

;~rfngsf] nflu Lifeline sf] ?kdf /xg] ePsf]n] pgLx? ;f] 

ln+ssf] nflu Failover Link sf] klg k|fjwfg vf]H5g\ . 

o;af6 k|d'v kmfOa/ jf 6«fG;ld;g ln+s 6'6]df klg pgLx?sf] 

;]jf cj?4 x' Fb}g . w]/} :yfgdf kmfOa/sf] ;fy;fy} dfOqmf]j]eaf6 klg 

ln+s pknAw /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L pknAw k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ 

u/L lnh ;]jfsf] nflu Backup Link klg pknAw u/fpg ;s]df 

;Defljt u|fxsdfem of] ;]jf cem a9L cfsif{s x'g ;S5 . 

@= h8fgkl5sf] dd{t–;Def/sf] kIf M dfly elgPh:t} 

lnh ;]jf k|of]u ug] { u|fxssf] nflu ;f] ln+s clt dxTjk"0f{ 

/xg] ePsf]n] pQm lnh ;]jfsf] ln+s / cGo s'g} klg kIfdf 

;d:of ePdf u|fxsn] ;Dks{ ug]{ :yfg, ;Dks{ JolQm tyf 

u|fxssf] u'gf;f]cg'?k tTsfn ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L k'gM 

;~rfngdf Nofpgsf] nflu pRr k|fyldstf lbg' h?/L 5 . 

o;/L tTsfn dd{t–;Def/sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf 

x'g' cfjZos 5 . 

s= xfn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dd{t–;Def/ ug] { l6dnfO{ 8f6f 

;]jfsf] nflu klg of]Uo agfpg cfjZos tflnd / pks/0fsf] 


Joj:yf ug] { . o;f] u/]df xfn ePs} / u|fxssf] 3/;Dd uO{ 

6]lnkmf]g dd{t ug] { l6dn] g} lnh 8f6f ;]jfsf] klg w]/} xb;Dd 

;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] . 

v= sk/ lnhsf] xsdf Outside Network df cfpg] 

;d:of 6]lnkmf]gdf cfpg]h:t} x'g] ePsf]n] lgoldt dd{t–;Def/sf] 

l6dnfO{ lnhdf ;d:of eP ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]geGbf lnhnfO{ a9L 

k|fyldstf lbgsf] nflu lgb] {lzt ug] { . 

u= Outside Network afx]s Router, Switch, 

Transmission Link cflbsf] ;d:ofsf] hfgsf/L k|jfx tyf 

lg/fs/0fsf] nflu If]qLo / s]Gb|Lo txdf labfsf lbgx?df klg 

;Dks{ gDa/, ;Dks{ JolQm tyf dd{t–;Def/ l6dsf] Joj:yf 

ug] { . xfn s]Gb|Lo NOC ;~rfngdf cfO;s] klg ;f] nfO{ 

labfsf lbgx?df / sfof{no ;doafx]ssf ;dodf ;~rfng 

ug{ afFsL /x]sf] . 

#= ;]jfsf] Jofj;flos k|j4{g / k|rf/sf] kIf M dfly pNn]v 

ul/Pcg'?k dd{t–;Def/ / g]6js{ pknAwtfsf] kIfdf ;'wf/;Fu;Fu} 

sDkgLsf] lnh 8f6f ;]jfsf] af/]df o;sf ljz]iftf, cfsif{0f / 

pkof]lutf;DaGwdf ;Defljt skf] {/]6 u|fxsx?;Fu cGt/lqmof 

tyf lj1fkg cflb dfWodaf6 o; ;]jfsf] af/]df Jofks hfgsf/L 

k|jfx ug' {kb{5 . t/ of] eGbf klxn] dfly plNnlvt g]6js{ 

pknAwtf / dd{t–;Def/;DaGwL 7f]; sfo{ k4lt / k"jf{wf/ 

tof/ x'g' h?/L 5 . 

cGTodf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g / cGo ;]jfeGbf 

lgs} a9L ARPU /x]sf] skf]{/]6 8f6f jf lnh ;]jf xfn 

h;f]t;f] rln/x]sf] / u|fxs ;]jf Pj+ dd{t–;Def/sf kIfx?df 

lgs} ;'wf/ cfjZos /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{, oL s]xL 

kIfdf 7f]; ;'wf/ ug{ ;s] lgs6 eljiod} of] ;]jf g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] Ps clt nf]slk|o / k|efjsf/L ;]jfsf] ?kdf 

ljsf; x'g ;S5 . a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0fdf /fd|f] ;DefJotf 

af]s]sf] o; ;]jfnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ;'wf/ tyf k|j4{g ug'{ 

cToGt jf~5gLo 5 . 

The only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so 

absolutely free that your very existence is an act of rebellion. 

– Albert Camus. 

!!@



/fi6«sf] 7"nf] s/bftfsf] k' “hL kl/rfngsf] 

cj:yf / cfjZostf 

g]kfndf lj=;+= !(($ df ljQLo sDkgL Pj+ pBf]usf] 

?kdf g]kfn a}+s / h'å Dofr km}S6«L :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf 

/x]sf] eP tfklg bf];|f] ljZjo'åkl5 dfq of]hgfaå ljsf;sf] 

cf/De ePsf] b]lvG5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'åkl5 ;+;f/e/ k'glg{df{0f 

/ ljsf;sf] nx/ g} cfof] . o;} qmddf g]kfndf klg b]zsf] 

rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sbdx? rflnPsf] kfOG5 . 

!) b]lv #) sf] bzs;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfndf w]/} ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx?sf] hGd ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @)!@ df of]hgfaå 

ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/of] eg] 

b]zsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu lj=;+= @)!$ df g]kfn 

/fi6« a}+ssf] :yfkgf ul/of] . o;} cjlwdf b|'t?kdf ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx?sf] pbo eof] . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]udf 

!)) eGbf a9L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . z'?sf lbgx?df tL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?af6 

nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{ / b]z ljsf;df /fd|} sfd eP tfklg 

sfnfGt/df clwsf+z ;+:yfgx? ;/sf/sf] pbf;Lgtf / 

df}nfpFbf] e|i6frf/sf sf/0f wd{/fpg k'u] eg] ljZjJofkL?kdf 

cfPsf] pbf/Ls/0f / v'nf ahf/ gLltsf sf/0fn]] /fHon] 

v'Nnf ahf/ cy{ gLltnfO{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf 

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Available Voice Telephony Services 

;|f]t M www.nta.gov.np ,Published on Poush, 2068 (December, 2011) 

;|f]t M www.nta.gov.np ,Published on Poush, 2068 

(December, 2011) 

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"When you don't get what you want ,you suffer.If you get 

it,you suffer too since you can't hold on it forever." 

Peaceful Warrior,on the fallacy of attachment 

!!%



IP eXchange - IPX: 

“A quality based solution for IP interconnect” 

Introduction: 

IPX is an alternative solution for the existing TDM 

and VOIP interconnection and commercial services of 

international voice and data business. It can provide many 

services like voice, video, data, MMS, GRX etc. and 

functionalities like managed QOS, cascading payments, 

connectivity and security within a single platform of the 

technology. It is a new technology based upon the GSMA 

standard. The IPX is an interconnect service that is 

offered by a variety of operators like Mobile, Fixed, ISP 

and MVNO on a competitive basis but with common 

agreed technical specifications and using consistent 

commercial models. It provides a range of technical and 

commercial features that enable a new business model 

to be implemented to ensure a sustainable IP service 

business. 

In general, IPX can be taken as next generations 

interconnect solution that follows the GSMA’s four key 

principles vital for a successful IP interworking solution: 

Openness, Quality, Cascading payments and efficient 

connectivity. 

How GSMA defines the IPX? 

“The IPX is an interconnect service that is offered 

by a variety of carriers on a competitive basis but with 

common agreed technical specifications and using 

consistent commercial models. The managed network 

environment is traffic engineers to support specific IP 

services at specific quality levels. The IPX solution is a 

premium quality solution that promises error free delivery 

of traffic whilst offering the flexibility to apply an 

appropriate level of quality as demanded by each 

different class of service.” 

Figure1:Simple block diagram of IPX based 

interconnection 

Written by: Kamal Lamichhane 

(Sr. Engineer, Business Management Department, 

International Carrier Business) 

Concept of the IPX: 

IPX can be defined in two different aspects: 

Technical and Commercial. In technical aspects, traffic 

is conveyed through the IPX so that each service is 

transported according to a specified quality of service 

(QOS) profile. This brings many benefits in terms of 

efficiency, capacity and investment. Whereas in 

commercial aspects, the payments- set according to the 

business model (Bilateral and Multilateral) for each traffic 

(Voice and Data) type are identified by the IPX and the 

necessary data is collected and exchanged in order for 

settlements to be made between entities. The IPX offers 

operators a great deal of flexibility in terms of the 

interconnect modes (Incoming, Outgoing, transit etc) they 

choose. They can choose between a bilateral or multilateral 

approach depending upon the operator’s strategy. 

In any commercial and technical solution of 

managed IP traffic via IPX, following four GSMA key 

principles are followed: 

a) Openness- Any potential operator in the delivery 

of IP services- MVNOs, FNOs, Carrier and ISPs 

has the freedom of choice to be involved. 

b) Quality- Reliable and secure delivery of 

services in conformance to agreed QOS levels 

ensures benefits for all players and end users. 

c) Cascading Payments- Parties who meet their 

mutual obligations in the value chain will receive 

a fair commercial return. and 

d) Efficient connectivity- the IPX is the gateway 

to a managed IP network- managing data flow 

and commercial information and providing the 

benefits of multilateral connectivity to the players. 

Features of the IPX: 

!!^



Figure2: Demonstrating features of the IPX. 

There are mainly four features of IPX and each of them 

is briefly described here: 

a) Security: 

a. Commercial agreements give protection to 

all players - those connected to the IPX 

agree to sign up to a security code of 

conduct and a trusted community is created 

b. The IPX is not addressable from the Internet 

– which makes attacks much more difficult 

c. Individual operator traffic is segregated – 

thus localizing any security breaches 

d. End user terminals have no visibility of the IPX 

– so they are unable to probe the core networks 

e. involved in the management and delivery 

of the IP services 

b) Cascading Payments: 

Figure3: IPX providing cascading payments 

In any IP service exchange, each service will be 

exchanged against a set of principles described in a 

mutually understood and agreed business model. The 

most well known model today is the voice model – 

whereby each party is remunerated for the work they 

do to deliver a call. This is known as the transit fee 

model for Carriers and the termination rate model for 

Service Providers. Hence, 

a. It ensures the healthy competition among carriers. 

b. There is also an obligation to deliver a certain quality 

c. Such benefits are available first time in IP 

service. 

c) Connectivity: 

The IPX offers three standard modes of 

interconnect: bilateral, bilateral service hub and 

multilateral. These all have different benefits when 

considering QoS levels, Cascade Billing and Efficiency. 

a. Bilateral – the Service Provider is buying a 

QoS enabled bit pipe, most probably for private 

proprietary interworking services. 

b. Bilateral service hub – extends the QoS bit 

pipe approach by adding the facility for 

cascade billing 

c. Multilateral – with one contract with many 

connections, a Service Provider can reach a 

multitude of different destinations around the 

world. It is also the driving reason for the 

GSMA’s development of the IPX. 

d) QoS 

a. The IPX focuses on end to end quality through 

the concept of cascading responsibility. i.e. 

each party voluntarily agrees to be responsible 

for the performance of next party in the transit 

chain. 

b. All parties will be subjected to an Service 

Level Agreement (SLA) that details the 

performance required for each services. For 

example, Voice call requires uninterrupted data 

transmission service whereas, MMS may not 

required that much of stringent levels of service. 

c. For any kind of services, SLA is always 

guaranteed. 

Advantages of Voice over IPX: 

a) To Mobile and Fixed service providers: 

a. Improved service quality. 

b. Ensures SLA commitments for end to end quality. 

c. Continuity of existing interconnection 

agreements. 

d. commercially sustainable interconnection 

arrangements 

e. support new commercial interconnect 

charging models for new services (for 

!!&



example, revenue share, called party pays, 

usage based, and so on) 

f. ease the technical, commercial and 

administrative burden placed on mobile service 

providers to establish and manage multiple 

bilateral connections 

g. Multiple services can be inter-connected over 

a single connection 

h. Can find opportunities in international value 

added service like MMS, data roaming and soon. 

b) To IPX providers: 

a. Gives the considerable economy of scale and 

justification to evolve their networks from 

TDM to IP 

b. Opens up new opportunities to provide 

conversion for service providers between 

TDM and IP 

c. Provides opportunities for value added 

services such as trans-coding, providing interoperability, 

routing and number portability. 

d. Multiple services can be inter-connected over 

a single connection. 

c) To Customers: 

a. Minimizes end to end latency, helping to 

maintain QOS. 

b. Expand the interoperable communities with 

different services globally with cheaper prices. 

c. Customer can understands the charges of 

services what they offer and only pays for 

what is valuable to him/her. 

d. Improved security and spam protection. 

Conclusion: 

The introduction of all-IP core networks by both 

fixed and mobile service providers will result in varying 

call quality unless carefully managed. Traffic should be 

routed as far as possible as IP and should only be 

converted to TDM at the far end if it is to be passed to 

a TDM network. Moving towards an IP end-to-end 

interconnect (avoiding TDM interconnect except where 

required at the far end) will result in considerably less 

delay, less trans coding and less other bearer 

manipulation. The overall quality of the call will improve 

as a result. Voice based services and multilateral 

connectivity are the key driver for the IPX. 

Thus, newly growing IPX technology is the additional 

opportunity to us in international voice business area. 

Similarly NT can be benefited from data roaming services, 

international signaling services and many more with a single 

platform of interconnection. Not only the technological 

aspects but also the commercial aspects of the IPX help to 

promote NT’s promises of better quality of service with 

increase revenue as well. Out of that NT can take the 

benefit of reaching across the globe via IPX connectivity 

with IPX service provider and hence it can explore the 

more business opportunities in its international business. 

References: 

1. www.gsmworld.com/ipi 

2. http://www.telekom-icss.com/dtag/cms/content/ 

ICSS/en/330944 

3. IPX White Paper, Version 1.2, 22 March 2007 

4. http://www.ibasis.com/mobile-operators/ipx.aspx 

5. http://gsm.org/documents/ 

packet_voice_interwork_wp.pdf 

"You see things; and you say, 'Why?' But I dream things that 

never were; and I say, 'Why not?' 

Back to Methuselah by George Bernard Shaw 

!!*


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tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;Da4 gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf lj1fg 

!!(

{ 

{ 

{ 


tyf k|ljlw dGqfno / ;"rgf tyf dGqfnoaLr Ps?ktf sfod 

x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL @)^$ n] ;"rgf 

tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnonfO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf ljifox? x]g] 

lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# 

adf]lhd k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] hgtfsf] cleJolQm :jtGqtf / 

;';'lrt x'g kfpg] df}lns xssf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug] { uxg 

lhDd]jf/L ;f] dGqfnosf] sfFwdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;"rgf tyf 

;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] a9\bf] dxTj / cfjZostfsf ;fy} o; If]qdf 

e}/]x]sf ljZjJofkL ljsf; k|of;x? Pj+ pknAwcg'?k g]kfnL 

hgtfnfO{ ;]jf–;'ljwf k'¥ofpFb} ljZj ;"rgf ;dfhdf k|j]z ug{ 

;3fpg' ;f] dGqfnosf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . 

g]kfnn] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf If]qdf xfl;n u/]sf] pknlAw 

lgZro g} uj{ ug{nfos 5, h'g ljut / jt{dfgdf /fHon] 

cjnDag u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf b"/bzL{ gLltsf] kl/0flt xf] 

eGbf cTo'lQm x' Fb}g . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLltx?nfO{ ;+If]kdf 

o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . 

s_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ;"rgfsf] xsnfO{ 

gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] ?kdf Jojl:yt ug' {sf ;fy} ;f]xL 

;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xscGtu{t k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 

5fkfvfgf;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf u/L ;Dk"0f{ k| ]; hut\nfO{ 

clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 . h; cGtu{t M 

!_ ljB'tLo k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfnufot cGo h'g;'s} 

dfWodaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cGo 

s'g} kf7\o, >Job[ [Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug{ jf 

5fKg k"j{k|ltaGw nufOg]5} . 

@_ s'g} >Job[Zo jf ljB'tLo pks/0fsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} 

;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f u/] jf 5fk]afkt To:tf] 

;fdu|Lsf] k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0f ug] { jf 5fKg] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 

cgnfOg jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljB'tLo 5fkf 

jf cGo ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h 

ul/g]5}g . 

# s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf jf cGo s'g} 

kf7\o;fdu|L d'b|0f jf k|sfzg u/]afkt s'g} ;dfrf/kq, 

klqsf jf 5fkfvfgf aGb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g]5}g . 

$ sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljB'tLo k|;f/0f tyf 

6]lnkmf]gnufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfO{ cj?4 ug{ ;lsg]5}g . 

-v_ 

/fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt, @)$( 

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf 

ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf tyf k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs 

dxTjsf] s'g} klg ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xssf] d"n 


dd{nfO{ x[boª\ud u/L ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf ;Dk"0f{ dfWodx?nfO{ 

ljZj;gLo, k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;'b[9 agfpg] tyf ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf 

If]qdf pknAw gjLgtd k|ljlw / k|lqmofsf] k|of]u u/L cfjZos 

/ pko'Qm dfWodx?sf lglDt lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf 

a9fpFb} hfg] clek|fon] th' {df ul/Psf] /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt 

@)$( ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]q;Fu ;Da4 b"/;~rf/;DaGwL gLlt, 

kqklqsf;DaGwL gLlt, ;"rgf;DaGwL gLlt, k|;f/0f;DaGwL gLlt, 

x'nfs;DaGwL gLlt, ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWodsf] ;dfrf/;DaGwL 

gLlt, rnlrq;DaGwL gLlt u/L & j6f gLltx?sf] af/]df pNn]v 

ul/Psf] 5 . 

/fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt @)$( n] b"/;~rf/;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ 

/0fgLlt cjnDag u/]sf] lyof] . 

! /fli6«o ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; 

ug{ o; ;]jfnfO{ cTofjZos ;]jfsf] ?kdf ljsl;t Pj+ 

lj:tf/ ub} { hfg] . 

@ b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; / ;~rfngdf lghL If]qnfO{ 

klg k|f]T;flxt tyf ;+nUg u/fpFb} hfg] . 

# b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfnnfO{ clt b'u{d, 

b'u{d / ;'ud u/L tLg If]qdf ljeflht u/L clt b'u{d 

/ b'u{d If]qdf ;/b/ ^ 306feGbf a9L k}bn ofqf ug' 

gkg] { b"/Ldf pko'Qm b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug] { . 

$ cfdhgtfnfO{ pkof]uL, bIf, e/kbf] { / lgaf{w ;~rf/ 

;]jf pknAw u/fpg pko'Qm cTofw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] 

k|of]u ub} { hfg] . 

% cTofw'lgs ;~rf/ pks/0fx?sf] pTkfbg tyf h8fg 

:jb]zd} ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] . 

^ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ :jfoQtf 

k|bfg ug]{ / lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf o;sf] 

lj:tf/ ug]{ . 

-u_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt, @)%( 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt, @)%( df x'nfs 

If]q, b"/;~rf/ If]q, k|;f/0f If]q, ;"rgf k|jfx tyf kqsfl/tf 

If]q, d'b|0f If]q, rnlrq If]q / lj1fkg If]q;DaGwdf bL3{sfnLg 

If]qut gLltx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

c_ p2]Zo 

!= If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug] { u/L b"/;~rf/sf dfWodx¿sf] 

ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ k|lt:kwf{Tds¿kdf u/fpg] . 

@= cfly{s ljsf;df ;d]t ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lsl;daf6 /fHosf 

dxTjk"0f{ :yfgx¿df :yfgLo b"/;~rf/ ;]jf tyf e/kbf] 

6«ª\s ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug] { tyf afx|f} + of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf 

!@)

{ 

{ 

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k|lt;o JolQm !% nfOg 6]lnkmf]gsf] nIo lnO{ b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfnfO{ u|fdL0f:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] . 

#= ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfg, k|of]u / lj:tf/df 

hf]8 lbO{ ;du| ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] k"j{fwf/sf 

¿kdf o; If]qnfO{ ljsf; ug] { . 

cf_ b"/;~rf/ If]q;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg gLlt 

! ljBdfg ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/, gofF ;]jfx¿sf] yfngL / 

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df j[l4 u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf 

b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; ug] { tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf klg 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL 

u/fpg] . 

@ lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . 

# b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos k' FhL cfslif{t 

ug{ pko'Qm /0fgLltsf] cg';/0f ug] { . 

$ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] 

nufgLnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ lgofds lgsfonfO{ ;d;fdlos 

/ ;'b[9 agfpFb} n}hfg] . 

% afx|f}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf k|lt;o JolQm !% nfOg 

6]lnkmf]g k'¥ofpg] lsl;dn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ 

ug]{ . 

^ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f / :t/df j[l4 ug{ cfw'lgs 

k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/L b]zleq} klg j|mdzM 

cfjZos ;fwg, ;|f]tnufot cfoft 36fpg / ;]jfsf] 

ljZj;gLotf a9fpg cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; -Research 

and Development_ sf] sfo{ ug] {÷u/fpg] . 

& /fli6«o ;"rgf k"jf{wf/ -National Information 

Infrastructure_ tof/ u/L b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s 

If]qdf ljleGg ;~rf/dfWodaf6 x'g ;Sg] b| 'tt/ ;"rgf 

k|jfxsf] ;DefJotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ s[lif, ko{6g, 

:jf:Yo, lzIff, pBf]u, jfl0fHo, x'nfs ;]jf, ;"rgf 

k|ljlw cflb If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . 

* bIf hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg tyf ljsf; ug] { . 

( g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -WTO_ sf] ;b:o ePsf] 

cj:yfdf b"/;~rf/sf If]qdf cfpg] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ljrf/ 

u/L ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] Joj:yfkg ldnfpg] . 

!! d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L pko'Qm 

b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug] { . 

-3_ b"/;~rf/ gLlt, @)^) 

b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg 

lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf b]ze/ plrt d"Nodf e/kbf] 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;j{;'ne u/fpg cg's"n jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug] 


d'Vo p2]Zon] th' {df ul/Psf] b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) sf p2]Zox? 

o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ . 

p2]Zo 

! b]zsf u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qsf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx' Fr 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf k'¥ofpg a;f]af; ePsf If]qdf af]nfpFbf 

;'lgg] -Shouting distance_ b"/Ldf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw 

x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . 

@ 

zx/L If]qsf pkef]QmfnfO{ ljleGg ;]jfk|bfosaf6 ;]jf 

rog ug{ kfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf klg 

;f]xL cg'?k ;]jf rog ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf qmdzM lj:tf/ 

ub} { nlug]5 . 

#= zx/L If]qdf dfucg';f/ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw 

u/fOg] . Jofkfl/s If]qnfO{ Jofj;flos -Corporate_ 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . 

$ u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf; tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu pko'Qm 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 

ldnfOg]5 . 

/0fgLltx? 

! b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx' Fr -Universal Access_ 

;'ud x'g] u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g] . 

@ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosn] zx/L If]qsf h'g;'s} 

pkef]Qmfn] dfu ugf{;fy ;]jf k|bfg ug' {kg] 

-Universal service obligation_ . 

# ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qnfO{ PseGbf j9L 

;]jfk|bfosjf6 lnH8 nfOg, 8f6f tyf cGo 

Jofj;flos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] (Corporate 

service) . 

$ ;]jfk|bfosx?sf] nflu b"/;~rf/ If]q v'nf ug] {, b"/;~rf/ 

If]qsf] pbf/Ls/0f ug] { . 

% :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df kf/bzL{ k|lqmof ckgfO{ v'nf 

cg'dltkq k|0ffnL nfu" ug] { . 

^ b"/;~rf/ If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg 

ul/g] j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ul/g] . 

& b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ / Cyber law h:tf cfjZos 

k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L g]kfnnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf ;"rgf 

;dfhdf k|j]z u/fOg] . 

* u|fdL0f If]qsf pkef]Qmfx?sf] Ifdtf / cfjZostfg'?k 

pko'Qm ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw pknAw u/fOg] . 

( u|fdL0f ljsf; tyf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fh:tf ljsf; sfo{df 

k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg u|fdL0f:t/;Dd OG6/g]6h:tf ;"rgf 

tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] e/k"/ k|of]u ug{ nufOg] . 

!@!


!) g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Joj;foLs/0f ug] { l;nl;nfdf 

sDkgLdf kl/0ft ug] { . 

!! ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg'g th' {df 

tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno / 

lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfnosf] e"ldsf :ki6 ul/g] . 

!@ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfosaLr :j:y k|lt:kwf{ x'g] jftfj/0f 

;[hgf u/L b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] cfly{s ;Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ 

hf]8 lbOg] . 

-ª_ lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq @)^&.^*-^(.&) 

^(.&) 

!= k|fyldstf If]q 

dfgjLo hLjgofkgsf] lgldQ cTofjZos ;]jf -vfg]kfgL, 

pmhf{ ljB't\, ;8s, ;~rf/, vfB ;'/Iff, cf}ifwf]krf/, lzIff_ sf] 

pknAwtf / lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ oL If]qx?df cfjZos 

nufgL clej[l4 ul/g] pNn]v . 

@= k|d'v kl/df0ffTds nIo 

6]lnkmf]g df]afOn;d]t -k|lt;o hg3gTjdf @)^^.^& sf] 

@! jf6 lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dd %% k'¥ofpg], OG6/g]6tkm{sf] 

kx' Fr k|lt;o hg3gTjdf @% k'¥ofpg], ;a} lhNnfdf clK6sn 

kmfOa/ ;~hfn k'¥ofpg], j}slNks ;"rgf dxfdfu{ ljsf; tyf 

lj:tf/ ePsf] x'g] . 

#= lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] p2]Zo 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/df ;a}sf] kx' Fr k'¥ofO{ ;fdflhs tyf 

cfly{s cj;/x? lj:tf/ ug] { / ;dli6ut /fli6«o ljsf; Pj+ 

PsLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] . 

$= /0fgLlt 

!_ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ljljwLs/0f / u'0ffTds 

;'wf/ ug] { . 

@_ ;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs 

If]qsf] ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{ cl3 a9fpg] . 

#_ ;~rf/ If]qdf lgld{t ;+/rgfx?sf] ax'kIfLo pkof]u ug] { . 

$_ ;~rf/;DaGwL P]g–lgodx?sf] k'g/jnf]sg ug] { / 

;~rf/dfWodx?sf] ljZj;gLotf, u'0f:t/Lotf / 

;fdflhs bfloTj clej[l4 ug] { . 

%_ x'nfs ;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f, cfw'lgsLs/0f / 

Joj;foLs/0f ug] { . 

^_ b]zleq} ;'/If0f d'b|0fsf] sfo{ k|f/De ug] { . 

%= sfo{gLlt 

!_ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf gk'u]sf b]zsf b'u{d u|fdL0f If]qx?df 

6]lnlehgdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k'¥ofpg lghL If]qsf 

;]jfk|bfosx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] . 

@_ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng 

ul/g]5 . 


#_ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu cfa2 

u/L ;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f ub} { nlug] . 

$_ clK6sn kmfOa/sf] kx'Fr gePsf jf sl7g x'g] 

:yfgx?df wimax h:tf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L 

;j{;'ne?kdf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L -PPP_ dfkm{t 

;]jf pknAw u/fpg] . 

%_ clK6sn kmfOa/ pkof]u u/L ;"rgf dxfdfu{sf] ljsf; 

/ lj:tf/ ug] { sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . 

^_ jfo/n]; ;le{; a|f]8AofG8 ;le{; v'nf ug] { . 

&_ ;~rf/ If]qdf ePsf k"jf{wf/x?sf] ;fd"lxs k|of]usf 

nflu gLltut tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L nfu" ul/g] . 

#= g]kfnsf] ;~rf/ If]qsf pknlAwx? 

ljutdf /fHon] c+lusf/ u/]sf gLlt, lg0f{o, ;+:yfut ;+oGq 

tyf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf of]hgf tyf sfo{Qmdx?sf] kmn:j?k 

vf;u/L @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkZrft\ /fHon] 

cjnDag u/]sf] v'nf, pbf/ Pj+ k|lt:kwf{Tds k|hftflGqs 

jftfj/0fdf b]zn] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw 

xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ lgDg tYo–tYof+sn] k'li6 ub{5 . 

-s_ ;~rf/dfWodx?sf] @)^* cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] pknlAw . tYof+s 

;|f]t M ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno 

;|f]t M ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;dLIff k|ltj]bg,@)^* 

-v_ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 cg'dltkq k|fKt b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfx? 

;|f]t M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f, MIS report. July, 2011 

-u_ @)^* cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf] b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] k|ult ljj/0f 

!@@


!_ pknAw EjfO; 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ljj/0f 

;g\ @)!! sf] cg'dflgt hg;+Vof M @,*%,*$,(&% -s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu_ 


@= 8f6f tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf 


$= b"/;~rf/ If]qdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] of]ubfg 

g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] z'?cft cfheGbf (^ 

jif{cl3 lj=;+= !(&) df ePsf] xf] t/ cf}krfl/s?kdf 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj=;+= @))% df df]xg cfsfzjf0fLsf] 

:yfkgf ePkZrft\ pknAw ePsf] kfOG5 . k|yd k~rjifL{o 

of]hgf -@)!@-@)!&_ sf] th'{df ePcg'?k lj=;+= @)!^ 

df 6]lnsDo'lgs];G; ljefu u7g ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f / lj:tf/ ug{ t];|f] 

of]hgf cjlw -@)@#-@)@*_ df lj=;+= @)@^ df 

6]lnsDo'lgs];G; ljefu g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltdf 

kl/jt{g eof] . ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g @)@* nfu" ePkl5 

g]kfndf g]kfnLx?nfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] 

p2]Zon] @)#@ ;fndf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf 


ePsf] xf] . ;+:yfg lj=;+= @)^! j}zfv ! b]lv sDkgL 

P]g @)%# adf]lhd g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL -g]kfn 

6]lnsd_ df kl/jt{g ePsf] xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

lx:;f (#=% k|ltzt / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lx:;f &=% k|ltzt 

/x]sf] of] sDkgL g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] cu|0fL 

;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfn 6]lnsd ;"rgf tyf 

;~rf/sf If]qdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s 

cj;/x? lj:tf/ ug]{ / ;dli6ut /fli6«o ljsf; Pjd\ /fli6«o 

PsLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo ;fsf/ kfg{ dxTjk"0f{ 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Ifd /x]sf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf, hLP;Pd df]afOn 

;]jf, ;L8LPdP, OG6lnh]G; g]6 js{ ;]jf, OG6/g]6, 

Od]nsf If]qdf pknAw gjLgtd k|ljlw / pkef]Qmfsf] 

rfxgfadf]lhd ljleGg ;]jf–;'ljwfx? k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 

5 . ;do;fk]If?kdf tL ;]jf tyf gofF ;]jfx?;d]t 

k|bfg ug{ k|lta4 b]lvG5 . 

gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$/%% - @)%*/%(_ sf] cGTo;Dd 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Psn k|of;df b]zdf hDdf #,@&,^&# 

nfOg 6]lnkmf]g tyf @@ xhf/ nfOg df]afOn ;]jf ljt/0f 

u/L k|lt;o JolQm !=% 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj k'u]sf] lyof] . 

;fy} ;f] cjlw;Dd b]zsf !&^! uf=lj=;=x?df dfq 

6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'u]sf] lyof] . dfu / cfk"lt{aLr 7"nf] 

vf8n lyof] . bzf}+ of]hgfn] afx|f}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dd 

k|ltxhf/ hgfdf !%) nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf pknAw 

u/fpg] bL3{sfnLg nIo pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . xfn b]zsf 

;a} uf=lj=;=df o;sf] ;]jf lj:tf/ /x]sf] ;fy} bzf}+ 

of]hgfsf] ;f] nIoeGbf s}of}+ u'0ff a9L cyf{t\ $^=)% 

k|ltzteGbf j9L hgtfdf o;sf] kx'Fr /x]sf] tyf 

Internet penetration rate !)=*( k|ltzt /x]sf] tYo 

plNnlvt tYof+sx?af6 k'li6 e};s]sf] 5 . 

@)^* cfiff9;Ddsf] tYof+s x]bf{ g]kfn 6]lnsd;Fu 

EjfO; 6]lnkmf]gtkm{ ^&,$#,(&^ eGbf a9L u|fxs cfwf/ 

:yflkt u/L %! k|ltzteGbf a9L ahf/ cf]u6\g ;kmn 

ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L 8f6f tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jftkm{ g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] !!,##,*&^ u|fxs cfwf/ sfod u/L #^ 

k|ltzteGbf a9L ahf/ sAhf ug{ ;kmn /x]sf] 5 . 

