Crane Hook on the Delaware - NC CHAP
Crane Hook on the Delaware - NC CHAP
Crane Hook on the Delaware - NC CHAP
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An Early Swedish Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church<br />
and Community<br />
With <strong>the</strong> Historical Background of <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> River Valley<br />
BY JEANNETTE ECKMAN<br />
Drawings by Walter Stewart<br />
Publi~hed for <strong>the</strong><br />
DELAWARE SWEDISH COLONIAL SOCIETY<br />
by <strong>the</strong> Institute of <strong>Delaware</strong> History and Culture<br />
University of <strong>Delaware</strong> . Newark<br />
1958
Copyright Renewed O 1986<br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> Swedish Col<strong>on</strong>ial Society<br />
The year 1988 marks <strong>the</strong> 350th anniversary of <strong>the</strong> landing of <strong>the</strong> first<br />
Swedish and Finnish settlers in what is now Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>. The<br />
reprinting of this book by <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> Swedish Col<strong>on</strong>ial Society<br />
was d<strong>on</strong>e in h<strong>on</strong>or of that anniversary.<br />
Printed in U.S.A. - by <strong>Delaware</strong> Litho, Inc.<br />
Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>, <strong>Delaware</strong>
PREFACE<br />
The purposes of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> Swedish Col<strong>on</strong>ial<br />
Society are to commemorate each year <strong>on</strong> March 29<br />
<strong>the</strong> landing of <strong>the</strong> Swedes in 1638 at "The Rocks"<br />
now in Fort Christina State Park, Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>,<br />
<strong>Delaware</strong>; and to collect, preserve, and publish rec-<br />
ords, documents and o<strong>the</strong>r material relating to <strong>the</strong><br />
history of this first permanent settlement in <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> River Valley.<br />
It is a pleasure to introduce this <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
study which is sp<strong>on</strong>sored by <strong>the</strong> history committee<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Society.<br />
October 7, 1957<br />
HAROLD L. SPRINGER, M. D.<br />
Prerident<br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> Swedish Col<strong>on</strong>ial Society<br />
History Committee's note: Dr. Springer is a direct descendant of<br />
Charles Springer, <strong>the</strong> Reader in <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church<br />
1689- 1697.
FOREWORD<br />
The Swedes who made <strong>the</strong> first permanent settlement in <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> River Valley at <strong>the</strong> site of present Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> under<br />
<strong>the</strong> government of Sweden, and spread al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> west side of<br />
<strong>the</strong> river 1638 to 1655, maintained <strong>the</strong>ir culture under <strong>the</strong> suc-<br />
cessive sovereignties of The Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands and England during <strong>the</strong><br />
ensuing <strong>on</strong>e hundred years. The heart of this culture was <strong>the</strong><br />
Swedish Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church. The earliest of <strong>the</strong> remaining church<br />
1)uildings is Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church, standing near<br />
<strong>the</strong> site where <strong>the</strong> first settlers stepped ashore at "The Rocks", now<br />
in Fort Christina State Park, Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Old Swedes was built by <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
(:hurch. Their church was a log building erected 1667 in <strong>the</strong><br />
tnidst of plantati<strong>on</strong>s and woodland south of <strong>the</strong> Christina River.<br />
'I'he members of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> lived from Naamans Creek to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Appoquinimink.<br />
Within this extensive parish al<strong>on</strong>g some twenty miles of <strong>the</strong><br />
west side of <strong>the</strong> river, <strong>the</strong> area called <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> occupied about<br />
n tllousand acres. Including part of south Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> east of <strong>the</strong><br />
roi~th Market Street causeway, it extended south toward <strong>the</strong> Dela-<br />
ware Memorial Bridge.<br />
Today, some woodland, cultivated fields, truck patches, marsh,<br />
n11~l o<strong>the</strong>r open spaces remain, but most of <strong>the</strong> area is industrial,<br />
husi~less and residence (small homes and federal and o<strong>the</strong>r hous-<br />
In8 developments). Except in land records and am<strong>on</strong>g history<br />
rti~dc~~ts <strong>the</strong> place-name itself has almost disappeared. A marker<br />
I~itclidccl to commemorate <strong>the</strong> church site is hidden away <strong>on</strong> com-<br />
111crciirl property where it marks not <strong>the</strong> church site but an early<br />
lrrliily I)uryitlg gr-ountl. ;t hiilf-mile distant from <strong>the</strong> churchyard
of old <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church. This fact was unknown until revealed<br />
through research by <strong>the</strong> author of <strong>the</strong> chr<strong>on</strong>ology incorporated in<br />
this volume and menti<strong>on</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong> acknowledgments.<br />
Though <strong>the</strong> marks of <strong>the</strong> earliest cultivati<strong>on</strong> of this soil have<br />
largely disappeared al<strong>on</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> wild life, <strong>the</strong> hay marshes and<br />
<strong>the</strong> forest, knowing <strong>the</strong> human history made here by <strong>the</strong>se early<br />
settlers enriches our thinking of <strong>the</strong> local past.<br />
History Committee<br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> Swedish Col<strong>on</strong>ial Society<br />
Jeannette Eckman<br />
H. Clay Reed<br />
Le<strong>on</strong> devalinger, Jr., Chairman<br />
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />
The foundati<strong>on</strong> of this <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> study is a chr<strong>on</strong>ology of<br />
documented excerpts from sources pertaining to <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
regi<strong>on</strong>, to land ownership, and to <strong>the</strong> church and c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
prepared by Jeremiah Sweeney as part of his work for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong><br />
Federal Writers Project, 1938-1940. Without <strong>the</strong> use of his<br />
competent and scholarly work <strong>the</strong> present expanded study would<br />
not have been undertaken.<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> late Courtland B. Springer and of Mrs.<br />
Springer to <strong>the</strong> discovery, use, and accurate translati<strong>on</strong> of original<br />
Swedish documents, and of printed works in Swedish, employed<br />
in this study, is <strong>the</strong>ir valuable and generous gift toward its preparati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
I have depended also up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> late Horace Burr's translati<strong>on</strong><br />
of <strong>the</strong> manuscript records - The Church Books - of Holy Trinity<br />
(Old Swedes) Church, published by <strong>the</strong> Historical Society of<br />
Ilelaware in 1890. This work, in spite of some mis-readings of<br />
tlre old-Swedish script and spelling, c<strong>on</strong>tinues to be for both general<br />
reader and student an invaluable source of c<strong>on</strong>temporary<br />
informati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The published work of Dr. Amandus Johns<strong>on</strong>, especially <strong>the</strong><br />
two volumes of his Swedish Settlenzerzts <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, is <strong>the</strong><br />
i~lclispensable au<strong>the</strong>ntic source for Sweden's colccizing efforts <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> and <strong>the</strong> life of its col<strong>on</strong>ists here under Swedish<br />
i'<strong>on</strong>trol.<br />
To Dr. H. Clay Reed, Professor of History at <strong>the</strong> University of<br />
I)elaware, and to H<strong>on</strong>. Le<strong>on</strong> devalinger, Jr., State Archivest, assoi<br />
lute members of <strong>the</strong> History Committee of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> Swedish<br />
(:ol<strong>on</strong>ial Society, I am greatly indebted for <strong>the</strong>ir c<strong>on</strong>structive<br />
ctlitorial criticism; and to Mrs. J. Jesse Selinkoff for similar asklxt<br />
v~~ce.<br />
Recogniti<strong>on</strong> is owed to <strong>the</strong> staff of <strong>the</strong> Historical Society of<br />
I)claware for cheerful and tireless assistance in <strong>the</strong> checking and<br />
iollilti~lg of documentary sources.<br />
Jeannette Eckman
NEW AND OLD CALENDAR DATES AS USED IN THE<br />
SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES<br />
The Dutch used <strong>the</strong> Gregorian or ATew Style calendar (NS),<br />
which in <strong>the</strong> seventeenth century was ten days ahead and in <strong>the</strong><br />
eighteenth century eleven days ahead of <strong>the</strong> Julian or Old Style<br />
calendar (0s) used by Sweden and England until September,<br />
1752. Before that time ten or eleven days must be added to<br />
Swedish and English dates to make <strong>the</strong>m equivalent to those of<br />
tlle Gregorian calendar used by <strong>the</strong> Dutch and in general use<br />
today. This difference was recognized in many documents by<br />
~iving both dates: May 21/31, 1654; April 3O/May 11, 1728.<br />
Ano<strong>the</strong>r difference between <strong>the</strong> two calendars was that in <strong>the</strong><br />
Old Style <strong>the</strong> year began <strong>on</strong> March 25. It was often indicated<br />
hy giving both years for dates between January 1 and March 24 -<br />
for example, February 10, 1682/3, and March 24, 17291'30, which<br />
wws followed by March 25, 1730.<br />
Where <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong>e year or day of <strong>the</strong> m<strong>on</strong>th is given, it is not<br />
always clear whe<strong>the</strong>r Old Style or New Style is meant.<br />
llnglish Quakers numbered instead of named <strong>the</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ths.<br />
Murch was "First M<strong>on</strong>th" and so <strong>on</strong> through to January, Elevrail)<br />
M<strong>on</strong>th, and February, Twelfth M<strong>on</strong>th.
SIGNERS OF DUTCH LUTHERAN PETITION<br />
By Per-mi.rsiorr of The New York Stare Library<br />
Page<br />
It1:MONSTRA<strong>NC</strong>E OF CRANE HOOK LUTHERANS AGAINST FABRICIUS<br />
By Permi~ri<strong>on</strong> of The New York Sfare Library<br />
6 3<br />
I.IITTER OF CHARLES SPRINGER TO JAMES STEEL<br />
By Permisriow of The Hisforical Sociefy of Deluuure<br />
I.INI)I:STROM'S MAP B<br />
MAPS<br />
Ily I1rr~ni.c.ri<strong>on</strong> of The Hr.rtoriru1 Sociery of Pennsylr~ania<br />
5 1<br />
Fr<strong>on</strong>tispiece<br />
Facing 144<br />
Facing 144
C<strong>on</strong>tents<br />
3. NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH<br />
6. SOME CRANE HOOK LAND TRANSFERS<br />
AND THE CHURCH BURYING GROUND<br />
Page<br />
1<br />
11
The Peopling of New Sweden<br />
HE fortunes of New Sweden, founded in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong><br />
T River Valley in 1638, and <strong>the</strong> opportunity of <strong>the</strong> Swedes to<br />
establish here <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran religi<strong>on</strong>, stemmed directly from <strong>the</strong><br />
relati<strong>on</strong>s of <strong>the</strong> Dutch to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> and Huds<strong>on</strong> rivers.<br />
Henry Huds<strong>on</strong>, <strong>the</strong> discoverer in <strong>the</strong> service of <strong>the</strong> Dutch, sailed<br />
into <strong>Delaware</strong> Bay in 1609. Having no small boat to sound before<br />
him am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> shoals he sailed out and north where he discovered<br />
and explored <strong>the</strong> river later named for him. The cape at <strong>the</strong> entrance<br />
of <strong>Delaware</strong> Bay was named <strong>the</strong> next year by Captain<br />
Samuel Argall from Virginia in h<strong>on</strong>or of <strong>the</strong> governor of that<br />
col<strong>on</strong>y, Lord De La Warr, and <strong>the</strong> name <strong>Delaware</strong> came into use<br />
by <strong>the</strong> English for both river and bay.' The Dutch called <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir South River and <strong>the</strong> Huds<strong>on</strong>, <strong>the</strong> North River.<br />
After Huds<strong>on</strong>'s report reached Holland, Dutch adventurers<br />
and traders were attracted to <strong>the</strong> Huds<strong>on</strong>. Wh~le <strong>the</strong>y reaped<br />
a harvest of furs from <strong>the</strong> Indians <strong>the</strong>re and set up a trading<br />
stati<strong>on</strong> near <strong>the</strong> future site of Albany' <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong>m, Captain<br />
Cornelis Hendricksen, explored <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> in a small yacht,<br />
<strong>the</strong> 0121.ust (Restless) that had been built in <strong>the</strong> Huds<strong>on</strong> regi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
In 1616 he described to his government at <strong>the</strong> Hague <strong>the</strong> natural<br />
splendor and rich resources of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> River Valley,<br />
where he traded with <strong>the</strong> savages for "Sables, Furs, Robes and<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r skins."j Five years later <strong>the</strong> Dutch West India Company<br />
1 Jarnes<strong>on</strong>, h1avrzltir.er of hTeu Nethrvla~~d, 37. 38; Purchas, Haklu~tur Po.[rhumur,<br />
XIII. 357 ff., XIX. 84; Johns<strong>on</strong>. Su,ed~rh Set11ernen1.r <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Delau~urr,<br />
1. 167.<br />
Z O'Callaghan. H~rtory of Neu hTe<strong>the</strong>vla)rd, I, 70-76; Doc14rnent.r Re/dlinR to<br />
/'he Colo~~ial Ifi~/mr-y ol Neu, Ymih, I, 5-6, 149.<br />
5 /bid., 12-14; jol~n\o~i. I. 167-169; Hro~ll~ci~~l, Ffirto,, 01 <strong>the</strong> S/dte 01 h'eu,<br />
Y,JI/., I, 48; o'(;i~~~,~,~~~:~~~s<br />
/t~~t~)~y, I, 72-78.
2 THE PEOPLING 01: NI:W SWI:I)I:N<br />
chartered by <strong>the</strong> government of <strong>the</strong> Llnitccl Netl~c.~-l:~r~cls, was given<br />
a m<strong>on</strong>opclly of trade and settlement ill A111c.l-ic-a. 'I'he interest of<br />
<strong>the</strong> company's directors was in cl~lick profits from <strong>the</strong> Indian<br />
trade in furs. Establishing col<strong>on</strong>ies of frce citizens formed no<br />
part of <strong>the</strong>ir plans, but in order to save <strong>the</strong> cost of transporting<br />
supplies from Holland to <strong>the</strong>ir trading posts, <strong>the</strong>y decided to<br />
farm enough land in New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland to provisi<strong>on</strong> both posts<br />
and trading ships.'<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> early emigrants for this purpose were thirty<br />
families of Dutch and Wallo<strong>on</strong>s (French-speaking Belgian Protestants)<br />
who came <strong>on</strong> an expediti<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> late spring of 1624.<br />
Captain Cornelis Jacobs<strong>on</strong> May, <strong>the</strong> commander, settled most of<br />
<strong>the</strong>m <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Huds<strong>on</strong>. On <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> he established four Wallo<strong>on</strong><br />
married couples and eight seamen. Whe<strong>the</strong>r Fort Nassau<br />
at <strong>the</strong> future site of Gloucester, New Jersey, was built at that<br />
time or somewhat later is not certain.' Both <strong>the</strong> fort and a trading<br />
post at <strong>the</strong> Falls of <strong>the</strong> river (near Trent<strong>on</strong>) lost <strong>the</strong>ir settlers<br />
in 1626-27 when <strong>the</strong>se men and women were transferred<br />
to New Amsterdam (New York) to streng<strong>the</strong>n that fort community<br />
as <strong>the</strong> capital of New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland. Trading <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong><br />
was to be "carried <strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly in yachts in order to save<br />
expense.""<br />
Although Peter Minuit, <strong>the</strong> new governor of New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland<br />
in 1626, seems to have robbed <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> Valley of its<br />
first settlers, he made it up to this regi<strong>on</strong> later, for as will appear<br />
he was <strong>the</strong> str<strong>on</strong>g link in <strong>the</strong> chain of events that led to <strong>the</strong><br />
founding of New Sweden. A native of Wesel <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Rhine,<br />
born of French Huguenot or Wallo<strong>on</strong> parents, Peter Minuit was<br />
associated with <strong>the</strong> leading French and Dutch families of that<br />
cosmopolitan city. Engaged by <strong>the</strong> West India Company to go<br />
to New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland as a councilor in 1625, I-le was chosen <strong>the</strong><br />
next year as director of <strong>the</strong> Dutch domain in America.'<br />
4 Van Re11 rrelaer. Bouier. Mar/urcript.r, 86- 1 15; Flick, Hi.riory of <strong>the</strong> Siaie of<br />
Neuo York, I. 217-258; Wabeke. Dutch E?IZIRI.~I~IOII 10 North Arnericd, 23-14;<br />
James<strong>on</strong>, 65; Andreurs, Col<strong>on</strong>ial Period of America11 Hi.rtory, 111. 81; Johns<strong>on</strong>,<br />
1, 170.<br />
5 lbid.: 169-170; James<strong>on</strong>, 75-76. 271, 313; O'Callafihan, Hiitor). 99-ff.;<br />
Andrews. 111. 72.<br />
6 Ibid., 74-75; Jarnrs<strong>on</strong>. 84. 86. 88; Hazard. A1111olr of Penn.ryloanio, 9;<br />
Dr~cfrmentr, 1. 24-25. 27. O'Calla,qhan. Docume~~tur:y Hirtnry of <strong>the</strong> State of Neu'<br />
York, 111. 50. Capt. May tracled in thc <strong>Delaware</strong> in 1620 and a voyage to <strong>the</strong><br />
r1vc.r by ano<strong>the</strong>r tr;iclcr w;tc authorized within a year or tu3o.-Johns<strong>on</strong> 1. 169.<br />
7 AnJrcws. Ill, 74 75. IoIin\<strong>on</strong>. 11. 684.685; Jamcs<strong>on</strong>, R3n.<br />
THE PEOPLING OF NEW SWEDEN 3<br />
Wealthy members of that company secured from it in 1629<br />
a charter of "freedoms and exempti<strong>on</strong>^"^ under which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
could receive large grants of tax-free land with <strong>the</strong> same powers<br />
of government enjoyed by <strong>the</strong> company, also <strong>the</strong> title of patro<strong>on</strong>,<br />
if <strong>the</strong>y would establish commercial settlements at <strong>the</strong>ir own ex-<br />
pense. The company reserved to itself <strong>the</strong> highly profitable fur<br />
trade.<br />
In 1631 Dutch merchant-patro<strong>on</strong>s Samuel Godyn, Samuel<br />
Blommaert, and o<strong>the</strong>rs, settled a whaling col<strong>on</strong>y, Swanendael,"<br />
at <strong>the</strong> present site of Lewes in sou<strong>the</strong>rn <strong>Delaware</strong>. Prepared and<br />
sent out by <strong>the</strong> experienced navigator, David Petersen de Vries,<br />
<strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y flourished until <strong>the</strong> commissary stupidly antag<strong>on</strong>ized<br />
Indians who <strong>the</strong>n fell up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> settlement destroying men, cattle,<br />
and buildings before <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> first year. Again <strong>the</strong> Dela-<br />
ware River valley from Fort Nassau to <strong>the</strong> mouth of <strong>the</strong> bay<br />
was left to its teeming wild-life and <strong>the</strong> few Indians who lived or<br />
roamed <strong>the</strong>re."'<br />
For years after this tragedy <strong>on</strong>ly sails of <strong>the</strong> trading ships<br />
indicated <strong>the</strong> white man's c<strong>on</strong>tinued interest in <strong>the</strong> resources of<br />
this regi<strong>on</strong>. Even Fort Nassau was occasi<strong>on</strong>ally deserted.' I Mean-<br />
while <strong>the</strong> West India Company directors, failing to appreciate<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir capable and far-sighted governor, recalled Peter Minuit,<br />
charging him with favoring <strong>the</strong> trade of patro<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Huds<strong>on</strong><br />
(who wanted some share in <strong>the</strong> fur traffic) to <strong>the</strong> disadvantage<br />
of <strong>the</strong> company's profits.'? 'Thus unwittingly <strong>the</strong>y provided <strong>the</strong><br />
instrument for <strong>the</strong> occupati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir South River by <strong>the</strong> Swedes.<br />
Rack in Holland, Minuit hankered for an opportunity to use<br />
his experience as a col<strong>on</strong>izer in America where he had in his mind's<br />
cye <strong>the</strong> ideal site. Aided by <strong>the</strong> Dutch merchant, Samuel Rlom-<br />
tnaert, former patro<strong>on</strong> of Swanendael who was associated with<br />
trade in Swedish copper, Minuit's proposal and his services were<br />
accepted by Sweden. Ry <strong>the</strong> 1630's Sweden had become a great<br />
8 VUN Re11 rrelrrer. Bou,~e, M~r~~u.icri/~t.r. 136- 153 (Dutch tcst and English trans-<br />
Irt~<strong>on</strong>).<br />
9 l'hi.; is thc sevcntccnth ccntu1.y spelling, uscJ by Dc Vrics (Kurte Hi.r-<br />
~uri~rrl). Johan dr Lart. Adrian van cler D<strong>on</strong>k <strong>on</strong> his map of Nru, Ne<strong>the</strong>rland,<br />
Kiliacn van Rtnssclaer. and o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
10 Dvcurne~~tr. 11. Sn; XII. 16; Johns<strong>on</strong>. I. 170-171. 11. 676; De Vries.<br />
I'uy,ryrr. 32-35; I3roJhc;iJ. 1. 206: VUN Re~~rrelaer. Bou'ier Ma~rrrrrript.r, 154. 155,<br />
!)H. 241.<br />
I I 1)i. Vr~w I'~Y.~RI,I. 35 ff : I3ro~Ihca~l. I. Ihhn.. 20511.; Johns<strong>on</strong>. 1. 178.<br />
I HI)<br />
I.' 1/!1,/, I ) $ , l~ll~~lll~~.l~l,<br />
I, I(,.? If, 1~011~??1
power in Iluropt througl~ <strong>the</strong> statesmanship allrl militarry pro\\!ess<br />
of King Gostaf Adolf When <strong>the</strong> king died in llis successful<br />
battle of Liitzen in <strong>the</strong> Protestant cause <strong>the</strong> co~~ntry at home was<br />
poor from <strong>the</strong> war drain of m<strong>on</strong>ey and men. Througho~~t his<br />
reign, ho\vever, <strong>the</strong> king had promoted manufacturing and sought<br />
to advance Sweclcn's foreign trade. Especially he had backed <strong>the</strong><br />
promoti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Swedish South Company, a project of William<br />
LJsselinx for world-wide trade, including America." After <strong>the</strong><br />
king's death <strong>the</strong> program of this company proved too costly to<br />
be laiunched. nut <strong>the</strong> chancellor of Sweden, Count Axel Oxenstierna,<br />
supported <strong>the</strong> smaller New Sweden Company for achieving<br />
Peter Minuit's project-<strong>the</strong> foundi~ig of New Sweden in <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> River Valley."<br />
To direct <strong>the</strong> company <strong>the</strong> chancellor appointed <strong>the</strong> Finnish<br />
nobleman, Klas 171eming, who was vice admiral of Sweden's navy.<br />
Peter Spiring. a wealthy Dutch merchant in Swedish service, became<br />
counsellor; Samuel Rlommaert, commercial representative<br />
in Holland. Minuit was appointed commander of <strong>the</strong> first expediti<strong>on</strong><br />
which lie and <strong>the</strong> otller appointees prepared Lith <strong>the</strong><br />
help of <strong>the</strong> chancellor."<br />
This group had to deal with many obstacles and delays before<br />
two ships, <strong>the</strong> k'ult)/&r h1yckel and <strong>the</strong> smaller I/ogrl Grip set sail<br />
for American <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> last day of December 1637. Dutch investors<br />
including <strong>the</strong> three in this group supplied half <strong>the</strong> cost of <strong>the</strong><br />
expediti<strong>on</strong>. Recause Sweden had few trained men to spare and<br />
n<strong>on</strong>e from her navy had ever crossed <strong>the</strong> Atlantic, <strong>the</strong> officers<br />
and most of <strong>the</strong> sailors were Dutch as were probably <strong>the</strong> majority<br />
of <strong>the</strong> soldiers. This first expediti<strong>on</strong> was intended to establish<br />
Sweden's claim by purchase of <strong>the</strong> land from <strong>the</strong> Indians<br />
and by building a fort to defend it. No families of settlers were<br />
brought. The ships arrived at "The Rocks" (site of Fort Christina<br />
State Park, Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>) about tlie middle of March and <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
twenty-~iintli an Indian deed for <strong>the</strong> west side of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong><br />
13 Al~nlun
6<br />
THE PEOPLING OF NEW SWEDEN<br />
1640. Torkillus, <strong>the</strong> first Lu<strong>the</strong>ran pastor to serve in America,<br />
was a well-qualified man for his missi<strong>on</strong>. He had left his post<br />
as instructor and chaplain at <strong>the</strong> Go<strong>the</strong>nburg High School to come<br />
to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. That this pastor's life in his pi<strong>on</strong>eer parish was<br />
<strong>on</strong>e of physical as well as spiritual labor, of civil as well as religious<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility can be read in <strong>the</strong> sparse items about him.<br />
The hard work and prevalent illness of Printz's first year overcame<br />
Torkillus who died in September 1643 at <strong>the</strong> age of thirtyfive,<br />
leaving at Christina a wife and ~hild.~"<br />
New Sweden, by Ridder's purchase of additi<strong>on</strong>al land from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Indians, extended from <strong>the</strong> Falls at Trent<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> sea <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> west side of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> and from Racco<strong>on</strong> Creek south<br />
to Cape May <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey side. Governor Printz in 1649<br />
acquired <strong>the</strong> land from Racco<strong>on</strong> Creek north to Mantas (Mantua)<br />
Creek <strong>on</strong> that side, a short distance below <strong>the</strong> Dutch Fort Nassau.<br />
In all this territory with its nearly two hundred miles of<br />
curving west shore <strong>the</strong> people of New Sweden in Printz's time<br />
occupied <strong>on</strong>ly a few small centers <strong>on</strong> this shore from <strong>the</strong> north<br />
bank of <strong>the</strong> Christina up to a short distance above <strong>the</strong> north<br />
bank of <strong>the</strong> Schuylkill, a range of about thirty miles. The largest<br />
tract in a list of cultivated sites made by Printz in 1653 was twenty<br />
morgen or about forty-two acres. Most of <strong>the</strong>m were eight, ten<br />
or twelve m~rgen.~'<br />
Under Printz during <strong>the</strong> period of ten years and eight m<strong>on</strong>ths<br />
from February 1643 to October 1653 <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y developed from<br />
its small beginnings and after 1650 declined as support from<br />
Sweden failed. The ships that brought Printz carried col<strong>on</strong>ists<br />
and supplies. O<strong>the</strong>r ships with supplies and a few col<strong>on</strong>ists arrived<br />
in 1644, 1646 and 1648. Although no more supplies or<br />
col<strong>on</strong>ists came after 1648 Printz, by good management, by shrewd<br />
planning, and by bargaining with Dutch and English merchants<br />
made <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y self-supporting agri~ulturally.~' He increased <strong>the</strong><br />
cultivated land between <strong>the</strong> Christina and <strong>the</strong> Schuylkill, built<br />
forts and blockhouses, storehouses, dwellings, barns, and a church<br />
at Tinicum (Essingt<strong>on</strong>, Pennsylvania) where he made his capital.<br />
But <strong>the</strong> populati<strong>on</strong> of New Sweden remained small, perhaps under<br />
400 men, women, and children at its peak. Many settlers<br />
20 Ibid., I, 205-06, 315, 371; 11, 697.<br />
21 Ibid., 1, 200-02, 337; 11. 526-27. The old Dutch morgen was about 2.1<br />
acres.<br />
22 Johns<strong>on</strong>, 1, 200, 245, 256, 258-60, 282-84, 317, 328, 344.<br />
THE PEOPLING OF NEW SWEDEN 7<br />
died of illness in 1643, a few returned home <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> ships, some<br />
were killed by Indians and throughout his governorship Printz<br />
had fewer than 100 men of an age to bear arms. The c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong><br />
of <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y was good, he wrote in 1650, but without more<br />
col<strong>on</strong>ists and capital it could not grow.23 About this time a major<br />
setback in New Sweden's prosperity was in preparati<strong>on</strong> at New<br />
Amsterdam.<br />
Peter Stuyvesant who had protested <strong>the</strong> occupati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong><br />
Ilutch South River by <strong>the</strong> Swedes since he arrived in 1647 as<br />
governor of New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland, bided his time for acti<strong>on</strong>, keeping<br />
himself well informed c<strong>on</strong>cerning <strong>the</strong> fortunes of <strong>the</strong> Swedes.<br />
Then taking advantage of <strong>the</strong> weakness of Printz in men and<br />
arms he came to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> with a large force of ships and<br />
rnen in <strong>the</strong> summer of 1651. At Santhoeck (Sand Point, site<br />
of New Castle), six miles down <strong>the</strong> river from Fort Christina he<br />
Iwilt and garris<strong>on</strong>ed a redoubt of logs called Fort Casimir. Near<br />
it families of Dutch settlers built <strong>the</strong>ir houses. Here all ships<br />
tuning up <strong>the</strong> river were forced to stop. By this stratagem which<br />
l'rintz was helpless to prevent <strong>the</strong> Dutch c<strong>on</strong>trolled <strong>the</strong> trade<br />
of <strong>the</strong> river and possessed <strong>the</strong> shore from <strong>the</strong> south bank of <strong>the</strong><br />
(:hristina to Bombay <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>-purchased from <strong>the</strong> Indians who<br />
)lad previously sold it to <strong>the</strong> Swedes, according to deeds prepared<br />
I>y <strong>the</strong> white men. In <strong>the</strong> Indians' understanding <strong>the</strong>y granted <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
rights to <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong> land.24<br />
The New Sweden Company policy of reserving <strong>the</strong> fur trade to<br />
~lself hampered <strong>the</strong> settlers, because beaver skins were currency<br />
with which <strong>the</strong>y could have bought what <strong>the</strong>y wanted from <strong>the</strong><br />
ll~l~lish and Dutch merchants as <strong>the</strong> company stores ran low.<br />
Ant? when Printz forbade <strong>the</strong>m to have any trade with <strong>the</strong> wellrrr~pplied<br />
Dutch at Fort Casimir <strong>the</strong>y took this very ill. Settlers<br />
I)c~an to desert to Maryland where trade was free. In 1653<br />
twenty-two col<strong>on</strong>ists presented Printz with a signed petiti<strong>on</strong> which<br />
n elled revolt against his harsh rule unless grievances were re-<br />
I f ressed.<br />
l'nraged, Printz c<strong>on</strong>demned and hanged <strong>the</strong> leader, Anders<br />
13 A large expediti<strong>on</strong> sent in <strong>the</strong> ship Kart in 1648 was wrecked <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> way<br />
III ftlc Caribbean where most of its passengers died after great suffering at <strong>the</strong><br />
l~rticls of thc Spainards.-ibid., 1, 269-75. Printz sent Lieutenant Skute and<br />
l~t~rlly his own s<strong>on</strong> Gustaf to Sweden to plead in pers<strong>on</strong> for <strong>the</strong> needed support.-<br />
/Ad., I, 182, 318 ff.. 342 ff.<br />
14 I)oirrnrl,~r/~, 1, 590 ff.; Johns<strong>on</strong>, 1, 334-47; Wcslagcr, "The Indians of Delawrtr."<br />
41-43.
8 THE PEOPLING 01: N1,:W SWli1)IiN<br />
J<strong>on</strong>ss<strong>on</strong>, who had come to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> wit11 him in 1643. More<br />
settlers deserted." Then in despair Printz sailed for home leaving<br />
his s<strong>on</strong>-in-law Johan Papegoja in charge until he could raise ade-<br />
quate reinforcements in Sweden. Twenty col<strong>on</strong>ists left <strong>the</strong> Dela-<br />
ware with him and o<strong>the</strong>rs so<strong>on</strong> deserted to Maryland and<br />
Virginia."'<br />
Printz, broadly educated and traveled in 1':urope and having<br />
a distinguished service record in <strong>the</strong> Thirty Years War, was an<br />
able man, vigorous and po\\rerful enough to have staved off even<br />
Peter Stuyvesant if he had been given <strong>the</strong> promised support by<br />
<strong>the</strong> New Sureden Company and had practiced a more liberal policy<br />
toward <strong>the</strong> settlers.'-<br />
Religious life <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> \\.as streng<strong>the</strong>ned during <strong>the</strong><br />
hrst five years of Printz's time. He brought wirh him in 1643 <strong>the</strong><br />
Reverend Johan Canlpanii~s Holm, of high rank in his professi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
He brought also his o\\.n 11ephetv Pastor Israel Holg Fluviander.<br />
Fluviander servcd hrst at Fort 1':lfsborg while it was being c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
structed by Printz <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> New Jersey shore (to c<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>the</strong> tra&<br />
coming LIP <strong>the</strong> river), <strong>the</strong>n at Christina. Campanius had been sta-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>ed <strong>on</strong> company land at Upland (Chester). From his home<br />
<strong>the</strong>re he served <strong>the</strong> Tinicum parish. After several years of duty<br />
both men wished to return to S\\,eden. Fluviander made his plans<br />
hrst. Then Campanius in his appeal to his bishop for release<br />
wrote that he \\,as unable to endure "<strong>the</strong> hard labor here." which<br />
obliged him. "\\.ithout any regard to <strong>the</strong> \\*ea<strong>the</strong>r to go from<br />
<strong>on</strong>e place to tlie o<strong>the</strong>r to visit tlie settlers \\,ith <strong>the</strong> Word and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Sacrament." He asked that young men, str<strong>on</strong>g and agile, be<br />
sent in his place. His recall came by <strong>the</strong> ship Src'ai~ in January<br />
1648, and by this ship arrived <strong>the</strong> young, str<strong>on</strong>g and agile clergy-<br />
man to replace him, <strong>the</strong> Reverend Laurentius Carolus Lokenius,<br />
a Swedish educated native of Finland." His dramatic activities<br />
\\rill be related in succeeding chapters, for Lokenius \\,as a pro-<br />
moter of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church and became its pastor.<br />
While Printz wrestled with <strong>the</strong> unhappy state of affairs <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Dela\vare in 1653, a ne\\. expediti<strong>on</strong> to meet his needs was<br />
25 Johns<strong>on</strong>. I. 462-64; L~~cI~II/~~II/~. 1. 590-91.<br />
26 Johns<strong>on</strong>. I. 466; 11. 497.<br />
27 Ihld.. 11. 688.<br />
??I Ili/J.. 1. 248. 240. 301. 304. 367-74. 11. 678. 681. Finland \\.;IS :I province<br />
10 THE PEOPI.IN
Governor I
14 NEW SWlil)l:N I IN1 ) I,l( I( IhIN( ; NEW SWEDEN UNDER RISING I5<br />
suaded most of <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>ists III~ILICIIII):<br />
t 1 \ I~ I I I ~ (;~~lwl~ter to settle<br />
at New Amsterdam. Hencll-ick VOII I,l\\vlc I\ W;I\ ullable to move<br />
Stuyvesant to release <strong>the</strong> ship or (OIII(. 11, \.III\~ ;I( 101.y tcrms about<br />
<strong>the</strong> cargo. After l<strong>on</strong>g effort 11c ~;IIII~. tlow~~ to Ncw Sweden over-<br />
land with Lieutenant Sven tliiiik, :I S(*IV;IIII, ;I secretary, and a<br />
soldier, and began his work for tl~c tolol~y. Allllough Rising wrote<br />
to Sweden at <strong>the</strong> time, that <strong>the</strong> loss 01 IIIC Il'rj was a "special<br />
injury," "a blow not easily repaired," ;111tl ill Ill:, llcxt report em-<br />
phasized <strong>the</strong> "weak c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>" of t11c colol~y a11d <strong>the</strong> need of<br />
immediate relief, his resources in Inel1 ;IIIO IIIC~IIS ellabled him to<br />
go ahead with <strong>the</strong> development of tllc colol~y 111roi1gh <strong>the</strong> fall and<br />
inter.^<br />
By spring 1655, however, when aid fro111 Ilomc was still lacking,<br />
supplies were very short. Rising was able to buy at high<br />
prices from English and Dutch merchants who came to <strong>the</strong> river,<br />
butter, meats, bread, wheat, clothing and ;I few o<strong>the</strong>r items. On<br />
June 14, he wrote that <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y was "in fairly good c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>,"<br />
but that provisi<strong>on</strong>s, cloth and o<strong>the</strong>r supplies wcre sorely needed.<br />
Without assistance from Sweden and new supplies to cheer <strong>the</strong><br />
people, many would desert. Some already had." The Hollanders<br />
who took <strong>the</strong> oath, he reported, had g<strong>on</strong>e off to Manhattan two<br />
or three weeks ago. Although affairs were less serious than in<br />
Governor Printz's last year, <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>ists were now used to<br />
better c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s. Short rati<strong>on</strong>s and worn-out clothing were no<br />
help to <strong>the</strong> morale of soldiers and servants, nor to <strong>the</strong> freemen<br />
who were better off and some of <strong>the</strong>m prosperous. The amount<br />
of goods that could be bought from <strong>the</strong> Dutch and English merchants<br />
was so far short of <strong>the</strong> need that in August Elswick wrote<br />
saying linen was so scarce that some of <strong>the</strong> soldiers were going<br />
without shirts.'O<br />
At <strong>the</strong> end of that same m<strong>on</strong>th, Peter Stuyvesant arrived in<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> with his large force of ships and men and <strong>on</strong><br />
September 14/24, 1655, New Sweden was in <strong>the</strong> possessi<strong>on</strong> of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch. Rising had been forewarned by Indians that Stuyvesant<br />
was preparing an expediti<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. It was clear to him<br />
8 Ibid., 525-26.<br />
9 Myers, Nurraf~c~es, 163-64; Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 530-31.<br />
10 Ibid., 533. The company provided maintenance for officers, soldiers. and<br />
servants in additi<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong>ir salaries and wages, which were held back. Against<br />
this reserve <strong>the</strong>y could buy additi<strong>on</strong>al food and supplies. Freemen to give <strong>the</strong>m a<br />
start--were aided with maintenance, farm equipment and stock <strong>on</strong> easy terms for<br />
rcpaymcnt to <strong>the</strong> company,-ibid., 11, 505-07.<br />
that <strong>the</strong> Dutch director would retrieve Fort Casimir if he could,<br />
so Rising prepared to defend it, had <strong>the</strong> fort streng<strong>the</strong>ned, and<br />
sent his best men and soldiers <strong>the</strong>re with a large supply of am-<br />
muniti<strong>on</strong>. That Stuyvesant meant to take <strong>the</strong> whole river from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Swedes, Rising could not believe. Only when <strong>the</strong> Dutch<br />
seemed to be winning at Fort Casimir did be sense <strong>the</strong> full<br />
danger."<br />
With thirty-five col<strong>on</strong>ists, mostly officers and soldiers, and<br />
several of <strong>the</strong>ir wives, Rising went aboard <strong>the</strong> Dutch warship<br />
De Waegh, October 1/11, <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> first lap of his return to Sweden.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> party were <strong>the</strong> two clergymen, Hjort and Nertunius.I2<br />
Domine Laurentius Carolus Lokenius can be imagined standing<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> shore before Fort Christina, his hand raised in blessing<br />
for safe journey, <strong>on</strong>ce more <strong>the</strong> l<strong>on</strong>e Lu<strong>the</strong>ran pastor <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river.<br />
Fortunately, Governor Rising had spared no effort in report-<br />
ing to Sweden and recording in his diary and journals, <strong>the</strong> events,<br />
affairs and c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. And supplementing<br />
Rising's Reluti<strong>on</strong>~ and ]ourizul~ is <strong>the</strong> work of his fortificati<strong>on</strong><br />
engineer. Peter Lindestrom, who wrote <strong>the</strong> first geography of <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> River Valley and illustrated it with maps and charts.I3<br />
Lindestrom with <strong>the</strong> help of <strong>the</strong> Dutch surveyor Andries<br />
Hudde, and <strong>the</strong> support of Rising charted <strong>the</strong> river and shores<br />
of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> Valley. The result was a "Map of New Sweden<br />
or <strong>the</strong> Swede's River" published in his Geogr.uphiu Anzericue as<br />
Map A, toge<strong>the</strong>r with his Map R more intimately valuable as<br />
picturing New Sweden at <strong>the</strong> end of Swedish c<strong>on</strong>trol. The latter<br />
is reproduced as <strong>the</strong> fr<strong>on</strong>tispiece of this <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> study.'"<br />
On Map B <strong>the</strong> symbols for dwellings and o<strong>the</strong>r buildings,<br />
evidently include those of families <strong>on</strong> company land as well as<br />
freemen <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir individual plantati<strong>on</strong>s at sites known to have<br />
been occupied in Printz's time. Added by Lindestriim is <strong>the</strong> fort<br />
community Trefaldighet (Casimir), with its houses <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strand;<br />
also Rising's new cultivated lands and his placing of col<strong>on</strong>ists,<br />
June 1654 to September 1655. It will be noticed that <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
11 Ibid., 596 ff.<br />
I.? Ibid., 614.15. 724.<br />
I3 Ibid., 553-57.<br />
I4 Antlrit-s Huclclc <strong>the</strong> .~hlc.st Dutch representative <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. first<br />
.II I'ort N.1ss.111 :IS ~l11c.l tivili:rn o6icc.r and <strong>the</strong>n ;I.; secretary and surveyor at Fort<br />
( I I I -I'(I ~ II1\ur(, IIIIII ;I \.II.IIV Stuyvc\:~nt pve hirn permissi<strong>on</strong> to serve as survr,yclr<br />
fit1 t l ~ r . Sn,t.~l~ \ I),,i JIVI~.~II. X 11. 25 ff . 8); Mycrs. Ndrr~~lir~er, 13Rn.; John-<br />
\llll, 11, llppl~\lt
I look I(.!:II)II I\ ~.11l1 \ \ . I I ~ I ~ ~ 11111111 I I I<br />
0119 111.61 IIIIIIII of it <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
\ O I I I I I Ii;111k 01 1111. ( 111 I,,IIII,I I( 11 I I I I I ~ I ~ ~ I ~ I I I<br />
111,. 11111 :Ire symbols<br />
III'I.III('II clear about<br />
or1 111~. "~1~1o1.111~l." \\ 111 1 1 I ( I ~ ~ I I I ~ 11~111 * , 1 4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~<br />
50 ;I(IC\ ~III,~ ~ O \ V 11 \\ 1111 \\ 11, ,II ,,I\ III,~, t11r.111 1111,. 111ircI of <strong>the</strong><br />
c.~ro~) for. tI1c.11<br />
I.II)III . \ I I I I ~ ~ I<br />
1111111 1111 'r111l \\111l 1,111(1 111 (lrane <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
are Iior~~c.h~c.;~(l\<br />
.11 51 1.111~1 \\ 1111 ( '11 1 I 11101 1 IIIO~\) 011 land first<br />
CIIOSC~ I)y I I < I ~ , III,II ,111 ,I ( I ' I J ~ ~ I 111ok) I may have<br />
been <strong>the</strong> COIIIIS(:II(.II ~ ~ I . I I I I , I11 I Ill*, I 11 \,(.I ,II I 11 freemen, including<br />
that oi AI(,ia~~~~l~,~<br />
,\,I I , \\ I I I ~ \\ 01,. 111 l~ohsc~ssi<strong>on</strong> of 111s<br />
plantati<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>re IIIIIII(.,~I.II~.~\.<br />
,111t.1 1111 1 )IIIIII 1001\ c<strong>on</strong>trol again<br />
in 1655."<br />
No name is ~IVCII ,111 1111-. I I I S I I ~ 1111 I I I ~ . \OIII~I lx~rlk of <strong>the</strong><br />
Christina opposite t11(. lor I, l 1111 11 I$, I ,I l lr,tl "'I c.l~lr;~k<strong>on</strong>cks-landet"<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Lindestr<strong>on</strong>~ 111a/) 0 1 SI~I~VI~~.~IIII'~~<br />
\r
B<br />
New Sweden Col<strong>on</strong>i.rts<br />
Under <strong>the</strong> Dutch<br />
Y <strong>the</strong> terms of surrender, all tlle people u~~tlcr Rising, who<br />
of <strong>the</strong>ir own free will took tlle oat11 of ;~llcgiance to <strong>the</strong><br />
Dutch government, <strong>the</strong> West Ind~a (;<strong>on</strong>ll3;111y ;111(l to tlle directorgeneral<br />
and council of New Ne<strong>the</strong>rlantl. wcl-c to relnaln as freemen<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> South River and gain <strong>the</strong>ir livcl~llootl as good and<br />
free inhabitants. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, <strong>the</strong>y were to have a pastor of <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
faith and language.'<br />
Most of <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>ists, <strong>the</strong> two liei~tcna~lts. I'l~as (;yllenpren<br />
and Sven Skute, remained <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>; also (;regorius Van<br />
Dyke of l<strong>on</strong>g experience here with Printz and Rising. The pers<strong>on</strong><br />
to teach <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran faith, was, of course, Lokenius. No<br />
complete list of New Sweden col<strong>on</strong>ists \vho signed allegiance to<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch is of record, but 230 individuals ancl heads of families<br />
including several widows are known to have been in New Sweden<br />
in Rising's time and <strong>on</strong>e hundred more came <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> belated<br />
~Mercurius in 1656. Some who had come <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ggllrnr Haj and<br />
were settled at New Amsterdam are believed to have joined <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
countrymen <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> after 1655.2<br />
All col<strong>on</strong>ists had <strong>the</strong>ir houses and plantati<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>firmed to<br />
<strong>the</strong>m and grants were made to those who had n<strong>on</strong>e. The latter<br />
were mostly <strong>the</strong> soldiers and <strong>the</strong> servants who had worked <strong>on</strong><br />
New Sweden Company land. Each owner was free to buy and<br />
sell property and <strong>the</strong> buyers received c<strong>on</strong>firming patents from<br />
Stuyvesant. He made some verbal grants <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> spot in Sep-<br />
1 Documentr. I, 607-09; XII, 104-06<br />
2 Johns<strong>on</strong>. 716-716.<br />
NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 19<br />
tember 1655 and c<strong>on</strong>firmed <strong>the</strong>m later by patents from New<br />
Am~terdam.~<br />
Under <strong>the</strong> Dutch West India Company, Fort Casimir was<br />
made <strong>the</strong> capital <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. A provisi<strong>on</strong>al military commander,<br />
Dirck Smith, was in charge until December 18, 1655, when Stuyvesant's<br />
appointed vice-director, Jean Paul Ja~quet,~ arrived at<br />
Fort Casimir. Jacquet governed with a council c<strong>on</strong>sisting of a<br />
commis, Elmerhuysen Cleyn, and <strong>the</strong> secretary and surveyor,<br />
Andries Hudde, assisted by two citizens or two sergeants, depending<br />
up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> nature of <strong>the</strong> questi<strong>on</strong>s or court cases to be determined.<br />
Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Council for January 19, 1656 record:<br />
There appear at <strong>the</strong> meeting of Council <strong>the</strong> free Swedes, who live<br />
up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> sec<strong>on</strong>d point above Fort Casilnir and request that <strong>the</strong>y may<br />
remain <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> land and that <strong>the</strong>y are not willing to change <strong>the</strong>ir place<br />
of inhabitati<strong>on</strong> nor build in <strong>the</strong> village which is to be established,<br />
but <strong>the</strong>y adhere to <strong>the</strong> promise made to <strong>the</strong>m by <strong>the</strong> H<strong>on</strong>orable Peter<br />
Stuyvesant, that <strong>the</strong>y should resolve what to do after <strong>the</strong> expirati<strong>on</strong><br />
of a period of <strong>on</strong>e year and 6 weeks granted <strong>the</strong>m at <strong>the</strong> capitulati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
This <strong>the</strong> court agreed to but warned that <strong>the</strong>y would have to<br />
1 remove at <strong>the</strong> expirati<strong>on</strong> of that time unless <strong>the</strong>y were willing to<br />
live in <strong>the</strong> village. The expirati<strong>on</strong> date November 1, 1656, for<br />
<strong>the</strong> free Swedes to join in a village or remove, came and went<br />
without record of any village bekg formed <strong>the</strong>n or later. In<br />
Tune, 1657 Director General Stuyvesant ordered <strong>the</strong> former New<br />
Sweden col<strong>on</strong>ists to form villages in places north of <strong>the</strong> Christina:<br />
"Upland, Passay<strong>on</strong>ck, Finland, Kinghsessing or Verdrietige <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
(Edge Moor)." For any o<strong>the</strong>r site than those menti<strong>on</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>y<br />
must give notice.? Since September 1655, Stuyvesant had giveh<br />
patents for town lots at Fort Casimir and plantati<strong>on</strong>s in that<br />
neighborhood to. Dutch, Finns, Swedes, English, and settlers of<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r racial origin who took <strong>the</strong> oath of allegiance to <strong>the</strong> Dutch.<br />
So far as recorvds show <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>the</strong> settlers at tvhe Fort Casimir site<br />
r<br />
3 Dunlap. "Dutch ancl S\vedish Land Recorcls Rclnting to Dcla\r,are". Deldzr,di.e<br />
!Z~.~toi), VI, 25-52; Doc/ivie~/tr, XII. 168; 01/~11/'rl Lr///d Tit1e.r ju Del~ru,are,<br />
15-16 and pd.~~irn: John Scha,cgen was granted title to ldnd <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> "first hook"<br />
above Fort Casimir by Stuyvcsant in pers<strong>on</strong> in September. 1655. which land Vice-<br />
Director Jacquet claimed for himself in 1656. Stuyvesant upheld Schaggen. c<strong>on</strong>tirming<br />
his verbal title by an c)thcial grant.<br />
4 P~III~I)~~~~I//'I<br />
air hit^^. 2nd ser. VII. 524; Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 658. Jacquet took<br />
thr o;~tIi of office Der. 8. 1655. 'tnd atrived <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dela\r,are Dec. 18 (N.S.).<br />
I,rrqut~t I\ 50 \pellc~l in 1e;ln P.tul'r sign;~turc and in <strong>the</strong> early documents.<br />
5 ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ I / I L Xll, ~ I / / I 11415, , 139, 190-91
20 NEW SWEDEN ('0I.ONIS'I'S IINI)I.lt '1'111: I)UT~l~c.s<br />
101. New Sweden,<br />
having left Sweden <strong>on</strong> Novcrnl,cr- 15, I,clo~-c. rlcws of <strong>the</strong> Dutch<br />
triumph <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> hat1 rcac-l~e~l III;I~ coul~try, tlie Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
populati<strong>on</strong> was increased by ahout IOO ~>c.rnor~> u,ho were settled<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Tinicum parish. Nincty-two 01 rll~sc- wcrc Finns, men,<br />
women and children. (Thirty-two W~I-V twclvc years and<br />
younger.) In charge of <strong>the</strong> i\l~i.(.~i.///.~ \Y;I\ Mi~~uit's bro<strong>the</strong>r-inlaw,<br />
Hendrick Huygen, who rc~nai~lccl OII tlw \>claware and served<br />
<strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y under <strong>the</strong> Dutch.'<br />
In <strong>the</strong> first reference to Pastor Lolie~~rus after New Sweden<br />
came under Dutch rule, lie appears ill tllc ~niliutes of Vice-<br />
Director Jacquet's court as "Mr. Laers, prcaclier and ecclesiastical<br />
deputy in matrim<strong>on</strong>ial cases." (In relati011 to Lu<strong>the</strong>rans). The<br />
court c<strong>on</strong>sidered informati<strong>on</strong> he presented al)o~~t Nils Larsen, who<br />
was betro<strong>the</strong>d, but suffered from a clcclarati<strong>on</strong> against him by<br />
a New Amsterdam woman of ill-repute. The court c<strong>on</strong>sidered<br />
her testim<strong>on</strong>y of little account.<br />
Also in Jacquet's court <strong>on</strong> August 14, 1656, is tlie first record<br />
c<strong>on</strong>necting <strong>the</strong> vice-director with <strong>the</strong> land <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> south bank of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Christina making him a close neighbor to <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> site:<br />
The aforesaid Vite-Director made a c<strong>on</strong>tract with pouwell Janscn<br />
(Paul Johns<strong>on</strong>) for <strong>the</strong> land <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> S. W. Side of Christina Kil,<br />
sloping toward <strong>the</strong> fort, for <strong>on</strong>e-half of <strong>the</strong> crop according to <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tract<br />
made. And whereas he, Poi~~,ell Jansen, has sowed up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
land of his H<strong>on</strong>or, <strong>the</strong> affiant, etc.8<br />
Whe<strong>the</strong>r this was land given him by virtue of his office or was<br />
West India Company land cultivated by <strong>the</strong> vice-director is not<br />
clear, but <strong>the</strong> Amsterdam directors of <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y <strong>on</strong> April<br />
22, 1659, approved a grant that had been made to him at <strong>the</strong><br />
same site "in lieu of certain 41 morgens which he s~irrendered<br />
6 O~i~i,i,il I..I,I~ Tl/le\. 6-16; Doc~in~~~;!l\. XII. 177.183; 134 ff.; Acrclius.<br />
')0~95.<br />
7 I),,~/!,,Ic,I/I, Xll. 120 ff.; lol~n%<strong>on</strong>, 11. 634. 659-662.<br />
S I)(,.<br />
,~,I~/IcI,,I. Ill. OB, I)OII,IIIO~I~. I. 04 !, 11, 1 0 ~ I I; lll~ 344; XII. 131-36.
