1923%20Memoir%20on%20Maps%20of%20Chinese%20Turkistan%20by%20Stein%20s

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MEMOIR ON lllAPS OF 

CHINESE TURKISTAN AND KANSU 

FROM THE SURVEYS MADE DUKINC: 

SIR AUREL STEIN'S EXPLORATIONS 

1900-1, 1 906-8, 191 3-5 

BY 

AUREL STEIN, K. C. I. E: 

INDIAN ARCHAWLOGICAL SIIKVEt 

WITH APPENDICES BY 

MAJOR K. MASON, M. C., R. E. 

AND J. de GRAAFF HUNTER, Sc. D. 

TRIGONOMETRICATl SURVEY OFFICE 

UEHllA DUN 

1945

Ornnia tem1111s edar depascit~~r, onlllia carpit, 

olnlria setle mollct, nil sinit esse din. 

flumina deficiurlt, l,rof~~gu~r~ Inare lit,ora siccant, 

s~lhsi~lu~rt rtlo~ltes et iuga celra r1111nt. 

SENECA.

RFWOR,I)S OF THE SURVEY OF INDIA 

VOL. SVII 

MEMOIR ON MAPS OF 

CHINESE TURKISTAN AND KANSU 

FROM THE 81JRVEYS MADE DURING 

SIR AURE ri STEIN'S EXPLORATIONS

COLONEL SIR SIDNEY BURRARD, R, E. 

K.C.S.I., F.R.S. 

LATE SURVEYOR GENERAL OF INDIA 

WHOSE GENEROUS HELP AND ADVICE EVER FURTHERED 

THE SURVEYS OF MY CENTRAL-ASIAN EXPEDI'L'IONS 

THIS RECORD OF 'I'HEIR RESULTS 

IS INSCRIBED AS A TOKEN OF 

SINCERE REGARD AND GRATITUDE 

>

PREFACE 

IN the introductory remarks prefixed to this Memoir I have endavoured to indicate 

briefly the objects and methods which guided me in the surveys of my three Central-Asian 

journeys and in the preparation of the maps which contain their final cartographical record. 

It only remains for me to acknowledge with gratitude my manifold obligations for the effective 

help which alone rendered possible the topographical tasks bound up with my explorations. 

That I was able to plan and carry out those tasks was due to the fact that the Survey 

Help of Survey of 

India 

of India, accustomed ever since its inception to serve the interests of 

geographical research, not only within the vast area forming its own 

sphere of activity but also beyond the borders of India, supported from 

the start my aims with the njexns best suited for them. In Chapter 1, dealing with the 

history of our surveys, I have had occasion fully to note the services rendered by the experi- 

enced Indians wliorn the varions Surveyor Generals deputed with me, and the extent of the 

hell> which I received by thc. provision of instruments, equipment and funds to meet the 

cost of their e~nplo~ment. To the Survey of India was due also the compilation and 

publication of the results brought hack by our joint efforts from each successive journey. 

The topogrspl~ical results thus secured have not only helped me to make my journeys 

directly profitable for geographical study, they hare also greatly facilitated my archaeological 

t~splorations in reqiorrs which, thou~h largely desolate today in their physical aspects, have yet 

l~layed a very important part in the history of Asia aud its ancient civilizations. But apart 

I'rotn the gmt,itudc I owe for this furtherance of my researches, the fact of my having 

been able to work in direct contact with the oldest of the scientific departments of India will 

always be remenrhered by me with deep satisfaction. 

Ever since in 1899 the proposals for my first Central-Asian journey had received the 

Government of India's sanction, successive Surveyor Generals did 

Interest of 

Genernls their best to facilitate the survey tasks of my expeditions. I still 

think back gratefully to the very helpful advice and instruction by 

~vlrich the late Colonel ST. GEORGE: GORE, R.E., while at. Calcutta during the cold weather of 

1899-1'J00, showed his I,ersonal interest. in the enterprise. His successor as Surveyor General, 

Colonel F. 13. LONQE, R.E., was equally ready to meet my requests concerning the plans I 

had formed for my second and much more extensive expedition of 1906-08. 

But my heavirht debt of gratltnde is due to Colonel SIR SIDNEY BURRARD, R.E., 

K.C.S.I., F.R.S., who as Superintendent of the Trigonometrical Survey 

since 1899 had direct charge of all arrangements for the survey work 

of my first and second expeditions, and who daring his succeeding long 

krill of office as Surveyor General was equally ready to extend to me unfailing support 

arldguidance with regard to the third. Moreover quite as great a stimulus was the thoughtof 

his own lifelong devotion to the study of the geographical problems connected with innermost 

Asia and the great mountain systems wbich enclose it. I feel hence very grateful for being 

allowed to dedicate this record of our labours to Sir Sidney Burrard not merely as a most 

helpful friend and guide but also as a living embodiment of that spirit of scientific research 

which bas never ceased to pervade the Survey of India since the days of Rennell, Lambton, 

and Everest,.

To Colotlel Sir G~1ta1.o I ~~N~x-COX~NG~~.~M, 

ILK., who succeeded to t.he cl~arge of the 

Trigono~netrical Survey it1 1913, I an1 indebted for nluch kind helpin 

Support of Tngouom. 

Survcg Office, conncctio~~ with tny tl~irtl expedition antl for niost of the etforts which wen 

needed to assure the publication of the maps dealt with in t111s Memoir 

My gratitude for llie constant considetation and sultport must be all the greater because the 

protracteil labours needed for t.he conipilation and fair-dr:iwing of tliesc maps at the Trigonometrical 

Survey O5ce had to be carried on for the most part duri~rg the period of great stress 

and strain when the war caused del~letiorl in the Survey staff. To Colonels E. A. TANDY, 1t.E.. 

and H. Xlc C. Cowis, R.E., ~lto successirely Ilcld charge of the Trigonometrical Survey Oftice 

since 1920, tny - special - t,llanks are clue for the stcatlily c-onti~loed efforts wllich permitted the 

reprolluction of the large tlutnber of map sheets to be completed by the summer of 1922. 

The greatness of t11v field covered by our survcys, extendin?. over no less than 28 

degrees of longitode and 8 degrees of latitulle, and thc varied nature 

Conipilation nod 

drawi, of of the materials bro~lght back from the different journeys made the 

task of conil)ilation ancl tlrawinr: necessarily a very heavy one. No 

less than fiftceu draftsmen on the average wore employed on it during 191 7-1 9 under the 

supervision of several oflicers from t,he Provincial and 1Jpper Subordin:~t,e Services, wor1;ing 

at No. 2 Dratving Ofice, Deltra Dun. Under t,llr esce1)tional difficult,ies created by the 

war, the work could not have been brought to a succossfnl conclusion but for the special 

efforts which the oflicers successively in charge of it, Colonels G. A. BE,IZELEY and H.H. 

TURNER and tlie late Colorlel R. A. ~VAI~IIOPE, It. E., mere prepared to devote t,o it by the side 

of much other 11r~etlt worl;. To the last nanied oflicer in whom the Siirvey of India has 

since lost a distinguished veteran of wide trans-frontier csyerience, I am indebted for a series of 

valuable suggestions whicll have helped to improve the cartograpllic represeotnticn of the ground. 

I owe a similar debt of gratitude to Major lc. J. i\I. KING, It. E., who since the sprrng 

of 1919 adtling t,l~e cl~nrge of No. 2 Drawing Ofice to that of the 

Reprodnction of 

maps Photo.-Zinco. Onice, 1)ehla Dun, has spared no pains to improve the 

reproduction of the maps by all tecllnical means at his disposal. 

Finally J consider it. my duty to record 11ere my special thanks to PIunshi KAILIM BAKHSH, 

Head Draftsman of No. 2 l)rawing Ofice, wlio brought to bear upon t.he drawing of the new 

maps the accumulated experience he Lad gained ever sincc 1901 from the cartographic elaboration 

of our previous Central-Asian surveys. His exemplary attention to detail and his 

painstaking care helped to lighten t,he labour which the revision of the fair drawings and the 

correction of proofs in their successive stage have involved for me. 

when in the spring of 192 I Colouel C. H. D. RYI)ER, C. I. E., D. S. O., R. E., Surveyor 

General, had accorded final sarlction for the pr~blication of the present 

Appendices to 

Memuir. Memoir, Major KENNE'PH RIASON,' IN. C., It. E., officiating Deltuty 

Superintendent, Survey of India, kindly agreed, with the approval of 

Colonel H. RfcC. Conrie, to provide for it an Appendix dealing with the detnils and merits of 

the triangulation executed by my survey assistants, R. S. Rkm Singh a.nd R. B. LA Singh. 

The lahour involved in this task mas far greater than t.lle snnimary and discussion as prefixed 

by Major Mason in Appendix A might. suggest in its lucid conciseness. I cannot feel too 

grateful to him for the expert analysis thus provided as regards t.lie trigonomctrical basis of our 

maps. Not content with this service Major Mason decided to incorporate in the appended 

tables and charts also tlie complete data available in the Computing Office, Dehra Dun, of the 

triangulation work executed by other observers, including Iritnself, on the Piimirs antl along 

the high K'un-lun ranges east\sards. It is hoped that the systematic record of these data will 

prove useful towards facilitating the work cf future explorers. 

I)r. J. de G~aarv HURTER, Deputy Superi~~tendent in charge of tile Computing Office 

and Matltematicnl Adviser to tlie Survey of India, kindly rendered a service similarly I~elpful 

by furnishing the notes of Appendix B on the height observations of my journey.;. They 

explain the data and methods of correction used for the hetght records showr~ in tht maps 

and incidentally affbrd guidance as to the better use of the hypsometer on future explorations 

of this character.

The complete Index of I~ocal Nalne~ which I have added to the~e Appendieer i# 

~winiarily nleant to facilitate reference to the mapH in respect of parti- 

Indices oI 

.Mcrnoii. cular localities. I3ut in view of the special care 1 Ira1 taker1 abol~t 

the corrrct ~)lronetir record of all uamecc, I hope, it will in competent 

scllolarc;' 11a1iils prove usefill also for ~~l~ilological enquiries into the local nomenclat~~re of that 

Eastern 1'1wliish language \vliieh has hprcaad it6 place names over vast regions of Asia. For 

the ~)rel)aration of the General Iiitlex to thc Memoir I am mainly indebted to the help of ~riy 

awl~:~ological assistant Miss F. 31. (;. LORI JIEI~. 

The text of rny Memoir has tlcrived 1iluc11 benefit froin the painstaking attentiori which 

lily friend Major K. ?tl.~so.u, M.C., R.E., tjualilied alike by knowledge 

I'rlntlul: oC 

Mentoil-. of the aub,ject. and by literary experience, has been kind enough to 

~ 

besto\v 111)oo it both in nianuscript and in print. To him ancl Captain 

W. 15. PEI~I~Y, M.C., R.l'!., in charge of tire Printing Office of the Trigonometrical Survey, 

I o\re my thanks for inanifoltl assistance during tlie printing of the JIe~noir. 

TIie ready help of the I'11oto.-Litl~o. Oflice of the Survey of Intlia, Calcutta, has made 

it to atltl to the Memoir the series of plates which, I hope, will 

Ilhlet,rnti~bns. 

t~e nseflll in bringing ibefore the eyes of t,he reader, \\,hether of the 

nia,l)s or the text, cliaracteristic features of t.he ground in the monntains and deserts we surveyed. 

The ~)l~oto~raplls reproduced \yere taken by myself ant1 have already partly served 

for tlie illustration of mv I'ersonal Karrativcs and Detailed Iieports of the first aud second 

journeys. For the reprotluction of the panoramic vicws in Plates 3, 6, 7, I am indebted 

to the kiud l~errriisrion of the ltoyal (;eographical Society \vhich had first published them in 

my ~Moti~rlni~~ Pio~orarnas ,fi.ol~~ / h Proiiirs ~ ,r/rn! K~crt! Lun. 

If' I have left it to tlie last to express my personal gratitude to illy Indian surveying 

assistants it is lnerely because the Memoir itself shows how pre- 

Help of stlruevors 

in the tield. po~iderating was their share in the labours which the surveys recortled 

in the Inaps have cost. I may safely leave it to those who will use 

our maps, whether in the field or in the study, to judge of the value of these labours. Of 

the self-sacrificing efforts \\,hie11 my travel companions had to make in order to carry out 

their tasks, mostly on desert. ground or in equ:dly forbidding mountain regions, I haveliad 

anrple occasion to furnish proofs in the published accounts of my journeys. Rai Sahib 

Rn;zr SISGR, the earliest of my companions in tlie field and skilful alike with plane-table and 

theodolite; Rai Rahadur LAL SINGII, t,he veteran of indomitable energy whose esertiona 

neither risks nor hardships conld ever restrain, and young AFRXL-GUL Ktlax, now Khan Sahib, 

who, joining me last in the lield, soon proved possessed both of a keen topographical sense and 

a true spirit of daring,-they all faced their duties with unflinching devotion, in spite of 

severe trials and privations. In Gurkha, Sikh and Pathiin I was fortunate enough to find evpr 

faithful, hardworking coml)anions, and n.it1i their help I shall aln~ays associate lily happiest 

recollections of travel. 

Ca~ri* Rfotr~~n MAW, I

LIST OF ABBREVIATED TITLES 

CLERIIENTI, Strtr,,,rnry of Gee-qr. Odae~~atiuns.. . . Sr~nimary of Gcograp11icn.l Observations, 

during a jo~trtiey from Rashgar to Rowlnn, 

1907-9. By Cecil Clementi, M. A., Assistant 

FOHSPTH, Ibrkorrd Mission Report. 

Colonial Secretary, Hongkong,, 1911; also 

' Geographical Jonrnal ', 1912, pp. 624, scltl. 

. . . Report, of a Alissioti to Yarlinud in 1873, 

aiiiler conitnand of Sir T.1). Forsytl~, K.C.S.I., 

C. B., I3engal Civil Service. Wit11 l~islorical 

and geographical infortnation rcgarditig the 

1~0ssessions of the Atncrr of Yarkutld. Cal- 

F~TCEREI:, GeqqrnpA. Skizze. . . . 

cntta, Foreign Dcpartnient I'ress. 1876. 

... Gcogra~~liisrli~= Skizzc tlrr Wiistc Gobi 

zwischei~ Hanii ~tnd 1511-tschdn. Von Professor 

Dr. K. Fritterer. nr. A. l'etermann's Rlittlieilangeii, 

Just~ts Pcrtlies, Gotila. 

heft No. 1.79, 1'302, 

Ergiinzungs- 

Scientific results of a journey in Cent.ra1 

Asia, 1899-1902. 

Stockliolm, 1904.-7. 

By Sven Hedin. Six vols. 

Sand-Li~ried ruinh of Khotau. Personal 

narrative of a journey of archa.ologica1 and 

geogra1)l~ical esploration iti Chinese Turkes- 

STEIL, ~41ici(~11/ Khutort 

tan. By M. Aurel St,ein. (Second edition). 

London, T. Fisher Unwin, 190-1,. 

. . . Ancient Khotari. Detailed Report of archreo- 

, logical explorations in Chinese Turltestan, carried 

out and deserihed under tlie orclcrs of E-I. M. 

Indian Governn~ent by If. iiurel Stein. Vols. 

I, 11. Osford, Clarendon Press, 1907. 

STEIN, Jfo~t~rfnil~ P~IIO~UIIIS .. . Mountain Panoramas from the Pamirs and 

Kmen Lon, photojiral,hed aid annotated by 

&I. Anrel Stein. London, Iioyal Geographical 

Society, 1908. 

STEIN, Desert (i11ho.u 

Ruins of Desert Cat11a.y. I'ersoi~al Narrative 

of explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost 

China. By M. Aurel Stein. Vols. I, rr. 

London, Maemillan & Co., 1912. 

STEIN, StTilldirl 

. . . Serindia. Detailed Report of explorations 

in Central Asia and Westerr~most China, carried 

out and described iinder the orders of 13. M. 

Indian Government by Aurel Stein. Vols. 

I-v. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1931. 

STEIN, Third Journe? ... . . . A Third Journey of exploration in Central 

Asia, 1913-16. By Aurel Stein. From ' The 

Geographical Journal' for August and Septem- 

ber, 1916 (pp. 97-130, 193-'L:!5).

PRBFACE . . . 

TITLES 

LIST 01.' ABBREVIATED 

TABLE OF CON'ENTS 

LIST OF PLATES . . . 

LIST OF MAPS AND CIIAR'I'S . . . 

SUPPI~EMENTARY CORILECTIONS. . 

INTRODUCTORY ... . . . 

CHAPTER I.-HIS~I'OKY OF TUE SUILVEYS 

vii-ix 

X 

xi 

xii 

xv 

XV 

1-2 

3-40 

Section i. General character of the to~ograpl~ical work 

,, ii. First trxpcdition, 1900-1 ... . . . . 

,, 111 Surveys of tbe Second expedition, 1906-8 

3 

5 

10 

, iv. Survcys of' the Third expedition, 1913-5 24 

CHAPTMI~ [I.-THE REGIONS SURVISYEI) ... 41-54 

Section i. 

,, ii. 

... 

,, 111. 

'I'he T.%rim Basin antl its mountain ramparts 

The 'l'al~lamalifin Desert . .. ... 

'l'he oases of the 'L1%rim Basin . . . 

41 

42 

43 

,, iv. Tl~e terminal depression of Lop and the Turfan 

Basin . . . ... 4.6 

,, v. The Su-lo-ho Basin ... ... 49 

,, vi. From the Central Nan-shan to the Etsin-go1 

Basin . . . ... ... 50 

,, vii. The pei-shan antl the E:~sternmost T'ien-shan 53 

CHAPTER III.-'L'[IB MAPS . . . 55-62 

Section i. Compilation of Maps ... 

. . 

,, 11. R.epresent,ation of physical details 

,, iii. Symbols and Local Narnes ... 

55 

5 7 

59 

CHAPTER 1V.-NOTES ON INUIVIDUAL MAP SHEETS 63-105 

APPENDIX A.-A SHOI(T SUJIMAILY OF, AND DISCUSSION INTO, THE 

YEILITS OF THE '~'RIANGULATION executed during 

the three expeditions of Sir Aurel Stein, by Major 

I~TKNN~H MASON, M.C., l!.E., Survey of India 107-114 

LIST OF LATITUDES, LONGITUDES, AND HEIGHTS OF 

THE STATIONS AND POINTS of Sir Aurel Stein's 

triangulation and of those other observers who' have 

worked in the same regions ... ... 115-150 

APPENDIX B.-NOTES ON HEIGHT OBSERVATIONS made during Sir 

Aurel Stein's explorations, by J. de GRAAFF HUNTER, 

Sc. I)., Survey of India . .. ... 151-154 

INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES 155-198 

GENERAL INDEX ... 199-207 

ADDENDA ET CO~WIGENDA ... ... ... 208

LIST OF ~'JJATES 

NoTE.-T~I~ ortler of the illnstr:~fionr conforlns, as far as 110ssible, to t,lle history of t,lresurveys 

as recorded in ('ltal)t*er 1. 

PLATE 

Sno\\rx peak above Ot,r11gl1111 glacier, at I~cbatl of' Nisra va.llej, seen from 111or:tine 

above \vest ilanli of glacier, at :III ~lcvation 01' about 14,,1100 feet (see page 12, 

note 15). ... . . . 1'1rt;w~1sl~1~ca. 

;\Ioz-t~gh-at% (24.,:521 feet) seen fron~ C'au~l) 9 eo11tl1 of Little Kara-kal (see 

pl~. 6, 64). 

3luz-tligl1-at5 (24,321 fertj seen tro~n SIIBIIIRI~:~ );1)11r (11,s. C, 14,,570 feet,; 

see 1111. 6, 64). 

Pl~oto-t,l~eodolite view fro111 I

iv 

Salt-encrusted bed of ancient Lop sea, NW. of Kurn-koduk (see 1). YO). 

Clay terraces marking shore line of ancient Lop sea, NW. of Kum-kuduk (see 1). 30). 

Salt-coated erosion ter~nces ('\l'l~ite I1rago11 Mounds') near NW. shore of ancient 

Lop sea (see 1). 30). 

Altmisll-bulak at s0ut~11 foot of liurult-tiglr (see 1). 30). 

View across Et,siu-go1 bed to NNE. from below Bayin-l)ogdo Ilill (see 1). 32). 

Ilill range of Yei-sllan, 1ooli111g soutl~ from Camp 214, Tong-&rh-shan (see p. 54). 

Bayin-bogdo hills, seen from above Etsin-go1 Blear Carn~~ 1-1.3 (see p. 32). 

Camp 161 at Zigda-kaya, in desert l~ills south of hfao-n~ei (see p.32j. 

View up I'a-no-p'a valley, 130gdo-r~la range, from above Lo-t'o-p'u-tzu (see p. 34). 

Eroded lrill range above 'I'oyuk, Turfin, lookirrg nortll-west (see p. 33). 

Hills at, foot of Fiarlik-tigll, above ruined site of Ara-tam, IlBmi (see 1). 19). 

I

LIST OY MAPS AND CHARTS 

INDEX MAP, SCALE 1 : 3,000,000. 

SPECIMEN OF MAPS, SCALE 1 : 500,000 ( SIIEET 

NO. k3 ). 

TRIANGULATION CIIAIL'L', SUI~VEY OF INDIA NO. 42 1,M. 

23 99 7 > > 9 3, 62 J,IC,N,O. 

IS 9 9 7 ' 3, 51 L,L' AND 52 1,M. 

, , ,, 60 D,lI AN^) 61 A,E. 

3 9 3 ,? -9 99 ti0 I 9 > > > 3 9 69 C,L>,G,H. 

>, ,I 9, 9, 29 69 .T,K,N,O. 

9) > , )I 3, 19 75 A,B,E.P. 

,, . CA I~TE 

INTORNATIONALE NOS. N.1C-45 K,O. 

9) 99 9 33 N.K-445 S,T,W,X. 

, , ,) ,, 9 N. li-46 C,1). 

SECTIOKAI, I~RAWING OF LEVELLI~ LINE, KUJI-KUUU K TO B ESII-TOARAK. 

SCYPLEJ1ENTARY CQRRECTIONS 

P. 84, r. co1. 1. 4i. Add: Correctiolls 15 1 

The \-itlley due soutl~ of 7540 sllould be 

named Pa-no-cha. 

H. 2. The valley SE. of San-shan- 

li'ou sl~ould be named Iiarsnghu-jilga. 

Fur Sl~aftalluk read Slla,ftulluli. 

P. 87, r. c.01. 1. 27. Add : D. 1. The height of 

Cl~indailik should be 2160. 

P. 90, r. col 1 19. Add : B. 1. The height of 

Ki)slle-langza should be 2010. 

('. 1. The height of Pn~lja sllould 

I,e 2160. 

P. 92, r. col. 1. 39. sidli: B. 4. The position 

of the well east of Bi.sh.tochrak should 

be shown If miles Eearer to this place. 

C. 3. Delete the two northernmost 

Mesa sy~nbols north of C. cxii. 

P. 92, r. col. 1. 42. Add: The position of C. 

153 (of 1907) ought to be inserted two 

lniles NW. of C. cxiii (1914). 

P.. 99, r. col. 1.3. Add : D. 3. For Lo-t'o-ching 

read Lo-t'o-ch'uan. For Kuo-tich'ihn 

read Kuo-ti-chinp.

INTRODCCTORY 

The present publication is intended to furnish a record of the topographical surveys 

accomplished in the course of tl~e three expeditions which carried me from the northernmost 

border of the Indian Empire on tlie Pimirs through the whole length and breadth of Chinese 

Tnrkistin, as comprised between the K'un-lun and T'ien-shan ranges, and thence into 

mesternmost China. These journeys, undertaken by me under the orders of the Government 

of India, had arclizological exploration for their primary object; but from the first I was 

equally - anxious also to use all possible opportunities for geographical work. 

- 

That I mas able to realizc this aim by meaus of systematic surveys over the whole of 

tlle ground covered by these protracted travels,-an area extending in 

IIeip of oE its extrerne limits from the 76th to tlie 102nd degree of longitude 

Iiidln. 

and from the 35th to near the 4Stl1 degree of latitude,- is due mainly 

to tile generous help accortled by the Survey of India. It deputed wit11 me experienced 

Indian surveyors of proved ability aud energy, provided instruments, equipment and funds 

to meet the cost of their em~~loynie~it and, last but not least, compiled tbe results of our 

sorveys, which comprisecl continuous plane-table work by my assistants and myself as well 

as, \vhere conditious would pern~it, triangulatiou and astronomical observations. For the aid 

thos given to my efforts I cannot feel too grateful. 

On tlie return from my third expedition, early in 191G, Colonel Sir SIUXISY BUI~I~.ULD, 

It.]':., tl~en Surveyor General, wl~ose unfailing interest and experienced 

PL'biica'ion 'lea 

maps. guidance had from the beginning greatly facilitated those labours, 

al)lwoved the proposal made wit11 the support of Coloncl (now Sir) (3. P. 

LENOX-Conrxc;~r~i>r, R.E., 11is successor as Superintendent, Trigonometrical Survey, that t,he 

tol)ographical results of that expedition slionlcl be publislied iu a series of maps embodying 

also the surveys of my previous Central-Asian journeys, though these had already received 

cartographical record. 

Thos the new maps have conic to comprise a vast region of innermost Asia, well-defined 

in its chief physical feattires and onifornily surveyed in accordance with the methods which 

the Survey of India's accumulated esperience has sl~omn to be most suitable for 'reconnaissance 

survey' work. JYitl~in tlie limits of these maps appear unsiirveyed and in many cases 

whol1,y onexplored areas, a fact fully accounted for by tlie exceptional l~lrysical difficulties 

of access to tlie great forbidding deserts and the high nionntnin ranges, almost equally desolate, 

constituting the major portion of the ground. But no less striking than the extent of 

uninliab~table wastes within this vast region is tlie uniformity which prevails iu the physical 

characteristics of its chief zones. 

Wherever me travelled, wl~etlier in tlie barren monntaiu ranges which enclose the 

Tarim basin, in the drainageless areas forming its continnation east- 

Representalion 

phys,cnl feat,,rps. of wards, throogl~ the great deserts of drift-sand or gravel mli~ch fill their 

depressions for the most part, or in the narrow stretclres of cultivable 

ground to be met between them, it had been my constant endeavour to make oar surveys 

as careful and detailed a record of the prevailing physical features as limitations of scale, 

available time, training, etc., would permit. It is, therefore, particularly gratifying to note 

that improved methods of drawing and reproduction have allowed in the new maps a clearer 

and fuller represeutation of that record than mas possible in pre\.ions publications.

INTRODUCTORY 

If this fact is considered in addition to the great extensio~l of t,lro ground sl~rveytd, t.he 

hope seenls justified tl~at these new maps will for some i.iinc to come 

Piirpose of Memoir. serve as a main source of cartogr~~phical reference for an important 

portion of Central Asia, wlriclr, by tlre ~)l~jsical conditions of iis present 

and by its great rble iu tlre past, as the ~neeting lilnce of tllc ancient civilizations of India, 

CIlina and the West, is attracting more and nlo1.e iniercst Loth from tlre gcojil.aplrer and the 

l~istorical student. It has lrcnce oplieared appropriate to accomliany tile issue of the maps 

by a memoir recording needful info~mation :IS to tlre I~istory and extent of those s~:cetssire 

surreys; the character of tlre n~aterials fnrnislled by the~n; the methods adopted for the 

ctonstruct,io~~ of the mays and t,he rel>resentntion of topogmphical data in them.

CHAPTER I 

RIS'l'ORY OF THE SURVEYS 

BECTION I.-GEKEIfAL CABILACTER OF THE TOI'O(;RAPHICt\L WOliK 

The main facts concerni~ig the survcgs effected on my three Central-Asian expeditions 

and many of tile more notaide incidcirts and results xvl.ic11 attended them have been already 

recorded in the ' Personal Narratives ' and ' Detailed lieports ' ~jubliblled by me of the first 

two journcgs' or, as regards the tllird, in the fairly compreliensive preliminary account 

printed in the Royal Geograpliical Society's Joirrual. ? I sl~all accordingly rebtrict myself 

here to notes on the cllaraetcr and rangc of the surveys made of each journey ; on tl~e assibtance 

available for the topograpliical nrork of each, and on the routes alonq which this work was 

carried, distinguislring the routes upon wliich the surveys were effected under my personal 

supervision from others where the operations were conducted by my assistants or myself 

alone. 

Before Ilowever recording these details for each successive expedition it mill be conve- 

nient here to indicate essential points regarcling the methods which 

In SnrVOJS, were uniformly observed in all our surveys. As already stated above, 

these metliods were the same as those employed by the Survey of India 

for 'reconnaissauce survey ' worl;. They implied continuous plane-tabling along all routes 

followed, supplemented thro~~gliout by astronom~cal ohservations for latitude and by triangulation 

rendered possible in particular areas by proximity to previously fixed points, by the 

configuration of the gronnd, available time and similar considerations. 

Except on the journey of 1900-01 when a scale of 8 miles to 1 inch was used, the 

surveys were on the scale of ' miles to 1 inch, this having proved by 

Scale, etr., of planetable 

tr,ork. esperience on the ground to be t.he most convenient for adequate record 

of topographical detail under oar conditions of travel. On mouutainous 

ground no efforts were spared to place plane-table stations 011 commanding lleigllts above 

passes and route lines, maximum elevations of nearly 20,000 feet being climbed by us in 

the K'nn-luo for this purpose and of over 16,000 feet at numerous points of the Pimir and 

Nan-shan ranges. In the great plains of the Tririm basin and in the similar drainageless 

deserts eastwards, the flatness of the ground, the absence of recognizable landmarks and 

the peculiar dust-laden condition of the atniospliere, persisting for prolonged periods, made 

it very often ilupossible to fix positions by intersections or triangles. On this ground the 

exact meastuement of distances which the use of the cyclometer invariably carried 011 the 

seconcl and third expeditions permitted, was essential for the plane-table traverses. 

For the purpose of securing points to check these traverses, astronomical observations 

for latitude were made by nly assistants with a 6-inch transit tlleodo- 

Latltudo observations. lite at frequent intervals when atmospheric conditions and available time 

permitted. These observations were beset nit11 serious difficulties, both 

on account of rli~natic conditions and the rapidity of movement necessitated by ot.her 

scientific tasks and the wide extent of difficult ground to be covered. Prolonged periods of 

1 See tor the journey of 1900.01, Sand-buried 

Rtcinr of IChotatr. 'i'ersonal Karra~ive of a journey ot 

a~chsolo~icnl and geographical erplorntiou in Chinese 

Turkistin', Loudon, 19u3 (secolid edition. 1904); and 

Ancient Khotaa, 'Detailed Ilrporc of n~ch;eological 

explorations in Chineso Tnrkistin, carried ont and 

described under the orders of H. hf. Indian Government 

by if. Anrel Stein', Clrrrendon Press, Oxford, 

1908 (two vole. 4r0). 

For the expedibion of 1906.08, see Rui~rs of Desert 

Cothay, 'Peraonnl Narrative of exploratiol~r in Centrni 

Asia and mrstcrnmost China.' by bl. Anrel Stein. 

Imi>don, 1912 (hlacrnillao k Co., two rots. avo) and 

Serisdia, ' Detailed Iteport of explon~tious in Central 

Asia nud westernn~ost Chion carried out nod des- 

cribed under the orders of H. 11. Indlan Government 

by Aorel Stein K. C. I. E.,' Clareridon Press, Oxford, 

1921 (five vuls. 4to). 

See A T~ird 

Journry of rrplorntion in Central 

Asia, 1913-16, by Sir Anrel Stein, in The Qeo.qrmphical 

Journal for Angnst nnd September, 1916, xlviii. pp. 

97-130. 193-229.

4 HISTOltY OF SURVEYS [Chap. I 

dust-haze proved a special source of trouble iu this respect \vit,llin and along the deserts of 

the Tiri111 and Su-lo-ho basins, wlrile in the Nan-shan ranges to tllc east cloudy and rainy 

weather prevailed during most of the tiwe devoted to their survqy in the snmnlers of 1907 

and 191-1.. During the late autumn and wiuter nlontlis which were otherwise the best season 

for survey operations along the uort~liernu~ost Ei'un-lun range bet\veen the longitudes of 

Khotan and Lop-nGr, t.he extreme cold experienced nt irigll elevations made work with the 

theodolite ~>articularly trying. 

In addition to the considerations already mentioned, the total absence of local resources, 

often even of water, both in the deserts and niountaius, obliged us to 

uarchiog distaucas. move quickly. The rapid succession of daily marches, often over 25 

miles in length, \vliicll such conditions entailed, is iliustrated by the 

fact that during the two years and four months wlriclt on my second expedition mere spent 

on Chinese soil and used for survey work, there were 466 shifts of camp, the aggregate of 

marching distances for the same period amounting in my own case to close on 8300 miles. 

On the third journey when the corresponding period was just under 6mo years, the 

rate of progress was practically the same, the total lengtlr of my marches on Chinese 

soil being close on 7000 miles, and that covered by R. B. Lhl Singh, my inclcfatigable chief 

surveying - - assist,ant, probably even more. In addit,ion it sliould be borne iu mind that time 

spared for prolonged halts was absorbed mainly by exacting archceological labours, carried 

on generally at desert sites and involving further detail surveys. 

Obnervations for longitude would not have been practicable under such conditions, 

and chronometers would not have been reliable. That our equipment 

rncertRinties ou the third journey did not include au apparatus for receiving wirelol~g~tude. 

less time signals mast, however, remain a matter of special regret to 

me. Its use would have obviated tl~ose considerable oncertainties in lon~itude insenarable 

fro111 plane-table surveys extending for gteat distances mainly from west to east and checked 

by t~iangulation only for a colnparatively srnall portlon of their length. 

Apart from heights tneasored by tlieodollte during the triangulation, altitudes were 

obtained by ll'atlrin nioutitain aneloids of the Survey of India. Those 

Altitude obserlntlons. used on the second and third journeys mere checked at ~nter\~als wit11 

two mercurial nlonntaiti barometers and, as judged by this test, preserved 

a very oniforni rate of index error. hTone of t,lie mercurial barometers surrivecl tile trials 

of the journeys. One, however, of those carried on the third journey was brought back safely 

as far as Kishgar and coold be compared there with the instrunlents of t,lle fully equipped 

Russian meteorological station before it, too, soccunibed on its way across the Kara-koram 

passes. In addition hypsometrical observations were concurrently talien nith boiling-point - - 

thermometers, some of which were ltindly lent to me by the Royal Geogral~hical Society. 

In the course of plane-table work on mountainous ground clinometers \\ere regularly used 

dnring the second and third journeys to secure readings to prominent intersected heights. 

On high elevations special care was taken to obtain clinonletric readings preferably from 

points where the mercurial barometer was available for observation of absolute I~eiglits. 

With the object of covering as nlncli geograplrically interesting ground as possible, 

1 detached my topographical assistants from my own party for independ- 

- . 

Detaching of surveyore. eut work wl~enever ~racticable routes, nieans of t~ansport, the attitude 

of the Clliuese administration, etc., allo~ved it to be done with a 

reasonable degree of safety. During such periods of detachment which on occasions extended 

over several months, I carried on the plane-table work along my own routes myself. The 

comparison of the positions indicated by oar traverses at the points where tlre surveyors and 

my own route-lines crossed or joined, provided a useful means of controlling the results. 

Wherever we moved together, plane-tabling was done under 111y direct supervision 

and with my assistance. The latter was particularly needed in order 

Record of surface 

features. to secure a systematic record of such geological or physiographic 

surface features as belts of desert vegetation, living or dead ; drift-sand 

formations stationary or liable to moverncnt; tamarisk-boond sand-cones; ridges and mounds 

produced by wind-erosion ; salt-encrusted ground of different types, etc., which are charac-

Sec. 1.1 GISNERAL CIIARACTEH. OF WORK 5 

teristic of t.he great drainagelees wastes of innerrnost Asia and of wpecial interest te the 

geographical student of their present and past. The limits of areas of absolutely bare driftrand, 

clay or gravel ; of desert ground supporting vegetation of some kind; of irrigated and 

hence cultivable ground which in these regions, under tire influence of peculiar factors, ie 

subject. to eonlparativcly rapid changes, and similar features of importance, all claimed 

careful attention, only assuretl by proloiiged observation and stutly and not ordinarily falling 

wit,l~in the Indian sorvcyor's training. 

The record of local names along our common routeti was another task invariably 

effected by myself. For rontes followed only by my assistants, I did 

l{ecord of luenlnnnuc.e. niy best to check and correct the record of local name8 brought back 

by tlicm through tlie independent examination of natives acquainted 

with the ground. The metliods used for a strictly phonetic record of all Turkistin local 

names and for their systematic transcription, as well as for the transliteration of Chinese 

names ~lecessarilv recorded on a different basis, will be fully explained below irr the chapter 

dealing with the preparation of the present maps. 

SEWIOH 11.-FIRST EXPEDITION, 1900-01 

After these general ol~servatio~is I may 11ow proceed to a summary record of the 

survey operations carried out on eacli successive journey. For tliose of 1900-01 Colonel 

St. George Gore, R. E., late Surveyor Genrral of India, had kindly l~rovided the help of 

Sub-Surveyor Babu ( now Rai Siliib ) Rim Singh, previously enil~loyed on the last of 

Captain Deasy's expeditions, together wit11 tile necessary equipment of surveying instruments 

and a grant of Rs. 2000 to cover additional espenses. After reaching the \~esternmost 

border of Chinese Turkistin from Huilza over the Kilik pass, survey nrorlr was colnmenced 

at the liend of the Tighdurn-bish Piniir Ly tlic close of June 1900. 

Here as throughout our travels in tlie mountains I cildeavoored to supplement it, as 

far as my limited time permitted, by !~l~otogramnietric work with a 

Pl~otogrammetric work. Bridges-Lee l~l~oto-tl~eodolite kintlly lent by the Indian nfeteorological 

Department. h large select,ion of the mouutain panoramas taken with 

it on the Piniirs and in the K'un-luu range south of Khotan has been published by the 

Royal Geographical Society ; and t,hougl~ tlie grouud west of the Ifuz-tioh-ati massif is 

the only area which has been zctually uiapped from them, these pl~otographic records have 

subsequently proved more tliat~ once of great value in clearing up points of topographical 

interest,, besides serving ot,lier geograpliical purposes. 

From tlie (!liinese-AfglrSu border on the Wakl~jir pass where it overlooks the glacier 

sources of tlie main Osus headwaters, the survey extended through the 

Survey of sarikul. whole length of the main Sariliol valley to tlie great eastward bend 

of the Zarafslian river below T:isli-1;urgliin. ? Triangulation was 

started at tlie head of the Tiigttdum-bish with the help of points supplied by tlie snrveys of 

the Pilnir Boundary Coninlission and Captain Deasy. " It mas subseqi~ently extended for a 

considerable distance to the north along the great meridional range nrhich is crowned by the 

ice peaks of the hfuz-tigh-ati and Shimakte (or Kongur) massifs. A series of triangulation 

stations fixed around the Little Kara-kul lake permitted the determination of several of 

the most prominent peaks on that range. 

' See Mou~rtah Panor~anras fr.0118 the Patnirs and been snperseded by the exnct operation8 onrriedoot 

Kwen Luri. By Dr. hi. dotel Stain, Londor~ 1908 (29 hero for the geodetic connection of the Indian and 

~iewsnr~d mnp, folio). Hnssiau trinngnlntiou systems; ire Najor K. Mason'. 

"ee sheet No. 3; for n descriptive nccount, cf. 

Rt~ins of Khotae, pp. 56 sqq. 

hie tri'nngnlntion in a limited area has since 

Appendix A. 

' Cf. Notes on Sheet No. 2; Buirr of 

pp. 74 sqq. 

Khotoq

6 HISTORY OF SURVEYS [Chap. I 

The height values ascertained for t,l~em are subject to minor adjnstment conseqllent 

upon the corrections n.llic11 the geodet,ic work effected by the Survey of 

India in 1912-13 on the Tlghdam-bisll 1'Bmir has involved for t,he 

t,rian#ulated poir~lr of the Plimir Honlldal:). (:o~nmission. 1l11t. the 

results of Hai Sahib Ram Singll's t.riangnlation leave no doubt. that, the Kongur (or Sl~i~vakte) 

prtion of tile range rises in at. least one peak ( Kongor-dcbr I, height 25,14.6 feet. ) considerably 

above the grt,:it s~lo\\y tlo~ne of Al~lz-tii~l~-:~tli ( 24.,321 feet, ). 'I'he plloto-tl~eotlolite panoramas 

taken by me around Lit,tle lcara-knl served for the preparotio~l of a tletailetl n ~ of p t,he 

ground bet\vcen that range airtl the ltnssian Pimirs, by Lient. 1" El;. 'l'illard, H. K., on the 

scale of 4. miles to 1 i~~ch. V recent co~npntation of heights, hy Major 13. 0. Wheeler, 

M. C., It. E., based U~IOII the same panoramas, lras fully confirmed t,he greater elevation of 

Peak Kongnr-debe I, \vhicl~ l~ence may no\\, be accepted as the c~~lminnting Ileiglit north of 

the Hinduknsh and liimftlapz, not merely in tl~c l'imir region, but also in Asin. generally. 

The narrow valley of the Gez or Tamin-yir river d~ainiila tl~e western ant1 northern 

alolws of the ICOII~II~ rang=, and the route follo\\~etl in the plain north- 

Survey of (fez rotate. c.nst,wards as far as Kftrllgar could Le clleclied by trian~ulation. 7 

Several l~iali peaks previonsly lised from the Little Icara-lcn1 aicie could 

be observed bv tlreotlr,lite both at 1'Bshmalil;, near the Gez river's tleloorh~~re from the 

mountains, alrd at Kiisllgar \vllere a ~woluugetl halt ~~crc>zitatecl 113. 111). ~)rel,arations for il~e 

minter's work fortunately gave a cliance of favourable atmosplieric conditions to\valds the 

close of August. As evidence of the very careful \\.ark done by H S. Ilam Singh both on 

the plane-table and in triany~lation, 1 tniy mention that the longitndc of ICashgar as shomn 

by tile former ( 76' 1' ON ) differed by lcss than two ~ninntes from the value n~hich wireless 

obsyvation on Sir k'. De k'iliplii's espcdition in 191-1, tletermined ( 7b0 59' G.64"), while tl~e 

triangulation result ( 75' 59' 15" ) as colnp~~te~l from OII~ Iiongr~r-debe Peak I approaclles 

this final determination still more closely. " 