@)^! df sDkgLs/0f x'g'cl3 $,@@,!*# dfq u|fxs 

;+Vof /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfhsf] k|ult x]bf{ 

sDkgLs/0fkl5 o; sDkgLn] tLj| ultdf km8\sf] dfg{ 

;kmn g} kfOG5 . o;f] x'g'sf] k5fl8 ljut s]xL jif{otf 

u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qdf 6]lnsd k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f 

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cfof]hgfdf ul/Psf] k|fyldstfk"0f{ nufgL g} d'Vo sf/s 

x'g ;S5 . 

w]/} k|sf/sf 6]lnsd ;]jfx?sf] kx' Fr zx/L tyf u|fdL0f Pj+ 

b'u{d If]qdf zL3| k'Ug ;Dej ePsf]n] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df 

klg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] lglZrt 5 . o; sDkgLn] 

a|f]8AofG8 OG6/g]6 ;]jf / Value added ;]jfx? ;dof]lrt / 

u|fxs rfxgfcg'?k u'0f:t/Lo?kdf k|bfg ug]{ nIo lnO{ 

b"/;~rf/sf] ahf/df Incumbent Operator sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x 

ub} { cfPsf] 5 . log} k|of;x?sf] kmn:j?k cf=j= )^&.^* sf] 

cGt;Dd g]kfn 6]lnsdn] #$ ca{ #% s/f]8 !& nfv /sd 

;+sng u/]sf] / TSC, VAT, Ownership Tax, 

AdvanceIncomeTax, Divident, Royalty / cGo zLif{s 

u/L /fh:jdf s'n !% ca{ #@ s/f]8 ^& nfv &! xhf/ of]ubfg 

k'/ofpg'sf ;fy} :yfkgfsfnb]lv nuftf/ gfkmfdf /x]sf] 5 . 

;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f dfq x}g, k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf 

u|fxsx?n] Go"gtd d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf 5gf]6sf] cj;/ kfPsf 

5g\ . sltko ;]jfx?sf] d"No lg/Gt/ 36g] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . cfh 

ljb]zaf6 cfkmGtn] ld;sn u/]/ oxfFaf6} kmf]g ug] { cj:yf;d]t 

;[hgf ePsf] 5 . o'/f]ksf] s'g} b'u{d If]qdf eGbf klg /fd|f] 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf g]kfnsf] b'u{d If]qdf /x]sf] eGg] ljb]zL ko{6sx?sf] 

l6Kk0fL /x]sf] 5 . o;/L b]zsf b'u{d If]qx?df ;d]t ;~rf/sf] 

If]qdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u|fxs cfslif{t ug{{ ljleGg of]hgf 

NofPsf] 5 . skf]{/]6 ;]jfcGtu{t sfof{no tyf ;d"xdf 

cfa4 eP/ sfd ug]{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ljz]if ;x'lnotk"0f{ 

sfo{qmd NofPsf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf Ps bh{g ;]jfdWo] 

hLP;Pd lk|k]8 / kf]:6k]8 a9L k|rlnt 5 . ;L8LPdP 

k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t df]afOn xfd|f] h:tf] ef}uf]lns 

cj:yfdf b'u{d If]qdf a9L pkof]uL b]lvPsf] 5 eg] 

;]6nfO6 kmf]g b'u{d ko{6sLo :yfgdf a9L nf]slk|o 5 . 

&% j6} lhNnfdf df]afOn ;]jfn] Jofkf/sf] %) 

k|ltzteGbf a9L cf]u6]sf] / o;} ;]jfdf ;a}eGbf a9L 


k|lt:kwf{ ug'{k/]sf] 5 . b]zsf &% j6} lhNnfdf 

b|'tultsf] P8LP;Pn OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] nf]slk|otf 

a9\b} u}/x]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf xft–xftdf df]afOn / 

3/–3/df OG6/g]6 ;]jf eGg] gf/f ;fy{s agfpg 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ 

cfO/x]sf] 5 . sDkgLsf] cys k|of;af6 d'n'sdf 

zx/L / u|fdL0f If]qsf aLrsf]] vf8n -l8lh6n l8efO8_ 

Go"gLs/0f ug{;d]t of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]] 5 . 

%= pk;+xf/ 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] dfWodaf6 /fi6«sf] 

cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;df ct'ngLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 

5 . ;fy} b]zdf ;~rflnt ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?dWo] 

;jf{lws d'gfkmf cfh{g u/L ;/sf/nfO{ pRr s/ tyf 

nfef+z a'emfpg] gDa/ Ps sDkgLdf blh{Psf] 5 . o;sf 

;fd' nfvf}+ pkef]Qmfsf] cufw dfof, b]zJofkL k"jf{wf/, 

;/sf/sf] ;+/If0f, bIf hgzlQm, ;'b[9 cfly{s cj:yf 

Psflt/ 5 eg] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f, ;]jfsf] 

u'0f:t/;DaGwdf pkef]Qmfsf] u'gf;f], gofF k|ljlw / 

gofF If]qdf pkef]Qmfsf] rfxgfcg'?k ;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f Pj+ 

:t/Ls/0f, k|lt:kwf{Tds d"No, VOIP dfkm{t Call bypass u/L 

x'g] /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0f, ahf/df sDkgLsf] z]o/ d"Nodf 

x|f;, ;/sf/L gLlt–lgod Pj+ Bureacratic limitation leq /x]/ 

;fdflhs bfloTjnfO{ klg dxTj lbFb} Entreprenurial spirit df 

Joj;fo ul//x]sf sDkgL;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug' {kg] { cj:yfh:tf cfGtl/s 

/ afXo r'gf}tLx? ljBdfg 5g\ . o; kl/j]zdf u'0f:t/ ;'wf/nfO{ 

d"n dGq 7fgL u|fxs rfxgf tyf k|ljlwdf x'g] ljsf;;Fu tfbfTDotf 

/fVb} ;]jf ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{ 6fn6'n] ;'wf/n] dfq 

;Dej b]lvFb}g . h;sf] nflu k'gM Ps k6s b"/bzL{ ;f]rsf 

;fy ;a}sf] ;xdltdf ;do 5Fb} Policy shift u/L 

/0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ leq\ofpg] cfF6 / ;fx; ug'{ Ps 

pko'Qm pkfo x'g ;S5 . 

"We shall not cease from exploration and the end of all our 

exploring will be to arrive where we started... and know the 

place for the first time." 

– T.S. Eliot 

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pGgltsf nflu cj;/df ;dfg kx' “r 

…hxfF + zf]if0f x'G5 ToxfF ;+3if{ x'G5, hxfF bdg x'G5 ToxfF 

ljb|f]x x'G5, hxfF + c;dfgtf x'G5 ToxfF cGofo x'G5 .Ú Gofosf] 

;j{dfGo l;4fGtcg';f/ ha;Dd dflg;n] ;dfg cj;/x? k|fKt 

ub} {g, ta;Dd Gofo :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] Gofosf] csf] 

dfGotf ;dfgtfsf] wf/0ff klg xf] . 

cj;/df ;dfg kx' Frsf] cy{ /fHosf ;a} ;+/rgf, ljsf; 

k|lqmof / cfly{s ultljlwx?df ;a} gful/sx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg x'g] 

lsl;daf6 /fHosf gLltx? lgb] {lzt x'g' / /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t 

/ ;fwgx?df ;a} gful/sx?sf] ;dfg kx' Fr x'g' xf] . o;} 

cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df ;dj]zLs/0f, ;zQmLs/0f, ;dfg 

;xeflutf / d"nk|jfxLs/0fh:tf ;d;fdlos ljifox?NffO{ /fHon] 

:yflkt ub} { cfPsf] 5 . 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf] 

xssf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5- …;a} gful/s sfg"gsf 

b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 

jl~rt ul/g]5}g . /fHon] gful/sx?sf aLr wd{, j0f{, ln+u, hft, 

hflt, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] 

cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g . t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, 

dw];L jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] 

lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckf+u jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s 

?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu 

sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg]5}g .Ú 

dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;x–cl:tTjaf6 g} ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 

/ ;dfhsf] ljsf;af6 g} /fi6«sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L 

ljZjsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] cfwf lx:;f cf]u6]sf dlxnfx? cfh 

PSsfO;f} + ztfAbLdf cfOk'Ubf;Dd klg k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df x/]s 

If]qdf k5fl8 kl//x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf / k'?if Ps /ysf b'O{ 

kfª\u|f x'g\ elgG5 t/ klg JofKt lkt[;QfTds lje]bsf] sf/0f 

;+;f/e/sf dlxnfx?n] dlxnf clwsf/ / ;dfg cj;/sf] 

nflu ;of} + jif{b]lv n8fOF nl8/xg'k/]sf] 5, lg/Gt/?kdf n8\b} 

hfg'kg] { klg lglZrt 5 . 

dlxnfclwsf/sf] s'/f ubf{ ;g\ !(!* cl3 dlxnfnfO{ 

dtflwsf/ lyPg . a]nfoth:tf] ;+;f/s} …dxfg\ k|hftGqjfbLÚ 

b]zdf klg dlxnfn] clwsf/ kfpg ljZjo'4df /ut–kl;gf 

aufpg'k/]sf] lyof] . k|yd ljZjo'4df dlxnfn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] 

/fwf l;Dv8f 

j=k|=c=, lstfa zfvf 

sb/:j?k g} ;g\ !(!* df ;j{k|yd a]nfotn] dlxnfnfO{ dtflwsf/ 

lbof], t/ pd]/sf] xbaGbL tf]s]/ dfq . a]nfotdf #) jif{ pd]/ 

k'u]kl5 dfq dlxnfn] dt lbg kfpg] eP . pd]/sf] of] xbaGbL 

;g\ !(@* df dfq ;dfKt eO{ dlxnfx?n] klg k'?if;/x 

;dfg?kdf dtflwsf/ k|fKt u/] . hh{ jfl;ª\6gn] cd]l/sfaf6 

a]nfotL pklgj]zsf] cGTo u/], t/ cfkm\g} b]zsf dlxnfx?nfO{ 

clwsf/ lbPgg\ . cd]l/sL dlxnfn] ;g\ !(!( cyf{t\ sl/a ! ;o 

#) jif{kl5 dfq ef]6 lbg] clwsf/ kfP . Pp6f ln+udfly ul/Psf] 

of] cfGtl/s pklgj]z lyof] . cd]l/sfdf klg dlxnfn] clwsf/ 

kfpg cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgsf] !( cf} + ;+zf]wg kv{g'k/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ 

!($* sf] u[xo'4kl5 :jL6h/NofG8 ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uof] t/ 

ToxfF dlxnfn] dtflwsf/ kfpg !@# jif{ s'g' {kg] { eof] . ;g\ !(&! 

df dfq :jL6\h/NofG8sf dlxnfn] dtflwsf/ k|fKt u/] . 

:jL6\h/NofG8sf] cem cfZro{ / lj8Dagfo'Qm tYo s] 5 eg] 

ToxfFsf @% j6f /fHodf !# j6f /fHon] dfq dlxnfnfO{ dtflwsf/ 

lbg'k5{ eGg] lg0f{o u/] / !@ j6f /fHon] dlxnfnfO{ dtflwsf/ 

lbg'x'Gg eGg] lg0f{o u/]sf]n] cfhsf ldlt;Dd tL !@ j6f /fHodf 

k'?ifn] dfq ef]6 xfN5g\ . g]kfndf ;g\ !(%( cyf{t\ @)!% 

;fnb]lv dfq dlxnfnfO{ dt xfNg] clwsf/ k|fKt eof] . h'g a]nf 

åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL g]kfnsf] klxnf] dlxnfdGqL lyOg\ . rLgsf] 

;+ljwfgdf eg] To; a]nf klg dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x x/]s If]qdf 

;dfg clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . lrlgofF dlxnfnfO{ 

/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / kfl/jfl/s clwsf/;d]t 

;dfg x'g]5 eg]/ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ ;+;f/sf 

clwsf+z d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfgdf dlxnfnfO{ /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] 

;fy;fy} cGo ljleGg If]qx?df ;dfg clwsf/ lbPsf] kfOGg . 

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b'j} xftsf cf} +nf sfl6Psf] / uf8L rnfPsf] lgx' Fdf sf]/f{ vfg'k/]sf 

;dfrf/x? kqklqsfx?df a/fa/ k9\g kfOG5, h'g dlxnfdflysf] 

h3Go lx+;f xf] . g]kfndf @)^@.^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf ;dfgtf / 

:jtGqtfsf nflu ;of} + dlxnfx?n] Tofu u/] . tt\kZrft\ g]kfnL 

dlxnfx?nfO{ nf]stGqn] ## k|ltzt /fhgLlts clwsf/ cf/If0f u/]sf] 

5, h'g cf/If0f /fHosf k|To]s tx / If]qdf nfu" u/L …hxfF k'?if ToxfF 

dlxnfÚ sf] clgjfo{tfnfO{ ;+ljwfgdfg} Joj:yf u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ 

;lsof] eg] dfq zxLbsf] /utsf] ;xL d"Nof+sg x'G5 . 

cfhsf] ljZjJofkLs/0f, lzIff / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;n] 

dlxnfx? klg w]/} lzlIft e};s]sf 5g\ . cfh ljZjdf dlxnfx? 

klg k'?if;/x x/]s If]qdf cu|;/ 5g\ / ;kmn klg ePsf 5g\ . 

o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] dlxnfx? klg k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df sdhf]/ 

5}gg\, cj;/ / lhDd]jf/L kfPdf pgLx? klg k'?if;/x g} b]z 

ljsf;df ;xefuL aGg ;S5g\ eGg] tYout k'li6 e};s]sf] 5, 

h'g s'/f cfh ;+;f/e/sf dlxnfx?n] k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfO;s]sf 

5g\ . dlxnfx?n] ;dfg cj;/ kfPdf /fHo ;~rfngsf x/]s 

If]qdf ;[hgfTds / /rgfTds?kdf lqmofzLn x'g ;S5g\ . 

3/fo;L sfddf !* 306f;Dd v6\g ;Sg] dlxnf cj;/ / 

lhDd]jf/L kfPdf b]z ljsf;df klg TolQs} ;lqmo eP/ nfUg 

;S5g\, s]jn /fHon] dlxnfx?sf] OR5fzlQm, kl/>d / 

nugzLntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ /fi6«lgdf{0fdf dlxnfx?nfO{ klg 

clgjfo{?kn] ;xefuL u/fpg ;Sg'k5{ . of] g} cfhsf] cfjZostf 

xf] . t;y{ ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo 5 t/ sb/ x'g 

dfq afFsL 5 . eljiosf] cfzfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu cfhsf 

o'jf dlxnfx?nfO{ plrt lzIff, ;Lk / ;dfg kx' Frsf] cj;/ 

lbg'kb{5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] dlxnfnfO{ ln+usf] cfwf/df lje]b 

ul/g]5}g eg] klg cem} klg lzIff / :jf:ydf dlxnfsf] ;xh 

kx' Fr ag]sf] 5}g . h;sf] sf/0f dlxnfx? Zff/Ll/s / dfgl;s 

?kdf sdhf]/ x'g k'U5g\ . aRrf hGdfpg', x'sf{pg' / 3/ Jojxf/ 

klg dlxnfn] g} ;DxfNg'kg] { ePsf]n] 3/leq / aflx/sf] bf]xf]/f] 

lhDd]jf/L axg ug' {kg] { ePsf] ] sf/0fn] dlxnfx? k'?ifsf] bfFhf]df 

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? k|fKt ug{ klg k5fl8 kl//x]sf 5g\ . 

o;af6 dlxnf dfq xf]Og l;+uf] ;dfh g} k|efljt ePsf] 5 . Ps 

hgf k'?if lzlIft aGof] eg] pm Ps hgf dfq lzlIft aG5 t/ 

Ps hgf dlxnf lzlIft algg\ eg] Pp6f l;+uf] kl/jf/ g} lzlIft 

aG5 . h'g kl/jf/df dlxnf / k'?if b'j} /f]huf/ 5g\ eg] Tof] 


kl/jf/sf] kfl/jfl/s dfxf]n g} km/s x'G5 . ;fdflhs, cfly{s 

/ kfl/jfl/s ?kdf klg w]/} ;an / ;Ifd x'G5 . 

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eGg'kbf{ ;DkGg kl/jf/ xf];\ jf ljkGg 

kl/jf/df xf];\, dlxnfx?n] oL g} ;fdflhs c;dfgtfsf sf/0f 

k'?if;/x hLjg lhpg kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . cfkm\g} kl/jf/sf 

;b:ox?af6 ckx]lnt eP/ gf/sLo hLjg latfpg / csfndf 

d[To'j/0f ug{ dlxnfx? ljjz 5g\ . c+z, j+z / clwsf/df 

5f]/LnfO{ 5f]/f;/x dfGotf lbg xfd|f] ;dfh cem} klg tTk/ 5}g . 

wfld{s cGwljZjf;, s';+:sf/, lzIffsf] sdL, k}lqs ;DklQdf 

5f]/f;/xsf] kx' Frdf sdL, dlxnfclwsf/;DaGwL gLlt–lgodx? 

sfuhdf dfq ;Lldt /xg' / Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' 

cflbh:tf sf/0fn] dlxnfx?dfly cem} klg lx+;f e}/x]sf] 5 . 

lzlIft / ;De|fGt kl/jf/df klg j+z wfGgsf] nflu / d[To'kl5sf] 

;+:sf/ ug{ 5f]/f g} rflxG5 eGg] wfld{s cGwljZjf; / s';+:sf/n] 

ubf{ 5f]/fsf] rfxgfdf aflnsf lzz'sf] ue{df g} e| "0fxTof ul/G5 . 

hGdkl5 klg sltko kl/jf/df 5f]/Lx?nfO{ cem} klg lzz' / 

afNofj:yfb]lv g} cfxf/ / lzIffbLIffdf lje]b ul/G5 . 5f]/LnfO{ 

;fg} pd]/df lax] u/]/ k7fOlbg], 5f]/L c?sf] w/df hfg] hft 

ePsf]n] 5f]/LnfO{ 5f]/f;/x lzIff xfl;n ug]{ cj;/ lbg 

lxlRsrfpg], ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfgaf6 jl~rt ug] { rng 

clxn] klg ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf JofKt 5, h'g dfgl;s 

lx+;fsf] csf] { ?k xf] . ljjfxkZrft\ klg dlxnfx?n] csf{sf] 

3/df cg]s lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s kL8f ;xg'kg] {, bfOhf] 

gNofPsf] / 5f]/f hGdfpg g;s]sf] lgx' Fdf a;] {lg s}of} + dlxnfn] 

cfkm\g} klt, ;f;", ;;'/f, gGb, b]j/sf] xftaf6 d[To'j/0f ug' {k/]sf 

36gfx? xfd|f] ;dfhdf k|z:t 3l6/x]sf] kfOG5 . sltko afa' 

/ bfh'af6} klg dlxnfx? a]lrPsf 5g\ eg] sltkonfO{ of}gzf]if0f 

/ b]xJofkf/df nufOPsf 36gfx? klg 5g\ . To:t} Pp6f ljw'/n] 

cfkm"n] rfx]df h'g;'s} a]nf klg csf] { lax] ug{ ;S5, rfx] pm *) 

jif{sf] g} lsg gxf];\, ljjfx gu/L a:bf p;sf] :ofxf/–;Def/ 

k'Ub}g eg]/ ;s];Dd csf] { lax] ug{ ;dfhn] g} k|f]T;fxg u5{ . t/ 

Pp6L dlxnf hf] @)–@@ jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/df ljwjf eOg\ eg] 

klg ;dfhn] pgnfO{ cfhLjg ljwjfsf] ?kdf PSnf] hLjg 

latfPsf] x]g{ rfxG5 / ljwjfnfO{ s'g} klg k'?ifn] ;xh} lax] ug{ 

klg rfxFb}g . of] ;fdflhs lje]b / s';+:sf/ dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] 

c;dfgtfsf] h8 xf] . clxn] klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf clwsf+z 

dlxnfx? k'?ifx?s} ;]jfdf ;dlk{t e}/x]sf x'G5g\, rfx] kTgLsf] 

!@^


?kdf xf];\, rfx] cfdfsf] ?kdf xf];\, rfx] 5f]/Lsf] ?kdf lsg 

gxf];\, pgLx? hlxn] klg k'?ifx?af6} ;+/lIft x'G5g\ \ . To;}n] 

dlxnfx? :jtGq?kdf slxNo} klg afFr]sf x' Fb}gg\, cfkm\gf] nflu 

eGbf c?sf] nflu afFRg ljjz x'G5g\ . dlxnfnfO{ dfgjsf] :t/df 

eGbf j:t'sf] :t/df x]l/G5, o;nfO{ h;/L pkef]u u/] klg x'G5 

eGg] dfgl;stfn] k'?ifx? cem klg u|l;t /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L 

dlxnfnfO{ x]g] { ;f]rdf cem} klg kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsPg eg] h;/L 

kIf3ftn] u|l;t dflg;sf z/L/sf c+ux?n] /fd|f] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\, 

To;} u/L kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf cfwf c+u dflgPsf dlxnfx?dfly 

a/fa/ lx+;f x'g] xf] eg] / dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ / cj;/ glbg] 

xf] eg] xfd|f] ;dfh klg kIf3ftsf] la/fdLh:t} c:j:y x'G5 . cem} 

;of} + jif{ ljsf;sf] ultdf k5fl8 ws]lnG5 . 

;+;f/df ul/ax?dWo] clwsf+z dlxnf g} 5g\ . b}lgs ?kdf 

^^ k|ltzt sfd dlxnfx?n] g} ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ . clwsf+z 

dlxnfx?n] b}lgs !* 306f sfd u5{g\ t/ pgLx?sf] sfdsf] 

cfly{s ?kdf d"Nof+sg ul/+b}g, lsgls pgLx?sf] sfdaf6 

k|ToIf?kdf cyf] {kfh{g ePsf] b]lv+b}g . s[lif k];fdf *) k|ltzt 

dlxnfx? ;+nUg ePsf x'G5g\ t/ klg cfDbfgLsf] % k|ltzt 

k|ltkmn klg dlxnfx?n] kfpg ;ls/x]sf x' +b}gg\ . ! k|ltzt dfq 

;DklQdf dlxnfx?sf] kx' Fr /x]sf] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ cfh hLjgsf] 

clGtd cj:yfdf k'u]sf j[4 dlxnfx? cfkm\g} ;Gtfgaf6 af6f]df 

NofP/ kmflnPsf ;dfrf/x? a/fa/ ;'lgG5 . lzIffsf] ljZjJofkL 

ljsf; eP klg ljBfno ghfg] afnaflnsfx?df b'O{ ltxfO 

aflnsfx? g} k5{g\ / k|fylds txdf ljBfno kl/Tofu ug] { klg 

aflnsfx?s} ;+Vof a9L 5 . To:t} lg/If/ k|f}9dWo] &% k|ltzt 

dlxnf g} k5{g\ . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx? g} plrt :jf:Yo / 

lzIffaf6 jl~rt x'G5g\ . ljZjsf] cfwf hg;+Vof cf]u6] klg 

dlxnfx?n] /fHo;Qfdf ! k|ltzt klg :yfg kfpg ;ls/x]sf 

5}gg\ . åGå lg?k0fsf] a]nf jftf{sf] 6]a'ndf dlxnfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z 

u/fOFb}g, hals lbuf] zflGtsf] nflu pgLx?sf] cg'ej / ;lqmotf 

Hofb} ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . dlxnfsf] k|ltef, ;Lk, pmhf{ / nugzLntfsf] 

k"0f{ ;b'kof]u ug{ g;Sg' dfgjLo Ifdtfsf] cjd"Nog ug' { xf] . 

ljleGg /fi6«sf] tYof+sn] b]vfPcg';f/ dlxnfdf ul/g] nufgL 

ljsf;sf] nflu e/kbf] { cfwf/ x'G5 . lsgls o:tf] nufgLsf] nfe 

;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/ / ;d'bfon] ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . ljleGg ljQLo 

;+:yfx?sf] tYof+saf6 klg s] b]lvG5 eg], dlxnfx?n] lnPsf 

C0f ;dodf r'Qmf u5{g\ . lsgls pgLx?df Odfgbfl/tf, g}ltstf, 

nugzLntf / hjfkmb]lxtf a9L x'G5 . 


cfwf cfsfz 9fSg] dlxnfnfO{ cfwf/:tDesf] ?kdf 

lng'kg] {df Hofb} sd dxTj lbOG5 . dlxnfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s 

bfloTjafx]s ;fdflhs ljsf;df s'g} dxTjk"0f{ bfloTj lgjf{x 

ug{ lbg'kbf{ of t dlxnfn] lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;Sb}gg\, dlxnfn] 

sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eg]/ xtf]T;flxt ul/G5 of lgif]w g} ul/G5 . 

of] Pp6f oyfy{ xf] ls cfkm\gf cfwf gful/snfO{ ljsf;sf] 

qmddf k5fl8 5f8]/ s'g] klg /fi6« ljsf;sf] ultdf cufl8 a9\g 

vf]Hg' eg]sf] lbjf:jKgh:t} x'G5 . oBlk ;+;f/e/ clwsf+z 

/fi6«x?df oxL g} jf:tljstf kfOG5 . 

cd]l/sL ljb]zdGqL lxnf/L lSnG6gn] eGg'ePsf] 5– …ljZjd} 

dlxnfx? pkof]u ug{ g;lsPsf zlQm x'g\ . pgLx?df nufgL 

ug{ ;s] cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu cToGt} ;zQm ;fwg xfdLn] 

kfpg]5f} + . n} +lus ;dfgtfsf] k|j4{g ug{ ;Sg' plrt dfq xf]Og, 

a7\ofOFk"0f{ sbd klg xf] .Ú 

;do lgs} kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf lsl;dsf ;fdflhs 

c;dfgtfx?nfO{ x6fP/ dlxnfnfO{ klg k'?if;/x ljsf;sf] 

d"nwf/df ;dflxt u/L /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] dxfg\ cleofgdf nfUgsf] 

nflu /fHon] lgDg sfo{x? ug' {kg] { x'G5 . 

!_ lzIffsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' . 

@_ dlxnf 5fqj[lQ / lgMz'Ns lzIffdf hf]8 lbg' . 

#_ dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffdf /fHon] ljz]if Wofg lbg' . 

$_ ;~rf/df dlxnfsf] ;dfg kx' Fr agfpg' . 

%_ dlxnfsf] >dsf] cfly{s ?kdf d"Nof+sg ug' { / dlxnfnfO{ 

/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df j[l4 ug' { . ;s];Dd …Ps kl/jf/ Ps 

dlxnf /f]huf/Ú sf] gLltnfO{ /fHon] cjnDag ug' { . 

^_ /fHosf tLg} c+u Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf 

;fy} /fHosf ljleGg lgsfox? / ;+3;+:yfx?df klg 

dlxnfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf / ;dfg kx' Fr agfpg' . 

&_ /fHosf] ;fwg / ;|f]tdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ x'g'k5{ / ljt/0f 

k|0ffnLdf klg dlxnfnfO{ clgjfo{?kdf ;xefuL u/fOg' . 

*_ ;DklQdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ x'g' . 

(_ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg 

kx' Fr x'g] Joj:yf ug' { . 

!)_ dlxnfx? k5fl8 k/]sfn] pgLx?nfO{ cufl8 Nofpgsf] 

nflu h'g;'s} If]qdf klg dlxnfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf 

(Ladies First) lbg] gLlt cjnDag u/fpg' . 

!!_ dlxnfnfO{ tflnd, ;]ldgf/, uf]i7Ldf a9LeGbf a9L ;l/s 

u/fO{ pgLx?sf] g]t[Tj ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' . 

!@&



g]kfn 6]lnsdn] klg sDkgLsf] ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg 

v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] $% k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] 

k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL b]xfoadf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L 

lj1fkgaf6 kbk"lt{ ug] { u/]sf] 5 . 

s_ dlxnf ## Ü, v_ cflbjf;L÷hghftL @& Ü, 

u_ dw];L @@ Ü, 3_ blnt ( Ü, ª_ ckf+u % Ü, 

r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q $ Ü . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf xfn sl/a !@ Ü dlxnfx? dfq sfo{/t 

5g\, h'g k'?ifx?sf] bfFhf]df Hofb} Go"g 5 . sDkgLdf a9LeGbf 

a9L of]Uo dlxnf sd{rf/Lx? egf{ u/L pgLx?sf] sfd ug]{ 

OR5fzlQm, 1fg, ;Lk / nugzLntfnfO{ sDkgLn] pkof]u ug{ 

;s]sf] v08df cjZo klg b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df j[l4 

x'g'sf ;fy} b]zsf] cfly{s pGgltdf ;d]t j[l4 x'G5 . cfh 

dlxnfx? klg k'?ifx?h:t} pRr lzIff xfl;n u/L of]Uo e};s]sf 

5g\ . s]xL jif{otfsf] tYof+snfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ljleGg ljwfdf 

pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ dlxnfx?sf] ;+Vofdf pNn]Vo?kdf j[l4 

ePsf] kfOG5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ;w}F g+= ! ;+:yfsf] ?kdf arfO/fVg 

jf cfhsf] eGbf /fd|f] cj:yfdf n}hfg / /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o 

If]qdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu ug'{kg]{ w]/} 

sfo{x?dWo] ahf/ Joj:yfkg klg Pp6f k|d'v sfo{ x'g 

cfpF5 . sDkgLsf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL @)^! df s'g} 

vf; txsf] kbdf dlxnfn] dfq efu lng kfpg] u/L l/Qm 

kbsf] @) k|ltzt;Dd 5'6\ofpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf]n] ;f] 

cg';f/ sDkgLsf] nflu cfjZos kbx?sf] lj1fkg u/L 

ljz]if u/L ahf/zf:qdf :gfts jf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n 

u/]sf of]Uo dlxnfx?aLr v'NNff k|lt:kbf{ u/fP/ pTs[i6 

7xl/Psf dlxnfx?nfO{ sDkgLsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z u/fO{ 

Marketing u/fpg ;lsPsf] v08df cjZo klg sDkgLn] 

cfkm\gf ;]jfx?sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg, ahf/ lj:tf/, ahf/ 

;'b[9Ls/0f, ahf/ cg'udg tyf ljtl/t jf lj:tfl/t 

;]jfx?sf] u'0f:t/df cfjZos ;'wf/ NofO{ hgtfsf] dg 

lhTg ;Sg]5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] dlxnf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf 

/fvL sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL @)^! df s]xL ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 

5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5 . 

!_ dlxnf sd{rf/LnfO{ ^ dlxgf k/LIf0fsfn eP k'Ug] . 

@_ dlxnfnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf Ps txdflysf] ef}uf]lns 

If]qsf] c+s lbg] . 

#_ dlxnf sd{rf/Ln] Ps jif{klxn] a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo 

pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] . 

$_ s'g} vf; txsf] kbdf dlxnfn] dfq efu lng kfpg] u/L 

l/Qm kbsf] @) k|ltzt;Dd 5'6\ofpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] 

-t/ xfn;Dd sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5}g_ . 

%_ k|;"lt labf lnPsf dlxnf sd{rf/Lx?n] rfx]df s'g} klg labfaf6 

s§f gx'g] u/L a9Ldf yk ^ dlxgf;Dd a]tnaL k|;"lt labf lng 

;Sg]5g\ . ;f] cjlw gf]s/L cjlwdf hf]l8g]5 . 

^_ k|;"lt labf kfpg] dlxnf sd{rf/LnfO{ lzz' :ofxf/afkt 

a9Ldf @ ;Gtfg;Ddsf] nflu k|lt;Gtfg ?= %,))). sf 

b/n] lzz' :ofxf/ vr{ pknAw u/fpg] . k'?if sd{rf/Lx?n] 

klg >LdtL ;'Ts]/L x' Fbf :ofxf/;';f/sf] nflu Ps k6sdf 

!% lbg / tdfd gf]s/L cjlw e/ @ k6s;Dd ;'Ts]/L 

:ofxf/ labf kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . 

&_ ljjflxt jf cljjflxt dlxnf sd{rf/Ln] afa', cfdf tyf 

;f;"–;;'/f k/nf]s ePdf !% lbg lqmof labf kfpg]5g\ . 

cGttM dlxnf / k'?if Ps} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f ePsfn] 

;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] nflu dlxnf / k'?if b'j} kIfsf] ;dfg?kn] 

ljsf; x'g' cToGt h?/L 5 . /fHon] dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ 

;dfg clwsf/, ;dfg cj;/ / lhDd]jf/L lbO{ k'?if;/x g} 

dlxnfsf] 1fg, >d, ;Lk, Odfgbfl/tf, nugzLntf, st{Jolgi7tf 

/ ;xgzLntfsf] sb/ / plrt d"Nof+sg u/L /fHosf gLlt, 

lgb] {zg, ;+ljwfg, lgod, sfg"gdf ;d]t Joj:yf u/L /fHosf 

x/]s If]q / txdf gf/L / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] 

gLlt th' {df u/L ;lqmo ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;s] dfq 

b]zsf] pGglt x'g ;S5, cGoyf Ps v'§fsf] bf}8h:t} ljnDa 

x'G5 eGg'df s'g} cTo'lQm x' Fb}g . 

You have not lived today until you have done something for 

someone who can never repay you. 

– John Bunyan. 

!@*



Radio Frequency Spectrum: 

A Limited Natural Resource 

A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave 

propagated by an antenna. Radio waves have different 

frequencies, and by tuning a radio receiver to a specific 

frequency you can pick up a specific signal. 

When you listen to a radio station and the announcer 

says, "You are listening to 96.1 FM" what the announcer 

means is that you are listening to a radio station 

broadcasting an FM radio signal at a frequency of 96.1 

MHz. MHz means "millions of cycles per second," so 

"96.1 MHz" means that the transmitter at the radio station 

is oscillating at a frequency of 96,100,000 cycles per 

second. Your FM (frequency modulated) radio can tune 

in to that specific frequency and give you clear reception 

of that station. All FM radio stations transmit in a band 

of frequencies between 88 MHz and 108 MHz. This 

band of the radio spectrum is used for no other purpose 

but FM radio broadcasts. 