22 NEW SWEDEN C:OLONIS'I'S I INI)I!l< '1'1 lII DUTCH<br />
to our nati<strong>on</strong> . . . I .~lrc.~dy IJC~III 10 I(..ICII scl1001 and have 25<br />
children.<br />
Of <strong>the</strong> immediate New Alnstcl tow^^ ~ O I I ~ I ~ I ~ I IDirector I I ( ~ , Alricl~s<br />
had reported <strong>on</strong> May 25:<br />
The col<strong>on</strong>ists, free nlctha~~ich, civil ~CIV.III~\, wit11 <strong>the</strong> freemen who<br />
were here before our nrriv;~l, ;IIIL~ >OIIIC ICW WIIO have come and<br />
settled here since, may alnoullt, ;~ltogcrl~~l..<br />
10 ahout sixty men capable<br />
of bearing arms.<br />
In a letter written about Augirst first, Al~~ic-11s menti<strong>on</strong>ed "five<br />
and twenty men" sent to garribor) 1:or.t Altc.~);i, <strong>the</strong> former Fort<br />
Christina. He was disturbed tl~at tllc food <strong>on</strong> hand for those<br />
provided for by <strong>the</strong> company: solclicrs, Ii~hol-crs, new col<strong>on</strong>ists<br />
during <strong>the</strong>ir first year, had to be distril)~rtecl to "about 160 souls,<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g whom are many women."'.' 111 iidcliti<strong>on</strong> would bc <strong>the</strong><br />
traders and planters and <strong>the</strong> laborcrs clnyloyccl by <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>ists.<br />
These numbers given by Alrichs overliip and arc incomplete, but<br />
<strong>on</strong> August 1, 1657, <strong>the</strong>re must have been close to 300 men, women<br />
and children in <strong>the</strong> City's col<strong>on</strong>y. Swedish col<strong>on</strong>ists formed an<br />
important secti<strong>on</strong> of this populati<strong>on</strong>. They served as soldiers13<br />
and <strong>the</strong>ir cultivated tracts added to <strong>the</strong> food supply. Some living<br />
south of New Amstel extended <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran parish of Pastor<br />
Lokenius, though not <strong>the</strong> area of Lu<strong>the</strong>ran public worship.<br />
Above <strong>the</strong> Christina River in <strong>the</strong> summer of 1657, populati<strong>on</strong><br />
can be roughly estimated from <strong>the</strong> lists previously noted for<br />
1654-55, minus those who left with Rising but with <strong>the</strong> additi<strong>on</strong><br />
of settlers from New Amsterdam and those <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Mefcrrviu~.<br />
This gives a possible 270 adult males. Assuming that two-thirds<br />
of <strong>the</strong>m were married averaging three per family <strong>the</strong> nurnber of<br />
people would be 540 and could have been more.<br />
To <strong>the</strong> estimated under 300 souls in <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y in early<br />
August, 1657, a large additi<strong>on</strong> arrived <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> twenty-first in <strong>the</strong><br />
ship De Waegh, "about 300 col<strong>on</strong>ists including farmers, free<br />
tradesmen, many families and women." On this expediti<strong>on</strong> came<br />
<strong>the</strong> first Dutch Reformed minister assigned to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, <strong>the</strong><br />
Reverend Everardus Welius. On September 27, <strong>the</strong> following<br />
year, <strong>the</strong> ship De Ve~gulde Meulerz (Gilded Mill) arrived at<br />
12 Ibid., 11, 157-58, 17. 16; XII, 188-89.<br />
13 Pe~~~.r~l~~,i~~ia<br />
Archirer, 2d set, V. 314-15. Governor Jacob Alrichs in a<br />
letter to Governor Fendall of Maryland. Tune 25. 1659, menti<strong>on</strong>s am<strong>on</strong>g soldiers<br />
deserted to that col<strong>on</strong>y: "Cornelis Jurri;~ensen of Winserenin S\vedenV and "Hans<br />
Roloff of Stockholm."<br />
NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 23<br />
New Amstel from Amsterdam bringing about 100 people. This<br />
ship brought no food to tide <strong>the</strong> new col<strong>on</strong>ists over <strong>the</strong> winter<br />
and arrived at a time when excessive rain and flood had ruined<br />
<strong>the</strong> crops, some north of <strong>the</strong> Christina as well as almost total<br />
ruin below. Illness of a virulent kind was epidemic in <strong>the</strong> summer<br />
and fall of 1658 causing many deaths in <strong>the</strong> New Amstel regi<strong>on</strong>:<br />
<strong>the</strong> miller, <strong>the</strong> surge<strong>on</strong>, many o<strong>the</strong>r useful citizens and many young<br />
children.14<br />
In <strong>the</strong> spring of that year Director General Stuyvesant had<br />
visited <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> to investigate smuggling rumors and <strong>the</strong><br />
reas<strong>on</strong> for requests of some residents of <strong>the</strong> New Amstel col<strong>on</strong>y<br />
to move into <strong>the</strong> West India Company's jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> above <strong>the</strong><br />
Christina. The "arrangements" made by Stuyvesant up<strong>on</strong> his<br />
arrival here c<strong>on</strong>firmed <strong>the</strong> Swedes in <strong>the</strong>ir privilege of self-govern-<br />
men, under regulati<strong>on</strong>s made by himself and his council at New<br />
Amsterdam. The Swedish headquarters was to c<strong>on</strong>tinue at Tini-<br />
cum Island, where he c<strong>on</strong>firmed <strong>the</strong>ir chosen magistrates and<br />
granted <strong>the</strong> request of <strong>the</strong> people not to be obligated to take sides<br />
if any trouble should arise between <strong>the</strong> crown of Sweden and <strong>the</strong><br />
Dutch government. Stuyvesant addressed "<strong>the</strong> Swedish nati<strong>on</strong>" as:<br />
our good and faithful subjects, to whom we hereby assure and<br />
promise our favor and all possible assistance, as if <strong>the</strong>y were our own<br />
nati<strong>on</strong>, pursuant to <strong>the</strong> oath, made before or still to be taken by<br />
those who may not have taken it.<br />
At Altena, <strong>the</strong> former Fort Christina, Stuyvesant had streets<br />
laid out west of <strong>the</strong> fort, no doubt with appreciati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> value<br />
previously recognized by Rising and Lindestrijm, of having here<br />
"a staple town" to streng<strong>the</strong>n Altena as <strong>the</strong> capital of <strong>the</strong> West<br />
India Company's holdings <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. Also, he arranged<br />
for <strong>the</strong> streng<strong>the</strong>ning of <strong>the</strong> fort and garris<strong>on</strong>. At New Amstel he<br />
found that col<strong>on</strong>ists and tradespeople had been bringing in goods<br />
in ships of <strong>the</strong> Amsterdam directors without paying <strong>the</strong> duty to<br />
<strong>the</strong> West India Company that was part of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tract between<br />
<strong>the</strong> company and <strong>the</strong> Amsterdam directors of <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y.<br />
Stuyvesant braced <strong>the</strong> morale of <strong>the</strong> discouraged Director Alrichs<br />
itnd returned to New Amsterdam.<br />
A letter from <strong>the</strong> directors of <strong>the</strong> West India Company of<br />
May 20, 1658 had authorized Stuyvesant and his Council to<br />
i~ppoint a capable pers<strong>on</strong> to live <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> South River to have
24 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNI)I
26 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 27<br />
In a census list more than a decade later, <strong>the</strong> Claessen tract<br />
is in a community called Mill Drope and <strong>the</strong> "resp<strong>on</strong>sible housekeepers"<br />
<strong>the</strong>re are Peter, John, and \Villiam Claus<strong>on</strong>. "John<br />
Tis<strong>on</strong>" listed after Peter in <strong>the</strong> printed copy is obviously an error<br />
for "John his s<strong>on</strong>." Dunlap gives as <strong>the</strong> origin of Drope, <strong>the</strong><br />
Dutch vrord dorp meaning village, thus completing <strong>the</strong> evidence<br />
as to <strong>the</strong> site of <strong>the</strong> village of Dutch farmers, settled 1658.")<br />
Whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> Dutch farmers had individual tracts to cultivate<br />
or used <strong>the</strong> land in comm<strong>on</strong> is not known. The people of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> were said to have received <strong>the</strong>ir land from <strong>the</strong> Dutch in<br />
<strong>on</strong>e tract. Before <strong>the</strong> building of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church, however,<br />
<strong>the</strong> land had been divided into typical Dutch grants as deeds<br />
and court records show, eight of <strong>the</strong>m, 18 rods wide facing <strong>the</strong><br />
river with a larger tract at each end (<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map I), each<br />
plantati<strong>on</strong> having in fr<strong>on</strong>t of it a stretch of marsh of <strong>the</strong> same<br />
width extending to <strong>the</strong> water's edge. l'ach of <strong>the</strong>se plots or<br />
plantati<strong>on</strong>s, called "home lots" extended 150 rods west to <strong>the</strong><br />
border of a large tract of forest or woodland, which was held<br />
in comm<strong>on</strong> by <strong>the</strong> home lot owners. This arrangement repeated ;<br />
that previously menti<strong>on</strong>ed at "Fyre <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>" (Furu Udden), a<br />
typical land grant method in <strong>the</strong> Dutch period, reproducing <strong>the</strong><br />
neat patterns of small farm communities in Holland. English c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Fyre <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> tracts are identical patents to <strong>the</strong><br />
eight owners by name, followed by a separatae patent naming all<br />
<strong>the</strong> owners of <strong>the</strong> individual plots and granting <strong>the</strong>m an adjoining<br />
tract of meadow ground "not menti<strong>on</strong>ed in <strong>the</strong>ir several patents,"<br />
to be held "in comm<strong>on</strong>."'" Similar c<strong>on</strong>firming patents for <strong>the</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> owners except for Sim<strong>on</strong> Jansen are missing, but <strong>the</strong><br />
informati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>cerning those plots is supplied by o<strong>the</strong>r docu- ,<br />
ments to be cited later.<br />
During 1659, <strong>the</strong> last year of Director Jacob Alrichs' time,<br />
deaths from epidemic disease, deserti<strong>on</strong>s to Maryland and Vir- 1<br />
ginia (in panic because of <strong>the</strong> death-dealing illness, also because<br />
i<br />
19 U'itbeke. Dlilch Er/~igr,t/in/~ to No~tl, Ar,~e~.icil, 16; O'Callaghan, Docurnerl-<br />
/irr.y Hirtor), 111, 33; O~igi~~ol L.III~ Tit1e.r. 143, 158; Docrime,~/s, XII, 529, 648;<br />
Dunlap. Dlitch 'r~ld Sli,edirh Plirrr-~/~rr~~e.r, 40-41.<br />
20 Dnr/ime~~t.i, XII, 645; Origi11'11 L,i//d Titler, 136-138. C<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong>s of<br />
Dutch patents by English governors at "<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>." "Sec<strong>on</strong>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>" (Sn.an\\,~ck),<br />
"Wild <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> Skillpaets Kill." near <strong>the</strong> former Fort Christina and at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> are for tracts of 25 rodr, or more, or less, by 600 rods deep. - lbid., 134.<br />
135, 156, 157, 159. Ani<strong>on</strong>s <strong>the</strong> Dutch grants published in translati<strong>on</strong> by Dunlap,<br />
is a grant by Dutch Dircctor Alexander D'Hinojossa to Andries Matysen. Sept.<br />
20, 1664, for a tract at Scc<strong>on</strong>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> mc;lrurin,c 29 by 600 rods.<br />
1<br />
of threatened attack by <strong>the</strong> English, al<strong>on</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> too strict<br />
regime of Alrichs), greatly reduced <strong>the</strong> populati<strong>on</strong> south of <strong>the</strong><br />
Christina. In September of that year, Director General Stuyvesant<br />
reported to <strong>the</strong> West India Company directors that Director Jacob<br />
Alrichs had hardly thirty families remaining in <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y<br />
and <strong>on</strong>ly twenty-five of <strong>the</strong> original fifty soldiers. Cases of <strong>the</strong><br />
epidemic disease at New Amstel-which from <strong>the</strong> descripti<strong>on</strong>s by<br />
Alrichs resembled <strong>the</strong> so-called "flu" that caused many deaths in<br />
eastern U.S. cities during World War I-were spread throughout<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> area. Few deaths are menti<strong>on</strong>ed north of <strong>the</strong> Chris-<br />
tina. On January 14. 1660, Vice-Director Reeckman could write:<br />
"All our people are now well," but he reported new cases of ill-<br />
ness from time to time. In September of that year, Captain Jacob<br />
Jansen Huys, Dutch skipper of <strong>the</strong> galiot, Nezt~ Avz.rtel, which<br />
bel<strong>on</strong>ged to <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y and had plied between New Amstel<br />
and Manhattan since August 1657, wrote c<strong>on</strong>cerning that col<strong>on</strong>y:<br />
"Were <strong>the</strong>re a tolerably healthy populati<strong>on</strong> and a reas<strong>on</strong>able<br />
harvest, and a parcel of good farmers, it would still prosper, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> people who remain would again begin to pluck up courage."21<br />
As early as March 1660, <strong>the</strong> erratic and generally untrust-<br />
worthy Alexander D'Hinojossa, who, by Jacob Alrichs' will,<br />
became provisi<strong>on</strong>al director of <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y following <strong>the</strong><br />
latter's death December 30, 1659," had made his first bid to<br />
Swedes and Finns up <strong>the</strong> river to come into <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y.<br />
On January 15, Deeckman wrote Stuyvesant: "I learned lately,<br />
that about 20 families of Fins and Swedes intend to go and live<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Col<strong>on</strong>y this spring, which <strong>the</strong> Sheriff (Gregorius Van<br />
Dyck) and Commissary (Henrick Huygen) have requested me to<br />
prevent." The willingness of <strong>the</strong> up-river "Swedes and Finns" to<br />
move into that desperately unfortunate col<strong>on</strong>y suggests that very<br />
attractive terms were being offered by <strong>the</strong> provisi<strong>on</strong>al director.<br />
On April 28, 1660, Deeckman wrote: "That <strong>the</strong>y {<strong>the</strong> families<br />
of Swedish and Finnish farmers) want to move into <strong>the</strong> Col<strong>on</strong>y<br />
is because <strong>the</strong>y cannot get land enough near <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs {up <strong>the</strong><br />
river) and that <strong>the</strong> small parcels of land, which <strong>the</strong>y have now<br />
licre and <strong>the</strong>re, are too troublesome to fence in." This came about<br />
_'I /)o~r~r/rr~~ctr. 11. 69; XII, 2-79, 236. 249. 250. 253-4. 139. 271; 11. 124.<br />
1 A feu \\ctkr hcftrrc tlic clv:ltli of Alrichs nt tlic cncl Drcernbcr. 1659,<br />
~)'I~III~I~U\\;I, li(.i1t(11~1n( und~r t l ~lir(ctor. ~<br />
11.1~1 \r.r;ttcn xctctly to thc Uurgomasters<br />
+11 AIII\~I.~~~~II~I.<br />
pr,li8ir~,c (;IIcI'\ l)l~\\~rix OII IIIIII~. clccl,~rin,q dcvott(~n to <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
IIII~.:.(.\I\ ;11rc1<br />
1 1 1 0 I<br />
~)I(.\(IIIII~!: 111111\(.1f .I\ .tl>l
28 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 29<br />
because under rumored threats of an English attempt to take <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> settlements, and fear that <strong>the</strong> Indians would join <strong>the</strong><br />
English, <strong>the</strong> leaders am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> up-river col<strong>on</strong>ists at last realized<br />
that for safety <strong>the</strong> outlying farmers should move closer toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
about <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> small settlements <strong>on</strong> or near <strong>the</strong> Schuylkill that<br />
could be defended: Kingsessing, Ar<strong>on</strong>ameck, or Passyunk. But<br />
<strong>the</strong> questi<strong>on</strong> of who was to move where raised such a c<strong>on</strong>troversy<br />
that Vice-Director Beeckman spent several days am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, try-<br />
ing to have <strong>the</strong> place and time of moving settled. N<strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong><br />
farmers wanted to be <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>es to move and those who had large<br />
tracts at a suitable place for developing a community were un-<br />
willing to make room for o<strong>the</strong>rs. In <strong>the</strong> end <strong>the</strong>y all remained<br />
where <strong>the</strong>y were. Some of <strong>the</strong>m said if <strong>the</strong>y had- to move at all it<br />
would be to Maryland. Meanwhile <strong>the</strong> Swedish officers with<br />
Beeckman's help prevented any acceptances of D'Hinojossa's offer<br />
that year.23 If <strong>the</strong> site of his offer was <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, that land still<br />
had a short time to wait for settlers. The same year Beeckman<br />
reported that <strong>the</strong> "Swedes and Finns count about 130 men able to<br />
bear arms." This would indicate as probable, a populati<strong>on</strong> of 400<br />
above <strong>the</strong> Christina, in that fortunate district, while <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y<br />
to <strong>the</strong> south had dwindled from a high of 600, given by Director<br />
Alrichs in August 1658, before <strong>the</strong>re were any deaths in <strong>the</strong> epi-<br />
demic, to a possible low of 200 or less.2"<br />
In <strong>the</strong> spring of 1662, Director Alexander D'Hinojossa, now<br />
formally commissi<strong>on</strong>ed to his office, tried again to persuade <strong>the</strong><br />
farmers up <strong>the</strong> river to come into <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y. On June 21,<br />
Vice-Director Beeckman wrote:<br />
Sixteen or eighteen families, mostly Finns, residing in our jurisdic-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>, to whom great offers have been made by Mr. d'Hinojossa, in-<br />
tend to move into <strong>the</strong> Col<strong>on</strong>y; <strong>the</strong>y are to have 18 years freedom of<br />
all taxes with <strong>the</strong>ir own judges and decisi<strong>on</strong>s up to 100 guilders, also<br />
free exercise of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
Except for taxes <strong>the</strong>se were <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s under which <strong>the</strong>y had<br />
been living in <strong>the</strong> West India Company territory since October,<br />
1655 under Peter Stuyvesant's grant of privileges.<br />
When it came to <strong>the</strong> actual moving some of <strong>the</strong>se families may<br />
have changed <strong>the</strong>ir minds, but that some of <strong>the</strong>m did move to<br />
23 Ibid., XII, 299, 306, 300, 310, 301.<br />
24 Ibid:, 11, 51, 54.<br />
25 Ibid., XII, 384.<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <strong>the</strong>n or later, is determined by comparing <strong>the</strong> names<br />
of up-river Swedes or Finns with <strong>the</strong> same names that appear in<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> tax lists, court records, and deeds within <strong>the</strong> next<br />
few years and in c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong>s later. Acrelius, who gives a bio-<br />
graphical paragraph <strong>on</strong> Pastor Lokenius, writes:<br />
In a deed of divisi<strong>on</strong>, which he drew up between Paul J<strong>on</strong>'s widow<br />
and her children, dated at Tranhook <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> 14th of April, 1664, he<br />
calls himself Pastor Loci, although <strong>the</strong> church was not erected for<br />
three years after that time.26<br />
That Lokenius called himself pastor of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> in a public<br />
record implies at least, that Director D'Hinojossa kept his promise<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cerning freedom of religi<strong>on</strong>. As for Paul J<strong>on</strong>,27 <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly man<br />
of that name known to have been <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river at <strong>the</strong> time was<br />
"Paul Johns{s)<strong>on</strong>, freeman", who came with Rising in 1654 and<br />
lived first at <strong>the</strong> S~huylkill.~~ Under Vice-Director Jacquet, in<br />
1656, he appears in <strong>the</strong> Dutch records as Sergeant Paulus Jansen,<br />
who farmed "his H<strong>on</strong>or's land" <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> half shares opposite<br />
Fort Altena. He probably lived near <strong>the</strong> fort; for in <strong>the</strong> early<br />
summer of 1657, he was <strong>on</strong>e of two sergeants <strong>the</strong>re under <strong>the</strong><br />
i<br />
I directi<strong>on</strong> of Andries Hudde. In September 1660 he had a "square"<br />
i plot of land in <strong>the</strong> neighborhood and in additi<strong>on</strong> was given a<br />
1 patent dated April 7, 1661, for "a lot for a house and garden near<br />
Fort Altena."29 He may have been <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> first to accept<br />
D'Hinojossa's offer of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land in 1662.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r proof that o<strong>the</strong>r up-river Lu<strong>the</strong>rans were permanent<br />
settlers at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> in <strong>the</strong> early 1660s is to be found in <strong>the</strong><br />
"Census of <strong>the</strong> resp<strong>on</strong>sible housekeepers" at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> about<br />
1675-78.30 Thirteen taxables are named or partly named in a<br />
defective manuscript:<br />
26 Acrelius, 177. "Tranhook" from l'rane. Swedish for <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Hoeck,<br />
Dutch for point, neck, or cape of land. See Dunlnp, Dlrtrh arzd Suedi~h Plare-<br />
Nrrmer ir~ Delnufare, 56.<br />
27 Many Swedes and Finns at this prriod did not have permanent surnames.<br />
1;cch s<strong>on</strong> or daughter might take <strong>the</strong> given name of <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r with s<strong>on</strong> or dotter<br />
.~(lclcd. P.iul Jan's s<strong>on</strong> u~ould have <strong>the</strong> surname Paulss<strong>on</strong>.<br />
28 Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 719.<br />
29 Dorutrzentr, XII, 151. 170, 183; Pe~/~/r)lr,r~~~ia Arrhiz,e.r, 2nd set. V, 6.<br />
31) Dor~~me~~tr, XII, 648. Thc "census" xvhich lists inhabitants from Wicaco<br />
(I'l~il.iclclphi;i) south to Cedar creek in Kent County is undated. The transcript<br />
In llrir ~cf(,ren~c is placed bet\rfecn documents of April 21 and May 1, 1680. But<br />
\(.v~.I.II of tllr prrs<strong>on</strong>s n.lmccl h.~d clled in 1676 and 1677 as proved by probate.<br />
8I1.c.11. :~n,l co~l~t rccor(I\. 11.1115 Ijlo(k h(.fore M.iy 11, 1676.- (Dorurne~ts, XII,<br />
5.15; 0c.I~. 'I'o(.r\r11, 1. h(~forr Nov. 5. 1678. -- (hletll Crrtle Reroidr, 1, 247-258);<br />
.IIILI ~ ~ I I I ~ I \
30 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UhDER THE DUTCH<br />
M<strong>on</strong>s Poulsen<br />
Hendricks ....................<br />
Bartl <strong>the</strong> ................<br />
Polla Park ................<br />
Ericke Mat ................<br />
Askel ff in<br />
Las Eskells<strong>on</strong><br />
Samuel Peters<strong>on</strong><br />
John Skrick<br />
Olla Toersin<br />
Sim<strong>on</strong> ye ffinn<br />
Mathias ye ffinn<br />
Euert ye ffinn<br />
By comparing <strong>the</strong>se names and parts of names with <strong>the</strong> list of<br />
col<strong>on</strong>ists in New Sweden, 1654-58, previously described, and with<br />
New Ca.ctle County Court Rec.01.d~. 01.i~i1~~il L'incl Titles! and <strong>the</strong><br />
list of settlers fined in <strong>the</strong> "L<strong>on</strong>g Finn" insurrecti<strong>on</strong>, 1669, <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
identity may be determined. Also by New Castle County deeds<br />
of c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> of separate plots after 1680, especially as <strong>the</strong><br />
"census" taker or c<strong>on</strong>stable has listed his "resp<strong>on</strong>sible housekeepers"<br />
in <strong>the</strong> order from north to south in which deeds place<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir plantati<strong>on</strong>s. The first plot, M<strong>on</strong>s Pauls<strong>on</strong>'s was not within<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> proper as later defined, but an island of fast land<br />
in <strong>the</strong> marsh bordering <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> line, leaving twelve<br />
owners within <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> (See Map I).<br />
Pauls<strong>on</strong>, M<strong>on</strong>s, often recorded 2s Moens Poulsen by Dutch-educated<br />
Clerk and Surveyor Ephraim Herman, his last will is dated December<br />
3, 1680, may be <strong>the</strong> man of that name who arrived <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong><br />
in 1654 with Rising (Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 721). It is likely also that he is<br />
<strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong> of Paul J<strong>on</strong>ss<strong>on</strong> whose property was divided by <strong>the</strong> abovementi<strong>on</strong>ed<br />
document, dated as of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> in 1664.<br />
The twelve plot owners south of Pouls<strong>on</strong> are identified as<br />
follows:<br />
1. Andriess<strong>on</strong>, 'rlins Andries, Hendrik. A freeman so named arrived<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> in 1654 (Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 717). He appears later<br />
putting up a paling fence around <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Churchyard (<strong>NC</strong>C<br />
Court Records, 11, 68-9).<br />
2. Hendricks<strong>on</strong>, Bertil, a Finn. A Bartholimeus Hendricks<strong>on</strong> removed<br />
to Maryland in <strong>the</strong> Dutch period (Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 668n), but as a<br />
number of <strong>the</strong> deserters came back he may have been <strong>on</strong>e of<br />
<strong>the</strong>m.3l<br />
31 Docrrrnr,~#.r, XI[. 297, 336. Hy proclamati<strong>on</strong>, March 1. 1660, <strong>the</strong> directorgeneral<br />
and council dt New Amsterdam or~lcrcd that <strong>the</strong> deseriers to Virginia ancl<br />
M;~rylan
32 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 33<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were dependent for <strong>the</strong> offices of <strong>the</strong>ir church up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran pastor, Reverend Laurentius Carolus Lokenius, and <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly church was at Tinicum Island. Glimpses of <strong>the</strong> religious life<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>rans are few throughout <strong>the</strong> period of Dutch c<strong>on</strong>trol.<br />
Lokenius preached at least <strong>on</strong>ce in <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n forbidden territory<br />
south of <strong>the</strong> Christina. This service, held at <strong>the</strong> end of 1658, or<br />
early in 1659, brought up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> unhappy Director Alrichs <strong>the</strong><br />
following reproof from <strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong>ers of <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y in<br />
Holland :<br />
The bold undertaking of <strong>the</strong> Swedish Pars<strong>on</strong> to preach in <strong>the</strong> Col<strong>on</strong>y<br />
<strong>the</strong>re without permissi<strong>on</strong>, does not greatly please us. And as we will<br />
assuredly, that, as yet, no o<strong>the</strong>r religi<strong>on</strong> but <strong>the</strong> Reformed can nor<br />
will be tolerated <strong>the</strong>re, so you must, by proper means, put an end<br />
to and prevent such presumpti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> part of o<strong>the</strong>r sectaries.32<br />
The preaching could hardly have been in <strong>the</strong> town of New<br />
Amstel where <strong>the</strong> Reverend Everardus Welius held services in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch Reformed church <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strand, but near enough for<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch, Swedish, and Finnish Lu<strong>the</strong>rans <strong>the</strong>re, to attend. Perhaps<br />
never in <strong>the</strong>ir lives had <strong>the</strong>se Lu<strong>the</strong>rans needed <strong>the</strong> solace of<br />
public worship as <strong>the</strong>y did during <strong>the</strong> terrible winter of 1658-59,<br />
when neighbors, friends, and members of <strong>the</strong>ir families were dying<br />
of virulent disease and many who remained alive were weak from<br />
illness and from scanty rati<strong>on</strong>s. Lokenius must have been going<br />
about am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> suffering families giving such comfort as he<br />
could while trying to keep <strong>the</strong>m in <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran fold. For in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
distress, <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>rans in <strong>the</strong> New Amstel area, who were able<br />
to attend church3) would be drawn to <strong>the</strong> Dutch services up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ringing of <strong>the</strong> bell <strong>on</strong> Sundays and weekdays. The Dutch reformed<br />
pastor who had arrived <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> ship De Waegh in August<br />
1657 and was <strong>the</strong> friend-in-need to Director Alrichs, suffered with<br />
Alrichs <strong>the</strong> same illness in <strong>the</strong> fall of 1659 and died December 9,<br />
that year, followed in death by Alrichs <strong>on</strong> December 30.~~ From<br />
that m<strong>on</strong>th for many years <strong>the</strong> Dutch Reformed had no minister<br />
of <strong>the</strong>ir faith. Regular services of prayer, serm<strong>on</strong>-reading, and<br />
psalm-singing by lay-readers and comforters-of-<strong>the</strong>-sick c<strong>on</strong>tinued<br />
32 Ibld.. 11. 61.<br />
33 Ihld. XII. 374; Del~u.~rte HIIUI-J, V. 283-84, <strong>the</strong> little Dutch church <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> Strand >vni Andries Hudde's house sold by hiru to Director Alrichs in 1657 and<br />
remodeled.<br />
34 Doc~~ttieurr, 11, (14. 116 (also 77, 106, 180-81); XII, 786-87, 306, 287<br />
(.11\o 212. 228. 237-40).<br />
until in 1679 <strong>the</strong> Reverend Peter Teschenmaker became <strong>the</strong> Re-<br />
formed pastor at New Ca~tle.~'<br />
Near <strong>the</strong> time of Pastor Welius' arrival at New Amstel two<br />
notably high-ranking Dutch Reformed clergymen at New Amster-<br />
dam, Rev. Johannes Megapolenesis and Samuel Drissius, in a<br />
letter to <strong>the</strong> Classis of Amsterdam, August 5, 1657, describing <strong>the</strong><br />
state of educati<strong>on</strong> and religi<strong>on</strong> in New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland give an inci-<br />
dental paragraph to <strong>the</strong> drinking habits of Domine Lokenius <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>:<br />
This Lu<strong>the</strong>ran preacher (Lokenius) is a man of impious and scan-<br />
dalous habits, a wild, drunken, un~nannerly clown, more inclined to<br />
look into <strong>the</strong> wine can than into <strong>the</strong> Bible. He would prefer drink-<br />
ing brandy two hours to preaching <strong>on</strong>e; and when <strong>the</strong> sap is in <strong>the</strong><br />
wood his hands itch and he wants to fight wholnsoever he meets.<br />
The Commandant at Fort Casimir, Jean Paulus Jacquet, bro<strong>the</strong>r-in-<br />
law of Domine Casparus Carpentier, told us, that during last spring<br />
this preacher was tip ling with a smith, and while yet over <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
brandy <strong>the</strong>y came to i! sticuffs, and beat each o<strong>the</strong>rs heads black and<br />
blue; yea, that <strong>the</strong> smith tore all <strong>the</strong> clothing from <strong>the</strong> preacher's<br />
body, so that this godly minister escaped in primitive nakedness, and<br />
although so poorly clo<strong>the</strong>d, yet sought quarrels with o<strong>the</strong>rs. Sed Hoi<br />
Prlrergicos (but this incidentally) .3"<br />
The two right-living and able Dutch Reformed clergymen can<br />
be excused for telling <strong>the</strong> incident described by Jacquet, but <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
statement about <strong>the</strong> inclinati<strong>on</strong>s and preferences of Lokenius could<br />
be slander, for <strong>the</strong> whole of c<strong>on</strong>temporary evidence, except <strong>the</strong>irs,<br />
indicates <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran pastor's seal for preaching, and faithful<br />
performance of <strong>the</strong> offices of <strong>the</strong> church.<br />
Alcoholic beverages were a part of <strong>the</strong> reg~11ar daily fare in<br />
<strong>the</strong> period am<strong>on</strong>g clergymen as well as lay people and social drinking<br />
in homes and taverns <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> was an accepted custom.<br />
Mild intoxicati<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g soldiers and laborers and even officers<br />
while frowned up<strong>on</strong> was doubtless tolerated under <strong>the</strong> successive<br />
governmental regimes, but i~ntler each drunkenness in public was<br />
regarded as a reproach to [he good name of <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y and might<br />
be punished by fines and restricted privileges."<br />
35 [bid.. 310. 404. 410; .Er~~l~~~~.r~~ir.~l<br />
RCCIIIJ~. I. 450, On Au,cust 3. 1662<br />
Ilccckman requcsteil Stu)vcs.~nt to zcn~l clo>in .I clcr,cyn~:ln. ',.IS <strong>the</strong>re .Ire sevel-ill<br />
cl~ildrcn to h.lptirc I I ~ I C .it A1tcn.1; nor Ii.~r <strong>the</strong> Lorcl'.; runper hccn ;~~lm~n~stere~l<br />
I1c1.c for ?I/, yc.>ri."<br />
36 [/>IJ , I. 393-99: I),,~.I/~IIL,II/<br />
t. 111. 09-72.<br />
37 Fcrr~\, Or1.ql11.11 ~ < / / / < J I I L ~ I I / 011 \ //I
34 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH<br />
What became of <strong>the</strong> log building used as a church at Fort<br />
Christina before <strong>the</strong> Dutch c<strong>on</strong>quest is not known. The fort and<br />
its buildings seem not to have been str<strong>on</strong>gly garris<strong>on</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong><br />
Dutch at first. A year and a half later sixteen Dutch soldiers were<br />
stati<strong>on</strong>ed <strong>the</strong>re and so<strong>on</strong> afterward <strong>the</strong> buildings were being<br />
streng<strong>the</strong>ned by supplies from <strong>the</strong> Huds<strong>on</strong> sent by Stuyve~ant.~~<br />
As Fort Altena was <strong>the</strong> capital of <strong>the</strong> Dutch West India Com-<br />
pany's territory <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river after April 1657, public Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
worship would not have been permitted <strong>the</strong>re. Lokenius in that<br />
year or earlier probably took possessi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran manse<br />
and glebe at Upland where Campanius and <strong>the</strong>n Nertunis had<br />
lived. The privilege of public Lu<strong>the</strong>ran worship as granted by<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch included retaining use of <strong>the</strong> church and church prop-<br />
erty at Tinicum Island3%nd <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>cessi<strong>on</strong> must have included<br />
also <strong>the</strong> glebe at U~land.~" For <strong>the</strong> Upland glebe c<strong>on</strong>tinued in <strong>the</strong><br />
possessi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> whole Lu<strong>the</strong>ran c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river until<br />
1694, when wardens of <strong>the</strong> "c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>" of Wicaco and <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> sold <strong>the</strong> seven-acre property to David Lloyd. The church<br />
land is menti<strong>on</strong>ed in deeds for adjoining property and in court<br />
records of <strong>the</strong> 1670's;' but it has not been possible to trace in c<strong>on</strong>secutive<br />
documents <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong>s from 1655 to 1694. The<br />
deed of sale menti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>the</strong> two under <strong>the</strong> Penn government,<br />
1684 and 1690, all that were necessary to give legal title in 1694.<br />
Lokenius early acquired a tract of land adjoining <strong>the</strong> glebe,<br />
c<strong>on</strong>firmed to him by Governor Lovelace September 15, 1669, and<br />
later an extensi<strong>on</strong> of it, <strong>the</strong> plantati<strong>on</strong> formerly of Olle Stille<br />
granted Lokenius in <strong>the</strong> summer of 1676. The certificate of survey,<br />
dated July 17, is for 350 acres including what had been granted by<br />
a former patent.42 'Meanwhile Lokenius had his troubles as well<br />
as <strong>the</strong> pastoral duties of his far-reaching c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong>. On April 28, 1660, Vice-Director Beeckman wrote in<br />
38 Docunren~r, XII, 107-10, 119, 175-76, 188, 193, 198, 202-03.<br />
39 The church at Tinicum was <strong>on</strong> land bel<strong>on</strong>ging by royal grant to Printz,<br />
Hazard, ANNuI.~, 77. His daughter Armegot was permitted by <strong>the</strong> Dutch and later<br />
by <strong>the</strong> English to retain possessi<strong>on</strong>, - ibrd., 219-20, 403-04; Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 690. She<br />
finally sold <strong>the</strong> property but <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong> church was not interrupted, Acrelius,<br />
204.<br />
40 Campanius was s,tttled at Upland <strong>on</strong> company land in 1643 and Nertunius<br />
assigned <strong>the</strong>re by Rising in 1654. -Johns<strong>on</strong>, 1. 372; but how much land <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had use of is not found in available records. Perhaps both had <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>the</strong> seven<br />
acres which in later years \\(as thc r'stent of <strong>the</strong> Lutcran glcbe. See folowing note.<br />
4 I Up1'11rd Cr~ur~ Recordr, 200.201. 12 1-22.<br />
42 II~cl,nrr~l/t, XII, 49 I, 550-5 1; O~igi~la/ L'III~ 'rr//c.r, 109.10.<br />
NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 35<br />
his report to Director General Stuyvesant: "Oele Stille made<br />
str<strong>on</strong>g oppositi<strong>on</strong> to me <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> last Court day because I suspected<br />
him, that without authority he had allowed <strong>the</strong> priest (Lokenius)<br />
to marry a couple of young people in his presence, without procla-<br />
mati<strong>on</strong> in church and against <strong>the</strong> will of <strong>the</strong> parents. I c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
demned <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>the</strong> priest to a fine of fifty guilders. . ." Also<br />
under this date Beeckman reports <strong>the</strong> end of a case involving<br />
Lokenius and Peter Meyer. The minister had complained to Mr.<br />
Beeckman <strong>the</strong> previous November of assault and battery up<strong>on</strong><br />
him by Meyer: "He had been fearfully beaten and marked in his<br />
face, as I never saw it, whereup<strong>on</strong> both were summ<strong>on</strong>ed, but be-<br />
fore <strong>the</strong> meeting took place, <strong>the</strong> affair was settled out of court,<br />
thus asserting that <strong>the</strong> judge (Beeckman) had nothing to say<br />
about it."43<br />
During <strong>the</strong> night of September 19-20, 1661, <strong>the</strong> wife of<br />
Lokenius eloped with Jacob Y~ung,~" trader and Indian inter-<br />
) preter, who <strong>the</strong>n had a room at Upland, and within four weeks<br />
<strong>the</strong> pastor requested civil permissi<strong>on</strong> to marry "a girl of 17 or 18<br />
years." In November he asked again as "<strong>the</strong> situati<strong>on</strong> of his family<br />
imperiously requires it," for he had several young children. He<br />
obtained from <strong>the</strong> court at Altena a decree of divorce dated De-<br />
cember 15, 1661, subject to <strong>the</strong> approval of Stuyvesant and <strong>the</strong><br />
New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland Council. Without requesting or obtaining <strong>the</strong><br />
final decree, he married <strong>the</strong> girl in January, 1662, through a cerem<strong>on</strong>y<br />
~erfor~ned by himself. On April 14, 1662, Vice-Director<br />
Beeckman, as head of <strong>the</strong> Altena court, informed Domine<br />
Lokenius "that his marriage was declared illegal, because he had<br />
43 Dorunzell~r, X11, 307-308. Petcr Meyer came to New Swcc1c.n about 1643,<br />
;IS a soldier, and left to live in M;~ryland in 1661. Johns<strong>on</strong>. 11, 667 with notc,<br />
668, 703, 713. Because <strong>the</strong> cluties of Grc~orius Van Dyck. shel-iff of <strong>the</strong> Swedes<br />
;tncl Finns in <strong>the</strong> West Incli;~ C<strong>on</strong>~pany's jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> were "very lieqhtn (a tribute<br />
to <strong>the</strong> goocl behavior of <strong>the</strong> up-river people) <strong>the</strong> clutics were tr.~nsferred to Ueeckman,<br />
Mar. 21, 1661. The sheriff was also prosecutor and judge.<br />
44 Jacob Junge (YNNII~ in English records) camc to Fort Christina \\'it11<br />
Governor Rising in 1654 as clerk of <strong>the</strong> .~tc~rehousc. Johns<strong>on</strong>. 11. 716; and in<br />
Dec. 1654 and Fcb. I655 made inventories of <strong>the</strong> goods at Tiniculn and Christina.<br />
- Ib~d., 503-04. After Rising's cleparture Youn~ W;IS in <strong>the</strong> servicc of <strong>the</strong> Dutch<br />
;it Ncu, Amstel and Altcnn, as intcrprctet. an11 trader. l'hc runaway couplc went to<br />
M;irylancl, \\'here Jac-ob \\.:is so<strong>on</strong> cmployc~l hy <strong>the</strong> government. Informati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
(crnin.~ him and his many services in Maryl.tncl runs throu,gh seven or more volumes<br />
of M;IIJ~,III~ Archi1,e.r. About 1675. lie \Y;IS In possessi<strong>on</strong> of 1280 acres in New<br />
(;;~\tlc County. most of it <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> north sicle of <strong>the</strong> mouth of St. Gcol-,qes Creek. -<br />
I)~~.~lll~l//l, XII, 543; Ol.i~lllil/ /.illld Tll/L'l, 102-3, 162. 165. At <strong>the</strong> COUrt Of <strong>NC</strong>W<br />
I N o 3. 16x0. J ;I~II~ Younn's \\rife (thc folmcr wife of Lokenius?) clefends<br />
I~iln ;~,g:iin\t tlcf:~~il;~tio~l by )oIin ,I-iiylor. Sl~c win.; tIic, suit. Most of Young's story<br />
tolcl hy I(.II~I.IL.I S
36 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH<br />
married himself, which is c<strong>on</strong>trary to <strong>the</strong> order in matters of<br />
matrim<strong>on</strong>y; that pursuant to <strong>the</strong> laws of <strong>the</strong> Fa<strong>the</strong>rland he ought<br />
to have first asked and obtained a [final) decree of divorce from<br />
<strong>the</strong> superior authority and that in case of delay he would be<br />
obliged to proceed against him." On <strong>the</strong> same day Lokenius was<br />
heavily fined for having broken into <strong>the</strong> room of <strong>the</strong> fugitive<br />
Jacob Young, in <strong>the</strong> house of "Andries Andriesen, <strong>the</strong> Finn," and<br />
"for usurpati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> authority of <strong>the</strong> Court.""<br />
Lokenius states his case to Director General Stuyvesant as<br />
follows:<br />
Noble, H<strong>on</strong>orable General,<br />
Sir:<br />
My humble services and what fur<strong>the</strong>r lies in 1ny power are always<br />
at your disposal. It will not be unknown to your H<strong>on</strong>or, how, since<br />
<strong>the</strong> elopement of my wife, I have fallen from <strong>on</strong>e misfortune into<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r, because all my steps taken <strong>on</strong> that account have been given<br />
<strong>the</strong> worst ex~lanati<strong>on</strong> and I have been c<strong>on</strong>demned to heavv fines.<br />
I<br />
which c<strong>on</strong>sidering my poverty, I an1 not able to get toge<strong>the</strong>r, for<br />
besides about 200 guilders paid already, I have now again been<br />
sentenced to a fine of 280 guilders, which has happened, because I<br />
was looking for my wife, and thought she was in <strong>the</strong> room, which<br />
I opened by force. I found <strong>the</strong>re nothing but some pairs of socks,<br />
which <strong>the</strong> vagab<strong>on</strong>d robber of my wife had left behind him. I<br />
inventoried <strong>the</strong>se and whereas it has been so interpreted as if I had<br />
abused <strong>the</strong> Court by this act of mine, threrefore I have been fined 280<br />
guilders, as it is pretended, that <strong>the</strong> runaway was so much in debt and<br />
whereas I have been c<strong>on</strong>demned to this fine in my innocence, having<br />
no o<strong>the</strong>r intenti<strong>on</strong> than to look for niy wife, <strong>the</strong>refore it is my humble<br />
petiti<strong>on</strong>, that your H<strong>on</strong>or as Chief Magistrate may please to be favorable<br />
and merciful to me and to forgive me, what in my ignorance has<br />
happened here and to remit my punishment c<strong>on</strong>sidering my poverty.<br />
As to having married myself, I have proceeded lawfully <strong>the</strong>rein and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>sent was given. I have followed <strong>the</strong> same custom, which o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
have followed here, who have not been called up<strong>on</strong> that account. I<br />
declare <strong>on</strong> my c<strong>on</strong>science, that it was not d<strong>on</strong>e with any bad intenti<strong>on</strong>;<br />
had I known that this self-marriage would be thus interpreted, I<br />
would have willingly sub~nitted to <strong>the</strong> usages of <strong>the</strong> Reformed Church,<br />
which were not known to me.<br />
"Therefore I pray <strong>on</strong>ce more <strong>the</strong> H<strong>on</strong>orable General may please to<br />
assist me with favor and mercy to attend to my poor vocati<strong>on</strong> and<br />
means, so that I may enjoy my bread and livehood without being a<br />
burden to anybody. The Lord Almighty, to whose protecti<strong>on</strong> I faith-<br />
NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 37<br />
fully commend your H<strong>on</strong>or, may move your H<strong>on</strong>or's heart and mind<br />
to such mercy.<br />
Uplandt, 30th April, 1662.<br />
Your H<strong>on</strong>or's humble subject<br />
Laurentius Carolus<br />
L. Minister.<br />
To <strong>the</strong> Noble, H<strong>on</strong>orable, Distinguished<br />
General Petrus Stuyvesant, Director<br />
of New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland.46<br />
Whe<strong>the</strong>r Stuyvesant c<strong>on</strong>sidered this appeal and sent Beeck-<br />
man instructi<strong>on</strong>s for dealing with Lokenius is not of record. But<br />
<strong>the</strong> marriage stood. His children (by both wives) who used <strong>the</strong><br />
surname Lock, grew up to be estimable citizens.<br />
By 1662, Dutch and Swedish Lu<strong>the</strong>rans in <strong>the</strong> New Amstel<br />
col<strong>on</strong>y were permitted by Director D'Hinojossa to call a young<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran minister from Amsterdam as school master for <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
children. Domine Abelius Zetskoorn arrived in <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y<br />
<strong>the</strong> following spring and taught in <strong>the</strong> Col<strong>on</strong>y for more than a<br />
year. In June Beeckman wrote to Stuyvesant: "Abelius Zetscoren<br />
received an invitati<strong>on</strong> and call from <strong>the</strong> Swedish c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
subject to your H<strong>on</strong>or's approval, but Domine Laers objects to<br />
it with all his influence, so that <strong>the</strong> Commissaries were compelled<br />
to threaten him with a protest before he could be persuaded to<br />
permit Domine Zetscoren to preach <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> sec<strong>on</strong>d day of Pene-<br />
cost." Fur<strong>the</strong>r informati<strong>on</strong> is provided in Beeckman's letter of<br />
November 15 :<br />
Abelius Zetskoorn has been called by those of <strong>the</strong> Augsburg C<strong>on</strong>-<br />
fessi<strong>on</strong>, who bel<strong>on</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y of New Amstel, as I informed your<br />
H<strong>on</strong>ble Worships before this, with <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sent of Director and<br />
Council <strong>the</strong>re, subject to <strong>the</strong> approval of <strong>the</strong>ir very H<strong>on</strong>orable Wor-<br />
ships, <strong>the</strong> Lords-Burgomasters. Since his staying <strong>the</strong>re, he has been<br />
here in <strong>the</strong> district of <strong>the</strong> H<strong>on</strong>ble Company <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong>ce (it was last<br />
Whitm<strong>on</strong>day) and <strong>the</strong>n he preached at Tinnakunck [Tinicum) at <strong>the</strong><br />
request of <strong>the</strong> Swedish Commissaries. Afterward he was offered as<br />
high a salary, as Domine Laers receives; <strong>the</strong>y wanted him especially as<br />
schoolmaster, but <strong>the</strong>y of New Amstel would not let him go. In re-<br />
gard to <strong>the</strong> informati<strong>on</strong>, received by your H<strong>on</strong>ble Worships, that he<br />
also administers <strong>the</strong> rite of baptism, this is not true: I shall expect<br />
your H<strong>on</strong>ble Worship' fur<strong>the</strong>r order in this matter.47<br />
46 lhid.. 367. The signature is <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly original found in this scnrch. In<br />
11 orJ\ of <strong>the</strong> Duke of York period, he is frequently called "Lnurentius Cnrolus"<br />
\\,~tl~oi~t ei<strong>the</strong>r "Lock" or "L".<br />
47 ll>id.. 111. 40; 437. 433. 446; E~rlc~~.l~tir.rl Rerordr, I, 550; Dorumentr,<br />