At the beginning of September \ve left Kashgar first for the examination of some 

ruined sttes north-east\\ar near the outermost foothills of the T'ien- 

~~~hgar-Kho~an ronte, shan, and then for the journey which was to take us to Khotan in tl~e 

sootll-easf, the main base for rnx intended esplorations. "or the 

first portion of this journey I was able to avoid the well-known high road by rejoining - 

Rim Singh in the large and fertile tract of Khiln-arilr and thence by making our way to 

the south eicr Orclan~-p~dshii~. I" BJ- the visit. to this famons pilgrin~age place we gained 

acquaintance wit11 the westernmost part of that great belt of absolutely harren drift-hand 

desert known as the Taklamakin which extends tllrougllont the nlllole length of the l'irin~ 

basin as far east as tile Lop-ni,r depression. From Kizil nre nrere obliged to follow the 

caravan route to Khotan which, escept where it passes throogli the rich district of Yirkand 

and the adjoining oasis of Karghalik, keeps close to tile southern edge of the done-covered 

Talilamakin. 'I Apart from rapid excursions in the last named oasis and visits to ruined sites 

near this ancient highway survey work l~ad to be contined to tile vicinity of the actual route line. 12 

Within a few days of our arrival at Khotan, October 13th, however, we set out for a 

month's interesting geographical work in t.he mountains to the south, a 

K'nu-lnn IsnEe 

hhutan. 

or ti on of the K'un-lun range hitherto practically unsorveyed. Five 

long marches from the deboochure of the Yurung-kish river led over a 

succession of high spurs furnishing escellent plane-table stations. Then the deep-cut valley 

Bee Map of IllurfCgh-at8 and Lakr Little liorakulpreparrd 

by iiieuf. F. B. Tillard, R. E.. from photoiheudolite 

auruq of n% A. Stein. Ph. D.. Survey of India 

O5cea. Calc~~tto. 1903. 

For details on tl~is peak and on other points of 

orographic intereat, cf. Notes on bl~eet No. 2. 

7 For a description of thc route, cf. Rui~s of 

Khotsn. pp. 99 sqq. 

The position ascertained for Kisl~gsr refers in 

rcb caar to the ground of the British Consolate 

General (Cl~inibigh) which served as 'camp ' for b0t.h 

ollr expedirions as well Rs for tllat of Captain Deasy. 

Tile !at,ter3s longitude determinat~on for the same prilbt 

was 76' 1' 2". De Filippi's station is s~tuated in tile 

old Mul~nn~mndnn cemetery between the British an.1 

(former) Hnssian Consnlates. 

See Ruins of Xhofan, pp. 130 sqq. 

lo See ihid. pp. 142 sqq.; Sheet No. 5. 

l1 See idid. pp. 148 sqq. 

Cf. idid. pp. 167 sqq.; Sheets Nos. 6. 9.

Sec. ii.] FIRST EXPEDITION, 1900-01 7 

was reached in which that great branch of the Khotan river has carved itfi way through the 

northernmost main range of t,he K'l~n-lun. I.' The extensive panoramic view obtained from 

Tope station above the laat of thosc spurs (13,B.l.Y ft, as determined by sub~ec~uei~t triangulation) 

first sho\vrd serious and very puzzling discrepancies between the actual orography of 

these monntains and the sketch-map of the route by which Mr. IV. H. Johnson had made his 

way from Tleh down to Khotan. It also made ~t quite certain that the head-waters of the 

Yurung-klsh were mneh further to the east than S~IOIVII 011 tlrat map, as Colonel 11. Trotter 

had already riRhtly c.or~jeeturetl in 1875. 

At Karangl~u-tfigh, the last inhabited place to the south and a colony of exiled 

~~lalcfactors, reacl~ed after crossing the Yurong-kssh, it proved impossible 

Gorge of T'rrr'ughish 

to ohtain any gnidance or other lccal help for the exploration of the 

11. 

very tliflicult route by which Mr. Jol~nson had crossed the glaciercovered 

main range fro111 the so~~tli. TVe s~~cceetled, ho\vever, ill penetrating for two marches 

along the extremely confined beti of the Turung-kish until stopped by narrow iu~l,assable 

gorges. '"Thus it was ascertained that the upper course of the river lies in a succession of 

very deep defiles passing to the sonth and west of Pk. I/Gla (E.61 or K.5 of the old 

survey records), locally 1cno~v11 as -1111~-/1i91/, 'tlie ice mountain'. This is the culminating 

massif of the ~~ortherumost 1

8 HISTORY OF SL'RVEYS [Chap. I 

Irkall ill tile west to tile 11igl1 ice-peaks towering above tllc Yur~ung-kilrl~ headwaters in the 

~out11-east. Amoug tl~esr points I included also certain 1)ealts in the much-eroded ooter bills 

towards Khotsn by which the longitude of the towu itself might be acc~~rately determined 

thereafter when a cl~auce of escept.ionally clear wcatlrer offered. 

Two days later a secoud hill station was a~ce~~detl on a 11igl1 ridgc abovc the Kunat 

pss (10,820 ft.), and the eqnally distant views there obtained renilered it. possible to secure 

triangles to a11110st all those points beforr the veil of dust carried 1111 by a rising \\rind iinally 

hid a11 but the nearest grouud from our horizon. Sobsequent experience has uliown how 

serions is tlle obstnrle presented to survey operations by the fog-Iikc haze of t.his region. All 

along the southern edge of the Tgrini basin and tlre adjoining n~o~urtainl; it. ral.c,ly lifts except 

for short. periods of the late natomn :u~l winter. 

After a short halt at. KI~otau necessitated by manifold preparations fol. our winter 

canlpaigu 1 tliapatclled Rin~ Sing11 on November 23rd for sulq)lement- 

Trinncnlntion townrcla 

linr,,,,ghu-tiXh, ary triangulation work in tlre mountains and for a surrey of thc high 

range stretching east of '31uz-t~gh '. l'l~is \\~oolil fill the gap bet,weeu 

our preriot~s wrrey aud the tt.:tet explored by Captain Densy about PGlur aud along the 

K'LIII-lun furtlrer east. In accordance wit11 ~IJ' instroctions HGm Sing11 retnrneil to oar 

foru1t.r route to\vards Karaugl~o-tiigl~ and established t,ri;~u~ulatioo stations first orr ;I promineut 

peak (14,900 ft.) above the UlCtgb-dawin over1ool;ing the Uuya valley, 'J and 

subsequently on tile edge of the high plateau above the Pisha valley (T3pe statiou, 13,Y-19 ft,.) 

closc to the point \yl~ere tlre trncl; to Karanghu-tigh falls steeply into tile deep-cut gorge of 

tlle Yurung-ktish %. 

Ile tlreu made his waj by the Igin-danltiu, at the head of the Pislla valley, across the 

range runuiug due north from 'Rluz-t;'\g11'. Beyond, t,liis c~tlminates in 

Snrvr). of rnnpe S. of 

Kbo,un.Kel.l).a, the couspicuous sno\vy massif of the Tikelili-tQgh (Pk.3/60~) and iinally 

loses itself on the broad piedn~ont gravel south-east of the 

Khotan oasis. Further east he proceeded across the open plateau-like valleys in whic11 

rise the heacl-waters of the rivers irrigating the oases bet\seeu Iil~ota~~ and Beriya. Keeping . - 

there on high grouud, uotwitl~stnntlil~g the bitter colcl of the season, 11e accurately n~npped 

the northern slopes of the outer maill K'UII-11111 range as far east as the vallcy above l'iirt-lniri~n 

(IniAmlar). " Fro111 stations eetabl~shed on broad elevntrcl spurs between the glacier-fed 

sonrces of the Yulung and Num rivers Ire triangulated a number of pealts on this part of the 

range rising to heights above 3 1,000 feet. 

\\'hen the increasing winter cold stopped further \vorl; at Ligli altitudes, Hiuui Sing11 

descended to the uarrow bell of oases 1v11ich strctclles east. of Cl~ira. Tl~ey lie along the line 

where the subsoil water absorbed 011 the gravel slopes to the south conles to light again in 

springs and reuclers cultivatiou possible here and there, before being finally lost in the drifting 

sands of the TalclamaliBn. From Keriya, the largest of the oases, Ile turnccl nortl~wards 

and, following the Keriya river don~n a previously ~unsurveyed portion of its coursr, rejoined 

me on December 23rd at the desert site of 13andhn-oilik. 26 

Since our separation I had myself been first occupied mitlliu the central portion of the 

Khotau oasis by surveys needecl for clearing up inanifold questions 

Trnrerses to 

Dl,dnol,lk concerning its historical topography. 97 Subsequently I set out by 

December 7th into the desert north-eastwards for my main task, the 

exploration of sand-buried ancient sites. The plane-table traverse carried out by me along my 

route to the ruins of DaodBu-oilik, the first of these, a distance of about 120 miles, had lain 

almost wholly through desert and for the last six marches over bare dunes, altogether very 

deceptive ground. Rim Singh's survey from Khotau to the same place had been brought 

*J See Sheet No. 14. A. 4, where the triangnlation 

station ryrnbol end tlre route 1i11c leading to thc po,ition 

of rh~n l~ill station linuc been omitted.by an 

" See Sheet No. 14. C. 4. 

ZG Cf. Btlins of Xhvfns. pp. 282 sq.; Sheet No. 

14. C. 1. 

overfigl~t. 

'= See 8l1eet Xo. 9. n. 4, and for portio~ls of a 

photogmph~c panornma 11sre taken in 19U6, Dererl 

CoUuy. i. F1g8. 66. 67. , . 

9' Bee Sl~eet No. 14. A. 3, 4. 

?' See insct mnp (Portions of hhofnn oasis, scale 

4 miles to 1 inch) in map ~ .f Aticie111 Ghoton; for tile 

location 01 l~ifitorically known points, etc., cf. Ancia~~f 

Xhoto~b, i. Chap. TII~, seo. i-iii.

Sec. ii.] E'IRST EXPEDITION, 1900.01 9 

over approximately 500 miles of route, and for tlle lart 130 mil& or so, no intersections 

could be obtained on it owing to thc abrie~~ce of' all landmarks. It was hence very reassuring 

to find that the tlifft:renco betweerr our lrositio~l~ as nllowu by the plane-tables at the point of 

junction amounted only to about 11alf a nrilr in longitude and lens than a mile in latitude. 

:\l'trr con~lrleti~~q my s~~ccessful c.xcavationx at a11d near the Dandfin-oilik site I proceeded 

tvitl~ tl~e tjurveyor to Keriya aud tl~ence reached Niya, the h t 

Explovntions nt 

Niyu aite. small oasis eastwards within the territory of old Khotan, by January 

21, 1901. l'aluable autiquarian illformation obtained here led me 

northward for five marcl~cs tl~rough the jungle belt along the bed of the dying Niya river. 

Beyond it in the area of )>are dunes 1 discovercti the widely scattered ruins of an ancient 

settlenleut abandoned to tl~c desert sands since the third century a. u. During the very 

fruitful esl)lorations ~vlricl~ Itcpt ns busy 11erc for over a fortnizht ltim Sir~gl~ was folly 

employer1 ou a detailed survey of the extensive site aud on recon~laissances into the neighlouring 

desert. 'VTrorn the terlui~~ation of the Kip river \ve then traversed the wlrolly 

unsurvey~d desert east\vards for a marching distance of over a huudred miles to the site of 

reported ruins llot far from \\,here tlle 1Sndere river is lost in the sands. "" 

Here the eastcrumost limit of my first es1)edition was attained, and after exploring with 

interestin.. res~~lts the ruins of an ancient fort and other remains, we 

UeLurn flom Eudcre col~lnrenccd our return journey by February 26. It led us first back to 

Keripa along the desert track \vlrich since early times has served for 

caravan traflic along tl~e soutl~ern edge of the 'l'aklamaltin from Khotau to the Lop-nor 

region and to western~nost China bc!-ond. Faroorable r~eatller coutlitions allo~ved the great 

rampart of the snow-covered Pun-luu range far away to the soutlt to be sighted and in parts 

to be sketched on tile plane-table. 

A rapid espeditiou don.11 the Keriya river for seven long marches from Keriya brouglrt 

11s to a point known as Karn-rlo119, xvhere, near the head of the desert 

Surveys below Keriyn, 

cLe, delta of the dying river, the remains of an ancient fort required exploration. 

Then from a point higher up the river we strnck across to 

the \vest and surveyed the deceptive desert to the north of the oases of Domoko, Gulakhma 

and Chira. The ample evidence this ground retai~~s of a, much greater extent of the once 

cultivated areas and of their shi~ts in position during l~istorical times gives it a special geographical 

interest. "' 

lllle marches thence to Rl~otan offered opportunities for surveying similar areas of 

early occupation now abandoned to the desert north of the 1Iangupa canton. Two weeks 

later ercavat~ions carried ou at the important ruins of Ranrak and surveys of other ancient 

sites in the desert to the north of the Yuroug-kish tract were successfully completed just 

before the increasing heat and sand-storms closed the seasou for sostained work on such 

trying ground. 

Our rapid return journey to Kishgar along the great caravan route cin Yfirkaltd 

afforded no opportnnity for fresh surveys, except from Kizil to Kishgar. 

lieturn to liidlgnr. There 1 lrarted from Rd~u Singh \rho on the whole of this journey 

had rendered very efficient aud milling services and who now returned 

to India. I myself sained - the railwar in Russian Turkistin across the Alai and T'ien-shan 

and thence proceeded with my archa?ological collections to London. 

The topograpl~ical results of this journey found their first cartographic record iu the 

',\lap of portions of Chinese Turkistan, surveyed under the direct,ion, 

Uap of first expedibion 

survqa. 

and with the assistance of, 11. A. Stein, Ph.D., by Sub-Surveyor S.-R., 

1900-01. Two shi. ..s. scale I inch to 12 miles', prepared at the 

Trigonometrical Branch Ofice of the Survey of India and published in May 1903 under the 

orders of Colonel St. George C. Gore, C.S.I., R.E., Surveyor General of India. Owing 

" Bee hheet No. 19. B. 1, 2. 31 See Eh;.et No. 13. D. 3. 4; Ruinr of IAotas, 

Cf. Buiiu of IChota,,, pp. 834 eqq.; Ancitst 

Rhoton, i. Chsytrr XI ; ii. Plane xxvrr-xxxrr. 

" See Sheet No. 19. C, D. 1; Ruim of Iiholon, 

pp. 389 sqq. 

pp. 405 sqq. 

31 ~ f Ruiru . of Khotun, pp. 414 sqq.; Bnn'mt K11o. 

tun, i. Chap. xur. eac. ii, iii.

10 lIISTORY OF SIJKVEYS [Chap. t 

ptly to the su~all scale and partly to teclrnical reasons connected mith tlre methods of 

then used at Calcutta, this map in its priuted appearance could not do justice 

to the are bestowed upon the drawing of the origi~lal plane-table sheets. This remark applies 

in lmrticular to the hill-shading executed by hacl~uri~lg and to many of tlre morc detailed 

topographical features. Thus, r. g., areas of sandy desert supporting vegetation were but 

imperfectly distiugnished from cult~vatecl ground, and perennial river oonrses, etc., were represented 

in the same manner as mere tenlporary floocl beds. 

llost of tho teclroical inzperfections nero remedied in the reprocluctio~i of this map 

~vhich nas prepared for the Royal Geoglnphical Society's Jolir~rttZ to 

llnp it, .di,cie,>t li~~t~,,. illustrate a paper there pnllisl~etl on n~y journey and ~vhich was used 

also for the illnstration of my l'ersoual Narrative? For this map 

execnted rlntler Iny direct sopervisiol~ while 'on deputation' in England, tracings of the 

original plane-table sheets were also ~rtilized nvith mnch advantage. Tlrc difficulties arising 

fro111 the still il,ore reduced scale of this map (1 : 1,500,000) could fortunately be avoided 

in the map accompanyiirg d~cit~irt Iihofn~~, the detailed report, of my journe,.. It mas 

drawl, by Alr. J. W. Addison, draftsman of tlre Ropl Geographical Society, with the hell> 

of original records and received equally sl;ilful reproduction in lithography. Based on the 

Survey of Icdir's map but. clra\vn on tl~e scale of 8 miles to 1 inch it brings out very clearly 

the cl~aracteristic geographical features of the Khotan region, to tlie representation of which 

betnecu the approximate longit~tdes of 79' ant1 84' it is confined. 

SECTIOX 111.-SURVEYS OP SECOND EXPEDITION, 1906-08 

The results brought back from my first journey enabled me in 1905 to secure the 

sanction of tlre Government of India, then under Lord Curzon as 

for secottd Viceroy, and or tlre Secret:uy of State for s second Central-Asian 

jourtley. 

expedition. It mas undertaken mith a view to explorations similar in 

character but had a fa: more estended scope, a fact sufficiently indicated by its duration of 

fully two and a half years, from the date of my start beyolid the adntinistrat,ive border of the 

N.W. Frontier Province till the return to my basein Kashmir. The Survey of India, under 

Colonel F. B. LONGE, R. E., Surve~or General, mas as willing as ever to assist me in my 

geographical task and again agreed to depute an Indian surveyor, to provide the needful 

equipment and to bear all cost (originally estimated at Rs. 7,000) arising from his employment. 

Colouel (now SIR SIDNEY) B~~RRARD, as Superintendent of the Trigouometrical Survey, 

showed again the most helpful interest in my plans and made the services of Rai R~im Singh, 

my former travel companion, available for the work in view. 

Starting with him on April 28, 1906, from Fort Chakdarra in Swit, I journeyed 

by a new roote over interesting ground through tribal territory, Chitril 

Route throl'e't 

to tiarikol. and Mastiij to Bfghin soil across the Hindukush aucl then by the 

uppermost Oxus to the Chinese border on the Pimirs. We reached the 

. . 

westernmost frontier of Chinese Turkistfin on May 27th by the Wakhjir pass and again 

descended the Taghdum-bish Pimir and the main Sarikol valley to Tish-kurghin. Below 

this place Rai Rim Singh commenced survey work by measuring a base near the hamlet of 

ChushmHn in order to fix useful points for mapping the course of the Tfish-kurghin or 

Zarafshsn river beyond its great bend eastwards. ' From here down to it9 junction with 

the Raskam-daryi, tlie river had never been explored, and owing to the extreinely confined 

nature of its valley the task was bound to offer great difficulties. 

" This reprodnotion, published with permi~siou archaologicul srploratios i~r Chinere firkertnn, XX. 

a€ the Surveyor Qsneral of Indin, first appeared in pp. 655.610. 

the December uumber of the Qeogrtrphical Journal. tie0 Sheet No. 3. C. 1. 

1902, with my paper: A journey of geographicul and

Sec. iii.] SECOND EXPEDITION, 1906-08 11 

After triangulating a nnn~bcr of high peaks to the north of the river, Rim Singl! 

surveyed its deep-cut gorge for some 40 miles. He took considerable 

s ~ ~ ~ i ~ risks ~ I I ~ . moving ~ , ~ along i very precipitous dopes and in repeated crossings 

of tlie river. Pi~rther progress was barred by the swollen state of the 

river, notwit,llstanding the early season, and the surveyor was obliged to turn northward. 

In accordance wit11 my instructionc, he ascended the important. tributary of Pas-robit to its 

head and after crossing the Merki pass, nearly 15,000 feet high, endeavoured to follow down 

tlre llerki and Kara-tfish rivers which drain the eastern slopes of the Muz-tigh-at5 massif. 

Again he was tl~wartcd by the flood from the melting siroms which renders the Kara-tkh 

valley quite impassable during the summer months. He was now forced nortb-eastwarde 

across the Ghijak pass and gained the caravan route from Sarikol to Kfishgar above Ighiz-yir. 

The Kara-tilsh valley thus remained unexplored until I descended it in September, 1913. 

Nevertheless Rim Singh was able to survey its dehouchure into the plains west of Yangihissir 

before he rejoined me at the latter place towards the close of June. 

In ordcr to gain time for urgent preparations at Kilslrgar, I had taken the rnaiu caravan 

route from Tish-1;urgli;in across the Chicl~iklik plateau and zia Chiliil- 

Jourlrey to Ii5shgni.. gumbas! and Ig-liiz-y5r. Tlris Ilavirrg already been surveyed on the 

Porsyth Mission of 18i3, I felt little regret that the six forced marches 

of nearly 180 miles left no time for plane-table work. :' At Kisl~gar the organization of my 

caravan n,lricli was to serve for over two years' explorations, was completed ~vitl~i~~ a fortnight 

- with the ever effective assistance of Mr. (now Sir George) Xacartney, the British 

Consul General. 

Then I nras free to set out for the initial ~ortioo of those exl)lorations in the south of 

tlre Tirim basin. At Klzil on the road to YBrkand I detached 

R",","'~~r~g~~~i Rim Singlr to survey the route which crosses the easternmost 

offshoots of the Muz-tigh-ati range and which joins tlie caravan route 

from Chihil-gumbaz to Yirkand below Arpalik and the Kizil-dawin. He-united at Y.ir'xand, 

we proceeded at the beginning of July across tlie fertile tract between the Yarkand and 

Tiznaf rivers north-westwards to the edge of the great drift-sand desert where an old site called 

for examination, and theu reached Karghalik by a new route along a previously unsorveyed 

portion of the Tiznaf river in the plain. ' 

From Karghalik we marched to Kiik-yir, a small oasis in the foothills to the south, 

where during a halt of over two weeks I was kept busy with a variety 

Snrreys in 

v,esterumost K,un-,on, of scientific tasks. From there I sent Rim Singh into the mountains 

to the soutli-east to map portions of the outer K'un-lun towards Khotan 

which were then unexplored or imperfectly surveyed. The success with which in the course 

of a month lie effected the tasks I had indicated deserves all the more notice in view of the 

considerable hardships and risks encountered. He first approached the snowy range which 

forms the water-parting towards the uppermost Tiznaf and Yirkand river courses by ascend. 

ing the streams that carry fertility lower down to the flourishing little oases of Yiil-arik and 

Ushak-bBshi. The attempt to cross the Karlik-damfin by which I bad wished the surveyor 

to reach the unexplored ground at the head of the Toghra-su, a tributary of the Kara-kish 

fiver, 7 had to be abandoned owing to the depth of snow still covering the pass. This failure, 

however, mas compensated by the advantages which the subsequent crossing of a succession 

See Bheet No. 2. n. 4. 

3 See Uerert Cathay, i. pp. 97 sqq. A plane-table 

survey of the route from Tlsh-korgllin to Kial~gnr 

WR) carried out in 1913 on my third journey, under 

my personal sopervision ns far as Toile-bulun and 

beyond by Miin Afriz-gnl. 

See Sheet No. 5. A. 4. 

gee Sheet No.5. C.4, D. 3; Derea Cathay, i. 

pp. 134 sqq. 

a See Sheet No. I. 0. 2, 3. It deservee to be 

noted that Rim Sing11 reported the presence OF 

conifer forest at two points in these valleys, nbove the 

little cnlt,ivntrd patch of Tatligh nnd to the south-eat 

of the l'Gpa-dnwin that divides them, in botn places 

at elevations of nbpnt 10,000 feet. His observation is 

of disiinct interest 8s I know nowhere else of real 

forest growth in the western K'un-lr~n. Nor did I 

meet any eastwards nntil the Central Nan-sban was 

reached to the south of Sn-chon arid Knu-cl~ou. Do 

these conifere in the above valleys represe~~t the lsst 

remnant of forest growth once more favoured by 

climatic conditiol~s in this rtgion? 

7 See Sheet No. 6. D. 3.

12 HISTORY OF SUltVEYS [Chap. I 

of high s11or.s eastwnnls offort.11 for t,he survey of a very imperfect.1~ known ]>ortion of the 

map overlooking t.he wc~starr~most atfluents of the Kara-kfish river. 

Itfim Sing11 t.hen crossed t,l~at. range to t,l~e sont,ll by the Kilifiu pass ( 17,910 feet ), 

w~c~larly - . osetl by t.rndels to Iiatlik but at t.l~at season still impracticable 

for carav:lns, ant1 :~scendnl tile Kara-kisll v:tllcy to its junction wit,h 

Pmn~e of 

Biud,l-tibh~,lIl,\.all, 

t.11~. ~vell-knon,n liara-l;oram routr. " fIcrc 11e sreuretl Kirgliix guides 

to the H~II~III-~,~~II-~I~\\.~II, 

mllicll 11:ltl assca cad out of usc for nlany years ant1 Ilatl 11ot been 

cross~l :lny Iil~own lravc4ler cxsrcl~t the ill-fat,etl Dr. Adolf Pclllngint\veit irr 1862. 

The ~,ass:t=e (17,750 fcct) was r~~eccssfully accon~~~lisl~ed in the face of great tlifficulties, 

including tlle Jcscerit ovcr a large and inucll- crevassrd glacier on the nortllern side. Vt 

brougllt t.he sllrvc.yor to the valley of I'nslla, previously 1;rlon.n ol~ly from ~~ative reltorts. 

Inaddit,ioll to sou~e cu1tiv:ltion lo\vcr down, it 11ro\~etl to ~~oss"rs 111orc~ :thuntl;nlt alpine 

grazing t,llan is found elsc\vl~erc in tllcse liigll P'un-lun vallr) s. An nsccut to t,lle Ak-t8shdanrfi11 

( 15,390 feet.) I~cru~ittnl a tlistant, view to be gained of the deep-cut Kara-liish valley. 

It consists here and for a consitlerable distance lo\ver do\vn of a s~lccession of narrorv 

gorges c1t~itr ilnpnssable escc1)t in the depth of winter when a route 

lirs a]) t,l~e frozen rivcr. In order to gain Kllotan, our appoint,cd 

~,"~~-'fi?'~~ 

meeting l~l:rcc, R6nl Sing11 I~ad to take a difficult routc to the 11ort1i-east 

passing over a serics of hiKh s111us \vl~ich fall precipitously to t,I~e Iiara-liisll river. l0 A 

number of daugerous crossings of biz glacier-fetl t,ribnt,aries, sncll as the liariz-daryi\ and 

Paniz-daryc, were ilecessary ; bnt ill the end the stu.\-eyor's small party arrived safely at the 

foot of our triangulation station of 1900 on the Uliighat-dawin. " Thence Kllotan town 

was gained by the route previously follon.ed. 

I myself llad arrived tl~ere a few days before, on .lugust 5th, from Kiik-yBr. I had 

surveyed the outern1ost footllills of the K'uu-lun with the oases of Yiil-arik, Ushak-bishi, 

Kiliin, Sanjo, l'uski and l)u\\ra, which lie at the debonchures of the rivers descending from 

the main range, I? before I struck the high roar1 by Piilma at the foot of the great gravel 

glacis. 

TIre lieat of the l~lains still precluded operations at a~lcient sites in tlre desert. Hence 

1 was free to set out into the mountains to the south, as soon as the 

Retorn to K'un-llln survcyor Ilad had a coultle of dajd rest, in order to renew and extend our 

of Iillotan. 

esplorations i~r the Karanghu-tig11 region. Our jonrney as far as Nissa 

led necessarily by the same route as follo\ved in 1900 in the inverse tlirection, a c:i~.cnmstance 

which lessened regret at the persistent dust haze now hiding all the distant snowy peaks of 

the main range to the south. No fresh l~lane-table work was done by tlle surveyor along this 

already surveyed route. But I tvas able to profit by renewed visits to my plloto-theodolite 

of I900 and to record or1 lrly lyanorama reproduetions then a\vaititlg l~ublication 

topographical details within the actual Ilorizon gathered from the I~illmen aetillg as our 

guides. l3 

Survey work was re-started from above Nissa and pushed up rvithout serious obstruetion 

on the ])art of the local LTirl~liks' to the head of tlle vallcv where 

Qlaciersahoveh'~ssa. it is closed by high snowy spurs descending htraixht from the main 

range. I' Two glaciers of imposing size are here the main feeders of 

the Nissa river. On August ]!It11 Iascended the larger one, to an elevation of over 1(;,000 

feet, and ascertained that it had its source ou the north-eastern slopes of the triangulated 

peak 3/52 a!, 23,071 feet high, wl~ich, as subsequeut surveys showed, forms a nodal point 

at the junction of two main ranges of the K'un-l~n.~~ At the same time the survey now 

8 See Gl~eet No. 9. A. 3. 4. 

see hhcet No. 9. 13. 4; forsonle cletnils extracted 

at Khotan from Bai liiln Si~~gh, cf. Briert Cathay, 

i. p. 174. 

IU Cf. Sheet No. 9. C. 3, 4. 

See ubove, p. 7. 

l1 See 8heets Xos. 6. C, D. 2; 9. A-C. 2; Derert 

Cafhuy. i. pp. 112 sqq. 

Bee Mountain Panoramat, Psnorsms III.VI 

with rxl~lanstovy notea ou pp. 18-26, also ibid., In. 

Iruduc.tory ~Votr, p. vi. 

Scc Sheet KO. 9. C. D. 1; Desert Cathay, i. PI'. 

182 sqq., with FITS. 57. 58. 

" For the nsccnt on this glncicr, c:nlled by me the 

Otroghtll Glacier from the chief grazing ground lower 

down, cf. Desert Cathu,y, i. pp. 188 sqq.; also the 

pnnoramic view 11 and Figa. 69, 60.

Sec. iii.] SECOND EXPEDITION, 1906-08 18 

effected made it clear t.l~at the Nissa valley did not extend RO far to the S.W. w nhown in 

the map of 1000-01 when it.^ gl;tcicr~ could be skctrlred only from a singlc distant station 

&bow the 13rinjak-dawin. In 

Prom Nihaa I proccedcd oin Karanglru-t~gh to the soutl~ in a frcalr cndvavo~~r to 

trace Joh~lson's Ilassage of il~c main ralrge to thc: 1:itter place in 1865. 

Benrrl~ for Jollrason'* 

igutc to ,i lIi,Ilh~I,, 111 III~ I'cr~onl~l Narrative I 11ave rc~corclcd the ol:otruction ~vhiell the 

I

7 4 HISTORY OE1 SURVEYS [Chap. I 

Having moved uorth to Pirha, I sent the surveyor to follow 11 new route to Khotan 

skirting eastuvar(1o: the slopes of the Tilrelik-tfigl~ ( 18,7S0 feet ), while 

for 1 ~iiyself proceeded there by the direct route, already surveyed ill 1900, 

ca~~tpaip. 

in order to gain time for multifarious preparations for the desert campaign 

of the autumn and winter. On September 15th I set out for a series of ruined sites to the 

north-east aud east of the Khota~r oasis. At the same time Rim Singli was sent off 

indepeudently to the foot of the main K'un-lun range south of Keriya in order to resume his 

survey work where it had stopped in December 1900 near Imimlar ( Tort-Imim ), and to 

extend his tria~~ulrtion along the northern n~ain range of the K'uu-luu as far as possible 

eastwards. 

Having gained Imimlar cin Keriya, Rim Singli was able to utilize for his hill survey 

to the soutli and sooth-east the points tixed by his triangulation of 1900 

K.~~~'u~~~~~;~~~~II as well as a llt~mber of high peaks on the spurs above the gorges of 

Pdlur which Captain Deasy's triangulation had determined in 1898-99." 

He the11 lueasured a base for t,riangulation above the hill village of Aclichan furtllcr east 

(Sheet No. 14. D. 4.1, connecti~~g it nvith t,no of Captain Densy's points. I~~formation as 

to the detern~iuatioli of this base and the niethotls by n7liich the triangolation there started 

was ~uccessfully extended to the east, first as far as Snrghirl;, south of Kiya, and subsequently 

beyond Charchau to a peak in longitude 86" 46' (Sheet No. 27. B. I), will be found 

in Major hIason's Appendix A. The total lengt,h of new triangulation work thus accomplished 

by Rim Sing11 along the K'un-lun range extended over five degrees of longitude. 

After completing archieological explorztio~ls in the deseit north of the Khotan-Keriya 

line, partly on ground not previously surveyed, I reached the Niya oasis 

E x p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s by ~ October ~ , " ~ 14 l eth. There the surveyor rejoiued me from his work near 

d 

Surgh6k 2:' and, being by cliance favoured by clear atmospheric conditions 

was able to fix the position of the small marltet-town of Niya by means of triangulation from 

the K1un-lun. It is the first and so far only instance of an oasis on the edge of the great 

desert having t,hus been exactly located. From Niya he acc~mpanied me to the ancient 

sand-buried site beyond the terniination of the Niya river first visited by nie in 1901. There 

for Johnson's 'Naii Khio Pass' by tvhicl~ he made his 

nay over placiere to the head of a valley containing 

the grazinc gronnds of ' I

Sec, iii.] SECOND EXPISDITION, 11106-08 I5 

he gave useful help by large-scale surveys of the extensive area over which itn ruins are 

scattered, while renewed excavation^ rewarded by abundant ~e.inlts kept me busy for a 

fortnight. "' 

After thin we once again separated, Hinl Sirlgh returning soitthwardn to the mount- 

ains, while I proceeded partly over unsu~eycd dcseert eastwards to the 

Yurveys to Endere. 

Cbarchan, charkl,lik. ruined site of Endere,== where the easternmost limit of our survey. 

of 1900-01 was reached. After the exploration of earlier remains 

discovered in the vicinity, I continued my journey north-eastwards to Charchan by the old 

caravan track along the line where a belt of sandy desert supporting scanty grazing meets 

the area of bare dunes covering the northern fringe of the great gravel glacis of the K'un-1un.w 

From Charchan I carried my plane-table traverse along the unsurveyed route near the right 

bank of the Charchan river or along the line of adjoining marshes aa far as the grazing 

ground of Lashkar-satma; thence I followed the usual caravan track by the old site of 

Vish-shahri to Charkblik. 27 

Here at the only permanently inhabited place of any size in the whole Lop region 

Burvry nlone N. foot 

or K~UU-Inn. 

representing the terminal basin of the Tirim, I was obliged to make a 

few days' halt for the manifold preparations necessary for my explor- 

ations in the waterless desert north-eastwards. Before moving again 

I was rejoined by Rem Singh who had fixed his triangulation stations along the K'un-lun 

range from Surghik past Kara-sai and Kapa as far as Salkanji, south of Charchan. After a 

rapid visit to Charchan he had returned to the foot of the mountains in the south-east, but 

owing to the severe cold of the season and an attack of rheumatism mas obliged to confine 

himself thereafter to plane-table work. This, however, could as far as approximately the 

87th degree of longitude be controlled hy intersections from high peaks he had already 

triangulated from the west. Increasing pains had then forced him to regain the caravan track 

near Vish-shahri. 

On December 6th I started from Charkhlik for the expedition which was to take me 

across the waterless Lop desert north-eastwards to the ruins of the 

Start for Lop desert. ancient Loalun site first located by Dr. Hedin in 1901. The route 

chosen led past the small colony of Mirsn, then only spasmodically 

cultivated, and near it I mas able to trace remains of an extensive ancient settlement. 

Rapid excavations soon proved its in~portance and determined my subsequent return to the site. 

Ram Singh had followed me to hlirin, but the rheumatic attacks from which he was 

suffering then and during most of the follon.ing winter months made effective work very 

difficult for him on the trying ground ahead. Nevertheless we brought him along on the only 

camel which could be spared as a mount, the remainder cf the twenty-one anir~als being 

needed for the transport of indispensable baggage, food supplies and water, i. e. ice. With a 

party of fifty men including labourers for excavations, I cro~sed the Tsrim at the small fishing 

hamlet of Abdal. Thence after leaving behind the last salt lagoons of the dying river 

I pushed on northward across a forbidding waterless waste of bare wind-eroded clay and 

drift-sand for seven marches from the Tfirim to where the principal ruins of Lou-Ian were 

found in the position correctly indicated by Dr. Hedin's map. 

l' Cf. Desert Cathoy, i. py. 269.299; Setindro. 

i., Chapter TI; iii. I'lans 7-18; theets XOR. 18. B. 4: 

19. 11. 1. 

z5 See Sheet No. 19. I). 1 ; Uesert Cathay, i. 

pp. 300 sqq. 

*= See Sheets Nos. 23. 8.C. 1; 22, C. 4; Deacrt 

Cathuy, i. pp. 317 sqq. 

'7 See bheets Nos. 22. D. 3, 4; 26. A-D. 3; 

Derert Cothay. i. pp. 321 sqq. 

FOI. the s~~rveyor's route from Snrghik. partly 

followed also'in 1913 by H. U. Lil Singh. see Sheets 

Nos. 19. B-D. 3; 23. A. 3, B.2, C-1). 1, 2; 26. A-C 4. 

See Sheet 30. 30. B. 2; Desert Cathay, i. pp. 

348 sqq. 

2" UP' the route followed from Abdal, see 

Sheets Kns.3U. It, C. 1 ; 29 C. 4, D. 3,4 ; for observations 

on topogi.aphicn1 features of interest socll ns tibe formation 

of wind-eroded claj riAgrs (ydrdurrgr), ancient 

dry river beds, etc.. see IJevert Cathay, i. pp. 361 sqq.; 

Serindil, Chnp. x, see. ii. iii. For the topograpblcal 

significance of rows of dead trees (wild poplars) 

marking ancient river courfe:. cf. in parricular 8sn.m. 

dia, i. pp. 365 sq.; for their indication on the maps. 

' 

see below Chap. 1x1 sec. ii.

18 HISTORY OF SITItVEYS [Chap. I 

Exmvntions we:*e rsrricd on from the 18th to t.he ?6tph of Drceniber at tl~c site of the 

rninal station of Lou-Ian (L.A.), once guarding the ancient Chinese 

' Explorntions at. 

Lo ,,., route 1.0 tile Tirinl, and at otllrr r~lins to the north-west (marked L.B.) 

nl,. 

\vit,lr in~liortnnt. results. Constatit s~lpcrvision on my part and the 

purveyor's ailing conelition precl~rdcel tol)ogral~l~ical rrcor~naissancrs beyond the iiuinediate 

vicir~ity of tltc ~nit~s, clrm:~ntlccl 1)y tllc intrrest of tllo proontl l)oth from geograpl~ical and 

prel~ieolofiical points of view. 'I'lros the tael< of sur\.e.viny the ancient dclt,a of the Iloratiov>s along 

. nnCIent border oasis of Nan-llu, the ancient 'Yany barrier', continued alon: t,he \vhole 

length of the Iiines westwards. This was found to run parallel to the 

8u-lo-ho bed from it:? outlet at the .western end of the Kliara-nor lake and to extend to the 

southern extremity of the great marsh basin where the river terminates, fully a degree of 

'I See Desert Cathay, i. pp. 376-411; Seri~dLr, I). 4; 35. A-D. 4; 38. A-B. 4. For a descriptive ac- 

Chap. XI. ser. i-xi. 

" See Sheets No*. 29. U, C. 4.; 30. A. 1; Desert 

colirit of the ronte, cf. .Des~rt Cnthly, i. pp. 50.7 eqq.; 

ii. pi'. 1 sqq. For nn aualyais of the geogrnpl~ical 

' 

Cuthay, i. pp. 415 sqq. 

- Sce hheet No. 30. A. 1, 2; Derert Cathay, 

fcaturzs met along it, see Serindia, Chap. xiv. sec.i. 

ir. 

i. pp 424 nqq. 

" 6ee Bheets Noc. 80. B-C.2,D. 1; 38. ADO. 1 ; 32. 

Ss See Sheet No. 38. C. 4; Serindia, Chap; XV. 

sec. ii-7.; Deserl Cathay, ii. pp. 44 sqq.

Sec. iii ] SECOND EXPEDITION, 1'JOG-08 17 

longitude further west, than tile latest maps had shown it. " As tho scale of our plane-table 

sheets wan not sufliciently large to record all topogl.al~hical details of intcr~st from an 

archeological or geographical point of view, I sul~plenlented them by numerous sketches. 

The additional materials thus securcd were afterwards embodied in a half-inch map of the 

westernmost Lit~~ca which in turn served for the '1)etailed Map of the Ancient Chinese 

Limes west of Tun-huang' reproduced in Scrindia. 37 

Subsequently weeks of most fruitful archaeological labour were spent by me in ex- 

ploring a great hoard of ancient manuscripts and art rclics discovered at the 'Caves of the 

Thousand Buddhas' south of Tun-huang. During this time no fresh topographical work waa 

possible as the surveyor's impaired health demanded consideration. But when on June 24th 

I left An-hsi, after depositing my archa301ogical spoils, etc., at the district headquarters, 

some months became available for geographical work in the western and central Nan-shan. 

First an extensive ruined site mas surveyed near Ch'iao-tzu between the two outermost 

hill ranges of the former. Then we turned into the mountains due 

Burvey in westernmost south and mapped the high snowy chain separating the headwaters 

&an-shnn. 

of the !Pa-shill river from the elevated plateaus of Tsaidam." Passing - 

along tlie northern slopes of that chain and crossing the Su-lo-ho near the hill oasis of 

Cb'ang-ma, we made our wa,y by unsurveyed routes to the famoos defile of Chia-yii-kuan 

near Su-chon. " There we struck tlie highway wllicli since the earliest historical times has 

been the main line of communicat,ion between China and Central Asia. 

Great efforts were needed to secure needful transport and official help at Su-chou for 

esplorations southwards in the Central Nan-shan. But by July 28th 

SnrvQgR in Central 

Nan shan. we were able to set out and after crossing tlie Richthofen Range reached 

the high plateau, nearly 13,500 feet above sea-level, separating 

tlie valley of the Hung-shui-pa river from tlie wide uplands at the headwaters of the 

Kan-chou river. 40 No guidarice was obtainable beyond the small gold-mining camp here 

encountered, nor were any humans again sighted for nearly a month. ~ortunatily the 

nrell-defined cliaract,er of the four great ranges in which the Central Nan-shan rises towards 

the uplands of the Koko-nor and Kliara-nor region and the open character of the great - 

valleys between them facilitated systematic survey work. 

By marches aggregating over 400 miles we managed during August to cross and 

survey the three northerrrmost ranges, all rising to snowy peaks of 18,000 feet or more, 

between tlie approximate longitudes of 9S0 and 100°, togetlier with a portion of the outer 

spurs of the Richthofen Range furtller east towards Kan-cbou. In the course of these surveys, 

all rivers descending to tlie oases from Su-chou to Kan-thou, as well as the Su-lo-ho, mere 

traced to their snow-fed headwaters. mTherever possible me travelled by routes and passes 

different from those taken by the Russian explorers, RIM. Potanin, Obrucbeff and Col. 

I

18 HISTORY OF SURVEYS [Chap. I 

the elevated draining into the Kharr-nor and Koko-nor lakes was surveyed along 

itr face and proved to rise in its western portion to peaks over 20,000 feet high. 49 

From the wide monntain-girt basin some 13,000 feet above sea-level, where the So-lo-ho 

gathers its main sources OII ground sl~owil~g a curious combination of dunes and marshes 

similar to that of the river's ternlinal basin in the Tun-huang desert more than 300 miles 

away, we made our way over bog-covered uplands to the lierdwaters of the Ta-t'ung river. " 

This is the norther~unost large t,ributary of the Hoang-110, and here our surveys touched the 

drainagearea of the Pacific Ocean. 

Thence we gained the valley of the uppernlost Kan-chon river by a difbcult snowy 

pass and finally effected our passage through the Richthofen Range. 

Ronle across 

Rlrl,thofm Ha,,ge. A succession of Iiigh trausverse spurs dividi~~g the western tributaries 

of the Kan-chou river, had to be crossed on our way to the Li-yiian-ho 

and the valley plains of Kan-chon. They provided very good plane-table stations and thus 

offered con~~~ensation for the trouble esperienced from the flooded streams in the deep-cut 

tortuous valleys between them. 4.1 

At Kan-chou I had reached the easternmost goal of my journey, and on September 

3rd we started again westnvarcis in order to gain our base at An-hsi. 

Journey froin 

Knn-cho,, to An.hEi. While I follo\vetl t,he high road to Su-chon and from it made an 

excursion northward beyond the oasis of Chin-t'a, Rim Singh skirted 

the foot of the mountains and thos usefully supplemented the survej- of the Richthofen Range. 46 

For the journey fron~ Su-cl~ou to An-hsi we followed what since ancient times must have 

been the great Chinese Irigh\say from Kan-su towards the Tirim basin. A long reco~rnaissance 

gushed to the north of Tii-men-hsien ellabled me to determine the point where the line 

of the ancient Lil~,t.s coming from the east first struck the course of the Sa-lo-ho near the 

river's great nrestward bend. 4C 

At An-hsi Rim Singh wl~ose I~ealth had proved unequal to the hardships of a 

second w~nter campaign in the desert, was relieved by Surveyor Rai 

Rim Sineh relieved 

Lil 

Sahib Li1 Singh whom Sir Sidney Borrard in response to the request 

made by me on return from the expedition into the Lop desert in the 

preceding spring had kindly started on his long jourrrey. Rai Lil Singh subsequently 

gave splendid proofs of his exceptional zeal and fitness for surveying work under trying 

conditions, as tested before on many hard snrvey tasks he had shared from the Yemen to Tibet 

and Eastern China. ltai Ram Singh regained India ria Khotan. Advantage was taken of 

his journey to traverse with a plane-table the more circuitous route through the mountains 

from Ton-huang to Charkl~lik n~hich alone is available for use until the salt springs on the 

desert route freeze towards the end of December. *7 

On October 8th we commenced the two months' journey of nearly 900 miles frorn 

An-hsi to Kara-shahr for our tvinter's work in the Tirim basin. 

UesertroutetoHimi. Lack of time and a heavy convoy of antiques obliged me to follow the 

usual caravan track across the stony desert of the Pei-shan to the 

oasis of Himi. 4s Though it has been followed by more than one European traveller since 

the days of the old Jesuit surveyors of the 17th century, its detailed survey proved of 

interest for the historical topography of a route which since the 1st century A. D. has served 

the Chinese as the main line of access to their Central-Asian dominions whenever they 

were able to assert their control. 4g The short stay I made in the Hiimi tract in order to 

'l See Sheets Nos. 41. D. 4; 43. A. 4; Desert Ca- 

1hay. ii. pp. 322 sq. 

Sea Sheet No. 43. A. 4, R, C. 4; Desert Cathay, 

ii. pp. 323 sqq., Pip. 156, 242.244. 

" Cf. Sheets Nos. 43. D. 3. 4; 46. A. 3, 4; De- 

ant Cathay, ii. 328 sqq.; Figs. 246. 260, 261. 

" See Sheets NO@. 46. A. B. 2; 43. B-D. 1-2; 

42. G. 4. 

" Cf. Sheet No. 40. C. 4; Serindiu, pp. 1136 sqq. 

For the high road from Sn-chon to Ah-14, sce Sheet. 

Nos.43.A.1;41.D.1;40. A.4,B.4,5,C,D.6. 

'; See for this route Sheets Nos. 38. B. 4; 39. 

A. I; 36. A-C. 2, 1). 1; 33. A-D. 2; 30. B.D.2. The 

latitude observations and clinometrical heights as 

well as some other details shown along it are added 

from Rai Lill bingh's survey who retraced this route 

in the opposite direction from blirilu to Nan-hu in 

November-December, 1913. 

'" SeeSheete Nos. 38. B. 1, C. 1, 2, D. 2,3; 87. A, B. 

4; 34. D. 3. 

'Y Cf. my paper The desert crossing of Htiian-tsaug, 

Geographical Journal, 1919, lix. pp. 265 sqq.

Sec. iii.] SECOND EX I'EDITION, 1906-08 19 

examine ruined sites near Ara-tam and Lapchuk was utilized by Lil Singh for a rapid survey 

of the southern slopes of the Karlik-tigh, tlie easternmout portion of tho T'ien-shan range, 

rising to snowy peaks between 13,000 and 14,000 feet. 6" 

TIle same plat1 was followed during the three weeks spent in the Turfin depression. 

While visits to its numcroun and imporbnt ruins and excavations at an 

Plnrvegs in, and 6. of, 

Tnrfin bnsin. unexplored desert site in its south-eastern eorner kept me busy, 

La1 Singh rapidly surveyed the ground over which tlie principal 

oases of the district are scattered. He also mapped portions of the southern slopes of the 

snowy T'ien-slran which overlooks this basin, so interesting to the geographer. 5' On 

- - 

resuming my journey to Kara-shahr on December Ist, 1 sent Li1 Singh southwards 

for independent survey work among the low desert ranges of the Kuruk-tigh. He 

accomplished his task successfully by first reaching Singer, the only permanently 

occupied spot in a vast reglon of crumbling rock, bare gravel or salt-encrusted ground, and 

thence carried his snrvey westwards through wholly ucexplored hills to Korla at the 

extreme north-east corner of the ll%rim basin proper. 62 The local experience gained on 

this journey roved of very great help to LLI Singb on his far more extensive explor- 

ations in the Kuruk-tLgh during 1914-15. 

I myself after gaining the Kara-shahr valley by ra~~id marches on the caravan route 

froni Turfin \\.as busily occupied by excavations at the large site of 

Exploratione in 

Kara-shahr region, ruined Boddhist temples north of Shorchuk. La1 Singh having 

rejoined me by Christmas, me moved up the valley to the ruins of 

Khora \\.hence we reached Korla by New Year's day, 1906. Reports received there about 

sand-buried 'old towns ' drew me then into the unsu~veyed desert belt between the Inchike 

and Charcllak river beds to tlie south-west. hs When our surveys there had proved these 

reports to be based on mere folklore beliefs, current all along the Taklamakan, we took 

separate routes to Kuclti. I struck across the scrubby desert to the north of those river 

beds and after reaching Bugur followed the ancient road along the foot of the T'ien-shan 

westwards, while LHI Singli mapped the unsurveyed course of the Inchike-darys to 

Shahyir, rejoining me at Kucha. h5 

After rapid visits to ancient remains on the outskirts of this large and important 

oasis I started towards the close of January, 1908, to the south of 

Crossing of 

'I'aklamakin. the great desert for the exploration of ruined sites in the Taklamakan. 

In order to reach them by a 'short cut' we followed the line indicated 

by Dr. Hedin's pioneer journey of 1896 and leading from Shallyirr due south through the 

desert of large dunes to where the Keriya river loses itself in the sands. This desert tramp 

of fifteen days from the Tarim to the point where we first reached the water, or rather ice, 

of the dying Keriya river proved beset with serious difficulties and risks. Yet it also was 

attended by plenty of interesting topographical observations regarding the ancient dead 

delta of the river; the high ridges of dunes (dazuin) which here as in the Lop desert 

usually keep parallel to ancient river beds, however long ago they may have been dried up 

and smothered, and other typical features. $7 When at last me had reached the ever errant 

. . 

river it was found to have formed a new bed at a considerable distance to the west of the 

one where Hedin had seen it. 

After fresh excavations at the Kara-dong site ( Sheet No. 13. D. 3 ) we moved by a 

new route to the desert belt north of the Domoko oasis. While I was 

Explorations in 

desert g. of Khotsn. engaged t.here in exploring an extensive but much scattered series of 

ruins, Lil Singh carried out useful supplementary surveys both to the 

50 See Sheet Nos. 34, D. 2, 3; 37. A. 2,3; Desed 

Cathay, ii. pp. 345 aqq. 

" See Sheet No. 28, C. 2, 3, D. 3; Desert Ca- 

#hay, ii. pp. 363 sqq. 

52 See Sheets Nos. 28, B. 4; 29. B. 1, 2; 25. A. 1. 

No. 28. A. 3, 4, B-C. 3 ; 24. A-D, 4. 

" See Sheet No. 21. C. 1, 2, D. 2; Destrt Cathay, 

ii. pp. 374 sqq. 

'5 See Sheets Nos. 21. A, B.1,1; 17. B-D. 1,2. 

'6 See Sheets Nos. 17. A. 3, 4; 18. A. 1-3; cf 

B.Z.C.1,2,D.1;21.D.l. 

Desert Cathay, ii. pp. 382 sqq. 

See Sheet No. 26. A. 1; Desert Cathay, ii. 

pp. 964 sqq. For the ronte from Tnrfin, see Sheet 

57 Cf. Serindia, pp. 1239 sq.

So HISTORY OF Slrll\'ETS [Chap. I 

north and south of the line of oases stretclring westwards to Khotan. 68 After more 

.rcha~olo~ical labours at sites in the desert fringing the Khotan oasis to the north and 

nortll-west, me started early in April for Ali-su by the route wlrich leads througl~ the 

heart of the Taklamakln along the united bed of the Yumng-liiish and Kara-kiish rivers, 

then practically dry. 

On this journey I was able to explore int~rrst~ing ancient remains on the curious 

desert lrill of Mazir-tiigh which juts out to the left bank of the Khotan 

InnFe ti+. Of Mar'r- river as the last offshoot of a lorn and now almost completely eroded 

range coming from the north-west. A reconnaissance made by the surveyor 

showed that tlris rauge is still traceable amidst high dunes for a distauce of at least 

twenty miles. 6U Its exploration beyond was impossible at t.hat season of increasing beat and 

sand-storms. 

We descended the Kl~otan river bed to t.he neighbo~~rl~ood of its junction with the 

Tirrinl whicl~ \re crossed. By the left brulr of the Ak-su river we 

Journey to Ak-cn. reached tlie town of that name, the present Ch~nese headquarters for the 

eastern portion of the Tirim basin, early in May. There we separated 

for nearly three months. I myself travelled up the Uch-Turfin valley and crossed a barren 

and very rugged outer range of the T'ien-shan, previously unsurveyecl, to tlie little-kno\vn 

oasis of Kelpin. '-" 

Moving south\vards I traced remains of ancient settlements in the desert between 

the arid outer hills of Kelpin and the terminal course of the Kishgar 

to lihotnn river, before reaching the Ak-su--Kishgar highway near the ruined sites 

Yirkaud. 

of Tumshok. 63 A series of lo\\, yarallel hill ranges in the nnsurveyed 

desert belt to the north-east of RIaril-biislli offered an opportunity for interesting topographical 

work. Then the increasing heat and the call of mnny heavy tasks obliged me 

to return to my base at Khotan. Proceeding by rapid rnarches along the left bank of the 

Y~rliand river I carried my plaue-table traverse to Yitrkand, " whence the caravan route 

already followed in 1900 brought me back to Khotan by June 9th. 

Here I was detained by exacting labours neecletl for the safe packing of my large 

colleetiou of antiques and by the manifold reparations for the planned 

Lil Singh's surveys 

alongT'~en shan and in explorations in the Iligh K'un-lun to the south. The halt fortunately 

'". K'nn-lon. 

allowed me to give La1 Sing11 adequate tinre for independent survey 

work, and wit11 his unfailing eurrgy Ile used it to the best advantage. Injury to a level 

of the theodolite prevented, it is true, t,he triaogalation I had wisl~ed him to carry from 

Ak-su to Kl~otan. Nevertheless he effected very useful plane-table surveys along tile main 

T'ien-shan range from the valley below the RIuz-art pass to the n.aterslred nort,h of ICishgar. G" 

Descending a second time to Kislrgnr, he travelled to Gcn~a through the districts of YBrliand 

and Karghalik by a route different from the higli-roads already surveyed. He then 

succeeded in mapping, as directed, the last portions of tcnu i~tcogaifu on tho nort,hern slopes 

of the K'un-lun between the Kiliin valley and the nliddle Kara-l~ish river above Pujiya in the 

lower Khotan hills. In addition he connected his survey wit11 l?%m Singh's ~vork in 1906 

by crossing the Sanju-dawsn and ascending the Kara-k;isl~ river as far as 1Cili:in-kurg11:in. 

63 See Sheet No. 14. A-B. 2. C. 3; Desert 

Cathay, ii. pp. 413 sqq. 

" See Sheet No. 9. D. 2. 

See Sheet No. 13. A. 3, B. 4; Desevl Catlay, 

ii. pp. 417 sqq. 

See Sheets Nos. 13. A.4, B. 1-4; 12. A. 3, 4, 

B. 4. 

" See Sheet NO. 7. B. 2. 3, C. 2, D. 2; Dedert 

Cathay, ii. 421 sqq. 

" Bee Sheets Nos. 7. B. 4; 8. B. 1. 

" See S!~eets No. 8. 3, B. 1 ; 5. C. 3.4; D. 1,2. 

With regard to thi! plane.table work between 

Ak-su and Yirkand I Fay brief9 note thnt the roote 

111ad followed was crossed by that of Lil Singlt only 

at one point, the srnnll omin of Abid, two marches 

north of Tirksnd (Sheet No. 6. C. 2). The distn~ice 

covered by me from our comu~o~l startiug poiut. Aksu. 

amounted t.o over 350 miles. while tliat, on the 

snrvcyor's roote via Kefihgnr \~~as,considernbly greater. 

It w ~ hence s no small satisfaction to rue to find t,hat 

the position shown for Abid by ruy o~.n plane-lab:e 

differed from that of Lil Singh Ly only onc mile in 

longitude nud about two in Iatitnile. 

'$ See Sbeets Nos. 12. A, B. 1 ; 7. A. 3, B. 2, 3, C. 2, 

D.1,2;4.A-C.4,D.3,4;1.C,D.4. 

'"or the route to and from Ilishgar, 'see' Sheete 

Nos. 2. D. 1, 2 ; 5. A. 1. Porthe ronte from liishgar via 

Abid-Merket-Karghalik t6 Girmn, see Sheets Nos. 5. 

A-C.2,4,U.3;G.C.l,D.1,2;9:A.1,2. 

'' See Sheets Nos. G.D. 2; 9. A. 1-3, B. 2,'3, C. 3, D12.

Sec. iii.] SECONI) EXPEDITION, 1906-08 21 

After the surveyor had rejoined nre towarcls the ell11 of July, I dis~~atchetl my lreavy 

convoy of anticlues to tlre foot of tlre Kara-koram 1,abaerj anti btartal 

for Y1'rung-liiNh myself wit11 Lgl Sir~gl~ 011 IIIY lot~g-l,latrned cxlre(1itiotr to tile sor~rcrs 

60UTCfB. 

of the Yr~rung-k.is11 river. hly prrviorrs exl~loration~ in thc Karangh~ttkgh 

region hail shown t.hat t,lrn f~trthrst heacl\\-atcrs of the river were ilrlite irrarcessihle 

througll tlre liarrow ant1 (Ice)) gorxes ili \\.hiell it 11aa vrrt its \\.a!. \~est!va~?Is IYAS~ tlrc nrassif 

of c~luz-tigh ' (Pk. 1/61 .\, 23,890 t't.). My I'resl~ rfl'ort \\.as thcrel'ore to Le made from tlre 

east wl~ere that unes~)lorcd 111ou11tain regiotr atljoirls the extreme rrorth-west of the lriglr 

Tibetan 1)lateaus. 

Itre reached the latter L! aacrrrcling the very cor~ti~recl gorges above I'Gl~rr ant1 by 

rrossing the r~ortl~ern lnaiu range of the K'un-1ur1 to the Seglriz-kiil 

Ascent nbove PGlor. lalie. '" .i t\\o days' halt here errahletl IAid Sirrglr to effect bolne 

suppletr~entary tria~rgulatiot~ based on l~eaks firht tixecl Ly Captairr 

Deasy. Fortr~ne secu~etl the grriclance of a l~urlter of nild yalis, ant1 this enatrled us by 

proceeding the~lce westwards to discover the deelj-cut vallry of Yailik, (lraini~r~ into the 

Yurung-kiish. It had remained r~nlino\vn to prcvio~~s c\plore~s, tl1ouy11 its r~tei~aivc old 

gold-pits, 11ow almost deserted, must have beerr \\.orl;e(l for Illan! year& 

The Zaililr valley proved of great val~lr for or~r xrrrvc.!. \vork. In sl~ite of its extremely 

confined nature it becanre l>orr~t)le to ascent1 from it several spurs falling 

OF 

vulley. steeply from the iliail~ I.:cnge on the 11ol.tI1 :rntl thu- to map n cor~siderable 

portion of tile grand a~rd \viltl IIIOIIII~:I~II system contait~iog the 

unexplored headn.ate1.s ol' tlre Yurn~~g-hsh. On the magnificent snnwy range which flanks 

them ou the south, visible from these hill stations for a distance of over 60 mile.^, a rlr~mtrer 

of glacier-clad peaks rising to Inore than 21,000 feet could be sighted. i0 

By collectiug from among the litt.le groults of miners still toilir~g in this gloonry 

gorge of Zailik a srl~all trunber of carriers for the transport of instru- 

Explorat,ion of uvpermost 

Yurung,kisll, ~nents and a rnioininnl of baggage we n~anaged to posh our \\.a)- into 

the main valley of the Yurung-kish aucl to follow it up.sards over a 

succession of high side S~II~F. Above one of the 1)asbes crossed, the Manddr-kiil-iIa\\%n, all 

excellent hill-station was climbed at an elevation of 18,612 feet aud iisetl by tria~~gulation. 

Finally after seven tr~ing ~narel~es from Zailik \ve penetrated through the extremely confined 

gorge of the main river to the great glarier-bound Lasin, about 16,000 feet Irigh at its bottom, 

where its easternmost, and largest bra~~clr talies its rise. 

After thus tracilrg the river to its ice-bouucl Ireacl, \ve turned eaat~vartls a~rd having 

by Sel~ten~ber 3rd l~ickecl up near the Llfigh-lid our depot of spare 

Yassnge to Eeriyn 

R. sources. transport and supplies, crossed the southern main range of the K'un-lun 

by tlre B.iba-llstim pass (17,584 feet). Thence for three marches me 

followed the PGlur-Lanak-lti route to the south-west. 7-t led LIS to the bleak plateau, over 

17,000 feet in height, \\,liere the lieriya river gathers its sources at the foot of a liue of 

glaciers. Our survey proved tliese to descend from the same ice-clad range whicli encloses 

the head basin of the Yr~rung-kish sources from the east.73 From the watershed at the head 

of the Keriya river sources we ~noved \vestwards to survey the ground which in our atlases has 

generally figured as a high plain with the name of Ak-stti-dill but \vhich the provisional issue 

of the Survey of India's 1 : 1,000,000 map for this area rightly sho\ved as a blank. 

Instead of a plain we found there high sr~owy spurs sepaiated by broad valle~-P, and 

" For the ronte to P6lur village, see Sheet Xo. 

14. A. 2.3. B. 3.4., C. 4; for that ncross the range Nos. 

14. 0, D. 4; 15. C, D. 1. Cf. Desert Cuthay, ii. pp. 

440 sqq. 

6Y See Sheet No. 15. C. 1; Desert Cnlhny, ii. pp. 

414 sqq. 

to See Sheet No. 15. A, B. 1,2; Desert C.rthny, 'ii. 

pp. 446 sqq. 

71 See Fheet-No. 15. 0. 1; Desert Cathay, ii. pp. 

449 sqq.; Panorama 1x1; Yig. 324, 3%-390. 

'2 See Sheet No. 15. D. 1, 2; Dese1.t Cathay, ti. 

pp. 456 sqq. The triangulated stations and points 

shown by Sheet No. 15 along the portion of the 

Y6lur-Lannk-li ronte here f0llowed, with the exception 

of those on and beyond the snowy range enclosing 

the Yurong-kPsh sources from tbe sootb, are 

taken from Captain Deasy's work. 

iJ See Sheet No. 16. D. 2; Desot Cathav, ii. pp. 

457 sq.

22 HISTORY 01: Sl'lt\.b;l'S [Chap. I 

rlescel~ding frolu the gtrat 111nin mnge of the k't~u-lun \vltich overlooks 

h''''',l,, the Ytwoog-kish Itea~l\vntc~rs fron~ tlic so~ttli. 11 series of lalic basins 

esteuds alo~lg the foot of those silrlrs at elevations of 15,000 to 16,000 

feet ; but the streams dmining the \vide valleys to the ttortlr rnrcly reach t.hoit, autl iirc lost ill 

vast detrittts fans. :' Crossing the debonch~~r~s of tlicse valleys \vc 111ade o~ir way still \vcst\vards 

over the easy divides, seln~ntilrg the lake basins ; Ijut lbrclgrers was tnade \.el:\. trying by the 

italement weather and by tlre utter bnrren~~esr of the grou~ttl \vhirh togctlrcr \vitlt the great eleratiolls 

tolcl lleavilY on our aocl ~Ionl;e!.u. \\.it11 tile tratirl)orl trearittg esha~~stiou atrd tho 

fod,ler sllpl~l!- rl~nnin~ out it \\.as impossible to alxire tiurc either for t,rinltgt~li~tion or visits to the 

heads of the valleys descentling fro111 that I~ortiol~ of the sot~thern K'un-Inn range \vhich 

stretcl~es from the triangulated peak S/S'J.\I (23,309) sotttli-t~;~st\valds as far as cire. long. 80°30'. 

After sis loll@ marches from \vItere \\e had left t,lte I'i~lur-Lal~alr-1% ro~~te fC. 468). 

\ve t*ached the east end of a large salt lake, no\v mostly dry, \vIricll a 

JO~IIISOII'S route party of the G. 'I'. S~~rve!. of I,n(Iik al)l,ears to hare sigl~ted some fortj-- 

~rtrared. 

five - - rears before. 7: hlarcltittt. thence to the north-\vest for three nlore 

days over veq- clisr~~al ground, n-e passed dr!- salt-elicrustetl lagoons ant1 struck by September 

17th tmces of the forgotten route by \vlrieli Hiji Habibiillah had tried to open direct. 

communicatio~~ with Ladik and over \vhiel~ Johlrson 11:itl bee11 talicn to Iiltotan in 18G5. i" 

As \ye follo\ved the track still clearly mrnlied by cairt~s alltl other relics, and crossed two eas!. 

passes to the uorth-xrest, the main range cante agaii~ i~tto ft~ll vie\\ alrtl :~llowed o11r position 

accalatel~. to be fixed with tlte help of two triangulated 11caks (4/52rr or 13 5i ; 6/5nar or E 58) 

of the G.T. Survey. At last we etnerged on Sel~tentber lStll ill tlte valley of an eastern feeder 

of the Kara-kislt \\.Irere some abantlotred stone-huts st,ill slto\vetl Joh~~soll's rantp 'Kkrkkksh'. 77 

It only remained to trace Johnsou's root,. to his 'Yangi-di\\Al~ Pass' by which he 

crossecl the nlain K'un-lun rallgr to\~artls Karanghn-tigh. A line of 

Ancent to glacier eol in 

search of Ihr,gi-clo,rd,,, cairns sltowed the side valley \vilere tlle pass \votlld have to bc looked 

for; but towards its head all trace of the old route had become obliterated 

by advancing masses of ice ant1 snow. Inforntation giltlte~.ctl front sotne Kirghiz who 

Itad joined us loner down in the Kara-kish valley, inducetl tne o~t Sel~tc~n~ber 2211d to make 

a reconnaissnce with the surveyor due north up a steep glacier ~vhicl~ appeared to offer the 

nearest approach to the watershed. \\'Iten after a verl tr! ing ascent over much-crevassed ice 

and ?/be it was gained on a snowy col for n.llich hypsometer and aneroid readii~gs indicated 

a height of about 19,900 feet, the extensire view opening northward supplied tlte hoped-for 

links with our former surreys of 1900 and 1906 from the Khotau side of the main range. TH 

But instead of the 'I'angi-dan.ftnl which was to give access eastwards to a tributary of the 

Yurung-kish (Chomsha-jilga?), me had reached the crest-line of the main range where it 

overlooks the glacier-fed headwaters of tlte Parlitz river which flows into the Kara-k~sh. 

The triangulated snowy peak, 3/52 ar, 23,071 feet, rising to the east of our position, 

effectively blocked all view towards the nnesplored portion of the range 

Jouction of K'nn-Inn 

rnnges. flanking the Yurung-kish headwaters. But as a compensation this 

highest of our surrey stations furnished definite proof of the interesting 

orographic fact that the high peak in question represents not merely the point of junction of 

the two K'un-lun ranges between \vhich the Yurnng-kish rises, but that it is also the head of 

the great northward spur dividing the drainage areas of the Yurling-kish and Kara-k&sh rivers. 

Unfortunately this important gain to our surrey work was attended by a very serious 

accident to myself. The delay at that icy height necees~tated by 

Frostbite accident. mappiug and photogral)hic work, together with incidents arising from 

a late and hurried descent to escape the risk of being altogether 

7'SecSheet Nos. 15. AX. 2; 10. D. 2; Desert 

Cathay, ii. pp. 469 sqq. 

75 Compare in tho zUop illrrstvzling the routes 

lakenhy Mr. Juhnsot~ the lake shown in circ. 80' long. 

36" 1J' lat., wit11 the one to sonth of our C. 475 in 

Sheet No. 10. D. 2 ; see Derert Cathuy, ii. pp. 465 sqq. 

Cf. above pp. 7, 13 Bq.; D~ert Cathay, ii. pp. 466 

sq. The crirn 8ymbhol in the N.E. corner of Sheet NO. 

10. C. 2 correspond8 approximately to 'Calnp Pangpli' 

in Jol~nson's map. 

77 See Shect Nu. 10. C. 1; cf. Stnge 18, in Itinerary 

athched to john son'^ lteport, dated April 22, 1866, to 

tho Superinl.endent, Q.T. Survey. 

in See Sl~eels Nos. 10. C. 1 ; 9. C. 4. For tlre ascent 

to the eol and the view pained from it, cf. Dererl 

Catlay, ii. pp. 476 sqq., wit11 Panorama XIXI.

Sec. iii.1 S15(:ONI> EXPEDITION, IYOU-Ob 23 

t~er~ightetl on tl~e glacier, resnlted in the toes of rny fe1.t being severely injured by frohtbita. 

'l'lre urgency of securing st~rgical aid oblige11 tne to have nlyself carried by forced marches 

to Leh which was reml~eti t~y October 12tl1 ant1 \\,here the toes of I I I ~ right foot sere 

amputated. lio\r~ever, I had the satirifirctioii 01' li~ro~ving that the exploratory task8 oS thin 

journey hat1 been complctc.(l. 

I could leave the I~cavy caravan of antiqnes tvl~icl~ had awaited my arrival loser tlotvr~ 

the Kara-kicsh valley, to be bronght safely across the high pansm t~nder 

Journey ncrosr 

Rnrn-kornm, the care of LA1 Singb. He carried the ~dane-table survey LI;) to the 

I~lclian frontier on the Kara-kora111 paus:!' and 11roved to the end, as 

tl~rougl~ot~t the journey, tlie most devoted and energetic of helpers. It was to lne a special 

satisfaction that the recommendation of the Surveyor General becurell for hin~ due official 

recognition by tile besto\val of the title of ltai Ilahidur at the close of the jear, a~ld that 

this was follo\ved some months later by the award of' the Back (;ra~~t on the part of the 

Royal Creogra~~l~ical Society. 

A detailed cartographical recortl of the s~crveys n~acle on this jonriiey was prepared at 

the Trigonometrical Survey Ottice, then under the direction of Colonel 

Q n ~ ~ Sir ~ Sidney ~ Uurrard, ~ ~ R.E., ~ in the ~ shal,e ~ of ~ an atlas ~ of ~ 

94 sheets, o f drawn 

on tile scale of 4 m~les to I inch and eaclr extending over one degrea 

of Iatitnde ant1 longitude. These sheets reprod~~cetl 1~y helio-zincography were intended 

for puhlicatio~~ wit11 Strirr~lin, the Detailed ltellort on the scientific res~rlts of 

my esl)etIition. Ilut the I,rel)ar;\tio~l ot this large I\-ork nas Ijot~nd to take some years owing 

to the great abunda~~ce and very varied nature of the archwological discoveries, etc., and to 

the need of utilizing for it also the help of nnlnerous esl,~rt collaborators. Hence a certsi~l 

number of col)ies of this atlas were made available in advance by presentation in 1913 to 

leading geogral,hical institutions in Europe and America and to scholars specially interested 

in researches concerning tliese parts of Central Asia. This advance issue has proved all the 

more justified because the p~~hlieatio~~ of Srria~lirt ha?; st~ffered considerable delay, first on 

account of thr break caused in its preparation by ny third Central-Asian cxpetlition and 

subsequently, after my return in l!llti, by the difficnlties arising I'ron~ the n-ar which beset 

the printing and issue of those bnlky volarues. 

The technical esecntion of tliese n1a.l) sheet?; considerably benefited by the comparatively 

large scale and by improved ~nethotls of reproduction introduced since 

Difficu'tiesbese'tiu~ 

map revisiou. the publication of the map slio\ving the surveys of my first journey. 

But the heavy tasks awaiting me at tlie British Museum in connection 

with the elaboration of the arclimological results necessitated my departure for England 

immediately after mj- return from the espedition ant1 my stay there for the nest three years, 

and these circumstances together with the rapid production of the maps which other 

considerations demanded, made it diflicolt for me to bestow upon their details all the precise 

care which I should other\vise have done. This applies in particular to tlie hill-shading, doue 

by hachnring instead of the 'form lines' of the original plane-tables. Owing to the great 

distance separating me fro111 the Dehra Don dramiug office my revision of tlie sheetr had 

to be restricted to tlie t\vo stages of 'outline' and 'black and brown' proofs. KO examination 

of the dra\~,in,os themselves having been possible in tlie first instance, tlie range of corrections 

in these proofs mas necessarily limited by cons~derations of delay and expense. 

~ortnuatel~ tlie difticulties just indicated did not make theniselvis felt in the case of 

tlie maps illustrating my explorations of 1906-08 which with tlie kind 

hIaps reprodured by 

H.aeogr.society. l>ermission of tlie Surveyor General I was able to get prepared and 

pnblislied by the Royal Geograpliical Society and subsequently to use 

also for my Rrrins qf Dese~,t Cothr~y. They comprised a general map of the whole area over 

mhich the surveys of those years extended, on the much redocecl scale of 1 : 3,000,000, and 

two maps, on tlie scale of 1 : 1,000,000 showing importaut mountain regions, portions of the 

K'un-lun range south of tlie Karghalik-Khotan-Keriya line and of tlie Western and Central 

79 See Sheets Nos. 9. A, B. 4 ; 10. A. 7. Chiibeae Tttrkebtan and Kasstc, ffcog~~aphical Journal, 

au See Note on map8 illusttsating erplo)~tioi~~ iib March, 1911, pp. 275 8qq.

91 IIISTOltY Ol? SU11,YKYS [Chap. I 

Nan-sllall, tuget~ler \ritll it1~ets 011 tho sill~~e, 01' 011 :L larger scale, of certain arc.h~o~ogiCally 

interesting are=. Tlleso Inaps \yere all prcparctl hy Mr. J. 11'. Addison, Draftsman of the 

H, Qeogrnpllical Societ:\-, from the 1 miles to 1 illch s11~ct.s t11c11 ill corlrse of r~ublictrtion. 

But as the Iatt,er \\.ere available at the time only in outlinc roof's, fllc Iiill-sllatling as well 

as otlwr (letails \yere s~l~>~)lcn~cntetl fro111 t,raciligs of tllc, origillal l~latle-tal~le tlra\vings. 

In adtlition tile surve!.s ~ i1!,00-01 ' \yere rltilizetl for f lling ill c+crt:~i~i portic~l~s of t.11c ground. 

Superior tI~.ai'~stnansl~il) and skilfill litlio~m~~l~ic rrprotluclion co~~il~ensatetl to sonlo extent for 

the disadv;~nt:~gcs of n ~uttcl~ retlncrtl scalt. alltl wake tl~cse nlallr still vt'r~. convt!nit,nt for 

purpt~c~ of gt>llrl.sl rrf'erence. 

111 the note :~rt>olnl)anyiug the ~)lll)lic:~tio~~ of thesc reduretl-erale III;IIIS iu t.l~e (;PO- 

!/rrcl,Li,rt/ dorr~.~trrl I havc already hat1 occasioll to recortl essential data 

Comyilnti~ul 01 ulaps. regarding tlw con~~)llatioli of tlie .b miles to 1 inch slleets, as ltindly 

colnmunic:~tetl to Ine at the time by Mr. J. Eccles, late Srtperintendent, 

Sllrvey of Iliclia, wlio, in s~lcce~sioll to ('al)tain (ntnv Col011e1) 1-1. H. Turtler, R.E., had 

sUl>prvip~l the work. I.:sl,l:ll~ations on specific poi~its of the stlr\reys as there represented will 

be found in the Notes given below in Chapter IV \vitll reprtl to indiuidual sheets of the new 

map p~tblication. Finally reference may be made here to Chapter 111 for an account of the 

methods by \vllicll certaill tol~oprap11ic.al featl~res of the ground surveyed on the second 

journey have receivetl ill the new 1: 500,000 maps a more atlequate representation than it was 

Possible to give ill the 4 miles to I ii~cll sheets. 

SECTIOS 1V.-SURI'EYS 012 THE THIRD JSYPEL)lfl'ION, 1913-15 

Plentiful as were tlie results bronght back from my second Cent~.al-.\sian journc,y, 

they could uot keep me from remenihrance of the ol)eniogs for interesting esploratory work 

which, on my previous travels, disl)rol)ort,iou between the a~ailable tinlr ant1 the vast extent 

of the ground had obliged rile to pass by both \vit.llin Chinese Turl~ist~n ant1 in adjacent 

regions. The generous ronsideratio~l and 11elp of the C+overnment of India, under tlie 

Ticeroyalty of Lord Hardinge, rnab!ed me to nse in 1913 the i'svo~~rsble political conditions 

prevailing in those regions for my start on a third expedition. Planned to last for a slightly 

longer period than the second, it was to take nleslso across tlie Pumirs and adjoining mouutain 

regions of Russian Turkisttin as well as over parts of easternmost Persia. If my nrork in 

these parts was to be ~nainly antiquariau it seemed all the more important to employ tlie time 

available on Chinese soil to full advantage for geographical and topogral)Ilical labours. 

Our previous stlrveys in the l1iritil Lasin and in the adjoining regions east ancl 

north-eastwards, closely related to it =;eograpliically and historically, had 

s$~~t~"~~~i,, left great gaps which I was particnlarly auxious to fill. I therefore 

felt deeply grateful for the generous assistance wl~icli Colonel Sir Sidney 

Burrard, then Surveyor General, was once again ready to assure to nle oil the part of the 

Survey of India. In accordance mith my request he deputed ivitll me my old travel 

companion, Rai Bahidur Li1 Singh, now Sub-Assistant Superinkendent, whose previous local 

experience and oft-proved energy under conditions of hardship and risk \\,ere a specially 

valuable asset. He 21~0 sanctioned the services of a second surveyor, along with all necessary 

equipment and a grant to cover their travel expenses. In addition I mas accompanied by a 

young military surveyor, Miin Afriz-gul Khin, of the Khyber Rifles. Primarily chosen by 

me to give practical aid in archmological field work he soon proved by his topographical sense 

and superior intelligence a very useful assistant for survey tasks. 

For the journey to the Chinese border on the Pimirs n~hich was started on July 31, 

1913, from Srinagar, I mas fortunately able to follow a new route, 

Stnrt throurh DarEl 

and Tangu. leading partly over ground never vislted by any European. It took 11s 

across Chilis and the Indus to the independent Dard territories of Dare1

Sec, iv.] 'I'tIIH D ISXPISDITION, 1913-16 23 

and Tangir where Rzija PakhtGn M'ili, an exile of the Khunl~wac~t family of Yinin, hail for 

some years past established a cliiefsliil) of his own. The mountain trarks over which we were 

taken under his protection crossed a series of liifrh 1)aciscx and offered great atlvantagen for 

survey operations. We were fortunately allowed full freedom to line them. 

A nmnber of triangulated points on the I~igh ranges to the soutll and nort.l~ helped to 

control t,he half-inch ]Jane-table work, and, thanks to Lil Singh's rlevoted exertions, a 

fortnight's hard travel tiuHicetl to Inicp some 1300 square miles of gro~intl tlistinctly difficult 

in parts and I~itherto ~vholly unsur\eyetl. 'l1he inaljping then accomy)lihhetl awaits neparate 

pt~blication in the Royal Geograpl~iral Society's Journal, ant1 the briefest mention of it mtlst 

snffice here. 

Subsecluently we crossctl the 1111:11s-(;il,oit river \vatersl~etl aid the 1)arki)t pass to 

the I~ead~vatcrs of the Cliitril river. This route allowed me to see 

JOurnoy H~ndukush. aC1'088 grou~~d of distinct I~istorical ant1 geographical interest. lhn here me 

made our way ljast the Rlaciers feeding the Kararnbir river and acrous 

the difficult Chilinji pass into ul)]x.rniost Ilunra, where we picked up 1Iuhamn1ad Yakub, 

the second surveyor, with tl~r hravy 1)apga~e. Finally \re gainetl the C'lrinesc border on 

the filing-taka pass by Septeml~rr 7th. 

'l'he jonrney down to T%sl~-k~~rfihan allo\ved tile III~~II Sarikol valley to be re-surveyed 

on a larger scale tlla~r before. From it \rre follower1 for a couple of days 

Surrey resumed 

iu Sal.ik

26 HISTORY OF SUII\'EYS [Chap. I 

October 9th I was free to set ant for lily first \vintrc?r's worli in the desert. The region 

the drier]-up ancient, Lop sea \\-as its main gonl, anti for various reasons that easternmost 

corner of tile Tfirim basin 11ad to be re:~cl~etl by rile tiis lihotan atld beyoncl it by the 

already familiar route skirting the sout,hern edge at' t11(, Taklarnakti~~. Opportnnit,ies for 

topogrnphical work on new grountl were t1111s conlined to tire jo~~rnt-y from Klishgar to 

Kbotsn, ant1 thc t,inle available for it \ns linrit,ed. 

I tirst mo\-etl due east to the oasis of Maril-b;isl~i 11y an n~~snrveyed ronte \\~l~irl~ local 

tradition vaguely ren~rtnbered as Iiaving been in use for trnfiic dnring 

, 

earlier perio~ls of Cl~inrse dominatiot~, inst.ead of follo\ring t,l~e resent 

11izI1 ' road ' along the lower Kiisl~gar river. Thc route led boyoncl the 

oases of Astin-firtnsh and Kalta-yailali closely along tire foot of thc steep and 

barren l~ill chain 'sl~ich fortns here the soutl~er~inlost ran~l~art of tl~e T'ie~l-shall. Y'he fact 

that most, of the desert, glacis of this hill c11ait1 is no\v \vl~olly n~ithout water added to the 

geogral~l~ical interest of the series of snlall r~rined sites ant1 t1r.1. river beds we succeeded in 

tracing Ileal the old roate. Considerable changes within I~istot~ical times in tlie course of the 

ternlinal Kial~gar-daryli were irrdicatecl also bv tlre survey made on a reco~~naissance wlricl~ 

tooh- me from 3Iari1-blishi to the detached l~ills of the U6l-tCIgl~ ant1 l~il-tR=h i ~ r tlre desert 

nortll-eastwards. ' 

Onr snrreys of 190s seerned to justii'y tlic belizf that tlre Afnzir-tiigl~ hill chain 

traced then for abont 20 ~niles fro111 the \vest barrl; of tlie lil~otan river 

senrc'l for eroded bed in the Taklan~akiu was in ~:.t.ological strt~cture but a ren~nant of 

desert muge. 

an ancient range startin: at an :u~gle from t.he ontern~ost TLien-shall 

near Jlaril-bishi autl once extending in a south-easterly directiou across tlre 'l'nlilamalt~n. '; 

That tl~e bold islaud-like hills wl~ielr rise from the desrrt plain to the east 2nd north-east of 

Maril-bislri and whiclr mark the north-11-ester11 e~rd of that assnniecl anricnt lrill range, have 

been carreti out. and isolated b!. the actio~~ of wind-tlrive~~ sand, a most potent -. I~llyxical 

factor tl~ro~~~l~oot tlre l'srim basin, nas clearly i~rovetl by the observatious n~:~d,. OII the 

above reconnaissance. Tile same 1,rocess prolongecl tlrrongl~ geological ages \vould ol,vio~~sl~ 

account for ni~ch bigger l)renl

Sec. iv.] TI-IIICL) PXPJSDI'I'ION, 1913-15 27 

last but unmistakable traces of that ancient wirrtl-eroded hill range. Elsenhere, nesr Camp 

XXVII, fully 30 miles from the nearest point of the present Yarkai~d river course, the sr~rface 

of a small belt of wind-eroded clay was covered \vith plentiful relics of the Stone Age, proving 

occupation by ct Pal:r~olitl~ic settlement of what is now al~solutely lifeless desert. 

We regained the Yfirkand river to t.he east of t,lle Cl~ok-tigh in a violent sand-storm 

wl~icl~, if encou~iteretl anridst the high dunes, a.ould certainly have 

Yirknud R. regnixled. brought 11s to a standstill for some days. Then \vc surveyed rapidly the 

tracts of riverir~t: jungle on the left bank to the southern extremity of 

Ak-sn cl~ltivation, near Gh6ra-cliol, where tl~e last dried-up offshoots of the Kashgar-daryi 

lose th(~mse1ves. Thence tile head of tlre Klrotan river delta was gained by a route not 

snrveyed. It was of distillet interest as bl~owing the great clrange which the 

ternrinal course of the river had undergone si~rre my passage ill 1908. 1" 

'1'1rr journey further up t,l~e IChotan-tlaryi, accomplished 1,y a staries of forced irlarches, 

led necessarily along the rol~tc already follon~ed in that pear. But a 

Jouruey l[botnn-dnryi, dong renewed visit to the Nazir-tC#h was rewarded 1~y the cliscovcry of 

nuddlrist remains, of special interest as proving tlie antiquit? of tile 

local \\rorshil)from ivhiclr tlris desert hill derives its modern name. Before reaching KIlotan the 

ol)l'ortnnity was used also for snrveying a small nnmapl)etl portion of the ICara-kish river course. 

After a brief halt at Khotan necessitated by manifold ~,ractical al,ran;emelrts I set out 

on 1\'0\,~111ber 26 for tlre 1o11g journey east\rardr. Son~e 700 miles still 

Fresh hurvera eilat separated me fronr Loll-nor, and for tl~e \vorl< 

Khotan. 

~Ja~lned in the desert 

region beyontl, it was essential that I should reacl~ it \rhilc. the winter 

allo\\,ed \vater to Le t1,ansl)orted in tl~c conveuie~~t form of ice. R:lyid progress was 

therefore in~l~orta~~t and this could only be assttretl by i'ollo\ving in the rnain my previous route 

by the southern edge of tlre Talilanra1;in. Nevertltcless I was able to use n hat ol~portnnities 

for surveying new groiurtl mere presented 11y arclr~olopical worlc to the north-east of the 

I)omoko oasis and at t,lre ancient site beyoutl tl~e termination of the Kipa river. l1 Elsewhere 

could btb taken to ol,ser\re and record on the map the interesting changes which 

cnltivation had brought about in the limits of the oases since our previous surveys. 

Snbsrque~~tlj a 'slrort, cnt' taken from the Yir-tungaz to tlrr Endere river allowed us 

to survey an a~~esplored desert. area to the north of the caravan route. '" 

Froin Tir-tnngna to M'hen following this tonnrcls C'harcl~:r~i, in bitterly cold neatber with 

Endere. 

n~iuirnnn~ tempcratores clown lo 50' 1". belo\\. freezing point,, excrptionallr 

clear atmospheric conrlitionx allowecl 11s to sight day after day the snon-y Pun-lun range 

far away to tlre south. At most seasons it renrains quite ~nvisible to the traveller between 

Niya and Charcllan. Now intersections from pealcs previous1~- Iriangolatc~d on it permitted 

'he route to be ma,l]p

28 IIISTORY OF SURVEYS [Chap. I 

oIl 

tilr Inst day of my stay It. R. 11il Sing11 safely rej0in1.d mc to rljy great relief after 

fully four months of separation. Aftrr lcaving n~e in September in 

Lil Sinpll'striangnla- tile lllollllt;~ills beYol~tl 'lYi.sll-l;~~r:,.ll;in I I l~atl ~ I~~~sl~c~(l ot~ to Knpa and 

tion along K'IIII-IIIII. 

startt>d triangulation along tile main K'un-ltul range fwnl the points 

to \\.llicll Rfilll SillgJ1)?; work of It106 hat1 brought it. Trying I~ardsliips attt,nded his operations 

nt, grc:lt I*lt.vatit)lls ;llld 011 gro1111tl (lrvoid of ;ill rthsourees. I3111 l~i! Sing11 l'acttl t11c1n 

llis ~ ) r o tltltrrn~i~~nt.iot~ 

~ ~ ~ l aud sue-ceetlctl ill extc~lrc1i11g his systc111 of triangles 

eastwar({ for f~~lly iiVt> (It.grees of lonyit,udt-, rt~ncl~ing peaks elosr to tile wrst of BAsh-h-ilrgl~nr~, 

before ( ~ ~ c~,l(l ~ ;llld ~ ll(,a~y ~ sno~vf:~ll 

~ i ~ 01)li~rd ~ him . to cease obscsrvat,ions in tile tuo~u~tains. '' 

The sl)erial cliflicllltier \vit\~ \vitic\~ tl~c surveyor 11ad to contcntl ill rstSal)lisitillg srtiai'actory 

statiolls arcurillg ro~~nectio~~s I J \vell-ro~~tlitio~~~~(l 

~ 

t~,i:ingles H~OII," a li~~e of ~no~~~~tains 

runllinji nlaillly froin \vest. to east, have bc>rn ~~r)tcd by ILajor h. \Iaroll in A\l)l)e~ldis .I, rnheil 

dealing \vitl, H.13. Sin%ll's triat~~ulatiol~ norl; of i!,l:i-15. 'I'ltere a11 t~s])la~~at,io~t \trill 

also be fo11uc1 of t.11~ corrections ~vl~ich the I>t~sitions h11o\vn in tile I I I ~ for ~ ) 11is t,ria11~111at~d 

,)oints alltl stations recloire in order to hrinq tl~vrn illto agrt,e~nrut \\-it11 tile c*oortlinatt,a 

deiluce~l b!. co~n~~~t.ation. 

It ,\-as cllaractc.ristic of 1t.l). L;il Si~~git's encLrr?;)- tltat. ir::vittg t'oitnd f~~rtlrcv triangulation 

i~n~jossillr, 11ta I)rraistecl in co~~ti~iuing st~rvvy tvork :vit,l~ tile t ~la~~~- 

Surrey of iuor~l~tniu table towards '~'UII-I~I~~II~, titkin~ special care to obt,ain astroi~ornically 

ro,lte to ,r,lu-hu~lllp, 

drtertninc,d Iatitndcs ai~d many lleigllt observations I)y mercurial 

bar01nett.r :ultl clinon~t~tcr along tllr route tltro~~gl~ those iohosl,it.ablc snon-covcrcd mountains. 

la After reaching tltc srnall oasis of Nan-l~u he st,ruck tllrongh the drrert northn~artls 

and returned by the track leading to AlirHn and Cltarklrlik south of t.lle salt-encrusted basin 

of the ancient Lop sea. Tl~e tlifKeullie.~ of this track, already surveyed by us in 1907, received 

fresh illastration by tlir fact that Li1 Sinah's party found no ice yet foruned at the most 

brackish of t,he springs dons its western Itortion, and co~~sec~~lent~ly suffered 1noc11 from tile 

want of dri~~kable water. 

On Jaunary 15, l'JlJ., our reunited party moved from Charl

By February Is1 I startcd myself' into the desert north-eastward. My prty numbered 

tl~irty-five men, having to i~rcludc an adequate posse of labo~~t~eru for 

On desert rxcavatio~rs. What nvitl~ big loads of ice sr~fficient to absurc trrininlum 

cxplorntio~ls. 

allomances of water for at least one month, lvith food burrplies of one 

month for all and of all additional month for rny own proplc, and wit11 tlle irrt1ir;~~nr;able 

outfit, the thirty camels 1 lrad rnar~age~l to sccure barely sufficed for tile tralrrjl,o~.t. tli'tcr 

five marcl~es frorn the dying 'I'i~rill~ illy first goal was reaclrctl in a series of small ancieut 

sites, to the west of t,he route follo~ved in 1908. They were fou~ttl to extcn~l along a rvellmarked 

dry river course, clearly 11rovctl by our survey to be a soutlrern bra~rch of tlre 

ancient KainA-du~.yri ('tl~e Dry Hiver' ) wl~icl~ l~atl once carried water to tlre area of ancient 

Loo-Ian. ?U Abundant relics recovered at tlrese sites showcd that tlrcy had been abandoned 

about the beginniug of the fourtl~ cetrtury A. u., aud the antiquarian evidence tl~r~a obtained 

makes it possible to date a variety of physical featrtrcs \vhicl~ tl~row fresll lixl~t on the hydro. 

graphy and occopation of this regiou durin? early Ili+torical tirnes and those imn~ediatel~ 

preceding them. 

Observations and finds made on our subsequent marches to tlre Lon-Ian site jjrovetl to 

have a similarly important bearing on the so-called ' Lol)-lri,r problem ', 

Ancient delta of 

, , the discussion of which has long been carried on among geographers 

without an adequate basis of surveys. In the \vind-eroded clay desert 

crossed there me met a succession of ancient river-beds all lined by rows of dead (ouhrak 

(wild poplar) trees socl~ as are invariably found along actual river courbes in tl~is region. 

These beds were clearly recognizable by tlreir direction as l~aving branched off from the 

' Dry River ' skirting the foot of the Kuruk-tkgh ; and it was easy to trace their connectior~ 

with others similarly marked, sllown on our plane-table traverses to and from the Lou-Ian 

site in 1906 further to the east or west. 

A careful comparison of all the data tlius recorder1 and of tlrose ascertained a rear 

later by Afr~z-gul's l~lucky survey of the western edge of the great salt-encrusted basin has 

convinced me that it nas a considerable delt,a, not a large terminal lake, which had existed 

)>ere in t,he area south of the Loo-Ian remains durin~ historical times. The extent of this 

delta to the south and soutli-west can plainly be traced from our several surveys as now 

shown on the map. ?? 

After my arrival by February 10th at the ruitied site (L. d. ) ~vl~icll ~narlis the 

ancient Chinese station of Lou-Ian, I sent reconnaissances into the 

lleconnnissnnces in 

desert around ' Lou-Ian nnknonn desert of miud-eroded clay and low drift-sand to the east and 

sito. ' 11ortl1-east, at the same time 1;eeping nry diggers at work on u~~euplored 

remains at tile site. These reconnaissances in which Afraz-gul 1ihii11 displayed remarkable 

zeal and intelligence, were attended with important results. They revealed a series of ruins to 

the north-east stretching along what I co~~jecturecl to have been the line of tlie earliest 

Chinese route leading into tlre 'll;iritn basin from Tun-huang and tlic extreme \vest of Chi~~a 

proper, - as first opened by thr Iran ISmjleror Wrl-ti'.; operwtions in the last quarter of the 

- 

second century B. r. ?" Tho discoveries made there iucluded a fortitied cusi~~u,,r \vl~iclr Irad 

serrecl as a ~roiirf ~l'tyljl~ri for Cl~iucse nlissions and troops where they first reacl~ed Lou-la11 

tenitory after crossing the salt-encrusted bed of the dried-111) Lop sea. The,, furnisl~ed me 

wit11 a safe start.ing-point for tlre difficult task of tracing the line of tl~at famous ancieut 

route eastwards. 

'"ee Sheet No. 29. C, D. 4, for the sites wnrked 

L, Ii.s 1,. I>., L. At. 

l1 For soule nccoullt of these sites nod the 'fin(1s' 

made there, see my paper Z.rplut~ntiner irr the Lop 

Uesert, f3rogrq,hicnl Rectecc,, New York, 1920, is. 

pp. 11 wq. 

'"ee Sl~eet No. 29. C, 1). 4. The directioi~ of 

tile brnnchiq nncieut river beds, generally irom 

N. W. to 6. E. south of 40' 28' 1:1titndc, nud from \Y. 

to 13. further north, ia shoau ou the map by the 

Ijearing of the rows of tlca'l tree sy~rbols as cnlefully 

eutercd on the l~laoe-table nt the time. 

YJ For the discoveries made at these ruius cf. 

G. J., slriii. 1'1~ 123 sqq.; Geyrnyhicnl U~aiea., ir. pp. 

I9 ~qq. 1:e~nr.liug the Chinese hisroricnl records of 

the ancieut loate whiclr served for Chinese trnde 

aud military cxpnusiou into Ccutrnl Aain duriug the 

lir~t cerltnl.ies before nud after Christ, cf. Scri~~dia, 

ii. pp. 553 fqq.

HISTO11.I' 01: SI'R\'I~:TS [Chap. 1 

Before, Ilowever, setting out for t,llis it. was im~erative to give ol~r Irard-tried camels 

a brief rest with water ant1 grazing at the salt springs of Altmish-bulak. 

Nove tOX't~ish-bll'nk Lcl Siugll llad jast safely arrived :rt the Loo-Ian site after his survey 

rnlt spr~ng*. 

of tl~e Burnk-daryti, ant1 wit11 Ililn I proceeded by a new route to 

tllose at the foot of the Kurak-tftgll northward, while Iabonrers and antiqnes were 

Eelltbrck toour depot at hfirin. 2' After reple~lishing onr ice-supl)ly and takillg an indispensable 

store of fuel we left. Altmish-bulak on February 25 for our respective tasks. LB1 Sing11 

was to survey t,l~e extreme nortll-eastern extensio~~ of the great. salt-encrusted basin once 

filled bp the Lop sea and southernnlost llill ranges of the Kuruk-trig11 overloolting them. 

I lllyself wished to trace tile ancient, Chinese route fron~ the eastern edge of the once habitable 

Lou-Ian area right through to the point, n here it w;is likely to lrave diverged from the 

line still followed by tile desert, track fro111 T~u1-1l11ang along the ~outi~ern shore of file 

dried-op sea. 

It was a task of special geogral~llical and I~istoriral interest but beset also by serious 

ph!.sical ditticulties and risks ; for on tlre grotuld to be crossed no rater 

for 

Chinese route from conld be expected-over lllost of it not even fuel-before striking tlre 

to T'l"~hl'nng. Tun-l~oan,rr - caravan track near the eastern extremity of the ancient sea 

bed, a matter of some ten days of hard marching. Apart from the serious risk of physical 

obstacles wl1ic11 \roulcI cause delay and exhaust our liarcl-tried camels, tliere was the problem of 

striking the line of the ancient route and of tracking it thro~lgh a \vilclerness devoid of all 

resources since the damn of l~istorical times. I Ira~e related else\vhere how hints derived from 

topograpl~ical and archrt?ological observations, combined wit11 fortunate finds of relics left 

behind by the aucieut traftic of centuries, helped to guide me and to solve the problem, 2i Here 

the briefest explanation of the route, as now she\\ a on the map, mill suffice. 

After regaining across difficult wind-eroded ground the vicinity of the terminal poist 

(Z'appni abo~e mentioned at Camp c, we moved for two long marches to 

Crossing of salt-encrusted 

the north-east until we strucl; the belt of salt-encrusted erosion terraces 

Lop sea bed, 

which the early Chinese accorunts of this dreaded 'northenl road' knew 

as the 'White Dragon Afouncls'. 20 Then on a very trying march we crossed to the south-east 

the dried-up sea-bottom with its crumpled-up crust of hard salt, fortonatelp at the very point 

where it was narrowest. Thence continuing over easier grouud to the south along the ancient 

sea shore, we reached three days later its extreme eastern extension in the shape of a great bay 

overlooked from tlie north by a Ion. offshoot of the southern~~~ost, Knruk-tBg11. 

For two more days we skirted this bay eastwards under the steep cliffs of its sl~oreliue, 

and then crossed its salt-encrusted expanse, here still sholving patches 

Tun-hnang caravan of actual salt bog. After a long day's march on AIarch 6 we finally 

track gainod. 

reached the wells of Kum-kudak, on the Tun-huang caravan track. 27 

Here I found Lil Sing11 just arrived after having duly sur~eyed tlie wide northernmost 

bight of the dried-up sea and of the straggling low ranges fultlrer to the east. In conjunction 

with the work pluckily done a year later by Afriz-gul along the western shore our 

'circumnavigation ' of the ancient Lop sea was thus snccessfully achieved. 

After the timely arrival of our heavy baggage from Afirio a day later, we were able 

to turn once more northwards across tlre eastern baj- and in separate 

Dy:t ~ ~ l ~ ~ parties ~ ; ~ to Osurvey f in detail the ground close to the foot of the Kuruktag11 

where the early Chinese route to Lou-Ian had passed. At BEshtoghrak, 

near the eastern end of the great desert valley leading down towards the Lop sea 

basin, I picked up Surveyor M~thammad Yakfib who had meanwhile carried with praiseworthy 

perseverence a line of levels, carefully observed with a Zeiss instrument,, all the way 

up from the bottom of the bay north of Kum-koduk to tlle curious Mesa-filled basin east of 

2' See Sheet No. 29. D. 3. salt.contecl ' Tirdnngs', os distinct from Mesas, wna 

96 Cf. Q. J., xlviii. pp. 126 6qq.; Qeogi.aphica1 first reached is marked by the entry referring to an 

Review, is. pp. 26 sqq. important find of relics of ancient trnffic, circ. 6 milee 

28 see Sheet No. 32, A, B. 3, for the route from E. of C. ci. 

Camp xcix to Cnmp cii. The point where the belt of 27 See Sheet No. 32. B. 3, C. 3,4, D. 4.

Sec. iv.] TIIIRD EXPlSl)ITION, 1913-15 3 1 

B6sh-togl1rak.'~ 1Sxte11diog over a distance of 60 milea it han proved a conti~ruo~rsly 

descending slope with a total drop of 250 feet lron~ tho latter point. 

Conpled with otller obserratio~~s, tile res~~lt of this levelling has confirmed the belie£ 

formed on my passago in 1907 that the waters of the Su-lo-110 at a 

Counectiou of So-lo-ho 

period relatively recent ill a geological sense Ilad drained into the 

Lop 

Lop basin. " In this connection' the fresh burveys effected in the 

desert area which lies east of Bash-toghrak antl nort,ll of the present terminal basin of the 

Su-lo-ho, proved of special geographical interest; they showed that its depressions still 

receive subsoil drainage from abandoned branches of the Su-lo-ho delta, and that its mazes 

of Mesas are those typical of all lacmtrine basins in this region. Tl~e importance of tho 

connection tl~us traced here between tile drainage area of the %rim which has its webtern 

limits on the Pimirs, antl that of the Su-lo-110 \rhicll extends as far as the watershed of the 

Pacific Ocean, fully 24 degrees of longitude further east, scarcely needs to be emphasized. 

Leaving 1181 Singh and Rlullammad Yaktib behind for sul)pleme~rtary surveys within 

t.he [)resent terminal basin of the Su-lo-l~o,"' ant1 along the river's 

Chinese Liv~es explored 

to Tn,,-huang. course between it and Lake Khara-ndr, I proceeded to the vicinity of 

the latter along the line of t.he ancient Chinese Li21tcs first discovered 

by me in 1907. From there I completed nly detailed exploration of the Tun-huang Li)~~c.u 

on ground stretching eastwards n~llic11 circ~~mstances in 1907 llatl obliced me to leave 

-1 brief halt \\.as necessary at TLIII-IIU~II~ during tlle last days of llsreh to allow men 

and animals to recover from tlie trials of our winter eanlpaign. Then we 

Burvej in \vestc~.nmolt 

Nan-&an. separated once more. I\'hile I l~aitl a fresh visit to the famous cave 

temples of the ' Thonsand Buddhas,' or Ch'ien-fo-tung, south-east of 

Tun-l~uang, not \ritllout archreological profit, LS1 Sing11 proceeded to the mountains due south. 

Owinq to deep sno\v he \\.as obliged to content himself wit11 surveying the northern slopes of 

the weeternlnost Nan-shan near the debouchore of t,he river of Tun-huang or Tang-ho, before 

re-joining me by the middle of April at .in-hsi via Tung-pa-t'o and T'a-shih. R3 Muhammad 

Yakab was sent north of the Tun-huang oasis by a new route and then mapped the Su-lo-ho 

river along a previously nnsurveyed portion of its course to An-hsi. 

The task I had set myself for the spring mas to trace the line of the Chinese Limes 

of Han times from Tun-huang as far as possible to the east and to 

A ~ ~ explore ~ hat ~ ever ruins ' might ~ have ~ survived ~ along ~ it. I commenced 

~ a ~ ~ ~ 

this task by skirting across a belt of cli6cult salt marshes into the 

desert north-east~rards of Tun-hoang. At a point not far from where our exploration of 

1907 ended, I came again upon the ancient border xvall and traced it thence through to 

An-hsi. 3' From there, accompanied by Li1 Singh, I moved up the right bank of the Su-lo-ho 

and found further remains of the Limes wall and its watch-tomers opposite the low hills of 

Wang-shan-tzu, exactly where our survey of 1907 carried along the left bank of the rirer 

had led me to look for them. 35 

The search for the ancient defensive line whicll at the end of the second century B.C. 

had been raised to protect China's great line of c~mmonication into 

sL'rreY to east Of 

Su-lo-ho bend. Central Asia from Hun raids was now successfully continued to the 

sharp sonthwarcl bend of the Su-10-110 southward. Here near the small 

village of Shih-&rh-t'uu we touched the easternmost poiut at which on my previous expedition 

I had been able to trace remains of the Limes line. " The more carefnl survey of the 

For a chart recording the result of this level- 

liug see Appendix C. There information has ale0 

been given as regards the value to be attnched to the 

elevntiou which has been nccepted for the starting 

point of the levelling at Camp X~TIII; see Sheet 

No. 32: D. 4. 

'9 See Desevt Cathay, i. pp. 536 sqq ; Seriadin. 

ii, pp. 561 6q. 

30 See Sheet No. 35. B, C. 3,S. 

a1 See Sheet KO. 36. B, C. 4. 

'? See bheet No. 38. A, R. 4. 

See Sheet No. 38. B, D. 4; 39. B-D. 1. 

=' See Sheet No. 38. B. C. 4. 

35 The point where the Limes line coming from 

the east was carried across the Sn-lo-ho to the left 

bank which it thence followed right throngh to 21 

river's terminal basin is marked in Sheet KO. 40. A. 3 

by the ruined watch-towers T. XL. n-c. 

SVee Sheet No. 10. C. 4.

32 I-IISTOBY OP SURIrl:YS [Chap. I 

arolllltj \\.bicll the renewetl visit rendered ~)ossible, proved tlre geographically interesting fact 

of a bifulration takinz place here in t,he \\raterr of the FII-lo-ho. While t8he river itself turns 

sharply west\vards to terminate Sully 180 ~niles beyo~ttl in tlre unarsl~es flanliil~g the \vosternmost 

section of t.he Limes, a small stream, fed lry an itn~ndation bed of the river belo\\, the oasis 

of Yii-men-hsien and also by snbsoil drainage from the irritation received from t.lle So-lo-110, 

flows to the east ant1 nltinlately is lost in a separate basin to the nortll of the sn~;~ll oasis of 

Hua-hai-tzo or 1-ing-p'an. ': 

It \vas along this stream a~ltl tl111s to tllc east. tlr~t \Ire discovcrecl t,llc continuation of 

the I,ili/r.s line, insteatl of sonth-east,wards in the direction of Sn-chou 

Rrploratiot~s ill as I had been l>revioi~sly lecl to aasnlne. The ground crossed by it had 

Yiirp-]''nu Itasiu. 

relnainecl so far rlnsnrreyed, and the esl)loratio~r of the ruins alollg it 

was made increasingly tlificult beyond by the tlistance \vl~icl~ sel~arated the Iollg forgotaten 

border from the nearest water. Nevertlieless \vc sneceetlcd in tracking it for some tlistance 

to the north-east of Ying-p'an before ultimately losing its line \vl~ere it passed into an area 