In the same way, AM radio is confined to a band 

from 535 kilohertz to 1,700 kilohertz (kilo meaning 

"thousands," so 535,000 to 1,700,000 cycles per second). 

Common radio frequency bands include the 

following: 

• 535 kHz - 1.6 MHz: AM Radio stations. 

• 54 MHz - 72 MHz: Television (channels 2-4). 


• 88 MHz - 108 MHz: FM radio. 



What is funny is that every wireless technology you 

can imagine has its own little band. There are hundreds 

of them! For example: 

• Garage door openers, alarm systems, etc. - Around 40 MHz 

• Standard cordless phones: Bands from 40 to 50 MHz 

• Radio controlled airplanes: Around 72 MHz, which 

is different from... 

• Radio controlled cars: Around 75 MHz 

• Air traffic control radar: 960 to 1,215 MHz 

• Global Positioning System: 1,227 and 1,575 MHz 

By: Jagdish Lekhak 

BE (NIT,Rourkela), ME (Pulchowk Campus) 

Telecom Engineer, NT Chabahil 

The system of frequency allocation is fairly archaic, 

and tradition dictates much of its design. The lower 

frequencies are allocated to the oldest services, such as 

maritime communication and navigation, aeronautical 

communication and navigation, and AM radio. Many 

regions of the spectrum, such as those devoted to radio 

navigation, have been technologically supplanted (in this 

case by GPS, the global positioning system, a satellitebased 

global navigation system). Huge portions of the 

spectrum are wasted on television broadcasts, and even 

more have been recently allocated to allow for 

simultaneous digital and analog transmission during a 

transition phase to an all digital television system. But it 

is difficult to reclaim these regions of the spectrum 

because residual uses remain. Partly as a consequence, 

it has become extremely difficult to find unused radio 

spectrum for new services. Cellular telephony, for 

example, has undoubtedly had its growth constrained by 

the shortage of available bandwidth. Hence radio 

frequency spectrum is a limited resource. 

Cellular mobile communication is one of the major 

branches of wireless communication which gives mobility 

and service to the user. The main technologies that are 

currently being used are GSM (Global System for Mobile) 

and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).GSM 

technology works in the frequency bands of 900MHz 

and 1800MHz while CDMA technology works in 

800MHz. In Nepal, NTC and Ncell have adopted GSM 

system, while Sky phone use CDMA technology. 

!@(



Although both GSM and CDMA divide their available 

frequency band into channels, the main difference 

between these two technologies is GSM uses certain 

number of frequency channels in a cell and each user 

get their own frequency channel, while CDMA uses only 

one frequency channel in a cell with proper allocation 

of PN (pseudo-random) code to each user. PN code is 

a special set of numbers which is mixed with the 

modulated signal during transmission and transmitted 

message can be decoded only with the same PN code. 

Spectrum can neither be created nor be destroyed. 

It is the use of spectrum, which can be regulated so as 

to maximize its usage, given its capabilities and 

constraints. Thus, the process of spectrum management 

or radio regulation is different from other regulations in 

general parlance. An evaluation of the interference 

potential to and from a new station is an integral part of 

radio regulatory mechanism requiring an in-depth analysis 

of technical characteristics of the station and its 

environment. 

In fact, factors that affect the management of 

spectrum include number of wireless stations and types 

of services and applications. With an increase in the 

number of wireless stations, the pollution of 

electromagnetic environment increases. Similarly, the 

need to regulate and avoid conflicts in coexistence 

increases with increasing wireless applications and 

technologies. 

So, at the end of it, spectrum management is the 

combination of technical and administrative procedures, 

necessary to ensure orderly and efficient operations in 

country without causing interference between the 

spectrum usages of different services. And assigning 

different radio frequencies for various applications is the 

basic function of spectrum management. In other words, 

spectrum management is the process of regulating the 

use of radio frequencies to promote efficient use and 

gain a net social benefit.[1] The term radio spectrum 

typically refers to the full frequency range from 3 kHz 

to 300 GHz that may be used for wireless 

communication. Increasing demand for services such 

as mobile telephones and many others has required 

changes in the philosophy of spectrum management. 

Demand for wireless broadband has soared due to 

technological innovation, such as 3G and 4G mobile 

services, and the rapid expansion of wireless internet 

services. Since the 1930s, spectrum was assigned 

through administrative licensing. Limited by technology, 

signal interference was once considered as a major 

problem of spectrum use. Therefore, exclusive licensing 

was established to protect licensees' signals. This former 

practice of discrete bands licensed to groups of similar 

services is giving way, in many countries, to a "spectrum 

auction" model that is intended to speed technological 

innovation and improve the efficiency of spectrum use. 

During the experimental process of spectrum assignment, 

other approaches have also been carried out, namely, 

lotteries, unlicensed access and privatization of spectrum. 

The electromagnetic spectrum is in demand, not only 

for traditional uses but also for traditional uses such as 

broadcasting but also, increasingly, for new forms of 

mobile communications. How should governments 

decide who has right to use the spectrum? Four methods 

have been used: 

• Administrative process 

• Lottery 

• First come first served 

• Auction 

Out of four methods auction works better than the 

other spectrum –allocation methods. Auctions 

• Are transparent and fair 

• Generate revenue for the government 

• Assigns licenses to firms quickly and aconomically 

However, as for Nepal, above methods of spectrum 

allocation might not be suitable for all the operators 

operating wireless communications. Hence some variable 

spectrum pricing/mixed spectrum pricing would be better 

to be employed rather employing a fixed pricing.It could 

be a matter of debate and NTA( Nepal Telecommunication 

Authority) should look upon this matter. 

As spectrum is a scarce resource, its equitable 

allotment for systems using different technologies seems 

to be the solution. The government while formulating its 

spectrum policy should try to create a flexible and 

technology neutral regime to allow new technologies 

equal access to spectrum. Also try to bring about 

transparency and openness in the spectrum allotment 

process so that this scarce natural resource (radio 

frequency) is put to it optimal use in a more efficient 

manner. 

!#)

+ 



cfjZostf xfd|F] Pstfsf] 

/f]u nfUof], c;fWog} ltdLnfO{ 6]lnsd 

36\g' ;f6f] al9/x]5, Hj/f] emg–emg . 

ltd|f] u'0f ufpg]x? cfh ufnL ub{5g\ 

lxhf] ev{/ hGd]sfsf] lj1fkgdf kb{5g\ . 

pGsf] bf]if g} gb]lvg] aNn afnsh:tf 5g\ 

l;km{ ltdLnfO{ bf]ifL] rZdf nufP/ x]b{5g\ . 

@) k|ltzt hDdf ub{5f} /fHosf]ifdf ltdL 

t/ klg /fHo}af6 pk]lIft 5f} 6]lnsd . 

;'gsf] c08f lbg] ltdLnfO{ l;Wofpg} vf]Hb} 5g\ 

c08f dfq sxfF xf] /, dfg{ g} vf]Hb} 5g\ . 

c?x? /fhgLltsf] ;+/If0fdf hfFb} 5g\ 

slt 7fpF t sd{rf/L bnbndf km:b} 5g\ . 

s:n] ug] { o;sf] /Iff d'v c?sf] tfSb} 5f} 

sd{rf/L kfFr lr/f cfkm\–cfkm} + n8\b} 5f} + . 

b]zdf h]–h] slrª\un 5 oxfF klg ToxL 5 

/fhgLlt 3/}leq cfuf] aln/fVof 5 . 

lar/f tL] ufpFsf dfG5] ef]sef]s} db} { 5g\ 

?O{ km'O{ geO{ n'un'u sfFlk/x]5g\ . 

lhGbuLdf df]afOn ;dfPs} 5}gg\ 

OG6/g]6 s] xf] eGg] a'em]sf g} 5}gg\ . 

6f]kf/fd kf]v| ]n 

g]kfn 6]lnsd, sLlt{k'/ 

arfpg] eP Zjf; rNb} arfpm 

nf; eO{ ;s]kl5 s] u/]/ arfpm . 

xfdL afx]s c? sf] kf] p7L a:5 / 

xfd|f] 3/sf] r'Nxf] afNg xfdLnfO{ kf] s/ 5 . 

Ps cj;/n] eof} + xfdL sd{rf/L 

ToxL cj;/ gkfP/ pm 5 a]/f]huf/L . 

df}sf kmfObf p7fP/ gu?F x} dgk/L 

b'?kof]u ca t s';L{sf] gu/f} + x] x/L . 

!#!

{ 

] 


Performance evaluation is the systematic, periodic 

evaluation of individuals with respect to their performance 

on the job and their potential for development.' 


Gf]kfn 6]lnsdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof°g 

k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ M cfjZostf / k|lqmof 

- Dale S. Beach 

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug' {sf] d"n p2]Zo sd{rf/Lx?df 

pTk|]/0ff hufO{ ;+:yfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj :yfkgf ug'{ xf] . 

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ubf{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{k|ultsf] olsg ug] {, 

dfkb08 / ;Dkflbt sfo{aLrsf] b"/L jf sdL–sdhf]/L 

(Performance Gap) kQf nufO{ ;f]sf] ;DaGwdf k[i7kf]if0f 

lng]–lbg] ul/G5 . h;af6 Performance based Reward- 

System, tflnd tyf ljsf;;DaGwL lg0f{o, ;?jf, a9'jf, sd{rf/L 

5gf]6, pQ/flwsf/L of]hgf h:tf Joj:yfksLo cEof;x? 

ckgfpg d2t ldN5 . o;y{ s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] k|efjsf/L 

Joj:yfkgdf sf=;=d"=sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . 

xfnsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf sl/a &,))) 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] plrt Pj+ k|efjsf/L d"NofÍg 

x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos e};s]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ljBdfg cj:yfdf 

k|of]u ul/Psf] sf=;=d"= k|lqmofdf /x]sf sdL–sdhf]/Lx? klxrfg 

ug' { ;fGble{s x'G5 . k|ydtM sd{rf/Lx?sf] kbcg'?k ul/g'kg] 

sfo{sf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f gePsf] sf/0fn] ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] 

d"NofÍg ug] { cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ug{ sl7gfO /x]sf] 5 . sltko 

sd{rf/Lx?df d"NofÍg kmf/d eg] { tl/sfaf/] /fd|f] 1fg ePsf]n] 

sfo{ u/]sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug{ 'kg] { sf]nddf kb;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 

cfk"mv'zL tl/sfn] sfo{ eg] { u/]sf] tyf d"NofÍgstf{n] ;d]t 

pQm sfo{x? u/]sf] xf]÷xf]Og, olsg u/L x]g] { u/]sf] 5 eGg] 

cfwf/;d]t 5}g . h;n] ubf{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] gh/df ljBdfg Joj:yf 

sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df geO{ d"NofÍgstf{sf] :jljj]sdf x'g] u/]sf] 

eGg] u'gf;f] /x]sf] kfOG5 . cf=j=sf] clGtddf d"NofÍg ul/g] x' Fbf 

sy+sbflrt sf=k|= kl/jt{g ePdf gofF sfof{no k|d'v -d"NofÍgstf{_ 

af6 d"NofÍg ul/g'n] plrt d"NofÍg x'g g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xg] 

x'G5 . d"NofÍgstf{n] /fd|f–g/fd|f ;a}nfO{ ;dfg?kdf pRr 

d"NofÍg ug' { / obfsbf pTs[i6 sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;d]t pRr 

d"NofÍg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k"0f{tof uf]Ko 

Dffwj k|;fb s'O“s]n 

;=Jof=c= 

Rf]Gh d]g]hd]G6 ljefu 

/flvPsf] tyf d"NofÍgsf] k[i7kf]if0f glbOgfn] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] 

sdL–sdhf]/L tyf ;'wf/ ug' {kg] { kIfaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . 

pk/f]Qm cj:yfn] ubf{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg cfwf/ 

k/Dk/fut?kdf dfq k|of]u x'g] eO{ ;+:yfsf] ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] 

pTkfbsTj j[l4df o;n] c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] 

sf/0f s]nfpg] xf] eg] Df'Vo?kn] lgDg s'/fx? lhDd]jf/ 5g\ M- 

• ;Dkfbg ug' {kg] { sfo{sf] dfkb08 gx'g', nIo lgwf{/0f 

ubf{ cfjZos dfqfdf sd{rf/Lx?;Fu 5nkmn gul/g' . 

• k|zf;lgs, tyf sltko k|fljlws ;]jfdf sfo{/t 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfdsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ kl/df0f, nfut / 

;do olsg gx'g] x' Fbf jt{dfg sf=;=d"= kmf/d cfkm} +df 

q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] . 

• d"NofÍg kmf/dljgf cWoog el/g] u/]sf] / pknlAw / 

nIosf] plrt dfkg x'g] gu/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] . 

• ljleGg txsf] sfo{k|s[lt km/s–km/s eP tfklg 

sf=;=d"= kmf/d Pp6} ePsf]n] plrt d"NofÍgsf ;"rs 

g;d]l6Psf] . 

• d"NofÍgstf{n] sd{rf/Lsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ vf;} 

hjfkmb]lxtf /fVg' gkg] { . 

• k"0f{tof uf]Ko /flvg' . 

• kf/bzL{ gx'g' Pj+ k|ltlqmofTds gx'g' (No Feedback) . 

• jif{df Ps k6s dfq d"NofÍg ul/g' . 

• d"NofÍgstf{ b}lgs sfdsf] ;'k/Lj]Ifs (Immediate 

Supervisor) geO{, sfof{no k|d'v, ljefuLo k|d'v jf 

lgb] {zs x'g] u/]sf] . 

!#@


• sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kbf]Ggltsf] nflu dfq ;Lldt 

/xg' . 

sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ubf{ ;j{k|yd sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dfkb08 

tf]lsg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;sf] nflu sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{-ljj/0f 

-Job Description_ k|bfg u/L ;DalGwt kbsf] sfd, st{Jo / 

clwsf/ tf]lsg'sf ;fy} d"NofÍgsf j:t'ut cfwf/x? ;d]t 

j:t'ut?kdf sd{rf/LnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOg'k5{ . d"NofÍgsf 

cfwf/x? to ubf{ ;d;fdlos, e/kbf] {, Jofjxfl/s Pj+ Jofj;flos 

kIfnfO{ Wofg lbOg'kb{5 . d"NofÍgkZrft\ ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ 

p;sf] sfdsf] :t/, /fd|f]–g/fd|f] kIf tyf ck]lIft kl/0ffdaf/] 

k[i7kf]if0f -Feedback_ lbOPdf p;sf] efjL sfo{;Dkfbgdf 

;'wf/sf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] nflu 

sfo{-dfkb08, t'ngfTds jf ;+:yfut p2]Zo nlIft ljleGg 

k4lt ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ljlw ;+:yfut cfjZostf Pj+ 

sd{rf/Lx?sf ljrf/ Pj+ ;'emfjnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] k|sf/sf] x'g' 

o'lQm;+ut x'G5 . oyf;Dej sd{rf/Lx?sf] wf/0ffcg';f/ sf=;= 

d"NofÍgn] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ hfgsf/ Pj+ ;"lrt u/fPdf 

;+:yfut p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;fd~h:otf sfod x'g ;S5 : 

• ;+:yfn] sfdbf/af6 s] rfx]sf] 5 < 

• p;sf] sfo{ s]–slt / s;/L ;DkGg ePsf] 5 < h;n] 

ubf{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u x'G5 . 

• /, /fd|f] sfo{nfO{ k'/:s[t ug] { k|yfsf] z'?cft x'g'kg] { . 

t;y{, jt{dfg sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg k|lqmofdf ;sf/fTds 

kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df kl/jlt{t sfo{ ;Dkfbg 

d"NofÍgdf ;dflxt ug{ 'kg] { ljifox? tyf k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf ePsf ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgx?df ;dfj]z;d]t 

ePsf] kfOG5 . 

— tx ! b]lv # ;Dd jflif{s tyf tx $—!! ;Dd 

cw{jflif{s ?kdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/d el/g' 

pko'Qm x'g] . 

— cw{jflif{s ?kdf ul/g] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] xsdf 

klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] d"NofÍg kf/bzL{?kdf tf]lsPsf] 

9f“rfdf @ k|lt kmf/d e/L ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx?n] 

cfkm"n] ug' {kg] { lgwf{l/t tyf ;Dkflbt sfo{x?, s'g} 

sfo{x? ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] eP sf/0f;lxt pNn]v 

u/L ;'kl/j]Ifs;dIf k]; ug] { . To;/L k]; ePsf] 

kmf/d ;DalGwt ;'kl/j]Ifsn] d"NofÍgsf] :t/, k[i7kf]if0f 

-Feedback_ jf wf/0ff ! k|lt ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ 

lkmtf{ lbg] . sd{rf/Ln] ;'kl/j]Ifssf] d"NofÍg, k[i7kf]ifs 


jf wf/0ffk|lt s]xL egfO jf k|ltlqmof eP lglZrt cjlwleq 

;'kl/j]Ifs;dIf k]; ug] {5 . tt\kZrft\ ;'kl/j]Ifsn] 

k'g/jnf]sgstf{;dIf pQm kmf/d k]; ug] { . 

— jflif{s ?kdf el/g] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/ddf 

;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] k|ltlqmof lng' gkg]{ x'“bf 

k[i7kf]if0f;d]t lbg' gkg] { . jflif{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg 

cÍsf] xsdf pQm jflif{s / cw{jflif{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg 

d"NofÍg kmf/ddf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] lbPsf] s'n cÍnfO{ 

hf]8L cf};t cÍnfO{ ;'kl/j]Ifsn] lbPsf] jflif{s cÍ 

dflgg] . 

— cw{jflif{s tyf jflif{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/d 

lglb{i6 ;dodf geg] { sd{rf/L / cw{jflif{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg 

d"NofÍgsf] xsdf ;dodf g} hf“r u/L k[i7kf]ifs glbg] 

;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{ ;lsg] . 

— d"NofÍg k4lt cÍdf ug] { . a9'jf l;kmfl/;sf] s'n 

!)) cÍdWo] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg afkt %) cÍ, 

ef}uf]lns afkt @) cÍ, z}lIfs of]Uotfafkt !@ cÍ, 

Ho]i7tfafkt !^ cÍ -k|ltjif{ @ cÍsf] b/n]_ tyf 

sfof{no k|d'vafkt @ cÍ /xg] . 

— sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg afkt %) cÍdWo] 

;dsIfL/dftxtsf sd{rf/Ln] % cÍ, ;'kl/j]Ifsn] 

@% cÍ, k'g/jnf]sgstf{n] !@ cÍ / k'g/jnf]sg 

;ldltn] * cÍ;Dd lbg ;Sg]5g\ . 

— ;'kl/j]Ifssf] d"NofÍgdWo] Go"gtd cÍ @=% b]lv 

clwstd % cÍ;Dd dftxt tyf ;dsIfLn] ;d]t 

lbg'kg] { . ;'kl/j]Ifssf] d"NofÍg dftxt tyf ;dsIfLaf6 

;d]t ugf{n] sd{rf/L tyf ;'kl/j]IfsaLr laefuLo 

;dGjo sfod ug{ d2t ldN5 . 

— ;dsIfL tyf dftxtsf sd{rf/Laf6 kmf/d e/fp“bf 

cfjZostfcg';f/ kmf/d tof/ u/L ;dsIfL / 

dftxtsf u/L sDtLdf @ hgf / a9Ldf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] 

tf]s]adf]lhd !% hgf;Dd sd{rf/Ln] d"NofÍg ul/lbPsf] 

kmf/d Pslqt s'n cÍsf] cf};t cÍnfO{ pDd]bjf/n] 

k|fKt u/]sf] cÍ sfod ul/g]5 . ;fy}, ;DalGwt 

sd{rf/Lx?af6 >fj0f !% ut]leq cfkm\gf] d"NofÍg 

u/fO{ pQm kmf/d ;'kl/j]Ifsn] cfkm\gf] 

k'g/jnf]sgstf{;dIf k]; ug' {kg] {5 . 

— sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ug' {k"j{ Benchmarking sf] 

cfwf/df k|To]s kbsf] sfo{ljj/0f (Job Description) 

!##


tyf ;f];“u ;DalGwt sfo{;Dkfbg kl/df0f 

(Performance Standards) tof/ ul/g'kg] { . 

— d"NofÍgsf] lglZrt cÍ / cfwf/ tf]ls“bf :j]R5frf/L 

d"NofÍg x'g kfp“b}g . To;}n] d"NofÍg ubf{ ;fdfGo, 

;Gtf]ifhgs, pQd / cTo'Qd dxndf lgDgfg';f/ cÍ 

k|bfg ul/g'kg] { . 

• cTo'Qd -sfo{ dfkb08eGbf a9L sfd u/]sf]— 

!))% eGbf a9L_ afkt @=% cÍ . 

• pQd -sfo{ dfkb08cg'?k sfd u/]sf] *)–!))%_ 

afkt @ cÍ . 

• ;Gtf]ifhgs -sfo{sf] dfkb08sf] %)—*)% ;Dd 

sfo{ u/]sf]_ afkt !=% cÍ . 

• ;fdfGo -sfo{ dfkb08sf] %)% eGbf sd sfd 

u/]sf]_ afkt ! cÍ . 

— ljleGg km/s txsf sd{rf/L ;d"xsf] 5'§f5'§} rf/ 

lsl;dsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍg kmf/d -tx !–#, 

$–%, ^–( / !)–!! sf]_ agfOg'kg] { . 

— tx ! sf sd{rf/Lsf] tx # ;Dd sfo{ ;Dkfbg 

d"NofÍg a9'jf Joj:yf ul/g'kg] { . 


— sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] d"NofÍgsf nflu 

;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/jnf]sgstf{ / k'g/jnf]sg ;ldlt 

sDkgLsf] sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnL @)^! sf] cg';"rL ^ 

df pNn]v ePadf]lhdsf] x'g] . 

— ;fdfGotof, ;'kl/j]Ifssf] ?kdf ;DalGwt zfvfk|d'v 

/xg] . /fh:j sfof{nosf] xsdf sfof{no k|d'vn] ;'kl/j]Ifssf] 

e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ul/g] sd{rf/L tyf 

zfvfk|d'v b'j} ;dfg txdf sfo{/t /xL b'j} hgf ;f]xL 

a9'jfsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ /xg] cj:yfdf zfvfk|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L 

lgjf{x ul//x]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] sf/0f 

v'nfO{ sfof{no k|d'v;dIf lgj]bg lbg'kg] {5 / ;f] cj:yfdf 

sfof{no k|d'vn] ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf If]qLo lgb] {zsn] 

k'g/jnf]sgstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] {5g\ . ;'kl/j]Ifs x'g 

sDtLdf klg sDkgLsf] clws[t :t/sf] sd{rf/L x'g'kg] { . 

dfly pNn]lvt Joj:yfnfO{ sDkgLn] cjnDag ug{ ;s]sf] 

v08df sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgnfO{ j:t'ut u/fO{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

cfkm\gf] sfo{k|lt hjfkmb]xL u/fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . 

o;tkm{ Joj:yfkg, sd{rf/L o'lgog / ;/f]sf/ kIfsf] ;dodf 

Wofg k'uf];\ eGg] sfdgf ub{5' . 

Albert Einstein- "Strange is our situation here on earth. Each of us comes 

for a short visit, not knowing why, yet sometimes seeming to divine a 

purpose. From the stand point of daily life, however, there is one thing we 

do know: that man is here for the sake of other man - above all for those 

upon whose smiles and well-being our own happiness depends" 

"Love is like quicksilver in the hand. Leave the fingers open and it stays. 

Clutch it and it darts away" 

Dorothy Parker 

At his best man is the noblest of all animals; seperated from law and justice 

he is the worst. 

Aristotle. 

!#$

} 

{ 

{ 



sd{rf/L Retention tyf 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf o;sf] cEof; 

;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfO/fVg' 

cyjf l6sfO/fVg] jftfj/0f agfpg] k|lqmof g} sd{rf/L Retention 

xf] . s'g} klg ;+u7gn] cfˆgf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ cfjZos kg] 

ljleGg ;fwgx? h:t}– hgzlQm (Manpower), ;fdu|L 

(Material), cfly{s ;|f]t (Money), sfo{ljlw (Method) / 

;"rgf (Information) cyf{t\ 4M+I dWo] dfgj;|f]tnfO{ ;a}eGbf 

dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . o;sf] ;xof]uljgf cGo ;fwgsf] 

kl/rfng ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;}n] ;+u7gsf] p2]Zocg'?ksf] clwstd 

k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] kl/rfng 

ug{df ;+u7gn] hf]8 lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

;+u7gn] pko'Qm hgzlQm pko'Qm ;dodf k|fKt ug] {, ltgnfO{ 

tflnd, lzIff, cg';Gwfg cflbsf] tl/sfaf6 1fg / ;Lksf] j[l4, 

wf/0ffdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g / j[lQ ljsf;, tflnd cflbsf] 

dfWodaf6 hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug] { / pko'Qm JolQmnfO{ pko'Qm 

:yfgdf kb:yfkg jf ;?jf ug] {, p;df ePsf] ljz]if v'aL jf 

;Lksf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug] { / of]Uo JolQmnfO{ ;+u7gaf6 aflx/ 

hfgaf6 /f]Sg] Joj:yf u/L hgzlQmsf] ;b'kof]u ub{5 . To;} u/L 

cjsfzkl5sf] hLjgnfO{ ;xho'Qm agfpg ;+u7gn] k|bfg ug] 

;]jf, ;'ljwf tyf v'aLsf] cfwf/df k'gM lgo'lQm ug] {h:tf dfWodåf/f 

hgzlQmsf] ;fdflhsLs/0f ul/G5 . ;+u7gleqsf] of] ;du| 

k|lqmofnfO{ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg elgG5 . 

sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+u7gdf /f]s]/ /fVg] (Retention of Employee) 

;+u7gdf of]Uo, ;Ifd hgzlQm leq\ofP/ tyf ltgLx?nfO{ 

lzIff, tflnd, cWoog, cg';Gwfg cflbsf] dfWodaf6 ljsf; 

u/]/ dfq k'Ub}g . To:tf] hgzlQmsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u cfjZos 

dflgG5 . ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo / sfo{ k|s[ltcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] 

kb:yfkg ul/;s]kl5 To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] of]Uotf, 1fg, 

;Lk, Ifdtf, ;'emfj;d]tsf cfwf/df p;af6 clwstd?kdf 

of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L ;+u7gn] k|of]u ug' {kb{5 . To;} u/L ;]jfdf k|j]z 

u/]sf of]Uo, ;Ifd / d]wfjL k|ltefx?nfO{ ;+u7gaf6 aflx/ 

hfgaf6 /f]Sg] lsl;dsf] Joj:yf u/L hgzlQmsf] ;b'kof]u 

(Utilization) ug' {kb{5 . ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf d]wfjL k|ltefx?nfO{ 

/f]Sg] (Retain) u/L /fVg] sfd eg] r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 

. dflg;sf] :jefj g} kl/jt{gzLn 5 . Ifdtf pkof]u, ;'ljwf 

rfxgf tyf kl/jt{gsf] nflu kfgLh:t} aUg] (Brain Drain) 

:jefj pmleq x'G5 . ædf}sf gk?Gh]n c8\sg] / df}sf kg] {lalQs} 

km8\sg]Æ :jefjsf] hgzlQmnfO{ ;+u7gdf /flv/fVg' PSsfO;f+ 

ztfAbLsf] Joj:yfkssf] k|d'v r'gf}tL ePsf] 5 . 

;+u7gsf] nflu of]Uo tyf ;Ifd JolQm 5gf]6 ug{ hlt ufx|f] 

5, Tof] eGbf a9L ufx|f] p;nfO{ ;+u7gdf l6sfO/fVgnfO{ 5 . 

;Ifd JolQmsf] nflu cj;/sf] s'g} ;d:of x'b}g / ;a} ;+u7gn] 

To:t} ;Ifd JolQmsf] vf]hL ul//x]sf x'G5g\ eg] csf] {tkm{ sd{rf/Lx? 

klg sfo{/t ;+u7gaf6 cfˆgf] p2]Zo tyf rfxgf k"/f gx'g] 

b]Vg]lalts} csf] { ;Ifd ;+u7gdf hfg vf]lhxfN5g\ . To;}n] 

cfhsf] jftfj/0fdf of]Uo JolQmnfO{ ;+u7gaf6 aflx/ hfgaf6 

/f]Sg'kg] { cfjZostf 68\sf/f]?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . 

sd{rf/Ln] ;+u7g 5f]8\g rfxg] sf/0f 

olb ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo / sd{rf/Lsf] p2]ZoaLr d]n ePg eg] 

sd{rf/L ;+u7gdf /xg rfxFb}gg\ / ;+u7gaf6 knfog x'g rfxG5g\ . Tof] 

afx]s klg sd{rf/Ln] ;+u7g 5f]8\g] b'O{ j6f k|d'v sf/0f 5g\– klxnf] 

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;a} z'elrGtsx? sDkgLsf ;~rfns ;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . 

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kb{5g\ . ;/sf/L k|ltlglw Pj+ k|zf;s, :yfgLo ;d'bfo, ldl8of, 

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5lj / ;d[l4sf] ;"rgf k|jfx ub{5 . ;fy} afx\o cjojx? klg 

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;'wf/ gx'g', ;]jf lj:tf/, ljt/0f / u'0f:t/df afwf–Jojwfg, 

c8\rg y'kfg] { sfo{x? al9/xFbf klg Joj:yfkg d'sbz{s eO/x]sf] 

b]lvG5 . sDkgLsf] :jfoQtfdfly 7f8f] x:tIf]k, NTA sf] k"jf{u|xL 

Jojxf/, ;~rf/ dflkmofx?sf] c:j:y rnv]n, ;fj{hlgs vl/b 

P]g cflbh:tf afx\o k|efjx? / Joj:yfksLo lg0f{o Ifdtfsf] 


sdhf]/L, gLltut lg0f{osf] c:ki6tf, of]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/L 

d"Nof+sg tyf cg'udgsf] cefj, /0fgLlts ;fembf/ leq\ofpg] 

sfo{df l9nfO, ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf, sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an 

36fpg] sfo{x?df j[l4h:tf cfGtl/s k|efjx?sf] ;d]t a]n}df 

;dfwfg vf]Hg l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . 

afx\o zlQmsf v]n / sDkgLleqsf cjox?sf :jfy{ 

3f6fdf uPsf] a]nf /fd|f] ;fem]bf/ cfpFb}g . To;}n] d'gfkmf 

eO/x]sf] a]nf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ ;xefuL u/fP/ sDkgLnfO{ 

cem alnof] kfg'{k5{ . o; qmddf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] pRr 

Joj:yfkgn] ;]jf–;'ljwfdf 6]lnsdnfO{ v/f]?kdf k|lt:kwf{df 

ptfg{ /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ leq\ofpg'kg]{ atfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . 

sfg'gL tyf k|lqmofut emd]nfsf sf/0f ;f]r]cg'?k ;]jfsf] 

u'0f:t/ / k|ljlw lj:tf/df afwf k'u]sf] eGb} oxL cj:yf /lx/x] 

6]lnsd k|lt:kwf{df rNg g;Sg] :ki6 kf/]sf] lal;{Psf] 5}g . 

s'g sfg'gL k|lqmofn] u'0f:t/ ;]jfnfO{ lgif]w ub{5 < a'lemg;Sg' 

ePsf] 5 . 

sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o eO;s]sf 

ljifox?k|lt cy{ dGqfnoaf6 cjfl~5t ?kdf c+s'z nufOg', 

ljlgod sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg', sd{rf/Lx?sf ;'ljwf s6f}tL 

x'g', sfg'g;Ddt sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt ug'{kg]{ k|f]T;fxg k'/:sf/ 

ljt/0f ug{ g;Sg', sDkgLnfO{ bL3{sfnLg?kdf c;/ kfg]{ caf}{+ 

?lkofFsf] lgljbf ljlgb]{zg (Tender specification) / lgljbf 

d"Nof+sg (Tender evaluation) k|lqmofdf sDkgL Joj:yfkgsf] 

uDeL/ q'l6 /x]sf] k|:6 eO;Sbf klg ;f] q'l6 ;Rofpg sDkgL 

Joj:yfkg cu|;/ gx'g'n] Joj:yfkg cem} oyfl:yltaf6 dfly p7\g 

g;s]sf] k|:6 x'G5 . 

/0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] cjwf/0ff 

ljZje/ g} 6]lnsd If]qdf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ /fVg] k|rng 

b]lvPsf] 5 . ;dosf] dfucg';f/ ljsf; ug{ xfdLn] klg To;} 

ug'{k5{ . %÷& k|ltzt dfq z]o/ lbP/ ;fem]bf/ NofpFbf Tof] 

sDkgLsf] ckgTj x' Fb}g, ;fgf] ;d:of kgf{;fy aLrdf 5f]8]/ 

hfg ;S5 . @% k|ltzt z]o/ eof] eg] lhDd]jf/L 9+un] sfd 

u5{ . ;fs{ If]qsf w]/} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?sf cWoog 

ubf{ z]o/ lbP/ Joj:yfkg lbFbf a9L ;kmn ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

a+unfb]z, kfls:tfg / >Ln+sfdf z'?df ;/sf/n] rnfPsf 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgLdf ljb]zL ;fem]bf/ NofPkl5 yk ;kmn ePsf 

lyP . ef/tdf klg ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ef/t ;~rf/ lgud 

lnld6]8 -aLP;PgPn_ 3f6fdf hfg yfn]kl5 ;/sf/ /0fgLlts 

;fem]bf/ leq\ofpg] tof/Ldf 5 . rf/ jif{cl3;Dd ;]jfsf] lx;fan] 

klxnf] gDa/df /x]sf] aLP;PgPn clxn] kfFrf} +df k'u]sf] 5 . ;fs{ 

If]qdf >Ln+sfn] ;g\ !((& df klxnf] k6s /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ 

NofPsf] lyof] . >Ln+sf 6]lnsdnfO{ hfkfgsf] lgKkg 6]lnkmf]g 

!#*


PG8 6]lnu|fkmn] z]o/;lxt lnPsf] lyof] . kfls:tfgsf] kfs 

6]lnsdnfO{ klg ;g\ @))% df o'PO{sf l8;fnfn] lnPsf] 5 . 