XII. 446.
38 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH<br />
Domine Zetskoorn must have had a good command of <strong>the</strong><br />
Swedish language, as well as his native Dutch, to have been<br />
wanted by <strong>the</strong> Swedes in Beeckman's jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> to teach <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
children. He performed no religious offices in <strong>the</strong> New Amstel<br />
territory, but probably taught <strong>the</strong> children of Dutch, Swedish and<br />
Finnish Lu<strong>the</strong>rans <strong>the</strong>ir catechisms according to Augsburg Cen-<br />
fessi<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Except for <strong>the</strong> deed drawn by Lokenius at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> early in<br />
1664, which as previously related he signed as pastor of <strong>the</strong> place,<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is no fur<strong>the</strong>r record c<strong>on</strong>cerning Lu<strong>the</strong>ran religi<strong>on</strong> or educa-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> until October of that year when <strong>the</strong> English<br />
Duke of York's commander, Sir Robert Carr, forced <strong>the</strong> surrender<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Dutch <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> to his English Majesty, King<br />
Charles of Great Britain.<br />
Before this happened Director Alexander D'Hinojossa, who<br />
governed badly from <strong>the</strong> day be came into office following Direc-<br />
tor Alrichs' death, but took much care to streng<strong>the</strong>n his standing<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Amsterdam directors of <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y by sending<br />
<strong>the</strong>m adroit reports of his administrati<strong>on</strong>, had disrupted life<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> people in his jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> and become a threat to <strong>the</strong><br />
peace and prosperity of <strong>the</strong> whole river. Below <strong>the</strong> Christina<br />
Dutch, Swedes, Finns and o<strong>the</strong>rs suffered from his tyranny and<br />
his persecuti<strong>on</strong> of individuals, especially those who failed to pay<br />
him <strong>the</strong> homage he de~nanded.~'<br />
A man who offended <strong>the</strong> director might be severely sentenced<br />
<strong>on</strong> a false or triflng charge, while serious offenses against <strong>the</strong><br />
public safety might be ignored as was <strong>the</strong> open selling of liquor<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Indians. On <strong>on</strong>e occasi<strong>on</strong> when two farm servants <strong>on</strong> a<br />
plantati<strong>on</strong> close to New Amstel, "<strong>on</strong>e a Hollander, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r a<br />
Swede or Fin" killed three Indians, a man, woman, and boy while<br />
robbing <strong>the</strong>m of <strong>the</strong>ir wampum, D'Hinojossa arrested <strong>the</strong> mur-<br />
derers, heard <strong>the</strong>ir c<strong>on</strong>fessi<strong>on</strong>s and <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>vincing evidence<br />
against <strong>the</strong>m and <strong>the</strong>n discharged <strong>the</strong>m. Terrified Dutch and<br />
Swedes <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> surrounding farms fearing Indian violence in re-<br />
venge sought safety am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> closely settled town people. For-<br />
tunately <strong>the</strong> news reached Stuyvesant at New Amsterdam in time<br />
to prevent this tragedy. He forced D'Hinojossa to prosecute <strong>the</strong><br />
murderers and <strong>the</strong> Indians were pacified.49<br />
1 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 39<br />
1 i<br />
Early in 1663 D'Hinojossa was selling property of <strong>the</strong> City's<br />
Col<strong>on</strong>y, "everything for which he can find a purchaser, even <strong>the</strong><br />
powder and musket balls from <strong>the</strong> magazine," wrote Beeckman,<br />
for means to provide supplies in expectati<strong>on</strong> of ships bringing<br />
many col<strong>on</strong>ists. This maneuver did not support <strong>the</strong> claims of<br />
competent management he had made to <strong>the</strong> Burgomasters. Although<br />
his sales of ammuniti<strong>on</strong> to Maryland merchants weakened<br />
<strong>the</strong> defenses of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> D'Hinojossa depended up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
English not to attack. He was planning a great trade with <strong>the</strong>m<br />
for which he would move <strong>the</strong> capital of <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>y from New<br />
Amstel to <strong>the</strong> App~quinimink.'~<br />
As a boast and threat, especially to <strong>the</strong> up-river inhabitants, he<br />
declared publicly that <strong>the</strong> West India Company would so<strong>on</strong> sell<br />
<strong>the</strong> company's holdings <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> to <strong>the</strong> City of Amsterdam,<br />
implying that he would <strong>the</strong>n c<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>the</strong> whole river. Late<br />
in <strong>the</strong> spring he took ship for Amsterdam, returning December 3<br />
with 150 col<strong>on</strong>ists, thirty-two of whom were Finns. The sale had<br />
been made by <strong>the</strong> West India Company (still greatly in debt) and<br />
Alexander D'Hinojossa was now <strong>the</strong> City of Amsterdam's director<br />
of <strong>the</strong> "Col<strong>on</strong>y of <strong>the</strong> South River from <strong>the</strong> sea upwards as<br />
far as <strong>the</strong> river reaches.""<br />
1 ! True to his character, D'Hinojossa immediately displayed his<br />
power by announcing that Beeckman was dismissed from <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong>; he published a date after which all trade by <strong>the</strong> inhabitants<br />
would be forbidden. Trade was to be carried <strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly by<br />
his appointees. He issued orders that no col<strong>on</strong>ist should brew or<br />
distill beer or liquor ei<strong>the</strong>r for sale or for home use, in order, he<br />
explained, to gain surplus wheat and barley for export. He hired<br />
out <strong>the</strong> new farm laborers including those from Sweden to plantcrs<br />
for a term of years, "almost <strong>the</strong> same method," in Beeckman's<br />
words, "as <strong>the</strong> English trade in servants."<br />
Beeckman refused to transmit <strong>the</strong> order against brewing and<br />
rlistilling to <strong>the</strong> Swedish populati<strong>on</strong> above <strong>the</strong> Christina, since<br />
<strong>the</strong>y engaged in it <strong>on</strong>ly for home c<strong>on</strong>sumpti<strong>on</strong>, and no more grain<br />
was ~roduced than was needed by <strong>the</strong> people and for seed."<br />
Early in January, Reeckman had called toge<strong>the</strong>r at Altena, <strong>the</strong><br />
Swedish commissaries and all <strong>the</strong> Swedisll col<strong>on</strong>ists in his former
40 NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH<br />
jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>, announced his resignati<strong>on</strong>, and released <strong>the</strong>m from<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir oath to <strong>the</strong> West India Company. The next day a delegati<strong>on</strong><br />
of <strong>the</strong>m appeared before D'Hinojossa and his Council at New<br />
Amstel. There <strong>the</strong>y showed plenty of spirit. "Now we are sold,<br />
hand us over," said <strong>the</strong> leaders. But when <strong>the</strong> new oath was read<br />
all present refused to take it. They demanded a written guaran-<br />
tee of <strong>the</strong> same privileges in trading and o<strong>the</strong>r things that <strong>the</strong>y<br />
had enjoyed under <strong>the</strong> West India Company. D'Hinojossa and<br />
Council gave <strong>the</strong>m eight days for c<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves<br />
and with those of <strong>the</strong>ir populati<strong>on</strong> who were not present, after<br />
which <strong>the</strong>y would be required to take <strong>the</strong> oath or leave <strong>the</strong><br />
river.'3 Most of <strong>the</strong>m were trapped unless <strong>the</strong>y could bring <strong>the</strong>m-<br />
selves to leave <strong>the</strong>ir hard-w<strong>on</strong> possessi<strong>on</strong>s in cultivated land, in<br />
buildings, equipment and livestock - for c<strong>on</strong>fiscati<strong>on</strong> of every-<br />
thing any departing col<strong>on</strong>ists owned was to be expected from<br />
D'Hinojossa. There is no record that <strong>the</strong>y took <strong>the</strong> oath at <strong>the</strong><br />
end of <strong>the</strong> eight days nor that any of <strong>the</strong>m left <strong>the</strong> river. The<br />
signing probably dragged al<strong>on</strong>g, a few at a time, and may not<br />
have been complete when <strong>the</strong> ships of <strong>the</strong> Duke of York appeared<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river in October.<br />
Having heard from Stuyvesant and also from <strong>the</strong> Amsterdam<br />
directors of <strong>the</strong> City's Col<strong>on</strong>y who recognized <strong>the</strong> importance of<br />
keeping a man of Beeckman's experience and wisdom <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dela-<br />
ware in <strong>the</strong> interest of an orderly change of government, D'Hino-<br />
jossa invited him to stay offering him his present property as a<br />
gift if he would c<strong>on</strong>tinue to live at Altena. Mr. Beeckman did not<br />
accept; but he remained with his family at his Altena home until<br />
Stuyvesant was able to provide a place for him as chief officer at<br />
Esopus (Kingst<strong>on</strong>) <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Huds<strong>on</strong>. The moving with his wife<br />
and eight children, his possessi<strong>on</strong>s and those of <strong>the</strong> West India<br />
Company could not be managed until July 4, 1664.'"<br />
So for an additi<strong>on</strong>al six m<strong>on</strong>ths of D'Hinojossa's rule <strong>the</strong><br />
Swedes had an unofficial advocate and protector. The majority of<br />
New Sweden settlers were of peasant stock, but <strong>the</strong> peasants of<br />
Sweden, unlike those of o<strong>the</strong>r European countries, had never been<br />
serfs. As a class <strong>the</strong>y were freehold farmers, <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> four<br />
NEW SWEDEN COLONISTS UNDER THE DUTCH 41<br />
"Estates" of Sweden: Clergy, Nobility, Burgers, Peasants, en-<br />
titled to speak for <strong>the</strong>mselves and <strong>the</strong>ir interests before <strong>the</strong> king<br />
and his councillors. And as a class <strong>the</strong>y were h<strong>on</strong>est, religious,<br />
and hardworking, hospitable and generous, but tenacious of age-<br />
l<strong>on</strong>g ways, f<strong>on</strong>d of sports and out-door life. These were <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
I normal traits, however much individuals might diverge from <strong>the</strong>se<br />
qualities.>'
The Building of<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church<br />
HE west side of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> was not included in <strong>the</strong> grant<br />
T of American territory to James, Duke of York, by his<br />
bro<strong>the</strong>r, Charles I1 of Great Britain, March 12, 1664. But James<br />
in his determinati<strong>on</strong> to reduce <strong>the</strong> naval and commercial superiority<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Dutch, used his positi<strong>on</strong>, High Admiral of <strong>the</strong> British<br />
Navy, and <strong>the</strong> favor of his bro<strong>the</strong>r, to take <strong>the</strong> whole of New<br />
Ne<strong>the</strong>rland in his majesty's name. For tl-lis adventure he sent<br />
across <strong>the</strong> Atlantic a commissi<strong>on</strong> headed by Col<strong>on</strong>el Richard<br />
Nicolls in command of a fleet of armed ships carrying soldiers.<br />
By threat of this overwhelming force compared with <strong>the</strong> weak<br />
defenses of <strong>the</strong> Dutch, <strong>the</strong> duke's commissi<strong>on</strong>ers secured <strong>the</strong> surrender<br />
of New Amsterdam without <strong>the</strong> firing of a gun, August<br />
27/September 7, 1664.'<br />
Sir Robert Carr, <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong>ers, was <strong>the</strong>n dispatched<br />
with two frigates and a company of soldiers to take <strong>the</strong> Dutch<br />
South River. The ships arrived in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> September 30/<br />
October 10, sailed unchallenged past New Amstel without a salute<br />
and negotiated with <strong>the</strong> Swedes and Finns above <strong>the</strong> Christina,<br />
who accepted <strong>the</strong> liberal English terms. Later, after three days<br />
parley with <strong>the</strong> Dutch officers, magistrates, and people at New<br />
Amstel, Commander Carr persuaded magistrates and people to<br />
take <strong>the</strong> oath of allegiance. Hut not <strong>the</strong> Dutch director, D'Hinojossa.<br />
He rushed his chief officers into <strong>the</strong> fort which he had<br />
largely denuded of fire-power, alerted <strong>the</strong> soldiers, and attempted<br />
a semblance of bristling defense. The British ships were not in<br />
range, but <strong>the</strong> next morning Sir Robert Carr dropped <strong>the</strong>m down<br />
1 Andrrws. CO/NNI.~/ Period, 111. 53-63; Ori~r!/t~/ Lrud 7.iflcr. 17-23. -1 !I(<br />
Duke's grant estenJtd <strong>on</strong>ly to ''<strong>the</strong>. ta.;t .;~clc. of Dcl.l\\;~re I3ay."<br />
r New<br />
h<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 43<br />
before <strong>the</strong> Dutch fort where each fired two broadsides into that<br />
redoubt killing three soldiers and wounding ten. Carr's soldiers<br />
rushed up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> fort for plunder and Carr followed, securing<br />
booty for himself. He <strong>the</strong>n took "for <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong> King from<br />
Amstel and inhabitants <strong>the</strong>reabout" everything of value<br />
including <strong>the</strong> stores and equipment in <strong>the</strong> fort, <strong>the</strong> livestock, crops<br />
and farming implements from some of <strong>the</strong> plantati<strong>on</strong>s. To pay<br />
for supplies he gave <strong>the</strong> Dutch soldiers in trade to an English<br />
merchant to be sold into indentured service. The Negro servants<br />
bel<strong>on</strong>ging to D'Hinojossa he traded to Maryland for beef, pork,<br />
. corn and salt. D'Hinojossa and <strong>the</strong> sheriff, Gerrit van Sweeringen,<br />
all <strong>the</strong>ir property c<strong>on</strong>fiscated, departed for Maryland, but <strong>the</strong> able<br />
and versatile Peter Alrichs swore allegiance to <strong>the</strong> English and<br />
prospered.'<br />
The plundering bout by Carr was in violati<strong>on</strong> of his instructi<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
He was recalled October 23/November 2 and his booty<br />
taken from him. Col<strong>on</strong>el Richard Nicolls, governor for <strong>the</strong> Duke<br />
of York, came to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> immediately following <strong>the</strong> recall,<br />
established orderly government, and did what he could to meliorate<br />
<strong>the</strong> effects of Carr's brutal c<strong>on</strong>duct. Whe<strong>the</strong>r any Swedes<br />
1 and Finns living am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Dutch in <strong>the</strong> New Amstel district<br />
suffered in <strong>the</strong> raid by Carr is not known. New Amstel was<br />
renamed New Castle and Captain John Carr, a s<strong>on</strong> or bro<strong>the</strong>r' of<br />
Sir Robert Carr, was made commandant <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>.<br />
Under <strong>the</strong> English terms for allegiance, col<strong>on</strong>ists who took <strong>the</strong><br />
oath, whatever <strong>the</strong>ir nati<strong>on</strong>ality, were protected in <strong>the</strong>ir real and<br />
pers<strong>on</strong>al estates; became free citizens and could enjoy <strong>the</strong> privileges<br />
of trading into his majesty's domini<strong>on</strong>s as freely as any Englishman<br />
and would be given a certificate for <strong>the</strong> purpose; present<br />
magistrates and o<strong>the</strong>r officers under <strong>the</strong> Dutch were c<strong>on</strong>firmed<br />
in <strong>the</strong>ir authority and jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>s for six m<strong>on</strong>ths; all people were<br />
I<br />
to enjoy liberty of c<strong>on</strong>science in <strong>the</strong>ir church discipline."<br />
t<br />
[<br />
The freedom of worship thus granted in October, 1664, was<br />
within two years reinforced by <strong>the</strong> Duke of York. A letter from<br />
(;overnor Nicolls to "Ge~r~le~l/e~/," not named in <strong>the</strong> published<br />
2 ~),,CI:TIIVII~, XII. 457 ff., 111. 68-73. 345-346; PCIIIIC~/I,III;~I At.~/,;~,er, XI<br />
t \II . V. 752; Hnz;lrcl, A~r,ra/r. 368.<br />
\ I)O'.I,TII~.II~~. XII. 457-459; H:~zar'l. 367; Perr~ir~lr.r~rr~ Archirer, 2d scr..<br />
1 V 5.IIrl?: ,liihir.>t rl A~.I~~/,III~.<br />
I., 416 ~ o c I I I I I ~ ~ XI / ~ / (index) ~ , Iirts l(1l1n Cirr<br />
.I, "\III~" of Sir Kohrrt. citin,~ 111. 109. hut John C;~rr is not menti<strong>on</strong>ed thtre.<br />
hly< I,. A'./~r.///r c,. i I<strong>on</strong>.. \.I).\ 111l1n \\.I( R~~hcrt'\ "bl-orl>c.r. not his cousin."<br />
,t / ) ~ ~ ~ l ~ T l l 111, ~ l l / 71; ! , /'~'I/I/~)/I'./I/I.I Ari./,/~47,
44 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
transcript, but its c<strong>on</strong>tents necessarily applying to all districts<br />
alike reads:<br />
Gentlemen.<br />
I have lately received Lrc~ from ye Duke Wherein it is perticulerly<br />
signifyed unto me that his Royal Highness doth approve of ye Tollerti<strong>on</strong><br />
given to ye Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church in <strong>the</strong>ise partes I doe <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
expect that you live friendly & peaceable wtl) those of that professi<strong>on</strong><br />
giving <strong>the</strong>m no disturbance in ye Exercise of <strong>the</strong>ir Religi<strong>on</strong>, as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
shall receive noe Countenance in but <strong>on</strong> yc C<strong>on</strong>trary strictly Answer<br />
any disturbance <strong>the</strong>y shall presume to give unto any of you in yor<br />
divine worship. So I bid you farewell being<br />
Yor very loving friend.<br />
Fort James in New Yorke this 13th day of October, 1666.5<br />
Fortunately by this firm policy, any obstructive tactics that may<br />
have been used by <strong>the</strong> Dutch Reformed magistrates still in office<br />
at New Castle against <strong>the</strong> building of a Lu<strong>the</strong>ran church would<br />
be overcome. The c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> would still have to secure from<br />
<strong>the</strong> court at New Castle permissi<strong>on</strong> to build and approval of <strong>the</strong><br />
site.6 The general history from <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>temporary sources of <strong>the</strong><br />
Swedish Lu<strong>the</strong>rans <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> as given in <strong>the</strong> preceding<br />
chapter shows that no <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> H ~ok church could have been built<br />
before <strong>the</strong> change to English sovereignty in October 1664. Plans<br />
for <strong>the</strong> church may have been in <strong>the</strong> mind of Pastor Lokenius as<br />
early as 1662, when Governor D'Hinojossa promised Swedish<br />
and Finnish farmers in <strong>the</strong> West India Company's territory "free<br />
exercise of <strong>the</strong>ir religi<strong>on</strong>" if <strong>the</strong>y would move into Dutch territory<br />
south of <strong>the</strong> Christina. C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s under D'Hinojossa were<br />
hardly propitious for <strong>the</strong> building of a new Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church,<br />
even if <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> who would attend could have been persuaded<br />
to build <strong>the</strong> church at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> ra<strong>the</strong>r than at Christina<br />
where <strong>the</strong> first Swedish Church had stood.<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sidering from <strong>the</strong> foregoing that <strong>the</strong> opportunity to build<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> church arrived about 1667, weight is given to <strong>the</strong><br />
comment written by <strong>the</strong> Reverend Erik Bjork7 who became <strong>the</strong><br />
pastor of <strong>the</strong> church thirty years later, that so far as he could<br />
5 Dorrrment.r, XIV, 626.<br />
6 Neut Cirrtle Courr Record.r, 1, 45-47; Docrrnze~rrr. X11. 526. ?'hat <strong>the</strong> court<br />
at New Castle determined <strong>the</strong> places of worship, both C;ilvinist and Lu<strong>the</strong>ran, I\<br />
c<strong>on</strong>firmed hy orclcrc of <strong>the</strong> court, quoted hereafter.<br />
7 Erik Hitirk's n;1111e is co spelled by moclel-n Sueclih \\.ritcrs in stliol.irly<br />
~>~~l,l~c.~t~<strong>on</strong>\. 'l'lic \urn.llnc come\ from <strong>the</strong> S\x~ccl;sh \vortl for hirch trce.<br />
discover, services had been held <strong>the</strong>re since <strong>the</strong> year 1667.' Thus<br />
expressed, his statement represents an effort to learn <strong>the</strong> date of<br />
building <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church, for which he had good opportunity<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> oldest members of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> at <strong>the</strong> time he<br />
arrived in 1697. No <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church records have survived.<br />
Some must have been kept for <strong>the</strong>re was a parish clerk in <strong>the</strong><br />
1670's who may have been appointed when <strong>the</strong> church was built.<br />
He was Oele (Olof) Pouls<strong>on</strong> of Bread and Cheese Island. The<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly records by Lokenius that could be found by <strong>the</strong> Reverend<br />
Andreas Rudman, 1697-1702, were in a small book of jumbled<br />
items?<br />
The time of building <strong>the</strong> church having been established, <strong>the</strong><br />
locati<strong>on</strong> is to be determined by deeds and surveys of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
land, by deeds and surveys to individual owners, by deed of sale<br />
of John Mats<strong>on</strong>'s property; also by a court case involving church<br />
land. Reference to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map I will show <strong>the</strong> relati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
Hendrick Lemmens', <strong>the</strong> plaintiff's property in <strong>the</strong> following<br />
I court case to <strong>the</strong> site of <strong>the</strong> church as later determined. Hendrick<br />
I<br />
Andriessen, <strong>the</strong> defendant, who had enlarged <strong>the</strong> church yard will<br />
be remembered as <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> "resp<strong>on</strong>sible housekeepers" <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land in <strong>the</strong> census of 1676-78.<br />
On October 17/27, 1683, in <strong>the</strong> Court of New Castle, Hendrick<br />
Lemmens accused Hendrick Andriessen of "Haueing taken<br />
in this plts. Land at Craen hook Church:"<br />
1,<br />
I The afternamed two0 wittnesses were Sworne for ye pit Hans<br />
Peters<strong>on</strong> & Charles Petersen Sworne in Cart. that <strong>the</strong>y haue ben<br />
prsent and Seen that <strong>the</strong> deft hath taken in fence att Craenhooke<br />
Church yard about ye breath of three paces more <strong>the</strong>n were [where)<br />
ye old pales Stood -<br />
The deft alleidging that hee could proove that ye former owners<br />
of ye Land had Given Sufficient power for inlargeing ye sd Churchyard,<br />
and desireing that ye case might bee Suspended ti1 next Colt<br />
for him to Proove ye abovesd-The Cort <strong>the</strong>refore Suspended ye<br />
1 same and ordered that <strong>the</strong> deft bring in ye writing wch hee Sayer<br />
<strong>the</strong>re is, to proove that by ye former owners of ye Land <strong>the</strong>re was<br />
Sufficient power Given for <strong>the</strong> Enlargeing of ye Church yard to ye<br />
Church att Craenhooke aforesd'o<br />
8 MS. Records of Holy Trinity Church, 1, 12.<br />
9 OeIe (Ola, Olof) Pouls<strong>on</strong> is called "clockcr" and "klocker" (klockare)<br />
in scveral records. See Docume,zt, XII. 648; New Castle County Book of War-<br />
riints (C<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong>s and Grants). 1667-1679, folroc 56-57; Rudman Manuscripts.<br />
10 Nru, C'rctle Recordr, 11. 68-69.
46<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
On December 4/14, 1683, <strong>the</strong> case was again taken up:<br />
The defft saith ye Land in c<strong>on</strong>troversy bel<strong>on</strong>gest to ye Church<br />
being given by <strong>the</strong> first owner.<br />
Laurence Cock being appointed Interpretor was accordingly<br />
attested<br />
Samll Peters being attested saith he gave thirty foot of land to<br />
ye Church<br />
Epherim Harman being attested saith, yt Richard Noble he Sur-<br />
vayd ye Land in C<strong>on</strong>troversy & <strong>the</strong> inhabitants made no objecti<strong>on</strong><br />
Wri<strong>on</strong> Wru<strong>on</strong>sen being attested said <strong>the</strong> first d<strong>on</strong>or allowed <strong>the</strong><br />
Church so much land as it should need<br />
The Jury up<strong>on</strong> ye matter going out bring in <strong>the</strong>ir verdict for ye<br />
Defft with cost of sute<br />
The Court give Judgment according ye Verdict of ye Jury."<br />
Unfortunately <strong>the</strong> "wryting" to be brought in by Hendrick<br />
Andriessen is not described by <strong>the</strong> clerk in recording <strong>the</strong> disposi-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> case. Andriessen's handling of <strong>the</strong> court case and his<br />
enlarging <strong>the</strong> burial ground indicates a positi<strong>on</strong> of resp<strong>on</strong>sibility,<br />
probably that of warden. He is presumably, <strong>the</strong> "Hindrick An-<br />
derss<strong>on</strong>, freeman," who came with Governor Rising in 1654, and<br />
who in later records is a blacksmith."<br />
Hendrick Lemmens' nati<strong>on</strong>ality and time of arrival <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> are not known. He appears first as <strong>the</strong> author of a<br />
protest by <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lu<strong>the</strong>rans in 1675 (cited later). On April<br />
4, 1677, he has a suit against "Peter Hendricx" for a debt of 34<br />
gilders, in <strong>the</strong> court of New Castle.I3 On October 3, <strong>the</strong> same year,<br />
he and Sym<strong>on</strong> Jansen, "Inhabitants att <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g>hock," petiti<strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> court to grant each of <strong>the</strong>m 50 acres of marsh lying between<br />
Captain Evert Hendrickss<strong>on</strong>'s Island and <strong>the</strong> Batstow Creek,I4<br />
which was granted. He was am<strong>on</strong>g those at New Castle who did<br />
"Solemnly promise to yield to him [William Penn) all Just obedi-<br />
ence," <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> old calendar date October 28, 1682, and was<br />
naturalized by Penn at New Castle <strong>on</strong> old calendar February 21,<br />
1 I Ib~d.. 77. The witness \vhoe name is spelled Wri<strong>on</strong> U'ru<strong>on</strong>sen in thc<br />
printed Recordi ant1 Urri<strong>on</strong> Ulrii<strong>on</strong>s<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> manustrlpt was Juriaen Juriaensen,<br />
s<strong>on</strong> of Juriaen "Bosrnan" or "Bootsrnan" (Bosjeman?) who was <strong>the</strong> owner of L<strong>on</strong>g<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. See <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map I. Land at L<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> in <strong>the</strong> possessi<strong>on</strong> of Juriaen<br />
Juriaensen urns c<strong>on</strong>firmed to him in 1669, OrIgfn~tl Land T;fle.r, 143-144.<br />
12 Johns<strong>on</strong>. 5u.edIrh Serrlenienrr, 11. 717; Logan Papers. Quit-rents. Thrcr<br />
Lolver Counties. 1701-1713.<br />
13 Neu Cn.rrle Recnrd.r, I, 75.<br />
14 <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map I. A resurvey of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land in 1703 shows in<br />
its a(-companying drawing <strong>the</strong> locati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Batstow Creek a short distance soutl~<br />
of thc Cr;lnc. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> line, in Pacrd <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. - Book of Surveys (Penn), 297.<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 47<br />
1683. From January 20/30, 1685 to 1687, <strong>the</strong> year of his death,<br />
Henry or Hendrick Lemmens was a justice of <strong>the</strong> court of New<br />
Castle."<br />
The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> properties bought by Hendrick Lemmens<br />
T between 1675 and <strong>the</strong> court case of 1683, that proved <strong>the</strong> church<br />
,<br />
i<br />
yard to adjoin his land, can be known by comparing rhe owners<br />
of plots in <strong>the</strong>ir order from north to south in <strong>the</strong> 1676-1678<br />
census of "resp<strong>on</strong>sible housekeepers," with <strong>the</strong> owners of <strong>the</strong><br />
same plots, 1680-85, as shown <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map I. This map<br />
is based <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> official survey of October 20/30, 1680, by Ephraim<br />
Herman, New Castle County surveyor, of <strong>the</strong> 784 acres of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> proper,16 and deeds and surveys for adjoining land in effect<br />
1680-1685.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> first list <strong>the</strong>re are eight owners between Hendrick<br />
Andriessen at <strong>the</strong> north and Sim<strong>on</strong> Jansen at <strong>the</strong> south end of <strong>the</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> properties. Between Andriessen and Jansen <strong>the</strong> resp<strong>on</strong>sible<br />
housekeeper owners were Bertil Hindricksen, Pella<br />
Parker, Erick Mats<strong>on</strong>, Eskell Andries, Lars Eskells<strong>on</strong>, Samuel<br />
Peters<strong>on</strong>, John Mats<strong>on</strong>, and Olla Toersen. The 1680 survey c<strong>on</strong>firms<br />
that Andriessen and Sim<strong>on</strong> Jansen had large plantati<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
that in between <strong>the</strong>m were originally eight single home lots, 18<br />
perches ("rods") and 2 feet wide at each end and 150 perches<br />
in depth plus marshes in fr<strong>on</strong>t and woodland behind. At <strong>the</strong> time<br />
of <strong>the</strong> survey, Hendrick Andriessen is still in possessi<strong>on</strong> of his<br />
large plantati<strong>on</strong>; <strong>the</strong> two single "home lotts" next south of him,<br />
formerly of Bertil Hendricks<strong>on</strong> and Pella Parker have been acquired<br />
by William Johns<strong>on</strong> (alias Scott); <strong>the</strong> third single home<br />
lot, formerly of Erick Mats<strong>on</strong> has been acquired by Hendrick<br />
Lemmens; <strong>the</strong> fourth single lot is still owned by Eskell Andries,<br />
<strong>the</strong> fifth single lot, formerly of Lars Eskells<strong>on</strong>, has been acquired<br />
by Hendrick Lemmens; <strong>the</strong> sixth single lot, formerly of Samuel<br />
15 New Castle County Deeds, G-1, 410; Nerrf Cntrle Record.r, 11, 37, 94-151.<br />
16 lhrd., I, 503-505.
4 8 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
Peters<strong>on</strong>," has been acquired by John Mats<strong>on</strong>, who still owns his<br />
original single lot adjoining; <strong>the</strong> eighth single lot, originally of<br />
Olla Toersen, has been acquired by Sim<strong>on</strong> Jansen (Sym<strong>on</strong> John-<br />
s<strong>on</strong>), increasing <strong>the</strong> size of his large plantati<strong>on</strong>.ls<br />
Hendrick Lemmens in 1680 owned <strong>the</strong> original lot of Lars<br />
Eskells<strong>on</strong> which adjoined <strong>the</strong> original lot of Samuel Peters<strong>on</strong> now<br />
owned by John Mats<strong>on</strong>. These are <strong>the</strong> "home lotts" that deter-<br />
mine <strong>the</strong> positi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> church property. Samuel<br />
Peters<strong>on</strong> gave 30 feet to <strong>the</strong> church, so Lars Eskells<strong>on</strong> if he owned<br />
<strong>the</strong> land in 1667 was <strong>the</strong> man who gave <strong>the</strong> church "so much land<br />
as it should need." That Lars Eskells<strong>on</strong> owned this same lot <strong>the</strong><br />
sec<strong>on</strong>d year after <strong>the</strong> church was built has c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> list<br />
of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> participants fined in <strong>the</strong> "L<strong>on</strong>g Finn" c<strong>on</strong>spiracy<br />
of 1669, where Lars Eskells<strong>on</strong>, Samuel Peters<strong>on</strong> and John Mats<strong>on</strong><br />
appear c<strong>on</strong>se~utively.'~<br />
Thus <strong>the</strong> court case and <strong>the</strong> official survey show that <strong>the</strong> plot<br />
of ground bel<strong>on</strong>ging to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> church in 1667 was partly<br />
<strong>on</strong> both sides of <strong>the</strong> line of divisi<strong>on</strong> between Samuel Peters<strong>on</strong>'s<br />
home lot and that of Lars Eskells<strong>on</strong>. But <strong>the</strong>re is no indicati<strong>on</strong><br />
of its site al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> 150 perches of that boundary. John Mats<strong>on</strong><br />
who acquired <strong>the</strong> Peters<strong>on</strong> lot next north of his own sold his<br />
double lot, February 11/21, 1687, by <strong>the</strong> following deed:<br />
John Mats<strong>on</strong> alias Screeck of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> sold to Hendrick<br />
Vandenbugh, merchant of New Castle County (and town) for a<br />
17 At this time Samuel Petcrsc~n o\vned a tract of land <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> north side of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Christina (part of \vhich was later \X~illin~to\vn, now part of Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>),<br />
his half of 400 acres c<strong>on</strong>vcvetl to him ancl Lars Cornelis<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10th day of 8th<br />
m<strong>on</strong>th, 1674, hv John Anders<strong>on</strong> Staltop (Ne\v Castle Deeds, K-1, 364). He had<br />
been in possessi<strong>on</strong> of a piece of Holland Creek Marsh <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> south bank of <strong>the</strong><br />
Christina since 1654-1655 ;IS Samuel Pcrs(s)<strong>on</strong> i Bogen and Samuel Peters<strong>on</strong>,<br />
freeman (Johns<strong>on</strong>, Sufedi.rll Settlemeutr, 11, 721). "i Bogen" describing <strong>the</strong> locati<strong>on</strong><br />
of his marsh, at or in <strong>the</strong> shoulder (of lat~tl) or bend (of a stream), which later<br />
deeds, survcvs, ancl a court taw sliow as <strong>on</strong> both sides of <strong>the</strong> South Market Street<br />
causcwav (<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map I) adici~ning John Paul Iacquet's tract. racquet sued<br />
Peters<strong>on</strong> and Jacob Class<strong>on</strong> (Claws<strong>on</strong>) in 1674 (New Casrle Records, I, 122) for<br />
mowing hay over <strong>on</strong> his tract. A survey for Jacquet (Book of Surveys (Penn)<br />
326) sho\\rs Peters<strong>on</strong>'s tract adjoining Iacquct's in <strong>the</strong> bencl of <strong>the</strong> creek. A recital<br />
in Deed Book E-2, 341-344 (1783), trnccs Samucl's tract back to his s<strong>on</strong> Peter who<br />
inherited under his \vill, clated 20 Sept. 1699, cited in Deed Book K-1, 364,<br />
menti<strong>on</strong>ed above.<br />
18 C<strong>on</strong>firmecl to Sim<strong>on</strong> Jansen and Mattys Berckelsen (Eskels<strong>on</strong>?) July 1,<br />
1669. land <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> Hnok in <strong>the</strong>ir possrssi<strong>on</strong>, 60 rods wide next to Laats Toorsen<br />
and runnin,~ 600 rnds into <strong>the</strong> \voocls. - 0r1~11ral Title.r, 159. In <strong>the</strong> survey of<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Land. 1680. Johns<strong>on</strong>'s tract is 86 perches (or rods) wide and Berckelsen<br />
ancl Toorsen have nnne.<br />
19 List of 1669 ;IS "tr:~nscribed and examined at New Castle, May 11, 1675"<br />
Ill /)Oi lir~I~~?ltl,<br />
x11, 470.47 I<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 49<br />
Vallowable sum of m<strong>on</strong>ey . . . a certain pantac<strong>on</strong> scituat Lying and<br />
being in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> hooke afored bounded to ye North west with ye<br />
Church to ye South east with ye River <strong>Delaware</strong> to <strong>the</strong> South west<br />
with <strong>the</strong> Land of John Crompt<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>taining two Lotts being now<br />
in <strong>the</strong> tenure and occupac<strong>on</strong> of ye sd John Matts<strong>on</strong> alias Screeck<br />
with all ye housing outhousing . . . to haue and to hold &c.<br />
Acknowledged in <strong>the</strong> Court of New Castle <strong>on</strong> Fabruary 15/25,<br />
1687.20<br />
"Northwest with <strong>the</strong> Church" coincides with <strong>the</strong> informati<strong>on</strong><br />
of <strong>the</strong> court case and survey, for <strong>the</strong> northwest line of Mats<strong>on</strong>'s<br />
"two lotts" would include <strong>the</strong> northwest line of <strong>the</strong> lot formerly<br />
of Peters<strong>on</strong>. Peters<strong>on</strong>'s lot was 18 perches and 2 feet wide al<strong>on</strong>g<br />
this back line dividing his cultivated land from his share of <strong>the</strong><br />
woodland, and as Peters<strong>on</strong>, according to <strong>the</strong> court minutes, gave<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly 30 feet to <strong>the</strong> church, <strong>the</strong> church land began very near <strong>the</strong><br />
edge of Peters<strong>on</strong>'s land or woodland and extended north into that<br />
of Lars Eskells<strong>on</strong>, later of Lemmens. Of this extent <strong>the</strong>re is no<br />
record. Bounded to <strong>the</strong> northwest by <strong>the</strong> church suggests that <strong>the</strong><br />
church was outside <strong>the</strong> line of Mats<strong>on</strong>'s cultivated land and <strong>the</strong>re-<br />
fore in <strong>the</strong> woodland area bel<strong>on</strong>ging to this north lot. In a pre-<br />
liminary recorded agreement for <strong>the</strong> sale to Vandenburg, Febru-<br />
ary 26/March 8, 1685, "both home lotts & Woodland and all<br />
<strong>the</strong> Marshes or Marsh Ground <strong>the</strong>reunto bel<strong>on</strong>ging," etc., are to<br />
be c<strong>on</strong>veyed. In <strong>the</strong> deed of sale and in subsequent indentures,<br />
<strong>the</strong> suggesti<strong>on</strong> is streng<strong>the</strong>ned that <strong>the</strong> church land was in <strong>the</strong><br />
woodland.21 The Mats<strong>on</strong> deed establishes <strong>the</strong> distance oi <strong>the</strong><br />
church from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> River. The fast land of "home lotts"<br />
faces <strong>the</strong> "great Marsh" al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river a fourth to a third of<br />
a mile wide,22 which added to <strong>the</strong> 150 perches back to <strong>the</strong> woods<br />
puts <strong>the</strong> church at least three-fourths of a mile from <strong>the</strong> water<br />
and about a half mile back from <strong>the</strong> "wag<strong>on</strong> way leading to<br />
Christina ferry."23<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> maps I and I1 were made by plotting <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> properties from c<strong>on</strong>temporary deeds and surveys up<strong>on</strong> a<br />
modern map of south Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>, with <strong>the</strong> aid of an air map24<br />
20 New Castle County Deeds, B-1. 5-7, and see 134-135, sale of former<br />
Sim<strong>on</strong> Iohns<strong>on</strong> tract to John Grantham.<br />
21 Ibid., 1-2, 5-7 134-135, 84.<br />
22 New Castle County Book of Surveys (Penn). 297. A drawn plot is<br />
recorded with <strong>the</strong> certificate of rcsurvey of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land, Jan. 28/Feb. 8, 1703.<br />
23 New C,r~tlc, Rc-cnrdr, 11, 50-53.<br />
24 Tl~i\ c~xa~.l1
50 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
and by field expediti<strong>on</strong>s. The locati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> church thus ar-<br />
rived at is probably close enough to <strong>the</strong> original site for archaeolo-<br />
gists to find <strong>the</strong> exact locati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> burying ground.<br />
As to <strong>the</strong> architecture of <strong>the</strong> church and character of <strong>the</strong> build-<br />
ing published English translati<strong>on</strong>s of c<strong>on</strong>temporary records have<br />
stated merely that it was of Evidence that <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Church as well as <strong>the</strong> church at Wicaco was of <strong>the</strong> block-house<br />
type is provided in <strong>the</strong> words of <strong>the</strong> Reverend Erik Bjork, pastor<br />
of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> during its last years and familiar with <strong>the</strong> Wicaco<br />
church in use when he arrived <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> in 1697. His<br />
descripti<strong>on</strong> is included in <strong>the</strong> Latin <strong>the</strong>sis of his s<strong>on</strong>, Tobias Ericus<br />
Biork, submitted at Upsala University, Stockholm, and printed in<br />
1731, Dissertatus Gradualis de Plantati<strong>on</strong>e Ecclesiae Svecanae in<br />
America. Referring to Wicaco and especially to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <strong>the</strong><br />
s<strong>on</strong> quotes his fa<strong>the</strong>r as writing:<br />
These (churches) were so built that above an elevati<strong>on</strong> suitable for<br />
ano<strong>the</strong>r house <strong>the</strong>re was erected an overhang, several courses higher,<br />
from which <strong>the</strong>y could shoot downward; so that if <strong>the</strong> hea<strong>the</strong>n who<br />
could shoot no <strong>on</strong>e unless <strong>the</strong>y were to come close to <strong>the</strong> building,<br />
attacked <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> Swedes could shoot <strong>the</strong>m all down quickly, while<br />
<strong>the</strong> pagan, who used <strong>on</strong>ly bow and arrow, could hurt <strong>the</strong>m little if<br />
at all.<br />
For this quotati<strong>on</strong> Tobias Biork used <strong>the</strong> original Swedish<br />
text of his That both churches were built of wood<br />
(de ligno) means to <strong>the</strong> student of Swedish architecture <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong>: built of logs, round or squared, expertly notched to-<br />
ge<strong>the</strong>r at <strong>the</strong> ends to form <strong>the</strong> walls, with planks for flooring,<br />
clapboards or planks for <strong>the</strong> gabled roof, a door usually in <strong>the</strong><br />
gable end, sliding boards to close <strong>the</strong> window openings when<br />
glass was not available, <strong>the</strong> whole built up<strong>on</strong> a st<strong>on</strong>e foundati<strong>on</strong><br />
or <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> gr;~nd.~'<br />
25 Acrelius, 176.<br />
26 Translated by Mrs. Courtland B. Springer from <strong>the</strong> Swedish text in Biork.<br />
Di.r.rertatio Graduali.r, 11-12, which reads: "Hwilcka (Kyrkior) u80ro si bygde/<br />
at efter en lagom hogd som ett annat hus/ giordes en utbygning nigra hwarf hogre/<br />
<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> kunde skiuta utfore; si at om Hedningarne anfollo <strong>the</strong>m/ som intet kunde<br />
skie/ uthan <strong>the</strong> icke skulle komma in pa huset/ ti kunde <strong>the</strong> Swenske skiuta neder<br />
<strong>the</strong>m alt fort/ och Hedningen/ so~n brukacle allenast boga och pihl/ kunde litet<br />
eller intet skacla <strong>the</strong>m." (The diag<strong>on</strong>al lines have <strong>the</strong> functi<strong>on</strong> of commas.)<br />
Acrelius, (Be.rkrif~~ing, 198.199). uses <strong>the</strong> same text but says it is quoted<br />
from Andreas Rudman's MS. history, which he had used at Gloria Dei Church,<br />
Phil;~ilelphia, clurinn his stay in America, 1749-1756.<br />
27 Johns<strong>on</strong>. Stredilh Settle~r/e~~t~, I, 345 A,; Wcsla~er, "Log Structr~res in Ne\v<br />
S\\,eJcn," 86.<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
- Drawing by IValrer S/eu,arl<br />
from derrri/~ri<strong>on</strong> of Rerjerend Erik Bjork<br />
A logical reas<strong>on</strong> for choosing <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> as <strong>the</strong> site for<br />
building <strong>the</strong> church in 1667 has been hard to find in <strong>the</strong> site<br />
itself and <strong>the</strong> preceding history. Acrelius assumed that easier<br />
distance for <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>rans of New Castle was <strong>the</strong> reas<strong>on</strong>.28 No<br />
members of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>n lived <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> east side of <strong>the</strong><br />
Dela~are,~9 but <strong>the</strong> greater part of what became <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
28 Acrelius, 176.<br />
29 As early as 1666-1669 a few Dutch and French families bel<strong>on</strong>ging to <strong>the</strong><br />
Dutch Reformed Church at New Castle acquired tracts of land <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> east side of<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>: Foppe Jansen Outhout, Isaac Tayne, Peter Alrichs and o<strong>the</strong>rs.<br />
Swecles. [:inns. and Dutch Lu<strong>the</strong>rans hel<strong>on</strong>ging to <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church began<br />
;~cquiring IanJ in <strong>the</strong> Penns Neck-Salcm Creek area ;thc)ut 1671 and later. Their<br />
numher in
5 2 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> lived at Christina and above. Here again Tobias<br />
Biork provides <strong>the</strong> answer (in Latin), telling that those living "in<br />
tractu Christinae" sought to build <strong>the</strong>mselves a church:<br />
But because <strong>the</strong>re did not seem to <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>re much provisi<strong>on</strong><br />
[protecti<strong>on</strong>) against an invasi<strong>on</strong> of Indians, <strong>the</strong> greater part of <strong>the</strong>m<br />
erected for <strong>the</strong>mselves at a place across <strong>the</strong> river Christina, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, a church called by <strong>the</strong> same name, and also built of wood.<br />
The original text reads:<br />
Sed qu<strong>on</strong>iam nec ibi ab invasi<strong>on</strong>e Indianorum, satis sibi prospectum<br />
videretur, major eorundem pars, amne Christina trajecto in loco<br />
Tranhuken templum sibi, eodem nornine insignitum, etjam ligneum<br />
exstr~xere.3~<br />
Indians used <strong>the</strong> Christina River as a thoroughfare and also<br />
<strong>the</strong> trail near <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> between New Castle and <strong>the</strong> Christina.<br />
So <strong>the</strong> church was hidden away <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> edge of what was actually<br />
hardwood forest, behind a series of plantati<strong>on</strong>s with <strong>the</strong>ir build-<br />
ings, orchards, and judging from <strong>the</strong> marked trees that formed<br />
<strong>the</strong> plantati<strong>on</strong> boundaries, forest trees still standing. That <strong>the</strong><br />
Indian menace was real is made clear by c<strong>on</strong>temporary references,<br />
especially <strong>the</strong> report of Sir Robert Carr after he had taken <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong>. The Indians at that time were not friendly and because<br />
<strong>the</strong>re was a war <strong>on</strong> by parties from <strong>the</strong> tribes of Senecas and Tus-<br />
cororas, Christians as well as <strong>the</strong> River Indians might be attacked<br />
in <strong>the</strong>ir forays.31<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran services <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> were c<strong>on</strong>ducted in <strong>the</strong> form<br />
used in Sweden in <strong>the</strong> time of Printz and Rising. Lokenius, dur-<br />
ing <strong>the</strong> twelve years since New Sweden came under <strong>the</strong> Dutch,<br />
must have kept as closely as he could to <strong>the</strong> established order in<br />
<strong>the</strong> church Psalmbook or handbook to which he was accustomed.<br />
It can be c<strong>on</strong>jectured that <strong>the</strong> dedicati<strong>on</strong> cerem<strong>on</strong>ies and services<br />
at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church followed an order prescribed for <strong>on</strong>e of<br />
<strong>the</strong> important special Sundays of <strong>the</strong> year. This would mean a<br />
l<strong>on</strong>g service or it might be two services and two serm<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
same day.<br />
According to <strong>the</strong> Swedish custom all services opened with <strong>the</strong><br />
singing of a Psalm by <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>. The order of <strong>the</strong> day<br />
included resp<strong>on</strong>sive readings or singing, prayer, <strong>the</strong> Epistle for<br />
30 Di.r.rei/~r/io Gradualir, I I- 12.<br />
31 Ducnnre~~/t, 111, 73; Wcslnger. "Minquas," 18; nncl see Docu~ze~~/r, XII,<br />
493.<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 5 3<br />
<strong>the</strong> day, <strong>the</strong> serm<strong>on</strong>, <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> several creeds read or sung, singing<br />
of a Psalm often special for <strong>the</strong> special day, prayers, adm<strong>on</strong>iti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
and announcements by <strong>the</strong> pastor and final blessing.<br />
The church celebrati<strong>on</strong>s of Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost,<br />
each lasted four days with appropriate daily cerem<strong>on</strong>ies; o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
special days had <strong>on</strong>ly a morning service <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> day.32 As in most<br />
religi<strong>on</strong>s, <strong>the</strong> church bell was important to pastor and people, but<br />
whe<strong>the</strong>r those of <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> within hearing<br />
were summ<strong>on</strong>ed by <strong>the</strong> sweet t<strong>on</strong>es of a good bell made in Sweden,<br />
or <strong>the</strong> clangor of a poor bell, or by any bell at all, is unknown.33<br />
Effort would be made to decorate <strong>the</strong> interior of <strong>the</strong> church amro- I1<br />
priately. Materials for altar cloth and vestments could be procured<br />
from English merchants and women members of <strong>the</strong><br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> skilled with <strong>the</strong> needle could supply <strong>the</strong> decorative<br />
handwork. A painting such as Rising desired for <strong>the</strong> Christina<br />
Church of his day, would be harder to procure.'"<br />
Records are silent about both ~oke&us and <strong>the</strong> church for two<br />
years. In 1669 came a testing-time for Swedes and Finns of <strong>the</strong><br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>. An impostor came am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m, calling himself <strong>the</strong><br />
s<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Swedish General C<strong>on</strong>igsmark. With persuasive talk<br />
he played up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> str<strong>on</strong>g loyalty to <strong>the</strong> Swedish crown that many<br />
of <strong>the</strong>m had. Called alternately <strong>the</strong> "L<strong>on</strong>g Finn" and <strong>the</strong> "L<strong>on</strong>g<br />
Swede" by <strong>the</strong> English, this man, Marcus Jacobs<strong>on</strong>, c<strong>on</strong>vinced<br />
some of <strong>the</strong> worthy Swedish col<strong>on</strong>ists that under his leadership<br />
Finns and Swedes could overthrow <strong>the</strong> Duke's officers by force<br />
and take c<strong>on</strong>trol in <strong>the</strong> name of young Prince Carl of kveden.<br />
Henry Coleman (Kolehmainen) ,3' a Finn who knew <strong>the</strong> Indian<br />
language, joined <strong>the</strong> newcomer,.<strong>the</strong> two of <strong>the</strong>m hiding out am<strong>on</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> Indians between <strong>the</strong>ir recruiting sorties am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> people.<br />
'They were caught, <strong>the</strong> leader impris<strong>on</strong>ed, tried and found guilty<br />
32 Johns<strong>on</strong>, Su,edi.rh Serrleme~r/.r, I, 366, A.<br />
33 The <strong>on</strong>ly bell known to havc cnllecl Lut1icr;lns tc~ cl1urc.11 up to <strong>the</strong> end of<br />
~ I I C <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> period was <strong>the</strong> hell at 1-inicum. made in Sweden, engraved with<br />
IIIC year 1643 ancl sent to Governor Printz <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> "Fnma" in 1644. It went to <strong>the</strong><br />
Witaco c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> in 1699 for <strong>the</strong>ir new church. Gloria Dei. and was in use<br />
tl~crc until <strong>the</strong> Revoluti<strong>on</strong>. - Johns<strong>on</strong>, Colli~l, 69; Johns<strong>on</strong>, Stc*ed;.rh Se//letnenr.r,<br />
I, 306.<br />
'l'here is nc~ menti<strong>on</strong> of a rliurcl~ bell at F~)rt Christina. Governor Rising. in n<br />
1~11c.r home of July. 1654, sug~rsted that two or tl~ree hells would be "very<br />
cc,~vi(e:ihlc hcrc." (Myers, Nar.a/~r,e.r, 150) but it is unlikely that any were received.<br />
34 Rrv. Erick Hjiirk writes that for <strong>the</strong> dedicati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> new church <strong>on</strong><br />
'I'r~r~ity Sul~cl;ly. 1(1OC). IIC cli
5 4 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
of c<strong>on</strong>spiring to invade <strong>the</strong> government by force of arms, and of<br />
maliciously and traitorously soliciting, enticing or threatening<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs to join a revolt and betray <strong>the</strong>ir allegiance to His Majesty,<br />
<strong>the</strong> King of England. The false C<strong>on</strong>igsmark was whipped,<br />
branded and sent to Barbadoes to be sold as a servant. His chief<br />
c<strong>on</strong>federates suffered a fine of <strong>the</strong> value of half <strong>the</strong>ir goods and<br />
chattles and <strong>the</strong> rest who were drawn in and followed him,<br />
lighter fines. And who were his c<strong>on</strong>federates? - Many of those<br />
living at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> al<strong>on</strong>g with o<strong>the</strong>r Swedes and Finns from<br />
New Castle to Verdrietige <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> (Edge Moor). Am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
federates was Pastor Lokenius, about whom <strong>the</strong> English governor,<br />
Francis Lovelace, wrote from New York, September 15, 1669, to<br />
Commander Carr and <strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong>ers at New Castle: "I per-<br />
ceive <strong>the</strong> Little Domine hath played <strong>the</strong> trumpeter to this disorder,<br />
I refer <strong>the</strong> quality of his punishment to your discreti<strong>on</strong>." He was<br />
sentenced with those required pay <strong>the</strong> higher fines: "Laurance<br />
Carolus minister 600 guilders." Am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> richest, judging from<br />
<strong>the</strong> value of half <strong>the</strong>ir possessi<strong>on</strong>s, were Olle Fransen, 2000<br />
guilders; Henry Coleman, 950, and John Stalcop, 1500. Before<br />
<strong>the</strong> trial <strong>the</strong> governor had ordered Stalcop impris<strong>on</strong>ed as a chief<br />
fomenter and actor in <strong>the</strong> intended insurrecti~n.~"<br />
If <strong>the</strong> upstart L<strong>on</strong>g Finn or L<strong>on</strong>g Swede had come recently<br />
from Sweden in 1669, he may have known that Sweden was still<br />
making efforts to regain New Sweden. The effort began in 1656<br />
by presentati<strong>on</strong> of demands and "memorials" to <strong>the</strong> Dutch gov-<br />
ernment at <strong>the</strong> Hague. That government in fair-sounding resolu-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>s appointed commissi<strong>on</strong>ers to adjust any objecti<strong>on</strong>s, but finally<br />
referred <strong>the</strong> Swedish claims to <strong>the</strong> Dutch West India Company<br />
which had no intenti<strong>on</strong> of returning territory or paying indemnity,<br />
but stalled al<strong>on</strong>g until <strong>the</strong> English c<strong>on</strong>quest of 1664. Sweden <strong>the</strong>n<br />
tried to secure reparati<strong>on</strong>s from <strong>the</strong> English, of course to no<br />
Within <strong>the</strong> next few years <strong>the</strong> geographical extent of Cranc<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> reached down to <strong>the</strong> Appoquinimink, follow<br />
ing permissi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> English governor, Francis Lovelace, to<br />
"Finns or o<strong>the</strong>rs" to take up land and receive <strong>the</strong>ir patents as so011<br />
36 Dorume~~tr, XII, 463-472; Acrelius, 116; Hazard, AIIII~~I, 375-379. T l ~ r<br />
names of those dra\\'ing lesser hnes include all <strong>the</strong> "resp<strong>on</strong>sible I~ousekeepcl-\"<br />
listed later (1676-1678) :ct <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> crccpt <strong>on</strong>e, Ollc l'ocrsen.<br />
37 Johns<strong>on</strong>, Su,edirh Srltlerne~l~r, 11, 648-656; DO~N~IP~II,, XII, 445, 45s. II<br />
232-236, 240.<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 55<br />
as <strong>the</strong> land had been sur~eyed.'~ The Dutch Governor D'Hinojossa's<br />
intenti<strong>on</strong> to make his capital <strong>the</strong>re had called attenti<strong>on</strong> to<br />
<strong>the</strong> value of <strong>the</strong> locati<strong>on</strong> for trade with Mar~land.'~<br />
It was in 1669, also, that Lokenius obtained a c<strong>on</strong>firmatory<br />
title to some new land at Upland.40 That same year <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> old<br />
calendar date, March 1, <strong>the</strong>re arrived at New York an ordained<br />
German Lu<strong>the</strong>ran clergyman, Magister Jacobus Fabricius, who was<br />
to become a rival of Lokenius for <strong>the</strong> pastorate of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>.<br />
I<br />
He was sent by <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran c<strong>on</strong>sistory at Amsterdam in answer<br />
to requests of New York Lu<strong>the</strong>rans for a well-qualified pastor.<br />
Fabricius was born in Poland of German parents and had been an<br />
ordained pastor at Groslogan (Gross Glogau) in Silesia. At <strong>the</strong><br />
time he applied to <strong>the</strong> Amsterdam clergy for an allowance (viaticum),<br />
he was a refugee from Poggans in Upper Hungary during<br />
an invasi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Turks. Nothing fur<strong>the</strong>r has been learned of<br />
his background in <strong>the</strong> present search, but <strong>the</strong> fact that his "old<br />
age" tempered penalties against him in a New York court in<br />
1674 indicates that he was of mature years before his missi<strong>on</strong> to<br />
New York. He impressed <strong>the</strong> Amsterdam c<strong>on</strong>sistory by his credentials<br />
for pious c<strong>on</strong>duct and learning and by his preaching at<br />
Amsterdam, as having "such gifts and learning as are needed to<br />
build up" <strong>the</strong> New York Ch~rch.~'<br />
~abiicius chose Albany for his first pastorate in this country,<br />
where he immediately interfered with <strong>the</strong> authority of <strong>the</strong> magistrates,<br />
and his license to preach was revoked for a year by Governor<br />
Lovelace. When <strong>the</strong> year was up, he was still forbidden to<br />
preach at Albany but was given freedom to serve <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
38 Ibid., XII, 464.<br />
39 In 1663 D'Hinojossa had persuaded his superiors at Amsterdam that<br />
"a st<strong>on</strong>e house in <strong>the</strong> form of a redoubt" ought to be built at Appoquinimink<br />
(site of Odessa) for a c<strong>on</strong>venient trade with Maryland by way of Appoquinimink<br />
Creek and Great Bohemia Creek. - Docwmewrr, 11, 211. There is no evidence that<br />
<strong>the</strong> st<strong>on</strong>e house was built, but Gerrit Otto, later <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> magistrates at New<br />
Castle, acquired land <strong>the</strong>re in 1667. -Deed Book A-1 ,24-25. O<strong>the</strong>r grants followed<br />
(luring <strong>the</strong> next decade, and bv 1677 <strong>the</strong>re was a settlement with a mill and a log<br />
fort. Part of <strong>the</strong> fort was rented for dwelling quarters, and Magistrate Otto was<br />
nuthorized to collect <strong>the</strong> rents and use <strong>the</strong>m for <strong>the</strong> upkeep of <strong>the</strong> fort.-New<br />
Ca.rtle Records, 1, 57.<br />
40 Documentr, XII, 491.<br />
41 Van Laer, Lu<strong>the</strong>run Church, 63-69; Jacobs, Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church, 3; Eccleriastird<br />
Recordr, 1, 602; Documentr, 11, 693. "Fabricius" is <strong>the</strong> early Latin form of this<br />
n;tnle rctaincd in Germany where from <strong>the</strong> 16th to <strong>the</strong> 18th century ten or more<br />
pcrs<strong>on</strong>s of that name were of sufficient importance to be included in <strong>the</strong> Dicti<strong>on</strong>ary<br />
,I/ I111ir~er1'tl Aiogrilphy (I.<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, 1916). In The Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands, where <strong>the</strong> name was<br />
rill-r, tlrc Dutcli .\pcllc
56 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
of <strong>the</strong> City of New Y ~rk.~~ By that time, April 1670, he had married<br />
Annetje Cornelis, Dutch widow of Lucas Dirks van Berg of<br />
New York, and <strong>on</strong> April 13 received a pass from <strong>the</strong> governor<br />
for himself and his wife to go to New Castle, to collect a debt of<br />
900 guilders owed to her from <strong>the</strong> estate of her late husband,<br />
which Governor Lovelace urged be paid without fur<strong>the</strong>r delay.42<br />
The following letter from <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran elders at New York to<br />
<strong>the</strong> C<strong>on</strong>sistory of: Amsterdam, June 30: 1670, describes <strong>the</strong>ir difficulties<br />
with <strong>the</strong>ir eccentric pastor:<br />
Reverelzd Ge?ztle??ze?z of <strong>the</strong> Colzsistory, our beloved alzd very great . -<br />
Benefactors:<br />
We hope that your Reverences duly received our last of <strong>the</strong> 27th<br />
of October from New York to your Reverences at Amsterdam, from<br />
which you will have learned our situati<strong>on</strong> here and how our pastor,<br />
Magister Jacobus Fabritius, c<strong>on</strong>ducts himself here. We can, <strong>the</strong>refore,<br />
now that <strong>the</strong> opportunity offers itself, not refrain from informing you<br />
<strong>on</strong>ce more that he does not behave himself or live as a pastor should.<br />
He is very f<strong>on</strong>d of wine and brandy, and knows how to curse and<br />
swear, too. In his apparel he is like a soldier, red from head to foot.<br />
He married a woman here with five children and has dressed <strong>the</strong>m all<br />
in red. For himself he has had coats and a hat made like <strong>the</strong> pastors<br />
at Hamburg wear. He pays little attenti<strong>on</strong> to people, so that our<br />
opp<strong>on</strong>ents or neighbors have nothing else to talk about but thc<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran pastor. This has lasted as l<strong>on</strong>g as he has been in this country.<br />
He traveled to <strong>the</strong> South River without notifying any <strong>on</strong>e of us and<br />
remained <strong>the</strong>re for seven weeks. When he came back and preached<br />
again, he announced from <strong>the</strong> pulpit to <strong>the</strong> entire c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> that<br />
we must write for ano<strong>the</strong>r pastor. It seems that he likes it better<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Swedes at <strong>the</strong> South River. There he can follow his own<br />
will aid live in <strong>the</strong> woods, away from <strong>the</strong> people. Our governor herc<br />
in this place wishes that he were g<strong>on</strong>e, for he has much trouble <strong>on</strong><br />
his account. The man has caused us much expense, both at Fort<br />
Orange [Albany} and here. He has been <strong>on</strong>ce at Fort Orange and got<br />
into such trouble with <strong>the</strong> magistrates <strong>the</strong>re that he is not allowed to<br />
come back. We here and at Fort Orange have agreed with him about<br />
his salary and allowed him eighty beavers for <strong>on</strong>e year. On that hc<br />
could live decently here in this country if he were a capable man. . . 4'<br />
In August, 1671, at his petiti<strong>on</strong>, Fabricius was permitted to<br />
preach <strong>the</strong> valedictory serm<strong>on</strong> and install his successor at New<br />
York. Early <strong>the</strong> next year, January 16/26, 1672 Governor Lovc<br />
lace issued a passport and arranged transportati<strong>on</strong> for Martill<br />
42 H.lz.~rd. A,III/~~~, 373, 380-381; Dmrun~e,~/~o) H/.r/rir)., 111. 142; Dor~,n~e~l/\,<br />
XII. 473.<br />
43 Quoted in V.ln L.lc.r, I.u/het.r~~ CIJNIC~, 76-77.<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 5 7<br />
Hofman of <strong>the</strong> New York Lu<strong>the</strong>ran c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> to go to <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> to seek c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s toward <strong>the</strong> church that c<strong>on</strong>grega-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong> hoped to Just when Fabricius came is not of record,<br />
but collecti<strong>on</strong>s by Hofman seem not to have interfered with his<br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> prospects, judging by a deed of gift, dated October 23,<br />
1672, by which Olle Toersen of "Swanwick," "out of love and<br />
favour," c<strong>on</strong>veyed to "Magister Jacobus Fabricius" two pieces of<br />
"Swanwick" land. These pieces began 31 feet "from <strong>the</strong> church"<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwest side and 20 feet from <strong>the</strong> church <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> north-<br />
west side.4><br />
Olle Toersen, who gave him <strong>the</strong> land for himself in fee, was<br />
a Swede or Finn, <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> "resp<strong>on</strong>sible housekeepers" at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, it will be remembered; and three years later as a deac<strong>on</strong> of<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> church, he was to sign a protest against permitting<br />
Fabricius to serve as pastor <strong>the</strong>re. For some time Fabricius must<br />
have avoided clashes with <strong>the</strong> civil authorities <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong><br />
(<strong>on</strong>ly scattered records of <strong>the</strong> court of New Castle survive for<br />
this period) but his time of trouble was coming.<br />
There is no record of <strong>the</strong> attitude or activities of Lokenius<br />
during <strong>the</strong> time Fabricius was at Swanwyck. Attendance at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> church would have declined with <strong>the</strong> loss of most of <strong>the</strong><br />
Dutch members and Fabricius by December 10/20, 1672 had made<br />
plans to take <strong>the</strong> whole c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>. On that day a proposal was<br />
drawn up in Council at New Castle for <strong>the</strong> approval of <strong>the</strong> gov-<br />
ernor, dividing <strong>the</strong> river into two parishes: "all below Verdrietige<br />
Hoek [Edge Moor, north of Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>) to be under <strong>the</strong> pastor-<br />
ate of Magr Jakobus Fabricius" and "all above Verdrietige Hoek"<br />
under <strong>the</strong> pastorate of Lokeni~s."~<br />
That <strong>the</strong> governor did not approve this proposal will appear<br />
later, and meanwhile <strong>the</strong>re was a change of sovereignty <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
river. During <strong>the</strong> war between England and <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands each<br />
country tried to take <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r's col<strong>on</strong>ies. The Dutch took New<br />
York <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> old calendar July 30, 1673, <strong>the</strong> city became New<br />
Orange and all of <strong>the</strong> Duke of York's province was again New<br />
44 I>uo~drrre!~/,~r) H~~/or.y. 111. 242; Dorur?zer~!r, XII. 494. In <strong>the</strong> summer of<br />
1071 I:.lhr~ 01 111~ \tructurc of this Dut~li 1.~1tlitran cliurcli biulding.<br />
40 1~,,~1I111c11/~, XII, 729.