covered by big dunes close to t,lre barren foothills of the l'ei-shan. 3H Thence we proceeded 

to the 1arge.town and oasis of Su-chou at the begin~~ing of hlay in ordcr to malie preparations 

for our nest move nort,hmartl. 

This journey led me do\~,n the united course of the rivers of Su-clroi~ and Kan-chou 

into a portion of southernmost Alorlgolia offering geographical and 

Aocit.nt L~IIIPS traced 

N, of S,I-chon, Ilist,orical interest. Leaving Su-cllou on Alay 10, 1 marcl~ed by a nem 

rout,e to the oasis of Chin-t'a, already visited ill 1907. I:ollo\ving the 

Su-chou river beyoud, I succeeded in tracing afreslr the lioe of the arlcic~lt L~~II~,.s where it 

emerged on less impracticable groontl near the south-eastern extremity of tlic Pei-shan. 

Thence we tracked it throogh to the north of the hlao-luei oasis, the last Chinese settlement. 

There Lal Sing11 rejoined Ine after lravirrg followed a hitherto nnsurveyed route alot~g the 

Kan-chou river where it breaks through the \vesternmost hill range of the Ala-shat~.~~ 

As we moved down the Etsin-gol, as the united river is called by the llongols, \ve found 

evidence that the ancient border lioe after crossing the river beyond 3lao-rnei Ilad continued 

into the desert eastwards. Rut by the time of our return from the Btsin-no1 delta in June 

the summer heat precluded its further exploration on this ~vaterless grottnd. 

The survey of the ground passed on the long trying marclrcs along the 1Stsin-go1 bed, 

then colnpletely dry, proved of distinct geograpllical and also quasi- 

Explorations nlorlg 

Etsin-gol. historical interest. ln a striking may it, illustrated physical conditions 

rnclr as must have prevailed in the Lou-Ian area ~orth of Lop-nor 

before its final clcsiccation. lo IVlrile I was kept busy by fruitful excavations at the ruined 

town of Kliara-khoto, first visited by Colonel Kozloff and identical wit11 Rlarco Yolo's 'City 

of Etzina,' and by esplorations in its vicinity, Lil Si~rxh carried out stcrveys right do\n~ the 

Etsin-go1 tlelta to the two marshy lake-basins in \vllicll tlre river terriiir~atcs. " 

On tlre couclosion of these taslts 1 let our l~artl-~vorlietl cari~els tlc1)art. for il~eir summer 

I~ollclay iu tl~e Kul~gurclie Ilills nortlr-cast\vartl. By sencliug Aiuhan~mad 

Jorlrney to RRO-t'ni 

Kao.chon, YaliGb wit11 them it. became possible to map son~c~ Iritlrerto iunsllrveyetl 

firountl on tho bortlcr of intlclre~ltlent Aio~rgolia. '' I ~nysc.lf \vitl~ LII 

Sing11 torned soulh\vartls for fresh esl,loratio~ls in tlre Nan-shnn ranges. k'rorll belo\\. Afao-lliei 

\ve follo\red a route tl~rougli Iiitlrerto unsurveyecl portio~~s of the desert lrills to the cast ant1 

1rort11 of tile Kau-clroo river anil after consitlcrable htigncs due to l~cat, a11t1 scarcity of \v.~ter 

rearired this near the to\\.n of Kao-t'ai. ':' From tlrcre I 11rocecded to liat~-cllou by tlre niain 

road in order to gain time, while L%I Si~~gll after visit,ing a rttined site to the \vest of Kao-t'iti 

follo\ved me by a new route along the right bank of the river. 

"7 Sro hhcct No. 4'). I) .I. This I~il'tirc:rtiot~ ac- :I* Scc Sl~ects Nos. 42. G, I). 1: 45. A. '1. 

count8 for the curious rcl,rescnlntion of tlir I~jdro. 

gr~phg 

:'V~re Sbecta Nos. 43. B.D. 1 ; 42. U-D. '1. 

itlnps (cf Fottercr, Oe,~,q,gi.~tphicAe Ski;:? dev lr'iisle Jotrrny, 0. J., xlviii. pp. 197 sq. 

Gobi, Yetcrm~nu's nlittt~eilo~~gen, Ergiioznngsheit No. 

130, p. 24. ). The Lig lakc wll~ch thc8e abom in the di. 

rection of Hua-hai.tzo hns no exifiteoco in fnct but 

still continnee to Le reflected ill \\'esleru ntlnses. 

See Sl~ect XOS. 45. 13, C. 1 ; .I.&. C, D. 4. 

'" Sec Sileet Nos. 44. C. 4; 47. A, It. 2. 

'" See Sheets Nos. 46. A. 4; 46. A. 1, 2. 

of this region as it aibpenrs it) old Chinese 'O See Sllect Nos. 45. A. 3, B. 2. G. 1; cf. Tlrir.d

Sec. iv.] TIIIICI) ICXPEDITION, 1913-15 :IS 

The arrangornents made tlnring a short 11:~lt irr tl~r: l)lr:aa:tr~t oasi~ of K~II-~~IOII enabled 

me t,o liet out by July 6th for ttrc new surveys I harl plannc~l in the 

NtnrL for li:ln-f~lll~n 

11. Ccnt.val Nan-shall. l'heir nlaitr o1,jrc:t was to eslcr~tl the n~al~~,ir~g 

hcadrv;rlci~s. 

c!lfeot,etl in ]!I07 near IItr sourers of t8he Su-lo-110, SII-chou ant1 Kan-chou 

rivers to Lire high ratrgrs to tl~rb vast. ol' t.l~c: latter's I~eatlwatcrs. 111 conjunction wiflr ollr 

labours in t,lre Ntsi11-gol rc~gion, tl~ey \\.(,re intc.ntletl to conr~)lrlt~ the sc~rvrys of' thoac: extreme 

n0rt.h-westorn rnarclrcs of Kan-su \vhich, inasnr~tclr as tht-y sent1 all fhvir watc*rs into 

drairragrloss basirrs, may \\.ell I)(? consitlered in rcsl~ect of their I~ytlrography ant1 general physival 

condit,ions as formi~rg part of Ccnt.ra1 Asia rat.11c.r than of China. Two ~r~arcl~es hrongl~t 

Lgl Sing11 ar~tl n~yself hy tlitferent, routes to t.l~e foot of tile ~nonntains at Nan-k~~~r-el~'i.ng, 

where fertile slopes co1tivatc:tl wit.llont irriaation bore rvitlence lo a distinct changr in rlinlatic 

conditions, foreshadowing our approacli to the watrrsl~etl of the l'acific Ocean. " 

Proc*crtling thence eastmards w strnck the route Ieatling to Hsi-ning, ant1 ;~scentlc(l by 

it. throrigh thc xorge and pass of O-po to the broad valley wlrerrr the 

Ascent tn I

34 lIISTORY 012 SURVEYS [Chap. I 

jonrlley. ;it, tIlr hgilltling, 110\vever, it allo\\-etl 11s to tnovc: in t,\vo 11:1rties ant1 thus to incrmtse 

tilr ertetlt of the nrc.a n~apl,etl. '" 'l'llc sattn,~ :ltl\antage was taken after machitlc Ming- 

Ehlli, $1 \\.Ilencc the g~lidance afforded by a fairly clr:lr earavau track permitted ~uhamnlatl 

Tnkfib to tletacl~eti to\vanis T:ish-b111ok anti Iliimi. .;2 

our 111ai1r llarty now nloved ~rortll-\vest\\-i~rcI?;, the great. sno\~y Illass of the Karliktitgh 

cotiting int,o vie\\- far a.wa>- and serving to dirrct ns when in 

Passnpe ol emtrrlt- doubt,. Serious trollble \\:IS, Ilo\vever, dill encorintered, wllcl~ nlaking 

st ~ :~i.~~li-t~gh. 

our way tltroog11 the last, barren range, an easternmost extension of the 

T'ic~r-sllan, o\viup to want of water and t,lle conf~~sin~ cotllig:.rlmt~ion of its rngged valleys. 

It \\-as \\-it11 relief that \ve deseendrtl to tlle little village of Hai, sit,uated on a wide gravel 

pl:~teail \\-11ich receives sonle subsoil water from the easternmost. snows of tlle Iiarlilc-tftgl~ 

ant1 slopes tiown to t,he plains of Dzongaria. ':' Careful height observations wit11 nierc~lrial 

barometer and clinometer taken along the \vhole of onr rol~tes mill help to throw fresh light 

tlie uiorpllology of the Pei-shan. 

A rapid journey then carried us daring t,lie first half of October from Bai nrest\vards 

to Barkul and Ouchen (Iiu-cl16i?ng-tzu) along the northern foot of the 

Journe: nlong K. fool. eastern T'ien-shan. Tile rout,e followed l>ermit,ted a closer survey 

of T.irn-than. 

being made of tllis portion of the great range than had been possible 

in 1907 from the south. " I also became acquainted with the physical conditions of a region 

which possesses dist,inct historical interest and in geographical character differs great,ly from 

the Tirini basin and the smaller but equally arid basins eastwards; for t,hese valleys and 

plateaus of Dzungaria, favoured by a somewhat moister climate and offering abundant grazing 

grouuds, have played an important part in the great nomadic migrations affecting the history 

of Asia, siuce the times of the Indo-Scythians and Huns. 

-1fter leaving Guchen I snrveyecl, near Jimasa westwards, the site of the ancient 

capital of this region, the Chin-man or Pei-ting of the Chinese Annals, 

I'asstaga of Bogdo-ula and then proceeded soot11 to the Turfftn depression by the most direct 

range. 

route, difticult in places and hitherto unsorveyed. It led across the 

Bogdo-ula range, a rugged portion of the T'ien-shan rising to numerous snowy peaks, by a 

pass of over 12,000 feet and bearing perpetual sno\v-beds. "' Li1 Singh, by following with 

the camels the ~taual caravan route and crossing further east by the easy Ku-ch'iian pass 

above Jam-bulak, \\-as able to snrvey a ))ortion of the range mhiclt unfavourable weather 

conditions had previonsi~ llitldetl froin view. "" 

The first days of No\-clnbcr saw all our parties safely reunited at Kara-khfija, an 

import,atit ancient oasis it] the ceutre of t,he Torfsn depression, the 

Derrrt ~.outr fron, HGrnl 

healr!- baggage having safely arrived from Su-choo and An-11si in 

charge of Nail; (no\\- Jamaclir) Sllatns Din. Surveyor BIu1:arnmad 

Yakub had also rejoined me. From Himi 11e had in acco~~danec n.it,h my instructions first 

revisited the oasis of Lapcl~uk and thence descended to the deep basin ~outh-nrestwards where 

the waters of Hinli terminate in the marshes of Shona-nor, then completely dry. 57 His 

- . 

survejs there and in adjoining depressions were of interest as revealing n~azes of mind-eroded 

Mesas and otller surface features characteristic of all terminal basins, from tlle Lop desert to the 

Su-lo-ho drainage area. Prom here he tilade his way by a di%cnlt desert route, n.aterless lor 

some eight marches, to Pichan, the easternmost of the larger Turfsn oases. fiy 

A conibination of geographical and archaeological tasks made the Turfin district 

our base during the autumn and winter of 1'314-15. I myself with my 

Excavatio~~s I~IKI 8nr- 

Turfno district, devoted Indian helpers, Afviz-gul and Shams Din, was hard at work 

from November till the first half of February on excavations and snrveys 

at the numerous ruined shes in the central part of the depression. 59 I also organized a 

'O bee hhcet No. 42. A, B. 3, C.3,4. D. 4. 52 See Sheet No. 28. B. I,?, O. 1. 

" Sheet No. 40. A. 1, and for preceding route " See Sheet No. 31. A, B. 1,". 

portions ibid. H. 1,2, C. 2,3, 0.4, Sce Sheet No. 34. A, B. 3. 

" See Sheet No. 37. A, B. 3. C, D. 4. 5s See Sheet No. 31. A-I). 3. 

" See bhcct Nu. 37. C.2,3. D.4. 59 See Sheet No. 28. C, D. 3 ; Third Journey, a. J.. 

" See Sheets Nos. 37. A,B. 2; 34. A-D. 1,8; 31. xlviii. pp. 202 sqq. 

A-D. 1 ; 28. C.D. 1,2.

Sec. iv I Tlllltl) ISXIJEDITION, 1913-15 :j.; 

series of expetlitions for the exl~loratio~~ of IIII~IIO\\.II or 81; yet inadecl~lataly ci~trvcyecl l~ortionn 

of the Kurnk-tfigl~ a1111 Lop tlcsrrls to tl~c sotctl~. 

At the same tin~t: it becat~~e 11ossible also to utilize lrry 1,rolongcd stay for a detailvtl 

large-wale snrvey of' the cl~irf 11arts of' the T~~rfan bas it^. (;cographi- 

(ieoerttpl~~

36 

HISTORY 01' S~IRV ISYS [Chap. I 

ahielr Lil Simgll bclievml to be identical wittlr l'k.1/75 E near Bfislr-kurgllin, fixetl I)y him 

more tllnll year earlier at bile eastern end of Itis K6un-lrtn trianji~lat~ion. '" 'l'l~~ts t,he hopedfor 

jlllrc~tior~ bet,\vecn this ttnd the Kttrttk-tiiglr sc~t.ion of t,riatrgrrl:rtiot~ seetned ;rchic~vc~d. 

lly 1)ecelober 24.tl1, 191.5, Ile startetl frutr~ t,l~ir 11oint on t,lrc tlort,lrern edge or the Lop 

drsert. basiu ~~ortI~-east~.~~rcIs 

ill order to sr:rrrlr for :I series of s:~lt springs 

Crpl0b:klion ~rf Parrrrll 

Iiuvuk.ti~11. slru~vn otr tht, l~ussi~~n iisia.tic 'I'rar~s-i'rontiw 1nal8 of 30 vcrsts to the 

iuclr. in tl~tt ~~~res~~lorctl caste1.n ~~ort.~on of t,l~e Lrrrul;-l5gI1, utr tllr basis 

of int;~rin:rtiot~ collected 1)y C'oluncl lio~loff in IS93 i'ronr tr:rti~e I~rtrrtt~rs. .\btlrrri.:rhim's 

os11ert gtrid:tncc c,nabletl LiI Singlr 10 rent11 tlreir lint, 1111 ~vl~olly ut~snrvc.yed gtountl. ''5 Not 

s:~tisfir~l \virh tl~is Ire Fuahrtl l~ir \vs!. to the nort.11-east ;tc.ros?; unl;no\rn grountl tle\,oitl of even 

tlre scant,iest, vegetat,ion, until tlrt, coml,lctt: esllnostion of the fuel store, uec~tletl Sur n~eltin~ 

his ice, forced him to toru again to the trort,li-\vest from 11eyond loligitudc Y lo. "G Al'ter a 

nunrbcr of marclles t,o the nort,l~ ht, picked up tu~ old tlerert, track once rrsc~l hy lrrtuters of 

wiltl eannels from Hami, before certain salt springs h:ld dried up, and followe~l it tlown to the 

salt marsh that. forms the deepest, part of the Turfin basin. Ile then earefr~lly surveyed this 

terminal marsh moving along t,he soutlrern slrorr aud talting observations at, tlifferent points 

with the ~nereurial barometer. G7 These have ulade it possible to determ~ne its tltyreshion below 

sea-level \vtt.lr greater accuracy than before as close to 1000 feet at the drepebt 1)oint. 

011 Itis return from tllis long desert expedition which for the Ilartlships faced can 

scarcely bare been surpassed even in tlre annals of the Survcy of India, 

Surreya in rrrsterr~ 

E,,mt-tngll. Lil Sing11 allon.ed himself but a few days' rest at our Icara-klroja base, 

and by February 4t,h set out afresh for the Krlruk-tfigl~. Tbe main 

task I had in view was the estensiorr of the triangulat,ion from the Singer base westwards to 

the foot of t,he 'll'ien-shan near Lorla. In addition as mrrclr as l~ossihlr of hitherto onsurveyed 

ground iu the western part of the Ktwuk-tlgh was to 11c ~isitetl. Iierrce L:il Singh's route to 

Singer led this time through t,he sontlr-\restrrtr err(l of the 'l'ur1'.;111 lxtsiil to the gorge of 

SU-bishi and from tlre station of Ujme-dong ntm. its top to the south-east. "' 

Tlre severest cold had now passed ; also tlle Kurnk-tigh to the \vest of Singer proved 

less arid. But the dust-haze raised by the incipient season of sand-storms and in parts the 

very rugged eonficnration of t,he hill ranges proved very serious obstacles to triangulation. 

Hence La1 Slngh's work \vhich from Azglrao-bulak on the Sinzer-Tikenlik route to where he 

regained his own track of 1907 near the Eljigan-dawin lay over wholly uusurveyed 

was not. completed till our reunion at Korla in tile beginning of April. 

On February 6, 1915, I sent off Afraz-gul Khan from Kara-khcja to the Lop desert 

supplemen,ary for supplementary surveys ill t,he easternmost l~ortion of the once 

in Lop deaerl and occupied Lou-Ian region and along the dried-up ancient sea-bed to the 

Kuruk-tQh. 

east and south of it. I myself', after dispatching my large convoy of 

antiques to Kishgar and making a detailed survey of the important site of Ysr-khoto, the 

earliest capital of Turfan, set out for the Kuruk-tlgh due southwards by February 16th. 

Muhammad Yaktib was left behind to complete the one-inch survey of the central port.ion of 

the district. 

" See the intersected peak marked with hei~ht 

of 13170 feet, in Sheet No. 30. D. 2. 

In Major K. Mason's notes (see below Appendix 

A), on the triangnlation executed by K. B. L31 

tiingh, para. 2, a full explanntion ban been given of 

the reasons, derived from n re-examinatiou of the 

compotation of the work both in the K'un-Inn aud 

Knrdt-tigh sections, whicll make it highly probable 

that the ideotificat~on of tl~e point Pk. 1/75 a was 

fanltg. There an account will also be found of the 

circnmstances which previous to that re-examinntion 

had led to some of Lil Singh's triangolnted stations 

and points, purticolarly in the northern or Knroktigh 

section, being shown iu the published sheets, 

Noa. 26,28, with values adjosted on the assnmption 

of that distaot connection between the Astin-holak 

base and l'k. 1/75 R being right,. 

The ccrordiuates of statioun and point8 ill both 

scctions, as correctly derlr,ed from the observations 

independent of thst connection, are shown in the 

Lirt 1f Latiluden, Lon,qi/tidex, ctc., of Appendix A. 

There the values, wrongly adjoeted owing to the sop- 

posed counectioil, are also given to aid identification 

of the points on the published map sheets. 

Li For the line of these springs from Yetim-bnlak 

nortl~ward, bnt rarely visited by hunters of wild camels 

from Ileghsr nnd Singer, sce Sheet No. 32. A. 

1-3. 

66 See Sheet No. 32. A. 1, B. 1,2, U. 1. 

6? See Sheet No. 28. C, D. 3. 

" See Sheets Nos. 28. A. 3, 4; 29. A, B. 1, 2. 

" See Sheets Nos. 29. A, B. 2; 26. A. 1. B-D. 2

Sec iv.] 'llHl itD I':XYI':I)JTION, I9l:;-l> :17 

I renched Singer t~y the route already surveyed ill 1!N7 alrd, aftl:r scc.i~ril~g t.l~csre .\tnlurrahim's 

yo~~~rgest brother as guitle, I ~)rocc~edetl ivt~st~i~r~lk: to (:~~III~IIU lo~alities \r here traces 

of earlier occt~pation werct rc!l)orletl. l'assing t1111s l'rorn 1"o-ch'Bng-tzrr to Sl1i111li I \\.a.i able to 

map ilitercsti~~g nrrtl :IS yet. ~~i~s~~r\~cyc~rl ~ro1111cl ill tile rno~~ntains; Ilicair r~l~gerl ~RIIX(.S an11 

deeply erotletl valloys \\.ore ill striliillg coi~trast, wit11 the \vorit-tlo\vrl II~)I:LIIII~ ~ttvt in tile Ki~ri~ktiigli 

i'11rt11~r cast. 'I'II(I KII:LII~OI 11~:~b.h II:I~*(~I OII tliis roi~te SPCIII~~~ to cs~~(~~~0 10,000 f'cet and 

probahly ~.el)resclit tl~c greatest rlewtio~t of' tllc Kuruk-tiiyh. 7" 

1 tl~r~r 111:~de ~ny wily ~o~~iIi-~~ast\vi(r~ls over Larre~i gravel l)latra~~r to t11(* +all hjlring of 

Y.irtlang-Lnlali at, t,hc sout.11 foot of the Kuruk-tigli and by the tiecontl week of March entered 

thc \\~a.terless tlesert to thr so~~tli. l3esirlrr ctsploring certs.in nncicnt burial grouncls I corr~pletell 

the stirtrey of tl~e K~~rnI~-tl;~t~yi, the llrietl-up river-t~l.Il \r.hicl~ olwe carrie(1 tlte water of the 

Koncl~c-tla~yi to tllr Lou-lair siteh ant1 tile ilr~cirnt tlrlta to the -or~tli. 

The (lay after ~ r ~ retnrn y to YArliang-b~~la 1 war rcjoinell by -1friz-gnl \\hose bafe 

arrival at this al)l)oil~tcd desert. n~eeting phce I hat1 been eagerly awaiting. 

Af~.Be-g~sl's 811i.VPgB 

dol,g d,.,cd-up Some anxiety about the safety of the over~lae little party was justified 

sun, 

by the truly forbi~ltling nature of tile groilntl hc l~atl to traverrc and the 

length of the strain 111lt. on our brave camels. Afriz-g111 hat1 c;~r~.ietl tl~ro~~gli the clifticult 

programme laid down by I I I ~ \\,itli rrmarkablt, conipletrness and ii~telligence, his success on 

this survey alone ful!y justifjinx tlie award to 11ini two years later of the Jlacgregor Silver 

Medal by the Jntc?lligenee l)e~,artment of the Indian C;el~cr.al Staff'. 

Gnitled by a third brother of Abtlr~rral~ini he first gained Xltmirh-b111ak by tlie most 

direct, track leading due south of Deghar. ?"Thence 11r snrveyetl certain ancient reniains in 

the extreme north-east of the once-\\atered Lon-Ian area for tlic examination of \\~liich I had 

been unable to spare tinie a year car1ic.r. Keplenishing liis sul)ply of ice froni the salt springs, 

he struck out to the south-east for the point nrliere my exl~lorations of tlie preceding year had 

shown the ancient Chinese route from Lou-Ian to Tun-1111ang to have entered the salt-encrusted 

bed of tlie Lop sea. 5; I'rorn there Ile traced its shore-line to tlie south-west, ~naking l~lenty 

of interestin: observat,ions on inlets and termilia1 flood-beds once carryiug water from the 

Kuruk-dary~. Finally he reached, at Chainut-ko1, the northern edge of the area iu which tlie 

spring floods of the dyiug Tirim spread thernsel\,es out to undergo rapid evaporation in 

lagoons and marshes. 7' He arrived, as I had intentled, jut before the usual inundation could 

interfere \vit,li liis progress to ground aff'orcling some scanty grazing for his hard-tried camels. 

After a few (lays' rest he turned riortliwards into tile wind-eroded desert and striking 

1,,, tOl .,,, ,,,,, the line of the soutliernmost branch of the ' Dry River ' traced more 

Tiriiu mrtrdtrs to *Dry remains of the ancieut settlement discovered along it a year before. 

Hlver.' 

Finally after crossing my route of December, 1906, in an area of for- 

midable dunes, he gained tlie main riverine belt of the Kuruk-daryii along the foot of the 

outermost ICuruk-tiigh. 7" From this escel,tionally difficult exl)loratiou \vlricll had kept 

Afriz-gul and his three 17111cliy cornpsnions from contact with any human being for a month 

and a lralf, lie brought back, bcsides interesting arcli;rological finds, an accurate plane-table 

survey and careful records of topographical details such as 1 could not have hoped for from any 

of my surveying assistants employed on this or my previons espeditions. 

Froin Ysrdang-ljulak we movecl \vestwards to the point know11 as Yi~~q-p'an where 

Erplo~*ations nrar 

Yitrz-p'an. 

tlie ancient bed of the Kuruk-daryii is crossed by the TurfBn-Lop track. 

'Illere a short halt was made in order to explore interesting remains at and near a fortified station situated at the deboochure of the dried-up 

stream of Shindi and occupied during the early period when it guarded tlie ancient Chinese 

high road from Lou-Ian. 'I'l~e same ~p~~ortunity was used also for surveying tlie belt of driEt- 

i0 See Sheets Nos. 29. A. I, 2. 1%. I ; 26. 1). 2. The 

hypsornetrical height memnrements taken by me on 

this route hnd not been worhed out at the tirue wheu 

these map sheets were cc,nrpiled. 

7' See Shcet ho. 29. A. 2,3, U. 3; cf. above p. 28. 

S e Sheets Nos. 28. U. 3,4; 29. I). l,2. 

See *beet Nu. 32. A, E.3; cf. above p. 30. 

7' For Afriz-gul'e route from Altmish-hulnk as 

marked by Camps C. ccxxxvii a - ccxliv a, see Sheets 

Iioa. 31. A.3,4, 8.3; 29. 11. 4; 30. C. 1. The details 

of Afrh-gnl's ylnne-table traverse are on this route as 

OII all his independent surveys snpplemented by a 

foll and exact record of topographicnl features in 

the form of a roote report in Urdu from which I 

hope to publish extracts. 

i5 bee Sheet Xu. 29. A, 8.3. L'. 3,C

38 IL1s'I'O11Y 01' SIIKVEYS [Chap. I 

sand to tmlle west :\rrd sout,l~ ill \\ lrich lit. tshe dry betls tilarking tlre connect,ion between the 

&urulj-daryil the 1)resent conrse of tire Kortclie-tlav.ri. 'I Tl~is area is of particrllar hydro- 

K'sl~llical rrlterest as it wit,nessed the cllange \vlricl~ solnetillre after the middle of the third 

ceutury A. 1). Caused t,lle \v;lters of t,he Konclre-daryi and, perhal)s, a 'l'iriui br:lncll unitcd witli 

it, to abaudoll tile ~~lrI;-t:ry Ije~l al~d t,he easter1)- dirc~ctiorl to\~itrds IAJU-]:LII for a ~011theast,rrly 

roursc and the sr~hst~q~~e~rt jnrrrt,ion wit.11 the Tirinl. 5; 

I.'rolrr Yir~~-~)~art I sent .liri~-~nl t,o Tiltenlik to survey tlre nlain Lo~~-I(a~-slial~r 

route along branclles of tire 'l'irim autl across the Inchilre-da~s to tile 

Sorvr ' ne\v st.t~lenlent of kara-knrlr on the lionclle-dayi. I-le subsequently 

Kivvr' lo ICnrla. 

slirveyctl the eorusc of tire latter river as far as Korla. 7n I myself 

I,roceedell to t,liis place by Dr. I-letiirr's interestingdeerrt route of 18Yti along tl~e lirie rvlrem 

the gavel glacis ~tretclrill~ tlo\vn fro111 the Soot of the Eilrrulort ant1 otller contlialougrl"ien-si~en 

to tions would perrrrit. Fro111 Yatrzi-llissnr he had succeeded in reaching 

Ak-su. 

the top of the Kara-tla\vin pass, still coveretl b!. deep eno\v, over ~~~liiclr 

'" dcc iibcet No. 26. C', 1). 3. Knrok-cl:~ryi be11 the wntcr nccclcd for irrigntion in 

7; For an importnnt early Chinese record bearing tho Lou-l:itt :irca. 

on the former courae of the Knnche-daryu towards '"See Sbecta Xus. 25, A. 2, B,C. 3 ; 21. D. 1. 

Loo-lxn, cf. my commcnts in Setindin, i. pp. 420 sqq. jY SCC Shcet No. 25. A, B. 1. 

There also I have discnsaed the hydrographic facts See Sheet ho. 21. 1). 1.3. 

onderlging the story related in the same text about Seo Sheets Nos. 21. A-D. 1; 17. C, 1). 1,2. 

barrage which appears to have been construcled in ma See Sheer NO. 17. A-D. 1, 2. 

the second century A.D. in order to maore to thc

Sec. iv.] TIIIHD EX PNDI'I'ION, I'JlS-I 5 30 

a routn lracl~ Lo tho high Yu1d11z 11latea11. "' I'rorn KII~~I~I he proceeded agai~~ northwards 

and keeping throughout nlong the line of the highest localities with cultivatiot~, many of 

them novur xurveyetl beforo, tnade his way to whore t h ~ Xluz-art. river tlebouches fro111 the 

mountains it1t.o tlie hssin-like di~trict of Uai. Ile t,hcr~ ah~.er~tletl the rivcsr to its headwaters 

below the ice-clad T'ien-shan in tlw vicinity of the great 'l'vngri-kh8n peak. Xotwithwlanding 

the heavy wititel. stlow still covering tile glacier al)l~roacl~ to llrc~ MIIZ-art-(lawfin he pushed 

up to will~iri about a thousantl feet of the tol~ of' the pass; the summit of it was quite 

impraeticablo at t,l~is early season. When coming to mecl lne at. Ak-sn he hat1 to follow 

thr ronfr alreatly survegetl in 1407, none other bcing available. 

I myself after visiting a number of interesting l%utltlhist sites in the district of 1)ai 

away from the high road which crosses it, rearhetl the 'Old 'I'O\VII' of 

Bnrreys bctwoe~l Kuchi 

Ak-SII on May 171 h. At Kara-> ulghnn, two nlarches to the cast, 

a~ad Kiultgnr. 

Afr~-gul had rejoined me. Fro111 Kucli5 he surveyed an old and 

more direct track thro~~gh tlie scrub-covered dcsert belt along thi foot of the barren hill range 

fringing tlre Uai basil]. " During my two days' halt at. Ak-SII 1 was able to secure the 

needful official help antl the guidauce which enablecl Lal Sing11 to ~~~.oceed to Kasl~gar Ly a 

new route leatlin~ over ground almost wl~olly utrsr~rveyeil. It tool< l~irt~ througli alltl along 

the nt,terly arid hill ranges \vliic.l~ for111 the southern antl outc.rmost ran11)art of the 'L"ie11-shan, 

first to the small oasis of Kelpill a11d then l)ast t,l~e Kirxl~ia \\inter razing groi~ntls of Karajol 

to Icalta-yailsli, the nortl1-easter11 outp,-st of Iihshjiar c~~ltivatiot~. '" 

1 myself was ot)li~~tl to 11rocec.11 to K;ishgar by l'orcvtl marches it1 ortlrr. to secure 

adequate ti~ne for manifoltl ar~d u~.r.ctnt lat~onrs, ant1 l~atl 11c.11c.c. ~~~.c.essit.il!- to follgiw the ~nain 

road t:ic~ Marll-bisl~i. My regret at this necessity was tempered by the fact that this jonrnev 

of close on JOO miles coveretl in eleven days made it possible to complete ow survey of the 

northern main trade route of the Tari~n basin right through to its western terminus. hi 

I reached IGshgar on May Ylst and was during the following five weeks kept 

incessantly bnsy at the British Consulate General with the careful 

stag at ~iahgar. repacking of my collection of antiques (eighty heavy camel-loads in all) 

for dispatch to India; I had also to prepare for my o\vu j0urne.v across 

the Russian Piimirs to Bokhira territory and Persia. Within a week of my arrival I was 

rejoined by Lil Singh and after a fortnight also by Maliammad Yakub who hat1 safely 

effected his lonz journey along the left bani; of thr Tdrim from nest of the Inchil;~ junction 

to above Abld. 

The inundations caused by tl~e sl~rir~g floods had cousiderably in111edt.d his progress and 

confined his plane-table work, some\vhat rough as \vas usually the case 

, , f $ ~ ~ ~ whet1 ~ carried ~ , on ~ by ~ him ~ indepentlently, ~ . to tlie close vicinity of the track 

follo\\ed from one riverine sl~ephrrd station to anotl~er. The defects 

inherent to a plane-table traverse of snch length from the accnniulation of errors in distance 

estimates, etc., could fort,unately Lc checked by reference to previously surveyed route lines 

which crossed or toucl~ed this traverse at a n~~mber of points bet,\seen Shaliyirr and Merliet. 

During the remaining werl;s of iny stay at I, to leave Kishgar 

" See Sheet No. 20. A. 4; for Lil Singh's rontt 

from Korlo to Knchi, sce Shrrts NOR. 21. A.D. 1 ; 17. 

c, I). 1. 

8' See Sheet Xo. 11. A, B. I. Lil Singh's rontc 

from Kuchi to the Blnz-nrt river is shown by bheets 

Nos. 17.A, U. 1; 16. A,U.4; 12. B-D. 1. 

For Afriz-gnl'sronte,see Sheets No;. 17. A. 1.2; 

12. R-D. 2; for my own between Kuchi nod Ak-sn, 

see Sheets Xos. 17. A, B. 1; 12. A, U.2, G, D. 1;7. D.2. 

See Sheets Nos. 7. A, B. 4, C. 3. 1).2,3; 4. 

B-D. 4; 6. A, B. 1. 

87 SeeSheetNo.7.C.3,4, D. 2.3; 8.A,B.1;5. 

A.2. H.1.'2. C,I).l. 

I most regret. thnt t,he rapidity of the jonrney 

and the diffico1t.v ahont. water at thnt advanced sea- 

son rendcred ~t impossible to search in the desert 

northward of the stages betn.een Chilan nnd Chidir- 

liol (Sheet No. 7. B, C. 4) for remains of the line 

which Lhe Cbiuese high road is likely to have follow. 

ed in ancient times; cf. above p. 26. 

" See Sheets Nos. 21. A-D. 2.3; 17. A-D.2,3; 

12.A.4, B. 3.4, C.3. D.3; 7.D.4; 8.A.1,2, R,C. 

1 ; 5. D. 2, 3.

40 IIISTOHY 01' Slill\'lCYS [Chap. I 

for the n~o~cntsin?; \vrst.\vards. Hut the sonlnlcbr floods in the K'un-Inn 

Survey towards Kidlr- \.i~lle~s \v0111d not allo\v t.11~. v:~.lu:~blt! ro~lvoy of antiques to be st:~rhd at 

gar %, Leadwnters, 

once to\vards the K~LI.:I-~OI.:LIII and IICII. 1 \\.:is tl~ereforc :~blt! to let 

Lil Sing11 to tvl~ose c:~rc I h:1.(1 to ~nt.r~lst~ it, set out ~i~~~i~n\vl!ilc \\.it11 IIIC for a s~~rvey of the 

hifill sno\vy nlc11111tnin cl~ain \\.hie11 continues the hl~~z-t:igI~-;~.tCI range to the I~eatl~vatt~rs of tlle 

K$sl~~~r river so~~th-r:~st. of thc r\l:ti. \Vr sttl):~ratrtl : ~t Ol~al \vlience Lfil Sing11 111adc 11is 

WAF rou~~d tl~r tlortl~rrn end of t.ll:~t. cl~nin to tile grrat 1';imir-lil;e valley of JI6ji bordering 

tl~e \vatercIred to\\nrds tl~c Cire:~t P;~ra-kul mid Hang-knl Lakrs on the l.ractic:1IIy coinl)lrted our rna.l)l~ing alo~ig tlie 

Chinese ))orti011 of the ~)Bmirs. Crosxiug lhrnce the Irig11 I'luglr-art l)ass, fia~~lied by a niagnifice~it, 

glacier, 11e rejoi~lrcl Lue for fi11:tl il~xtroct~ious :tl the i~ioul~tain camp of BostRn-arcl~e!" 

where riiurl~ urgent, writing work h:td detainrd mc! brf'ore 111)- start from Chi~lcse soil. 

Tile sllort jourucy \vl~ich carried me thence to the I~)ortul~ity 1.01. frexI1 tol>ogral)hicaI ~vork. LRI Sing11 l~irnself after 

t,u Ludit. 

taking cliarge of tl~c big co~lvoy of antitl~tcs at. Kasl~pr, was obliged to 

procee~l wit11 it. to I~iirkan~l and tl~enre to follow thc usual caravan ronte \vliicli leads to Ladsk 

cia Kiik-y%r. Heyoud the latter place the groniid llatl remained outside the area of our previous 

surveys. Plane-table \vork \\,as therefore resu~nctl here by La1 Sing11 and carried across 

tlie Tiznaf river Ileadwaters and the Yangi-dawan to tl~r 111)pernro~t Yarltand river anti finally 

to the Indian frontier on tl~c* lial-A-Lorani pas. gl 

His ronst,:lnt perso~lal enl)ervision was needed to assure safe transit for tile many loads 

of precious and often very fragile antiques on tllese niarelles, \\.it11 their frryttent ri\rercrossings 

and other risks, ant1 the complete success with \vl~iel~ this difiicult task was carried through 

sufficiently e*l>laina \v11y tile survey \vork was Itere necrssarily limited to \\.hat col~ld be 

accomplislled \vhile Iteeping to the route liue. 

The snrre!. operations of my third ex1)edition tllns completed had extended, as far as 

\vorli in Chinese territory was concerned, over a period of exactly two 

Enteut of survey 

operations. years. Tl~ougli their duration was thus about four months sl~orter than 

t,he corresponding period of niy second journey yet the area covered by 

our surveys of 1913-15 was if anything even more extensive than before. 'l'l~is resl~lt was 

very largely due to the indefatigable energy tlisl~laycd by R.B. 1,il SiuxI1. 

It was hence a special sati~faction to nie to see his services to geogral~hy on this 

expedition duly recognized by the award of the C11t11brr.t Peek Grant 

Recogoitiou of SOTveJors. 

services. of the Boys1 Geographical Society in 191(i, and those he had re~ltlered 

to the Survey of India during 37 years of work in fieltls as widely 

a~~trt as Arabia, Persia, tile Indian N.W. Frontier, Tibet and China, by ti12 grant of a 

valuable Jagir wllich the Goveroment of India besto\vcd upon bim on his retirenie~lt in 191 9. 

The equally zealous help I had received from Afrsz-g111 KliBn and tire special aptitude for 

topoyraphical work whiclr he had proved on this journey, lcd to his appoi~~tmeirt in 1918 as 

Sub-Assistant Superintendent in tl~e Survey of India and rcceived due acknonrledgment also 

by tlie bestowal in 1917 of the kfacgregor Silver Metlal for Milit,ary S~~rveyors. 

See B reet No. 2. A-C. 2. 

See B~eet No. 2. U, C. 2 3. 

"' For the ruuLc from Kok-giw, scc Sheet No. 6. 

0. 1-3, 1). 4; 9. A.4; 10.8. 1.

42 THE R.RG IONS SUIi.VISY El) [Chap. II 

For the western and higher portion of this morlnti~in rampart which rises to peaks of 

over 23,000 feet,, t.he Sheets Nos. 6, 9,10, 14, 15 afford anil)le cartographical materials. TO 

the east of the Keriya river the chart~cter of tlie chain overlooking the 'l'ziritn basin does not 

change; but its \vitlt,ll is reduced and the elevated Tibetan plateans approach it closer from the 

south. TllrougIlo~~t the \vllole length of the cllain tlie foot of its northern slopes is formed by 

a glwis of piedmont ~l.:r\.cl, attaining in ~rart,s a \vidth of 40 miles and more, and everywhere 

utterly sterile. 

On t.lte iloi.th the basin of tlie 'l'arini is enclosrd by the greatp TT'iet~-sllan chain. 111 the 

wrst, it. ~nrrts t,l~c rneridio~lal range above metltioned near the Alai and tile 

'l..,sn-.l~sn I.:~:P. Ileatl\v:~ters:of t,l~e Kisllgar river. Thence it stretches away unbroken to 

its nort,I~-msternmost. corner near Korla \vhcre the Konclic-claryfi, fed by 

the Baghmsli lake, enters the I)l:~itls (Sl1eet.s No. 24., 25). Nort,lr of Ak-su, tlie T'ien-shan 

attains its c~llminating point, in the .great peak of Ten~ri-lihtin (Sheet No. I1 j. Tllence 

a branch of the main chain, gmclually tliminishing in lieiglit, forms the enclosing 

of tile basin. To the \vest of ilk-su a series of ootlyinX lower ranges intervenes betnreen 

the main chain and the pinills (Sllerts YO. 4, 5, 7). 

While our surveys sllo\v this orti ti on of tlre ~lortllerit riln ill sotr~e tlctail, east of Ak-sit 

they were confined mainly to the soutllern slopes of the range immediately overlooking the 

basin (Sheets No. 16, 17, 20, 21). Neverthelebs they snttic,e to bring out celtain rlralacteristie 

differences between this northern mountain border and the K'un-Ian. Amonq tltem I may 

mention the mucll stnallrr width, or complete absence, of tlie gravel glacis at the foot of the 

T1ien-sl~an, and the less arid character of tlie main iange as ilcmonsttated by the presence of 

conifer forest, in a number of \alleys on its southern slopes. I Both these facts bear eviclencc 

to the influence assert,ed by the far moister climatic conditions which prevail north of the 

T'ien-shau. 

Beyond Korla tShe desert ill~lands of tlie Kuruli-tagli, tlie 'Dry illo~rntains', take the 

place of tlie T'ien-sllan as tlie border of tlie Tarirn basin both to the 

1)escrt ranzes of 

1i"l ,,k-lC;I,. north ant1 north-east. The character of this barren succession of much- 

decayed parallel ranges with wide gravel-filled valle!~ and drainageless 

basins between them, is adequately illustrated by tlie surveys embodicd in Slieets No. 25, 28, 

E9, 32. What scanty moisture cver reaches the southern slopes of the Kurok-tsgh and 

escapes evaporation on its wide gravel glacis, descends in wide flood-beds to the Konche-darya 

and its ancient continuatiou east\vards, tlie Kuruli-daryi or 'Dry River', which once carried its 

waters to the Lou-Ian area. The aridity of the ~uruk-tigh steadily increases eastwards until 

st about longitude 91' even the rare salt springs, which rendered its exploration possible, are 

no longer encountered. 

SECTION 11.-THE TAKLAMAKAN DESERT. 

Within the Tarim basin enclosed by the mountain barriers briefly described above, 

we may conveniently distingrlish four main regions. By far the 

'enha' cf 

draft-sand. largest, and perhaps the best defined, comprises the huge central area 

of bare drift-sand desert, popularly known as the Taklamakin. Its 

borders to the west, north, and east are roughly determined by the belts of vegetation 

accompanying the Tiznaf, the Yirkand and the l'irim rivers, the last being the name 

generally given to the Ysrkand-daryi after receiving the rivers of Kishgar, Ak-su and 

Khotan. The dune-covered area has olitliers beyond these rirerine borders in a number of 

*places. But only two of these, both at the extreme ends of tlie central area, are sufficiently 

large to deserve here special mention. In the west we have the moving sands of Ordamp%dshih 

stretching from the vicinity of Yangi-hiss~r to the left bank of the Yarkand river 

Recaheet No. 12.B.C. I; 16. B.4; 20. A, R.I.

Sec. ii.] THE TAKLAMAKAN DESERT 43 

(Shect No. 5 ). In tho east a zone of high and utterly barren fiand-ridges sjlreatla beyorld the 

Tirim, filling a big triangular space between the foot of the Kurilk-tsgh and the belt of 

wind-eroded desert along the western shorew of the ancicmt salt-encrustrtl I,oj, sea 11ed 

( Sllectts No. 25, 29, 3U). 

In the sooth, the border of the Taltlarnakin licts along the northern ends of the oases, 

rrrostly small, which line at intervals ttie foot of the K'un-lun glacis 

Ho#rtl~uni bortl

44 TI-IE REG LONS SIIHVESEI) [Chap. 11, 

easier to indicate certaiu topogrepl~ical 

distinctions deserving of notice. But both share the essential feature of containing 

whatever gound within the Tirim hasir) is capable of permanent cultivation under 

existing conditions. 

bin froln tile "lie in the south it is inainly because it is t1111s 

TIlr cultivable are:, is considr~ably greater within the western and nort11er11 belts. 

This may be taken as extending in a big arc from Yfirkand and Kash- 

'vrrtrrt' 'lorthertl gar to Korla antl the tract inl~x~ediately south of it. It contains the 

belt of O.Se6. 

far larger number of important oases, such as Yirhand, KRshgar, Ak-su, 

Kucll;~, and owing to them and to the short distances at which smaller ones are atrung out 

between them, the route pasring t,lrrough t,llis belt. of cultivable ground has from the earliest 

Ilistoric:~l t,imes to the present. day been the chief line of co~nnlunicaiion and trade within the 

'ririnl basin. These advantages for permanent occupation and traUic result mainly from tho 

fact that irrigation-that inJispeosable conclition of all cultivat,io~l in this basin-is here greatly 

facilihtecl by the volume and uanlber of the rivers as well as by pl~ysical Seat,~tres of tlre 

grot~nd which favour full use of their irrigation resonrccs. 

Among such features may be mentioned t.l~e absence or conll~arative ~larrowness of 

barren gl-avel stretches at the foot of tlre outer Iliils, which allows 

Po~~tiott of cuIt.iv~ted ct11tivat.io11 to be started from the very debouchure of the rivers; also the 

aWlhE. 

protection \vhich the Ykrliand river or 'rdrini with its broad riverine 

jur~gle belt affords front t,he moving sands of tl~e llaklamak;in. Ilence we find in the case of 

the larger oases cultivation extending for considerable distances aloug the beds of 611e rivers. a 

Since all of t,l~ese reach the Tirim aud 011 their lower courses command extensive areas inundated 

during tlood times, grazing grounds adequate for the needs of the oases are also 

available. On the other hand the map show?; a complete absence of cultivated areas of any 

size &Ion= the Thrim itself after the river has passed the northern edge of the Yurkand 

district. This striking fact is explained by the great difliculties wllicl~ the very slight fall in 

the river's bed and the consequent constant shifts of its course here oppose to the construct,ion 

and maintenance of irrigation canals of any size. 

With the nort!lern belt of oases may conveniently be rnentioned also the subsidiary 

basin of Kara-shahr which adjoins the extreme north-eastern corner of the 

Ki~ra-sllulrr basin. T~rim basin proper. " Thoug11 draining into the latter by the Konchedaryi, 

it sl~o~vs characteristic geographical features of its own. It is 

divided from the plains of the Tirim by the mesternmost hill-range of the Kuruk-tsgh which 

encircles it on the south, and a considerable portion of its area is occupied by the large freshwater 

lake of the Baghrash-kiil. This gathers the waters brought donzn by the Kara-shahr 

river from high plateaus of the Central T'ien-shan and, acting as a big natural reservoir, 

discharges them with an almost constant volume through the defile above Korla. An 

abundant water supply and an apparently less arid climate assure to Ka~a-shalrr chances of 

extensive cultivation, and the historical importance of the territory shows that in antiquity 

these were adequately ut,ilized. Their present neglect seems to be largely due to the population 

containing a considerable element of semi-nomadic Mongol herdsmen. The latter's 

presence alone serves to illustrate the difference in climatic contiitions between the Karashahr 

district antl the rest of the Tcrim basin. ' 

This rlistinction is supported also by evidence 

derived from the historical geography of the Titrim 

basin. Tho detailed descriptions given of it by the 

early Chinese lliatorical records always separate the 

territories sitnated along tl~e ' Northern Rond ', i. r. 

those at the south foot of the T'ien-shall, from thofie 

on the 'soothe~n Iioad' which passed throogh Chnrkblik 

and Kbotan. In this as in many other notices 

of those records relaling to Central Asia the keen 

topographical sense of the Chinese clearly reflects 

itself. 

It is significant that though So.rhii, i. r. Yirkand, 

is duly indicated n6 the point through which passed 

the 'Southern Hoad' to the Pimire and beyond. 

yet this territory ia always described in its proper 

geographical nexus. dong with Ktiahgnr; see Wylie, 

'Notes on the il'estern liegions', Jcureal of (he An- 

thrupol. Inrlifule, x. p. 21, 47 sq.; Chnvanues, 2"oung- 

pao, 1907. pp. 170. 196 sqq. 

See Sheets Nn. 2. D.2; 5. A, H.2; 7. D. 2,s; 

12.A.3; 17.A.l.U,C.1,2. 

See Sheets KO. 20.D.4; 24. A-D.4; 26. A-0.1. 

' Cf. Serindia, iii. pp. 1179 sq., repercling the 

limited cultirstion of Kara.abahr and its causes.

Sec. iii.1 'I'IIIS OASISS Oh' 'rII1C TAHIM BASIN 4.5 

In the ~o11111art1 n~arginal Iiell ol' the Irasiu, htrc~fchirrg along the foot of the K'IIII-Inn 

from Kargl~xlik to the, 1,011 tract, contlitions differ in various ways. 

Wo~~tl~err~ butt of onsee Here only one oabia of' real importancc IS found, that of Khotari, and 

the rest it1 most cases arc scparatcrl from each other by connidcrable 

expanses of true desert. To the east of Niya, over a r~larcl~ing distance of some 350 miles to 

Vish-shahri, the westernmost hamlet of Lop, tl~erc. is met now only the ~inglt! small oaain of 

Charchan, and our llislorical records show evl,n this to have beer1 in abeyance agairr a11t1 again 

during intervals of cent~~ries. " 

( :eograpl~ical conditio~~s dulj reHectecl by the map fully account for the thinness, or 

else the complete absence, of cultivated areas along the wl~ole belt. 

Khotnn onsia. With the single significant exception of Khotan, all oases ir~ the plains 

are sep~ratcd from the debouchure of' the rivers which supply their 

irrigation by great stretches of absolutely sterile gravel forming the glacis of the K'un-lun. 

But in the case of the Khotan tract the vast volume of water brought down by the Yurungand 

I. 

295 sqq. 

See Sheets No. 9. D. 2: 14. A. 2. For a detniled 

nnnlysis of the physical aspects of the Khotnn onsis, 

cf. Ancient Khofaa, i. pp. 124 sqq. 

7 Regnnliug the general conditions governiug 

irrigntiosl in the iegioa from Knrghalilr to Niyn, cf. 

III). i,bsrrvations ill .f~jcient h%ola~t, i. pp. 94 nqq., 125 

sq.; for n pnrticnlnrl inrtructire locnl instance as to 

rbe irnporlnncr of the supply of kavrr-sn, cf. Swinrlin, 

i. pp. 1'02 sqq. 

Q~ee Sheets No. 9, 14, 19,23. 

Cf. the remarks, Asrienl KlioLan, i. pp. 204 aq., 

regsrding the formation of the loess soil of Kholar~. 

ns (letermined from microscopically analyzed specimeus; 

also i. pp. 588 sq. for Prof. de Lo'czy's analyria.

TlIE REGIONS SURVEYISD [Chap. II 

I have also ssplained tlle c+nilses wliicl~ rerider such ' termi~~al oases' 

Kelllnill*of ,>BSBS r'ball'lolled liable to c11:lnges in position and extent during different 

I~eriodr lo Evidenee of' tllvse changes survives in the remains of those 

numerous ancient sett.lenients abandoned to the tlesert n,llicll my exploratio~is have ensbled 

me to trace. The fact of the most i~nportant among them being found far to the north of 

the present. line of 'terminal oases ' ftlr~~ishes definite roof of the progress of desiccation in 

this regioil n~itlrin historic.al t,imes. " Tllrrs the (letailed surveys attending those csl)lorat.ions 

may claini special interest in ronnection with a 111nc1-1is1ssed g$.rogral)hiral tloeriion. 

Stc~iox I\'.-1'II 12 TliR&lIN,\L 1)ISl'RESSION 0)' LOP AN1) 1'1-1 15 

TlJH 1C.iN LI.ISIS. 

The last of the regions compriseil \vitl~in the Tfirim basin is the Ierminal tlel~ression 

of Lop. The smallest in extent and particularly well defincd, it enlribits 

Extent depressiou. Of Lop 

a ~parirty of interesting Reograpl~ical features. It may be alqxopriately 

described as containinc the terminal course of tlle T;irim \\.it11 its fringe 

of Iagoous, the marshes in \vhicli its \vat.ers are final!?. lost,, and tlre great salt-eurrustetl bed 

of the dried-up Lop sea beyond them, together with t,lie wastes of gravel, drift-sand and 

wind-eroded clay which surround it. 111 accordance with the tratlitional application of the 

name Lop, itself of very ancient origin, ' we must include in this region also tl~e dune-covered 

area to t,he east of the Tcrirn's final course, already referred to as an outlier of the Taklamakin, 

as \veil as the area, mostly scrt~bl?- dese~t or gravel 'Sai', wllich extends southwards 

of the last sections of the Charcllan river and the Tirim to the foot of the mot~ntains. 

Here the streams of Vas11-sl~ahri, Charkhlik and RIirin llave in recent years rendered 

it possible for a few slnall settlenlents to resume cult,i~ation near ancient 

Popnlation of Lop 

area. sites abandoned for centuries. "part from the people in these tiny 

oases and the survivors of the scanty nomadic population of Loldiks 

('Lop people') fishing and hunting along the terminal Tarim, the whole region is now n.11olly 

uninhabited. The same applies also to tlie surrounding areas : in the west the Taklamakan ; 

in the north the barren hills of the Kuruk-t:igh ; in the east tlie terminal basin of the Su-loho, 

and in the south the arid ranges of the Altin-tigli, an eastern extension of the K'un-lun. 

In spite of its desolate character, considerable interest, historical and geograpllical, 

attaches to the Lop region. This explains the spec~al efforts devoted to 

Prehistoric sea bed. its survey both on my second and third expeditions, notwithstanding 

the great physical di5culties besetting topograld~ical work in a region 

which for the most part is devoid of drinkable water. 111 the great salt-encrllstetl I~etl, proved 

by our surveys to extend for fully 170 miles from soutli-west to north-east with a maximum 

width of some 60 miles, we have a visible remnant of that prehistoric aalt sea \vhich was fed 

by the drainage of the Tirirn basin during periods when the climate of Central Asia was 

moister. 

A variety of observations justify tlie assumption that this dried-up terminal basin, 

still showing salt bogs in places, even now periodically receives water 

Marshesof Lop-nirr. at its south-west end, either I I inundation ~ or percolation, from the 

adjoining Kara-koshun marshes of the Tirim. "l'he fact that, these 

marshes of 'Lop-rCr'-to use the Mongol designation which from modern Chinese maps and 

lo Cf. Anciort Khotna, i. pp. $15 sq., 285 sq., 385 

sq., 419 sq.; Seri,rdia, i. pp. 202 sqq. 

the local name Lop, cf. Srriadia, i. pp. 318 sqq. In 

its present [o~m it is tirat 1.ecordec1 toy Narco Polo, 

'I See Sheet No. 14. G. 1,2 for the sites of Uae. 

din-oilik, Uzon-tati, etc.; Hos. 18. B. 4; 19. U. 1 for 

thr Kiya site. 

' Regarding the history and early application of 

see Yule, The Book of Ser.,V

Sec. iv.] TI11C LOP DEPRESSION AND TIJItFAN HASIN 47 

bxts has become familiar to geogmpherfi-contain motlerately frrsh water, ;~t leaet, in the parts 

near the entrance of the TBrirn, lras gi\re~~ rise to t.hc r~~oeh-tlisct1nst.11 'I.op-nor cluestion', 

pcrhaps quite as rrruclr as elt~cidatetl ly the controversial literature which hioce 

the days of I'reje\.alsky a~!tl Iticlrthofen has accui11111atetl over it in the absence of adequate 

Beyond the northern ctlge of those ~l~arshes, wit11 their fringe I J dried-up ~ salt lagoorls 

fillctl at ti~r~cs I J cxecl)fio~ral ~ 

floods tlrc T:irir~t, t1rt.r~ extends an area 

Ancient dcltn of 

of bare clay overrnn hy liyhl. sand iind undergoing rxcessive svintl- 

K,,rwk-dar!,,i, 

erosior~. It is crossed by a series of \\.ell-~~~arked dry rive-r-bed*, ant1 

of t,hrse our sttrveys have ~rroved tha.t they reprrsrnt tire southrrn portion of an ar~cient tlelta 

formed by the tlried-up 'Kuruk-daryl', \vhich during the first centuries before and after Chrint 

rarrirtl the waters of thts Kor~rlie-tlaryg (together, l~crl~a~)a, wit11 some atlditiolr from northeln 

tributaries of the Tirim, like the lnchike-tlarya) to the then-occupietl territory of Lou-Ian. ' 

The erosive action of wind-driven sand lras covered the tlrietl-III) tleltrt ant1 the whole 

area of that ancient territory as far as the foot of the Kuruk-tBglr with 

'Vind-erOde'l desert' Of an endless successiou of '!lirrlnn!,..v', steep ritl~cs carvetl out of the 

I.on- la,^. 

alluvial clay autl separated 1))- parallel trencher. A11 lie in the 11ireet~io11 

of the prevailins nort,h-east \vintls \vlrirlr 'aspiratiotr'clra~v~ clo\vn fro111 tl~e plateaus of tl~r Eurl~kt~gh 

ant1 so~rt~hern Alongolia into the 1,011 tlrprcssion during great portions of tl~e year. " Abundant 

archaological evidence, Lrovgl~t to 1ight:rt. various aneie~~t sites uf Lou-Ian, makes it certain 

that the ~vatt~rs carried t)y the I

48 TIlE REGIONS SURIPYEI) [Chap. II 

tile Bltill-t,ngll glacib. 10 It is apl,arently in this bay that the dupression reaches it.x 

deepest point, and Itere it I;I:I~ br sup1)ose1l in enrlirr geological timer to have rereired also 

the drainnge from t,l~e terluinal basin of tht. Su-lo-110 mhiell adjoins eastwarcl. Down the 

sootl1er11 side of this valley ant1 beyond along the clearlp market1 sootlrern allore-line of the 

ancient. sea, I~ads the diffienlt desert trarlr from 'Pun-lluang to Lo[,, graphically tlescribetl by 

nlarco Polo and still ~lsetl 11y ixre rarav:unr (luring the fe\v \vinttv mont11s \v11e11 it is 

Before Ieavin~ the Tirim basin for regions further earl a brief arcoulrt ruay conveniently 

he given here of the small but geogr:lphically very interesting 

Torfiu deprcrsiou basin of Turf511 north oT the 1,011 tlepressio~~, to \vhich a good (leal of 

0111. snrvey work was tle\~otctl in 1914-15. Quite tletacl~ecl from the 

Tliri~n basil1 it shares so many of its rharacteristirs that it al>l)t>arslill;e a small scale 

re~>ro~lrtctior~ of it. As Sheet No. 28 shows, it is e~~rlosed in tlw north by a rugged snowy 

l'ortion of t,lle T'ien-shall, rising to peaks over 1~1.,000 feet in Ireiglit,, by an out,lyi~~g range of 

the same in tl~e \vest, :tntl by tlt,terly barren hills and l la tea us of tlie Kuruli-t5gl1 111 tlre south 

ant1 east. \Vitl~io these limits it contains n succession of well-tlelinetl zonw esactly correspo~iclin? 

to the gravel glacis, t,lle belts of c~~lt,iv:ttio~l anil tlesert vrgetatiol~, and tile clune-covered 

are:Is of the %rim basil). 

The terminal sea-bet1 of the latter 11as also its pentla~rt ill the narro\s sall lake, for the 

most part dry, " stretelling along the south-eastern etlgc of the basin. 

Chnmcter no'i depth Of Into its lo~vest portio~l at the time of the summer floods gl~t,hers 

Turfiu depressiou. 

\vhatever drainage - from the mountains escapes evaporation. To the 

east of it we have a. miniature etlition as it were of the Taltlanrak~~~ in tlre 1)lateau-lilie area 

covered by high ridges ol dunes lino\vn as h-~~i,~-/(r//h, tile 'Saucl Ilills'. ':' Its positiori seems 

to be determined by tlte direct,ion of the prevailing winds \v!iicll ;LS a rt,snlt of 'aspiration' 

swee11 tlo\vn from the cooler region in the nortlt-\vest when the great Ilrat. of the spring and 

stunmer causes the air to rise fro111 the lomt~r parts of the basin. A rery re~rlarliable feature 

of the Turfin basin is the depth of its terminal depression. .\long the lake-b(,tl above 

mentioned it deaceuds to a level which according to our 111ercuri:~l bitrorneter obser~ations lies 

in places close 011 1,000 feet below the sea, while most of the pri11ril)nl oases lie also abont 

or below sea-level. " 

To tile very lrigl~ summer temperatures resulting from this low l,ositiol~ may be 

attributed, at least partly, the peculiar conditio~~s affecting the \t:~fer 

Irrigation In 'Pnrfin 

supply of the basin and in conse~juet~re thc cnlti\~ation in its oas~~s. " 

nR,CI ---- . 

The streams \vhich carry down tl~e ~nelti~lg sno\vs of tl~c T'iet~-rllau in 

the spring and suinlner lose most of their water on tlie descent over the bare glacis ol' gravel. 

A portion of the water absorbed in the ground, it is true, comes to light again, like thc born-sn 

of the Khot,an region, in ~lrarsllj- springs at the nort,ller~r foot of tl~e low and utterly arid hill 

rauge stretching across tlie n~iildle of' the basin from east to \vest, alld dividing its cultivable 

area into ttvo unequal belts. l6 

Buf this water suppl~, too, monld permit of irrigatiou only over very limited ground 

\\,ere it uot at the present time supplemented on a big scale by means 

Kirhz ~rri~ation. - of sub-terraneons channels or 'fiir?;rs' \ehicli catch the subsoil water 

beneath tlle gravel slopes and carry it., protected from evaporation, over 

considerable distances to ground otherwise hopelessly sterile but under irrigation extremely 

fertile. The use of Kirezes is unknown elsewllere throogllout Chinese Turl;istin, and in the 

Tt~rfln district, too, it can apl~arently not be traced further hack tllan the 18th century. Yet 

"' See Sheets Kos. 32. C, 1). 4; 35. A. 4. 

" Ser Serindin, ii. pp. 649 Sq., 560 sqq. 

'See Sheet No. 28. C, D. 3. 

'"ee Sheets Kos. 2R. I). 3; 81. A. 3. 

" 8ec Bhect No. 28. C, D. 3. 

" These and other pbgsiogcaphieal nspects of the 

Tnrfin onsen bare been lucidly discnssed in Profesaor 

E. Hnntington's Pttlir of Alb, pp. 306 sqq. 

The physienl fenter1.s c~l tllc 'l'urfi~~ bnsin as :I 

whole will Ilc Tnllv twnted in the paper which I hope 

to prepnre foi. l>i~blication along with 3 detnilccl mnp 

based on the one-inch xi~rvcg uf tllr central nren of 

thc territory. 

'"ee Sheet No. 28: C. 2,3, D. 3, for springs near 

Mnrtuk, Sinpim, 6u-bishi, i.nmjin; Sheet 31. A. 3 

for those in the bed above Pichnn.

Sec. iv.] THE LOP DEPlCESSION AND TURFAN BASIN 49 

the importance of the territory already in ancient times in amply attested by archieological 

remains and liistorical recortls allke. If we coinr,arc this fact with tile great extent of tllat 

of the cultivated area which now, as the map nllows, depcrlds solely on Kiri.2 irrixation, 

the progress made by desireation in this region receives striking illucjtration. 

SECTION V.--THE SU-LO-HO BASIN 

East ol' the Lop depression our surveys extended to a series of drainagelesn regions 

which, if not eon~parable in size to the l'drim basin, .set resemble it 

lrtcnt of Su-lo-ho 

bns~n. 

t losely in various physical features of importance and are linked up 

wit11 it a.lso in historical interest. Proceedinz from the extreme eastern 

end of tlie Lop depression across a dry lake-bed once apparently draininz into it., 1 we enter 

directly the lowest portion of the basin of the Su-lo-110, containing this riser's delta and 

terminal nmrsl~cs. This basin, as sl~own on Slicets Kos. 35, 38, 10, extends for wme 220 

miles from east to mest with an average nitlfh of 30-40 miles betnren the fcot hills oi the 

ranges tvlricl~ bound it. 

Pei-slran nortliwartl. 

These are the w~stern Nan-shau in the south and the utterly barren 

The Su-10-110, a considrrable river, fed hy glaciers and eternal snows of the 

Central Nan-khan, dcscends into the basin at its eastern end. After 

course of SU-lo ho. 1)reakilig t,hrough n succession of ranpes in gol.ges, of which those to 

the south are as yet unexplored, it ski1.t~ a low divide serarating its 

basin from one much smaller adjoining eastwards. Below the oasis of Yii-min-bsien the 

Su-10-110 turns sharply \vestmards. Maintaining this course it lasses fhrcugh the Khara-n6r 

lake, s~~p~osed to be its terminal basin until our surveys proved this to Ee situated some 80 

miles further west in tlie salt marshes already referred to. * On its whole course through the 

basin tlie Se-lo-ho receives only one affluent, the Tang-ho or Tun-huang river, rising on high 

plateaus towards Tsaidam. This provides ample irrigation for the large oasis of Tun-huang, 

or Sha-ehou, which occupies its alluvial fan. 

Tun-huang is the only settlement of considerable size in the whole region, and its local 

resources were of special value in ancient times when the great natural 

Importnnce of 'run 

huang onsls. 

passage of the Su-lo-ho basin served as the earliest high road of Chinese 

expansion into Central Asia. It was for the protection of this importc 

ant trade-route leading through LOU-Ian to the oases of the Tarim basin that the far-flung 

westernmost portion of the ancient Chinese border line was constructed towards the second 

century B. c. The extreme aridity of the desert ground, over which it led past the Su-lo-ho 

and its riverine marshes, explains the abundance and remarkable preservation of the ancient 

records, etc., brought to light by my explorations along this ruined firnes. 

Excepting the narrow belt of desert vegetation which accompnnies the river's lower 

course and the limited ground capable of irrigation besido the oa.sis of 

1)eaert featllrrs of 

bnsiu. 

Tun-huang, the Su-10-110 basin consists mainly of slopes of absolutely 

bare gravel, corresponding to the ' Sai ' of the K'on-lun. Immediately 

south of Tun-huang, hotsever, and again beyond the small oasis of Nan-hu in the south-west, 

huge accumulations of drift-sand al~proach or overlie the foot-hills of the Nan-shan. 7 These 

have been heaped up by the violent east and north-east winds whicll for a grcat rart of the 

year blow down into the basin from the plateaus of the Pei-shan,-another case of 'aspiration'. 

1 See above p. 31. the ancient Chinese Limes nlong the Su-lo-ho basin, 

See Sheet No. 36. 8, C. 4. as elncid~tcd by rnp explorations of 1907. are suma 

See hheet Yo. 41. 0. 1, C. 1-3. marized in Clbapter XX nl SwindLr. ii. pp. 72'! sqq. 

4 See Sheets No. 36. 13-D. 4; 38. A. 4. 7 See Sheets h'o. 36. C. D. 1 ; 38. R. 4: 31). .I, t). 

Cf. Setindin, ii. pp 678 sqq r~n the 'Geogrpbi. 

featnreR of the lower hn-lo-110 basin '. 

The main facts co~tcerning this extension of 

1 ; see also No. 86. R. 4 fnr the big sand ridges sklrting 

the terminal bed of the So-lo-ho.

60 THlC ILIZ(;IONP SURVI

Sec. vi.] FROM (:EN'PItAI, NAN-SHAN '1'0 IS'IISIN-(;OI, 5 1 

ClimnLc of Centrni 

hnn-,ben. 

than that of tho Western Nan-slta~t or of the K'UII-lun. It indirater 

the vicinit,~ of tltc l'aeilic tlrainagc arcla whic.11 c:xtertdn to tltc adjoining 

prts of Kan-su anti of the 11ort.11-castern clplandfi of 'I'il~c:t. ~Ibl~rtrlant 

vegetation clothes the valleys from the westernmost limits of the! l'ei-ta-110 or Su-chou river's 

drainage and makes the big ope11 troughs at tilo lrcatl\\,atrrs c:xccllcr~t Hummer 

grountls, not\vitl~standing tl~eir great elevation, above 11,000 i'ect, and I'Bntir-like appearance. 

I"urther to the soittl~-east increasing snow ant1 r;~infall 1)r:rmita of r~lentiful forest 

gron,tl~ in t.he valleys of the Richthofen ltar~gc: draining into tltc Kan-chou river. 

Along the northern foot of this range at an elevation of about 5,000-6,000 feet, stretches 

a broad belt, of fertile alluvial fans, sel~arated in places by ucrub-covered 

CultivilLe" '- "' table-lands. :' Its northern limit is formed by the barren hill-chain 

Nau.hbn~~. 

overloolti~~g the middle course of the rivers of Kan-chou ant1 Su-chou, 

and belonging to the Ala-shan system of southernmost Mongolia. Over great parts of this 

second region, cultivation is assured by abundant irrigation from the rivers and also by the 

fact that from about the longitude of Kan-chou city eastwardfi, climatic conclitions along the 

fertile foot of thc Nan-shan permit of cult~vation dependent on snow and rainfall only. 

Hence we find in this region not only large and populous oases occuj~yi~~g the alluvial fans 

of the Su-choo and Kan-chol~ rivers, but also an almost cor~tinuous chain of smaller village 

tracts skirting the foot of the mountains beyond those fans. 

The pl~ysical features here briefly indicated have made this region historically a very 

important ' land of passage ' between China and Central Asia. For the 

passane tbrou2.h of Iinu-sn, N \Y. Chinese its possession was indispensable in economic and military 

respects ever since their policy of Central-Asian expansion more than 

two thousand years ago first opened the route through the north-western marches of Kan-su 

and along the So-lo-ho into the Tsrim basin. Bnt before their advent and during the periods 

their control of the route ceased, the abundant winter grazing which parts of this 

region afford, made it also for centuries a goal of conquest for a succession of nomadic 

nations. ' 

A region of very different character stretches from the barren hill-range north of the 

chain of oases down to the terminal basin of the Etsin-gol. We find 

Cnlt~,",~",d~as On there, indeed, two narrow strips of cultivation, those of Chin-t'a and 

Mao-mei, lying beyond the gorges in which the rivers of Su-chou and 

Kan-chou, respectively, have cut their way through that range. But apart from them the 

whole of this legion consist,^ of desert ground, affording now but limited grazing in the delta 

which the Ebin-gal forms from a point about 60 miles below the lotver end of Mao-mei 

cultivation. ti Amidst the almost waterless valleys and plateaus which adjoin the Etsin-go1 

on the east and west, even camel grazing is scanty and confined to rare patches of ground. 

Nevertheless, the Etsin-qol valley has always possessed considerable importance as a 

highrvay for nomadic migration and trade from Mongolia into north- 

Et'in go' valleJ " 

western China. It resembles in this respect the territory of ancient 

higbn:~y. 

Lou-Ian, now completely abandoned to the desert, and this affinity is 

curiously illustrated also by the evidence of desiccation within historical times which the 

Etsin-=ol delta and its medisval remains rfford. 7 The fact that the river loses itself in two 

separate lake-beds ( Sheet No. 14. C. 4. ) is also of interest with regard to the observations 

made above concern in^ the simultaneous existence in earlier periods of two terminal basins 

of the Su-lo-ha, and concerning that of the Lou-Ian delta by the s~de of the Kara-koshun.8 

4, 6. 

' Near the 'r'u-ta.fan. Sheet No. 41. D. 1. 

2 Sue Sheers Sos. 43. U. 3, 4; 46. A. 3. 4., B. 4, C, D. 

8 SecShaets Nos.43 A-D,1,2; 46. A.2, B. 2.3,C.3,4. 

4 Cf Surindin, ii. pp. 113 ) sq. Such grnzing is to 

be found in plvntg ~tlollg the loser courses of all 

rivrrs that dr:~in the nor~hern slopes of. or pass 

through, the Llichthofen range. 11 18 not altogether 

absent evrn in the trnctsof drift--and to be met with 

between them ; see Sbeet Xo. 43. C, 1). 1.2. 

See Sheet Nr. 42. ILD. 4. 

See Sbeet Nc. 45. U. 2. 

7 Cf. l'hird Journy, Geogr. Jouraal, xlviii. pp. 

197 sq For the site of Kbnra-lrbotc, blareo Pula's 

'City of Rtzinn ', eee Sheet So. 45. C. V. 1. 

Cf. above pp. 31 sq.. 47

62 THE RII:(:IONS SURVISYED [Chap. It 

SECTION VI1.-THF: PEI-SH AN AND THE EASTERXMOST T'IEN-SHAN 

l'here st,ill rernairl \vitlrin t.he linlits of our I11Bl)S two distinct rezions to be noticed. 

Both are of very great 'xtcnt, ant1 in both tlie grourrd :rctually surveyetl along a couple of 

route lines is ilrces~arily IilniteJ. Ncvrrtlielcss s11c11 is the nnifori~~ity of physical features 

prevailing ~villiin each that. tlrc! t,ol~ograpliy of even ;I restricted area may prove very 

The first of tlrese regions is the gre:lt desert are3 c.nlirely orenpied by the barren 

ra11ges and plntclatls of t,lie Yei-sha~r (the ' Nort.ller11 Moul~fail~s'). It 

nercrt nrcn of 

I'~,i.*b:in. ma! be tlcscribetl as estt~ndiii~ \vest\vartls from the 13tsiri-gal course to 

about. longitude YaO where it pl.obal~ly joins \\.rtll, or nrergcs in, the 

fioruk-ts~h. In tlre north it. is bourttltd by the slol~es of the easte~nmost T'icn-slian and its 

off~hoots and in tlre south bj tlie lina-hni-tzu and btr-lo-lro bariris. 

Oor surveys throt~gh it. la.!. alolrg t\vo lincs, one the well-knolvn caravan track connect. 

Rontrs through 

I'ci-shntn. 

inz An-hsi nit,li FIPmi, and tlie other a route, r rev ion sly uncxl~lored, 

\vliich took us fronl Mao.mei to east. of tlie Karlik-tBgh. The record 

of tlrese surveIs in Slietkts Nos. 37, 36, '1.0, '12 and that of other tracks 

followed by Russian and Gern~aii travellers between H;in~i and So-cliou show that this huse 

area is traversed by a series of niucli-decaxed hill ranges, the axis of all trending roughly in 

tlre direction from E.N.E. to W.S.Ttr. Ret\\.een tlicm ~11read broad detritus-covereil plateaus 

where ill-detii~ed del)ressions, alternating with the outcrol~s of alniost completely smotllered 

rocky ridges, n~arl; the fyrmer existence of side spurs \vitlr their corresponding valleys. 

The scanty drainage observrcl along our eastern route in dry beds and sliallvw troushs, . . 

up to about latitade 4d0, ~eemed to trnd ton.ards the Etsin-gol, nrllile 

T,onC,, l,et,\.een 

T.~r~t.shn~~ aud along the An-hsi-llirni trakk the direction alq)eared to lie to the west 

Pel->itall. 

or south-west. North of latitude 42O both routes descend into a deep 

and well-marked trough which seems to separate tlie P2i-shan formation from the gravel 

$cis of the easternmost T'ien-slian. Whatever d~ainage t1:is big depression carries on tile 

rare occasions of floods must find its way into some, as yet unexplored, basin in the desert 

further west. ' 

The general bearing and character of the Pei-shan ranges, nowhere apl~arently much 

esceediug 8,000 feet in height, seerrls to point to a close morphological 

Morpho'ogy Of connection with the Kuruk-ti:h system. But t.his can only be decided 

Ye'-sl~au. 

by expert geological examination. Scanty wells or springs found at 

intervals in the depressions render tlie crossi~rg of this stony ' Gobi ' practicable for small 

*arties at one time, and near them a very limited amount of grazing on scrub or reeds is 

ordinarily to be found. But neither nomadic occupation nor large migrat,ions were ever 

possible here during the historical ~eriod. 

To the north of the Pei-shan extends the easternmost T'ien-shan, the second of the 

regions referred to at the head of this section. As far as our surveys 

T,i!r::::"'",","gee are concerned, it may be said to extend from above the Turfiln basin 

to about longitade 95' SO', if not further. It maint,ains througllout 

the general direction from west to east and ultimately dies away in the ' Gobi ' of the southern 

Altai. Our survey of it was confined practically to the main range and to some yortions of 

the neinhbouring ground in the sooth. Along the whole length, considerably more than 300 

three sections of the main range rise to heights about 13,000 feet and carry perpetual 

Seo for tl~ese tile map attncbed to Professor 

Fllttel.er's careful paper, Geographisrhe Skizze der 

spring of Chin-Crh-ch'iiao, Sheet No. 37. P. 4, at about 

4,020 feet above sea-'eve . 

WGtr (iobi, I'eter~lla~an's Mittheilnngen, Irgaoznngsheft 

No. 139. 

The nsfii~med brfin ma? nccoont for tile lalie 

obtained 

the well of Yeu-tun. Sheet No. 37. A. 4, at nn elcva- fritm native ioformation ; this lake hns uever been 

tiom of about l,i30 feet; our enstern route near the located. 

'To!i ' which 16 shown by Russian nlnpf or) o s~~pposed 

2 The An-bsi-Himi route crosses the troagh near rol#te frnm llimi to To':-iuhng, ~~ppa~entl!-

~ec, vi.] THE PRI-RHAN AND EASTERNMOST T'IEN-SHAN 65 

It is only at the foot of these sections that cultivation to any appreciable extent is 

found. The easternmost of thom ifi the Karlik-tigh ('The Snowy 

~arlik-Liph and 

Hiuri oasis. Mountir~s'), and the irrigation derived from itn snows accoclnts for th(? 

thin sf.rin:: of oases along its ~outhern slopes. 8 ThoRe in the east about 

T~sh-bulak and Jihotl1rr-tam arc small. But Himi or Kurnul (Sheat No. 34. C,D. 8) is 

larger and clairl~s importance as its a::ricultural resources make it the northern hridge-tied, 

as it mere, of the road fro111 A~l-hsi which, ever since the ancient route into the THrim basin 

"ic~ Lou-Ian had to be abandoned, has served as the main artery of trade and traffic between 

China and Central Asia. ' Here, as everywl~ere alon~ the southern slopes of the Eastern 

Tien-shan, irrigation is chiefly supplied by the subsoil drainage from the ranqe gathering 

in springs at the foot of the absolutely barren gravel 

surplus water, which does not percolate into the soil, or which at the time of spring 

and summer floods escapes evaporation on the surface, makes its way 

,rerminnl httsin of 

SI,OO,I-II~IT. down into a terminal basin, known as Shona-n6r, usuallp quite dry. 

The Meea formations which surround this and some adjoininz smaller 

basins occasionally reached by floods from the range further west, 6 distinctly recall a eharacteristic 

feature of the ground near the ancient terminal basins of the Su-lo-ho and the tlriedup 

Lop sea. 

continuing further alonfi the southern slopes of the T'ien-shan wecome to the oases of 

Lapchuk-Kara-dobe where cultivation of some extent is maintained hv 

s ~Iopes of T,ien-sLno. subsoil drainaze from the snowy part of tl,e range ahove Barkul. Be- 

. . 

yond them the only route westwards practicable for caravans at the 

present time hugs closely the foot of the mountains. Rut nowhere is cultivation possible 

after leaving the slopes of the Barkul portion of the range until, after travelling some 150 

miles, the vicinity of the Turfgo basin is reached at Chik-tam. The separate small region 

by that basin has already received notice above. 

Turning now to the opposite slopes of the Easkm TLien-shan we recopize there 

conditions which clearly reflect the influence of a different climate. It 

Cliruete of Dznngaria. is that of the wide plateaus of Dzungaria stretching. northward as far 

as the Altai mountains and southernmost Siberia. The abundant 

grazing grounds, which moisture drawn from the north provides in Dzungaria, have at all 

times attracted there waves of nomadic nations, from the Huns to the Mongols. This moister 

climate affects the whole length of the northern slopes of the main TLien-shan in spite of 

intervening ranges and of thedrift-sand areas met with further west. In the extreme east of 

the range, around Bai, we find indeed a glacis of gravel as bare as that on the slopes to 

the south. But proceeding further west we come to plentiful grazing along the north of the 

Karlik-Ggh, and from the far side of the Tor-k6I lake conifer forest clothes the higher 

slopes as far as Barkul and beyond. 7 

The perpetual snowbeds on this portion of the ranKe povide ample irrigation for the 

wide grassy valley which stretches down to the town of Barkul and its 

T'isn-shan slopes W. 

or narku~. lake, and only scarcity of mainly due to political vicissi- 

tudes, stands in the way of far more extensive cultivation. West of 

Barkul the crest of the range sinks below the level of perpetual snow, and the amount of 

water descending its slopes is correspondingly much reduced. Yet sprinqs and small patchen 

of cultivation are to be found all along them, until near Mu-li-ho the route takes us to the 

foot of that high snomy portion of the range which divides the Turfirn basin from the fertile 

tracts about Guchen. 

Cultivation in the vicinity of this large town and in that of the ruined site of Pei-Ping, 

Cultivation near 

Gnclben. 

' Yee Sheets Nos. 34 A 2. 3; 97. A. 2,3. 

* Cf. Serindin, iii. pp. 1147 899. 

6 See Bheets Nos. 31, D. 3; 34. A. 3. 

* Bee Bheet Nu. 87. B. C. 2 

the ancient capital of the territory, is not restricted to the amp]) 

watered alluvial fans, but is also carried on without ~rrigation over ex 

tensive ground; immediakly,adjacent-to the belt of forest on the 

7 See Sheet No. 34. A. B. 1, C, D. 2. 

* Bee Sheet No. 34. B. C. 1. 

Bee Sheet. Xo. 31. A. 1; 28. 0. D. 1.

64 THE REGIONS SURVEYEL, [Chap- II 

slop of the: mountains. The physical conditions here observed present s very 

striking contrast to those found in the l'urfan basin just across the range. 

This sudden change is particularly impressive owing to the close connection which, faci- 

c,ounection with 

T,,rrao bnsin, 

litated by several direct passes practicable during tile greater part of 

the year, has been maintained with the flourishing oases of that basin 

throughout historical times. In We have seen that the Turfin district 

reproduces on a small scale all the typical features of tlie Tirim basin. Hence the inclueion 

in tile mame map sheet, No. 28, which represents its topography, of this edge of Dzungaris, s 

'pimen, as it mere, of another vast division of Central Asia, cannot fail to be geographically 

instructive. 

"' The closene~ 

of the relations, political as well the signiticant fact that the enrliest historical recordn, 

&economic, which hare always linked T din with contained in the Annals of the Ean dynasty and 

the territory in the north, known to tbc Chinese ad dating from the first centuries before and after 

ministration of T'ang timea (7th-8th century A. D.) Christ, distingoirh them only as 'Anterior' and ' P68- 

u the Protectanteof P8i.t1ing and under the Non- terior K1u-shih'; cf. Chnvunoes, in T'oung.poo, 1007. 

gels as Bi.6-bdsk, the ' Fire 'l'owns ', ia illostmted by pp. 210 sq.

CHAPTER 111 

THE MAPS 

SELTION I.-COMPILATION OF MAPS 

The of the present maps was commenced in 1916, after a brief visit paid 

by me to the Trigonometrical Survey Office, Dehra DBn, on my return from the third 

expedition in March of that year, had allowed the main lines of the work to be settled with the 

approval of the Surveyor General. My deputation to England immediately thereafter for 

work on the archaeological results of my journeys prevented me from being consulted with 

regard to details, while the work of compilation was being pushed on in 1916-17 with 

commendable rapidity under the direction of Colonels G. A. Beazeley, H. H. Turner and 

R. A. Wauhope, R.E., successively in charge of No. 2 Drawing Office. Notwithstanding 

the serious difficulties arising from war conditions it had by the close of 1916, progressed 

sufficiently far to permit the fair drawing of certain sheets to be begun. My return to India 

in the autumn of 1917 fortunately rendered it possible for me to revise each sheet in the 

original drawing and subsequently to pass it in proofs through the successive stages of 

reproduction. 

The magnitude of the work involved is indicated by the fact that the section of No. 2 

Drawing Office engaged on these maps during the years 1917-19 

Ijrawing o* maps. comprised on the average fifteen draftsmen under the supervision of one 

officer of the Provincial Service and of two of the Upper Subordinate 

Service. The assistance of R.B. Lel Singh was assured from the start until his retirement 

in August, 1919, and his personal knowledge of much of the ground proved of great value. 

Similarly very helpful was the continued supervision of the drawing work by M. Karim 

Bakhsh, Head Draftsman, who since 1901 had taken a share in the cartographical work 

resulting from our surveys. The drawing and reproduction work was not completed until 

1922, having been carried on since the spring of 1919 under the direction of Major F. J.M. 

King, R.E., in joint charge of No. 2 Drawing and Photo-Zinco Offices, Dehra Den, to whose 

constant care the technical execution of the maps owes much. 

The main basis for the compilation of the maps was provided by the series of triangulations 

and of astronomically observed latitudes brought back from 

'!tiangolation results. the three journeys and worked up by the Computing Office, Dehra Dun. 

In Appendix A, Major K. MASON, M.C., R.E., has been kind enough 

to record a summary of needful information concerning the character and extent of the several 

triangulation series and the methods of conlputation employed, together with a list of 

latitudes, longitudes, and heights for all triangulation stations and points. There, too, an 

explanation has been furnished of tlre circumstances which at the time of compilation caused 

some stations and points derived from It. B. Li1 Singh's triangulation on the third journey 

to be inserted in the maps with values different from those which were finally adopted in 19i1 

after careful re-consideration of the computation work. The whole of the triangulation of 

the three journeys has been shown in a series of charts accompanying Major Mason's 

Appendix. 

A complete list of astronomically determined latitudes will be found in the Notes of 

Chapter IV dealing separately w~th each sheet. There, too, I have 

lbxtrnneous mnterials 

used. furnished a summary of the information which the Drawing Office hpe 

recortled as to the methods and materials used in the compilation of 

ewh sheet. Special mention has been made there of all instances where it had been considered 

advisable in the compilation to utilire latitudes and longitudes of particular places 

derived from the observations of other travellers or in some cases taken from previously 

published maps. Amonq such extraneous materials the following deserve special mention; 

the series of chronometrically determined longitudes which IUTr. C. Clementi obtained on his

6 THE MAPS [Chap. Ill. 

journey in 1907-08 along the Chinese high road from Kitshgar to Kan-chou; l the latitudes 

observed by Dr. Sven Hedin along t.he Tirim river and in the Lop depression ; Captain 

H. 11. P. l)easv's extensive triangulation work on the Chinese Piimirs and in the K'un-lun 

mn,oe east of Kllotan ; the trianpulatiou clone on t.he Kara-koram range in conneetion with 

Sir F. l)e Fil~ppi's expedition. ' 

,4115rt from the use of certain Iat.it,ude and lol~git,ude deterrni~lations just referred to, 

Cu.ordl~rnl~on of 

succesaive surveys. 

the topography of the maps now published is based solely on the results 

of onr surveys. Special ea1.e has been taken tllrooghout. correctly to 

coordinate these results where the same cir closely adjoining areas \\.ere 

surveJed on successive journeys. 111 ortler to assure greater accuracy in details reference was 

made tlrroughout to the original plaue-table slieets in tl;e case of ground already 

represented io the maps illustrating the first two espedit.ions. This has proved of particular 

advantage for the delineation of mountail~ous ground sorveyed on the second journey, since 

the hachnring on the previous maps did but inadequate justice to the horizontal 'form lines' 

shown on the original lane-tables. 

Where the same route was followed on more than one journey preference was given 

lJ6e ttf descriptive 

records. 

to the representat,ion of the ground by the later surrey, if done under 

my direct supervision or on a larger scale. When revising tlie fair 

drawings ' of the map sheets I endeavoured to check, and, if necessary, 

to supplement topographical details by reference to the descri1,tive records I had kept of all 

routes personally followed. This task was greatly facilitated wl~erever the preceding pre- 

paration of my Detailed Reports had obliged me to make a thorough study of these diary 

records. Reference to them proved particularly useful in respect of minor features which the 

original plane-tables of the first and second journeys did not sufficiently differentiate, c.g., as 

regards the various types of desert vegetation (tamarisk-cones, reed beds, etc., living or 

dead ), and the permanence of water in stream beds, etc. " 

Apart from those determined by triangulation, height records were obtained on all 

three journeys by aneroid barometer and hypsometer observations. On 

Altitude records. the second and third journeys the aneroid barometers were controlled 

by simultaneous readings of a mountain mercurial barometer whenever 

time and conditions permitted. Height records obtained by mercurial barometer were given 

preference for entry in the maps and intermediate aneroid readings adjusted to those of the 

mercurial barometer readings. The methods used for the computation of barometric heighb 

have been indicated in Appendix B, supplied by the kindness of Dr. J. de Graaff Hunter, 

in charge of the Competing Office. Comparison with the mercurial barometer records proved 

that the aneroids preserved a very uniform rate of accuracy throughout the third journey. 

As their readings were also found to agree more closely with the heights deduced from verti- 

cal observations with the theodolite in the course of triangulation they were adopted in 

preference to the hypsometrical heights. The latter were, however, used where no barometri- 

cal records were available. 

On the second and third journeys extensive use was made of the clinometer to fix the 

approximate elevation of points intersected from positions of which the 

contonrs. heights were barometrically determined. The help derived from these 

additional data as well as from the 'form lines' of the plme-tallee 

snd from photographic records, such as the numerous photo-theodolite panoramas I secured 

on the first journey, led to the hill-shading of the new maps being given the form of regular 

contouring, with approximate contour intervals of 250 feet. Where trigonometrically determined 

heigl~ts were available, these have been used as the basis for levels, barometric 

clinometric heights serving the same purpose elsewhere. 

I See Sun~mary of Qeographical ObreroaLionr Tibet explored by Capt. H. 8. P. Deasy in 1897.m@. 

taken during a joun+cy from Kmhgor to Kotolun, (Dehrs Dnn, 1906), Sheets NOP. 1,4,6. 

1907-09, by Cecil Clementi, M. A.. AsaisLant Colonial ' bee tle map of Rcgiont arlwcm Lch and Ham 

Bacretary, Hongkong, 1911; also Qeographrral Journal, ghalik mopped a.y Can. F. I)c I;ilippi'a ,rp&tios b 

1912, pp. 624 6qq. 1913-14, Bnrvey of India. 1)ehm Uin, 1916. 

' Pee Hedill. Central Aaia, Vol. V., Part Is. * Cf. below pp. 67.69. 

a bee 'Yap of portions of Wentarn Chin8 and

Sec. i] COMPILATION OF MAPS 67 

It need scarcely be emphasized that in view of t.he disproportion betwecfn the great 

extent of the areas rcpresented and the coml~aratively small number of observed elevations, 

&his contouring can only bc roughly approximate. In areas practically flat to the eye, such 

as the Taklamakin desert and the Lop del)resbion, wherc the available data are altogether 

inadequate, no contollring has been attempted. Where mountainoucl ground co~lld he surveyed 

only from a considerable distance and its features only roughly sketched, contours have been 

shown in broken lines. 

SECTION 11.-REPltESENTATION OF PEIYSICAL DETAILS 

The use of approximate contours has apart from other advantages facilitated the rough 

distinction of those portions of high mountain ranges which bear perpe- 

Of sno\v. perpetual tual snow. They have been shown by contours in a xreenish-grey tint 

instead of brown used elseu.hrre. In the selection of the contour above 

which the slopes of mountains !la\-e been treatel as 'snowy ', I was guided solely by the 

observat,ions recorded at the ti111e on tllc plane-table and in descril~tive notes or ~thotographs. 

Help from the last two sources was not available in the case uf areas which I had not personally 

visited. Considering that ottscrvations were orclinarily possible only at one time of 

the year, not necessarily the most b~~italtle for the purpose, aocl that in many cases they were 

made only on one side of a ~~artieular range, the estimated level of the snow-line can repre- 

sent only a rude al~proximation. This level varies greatly in the different ranges, sometimcs 

ever1 within the limits of a single map sheet. In the Nates of Chapter IV, the varying levels 

adopted for the snow-line have been indicated for facility of reference. 

In this connection I may refer also to the difficulty of distinguishing permanent snom- 

beds from glaciers where ranges were surveyed only from a distance or 

Permnnsnt sno~v.brds 

glaciers, ~itliout personal s~lpervision on my part. Cases of the latter kind, 

n~llere I have reason to doubt \vhetller the glaciers shown by the surveyors 

on their plane-tables were more than snow-beds, have been specially indicated in the iVo/es of 

Chanter IV. The indication of zlaciers bv form-lines in blue coutours conforms to that in 

modern topogra~)hical maps or the Surrey of India. 

In accordance with the practice introduced by the Survey of India in its topographical 

maps since 1908, permanent water-forms, i. e. those portions of rivers, 

Permnnent nntrr-fornls 

shown ,,, blue. streams and lakes which generally contain water, together with their 

letteriug, have been shown in blue. This distinction had not heen 

observed in the surveys of the first and second journeys preceding that change. For making - 

this distinction in the new maps in respect of areas surveyed before 1913 it was necessary to 

fall back upon my personal records and knowledge of the ground or the recollection of R. B. 

Li1 Singh. The task was, I~on.erer, rendered easier by the uniformity of physical conditions 

prevailing within each of the main regions and by the fact that considerable portions of 

previously surveyed ground were passed through again on the third journey, though on 

different routes. 

In the case of large beds containing rivers or carrj ing at times considerable floods I 

have thought it usefill to introduce some minor tlistinctions. Those 

Dirt,inctinn of 

riswr beds. portions of a river in which the bed is completely tilled for the greater 

part of the year, have been shown with blue stipple over the whole space 

between the banks. In the case of portions where the water channel, sometimes very narrow, 

ordinarily occupies only a part of the bed, the blue stipple has been confined to a strip of 

varying width. Finally those river-beds which, except at times of great flcod~, do not contain 

a continuous water channel, yet in which water can always be found either in pools and 

springs or as subsoil drainage, have been shown white with both banks in blue. ' It is 

1 For illustration of these distincti

66 THE MAPS [Chap. Ill 

scarrely nassary to point ont that the use of t~l~ese disteioct.ions rnn serrr only for approximate 

guidance. 

Here I nlay couvt.nit~nt~Iy nit~ntion that for cl~~nsi-technic:~l reasons, names, usnally ending 

it1 -ji/!,u( Torki ), intliscri~~~it~att~ly applied Loth to st,rc;~nrs and the 

in'rteril'c 'lf tcl'll'on'Q 

rrntt3r-for~ns. 

v:111eYs rontaiuing tl~cm, 11:~ve al\v:~ys l1et.n Iwinted in blue \vithont reprd 

to \vl~etl~er the strt~an~s gr~lerally carry water or not,. I'or t,he 

saIll~ ~:1~,1112; tl~t' I(~tteri~rg oS:111 te~nllol.:~ry \v~ter-fornrs, >11t*Ir :IS Ilootl-llcfitls, sc~asonal ~rr;~rshes, 

etc., Ilas 1)ec.n rho\\-n in I~lut.. 

\1:1rsIry i~r~:~s, I)cinX srtl~je~vt. to consitlc~~ll)le st~:~bo~ral t.l1:11rges in arid rc!gio~rs, SIIC~ 

:IS those rcl)rc.srntetl Oy most of 111(: m:tlla, ilrtro(!nce a, sl~ec.i:~l elenlo11 of 

Iic~"'""t:ttloll ['I ~r~l(~c~rt:~lnty into cartogr:~j)1rit'nl rel)rrzc~ntatio~~. 1 llavc trictl to restrict 

IIHKS~I~,~. 

1111, usc of nlarsh synlbols itr t1111(t to gro~~r~cl \vlrieh is lilicly 1.0 be covered 

,\.itll \vater for tile gri':itrr 11o1.tio11 of tl~c ycnr. Ilut it sI~o~rltl be re~~rc~~lberetl t,llat wirere 

dPaillage beds, ortlinnri!>- tiry, lern~inatr in arras sho\vn as salrtly tracts wit.ll living' desert 

vegekltion ( reeels or scrr~b), ~ste~taive ~~o~.tionx of tlre grountl art. libely to b~, foand 11o~~y 

dorilla tile seas(>n of xl~ring Ilootls frvn~ the nrelting sno~vs of tlrt. nro~rnt:~ins. 

S:llt-encrnsted arcas, ~narking :.dried-111) I:~lie-brtls ant1 nrar~hrs or gro~~nd subject to 

inu~rdation or 1)ercolntion st intcrv:~ls follo~ved by rvaporation, form 

~ ~ l t . ~ ~ ~ ~ vrq ~ , i~~lj)orta~~t 

, ~ ~ ~ featnres d of the surface in the lower 1)ortions of t.lre TArirn 

basin and of t.he adjoining tlraina~elrss regions. They date fro111 tlifferent 

per~ods and present considerable geograljhical or geolog;cal interest. I havc accordingly 

tl~ought it dcs~rable in the coal.se of our later hurveys to dtst~npuibl~ areas sho\v~ng tnarked 

differences in the salt formation covering their snrface. 

r lllree 1 varieties of ne\v sy~nl~ols have bceu ~~rtrotlucecl for tl~ib purpose, a11 clrrived from 

tire ronvcntional symbol in use {'or n-atrr of lalics and niarslres, Lut all 

\'~~.iatit,s of salt shon-n in black. 'I'lrin lines wit11 Irooli-lil;c.ends tr1r11c.d nl~\vards on the 

rymhols. 

ri~llt. intlicate a crust of 11ar.d salt, practically lrnre, crun~l~lcd up into 

]lumnioc.l;s or sulall ridqer, s11c11 as ro\-ers the greater l!ortio~r of the :lncieut 1,olt sea bed. 

The crnat of salt-permeated ciay, usually formed into big lutnl~s yr~ite as Ilard as 'he first 

variety, and ~~sually found ucar tlre eelges of :rorrnd receiving solire \v:ltc~. 11as been sho\rn 

bv slmilnr lines n~ith l~oolts turned do\\w\vards on the left. Finally, ground npllcre a soft crust 

of salt oi varying depth covers t::e undcrlyi~rg soil is indicatrd by Iirles wit11 tlowntvarcl lrooks 

on the rigllt,. "rdinary salt, efflorescerrce ( I;no\vn as in Indin 11y tire term slliv) is ~~rescr~tto a 

greater or icss extent. :~lmost ever~\vhrre in the 1';irim hnsin \vilere sul)soil dminage colnes to 

t.he surface or teml)orarily iuuntlated areas are near; it h:is 11ence not becn sl)ecially ~narl;e(l. 

Among otlrer permanent surface fcaturcs drift-sand is the most iml,ortant in the 

regions represelrtc!d b! tl~c nrajorily of the nrap sheets; for it covers 

Rcpre~eolntion

Sec. ii.] REL'RESENTATION OY PHY SICATJ UE'I'AILS 69 

geoloaical origin ant1 up~~ally fount1 in ancient. lac~~ntri~re hanirrs, :i tliff~.rent wplnhol han been 

usctl. 

Sandy tracts s~~pr)ort.ing desert vc:gc*tation of' sonic kitrtl have irec~n tiircting~~ifihe(l from 

bare drift-sa~~d l)y t,he use of a light yellow t.irrt. 'I'he c!haractc:r of the 

Slt~l(ly I.I.~L(:~s wit11 

vec.ct:~t.iorr. 

vegetation fourrtl in such tracts has 11cer1 tnarkeil t)y ~el~aratc* synlliols 

rc~11resc~ntitrg its ~)ritrcil,al forrnrj, 7.;~. rec.rIrj or low ~crrrb, wild 

pol'lars (by f'nr tile rr~ust f'rc~c~rrc~lrl tre(s gro\vt11), alltl tanlaribks. \?ltt(-r(. the i~~r~-continlled 

preserlcc of talirarisl; gro\~tIr has 11~11 to ~III* forn~:rtion of rc~g~rI;rr ' tamnrisIt-ro~ic~~' i. r. hiah 

billocl;~ built 1111 by 1roIo1rge(l ~ VPIIIII~II:I~ i(ltr of ~nntl ;~rot~r,l 

this c~haracteristic. l'rat.trrr of the grouutl 119s also trren market] hy a srecial symbol. T\')rerever 

tlrcsc fornrs of desc~t vegct:ition xvel.e fount1 deacl, tl~rorrglro~rt or' for t,lre most part, the 

res1)ective synibolr Ilavc Ilcvn z1ioa.n irr t)lark, illstead of in green, the col(111r tr~rd for livinz 

t hc- 1.001 S. (-tc.. of t ilrtlaribk ~ I~I~~ICS, 

r 

Llrc , same symbols llare been trsetl also to mark patches of vegetation on otherwise hare 

desert =tonntl of detritus. gravel t)r clay, anrl to indicate grazing in 

Fyml~ole f ~ vccetntion. l mountain tracts I~arrcrr rlse~t here. " 111 mcrnntaine, ho\vever, like the 

cc~ntral Nan-s11an n.llerc~ R moister c.linratc allows veeetation to zrow 

1)racticnlly evcr~y\rlrere on the slo1,ea 1111 to tlrc ?;tro\v-line, onlv conifer i'o~.est or Irartic~llarly 

rich grazing in tlie valleys has 1)cerr sl~eci:rlly slio\i.n. 

It. is obvious that tlre 1i11 its I,c4,\veelr bare drift-san~l are;rs and sancly tracts with 

vegetation arc often dificult to determine even alr~~rosimately. The Fame applies alao to the 

limits between tire latter and gravel or clay desert with soub. M'herever s~ich limits could 

be clearly obsrrved tlrey have been nrarlted t~y fine dottrd lines. 

,, I Ire same ilevice has heeu used with articular care for the purrlose of indicatinq the 

limits of cultivated groontl (shown green throughout) where observed 

1,inlirs of 

cultir,,ted zl.ound, at tlie time of survey. Sllecial interest attaches to this record of the 

extent of cultivated ground in view of tlre comparatively frequent and 

rapid changes to which cultivatiou throoghout Cllinese Tr~rltistin is subject owing to peculiar 

physical and economic conditions. In this respect. a con~parison of the cultivation limits in 

particular oases as recorded in the new maps wit.h those shown hy the surveys of the first or 

second journey will prove distinctly instructive. 7 

Such changes l~econie necessarily far more striliing wlrrre they can be ohsel.ved over a 

considerable distance of time, and for this tlie l'zrim basin, especially 

Chnnges of 

, 111 its southern portion, ofrers plenty of typical evidence. The ancient 

sites now found in utterly nraterless n.asks of tlie Talilamak%n and Lop 

deserts, and the even more numerous remains of abandoned srttlements and otlrer ruins traced 

in the sandy tracts adjoining still extant oases, all bear \vitness to soch changes of the culti- 

vated areas within the historical period. The use of distinctive red colour for the various 

symbols indicating ancient remains as n~ell as for tlre local names relating to them makes it 

easy to gauge the extent of those changes by a glance at the map. 

SEC'PION 111.-SYMBOLS AND LOCAL NAMES 

Among the symbols and other cartographic entries in tlie map, most of those relating 

to works of man conform t,o the system adopted by the Survey of India and do not stand in 

For Yirdangs nnd Mesas, cf. aborc pp. 30.17, 7 Compare, e.17.. the cultivated are= of the oases 

63; for arouod sliowing them in typicnl formations frorn Gima to Khotnn in tho map of 1900-01 with 

see e.9. Sheet No. 32. I-D. 3. those shon.11 in Sheet No. 9. A. 1, 8-1,. 2;ortho.e irom 

The insertion of these vegefatlon ~yrltbols Chira t.0 Keriya in Sheets Nos. 27. D.4; 32. A-C. 1 of 

on snch ground 11as not been systematically made the 1006-08 maps with Sheet No. 14. B, C. 2, 3. D. 3; or 

thronghoat (see e. g. Sheets 37, 40), descriptive en- Cbnrchan in Sheet Xo. 46. C. 4 of 1966-08 with 

tries having often been used instead. Sheet No. 22. C. D. 4.

60 THIS MAPS [Chap. Ill 

need of special explanat,ion. Othors which had to be specially introduced for tile marking 

of ancient sites, ruins and other objects of antiquarian interest, are sufficiently explained in the 

fsble of symbols reproduced at the foot of each slieet. 

No exact cl~ronologicnl limits can be iixetl for tho 'at~tiquity' wl~ich the use of red 

colour indicates ill the case of these symbols; but generally it may be 

Ancient ren'nlns 

rhowrl 

cor~sidered as tielining those objects wl~ich have ceased for a considerable 

IU red. 

time past. to serve their original purpose. 

In the case of sjinbols for inllabited sites, no attempt at systematic differentiation 

according to imllortance could be tnade. Large to\\.~~s, ho\ve\er, l~ave 

S~mbo's for been distinguisl~ed by black outlines ap~xoxi~nately correspondillg to 

sites. 

tlie extent of gronntl tiley cover, and among other sett,len~cnts the more 

popll~ous are made recopizable by sliglitly enlarged solid blocks. The market-towns of 

tracts in the T;irin~ basin are easily recognized by tl~e addition of -6ci:cir (often coupled 

,\.itll a nreek-da~) to the name of tile tract. 1x1 li:\n-su nshere practically all villages and 

hamlets are walled, the use of the fort sjr~lbol has been restricted to small towns to avoid 

over-crowding. Throughont the Inaps a sm,..ll 01le11 square has been used to distinguish 

temporarily occupled structures sue11 as roadside stations (luilgur), sl~epl~crds' huts (Cllril), and 

the like, fro111 1)ermanent I~abitations. 

As iu the l/Million sheets of the Survey of India, no distiuction has been made 

between din'erent classes of roads, except that the few nmain lines of 

l~epreseutation Of traitic connecting the princil~al oases and usually ~~~arlced by the CI1inese 

'roads'. 

administration \villi 'mile-stones', rccte IIIU~ to\vers, at dirtatmccs of I() li 

(app~Osimat~lj 2 miles) have been S~IV\\U wit11 double lines in red. 'I'lmrouglmout tile regions 

represented, 'roads' are only natural t ~~cl;~, practieallle for camels every\\-here in tlle I~lains 

for carts also, except wl~ere the strctellos of drift-sand to be crossctl are extensive, as is 

the case all the way between 611otan and 'I'un-huang. 

In regions ml~ere desert areas vastly predominate, some tlitticulty is naturally espeyienced 

as to wl~ich traclis can reasonably be marlied as 'loads and 

Indicntion of tracks. 'l'racks such as those which traverse the western Ii ~rul;-tagI~ or lead 

along the foot of the easternmost K'un-lun, tlmouglr \vcll-l;uo\\~n to more 

people in tl~e nearest snmall settlements, may remain unubed for mally molltlrs, or 

even years. The principle 1 have endeavoured to observe was to mark wit;) the red line of 

'road or path' only those tracks wliicll an ex11erienced traveller in l~ossession of the map nligllt 

u;ith dlle core be able to i'ollo\v unguided. It goes without &a)-ing tllat of hucll tlar.]

8ec. iii.] SYMBOLS AND LOCAL NAMES 61 

numbers' with the addition of the letter a. On the third expedition difforent series of 'camp 

numbers' in Arabic, large Roman and small Itoman figures have been used to distinguish 

routes surveyed respectively by R.B. LB1 Singh, Muhammad Yakfib, and Afriz-gul or myself. 

The method of lettering conforms generally to that adopted in 1909 for the 'International 

Map of the World' on tl~e I/Million scale. Place names and 

~ ~ or Lettering. ~ h ~ other d topograpl~ical information have accordingly been in 

upright or Roman type (Doric) while Sanserif Italic lettering han been 

. - 

used for names of water-forms and communications. ' Hill names have been fnrther 

distingnished by the uee of Condensed Antique type. 

The wish to record in the map as much of topographical information as space would 

permit, together with certain limitations of available type founts, has led to the majority of 

vi]lape and similar local names being printed in a somewhat small Doric type (Diamond on 

- u 

Nonpareil), while the larger type sizes were reserved for more important names. From this 

rule a depart~lre has, however, been made in some cases for the sake of better legibility. Thus 

%long desert tracks where adequate space was available, Nonpareil type has been used for the 

names of certain localities, such as well-known roadsitle stations or camping places nrhich, 

thourrll not permanently occupie4 are yet of some importance to the passing traveller. It may 

u 

be lloted here also that where local names are shown \vithont any corresponding symbol, they 

refer to localities such as grazirlg grounds, small valle~s, etc., closely adjoining the route line. 

Throughout our common surveys I charged myself personally with the record of local 

names. For routes \vl~ich were followed only by my assistants I did 