;fy{s /0fgLltsf] cfwf/ 

g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L 

sd{rf/L ePsf] ;+:yf xf] . g]kfn 6]lnsd g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ 

;a}eGbf a9L /fh:j a'emfpg] sDkgLsf] gftfn] b]zs} ;a}eGbf 

pTs[i6 sDkgL xf] . 6]lnsddf sd{rf/L / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] sl/a 

& k|ltzt z]o/ 5 . 6]lnsdsf] z]o/ d"No nuftf/ 3l6/x]sf] x' Fbf 

nufgLstf{nfO{ pT;flxt agfpg klg /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ 

cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . 6]lnsdnfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfd} cufl8 

a9\g lbPdf lgs6 eljiodf g} lghL sDkgLsf] ;]jfn] pl5Gg] 

b]lvPkl5 6]lnsdn] ;fem]bf/ leq\ofpg] ljifodf hf]8 lbFb} cfPsf] 

5 . 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;DaGwL /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cvaf/, kqklqsf 

/ pNn]vgLo JolQmx?n] k|s6 u/]sf s]xL phfu/x? M 

– g]kfn b"/;~rf/df @))*÷)( sf] d'gfkmdf #! k|ltztn] j[l4 . 

– g]kfn b"/;~rf/dfsf] b}lgs sdfO &) nfv ?lkofF k'Uof] . 

– g]kfn b"/;~rf/sf] l/d sf8{sf] b'?kof]usf] nflu sd{rf/L 

lgnlDat . 

– s]xL b"/;~rf/ ;~rfnssf] ;]jf–;'ljwfdf u'0fjQfsf] x|f; 

M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f . 

– ;/sf/L sfo{bnsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/nfO{ 

/0fgLlts ;fem]bf/sf] tnf; . 

– g]kfn b"/;~rf/cg';f/ @# km/j/L, @)!) d+unaf/df 

/0fgLlts ;fem]bf/nfO{ cfdlGqt . 

– g]kfnL b"/;~rf/ ahf/sf] cfFs8fnfO{ l;+xfjnf]sg ubf{ / 

k"jf{g'dfg k|ltj]bgn] yfxf x'G5 ls s;/L g]kfn pbf/Ls[t 

b"/;~rf/ ahf/sf] nflu nfebfoL 5 < 

– xfd|f] b[li6 gDa/ Ps b"/;~rf/ ;~rfns x'g' xf]– Pg ;]n . 

– 6]lnsd rnfpg /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ cfjZos . 

/0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ lsg < 

;fy{s ;fem]bf/ ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ xf] . of] Ps ;fem]bf/L 

xf], h;n] sDkgLnfO{ nuftf/ ;'wf/ ug{ ;Ifd agfpF5 . c?;Fu 

;femf kl/of]hgf u/]/ cfkm\gf] ;+;fwg / IfdtfnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ 

9+un] k|ToIf?kdf k|of]u / g]t[Tj ug{ ;S5f}+ . *)÷@) sf] 

Joj:yfksLo l;4fGtcg';f/ cg'dfg 5 ls *) k|ltztsf] kl/0ffd 

@) k|ltztsf] k|of;n] k|fKt x'G5 . o; k|sf/, sd k|of;n] a9L 

k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{df xf]Og ls tkfO{ + rogfTds / ljsNk 

/f]Hg] cj:yfdf x'g'k5{ . of] ;a} If]qdf geP/ k|d'v If]qx?df 

pTs[i6tf k|fKt ug]{ k|of; xf] . 

;fem]bf/nfO{ s] nfe x'G5 < 

– Ps Jofks k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; x'G5 . 

– ljQLo / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cltl/Qm lgj]z x'G5 . 

– ljz]if1tfsf] Ps 7"nf] If]qdf kx' Fr a9\5 . 


– cfkm\gf] nIo cg's"nsf] ahf/ ljlzi6 ;~rf/ ;d"xaf/] 

hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . 

– skf] {/]6 5lj / k|lti7f a9fpF5 . 

– ahf/Ls/0fsf] zlQm l:ylt c;n -/fd|f] eP/ hfG5_ x'G5 . 

;xL ;fem]bf/sf] rog / d"Nof+sg 

– hfu?stf a9fpg, kl/jt{gsf] b[li6sf]0f a'e\mg / ;+u7gsf] 

nIosf] klxrfg ;Ddfgsf ;fy ug{ ;Sg] Jojxf/ / d2tsf] 

sfo{ cj:yf k|fKt ug' {kb{5 . 

– tkfO{ +sf] sDkgLn] s]xL jif{df k|fKt u/]sf] k|lti7f, pTkfbg 

/ ;]jfsf] ;Gb]z jf k|efjnfO{ v08g ug{ ;Sg] sDkgL;Fu 

;fem]bf/L ug' {af6 aRg'kb{5 . 

– ;fem]bf/Lsf] ljsf;nfO{ ulxl/P/ lgikfbg -lqmofGjog_sf] 

dfWodn] lgu/fgL ug' {kb{5 

– ;kmntfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;+s]t– ljt/0f, kx' Fr, /sd h'6fpg' 

/ k|ltlqmof -cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s_ . 

– cg'aGw Joj:yfn] ljsl;t skf] {/]6 p2]Zo / hjfkmb]xL 

;'lglZrt x'g ;Sg'kb{5 . 

ljifoj:t'sf] lgsf; 

o;/L ;fem]bf/L Ps :j]lR5s cg'aGw Joj:yf xf] . o; 

Joj:yfn] sfo{df ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ;femf / ;+ut - 

cg's"n_ p2]Zo k"lt{ ul/G5 . kl/of]hgf k|j4{gsf nflu ;femf 

k|flwsf/L, lhDd]jf/L / efuLbf/L x'G5 . ;do, sfd, wg, ;fdu|L, 

ljz]if1tf / hfgsf/Lh:tf ;+;fwg -;|f]t / ;fwg_sf] ;+o'Qm 

lgj]z x'G5 . cg'aGwkqsf] Joj:yfn] ;femf bfloTj / hf]lvd 

Joxf]g' {kb{5 . kf/:kl/s nfe hLt–hLtsf] l:yltdf x'G5 . 

oyfl:ylt /0fgLltafx]s g]kfn 6]lnsdn] bL3{sfnLg / 

cu|ufdL x'g] s'g} klg /0fgLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . sDkgLsf] 

k'gM ;+/rgf xf];\ jf k"jf{wf/ ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|f?k, b"/;~rf/ 

;~rfns;Fusf] :j:y k|lt:kwf{ xf];\ jf /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/Lsf] 

;jfn, oL ;a} ljifoj:t'df sDkgLn] lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtf 

b]vfpg g;Sg' l;+uf] sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt, Joj:yfkg / 

>lds ;+3–;+u7gsf] ljkmntf xf] egL :jLsf/ u/f}+ . ;kmn 

;fem]bf/Lsf] kf7sf] nflu k|of]hg (Purpose), k|lqmof (Process) 

/ k|ult (Progress) sf] lgoldt tyf ;'Jojl:yt hfFr (Check), 

lgoGq0f (Control) / lgu/fgL (Monitor) x'g'kb{5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsdn] o; kf7nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{kb{5 . cGoyf b"/;~rf/ 

:dfl/sf @)^^ -5}6f} + jflif{s :dfl/sf @)!)_ df O= ljZjgfy 

uf]onn] eg]em} F hfg]–a'em]/ g]kfn 6]lnsd …hLljt /xg] jf gfz 

x'g] M xfdLdfly lge{/ ub{5 .Ú 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L 

!= gful/s b}lgs, @= sflGtk'/ b}lgs, #= gofF klqsf, $ 

NTCWU sf] lj1lKtx?, %= sDkgLsf] :dfl/sfx?, ^= The 

Himalayan Times, &= cGo ;fGble{s kqklqsfx? . 

!#(

} 



tgfj Joj:yfkg M ;Gbe{ g]kfn 6]lnsd 

tgfj (Stress) eg]sf] JolQmn] gof“ kl/l:yltdf cfkm"nfO{ 

cleof]hg ug] { qmddf p;df b]lvg] zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s kl/jt{g 

xf] . of] JolQmsf] u|x0fzLntfsf] ;Ldfn] wfGg g;Sg] u/L cfPsf] 

jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gsf sf/0f cg'e"lt x'g] dfgl;s bafa / 

a]r}gsf] cj:yf xf] . Webster's Dictionary sf cg';f/ "Stress 

is a set of physiological and psychological changes in an 

individual reacting to certain changes in the environment." 

tgfj hLjg k4ltdf jf af6 j:t', zlQm tyf ;"rgfsf] lgu{t jf 

cfutsf] clws af]em jf Go"g af]emsf] cj:yf xf] . o;sf] k|efj 

ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] x'G5 / o;n] ;a}nfO{ Ps} lsl;dn] c;/ ub} {g . 

tgfj z'?df /rgfTds x'G5 t/ clws ePdf k|To'Tkfbs x'G5 . 

w]/} ;doDd klg Joj:yfkg ePg eg] o;n] JolQmdf gzf jf 

tnsf] ?k lnG5 / cGTodf uP/ of] dfgl;s tyf zf/Ll/s 

/f]usf] ?kdf b]vf k5{ . h] eP klg tgfjnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ 

;lsG5 / ug{ ' klg k5{ . hLjgz}nL / Jojxf/df jftfj/0f 

cg's"n kl/jt{g g} Ps ;j] {If0fcg';f/ ljZjsf &%Ü k|f]km];gnx¿ 

clt tgfju|:t cj:yfdf sfo{/t /xG5g\ . tgfjkLl8tx¿n] k|To]s 

jif{ $=% ca{ 8n/sf] cf}iflw vfO/x]sf 5g\ . cTolws tgfjn] l;lh{t 

;d:ofaf6 Jofj;flos ;+;f/nfO{ #%) ca{ 8n/ k|To]s jif{ 3f6f 

eO/x]sf] 5 . k|To]s jif{ tgfj Joj:yfkg;“u ;DalGwt @%)) k':ts 

5flkG5g\ / nueu !=% ca{ 8n/a/fa/sf] laqmL x'G5 . o;af6 s] 

k|:6 x'G5 eg] tgfj Joj:yfkg Ps k|d'v Joj:yfksLo r'gf}tL xf] . 

t;y{ tgfjsf] JolQmut / ;f+u7lgs :t/df cWoog / ljZn]if0f 

ul/g'kg] { s'/fdf xfn lgs} hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . 

tgfjsf] k|s[lt M 

tgfjnfO{ ;fdfGotof ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds u/L b'O{ 

efudf af“8]/ cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . 

;sf/fTds tgfj M jftfj/0fn] ;[hgf u/]sf] To:tf] 

kl/jt{g h'g kl/jt{gn] tgfju|:t JolQmsf] ;Ifdtfdf clej[l4 

ub{5 eg] To:tf] tgfjnfO{ ;sf/fTds tgfj elgG5 . pTk| ]/0ff 

hufpg ;xfos x'g] o:tf] tgfjn] JolQmsf] ;'ema'emdf kl/kSjtf 

Nofp“5 . sfo{If]qdf b]vf kg] { r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ub} { ;Ifdtfsf 

;fy s;/L cufl8 a9\g ;lsG5 eGg] 1fg o; k|sf/sf] ;sf/fTds 

tgfju|:t sd{rf/Ldf ;[hgf x'G5 . 

gsf/fTds tgfj M jftfj/0f kl/jt{gsf sf/0f JolQmut 

Pj+ ;f+u7lgs ;Lk, bIftf, sfo{s'zntf tyf ;lqmotfdf x|f; 

cfpg'sf] cltl/Qm zf/Ll/s xflg;d]t x'g] k|s[ltsf] tgfjnfO{ 

gsf/fTds tgfj elgG5 . o:tf] k|s[ltsf] tgfjn] pTk| ]/0ff clej[l4 

u/fpg'sf] ;f6f] gsf/fTds ;f]r / dfgl;stf clej[l4 u/fpg] 

slkn k|;fb kGt 

s]=sf=, Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu 

x'gfn] JolQm ;dfh tyf ;+u7gsf] nflu slQ klg lxtsf/L x“ 'b}g . 

ctM JolQmTj ljsf;sf] nflu afwssf] ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ul/g] o; 

k|sf/sf] tgfjnfO{ ;fdlos ¿kdf lgoGq0f h?/L x'G5 . 

tgfjsf sf/0fx? M 

tgfj vf; u/]/ sfo{ jftfj/0f / JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs 

kl/j]zdf cfpg] cgk]lIft kl/jt{gsf] kl/0flt xf] . o;sf sf/0fx? 

ljleGg x'G5g\ . tgfj ;[lht x'g] sf/0fx?nfO{ d'Votof JolQmut, 

;fdflhs, ;+u7gfTds?kdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . 

JolQmut sf/0f M cfly{s ljkGgtf, kfl/jfl/s snx, zf/Ll/s 

la/fdL, gsf/fTds dgf]j[lQ, ;dosf] cefj, lk|ohgsf] d[To', unt 

cfxf/ljxf/, ljifd b[Zo cjnf]sg, cTolws jf;gfj[lQ cflb . 

;fdflhs sf/0f M ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfk|ltsf] gsf/fTds 

wf/0ff, l5d]sL;“usf] gsf/fTds ;DaGw, k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f, 

;fdflhs c;'/Iff, ;fdflhs sf]nfxn, Wjlg k|b"if0f ,xf]xNnf cflb . 

;+u7gfTds sf/0f M c:ki6 sfo{ljj/0f, clwsf/ 

k|Tofof]hgdf sdL, lgoGq0ffTds g]t[Tj, kbf]Gglt gx'g', lgoldt 

;?jf gx'g', eL8ef8o'Qm sfo{:yn, sfdsf] plrt d"Nofª\sg 

gx'g', ;'k/Lj]Ifs tyf ;xfos;“u ;'dw'/ ;DaGw gx'g' cflb . 

tgfjsf nIf0fx? M 

cjfl~5t :t/sf] tgfj xflgsf/s / ;+u7gsf b[li6sf]0fn] 

k|To'Tkfbs x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;dod} Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPdf lgDg 

lsl;dsf nIf0fx¿ b]lvg] ub{5g\ . 

zf/Ll/s M z'?–z'?df xftv'§f sf“Kg], pRr /Qmrfk, 

6fpsf] b'Vg], d'v ;'Sg], lr6\lr6 kl;gf cfpg], a]xf]; x'g], k]6df 

u8a8L x'g], xftv'§f rnfO/xg], z/L/ tfTg], cfn:o x'g] cflb . 

qmf]lgs ?k lnPkl5 bd, SofG;/, dw'd]x, Xbo3ft, 

xfOk/6]G;g, dfOu| ]g, cN;/, afy, skfn emg] {, of}g b'a{ntf, 

?3fvf]sL nflu/xg], b'Anfpg] cflb . 

!$)

{ 

{ 


dfgl;s M 8/, lrGtf, cfj]u, 8/nfUbf] ;kgf b]Vg], xLgtfaf]w, 

8/, clwstd lg/fzf, cflQg] (Nervousness), l8k| ];g, l/;fpg], 

clgb|f, cg'kl:ylt, c;Gt'li6 cflb . 

;fdflhs M l5d]sL / ;d"x ;b:ox¿;“u sdhf]/ ;fdflhs 

;DaGw /fVg', ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk Pj+ hd36df kftnf] pkl:ylt 

x'g', PsfÍL / PsfGtk] |dL aGb} hfg', dfof, k| ]d, ;DaGw, ;fdflhs 

d"No–dfGotf, ;+:s[ltk|lt ljt[i0ff k}bf x'g' cflb . 

;+u7gfTds M Go"g pTkfbsTj, Go"g sfo{;Dkfbg:t/, 

sfd tyf sd{rf/Lk|ltsf] gsf/fTds ;f]r, cGo JolQmx¿k|lt 

cToGt cfqmfds :jefj, Go"g cfTd;Ddfg, cjf:tljs nIo 

tyf dfu, sfdk|lt pbf;Lg x'g', ;]jfsf] ck|efjsfl/tf, u'0f:t/df 

x|f;, pRr hflu/ 5f]8\g] b/ cflb . 

gsf/fTds tgfju|:t JolQm ljleGg lsl;dsf bL3{/f]ux?af6 

u|l;t x'g'sf ;fy} dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg, w"dkfg / nfu"cf}ifwsf] 

;]jgh:tf s'ntdf km:g ;S5 . pm Psflt/ ;dfhaf6 PlSnG5 

eg] csf] {lt/ ;+u7gsf] nflu klg af]em aGg k'U5 . o;/L tgfjn] 

ubf{ ;du| ;+u7gsf] OHht, k|lti7f / ljZj;gLotfdf ;d]t cf“r 

cfpg ;S5 . 

tgfj Joj:yfkgsf pkfo M 

tgfj pTkGg x'g] sf/0fx¿;“u kl/lrt eO{ To;nfO{ 

sd÷lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsPdf tgfjsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ePsf] 

dflgG5 . ;du|df JolQm:t/df / ;+u7g:t/df tgfj Joj:yfkgnfO{ 

5'6\ofO{ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . 

JolQmut:t/df M cfxf/ ;'wf/, of]uf;g, k|f0ffofd, Wofg, 

Jofofd, k/fdz{, hLjgsf] nIok|lt ;hu / ;r]t x'g], ;dosf] 

plrt Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ug] {, jt{dfgnfO{ a9L dxTj lbg], 

hLjgk|lt ;sf/fTds dgf]j[lQsf] lgdf{0f ug] {, plrt k|sf/af6 

of}g;Gt'li6 lng]÷lbg], gof‘–gof‘ 7fp‘ 3'dlkm/ tyf e|d0f ug] {, 

;a};“u dfof, k| ]d, :g]x cfbfgk|bfg ug] {, ;+uLt ;'Gg] cflb . 

;+u7g:t/df M clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjsf] :ki6 a‘f8kmf‘8, 

clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg / cfjZos ;fwg–;|f]tx?sf] x:tfGt/0f, 

kof{Kt j[lQ ljsf;sf] Joj:yf, u'gf;f] tyf åGå Joj:yfkgsf] 

k|efjsf/L Joj:yf, ;xeflutfd"ns lg0f{o k|0ffnL, Jofj;flos 

:jf:y / ;]jf ;'/Iffsf] ;'lgZrttf, v]ns'b / dgf]/~hgsf 

oy]i6 pkfox?sf] cjnDag, kof{Kt tna eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf 

lbg], gof‘ k|ljlwnfO{ u|x0f ug] { Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu tflnd lbg], 

tgfj;DaGwL r]tgf clej[l4 ug] {, tgfjsf sf/0fx? kQf nufpg], 

To;nfO{ plrt ?kn] ;dfwfg ug] {, ;+u7gn] sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

d"No, dgf]j[lQ, wf/0ff / ck]Iffcg';f/ Jojxf/ ug] { cflb . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf tgfj Joj:yfkg M 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] nflu plrt Wofg 

k'Ug g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . g]t[Tj jf pkNnf] Joj:yfkg txdf 


a:g] kbflwsf/Lx¿ tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf ;r]t / ;Lko'Qm 

b]lvb}gg\ . pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfo{;"rLdf o;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] 

u/]sf] kfO“b}g . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] nflu j}1flgs / 

j:t'lgi7 ljlwx? cjnDag u/]sf] gb]lvP klg tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] 

;Gbe{df df}g /x]sf] eg] 5}g . cfly{s ljlgodfjnL / sd{rf/L 

;]jf ;t{ ljlgodfjnLdf ePsf dF}lb|s Pj+ u}/df}lb|s k|fjwfgx?n] 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd tgfjd'Qm ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . 

ljleGg ;dodf lbOg] j}b]lzs tflnd tyf sfo{If]q;“u ;DalGwt 

tflndx? lbg tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf u/L :j]b]zd} ;a} tx / 

tKsfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ 

tflnd s]Gb|n] sfo{If]q;“u ;DalGwt tflndsf] cnfjf ljleGg 

;dodf Art of Living, seven Habbits cflbh:tf Refresher 

tflndx? ;~rfng u/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] tgfj Joj:yfkg ug] 

k|of;x? u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ljleGg tflndx?sf] ;dfkg;“u} 

tflndsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ ko{6sLo :yn, wfld{s :yn, of]u tyf 

Wofgs]Gb|x?df nuL dgf]/~hg, of]u / Wofgsf] dfWodåf/f s;/L 

tgfj sd ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fpg] u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] jt{dfg k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;fdgf ub} { d'n'ssf] 

Ps gDa/ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfossf] ?kdf :yflkt e}/xg cfw'lgs 

/ e/kbf] { k|ljlw leq\ofO{ k|efjsf/L / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ub} 

;]jfx?sf] plrt ljlw / k4ltdfkm{t ahf/Ls/0f ug' {kb{5 . oL 

;a} lqmofsnfk, k4lt tyf ;fwgx?nfO{ lgolGqt Pj+ Jojl:yt 

ug] { hLjGt zlQm sd{rf/L xf] . o; sfo{df sd{rf/Ldf /x]sf 

v"aL, bIftf, hfu?stf, ?lr, l;h{gzLntf, lqmofzLntf, cg'ej, 

pTk| ]/0ff, dgf]an, Odfgbfl/tfh:tf tTjx?sf] 7"nf] dxTj /xG5 . 

sd{rf/Ldf /x]sf oL tTjx?nfO{ gi6 ug] { Virus tgfj (Stress) 

ePsf]n] o;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg x'g'kb{5 . sDkgLn] tgfj 

Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf tgfj Joj:yfkg;DaGwL 

tflndx? ;~rfng ug]{, Wofg / of]u lzlj/x? ;~rfng u/L 

a9LeGbf a9L sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg], sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

ko{6g labfsf] Joj:yf ug]{, c;n >d ;DaGw / åGå Pj+ 

u'gf;f]sf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L sd{rf/Lx?sf JolQmut Pjd\ 

;+u7gfTds ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{, sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ / j[lQ 

ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx? j:t'lgi7, j}1flgs, 

lgikIf, kf/bzL{ agfpg]h:tf sfo{x? ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;/L 

tgfjsf] k|efjsf/L 9Ëaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPdf sfdk|lt 

k|lta4tf, kl/0ffdk|lt Jou|tf, kl/jt{gk|lt cle?lr, 

;]jfu|fxLk|lt cfTdLotf, ;xsdL{k|lt ;lxi0f'tf ePsf 

sDkgLnfO{ gof‘ prfO lbg ;Sg] hgzlQm lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 

eGbf b'O{ dt gxf]nf . 

!$!


g}ltstf dfgjLo cfr/0fsf] cfwf/e"t ;|f]t xf] . dflg;df 

1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf, bIftf, lzIffsf] hlt dxTj 5 Tolt g} g}lts 

lzIffsf] klg dxTj /xG5 . g}ltstfljgf dflg;n] u/]sf sfo{ 

cw'/f /xG5g\ . hlt;'s} sfo{s'zntfsf] s'/f u/] tfklg Odfgbfl/tf 

tyf k|lta4tfljgf s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ljsf; cl3 a9\g ;Sb}g . 

g}ltstf Pp6f dfgjLo uxgf xf] . o;n] x/]s dflg;sf] sfo{lbzf 

tyf cfr/0f, cg'zf;g, ;bfrfl/tf, ;b\efj cflbdf dxTjk"0f{ 

e"ldsf v]N5 . 

g}lts lzIffn] 6]lnsdleq lj;+ult / ljs[ltnfO{ x6fpg 

d2t k'¥ofpF5 eg] lglZrt?kdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ljsf;df 

pmhf{;d]t yKg d2t ub{5 . To;}n] hxfF e|i6 / cg'Q/bfoL 

sd{rf/L /xFb}g ToxfFsf] ljsf;n] l;+uf] d'n'snfO{ ;d]t 6]jf 

k'¥ofpF5 . g}lts an / ;sf/fTds ;f]rn] sd{rf/Ldf pTk] |/0ff 

hufpg d2t ub{5, h;af6 /fd|f] Output -pTkfbsTj_ lg:sG5 . 

o;sf] ;fy;fy} o;n] s'zn, pQ/bfoL, b"/bzL{, ultzLn, 

nugzLn, lgi7fjfg\, Odfgbf/ / ljj]sL sd{rf/L aGg d2t 

ub{5 . To:t} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ a9L u|fxsd'vL agfpg / 

of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog u/fpg klg pgLx?sf] dgf]an / 

g}ltstfsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . olb v/fa cfr/0f, 

cg'zf;gxLg / ;b\efj gePsf sd{rf/Lx? 5g\ eg] To:tfn] 

s]xL g s]xL ;+:yfnfO{ xflg–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ eg] 

sltko To:tf sd{rf/Lx? ;hfosf eflubf/;d]t aG5g\ . 

To;}n] g}lts w/ftnleq ;a}n] sfo{ ug'{ s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] 

eljio pHHjn kfg'{ x'G5 . 

ljrf/, efjgf, afgL / Jojxf/n] xfdL lgb{ ]lzt x'g] ePsfn] 

x/]s JolQmx?sf a]Un} klxrfg aGg] x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s 

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfo{bIf, nugzLn, Odfgbf/ / st{Jolgi7 agfpg 

g}lts lzIffsf] klg e"ldsf /xG5 . o;af6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

k|ultsf] vfsf sf]g{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf :yfkgfsfnb]lv cfh;Dd ToxfFsf] 

Joj:yfkg kIf, sd{rf/L kIf / o'lgog kIfsf] of]ubfg 

/lxcfPsf] 5 . cfhsf] kl/jlt{t ;dodf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf 

sd{rf/Lx?df ;docg';f/ cfkm" klg kl/jt{g x'g rfxg' 

:jfutof]Uo s'/f xf] . t/ cfh b]zsf] /fhgLlts If]qdf 

cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] s]xL k|ltzt sd{rf/Lx?df 3d08, cx+sf/, 

c;Gt'i6, efUg] tyf sfdrf]/ k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . s]xL k|ltzt 

sd{rf/Lx? /fhgLlts ;'/Iff tyf 5q5fofdf x'ls{g yfn]sf 

5g\ . cg'zf;g Pj+ dof{bfsf] pNn+3g ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ / 

g}ltstfdf sdL b]lv+b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . of] k|j[lQ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

nflu xflgsf/s x'G5 . 

!$@ 


g]kfn 6]lnsddf g}lts lzIffsf] cfjZostf 

wd{nfn dxh{g 

6]lnsd sfof{no, kf6g 

g}lts lzIff gePdf s'g} klg If]qdf lj1 eP tfklg 

To:tf sd{rf/Ldf ;sf/fTds ;f]r, ;b\efjgf, cleJolQmdf 

;'dw'/tf cflbsf] sdL x'g ;S5 . xfd|f] h:tf] u|fxsd'vL 

;+:yfdf t o;sf] cfjZostf dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 . o;af6 u|fxssf] 

;Gt'li6nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / x/]s u|fxssf] dgdl:tisdf 

cfTd;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt lbg ;lsG5 / ;w} F–;w} F ;]jfu|fxLsf] 

dfof, ddtf, z'e]R5f / ;DaGwnfO{ c6n agfO{ sDkgLsf] 

k|ultsf] af6f]df k'¥ofpg yk 6]jf lbg ;lsG5 . 

xfdL x/]s sd{rf/Lx?n] 6]lnsdsf] nflu s]xL t u/f} +, 

clxn] gu/] slxn] ug{ ], clxn] g;f]r] slxn] ;f]Rg], d}n] gu/] 

s;n] ug{ ] eGg] efjgfdf cf]tk|f]t eO{ Ps ;b\efjo'Qm 6]lnsd 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljsf; u/L cfkm\gf] ;Lk IfdtfnfO{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg xftdf xft ldnfpg h?/L b]lvG5 . 

o;sf nflu x/]s sd{rf/Lx?df ;sf/fTds ;f]r / b[li6sf]0fdf 

pbf/tf x'g' h?/L 5 . o;af6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{;d]t 

;xof]u k'U5 . /, xfdLn] sk8f dfq x}g, ;+:yfsf] ljsf;sf 

nflu ljrf/ klg km]g{ 'kb{5 . v/fa ljrf/nfO{ x6fpg'kb{5 / 

sd{sf] d"n ynf] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ g} agfpg'kb{5 eGg] efjgf 

;a} 6]lnsd sd{rf/Lx?df x'g'kb{5 . cfdsd{rf/Lx?sf] gsf/fTds 

;f]rsf] dfgl;stfnfO{ x6fO{ sfdk|lt bfloTjk"0f{ agfpg / 

lhDd]jf/ aGg k| ]/0ff lbgsf] nflu g}lts lzIffn] yk an k|bfg 

ug{ ;Sb5 . 

Psn] csf{nfO{ bf]if lbg], csf] { sd{rf/Ln] s] u¥of] s] u/]g 

eg]/ x]g{ 'eGbf cfkm\gf] sdhf]/L / cfkm"n] s] u/] +, s] ul/gF egL 

x]g' { g} a]; x'G5 . To:t} g]kfn 6]lnsdn] s]xL u/f];\ eGg] rfxgf, 

OR5f–cf+sfIff /fVg] xf] eg] ;+:yfsf] nflu cfkm"n] s] u/] + eGg] 

s'/f klg ;f]Rg'k5{ . s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] kb 7"nf] x' Fb}df sf]xL 7"nf] 

xF 'b}g, 7"nf] Tof] x'G5 h;sf] dg 7"nf] x'G5 eGg] Pngsf] egfOnfO{ 

xfdLn] lzIffdf ptfg{ 'kb{5 . o;af6 dfq xfdLn] 6]lnsdleqsf 

r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;S5f} + .


g]kfn 6]lnsddf ;a} sd{rf/L ztk|ltzt of]Uo / Ifdtfjfg\ 

gx'g ;S5g\ . x/]s sd{rf/Lx?sf] cf—cfkm\g} of]Uotf, Ifdtf 

x'g ;S5, h'g of]Uotf / IfdtfnfO{ 6]lnsdsf] ljsf;, pGglt / 

k|ultdf nufpg tTk/tf x'g'sf] ;fy} pQm IfdtfnfO{ ;+:yfn] 

lngsf] nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f tof/ ug' {k5{ . 

o; ;+:yfn] Psflwsf/af6 ahf/ k|lt:kwf{df cl3 a9\g'k/]sf] 

5 . k|lt:kwf{af6 cfkm\gf] sfd cufl8 /fVg w]/} r'gf}tLx? cfOk/]sf 

5g\ . r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ cjZo klg xfdLdf g}lts 

lzIffsf] cfjZos /xG5 . sd{rf/L If]q, k|zf;lgs If]q, n]vf, 

sfg'gL cflb If]qdf b]lvPsf ljs[lt, cgfjZos vr{ cflbdf 

b]lvPsf vfN8f]nfO{ gk'g{ ] xf] eg] ef]lnsf lbgdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] 

b'b{zf x'g ;S5 . To;}n] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;fd'Gg] cfPsf w]/} 

r'gf}tLx?;Fu n8\g Joj:yfksLo kIf / sd{rf/L kIfsf] e"ldsf 

cfjZos 5 . olb 6]lnsdleq bIf Joj:yfkg, ;Lko'Qm, nugzLn 


/ Odfgbf/ sd{rf/Lx? tyf ;'b[9 tyf ;Ifd o'lgog Pp6} 

;+ud:yndf gpleO{ Pscfk;df ljjflbt?kdf /xg] xf] eg] 

/fi6« lgdf{0f xfd|f] nIo eGg] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] gf/f ;fy{s gx'g 

;S5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] tTsfn} sfo{of]hgf k|:t't gug{] / 

sd{rf/Lx?df b]lvPsf pbf;Lgtf, cN5LkgfnfO{ gx6fpg] xf] 

eg] cfh;Dd sfod /fVb} cfPsf] nf]slk|otf w"nf]df gldl;Pnf 

eGg ;lsGg . h'g 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu lgs} si6s/ 

/ kL8fbfoL x'g ;S5 . To;}n] 6]lnsdsf ;a} kIfx? jf:tljs 

g}lts w/ftnleq /xL sfo{lbzflt/ nfUg h?/L x'G5 . o;sf] 

nflu /fi6« lgdf{0f g} xfd|f] nIo eg]h:t} u|fxs ;Gt'li6 g} xfd|f] 

nIo / pkef]Qmfsf] ;b\efj g} 6]lnsdsf] ;kmntf eGg] gf/fsf 

;fy cl3 a9\g cfjZos 5 . 

"People do what you inspect, not what you expect." 

Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., the chairman and CEO of IBM from 

April 1993 until March 2002. in his book : Who Says 

Elephants Can’t Dance? 

"Science may set limits to knowledge, but should not set limits 

to imagination." ~ Bertrand Russell. 

"Hatred injures the hater as well as the hated. Love blesses 

the lover as well as the loved. This is hard economics as well 

as good common sense". Kenneth Boulding 

The only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so 

absolutely free that your very existence is an act of rebellion. 