58 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
Ne<strong>the</strong>rland and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, <strong>the</strong> South Ri~er.~' C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s<br />
granted to Swedes, Finns, English and all o<strong>the</strong>rs who took <strong>the</strong> oath<br />
of allegiance included freedom of c<strong>on</strong>science and <strong>the</strong> same privileges<br />
as all o<strong>the</strong>r subjects of <strong>the</strong> Dutch government.<br />
The privileges granted were stated in nine articles to "deputies"<br />
from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, who <strong>on</strong> September 12, 1673, at New<br />
Orange (New York) declared <strong>the</strong>ir submissi<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Dutch. The<br />
Articles were signed by <strong>the</strong> Dutch "Council of War," which body<br />
established Anth<strong>on</strong>y Colve as governor. Governor Colve appointed<br />
Peter Alrichs commander and sheriff <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dela~are.~~ This was<br />
<strong>the</strong> same Peter Alrichs, nephew of a former Dutch director at New<br />
Amstel, who had been <strong>on</strong> th river under <strong>the</strong> Dutch and <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong><br />
English since April, 1657.<br />
Alrich's duties according to his instructi<strong>on</strong>s began with <strong>the</strong><br />
following article:<br />
To see that sincere true Christian religi<strong>on</strong> in c<strong>on</strong>formity with <strong>the</strong><br />
Synod of Dortrecht be taught and to maintain' it by all proper means,<br />
without tolerating that people holding ano<strong>the</strong>r belief may make <strong>the</strong><br />
least attempt against<br />
C<strong>on</strong>sidering <strong>the</strong> formal pledge of freedom of c<strong>on</strong>science given<br />
<strong>the</strong> deputies from <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> of whom Fabricius may have<br />
been <strong>on</strong>e (representing <strong>the</strong> Dutch Lu<strong>the</strong>rans <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, or<br />
assuming to represent all Lu<strong>the</strong>rans if no Swedish deputy were<br />
present) this instructi<strong>on</strong> could have applied <strong>on</strong>ly to <strong>the</strong> Dutch<br />
Reformed church at New Castle. No Dutch Reformed pastor had<br />
been available to those of that faith <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river since <strong>the</strong> death<br />
of Domine Welius at <strong>the</strong> end of 1657. Only services c<strong>on</strong>ducted<br />
by lay readers were held at <strong>the</strong> little Dutch church <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strand.<br />
With <strong>the</strong> increasing populati<strong>on</strong> of English settlers in <strong>the</strong> neighbor-<br />
hood of that church and <strong>the</strong> strength of <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>rans with <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
two pastors, an instructi<strong>on</strong> to preserve teaching <strong>the</strong>re according<br />
to <strong>the</strong> Reformed faith must have been sought by Peter Alrichs<br />
himself.<br />
Fabricius was in New York before January 17, 1674, <strong>the</strong> rea-<br />
s<strong>on</strong>s for his leaving <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> not now of record. Rut thc<br />
pastor's presumpti<strong>on</strong> in civil affairs and his disorderly c<strong>on</strong>duct<br />
could have landed him in trouble with Peter Alrichs without<br />
47 Ibid.. 11, 569 ff.. 111, 199 ff.. 216-19; E~-clei/,crf;c'rl Rc,c/,rdl. I, 628 ff<br />
48 Ibid., 615; Docume,rtr. XII. 507-509. 11, 618.<br />
49 Ibjd., XI], 510; 11, 604-605.<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 59<br />
reference to religious faith. On that day he was <strong>the</strong> defendant<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Municipal Court of New Orange (New York) to answewr<br />
demand of his wife that he be ordered to give up <strong>the</strong> room he<br />
was occupying in her house. On February 24, a sec<strong>on</strong>d petiti<strong>on</strong><br />
to <strong>the</strong> court telling at length <strong>the</strong> sufferings she had endured from<br />
<strong>the</strong> ill-treatment of her drunken husband, a "c<strong>on</strong>stant prophaner<br />
of God's name," added to <strong>the</strong> fact that he, "c<strong>on</strong>trary to <strong>the</strong> pre-<br />
ivous order and prohibiti<strong>on</strong> given him, hath behaved very un-<br />
civilly and badly, he is ordered to give up <strong>the</strong> key to <strong>the</strong> house<br />
and not presume to molest his wife in any way."'"<br />
On March 1, Fabricius was deprived of his license to preach<br />
within <strong>the</strong> province of New Ne<strong>the</strong>rland for a year, because he<br />
had married a couple without authority to do so or any previous<br />
publicati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir intenti<strong>on</strong> to marry. He escaped <strong>the</strong> full<br />
penalty of <strong>the</strong> law because <strong>the</strong> governor and council were "un-<br />
willing to proceed rigorously against him . . . out of respect for<br />
his old age and <strong>the</strong> office he last filled." He was found guilty<br />
at <strong>the</strong> same sessi<strong>on</strong> of court of striking a woman in her own house<br />
for which he was fined two beavers with costs. In April he peti-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> governor and council to relax <strong>the</strong>ir prohibiti<strong>on</strong> against<br />
his exercising <strong>the</strong> ministerial office to <strong>the</strong> extent of permitting him<br />
to baptise. This was refused."<br />
Finally <strong>on</strong> June 17th he was brought into <strong>the</strong> court at New<br />
Orange by <strong>the</strong> sheriff <strong>on</strong> charges that- c<strong>on</strong>trary to <strong>the</strong> orders of<br />
<strong>the</strong> court he had forced his way into <strong>the</strong> house of his wife, brought<br />
a chest into it against her will, created a disturbance, and resisted<br />
arrest. The sheriff as plaintiff demanded that <strong>the</strong> offender be<br />
banished forever out of <strong>the</strong> city's jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> as a pers<strong>on</strong> unworthy<br />
to live in a well-regulated city. The court having heard all <strong>the</strong><br />
charges and given Fabricius opportunity to answer, fined him 100<br />
florins and costs; repeated <strong>the</strong> order that he should not go to his<br />
wife's house without her c<strong>on</strong>sent nor give her any trouble, and<br />
required him to ask <strong>the</strong> court's pard<strong>on</strong> "for insults and injuries<br />
committed against it at divers times although he deserved to be<br />
more severely punished ."5?<br />
50 Ec-(-lr.ri.rrfic./l Recordi. 1. 640; DOCU~NPIII.I~) Hiifory, 111. 242. There is no<br />
c,v~tlcncc thi~t thc wife of Fabriciut cver lived <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dela\vare except Jurinfi <strong>the</strong><br />
I?II,,I I / I I I ~ , I / ~ ~ / II~~foq,<br />
I . , ~ 111. 243.
60 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
By <strong>the</strong> Treaty of Westminster, February 9/19, 1674, Dutch<br />
possessi<strong>on</strong>s in America were to be returned to England. The news<br />
probably reached New Orange before <strong>the</strong> English governor gen-<br />
eral, Edmund Andros, arrived in <strong>the</strong> city that autumn to receive<br />
from Anth<strong>on</strong>y Colve <strong>the</strong> formal transfer <strong>on</strong> October 31/November<br />
10, 1674. Am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> official instructi<strong>on</strong>s brought by Governor<br />
Andros was:<br />
11. You shall permitt all pers<strong>on</strong>s of what Religi<strong>on</strong> soever, quietly to<br />
inhabitt within ye precints of your jurisdicti<strong>on</strong>, wthout giveing ym any<br />
disturbance or disquiet whatsoever, for or by reas<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir differr~ng<br />
opini<strong>on</strong>s in matters of Religi<strong>on</strong>; Provided <strong>the</strong>y give noe disturbance<br />
to ye publique peace, nor doe molest or disquiet o<strong>the</strong>rs in ye free<br />
exercise of <strong>the</strong>ir religi<strong>on</strong>.53<br />
Ei<strong>the</strong>r before or so<strong>on</strong> after <strong>the</strong> return of <strong>the</strong> Duke of York's<br />
rule, Magister Jacobus Fabricius returned to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, resum-<br />
ing his service as pastor of <strong>the</strong> Swanwyck church. By June <strong>the</strong><br />
next year <strong>the</strong> document drawn up December 10, 1672, proposing<br />
<strong>the</strong> uni<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Swanwyck c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s under<br />
Fabricius was again included in a petiti<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> governor for its<br />
c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> :<br />
To <strong>the</strong> Noble, Right H<strong>on</strong>orable, Major Edm<strong>on</strong>d Andros, Governor-<br />
General of all his Royal Highness, James, Duke of York and Albany<br />
etc. -~. Territories - in America.<br />
Show with all reverence <strong>the</strong> subscribed petiti<strong>on</strong>ers, <strong>the</strong> coln~nunity of<br />
<strong>the</strong> unchangeable Augsburg C<strong>on</strong>fessi<strong>on</strong>, called <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran, which<br />
has its residence <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Southriver, that after <strong>the</strong> petiti<strong>on</strong>ers had<br />
addressed an humble petiti<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> Right H<strong>on</strong>orable Governor <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 13th of May Anno 1675, toge<strong>the</strong>r with a document drawn up in<br />
Council at New Castle <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> 10'11 December 1672, and presented by<br />
petiti<strong>on</strong>ers' ~ninister, whereby <strong>the</strong>y divided <strong>the</strong> river into two parishes,<br />
so that all above Verdritige Hock is and shall remain under <strong>the</strong><br />
pastorate of Mr. Laers and all below Verdritige Hoek under <strong>the</strong><br />
pastorate of Magr JaKobus Fabricius, and requested and asked with<br />
due hu~nility, that your Noble H<strong>on</strong>or would please to c<strong>on</strong>firm <strong>the</strong><br />
acti<strong>on</strong> and <strong>the</strong> divisi<strong>on</strong> for <strong>the</strong> sake of God's glory and good order,<br />
<strong>the</strong> petiti<strong>on</strong>ers expected hereup<strong>on</strong> a favorable answer and decisi<strong>on</strong> and<br />
had hoped to receive thc same through Capt. Ed. Kantwell, but as <strong>the</strong><br />
specdy journey and many troubles haw prevented your Noble H<strong>on</strong>or,<br />
<strong>the</strong> petiti<strong>on</strong>ers do not know, how to act and <strong>the</strong>y come <strong>the</strong>refore agai~~<br />
to your Noble Right H<strong>on</strong>orable Worship with <strong>the</strong> humble request, to<br />
c<strong>on</strong>firm <strong>the</strong> act and <strong>the</strong> divisi<strong>on</strong>, also <strong>the</strong>ir minister Magr Jakobus Fabri-<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 61<br />
cius and to grant a favorable reply to <strong>the</strong> petiti<strong>on</strong>ers, doing which<br />
<strong>the</strong>y remain your Noble Right H<strong>on</strong>orable Worships subjects and<br />
mediators with God.<br />
Actum New Castle<br />
<strong>the</strong> first of June<br />
Anno 1675<br />
The Community of <strong>the</strong> Unchange-<br />
able C<strong>on</strong>fessi<strong>on</strong> of Augsburg <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Southriver bel<strong>on</strong>ging to <strong>the</strong> Churches of<br />
Swaenewyck and Kraenhoek.<br />
Henrich Jannsen<br />
- 4'-<br />
Hendrich Janse van Bremes thh.p E ig ,I<br />
Harrnan Janss<br />
Pieter Velcker<br />
Peter Classen<br />
Peter Witten (De Witt)<br />
Corn (Coinelis) Janss<strong>on</strong><br />
Pieter Masslandt<br />
Jan Barends<br />
Sibrand Jansen<br />
Hinrich Fransen<br />
Willem Jansen<br />
Jan Jansen<br />
John Nohmers<br />
Clas Andressen<br />
and all <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs54<br />
53 I>O[~I(?JI~I,~!, 11, 560 ff.; 111, I99 ff.; I?c/e!~drtic~~/ Recf,rdr, I, 628 fl, 5.1 I)II~NIJICIIII. XII. 5.10. N.IIIIC.\ from pli~rtost:~t of <strong>the</strong> original Dutch copy in<br />
I~O~IIIII
6 2 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
Late in <strong>the</strong> summer <strong>the</strong> members of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church made<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir protest:<br />
REMONSTRA<strong>NC</strong>E OF THE SWEDES AND FINS OF CRANE-<br />
HOOK CHURCH, AGAINST DOMINE FABRICIUS BEING<br />
THEIR MINISTER.<br />
Laus Deo Semper<br />
<strong>the</strong> 14th of August 1675.<br />
We Swedes and Fins,<br />
Bel<strong>on</strong>ging to <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> church understand that <strong>the</strong> Dutch<br />
priest Fabritius has represented to <strong>the</strong> h<strong>on</strong>orable general [Governor<br />
Edmund Andros) in a very sinister manner without our knowledge<br />
that our church and c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> are his, which was never granted to<br />
him by Governor Lovelace [in Office 1667-1673) unless <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>grega-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong> was in <strong>the</strong> end c<strong>on</strong>tented. And what reas<strong>on</strong>s <strong>the</strong>reto could we have<br />
for nei<strong>the</strong>r we nor our wives and children can understand him. On<br />
this account we request that <strong>the</strong> h<strong>on</strong>orable [Edmund) Cantwell<br />
should humbly beseech <strong>the</strong> h<strong>on</strong>orable general [Governor Edmund<br />
Andros) that our church may be allowed to c<strong>on</strong>tinue with our priest<br />
to our edificati<strong>on</strong> as we have d<strong>on</strong>e up to now. If <strong>the</strong> Dutch priest<br />
desires to teach let him remain in his living at Swanwyck and preach<br />
for <strong>the</strong> Dutch.<br />
Hendericus Lemmens55<br />
As deac<strong>on</strong>s of <strong>the</strong> church<br />
Olle (mark) Torsse<br />
Jan (mark) Mats<strong>on</strong><br />
Samuel (mark) Petersen<br />
M<strong>on</strong>s (mark) Pauwels<strong>on</strong><br />
[and) <strong>the</strong> entire c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
Nothing fur<strong>the</strong>r is heard about <strong>the</strong> petiti<strong>on</strong>s, but <strong>on</strong>e of New<br />
Castle County's earliest road-building projects resulted in <strong>the</strong><br />
removal of Fabricius from his pastorate at Swanwyck and <strong>the</strong><br />
closing of <strong>the</strong> Swanwyck Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Church. Early in November,<br />
1674, Governor Edmund Andros restored <strong>the</strong> government at New<br />
Castle to its status before <strong>the</strong> Dutch interlude. Capt. Edmund<br />
Cantwell became sheriff and chief officer and <strong>the</strong> following were<br />
named justices of <strong>the</strong> court :'"Hans Block, John Moll, Foppe (Jan-<br />
sen) Outhout, Dirck Alberts, and Joseph Chew - four Dutchmen<br />
and <strong>on</strong>e Englishman. For <strong>the</strong> court at Upland, Peter Cock, Peter<br />
55 Ibid., XX, 75. This translati<strong>on</strong> into easily read;lblc English, with a gap ill<br />
Dutch original supplied, is based up<strong>on</strong> a literal translati<strong>on</strong> from that original I,y<br />
Dr. A. R. Dunlap, Enfilish Department, Irniversity of Delawarc. The signatu~i<br />
Hendericu.t Lemmens, instead of <strong>the</strong> usual Herrdr-icb, may indicate that hc hacl .III<br />
academic educati<strong>on</strong> entitling him to use thc latin form of his namc.<br />
56 Documenl.r, XII. 513, 515.<br />
I<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 63
64 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
Rambo, Israel Helm, Lars Andriessen and Wolle Swain (Swen-<br />
(ss<strong>on</strong>) ?) The importance of <strong>the</strong>se appoinments in relati<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong><br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran churches will be recognized in a court order cited ahead.<br />
During a sessi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> court at New Castle, May 13-14, 1675,<br />
<strong>the</strong> governor being present, it was ordered<br />
That some C<strong>on</strong>venient way bee made passable between Towne 8:<br />
Towne in this River, The manner of do~ng itt to be ordered by <strong>the</strong><br />
Respective Cor'~ and Lykewise <strong>the</strong> charge . . . That <strong>the</strong> orders about<br />
High Wayes Bridges etc. bee put into Executi<strong>on</strong> by <strong>the</strong> Magestraets<br />
. . . in <strong>the</strong> Tyme of three m<strong>on</strong>ths after <strong>the</strong> date hereof, or <strong>the</strong> Sherriffe<br />
Shall have Power to gett it d<strong>on</strong>e. . .57<br />
The magistrates decided that Hans Block's dyke near <strong>the</strong> river<br />
should be streng<strong>the</strong>ned and that an inner dyke with floodgates<br />
must be c<strong>on</strong>structed before <strong>the</strong> cartway could be built through <strong>the</strong><br />
marsh and bridged over <strong>the</strong> creek. Hans Block's dyke "being <strong>the</strong><br />
comm<strong>on</strong> and nearest footway from this Town to Swanewick, <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> and parts adjacent":<br />
In case of war with <strong>the</strong> Sa\rages or o<strong>the</strong>r enemies, especially during<br />
<strong>the</strong> winter, when <strong>the</strong> river is closed, it would be very dangerous for<br />
us and our nearest neighbors to go 5 or 6 miles through <strong>the</strong> woods<br />
in order to assist each o<strong>the</strong>r; we need each o<strong>the</strong>r besides in diverse<br />
emergencies every day.38 '<br />
The men of New Castle, Swanwyck, and <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> were<br />
summ<strong>on</strong>ed to meet at <strong>the</strong> Dutch church <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Strand at New<br />
Castle where an order of <strong>the</strong> magistrates of June 4/14, 1675 was<br />
read to <strong>the</strong>m. They were divided into three companies and or-<br />
dered to report <strong>on</strong> a set day for work <strong>on</strong> Hans Block's dyke, and<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinue until that and <strong>the</strong> inner dyke were completed.'"<br />
After <strong>the</strong> meeting some inhabitants of <strong>the</strong> town of New Castle<br />
and o<strong>the</strong>rs from outside protested in "a mutinous and tun~ultuous<br />
manner being led by ffabricius <strong>the</strong> priester and Jacob van der<br />
Veere, John Ogle. Evert Hendricksen and several o<strong>the</strong>rs . . . The<br />
priest was very angry . . . snrore and scolded . . . used foul<br />
language."<br />
57 h'rzr. (I':,r$tle Record!. 1. 45-47; DOLIIIII~II~<br />
r. XII. 516.<br />
5s Ib~d.. 535-536, 533. In May. 1675, for protecti<strong>on</strong> against thc Indians. .I<br />
form of commissi<strong>on</strong> was Jraxvn up by <strong>the</strong> court at Ncu. Castle for captains of<br />
"s foot company of militi.~" In each of <strong>the</strong> following places: "Ne\\. Castle. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>c. Ver~lrietige <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>c. [Iplnnd. P;ushayunck. Apoquemini. and Horekill." I'hc<br />
names of several taptainr ;Ippc;ir in I;~ter records: Ci~pt. Evert Hendricks<strong>on</strong> 01<br />
Cr.~nc <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Capt. Jatoh Ven
66 THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 67<br />
ernor Andros to await <strong>the</strong> formal protest he could expect from<br />
<strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> if he had his ear to <strong>the</strong> ground<br />
while at New Castle. And <strong>the</strong>n came <strong>the</strong> characteristic behavior<br />
of Fabricius in <strong>the</strong> meeting about building <strong>the</strong> dykes.<br />
No informati<strong>on</strong> is available c<strong>on</strong>cerning <strong>the</strong> relati<strong>on</strong>s between<br />
<strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> and Swanwyck c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s after Fabricius left<br />
for his court trial at New York in September 1675 until November<br />
5, 1678 when <strong>the</strong> New Castle Court minutes <strong>on</strong> that day shed<br />
important light:<br />
Elice <strong>the</strong> wyfe of oele Toersen deceased shewing by Petic<strong>on</strong> that<br />
Jacobus fabritius heretofore did borrow of hur sd husband <strong>the</strong> sume<br />
of seventy and seven gilders of <strong>the</strong> M<strong>on</strong>ny <strong>the</strong>n bel<strong>on</strong>ging to ye<br />
Church att Swanwyke, as alsoe that <strong>the</strong>re was yett a small parcell of<br />
wampum in hur hands of ye sd Church, desiring (sence those of ye<br />
Church of Crainhoek doe demant itt) that this Court would order hur<br />
to whome she shall deliver <strong>the</strong> sd wampum as alsoe who shall Re-<br />
receive ye m<strong>on</strong>ny bake of sd fabritius: Ordered that <strong>the</strong> wampum as<br />
alsoe <strong>the</strong> debt of fabritius bee Received by this Church of New Castle<br />
as <strong>the</strong> nearest to itt, Those of ye Crainhoek haueing alreaddy Re-<br />
ceived a good part <strong>the</strong>reof.63<br />
There is no record of protest at this casual transference to <strong>the</strong><br />
benefit of <strong>the</strong> Dutch Reformed church of m<strong>on</strong>ey c<strong>on</strong>tributed by<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>rans. Fabricius was in debt to individual members of <strong>the</strong><br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> and to o<strong>the</strong>rs at Swanwyck and New Castle. Rut<br />
he had back salary coming to him from several pledges that had<br />
not been paid. All of <strong>the</strong> claims were heard in sessi<strong>on</strong>s of <strong>the</strong><br />
court between January 2 and November S, 1677. 011 his protest<br />
after his property at Swanwyck was attached for debt he was<br />
given time to raise <strong>the</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ey and through <strong>the</strong> court recovered<br />
599 guilders, chiefly salary due him. He seems to have come out<br />
solvent and in possessi<strong>on</strong> of his Swanwyck property which he later<br />
sold.64<br />
The tide of life for Fabricius had now turned. In <strong>the</strong> spring<br />
of that same year <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper part of <strong>the</strong> river<br />
having c<strong>on</strong>verted <strong>the</strong> Wicaco blockhoiise to serve as <strong>the</strong> church<br />
ordered by Governor Andros, had secured <strong>the</strong> governor's permis-<br />
si<strong>on</strong> to call Magister Fabricius as <strong>the</strong>ir minister. He preached h ~s<br />
first serm<strong>on</strong> at Wicaco <strong>on</strong> Trinity Sunday, June 9/19, 1677. What-<br />
63 Neu* Ca.r/le Records, I, 247-248.<br />
64 Ibid., 42, 50-54, 85, 149-156. On <strong>the</strong> reverse side of <strong>the</strong> original patent ill<br />
Dutch from Olle Toersen to Magister Jacobus Fabricius is a c<strong>on</strong>veyance in Engli\I~<br />
from Fabritius to Peter Maeslan~lcr. Old New C'IIIIC, 20.<br />
ever his experience in New York between September 1675 and<br />
June 1677, he now lived <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> <strong>the</strong> "exemplary life"<br />
to which his c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> later testified, and gave faithful service<br />
as an "admirable preacher," of whom Charles Springer wrote to<br />
Sweden in 1693.~'<br />
After <strong>the</strong> distributi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> assets of <strong>the</strong> Swanwyck Church<br />
was determined by <strong>the</strong> court <strong>the</strong> church at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> drops<br />
from <strong>the</strong> extant records of <strong>the</strong> Duke of York period. Lokenius<br />
would c<strong>on</strong>tinue to preach <strong>on</strong> alternate Sundays at Tinicum and<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> and to answer calls for <strong>the</strong> offices of <strong>the</strong> church in<br />
his large parish. While Fabricius was settling his financial affairs<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Court of New Castle in 1677, Lokenius was <strong>the</strong>re, too, at<br />
several sessi<strong>on</strong>s. In June he brought suit against Hans Peters<strong>on</strong><br />
for possessi<strong>on</strong> of a mare which both men claimed and which had<br />
been awarded to Peters<strong>on</strong> by judgment of <strong>the</strong> Upland Court.<br />
Lokenius asked also damages for Peters<strong>on</strong>'s slander in that court<br />
against his credit and reputati<strong>on</strong> and payment of <strong>the</strong> costs in<br />
both courts. All of this Lokenius w<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> New Castle Court.<br />
But Peters<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>n appealed to <strong>the</strong> governor against <strong>the</strong> proceed-<br />
ings of both courts. Even Governor Andros, who had <strong>the</strong> pro-<br />
ceedings of <strong>the</strong> courts sent to him and had <strong>the</strong> case tried over<br />
again, was unable to find out whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> preacher or <strong>the</strong> parish-<br />
i<strong>on</strong>er was <strong>the</strong> owner of <strong>the</strong> mare. Finally Peters<strong>on</strong> and Lokenius<br />
came to an agreement privately and so declared in <strong>the</strong> Upland<br />
Court, each to pay half <strong>the</strong> costs.66<br />
On November 12, 1678, <strong>the</strong> clerk of <strong>the</strong> Court of Upland<br />
recorded a certificate of survey to Anth<strong>on</strong>y Niels<strong>on</strong>, alias L<strong>on</strong>g,<br />
for 100 acres of land <strong>on</strong> Stille's Creek partly bounded by land<br />
of "Dom Laurencies Carolus." On <strong>the</strong> same day <strong>the</strong> minutes of<br />
<strong>the</strong> court read:<br />
Complaint being made by <strong>the</strong> Church wardens that Neeles Laersen<br />
has taken in (wt'l <strong>the</strong> Lotts of Land by him bought of dom: Lasse<br />
Carolus here in Upland Towne) some of <strong>the</strong> Church or glebb Land;<br />
ordered that Neeles Laersen shall have his due of <strong>the</strong> 2 Lotts by him<br />
bought of sd dom: Carolus Equal1 wtll <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Lotts in uppland, but<br />
for what shall be found that sd Neeles Laersen has taken in more,<br />
hee to Leaue <strong>the</strong> same out againe annexed to ye o<strong>the</strong>r Church Lotts.67<br />
65 Atrclius. 179-181 (appeal of <strong>the</strong> Wicaco c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>, 1690-1691. to <strong>the</strong><br />
I.utl~cran C<strong>on</strong>sistory ;it Amsterdam for a pastor to relieve <strong>the</strong> aged and blind<br />
I:.~hr~cius). 186- 190.<br />
66 Neu* C'rrtle Reror-dl, 1, 73. 88. 114. 143. 324, 332; Uplg~d Record. 74;<br />
/)ol'ldnlCn~(, XI[, 622.<br />
67 Il/11'11td Record, 12 1 - 122.
68<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
As previously told <strong>the</strong> Church Glebe was owned by <strong>the</strong> whole<br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> and was under separate<br />
patent from <strong>the</strong> land of Lokenius. About 1676 Lokenius had 350<br />
acres of land some of it granted or c<strong>on</strong>fimed by a patent of 1669.<br />
The pastor last appears in <strong>the</strong> records of <strong>the</strong> court of New Castle<br />
<strong>on</strong> May 3/13, 1681, when an acti<strong>on</strong> against him by "Thomas<br />
Wollast<strong>on</strong> Late undersherrife att New Castle for undersherrifs<br />
and marshalls fees amounting to 55 guilders" (begun in <strong>the</strong> Upland<br />
Court March 12/22, 1679), was settled by agreement of <strong>the</strong><br />
plaintiff and defendant.68<br />
During <strong>the</strong> last years of his life when Domine Lokenius was<br />
too crippled to get about, <strong>the</strong>re would have been a reader to hold<br />
<strong>the</strong> customary prayer and psalm services in <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
church. No name has survived, but as many of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
could read <strong>the</strong>re is a wide choice. It was not until after Lokenius<br />
died that Charles Springer became <strong>the</strong> reader at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> (see<br />
Springer's letter to his mo<strong>the</strong>r. Chapter VII).<br />
Acrelius wrote. that in his last years Lokenius served chiefly<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> church. Fabricius <strong>the</strong>n had charge of both Wicaco<br />
and Tinicum. ~crelius tells of Lokenius that:<br />
His old age was burdened with many troubles. Finally he became too<br />
lame to help himself and still less <strong>the</strong> churches, and <strong>the</strong>refore did no<br />
service for some years, until his death ended all his troubles in 1688.~9<br />
Fabricius, who had been blind since 1683, was now <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly<br />
pastor <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river. With <strong>the</strong> aid of Anders Bengts<strong>on</strong> (his name<br />
became Andrew Banks<strong>on</strong> in English) as lay reader for <strong>the</strong> upper<br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> of Wicaco and Tinicum and Charles Springer for<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, Fabricius served his large pastorate in <strong>the</strong> offices of<br />
<strong>the</strong> church as l<strong>on</strong>g as his strength permitted. In 1691 he told<br />
his c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> at Wicaco that he could no l<strong>on</strong>ger perform his<br />
duties. Then <strong>the</strong> wardens of <strong>the</strong> church wrote a str<strong>on</strong>g appeal<br />
(in Dutch) to <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran c<strong>on</strong>sistory at Amsterdam, praising<br />
<strong>the</strong> "highly learned" Fabricius and requesting <strong>the</strong> h<strong>on</strong>ored clergy-<br />
men of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sistory to send to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> a qualified Swedisll<br />
minister from am<strong>on</strong>g those who were students of <strong>the</strong>ology at<br />
Amsterdam and might be waiting appointment; or to corresp<strong>on</strong>tl<br />
68 Documemls, XII, 491; Origi,/al Lu~rd Tjtler, 109-1 10; Uplutrd Reco~rl.<br />
131-132; New Caslle Record.(, I , 479.<br />
69 Acrelius, 177.<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH 69<br />
with Sweden to procure a minister for <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong>re.70 The letter<br />
was given to Dutch merchant traders <strong>on</strong> ships out of Amsterdam,<br />
but no answer came.<br />
The Dutch Reformed church at New Castle had secured <strong>the</strong><br />
services of <strong>the</strong> highly learend clergyman Peter Tesschenmaker in<br />
1679. English as well as Dutch and probably Swedes and Finns<br />
in <strong>the</strong> community attended <strong>the</strong> services at which Domine Tesschen-<br />
maker at first preached alternately in Dutch and English. Later<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch quarreled with <strong>the</strong> English members who withdrew<br />
from <strong>the</strong> church. The Dutch failed to make better terms with<br />
Pastor Tesschenmaker when he was not satisfied with <strong>the</strong> support<br />
given him for his living. This was little and always so late that<br />
he suffered <strong>the</strong> humiliati<strong>on</strong> of having to collect it himself. He<br />
accepted a call to Staten Island and <strong>the</strong>n to Schenectady.:'<br />
Left without an ordained minister in <strong>the</strong> summer of 1682,<br />
<strong>the</strong> elders and deac<strong>on</strong>s wrote to <strong>the</strong> Dutch Reformed classis of<br />
Amsterdam <strong>on</strong> Sptember 25, an earnest appeal for a pastor of<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir faith, giving a descripti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir unhappy situati<strong>on</strong>:<br />
We live here am<strong>on</strong>g many Lu<strong>the</strong>rans, whose teachers [Lokenius and<br />
Fabricius) preach in a very unedifying manner; and am<strong>on</strong>g a still<br />
greater number of Quakers who are given to errors. Apparently <strong>the</strong>y<br />
will not cease <strong>the</strong>ir efforts to draw into <strong>the</strong>ir fold <strong>the</strong> fickle <strong>on</strong>es.<br />
Therefore preaching and catechizing in <strong>the</strong> clean, upright, true Re-<br />
formed religi<strong>on</strong> is very necessary here, especially as a great many<br />
unreliable, dissolute people move in here am<strong>on</strong>g us.72<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> signers who thus disparaged <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran preachers,<br />
was <strong>the</strong> leading elder of <strong>the</strong> Dutch Church, former Vice-Director<br />
lea11 Paul Jacquet, who, it will be remembered was living a close<br />
neighbor to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <strong>the</strong> plantati<strong>on</strong>s of Swedes and Finns<br />
extending south, west and north of his land <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Christina.<br />
The Dutch Reformed c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> was not successful in ob-<br />
tuining a pastor and not until 1690 did a clergyman of that<br />
faith visit <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. In that year <strong>the</strong> Reverend Rudolphus<br />
70 Ibrd., 177 ff. Anders Bengts<strong>on</strong>, born in S\\rcdcn, tame to <strong>the</strong> Delaurare in<br />
III(. Su,e~lish ship "Mercurius" in 1656. See ibid., and Kalrn, 11, 728.<br />
71 He was a graduate of <strong>the</strong> LJniversity of Utrecht with a license to preach.<br />
1 1 II;ILI ~ served <strong>the</strong> Enfilish Reformed Church at <strong>the</strong> Hague, and that city's Dutcb<br />
111111 linfilish c<strong>on</strong>sistoriec sent excellent testim<strong>on</strong>ials to Nek, York c<strong>on</strong>cerning his<br />
~l~rr.~ctcr and prc:~thin~ ability. Corwin, Mar~rral, 728 ff.; Eccle.riu.r~ica1 Records,<br />
11, H32-836.