~~~~~d of local names. my best to cl~eck and correct the record of local names they brought 

back thro~~gh an independent examination of natives acquainted with 

the ground. On some occasions, when an assistilnt hat1 to be detacbed for prolonged survey 

work ata considerable distance frorn my omn routes, I endeavoured to assure g~eater accuracy 

of record by sending with Inn1 a literate person capable of recording Turki local names more 

or less correctly in Arabic script. Nevertheless, I fear, it has not alwajs been possible in the 

case of independent surveys by assistants to eliminate mistakes due to imperfect hearing, 

inadequate training in phonetic spelling, or occasional misapprehension of a language with 

which they could acquire but a limited colloquial familiarity. 

In the case of Chinese local names in Kan-su the di5culties in the way of correct 

record were much greater than in that of Turkistsn names. Not being 

Chir,ese local names. a Sinologue myself 1 took the very necessary precaution of having them, 

wherever possible, written down on the spot also in Cllinese characters 

by my Chinese lifrrul~rs. \{'here, as frequently happened on the third erpeditiou, surveys had to 

be effected on Chinese ground without him, an endeavour was made to obtain a record of local 

names in Chinese writing by other means. Tllat notwithstanding these precautions numerous 

mistakes are liltely to have occurred, particularly as regards the narnes of small localities, n.i]l 

not surprise those familiar with the intricacies of Chinese phonetics and dialectic variations. 

The latter were bound to be often very puzzling to my ?ite~.uti whose home was distant Hunan 

and who, owing to t11e prevailing secretiveness of the Kan-su population, found it difficult 

at times to secure ready help from Mandarin-speaking local people. In transcribing Chinese 

names the Wade system as adopted in Professor Giles's Dictionary has been follo\\~ed. For 

the transcription of all names recorded in Chinese characters I am indebted to the kind help 

of Dr. Lionel Giles. 

With regard to Turlii and ir5nian names it mas niy aim to record in each case the 

Information RR to where tllc work of any of 

the three surve.voi.s was dono nnder my immediate 

supervision, cnn rendily be obtniued by reference to 

the accotrnt given in Chapter I, section ir. 

Houtcs of the third expedition survepd by 

Afrir-pol alone nrc distinguished by cnn~p numbers 

in smnll Romnr~ figores with the addition of the 

letter a. 

I may note here that in some Sheets like No. 25, 

29, the diversiolls made from the main routes to reach 

hill-station8 for triangulation, etc., have occasionally 

remnined nnrnnrked. 

' '1 hat Sanserif Itnlic type has been used nlso for 

nnmes of passes ( n~t coming correctly under the head 

of 'comm~~nicntions') is dot: to n misinterprctation 

of the roles Inid down by the 1nternntio1,al Mnp 

Confrrenco of 1909. 

' It is probable thnt in solue cases nnmes recorded 

by the surveyors for distant peaks or spnrs 

(see e.g. in Sheet No. 4. D. 4, Kotcrek, Lligh-suget) 

nre really the names cf rnlleye or other locnlities 

lying in their direction.

62 THE AIBl'S [Chap. Ill 

form of tlie nsme as actnally l~rononi~cod b.y the local inhabitants or 

Spe'lina l'urki locnl pides, refraining from any attem1)t to spell the rlame in accordauce 

names. 

with its presumed correct Torki et~ymology. I am aware that this 

method of record 11as implied in certain cases obvious i~lconsistencies. But it appeared the 

safest in the case of a geogral)hical stiltlent like myself ~vlro, thong11 an Orientalist fa~niliar 

\\.it11 Persian and the spolieu la~lguage of Cliinese Torltist-iin, does not profess to be a 'l'urkologizt. 

It must nlso be ren~rntbered that the Easteru 'l'urki spolten in the Tiirint basin 

and adjacent regions has not rvolved a standard literary form, arid tl~at any atteulpt to spell 

their local names after tlre fashion atloptcd in nod ern lit,erary ~~roductions of t,he Turliishst.'ealiing 

1,opulat.ion of liussiau Central Asia ancl regions further \vest would very often render 

them unrecognizable to tile peo11le on tlre spot. 

In recordin? Turki a ~ ira~~ian ~ d names I l~ave follo\\red the s)-stem of transliferation 

al>proved by the International Congress of Orientalists and used also, 

Systcm of tmoslile~.;b- in its simplified Hu~rteriat~ form, for Indian Government p~~blications. 

tiol?. 

Tl~e use of tliacritieal marks I~as, ho\verer, been restrictell to tlrc indispensable 

minin~nm. Hence no distinction 11as been tnade in the case of words derired from 

Arabic between tile se\reral kinds of'sibilants, gutturals, etc., wllicll are pronoonced alike by 

the people of Cllinese Turkistiio. 

It llas seemed to me courcuiel~t t,o separate the componeut parts of Turlci and friini;rn 

names, wherever clearly recognizable as distinct nords, by tile uniform 

Co~u~~osition of 'hrrlti 

3U,l naulCa, employment of hyphens, and to use these, too, to marl; tile connection 

with the names prollcr of such common terms as tlrrtcdn or pass, ~>~o=cir 

or sllriue, Lul (also kol, k~tl! or lal:e, etc. I rnnst, honerer, confess in t,l~is ~nattcr of hylillens 

and similar to occasional ir~consistencics, hoping tllat they \\ill he the more readily excused 

iu view of the prolonged period owr which both the original snrveyr and t,heir cartograpllic 

elaboratiou ha~e extended. Finally, I trust that the convenient brevity and significance of 

such Turki terms as srri (gravel plateau or stony glacis), y~ir (ravine in alluvial soil), ytirdu,tg 

(mind-eroded ridge), and a few ot,hers, mill be held to justify their use in clescripti\.e entries of 

the map, eveu on gronnd \\.liere 'l'urki is not the local tongue. 

Thus the word for 'lake ' lnny xppenr as the -&be, de6e or-,lala; the \vorrl for '~uill ' at the begineoncludi~~g 

part of locnl nnmes in the nnme region as niug or end of compouu~l ~inwes as tiglrat,t~ae, fiighiir- 

-kul, -kol or .k61; similarly the word for 'hillock' as ittert, liiylreaejr, or lirgoittre~r, etc.

NOTES ON INDIVIDUAI, MAP SHEETS 

NOTNS ON SlII3E'l' No. 1 (TURU(:-.lRT-DAIVAN) 

The survey of the small area comprised 

in tile S. E. corner of this sheet was made 

by H. B. T i1 Sing11 in 1!)07. Owing to the 

damage his theodolite l~ad sr~lfered on t.he 

way f ronl .\It-su, 1111 lati tudc observations of 

Iris were available for this area. I-Iis route 

from Kashgar to the Turug-art-da\v;n (Sheet 

No. 1. C. 3) on tl~e Russian frontier lying 

almost due nortli, it nas considered advisal~le 

to accept for the 1)osition of tl~e latter the 

coordinates obtained from the latest Russian 

surveys and to adjust t,he dvtails s11o1i.11 in 

this sheet on tl~at, point ancl on the accepted 

posit,ion of 1i;ishgar (we Lclo\v Sotcs UII 

Shect KO. 9). Tl~c 1robitio11 or' tlre 'I'uvu;.- 

art pass 011 the sr~rvejor's plane-table, afi 

indicate11 1)y Sheet No. 1 of the I'JOti-08 

Map, lies about 4 rninrrtes of lat. to the 

iouth and circ. 4. minutes of long. to tlre west 

of tl~nt. shr~wt~ 1)y tl~r Ilttesian map. 

The fact that tl~e 'l'~~rug-art-da\\.dn is 

reaclred Erum ICSsl~gar by a road \vt~icl~ slro1.tly 

before 1007 had been made practicable 

for countrs cttrts at the instar~ce of the 

Rr~ssian ar~thoritics, suflicie~~tly indicates fl~e 

con~pari~ti\.ely c,asy c11ar:xcter of the ground 

over wl~icl~ tl~is route alonx the Cl~alimak 

valley Ic~a(ls 111) to tl~e 'll'ien-shan water- 

>Ilc.cl. 

NOTES ON SliEIS'll No. 2 (K;lSliG.lH, JI UZ-T~~GII-.~'l',i) 

The area sho\vn Ly this sheet comprises 

a considerable portion of the great xneri- 

dional range connecting the westernmost 

K'uo-lull with the T'ien-shan in the north 

and forming the eastern rim of the Pitnir 

region. In it appears also the estreme 

north-western corner of the Tiritn basin 

proper, occupied by the large oasis of Kish- 

gar and the much snlaller ones of opal and 

T~sh-malik. 

The routes surveyed on the first journey 

led along the western slopes of the meridion- 

a1 range, usually Itnown after its most 

pominent peak as that of Muz-tsgh-ata, 

as far as the great defile of Gez-dara (C.3) 

and then through this to Tish-malik and 

Kishgar. The surveys of 1906-08 falling 

within this sheet were confined to the ground 

in its sooth-eastern and north-eastern corners. 

Those of 1913-13 \\.ere of greater estent and 

mere carried not only throng11 the nlsin 

valleys receiving the drainage from the east- 

ern flanks of the Mnz-tigh-ati massif, but 

also along both sides of the nort,hern portion 

of the range, where it approaches the T'ien- 

shan and gives rise lo the main feeders of 

the Kishgar river. 

For the delineation of the Muz-tirgh-atti 

range, between the approximate latitudes 

of 38' and 3g0, and of the great valleys 

which flank its western slopes, a considerable 

number of triangulated points were available. 

These were derived maiuly from the triangu- 

lation work of 1900, analjzed in sections B, 

C of Major Mason's Appendix A. In ad- 

dition, certain points on the main range fixed 

by the operations of the PBmir Boundary 

Commission and Captain Deasy could also 

be utilized. The extension of It. S. Rim 

Singh's triangulat.ion to Tdsh-malilc (D.2) 

permitted the course of the Gez-dara, or 

valley of the Yanl8n-yir river, to be acctl- 

rately shown on the map right down to 

where it debouches into the great plain of 

the Tirim basin. 

Besides the triaugulation results just 

referred to, the position accepted for the 

'old totvn' of Kishgar and those for I'ir- 

Itand nnd certain other places in the adjoin- 

ing sheets Nos. 1, 3, 5 were used for the 

adjustment of the plaue-table surveys em- 

bodied in this sheet. The value assigned to 

Kishgar, Int. 39O 28' 4SN, long. 75' 58', 

is that hitherto adopted by the Survey of 

India fro111 the mean of numerous observ- 

ations by successive expeditions. It deserv- 

es, however, to be noted that the longitude 

value which wireless observation on Sir F. 

De Filippi's expedition fornished for a point 

close to Chini-bigh, the British Conarllate

64 NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL MAP SHEISTS [Chap. IV 

General, was i5' 59' 5'"G-l.. 

Lake Little Kara-kul, on the scale of 4 milee 

As regards the positions accepted for to 1 inch, prepared by tl~e late Lient. F. B. 

Yirkand, Yangi-hissir and Tis11-kurghBn, Tillard R.E. and published in 1903. 

the starting and terminal points of the The same panoramas, reproduced in 

routes represented in the soutli-eastern por- Plates VIII and IX of my Mountnirt Patroramas 

tiou of the sheet, refe~vnce niay be made .from the Ktcter-lun ofid Pnwirs (1907), have 

to the notes on sheets Nos. 3 and 5. Toile- since proved specially usefnl also by confirmbnlung 

(D.4) where these several routes cross ing the greater height of Kongur-debe I peak 

earli ot,ller, served as a convenient point for (25,146) over Muz-ttigh-at% (24,388 feet), la 

tl~eir adjustment, the latitude for tl~is place previonslp accepted as the culminat.ing point 

being derived from an astronomical observ- of the whole range, and by afford~ng direct 

ation of 1906 and the longitude by iuterpo- evidence as to tlie approximate level of tlie 

lation between Ktishgar-Tisli-k~~rghin and snow-liue. For this an elevation of about 

Tangi-l~issir-Tis11-kurgllcn. 

17,000 feet. has been accepted on that part of 

In the northern half of the sheet use tl~e r:inge wl~icl~ lius soutl~ of tlre Gez defile, 

was made of tlie valtres assigned to the ~vhile the observat~ons made on my crossing 

Kosli-bGl pass (A.2), lat. 30" 11' 15" and of tllc Uligli-art-dawtin in July, 19 15, indilong 

74' 1' 7", by Russian surveys. TIle cated a somewhat lower level of perpetnal 

posit,ion deterniined for i)l~al-b~z~r (C.2) by snow. circ. 16,000 feet, on the northern cona 

latitude obser\~ation of t.lle Forsyth Jlission tinuation of the range. 

and by tthc longituile derived from interpo- 

r l lhe area represented in this sheet 

lation on our routes Lettvevt~ Tish-malik and may be divided into three regions dis- 

KBsligar \\.as :11so osul. P'or the ronte mhicli tinguished by \\ell-defined physical featnres. 

H. S. LiI Siilgli in 1915 follo\ved from Tlie high platean-like valleys to the west of 

opal to tlre Irratl\vaters of t,lic Tiizil-daryi the great ~neridional range, which extend 

(A-C.2) anil thence bark to opal :rc.ross the from above Ta=harlna in the soutlr to the 

Uligh-art-dawtin (B.5), a very helpful check \vide rolling downs above AIGji, share all 

was afforded by the fact that the position of the chief characteristics of the Pirnirs. 

this pass could be fixed by direct observation Grazing of t11e scanty lrind usnal on these 

of several triaugolated points. 

uplands is to be found almost everynrliere 

TIle routes leadiug north of Kishgar at the botton~s of the open valleys. In the 

(D.l) have been adjusted to tlie co-ordinatrs valleys to the east of the range, as far as and 

sIio\vn for the Turug-art pass (Slieet 1.C.3) including theGez-clara,vegetation is distinctly 

by the latest Russian surveys, the latitude more limited, and this barrenness increases 

observations of Captain Trotter being also in a very striking manner as the traveller 

used for the deterlnination of certain ~nter- descends through the outer ranges to tlie 

mediate points. In addition to the above, much-eroded and 11tter1y bare foot-llills. 

astronomically determined latitudes mere Nnrth of the Ciez defile, the approach to 

obhined in 1900 and 1906 for a nu~nber of the n~oister clinlate of the ll'ieu-slran makes 

places, as shown in the list below. 

itself felt by 3, somewhat larger amount of 

For the interesting mountain area which grazing in the valleys and by the conifer 

comprises the hluz-tagli-at% massif and the growth to be found at their heads over fairly 

great gIacier-clad range north of it, culmi- large patches of gronnd (see Bostin-terek, 

nating in the Kongur-debe peak, 25,146 feet, B. 2; Bostiln-arclie, C. 3). In the irrigated 

as well as for the Pimir-like ground south areas belom the debouchor~es of the Karaand 

north of the Little Kara-knl lake (B. 4., tlsh, Yan~iin-yir and Kizil rivers, the 

C. 3,1.), very useful additional material mas character of the ground corresponds in all 

furnislred by the photographic panoramas essentials to that of t,lre other oases of the 

taken by me in July, 1900, with a Bridges- Tkrini basin situated between tl~e glacis of 

Lee photo-theodolite. This material nras the mountains and the great drift-sand belts. 

worked up in the Map of Muz-liyh-ali and I'or a fairly detailed description of. the 

1' It is of intoreat t~ note lltut tlie I~eigl~t ss 

gmpl~ieally determ~ned by Mujor R. 0. Wl~eslei,, 

M. C., B. E., for Kongur.dche 1 ponk, 25,116 it., front 

the Pzinorsmn t~~ken nt KBTH-~III, Ctimp9 (C.4), differs 

only hg 90 feikt fro~n 1110 elevnti~i~ deduced from 

R&ti 911igli's tr~ongulntion.

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEET No. 2 6 5 

ground visited by me in 1900 along the 

slopes of the Rloz-tiah-at& range ant1 or1 

the nJay down to Kishgor, see Itui~~s qf 

Kholui~, pp. 77 sqq., ant1 for that rrosse~l it) 

1906 on the journey frorn Tish-lturgl~ull to 

Yangi-hissir via the Cl~ichiklik pass, Deserl 

Cathay, i. pp. 97 sqq. The historical topography 

of tlle latter route, as well as the 

legendary tradition attaching to the great 

snowy dome of Muz-t&gh-ati, have been 

discussed in my Ancient Khotnn, i. pp. 4~0 

sqq.; sec also Seri~tdia, i, pp. 76 sqq. 

ilslrononriccllr?y observed lalit~tdes. 

1900-01. Ghujak, Camp 5 (B. 4) ... 

Kara-su-karaul, Camp 6 @. -1.) . . . 

Su-bishi-karanl, Camp 9 (C. 4) ... 

Keng-shewar, Camp 10 (C. 4 ) ... 

Camp below Xk-tiken pass, Camp 16 (D. 3) 

Tish-malik,

66 NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL MAY SllEETS [Chap. IV 

1913. Two triangulated points on either tween the FIunxo and Tish-kurghin rivers. 

aide confirm its position as here shown. The same snow-line was adopted also for 

The plane-table traverse along the route has tl~e range to the east of the Sarikol valley 

bee11 ndjustd to tire fixed I~osition of Tirsh- whicl~ divides tlle drainage areas of the 

kurghin and to the positiorl of Toile-bulung Tish-kurgh~n and Rsskam brancl~es of the 

(Sheet No. 2. D. 4). For this an astroi~omi- Yirkand river. On the range to the north 

cal value of latitude is a~ailable and a longi- and west whiel~ separates Sarikol from the 

tutlc value representi~lg the mean between Pimirs proper the snow-line seemed to me to 

two vahles obtained by interpolation between lie distinctly higher, a circumstance fully 

(a) Kisllgar and Tirsh-kurghsn, and (b) accounted for by the reduced amount of 

Yangi-hissir and Tish-kurghin. 

moisture whicl~ penetrates north of the 

An alternative route towards Kishgar Hindukosh and Kara-koram ranges. It has 

used chiefly during the winter months fol- been conjecturally shown on the 17,000 conlows 

the narrow gorge which descends from tour I~ue, but ntay in really be somewhat 

the Chichiklik-maidin (Sheet No. 2. C. 4) to higher. 

Shindi below the sharp eastern bend of the Grazing of the scanty sort usual on the 

Tish-kurghin R. The portion of this route Pimirs is to be found over most of the 

falliug witl~in this sheet has been s11own ground at the bottom of the main valley and 

from Rai Rim Singh's plane-table work of in the lower portion of those joining it from 

1901; and from notes kept by myself when the ranges on either side. This has not 

following it early in June of that year. been specially indicated. But in a few areas 

The snow-line on the high ranges nvllich (as at Hang; C. 2) yellow tint has been used 

enclose the Sarikol valley could be but to mark the presence of riverine loess soil 

approsin~stcl!~ i~ltlicated, as it was actually allowing of more luxuriant vegetation. 

apl~roached o ~~ly on the IVakhjir p:~zs lead- 

- - 

ing to the Osus (Bb-i-Pauja) source and on 

Some account of the physical features 

of the ground shown in this sheet will be 

the Kilik and Aling-taka passes. From my found in my Ilirilzs of Khotalz, pp. 57 sqq. 

observations when crossing the Wakhjir pass and Desert Catiay, pp. 83 rqq. Its historical 

in July, 1900, and the &ling-taka pass early topography has been fully discussed in 

in September, 1913, I was led to take the Chapter 11 of A7zciel~t Khotax ( i. pp. 22-40) 

elevation of about 16,500 feet as the ap- and some additional information about its 

proximate limit of permanent snow-beds on old sites furnished in Chapter 1x1 of Serthe 

range which forms the watershed be- izdia, i. pp. 72-76. 

Astronoit~ically obsercerl lafihdes. 

1000-01. Dafdir, Camp 1 (C. 2j . Tiighlak-gumbaz, Camp 2 (C. 1) ... 

... 

. . . 

37O 22' 26" 

37O 34' 38" 

Tish-kl~rgliin, Camp 3 (near British Ak-sakil's house ; C. 1) 

1906-08. CI~ushm:in, Camp 1 (C. 1) . . . 

ITdurghuk, Camp 5 (D. 1) ... . . . 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 4 (YAI-DOZE) 

37O 46' 58" 

37' 51' 28" 

:37O 50' 38" 

The area s1lon.n in this sheet was sur- 

veyed from two routes, both followed by 

R. 13. LB1 Singh only. The one of 1907 led 

from Uch-Turfin and the Taushkan river 

along the foot of an outer range of the 

T'ien-shan to the Terek-dawan (Sheet 

No. 1. D. 4); the other, followed in 1915, 

lay over previously unexplored ground from 

Kelpin (Sheet No. 7. B. 4) cia the Kirghiz 

grazing grounds of Yai-dobe and Chong- 

kara-jol to Kalta-yailak (Sheet No. 5. B. 1). 

On the latter route the position of Tunguz- 

luk had ito latitude fixed by astronomical 

observation. No other fixed points being 

available within the limits of this sheet, its 

delineation was determined by adjustment 

of the details to the fixed places of tlie ad- 

joining sheets. The result was satisfactorily 

checked by comparison of t,he position thus 

obtained for the Biloti-dawin (Sheet No. 4. 

D. 3) u~hich was found to agree very closely 

in latitude with that observed by Colonel 

Trotter, viz. 40' 40' YO". 

Though scarcely any of the streams 

coming from the outer T'ien-shan ranges 

shown in this sheet ordinarily carry water, 

yet springs found in various places at the 

foot of the northern one, combined with

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEET No. 4 67 

occasional floods, permit of cultivation in subsoil drainage eupporte sufficient vegetosmall 

patches. In the basin of Yai-dobe tion for winter grazing of Kirghiz camps. 

A~tro?io~1111irnl/~y O~.RM?~PI/ /atit~cl/r. 

Tunguzluk, C. 346 (to N.W. of spring; C. 4) 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 5 (YANCiI-HISSAR, YARKAND) 

This sheet embodies the surveys made 

on a series of routes on all three expeditions. 

The area s~lrveyed is proportionate to the 

great extent of cultivated ground to be 

found within the limits of this sheet. The 

routes followed in 1900-01 lay mainly 

\\.ithi11 and between the populous districts 

of Kishgar and Yirkand. ' Those of 1906- 

08 covered ground all along the Yirkand 

river as well as portions of the hill areain the 

the observations of Cav. De Filippi's expedi- 

tion. For the determination of other psi- 

tions the latitude observations of 1900-01 

and 1906-08, as noted below, have been 

used, as well as those of Captain H. H. P. 

Deasy on his route from Kishgar to Yir- 

kand ria Khin-arlk; those of Dr. Hedin 

along the Yirkand river, and others recorded 

in the Yirkand Mission Report. 

In respect of topographical details full 

north-west and south-west corners of the advantage was tab-en-of the fact that several 

sheet, while 011 the journey of 1913-15, the of the chief routes in this sheet were sur- 

new routes surveyed lay chiefly from veyed more tlian once in the course of my 

Kishgar to MariI-bishi and along the right three expeditions (see the routes from 

bank of the Yirkand river below Yirkand. Kishgar to Karghalik; from Kizil-dawin 

The well-determined positions of Yhr- to Yirkand; from Abid to Kishgar, etc.). 

kand, Yangi-hissir, Kishgar, Maril-bishi The physical character of the area comprised 

and Karghalik served as base points for the in the sheet exhibits considerable variety. 

construction of the sheet. Of these, the last Besides the compact well-cultivated tracts 

three fall outside its limits and for the ob- of the Kishgar, Yangi-hissir, and Yirkand 

servations which fix them reference may be districts and the minor oases between, or 

made to the Notes on Sheets Nos. 2, 6 and 8. near, them nre find here a fairly large outlier 

For Yirkand the latitude observed in of the central drift-sand desert around 

1900 and 1906 at our quarters of Chini-bigh Ordam-pidshih and extensive belts of 

(about one mile south of the city walls) is riverine jungle below Faizibid in the north 

supported by the observations of the Yir- (B-D. I) and below Kbfid in the east 

kand Mission of 1873 and Sir P. De Filippi's (C,D. 2). 

expedition of 1914, while the longitude now For brief descriptive accounts of the 

shown, which is derived from the wireless routes followed by me, cf. R~rins of Kholan, 

observation of the latter (77' 15' 46^), pp. 133 sqq.; Desert Catkay, i. pp. 146 

differs only by 15 seconds from the oxle sqq.; for the early historical topography of 

which was adopted in Sheet 11 of our 

1906-08 map. ' For Yangi-hissfir the coordinates 

adopted are those deduced from 

Asfronomicnlly ohserverl lalittldes. 

the region, see dacie?~t Kl/otnw, i. pp. 42 

sqq., 86 sqq. 

1900-01. Eski, Camp 25 (A. 1) 

Yamin-yir, Camp 24 (A. 2) 

... 

. . . . . 

39" 33' 59" 

39" 25' 17" 

Dong-arik, Camp 25 (B. 2 ; symbol omitted in map) 

Achchik-bizir, Camp 26 (B. 2) ... 

39" 16' 1" 

:IS0 7' 19" 

Ordam-pidshih-mazir, Camp 27 (B. 3) . . . 

Kizil-biizir, Camp 29 (half a mile S. of Sarai ; B. 3) 

Ak-rabit, Camp 111 (B. 3) . ... 

3S0 55' 34'' 

38" 39' 20. 

38" 32' 39" 

Kok-rabit, Camp 30 (beyond S.E. end of village; B. 4) 38' 25' 40" 

1 I have kept the conventional spelling of Tir- I may mention that his plane-table of 1900-01 showed 

ksnd witliont using the hyphen between the clearl~ for Yirkand the longitude of 57' 19' lo", a remerk- 

recognizable parts of the componnd name (T-ir-kand, ably close approach to the true one, considering the 

i. 8. settlemer~t by the ' Yir ' or eroded ravine). small scale oeed and other circomstance~. 

& evidence of Rim Bingh'n very careful work

NOTES ON INDIVIDUAIJ MAP SHEETS 

[Chap. IV 

Tirkand, Catnp 31 (at Chini-high, circ. 1 mile S. of City walls ; 

C. 4) ... ... ... ... 38O 23' -15' 

190ti:O~. Yicrkand, Catttp 19 (at. Cl~ini-biglt as above, ontside garden; 

C. 4) ... ... ... ... 

Ighiz-yir, Can111 I!? (>\. :;) ... ... 

Bfigh-jig&, Can~p 21 (1)6gIta BGg's house ; C. -1%) ... 

38O 23' 49" 

58O 4.0' 9" 

:IS0 28' 17' 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 6 (BARGHALIK, KILIAN) 

This sheet sl~o\vs the moutttaitlor~s areas of 1906, this approsimately assunled lin~it 

soutlt of the Karphalik-Bl~otat~ road up to of perpetual snow represents a sa5cierrtly 

the valley of the upl~ertrtost Yirknnd river. close approach to the snow-line of 18,006 

Biost of the gro~uttl was survq.ec1 from routes feet as sho\vn on the map of Sir I". l)e 

followed In 1906 and 1908, the surveys Yilippi's espedition. 

being supplc~neoted by 1vor.k done in 1900 For brief descril~tions of the routes 

on the main road to Khotan along tlte edge follo\ved by myself from Karghalik to Ginla 

of the Taklanlaki~n, ant1 in 191 5 by tltat on and from Karglralik to Kiliin, see Hitins ot' 

the caravan route \vhich leads front Kob-yir h'hofnta, pp. lti7 stlq.; Utvert ('ntlray, i. pp. 

up the Tiznaf river Itead\vaters to the Yir- 142 sqcl As regards the early topography 

kand river valley and the Kara-koram pass. of Kargltalik and tlte hill tracts south, ef. 

For Karghalik and Bok-yir astronomi- Attc.ie?rt KAolatt, i. 1)~. 89 sqrl.; Serit~dia, i. 

cally observed latitudes were available, and 

for the former place the longitude of 77'26' 

pp. 85 sqq. 

Apart from the large and fertile oasis 

30" was adopted as the mean of Colonel of Karxltalik, cnltivatiott is limited in this 

Trotter's traverse value and tltat obtained area to a series of s~nzll settlements, Kiikby 

Captain Deasy by chronometer; tltese yir, Yiil-arik, Ilsllak-bishi, Kiliin, all situdiffered 

only by 1' 51". The accepted posi- ated where t,he rivers from this part of the 

tions of Karghalik and Khotau, as well as western K'on-lun debonch on a broad plateau 

the triangulated points in Jhe adjoining overlooking the desert plains. The higher 

sheets Nos. 9 and 10, served as pivots for valleys on the Tiznaf river headwaters and 

fitting the plane-table work. In addition east of them afford sufficient sut11mer grazing 

to other latitudes those observed on Sir I". for large flocks of sheep owned at Kiik-yir, 

De Filippi's expedition were used for fising etc. 

the positions of R. B. Li1 Singh's Carnps Cor~ectiotrs. C.1. The grass sy~ubols 

366, 370, 37.5, 377 along the Karghalik- N. of Beslt-terek-langar ought to be in green. 

Kara-koram route (C. 2-4, D. 4). C.2. The symbol for astronomical lati- 

In the absence of any height determina- tude observation sltoold be added against 

tions on the main range, the indication of 

the snow-line in this sheet at an approximate 

C. 26 Ko~h-~iiz-6~hil. 

- - 

D.?. The area of 'low dunes with t,amaelevation 

of 17,500 feet can only be consi- rislts' sl~ould have been shown in yellow as 

dered as conjectural. Taking into account 'sandy tract with vegetation'. 

that the snowy portions of the main range C,D. 2,s. Hill conto~~rs ought to have 

near the Karlili-dawin (D.3) were seen by been interrupted where broken river courses 

Rai Rim Singh only in the early summer 

Astrononticn~~y observed Zntilicrles. 

mark valleys sketcl~ed from a distance. 

1900-01. Karghalik, Camp 33 (at Yetim-lukum, 

Bizicr ; C. 1) ... ... 

circ. 1 mile S.W. of 

... 37" 53' 32" 

1906-08. Kok-yir, Camp 24, (Chavaslt Beg's house ; C. 2) 

Kosh-yiiz-ogl~il, Camp 26 ( C. 2 ) ... 

37O 24' 1" 

37O 3' 20" 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 7 (AK-SU, IJCA-TURFAN, KELPIN) 

The surveys shown in this sheet extend . The routes from Ak-su along the foot of the 

roughly from the valleys of the feeders of main T'ien-shan and from Ueh-Turfin due 

the Ak-su river in the north to the riverine south to Kelpin and Tumshuk (B.2-4) were 

belt of the Yirkand-daryi in the south. follo\red in the spring of 1908 and those

Chap. IV] NOTKS ON SIIEET No. 7 ti9 

furtlrer south to\\,artls fifarR1-hislri in that and tlrence throu~lr the f ~rc~i~~t~Iy un~xl)lored 

of 1015. On bot11 oceasiorls tjbe atn~obl~he- barren outer ratlgcq, of Kelpin to tl~e desert 

ric rontlitions of tl~e SL'BSOII s(!rior~~iy inter- fioutll, is give~r ill f/~..r~rL f',~lh~~?/, ii. pp. at?:: 

ferec! \vifl~ artronorniral Oh~~~\~itt~i~ll~ ax \veil sclcj. 7'110 xcrreral ~~l~ysical conditions of tfre 

as wit11 distant, views towards the nrountair~s. regiot~ from Ak-st1 to Kelpin an11 JIariI- 

This, logether wit11 the damage sutt'ered by bishi lrave beeu surnn~arily diacuafied, along 

1t.U. LBI Singh's theodolite on the former wit11 its Iristorical topograplry, in 85'c,ri~irl;u, 

journey, explains why only a si~rgle latitude iii. pp. 1296 scleb 

observation of our own (tlrat for Kelpin, 

r, lhe large if itnperfectly cultivated arean 

B.3) falls within this sheet. of Ak-su and IJch-Turfin owe thoir occulra- 

Fortnnately Mr. C. Clementi's abtronomica1 

work of 1007 along the Kishgar-Aksn 

higl~rond met this want by supplying 

tion to the abundant irrigation supplied 11y 

the Tauahkan " aud Kum-arik rivers whielr 

unite close to the ' Yangi-shahr ' or Chinese 

latitudes and cl~rouometric values of longi- town of Ak-SII. not11 are fed by portions 

tude for Ak-su (Yangi-shal~r) and for several of thr Tiic:~~-slran carrying l~erpetual snow 

of the roadside stations betweer1 that place and in their Irigher (unsurveyed) valleys 

and Riaral-bBshi. "The longitude thus aEording ample grazing. The outer ranges 

determined for Ak-so, 7g0 55' 25", sl~iftb the to the south of the Tausl~kan river are on 

position accepted in the Russian Traus- the other Irantl extremely arid, and the few 

frontier map and slio~vn also in Dr. IIassen- small wttle~nc.nts at their foot \vl~olly depenstein's 

map accompanying Dr. Hedin's dent or] suhsoil drainage. 

Nez'set~ iu %v~~/ru/-Asir~~~, 

I 900, by some 20 South of tl~ose ranges esteuds a \vide 

miontes to i.lre \vest, while tlre difFerenrr in 

tlre sa~rre sense from tl~e lonyitutle tle(1nced 

desert ~~laitr, partly Lare clay or gravel - but' 

mainlj covered wit11 santl from alluvial dr- 

8on1 our plane-table traverses of 1!J08, as posits ; ill this plain, percolation from the Y irshown 

in Sheet No. 23 of the Seritirlia map, 

is only about 8 minutes. ' The difference in 

kand and Kasl~gar rivers aided by occasional 

inundation maintains abundant jungle vegelatitude 

of the position in the latter from tation. The winding Kara-ltol bed, together 

that of Blr. Clementi (41° 7' 57") is less with other branches (C, D. 4) filled at times 

than 6 minutes to tlre soatlr. The routes of flood, carries the water of the dying Kishpassing 

throogh Uch-Turfin and Kelpin mere gar-dary8 occasionally as far as the southern 

checked by the accepted positions of Ak-su, end of Ak-su cultivation. The curious wind- 

Kishgar aud Maril-bishi, use being made eroded low hill-chains (A, B. 4) striking 

also of the latitudes observed at Kelpin ancl across this desert plain at right angles to the 

Tunguzluk (Sheet No. 4. C. 4). 

T'ien-shan axis have been referred to already 

A descriptive aecoiint of the route surveyed 

by me from Ak-sa to lich-Turfin 

above ; see p. 26. 

rLstrur~on~iral(y odser~>r~l lalitti,l~,. 

1913-16. Kelpin, Camp 5-1.2 (Bgg's house, E. of Bizir; R. 3). .. 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 8 (AIARXL-BXSIII) 

The s~irveyecl area of this sheet is con- \\,as added both in the south and north by 

fined to the Maril-bishi district and the the work of 1913 and 1015. 

adjacent parts of the YBrkand river eollrse Owing to 311111an1rnad Yakfib's astrono- 

and the Taklarnalt%n desert to tlle sooth-east. mical observations having proved unreliable 

The route followed in 1908 lay mainly along here as elsewhere, no positions fixed in 

the high road from llomshok towards Yir- latitncle were available besides those recorded 

Itand; to the ground then sorveyed much by previous travellers. Among these RIr. 

3 See SIIIIIIII~I~ of Qeograplricrrl Obserialioas 

fnke~r on a jo*r~rey from hFashgnr Lu 1Cotol111b, by C. 

e.1~1lorntiu11.s ia Clci,bcse ZLrkerlun

7 O NO'I'ISS C)N IN I>IVIDUAL hIAI' SIIISIS'I'S [Chap. IV 

Clemet~ti's Iatitutlr of :

Chap. IVJ NOl'lSS ON SIIEET No. 9 7 1 

Khotan (pi, 123-235) ; scc also Srriudia, i. - - 

pp. 90 sqq.; iii. 1273 sqcl. 

reduces vegetatioa and grazing in these 

mour~tai~ts to very ~nodeet limits. Com- 

Great as the differences in elcvatior~ n ~~d municat.ionw throng11 the mounta~r~n fron~ 

general configuration are heln.ee~~ tlle seveval north to >out11 are diflicult and owing to the 

zones wl~icl~ this sheet ron~priscs, fr0111 the impassable naturc of tl~e middle Kara-khh 

Tnkla~nalta~~ sands up to the high K'UII-111n valley co~~li~lcd to very few routes. 

ranges, extreme aridity cliaractrrizes tl~em C~,~rr,c/iotlx. Symbols of latitude station 

all. The vicinity of fertile loess soil to the to be adtlcd for Camps 55-61 of 1900-01 (as 

deboucl~ure of' tlrr rivers accol~nts for the per list Lelow). 

large cultivatt.;l area irl the main Kl~otan A. I.-Santly tract wit11 scrub should 

oasis and for tlte st,ring of minor oases strc.telr- have been shown 11;. of GGma as far as 

ing along the $lacis of the outer hills Siliglr-langar. 

\vestwards a~ld facilit,at,ing t~aflic. 'l'he B. 2.-A belt of drift-sand c~ugl~t to 

narrowness of the deep-cut vallryr; furtl~er have bec~~ marked at, and to tl~e west of, 

south contines irrigation, a ~ ~ hence d cultiia- B61-kum, on route from Xanguya to Pialma. 

tion, to small isolated patclieh barely si~fficicnt B. 8.-The glaciers shown by B.B. Li1 

to maintain a few littlesettlernents of I~illmc~u, Singh on tl~e II~I tl~ero slope of the range east 

such as push:^, Nissa and Karanphu-tigh of the San,ju-dawir~, near peaks not rieing 

(C, D. 4.) In spite of the thick deposits of much above 17,000 feet, are likely to be mere 

fertile loess dust which the \\,lnds have snorv-beds. 

carried from the desert plains up to the D. 4.-A small patch of cultivation 

highest valleys, the aridity of the clin1:lte should have been entered at Omsha hamlet. 

Bsfronott~ir~rclly obsert~crl lutit~ides. 

1900-01. Kl~otan town Camp 42 (Kkh~n Beg's garden in Tiiwen-Gujao 

suburb; D. 2) ... ... 

Bizil, Camp43 (B~g's garden; D. 3) ... 

Yagan-dawfin, Camp 55 ( D. 3 ) ... . . . 

Yagan-aghzi, Camp 56 ( C. 3 ) ... . . . 

Camp 57, below Kunat-dawin (D.3) . . . 

UIBgh-art, Camp 58 (S.W. of pass ; C. 3) ... 

Lfinghru, Camp 59 (near N.E. end of village; D. 3) 

Ujat, Camp 61 (near left bank of river; D. 3) ... 

1006-08. Pusha, Camp 42 (near Shamsl~el-mazHr ; C. 4) ... 

Tashte-iighil, Camp 4.4. (in Kurat-jilga; C. 3) 

Camp 46, below Aslipak (C. 3) ... 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 10. (KARA-KORAM, KHITAI-DAWAN) 

With the exccl~tion of the route from 

Shahidullah to the Kara-koram pass (A. l), 

the area comprised in this sheet was surveyed 

at the close of the second expedition. It 

shows interesting portions of the main K'uniun 

range near the triangulated peak 23,071 

(Pk. 3/52oi), ahere it bifurcates towards 

Muz-tigh (Pk. 1161~) aud the peaks near 

the sources of tlie Yurung-h-fish liver; also 

two of the drainageless basins of the Tibetan 

uplands to the south. 

For the construction of this sheet a 

number of triangulated points were avai- 

lable, 10 among them three determined in 

the Kashmir G. T. series. Those shown 

near the Kara-koram route are taken from 

the work of Sir F. De Filippi's expedition, 

together with the clinometrical heights of 

peaks in A. 1. The value adopted for the 

approximate snow-line, j 8,000 feet, is deriv- 

ed from the observations made near the 

Yangi-dawfin and at the head of the Turgap- 

jilga (C, D. 1 ). In A. 1 the limits of per- 

petual suow have been indicated in accord- 

ance with the :nap of Sir P. De Filippi's 

expedition. 

A descriptiou of the route followed and 

of the ascent to the snowy col on the K'un- 

lun watershed west of Peak 23,071 is given 

in Desert Cullray, ii. pp. 463 sqq. For some 

s See above p. 22. 8eo Appendix A, pointa in 61 X.

73 NO'I'ES ON INDIVIDIJAL AIl\l' Sl-Il4;N'l'S [Chap. IV 

topog~q>llicrrl cletails concerning AIr. Johnson's 

Yangi-tlawin ant1 his ront,e beyond 

towards Iiamngl~n-tfigh, see my notc on Johirson's 

mop and fAt3 fqogropl~y of tAe K'ritr-lus 

sotrlir ?fKhhotnx, in t.l~e Abine .Jonr~1nl,19!21, 

xsxiv. 1)p. 62 sqq. 

Limited ;ts tl~c actually snrveyed area 

within this shcet is, it inclrtdes t.l~ree wellmarked 

l)ort.ions of tlistinct,ive character : 

utterly sterile basins characteristic of tho 

extreme uort,l~-\vt.st of Tibet.; the main K'onlun 

range \\-it11 its deep-cut valleys draining 

nortl~nrard into t,lie l'uriung-liish river, and 

the high open between the Kara- 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 11 ( hIUZ-;IHT) 

r 1 he snrvey sho\vn in this sheet is contined 

to tllc vieinit,y cf tl~c route leading from 

the south to the Muz-art pass on tire main 

Pien-shan range, :tnd to a small portion of 

the ont,er hills above the tract of Ka.ra-bsgh. 

The l)la~~c-tal~lc work of R.. 13. 1,il Sing11 

was atljustt~cl to tllc 1)osition adopted for t,l~e 

Tongri-l;11511 Peali in the map accoinpai~ying 

Dr. Rlerzbac.l~er'r IlXe Ceafrol Ili'aa-shnx 

Mot~ataills, London, 1905, and to the plotting 

of the ntljoining sheet No. 12. 

The heigI1t.s sho\~o for Tengri-lt11,in and 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 12 ( KARA-Y ULGI-IUN, BAI ) 

Of the rontes falling within this sheet 

only those from the terminal conrse of t.he 

Khotau river to Ak-su and north-east of this 

town were follo\ved in 1908; the rest were 

all surveyed in 1915, that along the foot of 

the monntains by H. n. LA1 Singh, the one 

between Bzi and Ak-su by myself, and the 

two further sooth by surveyors Afriz-gnl 

and AInhammad Yak Glt, respectively. 

The plot,ting of the sheet is based on 

the positions adopted for Ak-st1 and Knch% 

in Sheets No. 7, 17 and on that for the junc- 

t,ion of the ilk-su and Ytirkand rivers. For 

the latitude of the last the valne observed by 

Dr. Iiedin, viz. 4.0' 38' 47", was used, while 

the longitt~de adopted is the mean between 

the values obtained by interpolation hetween 

Kishgar and Korla and between Kilotan and 

Ak-su. Latitude observations taken by Dr. 

Hedin were utilized for a number of points on 

the Tirim river. For AIuhammad Yakab's 

traverse along this river, a check on longi- 

tude was afforded also by tlre position of Peres 

liolnm and tho Kara-kiislr rive].. 

Corrections. D. 1. The ascent 1111 the 

glacier at the head of the Turgap valley 

(Sl~rct No. '3. I). -I.), to about long. 7'J0 42' 

]at. 35O 59') ought t,o have been intlicated; 

cf. Bt,sc!rt Cn/An!y, i. 200 sy. 

D. 2. The al>l)roxi~nate 110sition of 

Mr. Johnson's ' Naiit Khkn-dawirn ' ]nay 

eonjecturally be placed at about long. 79' Mi' 

]atr. SjO 58'. 

D. 2. l'ealc 8/52r1 (23,509) has not 

been sho\\~n on the map according to its comptltcd 

longitude 79" 51' 0"; see rlppendis A, 

points in 6 2 ~ . 

another high snowy peak sighted fro111 tl~c 

route are taken from Dr. RIerzbacl~er's map 

in the Cet~frol Ti"irrw-shas Muawtai~ts. So is 

also that of tl~e 11112-art pass, tlre snmmit 

of which the surveyor was unable to rcacl~ 

o\ving to the heavy anow enconntered. 111s 

visit tool< place in the lirat half of May \I II(*II 

tl~e snow still 1:i.y low, and on this accou~~t 

the aplxosin~ate level of tlre hnow-line a~ld 

the estent of the glaciers SIIOIVII are st~bject 

to doubt. 

(Sheet No. 17. B. 2), where the former is 

crossed by the desert route from Kucl~a to the 

Keriya river. Similarly the adopted position 

of l'engri-lihin (see Notes on Sheet No. I I) 

was used for the adjustn~ent of t,he route 

leading from Ak-su to the Muz-art pass. 

In tllc northern portion of' the s11et.t 

lies the s~~bordinate basin of Bai ( C, D. 1 ), 

enclosed between tile foot.hills of tlre n~ain 

ll'ien-shan and a much-eroded outer range. 

The MIIZ-art ri~er and some of its tributaries 

snpply irrigation to considerable t.racts in 

t,l~is basin. The same is the ease with part, 

of the submontane area betaween Ali-sn ant1 

Jam (A. 2) nrhich receives water from the 

sno\vy main range. Tl~e large volume of 

the -4k-so river renders irrigation possi1)le 

along both its banks for a considerable distance. 

Between the fo~t of the above IIICIItioned 

outer range and the jungle helt 

accompanying the Tilrini stretches an area 

of scrubby desert. The existence of certain

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SIIEET No. 12 7 3 

wells makes it possible to pass throi~gl~ it tl~rotrgl~ which for a brief period of tile year 

direct fro111 Kocllik to Ak-su by art old the surn~~~~rflootls of the Kl~otan-claryiceffeet 

but now little frcq~~euted track (B-L). 2). their jurrction wit11 the fornrer. 1"or changes 

Soutlr of theTtirini extends the du~~e-covcsretl in this delta, cl'. Srritr~lio, iii. 11. 12'36 ; 

Taklarnakirn, interruptetl ot~ly by the delta Geogruph. Jonr~~uI, xlviii. p. 1 IS. 

NOTICS ON SHlCIST No. 13 (MAZKR-'l'.i(;I-I, KA1t.i-i)ON(;) 

Tl~e surveys S/IO\VII by this sheet are been adjusted to the position6 adol~ted for 

col~fincd to tlie terminal courscs of the I

7 4. SOTICS ON IN I)lVIL)ITrlI~ hl.\ I' Sll EETS [Chap. IV 

For descriptive arcor~uts of tllr tlifferrnt Finally in tlre sorrtl~ tlie \vide barrcn 

rol~tcs foIlo\vetl by inc in tlrc nortlrern portion 

of the sheet, see 11'nias or' A-hotan, 1111. 850 

glacis of l~ietlnlont, gravel strelclres 111) to the 

foot of tlie ~rr~ir~rt,ains. Tllis is I~ordere(l Irere 

sqq., 413 sclq.: L)ra~rf Calhrr,/, i. 111). 222 and there by n:~.rro\\~ j~atclies of ctilti\ir.tion, 

sclq.; ii. 1'1). 413 qq., 400 sqq. TIIO liistori- \\.liere tlre rontig11r;~tion of the valleys a.il(l ll~e 

csl tcl)ograpI~y :tuti the i~rt'rerti~ig ~l~~cstio~~s IXC~SHIC~ of fertile soil at the tlel~ouchirrcs 

conrrected \ritl~ the abautlorr~r~i~nt of tlie l>eruiit tho water of the smaller rivers to be 

Irtuueroos ancient sites trarul in t.l~is area nsi~cl 1;1r irrigation before it is absorhed on 

(A, B.2, C. 1-5) Irave bcen cliseussetl in tlre 'Sai'. 0111y \\,Irere some of the vallejs 

Ancient liholnn, i. 1'11. 2SS sqq., 4.52 sclq., ol~en out at tlreir top into broad uplands and 

4;0 sqcl.; Seri~lrlirz, i. 1'11. 127 sclq.; 201 sqcl.; the vicinit,y of ~~erpetual snow arid ice secures 

iii. 12-18 sqq., 1262 sclq., 1320 sqq. 

adeclnate inoist.ure, is srllrrnler grazing to be 

t 1 llie area sllo\vn in tliis sl~c~t typically fonntl at great elevat.ions. 

illustrates three main zones ~l~alxcteristic of Cor~.rclio~rs. A. 1. For Olro-t~tisli (on 

tlic Tsrin~ Lasill as n!reacly hrirtly clweribed; left bank of Yurring-kBsh) rend Otro-nrisil. 

see :tho\-e 1111. 4 1 s11q 111 tl~c uort 11 c~\;tcntls 11. 3. At Tiirim-lrishlali a Irabitation 

tile cl~rne-covered waste of the TaliIarnal;;in, strould be marlied. 

Irere cut tlrrt>~~g:.]i 11). tlie ~.iversof I

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SllXE'r XI). 1 b - - 

I .) 

1t)Otj-06. Sok-tercli, (2~ml~ GII (D. .i.) . . . ,.. :J(;' 21' .l.g" 

Tria~rg~ilaliori Statiolc :~bove :\clcclrir~r, Cali111 (i9 (1). .I.) 2 L' 41" 

Ul~iglr-iirazhr, (':LI~IJ :JSO (rre:li. h:rered lor~cl~s ; 13. 2) :JTQ l5' 1 8" 

NOTISS ON SILlCI"l' No. 15 (Y1JitUNC;-KASIt .\SD Iil

7 6 SO'L'ES ON 1NI)IVIl)I~hL RTAI' SlIEIS'l'S [Chap. IV 

NO'l'lfS ON SIIEET No. 17 (KllCIfAi) 

TIle ~11rvevr. rorortlrd it1 this s11t~r.t wcro we Ilave the \\ride alluvial ran whiclr the 

olade ill 1'30s ant1 191.5. 'l'ht. rt,lnpnrir- Muz-art ant1 Kuclli rivers Sorni at their 

tively close net of ro~rtrr :rro~ultl Kuclli tlel~o~~cl~~~re and mllich is orc~lpicd 1)y the 

datca maillly fronl lhc sl'rit~g oi' 111~ latter :reat oasis of Kuchil. That its cllltivatiorr 

year \vlletl arcl~:t~ological intercrts krl~t. Itle at estet!tled n.itllin lristorical tinres m~tcll filrt,ller 

,vorl; for sevt,ral weeks in tlrt. virir~ity of itltot~lrereed- :undscrltb-coveredbeltsturoundtirat, 

great,, al~tl sitrce early 1in11'~ ilrr))orf.ant, ing it. 011 the east, solltlr and west, is clearly 

oasis \\'llil~ R1ii11 ;\frhz-gnl assrstetl nle demollstrated by the numerous ruined sites 

ill l'laile-table work here, 11. 13. L5l Sia~11 sllt)w11 OII the map (A-D.2). 

sllrvcvetl tile eater slol)ra of tile 'l"ivn-sllarl In its aml~le irrigation resources, due to 

uortll\vard. 'L'he routes sol~tl~\v:~rtIs lo two rivers issuing near to each ot,her from 

Sllahyfir and beyond \\ere tnal)~lctl on the the footlrills, as also in various other aspects, 

ocrnsioll of our joint crossin: of the Taltl:l- KIIC~I:~ forms a CII~~OIISI~ closcpetz(lavt to the 

ttlaliin in Jnouary-l"ebr~~ary, 1908. 

Kllotau oasis iu t,lrc soutlr. If desiccation 

!?or the tow11 of KnchR tlrc astronorni- has trot left here qlrite so striking evicle~rre of 

cal latitude agrrecl closely \vitli that of Mr. its 1)rogress it1 the shape of sand-bnried 

Clementi. Its longit,ude nras detern~ined by ruins, wind-eroded 'Tatis', etc., the explanat:~king 

the mean of the values intcrl)olated tion is easily furnished by the broad riverine 

bet\veen the accepted posit,ions of Kasllgar belt of the llBritll which adjoins in the 

and Korla and bet,\veen Korla atid Telrgri- soutl1. 

kllnn, respert~ivcly. Tlris longitutle (82O 53' This secolrd zone wit,ll its jungle and 

30") was follncl to agree very clost*ly with inundation tracis effectively protects the 

that obtained by plotting the route from the irtigable area frorn etlcl.oaclrnlent by tile 

side of Kerixa river vin Perer. ant1 Sllally%r drift-sands of the Taklama1;iln. Tlte latter 

and was therefore accel)ted, l2 tl~u~cgll differ- forms the t,llird zone and stretches its duneing 

some 15 min~ltes from that sho\vn in covered wastes away to the thin strir~g of 

Air. Clenlenti's list. In addition to the oases lining tile extreme edge of the glacis 

latitudes recorded below, those observed by of the K'on-Ion on the other side of the 

Dr. Hedio along the Titrim river and by T;irin1 Basin. In the strip of Taklamakin 

Mr. Clenlenti on the main road were used. groullcl slrown by the solltllern portion of the 

A brief descriptive account of the routes sheet (A,B.3), the change in the direction 

followed by me in 1908 is to be fo~~nd in of the high dune ridges or 'Dawnns' may be 

Desert CrctAny, ii. PI). 875 sqq. Points specially noted. ll'llile in the north they 

connected with tlre liistorical topography of run from east to west parallel to the Tirim, 

the riverine t,ract between the bluz-art furtller south they bear approximately from 

(Inchike; and Tsrim rivers have been dis- N.N.E. to S.S.W., corresponding to the 

cussed in Srria~licr, iii. pp. 123G sq. A dirertion of the tct~tlrinal course of the Keriya 

record of the observations collected in 1915 river where it dies away in the sands. 

concerning tlle present and ancient topo- Correctiofis. B. 1. Cliffs should be 

graphy of the Kuchi oasis and its vicinity shown above Dt~ldul-oknr close to the right 

must be reserved for tlre report on my third bank of the Rluz-art It., tlre river gorge being 

expedition. 

practically impassable from belom Kizil- 

The area represented in this sheet, apart mingoi down to the caves of Rfing-oi, above 

from the portion of the subsidiary basin of KII~I-tnra. 

Bai occupying its north-western corner, falls The name Sti-hiJi at the deboucliure of 

into three distinct zones. In the north, at the tlre Kuclri river sl~oold be in red, being 

foot of the outermost spurs of the T'ien-shen, 

Astronovtical(y observer1 latil~~dta. 

applied to the ruins on both banks. 

1906-08. KuchB City, Camp 309 (near Ya-m&n ; B. 1) ... 

1913-15. Ishtala, Camp 318 (hamlet near centre of cultivation; C. 1) 

41° 4.2' 65" 

41° 51' 18" 

l2 The longitnde ndoptcd in our map has since La G;ographie, 1921, xaxv. pp. 494 ~qq. Itshosr tile 

received gratifying oonfirmntion by Dr. Loois Vnil- longitnde of Kuchn, deterrnil~cd by three lnunroccol- 

lant'a 'Note snr quelqnes points sstronorniqnes d6ter- tstions, as 82' 63',(i nncl its Intitode ns 41°42',6. 

mines en Asie Centrnle (Nisaion Pelliot 1906.09)', in

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SIIEET No. 1X 77 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 18 (KEItIYA RIVER J4:SI)) 

With the exception of small areas, near Chinew, ahandonetl irl the third cent~~ry 

Tongun-l~aate on the dyir~x Kcriya river A.IJ., see At~cietll Khol~itt, i. pp. 376 sqq.; 

(A.4.) and at the ~~ortheru cntl of the 'Niya 

Site' (13.4.), the snrveys shown in illis sheet 

~'ieritr~li~~, i. pp. 215 stlcfi 

l'hc surveyed orti ti on of the sheet nhosve 

are confined to the route followed on my in sectio~~ ( A. 1 ) the northernmost traceable 

Taklamakiii~ crossing of February, 1908. extenliioll of the dried-up Kcriya river delta. 

Apart f'ro~n three i~ositio~~s of wl~ich the lati- The presetice lwrc of high 'Dawinn', running 

tudes were observed astronomically, t.he planc- transversely to the direction of the dying 

table travertie has bccn adjusted to the longi- river ( Camps 320,32 1 ), suxgests the postttdes 

of 1Cochl;ar-iighil and Kuchi, deter- sibility of the latter having once formed 

mined as explained in the Notes on Sheets terminal n~arshes on this ground. Further 

No. 14 and 17. 

south xt~ old bed of the river, overrun by 

A fairly detailed account of the phjsical dunes and passing throl~gh E co~~fusing dead 

features observed in crossing the Taklarnakan delta, \\.as f'ollo\\.ed with breaks to a point 

from the Tgrim to the terminal delta of the (Can~p 327 )\vhere the recently formed new 

Keriya River has heen given ill I)e*~rl tern~i~ral course of the river was erlcountered. 

CntWcry, ii. pp. 386 sqq. The use of this 7'11~ bed secn near the shepherd-hut of 

di5cult desert routc as an old 'robbers' track' l'o~rguz-baste ( A. 4 ), \vhich in 1901 still 

and the 1)robablc shrinkage of t,l~e terminal carried water, had I~een abandoned some three 

course of the Keriya river \vitl~in historical years later owirlg to a clla~rqe at the head 

times have been discr~ssrd in $/~ri~rr/ir~, iii. of tlrc tlelta at l'oghan-hum (Sheet KO. 

p1x 1240 sq. lzor the exploratior~ of the IS. D.4). 

ruins at the northern extremity of the C;~rrectiun. A. 3. To tigure 300 above 

'Niya Site', the ancient CWi~rg-chiich of the Camp 327 add r. 

,Astrotrot~/iea//y ol/sr,rcecl /otittctl~r. 

1906-08. Dead tamarisk-cone 3t miles N. of Camp 323 (A. 2) 

Position 1 mile N. N. TV. of Camp 327 (A. 3) ... 

Camp 327 (on new Keriya River bed; A. 3) ... 

Tonguz-baste, Camp 330 ( near sl~ephercl's hut; A. 4) 

... 

... 

... 

... 

39' 18' 19" 

38' 42' 7" 

38' 41' 43" 

38' 23' 13" 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 19 (NIYA) 

The northern half of this sheet shows route-traverses shonrn in the northern porsilrrejs 

made on all three expeditions, the tion of the sheet, a sound basis was forpresence 

of two important ancient sites Irav- tunately available in the position of Niyaing 

induced me to pay repeated visits to bszgr, fixed as a triangulation station in 

tlr~s ground. The mountain area in the 1906 with the value of lat. 37O 3' 34", 

south was st~rveyed in the autumn of 1006 long. 82' 45' 32". The caravan route 

in conuect~on wit11 the triangulatio~~ then leading thence north-eastwards to Endere 

carried along the uorthern main range of and Charchan could also be checked by the 

the K'un-lun by Rai RBm Singh. position of Kalasti ( Camps 116 a, ~1x1~; 

The numerous positions trigonometri- Sheet No. 22. C. 4.). In 191:3 this was 

cally fixed in tlre course of this work have fixed on the plane-table by intersection with 

furnished a safe base for the construction of a Reeves telescopic alidade from several prethis 

portion of the sheet. Iu addition it was viously triangulated peaks above Charchan ; 

possible to use for it in the S. It'. a series of it then proved to agree very closely with 

high peaks on the main range ( A, B. 4 4 ) that laid don~n in Sheet No. 46 of the 1906which 

Captain Deasy had fixed by triangula- 08 map. For several- points north of the 

tion, and the positions of \vhich were plotted caravan route latitude observations were 

on the plane-table at the time of sorreying available. The triangulation attempted in 

(see Appendix A, Sheets ~OL, P). Besides October, 1906, from the rulns of the Nip 

the latitntle observat~ons shown below, seve- Site failed to give a reliable result owing 

ral more taken by Captain Dcasy and other to the narrow angle observed at~d the exexplorers 

were also utilized. 

cessive distances. 

For the adjustment of the numerous Onring to the lateness of the season

7s KOTI'S ON SI-1ISE'l' No. I!) [Chap. IV 

when the s~rrvc! r alor~g the u~ou~~t.i~iris \vero 

effectrd, IIII~ for ot11t~r ~C~COIIS, 11,) S:L~'C obserfound 

near tlre present ends of those rivers 

are ever t,l~rratened wit11 extinction on'ir~g 

vations of the st~on.-li~~t~ \\.ere nvnil:~l)lo; the to t,l~e vagaries of the dying river-courscs. 

adol>tior~ for it in tlris sl~ert. of :III :tlq)rosi- Sootl~\var~l of tl~esc stretches the vast 

n~ate eo~~totct. of 17,500 fret is, tl~i~refore, glacis of pictlnlo~~t gravel or detrit~~s, some 

conjectural. 

tl~irty miles ant1 more in width and ntterly 

Dearr~~>tivc accorrrrts oi' tllc. rontes of barren, except on its norther~i edge. There 

1901 :111d II)O(i \vl~icll tool; me to :III~ Sl.oni tl~e subsoil water, absorbed Irigher up from 

sand-buried sites of ancient ttar111i11:11 oase6 srnaller rivers, comes to light again in scanty 

of the Niya and Endere rlvers (13. 1, 1). I), springs or supl~orts scrubby jungle wi~h 

are given in Hulas qf'Kho/n~t, 1)p. 320 sqq., scattered wild poplar grontl~. The small 

388 sqq.; Dezwt Calh~cy, i. l)p. %G(i sqq., Nip oasis is the only agricultural settlement 

300 sqq. The important arcl~aeolo~icnl dis- to be fount1 in this zone, and it, too, owes its 

coveries made there raised numeroos questions existence rnai~~l! to the ~leecls of the goldregarding 

physical changes, mainly due to miners' camps at Sorghillr (B. 3) and elsedesiccation, 

affecting the ground :~t those where along the foot of the mountains. 

sites. These questions and tlie points relating These rise as an unbroken snowy ramto 

the historical geography of this region in part as far east as the headwaters of the 

general have been fully discussed in A?rcienf Tir-tungaz and Endere rivers, and form part 

Kknfan, i. pp. 362 sqq., -135 sqq.; Seriildia, i. of thc northern main range of the K'un-lun. 

pp. 211 sqq., 272 sqq., 286 sqq. For a brief Their valleys seem for the most part very 

prelinlinary account of my thirtl visit to the narrow and barren, and cultivation is re- 

Niya Site (the ancipnt Cliiitg-ckiielr of tlie stricted to a string of small hamlets near 

~llinese Annals), cf. Gcoyraph. Jorrrnal, 

xlviii. p. 115. 

where the lesser strcanls debouch on to the 

' Sai ' glacis (A-D. 3). 

As in the adjoining sheet No. 14., three Correclio~zs. B. 3. The name Ken-Lo1 

well-marked zones can be distinguished should be in black. 

within this area. On the north we have C. 2. Divide the river names thus: 

the drift-sands of the Taklamaktin iuterrupted 

by the terminal courses of the Niya, Yirfir-ttoizgaz, 

Ak-tdsk. 

D. 1. Symbols of ' hard salt crust ' to 

tungaz, and Endere rivers and the belts of 

desert vegetation which are supported by 

be changed to those of ' hard salt-encrusted 

clay '. 

them. 

Omit tlie latitude observation symbol 

The ground once occupied by tmo large at Endere Site. 

terminal oases of the first and last of those C.3. The triangulated point PE. 6/60~, 

rivers can no longer be reached by irrigation, wit11 height 1'2,400, to be inserted at lat. 

and the small patches of cultivation now 

Astroxomically observed IaLifades. 

36' 35' 35" long. 83' 0' 34". 

1900-01. Ovraz-langar, Camp 87 (station quarters ; A. 3) . . . 

Niya-bizar, Camp 88 (near south end of village; B. 2) ... 

36' 53' 12" 

37' 4: 13" 

Imnm-Jifar-Sidilr-mazir, Camp 91 (inner court of 

Sarni ; B. 1) . . . ... ... 

pilgrims' 

... 37' 44' 16" 

Niya Site, Camp 93 (close to ruined St6pa; B. 1) 

1906-08. Kara-bulak, Camp 72 (A. 3) ... . . . 

Malghun, Camp 75 (within hamlet; A. 3) ... 

Kuchkach-bulaki (B. 3) .. . ... 

31° 58' 44" 

46' 30' 53" 

36' 36' 21" 

56' 36' 29" 

NOTES ON S,HEET No. 20 (KARA-DAM AN, KARA-SHAHR RIVER) 

The mapped area in this sheet shows a Tirim basin. Most of the latter range was 

small portion of the wide valley of the Kara- flurveyed from the route followed in 1915 by 

shahr river or Khaidu-go1 near its eastern R. B. LRI Singh along its southern foot and 

end, together with a part of the outer range shown in Sheet No 21. The south-eastern 

of the T'ien-shan which divides it from the corner of the sheet was surveyed in connec-

Chap. IVj NOTES ON SIIEETS No. 20 70 

tion wit11 my visit of 1907 to t11c rurned site 

of Kl~dra (D. .I.). 'L'lrc ])lar~e-table \vorli has 

been atljnsted to tlte ;rositionn aclopttd for 

Kara-slralrr, Korla and Ihixnr; sec Notcs on 

Slreots 21, 24.. 

i'"x an account of my visit to Klrora, 

of. Deserf Culhiry, ii. p. 372; Peri?~din, iii. 

pp. 1224. sqq. Tltc northerrr slope of the 

outer T'ien-shan range then seclr, appeared 

very barren, and even irr the wide valley of 

the Khaidu-gol, stony but scrub-coverctl in 

XOTES ON SHEET No. 

Tlre area slto\vn in this sheet forms part 

of the extreme north-eastern corner of the 

T.irim basin proper. Of the routes along 

which the surveys lay, those leading from 

Korla to the Inchike-daryi were followed in 

1908 and the rest, mainly north and south 

of them, in 1915. 

Tlre c.ornpilation of this sheet and those 

in~metliately adjoining to the east and southeast 

has been adversely aflected by the erroneous 

longitude adopted at the time for the 

position of Korla in connection wit11 R. B. 

Li1 Singh's northern triangulation series 

along the Kuruk-tigh. In paras. 2-4 of 

Major Mason's Memorandum prefixed to 

Appendix A, the circum~tances have been 

explained which necessitated in 1921 a 

re-examination of the computations relating 

to this triangulation and led to the rejection 

of its distant connection with the southern 

series of the same surveyor's triangulation 

along the K'un-lun range. 

Tlre western extremity of the nortlrern 

series, as marked by station CC 85 (31i0) 

in Sheet 25. A. I, approaclres Korla within 

about 5 miles, and as a result of the revised 

computation it was decided to base the work 

of the northern series on Mr. Clementi's value 

of Korla (lat. 41' 44' 20.8", long. 86' 10' 

10.4"). While the tables of Appendis A 

now show throughout the revised values for 

R. B. Lil Singh's triangulation stations and 

With referei~cc to blnjor Mneon'r; statement 

in pnrn. 4 of his nbove quoted hIemornndom about the 

d;fficultiesnttending compilntiun o\%.inp to war condition~, 

1 may conveniently here mention thnt my 

absence in England clnrtng 1916-17 prevented my 

being consulted nt the time n# to the doubts thrown 

upon the computation resoltn of the northern series 

in relation to the podition cf Korla. 

In Sheet No. 49 of the 1E06-08 Map the approxi. 

paria, tlrc-re was little to suggeht the rich 

grazing wl~iclr has rnacle tile ~~lateauw of 

Yulduz at rtn heat1 favourite Ital~rrta for 

nornad tribcs I'rorrr tllc times of tlte Huns 

down to the Xlon~ols of tlre present day. 

But on ascending to tlre Kara-daw;in (A.4) 

by a route wlriclr lpadn frortl Yangi-hisnir to 

Yulduz, iJR1 Sing11 noticed tine pine-forest 

clotl~ing tile southern slopes of tlte range 

from an elevation of about 8000 feet upwards. 

21 (DUGUIL, KORLA) 

points, it Iras been impossible to rectify their 

positions as shown in the map sl~eets. The 

corres~,ondirig correction in the case of Korla 

necessitates a shifting of its longitude by 

about 15' :3O" to the east, while the latitnde 

remains ~,mctically unchanged .I:' 

In addition to the latitude observations 

recorded below, use was made also for the 

main road of those available from Mr. 

Clemer~ti's work and for the Tirim river 

route (Ugen-daryi) from that of Dr. Hedin. 

The latter route and that along the lnchikedaryi 

were adjusted in longitude to the 

values derived for Peres and Shahyir (Sheet 

No. 17) from the traverse between Kuche 

and the Keriya river. 

For a brief account of my observations 

regarding the Korla oasis and the ancient 

topography of this region, see Serinrlia, iii. 

pp. 1230 sqq. There the reasons for the 

surveys made in the desert between the 

Konche-daryi and Inchike-daryi have also 

been explained. The part played by the 

riverine tracts of the Inchike-daryi and 

Tirim in early historical topography is discussed 

in Seritzrlia, iii. pp. 1236 sq. 