Albert Camus. 

!$#



Quality: A Fundamental DNA of Survival 

The race for the future will be won by those who 

deliver a unique customer experience at the lowest 

cost. -C.K. Prahalad 

Dr. C.K. Prahalad (1941-2010) is renowned 

management guru, one of the top management thinkers 

of twenty first century and professor of corporate 

strategy at Michigan University. His words simply depict 

the relationship between quality offerings to the 

customers and the survival of the organization. Certainly, 

quality has become the apex attribute that stimulates 

customers’ demand and their willingness to pay. 

In today’s market characterized of full competition 

and rivalry, the total quality has become a fundamental 

DNA of survival; it has become the basic unit of survival 

in the marketplace like the DNA is there in all known 

forms of life. As DNA is vital molecule to give life, the 

quality reserves the same value for any organization 

whether manufacturing products or delivering service. 

The 3Ps of organization namely people, process and 

product needs to be associated with ‘quality’ to ensure 

total quality that emphasizes the customer satisfaction 

and customer delight. The main objective of this article 

is to discuss on quality in business organization, the way 

to achieving, improving and managing quality. 

Evolution of Quality Management 

Quality is not an act. It is a habit. -Aristotle 

Systems for improving and managing quality have 

evolved rapidly in recent years. During the last two 

decades or so simple inspection activities have been 

replaced or supplemented by quality control, quality 

assurance has been developed and refined, and now 

many companies, using a process of continuous and 

company-wide improvement, are working towards TQM. 

In this progression, four fairly discrete stages can be 

identified: inspection, quality control, quality ssurance and 

total quality management (Dale, 2003). Let us take a 

quick look on contribution by quality leaders in this field: 

Walter Andrew Shewhart (1891-1967) - Shewhart 

- known as the father of statistical quality control - 

contributed to understanding of process variability and 

developed concept of statistical control charts. 

William Edwards Deming (1900-1993) - Deming 

is often referred to as the father of quality control - 

was a statistics professor at New York University in the 

1940s. He stressed management’s responsibility for 

Bhuwan Raj Chataut 

Babarmahal Exchange 

quality and developed fourteen points to guide companies 

in quality improvement. 

Joseph Moses Juran (1904-2008) - Juran defined 

quality as fitness for use and developed concept of cost 

of quality. 

Armand V. Feigenbaum (born 1922) - Armand 

V. Feigenbaum, PhD, argues that total quality control is 

necessary to achieve productivity, market penetration, 

and competitive advantage. In 1951, he authored Total 

Quality Control. 

Philip B. Crosby (1926-2001) wrote a book titled 

Quality Is Free and stressed the role of management 

in the quality improvement effort and the use of statistical 

control tools in measuring and monitoring quality. 

Kaoru Ishikawa (1915-1989) is best known for the 

development of quality tools called cause-and-effect 

diagrams and implementation of quality circles. 

Genichi Taguchi (born 1924) has focused on product 

design quality with a concept of robust design and 

developed Taguchi loss function. 

Quality Matters 

The bitterness of poor quality remains long after low 

price is forgotten. –Anonymous 

In this globalised market, customer requirements 

are becoming more and their expectations of the product 

and/or service in terms of conformance, reliability, 

dependability, durability, interchangeability, performance, 

features, appearance, serviceability, user-friendliness, 

safety and environmental friendliness is also increasing. 

As per increment in customers’ expectations, the 

organization must fulfill their expectations by addressing 

their requirements. And, the offering unique experience 

to customer would be possible only ensuring quality in 

all aspects of organization not only as a program but as 

a process – a continual process. That’s why, quality 

!$$



matters. The four main reasons why quality is perceived 

to be important are (McKinsey and Company, 1989): 

- Primary buying argument for the ultimate 

customer 

- Major means of reducing costs 

- Major means for improving flexibility/ 

responsiveness 

- Major means for reducing throughput time. 

Quality matters as it is all-pervasive, it increases 

productivity and leads to better performance in the 

marketplace, it means improved business performance 

and it is a way of organizational life. It is the way to 

achieve business excellence. 

Few facts relating quality service compiled by Mattson 

& Associates from service sector companies in the 

USA (Source: CMC Partnership Ltd., 1991) - 

• Satisfied customers will tell an average of 

5 people about their positive experience. 

• If 20 customers are dissatisfied with your 

service, 19 won’t tell you. 14 of the 20 will 

take their business elsewhere. 

• Satisfied customers will tell an average of 

5 people about their positive experience. 

• Up to 90 per cent of dissatisfied customers 

will not buy from you again, and they won’t 

tell you why. 

• Customers are willing to pay more to 

receive better service. 

• 95 per cent of dissatisfied customers will 

become loyal customers again if their 

complaints are handled well and quickly. 

Defining Quality and Its Dimensions 

Quality in a product or service is not what the 

supplier puts in. It is what the customer gets out and 

is willing to pay for. –Peter Ferdinand Drucker 

‘Quality’ is now an over-used word. However, it 

has a variety of interpretations and uses, and there are 

many definitions. It is a term we use to describe and 

assess an array of characteristics of a diverse range of 

physical goods and intangible services. 

According to Garvin (1988), there are five common 

approaches to define quality: 

i. Transcendent - quality can't be precisely 

defined, but we know it when we see it, or 

are aware of its absence when it is missing. 

This is not a particularly useful approach to 

quality if we hope to make an objective 

assessment of quality. 

ii. Product- based - differences in quality relate 

to differences in the quantity of some 

attributes. 

iii. Manufacturing- (or process) based - quality 

is measured by the degree to which a product 

or service conforms to its intended design 

or specification; quality arises from the 

process/es used. 

iv. Value - based - quality is defined by price. 

A quality product or service is one that 

provides desired performance at an 

acceptable cost. 

v. User- (or customer) based - quality is the 

capacity to satisfy needs, wants and desires 

of the user/s. A product or service that 

doesn't fulfill user needs is unlikely to find 

any users. This is a context dependent, 

contingent approach to quality. 

Following are the eight basic dimensions that determine 

the quality of a particular product or service (Garvin, 

1987: pp 101-110): 

i. Performance- relates to a product's 

primary physical characteristics 

ii. Features- a secondary aspect of 

performance 

iii. Reliability- reflects the probability of 

product malfunctioning or failing within a 

specified time period 

iv. Conformance- the degree to which a 

product’s design and operating 

characteristics meet established standards. 

v. Durability - a measure of a product life. 

vi. Serviceability- the speed, courtesy, 

competence and ease of repair 

vii. Aesthetics- how a product, looks, feels, 

viii. 

sounds, tastes or smells 

Perceived Quality- inferences of the customer, 

based on tangible and intangible aspects of the 

product, related to reputation of firm 

Parasuraman et al. (1985, 1988) suggested the set of 

service quality determinant comprises ten dimensions 

as: 

i. Tangibles- physical evidence 

ii. Reliability- getting it right first time, 

honoring promises 

iii. Responsiveness- willingness, readiness to 

provide service 

iv. Communication- keeping customers 

informed in a language they can 

understand 

v. Credibility- honesty, trustworthiness 

vi. 

vii. 

Security- physical and financial; 

confidentiality 

Competence- possession of required 

skills and knowledge of all employees 

!$%


viii. 

ix. 

Courtesy- politeness, respect, friendliness 

Understanding- knowing the customer, 

his needs and requirements 

Managing Quality 

Quality is never an accident; it is always the 

result of intelligent effort. -John Ruskin 

Improving, achieving and managing quality is 

challenging job as it is endless, ongoing process 

characterized by identifying root causes of quality 

problems and correcting them at the source, as opposed 

to inspecting the product after it has been made. It needs 

to bring the transformation on the people, process and 

product of the organization. The total quality management 

has evolved by successive contributions of quality 

leaders. Let us discuss some key concepts of total quality 

management- 

Customer Focus- The apex feature of TQM is the 

company’s focus on its customers -identifying and then 

meeting customer needs. It realizes that Customer is the 

King or Customer is the Guest or Customer is the Boss. 

Continuous Improvement- Continuous 

improvement - called Kaizen by the Japanese, requires 

that the company continually strive to be better through 

learning and problem solving. Its key elements are - 

adaptability of both people and equipment, use of existing 

technology to optimize capacity, creative involvement 

of all employees and ‘Make it a little better each day’ 

attitude. The two approaches that can help companies 

with continuous improvement: PDCA cycle (plan–do– 

check–act - PDCA cycle - often termed as Shewhart 

or Deming cycle) and benchmarking (studying business 

practices of the best considered companies). 

Employee Empowerment and Involvement- 

TQM underscores on empowering all employees to 

ensure quality. To further stress the role of employees 

in quality, it differentiates between external and internal 

customers. It encompasses the team approach like 

quality circle – one of the most popular types of teams 

- a team of volunteer production employees and their 

supervisors whose purpose is to solve quality problems. 

Use of Quality Tools- TQM places a great deal 

of responsibility on all members. If employees are to 

identify and correct quality problems, they need proper 

training for understanding how to assess quality by using 

a variety of quality control tools, how to interpret findings, 

and how to correct problems. They may use tools like 

cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, checklist, control 

charts, scatter diagrams, pareto analysis and histogram. 

Product Design- Products need to be designed to 

meet customer expectations. Quality function 

deployment (QFD) is a tool used to translate the 


preferences of the customer into specific technical 

requirements. It is useful in enhancing communication 

between different functions, such as marketing, 

operations, and engineering. It begins by identifying 

important customer requirements, which typically come 

from the marketing department. 

Process Management- TQM believes that a 

quality product comes from a quality process. Quality at 

the source is the principle that it is far better to uncover 

the source of quality problems and correct it than to 

discard defective items after production. 

Managing Supplier Quality- This concept of 

TQM extends the concept of quality to a company’s 

suppliers and ensures that they engage in the same quality. 

The Cost of Quality 

The "cost of quality" isn't the price of creating 

a quality product or service. It's the cost of NOT 

creating a quality product or service. -American 

Society of Quality 

It is a term that is widely used and widely 

misunderstood. Every time work is redone, the cost of 

quality increases. The total quality costs can be 

segregated into four parts as presented below: 

Prevention Costs-The costs of all activities 

specifically designed to prevent poor quality in products 

or services. Examples are the costs of: new product 

review, quality planning, supplier capability surveys, 

process capability evaluations, quality improvement team 

meetings, quality improvement projects, quality education 

and training etc. 

Appraisal Costs-The costs associated with 

measuring, evaluating or auditing products or services 

to assure conformance to quality standards and 

performance requirements. These include the costs 

of: incoming and source inspection/test of 

purchased material, in-process and final inspection/ 

test, product, process or service audits, calibration 

of measuring and test equipment, associated 

supplies and materials etc. 

Internal Failure Costs- Failure costs occurring 

prior to delivery or shipment of the product or the furnishing 

of a service to the customer is called internal failure costs. 

Examples are the costs of: scrap, rework, re-inspection, 

re-testing, material review, downgrading etc. 

External Failure Costs- Failure costs occurring 

after delivery or shipment of the product and during/or 

after furnishing of a service to the customer. Examples 

are the costs of: processing customer complaints, 

customer returns, warranty claims and product recalls 

etc. (Excerpted from ASQ Quality Costs Committee, 

Principles of Quality Costs: Principles, 

Implementation, and Use, Third Edition, ed. Jack 

Campanella, ASQ Quality Press, 1999, pp 3-5.) 

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Barriers to Total Quality Management 

Quality begins with me. -Stephen R. Covey 

In TQM implementation, all the members of an 

organization must be involved in bringing out the change 

in improving processes, products, services and the culture 

in which they work. Following are some barriers to TQM: 

• Lack of strategic commitment from 

management 

• Insufficient empowerment of workers 

• Lack of cross-functional, cross-disciplinary 

efforts 

• Misdirected focus 

• Emphasis on internal processes to the neglect 

of external customer-focused results 

• Lack of focus in training 

• Lack of cost of quality measurement, 

performance reporting, and recognition systems 

• Emphasis on quick fixes and low-level 

reforms, short-term performance at the 

expense of long-term improvements 

TQM in Nepali Perspective 

The prevailing style of management must undergo 

transformation. - W. Edwards Deming 

TQM is widely heard; however it is one of the least 

practiced in the Nepali corporate milieu. Few private 

banks and other organizations have started attaining their 

goals as per TQM. Nevertheless, public enterprises have 

been suffering from fatal diseases and one of the prime 

causes is ignorance of quality aspects. They are 

acquainted with poor practices. To be able to become a 

total quality organization, such practices must be 

recognized and corrected. These may include: 

• Leaders not giving clear direction 

• Not understanding, or ignoring competitive 

positioning 

• Each department working only for itself 

• Trying to control people through systems 

• Confusing quality with rating 

• Accepting that a level of defects or errors is 

inevitable 

• Firefighting, reactive behavior 

• The "It’s not my problem" attitude 

Last but not the Least 

Quality means doing it right when no one is looking. 

-Henry Ford 

In the global economy, the sustainability of any 

business organization depends upon the delivery of 

products to its customers as per their requirements. They 

have to accept and ensure the quality throughout the 


organization for customer creation and customer 

retention. The power of quality can attract existing noncostumers 

and convert into the loyal customers. 

TQM is the way of managing for the future, and is 

far wider in its application than just assuring product or 

service quality – it is a way of managing people and 

business processes to ensure complete customer 

satisfaction at every stage, internally and externally. It 

must be powered by strategic commitment to quality, 

communication of the quality message, and recognition 

of the need to change the culture of the organization to 

create total quality. 

Needless to say, the organizations are facing lots of 

challenges in this changing environment. At the same 

time, quality management plays significant role. 

However, public and private organizations in Nepali 

business environment are practically unaware of 

managing quality and its implications; if they do not 

transform entirely, they will suffer heavy loss, lose market 

share significantly and even they disappear. 

(Author is involved in Research and Teaching for HR 

Management) 

References 

Crosby, Philip B. (1979). Quality Is Free. New 

York: New American Library. 

Deming, W. E. (1986). Out of Crisis. Cambridge: 

MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study. 

Dale, B. G. (1999). Managing Quality. 4th ed. 

Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 

Imai, M. (1986). Kaizen: the Key to Japan’s 

Competitive Success. New York: Random House. 

Garvin, D. A. (1987). Competing on the Eight 

Dimensions of Quality. Harvard Business Review, Nov- 

Dec, 101-10 

Garvin, David A. (1988). Managing Quality. New 

York: Free Press. 

Juran, Joseph M. (1988). Quality Control 

Handbook. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 

Juran, Joseph M. (1988). Juran on Planning for 

Quality. New York: Free Press. 

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. & Berry, L. 

L, (1985). A Conceptual Model of Service Quality 

and Its Implication for Future research. Journal of 

Marketing, No.49, 41-50. 

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. & Berry, L. 

L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for 

Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. 

Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40. 

http://asq.org/index.aspx 

http://mof.gov.np/publication/budget/2011/pdf/ 

english_full.pdf 

http://www.npc.gov.np/ 

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nufgLsf] nflu k|f]T;flxt ug' {kb{5 . 

cGo ;]jfk|bfosx?;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{sf nflu ;dfg lg0ff{os 

clwsf/sf] jftfj/0f agfOlbg'kb{5 . cfly{s lgod, P]g, sfg'gsf 

nfdf] / ax'kl/eflift kl/lwaf6 d'Qm agfO{ :ki6 clwsf/ / ;sf/fTds 

lgoGq0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;~rfnsx?k|lt lg/gGt/ lgu/fgL x'g'kb{5 . 

;+:yfdf clgoldttf ePsf] eP ;dodf g} ;'wf/ / cfufdL lbgsf 

nflu uNtL gbf]xf]l/g] jftfj/0fdf Wofg lbg] / s'g} lgsfodf 5fglagsf 

gfddf of]hgfx? /f]lsg]h:tf ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0fdf ;/sf/sf] 

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;xof]u ul/lbg'kb{5 . 

;+:yfsf w/} gofF / 7"nf of]hgfx? k6s–k6s lgod / sfg'gsf 

gfddf /f]lsPsf 5g\ . o;af6 hgtf Pj+ pkef]Qmfdf gsf/fTds 

k|efj kg{ glbg tL of]hgf s] sf/0faf6 clNemPsf x'g\, klxrfg u/L 

oyfzL3| ;~rfngdf Nofpg kxn ug' { ;/sf/sf] bfloTj x'G5 . 

cfkm\gf] dftxtsf ;+:yfn] em]Ng'k/]sf ;d:ofk|lt ;/sf/n] lhDd]jf/L 

dx;'; u/L lg/fs/0fsf nflu gofF 9+uaf6 kxn yfNg] a]nf e};s]sf] 

5 . ;+:yfsf ;|f]t–;fwg / cfly{s If]qdf cfdhgtfsf] k|ToIf 

nufgL ePsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/af6 o;sf] b'?kof]u /f]sL ;xL 

;b'kof]udf nfUg' g} hgtfsf] ;xL k|ltlglwTj / hgtfk|lt 

hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . 

xfnsf lbgdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf gofF / 7"nf of]hgfx? ;dodf 

:jLs[lt gx'g' / cfdhgtfdf ;:tf] / ;'ne ;]jf k'Ug g;Sg'n] st} 

;+:yfdf unt if8\oGq x'g nfu]sf] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf x'g' :jfefljs} 

xf] . ;+:yfn] ub} { cfPsf] pGglt casf lbgdf 36\g uPdf nufgLsf] 

k|ltkmnsf ;fy} cfdpkef]Qmfx?sf] ;'ljwf Pj+ ;:tf] / u'0f:t/ ;]jf 

pkef]u ug] { clwsf/ xgg ePsf] dflgg]5 . o;af6 ;/sf/n] 

NofPsf] 3/–3/df OG6/g]6 / xft–xftdf df]afOnsf] cjwf/0ff 

xf:of:kb ;flat gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . ;/sf/n] ljs6 If]qdf ;d]t 

;~rf/ ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} ;:tf] / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf hgtfnfO{ pknAw 

u/fpg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf dfWodaf6 7"nf / dxTjfsf+IfL of]hgfnfO{ 

tTsfn sfof{Gjogsf] jftfj/0f agfP/ ;j{;fwf/0f / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] 

;]jfk|ltsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug' {kb{5 . 

;~rf/ If]q 

;xL / oyfy{k/s ;dfrf/ hgtfdf k'¥ofpg' ;~rf/sf] wd{ 

xf] . ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf nflu k|sflzt ;dfrf/n] ;dfhdf e|d 

;[hgf ug' {sf ;fy} ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ug] { ;+:yfsf] ljZj;gLotfk|lt 

gsf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . slxn]sfxLF cflwsfl/stfljgfsf 

;dfrf/af6 ;DalGwt kIfn] kL8faf]w u/]sf] x'G5 . /, jf:tljs 

;dfrf/n] ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;r]t / ;xL dfu{lgb] {z;d]t ub{5 . 

o;nfO{ ;a}n] lz/f]wfo{ ug' {k5{ . o:tf ;dfrf/n] cfufdL lbgdf 

;sf/fTds sfo{ ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;Gbe{df 

klg ;~rf/ hut\ cToGt} lgs6 eO{ ;dfrf/ k|sfzg x' Fb} 


cfPsf] 5 . clxn];Ddsf clwsf+z ;dfrf/ ;sf/fTds b]lvG5g\ 

. slxn]sfxLF cflwsfl/s k'li6 gu/L k|sfzg ePsf ;dfrf/x?sf] 

cg'ej;d]t ug' {k/]sf] 5, h;n] sd{rf/L Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] 

dgf]andf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ ;S5 . 

;+:yfsf ;sf/fTds sfo{nfO{ hgtfdf k'¥ofpg] / unt 

sfo{k|lt va/bf/L u/fpg] vfnsf ;dfrf/nfO{ ;+:yfn] klg 

;sf/fTds?kdf lnFb} cfPsf] ljutsf lbgdf ;~rf/ / ;+:yfaLrsf] 

;'dw'/ ;DaGwn] k'li6 ub{5 . cfufdL lbgdf klg ;~rf/ ;+:yfx?n] 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f x'g'cl3 ;dfrf/sf] 

cflwsfl/stfk|lt cem a9L ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kg] { x'G5 . k|sfzg x'g 

nfu]sf] ;dfrf/n] s:tf] c;/ kg] { xf], a'lemlbP/ ;xL ;dfrf/af6 

hgtfn] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/sf] /Iff ug' { ;a} ;dfrf/sdL{sf] 

st{Josf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/g'kb{5 eGg] xfd|f] wf/0ff xf] . 

z]o/ ;b:o÷pkef]Qmf 

z]o/ ;b:o Pj+ 6]lnsdsf ;Dk"0f{ pkef]Qmf / g] ]kfn 

6]lnsdaLrsf] ;DaGw cToGt} lhDd]jf/L / kfl/jfl/s?kdf 

/xg'kb{5 . ;+:yfdf nufgL ul/;s]kl5 ;+:yf d]/f] xf], d ;+:yfnfO{ 

;kmn agfpF5' eGg] lhDd]jf/L dx;'; ePdf nufgLsf] k|ltkmnk|lt 

;'lglZrt x'g] jftfj/0f aGg ;S5 . ahf/df cfPsf gsf/fTds 

s'/fdf jf:tljstfsf] klxrfg u/]/ dfq ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu 

lh1f;f /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 . cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ dx;'; u/L 

cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf ;]jfsf] k|j4{gdf of]ubfg ug' {kb{5 . ;+:yfn] s] 

lbof] eGbf klg ;+:yfnfO{ d}n] s] ;xof]u u/] + eGg] st{Joaf]w ug' 

plrt xf]nf . z]o/ vl/b / ;]jf pkef]u u/]/ dfq bfloTj k"/f 

gx'g] dx;' '; ug]{ c;n pkef]Qmfsf] yfngL ug] { a]nf cfPsf] 5 . 

;+:yfsf] ljsf;sf nflu plrt ;Nnfx–;'dmfj lbg', ;xL sfo{sf] 

k|z+;f / unt sfo{ x'g glbg ;hu u/fpg' klg pkef]Qmfsf] 

st{Jo x'G5 . g]kfn 6]lnsd g]kfnLx?sf] xf] / o;nfO{ xfdL ;a}n] 

;xof]u ug' {kb{5 eGg] hgr]tgf gful/sdf km}nfpg] dxTj ;Dk"0f{ 

lhDd]jf/L pkef]Qmf Pj+ z]o/ ;b:ox?sf] xf] . 

cGTodf 

dfly plNnlvt lgsfox?af6 Odfgbf/Lsf ;fy cf–cfkm\gf]If]qflwsf/ 

/ lhDd]jf/Lsf] e/k"/ k|of]u u/L cfkm\gf lghL :jfy{eGbf dfly p7]/ ;+:yfsf 

nflu d]/f] of]ubfgsf] vfFrf] 5, d Odfgbf/L / lhDd]jf/ eO{ sfd ug] {5' eGg] 

cfTdaf]w ug] { a]nf ePsf] 5 . Ps lgsfosf] sfd csf] { lgsfo;Fu 

cGt/;DalGwt /xg] xF 'bf s'g lgsfon] s] ul//x]sf] 5 egL d"NofÍgsf] 

ljifo;d]t x'g] x' Fbf ;+:yfsf] ljsf;sf nflu h'g;'s} lgsfon] /fd|f] sfd ug{ 

nfu]sf] 5 eg] ;xof]u / unt sfo{ ug] {nfO{ va/bf/L ug' {kb{5 . 

cfkm"n] /fd|f] sfd u/] cfkm\gf] cfTd;Gt'li6 x'g] / cfkm\gf] 

hLjgsf] clGtd cj:yf;Dd klg ;+:yfsf] pGgltdf cfkm\gf] 

of]ubfgsf] uf}/j dx;'; x'g] sfo{sf nflu cfh}af6 gofF ;f]rsf 

;fy sfo{z}nLsf] z'?cft u/f+ } . c:t' Û 

!%)


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;]jfx? 


g]kfn 6]lnsdåf/f pknAw u/fOPsf ljleGg b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfx? lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ . 

!= Basic Telephone Services 

@= Mobile Service 

#= Internet Service 

$= Other Services 

!= Basic Telephone Services :- cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]gsf 

?kdf b'O{ k|sf/sf ;]jfx? sDkgLn] k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . 

s= PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf 

v= CDMA 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf 

s= PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf lgDgadf]lhdsf ;'ljwfx? 

pknAw /x]sf 5g\ . 

cfwf/e"t (PSTN) 6]lnkmf]gtkm{sf ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx? 

I. Basic PSTN Telephone Service 

• Local Call 

• Local Leased Lines 

• National Trunk Calls 

• International Trunk Calls 

• Internet Services 

• ISDN Services 

• Pay Phone Service 

II. Supplementary Services 

• Call Restriction 

• Abbreviated Dialing 

• Immediate Call Transfer 

• Call Transfer On No Answer 

• Wake Up Call Service 

• Locking Code Facility 

• Conference Call Facility 

• Home Metering Service 

• Caller ID Facility 

• Hunting Line Facility 

III.PSTN Value Added Services: 

• Easy Call Prepaid Calling Card (PCC) Service 

• AFS (Toll-Free) Service 

• Home Country Direct (HCD)Service 

• PSTN Credit Limit Service 

• Voice Mail Service 

• Notice Board Service 

IV. IVR Service : 

• 188 Illegal VOIP Call Complain 

pd]z bxfn 

• 198 PSTN/ADSL fault Booking Service 

• 1600 SLC Result Enquiry Service 

• 1601 10+2 Result 

• 1606 PSTN Bill Enquiry Service 

• 1607 GSM/CDMA PUK Enquiry Service 

V. ADSL Service 

VI. Emergency Service Numbers : 

100 Police Inquiry (Free) 

101 fire Bridge ,, 

102 Ambulance Service ,, 

103 Traffic Update ,, 

104 Street Children Information ,, 

s]xL ;]jfsf ;+lIfKt kl/ro :- 

!= ISDN Service :- Digital k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t of] 

;]jfdf ;a} k|sf/sf ;~rf/ ;'ljwfx? Voice, Mail tyf Data 

;'ljwfx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6} Copper Pair af6 * j6f 

;~rf/ pks/0fx? ISDN Set, Fax, Analog Phone Set, 

Computer, Router cfbL ISDN pks/0f Network 

Terminator dfkm{t hf]8\g ;lsG5 . oL cf7dWo] Ps k6sdf @ 

j6f ;]jfx? Ps;fy k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

@= Voicemail Service :- PSTN 6]lnkmf]gdf cfkm" gePsf] 

a]nfdf klg kmf]g ug] {x?sf ;Gb]z /]s8{ u/L ;'Ggsf nflu / kmf]g 

ug] {nfO{ cfkm\gf] ;Gb]z 5f8\g of] ;]jf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

#= Pay Phone :- ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf :ynx? tyf dfgjLo 

b[li6n] ;+j]bgzLn :ynx?df ;j{;fwf/0f pkef]Qmfn] ;xh} k|of]u 

ug{ ;Sg] u/L sDkgLåf/f Pay Phone sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . 

c:ktfn, ljdfg:yn, 7"nf ahf/x? tyf wfld{s :ynx?df h8fg 

ul/Psf oL 6]lnkmf]gaf6 pkef]Qmfx?n] l;Ssf l5/fP/ s'/f ug{ 

;Sg'x'g]5 . of] ;]jf @$;} 306f k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

$= Notice Board Service :- Pp6} ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z w]/} 

dflg;;dIf k'¥ofpgsf nflu of] ;]jf cToGt pkof]uL x'G5 . of] 

;]jfdf EjfO; d]n aS;nfO{ ;"rgf kf6Lsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ 

!%!

{ 


;lsG5 . of] ;]jf k|of]u u/L k|;fl/t ug{ 'kg] { ;"rgfnfO{ ;"rgf 

af]8{df /]s8{ u/fpg ;lsG5 / ;DalGwt dflg;x?n] 6]lnkmf]g 

u/L hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . of] ;]jf xfn z}lIfs ;+:yfx?, 

a} +snufotsf sfof{nox?n] labf jf cfkm\gf cGo ;]jfsf af/]df 

hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . 

%= Toll free Phone (Advanced Free Phone Service 

(AFS) :- s'g} sDkgL, ;+:yf jf sfof{non] cfkm\gf] af/]df lgMz'Ns 

hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{sf nflu of] ;]jfsf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . !^^) af6 

z'? x'g] o; k|sf/sf] gDa/df pkef]Qmf, ;]jf k|of]ustf{ jf ;"rgf 

rfxg] JolQmn] kmf]g u/L hfgsf/L k|fKt ubf{ kmf]g ug] {n] lgMz'Ns s'/f 

ug{ kfpg] x'G5 / z'Ns ;DalGwt sfof{non] g} Joxf]/]sf] x'G5 . 

v= CDMA C-Phone : - o; ;]jfcGtu{t lgDg ;]jfx? 

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!= Voice 

@= PDSN Data :- of] CDMA 6]lnkmf]gdf pknAw 

OG6/g]6 ;]jf xf] . bf];|f] k':tfsf] (2.5G) kmf]gdf k|bQ of] ;]jfsf] 

ult t];|f] k':tf (3G) sf] cg'kftdf sd /x]sf] 5 . 

#= Short Message Service :- lgjf; jf sfof{nodf 

lkmS:8 6]lnkmf]gsf ?kdf k|of]u ul/g] of] ;]jfaf6 ;+lIfKt ;Gb]z 

klg cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . 

@= Mobile Service :- o;df klg GSM / CDMA u/L 

b'O{ k|sf/sf ;]jfx? pknAw /x]sf 5g\ . 

s= GSM Mobile Service :- of] ;]jfcGtu{t k|z:t cltl/Qm 

;]jfx? pknAw /x]sf 5g\ . GSM df]afOndf ljBdfg cltl/Qm 

;]jfx? lgDgadf]lhd 5g\ . 

!= Postpaid Mobile 

@= Prepaid Mobile 

#= GPRS Service :- of] ;]jfdfkm{t s'g} klg ;dodf 

cfkm\gf] df]afOn ;]6af6 g} Internet, Email rnfpg tyf 

Multimedia Message cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . Unlimited 

GPRS ;'ljwfaf6 sDkgLn] tf]s]sf] dfl;s z'Nsdf Unlimited 

Data k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg] Volume Based GPRS ;]jfdf 

cfkm"n] k|of]u u/]sf] 8f6f Volume adf]lhd z'Ns e'QmfgL ug' {kb{5 . 

of] ;]jf ;~rfng ubf{ z'Ns nfUb}g . 

$= 3G Service :- of] ;]jfaf6 Video Call, MMS, TV 

Streaming tyf High Speed Internet nufotsf ;'ljwf k|of]u 

ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu 3G l;dsf8{ / o;nfO{ ;kf]6{ ug] 

df]afOn ;]6 cfjZos kb{5 . of] ;]jf kf]:6k]8 / lk|k]8 b'j} 

df]afOndf pknAw 5 . 2G kf]:6k]8 ;]jf lng'ePsf u|fxsn] u|fxs 

;]jf s]Gb|df ;Dks{ /fvL 3G df ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . ;fy} 

2G af6 3G df ?kfGt/0f SMS dfkm{t klg ul/G5 . 


%= F n F Service :- kf]:6k]8 df]afOndf pknAw of] ;]jfdf 

sDkgLsf s'g} # j6f a9L sn x'g] gDa/x? btf{ u/fO{ tL gDa/df 

k|ltldg]6 () k};f -s/ afx]s_df s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] btf{ lgMz'Ns 

ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ;]jf FnF_9851XXXXXX 9841 XXXXXX 

014444444 /fvL !$)) df SMS u/L Active ug{ ;lsG5 . 

^= International Roaming :- cfkm"n] k|of]u ul//x]sf] 

Network sf] Coverage If]qeGbf aflx/ ljb]zdf uP/ klg 

;f]xL df]afOn k|of]u ug' {kbf{ Roaming ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

of] ;]jfsf] k|of]udfkm{t Pp6} gDa/af6 Pp6} lan cfpg] u/L 

ljZjsf GSM g]6js{x?df ;xh} ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn of] 

;]jf lnP/ ljZjsf @ ;o !) df]afOn ck| ]6/x?;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt 

ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6} df]afOn gDa/af6 ljZje/ hxfF /x] klg ;Dks{ 

:yflkt ug{ ;lsg] GSM Roaming df]afOnsf] dfWodaf6 ljZjnfO{ 

Pp6} d~rdf Nofpg] Kn]6kmd{ ag]sf] 5 . of] ;]jfdf ljb]zL 

Operator sf df]afOn klg g]kfndf rnfpg ;lsG5 . 

&= Caller Ring back Tones :- df]afOndf kmf]g 8fon 

ug] {n] ;'Gg ;lsg] u/L ;+uLt /flvg] k|lqmof CRBT xf] . of] ;]jf 

GSM kf]:6k]8 / lk|k]8 b'j} df]afOndf pknAw 5 . of] ;]jf g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] j]a;fO6 www.crbt.ntc.net.np df uP/ / !^)( 

8fon u/L b'O{ tl/sfaf6 lng ;lsG5 . 