7 0<br />
THE BUILDING OF CRANE HOOK CHURCH<br />
Varick of L<strong>on</strong>g Island, who spent several weeks <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river,<br />
left an account of his experiences:<br />
I found in <strong>the</strong> whole of Pennsylvania <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>on</strong>e Protestant Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
pastor, an old blind man. In passing I came to a Swede, called Capt.<br />
lsrael [Helm]. He received me kindly. Up<strong>on</strong> hearing that I was a<br />
minister, he said <strong>the</strong>y would make an agreement with me to be <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
pastor, as <strong>the</strong>ir own minister had died <strong>the</strong> year before [Lokenius who<br />
died in September, 16881. I ceplied You are Lu<strong>the</strong>cans. He replied,<br />
There is, indeed, a little difference about <strong>the</strong> communi<strong>on</strong>, but we shall<br />
not trouble ourselves about that. Then I told him that I had not come<br />
with any such design.<br />
Coming at last to New Castle I preached <strong>the</strong>re <strong>on</strong> three Sundays, and<br />
administered communi<strong>on</strong>. I had <strong>the</strong>re a little church full of people,<br />
Dutchmen, Swedes and Finns.73<br />
The visit of <strong>the</strong> distinguished Dutch Reformed pastor must<br />
have stirred <strong>the</strong> hearts and hopes of <strong>the</strong> people of that faith, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran Swedes and Finns in <strong>the</strong> surrounding community,<br />
could, like "Capt. Israelf17-l overlook differences ot doctrine for<br />
<strong>the</strong> satisfacti<strong>on</strong>s of attending regular church services by an or-<br />
dained minister.<br />
73 Ibid., 1052-1053. Domine Varick, graduate of Utrecht a highly regardccl<br />
Dutch Reformed pastor <strong>on</strong> L<strong>on</strong>g Isldnd, came to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> to escape prosecu<br />
ti<strong>on</strong> by Jacob Leisler, who brooked no clerical criticism of his civil administratio11<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Huds<strong>on</strong>, 1689-1691. - Corwin, Manual, 63. 871-872, 1046.<br />
74 Israel Helm, born in Sweden, was still <strong>the</strong>re in 1655 (Kalm, 11, 719), \I)<br />
he must have come to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> "Mercurius" in 1656. He gained 1111.<br />
immediate trust of <strong>the</strong> English after 1664, was made councilor in <strong>the</strong> special cou~l<br />
for Indian affairs. 1668; served as Indian interpreter, iustice of <strong>the</strong> Upland COIIII<br />
and <strong>the</strong> High Court at New Castle. He acquired valuable tracts of land <strong>on</strong> hotll<br />
sides of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, and was a str<strong>on</strong>g supporter of <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran churchrh.<br />
Hazard, Annals, 371, 431, 437; Neu, Carfle Recod, 1. 99; 11, 121, 170; U~~JII~I<br />
Rt.rorzl. 35.189. Informati<strong>on</strong> about his children is ~iven<br />
in Werner, Eric Mull11.1<br />
r<br />
From <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
w ITHIN a year or two <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>rans also had a visitor from<br />
whose stay am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m came events of great moment for<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole body of Lu<strong>the</strong>rans <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. Andrew Printz,<br />
nephew of former Governor Johan Printz, arrived <strong>on</strong> an English<br />
merchant ship presumably at Philadelphia in 1691 or early in<br />
1692.' Visiting <strong>the</strong> Swedes and Finns al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river to learn<br />
how his uncle's former col<strong>on</strong>y fared, this young man would be<br />
welcomed with a gladness of heart that must have moved him<br />
deeply, for as is to be told he decided to come back to live am<strong>on</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. The first result of his report in Sweden came from <strong>the</strong><br />
postmaster of Go<strong>the</strong>nburg, John Thelin, in a letter dated November<br />
16/26, 1692, and received <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> May 23/June 2,<br />
1693. What Postmaster Thelin wrote is here given in main part:<br />
Highly-esteemed friends and countrymen : The occasi<strong>on</strong> which gives<br />
lne <strong>the</strong> h<strong>on</strong>or of writing to you is, that during <strong>the</strong> past year I was in<br />
Stockholm, where I fell into <strong>the</strong> company of <strong>on</strong>e Andrew Pritz, who<br />
told me, and o<strong>the</strong>rs also in <strong>the</strong> city, that he had been in an English<br />
ship to <strong>the</strong> West Indies, which I knew to be <strong>the</strong> fact. I was very glad<br />
of his arrival, and inquired if he had a prosperous voyage. Where-<br />
up<strong>on</strong> he answered, thanking God, that he had <strong>the</strong>re found not <strong>on</strong>ly a<br />
fine country, but also <strong>the</strong> old Swedes in good c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>; and fur<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
that <strong>the</strong>y were heartily rejoiced to see him, as he was a Swede; that<br />
<strong>the</strong>y had taken <strong>the</strong> occasi<strong>on</strong> to inquire what was now <strong>the</strong> state of<br />
affairs in Sweden, <strong>the</strong>ir own foster-land, and who was now <strong>the</strong> reign-<br />
ing king in Sweden? Also that you, my good friends, had that c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
fidence in His Majesty as to believe that if some <strong>on</strong>e would lay before<br />
His Majesty your want of ministers and books, you had no doubt that<br />
His Majesty, out of his feeling and Christian heart, for <strong>the</strong> sake of<br />
your salvati<strong>on</strong>, and for <strong>the</strong> upholding of <strong>the</strong> Evangelical religi<strong>on</strong><br />
amoung both Swedes and Finns, would send you assistance. It has
7 2 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
been told us that both nati<strong>on</strong>s have lost <strong>the</strong>ir ministers: that <strong>the</strong><br />
Finnish c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> lost <strong>the</strong>ir minister some years since, and that<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir church is now deserted; but that Divine service is still held in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Swedish church, though chiefly by <strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> deceased minister,<br />
in such a way that hymns are sung, and <strong>the</strong> Gospels for <strong>the</strong> day are<br />
read, but without <strong>the</strong> hearing of any serm<strong>on</strong>, and without <strong>the</strong> recep-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Lord's supper. Also, that you are in great need of Bibles,<br />
hymnbooks, and o<strong>the</strong>r books of devoti<strong>on</strong>; and that you would will-<br />
ingly pay for <strong>the</strong>m if <strong>the</strong>y were sent to you up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> first opportunity.<br />
In truth, this goes to my heart, and to that of many o<strong>the</strong>rs; and as I<br />
had some good friends in <strong>the</strong> Royal court, I related this before a<br />
distinguished lord, and he, again, presented it to His Majesty. Our<br />
most gracious king <strong>the</strong>reup<strong>on</strong> gave it his especial attenti<strong>on</strong>. I was<br />
immediately commanded to present in a written communicati<strong>on</strong> every-<br />
thing that I had learned c<strong>on</strong>cerning you. In c<strong>on</strong>sequence of which<br />
His Majesty did most graciously resolve not <strong>on</strong>ly to send you ministers,<br />
but also all sorts of religious books in both langauages. . . .<br />
On this account I take <strong>the</strong> liberty of inquiring your names, which<br />
are all unknown to us. An elderly woman, who lives here in <strong>the</strong> city,<br />
relates that she has a bro<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>re by <strong>the</strong> name of Peter Gunnarss<strong>on</strong><br />
Rambo, and desires me now to write a letter to him, wherever he may<br />
be found, if he be still in this life, as well as to some o<strong>the</strong>r good,<br />
h<strong>on</strong>est men and old countrymen, and thus to let us know whe<strong>the</strong>r you<br />
will still be called h<strong>on</strong>est, upright, and true Swedes, so that we may<br />
become acquainted with you. Also, if it is truly so, as <strong>the</strong> man relates,<br />
and if you do really wish such favor from His Majesty, and how you<br />
would arrange that <strong>the</strong>se ministers may be sent and c<strong>on</strong>veyed to you. . .<br />
In reference to which it is my earnest desire that you would, by <strong>the</strong><br />
first and speediest opportunity, inform me circumstanciallp, promptly,<br />
with truth and certainty, how you, His Majesty's old, faithful, and<br />
h<strong>on</strong>est subjects, are employed and situated. . .<br />
For <strong>the</strong> rest, as regards your life and c<strong>on</strong>duct, what means of sup-<br />
port you have, whe<strong>the</strong>r agriculture or commerce, His Majesty will be<br />
greatly pleased to understand, as also that you are all prospering. Only<br />
inform us of every particular of your c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>, in <strong>the</strong> least as well as<br />
in <strong>the</strong> greatest. The pers<strong>on</strong> above named also told me that you live<br />
well and in love to <strong>on</strong>e ano<strong>the</strong>r; that you, in all things, follow Swedish<br />
customs in eating, drinking, and farming, as well as in o<strong>the</strong>r forms of<br />
labor . . . But, above all things, let us know how many ministers and<br />
books you desire; also, how large yoi~r c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s are, and how<br />
many churches you have. . .*<br />
The people could not doubt that William Penn's government<br />
would approve acceptance of <strong>the</strong> offer of King Carl XI of Sweden<br />
to send ministers and books, for Penn himself after his return to<br />
? Rudman Manuscripts (research by Courtland B. and Ruth L. Springer)<br />
Thclln s letter, quotcd in part above, says: "Eight or ten years since, Goveri~t~l<br />
W'~lli:iin Pcnn (ommunic;ited to <strong>the</strong> S\vedish Envoy Extraordinary in L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>," ctc<br />
I FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 7.)<br />
England in 1684 had communicated <strong>the</strong>ir need of ministers and<br />
books to <strong>the</strong> Swedish Legati<strong>on</strong> at L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> and as his own gift<br />
had sent <strong>the</strong>m "a little chest with catechisms and books toge<strong>the</strong>r<br />
with a Bible in folio for <strong>the</strong>ir ~hurch."~ These were in English.<br />
Charles Springer and o<strong>the</strong>r representatives of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s<br />
joyfully took Thelin's letter and a translati<strong>on</strong> of it into English<br />
by Springer to Deputy-Governor Markham at Philadelphia. Markham<br />
not <strong>on</strong>ly gave approval, but promised to write to William<br />
Penn and to <strong>the</strong> Swedish minister at L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>."<br />
The answer in Swedish, written by Springer <strong>on</strong> behalf of all<br />
<strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>rans, was also submitted to Governor Markham, al<strong>on</strong>g<br />
with an English translati<strong>on</strong> of it by <strong>the</strong> author for <strong>the</strong> English<br />
governor's benefit. The Swedish versi<strong>on</strong> was to be dispatched to<br />
Thelin in duplicate, each copy <strong>on</strong> a different ship. Springer's<br />
English translati<strong>on</strong> has not been found, but a later copy of it,<br />
made by <strong>the</strong> Reverend Andreas Rudman, who as a result of this<br />
fruitful corresp<strong>on</strong>dence became pastor of <strong>the</strong> Wicaco c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
in 1697, is preserved in <strong>the</strong> archives of Gloria Dei Church.<br />
Although we have Springer's Swedish letter (as printed in<br />
Acrelius' Beskrifning, which in turn has been translated into<br />
English), it is interesting to see what Charles Springer could do<br />
with English <strong>on</strong> his own account. The Rudman transcripti<strong>on</strong> is<br />
reproduced here in full.4<br />
H<strong>on</strong>oured, Lowing5 & much respected Friend John Thelijz,<br />
His Maj:ts Loyal1 Subject and Postmaster in Gottenborg.<br />
Our kind love remembered unto you, wishing you all Prosperity.<br />
Your unexpected& and welcome letter dated Gottenborg d. 16<br />
Nov. 1692, came to our hand <strong>the</strong> 23 Maji 1693; which was [to)<br />
us exceedingly welcome & made us heartily rejoyce at <strong>the</strong> receiving<br />
of it, and understanding, how it hath pleased Almighty God<br />
to raise up a j<strong>on</strong>g7 Man Alldrew Prilz~z by name, who hath formerly<br />
been here with us in <strong>the</strong> West Indien, & did see how we doe live<br />
3 Acrelius. 183.<br />
4 By permissi<strong>on</strong> of Dr. John Craig R<strong>on</strong>k, vicar of Gloria Dei Church; copied<br />
.~ntl collated by Courtland B. and Ruth L. Springer.<br />
5 Loving. The English sound "v" was comm<strong>on</strong>ly denoted by <strong>the</strong> letter w in<br />
Su,c~lish at this time.<br />
6 l'he Sweclish letter, ac givc.n in Atrclius, reads "mycket vnl nch karkomne."<br />
wl~i~li coultl hc translated "wry uzelcomr and appreciated" or "cherished" or<br />
''o~l>orttinc.." hut not "l~ncxpccted."<br />
7 Y01111~
7.1 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
here in <strong>on</strong>e thing as well as ano<strong>the</strong>r. Partly he hath related true<br />
& partly not. But <strong>the</strong> certainty of our C<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> and <strong>the</strong> reality<br />
<strong>the</strong>reof we will by this letter let you in verity &- truth know.<br />
We doe fur<strong>the</strong>r understand how that his Majesty of Sweed-<br />
land throws this j<strong>on</strong>g Mans Relati<strong>on</strong> doth yet bear unto us a<br />
tender & a Christian heart and care, as His former old and True<br />
Subjects, for our Souls good & happiness, and a Lower of <strong>the</strong><br />
Lu<strong>the</strong>ran faith. And also we hear how great care his Maj. takets"<br />
for us to get Ministers to be send over to us, with godly books;<br />
For which His Maj;.r great care & favour, We every <strong>on</strong>e of us"'<br />
heartely and with all our heart do give his Majtie many tanks<br />
wishing his Majtie prosperity, all heavenly and earthly blessing<br />
and an everlasting happiness.<br />
Therefore doe we now kindly and with all our herths" desire,<br />
that since it hath pleased his Majtie graciously to grant that wee<br />
should with all expediti<strong>on</strong> become1' Ministers and Books, when<br />
that wee an answer send again up<strong>on</strong> your Letter, so kindly desir-<br />
ing that <strong>the</strong>re may be sent unto us Two Sweeds Ministers, that<br />
are well Learned in ye holy Scriptures, and that may be able To<br />
defend <strong>the</strong>m and us against all false opposers who can or may<br />
oppose any of us, and also <strong>on</strong>e that may defend ye True Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
faith wh:[ich) wee do c<strong>on</strong>fess, that if Tribulati<strong>on</strong> should come<br />
am<strong>on</strong>gst us, and wee should suffer for our faith, that wee are<br />
ready to seale it with our blood; and wee also desiring that These<br />
Ministers may bee such sober, discreet, and wise men, that by <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
good exampell given to us our children may also take a good<br />
exampell <strong>the</strong>reby in every thing.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r it is our humble desire that you would be pleased to<br />
send to us Tree Serm<strong>on</strong> Books 12 Bibles, 42 Psalmbooks, 100 of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Lesser, with 200 Catechesis 200 ABC Books, and as wee These<br />
books should be come to our hand <strong>the</strong>n wee do engage that wee<br />
will make h<strong>on</strong>est pay for <strong>the</strong> same and also deliver ye payment<br />
to such place as you shall tink fitt to ord:r<br />
And as for <strong>the</strong>se Ministers Maintainance so de wee engagc<br />
and promise to maintain <strong>the</strong>m h<strong>on</strong>estly and truly, and when this<br />
our Letter is sent away, <strong>the</strong>n wee shall Buy a peace of land that<br />
8 Through.<br />
9 Takes.<br />
10 The hrst page ends here. The next is in a different hand.<br />
1 I Hearts.<br />
12 A later hancl has crossed out this word and written "obtain."<br />
I<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 75<br />
shall bel<strong>on</strong>g to <strong>the</strong> Church, whereup<strong>on</strong> ye Ministers may Live.<br />
Now what c<strong>on</strong>cerns our Living in this c<strong>on</strong>try, and our Lives<br />
and c<strong>on</strong>versati<strong>on</strong>s so are wee for <strong>the</strong> most part husbandmen, and<br />
plow and sowe and Till y[e} ground, and wee use yet ye good<br />
ould fashi<strong>on</strong>s in meate and drink; this Land is a mighty fruitful<br />
good and plentiful1 C<strong>on</strong>try and here doth growe all sorts of grains<br />
in greate plenty; and all what wee sowe and plant doth Thrive<br />
mightly; and this River, out of it is sent and shipt avay all sorts<br />
of grains every yeare to our Neighbouringh islands in West indien,<br />
and 13heare is also great plenty of all sorts, beasts, fowls & fishes;<br />
& our wifes & daughters follow spinning of flax & wool, some<br />
with weawing," so that we have great occasi<strong>on</strong> to thanck <strong>the</strong><br />
Almighty God for his manyfold mercies & benefits, which we at<br />
his hand receive, God give that we may also get good shepheards<br />
to feed us with Gods holy woord & sacraments. We live also in<br />
peace, friendship & amity with <strong>on</strong>e an o<strong>the</strong>r, and <strong>the</strong>Indians have<br />
not molested us [for) many yeares.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r your letter doth specifye, that it is related also that<br />
<strong>the</strong> Sweeds Ministers s<strong>on</strong>s perform <strong>the</strong> service of God, as Ministers<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Sweeds Church, but it is not so: In <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> Churches"<br />
we had a Sweeds Minister Laurentius Caroli Lokenius, who came<br />
hi<strong>the</strong>r in <strong>the</strong> Countrey with Govr. John Printz in his time, but he is<br />
dead five years ago Sept. next, he did preach for us <strong>the</strong> word of<br />
God many yeares: As for <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Sweeds c<strong>on</strong>grega<strong>on</strong>,'%e have<br />
a Dutch Minister by name Magister Jacobus Fabritius, which doth<br />
preach in <strong>the</strong> Dutch t<strong>on</strong>ge & hath preached for us <strong>the</strong>se 16 yeares,<br />
He is a good Preacher, but old & for severall yeares blind, but<br />
never<strong>the</strong>less [has) d<strong>on</strong>e his office in all possible parts mighty<br />
well. In <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r c<strong>on</strong>grega<strong>on</strong>" <strong>the</strong>y make use of a Reader, a<br />
born Sweed in Stockholm, who with reading Serm<strong>on</strong>s & singing<br />
of Psalmes, doth perform <strong>the</strong> divine service. But for a Finsk<br />
minister we have had n<strong>on</strong>e, nei<strong>the</strong>r doe want, all of us both<br />
Sweeds & Finns understanding <strong>the</strong> Swedish t<strong>on</strong>gue.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r you desire to know how we are used here in <strong>the</strong><br />
(:ountrey; We do all in general1 c<strong>on</strong>fess and protest & in truth<br />
say, that we have been exceedingly & mighty well used, both in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Dutch Gouvernement, as well as in his majis of England, Our<br />
13 New pagc, again in Ruclman's hand<br />
I4 Weaving.<br />
I 5 (-r,~r~(, 1 look<br />
I(, Wl,
76 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
Gracious Kings time, for we have been allwayes well dealt with,<br />
seated in <strong>the</strong> Court with his Maj's Justices & also in Councils, &<br />
yet doe to this day; and we have allwayes had good & gracious<br />
Gouvt And we live with <strong>on</strong>e an o<strong>the</strong>r in peace & quietness. So<br />
that every <strong>on</strong>e of us desireth that we may up<strong>on</strong> this our letter so<br />
so<strong>on</strong> as it comes to your hand, gett a joyful1 return with <strong>the</strong> speed-<br />
iest & so<strong>on</strong>est & with all Expediti<strong>on</strong>. And we in our behalf<br />
"shall allwayes pray for its save'B Retorn for we hope that God<br />
hath certainly his hand in this Christian work, and hoping that<br />
he far<strong>the</strong>r more will have, hoping that God will not forsake us<br />
allthough we are here in an hea<strong>the</strong>n Countrey.<br />
We have allready written twice to our Native Countrey for<br />
Minister & books, but having got n<strong>on</strong> answer, we suspect <strong>the</strong><br />
letters to have miscarried. Therfore we desire you Mr. John<br />
Thelin, that you will be pleased to doe your best in our behalf to<br />
promote our desire, and let it be d<strong>on</strong>e with all Expediti<strong>on</strong>.<br />
So we doe commend you unto <strong>the</strong> Almighty Gods protecti<strong>on</strong><br />
in body & soul.<br />
Your most obliged friends<br />
& Lowing Countreymen<br />
Dated in Pennsylvania<br />
in <strong>Delaware</strong> River<br />
<strong>the</strong> 31 Maj. 1693.<br />
P. S. This letter we do let go<br />
dubble, in case if <strong>on</strong>e should<br />
miscarry, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r may come<br />
to your hands<br />
The names of thirty members of <strong>the</strong> two c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s, be-<br />
sides "Carl Christophers<strong>on</strong> Springer," were signed to <strong>the</strong> Swedish<br />
letter, and ~t was accompanied, at Thelin's request, by a list of his<br />
countrymen <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. There were I83 males listed, some<br />
al<strong>on</strong>e but most of <strong>the</strong>m with families ranging up to nine, ten, or<br />
eleven pers<strong>on</strong>s each. There were five wido\\is who had families of<br />
five to eight, in all, a total of 942 pers<strong>on</strong>s. Of this number 39<br />
are named as having been born in Sweden. The Swedish letter<br />
with signatures and thc lists are printed in Arcelius, who points<br />
out that am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se members of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s in 1693 werc<br />
many "Hollanders" and that later, when <strong>the</strong> churches were better<br />
17 Nvw pagc, Ruclrnan'5 hand<br />
IH S.~fc<br />
I<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 7 7<br />
organized under <strong>the</strong> ministers sent from Sweden, more Dutch and<br />
also English, Irish, Germans and Scots came into <strong>the</strong> churches,<br />
while during <strong>the</strong> years that followed "many Swedish families also<br />
came in."19<br />
The letters reached Postmaster Thelin in November, 1693<br />
; and were given to <strong>the</strong> king in December. Unfortunately <strong>the</strong> king<br />
:<br />
:<br />
was now in a period of great distress, as were his people. Queen<br />
Ulrica Eleanora had died that year, of whom he said that half his<br />
life died with her. Many of <strong>the</strong> people were suffering from<br />
poverty and famine because of repeated annual crop failures<br />
caused by storms and freezing wea<strong>the</strong>r in late spring and early<br />
Now <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> came <strong>the</strong> l<strong>on</strong>g wait, mitigated we hope<br />
by communicati<strong>on</strong>s from John Thelin and from Charles Springer's<br />
mo<strong>the</strong>r (to whom he wrote <strong>the</strong> day after completing <strong>the</strong> letter to<br />
Thelin)?' with assurance that <strong>the</strong> king \vould carry out his intenti<strong>on</strong><br />
to send ministers and books when his burdens were lightened.<br />
His burdens were not lightened, but at <strong>the</strong> beginning of 1696 he<br />
took effective acti<strong>on</strong>. Having c<strong>on</strong>ferred with Dr. Jesper Svedberg,<br />
Provost of <strong>the</strong> ca<strong>the</strong>dral at Upsala, King Carl wrote <strong>on</strong> February<br />
18/28 to Archbishop Olaus Swebillius, enclosing <strong>the</strong> letter from<br />
<strong>the</strong> Swedish col<strong>on</strong>y <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> to Postmaster Thelin and<br />
expressing his will that "such learned and godly men as <strong>the</strong>y<br />
desire" be chosen and prepared. He would provide <strong>the</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ey<br />
for <strong>the</strong>ir journey and would provide as a gift from himself <strong>the</strong><br />
books requested in <strong>the</strong> letter."<br />
The king's instructi<strong>on</strong>s were zealously and resp<strong>on</strong>sibly carried<br />
out by <strong>the</strong> two distinguished men. Dr. Svedberg suggested Andreas<br />
Rudman, candidate for <strong>the</strong> degree of Doctor of Philosophy<br />
at Upsala. Rudman accepted Dr. Svedberg's suggesti<strong>on</strong> of Erik<br />
Hjork as his compani<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> missi<strong>on</strong>. A third minister, J<strong>on</strong>as<br />
AurPn, was <strong>the</strong>n added by order of <strong>the</strong> king. AurCn was <strong>the</strong><br />
pers<strong>on</strong>al representative of King Carl, hose assignment was to<br />
observe country and people <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dela\vare and how <strong>the</strong> ministers<br />
were received <strong>the</strong>re. He \\,as tl~en to return to Sweden and<br />
report in pers<strong>on</strong> to his majesty. The ministers were called in c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
19 Arrtlius. 186-193.<br />
20 Ibid., 194; Norbcrq. S~r//~k.i brb./~~ ~~ji~jou.~, 45; Grirnber~, H~.rtutj oJ<br />
sl(,ede>l. 2 10-2 11.<br />
2 1 See Chapter VII.<br />
?.? A, r
7 8 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
ference by <strong>the</strong> King and told to ask him and no <strong>on</strong>e else for<br />
what <strong>the</strong>y needed and to let him know if any difficulties were<br />
put in <strong>the</strong>ir way. Again he c<strong>on</strong>ferred with <strong>the</strong>m at <strong>the</strong> leave-<br />
taking and am<strong>on</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>r evidences of his great interest told <strong>the</strong>m<br />
that if <strong>the</strong>y found oppositi<strong>on</strong> or suffered injury <strong>the</strong>y were to come<br />
home and he would provide for <strong>the</strong>m."<br />
So<strong>on</strong> after <strong>the</strong>y received <strong>the</strong> books, which had been prepared<br />
under <strong>the</strong> King's directi<strong>on</strong> by an officer of <strong>the</strong> Royal Library<br />
at Stockholm in <strong>the</strong> summer,'-' <strong>the</strong>y took ship August 4, <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
way to England, arriving in L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, October 10, 1696. Through<br />
<strong>the</strong> Swedish Minister at <strong>the</strong> English Court and <strong>the</strong> support of<br />
William Penn who was living in L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, England's c<strong>on</strong>sent to<br />
forwarding <strong>the</strong> Swedish missi<strong>on</strong> was obtained. King William in<br />
friendly spirit signed <strong>the</strong> passport himself <strong>on</strong> November 22. As<br />
<strong>the</strong>se proceedings took more time than had been foreseen, <strong>the</strong><br />
ship <strong>on</strong> which passage had been engaged had sailed and <strong>the</strong>re<br />
was a l<strong>on</strong>g wait for <strong>the</strong> next suitable ship.?'<br />
In <strong>the</strong> party with <strong>the</strong> three ministers was Andrew Printz, whom<br />
King Carl had appointed as <strong>the</strong>ir guide and who had decided<br />
to settle am<strong>on</strong>g his fellow countrymen <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. But<br />
before <strong>the</strong>ir ship sailed, February 4, 1697, Andrew Printz dis-<br />
appeared without trace. The suppositi<strong>on</strong> was that he had been<br />
seized and impressed <strong>on</strong> a ship of <strong>the</strong> English navy in <strong>the</strong> war<br />
William I11 was <strong>the</strong>n leading against France. Ano<strong>the</strong>r Swede<br />
who had been to America, J<strong>on</strong>es Ajurstrom, was appointed in<br />
his place as guide for <strong>the</strong> voyage. For years to come, no doubt.<br />
English ships arriving in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> would be scanned with<br />
<strong>the</strong> hope that Andrew Printz, unharmed and free, would be com-<br />
ing back to settle am<strong>on</strong>g his overwhelmingly grateful friends.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, Magister Jacobus Fabricius had died about<br />
<strong>the</strong> time Rudman, Bjork and Aurb were ready to set out from<br />
Sweden." He was buried in <strong>the</strong> choir of <strong>the</strong> blockhouse church<br />
building at Wicaco, where his grave was left in fr<strong>on</strong>t of <strong>the</strong><br />
south door of <strong>the</strong> present Gloria Dei Church when <strong>the</strong> old log<br />
23 Ibid., 198.<br />
24 In <strong>the</strong> Rudman Manuscripts is a list of <strong>the</strong> books by title and number of<br />
copies toge<strong>the</strong>r with a copy of <strong>the</strong> document of transfer by <strong>the</strong> king and of thc<br />
receipt by <strong>the</strong> three ministers given <strong>the</strong> king's representative ( research by Court<br />
land B. and Ruth L. Springer).<br />
26 Acrelius, 201; Hol) Triaity Record(. 12.<br />
27 Norberg, 14, n. 1.<br />
1<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 79<br />
building was removed.2R The place of burial of Lokenius is un-<br />
; known. It might have been <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> glebe property at Upland<br />
(Chester) where he lived or more suitably in <strong>the</strong> churchyard of<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church.<br />
The ship carrying <strong>the</strong> Swedish missi<strong>on</strong> arrived at Annapolis,<br />
Maryland, June 19/29, 1697, where Governor Francis Nichols<strong>on</strong><br />
entertained <strong>the</strong> three ministers. In a l<strong>on</strong>g letter written by Erik<br />
Bjork to Bishop Israel Colmodin, dated October 29, 1697,'9 he<br />
describes <strong>the</strong>ir stay with <strong>the</strong> governor, <strong>the</strong>ir arrival at Elk River<br />
and first greeting by <strong>Delaware</strong> River Lu<strong>the</strong>rans:<br />
I might, but should not and could not pass over what happened<br />
with <strong>the</strong> above-menti<strong>on</strong>ed governor, just briefly menti<strong>on</strong>ing: We<br />
went <strong>on</strong> shore <strong>the</strong> day afterward [June 20/30,] with <strong>the</strong> intenti<strong>on</strong> of<br />
so<strong>on</strong> returning <strong>on</strong> board, but we were invited, h<strong>on</strong>ored, and feasted,<br />
by him, and he remembered our gracioi~s King and his House in such<br />
respectful way that if we had been especially sent from Sweden to this<br />
man, he could not have d<strong>on</strong>e more. As l<strong>on</strong>g as we remained <strong>the</strong>re,<br />
that is to say, four days, we stayed in his house, and he always took<br />
us with him during his walks, showing us various things. As we<br />
noticed that <strong>the</strong> ship would remain <strong>the</strong>re for some time, and we<br />
l<strong>on</strong>ged for our destinati<strong>on</strong>', for which purpose we chartered a boat, he<br />
relieved us of all worries, and wished to make himself assured about<br />
<strong>the</strong> man who was going to guide us and how we were going to reach<br />
our Swedes. It was not sufficient that he had entertained us for so<br />
many days at his table, but when we took leave he folowed us through<br />
a pretty part of <strong>the</strong> country where his stables stood, and where he<br />
! am<strong>on</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>r toasts first drank <strong>the</strong> health of our King under a flag<br />
hoisted <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> top of <strong>the</strong> roof, which flag was taken down as so<strong>on</strong> as<br />
i<br />
<strong>the</strong> toasts were ended. He also gave 11s a sum of m<strong>on</strong>ey and made two<br />
men carry down into <strong>the</strong> boat as many bottles as possible filled with<br />
all kinds of liquors. He is a bachelor, but appears like a brave<br />
i soldier who tries to do <strong>the</strong> best for his King, which he has clearly<br />
dem<strong>on</strong>strated during <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>on</strong>ly a year and a half that he has<br />
been at Annapolis.<br />
We left <strong>the</strong> ship with all our bel<strong>on</strong>gings <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> evening of June<br />
23. I cannot, however, forget <strong>the</strong> captain's kindness in letting us have<br />
everything free <strong>on</strong> such a l<strong>on</strong>g voyage, without <strong>the</strong> slightest charge for<br />
freight. We <strong>the</strong>n traveled with a favorable wind about 70 English<br />
miles to a placed called Trantown, at <strong>the</strong> end of Elk River, until <strong>the</strong><br />
sec<strong>on</strong>d day at 10 o'clock, and from <strong>the</strong>re <strong>on</strong>e English mile to where<br />
28 Kalm, 11, 733.<br />
29 In <strong>the</strong> Royal Archives, Stockholm, translated by Ant<strong>on</strong> Olss<strong>on</strong>, archival<br />
expert of Stockholm, for Courtland B. and Ruth L. Springer.<br />
Bjork's letter was printed in Thomas Campanius Holm's Korr berkrifning<br />
(1702) and translated by Du Punreau, but with many errors, in 1834.
80 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
some of <strong>the</strong> Swedes lived and where we were delighted to land, taking<br />
out and looking over all our bel<strong>on</strong>gings. We found everything, thank<br />
God, in a good state after such a l<strong>on</strong>g voyage.<br />
Before we had been <strong>the</strong>re a day and a night, not <strong>on</strong>ly had <strong>the</strong><br />
renown of our arrival spread most incredibly, but people from a<br />
distance of 10, 12, to 16 miles came with horses to bring us more<br />
easily to <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s. We were pleased to see that many cried<br />
with joy, and some would not believe anything before <strong>the</strong>y saw us. . .<br />
Bjork tells that <strong>the</strong> country is as fertile as it has been described:<br />
with a richness of prosperity by which <strong>the</strong> people live extremely<br />
well without any forced or difficult labor, and with few and just taxes,<br />
calling <strong>the</strong>mselves peasants, as <strong>the</strong>y do <strong>the</strong> same work as in Sweden,<br />
but <strong>the</strong>ir standard of clothing, food, and o<strong>the</strong>r things is that of h<strong>on</strong>est<br />
burghers. They get everything fresh fro111 <strong>the</strong> streams and forests, and<br />
do not lack anything as do neighboring districts, who often require<br />
grain from here for food and drink. May God let <strong>the</strong>m live in <strong>the</strong><br />
future as <strong>the</strong>y do now, so that <strong>the</strong>y may enjoy <strong>the</strong> same beneficence<br />
and lack nothing. In <strong>on</strong>e place about 14 English miles from here <strong>the</strong><br />
inhabitants had to eat horse-flesh and o<strong>the</strong>r strange things, owing to<br />
famine and bad harvest, and have in <strong>the</strong>se days appealed by letter to<br />
our Vice Governor for help and assistance. Poor people and beggars<br />
are unknown in this country, where all people support <strong>the</strong>mselves,<br />
as <strong>the</strong> country is entirely open to any<strong>on</strong>e who is capable of cultivating<br />
it and profiting from it.<br />
The aborigines and our people are as <strong>on</strong>e nati<strong>on</strong>. They have much<br />
more c<strong>on</strong>fidence in us than in <strong>the</strong> and <strong>the</strong>y also in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
own language call <strong>the</strong>se Swedes <strong>the</strong>ir own people. They have also<br />
shown <strong>the</strong>mselves very glad at our arrival, as <strong>the</strong>y now sce that Sweden<br />
exists, which <strong>the</strong>y were sc-arcely \villing to believe, before, as <strong>the</strong>y had<br />
seen nobody arrive from <strong>the</strong>re.<br />
On June 27/July 7, <strong>the</strong> ministers had a meeting of prayer<br />
and thanksgiving at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Two days later <strong>the</strong>y presented<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir credentials to Lieutenant Governor William Markham at<br />
Philadelphia, who received <strong>the</strong>m well, and <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> next day ad-<br />
dressed <strong>the</strong> Wicaco c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> with an account of <strong>the</strong> prepara-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir missi<strong>on</strong> in Sweden and <strong>the</strong>ir journey, reading to <strong>the</strong>m<br />
letters of <strong>the</strong> King, <strong>the</strong> Archbishop and <strong>the</strong> Swedish Minister at<br />
L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>. The three ministers made <strong>the</strong> same presentati<strong>on</strong> at Cranc<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> July 2/12, emphasizing that King Carl had sent <strong>the</strong>m ;I<br />
great many more books than <strong>the</strong>y had petiti<strong>on</strong>ed for.?'<br />
30 Du P<strong>on</strong>ceau ch.~ngcs <strong>the</strong> mc.lnin~ of thic p.l\snpe c.ntircly by translatin,< 11<br />
"We live In much ,qrcatrr friendship \\-it11 <strong>the</strong>m (<strong>the</strong> lnclians) th.~n \\it11 t l ~<br />
I~:II~:I~>II" ( !) ~ S/,OI/ IIcr, fipfio,~, I()(],<br />
{I lloly '/'r~~l/f, IZ~~iOl,/,, I I I?.<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
It had been left to <strong>the</strong> ministers, Rudman and Bjork, to<br />
decide which c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> each should serve. As Rudman was<br />
first appointed Bjork proposed that he make his choice, which was<br />
Wicaco, so Bjork remained with <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. There, in <strong>the</strong> 103<br />
church, <strong>the</strong> Reverend Erik Bjork held his first Divine Service, <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> sixth Sunday after Trinity, July 11/21, 1697, explainillg from<br />
<strong>the</strong> pulpit at <strong>the</strong> beginning of it <strong>the</strong> order of Sunday services he<br />
proposed to follow, circumstances permitting; and also <strong>the</strong> special<br />
order for communi<strong>on</strong> Sundays when <strong>the</strong> Lord's Supper was cele-<br />
brated (called High Mass by <strong>the</strong> Swedes). Every Sunday after<br />
<strong>the</strong> opening psalm he would read a chapter of <strong>the</strong> Old Testament<br />
and <strong>on</strong>e from <strong>the</strong> New Te~tament.~'<br />
In fur<strong>the</strong>r comment by Bjork in his letter to Bishop Colmodin<br />
<strong>the</strong> picture of <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> unrolls:<br />
If you compare <strong>the</strong>ir divine service, regulati<strong>on</strong>s, <strong>the</strong> knowledge<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g young people in <strong>the</strong> catechism, and o<strong>the</strong>r similar things with<br />
any parish in Sweden, <strong>the</strong>se matters are not c<strong>on</strong>ducted regularly, but<br />
irregularly, which threatens us with much worry and labor as well in<br />
fulfilling our oath as in our own ambiti<strong>on</strong> to make <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> same as<br />
any in Sweden, and, if possible, to do this so<strong>on</strong>, for <strong>the</strong> clergymen<br />
<strong>the</strong>y have had, especially <strong>the</strong> last <strong>on</strong>e, were worn out with age and<br />
illness and never worried about how <strong>the</strong>se matters should be properly<br />
c<strong>on</strong>ducted, or how <strong>the</strong> educati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> young should be arranged.<br />
We hope, however, that God will grant us a l<strong>on</strong>g life, and <strong>the</strong>n, with<br />
God's help, <strong>the</strong>re will be an improvement in churches, pars<strong>on</strong>ages,<br />
regulati<strong>on</strong>s, less<strong>on</strong>s in catechism, and o<strong>the</strong>r kinds of educati<strong>on</strong>, so that<br />
young people will not visit <strong>the</strong>ir pastar with a pipe in <strong>the</strong> mouth<br />
and a hat <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> head, and so that he who eventually succeeds us will<br />
find that path clearcd which was now accepted uncleared. What <strong>the</strong>y<br />
do is not d<strong>on</strong>e out of ill will, but out of lack of knowledge, which<br />
makes all <strong>the</strong> greater difficulty for us, as we are al<strong>on</strong>e here, and <strong>the</strong><br />
young are many. . .<br />
I cannot without ast<strong>on</strong>ishment relate, to <strong>the</strong> merit of <strong>the</strong>se people,<br />
that when <strong>the</strong>re hardly existed three Swedish books here, <strong>the</strong>y took<br />
such care of <strong>the</strong>ir children that although <strong>the</strong>y lent from <strong>on</strong>e to an-<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r, yet <strong>the</strong>y all can read a book ra<strong>the</strong>r well, so that n<strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong><br />
books which His Majesty has given <strong>the</strong>m are unused. They are so<br />
divided as <strong>the</strong> houses are populated with elder and younger people,<br />
so that he who could make <strong>the</strong> best use of this or that book, he was<br />
allowed to retain it, somebody else, ano<strong>the</strong>r <strong>on</strong>e, so that every<strong>on</strong>e has<br />
32 Ibid., 13. Ten years later, Sunday, August 31, 1707. Bjork finished <strong>the</strong><br />
reading of <strong>the</strong> whole Bible and told his hearers that those who had been faithful<br />
in attmdanc-e might c<strong>on</strong>fidently say that <strong>the</strong>y had heard <strong>the</strong> Bible read through<br />
from beginninK 11, cncl <strong>on</strong>ce in <strong>the</strong>ir lives. Ibid., 126.<br />
H 1
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
been able to lnakc use of <strong>the</strong> King's gift, which <strong>the</strong>y also with pleasure<br />
and gratitude remember. . .<br />
To speak, now, in greater detail about <strong>the</strong> state of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>grega-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>, <strong>the</strong>y have come no closer to accomplishing what stands in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
letter [of May 31, 1693). The reas<strong>on</strong> for this is that <strong>the</strong>y dwell in a<br />
very unhandy [i.e., scattered) fashi<strong>on</strong>, and have not been able to agree<br />
up<strong>on</strong> a more c<strong>on</strong>venient place for <strong>the</strong> church than this [present) <strong>on</strong>e,<br />
which all have to go across water to [reach).,' Partly, <strong>the</strong>y wished to<br />
leave it until <strong>the</strong>y should be able to see if <strong>the</strong>y could ever get pastors,<br />
and <strong>the</strong>n submit <strong>the</strong> matter to <strong>the</strong>m. By God's grace I have reached an<br />
agreement with <strong>the</strong>m <strong>on</strong> a more c<strong>on</strong>venient place for building a<br />
church, of st<strong>on</strong>e, at Christina, right across from <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, <strong>the</strong><br />
present locati<strong>on</strong>. It seems likely that this will be called Christina's<br />
Church, or whatever may in <strong>the</strong> course of time seem good. One hopes<br />
that in not more than a year from now this church will be erected and<br />
built, for <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> is well-to-do and <strong>the</strong>y resp<strong>on</strong>d very well<br />
[literally, "<strong>the</strong>y allow <strong>the</strong>mselves to be persuaded very well") to that<br />
which I set before <strong>the</strong>m with reas<strong>on</strong> and justice. . .<br />
By Pastor Bjork's third Sunday of regular service, <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> was ready to select a site for building a new<br />
church under his directi<strong>on</strong>. On Friday of that week <strong>the</strong>y met and<br />
appointed a committee with this duty: Charles Springer, John<br />
Nummers<strong>on</strong>, Hank Pieterss<strong>on</strong>, Hendrick Juarss<strong>on</strong> (Ivarss<strong>on</strong>) , and<br />
Brewer Sinnike from <strong>the</strong> west side of <strong>the</strong> river; Olle Stoby (Wil-<br />
liam Sluby), Staffan Juranss<strong>on</strong> (Stephen Jurianss<strong>on</strong>) and Olle<br />
Franss<strong>on</strong> (William Franss<strong>on</strong>) and Jacob Van de Ver from <strong>the</strong><br />
east side. The discussi<strong>on</strong>s which followed am<strong>on</strong>g members of <strong>the</strong><br />
committee and many o<strong>the</strong>rs present after c<strong>on</strong>sidering <strong>the</strong> three<br />
sites favored by different groups: Gcrlle <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Third <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
(Verdrietige <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, now Edge Moor, north of Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>), and<br />
Christina (<strong>the</strong> neighborhood near <strong>the</strong> site of <strong>the</strong> old fort <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> north side of that stream), finally ended with an agreement<br />
<strong>on</strong> Christina. The agreement was reached after objecti<strong>on</strong>s from<br />
those <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> east side of <strong>the</strong> river had been heard and met. They<br />
were c<strong>on</strong>cerned about c<strong>on</strong>tributing m<strong>on</strong>ey that <strong>the</strong>y might need<br />
later for a church <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir side. Pledge was given that <strong>the</strong>y \vould<br />
be helped in turn.<br />
Pastor Bjiirk who was ill and unable to attend <strong>the</strong> meeting.<br />
heard afterward that some <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> east side were still not satis-<br />
33 The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> marshes were crossed by a causeway, in flood-time awasli<br />
with water. Those living above <strong>the</strong> Christina crossed <strong>the</strong> stream by canoe; those <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> New Jersey side crossed <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> by shallop or skiff to New Castle ancl<br />
came overland to <strong>the</strong> church.<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 83<br />
fied. He reports in his diary that he immediately "drew up a<br />
writing," that those <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> west side are:<br />
bound for <strong>the</strong> Glory of God to help <strong>the</strong>m again <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r side if<br />
<strong>the</strong>y now help us, and I fur<strong>the</strong>r wrote by way of encouragement and<br />
exhortati<strong>on</strong> - and Charles Springer ever unwearied in <strong>the</strong> pro~lloti<strong>on</strong><br />
of God's Glory, in order to bring about a good understanding of <strong>the</strong><br />
matter, when around with this my writing and read it to <strong>the</strong>m and<br />
so w<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>m all to unity.34<br />
To meet <strong>the</strong> sec<strong>on</strong>d objecti<strong>on</strong> of those <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> east side-that<br />
after <strong>the</strong>y crossed <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> to New Castle and came up <strong>the</strong><br />
river overland, it would be a burden to pay ferriage across <strong>the</strong><br />
Christina-those <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> west side promised to provide a canoe<br />
for <strong>the</strong>ir sole use to ferry <strong>the</strong>mselves over.<br />
That <strong>the</strong> church should be built of brick or st<strong>on</strong>e had been<br />
decided at <strong>the</strong> main meeting and plans moved so quickly that <strong>on</strong><br />
October 6/16, 1697, <strong>the</strong> first c<strong>on</strong>tract for building <strong>the</strong> church<br />
was signed with a mas<strong>on</strong> for c<strong>on</strong>structing its walls of t<strong>on</strong>e.^'<br />
On a slope above <strong>the</strong> Christina River, looking down up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
site of old Fort Christina was <strong>the</strong> early burying ground of New<br />
Sweden. In all <strong>the</strong> years since <strong>the</strong> first settlement it seems to have<br />
been reserved out of surrounding farm lands as bel<strong>on</strong>ging to mem-<br />
I<br />
bers of <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran c~ngregati<strong>on</strong>.~~ Here in 1697-98, graves so<br />
I nearly filled <strong>the</strong> plot that <strong>the</strong>re was not room to set <strong>the</strong> whole of<br />
<strong>the</strong> new church foundati<strong>on</strong>s without building partly over graves.<br />
/ To avoid this, John Stalcop owner of <strong>the</strong> adjoining farm (which<br />
had bel<strong>on</strong>ged to his fa<strong>the</strong>r, John Anders<strong>on</strong> Stalcop) gave sufficient<br />
land to accommodate part of <strong>the</strong> church bullding and provide<br />
open space to <strong>the</strong> south and west of it."<br />
, The mas<strong>on</strong>, Joseph Richards<strong>on</strong> of Upland had broken his<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tract of October 6, 1697, but Joseph Yard, master mas<strong>on</strong> of<br />
?<br />
I<br />
34 Ibrd., 15-17. Bjiirk's diary forms thc early Records of Holy Trinity.<br />
35 Ibid., 15-18.<br />
36 During <strong>the</strong> Dutch period, 1655-1664. S\vedrs and Finns had tracts of land<br />
c<strong>on</strong>firmed to <strong>the</strong>m in <strong>the</strong> neighborhood of Fort Altena (<strong>the</strong> former Fort Christina),<br />
;IS has been told in Chapter 11, and as <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly o<strong>the</strong>r burying ground was at<br />
l'inicum until <strong>the</strong> blockhouse was established at Wicaco, 1676-1677, it is likely<br />
that <strong>the</strong>re was no break in <strong>the</strong> use of this graveyard of <strong>the</strong> first Lu<strong>the</strong>rans (even<br />
after <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> churchyard was laid out) by families whose kin were buried<br />
<strong>the</strong>re.<br />
37 Ibid., 18. John Anders<strong>on</strong>, alias Stalkofta, who signed his name John<br />
Andris<strong>on</strong>, (Wills, Book A-1, folio 79), but whose family adotped his nickname<br />
from rhr Swedish stalkofta meaning steel-jacket, was a gunner and c<strong>on</strong>stable at<br />
Fort Christina in Governor Rising's time. Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 503, 517. For Stalcop's land<br />
5c.c note at cncl of this cl~aptcr.
84 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
Philadelphia applied May 18, 1698, and a c<strong>on</strong>tract was signed<br />
with him <strong>the</strong> next day. Measurements of <strong>the</strong> building urged by<br />
Bjork to allow for increasing membership were finally accepted,<br />
sixty by thirty feet within <strong>the</strong> walls, <strong>the</strong> latter to be three feet<br />
thick at <strong>the</strong> base. Sawyers, carpenters, a plasterer and o<strong>the</strong>r paid<br />
craftsmen were engaged as <strong>the</strong> work went al<strong>on</strong>g. Mr. Bjork<br />
superintended <strong>the</strong> work daily.l8<br />
From <strong>the</strong> beginning of plans for <strong>the</strong> st<strong>on</strong>e church, members<br />
of <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tributed m<strong>on</strong>ey, labor and<br />
materials as <strong>the</strong>ir free-will share in its building. St<strong>on</strong>e, lumber,<br />
and sand came free from nearby property. For <strong>the</strong>se <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>the</strong><br />
st<strong>on</strong>ecutter and <strong>the</strong> sawyers had to be paid. O<strong>the</strong>r materials pre-<br />
pared, c<strong>on</strong>tributed and delivered free included such essentials as<br />
180 ceiling joists, 1200 plastering lath, 700 shingling lath, all<br />
<strong>the</strong> walnut boards and stock for interior finishing and furnishing.<br />
The mas<strong>on</strong> and his three s<strong>on</strong>s as helpers, <strong>the</strong> carpenters, plas-<br />
terer and outside laborers had to be boarded as part of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
tracts, but little of <strong>the</strong> board had to be paid by <strong>the</strong> church; for<br />
most of <strong>the</strong>m were boarded free by well-to-do farm owners close<br />
by. For example, Lucas Stidham who had "two day laborers for<br />
13 weeks and <strong>the</strong>n two carpenters for 9 weeks and also o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
laborers at o<strong>the</strong>r times as much as four weeks for which he should<br />
have had in all 7&, 6 shillings and 8 d, which of his good heart<br />
he gave freely for <strong>the</strong> glory of God."3"<br />
For <strong>the</strong> year during which <strong>the</strong> church was built, Pastor Bjork<br />
lists by name about 125 men who gave 1,083 days of free work<br />
including <strong>the</strong> necessary amount of hauling with pairs of horses<br />
and oxen. The corner st<strong>on</strong>e was set "<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> north corner of <strong>the</strong><br />
east gable," May 28, 1698, a Saturday, when Mr. Rudman and<br />
Mr. Aurin were visiting Christina. Apparently, as Bjork does not<br />
menti<strong>on</strong> any ga<strong>the</strong>ring it was d<strong>on</strong>e without announced cerem<strong>on</strong>y.<br />
The roof-raising began <strong>on</strong> November 2, and c<strong>on</strong>tinued for several<br />
days, enough members of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> joining in <strong>the</strong> work<br />
to make it go well and without accident. The festive side of that<br />
occasi<strong>on</strong> was provided for in good food and drink as a treat for<br />
visitors who joined <strong>the</strong> celebrating and perhaps <strong>the</strong> work. Bjork<br />
writes that Charles Springer "gave freely almost a whole barrel<br />
of good beer and seven quarts of rum for <strong>the</strong> strangers. Staffill<br />
38 Holy T~i~zi~y Recordr, 19, 26-27.<br />
39 Ibid., 44-52.<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 85<br />
Jurans<strong>on</strong> gave a sheep worth twlve shillings and <strong>the</strong> widow <strong>on</strong><br />
Pumpkinhook (across <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>) gave five pounds of butter<br />
at six-pence."40<br />
Toward <strong>the</strong> end of May, 1699, <strong>the</strong> church stood complete in<br />
structure except for permanently fixing <strong>the</strong> ir<strong>on</strong> letters of inscrip-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>s which had been placed up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> gables and sides. Pastor<br />
Bjork had chosen <strong>the</strong> name: Helgo Trefaldighetz Kyrckia, The<br />
Holy Trinity's Church, intending this name "to be perpetual<br />
humble offering to <strong>the</strong> Great Triune God." The day of <strong>the</strong> dedi-<br />
cati<strong>on</strong> was set for Trinity Sunday, June 4/14 and <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> preceding<br />
Wednesday <strong>the</strong> last service was held at <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> log<br />
church :<br />
The Fourth Day of Pentecost divine service was held for <strong>the</strong> last<br />
time at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, where, so nearly as I have been able to discover,<br />
it has been held ever since <strong>the</strong> year 1667. This called for a little talk,<br />
afterwards, appropriate to such an occasi<strong>on</strong>, with exhortati<strong>on</strong> to renew<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir hearts before God, since God has graciously blessed us with a<br />
new building and church etc.<br />
I had promised earlier that today I would let <strong>on</strong>e and all know<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir definite pew-room, after I had taken that up<strong>on</strong> myself with little<br />
or no thought as to <strong>the</strong> labor and difficulty involved, which I found<br />
i out. And so I offered my excuses, and showed <strong>the</strong>m tolerably well,<br />
never<strong>the</strong>less, which quarter to occupy, and that <strong>the</strong>y ought not to run<br />
from <strong>on</strong>e to ano<strong>the</strong>r, in an all too unseemly manner, as has happened<br />
in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church. However, especially <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>secrati<strong>on</strong> day,<br />
I room should be left for <strong>the</strong> visitors. Then I promised that before<br />
I l<strong>on</strong>g I would let <strong>the</strong>m know <strong>the</strong>ir places more exactly. . .<br />
The three days following after this, <strong>the</strong>re were always many of<br />
of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> present to help put everything in order, to make<br />
all clean and fair.4'<br />
I On <strong>the</strong> morning of Trinity Sunday, June 4, it can be believed<br />
' that <strong>the</strong> sound of <strong>the</strong> church bell4' ringing out before <strong>the</strong> service<br />
lifted <strong>the</strong> hearts and spirits of all who had hoped and labored for<br />
this day. Thus <strong>the</strong> Reverend Erik Bjijrk records:<br />
1 God shed <strong>the</strong> light of his grace up<strong>on</strong> me and <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>, as a<br />
reward for our labor and expense, <strong>on</strong> this day when we were privileged<br />
to enter for <strong>the</strong> first time our church at Christina.*'<br />
do ]bid., 29, 33, 51.<br />
1 1 Scc /hid., 38-39. The passage as given here is tr;lnsl:ltrd by Mrs. Courtland<br />
1). Springer from MS. Rccords of Holy Trinity, I, 12.<br />
12 lIolr T>j>o!y Re'-uvdr. 24. 40.<br />
13 MS Ruc~rtl\ Iloly 'l'rinity. 1. 13. tr:lnsl.~ti<strong>on</strong> by Dr. Nils G. Sahlin<br />
of ~IIC AIIIVII~~I~I Su~c~11\11 Foundati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
~IIIIIICI JIIVCIO~
86 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
7<br />
,.<br />
i FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 87<br />
5<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>secrati<strong>on</strong> service was c<strong>on</strong>ducted by <strong>the</strong> three ministers,<br />
Rudman, Bjork, and Auren according to <strong>the</strong> order for such cere-<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ies in Sweden. At its close children were baptised and <strong>the</strong><br />
Lord's Supper celebrated. Finally <strong>the</strong> regular Sunday service was<br />
held. "The c<strong>on</strong>secrati<strong>on</strong> took place," writes Bjork, "in <strong>the</strong> pres-<br />
ence of many hundred pers<strong>on</strong>s of various religi<strong>on</strong>s besides our<br />
own." Specially invited by <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> had been Lieutenant<br />
Governor Markham and his family. Charles Springer, delegated<br />
to deliver <strong>the</strong> invitati<strong>on</strong> in pers<strong>on</strong> found Markham not recovered<br />
from an illness but he wrote a letter for Springer to bring back<br />
with him. After <strong>the</strong> services, Bjork's records tells:<br />
Afterwards, all <strong>the</strong> most distinguished of <strong>the</strong> visitors, so far as wc<br />
could assemble <strong>the</strong>m, were entertained at Christina at <strong>the</strong> home of<br />
Church Warden John Stalcop, with meat, ale, and wine, as were <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs, later <strong>on</strong>. The cost of this was taken care of by <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>grega-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>, as <strong>the</strong> record shows.<br />
The food given "for <strong>the</strong> entertainment of visitors" by twenty<br />
members of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> included mutt<strong>on</strong>, veal, venis<strong>on</strong>, tur-<br />
key; eggs, butter, sugar, salt, rasins; bread already baked and<br />
wheat meal (for bread and pastry), malt for making ale, red<br />
wine, rum, coffee. Some of <strong>the</strong> quantities prove that <strong>the</strong> large<br />
ga<strong>the</strong>ring was expected: more than 40 pounds of wheat meal<br />
(st<strong>on</strong>e-ground whole wheat flour), 5% sheep, half a calf, and<br />
a quarter of venis<strong>on</strong>.14<br />
On that great day for <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
achievement had w<strong>on</strong> recogniti<strong>on</strong> and tribute from <strong>the</strong> inhabitants<br />
of <strong>the</strong> entire <strong>Delaware</strong> River Valley. Nothing like this new<br />
church had been built in this regi<strong>on</strong> by men of any faith. The<br />
Swedes' gratitude to <strong>the</strong> learned minister sent <strong>the</strong>m through <strong>the</strong><br />
enlightened and generous interest of King Carl XI of Sweden<br />
must have been unbounded. Yet even <strong>the</strong>y could not have rea-<br />
lized fully <strong>the</strong> abilities <strong>the</strong> Reverend Erik Rjork exercised in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
behalf. Learniqg and devoti<strong>on</strong> to duty al<strong>on</strong>e could not have<br />
welded <strong>the</strong> thousand and <strong>on</strong>e elements, material and human,<br />
into a working unity toward <strong>the</strong> two-fold goal: a church structure<br />
of seemliness and taste and <strong>the</strong> uplifting of his c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
through <strong>the</strong> exercise of <strong>the</strong> fine qualities he found in <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
To <strong>the</strong>m Rjork gives full credit recording for posterity in<br />
his journal <strong>the</strong>ir names and <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong>s and services of each
88 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
in a c<strong>on</strong>text of understanding for individual circumstances and<br />
inclinati<strong>on</strong>s. Of <strong>the</strong> man who was his chief support, Bjork writes:<br />
Charles Springer is not recorded for any particular day's work in this<br />
account, though in additi<strong>on</strong> to some day's work in assisting <strong>the</strong><br />
carpenters he has from <strong>the</strong> first beginning to <strong>the</strong> end been engaged<br />
in various journeys and errands c<strong>on</strong>nected with <strong>the</strong> business, as also<br />
to ga<strong>the</strong>r toge<strong>the</strong>r what was necessary such as brick, lime, nails, boards<br />
and various o<strong>the</strong>r things, going now <strong>on</strong>e place and <strong>the</strong>n ano<strong>the</strong>r, as<br />
to Philadelphia or Upland, Sandhook, or Maryland, devoting hereto<br />
many days and weeks, being absent from his home; and this all at<br />
his own expense, with his own horse, and entirely without <strong>the</strong> least<br />
expense to <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>.45<br />
Not until Midsummer's Day (June 24th) did Pastor Bjijrk<br />
make assignment of pews, as he had promised during that last<br />
service at <strong>the</strong> old church. His care to do justice to every member<br />
and also to reward those urho had shown special devoti<strong>on</strong> or great<br />
generosity and helpfulness-by giving <strong>the</strong>m "forward" pews<br />
without regard to <strong>the</strong>ir standing o<strong>the</strong>rwise, had required much<br />
study and thought. He had not expected to please everybody<br />
but so far as he could find out few were dissatisfied. The pews<br />
had to be purchased, so <strong>on</strong>ly those agreeing to pay (terms were<br />
undoubtedly made very easy) were assigned. In all 87 pews were<br />
assigned <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> men's side, 77 <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> women's side; two free<br />
pews were reserved for visitors, <strong>on</strong>e for <strong>the</strong> parish clerk and two<br />
left vacant.46<br />
Statements attributed to Bjork in <strong>the</strong> faulty translati<strong>on</strong> of his<br />
letter written November 19, 1700 to his friend in Sweden, <strong>the</strong><br />
H<strong>on</strong>orable Carl Wijstrom (Wistrom) have disturbed students<br />
familiar with available c<strong>on</strong>temporary informati<strong>on</strong>. Am<strong>on</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
subjects, Bjork's descripti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> interior of <strong>the</strong> new-built Holy<br />
Trinity Church is so translated as to impute to Bjork <strong>the</strong>se errors<br />
of fact: that a door <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> north side of <strong>the</strong> church "led into a<br />
vestry," that <strong>the</strong> chancel railing (enclosing <strong>the</strong> choir and altar)<br />
was "circular," that <strong>the</strong>re was "a small belfry at <strong>the</strong> east end."'"<br />
That Bjork said n<strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong>se things is clear from <strong>the</strong> original<br />
Swedish in Holm, here translated by Mrs. Courtland B. Springer:<br />
There are four doors, a large <strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> west end and <strong>on</strong>c<br />
of silimar size <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> south side, but two smaller <strong>on</strong>es <strong>on</strong> thc<br />
45 Ibjd., 44-50.<br />
46 Ibjd.. 62-65.<br />
47 By Du P<strong>on</strong>c.eau, in Holm. Short De.~rrjp/iou, from Holm's Knrl Berkrilr~<br />
JII,I!. 103-04.<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 89<br />
north side, of which <strong>on</strong>e is left for a sacristy door. There are<br />
two windows <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> north and two <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> south, alike in size,<br />
but a larger <strong>on</strong>e in <strong>the</strong> east end, and a small <strong>on</strong>e (a transom)<br />
over <strong>the</strong> west door which corresp<strong>on</strong>ds to <strong>the</strong> arch of that in<br />
<strong>the</strong> east end. These are of wood, c<strong>on</strong>structed by <strong>the</strong> carpenters<br />
according to <strong>the</strong> fashi<strong>on</strong> of church windows. . .<br />
All <strong>the</strong> pews of <strong>the</strong> church are of pinewood, built in <strong>the</strong><br />
town manner, with <strong>the</strong> doors before (<strong>the</strong>m), but <strong>the</strong> choir<br />
railing, all around, that nearest <strong>the</strong> altar as well as <strong>the</strong> outer<br />
(railing), is of turned walnut wood:<br />
Dorar aro der pH fyra en stor pH wastra andan/ och en af<br />
lika storlek pi sodra sidan: men 2. smarre pH norre sidan/<br />
<strong>the</strong>r af <strong>the</strong>n ena ar lemnat ti1 Sacerstugu doc: F<strong>on</strong>ster aro 2.<br />
pH norre och 2. pH sodre sidan af lika storlek/ men ett storre<br />
pi ostre andan/ och ett litet ofwer wastra doren som swarer<br />
emot rundeln pH det i ostra andan; hwilka alle aro i tra af<br />
~immermanneine efter Kyrkio-Fijnsters maner utarbetade. . . .<br />
Alle bankarna i Kyrkian iiro af Furutra pH Stadz maner<br />
bygde med dorer fore/ Men Choret rundt i kring/ sb wal det<br />
narmsta ti1 Altaret som det yttra skranket/ ar swarfwat af<br />
Wallnotetra/ sasom ock hela Pradikstolen af samma slags tra.<br />
In a letter of <strong>the</strong> same date to Postmaster John Thelin,4s<br />
Bjork menti<strong>on</strong>ed "two smaller doors <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> north side, of which<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>e near <strong>the</strong> pulpit steps is intended [to lead) to a sacristy,<br />
when God is pleased to make this possible."<br />
In nei<strong>the</strong>r of <strong>the</strong>se letters is <strong>the</strong>re any suggesti<strong>on</strong> of a belfry.<br />
Acrelius stated that "<strong>the</strong> bell was hung up<strong>on</strong> a walnut-tree in <strong>the</strong><br />
church-yard." It was not until Midsummer's Day, 1707, that<br />
Bjork recorded in <strong>the</strong> Church Book: "We raised <strong>the</strong> belfry (klock-<br />
stapel) <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> north side down by <strong>the</strong> east corner of <strong>the</strong> church,<br />
right opposite a walnut tree <strong>the</strong> whole labor of which cost <strong>on</strong>e<br />
pound and thirteen shillings." This type of belfry or church<br />
steeple built of well-braced timbers a few feet from <strong>the</strong> side of<br />
<strong>the</strong> church or chapel was comm<strong>on</strong> in Sweden at <strong>the</strong> time.49<br />
48 There is a copy in Swedish of <strong>the</strong> letter to Johan Thelin at Go<strong>the</strong>nburg,<br />
tl;~ted Nov. 19. 1700 in a box of Swedish manuscripts in <strong>the</strong> Hostorical Society<br />
of Pennsylvania, with a note attached that <strong>the</strong> original is in <strong>the</strong> Royal Archives.<br />
Stockholm.<br />
49 Atrclil~s. 267; fi/~l~ Triuit) Reroidr, 124; Johns<strong>on</strong>. Settlernent.r, I, 366<br />
(wit11 illustrat~rln)
90<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
In <strong>the</strong> late autumn of this year of <strong>the</strong> dedicati<strong>on</strong> Willian~<br />
Penn returned to his province and territories. Firing of guns <strong>on</strong><br />
his ship Ca11ter.bu1.y announced his arrival at New Castle November<br />
291'December 9, after an absence in England of fifteen years.<br />
With this ship in <strong>the</strong> care of Penn came many books that <strong>the</strong> ministers<br />
and people <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> had wanted-sent as a gift<br />
by King Carl XII. Also <strong>the</strong>re were many letters from Sweden<br />
including <strong>on</strong>e from Archbishop Swebilliils at Upsala. Half <strong>the</strong><br />
books were for <strong>the</strong> Wicaco c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> where <strong>the</strong> members under<br />
<strong>the</strong> leadership of Pastor Andreas Rudman were building <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
new church, Gloria Dei, close by <strong>the</strong> old blockhouse church. On<br />
<strong>the</strong> first Sunday after Trinity in <strong>the</strong> next year, 1700, Gloria Dei<br />
was dedicated. The Christina pastor, Erik Rjork, c<strong>on</strong>ducted tlie<br />
cerem<strong>on</strong>y.?O<br />
Meanwhile, <strong>on</strong> October 22, 1699, tlie c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> had engaged<br />
Swen Colsberg as parish clerk (klockare) and schoolmaster.<br />
From early times in Sweden <strong>the</strong> duties of <strong>the</strong> parish clerk were<br />
many. He kept <strong>the</strong> record of marriages, births, baptisms, ancl<br />
burials from day to day for transfer later into a permanent book.<br />
On Sundays he helped <strong>the</strong> minister <strong>on</strong> with his robes, saw to it<br />
that <strong>the</strong> necessary books, marriages banns and announcements<br />
were <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> pulpit. His special part in <strong>the</strong> service was to lead<br />
<strong>the</strong> singing. Keeping school for parish children and o<strong>the</strong>r civic<br />
duties were usually required of him. There was a saying in<br />
Sweden that "<strong>the</strong> parish clerk must liave a finger in every pie.""<br />
In his letter to Thelin, November 19, 1700, Rjork described<br />
Colsberg as a young pers<strong>on</strong> of tlioroughly tested worth, a sober,<br />
devout, and capable servant of <strong>the</strong> church; so lie must liave kept<br />
<strong>the</strong> Christina parish register al<strong>on</strong>g with his o<strong>the</strong>r duties from<br />
his appointment until his death in January, 1710. That it wah<br />
<strong>the</strong> pastor's duty to see that marriages, births, baptisms ant1<br />
burials were recorded by <strong>the</strong> clerk gives fur<strong>the</strong>r assurance that<br />
<strong>the</strong>re was a Christina parish register in Rjiirk's time, though all<br />
trace of it has since been lost.<br />
At Christina Swen Colsberg also rang <strong>the</strong> bell for services<br />
After his death Pastor Bjork rang <strong>the</strong> bell until a new parish clerk<br />
50 Holy Trinity Reror.d.r, 70-75, 79; Acrelius. 206-208.<br />
51 MS. Records of Holy Trinity, I, 53; Burr translati<strong>on</strong>, 78-79, 135-1 30<br />
Klockare is <strong>the</strong> word used throughout <strong>the</strong> Swedish text. Klorkringare (bell ringcr)<br />
does not occur. Informati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>cerning <strong>the</strong> duties of <strong>the</strong> parish clerk was supplic.