Except for the presence of some driftsand 

belts towards the Konche-daryi, the 

area shown in this sheet south of the line 

of oases along the foot of the T'ien-shan, 

shares the character of the scrub- and junglecovered 

zone extending around the cultivated 

matel? correct Iongitnde of 8ti0 10' is shoan for Korla. 

That the erroneour lo~lgitodc now adopted for Korls 

has not serioosly affected the compilation of :he work 

forther west runy be concloded from the notes above 

(Sheet No. 17) concerning the Iongitnde of Knebi, 

and also from the fact th~t the longitode 84' 10' 20shoan 

for Bugor-bizir in onrsheet, (A. 1) accords well 

with the chronometrical value of Dr. Vaillant, nii. 

84' ll', 1 (see La Qiographir, 1921, p, 498).

NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL MAP SHEETS 

[Chap. IV 

tracts of Buchi and SIraIiyir to t,l~e Tirim. of t,lre Baglrraslr lake (Slieet No. 25. A-C. 1). 

Tlie Clrarchnk R. bed, usually dry, appears The considorablc cstent of the Hugur oasis 

to carry ocmsional floods ~IVIII tho marslies suggests that the Kizil river irrigating it 

fed by the Koclri river. 

drains a portion of tl~e outer snow-covered 

AI~IOII~ the oases in tlie uort,l~, Korla is T'ien-sl~an rauge nrhich carries perpetual 

of sl~ecial interest on accou~it of the aniple snow. 'l'l~is river's ter~ninal marshes appear 

arid constant water supply assured by the to have been n~ucl~ exaggerated in former 

Konclre-darys, draining tlre great reservoir 

dst~onottiicc~l( obserretl loti/ttdes. 

maps. 

1906-0s. Korla, C'nmp 287 (111ain Rlzsr; D. 1) 

Jigda-sali, Cainp 295 (C. 2) . . . 

Incliike-guinbnz, Camp 29!) (old tombs; C.2) 

NO'I'J3S ON SI-IEET No. 22 (CI-IARCIIAN) 

Tlre surveycd arcn in tl:e so~rtlr-eastern and to blie longitnde of Laslikar-satma 

col.ner of this sheet is contined to the vicinity (Slieet No. 26. R. 3), which agreed very 

of tlie Cliarclian oasis and tlre course of tlre closely in the surveys of 1906 and 1913-14,. 

C'llarcllan river Iwlo\v it. 'I'he root,es followetl lllie route follo\ved in 1906 has been 

along the latter in 1906 and 1013 lay on described in Desert Cnlllay, i. pp. 319 sqq. 

opposite banks, \vhile that. leading from the Tl~e I~istorical topography of t,lre Charchan 

west to Cl~nrcl~an was tlre same on both oasis ~vhiclr, notwithstanding its small size 

journeys. and clieqnered fortunes, has al~vays been of 

011 1)ecemLer 28, 191.3, a ellance of importance for tlre ancient caravan route lo 

e~ceptionall~ clear ~veather enabled me to the south of tl~e Takla~nak~n, is fully disfis 

the ~,osition of Kal:lsti (C:lml> 1 16 a of cussed in Sr~.iiit/i~r, i. pp. 293 sqq. There, too, 

1906; C.4) by intersection fro111 four peaks I have explaiued tlie special geographical 

triangulated on the K'uo-1m1 range ou t,he reasons \vliicli liave tliro~~ghout lristorical 

previous jouruey. This pohltion, ~vhicl~ lies times prevented extensive cult~vation at 

about 2' to the west of the one shown in Charchan, notwithstanding the abundant 

Sheet No. 46 of tlie 1906-0s map but agrees supply of water in its river, and have rewith 

it in latitude, lias been adopted and peatedly caused it to be altogether abandoned 

used for the determination of Cl~arcl~an, along for centuries ; see Serisdin, i. p, 295. 

with the observed latitude of this place. ('orrec.lioas. C. 3. For Ayablar River 

The routes along tlie river mere adjusted to read Ayafi-tir R. 

a point (Keng-laika), half-may between D.3. The route line of 1900 from Camp 

Tatran and Tim, for wl1ic11 Dr. Hedin's 

latitude observation I\ as availabIe(38°29'YJ")J 

Astroao~~~icolly olserred Inlilrtde. 

119, should be estended north to Ti?n ruin. 

1906-08. Charchan-bizir, Camp 103 (Beg's house, west of Bizsr; D. 4) 38" 8' 21" 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 23 (KAPA, ACHCHAN) 

This sheet sl~on,s a portion of the northern 

main K'un-lun range surveyed in 190G, 

and again in 1915, from the route leading 

along its lower slope past the gold pits of 

Miilcha and Kapa to the Charchan river, as 

well as the ground traversed by me in both 

those years along tlie desert track between 

the Endere river and Charchan. 

The delineation of tlre ground along the 

K'un-lun range is based on the triangulation 

effected in 1906 by Rai Rim Sing11, and 

coitinued eastwards from the hill-station of 

Ushlung (near Gudiche, 10,690; D. 2) by 

R. B. LC1 Singll in 1913; for stations and 

intersected points see Appendix A, Sheets 

69 D, 6. The desert route is adjusted to 

the triangulated position of Niya (see Not*s 

on Sheet No. 19) and to that of Kalasti in 

Sheet No. 22. C. 4~, resected from trigono- 

metrical points. 

Tbe surveys along the range in the late 

autumu rendered no reliable observations of 

the snow-line possible. Its level has been 

conjecturally slromn at 17,000-17,500 feet. 

For a brief descriptive account of the 

desert route, see Desert Cathay, i. pp. 317


sqq. ; for historical referet~ccs to it, Srtixrlia, Hi~liar 1111 ntretahc:~ tl~e bare glacis of 

i. PI). 295 scl. 

i~iedrl~orrt grdvcI, t~rokerl t,y tr~tmero~~e dcq- 

'l'l~e desert route ('1-C. 1) keep6 Lo the cut flootl-beds (r,/ru/r), lut utterly nraterlew 

soot.11eri1 edge of file ~andy belt wlrere vege- for the grc*atest part of the year. It in only 

tation, tnostlg in the fort^^ of scrc~bLy junglc: lredr the: 11eacls of tlrosc vallvys descendir~g 

and tamarisk-cones, is supl)nrtcd by sohsoil from tllc highest j~ortions of the range that 

drainage. It thus shares the character of cultivation is carried on t~y nwrall ncatterecl 

the route leading from Niya north-eastwards hamlels cof Irillmen. 

(Sl~cet. No. 19); but here the foot of the Cor.i.t.r/iu~rx. A. 3. Sy rnbol A of 

glacis of the mountains is overrun by coarse triangulation station to he inserted againnt 

drift-sand, rising to duties of considcrable i3rl>alik-clrakil 15,500 ; also the ronte to it 

height. 'l'lre water fout~d in wells along tlie from (!. !)5. 

ronte is very bmcltisl~, and tho latter in 11.2. Tlre name L'~hltorg to be shown 

consequence is scarcely ever used durin:; the against tlre triangulation station 10,690 

late spring and suninler. 

A,rtroao~riically ol.srroe~l lalitrdes. 

l9OG-08. Kapa, Camp 99 (near gold ))its; B. 2) 

above G~id;icire. 

Kapa, Camp 99 (ile-dong hill station ; R. 2) 

1913-16. Gudiche, Camp 4 (ITslrlung 11111 station ; D. '1) 

NOTISS ON SHKET No. 21 (K.iKA-SH.iHW) 

The survey shown on the southern cd~e by 311.. Clementi and \.arious Rnsrian exof 

this sheet is confined almost \vholly to plorers. 

the traverse made alotrg tlie I~igli load pass- IVitlt the escrl~tio~~ of the ground east 

ing from east to west through the Kara- and north-east of Kumusli the whole of the 

sliahr basin ; this was follo\ved in 1907 by area represented falls within the drainage of 

myself and in 1915 by 14. Muhammad the Baghrash lake. The \vide expanse of 

Yakiib. As the compilation of this sheet the latter, only roughly indicated in outline, 

was adjusted to the positions adopted for affects the physical conditions of the whole 

Turfin (Sheet No. 28) and Korla (No. 21. Kara-shahr basin. They are briefly described 

D. 1)' the longitudes throughodt are affected in ,Serintiirr, iii. pp. 1178 sclq., where the 

by the error in placing the latter town about historical topogiaphy of the district and the 

15' 30" too far west, as explained in the l~eculiar conditions impeding cultivation and 

Notes on Sheet No. 21. \I1hile at I

$2 NO'llb:S ON IN1)IYIDUBL MAY SIIEETS [Chap. IV 

olrtrical stntiot~s and intersertrtl I)t,ints tlie scruh and jnngle watered by the interlacing 

tables in Apl,endix A (1nterntltion:tl Sheet beds of the Ii~cliikc-tlaryB, Tzirim and Kon- 

N.K-45, r, o, s) intli~atc t h ~ corr~ct l ~ ~ ~ che-d:~ryi~. i - 011 tlie west tlris belt is hertioils, 

based upon Clrmrnt~i's clirononic~trictxIly cleretl by t.lie sands of the Tablamak~n. 

determinetl valne of Korla. A list of the Fronl the. east it is approached by the 

positions \vl~irl~ Iiave been sl~o\vt~ in accord- Lop desert. An outlier of tire last-named 

anre with their a~;tro~~o~~~i(~aIl~ 

observed divides t,l~e ancient continuation of the 

latitt~des is give11 below. 

Koncl~e-daryii conrse tolvards Lou-Ian, re- 

1"or a tlescril~t,iou of the grotultl near presented by the drj- bed of the Korukthe 

int.eresting ruined site of SltGrclr~~l;, darys, from f.he present conrse of the 

sl~ow~~ in the N.W. corner of the sheet, see Konche-tlarj1 (C, D. 3). 

Dcsrrf Cnfhay, ii. pp. 365 sqq.; Seritc Jiil, iii. 'Phr sn~all oases of Para-kun~ and 

pi). 1182 sqq.; for a brief account vf the Tiltrnlik and those furtl~er south o\ve their 

Ying-p'an site (D.8), at. the heat1 of thc existence to attempt?; of tlie present Chinese 

ancient river-bed of tl~c K11rol;-tlnryi, and ad~ninistration to facilitate communicat.ion 

of the e:lrl\ Chinese route t,hence traced bet\\.een the rontes leading along the northern 

along tlie foot of tile Knlnk-tigh glacis to- and sor~thern sides of the Tirim basin. The 

wards Korla, cf. Geogriy~h. Jot(r?~al, slviii. great ditlicultiee \vith which irrigation has 

pp. 208 sq. The I~istorical topography of the to contend here, mainly owing to the fretract 

along the Konclie-tlaryi below Korla quent slrifts of the river-beds, account for 

is discussed in Serisdin, iii. 1). 1231. 

the very limited extent ant1 quasi-peripatetic 

iil'art from the sontlr-western corner of character of cultivation in this riverine zone. 

hl~e Kara-sl~al~r basin (A, R. 1) this sheet Corrections. B. 3. lilliylr-Ll'l should 

comlwises I)ortions of two very dist.inct areas. be in black. 

To t,he north-east it sho\vs larrcl~ much- C. 1. Red line of pat11 to be extended 

eroded hill-ranges of the Knrok-tigh and to 

the south of tlre~n the wide belt of rirerine 

north to Camp Alton-ghol and beyond. 

Asfrononaically observed (iitifttrles. 

1906-08. Dasoklio-bulak, Can111 281 ( 1). 1) ... . . . 41" 32' 18" 

%ling-oi Site, N. of Shorclink, Camp 288 (A. 1 ; for position, see 

Serintlin, iij. Plan 51 ) . . ... 41' 55' 48" 

1913-15. Tikenlik, Camp 71 ( uear mosque; C. 3) . . . 40° 38' 26" 

Ting-p'an, Can~p 73 (near ruin of Chinese rest-house; D. 3 ) 40' 56' 59" 

Shindi, Camp 295 (on hillock, north of huts; D. 2) 41° 14' 31" 

Hill-station N.W. of Suget-bnlak, Camp 298 (C. 2) 41' 26' 41" 

Hill-Station S. of Tetim-b~ilak, Camp 301 (13. 2) 4.1' 26' 10" 

NOTES ON SHEE'P No. 26 (VXSH-SHAHRI) 

The surveys sho\rn in this sheet were 

made from routes follo\ved on the second 

and third expeditions. The delineation of 

the mountainons ground in the south is 

based on R. B. 1~21 Singh's triangulation of 

1913 (see Appendix A, Stations and Inter- 

sected Points in 69 J, 69 x ), the details of 

his plane-table work being supplen~ented by 

Rai Rim Singh's survey of 1906. The 

traverses along the Charchan-Charkhlik 

route, surveyed by myself in lYOG and 

again under my immediate supervisiou in 

1913, were adjusted to tlie position adopted 

for Charkhlik, as indicated in Notes on 

Sheet No. 30. Apart from the latitude 

observations recorded belotv, use was made 

also of 131.. Hedin's latitude value for Lashkar-satma 

( B. 3 ) and that of Roborovsky 

for \~isl~-sl~al~ri. 13n 

The ground seen by me along my route 

of 1906 is described in Descrt Cotjay, i. pp. 

329 sqq.; the historical topography of the 

ronte is discussed in Sevi?zdin, i. pp. 306 sqq. 

The southern portion of the sheet. shows 

tire outer spurs of the northernmost K'unlun 

range, separated by extremely barren 

valleys. None of the atreams which bring 

down water from the snowy main range 

Bee Gaiertific Betulls uf Bolorousky'r Erpedition (Russian), astronomical observations, p. 7.

Chap. IV1 NOTES ON SHEET No. 26 83 

s~rcceetl in making their nay to t.lre Cllar- rccer~tly re-estallislrecl nmr a site abandoned 

chan river across the gravel glacis ant1 the for cer~tlrries, and Tatran ( D. 2 ), arr orrtly- 

bcblt, I)arLly scrnbhy desort and partly Ijarc irrg orti ti on of tlrc Clrarklrlik ctasis, are the 

drift-sand, wl~icl~ stretclrrx soutl~ of the river. only patches of ~)ernianerrtly occu1,ied ground 

The small colony of V5sl1-sh:~l~ri ( (I. 3 ), within tlie area corn1,rist:d in this sheet. 

Ast~.osut~ticalLy oolaerrctl lutil~~rles. 

1906-08. Yol-sai, Carpp 1 10 (C.4.) ... . . . ... :lbQ 20' 2" 

10 13-15. Kixil-kl~nr, Camp 14, ( hill-station, 5128, on *and-ridge, N.E. of 

Camp; B. S) .. . ... . . . ... 

Tatlik-bulak,Camp'l9 (\vest end of base, rock near ravine ; I). 3) ... 

:~x~ee'la~' 

58' 37' 59" 

NOTES ON SFIEI1:T No. 27 ((EIIiiDALIK) 

'1'11~ area surveyed in the N. IT. corner were availal~le, 1,esitles soroe peaks intersected 

of t,his sheet is conlined to sllurs of the main at the close of liai Itim Singlr's triangula- 

K'11n-l1rn range, tlescer~tlinq north of the tion of 1006 ( see Appendix A, sr~h 69 K). 

Cllarchan river gorge, and to a port,io~r of Two latitutlc observations were also utilized. 

the gravel glacis rrear the gold ])its of Iihi- The level assurnrd for the snow-line is 

[[alik. For its tlelineatio~~ a nun~ber of quite conjectnral and 1)robally far too OW, 

trigonometrically determinetl statious and both snr\rcyors having visited tlre groucd 

l>Oints from li. B. La1 Singlr's work of 1913 very late in the autumn. 

Aatro~ro~~~iccrlly ubsevz>e~l lalilt~des. 

1906-08. Rara-tish Sai, Camp 106 ( 1. 1 ) .. 

1913-15. Khidalik, Carnp 8 ( A. 1 ) 

NO'I'ES ON SHEET KO. 28 (TURFAN) 

'I'he main routes passing through the the southwest on that of Korla. The shifting 

celltral and the south-mestern portion of this to the west which the latter position has 

sheet were surveyed in 1907. But most of under gone through erroneous adjustment of 

these were follonred again in 1911-15, and R. B. Lil Singh's triangulation in the Kuruk- 

as much of the Turfen depression (B-D. 3) tigh, as explained in groop I of Major 

mas then surveyed in detail on the scale of Mason's Appendix A, has affected also the 

1 mile to the inch and mucl~ fresh ground positions of Singer (NO. 29. B. 2) and 

boil> to the north and south of it mapped, Hltmish-bulak (No. 29. D. 3) in t.he adjoin. 

tile greatest portion of the \vork now shown ing sheet, with corresponding discrepancies 

iu this slleet belongs to the third expedition. in longitudes for the routes which from the 

For the adjustment of the plane-table Tui-fsn basin lead south to these two places. 

\vork, the position of the 'Yangi-sbahr' of 

Turfin, falling near the centre of the sheet, 

furnished a convenient base. The valne 

adopted for its longitude is 89'6'30", this 

being the approhimate mean between the 

value chronometrically observer1 by RIr. 

Clementi (8gC 6' 3") and that accepted in the 

1906-08 map (89'7'). The longitude shown 

in our map for the town of Lnkchun, 

89' 41' 30", receives \velcome confirmation 

from the value of 89" 42' 28'' \vl~ich 

Roborovsky's astronomical observations indi- 

In addition to the latitude observationa' 

recorded below, several others taken by Mr. 

Clementi on the main road and by Russian 

explorers have also been used. 

The details in the Turfin depression 

have as far as possible been taken frorn the 

one-inch survey carried out by hi. Muhammad 

Talcfib from December, 1914, to hiarch, 

1915. This extended over practically the 

whole of the cultivated area of the Turfin 

basin, frorn Yamshi iu the \vest to Pichan 

(No. 31. A. 3) in tlre east, and included a 

cate for his meteorological station, established great portion of tlre depression in the south 

close to that important town. lying below sea-level. For this detailed 

The latitude observation of 1907, as survey a base was measured near Kara-Iihoja 

shown below, agrees with Mr. Clementi's (C. 3), and the longitude of this placededuced 

within22 seconds. The traverse along the from that of Turfin 'New Town' (Yanai- 

road eastwards was adjusted on the shahr). 

position adopted for Himi, and the traverse to One of the features which invest the 

-

S k NOTES ON 1NDIVIDIJAL MAP SIIISETS [Chap. IV 

Turftin hsin \vit.l~ special interest, as briefly 

mentioned rbove (11. 48) is t.he grcet. dept,l~ 

blo\r sea-lrvel to \vhich it. descends in its 

s~nall scale noa at of the Idlysical features 

ehaetctc.ristic of the different zones of tho 

Tiri~n basin 'l'hns below the rnggcd 

lowest l~ortio~l arol~nd t,he Aidin-kiil marsh. T'ien-shall ~nain range in the north, rising 

It nay 11e11ee be specially noted t.l~at the with part of its crest above the snowheights 

or dcpreszions recordetl in the map 

for t,he following ],laces are deriv1.d from 

line, 7ve find a wide and otterly barren 

pave1 qlac~s (B-D. 2). The underground 

observatious m:;cIc with a mercurial barometer: drainasc, ca11g11t by means of kdr?:cs at its 

Kara-khoja, Ca111p 2-1.2 (house of BGg, foot and at that of a low but ruggeil outer 

near N.E. corner of rnined to\vu; C. 3), 

- 110 ft. 

hill-range \vl~ich traverses the basin fro111 

east to west, s11pl)lies most of the irrig,ztioa 

Kara-lthbja, Camp 2-4: (in Bizir ; C. Y), for the richly cultivatetl tracts scattered 

-110 ft. 

north and south of that transverse hill-range. 

YE^-mahalla, Camp 2 13 (house of Rus- Ret~veen and below these oases estentls 

sian Ak-sakll ; C. 3), 250 ft. 

a belt of serob-co\crt~l and for the most part 

Sai-kircz, Depl~ar, Camp 27.-1 (D. Y), sandy ground right down to the loug-stretch- 

- 630 ft. ed narrow lake-bed, ~nostly dry and salt- 

Tuz-kan, Camp 276 (near east end of encrusted, whicl~ occ~~pirs the deepest part 

dry lake-shore; D. Y), -940 ft. of the basin. This descends near the eastern 

Plane-table station, N.W. of Camp 276 end of the lake-bed to a level close on 1000 

(on dry lake-shore; D. 3),-980 ft. feet below sea-level. To the east of these 

Camp 277, (on edge of gravel Sai; rises a dune-covered expanse, the Kum-tigl~, 

C. 3),-860 ft. like a miniature Taltlamaltdn. In the soutl~ 

Firing S.W. of Camp 277 (on gravel there lies the a~cent, over a gravel glacis and 

Sai; C. 3),-720 ft. a s~~ccessiou of avid plateaus, to the northel n- 

Camp 2'79, N. of Bejfin-tura (by bed most of the Kurok-tsgll ranges. 

of dry stream ; C. S), - 780 ft. The nortl~ern end of the sheet shows the 

BEjin-tnra, Camp 282 (foot of ruiued 

tower; C. 3), - 910 ft. 

slopes of the T'ien-sllan which descend, 

forest-clotlled at. elevations from about 6000 

Turfin, Yangi-shahr, Camp 280 (C. 3), 

- 80 ft. 

to 9000 feet and receiving ample water, 

towards the plateaus and open plains of 

The approximate datum-line and con- Dzungaria. Extensive cultivation dependent 

tours belom sea-level, at approsinlate inter- on raiofall only is found ou these northern 

vals of 2.50 feet, have been slromn by broken slopes, evidence of the great clinlatic divide 

lines of greyish-green. formed by the T'ien-sl~an range. 

Other heights shown in this sheet are The historical importance of the Turfiin 

mostly derived from aueroid observations, depression, especially during the early Tnrcheeked 

in the case of those taken in 1914- kish (Uigur) domination, is attested by a 

15 by R. B. Lil Singh. with reference to large number of ruins wit11111 or close to 

readings at mercurial barometer stations. the cultivated tracts. For a brief account of 

The assumed snow-line was tixed at a the visits paid to these in 1907, see Ucsert 

level of 12,500 feet with regard to the condi- Cufhuy, ii. pp. 353 sqq.; Scritjdia, iii. pp. 

tions observed on crossing the pass above 1169 sqq. A short snmmary of my pro- 

Pa-no-p'a (R.l) on October 23, 1914. longed labours iu the district dnring 191.3.- 

As ahead7 observed above in Chap. I 15 is given in Gzogvnpi. .losr~~n/, 1916, xlviii. 

(11. 35) the Turfan basin reproduces on a 

AstronomicalZy observed lutittrdes. 

pp. 202 sqq. 

1906-08. Chong-hasssr, Camp 267 (north of central keep of rl~ined fort; D. 3) -1.2' 39' 7" 

Turfin, Yangi-shahr, Camp ?74 (S.E. quarter of Chinese tow11 ; C. 3) 

1913-18. KII-ch'Cng-tzu (Guchen), Camp 235 (N6gai trader's house iu N.E. 

-1.2' 55' 39" 

quarter of city ; 28. C. 1) ... ... ... ... .~.-J.O 2' 3" 

Kara-khcja, Camp 212 (Ziwat B6g's house, N.E. of ruined town ; 

C. 3) ... ... ... ... ... 42' 51' 13" 

Yir-mahalla, Turfin, Camp 243 (Russian Ak-sakil's house, 14 

miles N.W. of K6ua-shahr ; C. 3) ... ... ... 42' 57' 59"

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SIIEET No. 28 

1013-15 Sai-kilrGz, l)eghar, Calnp 275 (ni!:'s home ; D. 3) . .. 

Sl~hr-bulak,

88 NOTES ON INDIVIDIJAL MAP SHEETS [Chap. IV 

excessive wind-erosion. Its triangular area 

is limited to tlte west and south by the Tirim 

snd its terri~inal tnarshes, and to the east by 

the salt-encrusted bed of the ancient driedup 

Lop sea. Within this area the Kuruk- 

A descriptive account of my exploratione 

of 1906-07 in the Lop desert and among the 

ruins of tlte Lou-Ian Site is given in Desert 

Catlray, i. pp. 359 sqq. The ancient topogral)lly 

of the Lou-Ian territory and the 

daryi, 'tlte Dry River ', once fed by the pltysical features of the Lopdesert, having a 

Kouche-dnryir and partly, perbaps, also by direct bearing on the early Chinese route 

bra~tclttng beds of tlte T%rini river, had its which passed through it, have been fully disdelta 

during early ltistorical tiittes. 

cussed it1 Chapter IX-XI of Serinrliu ; see in 

Its water rendered nomadic occupation particular, i. pp. 33Z sqq., 33.0 sqq., 349 sqq., 

of the riverine belt in the north possible for 416 sqq. For a preliminary account of my 

tl~e indigenous 11erdsme11 and fishermen of renewed esplorations in the Lou-Ian region, 

Lou-lan, and nlotlg the same belt passed, during t,lie winters of 1914 and 1915, cf. 

until tire beginning of the fourth century Geogrtylr. Josrnul, 1916, slviii. pp. 120 sqq., 

A. D., the ancient Chinese highway from 206 sq. ; Geographical Reoiew (New York), 

Tnn-huang. Its line is marked by the 

ruins of the Lou-Ian Site and those explored 

ix. pp. 11 sqq. 

Corrections. A. 4. Cfiong-kg-satma to 

by me to the west and north-east of it (D.3). 

The extension of the Kuruk-darya delta 

much further to tlte soutl~, too, is proved for 

the same period by the ar~cient river-bed, 

he printed black. 

C. '. Symbols for ancient dwellings at 

L. 51. Site (Camp xcii) should be printed red. 

D. 3. ' Lou-Ian Site ' should be printed 

traced along the ruined sites n,l~icl~ stretch 

from L. R. to L. K. (C, D. 4). '" 

Astronomically obserz:ed latikdes. 

red. 

1906-08. Lou-Ian Station, L. A., Camp 124. (StGpa ruin, near N.E. corner of 

circumvallation ; D. 3) ... ... ... 40' 31' 14" 

Camp 125, Lou-Ian Site (about half a mile S.E. of temple ruins, 

L. B.; D. 3 ) ... ... ... ... 40' 34' 30" 

1913-15. Yaka-ysrdang-bulak, Camp 76 (tamarisk-cone near spring; A. 3 ) 40' 44' 22" 

Lou-lan Station, L. A., Camp 83 ( Sttipa ruin, near N.E. corner of 

circumvallation ; D. 3 ) ... ... ... 

Orkash-bulak, Camp 248 ( near spring; B. 1 ) ... ... 

40° 30' 57" 

41' 59' 13" 

Singer, Camp 250 (near station A of base, on S. bank of Nullah ; B. 2) 41° 27' 57'' 

Bltmish-bulak, Camp 86 (near westernmost spring; D. 3) 

(Camp of 1914, February ) ... ... 

(Camp of 1914, December) ... ... 

... 

... 

4.0' 56' 55" 

40' 56' 43' 

Bstin-bulak, Camp 81 (at E. end of base, on E. bank of Nullah; D. 3) 40" 50' 8' 

do. ( near spring ) ... ... ... ... 40' 50' 40' 

Azghan-bulak, Camp 292 ( at spring ; A. 2 ) ... 41' 18' 27' 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 30 ( LOP-NOR) 

The surveyed area of the sheet shows ground in the south is adjusted to the 

the terminal course of the Tarim, with the stations and intersected points of R. B. Li1 

marshes usually known to geographers as Singh's triangulation of 1913. As a result 

Lop-"Or, as well as the ground extending of the error already referred to in the Notes on 

southwards to the outermost range of the the preceding sheet and fully explained by 

K'un-lun. Most of the routes were followed Major Mason in Appendix 9, the positions 

on both the second and third expeditions of the triangulated points from those near 

with slight variations. Toghrak-chap (13.3) eastwards have been 

The delineation of the mountainous shown in the map wit11 longitude values 

Here as in other parts of this ancient delta their coornes, even where partially filled by drift-snnd 

the direction of the old river-beds has been indicated or cut up by wind-eros~on. As the mnp shows, the 

by rows of symbols for dead trees. 'I'hese, once general direction of these beds sonth of the Lon-lan 

growing on the banke of these beds, invariably mark dte ie approximately from N.W. to S.E.


romewhat in excess of the true ones. This 

easterly shift increases from about 1 minute 

in the case of the Toghrak-chap base stations 

to about 5' 10" in that of Peak 1/75 E 

(13,170; D. 2), the easternmost, of the t,rian- 

gulated points. For the correct longitudes, 

see Appendix A ( Sheets 75 A, B, E, F ). 

The longitude adopted for Charklilik 

(88' 2' 10") is the mean between Dr. Hedin's 

value and that sliown by R.B. Liil Singll's 

plane-table work (8B0 1'). The longitudes 

topograpl~y of the Lop territory, which during 

the first centuries before and after ~hri8t 

included also 'Lou-IanJ, has heen fully dis- 

cussed in Se~.india, i. pp. 318 sqq. ; for that of 

the two small oases, Charkhlik and Mirtin, 

the only p1:rces of permanent occupation in 

modern times, cf. idid. pp. 310 sqq., 

326 sqq. l6 

Both . these small cultivated patches 

occupy ground where the wide gravel 'Sai' 

descending from the foot of the mountains 

meets the southern edgc of the belt of desert 

adopted for Mirin ant1 Abdal are derived 

from traverses connected with triangulated vegetat,ion which accompanies the Tirim 

points at the debouchure of the Mirin river. river and its tributary, the Charchan-daryi. 

The routes leading to the Lou-Ian Site and The junction of the two 11es in tl~e area 

Tikenlik are adjusted on the positions adopt- marked by the lakes and marshes south of 

ed for these places, and that along the the fisl~in~ hamlet of Lop (A.2). Apart 

southern shore of Lop-nor on the position from these two zones, the sheet shoxvs in the 

of Kum-kuduk (see Sheet No. 32). Bcsidcs north a dune-covered portion of the Lop 

the latitude observations shon.11 below, a desert, and in the north-east the western 

n~imber of others along the 'ririm river extremity of the great salt-encrusted bed of 

were used from Dr. Hedin's worli. the dried-up Lop sea. 

Descriptive accounts of the routesfolIo\\.- Cor~~ectio~~s. A.3. Koy~inlal, Bished 

by me in 1906-07 and of the arcllaeo- koyumal should be printed red. 

loKically important ground near Miriin are C.2. The latitude station symbol to be 

give~r in Desert Cathay, i. pp. 343 sqq., 427 shown against Donglik (C. 142 ; C. 2) and 

sqq., 4.38 sqq., 503 sqq. - - 

The l~istorical to be removed from Mirin Fort (B. 2). 

AstronomicaZly observed latitrtdes. 

1906-08 Donglik, Camp 142 (near spring; C. 2) ... 

1913-15 Charkhlik, Camp 20 (Beg's house; N. of Biizir; A. 2) 

... 

... 

39O 22' 51" 

39O 1' 35" 

Toghr+k-chap, Camp 22 (E. end of base, on E. bank of N~lllah ; 

B. 3) ... . . . . . . ... ... 5S057' 9" 

Camp 24, S. of Itfiran (on east bank of bfirtin river; B. 2) ... 39" 12' 12" 

Khunugu, Camp 27 (on east bank of river ; L). 2) . . . ... 39°10'2~" 

Mirin, Camp 63 (within hamlet; B. 2) ... ... 39' 15' 54" 

XOTES ON SHEET No. 31 (PICHAN, CHIK-TAM) 

The surveys represented in this sheet 

lay partly along both slopes of the T'ien-shan 

and partly in the westernmost portion of the 

Turfiin basin (Pichan) and the desert pla- 

teaus to the east and south of it. l17ith the 

exception of the Iiigh-road from Himi to 

Turfln followed in 1907, all the routes 

surveyed belong to 1914-15. 

For the work s1ion.n north of latitude 

" The enrly Chinese record discnsced in lhe last 

qnoted passage is of special geographical interest for 

tbe st, cnlled 'Lop-nirr problem ', as it concloxively 

proves thttt at the very period when the ancient 

J.on-Inn territory ill the north still received water from 

the Knrok-dnryi, there existed a terminal lake of the 

Tirim in a position correspollding to the present 

Lop.n6r, rerte Kara.koshuo marshes. 

42' 30', the positions adopted for Turfin, 

Himi and Barkul served as base-points. In 

adjnsting the traverses between them, use 

mas made of the latitude observations shown 

below. The satisfactory character of the 

resrilt is borne out by the close agreement 

wit11 values astronomically determined by 

Dr. Vaillant in 1908 for two points on the 

Turffin-Hiimi high-road. '7 The small portion 

I7 See LR RLographie, 1921, XIXI. p. 499. Dr. 

Vaillant'y chrouornet,ric longitude for Pichan (position 

(not recorded) is 90- i', 4 ngaiost 90' 8'30'' of 

our Pichan Cam? 265, rhe latitude also agreeing 

within loss than a minote. At Ch'ii-ko-loo, Camp 

261 (I). 2) the lafitodes are also identical, while Dr. 

Vaillant's loogitode (9lo6i', 6) exceeds that shorn 

on the map by oolj .boot S minntes.

86 NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL Mill' SIiEETS [Chap. IV 

of R. B. Lril Singh's route in the sont11- nl~iel~ catch the subsoil drainage from tile 

n-esteru corner of t.he sl~ret is adjusted 011 elevateil portion of the eastern T'icn-shan. 

.the positions of Altn~ish-bolak, its starting To tlrr eaat of' the meritlian of Chik-tam the 

point, rind of Turffin. 

creht-line of the range fallsconsiderablg,and 

This ronte at l)onglik, near its northern the n~oistnre it receives is even on the norend 

(A. S), st,rack an old desert track fro111 thern slope too scanty to permit of cultivathe 

tern~inal basin of t.he I-Iinii rivc.r, once tion in more than a few small patches (see 

used by 1111ut,ers of wild camels before certain B-D. 1). It is only to the west of that 

salt spriugs along it hat1 co~~~l>letelp dried meridian that conifer forest is found on the 

up. -1 niore northerl: ronte ~vl~ich 31. r~orthern face of the range, and a small 

&fuhan~~nacl Yakfib s11rvrjec1 fro111 the same village tract (Mu-li-ho, A. I) with some 

basin to Chik-tam (B-1). 2) has also becon~e grazing. 

in~~racticable to t,ratlic for the san~e reason. The sout11er11 slope of the range is far 

Apart from these tlesert ~llatraus in the Illore barren still, ant1 the passage of the 

so~~th, w11ich in their ut,ter barrenucss fully Cl~ir~ese higlrroad along its foot is made 

sharc t,l~e character of the c>astern Kuruk- ~~ossible only by rare springs and wells and 

tig11, there falls within tl~i!: sl~ert tlres~~iall some scanty vegetation fourrd in small baportion 

of the Turffin basin arour~d Piclian sins (l3-D. 2). Tl~e pass by which it crosses 

and Cl~ik-~;IIII. Like tl~c rest of the cultiva- from Ch'i-ku-chin= to the north of the 

ted area of the basin these oases owe their range is low enough to be practicable for 

irrigation al~iiost exclusively to IiirPees 

dsfronnnzicnl/!/ obse,.ced Infitrr~les. 

carts. 

1906-06. 1'11ng-yen-tzu, Camp '76.' (close to Chinese station; C. 2) . . . 4.30 ;?Y 10" 

Picl~an, Camp 265 (BPg's house above W. bank of river bed, circ. 

1 u ~~le irom to\\,o ; A. :?I) ... 42O 51' 56" 

1913-15. Jam-bulal;, C::trnl) 2J(i ( 1%. 1) ... ... . . . 43O 39' 16" 

Jojan-li5rCz, Ca111p 239 (village inn, 2 miles N.\Y, of Chi\(-tam 

post; B. 3) ... ... . . . ... 4,S0 1' IS" 

Tiigenien-tislr, Camp '771 (in patch of scrub; A. 4) .. . 42' 6' 13'' 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 32 (ANCIENT LOP LAKE BEDj 

With the exception of the caravan traclr 

leading along tlie soutlrern shore of the ancient 

salt-encrusted Lop sea bed wliicl~ had 

been followed before in 1907. all the surveys 

sho\vn in this slreet date from Iny third 

expedition. Tl~ose in tlie nortl~ern Iralf of 

the sheet belonq esclnsively to 11. B. La1 

Singli's worl; of tlre 11 inter of 1915, ml~ile 

most of those further sont,Ii were carried 

out by Miin .4friz-gul and myself. 

In the S.E. corner tlie po

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEET NO. 32 $9 

The aroa represented in this sheet com- of tlris Lop deeert route and the tt~[)ogrsphiprises 

two distinct regions. lu the north cal facts voneerning it, as elucidated in the 

thore extend tho low desert ranges and the course of our surveys, have been set forth in 

plateaus of tho Knruk-tigh ; irl tho south, Se~inditr, ii. pp. 553 scly. I(' 

the great salt-cncrusted basin occupied in The caravan track along the southern 

prehistoric times by the Lolj sea, together shore of the dried-U~J lake bed, is described 

with its desolate shores of bare gravel or in Deserl Cntbay, i. ~IJ. 520 sqq. lg'or a full 

clay. 130th regions are utterly lifeless, except account of the historical topography of thin 

for the occasional passaEe of wild camels. interesti~lg route, the fiamo which Hsiian- 

Their character is illustrated by the fact that tsang (.\.u. 645) and hlarco Pol0 followed, 

apart from the wells of Kum-kudnk there is see Serintlzo, Chapter xrv. see. i-iii (ii. pp. 

to be found no drinkable water in this vast 549 sclq.). A preliniinary report on my 

area, nor living vegetation, except in scanty explorations amoug the easternmost ruins of 

patches close to the rare salt springs in the the Lon-Ian territory (A. 3), and on the 

north antl in narrow strips along the sllores jonmey by which I traced the earliest Chinese 

of the great easter~~ bay of the ancient lakebed 

(C,D.4). '!' 

route from Tan-huang to Loo-Ian across the 

salt-encri~sted Lop lake bed, is contained in 

While the Kuruk-tigh region llere Grogroph. Jo~irrrul, 1916, slviii. p1). 126 

sho\vn has never known human life escept sqq. ; Geqqraplticul! Heriezo (New York), 

for rare visits of hunters in its western l~nrt, 1921, is. pp. 22 sqq. 

distinct historical interest is imparted to tlie Cori.ections. A. 1. Delete the latitude 

lake-basin by the fact that across its wastes statior~ symbol from Bir-atai-bulak, Camp 

of hard salt-crust antl alon: its equally 1t~1,ren 270. 

shores of gravel and wind-el,oded clay tllere C. 3. For Achchik-bulak the height 

led the route which froni the ~econd century 2270 (ancroid ; of 1913) ought to beadopted. 

B. c. onwards formed the earliest, and for a D. 4. For Iium-kuduk, Camp 52, the 

long time the chief, line of comn~unication height 2245, observed by mercurial barofrom 

China into the Tarim basin. The 

complete ' desiccation ' of the Lou-Ian terrimeter, 

ought to have been shown. Delete 

height 2750 (aneroid) at adjoining Camp 95 

tory some four centuries later finally closed and height 2730 (aneroid) at Camp 94. 

it to traffic. The Chinese historical notices 

Astrono~nicalZy observeil Iatit7ides. 

3913-15 Kauriik-bulak, Camp 88 (near spring; A. 2) 

Camp 92, southernmost Kurulr-tigh (D. 3) 

Palgan-bulak, Camp 260 (near spring ; A. 8) 

Camp 266, S. of Achi-tBgh (B. I ) ... 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 33 (LOWAZA, BASH-KuRGHBN) 

The two routes from which all the 

ground shown in this sheet was s~uveyed, are 

the only lines of communication now practicable 

between Tun-hoang and tlie Lop region. 

They mere followed both on tlre second and 

third espeditions, the latitude obserrations 

taken on the latter (see below) making it 

possible to lay down the route lines more 

correctly than before. The traverses of both 

routes are adjusted on the positions ad0~te.1 

for 1Iir;in and An-lrsi. In the case of the 

former place, it must be noted that reconsi- 

deration of R.B. La1 Singh's triangulation 

in 1921 brings its longitude about 2 minutes 

to the vest of the one shorrn in Sheet No. 

30. B 2. 

The route shown in the north-western 

portion of the sheet forms part of the old 

'"0 vegetntion of any kind, whether living or crossed some 120 miles of the snlt-encrnatecl sen-bed 

dead, wns met with by It. B. Lil Singh on his tire nnd its sborcs to Carup cvi on the sl~ore of the abovelong 

mnrches in the nnexplored Knrnk-tlgh between nnmed bay (D. 4). 

Camps 262-267. I mgself in Febrnnrj, 1914, left lo For detnils of the ancient topogrnphy of thin 

bel~ind the Inst. remains of dend vegetntio~l nenr tbe ronte ns trnced in the course of my surveys of 1914, 

ensternmost rain (L. J.) of ancient Lou-Inn (A.3), and 

(lid not come upon any living vegetation until 1 hnd 

cf. also Seriiidia, i. pp. 311 sq., 423 sqq.

90 NO'I'ISS ON INL)I\'IDITAL MAll SI11~:ETS [Chap. IV 

camvan t,rark a1011g the so~~tl~er~~ shore of -1.1s ; ii. 1'1'. 549, 629. 

the salt-eocrostetl bed of tllc Iiop sett. l?or 'I'he 1)ortion of the kltin-tfig11 act,tlally 

its descril~tion and its historici~l tol)ogral)lly, s~irv(syed tloes llvt apl)ear to reach the snowspe 

the relc~rrncc given above in the Notes linc :it ally 11oint a.lltl is clraracterized by 

on Sheet No. 3:'. 1s I I i s a c\trcnle aridity. The \vitlc glacis of gravel 

this 1)ortion of the ro11tr arc. silt, it is itst.tl and tletritus dcsccllcling from it to\varcls the 

by mlavnns only from nbont 1)ccrnlber to alcicnt JJop sea-bed is ovcrrnn in parts by 

earl!- ;\lwil, when the ice forli~etl nt those lriglr drift-sand and is even more barren t11a11 

slwillgsccan be ustit1 for the sul)l)ly of tiriiik- tlre range. l'lle occasional flood-vvnter from 

able \v;tter. At ot.ller senrolls the hill rolttc the ~riolllltains is absorbed on this glacis. 

alotrg the northnn slolies of the Xltin-tiiglt, BII~ t,lre scanty subsoil drainage tlius created 

an ensternmost extensicpn of the li'un-Inn, is probably accounts for the few salt, slwings 

alone available. 'I'l~ir rollte, too, is re~ldcretl aud adjoil~ing ~inrron' reed-beds to be found 

very dittic~llt by the rarit.y of springs and the along the well-tnarked shore-line of the saltextreme 

barrenness of the ground. Regard- encrilsted sea-bed at Lotvaza, KGshe-langza 

ins the historical topogral>liy of' this ronte, and l'auja (A-C. 1). 

mentioned in early Chiliese records and now Coricclio~ts. Replace height tipre IS90 

ktlo\vu to the Lop people as /tigl,-yo/, 'the at Lowaza, Camp 57, by 2037 (cf. Appenmoutltain 

route', see Seriurfitr, i. ~1). 320, 

Bsfro~ro,iti(~cr/[ ulsc~.rc,r/ latilrrr/es. 

dix 8). 

1bCO-08. Panja, Camp 1-17 (at eastern spring; C. 1 ) 

1913-35. Tiisll-kiil, Camp 33 (C. 2 ) . . . 

Lonnzn, CRIIII) 57 ( near spring; A. 1 ) 

NOTES ON SIIEET No. 34, (BARKIJL, HXMI) 

Of the serve!-s recorded in this sheet, 

those to the uortll of tlre T'ien-shan and a 

few to the sooth of it belong to the third 

expedition, while most of tlie work on the 

latter ground dates from the autumn of 1907. 

The traverse along the main caravan road 

through the IlAmi or Kumul oasis 

had two observed latitudes and was adjllstecl 

on the positiuns adopted for Picllan (see 

Sheet No. 31 ) and An-hsi ( No. 38). 

The location tlriis derived for the town 

thern foot of the T'ien-shan, the position of 

Barkul (B. 1) was fixed by adjustment of 

the traverses to Ku-ch4&ng-tzu and Turfan, 

corrected to its observed latitude; a further 

check for the longitude was supplied by the 

location of tlie Barltul-daman (D. 2) in the 

1906-OS survey. The longitude thus ac- 

cepted for Barliul (92' 51' 20") falls about 

4.' 40" to the west of tile one shon~n by the 

Russian maps. Tile indication of the snow- 

line at about 12,000 feet is necessarily con- 

of Hinii (C. Y ) agrees very close1.v in longi- jectural, since tllc range between the n~eri- 

tude (circ. 93' 26' ) n.itll that shown by the dians of Harkal and HGnli was sighted on 

Russian Trans-frontier map, but falls some both journeys at the close of October when 

8 minutes to the east of Mr. Clcment,i7s fresh snonT had already fallen as low as the 

value (93' 18' 16"). On the Barknl-daman jcirc. 9,200 ft.). 

other hand the position obtained in the same 

\\ray for Hoang-lung-kang, a small village 

on the highroad a short march to the southeast 

of I-IHmi, agrees almost esactly in 

longitude (93' 44' 40") as well as in 

latitude with that observed by Mr. Clementi. 

The traverse made by hf. l\lohammad YakGb 

from Toghucha (B. 2) to Pichan (Sheet No. 

31. A. 3), when adjusted from the latter 

place, was found to indicate for Toghucha 

, position closely agreeing with that of the 

former survey. 

On the route passing along the nor- 

A short acconnt of my stay at HImi 

and of the observations on arcl~~ological 

excursions thence made to the small oases of 

Ara-tam ( D. 3 ) and Lapclrok-Kara-diibe 

(B. 3) has been given in Ur.ve~/ CufArry, ti. 

pp. 342 sqq. Notwithstanding the limited 

extent of c~lltivable gronnd, Hsmi, owing to 

its position on what has since the first 

Chinese occupation of the district (A. u. 73) 

remained a main line of traffic between 

Kan-su and Chinese Turkistsn, has played 

an important part in China's political and 

comn~ercial relations wit11 Central Asia; its

Chap. IV ] NOTES ON SlIElYl' No. H-1. 9 I 

l~istorical tol~ogml~lry is fully rliscursctil ill tioll ill tlw f'ertilc: but nl~ritll o~heu scattered 

e?i1111iu, iii pp. I1 1.7 tiijq. along tl~e I'oot of' tlro gravel ~lacih from 

Tlre aroa conlprised irr the hl~eot fnlls Togl~~~el~a-Lal*1111k (II.3) to lloang-lunginto 

t\ro cli~natically ~rcll-delinctl r.egiorrs, liarig (I).:$) is possible ol~ly tlrr011g11 the use 

divided by the easternlnost extension of the of rmhsoil water (krrrr~-mrr) c.orrring to liglrt 

T'ien-shan. To tlie north of it stretclr the in the ~rsunlly dry flood-l~ctls. 

plateaus nod open valleys of Dxungaria l'lw latter all ter~ninate ill t .1~ {lraiiragewllere'tl~e 

amount of precipitatiou received less basin of tl~o Sllona-nor (il.S), found in 

maintains sufficient graziug for nonindic Novenrl~er, 1911,, completely clry as far as 

existence and in places facilitates cultivation M. Bl~~lramniacl Yaliirl~'s surrey extended. 

independent of irrigation. Owing to these To tire ~outll of tlre litle of oafies and the 

conditions Barkul has tlrrougl~out historical adjacrnt narrow belt of loess steppe with 

times played tlie part of a gate for nomadic desert vegetation, the utterly harreu Pei-shan 

invasions threatening the extrcbme north- 'Gobi' stretches its stony or gravel wastes. 

west of China. Currcclio~t.~. A. 3. Omit the latitude 

While on the northern slc~pesof the snowy obserratio~~ sy111b01 at Oda-nor. 

part of the range, known here as Bnrkul- 15. 1 111 the environs of Lake Barkul 

tigh, - conifer forest is abundant iA,B.I, C, 

D.2), the soutlrern side of tlle range ant1 the 

much difficulty was experienced in distinguisl~irt:. 

real mars11 areas from sandy g~ound 

wide gla.-is of piedmont gravel aloug its foot with vogrtation ullder temporary inundaare 

extremely arid. Leaving aside the small tion. 

patches of cultivation to be found in the 1). 3. 'l'he naine of :II.N-/IIII/ uear ~I~~IIB 

narrow and deep-cut valleys of tlle Karlik- sliould l~e printed red. 

tigh eastieards (D.2,3), most of tl~e cultiva- 

Aslrono~?~ically obarrt~e~i lrttilrcdes. 

1906-08. Himi, Camp 252 (Beg's garden near W. bank of river-led outside 

town ; C. 3) ... ... ... ... 42O 48' 44" 

Taranchi, Camp 259 (field north of hamlet; B. 3) ... ... 53' 6' 33' 

1913-15. Barkul, Camp 236 (temple beyond N.W. corner of Chinese town; 

B. 1) ... ... ... ... 43' 36' 29" 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 35. (SU-LO-HO L)ELTA) 

The surveyed part of this sheet shoms ~ - 

the ground along the eastern portion of tlre 

1906-08 map ; bat account must be taken 

also of the correction, already referred to 

desert route from the Lop region to Tun- under Sheet No. 30, which the reconsiderhuang, 

together with the geographically and ation of the triangnlatiol~ of 1913 indicates 

archsologically interesting area containing for tlle position of JIirlu. Owing to prothe 

terminal course and mars11 basin of tlie longed esl~lorntior~s along the ancient 

So-lo-ho. The caravan track leading from Chinese L~III~,~, con~paratirely numerous lati- 

Tun-huang to the southern shore OF the t,ude observations {rere available for the 

dried-up Lop sea bed was followed lot-11 in gronncl near the terminal course of the 

1007 and 19 1-I., while the nuinerous detailed Su-lo-110. 

surveys to the north and soutll of it were In view ui' the special geographical 

also made on the second and third espedi- interest wl~icli, as stated above, pp. 30 sq., 

tions. attaches to the well-defined valley stretching 

In eon~pilation the several traverses clown from near Besll-toghrak to the easternalong 

the desert track were fitted upon tlie most hay-like extension of the dried-up Lop 

positions adopted for Miran and An-hsi. The sea bed, a line of exact levelling was carried 

longitude values of Besh-toghrak, as deriv- from a point north of Kom-ltoduk, marked 

ed thus from the route from Mirin, and as by C. XCYIII (Sheet No. 32. D. 4), to the 

obtained from the traverse from BItmish- western edge of the ancient lacustrine basin 

bulak agreed within a few minutes. The showing strings of 3fe~as and wet sand to 

mean adopted between them, circ. 92- 46' the east of Besh-toghrak (B. 3). The 

40", falls short by only two minutes of the heights shown along this line of levelling 

longitude shown in Sheet No. 70 of the agaiust Camps X~VIII-CII, as well as the

92 NOTES ON INDIYIDUAL MAl' SIIISETS [Chap. IV 

height 2,391 for the western etlge clC that To tho north of tho marshy depression (13,C. 

basin, are derived from t.his Irvellil~g oper- 4) ill whir11 t,lle present bed of the river ends, 

stiorl. The l~eifilit of 13f.rl1-togl1ral; (2,340), nre Itnve otlror branches, now dry, of an 

obtnined as t,he lnenn of several obsrr\.:ttions, ancient. delta descending illto an earlier ternliwas 

accepted as ciatu~n 11oirlt. '1'11t. record nal basin ; the lacustrine cliaracter of this 

of levels, as s1101vn in Al)llt*ndix C, proves R is clearly market1 by its strings of Mesas. ?I 

continuously descending slope from the an- I~n~netliatoly to tlro west of this basin, 

cient lac~lstrine basin to tile dried-1111 Lop the ' Su-10-110 trouglr' is co~ltinued in the 

sea bed. previously mentioned valley leadtng don111 

A descriptive account ol' the ground from Bbsh-togllrak to the eastern bay of tlle 

along - the caravan track, as seen on rny first 

passage, is given in Bc.sr.rt CltAr~y, I. 111). 626 

dried-up Lo11 sea bed. There is evidence 

supporting 6Ite belief that tlrrougl~ this norqq.; 

ii. 111). 1 qtl.. a1111 a s1t11111ar~ of its tllern basin the So-lo-110 drainage reached 

cllaracteri~tic features in St,rc~~diir, ii. PI). 

569 sqq.; ef. also Gc~qr. Josr~rnl, 191 6, slviii. 

the ancient Lo]) sea nntil a recent geological 

period ': It is probable also that perco- 

1lp. 129 q. The topography of the ground latiorr froln it, even witlrin historical times, 

sonth of the So-lo-110, along the ;~ncie~~t Irelpetl to facilitate the use of the Bkh- 

Chinese border line or Li~t~rs (C,D.-I), ancl of tngllrak valley for t.11e early Chinese route 

that on its western flank n11ich the (e~minal to~vards Lou-Ian. It certainly accounts for 

mars11 basin of the So-10-110 served to protect the desert vegetation t,o be found today in 

(C.4), has been touchecl upon pnssig~/ iu the this valley, notwithstanding the utter baraccount 

given of my fruitful arch;eological renness of the Kurulc-tsgh on one side of it, 

esplo~at~ot~s on this Linles portiot~, In Besert and of the Iri~lt I lclges of drift-sand on the 

Cafhcry, ii. pp. 92-158. Thc l~llysiral cha- other. 

racter and l~istorical topogral)lty of the Along the Su-lo-110 course and the line 

along the several sectiuus of the of spring-fed marshes which accompany it, 

Limes has heen discussed in the detailed such vegetation is abundant. But the conrecord 

of those erltlorntions, in Sel.i~/rlia, ii. figuration of the gronnd preclodes irrigation, 

Chapters XYII-XIX; see io particolar pp. 633 and the evidence of the plentiful documents 

sqq., 656 sq., 662 sqq., 693 sqq., 705 sqq. recovered from the rnined match-stations of 

There frequent reference has been also made the Limes makes it certain that already in 

to the evidence furnislled by the ancient ancient tinies no cultivation existed along 

reniains and records regarding the physical this desolate border-line. 

condit,ions, water levels, etc., prevailing here Correcliog~s. A. 4. R. B. LB1 Siogh's 

during the first centuries before and after Camps 50 and 51 of 1913 should be shown 

Christ. eirc. 6 miles S.W. of Kosh-kucluk and circ. 

Though limited in extent and fairly 7 miles S.W. of Ya~itak-kitduk, respectively. 

uniform in cl~aracter, the sorveyed area of Against Camp 50 of 1913 sl~ould-be added 

this sheet possesses special geographical the height 2,500. 

interest. It comprises the wide trough of 0. 4.. The height of Togllrak-bulak 

the terminal course of the Su-lo-110, separating 

the southernmost Kuruk-tigh from the 

gravel glacis of the easternmost Altin-tiigh. 

should be corl.ected into 2,837 (see Appendix 

B) . 

Aatrononlically obserrecl lalitlrtlrs. 

1906-08. BBsh-toghrak, Camp 152 (at well; B. 4) ... 40° 29' 41" 

Toghrak-bolak, Camp 164 (on left bank of river bed ; C. 4.) 40° 19' 35" 

lo' It muat, however, be noted that the mercnrlnl 

baromeler ohserration taken in 1913 indicntrd for 

Birh.toghrak n height of 2,010. ft. only; cf. belorv 

Appendix B. 

Exactly correspood~ng strings of Mesw are 

foond at the end of the nnrros plntean-tongues jot- 

ting out into the actnal terminal bnein of the So-lo-ho 

(0. 4). as correctly ahown in the ' Detailed Mnp of 

the ancient Chinese Limes ', 3 miles :o 1 inch, in I'lnn 

33 of Rerindin. vol. iii. 

I regret. thnt the representntion of this fentore, 

chnractcrifitic nlso of orher laclistrine bnsios nlong the 

Su-lo-bo, e. g., the Kborn-n6r and thc lagoons below 

it (Sheet No. 38. A. 4), has been omitted in the smnll- 

scale mnp. The origin of tbesc Means bas been ex- 

plnined in Serindia, ii. pp. 576, 689, 642. 

See Seril~dia, ii. pp. 561 sq.


Cam]) 172, Ru-lo-110 tcrn~ir~al basin (at spri~~g, S, of ruin 

T. vr. b ; C. 4.) . . . . . . . . . ... .lo0 8' 16'' 

1913-15. Cnnrl) 46, Cl~ong-kiil (at fiprings, S. of lake, 11'. of ruin T. XI ; 1). .I.) 40° 19' 69'' 

Camp 51, S.\V. of Ya~~t,ak-kutluk (at well, same as C. 150; A. 4.) 40° 18' 25" 

Su-lo-ho basin, 9 miles 9.1V. ol' Can111 102 (east of sand-ridge; B.4) 

I! 1 ogl~rak-Lulak, Cam11 103 (;~bove left. bank of river bed ; C. 4) . . . 

40' 13' 14" 

40' 19' 26" 

NOTISS ON SlI1':ET No. 36 (EI-IAN;\~~~BAIJ OR BXI\MRAR) 

The outcrn~ost ranges of the Altin-tlqIl vations of 1913 at Khanambal (C. 2) and 

and their glacis totvartls tl~e Su-lo-ho tern~i- SII-mu-tgou'(T).l) l~ave proved tl~e latitudes 

rial basin, shown i ~ this r sheet, wcre surveyrd slio\vn for theso places ill Sheet SO. 75 of 

mainly frorn- the /ci!/h-yul or 'l~ill route' the Se/.iudia map as correct within about 

connecti~~g rl'~~n-l~ua~~~ \vitl~ the Lop region a rnin~~te. 

&nd already mentio11c.d above (Sl~eet Nri. 33). References regartling the historical 

This was follo\ved Ly Rni Rim Sing11 iri topography of the 'llill route' hare hecan given 

1907 and again by H. 13. Lil Singh ill 1913. ill the Sotes on St~ert, No. JJ. The ranze 

The belt ol high sand-ridges fringing the along \ul~icli it Irads is exreedin& barren 

southern edge of tile glacis was ~.eaclled by also in this srrtion ; but some modest orazreconnaiss~nces 

i'rorn the termination of the i ~ ~ is g fonnd at Khanambal, a minter 

ancie~~t Cl~it~ese L~I/I/,.S it1 l!lOi. The tra- campill: grot~nd of Mongols, and at Khalasverses 

alol~g the 'Ilill route' have been tai, wllile a little patch of cultivation exists 

adjusted on the positions adopted for Miran at SII-mu-t'ou, occupietl by a rotlple of 

and Nan-1111 (Sheet So. 39). The obser- Chinese families. 

As/ronot~~ica//y nh.sr~t./,d Ialif tr~lm. 

39'13-15. Khanambal, Camp 33 ( north bank of river-bed ; C. 3 I 

Su-mu-t'oa, (:amp 42 (N. end of cultivation; D. 1 ) ... 

:%go 15' 36" 

39O 4.9' 32" 

NOTISS ON SHEET No. 37 (KARLIK-TKGH) 

This sheet shows the surreys made along 

t,he Karlik-tigh, the eastern extremity of 

the T'ien-slian range, and those carried towards 

it from the south-west across the 

northernmost Pei-shan desert. \t'it,l~ the 

exception of the caravan road from An-hsi 

to Himi and some routes in 1907 on the 

fiouthrrn slopes of the si~owy portion of the 

Karlik-tigh, all belong to the third expedition. 

The positions accepted for Barlrul, Hami, 

An-hsi and So-c11ou in adjoining sheets have 

served for the adjustment of the several 

traverses, besides the latitude observations 

noted below. For two points on the Hsmi- 

An-hsi caravan road 1at.itude and clrronometrically 

obtained longitude values of other 

t,ravellers are available for control. Dr. 

Vaillaut's position of Yen-tun ( A. 1 ), 

42O 211',6 lat., 94' 4',9 long., agrees closely 

in latitude with that shown in the map, 

while his longitude is about 2 minutes less 

than on the map. At K'u-shui ( R. 4 ) Mr. 

Clementi's observed latitude is the same, but 

his lon:~tude value, 94' 26' 25", is exceeded 

by fully 8 minutes on the map; this differ- 

ence confornis to that already noted as 

regarcls H;imi ( see n~rh Sheet No. 34 ). 

It is satisfackory to note that 31. Mu- 

11ammad Yakfib's traverse from ;\Iin,a-shui 

( No. 40. A. 1 ) to Tlsli-hulak (ti. 3) shows 

between his Camps c1:iI and cr.xrv very close 

agreement with the careful route survey 

carried by Professor I(. Fotterrr over the 

sdme ground. ?' 

The approximate snow-line shown on 

the 12,000 ft. contour is necessarilv con- 

jectural, the range 11sving been surveyed 

23 See nr. Hassenstein's map (1 : 500,000) in fame depression as Mu-t'on-cliing (I). 4), hnt some 

Fot:crer, Qeogmphischr Skizre drr lfiirte Qobi, Peter- lirs'e distance to the sooth. 

mmu's Wittheilungen, Ergiinzungsheft So. 189 1 may note thnt the Chinese local names which 

(1902). Prof. F. 's Utun-osrii corresponds to 7I-a. Jinhnmmad Yakib heard from his guide along tbir 

f'ung-oo-tru (C. 4), while his UIan.d?.lsehunt~, where route conld not be checked from any record in 

hie route diverged to the south, lies probablp in tbe Chinese chnrnctcrs.

9 1. NOTES ON INI)IVlI)IJAL X1.11' SHI

Chap. IV] NOTI1:S ON SI-IEET No. 38 9 3 

shown for Tun-buang, !#do 4,7', is itsolf 

affected by the erroneous adjustment of 

H. B. Li1 Singh's triangulation which, as 

explained above untler Sheet No. 30, brought 

the easternmost triangulated point on the 

Mirkn-Tun-huarrg route by 5' 10" too far 

to the east, it is possible that the longitude 

value adopted for An-lisi is also somewhat 

overestirnated. This suspicion is borne 

out by Mr. Clement~'~ clrror~ometrie longitude 

value for An-hsi, whic11 is !J5O 4.7' 2O.(iU, 

and by Dr. Vaillant's values for TUII-hoang 

and Hung-liu-yiian (D, %), N.W. of An-hsi, 

each derived from observation of two lunar 

occultations. These are 9Jv 36',5 and '35' 

23',7 against ci~c. 9-lo 57' and 95' 33' respectively 

in our sheet. "' 

Roborovsky's observations at l'un-l~uang 

(Sha-chou), based on cl~ronometrie values 

and taken mitli special care, indicate for his 

station (a s110rt distance from the town and 

almost due N. of it) the longitude of 94O 

~1.2' 2-1.''. "' This agrees very closely with 

tlre positiou derived from our surveys and 

shown in this sheet, 9 4.' 4,7', if allowance is 

made for the correction of - 5' 10" which, as 

just mentioned, has to be made in the longit~~de 

of tlie easternmost triangulated point 

near the h1ir;in-Tun-hoang route. 

It deserves to be further nnted that the 

plotting of available traverses from the Tibet 

side brings An-hsi to a longitude of about 

9;' 52', and that the Hussian 'I'rans-frontier 

nlap sliows one of approximately 9j0 58'. 

The various routes radiating from Tun-huang 

and An-hsi are controlled by the comparatively 

large number of latitude observations 

recorded below. 

Regarding the historical topography of 

the An-hsi-Himi 'highroad', see the references 

given above for Sheet No. 37. The 

geogr:rphical features of the lower Su-lo-ho 

basin have been fully d~scussed in Scrintl~o, 

ii. pp. 578 sqq., with special reference to the 

natural line of defence oft'ered by the Su-loho 

for the earllest Chinese road into tlie 

Tsrim basin past Lou-Ian. There, too, 1 

?4 Cf. La (l'c~~qrnpd~e, rxxv (1921). p. 1!l9. The 

~mcertalnty illherent to all astronou~ical Ioitgitude 

obserratio'ls under ordinnrp travei co~sditioi~s is iilustrated 

by the fact that the same observer's list shows 

for Ch'ion-€0-tung (B.4) n lot~giti~de of !l6' (i' which 18 

quite iri.econcilable wit11 the po8itiou of this place 

relat.ive to TUII-huang, the longitude ditterence indicated 

be~ng at least LO', if ndt Inore, in uxcens of the 

have iodicatc~d tho importance1 of thi: large 

oasis of Tun-liuang with regard to t liis row1 

and tho irrigation facilitien it derivw fro111 

its situation on the alluvial fan of tlie 'l'anxho, 

the largest tributary of the Su-lo-ho. 

For descriptions of the de~crt bi,ll., both 

marsh-edged and gravel 'Sai', exte~rdin:: 

along tlie Su-lo-ho from tlre Khara-rritr lake 

towards tlre cc~ltivati-il area of hn-lisi, and 

followed by the line of tl~c ancient Chinese 

/,iaeu, see DI'RP~I C,II//I!)/, ii. 1~1). 5 sqq., 40 

sqq., 1:31 sqil.; for tlre oases of TIIII-~I~~~~; 

and An-l~si, and the important sacred site of 

the 'Thousand Suildhas' !'ear the former, see 

;bill, ii. pp. 10 sqq., 159 sqq., 235 sq11 The 

topography aid remains of tlre Lim~~.t seetiorrs 

fallirig \vithin this sheet are t.reated in 

S~ri71(/;a, ii. 111). 585 sqy., i I7 s(jy.; iii. pp. 

10x9 sqq. 

Within the area of tlre rtiret we distinguish 

tlirre well-t~larlied zones. In the north 

tlre surveyed route towards Mimi, first oprned 

by tlre Chinese in A.D. 7:) and since then a 

main line for China's Central-Asian expan- 

sion, crosses in succession the much-decayed 

hill ranges of the Central Pei-shan. Those 

shown on the map between the statio~~s Slrach'iian-tzu 

(B.1) and Pi-ting-tzu (D.3) are 

manifestly connected with the fire Pei-sl~an 

ranges distinguished by Professor k'utterer's 

very careful topographical and geological 

survey alonq his more easterly route from 

near Mu-t'ou-ching (No. 37. D. 4) to near 

the Su-lo-ho bend (No. 10.B.4). ?j On both 

routes water and scanty crazing can be found 

only in a few isolated depressions of tlie 

broad desert valleys separating those ranges. 

The low southernmost range of the Peishan 

tonrards the west seems to merge in an 

outl~er of the Kurok-tigh (A,B.S). Between 

it nr~d the foothills of the Nan-slian in 

the south extends tlie trough of the lower 

Su-lo-ho valley. The portion lying to the 

west of Tun-lruang entirely sl~ares the character 

of t,lie delta and terminal basin of the 

Su-lo-ho, as shown in Sheet No. 86. C,D.S. 

Tile abundant supply of watrr provided 

real one. 

"' bee ScienttJic h'esults of Hoboros~ky's Etprdi- 

t,on (Russian), Astronomical Observations, p. 7; also 

his map, scale PO versts to 1 inch. 

'' See Fritterer, Qeograph. Skirze dm Wests 

Gohi, in Petermanu's h!ittheiluo,oen, Erginzungsheft 

No. 139, pp. 11-22 and map.

9 6 NOTES ON INI)IYIDU:1L AI1\P SHISETS Chap. IV] 

by tlre Tang-110 for irrigntioi~ on its allt~vial 

fan ncroants for tl~e fertile oasis of Tun- 

11ua11~. Tlre local resollrces of this \vester~~lnoat. 

ontport of China 1,rol)cr were of special 

iniporta~~ce during the early periotl when tlre 

Loptlrsert route, protrrteci in I,a~.'t by the 

r 1 I on-1111ang /,~'I/I~..V. served as tlre clrief line of 

trattic ir~to Central i\si:c. E:ist of Tun-lruang 

tile Hat lotton1 of t,he Su-lo-110 valley 

narrows, ant1 at. tlrc, starting point of the 

H;?III~ road it i occl~pietl for tlre ~rrost part 

by the c~~lti\.atio~~ of AII-l~si, tllc ancie~lt. 

, S ~ ~ - c ~ . The facilities Irere for irrigation 

by the Su-lo-lro are limited, and thns are 

also the extent and c~conornic i~rrl~ortatlce of 

tlre oasis. 

Finally in the south extend the utterly 

barren foothills of tlre Nan-s11a11. Tlre 

ontermost. chain, immetliately so11t,11 of 

Ton-lrira~~g, is co~llpletrly o\~erlairr 1)y lliglr 

ridges of drift-sand \vl~irl~ have given tlre 

town its later name of Shrr-c-ho~r, ‘the Cit,y 

of Sa~rds'. Ilelri~rd tlris o~lt,rr Ilill-chai~l a 

wide ~llateau, mostly bare gravel \vaste, 

slopes up totvards the well-tlelirlcd second 

low iaoge (D. 4) \vithin which lies tlre small 

oasis of Tun?-pa-t'u. The T'a-sllili river 

comi~rg from the snowy range further s0ut.h 

has cut its way tlrl.onglr both outer chaiirs in 

deep narrow gorges. 

Cor,v,c*/;o~~s. 11. -1.. ;\tltl ancient wallliue 

between towers '1'. XXII b ant1 T. XXII c 

ant1 eastwards to lake-shore. 

B. -1.. Add syrnbol of astrononrical latitutlr 

station at Ch'ian-fo-to~rg. 

A,sfronomica/(y obsc~rrerl la /if trdcs. 

1!306-08. Tun-1111ang town. Canip 159 (garden about I mile S. of South 

gate; l3. 4 ) ... ... 

... ... 

Ruined match-toner, T. sxvrrr, ancient I.ii)zes, Camp 1G4 (C. 4.). .. 

C'h'ien-fo-tung, Camp 178 ( monks' quarters near S. end of caves; 

see Scri~~lirr, iii. Plan 40; B. 4) ... 

Kua-chon-k'oa, Camp 181 ( near stat.ion ; D. 4 ) ... ... 

An-llsi, Caml) 182 ( house near temple circ. 1 mile S.W. of Tl'est 

gate; D. 3 ) ... ... ... 

Ma-lien-ching-tzu, Camp 245 ( near rest-house ; C. 1 ) 

1913-15. Camp 107, about 9 miles to E. of camp (B. 3 ) ... . . , 

Tun-huang town, Camp 110 (garden about 3 mile ontsidr 15. 

gate; U. 4) ... ... ... ... 

1211-hsi, Camp 120 (temple circ. 1 mile S.W. of West gate; D. 3 ) 

The surveyed area of this sheet shows 

a portion of the extreme western end of the 

Nau-shan system and possibly its junction 

with the Altin-ttlgl~. Of the ~norphological 

connection between tile two I ant unable to 

form any definite view. The ground around 

the small oasis of Nan-bu (A. 1 ) was explored 

by me in 1907 and the 11igh plateau 

above Sliih-pao-ch'sng ( D. 1 ) visited in the 

same year. The survey of the intermediate 

area was made by R. B. Li1 Sing11 in 1914. 

A description of the Nan-IIU oasis, which 

is of some antiquarian and historical interest 

as marking tlre position of tile ' Ynwy barrier' 

of tlie aicient Chinese border-line, is 

given in Besol Call/ny, ii. pp. 7 1 sqq. The 

hibtorical topography and physical features 

of this ground have bren fully treated in 

S~n'ndia, ii. pp. G 11 sqq. 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 39 (NAN-HU) 

The positions adopted for Tun-huang 

and An-hsi in Sheet No. 38 anrl the adjusted 

traverse of the Iciyh-yol from 3lirin to the 

former place served as a basis for the compi- 

lation of the plane-table work. Resides the 

observed latitude of Nan-hu, the astronomi- 

cal values for Ch6ien-fo-tung ( No. 38. B. 4 ) 

and Shih-pao-clr'Gng ( No. 41. A. 1 ), places 

falling just ontside this sheet, offered a useful 

check. 

The deep-cut., and for a considerable 

distance wl~olly inaccessible, valley of the 

Tang-110 or Tnn-huang river divides the sur- 

veyed area into two portions, both closely 

allied i11 cl~aracter. In the western one the 

great gravel glacis holds a basin with fertile 

loess soil, and irrigatdion supplied mainly by 

subsoil drainage permits limited cultivatior~ 

here under conditions closely resembling

Chap. IV] NOTISS ON SHEET No. 30 97 

those of the small 0nsc.s bc~low the glacis of beyond among the Central Karl-sl~an rangen. 

the K'un-lun east of' Khotan. 'Po the I

S NO'I'ES ON INDI\'IDU.\L AIAP SIIEISTS [Chap. IV 

(.I. I ) to the south of Lo-t'o-cl~i~~g (1). 3), 

nl1pe:ws to corrcsl~o~~il in position nntl con- 

1igur:tlion to the lirst four rirnges of the 

I'ei-slrnn, d~scri1)ril 111ap1)ed 1)). Proft~ssor 

l.'r~ttrrrr or1 his route fronr \vest. of 3Iiugslrui 

to tlie Su-10-110 ])end. -" 

J~tst as is the c:lse on t.llis far more 

\\-esterl!. rot~t~, tlle S'COII~ a11d tl~ird of t,he 

r:lui,'es, eei~ro~~ritered by 11s 11ort 11 of (lamps 

"I:! and 209 reaj~eetively (U. 2, C. 3), showed 

lhc Irigl~est 1:aas-levels, b11t \vitlroot arrv 

~tril;ingly great elevntioils aboveeither pass. 'q 

TYl~ereas, ho\vever, on l'rof. 12utterer's routeline 

the \vide ralleys or plateans sepa~ating 

the ranges all seem to tlescend gently \vestnfnrd, 

those crossed by ollr ror~te invariably 

al~l'eared to have their drainage to the east 

or north-east, i.~,., in the direction of the 

Etsin-go1 valley and basin. The chain of 

lor hills shotrn on our map extending n0rt.h 

of the Su-10-110 bend and the Hun-lrai-t,zu 

depression, and an easterly coiltinuat,ion 

crossed by our routes from Mao-mei (Sheet 

No. 42. l3, C. 3), evidently represent the 

fifth and soothern~nost Pei-shan range. 

The zone in tlle southern part of tlle 

sheet shows several geographically interesting 

features. In the west we have the head 

of the lower Su-lo-ho valley, below the 

river's debouchnre from the mountains. 

Further down (A. 4) its bed is hemmed in 

by a well-marked defile between the bold 

\17ang-shan-tzu ridge, representing the eastern 

extremity of the outermost Nan-sban 

chain on the south, and a flat, spur of the 

~outhernmost Pei-shan range on the north. 

Into the basin-like head of the lower Sulo-ho 

valley thus formed, there slopes down 

the almost imperceptible watershed, dividing 

it from the plateau between the two outer hill 

chains of the Nan-shan, which contalns the 

small oases of T'a-shih and Ch'iao-tzu (A. 5). 

The latter derives its irrigation from spriugs, 

9 See above p. 95, note 26. 

6ee Fritterer, Lac. cit., p. 17. The highest 

po~ut of Pntterer's route, reached ou the pass ot his 

third range was 2,130 metres or 6,988 feet. This correrponds 

almost exactly to the elevation of our 

pass, 7,010 feet, acroas the Ma-tann-ahan (C. 3), the 

third range fron~ the north. 

a9 Cf. Serindia, iii. pp. 1100 sqq. 

" See above pp. 32. 60. Prof. Fntterer's above 

quoted paper, Oeo.qra)~h. Skizze der Wiisfe Qobi, p. 24, 

mentions that the Chinese ' Wn-chang Map ', dating 

from the 17th century, shows a long-stretched lake or 

mareh bed Lo the north of the Gu-lo-ho bmd, extend- 

and the exist,rnce of a large ruined site above 

tl~cse, at the foot of a gr:~vcl glncis sloping 

dow11 from the or~ter NILII-SIIXII range to the 

soatl~, I~ere offers clear e\.itlcnce of desiccation 

within historical timrs. ?" IVllether 

this outer m~~ge, tlre secontl from the north, 

II:IS a traceable continuation eastn,nrd on the 

wide gravel plaris sloping I I tomards ~ the 

SII-lo-110 debo~~churr reniaios do~~btfol. 

'l'lre oasis of l'ii-m6n-hs~en (C. 5) derives 

its narlle from tlre ancient. ' Jade Gate ' 

(I'I~-IIIPI/) of the Li,//cs, originallv situated 

in Wan times far to t,l~e west of Tun-haang 

( No. 36. n. 4 ). Its cultivation stretches 

down to the ~leighbourhood of a practically 

level flat of scrubby, and in parts boggy, 

ground dividing the Su-lo-ho valley from 

the Hun-hai-tzu depression eastmards. This 

peculiar feature accounts for the curious 

bifurcation previously mentioned by which 

the Su-lo-110, partly throng11 irrigat,ion 

channels and partly t.hrol~,oh inundation in 

the season of floods, feeds a stream flowing 

past the hamlets of Shih-drh-tun and Sliihtun 

into the Hua-hai-tz11 basin. 30 

This last named basin (D. 5) is a drainageless 

area, bordered in the north by the 

foot of the outermost l'ei-shan range and in 

the sooth by a rugged hill-chain which 

trends to the south-east and attains its 

greatest height near Chia-gii-kuan west of 

Su-chou ( No. 43 A. 1 ). The relation of 

this hill-chain to the Ala-shan mountain 

system, of which it appears like an extreme 

western continuation, must remain for the 

jwesent doubtful. Apart from the stream 

below Yii-m&n-hsien there drain int,o the 

Iiua-hai-tzu basin the rivers of Ch'ili-chin 

and Po-yang-ho, coming from the Nan-shan 

and cutting through the hill chain just 

named in deep gorges. The subsoil drainage 

from the former gathers in springs below 

its alluvial fan and supplies irrigation to the 

ing also for a co~~siderable 

distance to the east. This 

extensive lake bas continued to he 8hou.n in modern 

maps, though its existence was rightly denied by 

Hnssiao tr;~vcllers. 

The question an to how far the Chinese carto- 

graphic representation can be accounted for by the 

boggy ground below Yii-men-hsien plus the basin of 

Hoa-hai-tsu most be left for examination elsewhere. 

The line followed by the remains of the ancient Limes, 

which I traced both to the east and north-west of 

Bhih-drh-tan, makes the existence here of an exten- 

live lnke during or since Han times highly improh- 

able.

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SIIISET No. 40 99 

s~nall oasis of Illla-hai-teu or l'ing-1)'an in at ('amlj IRC,. 

the centre of thc basin. C. 6. For .Y/,ilr-Prh-l'rt~r r~ncl o9hih-BrA- 

Co~rerliotrs. A. 5. Add name N'axrfo- 

A.vin in red against s~mbols of c:tve temples 

Inn. 

A.rBro~~owi~~a//y obnr,rr.c~l latil~~dm. 

1906-08. Cll'iao-tzu,

100 NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL MAP SHEE'L'S [Chap. IV 

gap left in our surveys on cither side of the south of Ch'ang-ma (l3.1) n~ial~t be taken 

middle So-lo-110 course (C, D. !2,Y), the exact for a link in the rl~ain. The To-lai-shan 

counection between the clearly drlined Nan- range may be traccd III the succession of 

elran ranges e.zstwards (see Sheet No. 53) high peaks our sheet sl~o\vs ns running to- 

and those in this slreet is more ditticult to wards the 'Chu-chia-sl~an' just north-west of 

trace. This qurstion of n~orphological Ch'nng-ma, this rhair~ itst.11' having its eonrelationslrip 

must be lefL for future expert tinudon in the dirertior~ of tile low but very 

investigation. I may I~owevei. record the clistinct range soutl~ of T'a-shih and Ch'iaoinnpressions 

derived from what. our surveys tzu (No. 4O.A.5). Finally it is tempting to 

in the outer ranges and t.hose of Koborovsky recognize the western extremity of theliichtand 

Kozloff along and south of the Su-lo-ho hofen Range, the northernn~ost of all, in the 

suggest. 

range which stretches from the T'u-ta-fan 

The latter sorreys made it appear highly pass (D.l) to the north-west,, the Yao-moprobable 

that the high snowy range in the shan and Tung-giieh-shan (C.1) being among 

south, called by Itussian esplorers after the its culminating points, and the Su-lo-ho 

great geologist, the late Professor Suess, has debouchure below Ch'ang-ma (No. 4,0.B.5) 

its coutinuation in tlre big range south of breaking through it. If this assumption is 

Ch'ang-ma (.%,B.1,0,) rising to peaks above justified the low hill-chain overlooking the 

19,000 and 80,000 feet and crossed by the lower Sa-lo-ho ralley from Wang-shan-tzu 

Ta-kung-ch'a pass. The nest range north- (So. 40.A.5) to Tun-11uang might well 

ward, called after the Emperor Alesander 111, prove the last western outlier of the same 

mau svell be connected wit11 the one irhich range. 

our route from the T'a-sl~ih river showed A(/rlitiot~. A. 1. T11e name ' T'a-sl~ih 

as striking xith an approximately west-east R.' sllorlld be s11on.n in blue along the riverbearing 

from near Shih-pao-c11'Cng (A. 1) ; the bed ljassi~~g Slrih-pao-c11'tn~. 

coi~spicuous massif of the Erh-lung-shan 

Astrono~~ricaily obaczri.td 1,rtit t~des. 

190G-08. Shill-l)ao-cl~'&ng, Camp IS8 (on right bank of ric-PT-bed, half a mile 

N. of ruined fort; A. 1) ... ... ... 33O 4.9' 3" 

Ch'ang-ma-pao-tzo, Camp 193 (temple near west wall of central 

village; B. 1) ... ... ... ... 

Ch'ing-ts'ao-an-tzo, Camp 197 (near temple; D. 1) ... 