*= GSM Mobile Bill :- o;df kf]:6k]8 df]afOnsf u|fxsn] 

cfkm"n] ltg' {kg] { df]afOnsf] z'Ns slt k'u]sf] 5 egL cfkm\g} 

df]afOn SMS af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu CB jf 

VB n]vL !$)) df ;Gb]z k7fpg'kb{5 . lglZrt dlxgfsf] dfq 

z'Ns yfxf kfpg / xfn;Ddsf] hDdf z'Ns klg df]afOnaf6} yfxf 

kfpg ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;Gb]zdf VB !@^% n]vL !$)) 

df k7fpFbf )^% ;fnsf] r}t dlxgfsf] df]afOnsf] z'Ns yfxf kfpg 

;lsG5 . ;Gb]zdf CB n]vL !$)) df k7fpFbf xfn;Ddsf] hDdf 

z'Ns slt ePsf] 5 egL df]afOnd} ;Gb]z cfpF5 . ;fy} sDkgLsf] 

website login u/L lan klg lng ;lsG5 . 

(= Web Message :- o; ;]jfaf6 sDkgLsf kf]:6k]8 jf lk|k]8 

df]afOnsf u|fxsnfO{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Web Site dfkm{t b}lgs !) 

j6f lgMz'Ns Web SMS OR5fOPsf] df]afOndf k7fpg ;lsg] ;'ljwf 

k|fKt 5 . 6]lnsdsf] Web Site df uO{ cfkm\gf] PsfpG6 btf{ u/]kl5 

b}lgs !^) cIf/;Ddsf] ;Gb]z lgMz'Ns k7fpg ;lsG5 . 

!)= Call Waiting :- of] ;'ljwf Ps k6s lnPkl5 df]afOndf 

s'/f ul//x]sf] ;dodf csf] { kmf]g cfPdf tkfO{ +nfO{ hfgsf/L 

lbOG5 . Tof] kmf]g u|x0f ug] { jf gug] { tkfO{ +df e/ kb{5 . 

!!=Conditional Call Forwarding :- o;df tkfO{+sf] 

df]afOndf cfpg] kmf]gx?nfO{ ToxL df]afOnd} gp7fP/ cfkm"n] 

rfx]sf] gDa/df hfg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 / csf] { kmf]g cyjf 

df]afOndf p7fP/ s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ;]jf $ k|sf/n] k|of]u 

ug{ ;lsG5 . ;w} Fsf] nflu Call Forward ug] {, df]afOn Jo:t 

eP/ u|x0f ug{ g;Sg] ;dodf jf Network eGbf aflx/ /x]sf] 

;dodf cfPsf kmf]gx?nfO{ klg lglZrt gDa/df k7fP/ af]em 

!%@

“ 


sd ug{ ;lsg'sf ;fy} kmf]g gnfUg] :yfgdf cfkm" /x]sf] If0fdf 

cfPsf snx?nfO{ klg 8fOe6{ u/L u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] ;'ljwf 

6]lnsdn] pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu yk z'Ns nfUb}g . 

!@= Call Hold :- Call Waiting sf] ;'ljwf lng] qmdd} of] 

;'ljwf klg k|fKt x'G5 . kmf]gdf Jo:t eO/x]s} ;dodf csf] { kmf]g 

cfPdf klxn] s'/f ul//x]sf] kmf]g Hold df /fvL csf] { kmf]g u|x0f 

ug{ ;lsG5 . cyjf kfn}kfnf] Pp6f kmf]g Hold df /fvL csf] {df 

jftf{ hf/L /fVg ;lsG5 . 

!#= Voice Mail Services :- of] ;]jfsf k|of]ustf{x? ;w} 

g} Ps–csf{sf] ;Dks{df /lx/xg ;S5g\ . df]afOn :jLrckm 

ePdf jf g]6js{sf sf/0f ;DaGw :yflkt x'g g;Sg] :yfgdf 

klg / df]afOn Jo:t ePsf] cj:yfdf klg of] ;]jfsf sf/0f 

OlR5t JolQmn] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] ;Gb]z 5f8\g ;S5 / ;Dks{ljxLg 

x'g'kb} {g . of] ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!$= Multiparty Conference :- of] ;]jfdfkm{t Ps} k6sdf 

# hgfsf aLrdf s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;]jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu Ps 

k6s dfq kmf/fd e/L hfjnfv]n tyf lqk'/]Zj/sf] df]afOn 

sfpG6/df ?= ! xhf/ z'Ns a'emfP k'U5 . Ps} k6sdf # hgfn] 

s'/f ubf{ klg cltl/Qm z'Ns nfUb}g . s]xL ;docl3;Dd df]afOndf 

b'O{ JolQmx?aLr dfq s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsg]df of] ;]jfsf] 

z'?cftkZrft\ # hgf dflg;x?n] Ps} ;dodf tLg} hgfn] ;'Gg 

/ kfn}kfnf] af]Ng ;lsg] of] ;]jfsf sf/0f df]afOn k|ljlwdf gof“ 

cfofd ylkPsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . 

!%= Credit Limit Managements :- of] ;]jfcGtu{t 

6]lnsdåf/f kf]:6k]8 df]afOnsf u|fxsx?sf] w/f}6Lsf] &% 

k|ltzt /sd ;dfKt ePkl5 klxnf] r/0fdf tkfO{+sf] /sd 

;lsg nfu]sf] 5 egL ;Gb]zdfkm{t hfgsf/L lbOG5 . To;kl5 

bf];|f] r/0fdf () k|ltzt /sd ;lsPkl5 df]afOnaf6 

kmf]g ug{ g;lsg] hfgsf/L lbO{ kmf]g ug{ g;lsg] aGb5 . 

ha w/f}6Lsf] k"/} /sd ;lsG5 ta df]afOnsf] ;a} ;]jf 

aGb x'G5 . o;sf] clu|d hfgsf/L klg u|fxsnfO{ ;Gb]zdfkm{t 

lbOG5 . 

!^= Emergency Dial :- of] ;]jf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfsl:ds 

/ cfkTsfnLg cj:yfdf u|fxsx?n] lgMz'Ns k|of]u ug] { u/L 

pknAw u/fPsf] xf] . o;cGtu{t k|x/L tyf jf?0f oGqsf nflu 

sn ug{ ;lsG5 . k|x/Lsf] ;xof]u lng'kbf{ !)) / jf?0f oGq 

af]nfpg'kbf{ !)! df kmf]g ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!&= Balance Transfer :- lk|k]8 df]afOndf pknAw of] ;'ljwfaf6 

csf] { lk|k]8 df]afOndf rfx]sf] /sd k7fP/ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

!*= Discount on Call :- g]kfn 6]lnsdn] /flqsfnLg 

sndf /flt !) ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd k|ltsn %% k};f 

sfod u/]sf] 5 . 

!(= Miss Call Alert :- o; ;]jfdfkm{t df]afOn :jLrckm 

ePsf], g]6js{aflx/ /x]sf] tyf Jo:t ePsf a]nf ;Dks{ ug{ 

vf]Hg] snx?sf] ljj/0f ;Gb]zdfkm{t k|fKt x'G5 . 


@)= Corporate Connection Offer Service :- o; 

Joj:yfdf Go"gtd !) j6f jf ;f]eGbf a9L GSM kf]:6k]8 

df]afOn k|of]ustf{ x'g] ;+:yfut u|fxs jf ;+ul7t ;+:yf tyf 

Jofkfl/s Pjd\ cf}Bf]lus k|lti7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

sndf 5'6 k|bfg ul/G5 . 

v= CDMA Mobile Service 

!= Postpaid Mobile 

@= Prepaid Mobile 

#= Sky Data Wireless Internet 

$= Broadband Wireless EVDO 

%= CDMA Voice Mail Service 

#= Internet Service 

!= Dialup Internet :- o; ;]jfdf Fixed 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|of]u 

u/L OG6/g]6 rnfpg ;lsG5 . 

@= ISDN Broadband Dialup :- tf/jfnf 6]lnkmf]gdf 

pknAw of] ;]jfdfkm{t pRRf ultsf] Internet ;]jf k|of]u ug{ 

;lsG5 . o; ;]jf ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g (64 Kbps) df eGbf bf]Aa/ 

a9L Ifdtf (128 Kbps) sf] Dial up OG6/g]6 ;]jf klg pknAw 

/x]sf] 5 . 

#= Lease Connectivity:- 

$=ADSL Broadband Service :- tf/jfnf 

6]lnkmf]gdfkm{t k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] pRr ultdf clws tYof+s 

cfbfgk|bfg ug{ of] ;]jf pkof]uL 5 . o;df Ps} k6s Data 

/ Voice k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 

%= GSM Mobile Internet :- o; ;]jfdf GSM kf] ]:6k]8 

tyf lk|k]8 df]afOndf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df 

Viedo Call, Live TV, High Speed Internet, On Demand 

Viedo tyf Video Chat nufot ljljw ;'ljwf ePsf] y|LhL 

;]jf klg pknAw 5 . 

^= CDMA Wireless Internet :- o;df xfdLn] CDMA 

k|ljlwsf Ruim Card dfkm{t sDKo'6/df Internet ;]jf k|of]u 

ug{ ;S5f} + . 

&= Email :- 

*= Web SMS :- 

(= Services :- 

$= Other Services :- 

!= Rural Telephone 

@= Intelligent Network :- o; Network cGtu{t 

b]xfoadf]lhsf ;]jfx? pknAw 5g\ . 

!= PCC Easy Call Service 

@= PSTN Credit Limit (PCL) 

#= Advanced Free Phone Service 

$= Home Country Direct (HCD) 

!%#



;~rf/ ;]jfjf6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:j / 

NTA df ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f (NTA) g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ 

;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?sf] cg'udg ug] { ;+:yf xf] . o;n] ;a} 

;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub} { k|efjsf/L 

cg'udg ug{ ;fdYo{ xfl;n ug{ ;Sg'kb{Yof] t/ cfd;]jfu|fxLn] 

;f] dx;'; ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . pRr / j}1flgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u 

u/L ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?sf] cg'udg ug{ g;Sbf ;]jf lj:tf/ 

ljt/0fdf c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ x'g'sf ;fy} /fHon] k|fKt ug] { /fh:jdf 

;d]t sdL cfpg] lglZrt 5 . cGt/f{li6«o u]6j]af6 cfpg] 

cGt/f{li6«o sn CDR (Call Detail Record) Delete u/L 

lghL sDkgLx?n] lgs} sd sn b]vfP/ /fh:j 7uL ul//x]sf 5g\ . 

o;sf] cg'udg ug] { Ifdtf k|flws/0fn] /fVg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . 

g]kfnaf6 ljb]z hfg] lgu{dg (Outgoing) snaf6 klg lgs} 

/fh:j gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 . h:t}– g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ef/tdf x'g] 

sn k|ltldg]6 @ ?lkofF () k};f u/]kl5 !) ldlnogaf6 !* 

ldlnog ldg]6 sn a9]sf] b]lvof] . o;af6 s] k'li6 x'G5 eg] 

;fOa/af6 x'g] cja}w lgu{dg (Outgoing) sn 7"nf] dfqfdf 

/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ /f]Sg DPI (Deep Packet Inspection) 

k|ljlwdfk{mt g]kfndf cfpg] ;a} OG6/g]6 AofG8ljynfO{ k/LIf0f 

u/L 8f6f / EjfO;sf] Kofs]6 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 / cj}w?kdf 

e}/x]sf] cGt/f{li6«o lgu{dg (Outgoing) sn /f]Sg ;lsG5 . of] 

k|lqmof g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] ;a} ;]jfk|bfosx?df nfu" 

ug{ ' cfjZos xf] t/ e}/x]sf] 5}g . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] xsdf 

cGt/f{li6«o cfudg (Incoming) sndf e}/x]sf] /fh:j r'xfj6 

x6fpg tTsfn Sim Box Detector Equipment h8fg u/L 

VOIP dfk{mt x'g] r'xfj6 /f]Sg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu sDkgL 

cfkm+ }n] kxn ug{ 'kb{5 / g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] klg lgb] {lzt 

ug{ ' h?/L 5 . lghL ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?sf] :jb]z / ljb]z b'j} 

7fpFsf a} +sdf 8n/ PsfpG6 x'g] x' Fbf cGt/f{li6«o cfudg snaf6 

k|fKt x'g] /sd ljb]zL a} +sdf g} hDdf ug{ ;Sg] / :jb]zL a} +s 

vftfdf cfpg] 8n/ sd k7fpg ;Sg] ePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

/fdrGb| ltjf/L 

b"=;+=sf=, e08f/f 

/fh:j r'xfj6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf k|an /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL a} +ssf] 

8n/ PsfpG6df hDdf ePsf] ljb]zL d'b|f -8n/_ klg pks/0f 

/ k|ljlw vl/b ug] { gfddf ljb]z g} k7fOg] u/]sf] xF 'bf ljb]zL d'b|f 

ckrng Jofks dfqfdf e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ cg'udg ug]{ 

Psdfq ;+:yf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f o; ljifodf df}g 

b]lvG5 . o;tk{m tTsfn sbd rfNg' h?/L b]lvG5 . g]kfn 

6]lnsdsf] Point of Interconnection (POI) k|ljlwaf6 

cWoog ubf{ ljut s]xL dlxgfb]lv NCell n] g]kfn 

6]lnsdaf6 Pg;]nsf] g]6js{df hfg] cGt/f{li6«o / 3/]n' 

(Interneational & Domestic) b'j} sn lgif]w (Block) 

ug]{ / cfkm\gf] ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ lgot /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . of] 

cGt/cfa4tfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] cGt/f{li6«o P]g–sfg'g / lgod 

ljk/Lt xf] . t/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f cfFvfdf k§L 

afFw]/ a;]sf] b]lvG5 . :jR5 tyf :j:y k|lt:kwf{Tds 

jftfj/0fsf] nflu g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 lgodg 

jf x:tIf]k x'g' cfjZos 5 ls 5}g < 

;]jf ljt/0f / lj:tf/ u/]afkt /fHonfO{ k|fKt x'g] cfDbfgLsf] 

s'/f ug] { xf] eg], g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f / g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?af6 lgDg zLif{sdf /fh:j p7fOg] 

u/]sf] 5 . 

s_ cg'dltkq b:t'/ M df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng u/]afkt 

g]kfn 6]lnsd / lghL ;]jfk|bfos Pg;]nn] !) jif{sf nflu 

!%$

{ 


cg'dltkq b:t'/ ?= @! s/f]8 g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fnfO{ 

a'emfPsf 5g\ . 

v_ ;]jf ;~rfng gjLs/0f b:t'/ M df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng 

u/]sf] !) jif{kl5 cg'dltkq gjLs/0f ug{ 'kg] { Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . 

;f] afkt gjLs/0f b:t'/ ?= @) ca{ e'QmfgL u/L % jif{sf] 

cg'dltkq gjLs/0f ug{ 'kg] { Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . @)^! ;fn 

efb|af6 hLP;Pd df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng ub} { cfPsf] lghL 

sDkgL NCell n] ;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] ldlt @)^! efb|b]lv bz 

jif{kl5 @)&! efb|df klxnf] k6s gjLs/0f b:t'/ ?=@) ca{ 

a'emfpg] af]n–sa'n u/]kl5 @)%^ af6 hLP;Pd df]afOn ;]jf 

;~rfng u/]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ klg @)^^ df gjLs/0f 

b:t'/ ?= @) ca{ ltg{ lgodg ;+ +:yf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] 

lgb] {zg lbPsf] lyof] . xfn ?= !* s/f]8 lt/]/ lghL sDkgLn] 

lt/]sf] tLg dlxgfkl5 afFsL /sd a'emfpg] u/L k|flws/0fn] 

cg'dltkq gjLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . 

u_ /f]oN6L M b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] k|To]s 

jif{ ;]jf ;~rfngaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLsf] $ k|ltzt /fHonfO{ 

a'emfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . Pg;]nn] hLP;Pd ;]jf ;~rfngsf] 

nflu k|lt:kwf{sf] k|lqmofdf /f]oN6Lafkt 5'§} /sd saf]n 

u/]sf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ P]gdf Joj:yf ePcg';f/ $ k|ltzt 

jf saf]n u/]sf] /sddWo] a9L x'g] /sd ltg{'kg]{ lyof], t/ 

xfn rf/ k|ltzt dfq} sfod ul/kfpmF egL Pg;]nn] d'2f 

nl8/x]sf] 5 . 

3_ u|fdL0f ljsf; sf]if b:t'/ M ;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos 

sDkgLx?n] k|To]s jif{ cfkm\gf] cfDbfgLsf] b'O{ k|ltzt u|fdL0f 

ljsf; sf]ifsf gfddf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fnfO{ a'emfpg] 

u/]sf 5g\ . 


ª_ lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ M df]afOn ;]jfdf lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u 

u/]afkt ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx?n] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fnfO{ 

lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ a'emfpg] ub{5g\ . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] o;sf nflu 

clu|d k]ZsL:j?k ?= !) s/f]8 a'emfPsf] 5 t/ k|flws/0faf6 

lk|mSj]G;L b:t'/ lgwf{/0f x'g eg] afFsL g} /x]sf] 5 . 

xfn g]kfn 6]lnsdn] hLP;Pd ()) d]ufxh{ AofG8df (=^ 

d]ufxh{, !*)) d]ufxh{ AofG8df !% d]ufxh{ / ;L8LPdP ;]jfsf] 

*)) d]ufxh{ AofG8df * d]ufxh{ u/L hDdf #@=^ d]ufxh{ 

lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L Pg;]nn] hLP;Pd ;]jfdf 

()) d]ufxh{ AofG8df * d]ufxh{ / !*)) d]ufxh{ AofG8df !! 

d]ufxh{ u/L hDdf !( d]ufxh{ lk|mSj]G;L k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] )^^.)!.@& df !@ nfv u|fxssf 

nflu !% d]ufxh{ lk|mSj]G;L cfjZos kg] { u/L kl/kq u/]sf] / 

To;sf] 7Ls ! dlxgfkl5 )^&.)@.#! df lghL ;]jfk|bfos 

sDkgLx?sf] k|efjdf k/L $% nfv u|fxssf nflu !% d]ufxh{ 

lk|mSj]G;Lsf lx;fan] b:t'/ lgwf{/0f ug] { Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] 

Joj:yfdf klg ;/f;/ cj}1flgs /x]sf] 5 . o; Joj:yfn] 

Frequency Holding u/]afkt g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @) s/f]8 / 

Pg;]nn] !) s/f]8 yk b:t'/ a'emfpg'kg] { b]lvG5 . o;f] ubf{ 

g]kfn 6]lnsd / Pg;]n b'j}nfO{ kmfObf eP klg /fHonfO{ 3f6f 

x'g] k|:6} b]lvG5 . k|To]s dlxgf jf jif{df gLlt kl/jt{g ub} 

ljleGg zLif{sdf b:t'/ lng] kl/kf6L cJofjxfl/s / cj}1flgs 

ePsf] tyf kf/blz{tfsf] ;d]t cefj ePsf] x' Fbf ;fs{ /fi6«x?n] 

cjnDag u/]sf ;/x d'n's ;'xfpFbf] k|lqmof g} ckgfpg' /fd|f] 

x'g]5 eGg] o;;DaGwL lj1x?sf] ;'emfj /x]sf] 5 . h:t}– ef/tdf 

;]jfk|bfossf] cfonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL # b]lv * k|ltzt;Dd z'Ns 

lng] Joj:Yff /x]sf] 5 . 

"A man's feet should be planted in his country, but his 

eyes should survey the world." 

– GEORGE SANTAYANA 

!%%

{ 



g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ahf/zf:q ! 

-!_ s] xf] 6]lnsd, ahf/zf:q < 

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cyf{t\ PSTN, GSM, CDMA, Internet & 

Value added Services k|of]ustf{ klxNofpg] sfo{ xf] . pkef]Qmf 

xf}:ofO{ 6]lnsd Goods, Services, Experiences, Events, 

Information & Ideas k|of]u ug{ pTk] |l/t u/fpg] snf xf] . 

u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k:sL u|fxs ;Gt'li6 Delight t'Nofpg] k|lta¢tf 

xf] . Customer Retention sf] cfnf]sdf Long Term Loyalty 

hLjGt agfpg] ljlw xf], 6]lnsd ahf/zf:q . 

-@_ sf] x'g\, s:tf 5g\, sDkgLsf u|fxs < 

6]lnsdsf] kf]N6f /x]sf 7flgPsf nueu &) nfv u|fxs 

:yfoL xf]Ogg\ . u'0f:t/sf] s'nf]df hxfF klg aUg ;S5g\ . b]ptf, 

k|f0f]Zj/ h] eGbf klg x'G5, sDkgLsf nflu Û cfdu|fxs b'?:t} x' Fb}gg\ 

t/ p:t} x'G5g\– d'v} kmf]/]/ l;sfot gul/xfNg] t/ dgn] gvfP ;]jf 

g} Toflulbg], u|fxs e8sfOlbg] / dgn] vfP lj1fkg g} ul/lbg], 

pkef]Qmf b}nf]d} NofOlbg], clkt' s'g} sld;g gvf]Hg] . cyf{t\ s]xL 

ljj]sL, s]xL u'gL, s]xL a}u'gL Û u|fxs ljz]if JolQmTj x'g\ . hf] 

6]lnsd ;]jfsf] cefj;Fu} slxNo} ;tL hfGf ;Sb}gg\ . 6]lnsdh:t} 

csf] { k|lt:kwL{af6 cg'u|lxt . ;Gt'i6 kfg{ lgs} sl7g . cTolws dfu 

/fVg] . clt dfg vf]Hg] . sd IfdfzLn . clws d"No ;+j]bgzLn . 

xfdL dfly lans'n} lge{/ ePsf g7fGg] . xfd|f] Jofkf/ rf}k6 kfg{ 

;Sg] . xfdLnfO{ h'g;'s} a]nf TofUf ug{ ;Sg] . ;fFRrLs} ;+j]bgzLn, 

r'gf}tLk"0f{ / Hofb|f] k|j[lQsf cGgbftf x'g\ sDkgLsf u|fxs Û 

-#_ s] vf]H5g\ u|fxs < 

u|fxssf] OR5f, cfsf+Iff, k|j[lQ, dfGotf, rfxgf ;j] {;jf{ 

tTj x'g\ . u|fxs gLlt, qmoIfdtf, k[i7e"ld, ;f]rfO, Jojxf/nfO{ 

k'Hg g;Sg] Joj;foL k"/f cfo' afFRg ;Sb}gg\ . hg;Dks{, 5gf]6 

;'ljwf, laqmLkZrft\ ;]jf, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ u|fxs ;Gt'li6sf 

cfwf/x? x'g\ . oL cfofdk|ltsf] ljZj;gLotf / Odfgbf/Lkg 

Jojxf/df vf]H5g\ u|fxs . Joj;fosf] k|f0fkv]? u|fxssf] OR5fdf 

x'G5 . u|fxssf] OR5ft[KtL u'0f:t/n] u5{ . Voice, Data, Video 

slt u'0f:t/Lo, lgoldt, e/kbf] { ;]jfd'vL, kf/bzL{ / ;j{;'ne 

agfpg ;lsof] < Latest technology, Cost Leadership, 

9'g axfb'/ a'9fyf]sL æ;ª\3if{Æ 

Quality service, cheap service, office service, 

business oriented service slt k:sg ;lsof] < 

PSTN/CDMA Fixed 6]lnkmf]g h8fg, gfd;f/L, 7fpF;f/L, 

l;sfot, lan e'QmfgL, sn l8l6on lnFbf ;f:tL v]Kg' k¥of]÷k/]g < 

df]afOn nufpgf;fy nfUof]÷nfu]g < cfjfh slt :ki6 ;'lgof] < 

aLrd} ;Dks{ ljR5]b eof]÷ePg < g]6js{ lahLsf] 6G6f a]xf]g' 

k¥of]÷k/]g < tL ;a yf]ssf km};nfsf/ / b08ljwftfsf] Psnf}6L 

xsbf/ 7fG5g\ u|fxs . To;}n] l;sfot lg?k0fsf] ljsNk g} 5}g . 

u|fxs ;Gt'li6 k/LIf0f ug{ Complain & Suggestion System, 

Customer Satisfaction Survey, Ghost Shopping, Lost 

Customer analysis pkof]u / ljZn]if0f ug{ 'kg] { x'G5 . ToxL 

ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df l;sfot/lxt u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf vf]H5g\ u|fxs . 

-$_ s]–s:tf 5g\ sDkgLsf ;an kIfx? < 

g]kfn 6]lnsd d'n'ssf] g++= ! sDkgL x'g'sf gftfn] 

;Defjgfsf kf6fx? cgluGtL 5g\ . ;'Gb/tf kf]N6f / ;Ksf]df 

c6fO{ g;Sg] 5g\ . 6]Sgf]nf]hL ;fpG8 5 . kof{Kt k' FhL 5 . bIf 

hgzlQm 5g\ . alnof] k"jf{wf/ 5 . kof{Kt t/ntf 5 . y'k} elh{g 

Pl/ofx? 5g\ . kof{Kt hgljZjf; 5 . ;]jf ljljwLs/0fsf] 

k|r'/tf 5 . df}nfpFbf] b"/;~rf/ k|ljlw 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 

cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ?kdf :yflkt 5 . tLj| k|lt:kwf{sf 

afah'b s'n cfo, v'b cfo / u|fxs u|fkm pSnFbf] 5 . 

-%_ s]–s:tf 5g\ sDkgLsf b'a{n kIfx? < 

d'n'ss} g+= ! sDkgL eO{sg klg sDkgLsf] kf]N6fdf sdL– 

sdfhf]/Lx? klg 5g\ . nufgL cj;/ / t/ntf kof{Kt x' Fbfx' Fb} 

!%^



klg kl/rfng Ifdtf sdhf]/ 5 . df]afOn / OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] 

u'0f:t/df pkef]Qmf ;Gt'i6 b]lvFb}gg . dfgj k' FhL kl/rfng 

sdhf]/ 5 . o'lgogafhL clws 5 . s:6d/ s]o/ Vofp6] 5 . 

ahf/ kj¢{g n'/] 5 . sd{rf/Ldf ;]jfUf|fxLk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf 

7l:snf] 5 . Psnf}6L ;]jfsf] (PSTN) /fh:j 36\bf] 5 . d"No 

k|lt:kwf{sf] 8;fO s8f 5 . k|lt:kwL{sf] juL{s/0f, ahf/ lx:;fsf] 

k|lt/Iff, k|lt:kwL{dfly xdnf, gofF–gofF k|ljlw cjnDag, ahf/ 

ljljwLs/0fsf kf6fx? sdhf]/ 5g\ . ahf/ dfu cg'dfg ug] { 

Ifdtf sdhf]/ 5 . b"/;~rf/ k|bQ ;]jfx? hfgsf/L lbg], k|of]u 

ug{ l;sfpg], ljZjf; lbnfpg], ;Demfpg, 7"nf–7"nf lj1fkgsf] 

cefj 5 . rf]s–rf]ssf xf]l8ª af]8{, k;nx?df /flvPsf 6]lnsd 

af]8{, km\n]S;, kf]:6/ k|lt:kwL{eGbf b'Anf, kftnf, Vofp6] / 5f]6f 

sbsf 5g\ . k|To]s ;]N; sfpG6/df xfd|f ;]jfx? d"No ljz]iftf, 

k|of]u ljlw hfgsf/L lbg] a|f];/, Sof6nu, kmf]6f]u|fkmL, cl8of] 

leh'cn, a'n]l6g 6Gr 5}gg\ . ePsf] klg pRrtd ;b'kof]u 

ePsf] b]lvFb}g . 

^_ s;/L ug] 

{{{{{ ahf/ ljZn]if0f < 

ahf/ ljZn]if0fljgf 6]lnsd ahf/zf:q ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . 

ahf/ ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;+u7gnfO{ k|fefj kfg] { cfGtl/s / 

afx\o jftfj/0fLo tTjx?sf] klxrfg x'g'k5{ . cfGtl/s tTj 

eGgfn] sDkgLsf] nIo, p2]Zo, sd{rf/L, sd{rf/L o'lgog, 

sDf{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/, ;]jf, ;]jfsf] :t/, k|ljlw, ;|f]t–;fwg, 

t/ntf d'Vo tTjx? x'g\ . afx\o TfTj eGgfn] cy{/fhgLlt, 

df}lb|s gLlt, ljQLo gLlt, hLjg:t/, cfly{s ljsf;, 

;~rf/dfWod, sDkgL P]g, b"/;~rf/ P]g, b"/;~rf/ gLlt, ljZj 

Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf ul/Psf k|lta¢tf, k|lt:wL{sf] cj:yf, u|fxs 

;+Vof, :yfg, cj:yf, ?lr, ;f]rfO, r]tgf:t/, qmozlQm, ;]jfsf] 

dfu kl/df0f, d"No:t/ cflb d'Vo tTjx? x'g\ . 

ahf/ ljZn]if0ffy{ ;DefJo ahf/, pknAw ahf/, nlIft 

ahf/, k|j]z ul/Psf] ahf/nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ahf/ cfsf/ 

ljZn]if0f ug' {kg] { x'G5 . k|lt:kwL{sf] lsl;d, ;+Vof, Ifdtf, /0fgLlt, 

cjnDag u/]sf] xltof/, k|j[lQnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ k|lt:kwL{sf] 

:t/ ljZn]if0f ug' {kg] { x'G5 . ;f/df– sDkgLsf] p2]Zo, ;|f]t– 

;fwg, cjnDaGf ul/Psf] k|ljlw;Fu j:t' /0fgLlt, ljt/0f /0fgLlt, 

d"No gLlt, k|j¢{g gLlt, ahf/ sfo{qmdaLr tfbfTDotf ldnfO{ 

ug{ 'kg] { x'G5, ahf/ ljZn]if0f . 

-&_ s;/L ug] 

{{{{{ ahf/ lg0f{o < 

6]lnsd Joj;fosf x/sfo{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg lg0f{osf] 

dxTj ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . gofF ;]jf k:sFbf, eO/x]sf] ;]jf lj:tf/ 

ubf{, gofF k|ljlw leq\ofpFbf, gofF dx;'nb/ lgwf{/0f ubf{, ahf/ 

ljljwLs/0f ubf{, gofF kl/of]hgf rog ubf{ 7f]; lg0f{osf] 

vfFrf] x'G5 . 6]lnsdn] gofF ;]jf k:sFbf s:tf] l8hfgOsf] ;]jf 

k:sg] < s'g u'0f:t/sf] x'g] < s]–s:tf] ;]jf lbg] eGg] s'/f 

Product Mix sf qmddf ug'{kg]{ Decision xf] . slt d"No 

/fVg] < s]–s:tf 5'6 ;'ljwfx? lbg] < s:tf] d"No gLlt lng] < 

eGg] s'/f Price Mix sf qmddf ug'{kg]{ Decesion xf] . s'g 

ljt/0f dfWod 5gf]6 ug]{ < s'g–s'g e"uf]n;Ddsf] kx'Fr 

agfpg] < eGg] s'/f Plcace Mix sf qmddf ug'{kg]{ lg0f{o 

xf] . s:tf] lj1fkg ug]{ < s'g lsl;dsf] laqmL k|j¢{g ug]{ < 

s;/L hg;Dks{ ug]{ < s:tf] k|rf/k|;f/ ug] { < s]–s:tf 

laqmLkZrft\sf ;]jf k:sg] Promotion Mix sf qmddf ug' {kg] { 

Decision xf] . zL3|, ;xL, ;do;fk]If lg0f{o lng' cfkm} +df 

cToGt sl7g sfo{ x' Fb} xf] . lg0f{o xr'jf kf/fdf jf cg'dfgsf 

e/df ug' { vt/gfs x'G5 . 6]lnsd ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf qmddf 

lg0f{onfO{ tYok/s / j}1flgs agfpg Joj:yfkgn] u|fxs 

cfsf+Iff, o'lgox?sf] k/fdz{, ljut cg'ej, k|lt:kwL{sf] /0fgLlt, 

lj1 ;d"xsf] k/fdz{nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL ug' { pko'Qm x'G5 . 

Multiple Regression, Discrimintal Analysiss, Factor 

analysis, Cluster Analysis, Conjoint Analysis, 

Multidimensional Scaling tYok/s ahf/ lg0f{o lng 

pkof]uL cf}hf/x? x'g\ . oL cf}hf/nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfO{ ug' { 

pko'Qm x'G5, ahf/ lg0f{o . 

-*_ s:tf] 5 ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ < 

cfhsf] o'u k|lt:kwf{sf] o'u x' Fb} xf] . k|lt:kwf{ Joj;fo 

lj:tf/sf] k|d'v s8L / Jofj;flos hLjGttfsf] dha't cfwf/ 

klg xf] . b"/;~rf/ If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ ;/sf/L / lghL sDkgLx?aLr, 

kmd{x?aLr, ;]jf jf a|fG8sf] aLr -cfwf/e"t, df]afOn, u|fdL0f 

b"/;~rf/, lnld6 df]laln6L, 8f6f ;le{;_ dfq 5}g a? d"No, 

!%&

{ 



u'0f:t/, ;]jf lj:tf/, ahf/ k|j¢{g, ;]jfsf] ljljwLs/0f cflb 

;a} tx–tKsfdf 5 . 

k|lt:kwf{sf ;Gbe{df k|lt:kwL{sf] klxrfg klxnf] sfo{ xf] . 

Tof] 3fdh:t} 5n{ª\u} 5 . o'6LPn, :df6{ jf g]kfn :of6nfO6eGbf 

P]g;]n hx8L b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] )^* 

d+l;/;Ddsf] cfFs8fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf s'n ahf/sf] $%Ü ahf/ 

lx:;f;lxt, df]afOn ;]jfdf (,!!,!$@ / 8f6f ;]jfdf &,%^,$&% 

u|fxs 6]lnsdeGbf clws a6'ln;s]sf] 5 . 