9 2 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
master Thelin, that <strong>the</strong>y would provide places for <strong>the</strong> expected<br />
ministers to live. The <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> at some time<br />
before <strong>the</strong> arrival of Bjork c<strong>on</strong>tracted for 100 acres of land under<br />
cultivati<strong>on</strong> at Verdrietige <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> (Edge Moor), <strong>the</strong> property of<br />
Hans (Hance) Peters<strong>on</strong>. Payment for it had been deferred, prob-<br />
ably up<strong>on</strong> agreement that <strong>the</strong> seller use its profits until it was<br />
needed. The choice of Christina for <strong>the</strong> site of <strong>the</strong> church re-<br />
quired a more c<strong>on</strong>venient locati<strong>on</strong> for glebe land and pars<strong>on</strong>age.<br />
So <strong>the</strong> wardens, now of Christina c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> made good <strong>the</strong><br />
unrecorded c<strong>on</strong>tract or understanding of <strong>the</strong> former <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
wardens by payment of f35 in silver m<strong>on</strong>ey to Hans Peters<strong>on</strong> and<br />
received from him a deed of sale acknowledged in <strong>the</strong> Court of<br />
New Castle, August 15/25, 1699 and recorded <strong>the</strong> same day."<br />
The Christina wardens had a buyer for <strong>the</strong> land in Peter<br />
"Mouns<strong>on</strong>" (Mlnss<strong>on</strong>) whose farm at Verdrietige <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> was<br />
next to that bought of Hans Peters<strong>on</strong>'Qnd <strong>on</strong> November 1/11,<br />
that year, Charles Springer as warden, in <strong>the</strong> presence of Erik<br />
Bjork and Lucas Stidham, signed and agreement of c<strong>on</strong>veyance to<br />
Miinss<strong>on</strong> for f35 in silver m<strong>on</strong>ey, to be paid in part that m<strong>on</strong>th<br />
and <strong>the</strong> balance in 1700. Doubtless <strong>the</strong> arrangement is again <strong>the</strong><br />
reas<strong>on</strong> for not oficially recording an indenture. Copied into thc<br />
Church Book its text makes clear that:<br />
Charles Springer and <strong>the</strong> rest of <strong>the</strong> Church Wardens, which <strong>the</strong>n<br />
at that time were church wardens, did buy this aforesaid tract of land<br />
for a minister to live up<strong>on</strong> which <strong>the</strong>y did in behalf of ye c<strong>on</strong>grega-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>, <strong>the</strong>n ye <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g>hook's c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> called. But when it pleased<br />
God of his mercy, that when our Reverend minister arrived, and thc<br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> did c<strong>on</strong>clude to build ye Church up<strong>on</strong> Christeen, so was<br />
this land found altoge<strong>the</strong>r not c<strong>on</strong>venient for a minister to live up<strong>on</strong>,<br />
and so with comm<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>sent for to be sold.57<br />
It has been told that in <strong>the</strong> discussi<strong>on</strong>s about a site for thc<br />
new church after Rjork's arrival, some of <strong>the</strong> committee and thc<br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s favored Verdietige <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. So it may be that at <strong>the</strong>.<br />
time <strong>the</strong> glebe was arranged for this was recognized to be a gootl<br />
choice for <strong>the</strong> locati<strong>on</strong> of a new church. The large tract grantetl<br />
<strong>the</strong>re in <strong>the</strong> Dutch period had been divided into small farms arltl<br />
55 Neu, Caslle Reror.d.r, 11, 226; Deeds B-I, 128-30<br />
56 Book of Surveys (Penn). 533.<br />
77 lloly Tritl~t~ Rerorrl~, 69-70,<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 93<br />
rec<strong>on</strong>firmed to <strong>the</strong> owners by Governor Lovelace, May 16, 1670.''<br />
More small farms had been granted in <strong>the</strong> neighborhood and a<br />
large tract adjoining to <strong>the</strong> north al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> river had also been<br />
divided into small farms, so <strong>the</strong> populati<strong>on</strong> had become greater<br />
than that of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> or Christina and was growing. There<br />
were two mills in <strong>the</strong> neighborhood and <strong>the</strong> "King's Road" from<br />
New Castle to Tinicum ran al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> high ground through <strong>the</strong><br />
farms, including that of Hans Peter~<strong>on</strong>.'~<br />
As so<strong>on</strong> as <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tract for putting up <strong>the</strong> st<strong>on</strong>e walls of <strong>the</strong><br />
new church had been signed with Joseph Yard, <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> set about making good its promise to prov~de a c<strong>on</strong>venient<br />
place to live for <strong>the</strong>ir minister. Church Warden John<br />
Stalcop who had given <strong>the</strong> small tract adjoining <strong>the</strong> old graveyard<br />
to accommodate <strong>the</strong> church building owned all <strong>the</strong> suitable land<br />
in <strong>the</strong> neighborhood. Asked <strong>on</strong> May 21/31, 1698, if he would<br />
I c<strong>on</strong>sider selling a plot c<strong>on</strong>venient to <strong>the</strong> church, he let <strong>the</strong>m<br />
know in November that he was willing to sell <strong>the</strong> Picketing tractb0<br />
of 500 acres for f 160 in silver m<strong>on</strong>ey at some time in <strong>the</strong> future,<br />
but was unwilling to release even part of it by deed of sale at that<br />
time. In December he agreed to let <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> have half<br />
of it rent-free but without a deed untll a later time. In <strong>the</strong> spring<br />
of 1699 he w~thdrew this c<strong>on</strong>cessi<strong>on</strong> and <strong>on</strong> Midsummer's Day,<br />
I June 24, offered as his <strong>on</strong>ly terms for a deed, that <strong>the</strong> church<br />
I would buy <strong>the</strong> whole 500 acres (of Pickering land) with c<strong>on</strong>di-<br />
I ti<strong>on</strong> attached that <strong>the</strong>y would keep <strong>the</strong> whole of it for <strong>the</strong> par-<br />
I s<strong>on</strong>age forever.<br />
58 Ov~g~aol L'III~ 7itlrl. 24-5. 123.14. Ver~lricti,ge <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> (l~roublesome Corner)<br />
\\,as <strong>the</strong> Dutch name for <strong>the</strong> tract of fast I.rn~l (no\\. E
94 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 9 5<br />
From this stand John Stalcop would not budge. Bjork <strong>the</strong>n<br />
released <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> from any fur<strong>the</strong>r thought of dealing<br />
with John Stalcop. He thanked <strong>the</strong>m for <strong>the</strong>ir efforts and good<br />
will, putting <strong>the</strong> whole blame <strong>on</strong> John Stalcop that he, Bjork, still<br />
had no near path to <strong>the</strong> church for his "weary feet." He had<br />
walked back and forth to <strong>the</strong> church daily during its building from<br />
his boarding place at <strong>the</strong> dwelling house of Lucas Stidham6'<br />
One of <strong>the</strong> older s<strong>on</strong>s of Dr. Timen Stidham, Lucas lived<br />
<strong>on</strong> his 200 acre farm extending southwest of present Wil-<br />
mingt<strong>on</strong> from Deer Creek (near Lancaster Avenue) to Clapboard<br />
Creek, a branch of Mill Creek. Depending up<strong>on</strong> where his dwell-<br />
ing was, <strong>the</strong> distance to <strong>the</strong> church would have been from two<br />
to three miles." In August that summer, John Stalcop took <strong>the</strong><br />
initiative and without c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s except for <strong>the</strong> terms of payment<br />
acceptable to <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>, offered to prove a deed in court.<br />
An agreement in <strong>the</strong> form of a deed of sale was drawn up Sep-<br />
tember 29th, 1699 and signed. John Stalcop died before <strong>the</strong> deed<br />
was rcorded, but his widow, Annicka Ericks<strong>on</strong> Stalcop, when <strong>the</strong><br />
land after several attempts was finally correctly surveyed, proved a<br />
deed in court, May 18, 1703. Meanwhile <strong>the</strong> land could be used<br />
for cultivati<strong>on</strong> and building.63<br />
So<strong>on</strong> after <strong>the</strong> final agreement with John Stalcop <strong>the</strong> wardens<br />
secured pledges for work and materials from <strong>the</strong> members <strong>on</strong> both<br />
sides of <strong>the</strong> river, but it was not until October 1701 that work<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> building started. The volunteers, Charles Springer, Luloff<br />
Stidham and o<strong>the</strong>rs worked well and finished <strong>the</strong> log walls two<br />
stories high in about five weeks." Then <strong>the</strong> promised timbers and<br />
shingles for <strong>the</strong> roof were not delivered and many pledges of<br />
m<strong>on</strong>ey were not paid. A year later Bjork writes of <strong>the</strong> "lingering<br />
pars<strong>on</strong>age house," while he, having married, lived still far<strong>the</strong>r<br />
61 Holy Trinity Records, 20, 21, 22, 57-58, 91.<br />
62 In 1655, Timen Stiddem, so spelled his name in a firm clear hand. New<br />
York Col<strong>on</strong>ial Manuscripts, V, 18, p. 20. By 1679, a copy of his signature is<br />
"Tymen Stidham." Deed-Book A-1, 42. The deed to Lucas Stidham for this property<br />
is not now of record as such. It appears in recitals of later deeds, Book H-1, 173,<br />
191; Book of Surveys (Penn) 475-76; Original Land Titles, 142; minutes of <strong>the</strong><br />
Commissi<strong>on</strong>ers of Property, 3 Sept. 1724, Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd ser., XIX,<br />
722.<br />
63 Holy Trinity Record.(, 59, 83, 84, 86, 88. Both indentures are recorded in<br />
Deeds. Book G-1, 576-79.<br />
64 The logs (stackar) were cut in such irregular lengths that <strong>the</strong> size of<br />
<strong>the</strong> house specified by Bjork to be 30 by 25 feet within <strong>the</strong> walls had to be reduced<br />
to 27 feet 9 inches by 20 feet inside measurement, Holy Trinity Recod, 86.<br />
from <strong>the</strong> church." He had married, October 6, 1702, Christina<br />
Stalcop, a young daughter of Peter and Catharine Stalcop, granddaughter<br />
of John Anders<strong>on</strong> Stalcop. Having no house of his own<br />
he and his wife lived in part of <strong>the</strong> house of her parents <strong>on</strong> a 600<br />
acre plantati<strong>on</strong> between Red Clay and Mill Creek~.~qhis meant<br />
that besides housekeeping expenses he had to keep a horse and<br />
like <strong>the</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ey for <strong>the</strong> pars<strong>on</strong>age his salary was always in arrears.<br />
Bjork urged his c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> from time to time to finish <strong>the</strong> house,<br />
but he did not press <strong>the</strong>m too hard for m<strong>on</strong>ey was s~arce.~~ There<br />
was a balance of debt from <strong>the</strong> building of <strong>the</strong> church that with<br />
<strong>the</strong> cost of <strong>the</strong> glebe land amounted to &NO, and work was still<br />
to be d<strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> church and <strong>the</strong> grounds.6u<br />
At last, <strong>on</strong> January 20, 1710, Pastor Bjork moved with his<br />
family into "<strong>the</strong> slowly built, and now but little more than halffinished"<br />
pars<strong>on</strong>age. "And so," he writes, "after almost thirteen<br />
years of difficult and tiresome journeys to <strong>the</strong> church, I hope to<br />
have a little easier life, if God shall please."")<br />
Within a few years <strong>the</strong> pars<strong>on</strong>age was completed and those<br />
of <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> still living could feel satisfacti<strong>on</strong><br />
that in spite of <strong>the</strong> trials and delays and <strong>the</strong> shortcomings of many<br />
of <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> pledge to King Carl XI had finally been made good.<br />
I<br />
The king had been dead since <strong>the</strong> year <strong>the</strong> learned ministers sent<br />
by him started for <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, and many of those in <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
I <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> who had been active workers and generous<br />
/ givers for <strong>the</strong> building of Holy Trinity Church had died during<br />
1 <strong>the</strong> years since its dedicati<strong>on</strong>."'<br />
1 Pastor Erik Bjork received from Dr. Jesper Swedberg, Bishop<br />
of Skara, <strong>on</strong> January 9, 1707, a letter stating that it had pleased<br />
/ His Majesty Carl XI1 to recall Bjork and that <strong>the</strong> king had<br />
ordered two suitable pastors to be c<strong>on</strong>~missi<strong>on</strong>ed to relieve him<br />
with <strong>the</strong> assurance that he would be well-provided for in S~eden.~'<br />
In May, 1712, <strong>the</strong>re arrived at Christina, Magister Andreas Hesselius<br />
and <strong>the</strong> Reverend Abraham Lidenius as assistant to Hes-<br />
65 Holj. 7ri11irj Rrcord.r. 68, 86-87, 99; Del.lu..irr Hi.r/o~j, V, 273, n. 8.<br />
66 Deeds, Book A-1. 14. 22; <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> y-1. 752 (rec.ital); New Casrle Recnr,d.r.<br />
11. 19. This tract included Price's Corner .~nd ~hc mill site <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Red Clay<br />
(:reek that descended to Emps<strong>on</strong> Bird, Deeds. Book C-2. 113.<br />
67 Holj 7'r111ir) Recordi. 108. 131-32.<br />
68 Atrelius. 265; ffol~ T~IIII~,. Rrcordi. 84. 88. 100, 107.<br />
09 Ih~d.. 134.<br />
70 //)11f.. 76-77, 125. 128. 130. 134.<br />
71 1/01) 'I'IIIIII~ Recurdr, 140.
96 FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA<br />
~elius.~? Bjork c<strong>on</strong>tinued to serve as pastor with <strong>the</strong> aid of <strong>the</strong><br />
new clergymen until May 1713 when he removed from <strong>the</strong> pars<strong>on</strong>age<br />
with his wife and children to a house that had been left<br />
to him by his late fa<strong>the</strong>r-in-law, Peter Stalcop, <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Red Clay<br />
Creek e~tate.~3 When Dr. Swedberg heard that it was c<strong>on</strong>venient<br />
for Bjork to remain ano<strong>the</strong>r year, Bjork received from him, August<br />
12, 1713, an appointment as Provost over <strong>the</strong> Swedish Lu<strong>the</strong>ran<br />
churches <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. On January 15, 1714, he received his<br />
I<br />
FROM CRANE HOOK TO CHRISTINA 97<br />
between <strong>the</strong> entrance of <strong>the</strong> Brandywine into <strong>the</strong> Christina <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> east and<br />
present Scott and Uni<strong>on</strong> Streets <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> west and around <strong>the</strong> bend of <strong>the</strong> Christina<br />
opposite L<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> southwest. North of Anders<strong>on</strong> all <strong>the</strong> land between<br />
<strong>the</strong>se east and west limits was owned by Dr. Tymen Stidham with its north border<br />
al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Brandywine from Rattlesnake Run (present Clayt<strong>on</strong> Street) to its entrance<br />
into <strong>the</strong> Christina.<br />
The west bounds of Anders<strong>on</strong>'s land in 1669 are proved by a grant of 400<br />
acres to four soldiers in 1669, extending from Mill Creek to John Stalcop's<br />
(Original Land TirIes, 142), by subsequent divisi<strong>on</strong>s and c<strong>on</strong>veyances of this tract,<br />
and by surveys of this and adjoining land, New Casrle Records, I, 511-12; Penna.<br />
Arrbiues, 2nd ser. XIX, 722; Book of Warrants (Penn), 720 ff; Book of Surveys<br />
(Penn's), 475, 477.).<br />
appointment as provost and pastor in <strong>the</strong> city of Fahlun, Sweden.<br />
Pastor Hesselius announced this h<strong>on</strong>or and deserved recogniti<strong>on</strong><br />
Tymen Stidham's tract was c<strong>on</strong>firmed to him by Governor Francis Lovelace in<br />
1671 (original deed awned bv Hist. Soc. of Del.); recorded in Deeds, Book A-1,<br />
18; a ;urceyor's plot of <strong>the</strong> stidham tract showing Tymen's house is in Book of<br />
to <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> of Holy Trinity. On June 29, 1714, Bjork<br />
left Christina for Bohemia Landing, whence he was to begin his<br />
journey to Sweden with his wife and children and several relatives<br />
by marriage,'.' accompanied by <strong>the</strong> Swedish pastors and of-<br />
Surveys (Penn), 479-80.<br />
The c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> to John Anders<strong>on</strong> is not now of record, but that it was<br />
made in <strong>the</strong> time of "<strong>the</strong> late h<strong>on</strong>ble Coll. Francis Lovelace, Governor of <strong>the</strong> Duke<br />
of York" (May 1667 to July 1673) is given in recital in Deeds, Book M-1, 114,<br />
1737. The c<strong>on</strong>firmati<strong>on</strong> was for 800 acres within <strong>the</strong> bounds just cited.<br />
On "April 16, 1675" according to Deeds, Book M-1, 114, 1737, and <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
ficers of Christina Church and several of <strong>the</strong> Wicaco c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
as far as Bohemia Landing.<br />
Erik Bjork had come to <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> a young<br />
man of twenty-nine years and left it in <strong>the</strong> prime of life at fortypossessed<br />
of a priceless experience c<strong>on</strong>tributed to by his<br />
own traits of character and his unusually mature and sympa<strong>the</strong>tic<br />
understanding of <strong>the</strong>se people. The people though l<strong>on</strong>g isolated<br />
from <strong>the</strong> cultural influences of <strong>the</strong> home country had a vital culture<br />
of <strong>the</strong>ir own through <strong>the</strong> natural inclinati<strong>on</strong> of most of <strong>the</strong>m<br />
to live good lives and promote <strong>the</strong> religious and elementary school<br />
educati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir children, which Bjork had reported to Sweden<br />
in 1697. Their faith in <strong>the</strong>ir inherited religi<strong>on</strong> was sincere and<br />
deep. So this learned pastor and <strong>the</strong>se unassuming people were<br />
held to each o<strong>the</strong>r by str<strong>on</strong>g b<strong>on</strong>ds from <strong>the</strong> beginning, through<br />
hard times after <strong>the</strong> church was built and even after an ocean lay<br />
between <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> and Provost Bjork in<br />
his pastorate at Fahlun, Sweden.<br />
!<br />
I<br />
1 I<br />
"10th day of 8th mo., 1674" according to Deeds, Book K-1, 364, 1735, John<br />
Anders<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>veyed an undivided half of his 800 acres to Samuel Peters<strong>on</strong> and Lars<br />
Cornelis<strong>on</strong>. What must have been a final agreement as to terms between Anders<strong>on</strong><br />
and <strong>the</strong> grantees, dated April 16, 1676, is translated from <strong>the</strong> Dutch by A. R.<br />
Dunlap in DeIaware Hisfory, VI, 43, from a partly defective copy owned by<br />
Hist. Soi. of Del.<br />
The 400 acres was a strip beginning at a small run flowing into <strong>the</strong> Christina<br />
(site of Lombard Street) striking northwest to Scott and Lincoln Sreets. Cornelis<strong>on</strong><br />
took <strong>the</strong> north half divided lengthwise of this strip. He sold it to Justa Andries;<br />
Andries sold to Mathias De Foss. It was bought from De Foss (Deeds, Book B-1,<br />
55, 1685) by Charles Picketing, merchant of Philadelphia. Picketing bought ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
tract bey<strong>on</strong>d <strong>the</strong> west boundary, and <strong>on</strong> May 10, 1693 sold both, amounting to<br />
about 500 acres, to John Stalcop's widow, Christina and <strong>the</strong>ir s<strong>on</strong> John (Deed<br />
B-1, 103). John Anders<strong>on</strong> Stalcop's land as divided in 1686 is shown in Book of<br />
Surveys (Penn), 448-452, when <strong>the</strong> separate tracts add up to 994 acres instead of<br />
800. 1736 survey, ibid, 393.<br />
72 Ibid., 141.<br />
73 [hid., 154; Will of Peter St.~lcop, New C;~stle County Wills, Book R-1, 193.<br />
74 Holj Tt.;~t;ry Record.r, 157, 159, 161, 169, 193.<br />
75 A lejicntl <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> oil portrait of Bjiirk sent from Fahlum, Sweden (1899)<br />
in memory of Rjijrk and now hung in <strong>the</strong> vectry at Old Swedes, tells that he \\(a\<br />
60 years of age in 1728.<br />
76 John Anders<strong>on</strong> Stalcop's I;~ncl (tf. footnote 37): Anders<strong>on</strong> had a small<br />
tr.ict <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Christina near <strong>the</strong> fort in I660 \\-1iich he may have oumecl from 1655<br />
Hc bought an adjoining tract from Peter Meyer in 1659 for which Meyer had no<br />
patent. He w;lc fiiven <strong>on</strong>e by Stuyves;~nt dated Sept. 18, 1660, after intercessi<strong>on</strong><br />
hy Vicr-Dirrrtor \X'illi.~rn 13cetknlan <strong>on</strong> behalf of both men (Doc. XII, 182-3.<br />
324-25) I3y 1669 An~lrr\<strong>on</strong> o\vnccl more than half <strong>the</strong> s~tc a,f prcwnt \X'ilmingtc,ll
Some Crune <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Lund Trunsfers<br />
and <strong>the</strong><br />
T WILL be remembered that <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church and burying<br />
I ground were <strong>on</strong> land given by two members of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
Samuel Peters<strong>on</strong> who gave thirty feet and Lars Eskelss<strong>on</strong> who<br />
gave <strong>the</strong> church as much land as it should need. Also that Hendrick<br />
Lemmens at some time before October, 1683, had acquired<br />
Eskelss<strong>on</strong>'s plot in additi<strong>on</strong> to his own lot next but <strong>on</strong>e above.<br />
In 1680 <strong>the</strong>re was surveyed to Lemmens a large tract, 200 acres of<br />
"Land Creple & Marsh" between <strong>the</strong> north line of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> and<br />
<strong>the</strong> Christina.' This included <strong>the</strong> fast land of "Moens Pouls<strong>on</strong>'s<br />
Island" (<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map I), also called Calk<strong>on</strong> Island, Calk<strong>on</strong><br />
being <strong>the</strong> Swedish for turkey. The tract was c<strong>on</strong>firmed to him<br />
in 1685 by patent from <strong>the</strong> Pennsylvania Commissi<strong>on</strong>ers of Propert~.~<br />
Meanwhile, so<strong>on</strong> after Lemmens was in possessi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong><br />
tract trouble between him and his <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> neighbors about<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir wag<strong>on</strong> road and footpath across this property to <strong>the</strong> ferry<br />
landing <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Christina, also about <strong>the</strong> extent of his right to cut<br />
wood and timber in <strong>the</strong> comm<strong>on</strong> woodland so vexed <strong>the</strong> community<br />
that to end <strong>the</strong> strife both sides agreed to arbitrati<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The report of <strong>the</strong> arbiters, John Cann, a justice of <strong>the</strong> New Castle<br />
Court and Ephraim Herman, official surveyor of <strong>the</strong> County is an<br />
invaluable document for <strong>the</strong> picture it gives of <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
community with <strong>the</strong> adjoining tract of Hendrick Lemmens' marsh<br />
and island in 1682-83.3<br />
1 Book of Surveys (Penn), 325.<br />
Z New Castle County Deeds, A-I. 152.<br />
3 Recorded Sept. 4, 1683, New Ca.rrle Recordr, 11. 50-53; and recited In<br />
Deeds, M-I. 268-270 (1738), from William Pouls<strong>on</strong> and wife Elizabeth to Luca,<br />
Stidharn. Jr.<br />
;<br />
CHURCH BURYING GROUND 99<br />
i The marsh or "meadow ground" between <strong>the</strong> Badstu Creek<br />
t<br />
and Hendrick Everts<strong>on</strong>'s island at <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>ast part of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
'<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> was to bel<strong>on</strong>g in proporti<strong>on</strong>ate shares to <strong>the</strong> land owners.<br />
i<br />
Hendrick Everts<strong>on</strong>, having bought Hendrick Lemmens', Sym<strong>on</strong><br />
Jansen's and Evert Hendricks<strong>on</strong>'s shares of <strong>the</strong> marsh was to have<br />
six shares (<strong>on</strong>e share to each single-lot-sized piece of fast land).<br />
The remaining landowners: now Hendrick Andriess<strong>on</strong>, William<br />
Johns<strong>on</strong>'s widow, Ca<strong>the</strong>rine; Eskell Andries and John Mats<strong>on</strong><br />
were to have <strong>the</strong> eight remaining shares. Hendrick Lemmens still<br />
had his two home-lots, having sold <strong>on</strong>ly <strong>the</strong> two shares of marsh<br />
bel<strong>on</strong>ging to <strong>the</strong>m to Everts<strong>on</strong>.<br />
As to cutting wood and timber: since Hendrick Lem~nens had<br />
<strong>the</strong> two shares of <strong>the</strong> comm<strong>on</strong> woodland bel<strong>on</strong>ging to his two lots<br />
and had reserved <strong>the</strong> cutting of timber and o<strong>the</strong>r wood <strong>on</strong> half<br />
of Sym<strong>on</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong>'s land sold to Hendrick Everts<strong>on</strong>, Lemmens<br />
was to be free to cut wood and timber <strong>on</strong> any part of <strong>the</strong> woodland<br />
outside <strong>the</strong> home-lots.<br />
The wag<strong>on</strong> way so l<strong>on</strong>g in use by <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> people across<br />
Lemmens' island was to remain free to <strong>the</strong> people, <strong>the</strong>re being<br />
no o<strong>the</strong>r c<strong>on</strong>venient landing <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Christina than <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>e to<br />
which this road led; with <strong>the</strong> provisi<strong>on</strong>, however, that <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> landowners should help Hendrick keep <strong>the</strong> bridge of <strong>the</strong><br />
road and <strong>the</strong> road itself in good repair up<strong>on</strong> penalty of thirty shillings<br />
each for those who failed to report for <strong>the</strong> work at <strong>the</strong> first<br />
notice from Hendrick. The footway, being across <strong>the</strong> best part<br />
of Lemmens' marsh was to be given up and if necessafy <strong>on</strong>e<br />
could be made in a less damaging place. Also <strong>the</strong> inhabitants of<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> were to respect.~emmens' fences and o<strong>the</strong>r properties.<br />
And henceforth <strong>the</strong>y were required to cease from all suits and<br />
quarrels at law.<br />
So far as known this "fynall award arbitriment in manner<br />
and force," signed by <strong>the</strong> arbiters and <strong>the</strong> four <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land<br />
owners (though not by Hendrick Lemmens) represented all <strong>the</strong><br />
real property and privileges of Hendrick Lemmens in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
and <strong>the</strong> adjoining area south of <strong>the</strong> Christina up to <strong>the</strong> time of his<br />
death in November, 1687. He had been a justice of <strong>the</strong> Court of<br />
New Castle from January, 1685 to 1687.qis nuncupative will<br />
was sworn to in that court, November 14/24, 1687:
100 CHURCH BURYING GROUND CHURCH BURYING GROUND 101<br />
Peter Clas<strong>on</strong> and Jacob Clas<strong>on</strong> being attested declare that being<br />
at <strong>the</strong> house of Henry Lemmens, lately deceased, said Henry being<br />
<strong>the</strong>n <strong>on</strong> his death bed, did call <strong>the</strong>m to him and told <strong>the</strong>m it was his<br />
will that his wife should have half of all he had and his children <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r half, and <strong>the</strong>y asked him if he nleant his land. He said yes, <strong>the</strong><br />
half of his land during her life, for she hath labored to get it as well<br />
as I, and <strong>the</strong>re is something behooved to my wife's first children, and<br />
afterwards when <strong>the</strong> attestants came to speak with thc testator he was<br />
not capable of speaking plain.><br />
Ann Lemmens was granted administrati<strong>on</strong> of her husband's<br />
estate. She had remarried before December 20/30, 1688, when<br />
"Thomas Gasper and Anneky Lemmens his wife" acknowledged<br />
in court a deed of that date to Henry Everts<strong>on</strong> for a house and<br />
lot in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. The deed is not now of record and may have<br />
been <strong>on</strong>ly to give a clear title for a part of <strong>the</strong> Sym<strong>on</strong> Jansen<br />
tract that Lemens had bought and sold several years before his<br />
death. Nor is any o<strong>the</strong>r sale of Lemmens' <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land of<br />
record during Ann's lifetime. Thomas Gasper's will was probated<br />
October 5, 1692, by which his "wife Mary" was made exe~utrix,~<br />
evidence that Ann Lemmens did not l<strong>on</strong>g survive Hendrick.<br />
Nothing has been found c<strong>on</strong>cerning Ann Lemmens' "first<br />
children," nor whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y received any thing from Henry Lem-<br />
mens' estate. If so it was not at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. Lemmens had 445<br />
acres elsewhere in <strong>the</strong> county in 1684 and was assessed for 800<br />
acres in 1685/86 for which his widow was taxed <strong>the</strong> following<br />
year. In 1695 Paul Pauls<strong>on</strong> "of Christiana Creek" records that<br />
"having intermarried with Elizabeth <strong>the</strong> daughter of Henry Lem-<br />
mens late of Turkey Island in Christina Creek aforesaid, deceased,"<br />
he releases "Charles Rumsey and Nicholas Lockier, Gentlemen,<br />
late guardians of <strong>the</strong> said Elizabeth."'<br />
The Pauls<strong>on</strong> or Pouls<strong>on</strong> families lived at Fern <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, where<br />
a tract in <strong>the</strong> tenure and occupati<strong>on</strong> of Paul Pouls<strong>on</strong> was c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
firmed to him by Governor Nicolls, March, 1668-9; and at Bread<br />
and Cheese Island (formed at <strong>the</strong> juncti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Christina with<br />
Red Clay Creek) where William ("Wolley") Pouls<strong>on</strong> had land<br />
c<strong>on</strong>firmed to him a few m<strong>on</strong>ths earlier. Moens Pouls<strong>on</strong>'s Island<br />
shows a Pouls<strong>on</strong> in possessi<strong>on</strong> of that tract before it was surveyed<br />
to Hendrick Lemmens in 1680. That Paul Pauls<strong>on</strong> came into<br />
possessi<strong>on</strong> of this tract and island through his wife is proved by<br />
5 New Castle County Wills. A-I. 94; Misc. 1. 282.<br />
6 Neu, Cutrle Record(. 11. 192, 146; Wills, Misc. I. 76.<br />
7 New CII~//P Rrrotdr, 11. 79. 119, 169; Deccls. B-I. 97.93.<br />
a resurvey of "Land bel<strong>on</strong>ging to Paul Pauls<strong>on</strong> of Turkey Island"<br />
in 1702. The lines of which coincide with those of this tract of<br />
land, meadow, and marsh as surveyed to Lemmens in 1680.R<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g sales disposing of Lernmens' property outside <strong>the</strong><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> neighborhood, <strong>the</strong> first is dated November 16, 1696:<br />
Paul Pauls<strong>on</strong> of Christina Creek, "in right of his wife Elizabeth,<br />
<strong>on</strong>ly Daughter and Survivour of <strong>the</strong> children of Hendrick Lem-<br />
mens," sold to Peter Anders<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> same place, 220 acres of<br />
land and marsh <strong>on</strong> St. Georges Creek. Al<strong>on</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> resurvey<br />
to Paul Pauls<strong>on</strong> in 1702 of Hendrick Lernmens' Turkey Island<br />
Tract, <strong>the</strong> deed to Anders<strong>on</strong> and a much later indenture by which<br />
Elizabeth Lemmens and her sec<strong>on</strong>d husband, Timothy Colliins,"<br />
released to Lucas Stidham (Senior) of Christiana Hundred all<br />
right, title, and interest in <strong>the</strong> whole of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land and <strong>the</strong><br />
island tract, form <strong>the</strong> main evidence that Elizabeth Lemmens<br />
inherited <strong>the</strong> whole of her fa<strong>the</strong>r's estate, including his sou<strong>the</strong>rn<br />
home-lot with <strong>the</strong> burying ground at its west end. Attached to<br />
this release, dated November 18/28, 1725, is <strong>the</strong> reservati<strong>on</strong>:<br />
Memorandun1 that <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church yard is to be excepted out<br />
of this release and reserved as a Burying Ground for <strong>the</strong> use of that<br />
C<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> for ever as it was first intended.<br />
The release was acknowledged in court August 20, 1726, and<br />
recorded March 20, 1727. It was signed by Lucas Stidham with his<br />
characteristic signature mark, "L S,"' as well as by Elizabeth and<br />
Timothy Collins. Later indentures indicate that at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong><br />
release was drawn up, Lucas Stidham was about to buy from<br />
Samuel Kirk 300 acres of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land including <strong>the</strong> home-<br />
lots south of William Johns<strong>on</strong>'s line with <strong>the</strong>ir proporti<strong>on</strong> of<br />
marsh and woodland. Lucas Stidham died in December 1726<br />
and <strong>the</strong> sale of Kirk and his wife Elizabeth was made to Lucas<br />
Stidham, Jr., for f 160. In <strong>the</strong>ir deed is a recital giving some<br />
previous history of <strong>the</strong>se home-lots. In 1720 Samuel Kirk bought<br />
from <strong>the</strong> sheriff of <strong>the</strong> county, <strong>the</strong> 300 acres1' and in 1723 mort-<br />
R Original Laird Tirle.~, 34. 134. 137. 152. 187; "Communicant Records,"<br />
Deluu~are Hi.rror.y, VI, 242-243n.; Book of Surveys (Penn), 428.<br />
9 Deeds, B-I, 269.271. The date of Elizabeth's marriage to Timothy Collins<br />
has not been found. Paul Pauls<strong>on</strong> died in 1713, buried Oct. 25. The entry in <strong>the</strong><br />
printed Holy Trinrry Rerovdr. 190, adds by error. "in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church yard,"<br />
which bel<strong>on</strong>gs to <strong>the</strong> name entered above. See "Burial Records." Deluufure History,<br />
V, 182.<br />
10 Drr
102 CHURCH BURYING GROUND CHURCH BURYING GROUND 103<br />
gaged <strong>the</strong> tract to <strong>the</strong> trustees of <strong>the</strong> New. Castle County loan<br />
office.<br />
In <strong>the</strong>ir deed to Lucas Stidham, Jr., dated August 20/'jO,<br />
1726" (<strong>the</strong> same day <strong>on</strong> which <strong>the</strong> release from Elizabeth and<br />
Timothy Collins was proved in court) <strong>the</strong>y tell that outside of<br />
<strong>the</strong> 300 acres all <strong>the</strong> land of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> proper (784 acres with-<br />
out Turkey Island) was owned by LVilliarn Pauls<strong>on</strong> and a certain<br />
John Richards<strong>on</strong>, Esq. (who had been a trustee of <strong>the</strong> Loan office<br />
at <strong>the</strong> time of Kirk's mortgage.)<br />
William ("Wolle") Pouls<strong>on</strong> had bought from Jacob Anders<strong>on</strong><br />
by deed of February 16/26, 1721. for 270, <strong>the</strong> four lots formerly<br />
of Hendrick Anders<strong>on</strong> and U'illiam Johns<strong>on</strong>, bounded south by<br />
Hendrick Lemmens line and north by <strong>the</strong> swamp between this<br />
land and "Calco<strong>on</strong> Island." Acknow~ledged in court February 21,<br />
1720/21, <strong>the</strong> deed was not rcorded until March jl, 1751, whei~<br />
William "Poles<strong>on</strong>" of <strong>the</strong> Borough of Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>, Innholder<br />
(s<strong>on</strong> of "Woola" Pouls<strong>on</strong> who inherited half <strong>the</strong> tract from his<br />
fa<strong>the</strong>r and half from his dead bro<strong>the</strong>r Peter), and his wife Mary<br />
sold to Peter Sigfredus Alrichs, 254 acres of marsh, fast land,<br />
and woodland, part of <strong>the</strong> four-lot tract, for f625 (see Cranc<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map 11). Innholder William Poles<strong>on</strong> mortgaged <strong>the</strong> re^<br />
mainder of <strong>the</strong> four lots. The mortgaged land was sold by thc<br />
sheriff and bought by J<strong>on</strong>as Stidham (written <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> margin oi<br />
<strong>the</strong> deed) as recorded June 19. 29, 1752."<br />
Lucas Stidham, Jr., who acquired <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> property<br />
as described above, c<strong>on</strong>veyed <strong>the</strong> lo\\rer half of this "plantati<strong>on</strong>"<br />
by a deed of gift April 15/23, 1749 to his s<strong>on</strong> J<strong>on</strong>as. This wa\<br />
just before his death in April of that year, after which, Peter ill<br />
herited <strong>the</strong> north half. J<strong>on</strong>as' share was south of present Lamb<br />
s<strong>on</strong>'s Lane. Peter's share included <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Ruryinp,<br />
Ground. Peter by his will dated March j, 1777, bequea<strong>the</strong>d<br />
plantati<strong>on</strong> "called <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g>hook" to three s<strong>on</strong>s to be divided into<br />
three equal parts: X'illiam, <strong>the</strong> eldest. to have <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn div~<br />
si<strong>on</strong> (this would be next to his Uncle J<strong>on</strong>as) ; Peter, <strong>the</strong> youngc\l<br />
s<strong>on</strong>, to have <strong>the</strong> middle divisi<strong>on</strong>, which included <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> Hoob<br />
Burying Ground (See <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Map 11); Lucas to have tlw<br />
nor<strong>the</strong>rn divisi<strong>on</strong>.13<br />
11 Deeds, Q-1, 448.<br />
12 Ibid., Q-1, 448, 458-459. 626.627.<br />
13 [bid., 163.164; Book of Warrants (Pcnn). 720: Willh. G-I. $05. K I<br />
jH5 tf.<br />
Peter's plot had been in possessi<strong>on</strong> of direct descendants of<br />
Lucas Stidham, Senior, since 1726 when in 1813, this Peter Stid-<br />
ham by indenture of December 7 that year sold <strong>the</strong> middle divi-<br />
si<strong>on</strong> bequea<strong>the</strong>d him by his fa<strong>the</strong>r to William Walker and Thomas<br />
Bradun of Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>. There was no reservati<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Burying Ground. There was, however, menti<strong>on</strong> of a grave<br />
yard, which by <strong>the</strong> boundaries of Peter's plot as described in <strong>the</strong><br />
deed, was at <strong>the</strong> edge of <strong>the</strong> fast land and <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> River<br />
marsh. That is, it was at <strong>the</strong> river-fr<strong>on</strong>t of <strong>the</strong> old home-lot, a<br />
half mile south of <strong>the</strong> church and churchyard of 1667. It was<br />
this graveyard, presumably a Stidham family burial place, mistaken<br />
for <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Churchyard, that led to <strong>the</strong> choice of this site<br />
for <strong>the</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ument, erected in 1896 to commemorate <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
Church. The site of it is menti<strong>on</strong>ed later in a number of c<strong>on</strong>vey-<br />
ances. For example in a deed of E. I. duP<strong>on</strong>t deNemours & Com-<br />
pany to Brandywine Realty Company, 25 May, 1903: "Beginning<br />
at a st<strong>on</strong>e corner for <strong>the</strong> land formerly of Franklin Platt, <strong>the</strong>nce<br />
by said lands S 84% degrees E al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> middle of <strong>the</strong> lane<br />
189 3/0 perches to a st<strong>on</strong>e at <strong>the</strong> edge of <strong>the</strong> marsh at <strong>the</strong> N. E.<br />
corner of <strong>the</strong> grave yard, etc."14<br />
John Mats<strong>on</strong> by his will dated September 14, 1699, directed<br />
that he be buried at <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Church. Burials in <strong>the</strong> old <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Churchyard are recorded occasi<strong>on</strong>ally between 171 3 and<br />
1750. The Reverend Israel Acrelius, pastor of Holy Trinity (Old<br />
Swedes) Church, 1749-1756, wrote of it:<br />
The place is now changed into an orchard; yet <strong>the</strong> ground still serves<br />
as a burial place for a few families who have <strong>the</strong>re, interred <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
fa<strong>the</strong>rs, as also for poor people <strong>on</strong> that side of <strong>the</strong> creek who have<br />
no fixed residence.1'<br />
Except for Mats<strong>on</strong>'s, records of individual burials have not<br />
been found for <strong>the</strong> period when <strong>the</strong> churchyard was most used.<br />
That more ground was taken into it in 1683 has been told, and<br />
it may have been extended later. Hendrick Lemmens would, it is<br />
likely, be buried <strong>the</strong>re, also his daughter Elizabeth, who ensured<br />
<strong>the</strong> protecti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> Burying Ground for years to<br />
14 Deeds. N-I. 3-6. L-19. 498.<br />
I 5 Wills, Book I. 475-76 (Charles Sprinsc-r was a witness); "Burial Records,"<br />
I)r/,~uitre 1111fory. V, 182. 184, 187. 195. 196. The last turo entries are for Olaf<br />
Paulss<strong>on</strong>'s u'ifc and a d;~ughtcr. Atreli~~h, 264. The "poor people without fixed<br />
rcsi
104 CHURCH BURYING GROUND<br />
come by her recorded reservati<strong>on</strong> in 1725-26. The year of her<br />
death has not been found, but she last appears in <strong>the</strong> records<br />
covered for this study in an indenture of August, 1738, by which<br />
"Timothy Collins of New Castle Hundred and his wife Eliza-<br />
beth" sold to Lucas Stidham (Junior) of <strong>the</strong> same place, sixty<br />
acres of "Cherry Island Marsh" in Brandywine Hundred, "right<br />
over against Calcoen or Turkey Island," being a tract c<strong>on</strong>firmed<br />
to Lars Cornelius in 1676, which Cornelius sold to Christopher<br />
Myer, May 1, 1683, and Myer <strong>the</strong> same day c<strong>on</strong>veyed by deed<br />
to Hendrick-Lemmens. "And <strong>the</strong> said Elizabeth <strong>the</strong> wife of <strong>the</strong><br />
said Timothy Collins is <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly daughter & Heir of <strong>the</strong> said<br />
Hendrick Lemmens." The deed was acknowldged in court, No-<br />
vember term, 1738 and recorded February 3/13, 1739.'"<br />
I6 Decds. Wr-1. 1S6-ISX.<br />
M<br />
Charles Springer<br />
1658-1 738<br />
UCH has been written about Charles Springer without<br />
benefit of <strong>the</strong> first-hand informati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tained in his letter<br />
i of June 1, 1693, to his mo<strong>the</strong>r, from his home near present Wil-<br />
I mingt<strong>on</strong>. Nei<strong>the</strong>r in Swedish nor in translati<strong>on</strong> was <strong>the</strong> letter<br />
' available in America for more than two hundred and fifty years<br />
after it was written. In 1874 William M. Reynolds, translator of<br />
Acrelius' History of New Sweden, wrote in a footnote to that<br />
work, that he had found such a letter menti<strong>on</strong>ed in ano<strong>the</strong>r Swed-<br />
I ish text (L. A. Anjou's Svenska Kyrkans Historia), but had cbserved<br />
no reference to it elsewhere. In 1893, Otto Norberg, in<br />
i his Svenrka Kyrkans Mini<strong>on</strong> vid <strong>Delaware</strong> i Nord-Amerika, used<br />
i <strong>the</strong> 1693 letter, with o<strong>the</strong>r source materials, as <strong>the</strong> basis for a<br />
biographical note <strong>on</strong> Charles Springer. The Norberg work, however,<br />
has not been available in English, except for a partial manu-<br />
l , script translati<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> library of <strong>the</strong> Historical Society of Penn-<br />
1<br />
sylvania.<br />
In November, 1948, <strong>the</strong> American Swedish Historical Foundati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
Philadelphia, obtained for Courtland B. Springer a photostat<br />
of <strong>the</strong> original letter, now in <strong>the</strong> Royal Archives in Stockholm.<br />
An English translati<strong>on</strong> of it skillfully made by Dr. Axel John<br />
j Uppvall (Professor Emeritus of Scandinavian Languages) of <strong>the</strong><br />
All <strong>the</strong> new facts c<strong>on</strong>cerning <strong>the</strong> parents and ancestors of Charles Springer<br />
included in this chapter are from research c<strong>on</strong>ducted in Sweden in 1951 and 1952<br />
by Mr. Ant<strong>on</strong> Olss<strong>on</strong>, of Stockholm, who was especially recommended to <strong>the</strong> late<br />
Courtland B. Springer for whom <strong>the</strong> work was d<strong>on</strong>e, by Dr. Olof Jagerskiold, of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Swedish Royal Archives. Photostats or certified copies of all pertinent source<br />
materials are now in <strong>the</strong> possessi<strong>on</strong> of Mrs. Courtland B. Springer of Upper Darby,<br />
Pcnnsylvania. In additi<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> records from Sweden, Mr. and Mrs. Springer<br />
~upplicd genealogical informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Charles Springer's children. Courtland Bowker<br />
Sprinpcr, born May 15, 1878. died November 19, 1956. He was a direct descendant<br />
of Charlcs Springer.