39" 51' 45" 

3!1° 53' 35" 

The area surveyed in this sheet during 

the spring and summer of 1914 con~prises 

the south-eastern extremity of the Pei-shan, 

the eastern portion of the Hoa-hai-tzu basin 

and a part of the wide trough in which the 

rivers of Kan-chou and Su-cl~ou (Pei-ta-ho) 

unite to form the Etsin-gol. Tile positiorrs 

accepted for An-hsi and Su-thou served for 

the adjustment of the plane-table work in 

the latter two sections, while the traverse 

through the Pei-shan was plotted rlpon the 

two terminal points of Barkul (No. ;$-I,. B.1) 

and Mao-mei (L). 4.). For the latter place 

a latitude observation was available, the 

longitude value beinx derived froin the nleall 

of two independent traverses from Su-chou. 

Historical and antiquarian interest is 

imparted to the ground in the south by tl~e 

line of the ancient Chinese Livles, the re- 

mains of which 1 succeeded in traciug from 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 41 (CHIN-T'A) 

the fiua-hai-t.zu basin to the point where it 

crossed the Etsin-go1 below tile northern 

end of hIao-nlei cultivatiou. For a brief 

account of this border-line and the forbidding 

desert ground through which most of it 

was constructed, see Geoggl.o21l/. Jou~nal, 1916, 

xlviii. pp. 190 sq. The ground at and beyond 

the oasis of Chin-t'a (B, C. 4) which I 

visited in 1907 on my first fruitless search 

for the Limes line in this .direction, is described 

in Soi~ctliu, iii. p. 113-1.. 

The south-eastern portion of tlre Peishan 

shown here completely shares the 

character of the utterly barren ranges and 

plateaus adjoining to the north-,vest and 

briefly describe11 in the notes on Sheet No. 

40. The iifth and soutl~ernmost of the 

Pei-shan ranges was crossed by our route 

south of the coal pits of RIou-wo (B. 3). 

In the eastern part of the I-Iua-hai-tzu

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEETS No. 42 101 

basin (A. 4) the appearance of bclta of drift- Mao-mei share the physical features charncsand 

and wind-eroded clay terraces, feature8 teriwtic of all tormir~al oasecr iir the 'brim 

conlmon to all ancient lacustrit~e depretiaio~ls lavin. 'I'hu high durio riclger which ~tretch 

further west, rnay be noted. parallel to the Karl-~IIOII river cour~e ori the 

A ston! plateau sc1)arates this basin fro~n east (1). 4), I~eli, to ill~~stratc thin similarity 

the ill-defined valleg containing the end of of aspect on tlte map. 

the Pei-ta-110 above its junction with the Correcltot~a. C. 4. For 7'11-lztx (Camp 

Kan-chou river. Tlie narrow but lo~lg- 23Sa) read 2"oir-litn. 

stretched cultivation areas of Chin-t'a and 

Astronoit~ically oluerverl latit~~rlrs. 

1913-1 5. Can~p 180, N.1.1. edge of Hua-liai-tzn basin (A. -I) . . 

Mao-mei, Camp 138 (temple outside S.E. corner of town walls; 

D. 4.) ... ... .. 

40" LO' 58" 

40" 17' 49" 

Shuaog-ch'Gng-tzu, Camp 139 (temple, 1 mile north of village; 

D. 4.) ... ... ... ... 

Mou-wo, Camp 201. (near N. coal pits; B. 3) ... 

40" 24' 50" 

40" 42' 10" 

NOTES ON SHEET No. 43 (SU-CHOU) 

The surveys recorded in this sheet spurs whicl~ descend from the Richthofen 

belong for the most part to the second ex- Range to tlie east of the Ma-yang-ho valley 

pedition, but mere to a considerable extent (C, D. 2, Y), received important atlditions by 

s~~pplemeoted in t.l~e portions Iri~ig along the surreJ- made by It. B. Li1 Singh in 

the northern edge of the sl~eet and in its 1915 from the side of the Li-yiian-110. 

easternmost section by work dor~e in I9 14. The approximate elevation of 15,500 

The extensive routes snrveyed on the second feet, adopted for the snow-line in the portions 

journey all closed upon their starting point, of the Cent,ral Nan-shan falling within this 

Su-chou (B.l), and the position adopted for sheet, is derived from what I observed when 

this important city served as a pivot for the crossing its passes in August, 1907, and the 

compilation of the sheet. The latitude of photogral)l~ic panoramas then taken support 

3g0 45' shown for it is derived from closelr it. 

concordant astronomical observations made For a fairly detailed descriptive account 

on both journeys at the temple of Chiu- of the ground visited in 1907 between the 

ch'iian outside the easteru city gate. The plateau at the north foot, of the Iiichthofen 

longitude of 9B0 33' now adopted represents Range ant1 the high mountain chain overthe 

mean between hIr. Clementi's chrono- looking the headivaters of the Su-lo-ho, 

metrical value (9s0 26' 56.3") and t,he value Kan-chou and Ta-t'uog rivers from the 

]we\ iously accepted b,v the Survey of India. south, see Desert Cathay, ii. pp. 297 sqq.; 

It differs but slight,ly from the longitude for that of the famous defile of Chia-yiiassigned 

to So-cl~ou in Sheet No. 88 of the 

1906-08 map in Sei.tir~iin. The routes leadkuan, 

the westernmost 'Gate' of China 

' within the Wall ', and of the So-chou oasis 

ing to Su-choa from the west and south-east 

have been adjustetl on the accepted positions 

east of it, see i6irl. ii. pp. 273 sqq. The 

historical topography of the ' passage land', 

of An-11si and Kan-chou, ~espectively fsrze which this .irestern end of the medizval 

Notes on Sheets Nos. 38, 46). ' Great Wall ' was intended to close, and that 

Tlie southern l~ortion of the sheet com- of the mountain region which adjoins on the 

prises an extensive mountain area occupied south, has been discussed in Scrii~rlia, iii. pp. 

by the four main ranges of the Central Nan- 1116 sqq., 1124 sqq. Brief references to 

sllan. Its delineation on the plane-table the ground visited by me north of the Chinese 

was greatly facilitated by the distant views high road passing from Kan-chou to Su-chou 

gained from above the high passes over will Ice found in Geograph. Jotrrnal, xlviii. 

which the three northernmost of these ranges pp. 196, 200. 

were crossed, as well as by the open charac- The area shown by this sheet aptly 

ter of the ground in the wide valleys which illustrates the three main regions into which 

separate them. The topography of tire high the ground between the Central Nan-shan

102 NOTES ON INDIVIDlTAL MAP SHEETS [Chap. IV 

and the Etsin-go1 basin is divided. The broad allavial fans of tile Pei-ta-ho and of 

chief p11ysiruI features of tlleae regions have the smaller rivers which to the enst of it 

been i~~clicated above i~t section vi of Clrap- descend from the Riclrtl~ofen ltange. Furter 

11, and brief reference to their rxtent and ther east the \\.idtll of the plateau at tile 

tl~aractcr \\'ill sl~ttire I~err. foot of t,he range ir still great. But the lesser 

I , lhe rno~lntaiu regio~~ in tlre sout.11 clear- vohi~rre of water carried by the streams 

Iy shows the \vide trough-like nl~lands at the Iirre tlmining it restricts the cnltivated area 

lic~acl\vaters of the Su-lo-110 and the Su-chon to a st.ri~lg of minor oases along their alluand 

Kat1-~IIOII rivers, as \\.ell as the tortuo~~r vi:~I f:il~s, fro111 Cl~i~~-fo-ssu (I;. 2) to Nannarrow 

gorges in \vhic.li these rivers liavec~it ch'iian (1). 2). The rest. of the bclt consists 

tlrcir \va tl~rough thc two tlortl~ern ranges Irere mainly of scrubby steppe, affording 

of tllc Nan-sl~nn. 'I'l~e il~creaxrd moiat~lre of anrl~lr wi~rter grazing, \vitl~ iritc~r~l~ersed 

the cl~rilate eaat\\vrds is cle~nonstrated by tlie 

forest gro\vtll \vl~iclr tlie map slio\vs at eleareas 

of drift-sand (C, 1). 1,). Bejo~~tl tl~e 

Io~vcr course of tire Hsi-la-110 (D. 2) a provations 

from about 8,000 to 10,000 feet in jecting outel. s1111r of tl~e range, bare and 

t,he valleys al,yreaching the \vatersl~~d of the rnllcli eroded, conlines the piatean-like bclt 

Pacific droir~a~e, as nrarlietl by the '1's-t'uug 

river kc, D. 4,;. 

to its r~arro\vcst litnits near the to\vll of 

Kao-t'ai. 

In the ?;:lnle tlirectior~ the change in the The northern edge of tlre second region 

character of tile Ricl~tl~ofe~i Hangc, from a is formetl thro~lgl~out by a low and utterly 

steep mountain rampart into a system of barren hill-range (A-D. l), representing a 

broad spnrs wit11 easier slopes at their top, \vcstern extension of the .%la-shan. This 

becollles ~~oticc:~ble. Tl~is change in the I~ill-range 1vitl1 its slopes of bare gravel or 

lateral espansiolr of the Hiclltllofen liange sand shares throu~l~out the character of the 

determitles tile I\-itlth of the second region, Etsin-go1 basin described in the Notes on 

th:ct of tlie platean-like belt stretcliitrg along Sheets Nos. 4.4, 45. Cultivation stops above 

its northern foot. Owing to tlie line of the points \\,here tlre rivers of Kan-chou 

oases comprised in it this belt, has formed an and Su-clron break through the desert range 

important 'land of passage' all through (B. I, D. 1) to unite fl~rtller down near the 

liistoriral times. isolated oasis of Mao-mei (Sheet No. 4Z. 

At the north-western end of the belt we 

hare the large oasis of So-chon, occupying the 

Astronontically observed lotidirdes. 

D. 4,). 

1906-OX. Chia-yii-linan, Camp 200 (near springs, south of eastern gate of 

fort, A. I) ... ... ... 

... 

Su-chou, Camp 201 (at Chio-rh'uan temple, outside eastern gate 

of city; B. 1) ... ... 

... ... 

Chin-fo-ssn, Camp 203 (garden, circ. 1 mile to sooth of eastern 

gate ; B. 2) ... 

... ... ... 

Ta-pen-kou, Camp 207 (gold miners' camp ; B. 3) ... 

... 

Camp 21 1 (at spring near bed of sout,hern tributary of Pei-ta-ho ; 

A. 3) ... ... ... ... 

Camp 2 14. (above bed of rising Su-lo-110 ; A. 4.) ... ... 

Camp 223 (on right river bank, north of Fkng-ta-fan ; D. 3) 

Chien-ch'uan-tzu, Camp 231 (D. 2) ... ... ... 

1913-15. Su-chou, Camp 133 (at Chiu-cliiuan temple, outside eastern cit.y 

gate; B. 1) ... ... ... ... 

Lo-t'o-ch'ing, Camp 165 (within ruined town ; D. 2) 

NOTES ON SHEETS Nos. 44,45 (ETSINGOL, ETSIN-GOL DELTA) 

These two sheets may conveniently be basins. The route in the extreme south-west 

commented upon together as they combine to (45.A.44) mas fitted upon the position adopted 

show the course of the Etsin-go1 from below for Kan-chou (46. R. 3), and the rest of 

Mao-mei right down to its terminal lake the traverses in these sheets compiled on the

Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEIST Nos. 1.4.,45 103 

observed latit~~des in the azimutl~ derived spur the river spreads out into a rteadily 

from this setting. :\I1 surveys were done widening tlelta. Alnong a rlilrnber of tracein 

May-Jane, 1914, when the atmospheric able branches hut f6.w ever receive water now, 

conditions of tl~e season seriously interfered ant1 tllesr, too, only clt~ring the short season 

with 11ot,l1 astronomical ohserrations and tlis- of snrn1nc:r Hootln. For tire ~rvater part of 

tant views. 

the year water call be obtainetl in 1he111 or~ly 

'I'lre tcr~ninal course of the Iftsitr-go1 from \veils tlug in rleep l~ollowfi at rare interancl 

the tlminageless basin into which it vals. Yet in tlte riarrow Lelts of riverine 

carries all the moisture brought down from 

the ranges of tl~e Central Xan-sl~an, are of 

j~rngle flankill:: the betls, \vild l~or~lars . . ;Ire 

found living right down to the two tern~inal 

distinct geograpl~ical i~~terest, hoth itr their salt lakes, tlic (i;~slrGn-~rLr ant1 Sogo-nor, 

1111ysical asl'ects and with rerard to histori- (No. 4.4.. C.3,4.). 

cal tol)ograplry. The route leading along The prerence uf tlrese two lakes sq~aratthe 

river has always possessetl importance as ed by :I \~cll-rrrarlted ridge a1111 occup~ I I I ~ 

a great natural Iriglr\\.ay frorn the BIoogolian tlifferent levela-tile Sogo-nor lies abo~rt 200 

steppes into westernniost Kan-su arltl tlrus in- feet I~i~l~cr than tlre C;asl11jn-l16r "I-strikto 

China. 'L'lris has Lrr11 I~rirfly explained in:.]? il111st1,ates tlrr relatio~~s \vliich our surby 

me in Gcoyrt7pI/. Jon~ncrl, ]Dl(;, xlviii. pp. veys a( l11e end of the Su-lo-110 delta have 

I96 sclq., 1vit11 special refrrcrlee to Alareo let1 nre to sulljwse 11ct \vecn that river's 111.esr11t 

Polo's notice of the 'City oi IStzi~la', marlietl termionl ti~arsh l~ctl and tllr ancient Iac~lstrine 

by the ruins of Kbara-Lhoto (45.C.1), allti to Insin SOIIIIII at tl~e ireall of the I%i.ah-toghrak 

Cl~ingiz Iihiin's contluest of I

101 KO'PES ON INDIVIDUAL 11 AP SiiISlSTS [Chap. IV 

await tlteir explorer. 

r lhe 1 plateru st.rt-tching along the northern 

foot of this range gradnaI1~. widens 

sortt,h-east\vards as the spars tlescending from 

t,lle latter recede. The large rultivated 

area nro~lntl Kan-cllou (.I, 13. 3) is accoutrtetl 

for by the fact that the abunclant \raters of 

the Kan-chon river can be ut,ilized 11ere to 

frill advantage for irrigation owr a wide 

alluvial fan. The samc holds good also witli 

regard t,o tlre oarcs aronnd Sha-110-p'o (A'?), 

irrigated by the I'i-!.iian-lro. 

To the east of the longitude of Kancllou 

cultivat,ion along the foot of the Riclit- 

Itofen Range becomes independent of 

irrigation, owing to the increased precipitation 

\vhiell approach to the Pacific drainage 

assures. This important rhange of rlimatic 

conditions is duly reflected also in tlie estensive 

patclles of conifer forest n.hich the map 

sho\vs here ri~llt do\vn to the foot-llills 

(A. 3, B, C. 4.). l'urther away from the 

Nan-sllan, llo\vever. this influcnrc of a moister 

climate appears to dimirlish ral,idly, and 

nortlt of latitude 38O 45' no cultivat,ion seems 

possible n.itllout irrigation. 

Tl~e hill range which on tile nortll 

of Ean-elion were surveyed on thc second 

expedition. 

The coeil~ilation of the slleet is primarily 

hsel on tile positions atloptrtl for Sucllo~r 

(see Notcs on Sheet No. 43) nntl Kanchou. 

The lntit~lcle of the latter pity \vns 

tletcrrnin~l by closely conconlr~nt astrononlicnl 

ohservatious taken on tile two jol~roeys 

(35" 55' 4.1" and 3S0 55' 9(iU, respectively). 

But tile plotting of the several triiverses 

carried on tile third espetlitiotl bet\veen 

Kan-ebou ant1 points lower tlo\\~n on the 

Kan-choa river (No. -13. D. I, 2) has led to 

a cl~ange in the longitude value assigned to 

Kan-chou. It. is sIlo\vn no\r as 100° 3s' 20N 

against 100' 49' :3U" in the nlap of the second 

journey (see Sheet No. 94. D. 1 in 

Seri~ttfio, vol. v). 

This new value a.pprosimates very closely 

to the loogit~lde of Kan-chon as indicated 

in Sheet No. ssr of t,lle ltnssian Asiatic 

Transfrontier map (circ. 100' 37' 30"), but 

differs notably both from Mr. Clernenti's 

cllronometric longitude, IOUC 81' 29. lG1', 

and that adol,ted by the S~wvey of India in 

lxevioos publications, approximately I 00° 49' 

30". 'These discrepancies as to tlre positiou 

of an important and \\,ell-kno\vn city strik- separates the inlrabited plateau froni southinqlj. 

-. illustrate the need of esact longitude 

observations Ly telegrapllic or irele less meernmost 

1lonqoli:l rises in the vicinity of 

Kan-chou to Ileigl~ts well over 10,000 feet; 

tllods alona this great highroad from China yet its slopes are uniformlv harren thlouarl,into 

Crnttal Asia. out. The route surveyed from AIao-mei to 

Tlte area shown in this sheet corresponds tlre Kan-chou river near Kao-t'ai (A. I, 2) 

in all essential ph~-sicnl features to the three afforded str~kinq evidence of the great aridity 

regionr distinguished in Sheet No. 43, of of the climate prevailing in the belt of loIv 

n-llich this is the continuation. In the soutl~ hills and wide desert valleys which stretclles 

we hare the eastern portion of the (lentral north of the middle course of the Kau-cllou 

Nan-sllan, as far as it is drained by the river. 

head\vaters of the Kan-cboo river and by its The route tllr011g11 the mountains, folupper 

tributaries. Tlie broad valley of the lowed in 1907 from the Kan-chou river 

O-l~o-l~o, tlre river's eastern niain feeder headwaters to tlre city of Kan-ci~ou, is de- 

(U. 4, 3, C. 5), is a pe~~du?~t to the \ride up- scribed in Bescrl CatRay, ii. pp. 328 sqq. For 

lands met near tlie sources of the river's observations on the ltistorical topography of 

main western branch (No. 43. B, C. 3). the Kan-chon tract aud of tlie old Chinese 

But the snow-line appears to lie some- highroad passing throagh it, see S(,rinr/ia, 

what higher on the eastern continuation of iii. pp. .ll3l sqq. Brief preliminary notes 

the enclosing ranges. The difficult gorges on tlie routes follonred by me in 1Dl.b fro111 

in wltich tlie Kao-chou river, below the jnnc- the Etsin-go1 basin to Kan-chou, and thence 

tion of both branches, has cut its \ray to t,lle eastern headwaters of the river, are 

through the Richthofen Range, are impass- recorded in Geograplical Jottrnal, slviii. pp. 

able except in the depth of winter and still 

~~lrono~nicol/y obsereed lofitudes. 

199 sq. 

1906 08. Sha-110-p'u, Camp 227 (above left river-bank, outside eastern gate ; 

A. 2) ... ... . . . . . . 39' 9' 24"


Ken-cl~oo, Camp 228 (temple outside S.& corner of city wall ; 

B. 3) ... ... ... ... 

1913-15. Kan-chou, Camp 168 (temple near S.E. corner of city wall ; B. 3) 

38' 55' 41" 

38' 55' 86" 

Nan-kou-chli.lrg, Camp 171 (near temple outside N.E. corner of 

town wall ; B. 3) ... ... ... ... 38' 32' 18" 

Hung-sl~ui, Camp 172 (temple outside S.W. corner of torn wall; 

B. 4.) ... ... ... ... 

Camp 175, above left bank of 0-po-ho (R. 4) ... ... 

38' 25' 24" 

38" 0' 4" 

Hsin-ch'6ng-pao, Camp 186 (temple south of walled village; 1). 4) 38O 12. 2' 

NOTES ON SHEET NO. 4.7 (KUNGURCHE). 

The surveyed area in this sheet is re- Mongolian side prevented the surveyor from 

fitricted to a narrow belt of liilly grouncl extending his plane-table work further. It 

which was visited only by M. Muhammad has been plotted in conjunction with the tra- 

YakEb, whileaccompanying thecamels of my verses in Sheets Nos. 44, 46. 

caravan during their summer grazing-time. Judging from their general east-west 

The boundary between ' independent' Mon- bearing these low hill chains of Kunprche 

golia and Chinese territory Ixlsses through seem to belong to the southern Altai system. 

this ground, and objections raised on the

APPENDIX A 

A SHORT SUMMARY OF, AND DISCUSSION INTO, 

THE MERITS OF THE TRIANGULATION EXECUTED BY 

RAI SAHIB RIM SING11 -4ND RAI BAIIADUR LBL SINGH, 

SURVEY OF INDIA, DURING THE THREE EXPEDITIOKS OF 

SIR AUREL STEIN, K. C. I. E., IN CHINESE TURKISTAN 

BY 

MAJOR KISNKETH MASON. M.C., R.E. 

INTRODUCTORY 

The triangulatiol~ tliscussed belo~r~ falls into nine groul)s, ck., 

(A)-On the T%xh-dumb;isl~ Pinrir, 1900-01 (Ram Singh). 

(B)-In the neightourllootl of Moz-tagh-at% and the Little Kara-kul, 1900-01 

(Rim Singh). 

(C)-At Tash-nialik hill, 1000-01 (Rim Singh). 

(D)-Near Tash-kurghin fort, 1906-08 (Ram Singh). 

(E)-Sootlt ancl east of Khotan, 1900-01 (Ram Singh). 

(F)-Prom Acbchan to Kapa, 1900-03 (R&m Singh). 

(C+)-In t,he head\raters of the Surtung-IiAsh, 1908, (LS1 Singh). 

{H)-Frorn Kapa to lat,ituile 39O 0', longitude 8!1°47,' 191:;-15 (La1 Singh). 

( I )-Proln Astin-bu1a.k to Korla, 1913-15 (L21 Sinyh). 

It must be ren~embered that at the time of these operations, with the exception of one 

or t\ro points 011 the K'nn-lun mountains south of Kilotan, uo inter- 

"£ triaugulatlo,i, secteel points, from which the observers eo111tl resect their positiolr, had 

Lcen rigorously fist~l I>\. the Survey of Intlia; and that therefore the 

relative acertlncj :~ntI \.LLIUL' 01' the triatrg~~lation are c1el)eudent on the rnerits of Calk. Deasv's 

work, on \r.I~ic~l~ it is Inrgclj bart.tl. 

On tlrtx 1':ilnirs there (,xistet1 :I To\v i)t>ints tisetl I J Colonel ~ TVauhope during the Pimir 

Bourrclary Co~nnrissiou of 1S95, but tl~ry alone ur1.c insnfficieut for the ueeds of It. S. 

Rim Sit1~11 st any one of Iris stations. 

Deasy's and \I'RII~IOI)C's \vork \yere Loth eonnectecl intlirectly by resection to unu~arked 

fised by the Sur\.ey of Intlia. Ntither of tlrese observers conlil be certain that he 

sources ,,,,ssil,le r.rv,rl. 

rrsectetl his own 1)osit.ions from the esact points observetl by the Surrey 

trianRnlators, sncl Ltim Singli anil IJal Singh must hn\.e been in doubt 

as to the exact stunn~its, fixed by Ilcasy and Wanhope, from which they 

resected their own stations. In many c;lstAs t,he peaks eml>loyecl had been intersected from long 

distances by baclIy formed triallgles anel were themsel\-es liable to some error. 

TVaul~ope's \vork is known to hare bee11 accurate within a very fen sccouds, and the 

regular work of Deasy is also good. Nevertheless, in nlany cases, the stations of the latter 

have been fixeel I)y observed latitutles ant1 azimuths to distant peaks, determined previoi~sl~ 

by himself or Walthope, and the intersection of the aeimuthal my and the latitude parallel has 

been very acute, thereby introducing a fu~ ther error.

306 APPENDIX A 

The acci~m~~lation of small errors rimy becol~ie large in the aggregate, ant1 since a11 

reapetion I\-ork from rlnniarketl l)r:~ks must introtl~~re unrc~rtaintv, it is rrniarkable that t,he 

triangt~lntion described below is in the main so accurate. 

:It. the same t,iu~e, it is :~hsol~itely ncerssny to lay stress on the fad that, it is in the 

nature of pioilcrr norl;, alltl that \vhcn the rrji~ihrly col~nc~rtrtl t,riang~llation of t,he Snrvey of 

lutiia rmrllce the areas conrernc(1, tlir 1)oints of lti71n Siiiyh :~nrl J~fil Singh will he supersrdetl, 

as has intlt~t~tl :~lren(ly I,c.cil thc case on llrc 'l'igl1tlu111-1~fisl Pirnir. 'l'he tisetl points of the 

systrnlntic #-ork sllo~lltl thrrei'ore in\.aria.bly br 11sct1 for csstc~nsions, \~licrc~vc~r possible, cbven if it 

sl~o~lltl nlr:ln :I ro~lsitlr~xble tlrlay in romnlel~ring o~)tlr:~tio~~h. 'l'hrst~ !)oints are sllo\vn in the 

tables undrr elas.; .I. 

.is \\-ill bt. scicn fro111 wl~nl follo\r.s, section ( 1 ) is tliscot~nrc~t~~tl r~~tit.rly fro111 the rest of 

the \vork :inti is tlcl)c~~ltlrnt on :L sillglr ol~st~rvntion of Crril C1~111cnti. '1'11~ \vorI< of the latter, 

a.ltcre it has bvr~l cal):tblc of c.l~c~c.k, 112s Iwc11 l;)und g:.c%nrrnlly :lt~c.~~r:~tcx, but. s111)11ltl tllr valuc of 

Porla bt, subreq~~ently revisrcl, it will be possible to con\.crt tilt. \~llolc of this srction botlily 

into tll~ nca\v ternls. 

In the arron~p:~nyillg lists, the S111.vry 01' 1ntli:l nirtliotl of classification has been aclol)ted, 

l)oi~rts ;lnd stations Ila\.cs been gn~ul)etl I? tlcgrrr arcas, and peaks 

Meti~odof elne~ificntion I~ave breu given formal "peak r~lln~bers" \r.hirh Lrar no rclation to those 

of pc:ll;s. Br. 

in the (wirinal anyle-books. Points fixed \virh a, lliclier order of accuracy 

are listed under class 11, while those derived from explorers' rerourialssil.nce triangulation 

are sho\\-i~ u~lder class B. 

Rlnl Singh's work \\-as elltirel?- based on resection from three pralts of Captain H .H.P. 

Deasy's triangulation in 1697-99. Sincc tlrese pioneer 01)er:~tions were executed, the Tightlum- 

bi7sh has been covered wit,h a net-aorl; of triangles, obsc~rvecl \\-it11 greater accuracy doring t,he 

Inclo-Hassian Lirtk, rigidly connected with the C;. T. \vork of India, and adjustetl to Indian 

terms on the Everest, spheroid. 

The t,hree peaks of Captain Deasy used by Riim Sing11 were Pks. 11, 2-I. t 25132~. 

During the Indo-Russian triangulation tlie first t,\\,o were convrrtecl into the statious Karakokti 

and Tomtek respectively. The values obtained 11y Ileasy and the Indo-Russiau observers were 

Point I observer 1 latitude longit,i~tle 

Pk. 11!4.2~ . . . 

Karakokti H. s. ... 

Pk. 24142~ . . . 

Torntek H. s. .. . 

I O 

1 

Deasy ... 57 12 50 

Indo-Russian ... 

Deasy ... 

lndo-Russian . . . 

37 12 

37 11 51 

9.05 I 

37 11 18.02 

0 1 I, 

74 4.3 49 

74 44 30.98 

74 58 34 

74 58 58.47 

While the observer of the rigorous work caunot be certain that Iris stations are ident.ica1 

witb Ileasy's peaks, he is of opinion that they are probably within a fc\v feet of them, since his 

stations are on the highest points ill the immediate vicinit,y, and no otlier peaks esist where 

shown by Deasy. In the above cases the positions given by Dcasy are approximately 41 and 

33 secontls too far north and 42 and 22 seconds too far west,. 

Drasy's Pk. 2514.2~ was not identifietl dnriug the Indo-Russian work, but the observer 

believcs t.hat a peak esists roughly a mile so~lth-east. of Deasy's position for it,, which discrepancy 

aould agree tolerably well with that of the other [~eaks shown above. These errors in the

(i'i(lc charts $?J, s, an11 o). 

I{im Singit's work it1 t,l~is region is indcpc.udent of his triangulation on tilt. 'I'%~l~~lutu- 

1~sl1, ~lisc.~isse~l xl~ove; bnt it. is still dellendent largelx on 1)easy's \vork. 

'I'll(, latlrr is l~ased OII observetl latitudes and axin~uti~s to l'k. 51-i.h and l'k. 31 1.20, of 

tllr I'i~nir Uo~li~tlary Cotnmission; these were ~)ro\~~l to be :~ccurately lised witl~i~i a very frw 

src.otitls by tlic SII~JS(YIII~II~. ludo-1tussi:r11 svorli. Snlall corrcctio~is of -4 ".7 (Iatitritlt) :ri~(l -:l".:< 

(longitt~tle) Iiavcb siiicr beell al~1)lied to tl~c 13ou111lary Coniinissior~ \\pork to brirlg it into tlle 

terriis of t,l~e ln~lo-ll~~ssi;~ii, but 1)easy's obscrrstious are 1101 sufficiently preciae to warrx~~t the 

al,Itlicatiou of t1ii.i s~~iall correction. 

]ti111 Siricli's \vo~.k froni calnl) Y, in this arcs, \\.as Irased xlir~ost elltirely 011 rescsctio~~: 

corrcet for Intitudr, is sonle 30 at~cbolltls too far \vest. in longilutlc. Tl~is II:II~II.:LII~ inI,rtduc~s 

an error into Iijlin Pinp11's \\.orkt ~ , ~ I O Ia I ~ ~VII~'~I 

~ I c11~t.k 011 the l:~tit~ltl~ of 'l'Rs11-111a.Iik I~illstation 

wns o1)tainecl fw~n tile f:wt t11:rt its Iatiti~tle, cw1111)1tted from resct~tio~~ (:%!lo 7' .i.St'), is 

.I:! secotlds prcnter t11a11 the :~sbronotilical va111~ (S9O 7' 5"). olsc~rvcd :it cam]) 18 about half 

a ~t~ilr ao~~tl~-\vctat of it. 

'I'hr 11c.ight of this st,:~tion \\:IS obtainc~tl from 111~. mean of t11tb obscrv:~t~ions to Pks. 3 

and :3,/4.!!s ant1 apl.erd \\'iti~in :! feet,, \vhic11 gvtls 10 prov~ 111:~t this st,:~lio~~ is well fiscd 

relativrly to l>t,;~sx's l~(>sitio~~ of KSs11gar. 

It \vaa rlnt'ort~cnate tl~et 11lrr1 Sirrgl~'~ ol~st~rv:~tio~ls to 1,ral;s previously fiscd by Ilim 

g:~ve discorda~~t rt.s~ilts; the rrsection froni the thret~ lwnks notrd alovt. being tllc only ones 

\\-llicll coulcl bc. con~puted. 

(I'lrlc charts -12s :III~ o) 

A base was ~nrasorcd nrar C1111slun;in in the ~a1lt.y nortl~ of Tdsl~-liur.pl~rin and astronon~ical 

observations nlade st its cstrenlitirs. The latter I~owever \vere tlefeet~ivc, ant1 the llillstatio~ls 

in the neigllbonrhood could ol~ly be loratctl 1))- rcsretion from pfi~ks ])rwionsly lined 

by Captain Deasy ancl based on observed latitudes ancl azin~utlls to \vcll-fired pealts of the 

PBn~ir Ifoutrtlary Con~mission work. 

n' 11. F. \vas resectctl from 1'1;. 'J/S'?s sntl Plts. 1 i~11t1 12/-1.:!0. 

B ' 11. s. \ras resected from ' 1) ' 11. r. and Plis. 1 al~tl 2/1.?o. 

' C ' 11. S. was resected from ' B ' ant1 ' D ' 11. s. ant1 PI;. !I/-L?s. 

' A ' 11. s. a~iil ' V ' 11. s. we1.r resectecl from ' C ' and ' 1) ' 11. s. and Pk. 1/4.20. 

' D ' 11. s. is apparent,ly well fised, for the lieigllt tlerivrtl from the tneali of observations 

to >Inz-t8gl1-at8 and Pk. 914.2~ dift'cr by only I2 feet,. Ilnfortunately observat,ions for hrigllt 

were not taken to Pks. 1 and I2/42o, \\.Ilich \vonld Ilaw afforded a ~al~~able el~eck. Tlre 

heights of the otller stations are t1el)endent. on that of ' D ' 11. s. 

Of the intersected points, Plis. 40 and 4,1/4,20 are the nrost reliable, being fixed by 

double triangles. 

(E)-SOUTI1 AXD EAST 01" KIlO'l'AN, 1900-01 (Ii2M SIArGl[) 

(i). (Ti'de cl~arts 611, and P, 521 and 11, GOD, Gla and E) 

The work was commenced from t,l~e neigl~bonrllood of Canil) 58. No attempt was 

made to form a continuous chain of triangles ant1 thr positions of all stations \\ere determined 

by resection from well-fixed poil~ts. The work is connectetl by fairly \veil-si~aped triangles. 

and the l~eiglits are generally accordant, sho\ving that tile work is reliable. 

' B ' h. s. and ' D ' 11. s. were comput,ed from obserrations to 1%. S/GO]), Pk. 1/61a, 

and Pk. 3161.4. All these points 11ad previously been fined by the Sur:ey of India. 

' A ' h. s. mas con~puted from ' 33 ' 11. s., 1%. Y/60~, anil Pk. 1/61 A. The latitude at 

'A ' h. s. was cl~ecked astronomically and tlie t\vo values agrertl \viihitl S seconds. 

' C ' 11. s. \\.as fixed by resection from ' 1) ' 11. s., Pk. 1/61.\, atitl Cnptairi DeasF's 

Pk. 6/61~ ; tile height of the latter was determi~~cd by H~III Singll. The longitude 

was checked indepei~tlently from anoti~er point a~ltl found to agree \vit.hin 40 secontls. 

(ii). (li'rle charts GOD, I+, a18d J, and (;)A) 

The \vorlc here is not iluile so \\ell connected Lut is reliable, and tlie heights fairly 

accordant. Rot11 ' E ' and ' 1.' ' 11. s. were fixed by resection fro111 1'1;. 1/61.\ (G.T.) and 

Captai~r Deasy's Yk. l/(i01, and 1'1;. H/61.\. Tile lo~~gituclr of ' 1:' 11. s. was cl~eckcd indepcndently 

from aootlier 11oi11t of Gilbtain Drasy. 'l'he t\vo valocs agrertl to \vitlliri 9 ~cconcls. 

(iii). Yario~~s peaks \\.ere fixed from tl~esc stations, gcnrr:~IIy slleaking by means of 

double triangles, and the values are ge~l~rally in good acco~d.

(i). ( 1111c c11:trts ti011, a11t1 I.) 

:\ Ii:rsc \v:rs ~ur.:rsrlrt*tl uyar .\c:l~eh:i~~ tvith a si~l~tei~sc har, a1141 tiic'latit~~clts ancl azi~rt:~tt~ 

obscvvctl ;L?;~~~I~I~III~c.~III~. 

'~'II(~ 1)usit.ion of '

it \\.:is ~~IIIIIC! 

l)uri~l~ tthc ronrl~ut.:ctio~l 

t11t11 tIit*rt* \\(TI> srv~~:~l \.tar> \vt.iili liiilis. Tlie 

ditticulties of tllc. work ill tile tit~ltl, 4I1t. r:il~itlity tvith \vIiic~li it. \\.:I$ ~s\t~e~~lt~tI, aiitl tIi(! ~~l~ysical 

olista~c~lcs title t,o (lt*s(,rt li:~xt\ :111tl tllist, rc~~itI(-i~~~tl tli(s \VOI~; t*irt~c~Iiiigly :irt111t111s, ;itit1 Sir A11ro1 

Stein alld Ilis a~sirt,~nts lare to be t.o~ig~.:it~~I:~tt~~l 

1111 11:lviiig :ie(~t~i~~l~li~lit'(I so I~III~*II. 

2. (?or~~~~~~/a/~o~~.~.-~i~rfli~~r 

tI(4:~ils (I[ flit* rc~t~ilti~t:tt ~(IIIS \i ill 111, Soiii~(I l~(*lo\v, atid a 

fiyi~opsi~ of stntiol~s and ~~t~it~ts is ~ I \ ~ - : I ~ I t tllc ctiicl ui' tlit~st~ ~lott-s. Iiriclly tlics i'oritirr nl:Iy be 

sumiuetl 1111 :IS follo\vs.- 

111 tlie first rt~t~t.iu~i 

fro111 I\;LICI to 1'1~. I/';.-II:, :I I .~III~II ~I~~~~II~~I-(-IIIIII(~\~~I~ 

\\:IS ol)tait~ecl 

tlie :~rsirtn~lct~ of four iil~a\iirt.tl I~:tsr.*, :1..11.t111011iit.:1l l:~fitt~~lrr :111t1 :ixiii~~ifI~s, olie angle 

olle loilgitli(lt% trriiig ctlec~ut~c~~l I'I.OIII tllc ]~1:ili('-t:11)1~. 'r1ila t~:lst~~rii tstl(i 01' tlic llort~ierll 

swtio~~ was s1io\v11 it1 the? r(~ror(l5 :I> ~*~IIIIIIYI(YI to 1'1~. I ji:~~; - lit)i~~t lit; 111 t,\ie rt~ccri.tls- atiel the 

ronl),tit:~tio~~ was carrit.cl t,l1ro11gli \\it11 tl~is SIIIIINIP(Y~ ~*IIIIII('\~UII to its \vest(artl t.~t.rt*iility 11c3ar 

Kor1:&. It, \\.:IS tIit,~i ~'UIIII(I t1i:tt Ti11 S~II~~I's v:il~ic~ US tl~is lbl:~t-t* \v:~s :i11o11t 32. riii11-s \vest oc 

C]ell~eliti's l~ositic>~~, c)btaiti(~~I tltiri~~g Iiis ~ I I I I ~ I I ~ t'roii~ \ > l\i~lipir ~ I I 1lc111g-Ko1i~ in 1907'. 

Wsbk li11I;s ~~~r~irred i i ~ LCII Si~~gIl's ti~i:~iigiiI:itit~i~, IJII~ it \\:I* 1111vio11s t11:it tl~c-s(* li111;s eo111d 

IIardly be resl~ousiblr for tlit. iiet~1111i111:1tio11 of SO I:I~cI' a11 (>I.I.OI.. 

r 1I1e 7 \vholccase was t11c.n c.;trc~l'~tll>- re-currri(lc~~.rcl in I !I:? I. .\ti r\:iiiiii1:11i011 of the \vorli 

i>Oillted to tile lilielilioocl uE tllere 11t.iiig :I 11iiltalie ill i~lt*iitilirntioii of' the jl~lletiori point of the 

two sections. Sotlie tiftet.11 i~~oiit,lir ~I:ij)st~I bet\\e~ii the t\\-u ul)srrvati~~~s ; tlescrt Iiaw ljrevelrted 

a long section of Lllc, soict1lei.n r:itiqr Irt~itic viriblv fi.o~~t Xstir~-b~tl;il; tl~trii~~ the oljservatiolls, 

allil Lsl Sii~~li 11i111sc~lS esl~rrsst~l :I ~IOIILI~ 21s 111 ivl~etl~er he llatl c~l~servecl tile same 

frorn the ilortll as fr0lll tilt' \\.cSbt. 

lte-esarnio:~tit~i of ilir ~~l:llie-t:~l~lc sectiol~c \\.it11 tllc ixyx i~itlirt~ctly r~>iiiivcI~~~l to li~tli:~~~ tri:t~igi~l;~tio~l. 

(h). Thrs ool.tli?~n ~(.(.tioll is I):ih(-t[ 011 ('~r~il(~l~li's viillics> tlf 1iorl:l. 'rhe I~t~i~lits in 

tllis section are fotc~~tl(.tl 1111 1riK0iion1et1~i(~:il ~)Irst.i.v:rli

APPENDIX A 118 

(ii). (Clrart 6%:). 1Jtthl11ng II.~., near Cjutlaehe, wan fixrd by resection from 'V' h.~. 

and Pk. ,2/69(:, all of Rirn Singh'u \vork, 1906-07. 

(iii). (Chart 6%;). Ak-thgh 11. fi. was fixed from Ititrn Sirigll's Pk. 1169~ and 

Ilfihlnng h.s., tShe side between these two points being computed from their eo-onlinstes and 

tho inclutletl angle at l'k. I/fiSti hcing drduccd. 

(iv). (Cl~arts (i!Jt; and K). 1"rorn here onwards to the first baee near Khiwlalik t,he 

con~~exion is \veali, a~~tl this base has been put into HBrn Siugh's terms hy means of his 

two poirrts l'k. I/(;!~K arrd Pk. 3/(i9u. The observed latitode at K11Hdalik 'A' 11,s. was 

.2j secontls in eseess of the triangulated value. 

(v). ((:harts GXK and J). By means of the stations near Khidalik and Chigelikchal,, 

~,oints were i~~tersected as far as Kiehik-jangal-fiai to the north-east. 

(vi). ((:hart G!l.t). The second base \\,as measured at Yfinus-chap. A connexion 

bet,n.tvn this and t,he first was only possible through the Kichik-jangal-wai statior~x, 'J' h.8. 

and '28' II.~., YII~~IIII~-~OII~ 'K' II.~., and Kujong-doug 'L' h.s. The observations were 

deficient; and one trianSle co111d or~ly be eornputed with the aid of an angle measured from 

the chart. Unfortunately the astronornieal observatio~~s at the YCnus-chap base proved 

unreliable, and tile co-ordinates of its stations are ttrerrfore very weakly connected to Rhrn 

Singli'r work. 

(vii). (Clrart 69.1). A trian:le at Yilnns-chap mas then conlp~~ted to fix the 

po>itioo of Pk. -I./G!l.r. 

(viii). (CI~art G9.v) The connrsion l~rt~reen this point ant1 the third base at Tatlik- 

Lulali was now talien up. l'he 1:ltitode nr~cl azimuth at the 'A' end of the base were observed, 

the Iongitt~de being derived from the I~lane-table. The intermediate points were then 

eon~l~uted with there elements bavk to lJk.4./61)~. In t,hese t,erms the latitude of this peak is 

greater by 39 seconds and the longitude greater by 11 secontls than the eo-ordinates of the 

sairle peak in the terms of Yunus-chap. 

The Tatlik-bulak base terms have been accepted. 

(is). (Chart 75~). Prom the l'atlik-bulak base, Pk. 1175~ and Pk. 2175~ were then 

(x). (Chart 75~). Three triangles mere formed between these two points and the 

stations at the fonrth base at Toghrak-chap, where astronomieal observations were made. 

IYith the latter as initial elrnlents, the latitude of PI;. 1175~ and 1%. 2,175~ were 6hnd 43 

seconds respectively less than their latitude co-ordinates in terms of the third base at 

Tatlik-b111ak. 

(xi). (Charts 75.t, D, E, and P). The longitude of the fourth base was converted into 

t.he terms of the third baee, and the co-ordinates of all points up to Pk. 1/75e mere computed. 

The last named mas fixed from t,he double trian~les formed by the three Xiran stations. 

(I) XqTIN-BULhK TO KORLA, 1913-15 (l;.iL SING10 

(i). (Charts NK 45w, NK 451, NK 4Gc, and NK 46n). This section was computed 

from a ~neasared base at Xstin-bolak; aztronomicnl observations for latit~~de and azimuth 

were taken at the east end of the Lase. A chain of triangles was then comp~ited to 'D' h.s. 

near Singer, the ori~inal longitude being derived from the supposed "peak 66 " (Pk. 1176~). 

Two triangles were then forn~ed, '1)' II.~., Kara-lioshun and 'A' h.a. at Siuger and '-4' h.s., 

'B' h.s., 'D' h.s., the base of the latter, AB, hcing measured. 

The mean of the common side AD, has been accepted and the eo-ordinates of 'A' h.s. 

thereby put into terms of Astin-bulak. 

(ii). (Charts NK 45s and NK 45w) In the abseuce of st~fficient observations 

to connect Shindi 11,s. by regular triangles, Shindi No. 1 h.s. and No. 2 11.s. were fired by 

rebeetion from observations to CC 5 and CC 6, already fixed. Astronomical checks showed 

1' 14" greater and 1' 45" less than the triangulated values of latitude and azimuth 

respectively. 

(iii). (Charts NK 45~ and NK 4.50). It was only.n,ith difficulty, owing to deficient 

olsersntious, that the comlrt~tations were then carried to the point CC 80 in the neighbour-

hood of korla, n-lrere tlre discrepancy \\,it11 C1e111rnt.i'~ vt~lue was 11otnl. 

(iv). ((.'lr:irt Xli 45~). liorll~ was not a~tuilll~~ fixed by trittng~~lilt.iorr, but the 

distance is sl~ort 1'rot11 CC6, and was surveyed by j~laoe-t,ablt:; tlre vul~rc of Korls was Ly 

this means 11111 into tcwns of tl~c colrrl~uted t,ri;~~~giilatio~~. 'I'lre tlifferetlce in valucs bct\veco 

t,l~ese trr111s :III~ CI~x~~c~~rti's was tlrel~ nlq~licd t,l~rougl~out t,llc trorLhor11 work, tlrercby 

co~~vertins the \vllole into trrn~s of Cle~ucrrti.

LTST 011' L.iTITUl)ES, T~OKG1'l'UI)k~S AND HEIGII1l'S OF 

S'S~~TIONS ANI) YOIXTS 01" l'liE 'I'I~IA~'GUT,ATION OF 

SlIL AULjEL Srl'EIN AND 01" OTltElt 013SERVERS 

W110 lIAIV1.: WOltKEL) IN THE SAME AREAS 

Intersected Points in Sheet 42.1 

CLASS B 

Stein's first expedition point (Ram Singh), 1900-01 

Stations in Sheet 42.J 

RUSSIAN STATIONS 1912' 

Statiori I Latitude I Longitude 

Ststiorl Latitude 

Longitnde Height 

Stein's first expedition stations (Ram Singh), 1906-08 

Tbe beizhts of tnese statious are not nvailable. The values here given are adjneted to 

Indian trinugolnt~uu. ?'he spelling of the ltnules is tbnt submitted by the Ituss~an tr~angolators.


Intersected Points in Sheet 42. J 

CLASS B 

Stein's first expedition points (Ram Singh), 1900-01 

Stations in Sheet 42.K 

GEODETIC 

Indo-Russian connexion (Bell and Mason), 1912-13 f 

Station 

O'CO 

MINOR STATIONS IN SHEET 42.K 

Latitude Longitude 

Pamir Boundary Commission (Wauhope), 18951. 

Heiglit 

'l'tw 111do-Rnssiav stations are all marked with n circle and dot cut ill a ~.ock either b 

ail. or embedded, rrnd protected by a cmrn. 

t A correction of A = - +".7, 1, = - ?.".:I, 14 = + I-' 11, feet hns been tapplied to tilo 

original valne~ of these static~or to hrir~g ti~crn into tl~e same tern18 :is the values of threc 1,c,inta 

Pk.15/42~, Pk.lG/42~, I'kRi420, which were co11~1uo11 1') the I'imir BOIIII~:LI~ Comm~~~iion at~d the 

Indo-Knssian 'I'r~nngnlatlon, and lvbich Iinre heen ncljnated to the Inclian trrnngolntlou

Ch,~L~r~~~rkIi~r h'. F I I ~ 

bas,, a. 

BGzui-Grmhnz 

N. r~rrl base 8. 

no=ai-C;umba~ 

S. rnrl base a. 

Kizil Hnbdt h.8. 

Z'aghurman-8u L.S. 

Cou fa fore 

Bouddha 

dc-boura-badt 

Stations in Sheet 42.K-(cocltil~rtrri) 

Station 

RUSSIAN STATIONS, 1912' 

Latitude Longitutle 

1 iljuzjo2ll-bclccc 

37 27 42.52 74 36 22.99 

~ ; s ~ ~ - ) . N ~ N / c ::: 1 

37 27 23'57 74 44 34.85 

Pyr. cle la Lnse 8. IF. ... 37 26 38-80 74 44 24.0j 

* The heights and descriptions of these stations are not available. The valoes heregiren 

are adjusted to Indian triangolntion. The spelling of the names is that snhrnirted by the Rossian 

triangnlators.

- -- 

Stations in Sheet 42.K-(conliicued) 

Station 

.- 

EXPLORATION 

Deasy's stations, 1897-99 

Iintitt~di. ! IAot~sitttdt, 

I 

, r, U , .I 

Pyr. rlr In bvsr -I-. 0. . . . 2; 45.68 ' 74 40 55.21 

Ouoa-ictclrc -,; 24 21.29 j 7.1 55 1.57 

-4 c-brlecr . . . ,

Intersected Points in Sheet 42.K-(eotrlinlied) 

1 ~ 

2 1 1 I 1 I)k:k/A,2K 

(?,!-I I I 6 / pk. 5/4?: 

Ileivbt 

lnteroecte~l I'oint 1,atitnde 1 1,ungittide 

~rourrd lrvel 

I 

I - 

0 I ,I /'id 

3; 6 d.0 : 74 9 43.0 / is455 

. . . 5.7'1; ... 

. - -.. - ~ -. . . . . - 

. .- - . - - . . - . - .- 

I I 

2: 1 I I 7 1 IJk. 6/42 K I 37 13 19.4 74 23 18.8 

I 

' A rorreetiov, of A = - .i".i, 1. = - 3",R, H = + lili feet has l>c,eo :rpplied to the 

oririnal vitluca of tlnesr points to t~riuz !IICIII into the snltie ~C~IIIF HO tbe valtiea of three poiuts 

1'k.15~4? 1;. l'k.lGj42 K, Pk.8/*2 o, wlt~clb weye coci,moll to tile P5~1air Bat~ndarg Cotnmissinu nnd the 

11tdo.Ilur~1;ar l'rlnngt~lntion. LIB(^ xlricb 11ave hcen ndjisetcv.'re forlrld il;nccnI'nte 

diiri~lg Ilic indo-l:~~sc~nn Cnnr~exlo~~, an11 arc oluilted. 

:(. 1.1~~ points, Pk.1 1 .lati, nud Pk.24/.12 ti, llare been soperseded hy the stations 

K;iml;okti nod 'J'omrelr re~lae~.tiiely. 

/ 

18~07 

K / 1 PL. 7/12 K .. 37 92 56.5 1 i4 39 57.5 17392 

- - 

'" I - -- .- - 

I I Q 

-- - - - - ~ 

425 

- - .- i - - - ' 

i 

I 9 1'1;. 8/42 K 

10 Iiizil Hahfrt Ssrai 27 21.8 1 44 32.7 1 12751 

1 1 3 1 i l l 8 :: 1 41 .6 1 . . . 

/ 12 Pk9/12r ... ; :; 38 10.2 I ... 

I 

- 

-- 

I 

i 

I1 13 Pk. 26/42 K ... 3713j8.9 744449.4 18060 

l2 14 Pk. 27/42 ti ... 13 20.5 41 58.5 18675 

15 Pk. 28/4!! K . . . 7 45.4 4' 13.6 16943 

16 Pk. 29/42 K . . . 

17 Pk. 30/12 K ... 

I8 rk. 31/4.2 K . . . 2 12.0 / 43 28.9 19394 

I 

42- II 19 Pk. lF1l4.2 K :{ 1 1 20 1%. 16/42 K 

-. 

4.2g--1 

. . 

21 

22 

23 

2-2 

25 

/ 26' 

1 . . . 

32 

Pk. 17/42 K ... 

Pk. 18/42 K . . . 

Pk. 19/&2 K . . . 

. .- - - .- - 

... 37 34 38.02 74 49 6.53 17348 

- 

23241 57 57.54 18611 

_. . 

37 29 11'2 

9.4 59'7 

23 59'5 

1 16 24.8 

pk. 20/42 K 20 27.9 

P!i.21/42~ 1747.9 

Pk. 2214.2 a ::: 

- . _ 

71 45 45'9 

52 20'7 

49 57'3 

46 1.4 

45 8.1 

48 7.1 

.+ 

15513 

1j401 

15991 

17241 

18265 

ij88j 

K 'k 32/4,2 K 

... 1 31 13 4i2 7-4 48 3.1 18.390 

... 

1 1 52.2 ( 54 31.8 18815 

. . . 5 50.9 1 49 40'6 / 18172 

30 PI;. 35/12 K . . . 2 8.8 1 15.1 / 17916 

:3 I 1 I)];. 35/42 K ... 3i 0 2.5'3 1 74 57 53's 1x171 

I

Stations in Sheet 42.M 

ASTRONOMICAL 

De F~llppl's latitude and long~tude station, 1914 

st311011 i Latrtutlt* I Lol~gitudc 14eigl1t 

P -- - -- - 1 

I 

Kashgar latitude and 

O ' " 

Tile astrononiic:rl latitude ant1 longitude were dt.trr~~line(l liere in I914 bv 

Sir 1 1 i l i i 'rile statio~i lias not been cot~nrcted to (i.?'. trianjiolation, ant1 

the g:odrtic values are tllereforc not yet. k~iorvn. 'L'l~e Iorlgitude was (leterrnitred 

by ~irclr~s telegrapllic signals tralisrllitte~l f~.om L;~llore autl ti~ned sitiiult~aneoosly 

at Dellra lhin and Iifiallpr. 

'l'lle .-tat.ion is situated in tlie old Xl~~llamuraclau celnrtery between tlie 

British and Hussiau co~~sulatcs uorth of ICGne-shahr. Tlre exact nature of the 

station is not yet known (1921). 

- 

EXPLORATION 

Station Latitude Longitude Height 

- - - - - - -- - 

Deasy's stations, 1899 

Jket 

GJphgnr f Camp 162) 39 28 I9 4400" 

Camp16221"8" h.s. 75 54 55 5120t 

Stein's first expedition station (Ram Singh), 1900-01. 

Karkgar ((,'hini-bagh) 

(Jl i~ror aslroxumical 

rfatio~r) 

Clementi's station, 1907 

In t,he British Consulate at Cllini-high outside the Muhammadan walled 

city. Latitude by sun observations wit11 4>"-t,rallsit tlleodolite. Longitude by 

ebrono~netric meridian distance from Ikul. 

,Sheet 1 No. 

, a 

39 28 45.19 

75 jS 0.0" 

Intersected Points in Sheet 42.M 

CLASS B 

( Intersected I'oint Latitude I ground level 

4 8 

Stein's first expedition point (Ram Slngh), 1900-01 

* Eypuometer. 

t Aneroid. 

Z Mercurial harometer. 

Unadjusted values. 

4213%

*itrct / 

Stations in Sheet 42.N 

EXPLORATION 

Stein's first expedition stations (Ram Slngh), 1900-01 

Intersected Points in Sheet 42.N 

CLASS A 

Pamir Boundary Commission (Holdich and Wauhope), 1895% 

No. 

/ 

g1oun11 

* A c:~~rrcct,ioil 

- - 

CLASS B 

lr~terserterl I'olnl Latitude 

Second Yarkand Mission (Trotter), 1873-74 

Deasy's points, 1897-99 

Heieht 

level 

oL A = - J."?,,L= -3."3, H- + li6 feet hns been applied to the rtriginal 

val~ics ,>I the-e poirlts to bring t,henl lilto t.he snn~e terms as the valoes of tbree points Ph. 16;42~, 

1%. l(;j42~, Fk. 31420, ~vl~icli were common to Lhe Pilmir Bonndary Comrnissiou and the fndo- 

Hnssinn tri:~~~~olntion, nnd which l~avr been adjusted to tbe Iudiau trian,ouletion.

Sbvrl( S-). / IntcrserIt3tl 

Intersected Points in Sheet 42.N-(co,zti,t~z~e~) 

- - 

Poiul 

1.ntitutla 

Deasy's points, 1897-99-(cotitit1t~c~l) 


20 j7.3 

- - --. - - - -- 

(Koilgl~r I) . . . 38 39 2.3 75 I 3 5 3j146 

5 10 1 123~9 

~ . -- 

42- 5 14 Pk. ll/-1.2 s. 3 7 175 2027 1 14898 

I 

X. U.- Pk. 13/42 N (Korlsar 11) has beeu rcjectetl. 

Station 

-- - - 

Stations in Sheet 42.0 

GEODETIC 

* 7'be Indo-Rllssiall ht~tiolls 

or cuil,edded, nncl pr~~tccte~l I,g n cnir~a. 

t Known to tbe Russinua n* "Ucik". 

1 Known to tho 1:nr;~ianr; n~: "AC-~.OII~OIII:.L~I~'(. 

Loli~it ndc 

Latitude 

Longitude 

- - - -- - - -. - - - - - --- - - - 

Indo-Russ~an Connexion* (Bell and Mason), 1912-13 

Sarblock t (Hnssian If.) 

k.s. 

Knkh1r.k 4 (littssirtc IF.) 

4 . 

T~~itgder s . 

0 , , 

37 18 50.15 

37 17 33.16 

37 14 55.19 

0 I N 

75 4 41.29 

75 o 12.28 

75 3 21 '02 

HCI~IIL 

gro~~~itl Icve*l 

/iYt 

172X4 

17031 

1761 I 

are rill nii~rkctl by n circle :lull dot cllt ill ;L rnck cililrr i,t silt,

APPEN 1)lX /i l ?:I 

Stations in Sheet 42.0-(co1~ti~~usd) 

EXPLORATION 

Station ; Latitude I Longitude / Height 

Cany 4 " B " e1l11 bctse 

Ca~sp 1 " .I " rxn! base 

Camnp 6 " A " r~td base 

Camnj~ 6 " B " e~ul base 

Can~p 5 " sl " 4.s. t 

Ca~up 

4 " A " 4.s. t 

C~tnzp 6 " A" h.5. t 

Ca~trp 120 " A " o~td 

basr 

Ca111p 120 " A " A.8. 

I 

. 1. --- I - 

Deasy's stations, * 1897-99. 

* T)rilr.v's wor1; is b.xctl on tile origirrnl r.nl~~cs of ccrt;tia Pimir Bounclnry Coinmission 

~~oirrt*, \vbicb \Yere in 1920 slizl~tly a8ljnstcd to the 111clo-R~~ssino Connesion. It knot considerr~l 

sllttic:irntlp arcurnte to npplp tile srn:~ll ro~rcctions necessary to briu:: it into the revised tcrn~s. 

No

silcet / series 

Stations in Sheet 42.0-(ooati~tued) 

StRtio~~ 

- - - I Lztit 11dr 

- -- 

Lo~l~itl~tlr 

- . - - 

11~1gl1t 

-- -- 

Stein's second expedition stations* (Ram Slngh), 1906-08 

No, / XC,. / ~i~tcrrertnl 


CLASS A 

Point 1 L:~titu


CLASS B 


0 8 , feet 

75 9 34 ... 

75 9 48 ... 

Stein's second expedition points (Ram Singh), 1906-08 

Sate.-The explorer's point I'h.61420 has been replaced by the intersected pint 

Pk.33142 0. 

* Top.

Al'l'lCN 1)IS -4 

Stations in Sheet 51 L 

ASTRONOMICAL 

De Filippi's latitude and longitude station, 1914 

L:~tit,utle ant1 longitutlr sta.tiol~ at tile Chinese fort.; 1011~it~1~1c was ol)tai~~cd 

by ~virt,less tillie sigl~nlr tl:uislnit,trtl fro~l~ Lnl~ore rccordetl si~~~~tlt;~~ieo~~aly 

at 

Suget Paraul a~ltl 1)ehl;~ Diin. 1)e I"ilil~l)i'< \,:slues were ~iot auai1al)le d~cring Sir 

Aurel Stein's slcrvepx nor for ll~e roustr~tction of his map, wliiclr a11nn.s the fort 

at X J(iO 20' 55". LVII~. is0 n' 35". 

EXPLORATION 

Trotters' topographical latitude and longltude station, 1874 

I 

- h / l 

/ 36 0 11 78 3 20 11310 

Station ~~ntlrsrribctl; I:~(it~ltle by vile nortl~ illid threesout11 stars ; lo~~~itucle 

from tile mean of t11rc.e '1':lntlit' travrrsex ; lot ~IIOIVII 011 Stci~l's nialt. 

Intersected Points in Sheet 51.L 

Sheet No. ' t r 

-- I p---p-pp..-.. 

t i 

CLASS 6 

t i Lntitu

slieet,l No. 

1 lutt.rsec:Led 

lntersected Points in Sheet 61. P 

CLASS 8 

Stein's first expedition points (Ram Slngh), 1900-01 

Pk. 1/51 u 

J'oil~t 

Latitude 

1'1;. 5/51 I, :: ( ' i": 4, 

PI;. -1,/51 1, 79 43 '1 

5 7 I Pk. 7/51 u (hludacile-tigh) 36 lo 

1 

79 

I 

l.o,tgitll

Sheet No. 

Intenected i I 

A I'l'RN 1)I S -4 

lntersected Points in Sheet 62.M-(conlinued ) 

CLASS B 

I'oint l.:it it ude 1.ott~itucle HeiC1't 

gror~ud level 


1 1 1 ~ k ?/je . n I/ 47 8 jg 49 4; 2590 

Pk. S/.%;\r* (Cholpanglik) 3j 46 47 79 54 '3309 

Stations in Sheet 60.D 

EXPLORATION 

Station I~atitude 

Stein's first expedition stations (Ram Singh), 1900-01 

lntersected Points in Sheet 60.D 

CLASS A 

~ - 

Intersected Point Lutitude 

Longitude 

Kashmir triangulation (Johnson), 1862 

Height 

Height 

Longitude ground level 

Tlas vnltre sh,tn.n on Etei~t's map No. 10, lo!. thin praL is A:?:' 46' 40". 1. 79 51' 0. It 

is not k~torvn whether LLe v;~luc ~honn al,ovc us obtained from his li~st rr!,edltiou w:ls sobfirquer,llj 

found ianccnrate.

- 

Al'I'I~NDIS A 125 

Intersected Points in Sheet 60. D-(cunlilrtr~d) 

I!tlr.rsec.l rd l'otln 

CLASS B 


Stein's first expedition point$ (Ram Singh), 1900-01 

Stations in Sheet 60.H 

EXPLORATION 

~rou~~rl level 

Statioi~ Latitude Longitude Height 

Stein's second expedition stations (Ram Singh), 1906-08 

Achcho~r hcrs~, A'. mu/, s. 

(Shclm-11rjng) 

dchr.haa hose, IS. c ~~d, s. 

'A' h.s. 

' B' h.a. 

- - - - -. -- 

frrt 

d807 

5964 

9553 

I og; I 

* This pnint is not sho!vn on Stein's map, Sheet No. 14: it, is not known whether it is iden- 

tical tiitn 1%. R'liO D. 

t 'The existence of thew peaks is doubtful. 'l'he? do not npperr to have been located 

during Sir Aorel Stein's detmilecl survejs.

1 SO AI'I'ISNDI S ../ 

Intersected Points in Sheet 60.H 

CLASS B 


Pk. 7/60 H ... 

1 49 

I / I 

9 i Pk. 9/60 ii 

. . . .

- 

Stations in Sheet 60.L 

EXPLORATION 

Station 1 Latit udo i I,o~~~il~~tIe Height 

i 

. - I . .- 

Stein's second expedition stations (Ram Singh), 1906-08 

'I' h..~. 36 3j 17 1 82 25 2; 10622 

'J' //.I. gh 34 43 1 11561 

' H' X2 24 9 ; 1174j 

'K' 

' L ' 

0' 

1 ~ 1 . :O 

hs., 36 

h..~.: 36 

I 

36 26 

:33 18 

35 19 

j s2 .15 2-C 

82 32 32 

c)466 

I 08jz 

I 1600 

I 

Slrcct No. : 

Intersected Points in Sheet 60.L 

I~~tet.sectccl 

CLASS B 

1 ' T,., n nl(u rle I 'leixLt 

I -rou~,d level 

I'olnt I I.ntiincle ' 

-- - - - - - - --- -- i -. - 

L 

C;03 

1 

2 

Pli. l/tiO 1, ... 

1%. 2/60 I. ... 


" I I O , 

36 I 2 59 

;b 13 j2 

. ,+;.rt 

S" 3 '; 2 I Sjo 

82 2 ?1tit10 

513 1

Intersected Points in Sheet Gl.L-(c-o?~fbitc~d) 

CLASS B 

, , 

61ber1' KO. ' I.on:i~udc Height 

1 I ~n>181td 

Stein's second expedltion points (Ram Singh), 1906-08 

0 0 , 

feel 

... / 36 31 25 1 82 

Pk. 13/ti0 I. 

PI;. 16/60 I. 

Pk. 16/60 I . 

Pli. 17/60 I. 

Pk. 18/60 I. 

rk. 191co I. 

I 

13 2;) 11053 

I 

Pk. 2 1/60 r. ... 136 35 Xisz zy 26 108" 

Pk. 03/60 I. .. . 36 33 46 ' 82 zS z 12396 

Pk. 25/60 I. 1 3 6 3; 2783 16 o 1 gj8r 

PI:. 26/60 r. ... 

Pk. 06/60 I. . . . 

PI

Meotl No 1 Intersecred 

P I I 60i3 1 Pk. 1/60 1, 

P 

60i* 

P 

60, 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

6 

Intersected Points in Sheet 60.P 

l'oiut 

CLASS B 

! Helgnt 

I 1.arit.de 1 t.r,ng~~eda. 

I i , ground level 

Deasy's points; 1897-99 

Pk. 2/60 r 3 6 


Stations in Sheet 61.A 

EXPLORATION 

4.3 2418.3 53 1 13700 

Pk. 3/60 1. ... 36 43 g 1 83 58 12 14150 

Pk. 4/60 P 

Pk. 5/60 e 

.. 36 41 41 83 

1.36 4 ~ ~ 5 

49 49 ; 

4 / 521 ~ 3 

13050 

12gm 

I p~ 

~ 

Pk. 6/60 P ... 

i 

36 35 35183 0 34 

Pk. 7/60 P ... 36 33 5 X3 0 18 

Pk. 8/80 P ... 36 31 32 1 8.3 z gX 

I 

Station 1 Latitude 

1 Longitude I Height 

I I 

Stein's second expedltlon station (Lal Singh), 1906-08 

lntersected Points in Sheet 61.A 

CLASS A 

Intersected Poiur I i.*titudr 1 

I 

Llmgis~de 

I 

Kashmir triangulation (Chang-chenmo, Johnson), 1862 

~zzoot 

1473.5 

I 6600 

He~ght 

ground Icvrl 

I 

* Deasy's points in 69.D were reported inaccnrate in longitude bj Rim Singh in 1906-OR 

and it is possible rhat tl~ese points of his in 6O.P, which are not showu on Stein's mapa and were 

therefore probably not located, are also inaccurate. 

t Height omitted in map. Sheet No. 18. 

I 'l'his peak RUS originally known iu tbe Survey of Iudia as E 61.

I 

~11ert.J NO. 

I 

Intersected Points in Sheet Bl.A.-(cotati)~zcrri) 

CLASS A 

Kashmir trianguletion (Chang-chenmo, Johnson), 1862 

A 

61, 5 Pk. 4/61 A 

' 4 Pk.B/(ila 

5 Pk. til6ln 

111t.c rarcted I'uir~t. 

CLASS B 

I,nt it I B ~ P 


A 1 61-: 7 ! Pk. 7/til A * 

'7 s / lJb. ~/lil A 

81 h/ 9 1 I'k. 9/61 A 

151 I 

. 

I 

,Z5 

35 

1 35 

I 

58 4s 1 80 5i 56 

55 ,iX 1 80 j2 24 

I 

I 

'9 i so 55 55 / 23490 

-. ~. 

Stein's first expedition pcint, 1300-01 

Stations in Sheet 61.E 

EXPLORATION 

I 

S tat,ion / Latitntlc i t 

r,tmp 116 ",1" IIIAII 

QIIII~ 116 "H" 

('(~nlp 116 ''A" 

I 

Deasy's stations, 1897-99 

I 

C1~trn/) 116 "C" h , 3 j 50 I 

cur19 .Y7 " 1)" h..~., 35 42 15 

C~fn~p 97 "A" h.~. 35 41 54 

t c Heigllt 

groutld ievcl I 

I 

1 Height 

* This 1)r:lk elllet I,e cc,ul;i

Stations in Sheet 61.E-(cn,rti,ruc~L) 

Station llatitutle 1 o 1 I I 116-ight 

i I 

(:/~III/) 97 "A"

Intersected Points in Sheet 61.E-(cotrti~ircc.d) 

- - 

I I I ! 

Slleet No, Interferted Point I.nlitt~dr. 1 I.ongitt~

.il'I'l

IYE hPPENDIS A 

Stations in Sheet 69.G 

I 

EXPLORATION 

S1:1tio11 Latit~ltlr I i I.o~t~it~~tlt~ 

! 

! 

- 

I / IlciKllt 

Stein's second expedition stations (Ram Singh). 1906-08 

Stein's t hird expedition stations (La1 S ingh), 1913-16 

Intersected Points in Sheet 69.G 

CLASS B 

I 

Sheet/ KO. Inte~.sected F'oi~t Laiitulie / 

Lungit.de 

I 


Stein's third expedition points (La1 Singh), 1913-15 

G 

69- d ! 1'1;. 7/69 G* . / 31 i j 3% 8 j '22 21 1 

7 1 

grouud level 

69~1 7 L'k. 10/68 (i (~tlll-iinL) 1 37 36 5 85 5 3 lj 81 31 

!41 8 Pk. Il/69c 1 37 3' 9 8.5 59 10 10106 

69? I/ I%. 1'2/~ii(:* 

l5 10 Pk. 13/69 a 

I 

... ii ''9 17 / xS 46 

. . . j j 18 12185 48 

... 

- . . - - -. - - -- - - - - - - - - . - - - 

I 

* Tht~e t

Stations in Sheet 69.K 

EXPLORATION 

Stein's thlrd expedltion stations (la1 Singh), 1913-15 

Intersected Points in Sheet 69.K 

CLASS B 

SLicel/ KO i I~sc~..wt.terl i'oiut , Lnt~tude Lo~~girude Height 

ground level 

I ; 


Yk. 5/69 h ,137 47 21 1x6 47 42 i 1810i 

I - - .- - - 

/ '1 Ggg - 

Stem's thlrd expedltion polnts (Lal Slngh), 1913-15 

I Pk. li/60 h 

37 42 37 86 2 '31 8190 

- - 

i 

iX

Stations in Sheet 69.J 

EXPLORATION 

Staitio~~ L:tt,it,~~tle 

I 

I 

i 

Longitade 

Stein's third expedition stations (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

I~Crisus-chop, ' H' LIII~ 

bos~, s. 

lii~~tts-,.Aoj~, '.I ' 61d 

i 

0 r 1, 

3S 12 34 

, 

I 

' ! 

., 

86 

' 

49 

,, 

54 

bcrsr s. 38 I z 20 1 S6 50 I 

I ~ I I I ' -I ' I I.$. 31; I I 46 1 66 46 44 

Intersected Points in Sheet 69.J 

CLASS B 

Sheet No. i I~ltersected Point I l.alitode 

- 

, , 

Stein's third expedition points (La1 Si ngh), 1913-15 

Sta-tions in Sheet 69.N 

EXPLORATION 

Height 

, f i.er 

4466 

4560 

5 '09 

Hcipht 

.-.I 38 13 23 86 55 59 

...I 38 1 1 46 86 54 19 8&1 

7 36 86 48 14 91i~ 

/ 38 

I I Pk. 6/69 r 8 6 39 

I I 

Station Latitude 

l'atlik-b~~lrrk, ' A ' I,III/ 

86 49 16 

Stein's third expedition stations (La1 Singh), 1913-15 

i 

Longit,ude Heiglit. 

huxr . , 38 38 23 5 232 

Ili//rk-huluk, ' Jj' en11 

~//I.SI, 

I;l/Iik-hrilnk ' 0' h.8. *.I , 38 36: 3X 37 20 l2 

87 53 28 5323 

5570

Intersected Points in Sheet 69.N 

CLASS B 

- I 

. A- 

I 

- 

Stein's th~rd expedltlon polnts (La1 Slngh), 1913 15 

Station in Sheet 75.A 

Stein's third expedition station * (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

I 

Stations in Sheet 75.B 

EXPLORATION 

i 

1 

Statloll T,atlt~ltlc ! , Loil:~totle lleigl~t 

, 

- - - --- -- -- 

Ste~n's third exped~t~on stat~ons *(La1 Slngh), 1913-15 

.11;1.,i,1 '!;I)' h . , ;S 

, 

j8 

,I 

lo , SS 41 

1, 

1.5 

I 

' 

,/>,el 

5120 

9s I 10 

* Tl~e lonqit~~tle.; sllc,\\.l~ ill italic* :arc tllosr n.llich \\.ere adopted oil Sir .\n~.cl stci~~'~ mnp 

Slr1.1-t No. :lO. l~cttlrv ill

. - ~ ~ ~ 

1 

lntersected Points in Sheet 76. B 

CLASS B 

Stein's third expedition points* (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

1 

I 

i j 

1 1 lJk. 1/75 u 

2 1 Pk. 2/75 1% 

3 Pk. 317:) 1% 

! 

4 Pk. 4/75 1% 

I,' ! ' I O "' 

/;,,.I 

. . . S 44 2 88 X 28 : 90.31 

88 S 40 ; 

... .3S 44 42 XX 10 16 looh,$ 

Intersected Points in Sheet 76.F 

CLASS B 

Stein's third expedition points-Lal Slngh), 1913-15 

Stations in International'sheet NK.45.K 

EXPLORATION 

I 

Clernenti's station, 1907-08 

1 

Korla,.~ni~~or latitude ! 

a1t.d lo~a~itude stutio~~ 

O 

41 

I 

44 

I t 

20.8 1 8 I: i ! ,feel 

pp -- 

I I 

I 

- - 

Stein's third expedition stationst (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

* 'l'lre lougittlcles sho\vn in italics :rre those which \\.ere ndoptctl on Sir .lure1 Stcin'a tun)). 

Sheet St]. 30, before the tillul cousidera~iou of his triangu1;rtiou. 

t Stein'r; stntious iu this area nrc ba.ee.

Intersected Points in International Sheet N K. 46. K 

CLASS R 

Stein's third expedition points" (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

Stations in International Sheet NK. 45.0 

EXPLORATION 

Stein's third expedition stations" (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

41 1.i 1 1 si 3 43 

11 2s 0 st; 11 11, 

* hleill's -Intion.: nntl points ill thcnr nre:lr :ire Itncril inn C.ICIII(.IIL~'P vnlli(,s 01 Korl:~. The 

\ nln~.e shr~rvn ill itnlivs :II.~ ~,IIOSC n.l~i(.ll \\.ere :111~~l)tctl on Itis III~I), Slle(.t KO. 25. ~P~OT(' tile tin81 

c*~~nritle~.:~tiolb cd Ilia trinltgi~lntinn. 'Pile Ileipl~ts slr

Stations in lnternational Sheet NK. 45.0-(continued) 

EXPLORATION 

Station 1 ~Aatitrrtle 

I 

Longitude 

Stein's third expedition stationsX (Lal Singh,, 1913-15 

Intersected Points in lnternational Sheet NK. 45.0 

Shert I No. Intersrcted PUIII~ 

' I 

I I 

-. . - - - . - - 

Nh. 

CLASS B 

Stein's third expedition points* (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

4,501 .I / I< CC 46 .7 

i 

. - 

Latit~~dc i lunritwie I gronnd lerel 

i 

... 41 3" 31 , sj "j 45 

ti! 

I ! . 1 3.5 :?(I Si' 5 31 

1 I 

I

Intersected Points in International Sheet 

N K. 46.0-\conti?lued) 

CLASS B 

Latitilde ~ ~ ~ ~ Bcig'lt i t ~ 

grouud level I ~ d ~ 

Stein's third expedition points*' (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

87 '7 3 

SO' 57 0

APPENDIX A 

Stations in lnterr~ational Sheet NK. 46. S 

Statioll i Latitude 

EXPLORATION 

Longitude Height 

- - . - - - - - ..- -- - 

Steln's third expedition stations* (La1 S~ngh), 1913-15 

0 , , , I O r I, 

S i , 

Shintli, 

No. 2 4,s. 

I 1 4 . 

4 I 

I1 

41 

11 

I 1 

11 

I I 

11 

52 

40 

37 

30 

I 

88 

rj7 

88 

87 

15 

52 

15 

6.7 

14 

jl 

30 

.5699 

.541,? 

Slrz~rtli Camp 

f1 I ?O 

88 

87 

13 

50 

18 

.TO 

4689 

I to.? 

Intersected Points in International Sheet NK. 46. S 

CLASS B 

I 

Sliret I No. 1 Iz~tcrsc%.te#l l'oii~t Latitude I.r,ngitia

- 

Stations in International Sheet NK. 46.W 

Station 

EXPLORATION 

Stein's third expedition stations* (Lal Singh), 1913-15 

I 

iiizil-heciir ' I)' h.8. 4 I 2.5 55 

S i r 

' 4 ' I / 

I S 

I , I ,I 

89 4 21 

41 2s '10 88 40 $0 

i 

. 1 -1 I 21 22 Xg 2 20 

I -11 -3' 10 , 88 38 20 

Intersected Points in International Sheet NK. 45.W 

CLASS B 

Stein's third expedition points" (Lal Singh), 1913-15

- - 

Sheul 1 

,y~.45W 

1 I 

- ~ 

lntersected Points in lnternational Sheet 

NK. 46.W-(continued). 

No. / 

- -- 

4 

cj 

8 

lutersected 

I'oikit 1 Lntitudn 

ccc


Stations in International Sheet N K. 46.0 

Station I Latitude 

- - -- - - . -- - I 

EXPLORATION 

Stein's third expedition stations (La1 Singh), 1913-15 

~iit?~~ish-bulak, "No. :2" s. 

- 

I~ongit~rdr Hol,nht 

Intersected Points in International Sheet N K. 46.D 

Sheet I 

No. 

1 

intersected 

Point I 

CLASS B 

I 

Lntitl~de 1 Lmgitndo HeighL 

ground level 

Stein's third expedition points' (Lal Slngh), 1913-15 

D 

NK. 46i "CC 20" (Ulun-temen- 

tu) ... 

"CC 26" ... 

"CC 30" ... 

* Src.i!,'s st:~tionc and pornla in the.e nl-e:rs :ire based . .I ClcnacnL 'h vr~lne of Iictrla ( N I< .i.5. 

K). The vnlttcs sl,owr~ in ir:td~cs are thc,sc wh~ch were ndopttll rllr Itis rnzsp, Sheet Ao. 29, b..fol.v 

the Brbxl c..~~hrde~.:~ti n uf itis ~r~angr~la~i~i~. 'Ihe hergilts sho\\.ir ill ~lyl.ight typc :we 1)asrcl OII 

the barometric heir.11~ of Astitl-ljnlak, I( eirtl 113s~. 

t Heix lt I9.v Inot.cnry bnn,lricter. lbis Iteight is ..se

APPENDIX B 

NOTES ON HEIGHrL' OBSERVATIONS 

MADE DURING SIR AUREL STEIN'S EXPLORATIONS 

J. DE GRAAFF HUNTER, Sc.D. 

THE BAROMETRIC AND HYPSOAIETKIC IFEIGHTS 

Numerous readiiigs of mercury barometers, aneroid barometers and hypsometers were 

made by the surveyors who accompanied Sir Aurel Stein on his three journeys-1900-01, 

1906-(18 and 1913-35. The results of the mercury barometers are satiefactorj-, those of the 

aneroids are s~~r~risingly so, seeing that all aneroids are subject to erratic changes ; but the 

hypsometer results have proved to be worthless. Hence only heights derived from merri~rial 

or aneroid barometer readings have been shown in the maps recording rhese surveys. 

At places where all three instruments have been observed, the aneroid has rarely 

differed from the mercury bj~ as much as 200 feet; while the range of variation of the dittes- 

ence of mercury barometer and hypsometer attains a maximum of about 0000 feet. This 

is the more disappointing when the very large number of hypometer readings taken or1 

these jouraeys is considered. l'his failure of tbe hppsometer height results must be attri- 

buted to improper use of the instrument, such as 

(I) not allowing the water to boil properly and accorclingly getting too low :I rmd- 

ing, resulting in too great, a height deduced; 

(2) immersing the bulb of the thermometer in the water, instead of seeing t,hat it is 

wholly in the steam above; 

(3) blunders in reading. 

The first of these faults can be avoided by allonring the heating to go on after the 

water is believed t,o be boiling, and seeing whether any further rise of the mercury occurs; 

then booking the highest reading. If the second fault is avoided it is a matter of indiil'er- 

ence whether the water is pure or not. Blunders should only be rare if the graduations of 

the thermometer are rubbed over with lamp black when they become faint. 

At the Lime that the readings of the first, two journeys were reduced, the view prr- 

vailed in the Survey of Inclia that hypsomctric results were not trustworthy, and these 

bypsometric results were abandoned without seeking for any further season. While I nni 

confident that good results may be obtained with the hypsometer, f have had to reject the 

results of the 1913-IS journey. because comr~nrison with the mercurv barometer res~ilts sl~ow 

them to be quite unrelinhle.

1 L:! APPENDIX B 

METHODS OF REDUC'P ON OF THE READINGS 

Hypsometer readings have been convert.ed into equivalent air pressure by meaua of 

tables of Reguault, (revised by Moritz). This pressure is the same as would be given by a 

merrnry barometer, fully corrected for trmperat,are, nltitude and gravity ; it is also the same 

as apev>z/ aneroid \vould give. Tlre rest of the process of reduction for readings of all 

t.hree instruments should be the snrne for all. This is the case for the journey 1913-15. In 

t,he ttvo earlier journeys hypsometer readings \\.ere worked out with reduced labour by assuming 

sea-level pressure to be constant 29".92, and also that nir temperature changed lo F per 

331 feet of I~eight. The resulting heigl~t sl~ould be the height above the level at which the 

pressure is 29" .92, which ma)- or may not be tl~at of sen-level. 