6]lnsdsf] ahf/ lx:;f xTofpg', ahf/ g]t[Tj lng', Voflt 

lj:tf/ ug{ ' k|lt:kwL{sf] vfF6L p2]Zo 5 . Go"g d"Nosf] ;]jf, u|fXo 

;]jf, Jofks ljt/0f, u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf, ljzfn nufgL, Jofks 

k|j¢{g, Jofj;flos Joj:yfkg, gjk|jt{gLo k|lt:kwL{sf 

k|lt:kwf{Tds /0fgLlt b]lvPsf] 5 . 

k|lt:kwL{sf] p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, /0fgLlts cf}hf/nfO{ r'gf}tLsf] 

?kdf u|x0f u/L k|lt:kwf{df pqg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . k|lt:kwf{df 

pqg dfgj k' FhL k"0f{ kl/rflnt klxnf] s8L x' Fb} xf] . k|lt:kwL{sf] 

xfFssf cfwf/df ahf/ Joj:yfkg ljefun] Corporate, 

Division, Business, Product level sf] Strategic 

Business Plan nfO{ cem} wfl/nf] agfpg'kg] { b]lvG5 . 

-(_ ca s] ug' 

{k5{ < 

ca 6]lnsdlahg]; lxhf]sf] kf/fn] kf/ nfUg ;Sb}g . 

To;}n] sDkgLsf] Customer and market s'g xf] < Customer 

needs s] xf] < 6]lnsd ;]jfsf] positioning s:tf] x'g] < 

Market segmentation/Integration s;/L ug] {< service 

diversification sxfF–sxfF ug]{ < advertisement and 

sales promotion s:tf] x'g] < Market R. and D. s;/L ug] { < 

Customer retain s;/L ug] { < Strategic market policy 

lgdf{0f s;/L lgdf{0f ug] { < Long term customer loyalty 

winning k|fKt s;/L ug] { < Service leader, Quality Leader, 

Style leader, Technology Leader s;/L aGg] < ljifodf 

ahf/ Joj:yfkg ljefun] s7f]/ ;fwgf u/L :ki6 of]hgf jf 

b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . 

vf;u/L hg;Dks{, s:6d/ s]o/, #^% lbg ;]jf, !(&, 

!(*, !$(*, ;GWofsfnLg sfpG6/, P]gL sfpG6/ k], a} +s k]d]G6, 

k]d]G6 afO{ lk|k]8 sf8{ \;h:tf ljBdfg ;]jfx?nfO{ cem} r':t ub} 

n}hfg'k5{ . lkmS; 6]lnkmf]g dd{t, l;sfot h8fg, gfd;f/L 

7fpF;f/L, lan e'QmfgLnfO{ cem u|fxsd'vL agfpg'k5{ . hLP:fPd 

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ k|Tofe"t ub{ }, Go"g cfo:t/ ePsf u|fxsnfO{ 

pko'Qm x'g] ?= @)÷%) b/sf l/rfh{ sf8{ c6'6 kfg' {k5{ . 

l/d÷l;d, sn l8l6on cg l8dfG8 jf ljgf6G6f pknAw 

u/fpg'k5{ . k|lt:kwL{n] emF } k|To]s ;–;fgf l;6Lx?df 6]lnsd 

;]jf ;]G6/ :yfkgf u/L l;d÷l/d nfO;]G;, kf;kf]6{af6 jf o:t} 

k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df ;xh} u|fXo u/fpg'k5{ . sDkgLn] kl:sPsf 

;]jfx?sf] -424/1445, 3G, F&F, GPRS, CBRT, Notice Board 

Service, Pay Less Talk More, Corporate Connection 

Plan, Roaming, VAS, VMS, SMS, MMS, Call India, 

Call USA Pineless Recharge ) dx;'nb/ hfgsf/L lbg], 

ljz]iftf JofVof ug] {, ;"rgf lbg], k|of]u ug{ l;sfpg] a|f];/, 

a'n]l6g, km\n]S; x/ ;]N; sfpG6/df 6Gg /fVg'k5{ . k|lt:kwL{ 

;dfg jf ;f] eGbf 7"nf k|rf/ ;fdu|Lx? rf]s–rf]sdf, 3/sf 

5tx?df / cGo elh{g Pl/ofx? -rqmky, xfO{–j], eGHofª_ df 

/fVg'k5{ . ;g;gLk"0f{ k|j¢{g /0fgLlt c+lusf/ u/L ga'em]sf 

u|fxsnfO{ a'emfpg'k5{ . 5f]8]sf u|fxsnfO{ tfGg'k5{ . tflgPsf 

u|fxsnfO{ :yfoL kfg' {k5{ . 

"All knowledge that is divorced from justice must be called 

cunning rather than wisdom". 

– P.J.Saher on Zen-Yoga. 

!%*



sd{rf/L pTk| ]/0ffsf ;}4flGts kIfx? M ;Gbe{ 

g]kfn 6]lnsd 

clxn]sf] o'u eg]sf] Joj:yfksLo s'zntfsf] o'u xf], 

sDkgLsf lglb{i6 p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ rflxg] ;fwgx? Manpower, 

money, material, machine, method / information 

(5m + I) dWo] sDkgLdf lqmofzLn hgzlQm g} clgjfo{ / 

;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o:tf] hgzlQmaf6 clwstd k|ltkmn 

(output) lngsf nflu sd{rf/LnfO{ a9L ;Gt'li6, pTk| ]l/t Pj+ 

sfdk|lt nugzLn agfpg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fstf{ g]t[Tj txsf 

JolQmx?, lg0f{ostf{x? tyf Joj:yfkg g} xf] . sDkgLsf 

sd{rf/Lsf] ;'/Iff, pRr dgf]an, j[lQ ljsf;, lg0f{odf sd{rf/Lsf] 

;xeflutf tyf sfdk|ltsf] dfgjLo Jojxf/n] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 

sDkgLsf] p2]Zo Pj+ nIo k|flKtk|lt pGd'v u/fp“5 . pTk| ]/0ffsf] 

:t/ hlt al9 pRr eof] pTkfbsTj / sfo{;Gt'li6 klg Tolt g} 

a9g] ub{5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt pTk| ]/0ffsf] :t/ Go"g eof] eg] 

pTkfbsTj / dgf]an klg Go"g x'G5 . pRr pTk| ]/0ff / sfo{ 

;Gt'li6n] sd{rf/L cg'kl:ylt, sfdsf] a]jf:tf tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

c;Gt'li6x?nfO{ lg/fs/0f ub{5 . t;y{, sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pTk] |l/t 

ug' { jf sfo{;Dkfbgtkm{ OR5's tyf tof/ agfpg' Joj:yfkgsf] 

Ps dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . 

@! cf} + ztfAbLsf] Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v hf]8 eg]s} pTkfbsTj 

clej[l4 xf] . pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{ k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg 

ul/g' h?/L x'G5 eg] k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu sd{rf/Lx?df 

motivation rflxG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ sfdk|lt hf“u/, pT;fx, 

OR5f jf hfu?stf k}bf u/fpg p;nfO{ sfdk|lt pTk| ]l/t 

u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . motivation k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf] 

k"j{;t{ xf] . of] Pp6f JolQmsf] o:tf] cfGtl/s ;fx; xf], h;n] 

pQm JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfdk|lt ;lqmo t'NofOlbG5 . of] o:tf] 

cf}iflw xf] h;n] cN5Lkgf, lg/fzf, lgliqmotfh:tf /f]ux?sf] 

lgbfg ul/lbG5 . o; ;Gbe{df 8\o'u x\ofd/sf] syg ;fGble{s 

b]lvG5– "The main problem is not money, the core 

problem is man with performance." cyf{t\ hgzlQmn] 

pTk| ]l/t eO{ sfd u5{ eg] yf]/} ;fwgaf6 klg w]/} returns lbg 

;Sg] x' “bf Joj:yfkgsf] d"n ;d:of eg]s} k};f xf]Og dflg; xf] 

eGg] s'/f k|:6 x'G5 . 

pTk|]/0ffsf] kl/efiff M 

Motivation is an individual's willingness to exert 

effort to achieve the organization's goals, 

bLk]Gb| l;+x ;'gf/ 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| 

conditioned by this effort's ability to satisfy individual 

needs. 

s'g} JolQmsf] dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s cfjZostf jf cefj 

k"/f ug{sf nflu ul/g] lqmofsnfk cfr/0f jf Jojxf/nfO{ pTk| ]/0ff 

elgG5 . pTk|]/0ff eg]sf] s'g} sd{rf/L, p;n] ug]{ sfd / 

kl/l:yltaLrsf] cGt/lqmof xf] . o:tf efjgfn] sd{rf/LnfO{ yk 

sfo{ ug{ dgf]an (moral) k|bfg ub{5 . 

sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ffsf] k|lqmof M 

;fdfGotof sd{rf/L pTk| ]/0ffsf] lgDg k|lqmof x'g] ub{5 M 

goal accomplishment needs/motive satisfy 

Feedback 

action to satisfy needs motives 

tension physical physiological sociological 

unsatisfied needs motives 

k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf s]xL c;Gt'li6, cfjZostf jf pTs07f 

x'G5g\, h;n] p;nfO{ tgfj lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] tgfj ef}lts, 

dfgl;s jf ;fdflhs x'g ;S5 . o:tf] s'g} klg cfjZostfnfO{ 

k"/f ug{ s'g} g s'g} nIof]Gd'v lqmofsnfk ug' {kb{5 . o:tf] 

lqmofsnfkn] ;f] sd{rf/Ldf /x]sf] s'07f÷cfjZstfnfO{ k"/f 

ug' {kb{5 . ;f] cfjZostf k"/f ePdf sd{rf/L motivated x'G5 

/ k'gM gof“ cfjZostf l;h{gf x'G5 / k'gM ;f]xL k|lqmof rln/xG5 . s'g} 

sd{rf/L pTk| ]l/t x'g] jf gx'g] s'/f d'Vo?kdf JolQmut ljz]iftfx? 

-nIo, p2]Zo, ?lr, b[li6sf]0f, d"No–dfGotf, 1fgsf] tx, a'l4 / 

zf/Ll/s cj:yf cflb_, sfo{ ljz]iftfx? -sfo{9f“rf, lg0f{o, :jfoQtf 

cflb_, kl/l:ylthGo ljz]iftfx? -kf/:kl/s lxt, ljZjf;sf] 

jftfj/0f, hf]lvd, g]t[Tj, k'/:sf/ k|0ffnL cflb_ u/L k|d'v # 

kIfx?df e/ kb{5 . 

!%(


pTk|]/0ffsf lsl;dx? M 

;fdfGotof sd{rf/L pTk| ]/0ff lgDg x'G5g\ M 

Theories of Motivation 

!= Poositive & Negative Motivation 

Process-based theories 

- Equity theory of motivation 

- Expectancy theory 

- Reinforcement theory 

Need based/content theories 

- Moslow's Hierarchy of needs 

- Hergberg's motivation-Hygiene 

- ERG theory 

- McClelland's theory of needs 

- MC Gregor's theory X and Y 

k'/:sf/, k|z+;f, ;'ljwf, clwsf/, ;xeflutf, d'gfkmf, 

pko'Qm sfo{ jftfj/0f cflbdfkm{t sd{rf/Lx?df ;Gt'li6 hufO{ 

sfd ug]{ xf};nf, hf]; / hf“u/ clej[l4 ug'{ ;sf/fTds 

pTk| ]/0ff xf] eg] tna /f]Ssf, b08–;hfo“, 36'jf, ;?jf cflbdfkm{t 

8/, qf; / eo cflb l;h{gf u/L pTk|]l/t ug'{ gsf/fTds 

pTk]|/0ff xf] . 

@= Monetary & Non-monetary Motivation 

cfsif{s tna, af]g;, z]o/sf] Joj:yf, ladf, labf, 

pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f cflbh:tf df}lb|s nfeåf/f k|f]T;flxt 

ug'{ df}lb|s pTk|]/0ff xf] . lg0f{odf ;xeflutf, :jljj]ssf] 

k|of]u ug]{ cj;/, k|z+;f, dfGotf, clwsf/, j[lQ ljsf;sf 

cj;/, yk r'gf}tL / lhDd]jf/L cflbh:tf s'/fx?dfkm{t pTk| ]l/t 

ug' { u}/df}lb|s pTk| ]/0ff xf] . 

#= Individual & Group Motivation 

sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ JolQmut?kdf lbOg] k|z+;fkq, 

k|df0fkq, ;Ddfg cflbnfO{ JolQmut pTk|]/0ff elgG5 . sfddf 

;xeflutf, ljefuLo k'/:sf/, ;ldltx?sf] u7g cflbsf 

dfWodaf6 hufOg] ;d"x;“u ;DalGwt pTk|]/0ffnfO{ ;fd"lxs 

pTk|]/0ff elgG5 . 

$= Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation 

cfGtl/s pTk|]/0ff eg]sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf k|fKt x'g] 

;Gt'li6 xf] . s]xL sd{rf/L s'g} lglZrt sfddf Jo:t x'g] 

qmddf ;Gt'li6 k|fKt ub{5g\ eg] Tof] g} Internal Motivation 

xf] . External Motivation df eg] sfo{ ;dfKt u/]kl5 dfq 

JolQmn] ;Gt'li6 k|fKt ub{5 . hLjg ladf, labf, cltl/Qm 

kfl/>lds, k|z+;f cflb o;sf pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . 


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Jofjxfl/s kIf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;jfndf eGg'kbf{ Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

1fg, sf}zntf, bIftf / Ifdtfsf] plrt ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s]sf] 

kfO“b}g tyf sd{rf/L j[lQ ljsf;;DaGwL :ki6 k"jf{g'dfg of]Uo 

gLltsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . kmn:j?k, sd{rf/Lx?df g}/fZotf 

a9\g] tyf x/]s jif{ sd{rf/Lx? lghfdtL ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jfx?df 

s8f k|lt:kwf{df ;kmn eO{ hfg] qmd lg/Gt/ a9]/ uPsf] 5 eg] 

cWoogsf] axfgfdf ljb]lzg] qmd klg al9/x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5, 

h'g sDkgLsf] hgzlQmdfly ePsf] nufgLsf lx;fan] lgs} 

uDeL/ ljifo xf] . csf] {tkm{ x]g] { xf] eg] sDkgLdf s]xL ljs[ltx? 

klg df}nfp“b} uO/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . h:t}– clws /fhgLlts 

k|efj, sfo{–ljj/0fsf] cefj, sfo{–k'i6Ls/0fsf] Go"g cj;/, 

b08xLgtf a9\b} hfg', clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgdf sGh':ofO“, Ifdtf 

eP/ klg tNnf] txdf pQ/bfloTj k|bfg ug{ lxlRsrfpg' tyf 

sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t geO{ xflh/d'vL tna k|0ffnLh:tf 

k/Dk/fut sfo{–;+:s[ltx? xfaL ePsf] sf/0fn] sDkgLdf 

lqmofzLn bIf hgzlQmx?sf] ;d"xdf c;Gt'li6 al9/x]sf] 5 . 

h'g sDkgLsf nflu r'gf}tLsf] ljifo klg xf] . To;}n] o; vfnsf 

k|j[lQ tyf sfo{–;+:s[ltnfO{ sDkgL Joj:yfkgn] a]n}df ljleGg 

;'wf/sf pkfox? h:t}– ;+:yfut j[lQljsf; of]hgf, Ifdtfsf 

cfwf/df lhDd]jf/Lsf] af“8kmf“8, lgod–ljlgodsf] cIf/z kfngf, 

3'DtL ;?jf k|0ffnL, j}b]lzs tflnd, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] plrt 

d"Nof+sg, a9'jf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf lgikIftfsf] cjnDagh:tf 

kIfx?nfO{ ckgfO{ cfjZos ;Daf]wg ul/g' sDkgL tyf 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu lgtfGt cfjZos e};s]sf] 5 . 

b]zs} Ps gDa/ ;+:yfsf] ?kdf kl/lrt /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsd 

-g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8_ /fHosf] (@=% k|ltzt z]o/ 

/x]sf] ;+:yf xf] . To;}n] /fHon] klg sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] 

pTk| ]/0ffsf] ;jfndf Wofg lbg'kg] { x'G5 . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt 

pkNnf]:t/af6 cgfjZos x:tIf]k, of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf afwf, 

;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgsf] cefj, kb:yfkg tyf ;?jfdf 

gLltut Joj:yf ug' {sf] ;§f gftfjfb, s[kfjfbsf cfwf/df bafa 

l;h{gf ul/g'n] yk ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsddf sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ 6]lnsdsdL{ / Joj:yfkgsf] 

;xsfo{df sDkgLdf /x]sf ;an kIfx?nfO{ Wofg lbO{ b'j} kIfx?k|lt 

;dod} ;r]t / k|lt:kwL{ x'g' h?/L 5 . xfnsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds 

ahf/, ;]jfu|fxLaLr /x]sf] ;]jf 5GFF]6sf] cj;/, lgoldt ?kdf 

/x]sf] 36\bf] dx;'n tyf c:jfefljs d"No j[l4b/sf sf/0fn] 

cy{tGqdf k/]sf] c;/sf afah'b klg sDkgL cfly{s ?kdf ;'b[9 

/ ;an /x]sf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf klg ;kmn /lx/xg sDkgLn] 

gjLg k|ljlwsf] cjnDag, ;]jf lj:tf/sf] nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] 

ljsf; tyf ;sf/fTds ljQLo cfwf/h:tf kIfx?nfO{ cjnDag 

!^)

{ 


ug' {kg] { b]lvG5 . o;f] u/]df sDkgL lg/Gt/?kdf ;kmntfsf yk 

z[ª\vnf cf/f]x0f ug{ ;Ifd x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}n] sDkgLsf] 

jt{dfg cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;an cfly{s l:ylt / eljiodf x'g] 

;kmn ;sf/fTds l:yltk|lt ;Dk"0f{ 6]lnsdsdL{ / Joj:yfkg 

hfu?s x'g'kb{5 . s'n hg;+Vofsf] #&=(% k|ltztdf dfq ;~rf/ 

;]jfsf] kx' “r /x]sf]n] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ahf/ lj:tf/sf] ;Defjgf 

k|r'/ /x]sf] 5 . oxL kl/k| ]Iosf cfwf/df g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ 

cufl8 a9fpg sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgn] ;xsfo{ 

u/L of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/]df sDkgLsf] eljio ;'lglZrt x'g] 

lglZrt 5 . t/ o; sfo{sf] nflu sd{rf/Lx? pTk| ]l/t x'g' 

cfjZos b]lvG5 . To;}n] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ pTk| ]l/t agfO{ a9LeGbf 

a9L pknlAw lng Joj:yfkg kIfn] lg/Gt/ cWoog–cg';Gwfg 

ug'{ h?/L 5 . lsgls …jf:tjdf pTk|]/0ff ;fdflhs Joj:yfkg 

lj1fgsf] To:tf] Pp6f ultzLn zfvf xf], h'g Joj:yfksLo 

jftfj/0f, sfdbf/sf] cj:yf, sDkgLsf] Ifdtf, pTkfbg 

tyf k'/:sf/ jf cGo ;x–k|0ffnL (Sub-System) ;“usf] 

cGt/;DaGwaf6 lgb]{lzt x'G5 .Ú cj:yf, kl/l:ylt / 

rfxgfcg';f/ pTk|]/0ffsf ;fwgx? km/s–km/s x'G5g\ . To;}n] 

elgG5– Pp6f JolQmsf] vfgf csf]{ JolQmsf] nflu ljif klg 

x'g ;S5 (One Man's Food may be poison for 

another)' oL ;a} kIfx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/L pTk|]/0ffsf 

;fwgx?sf] cjnDag u/L Joj:yfkg ;Ifd x'g ;Sg'kb{5 . 

pRr dgf]an / pTk|]l/t sd{rf/Lju{n] dfq sDkgLsf nIonfO{ 

;kmn kfg{ / u'0f:t/ tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4df ;3fp k'¥ofpg 

;Sg] x'“bf sDkgLnfO{ cem a9L ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns tyf 

u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jfk|bfos agfpg pTk|]/0ffsf] l;4fGt 

(Principle of Motivation) nfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf cfTd;ft\ 


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;Gbe{df pTk|]/0ffsf l;4fGtsf] 

;fGble{stf 

g]kfnsf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, lghL If]qsf sd{rf/Lsf] 

pTk| ]/0ffsf] l:yltaf/]df 5'§} ljz]if cWoog ePsf] e/kbf] { tYof+s 

sxL“ st} kfOPsf] 5}g t/ ;fdfGo cjnf]sg / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df 

x]bf{ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t s'g l;4fGtsf] k|of]uaf6 sd{rf/L 

pTk| ]/0ff ;xh x'g ;S5 eGg] tYo kQf nufpg km/s–km/s 

sDkgL, pBf]u, If]q / cj:yfcg';f/ km/s–km/s l;4fGtnfO{ 

cWoog u/L x]g' { h?/L 5 . Moslow's sf] cfjZostf;DaGwL 

pTk| ]/0ffsf] l;4fGtsf] l:ylt x]bf{ Nepal Telecom sf sd{rf/Lsf] 

Job Security ;DaGwL cfjZostfeGbf dflyNnf] txsf 

cfjZostf k"/f x' “bf dfq pTk| ]l/t x'g] cj:yf 5 . k|lt:kwL{ 

;]jfk|bfos sDkgL / g]kfn 6]lnsdaLrsf] t'ngf ubf{ sd{rf/Lsf] 


klxnf] txsf] cfjZostf ;Gt'i6 ug{ Basic Need g} k"/f ug' {kg] 

cj:yf 5 . sDkgLsf pRr txsf sd{rf/Lx?n] kfpg] tna eQf 

/ ;'ljwf kof{KteGbf a9L ePsfn] Status, recognition, 

prestige, advancement h:tf tTj k|fKt ePdf dfq pRr 

txsf sd{rf/L pTk| ]l/t x'g] cj:yf b]lvG5 eg] tNnf] / dWod 

txsf sd{rf/L Basic Needs k"/f ePdf g} pTk| ]l/t x'g] cj:yf 

5 . dflg;sf] :jefj g} a9L ;]jf–;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg] 

ePsf]n] g]kfndf dfq geO{ ;+;f/e/ g} sd{rf/Lx? a9L ;]jf– 

;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ vf]Hg] / k|fKt ePdf lglZrt ;do;Dd pTk| ]l/t 

x'g] tTkZrft\ k'gM yk ;'ljwf dfUg] ub{5g\ . ;f]xL cg';f/sf] 

k|lqmof bf]xf]l//xg] ub{5 . 

Process Based Theories ;Gbe{df ;d]t :ki6 Ps}gf;sf] 

k|lqmofaf6 sd{rf/Lx? pTk| ]l/t x'g] s'/} ePg . Equity theory 

n] ck]Iff u/]h:tf] Refrent ;a} sd{rf/Ln] dgdg} x]/]sf] jf 

t'ngf u/]sf x'G5g\ t/ dflyNnf] txsf Joj:yfksn] tNnf] txsf 

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;f] k|sf/sf] t'ngfTds efjgf a'em] klg To;nfO{ 

;dfwfg ul/lbg ;Sg] k"0f{ x}l;ot ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 

sDkgLdf ;Dej b]lv“b}g eg] lghL If]qdf k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0f 

;dfgtfsf] kIf k|foM uf}0f /xg] u/]sf] 5 . 

Joj:yfkgsf s'g} klg l;4fGt, cf}hf/, tf}/tl/sfsf] k|fof]lus 

;Totf kl/l:ylthGo x'g] ub{5 . Pp6} b]z÷sDkgL÷;+:yf÷pBf]udf 

pko'Qm ePsf] l;4fGt, cf}hf/, tf}/tl/sf csf]{ 

b]z÷sDkgL÷;+:yf÷pBf]udf pko'Qm x'G5 g} eGg] 5}g . o;sf 

nflu ;+:yfsf] cfsf/, Joj;fosf] k|j[lQ, g]t[Tjsf] dgf]lj1fg 

tyf k|sf/, tNnf] tyf dWod txsf sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf, 

;xeflutf cflbdf e/ kb{5 . To;} u/L sd{rf/Lsf] 

cfjZostfsf] :t/ / ;f]rfO klg Pp6} x'“b}g . Ps} txsf 

sd{rf/Ldf klg s;}sf] Basic Need a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eg] 

s;}sf] Secondary Need a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t;y{ 

Joj:yfksLo e"ldsfdf /xg] kbflwsf/L tyf sDkgLsf] p2]Zo 

k"/f x'g] u/L sd{rf/L pTk|]l/t ug'{kb{5 . sd{rf/L pTk|]l/t 

eO/xg] cj:yf ePdf sd{rf/Ln] sDkgL 5fGg] cg'kft 36\g], 

uon x'g] jf l9nf] cfpg], rf“8f] hfg] k|j[lQ sd x'“b} hfg] / 

;du|df nIo k|flKtd} c;/ kg]{ x'“bf pRr txsf Joj:yfksnfO{ 

o;af/]df 1fg x'g' h?/L 5 . cGTodf– tNnf] / dflyNnf] 

txsf sd{rf/LaLr ;f}xfb{k"0f{ cGt/JolQm ;DaGw /xg], b'j}tkm{ 

;~rf/ x'g], g]t[Tj k|hftflGqs x'g], cgf}krfl/s ;+u7gnfO{ klg 

k|fyldstfdf /fvL Jojxf/ ug] { ePdf h'g;'s} sd{rf/LnfO{ klg 

pTk| ]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 . 

dipendra.sunar@ntc.net.np 

g]kfn /fli6«o sd{rf/L ;+u7g (NEON), 

g]kfn 6]lnsd, s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:o 

!^!

{ 



g]kfn 6]lnsdsf r'gf}tLx? M Ps rrf{ 

ljZjdf lghLs/0f tyf pbf/Ls/0fsf] nx/ rn]sf] avt 

g]kfnsf s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? klg lghLs/0f x'g k'u] . 

o;/L lghLs/0f ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?dWo] s]xLsf] d[To' 

eO;s]sf] 5 eg] s]xL d[To'j/0fsf] glhs k'u]/ klg pkrf/ 

u/fO/x]sf 5g\ / cf} +nfdf uGg ;lsg] s]xL dfq ;fj{hlgs 

;+:yfgx? lghLs/0fkl5 klg xfn;Dd :j:y 5g\ . tL dWo]sf] 

Pp6f g]kfn 6]lnsd klg xf] . o; sDkgLn] lghLs/0fcl3 h;/L 

;/sf/L 9's'6Ldf ;a}eGbf a9L /fh:j a'emfpg] ub{Yof] . cfhsf 

ldltdf klg To;sf] lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg ;kmn 5 . o; 

sDkgLn] ;/sf/L 9's'6Ldf 7"nf] wg/fzL a'emfP tfklg sDkgL 

ePsf] jiff} + lalt;Sbf klg s8f k|lt:kwf{df /x]sf] o; sDkgLsf] 

nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g 7"nf] afwssf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . 

;/sf/L cfof]hgfx?sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b 

P]gnfO{ s8f k|lt:kwf{af6 u'h|]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsddfly nfb\g 

vf]lhPsf] 5 . sDkgL P]gcGtu{t ;~rflnt o; sDkgLn] h;/L 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 9's'6Ldf 7"nf] wg/fzL a'emfO/x]sf] 5, To;/L 

g} g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg o;sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu 

;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 . ;/f]sf/jfnf dGqfnox?n] 

o; sDkgL d}qL P]g–lgod agfO{ o;nfO{ k|lt:kwf{of]Uo agfpg' 

lgtfGt h?/L 5 . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf 

pRr kbflwsf/Lx?sf] pkl:ylt 5 . sDkgLsf] cfhsf] cfjZostf 

/ sDkgLn] ;fdgf u/]sf r'gf}tLx?sf] af/]df oL 

;~rfnsHo"x?eGbf a9L 1fg s;nfO{ 5 / < sDkgLsf 

cWoIfnufotsf ax'dt ;~rfnsx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf dflyNnf 

cf]xf]bfsf kbflwsf/L eP/ klg o; sDkgLsf] nflu d}qL P]g 

sfg'g aGg g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] < s] o;;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf 

kbflwsf/L tyf dGqfnox?n] Odfgbf/ k|of; u/]s} x'g\ t < 

o; sDkgLn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, lgod 

/ sDkgLsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df 

cfof]hgfx? ;~rfngsf] nflu vl/b k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] 

qmddf k6s–k6s ;fj{hlgs vl/b OsfO, clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]u / ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] cWoog– 

cg';Gwfgsf] dfu{af6 u'h|g'kl//x]sf] 5 . o;/L nfdf] ;do;Dd 

cWoog–cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf /x]/ cufl8 a9\g] cfof]hgfx?sf] 

nfut a9\g], k|ltkmndf l9nfO x'g] / k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfdf Jofks 

x|f; cfpg] ub{5 . ljåfg\ hgk|ltlglwx?n] el/Psf] ;fj{hlgs 

n]vf ;ldlt tyf ljåfg\ kbflwsf/Lx? ePsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]u;d]tn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ sDkgLx?sf] nflu 

5'§} P]g–lgod agfpg lgb] {zg lbPsf] b]lv“b}g . s] b]z / b]zjf;Lsf] 

ljsf;sf] nflu Odfgbf/Lk"j{s nfluk/]sf] o; sDkgLk|lt g]kfn 

;gfpNnfx vfg 

pk–k|aGws 

PS;]; g]6js{ Knflgª ljefu, 5fpgL 

;/sf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] s'g} 

lhDd]jf/L aGb}g < 

sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] Joj:yfkgsf] l;kmfl/;df 

to u/]sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdcg';f/sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ pRr 

Joj:yfkgdf a:g] sDkgLsf kbfwsf/Lx?n] to ug] { /0fgLltsf] 

7"nf] dxTj /xG5 . s] nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu xfdLn] ckgfPsf 

/0fgLltx? 7Ls 5g\ t < s] /0fgLltcg';f/ xfdLn] nIo xfl;n 

ug{ ;s]sf 5f} + t < ;kmn tyf c;kmn /0fgLltsf] klxrfg u/L 

cufl8 a9\g' h?/L 5 . cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] tf]lsPsf] 

;dofjlwleq nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu Aggressive /0fgLltsf] . 

;xL /0fgLltsf] th' {dfsf] ;fy;fy} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ nIo tyf 

k|fyldstfsf] 1fg u/fpg', pgLx?nfO{ To;df ;xefuL agfpg' 

/ ltgnfO{ To;sf] nflu cfjZos tflndx? lbg' / JolQmx?nfO{ 

pgLx?n] :jLsf/ u/]sf lhDd]jf/Lk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg' h?/L 

5 . xfd|f cfhsf cfof]hgfx? ljleGg sf/0fn] ;doleq ;DkGg 

x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;df klg afx\o sf/0fx? xfd|f] lgoGq0fdf 

5}gg\ / cfGtl/s sf/0fx?sf] klxrfg cfjZos 5 . cfof]hgfx?sf] 

;do;fk]If nIo xfl;n ug{ s] xfdL;“u kof{Kt ;+;fwfg 5g\ t < 

s] oL ;+;fwgx? sDkgLn] g} /fVg' h?/L 5 t < sDkgL;“u ePsf] 

;+;fwgn] ug{ Eofpg] sfd sDkgL cfkm} +n] ug{ k|of; ug' {k5{ eg] 

sDkgLsf] ;+;fwfgn] gEofpg] sfo{ Out-Sourcing ljlwaf6 

u/fP/ sDkgLsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ 'k5{ . ;+;fwfgsf] sdL b]vfp“b} 

nIodf g} ;Demf}tf ug' { 7Ls dfGg ;lsGg . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 

g]6js{ cfof]hgfsf sfo{x?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;/L ;xL /0fgLlt 

agfO{ cfof]hgfx?sf] cjlw 36fpg ;s]df nfut;d]t 36\g 

uO{ /fh:j j[l4 x'g] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g . 

sDkgLsf] csf] { t/ pNn]Vo ;d:of ;do;fk]If k'gM;+/rgf 

x'g g;Sg' xf] . sDkgLsf k'/fgf ljefux? h:tfsf] To:t} sfod 

/x]/ s]xL gof“ lgb] {zgfnox? Vff]lnP . o;af6 sfo{sf] af“8kmf“8df 

!^@

{ 

{{ 

{ 


;d:of b]lvg'sf ;fy} sltko sfo{x? w]/}lt/af6 x'g vf]Hbf 

Resource sf] Duplication eO{ sDkgLn] cgfjZos cfly{s 

ef/ axg ug' {kg] { cj:yf 5 eg] sDkgLsf sltko sfo{sf] :ki6 

lhDd]jf/L s;}nfO{ 5}g . Monopoly cj:yfsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ 

k|lt:kwf{sf] cj:yfdf n}hfgsf nflu ljleGg cWoog Report 

x? tof/ cj:yfdf 5g\ t/ tL nfu" x'g g;Sg'sf] sf/0f cfh;Dd 

;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5}g . Restructuring model x?n] sDkgLsf] 

Corporate Office tyf Business Unit x?sf cu'jfx?sf] 

e"ldsfnfO{ :ki6 kl/eflift ug] { k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} sDkgLsf] 

lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx?;“u Service Level Aggrement ug{sf] 

nflu ;d]t dfu{ k|z:t u/]sf 5g\ . k'gM ;+/rgfs} cefjn] xf]nf 

sDkgLsf sltko hgzlQmnfO{ sfdsf] Overload 5 eg] slt 

sfdljxLg 5g\ . sDkgLsf] nIo k|flKtdf b]lvPsf] ;d:ofn] klg 

:ki6 OlËt ub{5 ls sDkgLsf] :j?k, ;+/rgf / k|lqmof o;sf] 

nIod'tflas 5}g . ;fy} ljefux? / ltgsf sfd ug] { l6dx?n] 

Pp6} ;femf nIo k|flKtsf nflu sfd u/]sf] kfO“b}g . 

g]kfn 6]lnsd s]a'n g]6js{sf] If]qdf cfhsf] ldltdf klg 

sl/a PSnf] ;]jfk|bfos 5 . o; sDkgLn] sf7df8f} +df Optical 

Fiber Link gAa]sf] bzssf] dWodf g} :yfkgf ul/;s]sf] lyof] 

eg] cfhsf] ldltdf b]zsf ljleGg 7fp“df o;sf] /fd| } ;~hfn 

5 . o:tf] ;~hfn ePsf] sf7df8f} + pkTosfnufotsf :yfg?df 

;d]t NT sf BTS x? Optical Fiber df k"0f{?kn] cfa4 eO{ 

g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . hals NT sf] k|lt:kwL{ sDkgL Ncell sf] 

Oltxf; xfd|f] cf“vf;fd'Gg] 5 / o;sf ;Dk"0f{ BTS x? -clt 

ljs6df /x]sfafx]s_ Optical Fiber ;~hfndf cfa4 5g\ . 