106 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 107<br />
University of Pennsylvania was published in 1949 both in <strong>the</strong><br />
yearbook of <strong>the</strong> American Swedish Historical Foundati<strong>on</strong> and in<br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> History.<br />
Subsequent readings of <strong>the</strong> Swedish letter, while upholding<br />
Professor Uppvall's excellent translati<strong>on</strong> in all major respects,<br />
have remedied some omissi<strong>on</strong>s, bringing to light additi<strong>on</strong>al in-<br />
formati<strong>on</strong>, and have verified, or, in some cases, revised <strong>the</strong> earlier<br />
rendering of ra<strong>the</strong>r obscure passages, so that it is now possible<br />
to present <strong>the</strong> following translati<strong>on</strong> which c<strong>on</strong>forms even more<br />
closely to <strong>the</strong> original :<br />
Highly Esteemed, Beloved, Dear Mo<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
My highly esteemed, dear Mo<strong>the</strong>r:<br />
I cannot permit this opportunity which, thank God, I now have,<br />
to go by without making known to you disti~zctly, dear Mo<strong>the</strong>r,<br />
my present situati<strong>on</strong> and life.<br />
First of all, I find it wholly deplorable to be so far away from<br />
my dear mo<strong>the</strong>r, bro<strong>the</strong>rs, family, and relatives, and in a land<br />
so distant from you, and not able to receive any communicati<strong>on</strong><br />
from you, for all that I have written to you many times, without<br />
getting any answer except for <strong>on</strong>e letter in England.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r, I shall also let you know about my coming here to<br />
this land. When I was in L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, and was of a mind to journey<br />
home to Sweden, my native country, again, having g<strong>on</strong>e to school<br />
<strong>the</strong>re [i.e., in L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>), learned <strong>the</strong>re <strong>the</strong> English speech and <strong>the</strong><br />
writing and reading, and [having become) well versed in arithmetic,<br />
and, as I say, was about to journey home, I was kidnapped<br />
and, against my will, taken aboard an English ship. And against<br />
my will I was carried to America, in <strong>the</strong> West Indies, to Virginia.<br />
And when I got <strong>the</strong>re I was sold off like a farm animal that is<br />
driven to market. Thus was I sold, to labor, and held in very<br />
slavery for five years toge<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
My work was unspeakable. In <strong>the</strong> summer it was Extra Ordinary<br />
hot during <strong>the</strong> day, and my work was mostly in <strong>the</strong> winter,<br />
clearing land and cutting down <strong>the</strong> forest and making it ready<br />
for planting Tobarco and <strong>the</strong> Indian grain [corn) in <strong>the</strong> summer.<br />
I had a very hard master. But now-to God be praise, h<strong>on</strong>or,<br />
and glory!-I have overcome it all.<br />
When I had faithfully served out my time I heard, uc-ride~ltl),.<br />
that <strong>the</strong>re were Swedes at <strong>Delaware</strong> River. in Pc)/rr,ll~~o~i~r, whic-11<br />
formerly, under <strong>the</strong> Swedish rule, was called Nya Swerige [New<br />
Sweden), and so, as I now tell you, I made that difficult journey<br />
of about four hundred miles. And when I got <strong>the</strong>re I beheld <strong>the</strong><br />
Old Swedes, and <strong>the</strong>y received me very kindly.<br />
When I had been here about a year and a half, <strong>the</strong>n it pleased<br />
God to send and vouchsafe me a most virtuous wife, by name,<br />
Maria Hindrichss dotter [Maria, Hindrich's (Hendrick's) daughter),<br />
whom I married <strong>on</strong> December 27, 1685, and with whom it<br />
has pleased God to grant me three children, all three of <strong>the</strong>m<br />
daughters; and she is even now with <strong>the</strong> fourth child. May God<br />
Almighty give her a good delivery!<br />
As for my activities, I am reader here in <strong>on</strong>e Swedish c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
and serve it, because now we have no pastors [i.e., Swedish<br />
ministers) in this land, for <strong>the</strong>y are all dead. I serve <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
in <strong>the</strong> church with <strong>the</strong> reading and expounding of God's<br />
Word, for I have a Swedish postilla [book of family serm<strong>on</strong>s),<br />
and <strong>the</strong> singing of hymns. It is now up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> fourth year that<br />
I have served <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> in this way.<br />
Moreover, I have two plantati<strong>on</strong>s that I have bought, and <strong>on</strong><br />
<strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong>m I live, and plough and plant, sowing all kinds of seed<br />
during <strong>the</strong> year. I also have livestock for <strong>the</strong> needs of my household,<br />
and so live, thank God, that I and mine suffer no want.<br />
My highly esteemed Mo<strong>the</strong>r, dear, let me also hear of you and<br />
my dear bro<strong>the</strong>rs, whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong>y are living, and how <strong>the</strong>y fare.<br />
God has known my sadness at not being able to hear anything<br />
from you. That would make me truly of heart. My f<strong>on</strong>dest<br />
l<strong>on</strong>ging has been that I might be permitted, before I die, to hear<br />
of your well-being.<br />
We here in this land now have a godly enterprise, we who<br />
are Swedes. We have received a letter in our country here c<strong>on</strong>cerning<br />
our king in Sweden, that he will, up<strong>on</strong> our writing and<br />
representati<strong>on</strong>, send us pastors and Swedish books, of which we<br />
have a great lack. They have no <strong>on</strong>e am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m to write for<br />
<strong>the</strong>m but me; I have d<strong>on</strong>e it diligently.<br />
I ask also, my beloved, dear Mo<strong>the</strong>r, that it may please you<br />
to send me a Bible, here, and two manuals and hymnals, for I<br />
have not <strong>on</strong>e of my own. And if you please, you could send <strong>the</strong>m<br />
here to me thus, that is, first, send <strong>the</strong>m by some dear pers<strong>on</strong><br />
(friend, acquaintance) to Giotteborgh [Go<strong>the</strong>nburg), to His<br />
Majesty's faitllft~l servant and postmaster, John The//j~ by name,
108 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1 738 109<br />
who will surely send <strong>the</strong>m to me by messenger at <strong>the</strong> first oppor-<br />
tunity. Dear Mo<strong>the</strong>r, I am wholly at a loss for books.<br />
Dear Mo<strong>the</strong>r, it has been my great sorrow here in this land<br />
that I am so far away from you. But nothing can help that.<br />
I send greetings to my dear bro<strong>the</strong>rs, and my dear bro<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Lorentz Springer (half-bro<strong>the</strong>r; eldest of <strong>the</strong> family] and his wife<br />
and children. Greet all good friends, relatives, and family, and<br />
all who know me and my name. My dear wife and children also<br />
send all of you <strong>the</strong>ir greetings.<br />
I remain always your ever most obedient s<strong>on</strong>, unto death,<br />
Karell Christoffe(rs]s<strong>on</strong> Springer.<br />
Dated at Pensellvenia<br />
in <strong>Delaware</strong> River <strong>the</strong> 1<br />
June 1693*<br />
In Charles Springer's letter to Postmaster Thelin written <strong>the</strong><br />
previous day he makes clear that <strong>the</strong> aged pastor, Jacob Fabricius<br />
is still living. Here he says <strong>the</strong> pastors are all dead. This seeming<br />
c<strong>on</strong>flict is rec<strong>on</strong>ciled in <strong>the</strong> Swedish originals in which Fabricius<br />
is referred to as "Predikant," a preacher. In <strong>the</strong> letter to his mo<strong>the</strong>r<br />
he uses "Prast," which means a pastor in <strong>the</strong> fullest sense, able<br />
to c<strong>on</strong>duct services according to Swedish custom and fulfill all<br />
<strong>the</strong> pastoral offices.<br />
"Christofferss<strong>on</strong>" in Charles Sptinger's signature, in <strong>the</strong> few<br />
places where he used it, was a patr<strong>on</strong>ymic, characteristic of <strong>the</strong><br />
age, to identify <strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong> with his fa<strong>the</strong>r's family. In his letter to<br />
his mo<strong>the</strong>r it was a dutiful recogniti<strong>on</strong> of his dead fa<strong>the</strong>r, who<br />
died in Sweden in 166g1 It is important that <strong>the</strong> given name of<br />
<strong>the</strong> man who was an oustanding religious and cultural influence<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> in his day should be correctly established and<br />
that <strong>the</strong> gratuitous middle name, Christopher, be acknowledged<br />
for what it was, a misunderstanding by later writers and students<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinued possibly in unc<strong>on</strong>scious tribute as more distinguished-<br />
sounding than plain Charles Springer. The c<strong>on</strong>fusi<strong>on</strong> between<br />
* The original letter is preserved in <strong>the</strong> Royal Achives at Stockholm, Acts<br />
Eccles. V: 186. Translati<strong>on</strong> and documentati<strong>on</strong> by Mr. and Mrs. Springer, who<br />
supplied also <strong>the</strong> informati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> "Predikant" and "Prast" as used by Charle5<br />
Springer in his letters of May 31 and June 1, 1693.<br />
1 Patr<strong>on</strong>ymics used to identify c<strong>on</strong>temporaries of Charles Springer in church<br />
and civil records include: J<strong>on</strong>as Jesperss<strong>on</strong> Walravcn, s<strong>on</strong> of Jesper Wslraven;<br />
Anders Johanss<strong>on</strong> Stalcop, s<strong>on</strong> of Johan Stalcop; Timo<strong>the</strong>us Lylofss<strong>on</strong> Stedham.<br />
s<strong>on</strong> of Lylof Stedham; Lucas Lucass<strong>on</strong> Stedham, s<strong>on</strong> of Lucas Stedham. The II\V<br />
of "Junior" for <strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong> of thc samc name gradually tarnc into fic.nc.ral nsr.<br />
patr<strong>on</strong>ymic and middle name probably came from Charles<br />
Springer's own emphasis up<strong>on</strong> his Swedish birth and family in<br />
order to identify himself as a good Swede am<strong>on</strong>g his new friends<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> during his first year am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m.<br />
The Reverend Erik Bjork in <strong>the</strong> early autumn of his arrival<br />
a short time after he had made <strong>the</strong> acquaintance of his best<br />
educated parishi<strong>on</strong>er, refers to Charles Springer <strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>e page of<br />
his written record2 by his Swedish name with patr<strong>on</strong>ymic: Carl<br />
Christoffers<strong>on</strong> Springer-perhaps with <strong>the</strong> intenti<strong>on</strong> of recording<br />
Charles Springer's identificati<strong>on</strong> with his family in Sweden at least<br />
<strong>on</strong>ce. For not again in Bjork's record-of <strong>the</strong> seventeen years<br />
of his pastorate-in which <strong>the</strong> name of Charles Springer c<strong>on</strong>stantly<br />
appears, is he set down by Bjork himself as o<strong>the</strong>r than<br />
Charles Springer, or as Carl Springer-Carl being <strong>the</strong> Swedish<br />
form of Charles3<br />
To Bjork's record can be added many clvil commissi<strong>on</strong>s to<br />
"Charles Springer" and his signature in that form <strong>on</strong>ly, to documents,<br />
letters and church papers. One of <strong>the</strong> special papers denoting<br />
him by his given name is his certificate of naturalizati<strong>on</strong><br />
from William Penn, 23rd of Fifth m<strong>on</strong>th 1701, which reads:<br />
"Charles Springer was born in 1658, <strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong> of Christopher<br />
springe^."^<br />
Charles Springer born in 1658 was <strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong> of Christopher<br />
and Reata Salina Springer of Stockholn~. Records pertaining to<br />
his fa<strong>the</strong>r and mo<strong>the</strong>r and his "bro<strong>the</strong>r Lorentz" are am<strong>on</strong>g<br />
Sweden's archives, church records, and o<strong>the</strong>r memorials. The<br />
family home was in a nor<strong>the</strong>rn suburb of <strong>the</strong> city, <strong>the</strong> house built<br />
of st<strong>on</strong>e at a period when wood was <strong>the</strong> almost universal material<br />
for dwellings. The Springer house stood opposite <strong>the</strong> east gate<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Sancta Clara (Lu<strong>the</strong>ran) Churcl~ which <strong>the</strong> family attended.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> churchyard, his fa<strong>the</strong>r, Cl~ristopher, was buried in 1669<br />
and his half bro<strong>the</strong>r, Lorentz, a magistrate in <strong>the</strong> circuit court of<br />
appeal, <strong>on</strong> June 24, 1690. Lorentz was <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly surviving child<br />
of Christopher Springer's first marriage (to Karin Larsdotter,<br />
? Entry for Scpptemher 9. 1697; page 6 in <strong>the</strong> original "First Book" of<br />
Hr
110 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1 738<br />
December I, 1633). Lorentz and his wife, Maria Morling, lived<br />
in <strong>the</strong> family home which was still occupied by his widow at <strong>the</strong><br />
time of <strong>the</strong> 1711 census of Stockholm and probably iintil her<br />
death in 1714.42<br />
Whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> house in wl~icll Charles Springer was born survived<br />
for ano<strong>the</strong>r century or more is not known, but Sancta Clara<br />
Church, built during <strong>the</strong> years 1572 to 1590, is today <strong>on</strong>e of Stockholm's<br />
prized landmarks. Tllough badly damaged by fire in 1751,<br />
when many of its valuable records were destroyed, restorati<strong>on</strong> was<br />
immediately begun, and completed in a manner to withstand<br />
<strong>the</strong> wear of more centuries. As recently as 1953, <strong>the</strong> area surrounding<br />
<strong>the</strong> church and churchyard was being cleared and beautified<br />
to protect this "peaceful oasis, full of memories and sentiment,"<br />
from <strong>the</strong> too close encroachment of modern city traffi~.~<br />
The first appearance of Christopher Springer's name in<br />
records so far discovered is his signature <strong>on</strong> a treasury receipt<br />
dated Stockholm, February 9, 1626, for m<strong>on</strong>ey paid to him as agent<br />
for ano<strong>the</strong>r pers<strong>on</strong>. His own forty years of government service<br />
began in 1629, according to statements made at <strong>the</strong> time of his<br />
death.<br />
On August 30, 1630, Christopher Springer acknowledged<br />
receipt of his yearly salary as a musician, and entries for November,<br />
1632, and ~~r;l, 1633, show his c<strong>on</strong>tinuing service in this<br />
capacity. On June 17, 1633, however, he received salary as a member<br />
of <strong>the</strong> secretariat of <strong>the</strong> treasurer's ofhce, and <strong>the</strong>reafter he<br />
can be followed from year to year in <strong>the</strong> records of <strong>the</strong> Camera1<br />
Board (in Swedish, <strong>the</strong> "Kammare," later <strong>on</strong>, <strong>the</strong> "Karnma'rkollegium").<br />
An entry for May 19, 1636, states that Christopher<br />
Springer has .been entrusted with trallslating into S\\redish a c<strong>on</strong>tract<br />
written in <strong>the</strong> Dutch language.<br />
On January 23, 1637, Christopher \\,as granted <strong>the</strong> registrati<strong>on</strong><br />
of <strong>the</strong> property opposite <strong>the</strong> Sancta Clara Chiirch. TI,; deed is<br />
in <strong>the</strong> municipal record office in Stockholm, and a map showing<br />
<strong>the</strong> locati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Springer property is in tlle archives of <strong>the</strong><br />
town engineer's office.<br />
His employment in <strong>the</strong> Treasury uncler King Gustaf Adolph,<br />
was follo\ved by Queen Christina's appointment, 17ebruary 0,<br />
1646, of "Cammar Notarius Christofer Springer" as judge of<br />
4:) D~)cumcntnry m;ltcr;nl from .~rchiv.~\ .;l)rlrlc\ in S\vc~\~n. ni)\v In 111~. pcn\c\\<br />
i<strong>on</strong> of Mrs. Courtland H. Springer.<br />
5 51,' P/~/.,I I?,I~/J/,I'/P~. Stockli111n1 Nc.w\p~~pc.r. 1.1n11.1rv I .1 I 05 4 1, 7. ( I ~ I , +<br />
CHARLES SPRINGER 1638-1738 111<br />
Nardinghundra, a district in <strong>the</strong> county of Upland. On July 16,<br />
1651, <strong>the</strong> Queen appointed him Referendary of <strong>the</strong> land revenue<br />
office. His oath of office, written in his own hand, has a well-<br />
preserved impressi<strong>on</strong> of his pers<strong>on</strong>al seal affixed to <strong>the</strong> signature,<br />
"Christoph Springer." At <strong>the</strong> time of his death, Christopher<br />
Springer was Archives Inspector of <strong>the</strong> Royal Exchequer."<br />
Full probate records of Christopher Springer's estate following<br />
his death in 1669 have been preserved. The inventory of his<br />
possessi<strong>on</strong>s proves him to have been a wealthy man for his day<br />
and his pers<strong>on</strong>al property was that of a man of culture, including<br />
an extensive library and a valuable collecti<strong>on</strong> of silver. One<br />
piece described as "of ancient \vorkmanship," was given a specially<br />
high valuati<strong>on</strong>.'<br />
Charles Springer's mo<strong>the</strong>r, Beata Salina Springer, was <strong>the</strong> third<br />
wife of Christopher Springer, whom he married October 15, 1654.<br />
She was <strong>the</strong> eldest daughter of Dr. Raltzar Salinius, for many<br />
years physician to King Carl X.R \YJhen Reata Salina's husband<br />
; died in 1669, Dowager Queen Hedwig Eleanora, widow of King<br />
;<br />
i<br />
1<br />
Carl X, immediately selected Beata Salina for a place in her service.<br />
Beata Salina Springer would be well-known to <strong>the</strong> Queen<br />
Dowager because of her fa<strong>the</strong>r's service to <strong>the</strong> king, and her<br />
husband's forty years of service in <strong>the</strong> government. she became<br />
<strong>the</strong> Queen Dowager's royal housekeeper at Gripsholm castle across<br />
Milar Lake from Stockholm. There she died and was buried<br />
December 17? 1693, in <strong>the</strong> fr<strong>on</strong>t of <strong>the</strong> choir of <strong>the</strong> church at<br />
Mariefred, near <strong>the</strong> castle. The inscripti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> gravest<strong>on</strong>e,<br />
translated, reads: "Her Majesty's, <strong>the</strong> Queen Dowager's, royal<br />
housekeeper, Beata Salina, lies buried beneath this st<strong>on</strong>e.""<br />
When <strong>the</strong> true date of Reata Salina Springer's death was established<br />
as December, 1693, instead of 1714, as preliminary research<br />
had indicated, some doubt was felt that her s<strong>on</strong> Charles' letter of<br />
June 1, 1693, ever reached her hands. There now seems to be a<br />
reas<strong>on</strong>able certainty that it did. Charles Springer's letter to his<br />
mo<strong>the</strong>r was dispatched to Postmaster Thelin, in Go<strong>the</strong>nburg,<br />
i with <strong>the</strong> letter written c,n behalf of <strong>the</strong> Swedish c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s.<br />
which is now known to have arrived in Sweden at some time<br />
before November 4, 1693, a fact well documented by references<br />
0 Roy;~l Arcliivcs. Stotkholm.<br />
7 IOiJ.<br />
H 1!1td.<br />
0 1'111~10\1.11 111 1111. PO%\C\\IOII hlrx. Co~~rtl.ln~l H. Sprinprr.
112 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 113<br />
preserved in <strong>the</strong> Archives. Since Thelin himself was in <strong>the</strong> gov-<br />
ernment service, and had close friends at court, he would have<br />
known that Beata was at Gripsholm Castle, and would have been<br />
able to send her s<strong>on</strong>'s letter to her quite as easily as Beata could<br />
have sent to him <strong>the</strong> books for which <strong>the</strong> letter asked. Charles<br />
Springer's letter to Postmaster Thelin for <strong>the</strong> Lu<strong>the</strong>ran c<strong>on</strong>gre-<br />
gati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> could be expected to be preserved in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Royal Archives as it was. The importance attached to his per-<br />
s<strong>on</strong>al letter to his mo<strong>the</strong>r is indicated in that it was also placed<br />
<strong>the</strong>re.<br />
It was four years after <strong>the</strong> death of his mo<strong>the</strong>r that a letter<br />
was received by <strong>the</strong> government of Sweden at Stockholm from<br />
Charles Springer inquiring about his share of his parents' estate.<br />
The order by King Carl XI1 that <strong>the</strong> proper proceedings be under-<br />
taken to meet this request has been prserved.'O<br />
At <strong>the</strong> end of his first full year of research for informati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
cerning <strong>the</strong> Springer family in Sweden, Mr. Ant<strong>on</strong> Olss<strong>on</strong> wrote<br />
to <strong>the</strong> late Courtland B. Springer that his finds had been excep-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>ally rich, owing to <strong>the</strong> prominent positi<strong>on</strong> in life that mem-<br />
bers of <strong>the</strong> family held, and <strong>the</strong> "detailed enlightenment that is<br />
characteristic of Christopher Springer's writings." Of Christopher<br />
Springer himself Mr. Olss<strong>on</strong> said that all informati<strong>on</strong> about him<br />
pointed to "a highly upright man.""<br />
C<strong>on</strong>cerning Charles Springer as a child and schoolboy in<br />
Stockholm, <strong>the</strong>re are no known family papers or public records.<br />
His birth and baptism in <strong>the</strong> Sancta Clara Church registers have<br />
not been found. There is record that for his higher educati<strong>on</strong> he<br />
was first sent to Riga, commercial city <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baltic seacoast of<br />
Latvia, <strong>the</strong>n a. province of Sweden, now a part of Russia. By <strong>the</strong><br />
time he was eighteen arrangements had been made with Sweden's<br />
minister in L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, Johan Ley<strong>on</strong>berg, to take charge of <strong>the</strong> young<br />
man's fur<strong>the</strong>r educati<strong>on</strong> in England. The results are told in his<br />
letter to his mo<strong>the</strong>r.12<br />
For a yoilth reared in <strong>the</strong> comfort and amenities of a well-to-<br />
do cultivated family, and living in <strong>the</strong> home of <strong>the</strong> Swedish min-<br />
ister at L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> at <strong>the</strong> time he was seized <strong>on</strong> a L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> street,<br />
<strong>the</strong> shock of his transfer to bound service <strong>on</strong> a Virginia plantati<strong>on</strong><br />
and <strong>the</strong> forced labor he performed <strong>the</strong>re could easily have ruined<br />
10 Royal Archives, Stockholm.<br />
1 I Letter in <strong>the</strong> possessi<strong>on</strong> of Mrs. Courtland B. Springer<br />
I 2 Royal Arrhives. Stockholm.<br />
a less hardy physical c<strong>on</strong>stituti<strong>on</strong> and a less stable character than<br />
that of Charles Springer. He calls <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s of his five years'<br />
labor "unspeakable," yet he stood <strong>the</strong>m and arrived at Christina<br />
in 1684 in his twenty-sixth year a man mature in character and<br />
resp<strong>on</strong>sibility. To <strong>the</strong> locati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Virginia plantati<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>re<br />
has been no clue o<strong>the</strong>r than his own statement that it was 400<br />
miles from <strong>the</strong> Christina.<br />
Under Virginia law, Charles Springer woud have received<br />
from <strong>the</strong> plantati<strong>on</strong> owner at <strong>the</strong> end of his term, a signed release<br />
identifying him as a freeman. This would be his passport <strong>on</strong> his<br />
way to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. He would have <strong>on</strong>ly his clothing and a<br />
small sum of m<strong>on</strong>ey to bring away with him, but he had a sure<br />
means of livelihood in his knowledge of agriculture. Free labor<br />
was scarce in <strong>the</strong> col<strong>on</strong>ies and commanded high wages. As a young<br />
Swede at home and at Riga Charles Springer may have acquired<br />
some practical knowledge of forestry, for timber was part of<br />
Sweden's carefully guarded wealth. However he acquired his<br />
proficiency, he was engaged in 1678 as forester to <strong>the</strong> governor<br />
of Maryland, Sir Francis Nichols<strong>on</strong>. His absence <strong>on</strong> this job is<br />
noted by Bjork, who missed him in <strong>the</strong> drafting of a c<strong>on</strong>tract for<br />
work <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> new church.13<br />
So far it has not been possible to identify am<strong>on</strong>g several<br />
families <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> associated with Charles Springer, <strong>the</strong><br />
parents of his wife, Maria "Hindrichsdotter," nor to be certain<br />
that her parents had <strong>the</strong> surname, Hindricks<strong>on</strong> (Hendricks<strong>on</strong>),<br />
for although a number of Swedish col<strong>on</strong>ists had permanent sur-<br />
names from <strong>the</strong>ir arrival <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> and more families<br />
were adopting <strong>the</strong>m by this period, <strong>the</strong> custom of using <strong>the</strong><br />
fa<strong>the</strong>r's givenname as a surname was still fairly general. As late<br />
as 1704, a Hendrick Jacobs<strong>on</strong>'s s<strong>on</strong>, Hendrick, who inherited<br />
from his fa<strong>the</strong>r part of <strong>the</strong> Tymen Stidham tract al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
Brandywine west of Rattlesnake Run, held ownership of that<br />
property as Hendrick Hendricks<strong>on</strong>, and thus <strong>the</strong> Jacobs<strong>on</strong> name<br />
(for a grandfa<strong>the</strong>r whose given name was Jacob), was lost.'*<br />
Maria "Hindrichsdotter" Springer had a bro<strong>the</strong>r, John Hen-<br />
dricks<strong>on</strong>, and a sister, Wiiliaminke Hindricksdotter. These rela-<br />
13 Records of Holy Trinity. "First Book." 19; Burr translati<strong>on</strong>, 28.<br />
14 Lucas Stidham, o<strong>the</strong>r children of Tymen Stidham, and Tymen's wido\v<br />
acknowledge in court sale of 100 acres <strong>on</strong> Brandywine Creek near "Rattlesnake<br />
Creek" to Henry Jacobs<strong>on</strong> of Chester County, Jan. 20, 1686, Neu, Cu.rtle Court<br />
Rerordr. 11, 160; Book of Surveys (Penn). 246; Plot of survey for Hendrick<br />
Hcndriiks<strong>on</strong>'s s<strong>on</strong> Andrew showing "Rattlesnake Run" - /bid., 274.
114 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>ships are established by records that name John Hendricks<strong>on</strong><br />
as Charles Springer's "bro<strong>the</strong>r-in-law," and Williaminke's husband,<br />
Stephen Cornelius, also, as his bro<strong>the</strong>r-in-law." So, whoever<br />
<strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r was, he had <strong>the</strong>se three children and his name can<br />
be set down as: - Hendricks<strong>on</strong>, or Hendrick - , while<br />
<strong>the</strong> search c<strong>on</strong>tinues. The children of <strong>the</strong> unknown parents were<br />
members of Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church after <strong>the</strong>ir marriages,<br />
but so far it cannot be known of which church <strong>the</strong> parents<br />
were members at <strong>the</strong> time of Charles Springer's marriage<br />
in 1685: <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>, Tinicum, or Wicaco."" Charles Springer<br />
would have been eager to meet all <strong>the</strong> Swedes <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> in<br />
those first years of his being am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>m and doubtless found<br />
c<strong>on</strong>genial families in <strong>the</strong> Wicaco c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>, as well as that of<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>. That he visited Swedes in New Jersey in 1685 before<br />
his marriage and even owned land <strong>the</strong>re, a tract of 100 acres, in<br />
Gloucester County, before 1689 appears in <strong>the</strong> New Jersey court<br />
and land records."<br />
Of <strong>the</strong> two plantati<strong>on</strong>s which Charles Springer bought and<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>e of which he lived in 1693, his living plantati<strong>on</strong> was in<br />
15 James Steel's Letter Book I, 57 (Historical Society of Pennsylvania) quoted<br />
in <strong>Delaware</strong> Hisrory, V, 281; Pennsylvania Arrbir~es, 2d Ser. V. 17, Minutes of <strong>the</strong><br />
Board of Property, 731.<br />
15a Hendrick Jacobs<strong>on</strong> (footnote 14) above) might have been <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r of<br />
Marie, Williaminke, and john Hendricks<strong>on</strong>. As he had a s<strong>on</strong> Hendrick Hendrick-<br />
s<strong>on</strong>, he may have been <strong>the</strong> fa<strong>the</strong>r of Jacob Hendricks<strong>on</strong> also, who with a Hendrick<br />
Hendricks<strong>on</strong> acquired in 1684 a tract of land <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> south side of <strong>the</strong> Brandywine<br />
(Pennsylvanja Arrbives, 2nd Ser., VII, 193) adjoining Oak Hill where Charles<br />
Springer lived after his marriage in 1685. John Hendricks<strong>on</strong> and his wife and his<br />
sister Williaminke who married Stephen Cornelius had farms close to Oak Hill.<br />
Hendrick Jacobs<strong>on</strong>, and Jacob and Hendrick Hendricks<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>tributed m<strong>on</strong>ey,<br />
supplies and labor to <strong>the</strong> building of Holy Trinity Church and paid for pews in<br />
1699. This Hendrick Jacobs<strong>on</strong> is presumably <strong>the</strong> soldier who came with Rising in<br />
1654 (Johns<strong>on</strong>, 11, 717), acquired from <strong>the</strong> Dutch in 1663 a tract of land at<br />
Calcoen <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> in <strong>the</strong> Schuylkill, c<strong>on</strong>firmed under <strong>the</strong> Duke of York in 1668<br />
(Penrrsylr~aaia archive^, 1st ser., I, 28) and under Penn in 1685 (ibid., 2nd<br />
ser., VII, 193). and appears in Charles Springer's list in 1673 of those "born in<br />
our homeland," 4 in family.<br />
16 New Jersey Deeds, Book E 11, 337, Secretary of State's Office, Trent<strong>on</strong>:<br />
May 9, 1685, Charles Springer witnessed a deed of sale from Andrew Robes<strong>on</strong><br />
"to Morten Mortens<strong>on</strong> and John Arian (Ori<strong>on</strong>) his s<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Province of West<br />
Jersey." On May 24, 1738, Charles Springer appeared before <strong>the</strong> justices of thc<br />
Gloucester County Court to testify to <strong>the</strong> validity of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>veyance. Two days<br />
later, May 26, Charles Springer died at 80 years of age. Mort<strong>on</strong> Mort<strong>on</strong>s<strong>on</strong>, Sr.<br />
of <strong>the</strong> New Jersey deed was <strong>the</strong> grandfa<strong>the</strong>r of <strong>the</strong> first children of Cbarleh<br />
Springer's sec<strong>on</strong>d wife, Annika Justis Mort<strong>on</strong> Walraven - Delaufare Hi~rory, V,<br />
286n. Charles Springer was assessed for taxes in Gloucester County for 100 acres<br />
of land between Mantua and Oldman's Creeks, Feb. 3-6, 1687/70 toge<strong>the</strong>r with<br />
Mort<strong>on</strong> Mort<strong>on</strong>s<strong>on</strong>, John Ori<strong>on</strong>. Justa Justas<strong>on</strong> and o<strong>the</strong>rs (Stewart. Glovrerrer<br />
Counry rrnder rbe Proprierorr, 23).<br />
Christiana Hundred, part of an 800 acre tract called "Oak Hill,"<br />
(granted to Niels Lawrsen {Larss<strong>on</strong>) Friend in 1686), bordering<br />
<strong>the</strong> east side of Red Clay Creek in <strong>the</strong> neighborhood of Wooddale.<br />
One of <strong>the</strong> shorter sides of <strong>the</strong> rectangular Oak Hill tract<br />
extended al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Red Clay, <strong>the</strong> body of <strong>the</strong> land running nor<strong>the</strong>ast<br />
toward <strong>the</strong> Brandywine." Deeds for parts of <strong>the</strong> tract describe<br />
<strong>the</strong>m as at <strong>the</strong> headwaters of Mill Creek, and numerous<br />
small creeks and runs are menti<strong>on</strong>ed in tracing <strong>the</strong> boundary<br />
lines, as well as trees, chiefly oaks and hickories. Charles Springer<br />
<strong>the</strong>n lived four miles or more from Christina Ferry, but being a<br />
prosperous farmer he had horses to ride so his trips to <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g><br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> and to <strong>the</strong> new church at Christina were not as arduous<br />
as Pastor Bjork's during Bjork's early years <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>.<br />
The Lancaster Turnpike built through <strong>the</strong> site of "Oak Hill"<br />
farms probably followed an early cart road to Christina and<br />
later to Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> used by Charles Springer and his neighbors.<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> immediate neighbors were Niels Larss<strong>on</strong> Friend and<br />
his four s<strong>on</strong>s, John Anders<strong>on</strong> Cock's famliy, Cock's s<strong>on</strong>-in-law<br />
who was Charles Springer's bro<strong>the</strong>r-in-law, John Hendricks<strong>on</strong>;<br />
Jacob and Hendrick Hendricks<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> a tract called "Jacob's Possessi<strong>on</strong>,"<br />
sold before 1700 to Eric Anders<strong>on</strong>; Adam Stidham whose<br />
plantati<strong>on</strong> was "Adam's Garden," Robert and Richard Robins<strong>on</strong>,<br />
Samuel Barker and Mathias De Foss (De Voss) .I8<br />
The deed for Charles Springer's first tract at "Oak Hill" is<br />
not now of record but can be located by adjoining tracts, especially<br />
<strong>on</strong>e sold to Jacobus Cullen (Vanderculen) in 1699.'' This adjoining<br />
200 acres Charles Springer later bought from Rynier Cullen,<br />
bro<strong>the</strong>r of Jacob~s.'~ Meanwhile in 1702 Charles Springer<br />
bought from John Anders<strong>on</strong> Cock 200 acres of <strong>the</strong> "Oak Hill"<br />
tract and an additi<strong>on</strong>al ten acres of Cock's land.2' Finally John<br />
and Laurence Friend, s<strong>on</strong>s of Niels Larss<strong>on</strong> Friend, <strong>on</strong> March 7,<br />
1725/6 c<strong>on</strong>veyed <strong>the</strong> remaining part of <strong>the</strong> "800 acres" of <strong>the</strong><br />
17 Book of Surveys (Penn), 337-38.<br />
18 Ibid., 275, 337-38.<br />
19 Deeds, Book 1-1, 1, August 15, 1677.<br />
20 Ibid., 150 ff.<br />
21 Deeds. Book G-1, 572. Feb. 10, 1702. In <strong>the</strong> deed <strong>the</strong> year is given as <strong>the</strong><br />
first year of <strong>the</strong> reign of Queen Anne with no calendar year. By error <strong>the</strong> Re-<br />
corder's index carries <strong>the</strong> year "1725" and gives that year also for <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>veyance<br />
by Ann Stalcop to <strong>the</strong> church wardens. which is dated 1703. There are no separate<br />
"Recordccl" dates <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> recorded deeds.
116 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738<br />
original survey to <strong>the</strong>ir bro<strong>the</strong>r Gabriel "a part having been sold<br />
before to John Anders<strong>on</strong> Coxe." Gabriel <strong>on</strong> May 12, 1726/7, sold<br />
<strong>the</strong> "remainder," bounded by Red Clay Creek and land of Charles<br />
Sprin~er <strong>the</strong> elder, c<strong>on</strong>taining 176 acres, to John Springer and<br />
his bro<strong>the</strong>r Charle~.?~ According to <strong>the</strong> resurvey of <strong>the</strong> "Oak<br />
Hill" Tract in 1703, it c<strong>on</strong>tained 936 acres, of which Charles<br />
Springer and two of his s<strong>on</strong>s, in <strong>the</strong> spring of 1727, owned 786<br />
acres, leaving 150 acres, in part at least at <strong>on</strong>e time in <strong>the</strong> possessi<strong>on</strong><br />
of John Anders<strong>on</strong> Cock.<br />
In 171 9 and again in 1725 Charles Springer had requested<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Commissi<strong>on</strong>ers of Property a grant of 200 acres of land<br />
ncar his neighbor Samuel Barker and Red Clay Creek," it being<br />
for <strong>the</strong> settling of his children, he having several s<strong>on</strong>s (he had<br />
seven) and but little land for <strong>the</strong>m."" He was granted <strong>the</strong> land<br />
<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong> of improving rt, and seems to have taken up his<br />
opti<strong>on</strong>, for in February 1735, in a letter to <strong>the</strong> Commissi<strong>on</strong>ers of<br />
Property, he reviewed <strong>the</strong> requests and grants, and according to<br />
<strong>the</strong> minutes said "that those children some time after dying he<br />
<strong>the</strong> sd Charles assigned his right to Daniel Barker who made<br />
c<strong>on</strong>siderable improvement <strong>the</strong>re~n."'~ The s<strong>on</strong>s who died were<br />
Israel and Andreas, both buried in 1731 about a week apart.?'<br />
From <strong>the</strong> time of his arrival <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> river, Charles Springer was<br />
active not <strong>on</strong>ly in building up an estate for himself and his own<br />
children but in giving aid to o<strong>the</strong>rs for <strong>the</strong> protecti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
grants and patents, as what follows shows.<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> numerous tributes to Charles Springer written by<br />
Bjork is an early <strong>on</strong>e in a letter of October 26, 1697, to Bishop<br />
Israel Colmodin in Sweden telling that before Bjork arrived<br />
<strong>the</strong> Swedish inhabitants had been "daily overrun" by <strong>the</strong> Quakers.<br />
but <strong>the</strong>y held fast to <strong>the</strong>ir lay reader, Charles Springer, who,<br />
although to c<strong>on</strong>duct divine services, was o<strong>the</strong>rwise:<br />
a plain modest man, yet by <strong>the</strong> grace of God who is used<br />
to accomplishing great things through humble beings, he has<br />
been such an obstacle to <strong>the</strong> Quakers that <strong>the</strong>y wished him out<br />
of <strong>the</strong> way, meaning that it \\,auld <strong>the</strong>n be easy to settle <strong>the</strong><br />
27 Book of Warrants (Penn), 15 ff.<br />
23 Pennsylr~ania Arrhir~es, 2nd set., V. 19 (Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Board of Property).<br />
657. 731.<br />
24 Ibid., 3rd Mr., I, 54.<br />
25 Hall Trilliry Rerurdr, 344.<br />
CHARLES SPRINGER 1658- 1738 117<br />
o<strong>the</strong>rs. He is a man who has kept all his energy and substance<br />
unspared for <strong>the</strong> sake of God's work, as I have c<strong>on</strong>stantly<br />
observed:<br />
En slatt och ringa man elliest, doch igenom Gudz Mldh som<br />
igenom ringa stoore tingh plagar Uthratta, Qwakerne till ett<br />
sHdant hinder warit, att dhe Onskat h<strong>on</strong>om aff wagen, menen-<br />
des sedan snart skulle vara giordt medh dhe andre. Han ahr en<br />
man, den all sin flijt och Wallfardh haar hlllit Ospardh for<br />
Gudz Ordz skull, som iag och allt sedan marcht.<br />
The excerpt is from an au<strong>the</strong>ntic copy of <strong>the</strong> original in <strong>the</strong><br />
possessi<strong>on</strong> of Mrs. Courtland B. Springer and <strong>the</strong> translat~<strong>on</strong>, as<br />
literal as English idiom permits, is based <strong>on</strong> an English draft by<br />
Ant<strong>on</strong> Olss~n.~~<br />
Thomas Campanius Holm in his Beskrifning (Stockholm,<br />
1702) deleted in quoting from Bjork's letter <strong>the</strong> criticism of <strong>the</strong><br />
Quakers which could easily have harmed <strong>the</strong> Swedes <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> and embarrassed <strong>the</strong>ir friend William Penn whose<br />
government was <strong>the</strong>n under questi<strong>on</strong> in L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong> in a movement<br />
to transfer all proprietary col<strong>on</strong>ies in America to <strong>the</strong> crown.<br />
The Quakers by whom <strong>the</strong> Swedes were "daily overrun," as<br />
Bjork expressed it, were settlers who came in increasing num-<br />
bers after 1682. Some of <strong>the</strong>se when <strong>the</strong>y found <strong>the</strong> old settlers<br />
in possessi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> most desirable tracts al<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> and<br />
tributary streams, tried, according to Andreas Rudman and Acre-<br />
lius, to trick <strong>the</strong> owners out of <strong>the</strong>ir patents, c<strong>on</strong>vince <strong>the</strong>m that<br />
i <strong>the</strong> patents were worthless or that Penn's officers had cheated <strong>the</strong>m<br />
I when <strong>the</strong>ir land had been resurveyed. Some Swedes and Finns<br />
were <strong>the</strong> more easily affected by such arguments because under<br />
<strong>the</strong> proprietary land system which <strong>the</strong>y did not understand <strong>the</strong>y<br />
felt defrauded of <strong>the</strong>ir rights. Penn had readily c<strong>on</strong>firmed <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
land to <strong>the</strong> old inhabitants and granted each of <strong>the</strong>m as much<br />
new land as each could use. When <strong>the</strong>ir original tracts were re-<br />
surveyed, however, and it was found that a man with a Duke of<br />
York patent for 300 acres, sometimes had three times that much,<br />
and that many had taken in additi<strong>on</strong>al acres of land, woodland,<br />
26 The original in Swedish is given here hecause in <strong>the</strong> first versi<strong>on</strong> of this<br />
letter published in English. <strong>the</strong> translator represents Bjiirk as writing that Springer<br />
was a m;in "devoid of talents."-A Shorr De.rrriptiolz of rhe Prorirrce of Neu,<br />
Srr.erleit, hy l'homas Cnmpanius Holm. translated by Peter S. Du P<strong>on</strong>ceau, 76 ff;<br />
copiccl hy J(.llu Curtis Clay. Anjrrrls of rhe Sumedes <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> Dclau*trre, 56.
CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 119<br />
I<br />
and marsh, <strong>the</strong>y were given <strong>the</strong> choice of paying quit-rent for<br />
<strong>the</strong> "overplus" or forfeiting it. This was a ready made opportunity<br />
for <strong>the</strong> schemers, who egged <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> old inhabitants to defy<br />
<strong>the</strong> collector so that when <strong>the</strong> "overplus" was declared vacant <strong>the</strong>y<br />
could sign up to pay <strong>the</strong> quit-rent and get patents for improved<br />
land with valuable woodland and hay marsh."<br />
In 1687, <strong>the</strong> Provincial Court, in <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong> proprietor,<br />
ordered <strong>the</strong> sheriffs of <strong>the</strong> Province and Territories "to seize into<br />
<strong>the</strong> Proprietary's hand all <strong>the</strong> Lands & Tenemts with <strong>the</strong>ir appurtenances"<br />
of those refusing to pay quit-rents l<strong>on</strong>g in arrear~.?~<br />
Whe<strong>the</strong>r or not <strong>the</strong> orders were carried OLI~ or attempted to be<br />
carried out against owners whose <strong>on</strong>ly debt was quit-rent is not of<br />
record. Rut tlie threat and attempts of newcomers to use it to<br />
get c<strong>on</strong>trol of vali~able property illegally or make trouble am<strong>on</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> quiet, h<strong>on</strong>est, older settlers must have given Charles Springer<br />
much practice in preventing mischief and securing justice, which<br />
Bjork's testim<strong>on</strong>y tells that he did.<br />
Trouble under <strong>the</strong> land system c<strong>on</strong>tinued for many years. Not<br />
all injustice could be prevented or cured; insecurity under changes<br />
in provisi<strong>on</strong>s and operati<strong>on</strong>, and under changing enforcement<br />
officers would be hard to endure, and tlie cheating of landgrabbers<br />
aided by <strong>the</strong> obstinacy of h<strong>on</strong>est Swedes made for <strong>the</strong><br />
exasperati<strong>on</strong> of some of Penn's officers. Qu~t-rents remained low.<br />
Even <strong>the</strong> increase about 1700 <strong>on</strong> new grants to a penny sterling<br />
per acre was not a burden, time being given for <strong>the</strong> land to produce<br />
before <strong>the</strong> rent was demanded. Quit-rents for those who<br />
had patents before <strong>the</strong> raise c<strong>on</strong>tinued at <strong>the</strong> old rate of <strong>on</strong>e bushel<br />
of wheat per hundred acres per year."' Twenty-two years later,<br />
officers for <strong>the</strong> Penn's appointed to investigate petiti<strong>on</strong>s, complaints,<br />
and dissatisfacti<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> Swedes (mostly of <strong>the</strong><br />
Wicaco c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>) : Richard Hill, Isaac Norris, and James<br />
Logan, stated that <strong>the</strong>se were caused "by o<strong>the</strong>rs more nearly related<br />
to Great Britain (presumabily Irish and Scots) ~ ~ may h o<br />
27 Comment hy Anclreas Rudman. origin.11 manu\cripts. archivcs of Gloria<br />
Dei church. translated for use here by Mrs. Courtland B. Springer. The lanrl<br />
questi<strong>on</strong> as Acrrlius Iearnccl it from old inhabitants and from <strong>the</strong> Rudman papers<br />
is rlescribrd in his History of Neu- Sueedew, 155 ff.<br />
28 Pe~~s.rylr~a~ria Arrhir*er, 1st ser., 1, 98. Refusal to pay or evasi<strong>on</strong> of quit<br />
rents was so general am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> English and <strong>the</strong> land management under Penn so<br />
1.1rking in system that <strong>the</strong> proprietor and his heirs could collect <strong>on</strong>ly a fracti<strong>on</strong><br />
of what was due.<br />
29 Logan Papers ( Historiral Soi.icty of Pennsylvania), Quit Rents, Threc.<br />
1.owc.r Ct~unticc. 1701-171 3.
120 CHARLES SPRINGER 1658- 1738<br />
justly be accounted <strong>the</strong> truly Deszgning Men to whom our divi-<br />
si<strong>on</strong>s, whenever <strong>the</strong>y arise will be owing . . . Swedes am<strong>on</strong>g us, we<br />
are sure have never been injured by <strong>the</strong> Proprietor or any under<br />
Him; tho' <strong>the</strong>y are very I11 used by those who from time to time<br />
court <strong>the</strong>ir hands and names to carry <strong>on</strong> Designs.">'<br />
An instance was <strong>the</strong> occasi<strong>on</strong> for Charles Springer's letter in<br />
which he told of transferring <strong>the</strong> rights in his land originally in-<br />
tended for <strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong>s who died, to Daniel Barker. As reported in<br />
<strong>the</strong> minutes of <strong>the</strong> Commissi<strong>on</strong>ers of Property at a meeting at-<br />
tended by Thomas and John Penn as Proprietaries, February 25,<br />
1735, <strong>the</strong> letter from Charles Springer was read, reporting that<br />
<strong>on</strong>e James Phillips having obtained from <strong>the</strong> Secretary a warrant<br />
for <strong>the</strong> same land was threatening Daniel Barker not <strong>on</strong>ly by<br />
surveying <strong>the</strong> land away from him but by suing him for cutting<br />
timber <strong>on</strong> it. "The Proprietaries were pleased to order that as<br />
<strong>the</strong> warr't (for survey) to J. Philips was irregularly obtained, he<br />
knowing of <strong>the</strong> settlem't and Imp't of Barker, it be declared<br />
void.""<br />
So<strong>on</strong> after his naturalizati<strong>on</strong> in 1701, Charles Springer's ac-<br />
tivities in <strong>the</strong> cause of justice am<strong>on</strong>g Swedes and Finns and o<strong>the</strong>rs<br />
in <strong>the</strong> jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> New Castle Courts were recognized by<br />
his appointment as <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> justices of <strong>the</strong> New Castle County<br />
Courts. His name appears in <strong>the</strong> May Term, 1703. Whe<strong>the</strong>r this<br />
was his first term cannot be known; records of 1701 and 1702<br />
are lost and nei<strong>the</strong>r minutes nor dockets for <strong>the</strong> several courts<br />
are complete for any of <strong>the</strong> remaining years of Charles Springer's<br />
lifetime. But am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> surviving loose pages and secti<strong>on</strong>s and<br />
several bound volumes of <strong>the</strong> period his name appears as a jus-<br />
tice in many years.32 Deeds, orders, declarati<strong>on</strong>s and o<strong>the</strong>r papers<br />
signed by Charles Springer as <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> justices of <strong>the</strong> New Castle<br />
County courts fill enough pages to warrant <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>clusi<strong>on</strong> that he<br />
c<strong>on</strong>tinued in <strong>the</strong> office from May 1703 to May 1738, <strong>the</strong> year of<br />
his death.33<br />
92.<br />
30 Penu~yltfania Avchii,er, 1st ser., 1, 172-77. James Steed's Letter Books. 11.<br />
31 Ibid., 3rd ser., I, 54.<br />
32 State Archives. Dover. Charles Springer's name appears am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> justice\<br />
in court sessi<strong>on</strong>s: 1703, 1706, 1712-17, 1718-22, 1726-29. 1734-35. Only a few of<br />
<strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong>s survive. Three are in Deeds, Book H, 71,202, 240.<br />
33 O<strong>the</strong>r references to Charles Springer as a justice of <strong>the</strong> courts account fol<br />
<strong>the</strong> years 1709-10 (Deeds. Book H, 122); 1731 (Executors account in Orphan\<br />
Court at Near Castle, New Jersey Architler, 1st ser.. XXX. Abstracts of Wills, 11.<br />
91); 1736 (Deeds, Book K. 447); 1737 (L-1. 161); 1738 (m-1. 18).<br />
CHARLES SPRINGER 1658-1738 121<br />
In <strong>the</strong> courts of Comm<strong>on</strong> Pleas, of Quarter Sessi<strong>on</strong>s, Orphans<br />
Court, and by appointment of <strong>the</strong> governor, <strong>the</strong> Court of Oyer and<br />
Terminer for <strong>the</strong> trial of high crimes,'' a man of Charles Springer's<br />
traits and abilities would have become thoroughly informed c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
cerning <strong>the</strong> government and life of <strong>the</strong> people. For during his<br />
thirty-five years of serving am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong> justices, <strong>the</strong> county courts<br />
were charged with many administratives duties. They saw to <strong>the</strong><br />
executi<strong>on</strong> of laws affecting <strong>the</strong> county, fixed <strong>the</strong> county rates, and<br />
directed <strong>the</strong> assessment and collecti<strong>on</strong> of taxes, ordered all pub-<br />
lic improvements such as roads, bridges, dykes and causeways;<br />
made nominati<strong>on</strong> of some county officials and performed o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
government services outside <strong>the</strong>ir judicial functi<strong>on</strong>s."<br />
An example of <strong>the</strong> papers signed by Charles Springer as <strong>on</strong>e<br />
of <strong>the</strong> justices of <strong>the</strong> New Castle Courts is a "memorial" to Gov-<br />
ernor Patrick Gord<strong>on</strong> at Philadelphia, November 22, 1728, stating<br />
in part:<br />
It has always been <strong>the</strong> sentiments of <strong>the</strong> People of this Government<br />
that <strong>the</strong>ir Records as well as <strong>the</strong>ir Officers ought to be, live & reside<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>mselves, 6: Within <strong>the</strong> counties; and that no p's<strong>on</strong> except<br />
<strong>the</strong> Proprietr 6: Govr ought to have Com'and or keeping of any of<br />
our Deeds, Records, Writts, ctc. unless such pers<strong>on</strong> live and reside<br />
am<strong>on</strong>g us and in <strong>the</strong> County to which such Records do bel<strong>on</strong>g.36<br />
The practice of appointing Pennsylvanians to hold County<br />
offices in <strong>Delaware</strong> and enjoy <strong>the</strong> perquisites caused endless trouble<br />
and expense to local courts and people by <strong>the</strong> keeping of <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
records outside <strong>the</strong> jurisdicti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> courts.<br />
Am<strong>on</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>r papers signed by Charles Springer as a justice<br />
of <strong>the</strong> courts is <strong>the</strong> proclamati<strong>on</strong> of allegiance and fealty to King<br />
George I1 up<strong>on</strong> his accessi<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> thr<strong>on</strong>e, drawn up at New<br />
Castle, September 4, 1727.?'<br />
34 Got,er.nor.'s Register, 10-1 1.<br />
35 Reed, ed., A Hi.rtory of <strong>the</strong> Fiv.rt State, 274-75. In Springer's time <strong>the</strong><br />
duties later assigned to <strong>the</strong> Levy Court, were performed by <strong>the</strong> justices <strong>on</strong>ly.<br />
36 Perzn.rylr~ania Ar.chir,e.r, 1st ser., I, 234-35.<br />
37 Ibid., 204.
Springer's Service to<br />
Chzlrch and People<br />
J UDGING from <strong>the</strong> records in <strong>the</strong> Church Books civic duties<br />
did not lessen Charles Springer's attenti<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> needs of<br />
church and c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>. In October 1699, Erik Bjork prepared<br />
an account of <strong>the</strong> achievements and progress in his parish since<br />
his arrival. For <strong>the</strong> sake of posterity he wanted to append to it<br />
<strong>the</strong> names of <strong>the</strong> men "under whose churchwardenship all this<br />
(building <strong>the</strong> new church with all that it involved) had been<br />
d<strong>on</strong>e and happily brought to a c<strong>on</strong>summati<strong>on</strong> with me in behalf<br />
of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>." These churchwardens, Charles Springer,<br />
Brewer Sinnexen, William Slubey, Jacob Van de Ver, and John<br />
Stalcop resigned in modesty ra<strong>the</strong>r than have <strong>the</strong>ir names affixed,<br />
as acting churchwardens, to praise of <strong>the</strong>mselves.<br />
Bjork writes of choosing of new wardens at <strong>the</strong> following<br />
meeting of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> :<br />
They all stuck to Charles Springer for <strong>on</strong>e <strong>on</strong> this side, as <strong>the</strong>y could<br />
not get al<strong>on</strong>g without his assistance in <strong>the</strong> Church and wished that he<br />
remain in office so l<strong>on</strong>g as God should spare him or at least as l<strong>on</strong>g as<br />
he was able to attend to <strong>the</strong> work.<br />
Charles Springer did not serve as warden after Bjork's time,<br />
however. Up<strong>on</strong> coming into <strong>the</strong> pastorate in 1713, Magister<br />
Andreas Hesselius, his successor, persuaded <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> to<br />
elect a church council or vestry to assume most of <strong>the</strong> work of<br />
<strong>the</strong> church. To this council <strong>the</strong>y elected Charles Springer as <strong>the</strong><br />
first <strong>on</strong>e named and from that time <strong>the</strong> wardens were chosen<br />
outside <strong>the</strong> council.'<br />
1. Holy Trinity Records, 67-68, 122, 194-97.<br />
Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church<br />
With South Portico Added 1762.<br />
Israel Acrelius, pastor of <strong>the</strong> Church, 1748-1756, wrote in his History<br />
of New Suleden, 1759, that <strong>the</strong> north wall had been streng<strong>the</strong>ned in<br />
1740; that by 1751 <strong>the</strong> south wall also was bending outward under <strong>the</strong><br />
weight of <strong>the</strong> roof, but <strong>the</strong> people could not decide up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> best means<br />
to support it. Benjamin Ferris in his Se///ejizejz/s, 1846, wrote that <strong>the</strong><br />
south portieo was built in 1762 and that <strong>the</strong> date and <strong>the</strong> name of <strong>the</strong><br />
builder, Cornelius Haines, werc still plainly visible <strong>on</strong> a corner st<strong>on</strong>e.