AS regards the barometer reductions of these tno earlier journeys both mercury 

311d aueroid were computed on Baily's formula. Corrections were applied to the aneroid 

readings, t.0 ~nake then1 accord wit11 the merctuy readings at all places where these were 

available also. The deduction of eael~ barometer station of Rill1 Sinpll 1900-01 and 1906-7 

was made using the previous one ns a base statio~~ ; ml111e for some of Lfil Singh's stations* 

of 1907-08, Le11 Fort., wit11 a constaut value of pressure 19.50 inches and temperature 5s0 F, 

was ased ns bnse station. For others, thougl~ Leh mas still the base statiou, instead of the 

constant values as above, the readings st. Le11 corresponding to tlre time and date of the 

deduced stations mere taken off the Daily Tl'eatl~el. Report for use in the calculatious. In 

Rim Singh's observntions no account mas taken of either the diurnal or seasonal change in 

barometer; but the procedure adopted tor the reduction of his observations does give a better 

representation of the actual temperature of the air. It only remains to be said of Rim 

Singh's heigl~ts thnt Trotter's height of Camp 3 (Tfish-kurghin) was used as initial height 

for the 1900-01 results nnd the height of Chitril for the 1906-7 results. 

111 the jour~~ey of 1913-15 there \\.ere three observers, Lnl Singh, Yakiib Kh8n and 

Afri~-gul. Of these Lgl Sing11 alone used a mercury barometer, in addition to aneroids and 

hypsometer. He compared his mercury barometer wit11 tl~e barometer at the well-equipped 

Russian ~neteorolo~ieal st,ation, Kishgar, with the follo\~ing results :- 

Date and 

rime of 

obSerpntion 

(id'Y' 

2. 7. 15 

Lil Singh's 

bier. 

Bnromcter 

Irtches 

25. j0 

6r'ac' 

36.52 

3. 7.15 

6A'ar' 25.54 

4.7.15 I 

Russian 

Bler. 

Barometer 

t , , 

645.7 

1i4;.5 

645.6 

TABLE 1 

Compu/.iso,~ of' Bnro?tietera ut Kishgur 

Lil Singh's 

Thermo- 

meter 

Fnhv. 

fjS2 

79' 

SO0 

l3~aoun.t.~as REDUCED DI~FERENOE os BAEO- 

Russian 

TO 32' F ara~ERa,'l'n~~aro~~~~ns 

'l'hermo- - 

ulcrcr Lil SillnL's I(ussi8n Kossinn- Kussian- 

Bnrometer 1 Barometer Lil Singti'. Lil Singl.8 

Centd. Inrlrer 

I 

' Inehe Itrchej Faht.. 

24O.7 

25O.i 

.LJ0.:3 

25.37 

25.30 

25.41 

At some stations LHI Sing11 observecl with all three instruments, and the following 

table shows the discrepancies mhicl~ occur ill these cases between the height by mercury 

barometer aid aneroid, and bet~veea mercury barometer and hypsometer. 

* Group-Camp 451, kt-dawitn, Camp 455, Kuch-knch-1111lak-dhn, Yornng-kish I elow Znilik, Camp 457. 

011 the 190i-08 jourueg Lil Singit compared his noeroid with the mercurial barometer nt Leh. lo tho 

cowputntinn of 

.u~~croid. 

~.esultr tile aneroid readiuga wcrr corrected for thc difiorepancy betweerl mercury and 

I 

25.31 

25.30 

25.31 

-0.06 

0 

-0.10 

-(iP5 

-0.7 

-4.3

(!l~iclliklik Pass 

Kichik-jangal-sai, C. I2 

U:isli-kurghan, C. 26 

Jao-bulak (E. of C. 31) 

Khanambal, C. 39 ... 

Su-mu-t'ou, C. 41 ... 

Toghrak-bulak, C. 47 

Bash-toghrak, C. 44 

Kum-kuduk, C. 52 

Lowaza,C.57 ... 

Ying-p'an, C. 73 ... 

Jaka-yirdang-bulak, C. 76 

Astiu-bulak, C. 81 ... 

Altn~ish-bulak, C. 86 

An-hsi, C. 120 ... 

Su-chou, C. 133 

Kan-chou, C. 1G8 ... 

Hung-shui, C. 172 ... 

Lo-t'o-chinp, C. 208 

Ming-shui, C. 213 ... 

Rai, C. 220 ... 

Barkul, C. 226 ... 

ICu-ch'&ng-t,zu, C. 235 

Kara-khcja, C. 212 

Ytir-mahalla, Turfiu, C. 243 

Orkash-bolak, C. 248 ... 

Singer, A Station A ... 

Nanchan-bulak, C. 252 ... 

Burutu-bulak, C. 255 ... 

Kstin-bulak, E. end of A base ... 

Palggn-bulak, C. 260 

Tiigemen-tish, C. 271 

Deghar, C. 275 ... 

E. extremity of Aiclio-kiil bed, C. 276 

Camp S. of Aidin-ko1 bed, C. 277 

P.T. Station W. of Camp 276 

P.T. Station W. of Camp 277 ... 

Camp N. of BBjtia-tura C. 279 ... 

Turfin, Yangi-shahr, C. 280 

Kara-kh13ja (Bag's house) 

BBjiu-tura, C. 282 

Singer, C. 291 .. 

Korla, C. 306 ... 

Yaugi-hisstir, C. 313 ... 

Kuchc 

Kishgar, C. 351 ... 

Kishgar, C. 351 ... 

Kishgar, C. 351 

Arche-b6l-dawan (W. of C. 354)::: 

Oirama, C. 357 ... 

Kiyak-bashi, C. 358 ... 

APPENDIX I1 153 

TABLE I1 

Ihflsrencuof lleigI11 11, II. 

p~ 

hlercurial- Urrcuriul- 

' .\ttewid 1 l i ~ ~ , ~ ~ 

, - - - - . I -- 

.... 

.... I 

Fect. 

+ 63 

+ 02 

feet. 

- 608 

-505 

i 4. 95 - 510 

.../ +I61 -444 

. + 88 

+ 425 

+ 97 

+ 32 

+ 95 

4- 147 - 466 

+ 120 - 19zj 

+225 -1380 

+ I ~ I -469 

+ 156 - 336 

+I9 : + 9 

+ 0 I +I121 

- 32 

+ 16 - 262 

4- 26 - 517 

-53 -432 

- 31 - 606 

- 34 - 356 

4- 45 - 174 

... +173 . - 156 

... I + 69 ; - 348 

...I -34 -309 

... ' +65 -621 

- 40 1-637 

... i - 655 

- js 

+I47 1 - jii - 42 ' - j42 

... , + 90 j - 492 

.... + 123 - 275 

... 1 + 137 1 - I02 

... + 12; - '22 I 

... +I35 - 132 

... : 9130 1 - 250 

... +IS0 - 2 jo 

. + I ~ O 

... 

/ - 286 

, +I@ , + 112 

... t 143 - 280 

... 

.... 

... 

... I 

". I 

+137 -332 

t 363 - 466 

+159 - 84 

-I 18 . - 329 

- 9 , -- '39 

... - 63 

+ I0 

+ r4 - 224 

-56 -132 

... + 44 - 306 

This table gives the explanation for the rejection of t,hese hypsornetric height*. 

I

APPENDIX I) 

METHOD OF REDUCTION, 1913-15 JOURNEY 

Hypsometer readings, corrected for tl~ermometer scale-error, wero retlncetl to equivalent 

air pressure, and these were treatoil as f111ly corrected. Mercury barometer readings 

were corrected for scale-error and reduced to freezing point. Aucrord readings were treafed 

as f111l.v corrected. 111 this wq each instr~~ment. yields a fully corrected pressure. 

Nest from a table, based on t.he International Meteorological Formnla (1905) tl~c 

heigllt above a standard pressure level, 29.93, was read off. Tl~e result was multiplied by a 

factor, taking account of tile mean air temperature. By mealis of tile Indian Daily MTeatlier 

Report cliart, the value of presstue at sea-level at tlic station is estimated. Its difference 

from the value 29.92 ~nultiplied I?). 873 is the necessary correction to the l~eiglit in feet. 

Tl~e differences between results of aneroid and mercury barometer were taken out, and applied 

to succeeding aneroid readings utit,il the nest cornparisol~ occurred. Tlie same would Ilaw 

been done for the hypsometer results, if it 11ad been decided to retain t,hem. 

MISTAKES OF COMPUTIITION 

Uy a mistake on the part of tlie computer, uncorrected aneroid heights were given ill 

four cases in place of the corrected mercury heights. Places and corrections are as follows. 

Place Height giren Correctioc Final height 

Toghrak-bulak 27 40 + '3; 2837 

B6sh-toghrak 1980 + 3.' 2012 

Kum-kuduk 3150 + 95 2245 

Lowaza 1890 + 1.17 2037 

RECORDS AND COAIPUTATIONS 

These are at Dehra Dku, in the Computing Office, Survey of India, and are available 

for reference.

INDEX OF LOCAL NABIES. 

No.r~.-Eacl~ local name is follou~ed by the r~unibcr of the map shcct and section in 

wl~ich it occurs. 

In tlre brief descriptive notes added to the names the following abbreviations bave been 

nsetl : culfiv, for cultivated ground (without per~uanent occupation); GI. for glacier; habit. 

for habitation (isolated abode) ; loc. for locality; mt. for mou~rtain; uill. for village (\vitl~out 

distinction of size ; also for hamlet). 

Different localities, etc., bearing identical names have becn diatingni611ecl by tlre addition 

in brackets of the tracts, etc., to which they belong, or of the nearest toljographical 

features of iniportanrz. 

ltegarcling the record and transliteration of local names, nllethcr T~irki, irinian, 

Chinese, etc., tlre esplanatioi~s given above, pp. 61 sq., may be consulted. Errors of spelling 

and misprints have been rectiliecl in Index entries. 

Abib-langar, habit., 13,. B. 3. 

Abid (of hk-sn), market-to\v~i, 12. A. 3. 

Abid (of ICara-yulgl~un), vill., 12. 1%. 1. 

Abid (of Kargllalik), vill., 5. (!. 4.. 

Abitl (of ICishgar), vill., 5. A. 2. 

Abid (of Turf ti), vill., 28. C. 3. 

Abid (of Ysrkand), vill., 5. C. :!. 

bid-jilg~, valley, 12. B. 2. 

Abtlal, vill,. 30. U. 2. 

Abdalkash-niazir, shrine, 14.. C. 3. 

-Abdul-ghafCr-langar, loc., 10. C. I. 

Abtlul-rahmdu-jilga, valley, 9. A. 1.. 

ALshak-bF.1, l'ass, 8. B. I. 

Acll-tBglr, hill and vill., 7. C. 2. 

Aclra-dong (of Clrizgllin), hill, 1'3. C. 3. 

Acl~a-dong (of YBrkairil H.), loc., 7. Z). 4.. 

Acha-lrucl~ik, lor., 7. I). 4.. 

Arl~a-sl~ipang, lac., 32. I). 4. 

Acllak-agllzi, loc., 5. A. (1.. 

Acl~al (of Ak-su), vill., 1.'. A. 3. 

Achal (on Clrarcl~ali It.), loc., 21. C. 2. 

Aclral (of Kelpin), vill., 7. C. 3. 

Achal (of Iiuchi), coltir., 17. A. 2. 

Aelral-tigli, Irill, 6. B. I. 

Acl~ang, vil.l., 23. 1%. 3. 

Aclrapkc, loc., 1.1.. 1). 4. 

Xcl~cl~ao (of Cbarcl~an), cultir., 23. C. 1. 

Acl~cl~un (of Keriya), vill., 14. 1). 4. 

hchel~a~i-sai (of Charchan), valley, 25. C. 2. 

Aclrcl~an-sai (of Keriya), river-bed, 14. D. 3. 

Achclrik (of Faizibid), cl~lti\,., 5. C. 1. 

Acl~chik (of K.ishgar), rill., 5. A. 1. 

Achcl~ik (of Kl~otsrr), rill., 1-1.. A. 3. 

Acl~rlrik (of IJichan), vill., 31. A. 3. 

Acl~cl~ik R. (of ICiliiu), 6. D. 2. 

Acl~chik It. (of Lop), 30. C. 2. 

Aclicl~ik-akin, river, 17. A. 1. 

Acl~chili-akin-kiil, lagoon, 5. D. 2. 

Aclrchik-biznr, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Achcl~ik-bulak (of Kishgar), spring, 2. D. 1. 

Achchik-bulak (of Lop), spring, 3:?. C. 4. 

Achcl~ik-bulali (of Turfin), spring, 28. B. 4. 

Achchik-bulak (of Yai-diibe), sIJrlnp, 4.. C. 4. 

Aclicl~ik-daryi, river, 21. A. 2. 

Achchik-da\vio, pass, 9. B. 3. 

Achchik-jilga (of Duwa), valley, 9. B. 3. 

Aclicl~ili-jilga (of Kara-tish), valley, 2. D. 3. 

Achclrik-jilga (of Kliotan), valley, 9. C. 3. 

Achcliik-jilga (of Sampula), valley, 14. A. 3. 

Aehchik-jilga (of Tawak-lie]), loc., 1.1.. A. 1. 

Aclrcl~ik-kiil, lake, 15. D. 1. 

Achclrik-ltuduk (of Kapa), well, 23. A. 1. 

Achcl~ik-koduk (of Kuruk-tiglr), \veil, ",. 

C. 4. 

Aclichili-kudul; (of BIaril-bishi), well, 5. 

u. 2. 

Aclichik-otan, loc., 7. C. 2. 

Acl~cl~ik-su, loc., 31. A. 4. 

Aclicl~ik-tiigcnre~~, loc., 5. D. 2. 

Acl~i-tigh, hill, 3'2. 13. 1. 

Aclrik-agllzi, loc., 9. D. 3. 

Acl~ma (of Hanguya), vill., 14. A. 2. 

Achn~a (of Keriya), vill., 14. D. 4. 

Achnla (of Kiliin), rill., 6. D. 2. 

Aclrma (K6ne ; of Ntira), rill., 14.. C. 4. 

Acl~n~a (of l'iirt-In~inl), rill., 14.. C. 1. 

Achma (of Yirliand), rill., 5. C. 4. 

Achma-bizir (of Domoko), rill., 14. C. 2. 

Acho-dong, hill., 19. A. 4.. 

Adam-kalasi, loc., 9. C. 4.. 

Adiioa-kora, ruin, 4.5. C. 2. 

Afyum-tokai, loe., 21. D. 1. 

Afrisiib, mt., 3. C. I. 

Agi-daslit, loc., 14. A. 1. 

Aghache-iighil (of Chakmali), loc., 1. C. 1. 

Aghaclre-iighil (of Kara-teke), loe., 1. D. 4. 

Agl~rak (or Pikhan), site, 21. B. 1. 

Agri-bulak K., !?. C. 2. 

Ai-men, dl., 4.3. B. 1. 

Aidin-kiil (of Khotan), marsh, 9. D. 2. 

Aidin-kiil (of Turfin), lake, 26. C. 3. 

Ailak, vill., 5. B. 4.

Aimak, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Ailnoduni, loc., 2. D. 3. 

Aitike, loc., 7. B. 3. 

Ak-ananl, shrine, 17. B. 2. 

Ak-arik, vill., 17. C. 2. 

Ak-bai, hill, 23. B. 2. 

Ak-bai, \\.ell, 23. B. 1. 

Ak-bai-sni, valley, 23. B. 2. 

Ak-bisli-mnzir, slirinr, 5. A. 3. 

Ak-bisli-sl~al~ri, rnin, 5. A. 2. 

:lk-bt?rdi-jilga, valley, 2. B. 3. 

Ak-bugha 11. 23. 13. 4. 

Ak-bulak, rill., 21. A. 1. 

Ak-bop, vill., 1.'. B. 1. 

Ak-buye, \,ill., 17. C. 1. 

Ak-cliali-(long, loc., 5. 1). 2. 

Ak-chalcil, (of Tiriin R.) loc., 1.'. C. 3. 

Ak-clrakil, (of Yirkand) vill., 5. C. 3. 

Ak-chigli (of Kizil), loc., 5. A. 4. 

Ak-chigh (of Niua), loc., 14. 13. 4. 

Ak-cliigh, (of T.is11-Kurghfin), habit., 3. D. 1. 

Ak-chiph (of 1-ul-arik), vill., 6. C. 2. 

Ak-cl~igli-jilga, valley, 6. C. 2. 

ilk-dash-kiil, ~narsli, 21. C. 3. 

Ak-dong (of Kal,:~), hill, 23. B. 2. 

Ak-dong (of Kirclii), loc., 17. A. 2. 

Ak-clong (of Yai-diibe), habit., 4. B. 4. 

Ak-gum-sai, valley, 19. A. 3. 

Ak-ila, loc., 9. A. 2. 

Ak-ilak, vill., 14. C. 2. 

Ak-isliak-langar, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Ak-juje-iil~an, Ioc., 19. C. 1. 

Ak-kish, v~ll., 5. A. 2. 

Ak-kish-bilal, rill., 21. A. 1. 

Ak-kir, loc., 30. A. 2. 

Ak-kiil (of Do~ncrko), vill., 14. C. 2. 

Ak-kiil (of Kuchi), loc., 17. B. 2. 

Ak-kiil (of Lop), lagoon, 30. A. 1. 

Ak-liiil (of 31aril-b%shi), marsh, 8. B. 1. 

Ak-koran~, loc., 7. 11. 3. 

Ak-kul, \rill., 14,. ;I. 'L. 

Ak-kun~ (of Bai), loc., 12. D. 2. 

Ak-koin (of Khotan), loc., 9. 1). 2. 

Ak-langar (13. of Khot,an), st,,ztion, 1-1.. A. 3. 

Ak-langar (I\'. of Kliotan), station, 9. C. 2. 

Ak-maid:in (of Al;-su), pass, 12. A. 1. 

Ak-maidin (of Kalta-yailak), vill., 5. B. 1. 

ilk-masjicl (of Kisligar), hill, 5. A. 2. 

Ak-masjid (of Kiik-yir), cultiv., 6. C. 2. 

Ak-miirnan-langar, cultiv., 9. A. 2. 

Ak-iigl~il, loc., 9. C. 4. 

A1;-iirdek, loc. 2.5. 13. 2. 

Ak-rabst, station, 5. C. 3. 

Ak-saghiz, loc., 23. A. 3. 

Ak-sai (of Kapa), valley, 23. B. 2. 

Ak-sai (of hfuz-tigh-at,i), loc., 2. C. 4. 

Ak-sai (of Tiirt-Imim), valley, 14. C. 4. 

Ak-sai (of Ucli-Turfin), loc., 7. B. 2. 

Ak-sai-jilga (of Karakish R.), valley, 0. C. 4; 

2.1). 4. 

Ak-saikit-sai, valley, 19. A. 3. 

Ak-sarai (of Bogur), vill., 21. A. 1. 

Ak-sarai (of Chihil-gumbaz), cultiv., 5. A. 4. 

Ak-sarai (of Khotan), vill., 9. D. 2. 

Ak-satrna (of Kuchii), loc., 17. C. 2. 

LOCAL NAMES 

Ak-satma (of Marill bfislii), loc., 6. C. 1. 

ilk-sel GI., 2. C. 3. 

Ak-shahr, site, 17. C. 2. 

Ak-stlor, cultiv., 9. A. 2. 

Ak-sipil, ruin, 14. A. 2. 

Ak-sa It., 7. D. 3; 18. A. 3. 

Ak-su, town and dist,rict, 7. D. :?. 

Ak-su-sai. valley, 23. A. 3. 

Ak-tsph (of Charclian), hill, 23. D. 2. 

Ak-tsgh (of Knpa), hill, 23. C. !I. 

Ak-tag11 (of Kara-koram), n~t., 6. I). 4. 

Ak-tsgll-bulak ('l'i,sli-bulak), spring, YU.A.2. 

Ak-tigh-iighil, loc., 23. C. 1. 

Ak-tali (of Igl~iz-yir), loc., 5. A. 4.. 

Ak-tali (of Yirlca~~d), vill., 5. C. 4. 

Ak-tam (of B~igur), ruins, 21. A. I. 

Ak-tam (of Mar;il-bssbi), vil!., 8. B. 1. 

Ak-tam (of Sl~alipr), loc., 17. 1). 3. 

Ak-tam (of Tish-kurgliin), ruin, 3. C. 1. 

Ak-tan]-mazir, shrine, 9. 1). 2. 

Ak-tlsh (of Cliira It.), cultiv., 14. A. 4.. 

Ak-thsh (of Kelpin), hill, 7. B. :?. 

Ak-tssh (of Kere-bszir), vill., 16. B. 4. 

Ak-tish (of Khotan), vill., 9. D. 2. 

Alc-tBsh (of P~~slia), cultiv., 9. B. 4. 

Ak-tish (of Uliigh-sai), loc., 14.. B. 4. 

Ak-tisl: (of Yai-diibe), Ioc., 4.. A. 4. 

Ak-tish (or Yir-t,i~ngaz) It. 19. C. 2. 

Ak-tish-aghzi, \,ill., 9. B. 4,. 

Ak-tisli-damin (of Korla), pass, 25. A. 1. 

A k-tish-clawin (or Pusl~a), pass, 9. B. 4. 

Ak-tisli-domsin-langal., Ioc., 14. C. 4. 

Ak-tiz, see Balamaste. 

Ak-tlz-dong, Ioc., 26. B. 3. 

Ak-terel;, vill., 14.. A. 2. 

Ak-terek-tati, ruined site, 14. A, 2. 

Ak-t.igerik, loc., 4.. B. 4. 

Ak-tiken (of Karanglio-tigh), loc., 9. D. 4. 

Ak-tiken (on Khotan It.), loc., 13. B. 3. 

Ak-tiken (of Kucha), site, 17. A. 2. 

Ak-tilten Pass, 2. D. 3. 

Ak-tiken-lalma, loc., 5. D. 2. 

Ali-tiiien-iighil, lac., 9. C. 3. 

Ak-tokai, vill., 7. C. 2. 

Alr-tdpa-dasht, loc , 2. D. 3. 

A Iz-tiixe-iii:vz%r (of CI1iliil-~1iirrb:ia), loc., 2. D. 4. 

Ak-tuge-mazir (of Kizil), shrinc, 5. A. 1. 

Ak-tiige-sai (of Keriya), loc., 14.. D. 3. 

Ak-tiiz R., 14. C. 4. 

Ak-tuz, \rill., 1-1.. C. 4. 

Ak-iistaug (of Kuclii), vi!l. tract, 17. C. 1. 

Ale-ustang (of Ynlduz-blgh), vill., 17. A. 1. 

Ak-yBr (of Ak-sn), vill. tract, 7. D. 2. 

Ak-ylr (of Charchan), cultiv., 23. D. 2. 

Ak-yir (of Karghalik), stream bed, 5. C. 4. 

Ak-yir (of Kuch?~), vill., 17. 13. 1. 

Ak-yir (of Ucll-Turfa~~), loc., 7. B. 2. 

Ak-yfir-suka, river bed, 2 1. C. 2. 

Ak-yirdang, loc., 28. C. 4. 

Ak-yisok, loc., 8. B. 1. 

Ak-yer, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Ak-yol, cultiv., 2 1. A. 2. 

Aka-chapkan, loc., 26. D. 2. 

Altata-yir, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Akaz-aghzi, cultiv., 9. A. 3.

INDEX OF LOCAL N11311':S 

1 

1 

1 

~ 

Altaz-jilga, valley, 9. A. 3. 

Akiz-iighil, loc., 6. C. 3. 

Akcl~e (of Muz-art), valley, 11. H. 4. 

Akche (of Uch-Tarf,in), vill., 4.. D. 3. 

Akchik, loc., 5. A. 4.. 

Akclrik-ayalti, vill., 4. D. 3. 

Akcllik-karanl, ruin, 34. D. 3. 

Akhtur, vill., 5. A. 2. 

Akhtur-bhir, ~narket-town, 5. A. 2. 

Akllun-kbldi, loc., 25. A. 1. 

Akich-ijghil, loc., 6. D. 2. 

Akin, canal, 8. A. 1. 

Altin-buya, cnltiv., 14. C. 3. 

Alzin-langar (of Cl~ira), station, 14. B. 2. 

Akin-langar (of Kargllalik), station, ti. 1). 1. 

Akrnado-chal), valley, 19. A. 3. 

Aksak-mark], vill., 5. D. 2. 

Ala-ltdgha (Seh-sl~a1nba-bizB1.),vill., IT. B. 1. 

illa-kigha (of Tirn), vill., 17. C. 2. 

Ala-knm (S. of Cllarchan), loc., 23. C. 1. 

Ala-kum (SE. of Charchan), loc., 23. D. 1. 

~lla-sai (of Brlgnr), VIII., 21. A. 1. 

Als-sai (of Uch-T~ufdn), vill., 7. H. 2. 

Ala-tRgh, hill, 29. A. 2. 

Ala-tAz-jilga, vallrx, 19. C. 3. 

Alsger (of hlaril-bislii), vill., 5. D. 2. 

Aldger (of Posgim), vill., 5. C. 4.. 

Alajoi, cultiv., 14. C. 4. 

Alalto, vill., 2. D. 2. 

Alam-IthOja-kiil, lagoon, 30. C. 1. 

~llatligli, vill., 14. U. 4. 

Alchak-aghzi, vill., 9. H. 4. 

Aldurghak-sai, valley, 15. D. I. 

Alexander 111 Range (Nan-shall), 43. A. 3. 

Ali-naziir-korghin, habit., 9. A. 3. 

Alkhi-kiil, canal, 5. B. 1. 

Alma, vill., 1.1. 13. 4,. 

Almaligh R., sre TBsl~-kurghiin R. 

Alsa, loc., 26. D. 2. 

Alt,mish-bulak, spring, 29. D. 3. 

Altila, rill., 12. A. 2. 

Altun-hi.:-ilesi, loc., 23. C. 1. 

I 

, 

; 

I 

I 

Aptiblik, loc., 1.1. D. 1. 

Ar-kara-yagach, loc., 29. A. 1. 

Ara-bigli, vlll., 5. A. 2. 

Ara-huk, vill., 17. 1%. 1. 

Am-kir, Itill, 1.4. C. 4.. 

Ara-kum, loc., 25. 0. 3. 

Ara-mahalla (of Bugur), vill., 21. A. 1. 

ha-mahalla (of Kishgar), vill., 5. A. 1. 

Ara-mate, loc., 2. A. 3. 

Ara-mazBr, shrine, 8. 1). 2. 

Ara-sai (of Huya), vill., 14.. A. 4. 

Ara-sai (of Imimlar), "ill., 14. C. 4. 

Ara-sai (of Keriya), valley, 19. 11.4. 

Ara-shOr, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Ara-sunde, loc., 2. D. 3. 

Ara-tam, vill. and ruins, 3-1.. D. 3. 

Ara-tirim, river bed, 25. C. 3. 

Ara-tokai, loc., 9. D. 2. 

Ara-iistang, vill., 14. D. 3. 

Araba-aral, island, 13. B. 2. 

Arach, Ioc., 8. l3. 1. 

Arachik, vill., 12. D. 1. 

Arak-kir, hill, ti. C. 2. 

Ara-kan-jilga, valley, 19. C. :I. 

Aral (of Ak-su), rill., tract, 7. D. 2. 

Aral (of Keriya), vill., 14. D. 3. 

Aral Gl., 2. C. 4. 

Aral-bbqh, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Aral-dong, vill., 17. B. 2. 

Aral-kot.an, loc., 17. B. 2. 

Aralchi, loc., 26. D. 2. 

Aralchi-malialla, vill., 22. D. 4. 

Aralisli, loc., 25. A. 3. 

Arallik, \,ill., 14. C. 4. 

Arallik, R., 14. C. 4. 

Archalilc, loc., 3. C. 2. 

Arche-bel, Ioc., 2. B. 1. 

Arche-bel-dara, valley, 2. B. 1. 

Arche-bf.1-da\rBn, pass, 2. B. 1. 

Alrche-b~l-karanl, post, 2. A. 1. 

Arcllik, vill., 2 1. A. I. 

Arenielle (of Kishgar), vill., 5. B. 2. 

~ltrln-daw;in, psss, 25. C. I. 

;\]tun-ghol, valley, 2.5. C. 1. 

Alttun-ltush-jilga, valley, 16. B. 4. 

Altunlnk, vill., 2. D. 3. 

Altun-n~az~r, shriue, 28. B. 3. 

Altnnche, cultiv., 9. D. 2. 

Alwakchi, \rill., 5. C. 4. 

Altvas-diibelik, vill., 14.. B. 3. 

Alya-chijl, lagoon, 17. D. 2. 

AmBn-toghrak (of AIarAl-bBslii), vill., 8. A. 1. 

Amin-toghralc (of Aliger), vill., 8. B. 1. 

Alnhal-chushltan, loc., 22. D. 4. 

Arnbal-panza, loc., 21. 1). 1. 

Alnchak-ijghil, loc., 14.. C. 4.. 

Amir-kirbz, vill., 28. U. 3. 

An-hsi, town, 38. D. 3. 

An-j&n-kou, vill., 43. A. 1. 

An-yiian-kon, vill., 4.3. A. 1. 

Anajin-kircz, vill., 28. B. 3. 

Anambar, sec Kllanambal. 

Anir-kiil, lake, 8. B. I. 

Audijin-kichik, vill., 2. D. 1. 

Apaghuja, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Arenielle (of AIarkl-bashi), vill., 8. A. 1. 

Argllai-bulak, spring, 28. A. 4. 

Arghalante, mt., 37. A. 2. 

-4rgbau (of Charklilik), loc., 30. A. 2. 

Arghan (of Lop), Ilabit., 29. A. 4. 

Arghe-terek, valley, 5. A. 4. 

Arghotai, vill., 34.. D. 2. 

Argho, vill. tract, 5. A. 1. 

Arguma, vill., 16. A. 4. 

Arik-aghzi (of AIariI-bishi), loc., 8. B. 1. 

Arik-aghzi (of TArim H.), river bed, 12. C. 3. 

hrik-agllzi-ijghil, loc., 19. C. 1. 

Arik-bgshi, Ioc., 17. C. 3. 

Arik-kenti, vill., 9. 1). 2. 

Arisll (of Charchan), rill,. 22. D. 4. 

drish (of Karghalik), vill., 6. C. 1. 

~risll (of Snrghik), lot., 19. B. 3. 

Arish (of Tatran), loc., 22. D. 4. 

Arish-bizir, vill., 12. A, 2. 

Arish-mazir, shrine, 14. C. 2. 

Arka-koduk-tim, ruin, 14. A. 2. 

Arka-sh6r-kuduk, well, 14. A. 2. 

Arkalik, loc., 7. D. 1.

158 INDISS 01" LOCAL NAhlES 

Arlmlik (of Himi), habit., 3-k. C. 3. 

Arpalik (of Sanju), c~~ltiv., 9. B. 3. 

Krplik (of Shahyilr), lor., 17. A. 3. 

drl)nlik (of Yilrkand), cultiv., 5. A. 4. 

Arpalik R., 5. 1). 4. 

Brpnlik-cltakil, hill, 23. A. 3. 

Arpalik-tiaraul, port, 5. A. 4. 

Ar1mlik-sai. valley. 19. A. 4. 

Arl)ishme-bulak, spring, 2'3. B. I. 

Art-da\viu, pass, 15. C. 1. 

~rtt~sh R., 2. D. 1. 

Artus11 (Kst,in-k.), vill. tract, 5. A. 1. 

Artnsll-l:u~par, cult., 2. 1). 1. 

Ar~~~~-tokl~ai-~luriilji~~~ 

rni11, -1.5. A. 4. 

~rzo, loc., 21. D I. 

Asa-ul-kaf-~naztir, shrine, 28. D. 3. 

Asar-jilga, valley, 3. D. 4. 

Ashik-langar, \.ill., 5. B. 1. 

Ashma-kirez, \rill., 28. C. 3. 

Ashma-langar, well, 14. B. 2. 

Ashmaziro, cultiv., 9. A. 4. 

Ashpak, coltiv., 9. C. 3. 

Ashpak R., 9. C. 3. 

Aske-lriil, marsh, 26. A. 3. 

Asko-altin, river bed, 17. U. 2. 

Asmiulik-iirtang, canal, 5. C. 2. 

Astina (of Kara-ltl~i?ja), vill., 2s. C. 3. 

Astina (of Lamjin), vill., 28. 1). 3. 

Astin-irtush R., 2. D. 1. 

Astin-irtnsl~, vill. tract,, 5. A. 1. 

sti in-bolali, spring, 29. D. 3. 

Astin-dish, vill., 17. B. 1. 

Astin-tiigh, mts., 23. D. 1. 

Astin-ustang, \rill., 14. C. 4. 

&tine (01. 15rh-l)u), \rill., 34.. C. 3. 

At-bish (of Kilotan), vill., 9. I). :?. 

At-bisl~ (on Tirim R.), loc., 17. C. 3. 

At-bishi (of Ta\vakliEI), rill., 14. A. 1. 

At-bishi (of Uch-Turfin), vill., 7. B. 2. 

At-bizir, loc., 5. B. 4. 

At-jilga, valley, 3. C. 2. 

At-koide, loc., 21. B. 2. 

At-k(il (of Lop), lagoon, 30. R. I. 

At-kvl (of Zailik), valley, 1.5. C. 1. 

At-kosl~te, loc., 11.. A. 1. 

At-olgan-dawIin, pass, 28. B. 4,. 

At-oiuak-da\vin, pass, 7. 1). 1. 

At-oinak-jilga, valley, 28. B: 2. 

At-yailak, Ioc., 1.1.. I). 2. 

Atik-tsagan (on Etsin-gol), loe., 45. C. 2. 

Atik-tsagau (of Mao-mei), loc., 45. A. 4.. 

Atlasli, loc., 23. C. 1. 

Attlz, I~ill, 7. C. 2. 

Atiirok, vill., 37. B. 2. 

Aagh-langari, loc., 30. B. 2. 

Awaila, loc., 25. A. 3. 

Ayak-art-aghzi, loc., 2. A. 2. 

Ayak-shilwe, valley, 7. H. 3. 

Ayak-tir R., 22. C. 4, 23. C. I . 

AYak-iistang-aglrzi, loc., 13. B. ! 

Ayak-zailik, loc., 18. U. 1. 

Azghallik-jilga, valley, 9. A. 3. 

Azghan, vill., 5. B. 1. 

Azghan-balak (of (ihijak-Ja\v;in), loc., 2.D.3. 

Azghan-bulak (of Korla), sl)ri~~g, 21. 1). 1. 

Azgl~an-bulak (of Torfin), spring, !?!I. A. 2. 

Azgl~au-sai, valley, 30. B. 2. 

A X ~ ~ IGI., U e. C. 4,. 

Azne-biztir (of Giclm), vill., 12. A. 2. 

Azne-biziir (of Ta\vakkt.l), v~ll., 14. A. 1. 

Azne-masjid, vill., 14. U. 4.. 

AZIIII, loc., 14. 13. -1.. 

Biba-ikliCn-larrgar, vill., 5. A. 2. 

Hiba-Hitim l'ass, 15. D. 1. 

13iiba-KamLar-1r1aziil., shrine, 17. B. 2. 

Biba-koidi, loc., 19. 1). 1. 

Bibujan, vill., 5. C. 4.. 

Bachang-agl~zi, habit.., 5. B. 1. 

Badagl~au, loc., 14. B. 4.. 

Bagan, \rill., 17. A. 1. 

Bagatte-kiil, lapoo~~, YO. C. 1. 

Bigh-arik, vill., 2. D. 1. 

Bigh-jjgtla (of Bugur), \rill., 21. 11. I. 

Bigh-ygda (of Kara-sai), vill., 9. C. 2. 

Bfigh-jigda (on Keriya R.), loc., 14. D. 2. 

BIigh-jigda (of Yirkantl), vill., 5. C. 4. 

Bigh-suget, loc., 17. D. 1. 

Big11-t,oqhrak, loc., LB. C. 3. 

Baghdid-sl~ahri, site, 25. A. 1. 

Highla, \rill., 9. B. 2. 

Baghlik, vill., 7. H. 3. 

Bighrak, x~ill., !j. D. 2. 

Baghrasll-kijl, lake, 24. 13. '1.; 25. A. 1. 

Bahan-durnwljin, loc., 45. B. 2. 

Dabrim-sn, tract, 9. D. 2. 

Bai (of Himi), vill., 37. C. 2. 

Bai (of ICr~chi), t,o\vn, 12. 1). 1. 

Bai-diibe, hill, 9. A. 2. 

Hai-kur~~t., loc., 2. D. 1. 

Bai-kurot-datvriu, pass, 2. D. 1. 

Bai-zukan, loc., 21. A. 3. 

Baikhiin, loc., 5. H. 3. 

Baisalc, vill., 2. D 1 

Baiyin, loc., 1.1). 4. 

Raji-chasht~i, Ioc., 30. 13. 2. 

Bak, loc., 4.48. C. 4.. 

Baka, cultiv., 28. D. 2. 

Balta-boguz, marsh, 8. A. 1. 

Rakhtimct,, loc., 26. B. 3. 

Bakri-changclre, loc., 29. D. 2. 

Baksum-bolak, loc., 10. A. 1. 

Bakochak, loc., 8.1). 3. 

Uali-koide, loc., 17. C. 3. 

Balamis, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Bala\\raste (Ak-tiz?), ruined site, 14,. C. 2. 

13aldalung-jilga, valley, 3. D. 1. 

Bildir, vill., 3. C. 1. 

BBlgalr, loc., 2. 13. 2. 

Balghil, loc., 1. C. 4. 

Balti-brangza, loc., 10. A. 1. 

Balyin, loc., 1. C. 6. 

Himi, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Bar-iighil-chap, valley, 23. B. 2. 

l~ardash (of Himi), vill., 34,. D. 3. 

UIirdash (of Turfin), vill., 28. C. 3. 

Barkul, town, 34. B. I. 

Barkul Lake, 34. R. 1.

1SI)KS 01' LO(!.\I, NAJIISS 

Uarkul-da\vHt~, pass, 4 1,. 1). 2. 

Uhsll-kiil (of 'l'ikcnllk), maralt, 2.5. A. 2. 

l%fish-kiA (of '~'II~~~III), vill,, 28. 1). 3. 

13isl1-korla, loc., 13. A. 2. 

Ilish-koyik, vill., 21 A. I. 

13i1sl1-1zoy11111al, ~II~II, 30. A. 3. 

Hhsh-kiipriik, bridge, 2. D. Y. 

Bish-lt~trghiu, Ioc., 33. A. 2. 

Jjisl~-kurgl~ir~-tla\\.iln, pass, 33. .\. 2. 

Bish-lailca, vill., 1.1. 1). 3. 

Uisll-langar, cultiv., 6. 1). 2. 

Uitsh-niilghun, loc., 23. A. Y. 

Uiish-shilwe, valley, 7. U. Y. 

Bish-suget, mt., 4. Il. 4.. 

Bish-suglr~un, cultiv., 4. U. -1. 

Jlish-suligl~iz, vill., 9. A. 2. 

138~11-toghrak (1)olin; of Korla), Ioc., 21.D.1. 

13;isll-togl~rali (of 'l'ike~~lik), loc., .?6. D. 3. 

13isl1-tokai, loc., 2 1. A. 1. 

138sll-iirang, vill., li. U. 1. 

Bitsll-ustang-agl~zi, loc., 1:;. 1%. 3. 

II;ish-~~tak, loc., 26. 1%. 3. 

Hilsh-yigho, vill., 2. C!. 2. 

Il~al~-to~hrak (OII Keriya It.,) la.., 14.. I). 2. 

1li.nl1-toxl~lak (of Lol) I)ec.ert), \veil, 35. 1%. 4. 

llba~1-to~~1rali-la11ga1', titittiot~, 14.. 1%. 2. 

1lctil1-toghrak-IIIXL~I~, nl~ritre, 1.1. (:. 2. 

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I - ~ u vill., ~ ~ I 7. I I I). ~ I3. I , 

Ileyik-jilza (or I'ayik-jilraj, valley, 3. U. 3. 

Ilezeklili, rltit~s, 28. (I. 3. 

~ ~ I I I I ~ I I I I I I I I ~ - ~ l~ill, ~ O I I ~ 19. , .I. 3. 

13idelik-iitak, loc., 13. 1%. 2. 

lligil, vill., 5. C. 4,. 

llil~isht-btiz11, vill., 17. 1l.i. 

Bil-bigl~, vill., 14. ll. 3. 

Uilakchi, loc., !). A. 4,. 

1%ilanpa11, Ioc., 19. I). 4.. 

Uilau-tisl~, cultiv., I. Lt. 4. 

Ililekrl~i-yrii, strea~~llet, -5. C. -1. 

1 Hileklili, Ioc., 22. 1). 4.. 

1lilel;lik-kiil, lake, 19. C. 2. 

Ililel-kor~ghan, loc., 19. 1). 1. 

Billtiste, vill., IT. A. I. 

Ililote-gllol, valley, 28. U. -1. 

1 I%ilihi-da\vi~~, pass, I. 1.). :i. 

I%ilzui, habit., :J. 1). I. 

Harli-ya~~grak, habit., 3. C. 1. 

Ildsl~-yulgl~~~n, lor., 28. C. 4. 

Uir-aghiz, Ioc., 5. I). 2. 

Ilir-atai-bulal;, sl~ri~~g, 32. A. 1. 

I%aslrakcl~e, vill., 9. I). 2. 

I%ishi-lirnkel-sai, valley, 23. A. Y. 

Hir-atai-jilga, valley, 28. 1). 3; 3 I. .\. 4. 

llir-bulak, cultiv., 3 I. U. 3. 

l%%shlam-su:et, vill., PI. D. 1. 

Hksl~nla, vill., 5. A. I. 

J3isik-l;11l, lake, P. C. 4. 

I%askik, vill., !>. B. :I. 

Uiyan~ed, vill., 5. ;\. I. 

Bizil, vill., 9. U. 3. 

Bizin, vill., 9. I). 2. 

Biiehche (Sl~an>ba-biz?tr), vill., 12. A. 3. 

Ihyi-kiil, lagoon, 29. .I. 4.. 

Hogarh-liijl, marsh. 5. (1. I. 

Ihyin, vill., 6. C. I. 

Hogar-~ning, village tract,, 3. I). 2. 

13ayi11-hogd0, hill, 4.5. U. 3. 

13iz;ir-dasl1t, Ioc., 3. C. 1. 

Hfizirte, loc., 2. C. 4.. 

Boga11-tura, tower, 28. l3. 3. 

Uogaz, lor., 13. A. 4. 

l%ogclai-oi, loc., 17. A. 2. 

13edaulat's to\v~l (of Kara-khcija), site, 28.C.:;. Uogl~a-ishka-d:t\\.ii~~, pass, I?. A. 1. 

I%rdi-kilias-jilga, valle!., (i. C. 3. 

I3i.g-kara111, habit., 5. A. 4. 

Heg-nnahalla, vil!., 8. A. 1. 

13Cgan-h111ali, vill., 34. B. 3. 

HGglar-rnaid211, loc., 2. B. 2. 

1fBjRn-t~tra, tower, 28. C. 3. 

13ek-targh:lli, Ioc., 2. 1). -1.. 

I%ekh, loc., 14.. A. 1. 

Hekhta~lruk, loc., 5. 1%. 2. 

Eogl~az-oimaghr. Ilabit., 12. 11. 1. 

13o~l111lnI;-k111n, Ioc., 26. B. J. 

I%ogoi-iighil, lor., 9. D. 2. 

I3oilak (of TII~~~II), lot., 28. C. 3. 

l%oilak (of Y%ikancI), \ill., 5. i:. 4. 

13oi11a-l;atak-r11azBr, loc., 2. 1). 4. 

lloinak, lor., !). I>. 4. 

1loinal;-a:Ilzi, loc., 2. 1). 4,. 

l%oinal;-tla\vAn, l)ass, 9. 1). 4. 

]

lh17511. vi1l:tgt) t1:1rt, !I. 1). 2. 

Ut~raxi~~-kc~nti, vill., 14. .\. I . 

l%o~xI~~-b~~l:tk, lc>c., ?. I). I. 

I3i1rc-obo, Ivr., 1.1,. ('. 4. 

l3,~rg2lsll, ltlc-.. 45. ('. I. 

13t1rc~kI1~1t:ti. lc~c., 2. 1). 2. 

l~,irll~~llc~, I~I~., 17. 1). I. 

li~~s:~li, vill., !). 1). 2. 

130~11k:tt, I1:10it ., 14. 1). 4.. 

llosl~l:t~~g-~iilq:t, v:tllt,y, 9. .1. :j. 

13t1.stdn (of Ch:~rcli:ui\, cultiv., 23. C. 2. 

I{o>tdrt (of keriy:~), lor., 14. I). 3. 

1losti111 [vf liiliii~-k~~rql~i~~l, lor., !). A. 3. 

l3osti11 (vf kiik-yir), I~:ll)it., (i, ('. 2. 

llvstin (of K~~clti), vill., 17. (I. :?. 

Iioatin (of 'ht1.~11), Ioc., 22. 1). 4. 

I3t1st,i1t-srcl1e, loc., 2. (:. 3. 

Bostin-bdzir (of Kllcl~ij, vill., 17. C. 2. 

13ostRn-hzir (of Shahyir), viil., 17. U. :?. 

13o~ti11-jilga, v:111ey, 0. A. 3. 

13t1sti11-terck~ Ioc., 2. B. 2. 

Unetin-toghrsl< (of C'I~:lrcllan), Ioc., 26. A. 3. 

Bostii11-tog11rak (of Kllota~~), habit.., 9. C. 3. 

I3oto-kiil, ~naroh, 21. 1). 1. 

13Gt11-ttGrii, loc., 4.5. C. 2. 

Bow%-kamlar-111az;ir, shrine, 9. D. 2. 

Boz-aghir, Ioc., 5. 1. -I.. 

Hozche, rill., 1.'. 1). 1. 

Bdz-bE.1-langar, station, 5. A. 1. 

Hoz-dong, cultiv., 12. U. 1. 

Boz-jilga, valley, 5. U. 4. 

Boz-kirik, valley, 10. B. 4.. 

Boz-k6l, loc., 21. B. 2. 

Bozake-tzigh, hill, 7. B. 4. 

Boziz-jilga, valley, 9. D. 2. 

Brinjak-danin, pass, 9. C. -1.. 

3311-mairyan-n~azzir, shrine, 5. 11. 1. 

Hl~clle, vill., 5. A. 1. 

Budiya, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Bugiije, loc., 8. C. 1. 

Bngl~ra-kum-pidsl~Sl~in~, shrine, 14.. 1). 3. 

Hi~gigo, rlll., 12. D. 1. 

Bugur, vill., tract, 21. A. 1. 

Bugur-b.izir, marliet-town, 21. A. 1. 

Bujong-jilga, valley, 9. A. 2. 

Suk-tokhai, loc., 4.5. A. 3. 

Buka-lulak-jilga, valley, 19. C. 3. 

Buka-tam, vill., 17. B. 1. 

Bukolak-sai, ralley, 23. A. 3. 

Boksunge, vill., 6. D. 1. 

Bukta, \rill., 11. C. 1.. 

.Bolak (on Keriya R.), loc., 14.. D. 2. 

Bulak (of Turfan), vill., 28. C. 3. 

Bulak-bzishi, spring, (Kelpin), 7. B. 3. 

Bolak-kol (of Charchan It.). marsh. 22.D.3. 

Hiilern, vill., 5. B. :!. 

Bnlun-It61 (of Ilek), lagoon, 30. A. 1. 

Bulun-koI (of Lop-nor), lagoon, 30. C. 1. 

Bulun-kul, marsh, fort, 2. A. S. 

Bulung, vill., 12. C. 1. 

Bulung-mahalla, vill., 28. D. 3. 

Bulungir, see Pu-lung-chi. 

Buloyuk, vill., 28. C. 2. 

llt~ut\, rttltiv., !). T). I.. 

l%llll-t.o~ll:lr, loe., 47. i\. 2. 

I%i~rta-.iilg:~, v:~llo~, 2. I). .I., 

1311K~llls51, loc., 2. 1). 4,. 

~~IIKLI~IS~I-VIIU~~. 

lvr., 2. 1). .I.. 

l%llr:Lllls~ll.,l:l~~5ll, 1>:1ss, 2. I). 4.. 

1h1rd11, vill., 17. ll. 2. 

13ttra11r11i-iigl1i1, lor., 1.1,. C. -1,. 

13i1rt:-Iti1ne, hill, 14. 13. 3. 

l3iire-k11x, loc., 2. 11. :?. 

liiire-tiken loc., 25. -1. 2. 

13iire-tokoi, rult.iv., 2. 13. 2. 

1311r11%11-111azfir, sltri~~e, rt~ltiv., 9. 13. 3. 

I~LI~II~IIII~I~I~II-~II:I~~~, 

shrit~e, 14. C. 2. 

l%ur~~k-lishi, hill, 20. 1). 4. 

Uilrol-Rol, strealn, 37. 13. 0,. 

Il~~r~~ttt-b~~Ial

IN l>lCx ()Iq' I,O[,'AI, xl\Jl~s 1RI 

('llalirnuk (of S:LI~I~III~IL), \fill., I.?. .\. 2. 

('hakr~~;~k It., I. (J. 4, 2. I). I. 

('hakniak-karanl, Sort, I. C. J. 

('l~:~lc~~~~~k-kiil. \rill., :J. C. :$. 

C'II;LI

162 lX HISS OY LOC'IL N.\,\IlfS 

Cl~ig-jaini~, loc.., 2 1. .\. 2. 

Cl~iga-b~~l~tk, vill., 2 I. A. 1. 

C'l1iga11-rl1ii1, vill., S. 1%. I. 

('11ig:t-satmx (above and Iclo\v llazfir-tsgl~), 

loc., 13. 1%. 3 ; 13. 1%. -1.. 

C'l~ige-tokai, loc., 2 1. ('. 2. 

C'l~igelili (of L)on~ol;o), lo(.., I I.. C'. 3. 

C'l~igelik (of Kvll)i~~), loc., 7. 1s. 3. 

Cl~igelik (on KIIV~:III I{.), lor. 13. -1. I . 

('l~igelili (of Loll), i~abit., 30. A. I. 

Cl~igelili (of 'l'ike~~lili), loe., 25. 1%. :%. 

e l - I of lil~ilalili), valy 27.. 1. 

Cl~igelik-cll:~~) (~i' \.isit-sl~al~ri), valley, 

26. A. 4. 

e - I ( I I I - I.), 1 , 

15. ('. I. 

Cl~iqel~k-jilga, vaI1e~-, 4,. C. 3. 

Cl~igelil;-ki>h, I~C., L9. U. 2. 

Cl~i~elik-Ii~~clt~k, Ioc. 5. 1). 3. 

Cl1ielik-gl1i1 (of C~arcl~:~), o . 22. 1 . -1. 

Chigelik-iigl~il (of Beriya), lor., 19. A. 3. 

Chigelik-iishiI (of Surghd;). loc., 10. B. 3. 

C11igelil;-iirtan:, station, 25. C. 3. 

Chigelik-~ni, valley, 19. .\. 4. 

Vl~igelili-tiige111et1, vill., 5. C. 4,. 

(?l~igelik-tux, r~~ltiv., 1:). B. 3. 

Cl~igll-bul:t!i-sai, valley, 23. .\. :!. 

Cl~igltrne~r, habit.., 5. .\. 1. 

Clrigl~rue~~-bisl~i, lor., 5. A. 4. 

Cl~i~hniru-jilga, vnllrky, 2. .\. 4. 

Cl~igilil;, loe., 9. 1%. I. 

Clligit-k~trgl~~n, lor., 1-1,. 11. I. 

Cl~i~itrnah-, \.ill., 21. D. 1. 

Cl~iglak-bt11:1k, spring, 20. .\. 4. 

Cl~'il~-el~i~l H.. 40. I). 5. 

(:l~il~-chin-Ilsia, vill., 40. ('. 5. 

Ci~'il~-cl~i~~-~)ao, vill., -10. 1). 5. 

Ch'ill-C~I~II-S~?, vill., 4.0. C'. 2. 

Cbillil-gn~alaz, vill., 2. 1). 4.. 

Chijeghatrlili-jil31, valley. !). .\. 3. 

CIl~ik-tam: vill., XI. B. :?. 

('l~ikar-cla\v;n, ])as, 37. .\. 3. 

(;l~ilie->~tre, loc., 21;. '1. 3. 

Cliilii-chap, valley, 23. 1%. 2. 

Chikkan-l;iil, n~arzl~, '28. (1. 3. 

Cl~iko-bilshi, loc., 9. B. d. 

Cl~il-bagli, vill., 17. C. 2. 

Chilak, vill., !). C. 2. 

Cl~ilan (of Kelpin), Iialit. :r11[1 station, 

7. C. 3. 

Cllilan (IiGna; of Kt~elli), vill., 17. A. 1. 

Cl~ila~i-bizir, vill., 17. 11. I. 

Cl~ilan-kiil, 1ngoo11, 30. A. 1. 

Cl~ilan-tRgh, mt., 1. 1%. 4. 

Cl~il~c-bulak, vill. tract, 28. C. 3. 

Cl~ilgi,ie-n~w~ir, sl~ri~~e, 6. C. 2. 

C11ilgije-~gl1il, vill., (i. C. 2. 

Cl~ili J ., valley, 2. 1). 3. 

Cl1i111er1 vill. 17. B. 2. 

Cl~in~en-kiil, rnars11, 17. 11. 1. 

Chin~ghan J., valley, 2. C. -1.. 

Cl~imgl~an-ajaki, cultit,., 2. 1). 1.. 

Cliin~lik (of Genclum), loc., 23. 11. 3. 

Cllin~lik (on Yurc~~~~-kislr H.,) loc., 15. (!. 1. 

Cl~irnlik-langar, habit., 5. C. 4. 

('~I'~II-~~I~%-~~III~II~-~ZII, 

vill., 1.1. 13. I. 

Cl~'in-cl~ia-~va~~, lor., 38. I3. 4. 

C~'~~I-~~IOII-~I~~(.II, 

vill., 38. U. .I.. 

C~I~II-~~~I-~~I~*~LII, 

spri~~g, 37. I). 1,. 

Chin-fo-~II, .I.:j. B. 2. 

(;Itin-l~sien, site,, 48. B. .I. 

C'l~iu-kunng-110, river, A(;. B. .I.. 

~II~II-~~I~III-~~oII, 

l~ill, 25. C!. I, 2. 

Cl~in-t'n (of Kan-~IIOII), town, 4(i. C. J. 

('l~iu-t'a (of SII-cl~ou), o:~sis, 4.2. 13. 4. 

C~I~II-~':I-~II'CII~, to\v11, 4.2. 13. 4.. 

Cl~i~~-tou-all-sll~-ta-fa~l, ~)asr, -1.3. H. 2. 

Cl~i~~-tb'ai, rill., 43. l3. I. 

(~II~II-~:LII~-~,:IV~ 

vill., .I(;. U. 2. 

(:l~iutlailik, lor., :;o. 1). 1. 

C~l~~i~~g-l;o~~-l~o, 

lt~., .I,:j. 1). 3. 

(!l~'i~~g-lc~~~~-el~'i~~g-tz~~, 

vill., 46. 1%. 4. 

(~II'~II~-S~III~-C~I'~~:III, vill., .l.:j. C'. 2, 

(Il~'i~~g-sI~ui-lraic~~, vill., 3b. U. I.. 

Cl~'ing-sl~ui-l;'a-tzrl, toe., 4:j. U. 2. 

CII'~II~-~I~~I~-~~~II~-~ZII, 

loc., 38. C'. :%. 

Cl1'ing-tallg-llo, -1,s. I). 3. 

Cl~'iug-t:ot~-sl~a~~, lor., 4.1. L). 1. 

Cl~'i~lg-ts'ao-a~~-tztt, te~nljle, 41. D. 1. 

Cll'ing-tsao-kot~, cciltiv., 41. D. I. 

Cl~ingelili (of ICndere), lor., 23. B. 1. 

('lli~l~elil; (of Vfisll-sllahri), lor. 26. B. 3. 

('lii~~gelili-tan), loc., 17. A. 3. 

(:liingelili-tokai, lor., 17. 1). 2. 

Cl~ini-big11 (of Bilsl~~ar), Consulate, 2. D. 2. 

Cl~ini-Lilgll iof Boehi), vill., 17. B. 1. 

Cl~ini-b;igh (of J'irka~~d),eouat!:\. seat, 5.C.4. 

Cl~io-n~ao-niei-I~sien, vill., 4.2. I). 4.. 

Cl~io-ljo-el~io-tn-fa~~, pass, 43. H. :I. 

('llira, village t,ract, 14.. 1%. 2. 

C11it:~ R., 1-1.. B. 3. 

Cl~ira-bgzir, to\vn, 1-1.. B. 2. 

Chiragl~az, vill., 14,. C. 4. 

C:l~i~ailil;-togl~rali, cttltiv., 2. D. 2. 

CII~I.~IILII-kol-sai, valley, IS. D. 4. 

Cl~irik-iistang, canal, 17. 13. I. 

Cllitau-vgllil (of Cltarcl~an), loc. 2.'. D. 4,. 

Chitan-iigl~il (on Beri~a lt.), loc., 13. 1). 4. 

Cl~it~-I~si-ttt~i, vill., 4.2. C. 4.. 

(,'I~itt-cl~a-ya, vill.. 43. C!. 2. 

Chill-pa, vill., 43. D. 1. 

Cl~i~i-pei-sl~a~~, l~ill, 4.1. 11. I. 

C11it1-ts'ai-~U~II, vill., 28. C'. 1. 

C!I~i~~-tao-kot~, vill., 4.0. i$. 4. 

C!l~in-\van, vill., 4.3. 1). I . 

Cllizpam-boine, vill., 1-1.. A. 4.. 

(!l~izgIiin, goltl ~)ita, 19. C. 3. 

Cl~izgllin-kiil-jilga, valley, I!). A. 4. 

Cl~izgl~fin-sai, valley, 19. (1. 3. 

C11izghilnlil;-sai, \alley, 24. 11. 3. 

Cl1i,cliu-tla\vii1, ])ass, 9. B. 3. 

('116cl111-jilga, valley, 9. B. 3. 

C'lrognl~naja, rill., 22. 1). 4. 

Cl~ogutn>a-toltai-iigi~il, loc., 14. D. 1. 

Cl~iigutntak-yar, toe., 26. 13. 3. 

Cl~oichi-iigl~il, loc., 19. D. 1. 

Choinak-karaul, ljost, 2. 11. 4. 

Chok-bish, vill., 1.1.. C. 2. 

C'l~ok-tiig11, I~ill, 8. B. 1. 

Cl~ok-tal, vill., 7. D. 2.

Chok-tish, vill., 12. U. 1. 

Choka-i~i,r, loc., 34. A. 3. 

Clrokan-jil~m, loc., 14. A. 1. 

Choke, vill., I+. 11. 4. 

Chokkttr, vill., 240. U. 4. 

Cbokotai-jilga, valley, 2. B. 3. 

Choktuk-iighil, loc., 14. D. 4. 

Chokur-chap, valley, 23. B. 2. 

Chiil-ibid, vill., 17. C. 1. 

Chiil-klk, rock cistern, 7. B. 4.. 

Chiil-kiil, lake, 6. B. 1. 

Chijl-kudok, station, 7. D. 3. 

Cliijl-Oghil, loc., 14$. C. 4. 

Chiil-tigh, hill, 8. B. 1. 

Chiil-toglrrak, loc., 29. C. 2. 

Chiil-togliralr-tigh, hill, 29. C. 2. 

Cholak, loc., 41. D. 4,. 

Cholak-bulak, spring, 4. D. 4. 

Cholak-da\vin, pass, 4.. D. 4.. 

Clrolak-tiigh, mt., 4.. D. 4. 

Cholnk, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Cholak-langar, station, 6. D. 1. 

Cholak-mazir, shrine, 14. D. 2. 

Cholak-iighil, loc., 19. B. 2. 

Clrolalr-tura, tower, 28. C. 3. 

Clioldai, loc., 1. D. 4,. 

Choldurang, loc., 14. A. 1. 

Cholpang-ati-mazir, loc., 14. C. 2. 

Chomaak-bRzlr. , vill.. , 2l. A. 1. 

Cbornslla-jilga (of Karanghu-tagh), valley, 

9. D. 4.. 

Chomsha-jilga (of Yurung-kish R.), valley, 

10. D. 1. 

Chong-achchik-bulak, spring, 28. C. 4. 

Chong-aghiz, vallex, 29. A. 2. 

Chong-aghiz-bishi, Ioc., 29. A. 2. 

Chong-akin, valley, 29. A. 2. 

Chong-hassir, ruined fort, 26. D. 3. 

Chong-jangal-sai,valley, 26. A. 4; 27. B. 1. 

Chong-j~lga, valley, 3. C. 1. 

Chong-karaul, post, 7. B. 3. 

Chong-kariz, habit., 9. C. 4. 

Chonc-kgrez, vill., 3 I. A. :3. 

Chong-kiil (of Charcllan), loc., 22. D. 4. 

Chong-kiil (of Chira It.), lake, 14. A. 4. 

Cliong-kiil (of Incliike R.), marsh, 25. A. 2. 

Chong-lriil (of ICara-shahr), marsh, 24. A. 4. 

Chong-kiil (of Rlariil-bishi), lake, 8. A. 1. 

Chon:-ko1 (of SII-lo-ho). .. loc.. . 35. D. 4. 

~honi-ltiil (or Ta-lao-pa; of Usl~ak-tal), site, 

24. C. 4. 

Chong-kvl-satma, loc., 29. A. 4. 

Chonr-kul. marsh. 26. A. 3. 

- , , 

Chong-sai, valley, 6. A. 1. 

Chong-sala, cultiv., 28. B. 3. 

Chong-sanja, loc., 19. D. 3. 

Cl~ong-sarigll-jilga, valley, 3. C. 2. 

Chong-sas, loc., 4. A. 4. 

Chong-seprik-bulak, spring, 21. C. 1. 

Chong-shahr, ruined fort, 17. C. 2. 

Chong-tallik-bulak, spring, 29. A. 1. 

Chong-tim, site, 7. B. 4. 

Chong-toghrak (of Kara-diibe), loc., 34. B. 3. 

INDEX 01" LOCAL NAMISS 163 

Chong-togl~rak (of K~icha), vill., 17. H. 2. 

Choi~g-tokai (on Inchikc It.), lot., 21.11.2. 

Chong-tokai (of Kuchi), Ioc., 17. D. 2. 

Clrong-tokai (of Yangi-hirrxir), loc. 2. I). 8. 

Chong-tumshuk, loc., 13. H. 1. 

Chopchali, vill., 14. 1). 3. 

Cho~~kana-jilga, valley, 2. L). J. 

Choran-kum, vill., '3. I). 2. 

Chorirnaslr, loc., 21. C. 2. 

Chijrush, vill., 14. B. :3. 

Chotla, vill., '3. A. 1. 

Chotma, loc., 15. B. 1. 

Chou-chia-kao-tzu, vill., 4.6. B. :3. 

Chu-chia-shan, hills, 41. B. 1. 

Ch'ii-1~11-IOU: station, 31. D. 2. 

Chu-lung-kuan, pass, 43. A. 2. 

Chuan-ch'iian-tzu ( Shcr-bashlaa ), ~pring, 

34. A. 1. 

Ch'iian-chi-to, loc., 45. C. 4. 

Ch'iian-kou, vill., 46. C. 4. 

Chuan-pi-chd&ng, vill., 40. C. 5. 

Ch'iian-shan-ho, stream, 43. A. 1. 

Ch'iian-tzu-chieli, vill., 28. C. 1. 

Chuang-chii-t'ai, loc., 4.6. B. 4. 

Chuang-lang, vill., 38. B. 4. 

ChCchi-jilga, valley, 14. B. 4. 

Chudda, vill., 9. A. 3. 

Chugh-toghrak, loc., 19. B. 2. 

Ch'ui-t'ou-pao, rill., 46. A. 2. 

Chujele, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Chuju-pidshih-mazir, shrine, 5. A. 3. 

Chuk-tam (of KuchA), ruin, 17. D. 1. 

Chuk-tam (of l'ichan), vill., 31. A. 3. 

Chuka-cliol, loc., 12. D. 2. 

Chukla-oghil, loc., 9. C. 3. 

Chukulunz-azhzi, loc.. 9. C. 3. 

~hukur-cha~~ (of ~Bsh-kurghin), valley, 

33. A. 2. 

Chakur-chap (of Kbidalik), valley, 27. A. 1. 

Chukur-chap (E. of Kizil-kum), valley, 

26. C. 4. 

Chukur-chap (W. of Kizil-kum), valley, 

26. A. 4. 

Chukur-chap (of Miran), valley, 30. B. 2. 

Chukur-chap (of TTAsh-shahri), valley, 126. 

D. 4. 

Chukur-chol, loc., 12. D. 2. 

Chukur-jilga, valley, 10. A. 1. 

Chukur-kum, Ioc., 14. C. 4. 

Chukur-kum-sai, loc., 14. B. 4. 

Chukur-sai, loc., 36. C. 1. 

Chulkul, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Cholbmak GI., 2. C. 4. 

Chulur, well, 40. C. 2. 

Chumbe-iighil, loc., 9. C. 3. 

Chumbus-aghzi, loc., 5. A. 4. 

Chung-chia-chuang, vill., 46. C. 3. 

Chung-shan-wan, vill., 46. C. 3. 

Chuugur-jilga, loc. 12., A. 2. 

Cliungur-jilea, stream, 12. A. 2. 

Churge, statron, 5. D. 1. 

Chush-kum, loc., 9. A. 3. 

Chushkan-kuduk, well, 14. A. 2. 

Chushmin, vill., 3. C. I. 

Chushurgbu, cultiv., 2. D. 3.

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1 b~lg-b>d(Iir, loc., 3. D. 1. 

~)~ll(lul-c~kur (of' Kishgar), ruin, 5. 13. I. 

I bl1ltl111-okur (of Kuchi), rnins, 17. B. 1 

1)uldul-okor (of Tokllz-tnma), site, 17. 1%. 1. 

~')~~ltlul-okl~~~r-mnzi~r, shrine, 3. C. 1. 

])umacl~-jilqa, valley, 9. D. 3. 

l)tintls-shai~, rnt., 29. .I. 2. 

T)ondo-untso, lor., 4.3. C. 1. 

~)uildl~n-tsayan, loc., 45. B. 2. 

I)ungt~ldun~a, loc., 25. B. 1. 

l)t~rI)il, vill., 21. 1). I. 

I)ur\vuljin, loc., 4-5. U. 2. 

~)LIIVH It., 9. C. 2. 

l)u\va-akin, loc., 9. B. 3. 

I)uwa-bszdr, vill., 9. C. 2. 

Dznkte-narin, loc., 45. A. 3. 

l)znrr~lun-tsalilia, loc., 4.5. C. 1. 

E. 

EclrbGldi-jilga, valley, 9. B. 3. 

Echitgo, vill., 5. C. 3. 

Edira, vill., 34. D. 2. 

Eghiz, lor., 13. B. 3. 

Hgbla, vill., 14. D. 3. 

15ghri-kbl, loc., 9. D. 2. 

Egllri-toghrak, loc., 17. A. 3. 

Eghriysr-arasi, loc., 1-1. A. 1. 

Eguchak, vill., 14. D. 3. 

Ekasak, vill., 2. D. 1. 

Ekin-buya, cultiv., 14.. A. 3. 

Ekin-tsngan, loc., 45. B. 2. 

Ekki-bt.1-su R., 2. C. 4. 

Ekki-dur\ruljin, ruin, 45. R. 2. 

15lekhin-ata-mazlr, shrine, 14. A. 3. 

1l:leilgat-clawin, pass, 9. C. 3. 

Elesup, vill., 17. B. 1. 

Elgan, vill., 2. D. 2. 

Elixh-lighil, loc., 14. D. 4. 

Eliserr-bulak, spring, 25. C. 2. 

Elisen-clawan, pass, 25. D. 2. 

1:lirh-bdshi, rill., 9. D. 2. 

Eljipn-da\van, pass, 25. C. 2. 

Ellilr-ketnlan (of Abad), vill., 6. C. 2. 

Ellilc-lietman (of Karla). rill., 41. D. 1. 

Hndere (of Chakar), vill., 14. B. 4. 

lhdere, ruined site, 19. U. 1. 

I.:i>dere R., 19. D. 1, 3. 

Endere-langar, station, 19. D. 1. 

Ende1.e-tirim, cultiv. (abandoned), 19. D. 1. 

Endnr-kipchak, loc., 4.. A. 4. 

Enghizlik-langar, stat,ion, 5. C. 2. 

Erin-biiriik, loc., -14. C. 4. 

Er~hoile, loc., 1. C. 4. 

Erh-chia-miao, temple, C". D. 4. 

1Srh-knxri, vill., 37. A. 3. 

Erh-kung (of An-hsi), vill., 36. D. 4. 

Erh-knng (of Turfin), vill., 26. C. 1. 

Erh-lung-shan, mt., 4.1. B. 1. 

Erh-ma-ying, vill., 4.6. C. i. 

Erh-pu (Astine), vill., 34. C. 3. 

Erh-shih-li-p'u, loc., 4.6. C. 3. 

Erh-shill-ma-kou, rill., 43. B. 1. 

Erh-sso, caltiv., 46. A. 4. 

Erh-tang-pa R., 43. B. 1. 

IN1)15)1 OF LOCAIl ~\T,\.\~IGs 160 

E~~I-~IIK-~J~O, vill., 4-3. I{. 1. 

Erh-tao-k'ou, post, 46. C. 4. 

15rh-tnr1 (of Cliirr-t'a), vill., 42. C. 4. 

Ertl-tun (of fju-clloo), post, 43. C. 1. 

Erkin-dawan, pass, 25. 1). 1. 

Erkio-ghol, valley, 25. C. I. 

Er;an,oin, cultiv., 23. 1). 2. 

+:shin-kir, hill, 14. B. +. 

l

166 INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES 

Ghkei-Haji's Ndr, canal, 8. A. 1. 

GhBzi-kunghak, mt., 14. 1). 1. 

Glrazlik, cult,iv., 17. A. 1. 

Gherilgl~au, loc., 25. A. 9. 

(iherilyl~uii-k31, marsll, 25. A. 2. 

Ghiidin-iiglril, loc.. 19. A. Y. 

Gl~ijak-da\\.i~n, pass, 1. 1). 4. 

Ghol-asik, loc., 17. C. 1. 

Ghol-jangal, cultiv., 9. A. 4. 

Gholje-yailagh-~li~\va~~, ])ass, 4.. D. 4. 

Ghbra-al;in, tlood bed, 7. C. 4; 8. B. 1. 

Gh6ra-chiil, vill. tmct, 12. A. 3. 

Ghuja-sl~amshrl-ma&, shrine, '3. C. 4. 

Gltujak, loc., 2. B. 4. 

Ghojak-bai, habit., 3. C. 2. 

Ghujak-bai-dasht, plateau, 3. C. 2. 

G~ja, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Ciileru-kol, marsh, 19. B. 2. 

Gilgit, habit., 3. 1). 1. 

Giwus, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Giz-jilga, valley, 9. D. -h. 

Go-jilga, valley, 1%. B. J. 

Godam, loc., (3. L). 1. 

Goj-Ji!$a-daw~n, pass, 12. .S. 1. 

Gopl-ylga, valley, 9. C. 4. 

Gor-dawiu, pass, 21. D. 1. 

Gor-jilga, valley, 17. D. 1. 

Gor-tuzak, valley, 2. I>. 4. 

Gosringa, site, 9. D. 3. 

Goya, v~ll., 9. D. 2. 

Grishim-arik, canal, 7. 1). 3. 

Grunj-kal.lik, habit., 9. A. 3. 

Guclten, sec Ku-chl&ng-tza 

Gudiche, cult,iv., 23. 1). 2. 

Gudache-chap, valley, 23. D. 2. 

Giigriige? glacier, 15. 1). 1. 

Gujan, v~ll., 9. L). 2. 

Gul-chiiu~en-mazir, shrine, 5. D. 3. 

Gulakhma-bizfir, vill., 14. B. 2. 

Gulakhma-yzir, loc., 13. C. 2. 

Gulbiser-niazir, shrine, 9. A. 4.. 

Giilliik, loc., 14.1). 4. 

Gulluk, vill., 5. B. 1. 

Gum-chap (of Chizgftn), valley, 19. C. 3. 

Gum-chap (of liapa), valley, 23. B. 2. 

Gum-kish, loc., 23. C. 2. 

Gtima, oasis, 9. A. 1. 

Guma-biztir, market-town, 9. A. 1. 

Gumbaz (on Inchike It.), loc., 21. D. 2. 

Gumbaz (of Kocha), vill., 17. B. 1. 

Gumbsz (on Tirim R.), loc., 25. A. 2. 

Gurnbaz-ara, vill., 17. C. 2. 

Gumbaz-mazir, shrine, 8. B. 1. 

Gung-rnasjidi, loc., 13. A. 2. 

Gunkoyuk, loc., 30. B. 2. 

Gunshang, vill. tract, 28. B[3. 

Giire, loc., 149. D. 4. 

Gurunjuluk, loc., 14. A. 3. 

Gyamiligh, loc., 9. C. 4. 

Ha-i-ma, vill., 46. B. 4. 

Habib-bibi-mazer, shrine, 5. B. 2. 

Hadara, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Iiitiz-ik11l11-lioilesi, Ilabit., 5. A. 3. 

Hifiz-kilr~z, vill., 28. C. 3. 

Haidar-jilp valley, 2. D. 4. 

Haidil-shill-kikri, well, 19. 1). 2. 

Ilajelik, site, 17. A. 1. 

Hiji-dong, hill, 19. D. 3. 

Haji-kosh-sai, valley, 19. 1). 3. 

Hiji-laogar, loc., lo. C. 1. 

I-libjib-laugar, station, '3. A. 1. 

HalCil-biglt, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Halaluug, vill., 14. 8. 4. 

Halalung-jilga, ralley, If. B. -1. 

Halim-bai-cl~aval, loc., 19. C. 1. 

Hamba, vill., 14. B. 4. 

Himi (or Kum111), towu and oasis, 34. C. 3. 

Hair-chia-choaug-tzn, rill., 4.6. B. 3. 

Hang, loc., 31. ii 3. 

Hang-chike, loc., el. B. 2. 

Hangra, vill., 14. B. 4. 

Hanguya-b~zir, vill., 12. A. 2. 

I-Ianguya-iistaug, canal, 12. A. 2. 

Hao-shao-kou, loc., 4.1. D. 1. 

Hapanduk, vill., 14.. A. 4. 

Hisa, habit., 5. B. 3. 

Hasa (of Duwa), hill, 9. C. 2. 

Hisa (of Gfima), \ill., 9. A. 1. 

Hasa (of Moji), vill., 9. B. 2. 

Hwsha, vill., 14. B. 3. 

I-lishim-beg-langari, habit., 5. A. 2. 

Hashim-kuduk, \veil, 30. A. 1. 

Hasib-chap, valley, 15. C. 1. 

Hassan-atanl, loc., 14,. D. 2. 

Hassan-boghra-niazjr, shrine, and cultiv., 

6. D. 2. 

Hassan-tam, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Hazrat-apak-nlazir, shrine, 5. A. 2. 

Hazsat-begim-mazar, shrine, 5. B.*3. 

Hei-cb'2ng-tzu, vill., 4G. B. 3. 

IIei-ch'iang-ch'iian, vill., 4.6. B. 3. 

Hei-fan-ssu, loc., 4.6. B. 4. 

Hei-ho, vill., 46. B. 3. 

Hei-lr'ou-110, river, 4.6. B. 4. 

Hei-shui-ltou, ruined site, 4.6. B. 1. 

Helya-beg,, loc., 19. C. 1. 

Heshim-sa~, valley, 23. A. 3. 

Hezir, loc., 8. 13. 1. 

Hibze-tagh, loc., 7. C. 2. 

Hilbaki-sai, valley, 19. A. 3. 

Hindil-jilga, valley, 9. C. 3. 

Hindu-tish-damRn, pass, 9. B. 1,. 

Hing-jaiuiy, loc., 21. A. 3. 

Ho-chuao, vill., 43. D. 1. 

Ho-hsi-pa, vill., 43. D. 2. 

Ho-hui-lu, coltir., 40. B. 4. 

Ho-shi-p'u, rill., 43. D. 1. 

' Ho-tuna-kon, loc., 41. A. 1. 

Hoang-lung-kaug, vill., 3-1.. D. 3. 

Hong (of Polur), vill., 14. C. 4. 

Hong (of Tawakkd), vill., 14. A. 1. 

Hong-jil,ga, valley, 12, A. 1. 

Hongatl~k, vill., 5. D. 3. 

Hosh-kudnk, well, 26. C. 3. 

Hoshur-Bkg-langar, habit., 2. D. 2. 

Hoshur-mat, marsh, 21. A. 2. 

Hassan-kush-daryk, stream, 7. A. 2.

~IOU-II~II-~ZU, vill., 28. C. 1. 

Ilowrllung, loc., 9. 1). 3. 

Hsi-ching-tzu, cultiv., 34,. C. 1 . 

FIsi-cl~oa, vill., 28. L). 1. 

Hsi-ch'uan, cultiv., 40. A. 5. 

Hsi-kan (?)-tt111, post, 4,6. B. 3. 

EIsi-ko, loc., 43. 1). 1. 

Hsi-kou, vill., 38. L). 45. - 

I-lsi-kuan, vill., 46. 1). 4,. 

Hsi-lin-lcou-110, river, 43. 11. 3. 

Hsi-ndn-k'an, loc., 43. B. 1. 

Hsi-pa, \rill., 4.8. U. 1. 

H~i-~a-cl1in-c11ia, loc., 43. D. 3. 

Hsi-sh&ng-fo-ti-sl~an, mt., 43. A. 1. 

Hsi-ta-fan, pass, 43. B. 2, 

Hsi-ta-Lo, river, 43. D. 2. 

Hsi-ta-shan, nit,., 29. A. 2. 

tlsi-ti-s&, well, 42. C. 4.. 

Hsi-t'un, loc., 46. B. 3. 

Hsi-wan-ho, stream, 40. C. 5. 

Hsi-\van-110, vill., 4.0. C. 5. 

Ilsi-\van-tun, loc., 45. A. 3. 

Hsi-yao-tzu, habit., 28. B. 1. 

Hsi-jen-ch'ih (Yenche), station, 31. C. 2. 

Hsi-yo, cultiv., 4'2. C. 4,. 

I-Isia-ch&ng-ti, vill., 4.3. B. 1. 

Hsia-hsiang-tzu, cultiv., 34. C. 1. 

Hsia-l;oo-cll'Cng, vill., 43. R. 1. 

Hsia-shang-liang, loc., 38. C. 3. 

Hsia-nro-pao, vill., 46. B. 2. 

Hsia-yen-cliia, 38. A. 4.. 

Hsiang-cliieli-kung-tzu, vill., 46. R. 4. 

Hsiang-pa-hung, vill., 48. C. 4.. 

Hsiang-lfu, vill., 33. D. 1. 

Hsiang-tai-pao, vill., 43. D. 2. 

Hsiao-cli'ien-fo-tu~~g, caves, 38. D. 4. 

Hsiao-ch'iian, spring, 38. C. 2. 

Hsiao-cli'uan-tzu, vill., 4.1). D. 5. 

Hsiao-ch'iian-wan, loc., 38. C. 4. 

Hsiao-hao-l;uo, rill., 4.2. C. 4. 

Hsiao-ltou, vill., 43. B. I. 

Hsiao-lnng-k'ou, loc., 4.3. B. 2. 

Hsiao-ma-ying, loc., ~16. D. 4,. 

Ilsiao-men-pan, vill., 46. H. 3. 

Hsiao-pai-pi, pass, 4'6. C. 5. 

Hsiao-ts'ai-l;'ou-tz11, c~lltiv., 46. A. 3. 

I-Isiao-t'ung, vill., 28. C. 1. 

Hsiao-tnng-kai, dl., 46. A. 2. 

Hsiao-tung-tzu, loc., 42. C. 4. 

Hsiao-\van (of dn-hsi), vill., 40. A. 4. 

Hsiao-wan (of Kan-choo), vill., 46. B. 2. 

Hsieu-t&-cllai, vill., -13. B. 1. 

Hsin-ch'&ug-pao, vill., 46. D. 4q. 

Hsin-chl&ng-txn, vill., 43. A. 1, B. 1. 

Hsin-ch'iian-miao, temple, 43. B. 1. 

Hsin-ch'iian-p'u, vill., 46. A. 2. 

Hsin-fu-hsis, \,ill., 43. I). 1. 

Hsin-kon (of Kan-cl~ou) \rill., 4.6. B. 3. 

Hsin-liou (of Sari-ch‘iian), vill., 43. D. 2. 

Hsin-pao-tzn, vill., 46. B. 4. 

Hsiu-pi-ho (?), loc., 48. D. 2. 

Hsin-ti-tan= vill.. 42. C. 4. 

Hsin-tien-tzn, loc., 38. C. 4. 

Hsing-ching-tzu, loc., e4.. C. 4. 

Hsing-hsing-hsia, station, 38. C. 1. 

INDEX OF LOCAT, NIIMISS In7 

IIsing-kuang-k'o~~, vill., 46. R. 4. 