Pl/on s]a'nsf] ;~hfn agfpg] sfddf NT sf] NTA ;“usf] 

;xsfo{sf] Oltxf; 5 . NTA n] ;'ud / zx/L If]qdf g]kfn 

6]lnsdnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+/rgf k|of]uaf6 jl~rt u/fPsf] s'g} pbfx/0f 

5}g . cfhsf] ldltdf NTA ;+/rgf k'u]sf] nueu ;a} :yfgx?df 

NT afx]ssf sDkgLx? ljif]z u/]/ Ncell n] ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] 

;+/rgfdf /flvPsf] Optical Cable af6 cfk\mgf] BTS rnfPsf 

5g\ . jiff} +sf] ;xofqL g]kfn 6]lnsd hf] cfhsf] ljB't\ ljsf; 

sfo{df ;d]t NTA ;“u ;xsfo{ ub} { 5 . o:tf] k[i7e"ld x' “bfx' “b} 

o; sDkgLaf6 k|flws/0fs} kbflwsf/Lx?;“usf] 5nkmnaf6 to 

ul/Psf] 11KV / 33 KV nfOgdf lj:tf/ ul/g] ADSS 

of]hgfsf] :jLs[ltdf NTA af6 ljnDa ePsf] b]lv“b} 5 . oxf“g]/ 

k|Zg s] p7\5 eg] s'g} ;Demf}tf gu/L Fiber tfGg]x?nfO{ klg 

NTA n] /f]s]sf] 5}g / NT sf] g]6js{ lj:tf/sf] qmddf ;d]t 

ljutdf NTA af6 afwf–c8\rg ePsf] 5}g eg] cfh :jLs[lt 

lbg st} p;sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ c;xh t dx;'; ePsf] xf]Og < 

ljgfs'g} :jLs[lt g]6js{ k|of]u ug{ lbg] NTA n] g]6js{sf] 

dx;'n / Fiber df ;d]t lx:;f kfp“bf kfp“b} lsg o; sfo{df 

?lr gb]vfPsf] xf]nf t < ADSS ;~hfn d'n'ssf] ljs6 :yfgx?df 


k'Ubf To:tf 7fp“x? tyf ?6df kg] { :yfgx?;d]t clK6sn kmfOa/ 

;~hfndf cfO{ ;]jf lj:tf/df ;xh x'g'sf] ;fy} ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df 

;d]t j[l4 x'g] eO{ cfo;d]t a9\g] b]lvG5 . o; sfo{df NT n] 

plrt /0fgLlt ckgfpg' h?/L 5 . 

sDkgLsf] gLlt tyf /0fgLltsf] s'/f ubf{ NT sf] Jofkf/ 

gLlt / /0fgLltdf klg plrt tfnd]n b]lv“b}g . cfhsf] ldltdf 

cfP/ klg xfdLn] u|fxssf] dfucg';f/ ;]jf lbg ;ls/x]sf 

5}gf} + . xfd|f] ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, hals xfd|f 

k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx? Aggressive 9+un] cfk\mgf] ;]jf a]Rg tNnLg 

5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;]jf ;j{;'ne tyf lg/Gt/ 5 . oL sDkgLx?sf] 

Marketing eg]sf] lj1fkg dfq klg xf]Og . logn] cfk\mgf] 

Marketing Strategy df klg w]/} s'/f ldnfP/ cufl8 a9]sf 

5g\, h'g ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L ePs} xf] . pgLx? National tyf 

International Business df ;d]t Jojl:yt 9+un] cufl8 

a9]sf 5g\ . Market Research sf] sfo{ lg/Gt/ eO{ ;]jfsf] 

lj:tf/ tyf Jofkf/ x'g'kg] { NT af6 Totflt/ klg kof{Kt sfo{ 

ePsf] kfO“b}g . zfob o:tf] x'g'df ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf geP/ g} 

xf]nf . ;]jfsf] ahf/df lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu Jofkf/ Joj:yfkgaf6 

x'g'kg] { kof{Kt dfu / lbzflgb] {z gePsf] b]lvG5 . 

s8f k|lt:kwf{af6 u'lh|/x]sf] o; sDkgLn] /fHoaf6 kfpg'kg] 

;xof]u / ;dy{g kfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf Pp6f csf] { cfzfsf] 

ls/0f eg] Strategic Partner sf] cfudg xf] . Strategic 

Partner sf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfns 

;ldltaf6 lg0f{o;d]t eO{ ;~rf/ dGqfnodfkm{t cy{ dGqfnodf 

k7fOPsf] nfdf] cjlw lalt;Sbf klg s'g} lg0f{o ePsf] 5}g . 

o;;DaGwdf ;+;b\sf] n]vf ;ldltn] ;d]t lgb] {zg lbPsf] kfOG5 . 

sDkgLsf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] ePsf] avt dfq Strategic Partner 

sf] cfsif{0f x'g] ePsf]n] o;;DaGwdf x'g'kg] { lg0f{o cljnDa x'g' 

h?/L 5 . 

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ jiff} +b]lv ;aeGbf a9L /fh:j a'emfpg] 

cu'jf sDkgL g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;xof]uL x'g] P]g–lgod agfpg 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] tTk/tf b]vfpg' h?/L 5 . sDkgLsf] ljsf; 

cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 x'g] afwf–c8\rg 36fpg / 

k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0fdf sDkgLsf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;sf] ;d]t g]kfn 

;/sf/n] g} cfjZos jftfj/0f agfpg h?/L 5 . ljB't\ 

k|flws/0fh:tf lgsfox?;“u ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{ ug{sf nflu 

dflyNnf txsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf Pp6f ;lqmo tyf :yfoL 

k|s[ltsf] ;ldlt x'g';d]t h?/L 5 . sDkgLn] cfhsf] k|lt:kwL{ 

jftfj/0fcg'?k cfk\mgf] Restructuring ub} { nIo k|flKtsf] nflu 

gLlt tyf /0fgLlt tof/ u/L To;cg'?k cfk"m;“u ePsf] 

Resources nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . sDkgLsf] Jofkf/ 

gLltn] lj:tf/ gLltnfO{ 8f]¥ofpg] lx;fan] /0fgLlt tof/ u/L 

nIo k|flKt ug' { cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . 

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lgMz'Ns 1fg af“8\b} ljlskLl8of 

tkfO{+n] OG6/g]6df s'g} ljifodf u'un jf cGo ;r{ 

rnfpg'eof] eg] To; ljifosf ljleGg n]vx¿ b]vf k5{g\, 

h;dWo] Pp6f g Pp6f lnÍ ljlslkl8ofsf] kfpg'x'G5 . lsgls 

ljlslkl8of o:tf] j]a;fO6 xf] h;df ;DejtM ljZjsf ;a} 

ljifosf ;Gb]z jf n]vx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . tL klg ljZjsf 

k|foh;f] ;a} efiffdf . 

tkfO{ +nfO{ ljZjf; gnfUg ;S5, To;df g]kfnsf emG8} $ 

xhf/ uflj; / ;o j6f gu/kflnsfsf] af/]sf s]xL g s]xL 

;"rgfx¿ 5g\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, tkfO{ + o;df g]kfnsf ;of} 

;–;fgf ufpFj:tLsf af/]df klg n]vx¿ k9\g ;Sg'x'G5 . 

tkfO{ +n] oL n]vx¿ c+u| ]hL efiffdf xf]nfg\ eG7fGg' ePsf] xf] 

eg] Tof] cf+lzs dfq ;xL x'G5 . c+u| ]hLdf t 5g\ g}, ;Fu;Fu} 

g]kfndf af]lng] g]kfnL, g]jf/L / ef]hk'/L efiffdf klg o:tf 

hfgsf/L k]hx¿ k9\g ;lsG5 . ca cg'dfg ug{ 'xf];\, ljZje/sf 

s]–slt ljifodf / s]–slt efiffdf o;n] hfgsf/L lbFbf] xf]< 

;g\ @))! sf] hgj/L !% df klxnf] k6s ljlslkl8ofsf] 

k]hdf Hello World! n]Vbf lhDdL j]N;n] zfob ;f]r]sf lyPgg\ 

xf]nf ls Ps lbg of] g} ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o j]a;fO6 x'g]5 . 

;fFlRrs} clxn] ljZjdf ;a}eGbf w]/} vf]lng] % OG6/g]6 

j]a;fO6dWo] ljlslkl8of Ps aGg k'u]sf] 5 . 

o; jif{ hgj/L !% df g]kfnL ljlslkl8of sDo'lg6Ln] 

ljsLsf] !!cf} + hGdf]T;j g]kfndf klg Ps sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf 

u/L dgfof] . 

To; lbg g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo, kqsfl/tf / k|ljlw If]qsf 

uGodfGo JolQmx¿n] g]kfnL ljlslkl8ofdf n]vx¿ n]Vg] / 

;Dkfbg ug] {;d]t sfo{ u/] . g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgsf k|f1, 6]lnsdsf 

;"rgf k|ljlw lgb] {zsb]lv lnP/ gofF k':tfsf sndlzNkL kqsf/ 

/ efiffsdL{x¿ e]nf eP/ g]kfnL efiffsf] ljlslkl8ofsf] ljsf; 

ug] { s'/f u/] . 

k|fWofks dfwj kf]v/]nnufotsf efiffsdL{n] cfkm"x¿ 

OG6/g]6nufotsf gjLgtd k|ljlwdf sdhf]/ ePsf] :jLsf/]gg\ 

dfq, o'jfx¿n] g]kfnL efiffsf] ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ug] { lhDdf 

lnPsf]df v'zL klg JoQm u/] . t/ efiff k9\b} gk9]sf 7]6\gfx¿sf] 

9+u gk'Ubf wf]tL v':sg] u/]sf] tLtf] oyfy{ klg pgn] cf} +NofP . 

utjif{sf] ljsL-!! b]lv g} ljlslkl8ofn] g]kfnL ;Gbe{ 

;fdu|L lgMz'Ns k:sg] u/]sf] a'em]sf k|fWofks t'n;L lbj; / 

k|f1 ;'nf]rgf dfgGw/ Ps jif{df !! xhf/ ljifosf yk n]v yKg 

;s]sf] yfxf kfpFbf xlif{t b]lvGy] . ljsL–!! b]lvotfsf] Ps 

jif{df g]kfnL ljlslkl8ofn] pNn]vgLo ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . 

u0f]z kf}8]n 

;"rgf k|ljlw lgb] {zgfno 

s] xf] ljlslkl8of < 

ljlslkl8of ax'efifL j]adf cfwfl/t :jtGq / v'nf 1fgsf]z 

xf] . ljlslkl8of zAb Nofl6g cd]l/sL efiffsf] ljsL-ljsL eGg] 

zAbaf6 cfPsf] xf], h;sf] cy{ x'G5 l56f]–l56f] . t/ clxn] 

o;sf] cy{ w]/} hgfn] ;xsfo{df j]a;fO6 tof/ ug] { k|ljlw eGg] 

nfU5 . ljsL / OG;fOSnf]lkl8of hf]l8P/ ljlslkl8of ag]sf] xf] . 

ljlslkl8ofdf :jo+;]jsx¿af6 n]vx¿ n]lvG5 . o;sf w]/}h;f] 

n]vx¿ OG6/g]6df kx'Fr ePsf hf]–sf]xLn] klg kl/jt{g ug{ 

;S5g\ . 

ljlslkl8ofdf n]v–/rgfx¿ of]ubfg lbg] ;a} JolQmx¿ 

:jo+;]jL -Volunteer_ x'g\ . ljlslkl8ofdf ljgfs'g} kfl/>lds 

n]v–/rgf n]Vg] :jo+;]jLsf] ;+Vof clxn] bzf} + nfv k'u]sf] 5 . 

h;n] klg ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;df ePsf hfgsf/L 

ljj/0fx¿ e/kbf{ x' Fb}gg\ eGg] cfnf]rgf ljlslkl8ofn] v]Kb} 

cfO/x]sf] 5 . 

kqsf/ j;Gt a:g]t ufnL ug] {x¿n] klg ljlslkl8of grnfO{ 

a:g g;Sg] atfpF5g\ . kqsf/x¿sf nflu ljsL ;a}eGbf a9L 

k|of]u ul/g] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ePsf] pgsf] cg'ej 5 . lrlgofF 

k|wfgdGqLsf] e|d0fsf] a]nf pgsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng ;a}n] 

ljlslkl8of u'xf/]sf] bfaL pgsf] 5 . 

cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/tfsf k|fWofks /fds[i0f /]UdL 

ljlslkl8ofn] ljZje/sf efiffdf ;fdu|L lbPsf]n] w]/}n] o;nfO{ 

k5\ofpg] u/]sf] t/ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf p4[t gug] { u/]sf] 

atfpF5g\ . cg';Gwfg kIf sdhf]/ b]lvPsfn] o;f] ePsf] pgsf] 

a'emfO 5 . t/ g]kfnL efiffsf k|fWofks 8f= dfwjk|;fb kf]v/]n 

c¿ s'g} ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ge]§fOPsf] cj:yfdf ljlslkl8ofnfO{ 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf p4[t ug{ ;lsg] atfpF5g\ . 

z'¿df o;sf] ;e{/ cd]l/sfsf] k\mnf]l/8f /fHodf hf]l8Psf] 

lyof] . kl5 PD:68{d / sf]l/ofsf] ;f]ndf klg yk ;e{/x¿ 

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hf]l8Psf 5g\ . g]kfndf klg o;sf] Sof; ;e{/ /fVgsf nflu 

ljlsldl8of / g]kfn 6]lnsdaLr jftf{ e}/x]sf] 5 . 

ljlslkl8ofsf k|foh;f] ;a} k[i7x?nfO{ OG6/g]6sf] kx' Fr 

ePsf h;n] klg kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5 . ;g\ @))! df lhDdL j]N; 

/ nf/L :ofGu/n] z'?cft u/]sf] of] OG6/g]6 ;fO6 ljZjsf] 

;a}eGbf 7"nf] / k|Voft ;Gbe{ ;du|L xf] . g]kfndf klg 

ljlslkl8ofsf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} k|of]u x' Fb} cfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L 

s'g} klg ljifosf] hfgsf/L kfpg] / cfkm"nfO{ yfxf ePsf] 

ljifodf hf];'s}n] klg n]v n]Vg jf ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] 

ljlslkl8ofsf] nf]slk|otf a9]sf] xf] . hf];'s}n] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sg] 

eP tfklg cfk\mgf] efiffsf] ljsLdf s;n] s] gofF kl/jt{g u¥of] 

eg]/ k|aGwsx¿n] x]l//x]sf x'G5g\ . unt ;fdu|L /flvPdf t'?Gt} 

pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ ;RofpF5g\ . 

ljlslkl8ofn] clxn];Dd cfk\mgf] k]hdf s'g} klg sdl;{on 

lj1fkg /fv]sf] 5}g . ljgflj1fkgsf ;fdu|L lgMz'Ns¿kdf k9\g 

kfpg' clxn]sf] o'udf cfZro{s} ljifo x'g k'u]sf] 5 . 

g]kfndf ljlslkl8of -ne.wikipedia.org_ 

g]kfnsf s]xL pT;fxL o'jfx¿n] ;g\ @))$ df 

ljlslkl8ofsf] g]kfnL ;+:s/0f z'¿ u/]sf lyP . xfn g]kfnL 

efiffdf !*,&%) eGbf a9L ;fgf–7"nf n]vx¿ 5g\ . o;df 

ePsf hDdf g]kfnL k]hx¿sf] ;+Vof eg] $# xhf/eGbf a9L 

5g\ . of] tYofÍsf] cfwf/df ljZjsf @*# efiffx¿dWo] g]kfnL 

*%cf}+ :yfgdf kb{5 . g]kfnL ljsLdf xfn;Dddf * xhf/ $ 

;o %^ hgf k|of]ustf{ -Users_ btf{ ePsf 5g\, h;dWo] 

;/b/ ^) hgf ;lqmo /xG5g\ . clxn] g]kfnL ljlslkl8ofdf & 

hgf ljlslkl8of–k|aGwsx¿ -% hgf ef/tdf / @ hgf g]kfndf_ 

5g\ . pgLx¿n] g]kfnL ljlslkl8ofsf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;Dkfbg tyf 

Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ ub{5g\ . To;} u/L # hgf k|zf;s 

-Bureaucrats_ n] ljle txsf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] clwsf/ 

Joj:yfkg ub{5g\ . ljlslkl8ofdf g]kfnLafx]s g]kfnleq af]lng] 

c¿ efiffdf klg k]hx¿ pknAw 5g\ . h:t}– g]kfn efiff, 

ef]hk'/L efiff, kfnL efiff . g]jf/L -g]kfn efiff_df ^(,*!% 

k[i7x¿ 5g\, h'g ljZj;Gbe{df $&cf}+ :yfg xf] . To;} u/L 

d}lynL efiff / tfdfª efiffdf klg ljlslkl8ofsf k]hx¿ aGg] 

k|lqmof cl3 al9;s]sf] 5 . 

ef/tLo efiffdf lxGbL, d/f7L, lji0f'k'l/of dlgk'/L, a+ufnL, 

dnfond, u'h/fFtL, klZrdL k~hfjL cflb efiffx¿ g]kfnLeGbf 

klg cu|:yfgdf 5g\ . To;kl5 sGg8, ;+:s[t, ;+:s[t, k~hfjL, 

kfnL, pl8of, cf;fldh, sflZd/L, l;Gw, /f]dfgL cflb cfpF5g\ . 

ljlslkl8ofsf] s'g} klg efiffsf] k[i7df uP/ hf];'s}n] n]v 

n]Vg / ;Dkfbg ug{ ;S5g\ . o;df USER ag] klg x'G5, gag] 

klg x'G5 . USER gagL ;Dkfbg u/]sf] n]vdf IP Address 


af6 ;Dkfbg u/]sf] nu /xG5 . Ps hgfn] z'¿ u/]sf] n]v k"/f 

ug{ c¿ xhf/f} + hgfn] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . o;sf] /dfOnf] kIf 

klg oxL g} xf], h;sf sf/0f ljsLdf nfvf} +sf] ;+Vofdf n]vx¿ 

pknAw x'g ;Dej eof] . 

ljlslkl8ofsf zfvfx¿ 

ljlslkl8ofdf ljle zfvfx¿ 5g\ . h:tf] ls ljsL 

l8S;g/L -ljS;g/L_, v'nf k':ts -ljsL k':ts_, ljsL ljZjljBfno 

-ljsLel;{6L_, v'nf ;dfrf/ -ljsL ;dfrf/_, ljsL k|hflt, sdG; 

-sdg ldl8ofsf] e08f/_, syg -plQm ;+u|x_ cflb . g]kfnLdf 

xfn ljS;g/L / ljsL k':ts dfq ;~rfngdf 5g\ . oBlk afFsL 

ljifodf klg of]ubfg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . 

ljlsldl8of g]kfn 

n]vx¿ Jojl:yt ug{ / To;df s'g} ljjfb cfOk/]df 

;dfwfg ug{ / cGo ;|f]t ;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{sf nflu 

ljlsldl8of kmfpG8];g gfdsf] ;+:yf sfo{/t /x]sf] 5 . ljZje/df 

ljle b]zdf ljlsldl8ofsf RofK6/x¿ 5g\ . ljlsldl8of 

g]kfn RofK6/ xfn;fn} :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o;n] ljlslkl8ofsf 

ljle efiffdf n]lvg] g]kfn;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] cg'udg ug] 

tyf s'g} ljjfb ePdf To;sf] lg¿k0f ug] { ub{5 . 

ljlsd]lgof 

ljlsd]lgof ;a} efiffsf ljsL sDo'lg6Lx?sf] jflif{s 

e]nf x'g] dxfd]nf xf] . utjif{ Oh/fonsf] xfOkmfdf 

ljlsd]lgof !! ePsf] lyof] eg] @)!@ df cd]l/sfsf] 

jfl;ª\6gdf x'Fb} 5 . ljlsd]lgofdf g]kfnn] ;w}F ;lqmo 

;xeflutf hgfpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . 

;g\ @))( sf] ljlsd]lgof g]kfndf ug{sf nflu k|:tfj 

ePsf] eP tfklg g]kfndf s'g} ljsL RofK6/ gePsf] x' Fbf Tof] 

6/]sf] lyof] . eljiodf sf7df8f} +df klg of] sfo{qmd x'g] ;Defjgf 

k|an /x]sf] 5 . 

g]kfnL ljlslkl8ofsf of]ubfgstf{x¿ 

ljlslkl8ofdf k|zf;sn] k|of]ustf{sf] clwsf/ 

Joj:yfkg u5{g\ eg] k|aGwsx¿n] n]vx¿;DaGwL 

Joj:yfkg ub{5g\ . ;fdfGo k|of]ustf{ lglZrt of]ubfg / 

tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 k"/f u/]kl5 k|aGws asf nflu of]Uo 

x'G5g\ . of]Uo k|of]ustf{n] ljlsldl8ofdf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 

v'nf lgj]bg lbG5g\, lglZrt ;do;Dd To;df sDo'lg6Lleq} 

ef]6 x'G5 . cfjZos ;+Vofdf ;dy{g k|fKt u/]kl5 k|zf;sn] 

dfu ePadf]lhdsf] clwsf/ lbP/ k|aGws agfpF5g\ . of] 

clwsf/ s]xL ;dosf] nflu c:yfoL jf nfdf] ;dosf] 

nflu :yfoL ¿kdf klg lbOG5 . g]kfnL efiffdf klg oxL 

k|lqmofåf/f ;a} sfo{ ul/G5 . 

g]kfnL efiffsf nflu clxn] e}/x]sf k|fljlws k|ult 

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g]kfnLafx]s ljZjsf clwsf+z efiffdf u'un cg'jfb 

-Google translation_ pknAw 5 . g]kfnL efiffdf u'un 

cg'jfbsf] ljsf; x'g nfu]sf] 5 . 

df3sf] klxnf] xKtf u'unn] g]kfnsf] klxnf] Jofkfl/s 

e|d0f u¥of] . u'unsf gofF Jofkfl/s cfofd x]g]{ k|aGws 

l8ef]g Nofgn] $ lbgsf] g]kfn a;fOdf oxfFsf ljZjljBfnox¿, 

OG6/g]6 ;f];fO6L, g]kfn 6]lnsd, g]kfnL ljlslkl8of, kmf]; g]kfn 

sDo'lg6L, ;femf l;sfO kf6L, dbg k'/:sf/ k':tsfno cflb 

ljle efiff / k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿;Fu e]6 u/] . 

l8ef]gn] u'undf g]kfnL Sofn]G8/ lgdf{0f ug] { tyf u'unsf] 

g]kfnL cg'jfbs lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{sf nflu ;xsfo{ ug{ g]kfnL 

efiffdf sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . o; 

sfo{sf] ;dGjo g]kfnL ljlslkl8ofsf Ps hgf k|aGws ;/f]h 

9sfnn] ub}{ 5g\ . g]kfnL ljlslkl8of;Fusf] ;xsfo{df o;} 

a}zfv ! b]lv u'undf g]kfnL Sofn]G8/ cfpg] ePsf] 5 . 

u'un g]kfnL cg'jfbsf] ljsf; x'g' ljZje/sf g]kfnL 

efifL ;d'bfosf nflu lgs} 7"nf] pknlAw x'g]5 . o;n] s'g} klg 

efiffdf ePsf ;fdu|LnfO{ sDKo'6/n] ;Lw} g]kfnLdf cg'jfb 

ul/lbg]5, h;af6 dflg;x¿n] k|ToIf nfe lng ;Sg]5g\ . 

csf{lt/ OG6/g]6 j]a;fO6 rnfpFbf klg h'g;'s} efiffsf] ;fdu|L 

cfk\mgf] efiffdf t'?Gt k9\g ;Sg]5g\ . g]kfnL efiffdf 

kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu t of] j/bfg g} ;flat 

x'g]5 . 

ca s] ug{ ;lsG5 < 

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} 1fgsf ;|f]tx¿ klg c;Lldt 

x'Fb} u}/x]sf 5g\ . k':ts, kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, l;g]df 

/ uLt–;+uLtnfO{ cfd;~rf/ dflgGYof] . OG6/g]6sf] cfljisf/ 

/ Jofkstf;Fu} of] k'/fgf] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . 

ca oL ;a} dfWodsf] sfd OG6/g]6dfkm{t x'g yfn]sf] 5 . 

OG6/g]6df g} /]l8of]–l6eL 5, l;g]df 5, uLt–;+uLt 5 . 

To;}df kqklqsf / k':ts k9\g kfOG5 . ljZjdf k':ts k9\g] 

k|rng la:tf/} x/fpFb} hfg yfNof] . OG6/g]6 / xft] sDKo'l6ª 

pks/0fn] ltgsf] :yfg lng yfNof] . 


t/ g]kfnLnufotsf cGo cljsl;t b]zdf af]lng] / 

n]lvg] ;a} efiffdf ljB'tLo kf7\o;fdu|L pknAw 5g\ t < 

5}gg\ . c+u|]hLsf] h'g;'s} k':ts tkfO{+ ;lhn} df]afOndf 

8fpgnf]8 ug{ / k9\g pknAw x'G5 t/ g]kfnLdf x'Fb}g . 

ljsLlkl8ofh:tf ;fO6x¿sf] pkof]uaf6 w]/}eGbf w]/} ;fdu|L 

g]kfnL / cGo :yfgLo efiffdf kl:sg ;lsG5 . 

k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu;Fu} g]kfndf klg w]/} j6f O-nfOa|]/L 

v'ln;s]sf 5g\ . ca k':tsfnodf hfg'eof] eg] klg tkfO{+ 

k':ts kfpg'x' O–k':ts k9\g'k5{ . oBlk tL nfOa|]/Ldf 

kfOg] kf7\o;fdu|Ldf afx'No ljb]zL efiffs} ;fdu|Lsf] 5, 

g]kfnLsf] xf]Og . o;nfO{ ljb]zL zlQmn] cfk\mgf] k|efj 

km}nfpg vf]Hof] eg]/ xfdL cfnf]rgf klg u5f}{+ . cfkm" 

cfk\mgf] efiffsf] ;fdu|L agfpg g;Sg], c¿n] cfk\mgf] 

efiffdf ePsf] ;fdu|L lbFbf k|efj km}nfpg vf]Hof] eGg' 

cfkm}+df d"v{tf xf]Og / < 

;j{;fwf/0fn] klg g]kfnL efiffsf] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ljsf; 

ug{ of]ubfg ug{ ;S5g\ . 

;dfhdf sf]xL w]/} k9]sf] ljåfg\ x'G5g\ t sf]xL yf]/} 

k9]sf, cem sf]xL lg/If/ klg x'g ;S5g\ . x/]x JolQm;Fu 

s]xL g s]xL ljifodf w]/yf]/ 1fg cjZo x'G5 . afUdtL 

gbLsf] af/]df sf7df8f}+jf;L hf];'s}n] klg /fd|f] JofVof 

ug{ ;S5 . t/ g t ltgLx¿ ;a}n] k':ts n]Vg ;S5g\, g 

klqsfdf n]v n]Vg ;S5g\ . o:tf ljifox¿ hf]–sf]xLn] klg 

ljlslkl8ofdf n]Vg ;S5 . hf];'s}nfO{ cfkm"n] hfg]sf] ljifodf 

gofF n]v n]Vg dfq xf]Og, ToxfF k|sflzt e};s]sf n]vx¿ 

;Rofpg jf kl/jt{g ug{ clwsf/ x'G5 . hf];'s}n] cfk\mgf] 

gfd lbP/ cyjf gfd n'sfP/ klg n]v n]Vg / ;Dkfbg ug{ 

;S5g\ . cyf{t\ ljlslkl8ofdf ;a} hgf n]vs x'g ;Dej 5 . 

s]jn g]kfnL efiffdf n]Vg hfg] k'U5 . 

To;}n] eljiodf xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] efiffdf ljB'tLo cWoog 

;fdu|L rflxG5 eg] ljlslkl8of h:tf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ 

;a} kIfaf6 k|f]T;flxt ug{ h?/L 5 . 

You have not lived today until you have done something for 

someone who can never repay you. 

John Bunyan. 

!^^



g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 

@)^* ;fn df3 @@ ut];Dd @% jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnL ljj/0f 

l;=g+= s=b=g+= bhf{ tx sd{rf/Lsf] gfdy/ sfo{/t sfof{no :yfoL lgo'lQm ldlt 

1 162 lgb]{zs 11 >L b]j gf/fo)f ofbj If]=lg= la/f^gu/ 2043.03.08 

2 147 k|aGws 10 >L ljefif s'df/ u'Kt s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 2043.03.08 

3 150 k|aGws 10 >L l;$ k|tfk ef/tL s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 2043.03.08 

4 173 k|aGws 10 >L dbg zdf{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 2043.03.04 

5 129 k|aGws 10 >L jL/]Gb| axfb'/ zfSo ^«fG;ld;g ljefu 2043.03.08 

6 117 k|aGws 10 >L sfldgL s'df/L /fhe)*f/L df]=;]=lgb]{zgfno 2043.03.08 

7 686 pkk|aGws 9 >L ;'/h l;+x yfkf df]=;]=lgb]{zgfno 2043.03.15 

8 309 l;len O= 7 >L dft[sf k|;fb l;jfsf]^L sf=If]=lgb]{zgfno 2043.03.24 

9 678 n]vf clws[t 7 >L hgs /fh l;+x s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 2043.03.15 

10 679 Jofkf/ clws[t 7 >L emd/fh ;](fO{+ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 2043.03.15 

11 3368 k|zf;sLo clws[t 7 >L hut axfb'/ s^'jfn s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 2043.02.22 

12 310 l;len O= 7 >L ljBf g]Ds'n g]=cf=sf=ljefu 2043.03.27 

13 315 l;len O= 7 >L dx]Gb| /fh bnL g]=cf=sf=ljefu 2043.03.30 

14 657 ;=n]=clws[t 6 >L gf/fo)f bfxfn b"=;+=sf= OGb||fo)fL 2043.03.15 

15 680 ;=;+=clws[t 6 >L ltns axfb'/ nfdf b"=;+=sf= %fpgL 2043.03.15 

16 675 ;=n]=clws[t 6 >L rGb| s'df/L zfSo P=g]=Knf=ljefu 2043.03.15 

17 685 ;=k|=clws[t 6 >L /]vf dxh{g df]=;]=lgb]{zgfno 2043.03.15 

18 905 ;=OlGhlgo/ 6 >L cfzfsfhL dxh{g df]=;]=lgb]{zgfno 2040.03.31 

19 376 ;=OlGhlgo/ 6 >L Clif k|;fb k|wfg ^«fG;ld;g ljefu 2040.07.25 

20 1364 ;=Jof=clws[t 6 >L pld{nf yfkf b"=;+=sf= O^x/L 2043.03.31 

21 963 ;=OlGhlgo/ 6 >L wg]Zj/ ;fx b"=;+=sf= nfxfg 2040.03.31 

22 1350 jl/i& ;xfos 5 >L lg? k|;fb uf]vf{nL l:j=d]=ljefu 2039.05.1 

!^&



g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;ldltsf] gfdfjnL 

cWoIf M >L ljZjgfy uf]on 

;b:o M >L s'n axfb'/ cfrfo{ 

;b:o M >L /fhLj l;+x l;hfktL 

;b:o M >L afa'hL kl08t 

;b:o M >L /fh axfb'/ l;+x 

;b:o M >L /fhf/fd zdf{ 

;b:o M >L kz'klt lu/L 

;b:o M >L ;Gb]z /]UdL 

;b:o M >L ;ljgf k|wfg 

;b:o ;lrj M >L /fhg s'df/ clwsf/L 

;ftf} + jflif{sf]T;jsf] cj;/df ;dfj]z ul/Psf v]n / ;+of]hs 

Jof8ldG6g 

/Qmbfg 

xflh/L hjfkm 

6]a'n6]lg; 

bf}8 

d]df]/L 6]:6 

M >L /flhj l;+x l;hfktL 

M >L kz'klt lu/L 

M >L ;'lbk cfrfo{ 

M >L /lj kf}8]n 

M >L afa'/fhf dxh{g 

M >L sf}zNofb]jL >]i7 

!^*

8th Anniversary Souvenir - Nepal Telecom

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