As during <strong>the</strong> pastorate of Erik Bjork <strong>the</strong> services of Charles<br />
Springer were appreciatively recorded in <strong>the</strong> Church Rook, so in<br />
<strong>the</strong> new book begun by Andreas Hesselius in January 1713,<br />
Springer's many activities for <strong>the</strong> wellbeing of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>,<br />
church, and <strong>the</strong> new pastor are written down with obvious care.<br />
For although Hesselius through his own recording proves himself<br />
of a more reserved temperament than Bjork and less cordial in<br />
his dealing with his parishi<strong>on</strong>ers and church affairs, he had a high<br />
c<strong>on</strong>cepti<strong>on</strong> of his duties and a sense of orderly procedure in both<br />
<strong>the</strong> spiritual and <strong>the</strong> business aspects of his pastorate, shown par-<br />
ticularly in his associati<strong>on</strong> with <strong>the</strong> church council he created.<br />
In his exhortati<strong>on</strong>s before council and <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> An-<br />
dreas Hesselius who wrote <strong>the</strong>m down in <strong>the</strong> Church Book, gives<br />
today's reader glimpses of <strong>the</strong> stage of local culture am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong><br />
church people. Bjork presumably trained <strong>the</strong> youths not to come<br />
into <strong>the</strong> presence of <strong>the</strong>ir pastor with hats <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir heads and<br />
pipes in <strong>the</strong>ir mouths. Hesselius had o<strong>the</strong>r cauti<strong>on</strong>s for young and<br />
old. Am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>the</strong>se <strong>the</strong>y must take care:<br />
To have <strong>the</strong> music of <strong>the</strong> church performed in proper, decent and<br />
devout manner and that all who have received God's gift to be cap-<br />
able of singing with a pleasing voice, and with psalms to praise <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
God, ought by no means to neglect <strong>the</strong>m and stand silent when <strong>on</strong>e<br />
should lift his voice to God's glory.<br />
Also those who have not received <strong>the</strong> gift or have not yet learned to<br />
sing should by no means by <strong>the</strong>ir harsh and untrained voices make<br />
discord and be a hinderance to o<strong>the</strong>rs, but ei<strong>the</strong>r hear in silence or by<br />
low after-singing accustoln <strong>the</strong>mselves to <strong>the</strong> melodies and learn <strong>the</strong>m<br />
better.<br />
Rut pastor Andreas Hesselius was not establishing himself in<br />
<strong>the</strong> affecti<strong>on</strong>s of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> when he made early complaints<br />
to Bishop Swedberg in Sweden about <strong>the</strong> affairs in his new parish.<br />
The bishop wrote a revealing letter to <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>, dated<br />
November 24, 1714, in which he said:<br />
I hope <strong>the</strong> church will be <strong>on</strong> good terms with <strong>the</strong>ir teacher, Mr.<br />
Andreas Hessellius who is a learned man and blessed by God with<br />
excellent gifts and capacity for preaching His word, and that <strong>the</strong><br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> will so treat him that he will have no cause to write<br />
home again of his disc<strong>on</strong>tent.<br />
I hope that in time he will be as pleased as his predecessors, Messrs<br />
Biork and Rudman, who never complained.<br />
Whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> complaints of Hesselius included his attitudc<br />
toward Charles Springer at this early day in his pastorate is not 1<br />
I I<br />
SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE 12 5<br />
shown in available records, but his bro<strong>the</strong>r, Samuel Hesselius who<br />
succeeded him in 1723, said publicly in defense of himself at<br />
<strong>the</strong> end of his own term as pastor, that his bro<strong>the</strong>r Andreas had<br />
been much afflicted by Charles Springer and suffered great in-<br />
juries because of him.*<br />
After Erik Bjork any minister from Sweden unless an unusually<br />
wise and perceptive pers<strong>on</strong> would be at a disadvantage with <strong>the</strong><br />
Christina c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>. Charles Springer would also be at a dis-<br />
advantage in helping a pastor who saw in him a rival in <strong>the</strong> de-<br />
pendence and trust of <strong>the</strong> parishi<strong>on</strong>ers. Unc<strong>on</strong>sciously Charles<br />
Springer in his c<strong>on</strong>fident positi<strong>on</strong> of leadership through many<br />
years could have riled <strong>the</strong> pastor and could have been angered<br />
himself by <strong>the</strong> pastor's failure to realize that <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong><br />
must be led and not driven to accept <strong>the</strong> standards that were law<br />
to <strong>the</strong> learned man who had come to <strong>the</strong>m. Specific incidents of<br />
<strong>the</strong> trouble do not appear in <strong>the</strong> time of Andreas Hesselius.<br />
Pledges of c<strong>on</strong>tributi<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> minister's salary were late in pay-<br />
ment each year by some of <strong>the</strong> people and Charles Springer as<br />
usual made <strong>the</strong> collecti<strong>on</strong>s so far as <strong>the</strong> individuals were able to<br />
make good, and in 1717 secured pledges for an increase of <strong>the</strong><br />
pastor's salary.<br />
Meanwhile Charles Springer's name appears <strong>on</strong> many pages of<br />
<strong>the</strong> church records as attending to essential business <strong>on</strong> behalf of<br />
<strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>: securing and recording at court a deed from<br />
<strong>the</strong> s<strong>on</strong>s of John Stalcop for land of <strong>the</strong> church site and <strong>the</strong> ad-<br />
diti<strong>on</strong>al few acres of ground adjoining it that had been agreed to<br />
verbally by <strong>the</strong>ir fa<strong>the</strong>r and mo<strong>the</strong>r; finishing at last <strong>the</strong> en-<br />
closure of <strong>the</strong> churchyard by a suitable fence having gates with<br />
locks; taking <strong>the</strong> lead in fulfilling <strong>the</strong> obligati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Christina<br />
church to help <strong>the</strong> members <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> east side of <strong>the</strong> river when<br />
<strong>the</strong>y were authorized by Bishop Swedberg to build <strong>the</strong>ir own<br />
~hurch.~<br />
Whatever <strong>the</strong> disagreements between <strong>the</strong> pastor and his lead-<br />
ing parish<strong>on</strong>er a great deal of improvement was made at <strong>the</strong><br />
pars<strong>on</strong>age and <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> glebe land during <strong>the</strong> term of Andreas<br />
Hesselius. A good well was dug, walled with st<strong>on</strong>e, roofed and<br />
provided with a windlass; a frame kitchen was added to <strong>the</strong> par-<br />
s<strong>on</strong>age, an orchard planted <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> glebe by <strong>the</strong> freewill gifts of
126<br />
SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE<br />
several members; a tenant house and barn were built; and finally<br />
<strong>the</strong> pars<strong>on</strong>age was repaired with clapboarding, a new porch built<br />
and <strong>the</strong> cellar fl~ored.~ Am<strong>on</strong>g those who "labored" <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> pars<strong>on</strong>age<br />
work was Charles Springer. Charles Springer agreed to<br />
having his name appended am<strong>on</strong>g o<strong>the</strong>rs to a glowing tribute to<br />
Andreas Hesselius up<strong>on</strong> his leaving, written by <strong>the</strong> pastor of<br />
Wicaco, Magister J<strong>on</strong>as Lidman, for endorsement by representatives<br />
of <strong>the</strong> several c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s. From <strong>the</strong> English clergymen<br />
<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> a fine letter of tribute was received by Hesselius,<br />
for he had served <strong>the</strong>ir churches in time of need by preaching in<br />
English in which he seems to have been proficient.<br />
During <strong>the</strong> term of Samuel Hesselius who succeeded his<br />
bro<strong>the</strong>r in October 1723,> relati<strong>on</strong>s between Charls Springer (al<strong>on</strong>g<br />
with many members of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>) and <strong>the</strong> pastor came<br />
to an open breach. Hesselius was permitted by his commissi<strong>on</strong><br />
from Bishop Swedberg (as his bro<strong>the</strong>r had been) to supply English<br />
(Episcopal) churches that were without pastors, and it seems<br />
that he was in demand most Sundays at Chester, Marcus <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g>,<br />
C<strong>on</strong>cord, or Nor<strong>the</strong>ast. Usually he preached a morning serm<strong>on</strong><br />
at Christina and left afterward to ride to <strong>on</strong>e of his English<br />
churches. The Christina church had been used to two serm<strong>on</strong>s<br />
<strong>on</strong> Sunday during part of each year, but when <strong>the</strong> clamor over his<br />
"neglect" became disturbing Hesselius refused to hold any service<br />
at Christina for six weeks, "as a just censure." he said, up<strong>on</strong> unruly<br />
spirits. Under <strong>the</strong>se circumstances it is not surprising that<br />
some of <strong>the</strong> parishi<strong>on</strong>ers did not feel called lip<strong>on</strong> to pay <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
pledges to his salary (not that a part of <strong>the</strong>m wouldn't have been<br />
late in <strong>the</strong>ir payments under <strong>the</strong> best pastoral service). Hesselius<br />
must have appealed to Charles Springer. because he reported<br />
publicly later:<br />
Mr. Springer has indeed power and authority to make <strong>the</strong>in pay me<br />
Iny dues according to <strong>the</strong> obligati<strong>on</strong>s <strong>the</strong>y gave, but he a,ould not do<br />
anything in such a religious matter, pretending it was against his<br />
c<strong>on</strong>science to give judgment against <strong>the</strong>m to pay my dues, because of<br />
<strong>the</strong> neglect he said I was guilty of.6<br />
That <strong>the</strong> root of Charles Springer's lack of accord with <strong>the</strong><br />
pastor was deep can be sensed in o<strong>the</strong>r charges Hesseliiis made<br />
4 Ihid., 21 1-15, 226, 230-32, 234, 245. 273-74, 258. 263, 285. 273<br />
5 Ihid., 274-78.<br />
6 Ihid., $20, 319.<br />
SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE 127<br />
against him: that Springer had called <strong>the</strong> pastor a coveteous man<br />
to his face, accused him of committing sacrilege, and told him he<br />
was not fit to go up to a pulpit.<br />
A fur<strong>the</strong>r incitement to dissatisfacti<strong>on</strong> and even bitterness was<br />
<strong>the</strong> refusal of Hesselius to administer communi<strong>on</strong> to two very<br />
ill members of <strong>the</strong> church because when he answered <strong>the</strong> calls<br />
<strong>the</strong>ir c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>, in his opini<strong>on</strong>, made <strong>the</strong>m mentally incapable of<br />
receiving <strong>the</strong> service. This decisi<strong>on</strong> a pastor had a right to make<br />
according to his c<strong>on</strong>science, it was said later in his defense, when<br />
this refusal to give <strong>the</strong> sacrament to <strong>the</strong> dying was charged<br />
against him.'<br />
In <strong>the</strong> climate thus created Charles Springer would not need<br />
to stir up <strong>the</strong> people against <strong>the</strong> preacher, which Hesselius charged<br />
he did. As could be expected, irresp<strong>on</strong>sible members of <strong>the</strong><br />
church were ready Jo believe of <strong>the</strong> pastor things of which he was<br />
guiltless. One or more of <strong>the</strong>m wrote to Bishop Swedberg, as<br />
from <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>, including, unfortunately, false charges as<br />
well as <strong>the</strong>ir real grievance^.^ When Hesselius received a sharp<br />
letter from Bishop Swedberg based <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> charges, which meant<br />
that if guilty he would lose his commissi<strong>on</strong> and his preferment in<br />
Sweden, he "took <strong>the</strong> prudent course," as he wrote down of him-<br />
self in <strong>the</strong> Church Rook, of translating <strong>the</strong> bishop's letter into<br />
English and sending it to <strong>the</strong> governor at Philadelphia with a<br />
petiti<strong>on</strong> that <strong>the</strong> governor order Charles Springer to appear before<br />
him for a hearing or "appoint Mr. Gord<strong>on</strong> and Mr. French to<br />
hear our differences." To <strong>the</strong> bishop's letter and his petiti<strong>on</strong> Hes-<br />
selius attached a detailed vindicati<strong>on</strong> of himself blaming <strong>the</strong><br />
false charges up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> malicious enmity of Charles Springer."<br />
Governor Patrick Gord<strong>on</strong>'s commissi<strong>on</strong>ers, Robert Gord<strong>on</strong>,<br />
David French, and William Read, former justices of <strong>the</strong> New<br />
Castle Courts and now holding county offices as Register of Wills,<br />
7 Ibid.. 316-323.<br />
8 One false charge was that Hesselius sold some \voodland bel<strong>on</strong>ging to <strong>the</strong><br />
church and used <strong>the</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ey for himself. The truth was that <strong>the</strong> church council,<br />
wardens and minister toge<strong>the</strong>r decided to sell <strong>the</strong> plot. With <strong>the</strong> 140 received<br />
<strong>the</strong> wardens bought a negrrss to serve <strong>the</strong> pastor's household.<br />
A similar th:lrgc \\'as that he used for himself <strong>the</strong> 115 received from Edward<br />
Robins<strong>on</strong> as a release from <strong>the</strong> church of its claim up<strong>on</strong> farm-land bequea<strong>the</strong>d to it<br />
hy Aar<strong>on</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong>. Here again <strong>the</strong> decisi<strong>on</strong> was his <strong>on</strong>ly in associati<strong>on</strong> with<br />
(hurch officers and <strong>the</strong> m<strong>on</strong>ey was deposited by <strong>the</strong> wardens in <strong>the</strong> church funds -<br />
Iioly Tvinify Recovd.r, 384-85; 324 (Articles 4th and 5th).<br />
9 /hid., 31 3-1 5.
128 SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE<br />
Clerk of <strong>the</strong> Peace and Clerk of <strong>the</strong> Orphans Court,lo began <strong>the</strong><br />
hearing at Brandywine Ferry,'' September 1, 1729. There Hes-<br />
selius presented ano<strong>the</strong>r l<strong>on</strong>g vindicati<strong>on</strong> of himself (later written<br />
down in <strong>the</strong> Church Book with o<strong>the</strong>r papers in <strong>the</strong> case) which<br />
was also a detailed expositi<strong>on</strong> of his reas<strong>on</strong>s for naming Charles<br />
Springer as <strong>the</strong> source of all <strong>the</strong> trouble between him and his c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
gregati<strong>on</strong>, and as <strong>the</strong> author of <strong>the</strong> letter to <strong>the</strong> bishop.<br />
In <strong>the</strong>ir investigati<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong>ers cleared Hesselius<br />
of selling church lands for his own benefit, <strong>the</strong> chief false charge.<br />
They, as Englishmen, did not take it to be neglect in Mr. Hes-<br />
selius that he preached in English churches since by his commis-<br />
si<strong>on</strong> from his bishop he was permitted to do so. They thought<br />
it would be uncharitable to say he had neglected his care because<br />
he assisted those who had no teacher at <strong>the</strong> time. The commis-<br />
si<strong>on</strong>ers were h<strong>on</strong>est, however, and added in <strong>the</strong>ir report to <strong>the</strong><br />
governor, "but if this be neglect he is certainly guilty of it." They<br />
reported fur<strong>the</strong>r that this neglect, <strong>the</strong> too frequent absence of<br />
Mr. Hesselius, especially <strong>on</strong> Sundays, of which "Charles Springer<br />
and a great part of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>" complained to <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong>y<br />
took to be <strong>the</strong> foundati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> church differences.<br />
Ignoring <strong>the</strong> all too obvious desire of <strong>the</strong> minister to have<br />
Charles Springer c<strong>on</strong>demned by <strong>the</strong>m, <strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong>ers assured<br />
<strong>the</strong> governor of <strong>the</strong>ir c<strong>on</strong>victi<strong>on</strong> that Charles Springer was not <strong>the</strong><br />
author of false charges and that he had d<strong>on</strong>e his minister many<br />
good offices."<br />
Hesselius copied <strong>the</strong> report of <strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong>ers into <strong>the</strong><br />
Church Book, but his attitude toward Charles Springer was un-<br />
changed. Back in Sweden in <strong>the</strong> winter of 1731-32, in c<strong>on</strong>-<br />
ferences, with his bro<strong>the</strong>r Andreas and Erik Bjork, he c<strong>on</strong>vinced<br />
even Bjork of Springer's obstructive behavior. Worse, however,<br />
was <strong>the</strong> effect of Samuel's report that Edward Robins<strong>on</strong> had been<br />
released by payment of f 15 to <strong>the</strong> church wardens from his ob-<br />
ligati<strong>on</strong> to turn over to <strong>the</strong> church a plantati<strong>on</strong> that had been<br />
11 The ferry crossed between <strong>the</strong> south shore of <strong>the</strong> stream and Vandever's<br />
Island, <strong>the</strong> Timber Island of Rising's time) near <strong>the</strong> present Church Strcet Bridgc<br />
(Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>). Meetings were held at <strong>the</strong> inn of William Vilndever. After his<br />
death in 1718, it \\.as c<strong>on</strong>ducted by Samuel Kirk who married Vanclever's wide\\-.<br />
Alice, New Castle County Wills, Book C-I, 236-38; I:crris. 187; Ilnly T,-;III/I<br />
Recol-d.r, 258 (where <strong>the</strong> name Kirk is mi\-printell).<br />
I? Ibid., 316-321, 325.<br />
SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE 129<br />
left to it by <strong>the</strong> will of Arent Jansen Vandenburg, known gen-<br />
erally as Aar<strong>on</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong>.<br />
Johns<strong>on</strong>, who owned a plantati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Bread and Cheese Island<br />
and some adjacent land, left his estate, real and pers<strong>on</strong>al, to his<br />
wife by his will of 1694. By a codicil of 1701 he c<strong>on</strong>firmed her<br />
right to it but bequea<strong>the</strong>d what should be left after her death real<br />
and pers<strong>on</strong>al, to <strong>the</strong> Swedes Church at Christina, <strong>the</strong> minister and<br />
churchwardens successively to have charge and management of it<br />
for <strong>the</strong> benefit of <strong>the</strong> church. Charles Springer and Lucas Stid-<br />
ham were witnesses.13 Aar<strong>on</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong> died in 1707, but his widow<br />
who came into legal possessi<strong>on</strong> lived until 1719. Before her death<br />
it had been learned by <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> that Edward Robins<strong>on</strong>,<br />
<strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> appointed trustees of <strong>the</strong> widow's estate, had persuaded<br />
her to deed <strong>the</strong> plantati<strong>on</strong> to him. The pastor, Andreas Hesselius<br />
and deputies of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> visited <strong>the</strong> widow and Edward<br />
Robins<strong>on</strong> to hear what both had to say of this attempt to divert<br />
<strong>the</strong> estate from <strong>the</strong> church.<br />
Though Edward Robins<strong>on</strong> would admit no resp<strong>on</strong>sibility to<br />
<strong>the</strong> church he finally agreed to act so that <strong>the</strong> church should in<br />
time be satisfied. However, in <strong>the</strong> discourse he stated that nei<strong>the</strong>r<br />
Aar<strong>on</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong> nor any<strong>on</strong>e else could under English law will any<br />
land to a church. By this he made it clear that he intended to<br />
keep <strong>the</strong> land if he could, whatever he might do about sharing <strong>the</strong><br />
revenue from it with <strong>the</strong> church. At that time church bodies or<br />
c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>s, not being incorporated, could not become possesed<br />
in fee of real property devised to <strong>the</strong>m by will. If Aar<strong>on</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong><br />
had had children or o<strong>the</strong>r kin, <strong>the</strong> property would have descended<br />
to <strong>the</strong>m unaffected by <strong>the</strong> bequest to <strong>the</strong> church. It was up<strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
lack of such heirs and <strong>the</strong>refore of any pressing claim for settling<br />
<strong>the</strong> estate that Edward Robins<strong>on</strong> had tenure for <strong>the</strong> time being<br />
13 Wills, Book B-1, 131-33. A copy is printed in Holy Trirriry Recoi.d.i,<br />
202-03, <strong>the</strong> probate date \\,as Aug. 5, 1707. The codicil made clear that <strong>the</strong><br />
testator wanted some part of his estate to beneht Erik Bjiirk pers<strong>on</strong>ally for good<br />
services d<strong>on</strong>e to him and his wife. By an indenture of June 21. 1712, recorded<br />
in 1714, <strong>the</strong> \\,iJow scllcl a tract of 110 acres her husband had bought from Thomas<br />
Lloyd in 1685 (Deeds. Book S-I. 295 ff.), to give Bjiirk <strong>the</strong> proceeds. Delautare<br />
Ili~tol-J, V. 279n.
130 SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE<br />
and <strong>the</strong> church any hope of benefit from <strong>the</strong> revenue <strong>the</strong> land<br />
produced.14<br />
After <strong>the</strong> widow's death, Robins<strong>on</strong> again refused to give any<br />
informati<strong>on</strong> to minister and wardens c<strong>on</strong>cerning his management<br />
of <strong>the</strong> plantati<strong>on</strong> or to give <strong>the</strong> church any share of <strong>the</strong> revenue<br />
from it. Andreas Hesselius <strong>the</strong>n petiti<strong>on</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> governor to appoint<br />
commissi<strong>on</strong>ers to settle <strong>the</strong> case of <strong>the</strong> church against Edward<br />
Robins<strong>on</strong>. Col<strong>on</strong>el John French, New Castle County member of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Supreme Court of <strong>the</strong> counties15 headed <strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong> which<br />
met with <strong>the</strong> pastor, Charles Springer, and Edward Robins<strong>on</strong>.<br />
The commissi<strong>on</strong>ers heard <strong>the</strong> charges <strong>on</strong> both sides after which<br />
Col<strong>on</strong>el French asked for and was given all <strong>the</strong> papers in <strong>the</strong><br />
case, promising to return <strong>the</strong>m when <strong>the</strong> governor had made his<br />
decisi<strong>on</strong>. Andreas Hesselius closed his account of <strong>the</strong> hearing in<br />
<strong>the</strong> Church Book by writing, "But <strong>the</strong> just God <strong>on</strong>ly knows if any-<br />
thing will be d<strong>on</strong>e in this case. or any writing or documents<br />
returned.""<br />
Nothing could be expected of <strong>the</strong> commissi<strong>on</strong> immediately,<br />
nor of Edward Robins<strong>on</strong> meanwhile. The case was not followed<br />
up after Samuel Hesselius became pastor, but it was at some<br />
time between 1725 and 1728 that what Bjork later called <strong>the</strong> petty<br />
sum of &15 was paid by Edward Robins<strong>on</strong> in lieu of fur<strong>the</strong>r<br />
claims of <strong>the</strong> church.''<br />
The date of <strong>the</strong> release does not appear, but as Charles<br />
Springer's s<strong>on</strong> Charles, Jr. had married Margareta Robins<strong>on</strong>,<br />
daughter of Edward before April 28, 1723, and Charles Springer's<br />
daughter Magdalene had married Edward Robins<strong>on</strong>'s s<strong>on</strong> Jesper<br />
in 1725, this close associati<strong>on</strong> between <strong>the</strong> two families strength-<br />
ened Erik Bjork's belief that Springer had turned soft toward<br />
14 Holy Trinity l7rcord.r. 253. 205-06. William Houst<strong>on</strong> of Ncu Castle.<br />
merchant, by his will, Miscellaneous Book-I. 178-79, probate Dcc. 11. 171 1. left<br />
most of his property to his bro<strong>the</strong>r and o<strong>the</strong>r kin. but made a bequest of 300 acres<br />
to John Wils<strong>on</strong>, minister of <strong>the</strong> New Castle Presbyterian Church and his successors<br />
forever. William's bro<strong>the</strong>r Anth<strong>on</strong>y as chief executor settled <strong>the</strong> estate according<br />
to law, ignoring <strong>the</strong> bequest to <strong>the</strong> church. The church tried over many years with-<br />
out success to secure a court order against <strong>the</strong> heirs.<br />
15 Richard S. Rodney, Early <strong>Delaware</strong> Judges, MS. in <strong>the</strong> possessi<strong>on</strong> of Judge<br />
Rodney.<br />
16 Holy Trinity Records, 267.<br />
17 Pastor Hesselius received a sharp letter from Erik Bjork, Mar. .39, 1729.<br />
based <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> charges written to Sweden and <strong>on</strong> June 11, a severe letter from<br />
Bishop Swedberp. Unfortunately <strong>the</strong> bishop sent <strong>the</strong> letter "open" to Charles<br />
Springer instead of direct to Hesselius, which gave <strong>the</strong> pastor adilecl reas<strong>on</strong> to<br />
accuse Springer of defaming him. Holy Triuity Rero~dr, 31 1-12.<br />
SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE 131<br />
<strong>the</strong> malefacti<strong>on</strong> of Edward Robins<strong>on</strong> or he would have prevented<br />
<strong>the</strong> release of <strong>the</strong> church claim against him. Bjork wrote, in<br />
English, an eloquent letter to Governor Gord<strong>on</strong>, in which he was<br />
joined by Andreas Hesselius, under date of December 10, 1731,<br />
giving a record of <strong>the</strong> transacti<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>cerning <strong>the</strong> right of <strong>the</strong><br />
church to <strong>the</strong> bequest of Aar<strong>on</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong> and pointing up <strong>the</strong><br />
baseness of Robins<strong>on</strong>'s violati<strong>on</strong> of his trusteeship.<br />
By <strong>the</strong> strictures in this letter Bjork indicates that he had<br />
accepted <strong>the</strong> account of Samuel Hesselius regarding Charles<br />
Springer's obstructive behavior, but he does not absolve that<br />
minister from blame for joining with <strong>the</strong> vestry in releasing Ed-<br />
ward Robins<strong>on</strong>. The letter shows Bjork's firm belief that it was<br />
legally possible for <strong>the</strong> church to receive <strong>the</strong> revenue from <strong>the</strong><br />
Johns<strong>on</strong> plantati<strong>on</strong> and seemingly <strong>the</strong> trusteeship if not <strong>the</strong> title<br />
to <strong>the</strong> land.18<br />
It is likely to have been Charles Springer, who succeeded in<br />
getting even as much as 215 out of <strong>the</strong> canny Edward Robins<strong>on</strong>,<br />
who intended to enjoy <strong>the</strong> profits of <strong>the</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong> land as l<strong>on</strong>g<br />
as he could. Springer would know <strong>the</strong> reas<strong>on</strong>s that prevented so<br />
many eminent justices from declaring <strong>the</strong> law at <strong>on</strong>ce and for-<br />
feiting <strong>the</strong> estate to <strong>the</strong> proprietaries. There may have been reluc-<br />
tance to offend so many good Lu<strong>the</strong>ran citizens. Governmental<br />
or political expediency may have dictated avoidance of trouble<br />
that could be used maliciously by opp<strong>on</strong>ents of <strong>the</strong> proprietary<br />
1 regime.<br />
!<br />
In <strong>the</strong> end <strong>the</strong> land was forfeited to <strong>the</strong> proprietaries, under<br />
, what circumstance has not been discovered. Throughout <strong>the</strong><br />
i c<strong>on</strong>troversy, and while Charles -Springer endured <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>demna-<br />
; ti<strong>on</strong> of his faithfully served friend, Erik' Bjork, which must have<br />
cut deep, no words of Charles Springer are set down in <strong>the</strong> sur-<br />
viving records. He is represented <strong>on</strong>ly by opini<strong>on</strong>s and motives<br />
attributed to him by o<strong>the</strong>rs. It was not until <strong>the</strong> pastorate of<br />
Erik Unander, 1756-59, that a charter of incorporati<strong>on</strong> was secured<br />
by act of Assembly for Holy Trinity Church, enabling <strong>the</strong> minister,<br />
19 In 1763 <strong>the</strong> minister Andrew Borell, <strong>the</strong> church wardens and vestrymen<br />
(bcing a corporate body since 1759) petiti<strong>on</strong>ed <strong>the</strong> proprietors, Thomas and<br />
Richard Penn, for a patent to <strong>the</strong> land of Aar<strong>on</strong> Johns<strong>on</strong>. "forfeited or escheated<br />
to your H<strong>on</strong>ors." but bequea<strong>the</strong>d by Johns<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong> church. Nothing came of this<br />
appeal which seems to have been <strong>the</strong> last effort made.-Holy Trinity Rerord.r,<br />
340-42. The land in questi<strong>on</strong>, 149 acres of original grants to Arent Johns<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong><br />
Hreacl and Cheese Island and Red Clay Point, excluded <strong>the</strong> tract he bought from<br />
l'lio~n;~\ Lloyd which his widow suld for <strong>the</strong> benefit of Pastor Bjiirk.
132 SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE<br />
vestry and wardens to become possessed in law of real property<br />
devised to <strong>the</strong> church. Governor Denny signed <strong>the</strong> charter October<br />
27, 1758.20<br />
Following <strong>the</strong> departure of Samuel Hesselius in <strong>the</strong> summer<br />
of 1731, <strong>the</strong> Reverend John Eneberg who had recently arrived at<br />
Philadelphia from Sweden came to Christina as pastor until a<br />
successor to Hesselius could be sent. Eneberg himself was commissi<strong>on</strong>ed<br />
regular pastor at Christina by King Frederick, July 4,<br />
1733. Charles Springer's cooperati<strong>on</strong> with <strong>the</strong> new pastor is<br />
evident in such records as Pastor Eneberg set down which are<br />
few and scattered in his time, except for vital statistics.<br />
In 1733 Charles Springer was elected a member for life of<br />
<strong>the</strong> Church Co~ncil.~' He had been reelected annually since <strong>the</strong><br />
council was formed. In 1736 <strong>the</strong> minister, John Eneberg, <strong>the</strong><br />
vestrymen, church wardens and o<strong>the</strong>rs of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>, appointed<br />
Charles Springer <strong>the</strong>ir trustee for leasing land bel<strong>on</strong>ging<br />
to <strong>the</strong> church to <strong>the</strong> benefit of <strong>the</strong> church and to pay <strong>the</strong> minister's<br />
salary. Associated with him for this purpose were two wardens<br />
elected annually. The formal document of <strong>the</strong> trusteeship was<br />
recorded in <strong>the</strong> county recorder's office from <strong>the</strong> original text in<br />
English in <strong>the</strong> Church<br />
Charles Springer died' May 26 (old style), 1738 and was<br />
buried <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> twenty-eighth; <strong>the</strong> item in <strong>the</strong> Church Rook cites<br />
that he was "80 years As told by his grands<strong>on</strong>, Joseph, in<br />
1830, he died suddenly in a boat <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> River, "probably<br />
of apoplexy." This would be <strong>on</strong> his return journey from<br />
20 An act of assembly of 1744 had c<strong>on</strong>firmed to Societies of Protestant<br />
churches title to land iri <strong>the</strong>ir peaceable possessi<strong>on</strong> for seven years and authorized<br />
such societies to acquire property for churches, schools, and burying grounds, but<br />
made no provisi<strong>on</strong> for incorporati<strong>on</strong> by which <strong>the</strong>y could receive bequests (Laws<br />
of <strong>the</strong> Government of New Castle, Kent and Susen up<strong>on</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>, Phila.. 1752.<br />
272; Del. Laws, I. Chap. 108). In 1787 a general law was passed authorizing<br />
religious bodies to incorporate by electi<strong>on</strong> of trustees and registrati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir names<br />
with <strong>the</strong> county recorder (Del. Laws. 11, Chap. 144).Betwcen 1744 and 1787<br />
individual churches, including Holy Trinity (1759) were incorporated by special<br />
act. Text of <strong>the</strong> 1759 charter, -Holy Trinity Records, 473-81.<br />
21 lbid., 351-52, 353-54.<br />
22 Electi<strong>on</strong> of Charles Springer as trustec with power of attorney by Pastor<br />
Eneberg, wardens, vestrymen and c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> is set down in English in <strong>the</strong> first<br />
book of original records of Holy Trinity church, as of I\jovcmber 18, 1736, pl?.<br />
105-107; and in <strong>the</strong> New Castle County Recorder's office in Book L-1 24, dntrcl<br />
January 24, 1736/7. The <strong>on</strong>ly entry in <strong>the</strong> Burr translati<strong>on</strong> of Holy Trinity<br />
Records (page 369) is copied from a crossed out secti<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> ori~in:~l Scio~l,l<br />
<str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> (page 243).<br />
23 lfoly 'I'ri~~iry Rerordr, 357.<br />
SERVICE TO CHURCH AND PEOPLE 133<br />
Gloucester County where he was present to testify <strong>on</strong> May 24, to<br />
<strong>the</strong> validity of a deed of sale witnessed by him fifty three years<br />
earlier.24<br />
The <strong>on</strong>ly menti<strong>on</strong> of his death in <strong>the</strong> church records o<strong>the</strong>r than<br />
<strong>the</strong> vital statistic c<strong>on</strong>cerns <strong>the</strong> choice of successors to his offices:<br />
A. D. 1738, June 1st. At a general meeting of <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong> be-<br />
l<strong>on</strong>ging to <strong>the</strong> Swedes church in Christina, <strong>the</strong>n by general choice,<br />
Lucas Stidhaln [who lived <strong>on</strong> his <str<strong>on</strong>g>Crane</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Hook</str<strong>on</strong>g> land) of <strong>the</strong> Hundred<br />
of New Castle, yeoman, was elected trustee for <strong>the</strong> leasing of church<br />
lands in <strong>the</strong> room of <strong>the</strong> late Charles Springer, Esq., deceased. At <strong>the</strong><br />
same time was chosen Charles Springer, s<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> said Charles<br />
Springer, Esq., deceased, <strong>on</strong>e of <strong>the</strong> vestry of <strong>the</strong> said church in <strong>the</strong><br />
room of <strong>the</strong> above menti<strong>on</strong>ed deceased gentleman.Z5<br />
It is unfortunate that <strong>the</strong> minutes of <strong>the</strong> church council or<br />
vestry were not preserved to tell in detail of Charles Springer's<br />
activity in <strong>the</strong> church work during his last years and that Pastor<br />
Eneberg did not record <strong>the</strong> service he must have c<strong>on</strong>ducted at <strong>the</strong><br />
burial of Charles Springer (whose grave was made close to <strong>the</strong><br />
church), nor <strong>the</strong> tributes that must have been paid to him by <strong>the</strong><br />
vestry, c<strong>on</strong>gregati<strong>on</strong>, and people at large. Minutes of <strong>the</strong> Court<br />
of New Castle for <strong>the</strong> time of his death are also missing.<br />
What a history of his time <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> Charles Springer<br />
could have written !<br />
24 Items of family history writtcn by <strong>the</strong> Revercnd Cornelius Springer, dated<br />
at Meadow Farm, Muskingum County, Ohio Dec. 15, 1865. Historical Socicty of<br />
<strong>Delaware</strong>, Genealogical Records.<br />
25 Rccnrdr ol Il,)ly T~.inir~, 374-75.
The New Sweden M<strong>on</strong>ument<br />
Fort Christina State Park, Wilmingt<strong>on</strong><br />
Erected by <strong>the</strong> peoplc of Sweden to commemorate <strong>the</strong> tercentenary, 1638-<br />
1938, of <strong>the</strong> first Swedish settlement in America and given to <strong>the</strong> peoplc,<br />
ot <strong>the</strong> United States, June 27, 1938, this memorial shaft was designed by<br />
<strong>the</strong> late Carl Milles, great sc-ulptor of Sweden, who was present at<br />
~~nvciling. Carved from black granite <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> shore of Lake Milnr ill<br />
Stockholm, it is crowned by a represcntati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> Knlnlor Nyc-he1 ri~lirij:<br />
n stylized wave. Below <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> c<strong>on</strong>cave surfaces of tlic flutcs of t11c 11,111<br />
;11-c steiles fr<strong>on</strong>l <strong>the</strong> settlcmc~lt I11.c of IIK colorli\(\<br />
'<br />
Charles Springer's Farnib<br />
(All dates are Old Style)<br />
"Springer Heirs"<br />
HARLES SPRINGER'S first wife, Maria Hendricks' dotter<br />
C (daughter), (Maria Hendricks<strong>on</strong>), whom he married December<br />
27,1685 (see his letter to his mo<strong>the</strong>r, p. lob), and by whom<br />
he had four daughters and seven s<strong>on</strong>s, died in March 1727, and<br />
was buried in Christina churchyard (Holy Trinity Records, 300).<br />
On June 15, 1727, Charles Springer married (by governor's<br />
licence) Annika Walraven, by whom he had no children. She<br />
was <strong>the</strong> daughter of John and Rrita Justis and widow (1) of<br />
Mathias Mort<strong>on</strong>; (2) of J<strong>on</strong>as Walraven, Sr. (Delau~are Hist01.y~<br />
V, 286n.).<br />
Charles Springer's daughters, three born before June 1, 1693<br />
(letter to his mo<strong>the</strong>r) :<br />
1 Arzrza Elizabeth, married, about 1706, Samuel Hall of Kennett<br />
I Township, Pennsylvania, a member of <strong>the</strong> Society of Friends,<br />
I s<strong>on</strong> of James and Hannah Hall of Rucks County.<br />
Rebecca, married before 1713, Jacob Stilley (Cf. Delau1a1.e His-<br />
tory, V, 289, n. 37).<br />
Maria, married July 31, 1716 (Immanuel Records), William<br />
Cleneay (cf. Ibid., V, 289, n. 38).<br />
hlagdaler2el married ( 1) November 11, 172 5 (Holy T~.z,~ity<br />
Records), Jesper Robins<strong>on</strong>, s<strong>on</strong> of Edward Roblns<strong>on</strong> and his<br />
first wife (cf. ibid., V, 147, n. 27) ; married (2), November<br />
19, 1728 (Holy ?'~.i~iit~' RPCOI.~.~), Pall1 Pauls<strong>on</strong>, s<strong>on</strong> of Peter
136 CHARLES SPRINGER'S FAMILY<br />
and Geizie Pauls<strong>on</strong>; married (j), December 5, 1747 (Holy<br />
Trilziry Records), Mort<strong>on</strong> Justis, s<strong>on</strong> of Justa and Anna (Mor-<br />
t<strong>on</strong>) justis of Philadelphia County (cf. ibid., V, 267-77, n.<br />
16, par. 7).<br />
Chai,les, probably born 1693 or 1694 (cf. letter to his mo<strong>the</strong>r of<br />
June 1, 1693); died 1759 (Dr1au~'rr.e History, V, 202); mar-<br />
ried Margareta Robins<strong>on</strong> daughter of Edward Robins<strong>on</strong> and<br />
his first wife (cf. ibid., VI, 157, n. 36).<br />
Ch~irtophr~., born 1696; died 1755, aged 59 (ibid., V, 200);<br />
married Catharina Hendricks<strong>on</strong>, his first cousin, daughter of<br />
John and Rrita (Cock) Hendricks<strong>on</strong>.<br />
/oh)?, blind from birth (cf. ibid.. VI, 146, n. 26) ; married (I),<br />
Maria Hendricks<strong>on</strong>, his first cousin, daughter of John and<br />
Rrita (Cock) Hendricks<strong>on</strong>; married (2), August 31, 1736<br />
(Holy T~.inrtj Rrcovds), Mary Dempsey, whose parents have<br />
not been found. John Springer died between October 4, 1770,<br />
<strong>the</strong> date of his will, and June 15, 1772, <strong>the</strong> probate date.<br />
/NI)Z~J (often appears as /acob, <strong>the</strong> Swedish form of /anzes),<br />
born 1703, died 1763, aged 60 (Delazc1a1.e Hi.rro~.y, V, 204);<br />
married Mary Bishop, daughter of Nicholas and Dorcas<br />
Bishop.<br />
Israel, born<br />
Andreas, born<br />
unmarried.<br />
; died 1731 (ibid., V, 191) may have married.<br />
. -. -; died 1731 (zbid., V, 171) probably<br />
/osep/~, born 1709; died 1799 (Ferris, 283, gives gravest<strong>on</strong>e record<br />
which cannot now be read; Joseph Springer's will was pro-<br />
bated March 11, 1799); married Annika Justis, daughter of<br />
M3ns and Catharina (Walraven) Justis.<br />
"SPRINGER HEIRS"<br />
Numerous descendants of Charles Springer have c<strong>on</strong>tinued<br />
to live in Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> and nearby parts of New Castle County<br />
and still do in 1957. By <strong>the</strong> middle of <strong>the</strong> nineteenth century<br />
hundreds of o<strong>the</strong>rs were scattered throughout <strong>the</strong> tlnited Statcs<br />
and abroad. About that time some pers<strong>on</strong>s from outside thc<br />
state looking into W'il~ningt<strong>on</strong> property rcc.ords clisiovcrccl ;I<br />
"SPRINGER HEIRS" 137<br />
number of land leases signed by Charles Springer. How <strong>the</strong> first<br />
news spread is not known, but it was discovered by Wilmingt<strong>on</strong><br />
attorneys that advertisements in newspapers outside <strong>Delaware</strong><br />
offering to descendants of "Charles Christopher Springer" in-<br />
formati<strong>on</strong> to <strong>the</strong>ir financial interest brought resp<strong>on</strong>se from hun-<br />
dreds of descendants.<br />
Agents purporting to represent <strong>the</strong>se heirs arrived at New<br />
Castle and at Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> (to which city <strong>the</strong> county court house<br />
and county offices had been moved in 1881) to badger city and<br />
county officers and local law firms with arguments presented as<br />
supporting <strong>the</strong>ir claim that milli<strong>on</strong>s of dollars in <strong>the</strong> accrued<br />
value of Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> property bel<strong>on</strong>ged to <strong>the</strong> "heirs of Charles<br />
Christopher Springer."<br />
All <strong>the</strong> agents were shown <strong>the</strong> proof in recorded documents<br />
that leases by Charles Springer of Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> land had been<br />
as a trustee with power of attorney for land bel<strong>on</strong>ging to Holy<br />
Trinity (Old Swedes) Church. That nothing was found to sup-<br />
port <strong>the</strong> claims that could be presented in a court of law did not<br />
stop <strong>the</strong> organizati<strong>on</strong> and even incorporati<strong>on</strong> of groups of descen-<br />
dants as "Springer Heirs."<br />
In 1884 Judge William G. Whitely of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong> Courts<br />
published in a Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> newspaper' an expositi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> claims<br />
made during <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n past twenty years with his able refutati<strong>on</strong> of<br />
<strong>the</strong>m. Judge Whiteley's account of <strong>the</strong> activities of <strong>the</strong> agents<br />
shows that <strong>the</strong>y had collected substantial sums from <strong>the</strong> "heirs"<br />
to prosecute <strong>the</strong>ir claims in <strong>Delaware</strong> and make a search of<br />
Charles Springer's background in Sweden. Finding that Charles<br />
Springer's fa<strong>the</strong>r had been a man of importance in Stockholm<br />
<strong>the</strong> agent or agents returned with <strong>the</strong> unfounded report that<br />
"Charles Christopher Springer" as <strong>the</strong> sole heir of his fa<strong>the</strong>r had<br />
come into <strong>the</strong> title of bar<strong>on</strong> and legitimate claim to a large se-<br />
questered estate. Descent from a peer of <strong>the</strong> Swedish realm now<br />
added prestige to hopes of even larger financial gain as lure for<br />
"Springer heirs" to invest m<strong>on</strong>ey in <strong>the</strong> promoti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong>ir claims.<br />
More than thirty years after <strong>the</strong> publicati<strong>on</strong> of Judge White-<br />
ley's paper, Charles M. Curtis, Esq., a distinguished Wilmingt<strong>on</strong><br />
attorney also published in a Wilmingt<strong>on</strong> newspaper' a similar<br />
refutati<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> claims, saying in part:<br />
1 Deldrr;lrr G./:erre, January 3, 1884.<br />
2 Et:r,ry El~,ort~g, Dcccrnbcr 6, 1907.
138 "SPRINGER HEIRS"<br />
I know that <strong>the</strong> claims of Springer heirs to valuable land in Wilm-<br />
ingt<strong>on</strong> have ceased to be a joke and have become almost a nuisance -<br />
for county officers, judges, <strong>the</strong> mayor and o<strong>the</strong>r city officials have been<br />
beseiged with inquiries about <strong>the</strong>se vague, fictitious and elusive claims<br />
to great wealth.<br />
In February 1707 <strong>the</strong> mayor and postmaster of Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>,<br />
<strong>the</strong> register of wills and recorder of deeds of New Castle County<br />
issued in pamphlet form a joint statement of <strong>the</strong>ir belief that <strong>the</strong><br />
Springer claim was a myth having no foundati<strong>on</strong> in fact. To<br />
substantiate this statement <strong>the</strong>y included in <strong>the</strong> pamphlet <strong>the</strong><br />
papers of Judge Whiteley and Mr. Curtis with <strong>the</strong>ir legal refuta-<br />
ti<strong>on</strong>s. From this time all inquiries were answered by a copy of<br />
<strong>the</strong> pamphlet. Expectati<strong>on</strong>s of "Springer heirs" c<strong>on</strong>tinued to<br />
flourish, however. In 1925 <strong>the</strong>re was published in <strong>the</strong> Wilming-<br />
t<strong>on</strong> El3ei.y Ei.el7il2g4 an Associated Press dispatch under a Chicago<br />
date line giving news of a fight to c<strong>on</strong>trol "Springer Heirs, Inc." an<br />
organizati<strong>on</strong> of "several hundred heirs of Charles Christopher<br />
Springer," whose outgoing officers had refused to turn over <strong>the</strong><br />
books to those newly elected. Up<strong>on</strong> complaint to <strong>the</strong> Superior<br />
Court of Illinois by <strong>the</strong> new president, a resident of Minneapolis,<br />
a judge of that court had ordered <strong>the</strong> books opened.<br />
Fresh inquiries were coming into Wfilmingt<strong>on</strong> in 1733,' and<br />
it was not until June 7, 1937 that <strong>the</strong> corporati<strong>on</strong> was dissolved<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Superior Court of Cook County, Illinois, by acti<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong><br />
Attorney General.The Illinois organizati<strong>on</strong> seems to have been<br />
<strong>the</strong> parent of subsidiary groups in o<strong>the</strong>r states. Descendants living<br />
in <strong>Delaware</strong> were a threat to <strong>the</strong> success of agents, for <strong>the</strong>y knew<br />
<strong>the</strong> truth about <strong>the</strong> claims and spoke out. C<strong>on</strong>sequently <strong>the</strong>y<br />
were never invited to <strong>the</strong> meetings which were held behind locked<br />
doors, admissi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong>ly by pass.<br />
3 S/rr/ernen/ ReXrrtdi~c~ /he 10-crrlled SIII.JIIR~I Clc~il~.<br />
4 Srptrmber 6, 1925.<br />
5 The Delm.rrr.;r Sf.~r-. (maynrinc. secti<strong>on</strong>), July 23, 1933.<br />
h 1.c.ttc.r of January 5. 1951, from E,l\\.;~rLl J. 13;lrnctt. Sc~rc(.~ry of St~rtc of<br />
lll~~io~\, to Mr. C:o~lr[I.~ncl 13. Spr~r~,cc,r in .II)\\\C,I to bfr. Sl>rin,
L>oc-urtrei~~nt.~ Hii/orj of /he Sltrle of ,Ye~i,-l'ork. E. B. O'Callaghan, ed.<br />
4 v. Albany, 18'19-1851.<br />
Dot-rtrt/ei~l.r Relir~ti~g lo /be Color/iii/ Hi~/or~ of I/J~ Slcile of ATeu. y0t.k.<br />
li v. Vols. 1-1 1, ed by E. B. O'Callaghan; vol. 12, ed. by B.<br />
1:ernow. Albany, 1856-1861, 1877. Vols. 1-3 c<strong>on</strong>tain scattered<br />
material <strong>on</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>. Vol. 11 is an index to ~01s. 1-10. Vol. 12<br />
has title: L)oi~r~rr/erztr Ke/(it/r~g to 111e Hij/orj of <strong>the</strong> Urt1c.11 i111rl<br />
S~i,edt~l~ Se//let~~eir/.~ or1 /he Delii1~ni.e Ki~'er.<br />
DLJNLAP, A. R. ~)IIIL./J 'ltid S1i~eJisI1 Plni-e~-i/nii/es ti/ L)eln~c'nr.e. Newark,<br />
1956.<br />
DUNLAP, A. R. "D~~tch and Swed~sl~ Land Records Relating to <strong>Delaware</strong><br />
- Some New Doculnents and a Checklist." In: L)elii~~,'~r.e Hirl~t.~,<br />
VI, 25-52 (March 1954).<br />
DLJNLAP, A. R. and C. A. WI~LA(;IR. li/dt'iir P/cii.e-ifciir/e.s it1 L)e/au'nr'e.<br />
Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>, 1950.<br />
DUNLAP, A. R., and E. J. MOI.NI!. "Tile Finnish Language <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Delaware</strong>."<br />
In: Aitrer.ti-trrt Speei-6, XXVII, 81-90 (1952).<br />
Eil.lestn~/ti.'r/ Re'-urds, S/ii/e of A'eli York. 7 v. Albany, 1901 -1916,<br />
EDAIUNDSON, GIIOR(,I: L). H/SIOI.) of Holl~rrid. Cambridge, England, 1922.<br />
ITeRRl5, BINJAI\IIN. A H~J/OI.J o/ //IP O~.tgiiin/ Sell/eirferf/~ oil <strong>the</strong> Deln-<br />
21'i/i-e. Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>, 1846.<br />
FLICK, A. C., ed. Hi.i/ory of /be. Stcite of New Y01.k. 10 v. New York,<br />
1933. Vol. 1 is val~~able for early <strong>Delaware</strong> history.<br />
G'or~et.t/or.'s Reg;~-/er., 1674-1875. Public Archives Commissi<strong>on</strong>, Dover,<br />
1926.<br />
GRII\IBI:R(., CARL. A Ht.l/orj of Sil,edet/. Rock Island, Ill., 1935.<br />
HAZARD, SAI\LUIL. Atl~i~il, of Pet~rr.rjl~~ar~ra . . . 1609-1682. Philadelphia,<br />
1850.<br />
HAZARD, SAI\ILJI:I.. Regi.i/et. of Pei/ii~~l~,nr/tn, 16 v. Philadelphia, 1828-<br />
1836.<br />
HoI.~I, THOA~AS CAAIPANIIIS. A S/ior./ I>e.ii.i.i/~/ioi/ oJ /he Ptv2.itri.e of A1elu<br />
Sn,ec/erc. Peter S. DL[ P<strong>on</strong>ccau, tr. Philrtdclphia, 1834.<br />
HOLI\I, THOAIAS CAI\IPANIIJS. Ko1.1 be.riti.r/r/~i~g or11 pr.oz'ii/iie~~ Nja<br />
Srt,er.tge. Stockl~olm, 1702.<br />
Ho/j 7'1.ti111j (Old SIi,edrr) Chrrri-Il, 7'he Kei-oi.~/.i of . . . Tr. by Horace<br />
Burr. Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>, 1890. Cii/(i/ogrrr ciifd EI.T~~LL . . . Willningt<strong>on</strong>,<br />
1919. (Priper.r of <strong>the</strong> Hi~tor.iriil Suc-ietj of L)elci~i~iir~e~ nos. 9, 9-A.)<br />
Holy Trinity (Old Swedcs) Ch~~rch, Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>. Man~~script Records.<br />
3 v. State Archives, Dover.<br />
l'lie Ii~r/~./rc-ttoi/ for. ]o6ni/ PI-/ri/z, (lol,er.r/or (if A'el~' .'IL,~~cII. Tr. with introducti<strong>on</strong>,<br />
11otc-s, and ;~plxndices - - by Amandus Johns<strong>on</strong>. Philndelphin,<br />
1930.<br />
JACOBS, H. E. 7.11~ Lrr/be1-~1i1 Cbrri.i-/i irr /l~e Ui/i/ed Sllr/es. New York,<br />
1893.<br />
]Ahll:S, 13. B. :~nd ]Ahfl.~0N, 1. ~~IIANKI.IN. ]ONI.III~/ O/ ]iisper. D'li/kner,ts,<br />
ih79-1080. New York, 1913.<br />
J.~I\II.~oN, J. IT., ~ d A'~I~~~~~II~I~~,s<br />
.<br />
of A'e~i, ~Ye/Li~~/tit/~/, 1609-166-f. New<br />
York, 1909.
Newspapers (Wilmingt<strong>on</strong>). Historical Society of <strong>Delaware</strong> and Wilrningt<strong>on</strong><br />
Public Library:<br />
<strong>Delaware</strong> Gazette, 1884.<br />
Ererj Eve~ti~zg, 1907, 1925.<br />
7'6e Del~ttnrt~a Stnr., 193 3.<br />
New York Col<strong>on</strong>ial Manusiril~ts. New York State Library, Albany.<br />
NORBTRC,, OTTO. SI ett~.krr kj,r,k!~tti I~I;J IIO~I lIelrrrc,n~.r. Stockholm, 1891.<br />
O'CALLAGHAN, E. B. Ht~to1.1, of A'cI~' R'e/brr.lrrt~cl. 2d ed. 2 \,. New York,<br />
1855.<br />
~'CAI.LAC;HAN, E. B., I'/le DOCIIIIICII~NI.) Ht.~tor) of t/lr Stnte of ATerc,<br />
1'or.k. 4 1,. New York, 1849-1851.<br />
013 n'elrf Cn.~tle 'rttd Moderti Uel~rtc,rrr.e . . . ~rtt Esl~thttto~i ttt tile Librrrrj<br />
of Cnttgre~~. Washingt<strong>on</strong>, 195 1.<br />
Origi~tLrl LIIIJ lttlr~ jtt /Ielrrzc,rrt.e, Co~ttttiottly K~tot~~rt ns tbr Ilrtke of<br />
1'or.k Rec-or3 . . . 1646 to 1679. W~l~ningt<strong>on</strong>, [1903].<br />
Prn~r-Logr~rt Cot,re~pottdettc e (between Willidrn Prnn and James Logan).<br />
Ed. by Edward Armstr<strong>on</strong>g. 2 v. Philadelphid, 1870, 1872.<br />
P~IIIIJJII~LIII~~I Ar.c-/]tl,e~, 1st series, Vol. 1; 2d series, Vols. 5, 7, 19; 3rd<br />
series, Vol. 1.<br />
7'6r POI./ of 1Viltttittgtott. Wash~ngt<strong>on</strong>, 1939. (War Department, Port<br />
Serie~. no. 29.)<br />
PIJ RCHAS, SA ~ ~LII~L. Hr~k//l)t/l~ PO i//l//tt~t/.~. 01. Pt/t.c~/~rt.~ HIS P//gt.;tt~e.i. 20<br />
\,. Glasg<strong>on</strong>,, 1905-1907.<br />
Rec-01.3.1 of Nrlc A~tt.~/er.clrittt ft.ottt 163 3 to 107-i. Berthold Fernow, ed. 7 \,.<br />
New York, 1897.<br />
Rliiin, H. CLAY, eti. Urlrrtc,rrr.r: A Htito~.j riJ tl~e /:tr..rt Strrte. 2 \I. New<br />
York, 1947.<br />
R<strong>on</strong>~liu, RICHARD SI:.Y~~OIIR. E'lrly Del~wdre Judges. Manuscript in <strong>the</strong><br />
possessi<strong>on</strong> of <strong>the</strong> author.<br />
Rudman Manuscripts. In Glorid Dei Churcll, Ph~ladelphia.<br />
SI;~I~[I:S, RAPHAEL., C