~~H~II-I~-II~-sII~II~, 

vill., 4f;. A. 2. 

~~~ii-c.~~ia-c.l~~~a~~g-tx~~, 

vill., 'if;. U. 4. 

lisiiari ch'ia, vill., 43. C. 2. 

klfl~iel~-l~o-cl~'ar~~, vill., 43. C. 1. 

~-~SU(:\I-~O-~JU, vill., .i3. 0. 1. 

~~nu~~~-tsui-~~'o, vill., 4t;. 11. :$, 

IIu-chia-cl~~lrng-tzu, "ill., 46. C. 4. 

Iiua-chai-tzu, vill., 46. C. 4. 

Hua-cl~uan-tzo, vill., 43. 1). 1 

Hila-hai-tzu, oasis, 40. 1). 5. 

Hua-sl~ei, Ioc., 42. C. '1.. 

Huai-chill-kou, vill., 43. B. 1. 

Huang-chia-chuaiig-tzu, vill., 46. B. 4. 

Huang-chia-pao, vill., 43., 8. 2. 

Iluang-chia-wan (of Kan-chou), "ill., 46.A.2. 

Huang-chia-wan (of Bao-t'ai), 43. 1). 2. 

Huang-ch'ii-110, cultiv., 40. C. 5. 

Hoang-l~oa-p'u, vill., 46. U. 4.. 

Huang-p'u-?u, vill., 4" D. 4. 

Huang-shul-kou, vill., 38. D. 4. 

Iiuang-ts'ao, vill., 42. D. 4.. 

Huang-t~'ao-~in~ (of Cl~ia-yii-kuan), vill., 

4,3. A. 1. 

Huang-ts'ao-yiag (of Su-chou), vill., 

43., B. 1. 

Huang-tun-ti, cultiv., 41. D. 1. 

Hui-chin-tzu, loc., 3 1. C. 2. 

Hui-hui-pao, cultiv., 41. D. 1 

Ilui-lu-Crh, vill., 43. B. 1. 

Hung, loc., 5. D. 2. 

Hung-chia-tong, loc., 42. C. 4 

Hong-ch'iao-pa, vill., 43. C. 2 

Hung-cllo-tzo, Ioc., 43. D. 1. 

Hung-ho, vill., 42. D. 4. 

Hung-hsia-tuna, loc., 42. D. 4. 

Hung-kou-ho, pass, 43. D. 3. 

Hong-lio-hsia, valley, 39, C. I. 

Hong-liu-hsiao, well, 42. C. 3. 

Hung-liu-pao, vill., 43. B. 1. 

Hung-liu-! uan (of Ao-hsil, station, 38. D. 2. 

Hung-liu-yuan (of Hsin-hsiu-hsiaj, loc., 

38. B. 1. 

Hung-mu, loc., 4.6. D. 4. 

Hung-sha-no, loc., 45. A. 3. 

Hung-shan, hill, 43. B. 2. 

Hu1ig-sl1an-1)ao-tzu, \,ill., 43. B. 2. 

Hung-shan-ssu, cultiv., S1. D. 1. 

Hung-shau-ssu-miao, temple, 41. D. 1. 

Hung-sl~an-yao, vill., 4G. D. 4. 

Hung-shang-sso, temple, 46. B. 3 

Hung-shui, town, 46. I3. 4. 

I-Inug-shui R., 46. B. Y. 

Hung-sLui-pa-110, river, -13. A. 1, 2, B. 2. 

Hnng-tou-sl~an-clli~~g, well, 4.3 A. 2. 

Hnngatlik, vill., 14. C. 2. 

Hunge, loc., 8. A. 1. 

Hoo-ning-to, pass, 43. A. 2. 

Hoo-tun, Ioc., 43. A. 1. 

Hoa-tzu-ta-fan, pass, 53. B. 2. 

I. 

I-wan-ch'iian, station, 31. II 2 

I-y iiao-cli'uan, loc., 31. A 1.

1G8 INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES 

Ibrnlli~~~-cl~ai-icl~gat~, lor., 26. D. 3.) 

1~11-arilc, vill., 17. 1%. 1. 

Idak-jilgn, valley, 7. B. 2. 

Idigl~, vill., IJ., C. 4.. 

Igr-tildi-da\\-tiu, pass, 2. C. 2. 

Igxr-,la\vill, pass, 2s. C. 4. 

Igar-sildi, lor., 6. 1). -1,. 

Igcrcl~i, vill., 7. 1). 2. 

Igliar, \-ill., 5. C. 4.. 

Igl~arcl~c, vill., 17. 13. 2. 

Igl~crcl~e, l1iI1, 2.1,. I3. 4.. 

Iglliz-al.ili (of Kisl~gar), vill., 5. A. 2. 

Igl~iz-arik (of lil~ot:~~~), Iuc., 9. D. 2. 

Igl~iz-dong, lor., 9. 1). 4.. 

Iglliz-yir, vill., 3. A. 3. 

Igin-d:~\vin, ~XISS, 14,. A. -1. 

1gril;piil;-liar:1111, post, 2. 13. 4. 

11-iilgan-jilga, valley, 1-I. A. 4. 

ila-dong, loe., 14.. 1). 1. 

Ilaglla H.., 1-1,. C. 4.. 

Ilticllu, loc., 7. B. 3. 

Ilclii (Khotati), tonru, 9. D. 4. 

zle-dong, hill, 23. B. 2. 

Ile-gornm, Ioc., 2. C. 3. 

Ilek, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Ilek H., 29. A. 11. 

Ilelc-aril;, vill., 1.1,. A. 2. 

1lel;-ustang, canal, 12. A. 2. 

Ileligh-clrap, valley, 23. C. 2. 

Ilisu (Iligl~su) Pass, 3. D. 2. 

Ilkache, habit,., 12. B. 1. 

Iltargliuc11-bolak, spring, 29. 1). 1. 

Iltarglruc11-datsBn, pass, 29. 1). 1. 

Imsm-Ali-Alibar-~~iaztir, shrine, 9. B. 2. 

1m:im-rZptar-~i~az%~', shrine, 9. D. 2. 

Initim-Asim-n~aztir, shrine, 14.8. 2. 

Im$~ii-bulak, vill., 17. 11. 1. 

Imim-Ghazal-mil'~ir, shrine, 13.. D. 3. 

Imtim-Jifar-Stidilil;-n1azBr, shrine, 19. B. 1. 

Imrini-Jafar-Tairiti-n~azfir, shrine, 14. 13. 2. 

I,mtimlar, vill. tract, 14.. C. 44. 

Imen-chike, loc., 21. A. 2. 

Inailik, .rill., 14. B. -4. 

Incliike-daryii (of ICliotan R.), river bed, 

13. A. 2. 

Incllike-daryti, river, 17. D. 2 ; 21. B. 2 ; 

25. A. 2. 

Incliike-gumbaz, ruins, 21. C. 2. 

Inellike-tokai, canal, 21. D. 1. 

hekpata, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Ingan-mazBr, shriue, 7. C. 3. 

Ingan-tlgh, mt., 7. C. 3. 

lngulik-sai, loc., 27. A. 1. 

Inikhe, vill., 17. C. 1. 

Inkor-otak, loc., 25. D. 2. 

Iring-tGwe, 2. D. 3. 

Isfandur, rill., 6. D. 2. 

Ishak-art-dawtin, pass, 14. B. 3. 

Ishak-art-langar, pass, 14. D. 4. 

Ishak-danrtin, pass, 28. 13. 2. 

Ishak-kurmachilik-kd, lagoon, 30. C. 1. 

Ishak-kurut, loc., 7. B. 2. 

Ishak-tartma, loc., 2. D. 3. 

Ishak-iikken, loc., 14. D. 4. 

Ishakchi-akin, valley, 17. B. 1. 

Ishaklo, vill., 17. 11. I. 

Isllkaga, lor., 5. A. '1.. 

lsl~k~~gl~:~-l'fi~lsl~fihi~~~, sl~rine, 19. B. 1. 

ISIIILIICII~, vill., 12. A 2. 

Isl~t~ala, vill., 17. C. 1. 

Islitarcl~r, vill., 5. 11. 1. 

Islak-karaul, post,, 2. U. 1. 

Islak-Ggliil, loc., 12. A. 1. 

lsli~nibiil, vill. tract,, 1.1,. A. 1. 

1slil;-dobe, loc., 7. B. 3. 

Ismesalar, vill., 6. D. 2. 

Issik-bulak (of Karangl~u-t,igl~), spring 

9. D. 4 !oc., 17. 11. 3. 

It,alo, n~t., 7. 13. 3. 

Itull:ll~-lih511-sai, valley, 19. D. 3. 

Iyekutt,uk-ltol, river bed, 30. C. 1. 

IzliL-, loc., 8. C. 1. 

Jaglaga, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Jahan-sai, sr~. Mirsn. 

Jal~in-mi, valley, 30. B. 2. 

.Jai (of Chiraj, \-ill., 14.. 13. 2. 

Jai (of Khotan), vill., 9. 1). 2. 

Jai (of Yangi-liisstir), \rill., 5. A. 3. 

Jai-aghzi, habit., 5. A. 1. 

Jai-arik, vill., 1-1,. 13, 2, 

Jai-bigh-maztir, shrine, 9. C. 2. 

Jai-buzl~rgwir, vill., 17. B. I. 

Jai-liotan, loc., 5. D. 2. 

Jai-kum, Ioc., 5. D. 1. 

Jai-nitig-ayalti, loc., 1-1,. B. 2. 

Jai-piclshtihim, shrine (?), 5. A. 1. 

Jai-tiglr-niaztir, shrine, 7. C. 2. 

Jai-tksh, \-ill., 9. C. 2. 

Jai-terek (of Khotan), vill., 9. D. 2. 

Jai-terek (of l'ttrltand), vill., 5. C. 4. 

Jai-toglirak, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Jai-tuz-t,abarliik, vill., 14. C. 4. 

Jai-yagacli, loc., 7. C. 2. 

Jaikol-ogliil, Ioc., 14.. D. 4. 

Jailc-Pidshiliim-nlazir, shrine, 14. A. 4. 

Jalil-b;igh, rill., 9. D. 2. 

Jam, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Jam-bulak, cultiv., 31. B. 1. 

Jamada, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Jandar, loc., 9. A. 3. 

Jangal, loc., 5. A. 4,. 

Jangal-btigh, site, 9. B. 2. 

Jangal-bulak, spriug, 32. B. 1. 

Jangal-bulak-ttigh, hill, 32. B. 1. 

Jangal-gumbaz, ruins, 3. C. 1. 

Jangalas, rill., 5. D. 4. 

Jangja-kirGz, vill., 28. C. 3. 

Jtipa, vill., 21. D. 1. 

Jara-tuk, loc., 7. B. 3. 

Jaren-patti, habit., 5. D. 2. 

Jaren-toli, habit., 8. A. 1. 

Jitrin, loc., 25. D. 4. 

J.

Ja~hya, cultiv., 2. n. 4. 

Jan-blilak, spring, 33. B. 2. 

.Jaushl~-ijldi, loc., 3. C. 2. 

Jaye, mt~, !J. C. 4.. 

Jayyot, he., 1.1.. A. 4,. 

J&n-chia-110, \,ill., 4.6. l3. 3. 

Jera-jigda, dl., 7. C. 2. 

Jerge-diibr, loc., 14~ C. 4.. 

Jibrill, vill., 16. U. 4,. 

.Jigatal, vill., 14. B. 4.. 

Jigtl:~, cnltiv., 33,. 1%. 2. 

.Jictl:~-:iliii~, rivvr l>e(l, 23. D, 1. 

.Jig(l:~-:~ril;, vill., 5. A. 2. 

JiXda-btiglr, viil., 5. C. 4.. 

Jigda-bfishlarn, loc., 21. D. 3. 

Jigda-bulal; (of Jaui), lac., 12. A. 1. 

Jigda-bulxk (of Kelpin), spring, 7. 13. 1. 

Jiatla-Lulalc (of Karla), spring, 21. U. 1. 

Jigda-bulak (of Singer), sl,riiig, 29. A. 2. 

Jigda-bolak-claivin, pass, 12. A. 1. 

Jigtla-bulnr~g (of Sarikol), habit., 3. D. 1. 

Jiyls-bulurig (of l'lir-tungaz), culti\.., 19. 

C. 1. 

.Jiada-ltuduk (of Xb.;lcl), lac., 5. C. 2. 

Jigcla-liuduk (of Entlere), \ve11, 23. A. I. 

Jigda-kuduk (of ICeriya), roined site, 1 LC. Y. 

Jigda-ltudoli (of Kliotao), \\,ell, 14.. A. 3. 

Jigtla-ijghil, loc., 19. U. 1. 

Jigcla-salC, loc., 21. C. 2. 

Jigda-satma, lac., 1.2. A. 4.. 

Jigda-tegeslr, lac., 17. 1). 2. 

Jigclslik (of ]hi), vill., 12. D. 1. 

Jigdalik (of Cl~ak:~r), \.ill., 14. B. 3. 

Jigdalik-aral, island, 13. A. 1. 

Jigdalik-kGl, lagoon, 30. A. 1. 

Jigdalik-ogliil, loc., 2G. D. 2. 

Jigde, vill., 7. D. 2. 

Jigdelik (of Uch-Ttirf;iu), vill., 7. C. 2. 

Jislaug, vill., 17. A. 1. 

Jilga, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Jilga-iistang, canal, 9. 1). 2. 

Jilkucha, rnarliat vill., 5. C. 4. 

Jimasa (Chin. lpu-yen), town, 26. C. 1. 

Jipan-karez, vill., 28. C. 3. 

Jiya-bBzir, vill., 14. A. 2. 

Joislie-jilga, valley, 9. B. 4,. 

J6jan-kBrGz, vill., 31. U. !?. 

Jorga, station, 12. C. 1. 

Juche, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Juduk-kiil, lagooo (dry), YO. C. 1. 

Jumbe-kum, riiined site, 144. A. 2. 

Jurgil-gumbaz, lac., 3. C. 1. 

K. 

P'a-chl&-tzu, vill., 46. B. 3. 

Ka-hsun-k'ou, cultiv., 3 1. D. 1. 

Kabak-jilgs (of Karlik-dawan), valley, G.D.3. 

Kabak-jilga (of Puski), valley, 9. B. 3. 

Ksbul-chap, valley, 19. D. 3. 

Kabzak, loc., 21. C. 2. 

Kicha, vill., 9. D, 2. 

Kachche, vill., 14. A. 1. 

Kachkunchi, Ioc., 14. C. 4. 

Kachfin, vill., 14. D. 3. 

INDISX 01" LOCAL NAMES 169 

Kiidir-hai-jilxa, valley, I). A. 3. 

Kiitlir-kt~rn, loc., 23. C. 1. 

Kife, lac., fi. C. 2. 

Ki~lia-tura, tower, :%I. A. 3. 

Ktigl~acl~ak, vill., 38. I$. 3. 

Kigl~arlari-tarn, lac., 12. B. 3. 

Rai-Liilak, sprin~, (1,. 13. 4. 

Kaiclrct, lac., 37. A. 2. 

Kailaglr-jilga, valley, 6. Z). 3. 

Kailu, vill., 17. 13. 2. 

Kailur, vill., 12. A. 2. 

Kairak, \.ill., 2. I). 1. 

Icak-su-dawi~i, i~ass, 29. A. 2. 

KBka-jcdc, peaks, 7. B. 3. 

ICaltmak-chaslr, river-Id, 30. C. 1. 

Kakslral (of ALid), \.ill., 5. C. 2. 

Kakslral (of Ghina), \rill., I). A. 1. 

Kaksl~al-ijgl~il, loc., 1-1.. C. 3. 

Kakslral-tati, site, 9. A. 1. 

Kal;sli;~l-tura, tower, 28. C. 3. 

Kakshallik (of Il~slia), lac., 1-1.. B. 3. 

Kaksliallik (of Niya), cultir., 19. A. 3. 

Kal-chap, valley, 19. A. 3. 

Kalti-kunde, loc., 15. C. 1. 

ICalli-Glgan, lac., 26. T). 3. 

Kala-sulaghi, cultiv., 19. C. I. 

Kala-sulagbi-chaval, loc., 19. C. 1. 

Kalaghach, \rill., 17. 1%. 2. 

Kalaghak-dong, lac., 2.2. C. 4. 

Kalainiak, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Kalama-langar, habit., 14. A. 1. 

Kalama-i;zliil (E. of Chimlik), loc., 23. A. 3. 

Kalama-iishil (W. of Cllimlik), lac., 23. A. 3. 

Kalandar-iildi, loc., 7. C. 4. 

Kalap-tsgh, hill, 8. B. I. 

Kalasti, loc., 22. C. 4. 

Kalasti-iixliil, lac., 26. A. 3. 

KalAt-jilga, valley, 0. A. 4. 

Kalhsli-iighil, lac., 19. C. 1. 

Kalo.lrula, vill., 5. B. :!. 

Kalili (Sarik.; Kilik, Kaujuti) Pass, 3. B. 2. 

Kalin-tam vill., 17. B. 1 

Kalka-mazir, sllrine, 21. D. 1. 

Kalla-k%r\v\.gn, lac., 13. A. 4. 

Kallaste (on Khotan R.), loc., 13. B. 3. 

Kallaste (on YRrkand R.), loc., 6. B. 1. 

Kalmalt-chusken, loc., 30. B. 2. 

Kalmak-chiishte, marsh, 25. B. 3. 

Kalmak-kiipriik, bridge, 5. A. 2. 

Kalmak-kodok, vill., 19. B. 2. 

Kalmak-mazir, loc., 2. D. 4. 

Kalmak-ogbil, loc., 19. B. 3. 

Kalmak-iilgan-bulak, spring, 25. A. 1. 

Kalmak-otak, mt., 7. B. 3. 

Kalmak-shahr (of Kuchir), , , ruined fort, 

17. A. 2. 

Kalnialt-sliabri (of Kalta-yailak), ruin, 

5. B. 1. 

Kalsa, vill., 14. D. 3. 

Kalta, lac., 25. B. 2. 

Kalta-karaul, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Kalta-kerin, loc., 19. B. 2. 

Kalta-kohl, loc., 28. D. 4. 

Kalta-mazir, shrine, 7. B. 2. 

Kalta-yailagh (of Yupogha), vill., 5. B. 2.

170 INDEX OF LO( 2AL NAMES 

Ralta-jailah-, vill. t,wct, 5. B. 1. 

Kaltisl~ku~~, cnltiv., 6. 1). 4.. 

ZiAlu, loc., 1-1.. A. I. 

Ri~luk, vill., 5. -4. 2. 

Balwara, vill., 9. 1). 2. 

Kamagllaz, loc., 23. A. I. 

Kan~alyant, loc., 3. 1). 1. 

Bama-sn, lor., 3. B. 2. 

Hanlil Jin's farm, 5. C. 4. 

Ka~nra, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Kan, vill., 17. B. 1. 

Kan-cbishte, loc., 19. B. 3. 

Kan-cllou, cit.y, 4.6. B. 3. 

Kan-chon It., 42. D. 4; 4.3. C. 3, D. 1.2 ; 

46. A. 3, 4.. 

Ban-cl~iin-pao, \rill., 46. A. 3. 

Kan-jilga, mlley, 2. 1). 3. 

Kan-kal, vill., 14. B. 2. 

Kan-so-ha, caltiv., 29. A. 1. 

Kandara, vill., 2. D. 2. 

Rang-akin, river, 17. A. I. 

Kang-sai, loc., 6. C. 2. 

Kang-sarigh, vill., 1%). B. 2. 

Kang-tokai, lac., 1 .I. 13.3. 

liang-tokai-iigl~il, lor., 1-1.. C. 2. 

K'ang-yai-tzo, vill., 4.3. C. 2. 

Kangaz, cultiv., 6. D. 2. 

Kangre-cl~imlik, lac., 15. C. 1. 

Kanghro-chard, lac., 19. C. 1. 

Kangsha, loc., 23. A. 1. 

Kangtai-sai, lac., 23. A. 3. 

Kangtala-jilga, valley, 1.1.. B. 3 

Kank-kizil, lac., 1.4.. 1). 1. 

Kanshall-yantak, lac., 3. C. 4. 

Kao-chinz-t'ien, loc., 40. C. 5. 

Kao-ku-cl~'&ug, vill., .it;. D. 4. 

Kao-pa-&rh, vill., 46. B. 3. 

Kao-t'ai-llsien, town, 43. D. ?. 

Kao-tnn-tzn, vill., 46. C. 3. 

Kapa (of Cl~arclran), gold pits, 23.13. 2. 

Kapa (of Iiashgar), rill., 2. 1). 2. 

Kapa (of Iieriya,, coltiv., 14. D. 3. 

Kapa-jainak, lac., 8. C. 1. 

Kapak-asltan, c~~ltiv., 19. B. 1. 

Kapak-ask-inazir, shrine, 14 B. 2. 

Kapat, vill., 1-1,. A. 3. 

Kapcl~igai, loc., 2. D. 3. 

Kapki-jilga, valley, 6. A. 4,. 

Kal~rek-I~~~Iah-, spring, 4.. C. 4.. 

Kalxalang, vill., i4.. A. 4. 

Ka1)salang H., 13. D. I. 

Kapsalang-jilga, valley, I?. D. I. 

Kaptar-khiiiia (of Kara-bigh), vill., 12. B. 1. 

Kaptar-lillina (of Iiisllgar), ruin, 5. A. 1. 

Kar-cl~ap, valley, 19. 13. :3. 

Bar-iigliil, lac., 19. C. 3. 

Kar-~igdi, loc., 15. 1). 1. 

Kara-agllzi, loc., 29. A. 3. 

Kara-alaz-jilga, \-alley, 9. D. 4. 

Kara-big11 (of Ilai), vill. tract, 12. B. I. 

Kara-bag11 (of Kar;l~alib), vill., 6. D. 1. 

Kara-big11 (of Korla), \'ill., 2 1. 1). 1. 

Kara-big11 (of 11~11-'hrf;in), I~abit., 7. C. 2. 

Kara-b:isll (of Kisllgar), lac., 2. 1). 2. 

Kara-bHsh (of Yangi-hissir), vill., 5. A. 3. 

Kartt-bisll-mazir, sl~rinc, 5. A. 3. 

Kar;t-bisl~-tilgh, nlt.., .I.. P. 4.. 

Kara-bt.1, hill, 37. 13. ?. 

K:trit-bd-jilp, valley, 2. D. 3. 

Kara-biil;t6r, pL., 2. C. 3. 

Kara-b~rlal; (of ~lk-so), habit., 1%. A. 1. 

Kara-bnlak (of Niya), caltiv., 19. A. 3. 

Kara-bulal; (of Turfin), cultiv., 28. II. 3. 

Kara-bulak-jilga, valley, 19. A. 3. 

Kara-burin-lrijl, lagoon, 30. A. 2. 

Kara-boror, lac., 14,. D. 2. 

Kara-baslr-kiircz, vill., 28. C. 3. 

Kara-cl~acha-ata, cultiv., 21. B. I . 

Kara-cl~il, I~ill, 19. A. 3. 

Ka~a-cl~ilan, loc., 1.4. C. 2,. 

Kara-chiltn., hill, 28. D. 2. 

Kara-cllunlali, cultiv., 21. A 2. 

Kara-cl~usl~lior~, loc., 21. D. 2. 

Kara-dislii, coltiv., 17. B. 2. 

Icara-clawin (of Artnsh). ,, nrss. , 2. D. I. 

Kara-clam it^ (of Bish-knrghin), pass, 

53. A. 2. 

Iiarn-dawdn (of Bugur), pass, 20. A. 4. 

Kara-danrin (of TurfAn), pass, 28, D. 2. 

Kara-dawin (of Yirltand 1, pass, 5. A. 4. 

Kara-dobe (of Ak-su), vill., 7. D. 2. 

Kara-dijbe (of Himi), vill., 34.. B. 3. 

Kara-clijbe (of Khota~~), site, 9. C. 2. 

Eara-d6be-ogllil, lac., 14.. D. 4. 

Kara-domir, loc., 2. A. 3. 

Iiara-dong (of Ruya), loc., 1.1. A. 4. 

Karn-dong (of Dandin-oilik), loc., 14. C. 1. 

Kara-dong (of Enclere), lac., 19. D. 1. 

Kara-dong (on Kcriya R.), ruined site, 

13. L). 3. 

Kara-dong (on Kl~otan R.), loc., 12. B. 4. 

Kara-dong (of Nissa), lac., 9. C. 4,. 

Kara-dong (of Tnmnyir), I~ill, 19. A 3. 

Kara-dong (of Yirkand), vill., 5. C. 3. 

Kara-dong-iighil, lac., I!). D. I. 

Iiara-chaite, lac., 1. C. -1.. 

Kara-ghol, valley, 1 I. A. 44. 

Iiara-gojasl~, \rill., 5. 13. 4.. 

Kara-gora~u GI., 2. C. 4. 

Kara-jalpak, rnt., 7. B. Z. 

Kara-jigel:,, vill., 21. A, 1 

Kwa-jilga, (of Iflrgul.), ralley, 21. A. I. 

Kara-jil* (of Sarikol), valley, 3. C. 2. 

Kara-jilga (of TBglltl~~ni-Lisl~), valley, 3.B.9. 

Kam-Sol (Cllong-, Iiicllilr-), habit., 4,. B. 4.. 

Kara-jong, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Karn-kacllin, loe., 7. D. 3. 

IZara-liai-agl~zi, lac., 3. 1). 4,. 

Kara-l;alligl~, Ilabit., ti. C. 2 

Kara-l;apn, Ilabit., 3. C. 1. 

Kara-Lapchin, vill., 34.. L). 3. 

Kara-liarcl~in, lac., 21. A. 1. 

Kara-kisll (of IslimibBd), loc., 1-1'. A. 1. 

Iiara-1iisl1 (of Kllotan), town, 9. D. 2. 

Kara-liiish I{.., !). U. 3, 4 ; C. 3 ; D. 1 ; 10.C.1; 

13. A. 4 ; 1.14. A. I. 

Kara-ken, lac., 6. A. 1. 

Kara-kl~iin, loc., 1-1,. D. S. 

Kara-lihoja, town, 26. C. 3. 

Kara-khuja, vill., 7. C. 2.

:AL NAMES 

Kara-Iiiclrik, loc., 7. D. I. 

Kara-sliukla, rnt., 1. (:. 1.. 

Kara-lticl~ik-iigl~il, loc., 1.1.. C. 3. 

Kara-~ingir, lot.., 37. I\. 8. 

Kara-kichio, station, 5. D. 1. 

Kara-sn (of (;urr~a), luc.., !). 11. 1. 

Kara-kir (on Charrhar~ R.), loc., "ci. 1). 2. Kara-su (of Kilii~~), vill., 9. ti. 2. 

Kam-kir (of Little K:~ra-Ii~ll), hill, 5. 11. -1.. Kara-so (of Pacirobiit,), vill., 3. D. I. 

Kara-kir (of I

172 INDEX 06 

Ka~alik, habit,., 11. B. 4. 

Ka~aman, vill., 9. A. 2. 

Saramisl~, hill., 5. A. 3. 

Karamnjuk, loc., 30. A. 2. 

Karanghu, dl., 17. C. 1. 

Karangl~u-mahalla, dl., 17. C. 2. 

Karaugl1u-t~6gl1, rill., 9. D. 4. 

Karanghu-toghrak, loc., 1-1.. A. 4, Z. 3. 

Karangh~~l~tk, loc., 5. C. 1. 

Karangl~uluk-jilgn, \.alley, 1-1.. D. -1. 

Kafir-aril;, loc., 5. A. 4.. 

Karasa, vill., 5. C. 4.. 

Karashallik, loc., 1.1.. -1. 1. 

Karaul (of ilk-su), rill., 7. D. O,. 

Karaul (of Ighiz-ytir), fort, 5. A. 3. 

Kamul (of Kachs), loc., 17. B. 1. 

Baraul-bulalc, spring, 31. D. 2. 

Karaul-debe, habit., 5. A. 3. 

Karaul-langar, habit., 12. A. 2. 

Karaulchi-kirez, vill., 2s. 1). 3. 

Karaulchiniug-koli, lagoon, SO. 13. 2. 

Karaul-fesh, vill., 5. 13. 4. 

Karawaste, loc., 25. C. 3. 

Kariiz-daryii. R., 9. C. 4.. 

Kargz-jilga, valley, 9. D. 4. 

Karcharnak-ghol, river, 34,. D. 3; 37. A. 3. 

Kirclie (of l'icl~a~l), valley, 3 1. ti. 2: 

Kiirclie (of >-irkand), rill., 5. C. 4. 

Kargha-boye, rill., 5. A. 3. 

Kargha-malialla, rill., 31. A. 1. 

Kargha-toghrak, cultiv., 9. 11. 1. 

Karghai-aghzi, loc., 2. D. 3. 

Karghalik, town and district,, 6. C. 1. 

Karghalik-li~~~~~-l~asa~, vill., 5. D. 3. 

Karim-shak, loc., 5. A. 4.. 

Karliara, loc., 4,. 1). 3. 

Karlik-tsgh, mt. range, 37. A. 2. 

Karmatike-dan~ao, pass, 1. C. 4.. 

Kar~nukchi (Kara-mukchi ?), vill., 35. D. 3. 

ICar~alt-sai, valley, 19. 11. 4. 

lifiruk-~1161, loc., 17. A. 3. 

Karulgacll-kichik, loc., 2. D. 4.. 

Kar~ras-cholia, loc., 3-1. D. 2. 

Kssa, loc., 9. 1). 4.. 

Kfisli li., !). 1). 4. 

Kash-Lrislii !of Charchan), loc., 26. A. 3. 

Kash-bhsl~i (of Iieriya), lo?., 19. A. 3. 

Iiash-liul, loc., 9. C. -1,. 

Kash-kul GI., 9. U. -1.. 

lijshe, rill., 9. D. 2. 

Kiishgar (Kiua-shal~r), city, 2. D. 1. 

Kfishgar il'angi-sl~altr), town, 5. A. 2. 

Kiishgar-darya, R., 8. A. 1. 

Kasl~lta-su, pass, 2. P. 

Kasl~lta-su-jilga, valley, 3. C. 2. 

Kssl~kar Pass, 39. D. 1. 

Kashiui, loc., 14. A. 1. 

Kashbte-karaul, cult,iv., 3 1.. D. 9. 

Kaslzan-kutluk, loc., 4.. D. 3. 

Kaskau-ijghil, loc., Id. 1). 1. 

Kaske, rill., ti. C. 1. 

Kastbra-kirPz, vill., 28. D. 3. 

Kata-dong, loc., 23. A. 1. 

Kata-toghrak, loc., 22. D. 4. 

Katak-tish, hill, 9. B. 2. 

LOCAL NAMES 

Katir-yulgh~ul, loc., 28. D. 4. 

Katlasll (of Charchan), cultiv., 23. C. 2. 

IGitlas11 (of Kiliin), cultiv., 6. D. 2. 

Kitlash (of K6k-yfir), loc., 6. C. 2. 

Katlash-chap, valley, 23. C. 2. 

Katlash-rnazir, shrine, 14. C. 3. 

Katlish, loc., 14. D. 4. 

Kattagh-jilga, valley, 14. A. 4.. 

Kattik-arik, loc., 25. C. 3. 

Kauruk-b~l, pass, 2. 1). 3. 

Kauriik-bulak (of Kcrla), spring, 2.5. A. 1. 

Kauruli-bulali (of Kuruk-tigh), 

spring, 32. A. 1. 

Kauruk-bulak (of Lop Desert), 

spring, 32. A. 2. 

Kauruk-karaul, post,, 2. 1). 3. 

Kauruz-tam, loc., 5. B. 2. 

Kauzak, loo., 25. A. 3. 

Kavak, loc., 9. B. 4. 

Kavbta, valley, 29. A. 2. 

kvbta-brishi-oghil, loc., 29. A. . 

Kawak01-6~1iil, loc., 14 ('. 2. 

Kawun-liudok, loc., 25. D. 1. 

Kapsh, tract, 9. D. 0. 

Kayi-satma, loc., ~(j. 1). 2. 

ICayindi Pass, 2. B. 4.. 

Kayindi-rnazir, shrine, 2. B. 4.. 

ICaying-aghzi, loc., 2. D. :j. 

Kaying-beli, mt., 2. D. 8. 

Kaying-jilga, valley, 2. D. 3. 

Bayis-aghzi, loc., 5. A. 4.. 

Kaynual~k, loc., 29. A. -1.. 

Kazak, vill., 17. B. 2. 

KazAn-asma, loc., 12. B. 4. 

Kazln-aste, Ioc., 14.. B. 3. 

Kazau-gol, river, 43. D. 4. 

Kaz511-1

INDEX OF LOCAL NAIIIZS 17s 

Keng-slie\\.ar (of Kililn-da~vkn), loc., 9. A. 3. Khangol-choka, mt., 29. -1. 2. 

Kcng-shewar (of MuztBgIi-ati), loc., 2. C. 4 8 . Khangol-yailak, loc., 29. A. 2. 

Keng-shewar-jilga, vallcy, 9. A. 3. 

Khangung, hat~it., 1. 1). 3. 

Keng-yailak, loc., 'J. U. 4. 

Khansia-cl~uskcn, loc., YO. A. 2. 

Kengaz, loc., 6. C. 2. 

Khanyut-jilga, valley, 11. B, 4. 

Kenjek-jilga, vallcy, 14. A. 4. 

Khapa, loc., 7. L). 4.. 

Kepek Pass, 2. D. 2. 

Khapalung, loc., 6. D. 4. 

Kt?lish-bara, Ioc., 23. C. 2. 

Khara-khoto, ruined site, 45. C. 2. 

Kera-tii, loc., 44,. C. 4. 

Khara-nor, lake, 38. ri. 4. 

Kere-btixgr, vill., 16. 1). 4. 

Khara-oba, loc., 44. C. 4. 

Keregh-iistaiig, canal, 14. C. 3. 

Khara-sukhe, loc., 45. .I. 3. 

Keriu-kildi-dong, loc., 14. C. 4. 

ICharzak, loc., 29. A. 2. 

Keriya, oasis, 14. 1). 3. 

Khashwishe, vill., 7. D. 3. 

Keriya, tonrii, 14. I). 8. 

Khawurga, loc., 29. A. 1. 

Keriya R., 18. D. 4; 14. D. 1, 3; 15. D. 2; KhGma-oi, loc., 25. 11. 3. 

18. A. 3. 

Khepa-gumbaz, loc., 2. C. 3. 

Ketme, loc., 22. C. 4. 

Khipe, cultiv., 9. C. 3. 

Kezgan, loc., 23. B. 3. 

Kliitai-brizir, site, 17. D. 2. 

Iihada-dong, loc., 13. C. 3 

Khitai-dawin, pass, 10. C. I. 

Khada-clung, loc., 17. D. 3. 

Iihitai-oi, loc., 14. -1. 1. 

Kliidalil: (of Charellan), gold pits, Z7. A. 1. Khitai-oilik, ruined site, 14. A. 1. 

Kliidalili (of Don,oko), ruined site, 11. C. 2. I Xhitai-shahr (of Kuchr), site, 17. D. 2. 

Klladalik (of Jlerket), rill., 5. 1). :j. / Khitai-shaliri (of Kalta-yailak), ruin, 5. D. 1. 

Khidalik R., 27. A. 1. Khitai-yer, vill., 28. B. 3. 

Khadang-clayxi, river-bed, 17. A. 3. Khodong-k~ri.z, trill., 28. 13. 3. 

Khadanglik, vill., 28. D. :j. Khitgan, loc., 23. C. 2. 

IChafa-kota~i, loc., 7. 1). -1.. KhGja, sill., 21. A. 1. 

Iiliairiuicli-damin, pass, 3. C. 1. KL6ja-arik, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Khal:~stai, loc., 36.1). 1. 

Kh6ja-Kutbuddin-mazir, shrine, 11.. C. 4. 

Khalastao, bc., 6. C. ;2. 

Khitja-mahalla, vill., 80. A. 2. 

Khalasti, loc., 26. R. 3. 

Khojak-hi, loc., 25. C. 3. 

Iihalche, vill., 9. D. 2. 

IChitjeshukur, Ioc., 33. D. 2. 

Khaliclia-tnkkan, loc., 23. C. :!, 

Khora (of Kara-shalir), ruins, 20. 1). 4. 

Khalil-liirez, vill., Bx. C. :3. 

lihora (of Khin-arik), vill., 5. B.12. 

IChalpa-arik, rill., 17. A. I. 

Khotan, town, 9. D. 2. 

Iilialpat-langar, rill., 14. 13. 2. 

Khota.n, oasis, 9. 1). 2. 

Iihalta, loc., 23. 13. 2. 

Kl~otaii R., 12. B. 4; 13. 13. 1, 4. 

K1iAm;in-tola, loc., 7. D. 4. 

Khoto, loc., 25. -1. 2. 

Iihaii1an-sl16r, loc., 2s. D. 3. 

Kliot~ln-tam, rill., 37. -1. 3. 

Kharnan-dan.f~n, pas^, 37. -1. 2. 

Khoja-yulghon, Ioc., :18. 13. 4. 

IihSn, loc., 9. A. 4. I Kholpa-kBrEz, vill., 28. C. 3. 

Iillin-arili (of Iiisligar), vill. tract, 5. -1. 2. Kliongas Range, 14. A. 4. 

Kliiu-arik-bszir, rill., 5. A. 2. I Khunogli, loc., 30. C. 2. 

Kl~in-arik (of Iiliotan), rill., 9.1). ?. I Khuranr-l;ijl, nisrsh, 8. -4. 2. 

Khin-arik (of yRrl;antl), \.ill., 3. C. -1.. I Khura~n-jilqa. river-bed, 5. D. 2. 

1i11in-diibe-sai, ralley, 19. C. ;-I

171 lNDES OF LOCAL NAhIES 

Kic-lrili-k:~r:l~~l (of Iglh'z-yir), Irabit,., 5. A. 3. 

h;iclril;-k:rr:~~~I (of Y:~~tgi-hissir), post, 2. 11.3. 

KicI~il

Kizt~akolt~lc-jilga, v:~lley, (i, 1). 3. 

KO-l)ul;~k-tlasl~t, pla.te:~u, 3. C. I . 

KG-lulak-jilga, valley, i. C. 1. 

KO-(lobs, loc., 4.. B. 4. 

KO-lin-t-fan, pass, 43. 1). 9. 

KO-t'a-ch'iian-tzu, station, YS. C. I. 

KO-ta-cll'uan-tzt~, well, 4.2. A. 4. 

KO-tmg-tzu, uill., 42. C. 4.. 

Kohuga-dawio, pass, 9. C. 3. 

Kobza-giram-shahr, ruined site, 11. C. 2. 

Kocha-toghrak, vill., 17. C. 1. 

I

liiiI-:~gl~ri, vill., 5. C'. I. 

liiil-lu~l:ik, lor., 23. I). I. 

lioI-.iilga, v:~lIcy, 14. .\. 1. 

kiil-~iial~all:~, 11:>11it,., 7. C. 3. 

Kiil-ilgl~il, lot., 13. 13. :;. 

Kiil-t11g11, vill., 14.. 1). 3. 

lid-tiiz-~OII~, 11i11, I!). C. 3. 

Kv~~s~I~:III-III:I~~~~, 

slirinc, 1-1. ('. 3. 

Koltlus~~nr-jilg:~, valley, 1.1.. C. 4. 

Kolc, marsh, 13. A. 1. 

Biiltle, Inlie, 8. A. 1. 

Kiilclila~~g, liill, 14'. B. -1.. 

lioltlos~rm-jilga, vallcy, 14.. B. -1.. 

Kiilin-earigl~, habit., 7. 13. 2. 

Kiilkac11-jilga, valley, 6. C. 2. 

Kolochnng, Ioc., 25. A. 1. 

Kolone-songnn-togbrak, loc., 30. A . 2. 

Koltlili Pass, 2. B. 4. 

Koltuk, vill., 14. C. 4. 

Bolughan, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Bonisliuk-chap, valley, 19. B. 3. 

K6na-alein, river-bed, 14. C. 3. 

B6na-karaul (of Ighiz-ylir), habit., 5. A. 3. 

K6na-karaul (of lliislr-malil

K6tan-Lir, hill, G. 1). 2. 

KoLiz-ICIII, loc., I. 1). 4.. 

Kolfiz-langar, vill., 14.. A. 2. 

Ko1.i~-n~alialla, vill., 9. 1). 2. 

liotiz-6ltle-chal), valley, 19. 1). 3. 

Kijtelc-kvll loc., 17. 1). 2. 

Kiitelc-satma, loc., 18. 11. 1. 

Kvtek-tura, vill., 12. C. 1. 

K6tcklik.ltiilj lagoon, 30. A. 1. 

Kolcrclc, mt., -1.. 13. 4.. 

Kotluk-ordu, ruin, 17. 13. 1. 

lCiit$ii-yogl~an, loc., 28. C. 3. 

ICoa-ltai-tzu, loc., 1.3. 1). 2. 

Kou-kou-ch'uau, sl~riiig, 31.. B. I. 

Kou-ssu, station, 34. C. 1. 

Koval;, loc., 9. B. 4.. 

K6\va, vill., ?I. A. 1. 

Ko\vugl~a, cultiv., 19. 13. 3. 

Ro\vugha-sai, vallcy, 19. B. 8. 

Kowulgl~c-Lolat, cultiv., 1.1.. I!. .I.. 

Koyir-601, st,rean~, 37. A. 2. 

ICv) ek-iighil, \,ill., 0. D. 2. 

1Coy11k-shalrr, loc., 2 1, A. 1. 

Koyunial, ruins, YO. A. 3. 

Koyunde, loc., 3. C. 3. 

Kozcl~ijtle, vill., 6. C. 4.. 

K~Lc-jilga, valley, 3. C. 2. 

Kozuk-otuk, loc., 26. D. 2. 

Koz~lmal, vill., 5. C. 3.. 

KII-chli.ng-tzo (Gucl~ei~), town, 26. C. I. 

KII-ch'&ng-tzn (of Kan-cl~ou), vill., 46. 13. 3. 

Kn-CII'U~II, spriug, 31. 13. 2. 

Ku-ch'iian-ta-fan, pass, 31. U. 2. 

I

178 INDEX OLl, Vlll., 5. C'. L. 

Kt~rigl~az, lnc., 8. ,\. 1. 

Knmnli-IifirF.~, vilf., 28. C'. 3. 

K~~rulc-n.gIiiz, loc., 28. C. -1.. 

tiu~nat, vill., 1 1.. A. 3. 

Ii~~rul

L. 

INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES 

La-l,a-cl~'uan, habit., 34. A. 1. 

Liichen, loc., 4.6. A. 1. 

Lachin It., YO. D. 2; 33. A. 2. 

Lacbin-atA-mazar, shrine aud site, 14. B. 2. 

Lachin-tokai, loc., 14. A. 1. 

Lai-chung, cultiv., 38. C. 3. 

Lai-dang, vill., 5. L). 3. 

~ai-dong, vill., 17. 13. 2. 

Lai-su, vill., 14. (!. 3. 

Laika (of Keriya), vill., 14. D. 3. 

Laika (of Nfira), loc., 1-1.. B. 4.. 

Lailta-arilr, vill., 11.. D. 3. 

Lailik, vill. tract, 5. D. 3,. 

Lailik-lirtang, \.ill., 5. C. 3. 

Lailili-tBrin1, loc., 30. A. 1. 

Laisu-tura, ruin, 17. D. 1. 

Lakhshak Pass, 3. C. 1. 

Liil-tigli, hill range and site, 7. B. 4. 

L~lr~lik, site, 22. C. 4. 

Lamjin, vill., 28. 1). 3. 

Larnlung-da\r%n, ])ass, (j. D. 3. 

Lamlung-rnaz,ir, shrine, 9. A. 3. 

Lan~l~e, rill., 17. A. 1. 

Larnl~u-lrirPz, rill., 28. 0. 8. 

Limus, vill., 9. C'. 2. 

Limus-kir, hill, 9. C. 2. 

Lan-ch'iian, spring, 4.4. A. 3. 

Lan-t'ai-tzu, vill., 4.6. A. 3. 

Lan-yao-k'ou, Ioc., 46. D. 6. 

Langar (Ak-su), vill., 7. D. 3. 

Langar (of Rai), habit., 12. I). 1. 

Langsr (of Bostin-biizar), habit., 17. B. 2. 

Langar (of Charkhlik), habit., 30. A. 2. 

Lxngar (of Gez-dara), loc., 2. C. 3. 

Langar (of Korla), rill., 21. D. 1. 

Langsr (of Pichan), habit., 31. A. 3. 

Langar (of Saira~n), habit., 17. A. 1. 

Langar (of Sainpula), \rill., 14. A. 2. 

Langar-Shahid-Ali-n1az6r, shrine, 17. R. 2. 

Langar-toghrak (of Charclran), loc., 23. B. 1. 

Langa,r-toghrak (of Kelpin), lac., 7. C. 3. 

Linghrn, \rill., 9. D. 3. 

Lanltak-kush-tam, loc., 17. C. 8. 

La~tgsn, rill., 1.1.. H. 4. 

Lao-chnn-rniao, telnlJe, 4,O. A. 4. 

Lao-t'u-k'ou, loc., 4ti. A. 3. 

Lap. 2. 

Lasko-ustang, ealtal, 9. I). 2. 

Laskuya, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Lairs, vill, tract, 5. A. 3. 

Lawas-jilga, valley, 14. .k. 4.. 

Layika, vill., 9. 1). 2. 

Lei-ch'a-pao-tzn, vill., 46. A. 2. 

Lern[,~-?-ailak, loc., 14.. 1). 2. 

Len~~e, vill., 19. B. 2. 

Lerni~e-ltotnn, loc., 8. 13. 1. 

Ileinl~c-rnazir, vill., 9. D. 1. 

Leslran-akin, stream, 7. 1). 1. 

Li-chia-chiao, vill., 46. C. 3. 

Li-chia-chuang-tzu, vill., 46. C. 4. 

Li-chia-yuan-txu, vill., 4.6. B. 3. 

Li-tui-tzu, vill., 4.6. B. 3. 

Li-yuan, tcrnl,le, 43. 1). 2. 

Li-yuan, vill., 46. A. 3. 

Li-yuan-110, river, 46. A. 2. 

Li-yuan-ta-fan, pass, 43. 1%. 2. 

Liao-tan, statiorl, 34. A. 2. 

Lighten, Lalce, 15. C. 3. 

Liken-bujunral, loc., 90. A. 1. 

Lilung-jilga, valley, 15. 0. 4. 

Limp"-sn, lac., 17. C. 2. 

Lin-chia-ch'ung-tzu, vill., 46. B. 3. 

Lin-rniog-pao, vill., 46. A. 3. 

Lin-yao-tung (?), loc., 4.6. A. 3. 

Ling-hao, vill., 23. I). 2.. 

Ling-shuang-tzu, vill., 46. B. 3. 

Lingshama, loc., 17. D. 2. 

Lin-kou, well, 40. B. 2. 

Liu-ktrng, vill., 38. D. 4.. 

Lit~-kl~ng-~'o-ch'bn~, nlin, 38. D. 4. 

Liu-sha-p'o, loc., 41. -4. 1. 

Liu-shu-pao, vill., 46. A. 2. 

LO-ch'ai, loc., 38. C. 3. 

LO-chia-yai-t'ou, vill., 4,3, A. 1. 

Lo-ch'iian-tzu, vill., 43. B. 1. 

LO-ma-tung, vill., 4.3. D. 2. 

Lo-pa, vill., 43. D. 2. 

Lo-t'o-ch'bng, ruined site, 43. D. 2. 

Lo-t'o-ching, spring, -$0. D. 3. 

Lo-t'o-ch'ian-tzu, loc., 34. A. 1. 

Lo-t'o-110, river, 46. B. 5. 

Lo-t'o-p'o-tzo, loc., 28. B. 1. 

Lo-t'o-tun-tzu, vill., 46. C. -1. 

Lo-wang-tung, vill., 46. A. 2. 

Lochan-bulak, spring, 20. A. 1. 

Lficliu, vill., 17. C. 1. 

LGchu-langar, habit., 17. C. 1. 

Loisha-jilga, valley, 9. B. 4. 

Lok, vill., 6. D. 1. 

Lok-iighil, loc., 9. C. 3. 

Long-sai-ku (spelling?), loc., 38. D. 4. 

Lop, vill. (also name of region), 30. A. 2. 

Lop-bizzr, town, 14. A. 2. 

Lop Desert, 29. C. 4; 32. A. 3. 

Lop It., 30. 1. 2. 

Lop-n6r (Kara-koshun), marshes, 30. C. 1. 

Lop-iirtang, station, 30. A. 2. 

Loslikh, c~tltiv., 24.. A. 4. 

Loo-la11 Site, ruined site, 29. D. 3. 

Lo\rnza, spl.ing, 33. 8. 1. 

Lu-chio-cha, vill., 43. B. 1. 

L~-chio-~~~u-tzu, rill., 4:3. B. 1. 

Lo-sl1i11-li-yao-chan-tzn, loc., 37. A. 4. 

Lo-ts'ao-kou, loc., 36. D. 4. 

Luan-ma-ch'iian, rill., 4.6. C. 3. 

Lnislra, vill., 144. D. 4. 

Lok-chilite, loc., 17. A. 3. 

Lukchun, town, 28. D. 3. 

Lukchon-rnahalla, vill., 25. C. 3 

Long-ching-pao, \rill., 43. D. 2. 

Lou:;.-lrsin-pa, vill , 43. B, 2. 

Lung-koo, sta,t,ion, 5. C. 1. 

Lung-kou-110, valley, 43. B. 2.

180 INDEX OP LOCAL NAUICS 

Lung-waug-mino (of Clr'ang-ma), temple, 

4.1. B. 1. 

Lung-\vang-n~iao (of Sn-thou), temple, 

3La-ello-tzu, vill., 46. C. 3. 

~I:~-~II'G~II-IIS~~I~, vill., 40. 21. 5. 

Ma-1;u-t'a11, c~~lt,iv., -Lo. C. 5. 

hfa-lang-clril~g-tzrl, post., -1.3. C. 1. 

31%-llen-clring-t.zu, station, 36. C. 1. 

>la-mi-t'u, c~~lti\.., 4.1. D. 1. 

31s-ti-ssu, mol~astcry, 'J.6. B. -b. 

3Ia-tsun-sl1an, range, 10. D. 3. 

Ma-pat~g, vill., 43. C'. 2. 

&la-prig-ho, river, 48. C. 2. 

hIa-yin-toug, vill., 41;. C'. -1.. 

Ma-ying, viil., -I.(;. 1). -1.. 

RIa-yi~~g-p'ri. vill., 4.1;. -1. 2. 

RIa-yu-yo, vill., -1.2. l3. 4.. 

hIiclra~~~, lac., 2. U. 2. 

Mabnlla-tam, vill., 21. '1. 1. 

31aI1111a1, 1411.~ 14.. 13. 2. 

hlabmnl-%rish-I:t~~gar, Inbit., 1.1,. B. 2. 

3Isidi11-agl~zi, Ioc., 2. D. -1,. 

31aidi11-jiljia, vallcy, .I.. ii. 4. 

&Ia.id5n-tilgh, lnt,., 4. A. -1,. 

RIaidii~l-tal, loc., 8. L). 3. 

hlainst-iirtnng, \rill., 5. D. 2. 

Rlaira-t,ati, ruined site, 14.. B. 2. 

RIaja, rill., 5. A. 2. 

Riaja~l (on I

162 INIIES OF LOCAL NAMES 

Niya-bizir, vill., I!). B. 3. 

N~iz-kiri.z, vill., 2s. C. 3. 

Nochak, vill., 17. D. 1. 

Nirche, rill., 5. C. 3. 

Nivhi, vill., 5. C. 4. 

Ndpsl-bakclre, cultiv., 24. A. 4. 

Nogastu-bnlak, spring, 29. C. 3. 

N6r-oka, rill., S. -4. 1. 

Nura, vill. tract, 1-1.. C. 4. 

b-ura R., 14. C. 4. 

Nurunam, loc., 5. B. 2. 

N~lssra, rill., 9. D. 3. 

0-po, fort, 4G. C. 5. 

0-po-ho, river, 46. B. 4.. 

0-po-ling-tzu, pass, 46. C. 5. 

Ott~~~-~rcJel~a-t~~~lak, aI)rinf, :??. U. ,2. 

Ot.un-st!, vill., 6. (:. 2. 

P'o-ch'611g-tzu (of T'a-shill), ruins, 10. .I. 5. 

Po-chi-kou, cnltiv., 40. A. -1.. 

Yo-chi-lw, vill., 38. D. 4.. 

Yo-lo-1111-tung, cultiv., 41. 1). 1. 

Po-shill-t'ou-110, streanl, -1,l. A. 1. 

Pv-ya11g-110, river, 40. I). 5; 4.1. I>. 1. 

Pbdak-arnl, islaud, 12. U. 1. 

Podr~ng-kot:ui, loc., 12. D. 3. 

Pokl~lok-LB~PL, rill., PS. C. 3. 

Polil~uy-chelie, loc., 21. D. 2. 

. . 

Polu~~g-jilg:b, valley, G. C. 2. 

Pdlur, . dl., . 14,. C. 4. 

Porn-dawin, pass, 9. D. 4. 

Pomaz-kir, 11111, 14. C. 4. 

Ponak, vill., 14. C. 2. 

Pouak-nlii~l, river-bell, 14. C. 3. 

Yondara, vill., 14. U. 3. 

Pop~n, vill., 5. C. 1. 

Popaug-sai, loc., 6. C. 1. 

Popuua, vill., 9. C. 3. 

P3r-jilga, valley, 2. D. 3. 

Portish, loc., 9. A. 4. 

Portish-jilga, valley, 9. 8. 4. 

Porno-aghzi, valley, 14. A. 3. 

Posgim, market vill., 5. C. 4. 

Potnkla, \.ill., 9. D. :?. 

Pu-lung-chi (Bulu~~gir), vill., 40. B. 4. 

Yujiya, vill., 9. C. 3. 

Pukl~to-agl~zi, loc., 5. A. 4. 

Punga, loc.., 14. A. 1. 

Pul>clrak-, loc., ,22. D. 3. 

Puaha, \.ill., 9. B. 4. 

Puslta-jilga, valley, 9. B. 4. 

Yusba-pailak, loc., 9. B. 4. 

Puslci, oasis, 9. B. 2. 

Puski R., 9. B. 2. 

Pus1;i-langar; ill., 9. B. 2. 

Pusaa, dl., 6. C. 2. 

R. 

Rahim-langar, habit., 5.13. 1. 

Hahminpur, vill., 14. A. 2. 

Rallminpnr-iistang, canal, 14. A. 2. 

RarnzBn-bigh, vill., 6. C. 1. 

Raug (of Sariliol), grazing gr., 3. C. 2. 

Rang (of Uliigh-art), loc., 2. B. 2. 

Rang-jilga, valley, 4. C. 4. 

Raskale, cult., 1. D. 4. 

Raskam, cultiv., 9. 3. 3. 

Rasiil-toghrak, vill., 5. C. 3. 

Rawache (of Merket), vill., 5. D. 3. 

Rawache (of RIEsha), vill., 5. C. 3. 

Rawak (of Chira), ruin, 14,. B. 2. 

ltawak (of Khotan), ruined site, 14. C. 1. 

Rawak (of ShahyBr), loc., 17. C. 2. 

Hanrak Stiipa, ruin, 14.. A. 2. 

Kichtl~ofen Range, 43. B. 2. 

Rowush, v~ll., 6. C. 2. 

Rdza-bai-tumshuki, Ioc., 13. A. 1. 

Itusal-lium, loc., 5. B. 2. 

Rushan, cultiv., 14. A. 4. 

Sach-kik, loc., 5. D. 2. 

Sadak-kol, lagoon, 29. A. 4; 30. A. 1. 

Sdek-ashti-dong, hill, 1'3. A. 3. 

Sfidik-kiil, lagoon, 30. l3. 2. 

Sitluk-langnr, loc., 5. B. 3. 

SilfsgC~s, cultiv., 3. C. 1. 

Sigan-~IIII~-bnlak, spri~~g, 25. C. 2. 

Saghiz-lian-art., pass, 7. H. 3. 

Sagl~iz-li;sn-art. (Iiapchig:li), gorge, 7. 1%. 3. 

S;bgl~izliI

Sing (of I

186 INDEX OF LOCAL NAAIES 

Sha-ho-p'u, tonm, 46. A. 2. 

Sl~egil-birlak, spring, 28. B. 4. 

Sha-110-tun, vill., 4.6. A. 2. 

Sheikh-Hussan-danrdirr, shrino, 17. B. 1. 

Sha-11u-tzu, loc., 31. B. 1. 

Sheikl~le, vill., 7. C. 2. 

Sha-hung, vill., 42. C. 4. 

Sllc~l-ling-tz11-ta-fen, pass, 43. D. 4. 

Sha-mi-kan-tzu, loc., 21. C. 1. 

Sl~engin~, vill., 3 1. A. 3. 

Sha-cli611, vill., 43. C. 2. 

i Sherbns, habit., 3. D. 1. 

Sha-ta-110, river, 43. D. 4. 

Sllerzak, hill, 29. A. 2. 

Sllau-tang-cll'iao, vill., 46. B. 3. 

Sherzak-ghol, valley, 25. D. 1. 

Sha-wo, cultiv., 40. B. 5. 

Slierzak-yailak, loe., 29. A. 2. 

Shaftallok, habit., 28. B. 2. 

Shidaga-toghralt, vill., 8. A. 1. 

Shrtftul-bizirr, 5. B. 2. 

Shidighan-mazir, shrine, ti. C. 1. 

Sl~aftulluk (of Gulakhma), vill., 14. C. 2. Sliigebege, vill., 6. 0. 1. 

Shaftulluk (of Yirkaud), vill., 5. C. 4. 

Sl~ih-&rh-t'un, vill., 40. C. 5. 

Slt%gl~alitik, loc., 3. C. 2. 

Shi11-110, cultiv., 4.1. D. 1. 

Sliagildik Pass, 2. D. 2. 

Shih-hoi-yao, vill., 48. B. 1. 

Shill-kalandar-sl~ahri, site, 21. D. 1. 

Shill-hi-?.ao-miao, vill., 43. B. 1. 

Shih-tochbaning-koli, marsh, 26. D. 2. Shill-li-pao, loc., 41. D. 1. 

Sbal~id-kliw%jam-mazir, shrioe, 8. A. 1. Shih-ma-ch6&ng, site, 40. D. 5. 

Shahidlar (of Kuchi), vill., 17. A. 1. 

Shih-ma-kou, vill., 43. B. I. 

Shahidlar (of Kl~anak-atam), vill., 17. C. 2. Sliih-pan-tun, tower, 39. D. 1. 

Shallidlar (of Yangi-l~issir), vill., 5. A. 9. Shill-pan-t,un,o, ruined site, 38. R. 4,. 

Sbahidulla-maz~r, shrine, 9. A. 4. 

Shih-pao-ch'&ng, ruin, 41. A. 1. 

Shahniiz-iistang, canal, 2. D. 3. 

Shill-ts'ao, vill., 38. B. 4. 

Shahr-bulung, loc., 21. D. 2. 

Shih-tun, vill., 40. C. 5. 

Sliihtur, vill., 12. C. 1. 

Shill-tung-tzu-k'ou, loc., 31. B. 1. 

Shahyir, town, 17. B. 2. 

Shill-mu-fou, loc., 38. B. 4.. 

Shahyir R., 17. B. 2. 

Shikarmat,, loc., 5. B. 4.. 

Shait-kik, rock cistern, 7. B. 3. 

Slrikarmai, hill, 6. A. 1. 

Shikan, loc., 14. D. 2. 

Sllilzar-waiuiug-tighi, hill, 8. A. 1. 

Sbirkh-baskan, cultiv., 9. A. 3. 

Shikcl~in (of Baghrasll-kiil), cultiv., 25. A. 1. 

Shihlik, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Shikchin (of Kara-shahr), cultiv., 24. A. 4. 

Shilthlik-kol, loc., 12. D. 3. 

Shilan, vill., 23. D. 3. 

Shakhur, vill., 21. D. 1. 

Shilbili, loc., 3. C. 2. 

Shiku, vill., 8. A. 1. 

Shilme, loc., 2. C. 2. 

Shikun-yailak, loc., 14. D. 2. 

Shimililr, loc., 14. D. 4. 

Shalirn-tora, loc., 44. C. 4. 

Sllina, vill., 14. A. 2. 

Shaldrau-bulak-jilga, valley, 28. D. 4. 

Shindi (of Koruk-ttigh), cult,iv., 25. D. 2. 

Shaldrang, vill., 17. B. 1. 

Shindi (of Sarikol), vill., 3. C. 1. 

Shaldrang-bulalt, spring, 29. D. 1. 

Shindi-jilga, valley, 3. C. 1. 

Shalgan-dawBn, pass, 15. C. 1. 

Shindi-tigh, Ilill, 2.5. D. 2. 

Shalgonri-jilga, valley, 21. D. 1. 

Shinega, vill., 21. D. 1. 

Sh&m-bulak, loc., 12. C. 3. 

Shinga, loc., 28. D. 2. 

Shin>-pidshiill-mazir, shrine, 5. A. 2. 

Shipang, loc., 28. C. 3. 

Shamil (of Marirl-bsshi), vill., 8. A. 1. Shipang-clraval, loc., 19. B. 1. 

Shalnal (on Yurnng-kiish R.), loc., 13. A. 4. Shirghe-chapgan, loc., SO. A. 1. 

Shamil-bigh, vill., 17. B. 1. 

Shitala (of Kuchi), vill., 17. C. 1. 

Shamirlda, hill., 2. C. 4. 

Shitala (of Yirkand), vill., 5. C. 4. 

Shamiildu, Ioc., I. C. 4. 

Shitala-mazir, shrine, 9. C. 2. 

S11am:illik-sai, valley, 19. B. 4. 

Shitala-pidshihim, shrine, 19. B. 2. 

Shamshd-jilga, valley, 9. B. 5. 

Sl1itala-11idsl1irhim-nrazir, shrine, 14. D. 2. 

Shan-hung, well, 42. C. 3. 

Shivnl Jungle, 14,. C. 2. 

Shan-sha-ho, vill., 34. C. 1. 

Slliwikte, range, 2. C. 4. 

Shang-chia-110, vill., 4.6. C. 4. 

Shi\vikte-jilga, valley, 2. C. 3. 

Shang-ch'iao-pao, vill., 41. B. 1. 

Shinwl-langar, station, 14. C. 3. 

Shang-chih-chin, vill., 4+1. D. 1. 

Slrfichan, cnltiv., 31. R. 3. 

Sllang-ha-tzu, loc., 4.3. B. 2. 

Sl~okhuluk, vill., 5. C. 3. 

Shang-yen-chia, loc., 3Y., A. 1. 

Slroma, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Slrinung-oghil, loc., 14. C. 2. 

Shona-nrir, lake basin, 34. A. 3. 

Shapluk, loc., 26. D. 3. 

Shin. R., river-bed, 30. U. 2. 

Sharakure, loc., 45. B. 2. 

Shor-arik (of Karghalik), \rill., 5. C. 4; 6. C. 1. 

Sllarakure-sanje, loc., 45. B. 2. 

Slier-basl~l:~~, sce Chaan-ch'uan-tzo. 

Shara-nazek, loc., 44. C. 4. 

Shor-bolak, sve Chien-ch'iian-tzu. 

Sharike, vill., 14. D. 3. 

ShGr-bulalc (of Barknl), sl~ring, 34. D. 2. 

Sharkaratrna, loc., I. C. 1. 

Sl16r-balak (of Kuruk-tigh), spring, 32. B. 1. 

ShPtor, vill., 31. A. 3. 

Shi,r-bulak (of Singer), sl~ring, 28. A. 4.

Sl16r-cliakniil, lor., 13. B. 4. 

S11i)r-chike, loc., 21. A. 2. 

Shdrchuk, station, 25. A. 1. 

Sh6r-kiil (of Kucl~it), vill., 17. B. I . 

Shirr-kiil (of Lot,), lagoon, 80. A. 2. 

Shor-kiil (of Marfil-bnshi), marsh, 8. A. 1. 

ShGr- kiil-iiglril, loc., 22. D. 3. 

ShGr-kutl~rli, loc., 14. C. 3. 

s1lGrllll

I68 INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES 

Slcpet-kuzlek, vill., 17. A. 1. 

Snget-mi, valley, 19. C. 3. 

?. * 

higet-tartagha, loc., 2. D. 4. 

Ta-rh'uan (of An-llsi), stat,ion, 38. C. 2. 

Foget,lili, \,ill., 7. 13. 2. 

'l'x-rh'iian (of Goclrcn), vill., 28, C. 1. 

S~~getlik-mnznr, shrilie, 7. C. 2. 

'l'a-cl~'iiarr (of Kharu-nor), spri~ig, 98. A. 4. 

S~~ghak-shi,ri, loc., 2. A. 2. 

Ta-rh'uan (of Tun-liuang), spri~ig, 39. B. 1. 

Sllghlnk, vill., 5. A. O. 

Ta-dong, loc., 17. A. 1. 

Suglrun-aqllzi, cultiv., 5. B. 1. 

Tx-fo-nsn, temple, 46. C. 3. 

Sugll~tn-tl:~\vR~~, pass, 4. 13. 4. 

Ta-han-chaang, vill.? 4 1. 1). 1. 

Suglt~rti-k:crstd, ~~ost, 5. H. 1. 

T'a-lrao-cl~ia, vill., 46. H. 3. 

S~iiehke-langar, loc., 9. B. 2. 

Ta-liei-koo, loc., 41. A. 1. 

SII~~III, cultiv., fi. C. 2. 

Ta-110-])a, loc., 46 1). 4. 

S~~Ii~~i:i-ii~hil, loc., 13. D. 4. 

'l1a-11si-~'OII, lop., 31.. I). 2. 

S~lk~~lali, \,ill., 2s. D. 3. 

r la-hsi-to, , vallej, 25. Iaz%r, :jl~rii>e, 21. C. I. 

'fa-I)&"-liou, goltl-pits, 13. B. 3. 

Su1ti11-inaztir, shrine, 1-1,. I). .I,. 

T'a-l,'o-r11'12ng, vill., 43. D. 1. 

S~~lt~i~-Rxbbul-at~-n~azar, sllrine. :?I. D. 2. 'l'a-p'o-tzu, loc., 39. A. 1. 

S~llt,ii~-Sabz~~i).;I,-n~azir, shrine, ;3. D. 1. T:L-shan-ltoo, loc., 4,s. A. 4,. 

Sultan-Saiy~tl- at.^, sllriue 2nd site, 17. B. 2. Ta-shih-miao, temple, 4.3. C. 1. 

St~ltin-\Vaisl-am-n~azir, shrine, 14. A. 2. T'a-shih, vill., -1.0. 11. 5. 

S~~lt%nim-mazir, shrine, 5. B. 2. 

T'a-shih R., 38. 11. 4 ; 40. A. 5. 

S111tSnlik-arik, vill., 5. B. 2. 

Ta-shih-t'o, rill., 31. C. 1. 

Suluzh-chap, valley, 19. C. 3. 

Ta-ssu, moilastery, 46. -1. 4. 

Sulfigl~-cl~ag-o~I~il, loc., 23. C. 2. 

?'a-tilt>, tower, 28. 13. 3. 

S~lluli-kul-dn\\-an, l~ass, 5. :\. 4,. 

Ta-t'nng R., 43. C. 4. 

S~~ml;igl~o ('I"o-pu), :$-I.. C. 3. 

Ta-tung-miao, temple, 46. C. 3. 

Surnnli, loc., 28. C. -1.. 

'I'a-tzu-kou, vill., 43. B. 1. 

81irnuk-akin, loc., 28. C. 4. 

Ta-txu-wan, cultiv., 43. 1). 1. 

Sun-nai-pao, viU., 46. A. 2. 

Ta-yinz-p'an, fort, 43. B. 1. 

Sunf-chin-yin, vill., 46. C. 3. 

Tahitb-khana, loc., 14. n. 2. 

S~rn~ak-da\vHn, pass, 1. C. 4,. 

'Pigh-arik (of Kuch.i~, loc., 17. B. 1. 

Sungulach, vill., 5. 13. 2. 

Tiph-arik 'of Yulduz-li%gh), canal, 17. B. 1. 

Siips-srl, vill., 28. 1). 3. 

Taghache, vill., 5. 13. :!. 

Siipc-tnrl~, Ioc., 14.. 1). -1. 

Tsgllal;, vill., 7. 1). 2. 

Supnji-mae:ir, loc., 11.. C. 2. 

Ta$~arcIle (of Kara-shahr), rill., 24. 13. 4. 

Sure, loc., 3.5. C. I. 

Tagharche (of Rarglialilr), rill., 6. C. 1. 

Snrgh%k, mining vill., I!). B. 3. 

Tagharehe of P~rkand), market vill., 5. C. 3. 

Surghak-iighil (of Dalai-kurgh%n\, loc., Tnzhash-jilga, vall~y, 3. C. 2. 

43. C. 2. 

T%ghlal;-pumbaz, loc., 3. C. 1. 

Surghak-oghil (of Kijk-yir), vill., 6. C. 2. Tai-fang, loc., 43. D. 2. 

Suruluk, loc.. 14. B. 4. 

Tai-teu-shan, trill., -1.3. D. 2. 

Suslun-tora, loc., 45. B. 2. 

I) lallak, . loc., 9. A. 3. 

Sunfagh-jilga, valley, 14. B. 3. 

,' 1 aillk-tnt,kan, . . \\,ell, 23. 13. 1. 

Su\vuchuk, trill., 31. A. 3. 

Tais-kiil, marsh, 26. B. 3. 

Suya-mazir, shrine, 14. A. 2. 

Tsitak, \rill., 9. 1). 2. 

Suy~~k-jigda, loc., 1. C. 4. 

Taitak-langar, \dl., 9. D. 2. 

Siizuk, loc., 17. D. 1. 

,I lalt~ . . (of Karghalik), vill., 6. C. 1. 

Suzundelik, loc., 13. B. 3. 

l'aiti (of Usliak.bBshi), vill., 6. C. 2. 

Taitma-kiil, lagoon, 30. A. 2. 

l'aksgh-ijghil, loc., 14. 1). 1. 

Takatuko, vill., 5. C. 4..

190 lNDEX OF LOCAL Ni\?tlISS 

Tatlik-bulak, sl)rinp. 29. A. 2. 

Tat,lik-bulak H.., 26. D. 2.3 ; 40. A. 2. 

llatlik-maziir, shrine, 30. A. 2. 

Tatlik-sn, strenor, 26. A. -1.; 27. A. 1. 

Ti-tiglr, Irill, 16. C. 4. 

, 1' 

11-\van, vill., ~1~3. A. 1. 

'T'ien-shair Ilange, 11. A. 4. 

rl 1 ian-shan Range, scr T'ien-slran. 

Tatran (of Clrnrclrnn), vill., 2.'. 1). 4. 

Tatran (of Clrarklrlik), vill., 26.11.2; 30.A.2. 

Tatr~ur H., river-bed, YO. A. 3. 

Tntiir, loc., 8. .I. 1. 

Tiao-shni-kou, loc., 39. 1). 1. 

Tiell-clria-ch'@np-tzu, vill., 46. 13. 3. 

,I 

l'ien-rlli:~ng-tzu, \rill., 42. D. 4. 

Tion-alrui-cl1i11g-t.~11, station, 38. C. 4,. 

'l'atiiye-kiil, lagoon, 30. A. I. 

'l'aurlll 

li11g-cl1ia-1)a, vill., 4.3. A. 1. 

I 1 j' ilrg-liang-l)'n, vill., 43. D. 2. 

I ling-t,ung, 

I loc., 42. C. 4. 

'l'iraklik, vill., 17. B. i. 

Tiraklik-jilga, valley, 14. D. 4. 

Tire-kurghirr, loc., 14. D. 1. 

I! lirkis-jilaa valley, 5. A. 4. 

'~iter, vi~r, '5. A. 1. 

l'itrar, vill., 12. D. 1. 

'I'iz-t;igh, hill, 14.. A. 4,. 

Tiznaf H., 5. (:. 4, D. 3. 

'l'izoaf-knrglrin, vill., 3. C. 1. 

'I"o-lai-shan Range, 43. D. 44. 

'l"o-pu (Snmli;igIlo), vill., 34. C. 3. 

'I'erek-daw511, l)nss, 1. 1). 4.. 

r) lerek-ghol, valley, 11. C. 4; 12. C. 1. 

'l'erek-kichik-jilga, \.alley, 2. 1). 3. 

'l'ere~-ltudttk, well, 14. A. 2. 

Terek-langar, vill., 6. C. 3. 

Tereglrlik-j~lga, valley, 5, A. 3. 

'l'eret-Inngar, station, 19. B. I. 

Tergenr-Lulal; (;I., 2. C. 4. 

Tersiize, loc., 2. U. 4. 

Tertuning-kurni, loc., 9. D. 2. 

Teshuk-dawkir, pass, 37. A. 3. 

'l'eternisht, loc., 5. R. 3. 

Tetii-kol, loc., 14. D. 1. 

TEmak-kicglre, vill. tract, 17. A. 1. 

TGzsk-kaghe (hfing-oi), ruins, 17. A. 1. 

T'o-tu-ltou, vill., 37. A. 3. 

Tobraclre, vill., 21. D. 1. 

, lobruche, , vill., 1.'. A. 3. 

Tochije, loe., 3. U. 1. 

Tofruk, vill., 1:2. A. 3. 

I logatle-rnal~alla, 

I vill., 28. C. 3. 

Toghache, vill., 13. 1). 1. 

l'oghache-iistang, canal, 17. B. 1. 

Toghat-langar, habit., 19. B. 3. 

Toghan-su, vill., 28. D. 3. 

Toghlin-shahr, vill., 3. C. 1. 

Toghlu, \rill., 21. A. 1. 

Toghra, loc., 8. C. I. 

Toghra-dong, loc., 12. C. 1. 

Toghra-kiilang, vill., 23. B. 3.

Togl~lw-su (of Nip), Ioc., I!). 13. ?. 

'l'ogl~ra-su (of SII:III~CIIIII~LII), river, (;. 11. 3; 

9. A. 3. 

'r~gl~r:~gl~;~~, lor., I 1,. (;, :I. 

'L'ogl~ra~l~~~ 

(c)l' .\I~-SII). vill., 7. D, :?. 

l'(~;hr;~glio (01' Jli~sl~nj, vill., 5. C. :I. 

r 1 

loylrrngl~c (of l'irI;i~11

192 INDEX OF LOC.iL N:\AIISS 

:: 

Tolnluk, vill.. 5. A. 3. 

1 

Tiigc-taldi, Ioc., 13. D. 4. 

To~~i~z-ela\vfin, II:ISS, !). (', 4. l'iigo-tam, site, 17. C'. 1. 

'For-kGl, lalie, 37. .4. 2, liige-tisl~, loc., 15, C. 1. 

'l'iira-tigliil, lot., 6. C'. 3. ligc.nlcn, lor., 25. 8. 2. 

'l'c)rcI~c, vill.. 2 1. 1). 1. 

1 rl'tigc~n~en-arilt, vill., !I. 1). 2. 

I 1 Idre-biiriil;, lot. .. 1-1.. C'. .1. 1 Tiig~n~c~lt-blsl~i, lot:., 5. C. 3. 

'l'orp:1li-k)iz5r, v~ll., 17. -1. I. liigci~rc~~-t;isl~, loc., 31. A. 4. 

'I'orpi, clc4ile, 2. 1s. 4,. 

1 :: liigc~~~ts-t:~r, loc., :!. I). 3. 

r , 

1 iirt-l~~ii~~~-Z:~lir-i~ll:~l~-~i~azir, 

sl~ri~~c,, 'I'iql~ (el~lic~ of I

'I'11ng11z11tlc (of Yai-tliil~c), loc., 4.. . 3. 

T!lilgh-kol (of Pdur), loc., 15. D. I. 

Ulhgh-kiil (of Tikenlik), cultiv., 25. B. 3. 

Ulugh-kiil-ortang, loc., 25. B. 3. 

IJlugh-mazir, shrine and site, 14. B. 2. 

IJlCgh-nishan-n~azir, shrine, 5. B. 3. 

IJICgh-n6r-lroI, marsh, 12. B. 4. 

tJlug11-ndr-kotan, loc., 12. B. 4. 

Ulugh-nor-tam, loc., 12. B. 4. 

Ulugh-rab,it Pass, 2. B. 4. 

LilGgh-sai (orYulung R.; of Chakar), river, 

14. B 4. 

I'lGgh-sai (NGra), valley, 1-1.. B. 4. 

Uluqh-sai (of Surghak), river, 19. B. 3. 

Ulugh-sai-jilga, valley, 14. D. 4. 

U16glr-iistaug, stream, 6. C. 2. 

Ulugh-~ilak-jilga, valley, 6. C. 3. 

UlCgb-y;ir, loc., If. B. 2. 

Ulhgh-yay-mahalla, vill., 12. B. 2. 

Ulan-t:n~entr~-bolal;, spring, $9. D. 2. 

Ulun-ternento-ta,oh, hill, 29. D. 2. 

Urniir-tag11, nit., 37. C. 3. 

tin-bBs11-bfizrir, vill., 12. D. 1. 

lrn-bash-iirtang, sill., 12. D. 1. 

IJngaehili-jilga, valley, 14.. A. 4. 

tinger, cultiv., 7. H. 3. 

li~l~l~~~rlul;, loc., 3. 1). 1. 

I'ngurlnk-chal), valley, 27. A. 1. 

Ilngurlik-kiil, valley, 15. C. 1. 

L:iikur-1naz8r, loc., 2. I). 1. 

Lira-kotan, loc., 17. A. 2. 

I-!rgc, cultiv., 3;. U. 2. 

Tiruche (of Kara-sai), vill., 9. D. 2. 

Uriiclie (of Zawa), rill., 9. D. 2. 

Uriik-jilga, vallej-, 3. C. 2. 

Uriik-latigar, habit., 6. C. 2.

I'sl~ok-birhi. tmct, G. C'. 9. 

lrsl~ak-tal, vill., 2 I.. 13. I,. 

I'sl~lasl~, cnlt.iv., 9. D. 4. 

l~skecl~cr~, loc., 9. P. 4. 

~~sta~~~-o~l~zi, 

lor., 13. A. 3. 

Vstang-bisl~i (of liars-knln), loc., 25. .I. 9. 

yst:~ng-bisl~i (of V~SII-~IIIIII~~), lot., .?ti. C'. 3. 

Ustang-buyr (of I.inr;~-bi~l~), vill., 12. U. 1. 

~stan~~-buYe (of Yaugi-l~issir), vill., 5. '4. 3. 

~stnll~irtusil, oasis, Y. D. 1. 

Vtraki GI., 1-1.. A. 4. 

I?viz, 11i11, 14. B. 3. 

I'zgr;un-bulak, site, 21. 1). 1. 

7'zgen, loc., YO. A. 2. 

Uzme-knrisl~, cultiv., 9. C. 3. 

~'ZUI~I~II~, I~abit., 6. C. 1. 

I'zl~n-jilgx, valley, 9. C. 4. 

I'zun-aral (of Biiksarn), island, 13. B. 3. 

Vzu11-ara1 (of Lingl~ra), \rill., 9. D. 3. 

I'zun-arsl (of Yalgl~uz-k~uu), island, 13. U. 1. 

Uzun-bulak (of Kuruk-tigl~), sl~ring, 32. .\. 2. 

Uzun-bulal; (of Singer), spring, 29. B. I. 

U~IIII-chaval (of Kara-muran), loc., 83. Ll. 1. 

I'znn-cha\-a1 (of 1-ish-s11al1ri), Ioc., 26. C. 3. 

1-zun-liakir, loc., 2:'. C. 4. 

EZUII-kid (of .ibclal), 1aXoon, :;(I, C. I. 

Czun-kol (of Cliarclian), loc., :'.'. D. '1.. 

1:zun-kiil (of Lop), lagoon, SO. A. ?. 

Vzml-kol-chap, valley, '?J. 13. 2. 

Uzun-n~al~nlla (of Iiuel~i), vill., li. C. I. 

Vz~un-mahalla (of Ta\raI;l;el,i, vill., 1-1.. A. 1. 

Uznn-iighil, loc., 6. C. 2. 

Vzun-pichin, \-ill., 17. A. 2. 

ITzun-sai, Ioc., 9. B. 2. 

l'ziu~~-sarigl~, loc., 19. B. 2. 

UZLIII-shipang, loc., 19. C. 1. 

Uzun-shorlok, loc., 26. B. 3. 

Uzon-tal, loc., 2. C. 3. 

Uzun-tam, loc., 12. A. 4.. 

Uzun-tati, ruined site, 14. B. 2. 

Uzun-yir, loc., 14. C. 4. 

UzoYize-jilga, valley, 9. D. 3. 

Iranaizrsf-jilp, valley, 3. C. 1. 

1:ish-slraliri, vill. and site, 26. C. 3. 

VHsh-shahri R., 26. C. 3. 

Wa-hui-sllan, hill, 41. B. 1. 

Wahsb-jilga, valley, 10. A. 1. 

'Vakhjir Pass, 3. B. 2. 

Wakhjir-jilga, valley, 3. B. 2. 

Wakhpe, vill. tract., 12. A. 3. 

Waktvak, vill., 5 .A. 1. 

Wan-fo-llsin, site, 40. A. 4,. 

Wan-t'u-ta-ran, pass, 4.1. C. 1. 

Wang-chia-chnang-tzn, vill., 46. B. 8. 

\\rang-cLuang-tun, vill., 43. 13. 1. 

mTang-ma, vill., 46. B. 2. 

\Tang-shan-tzu, hill, 4.0. A. 4.. 

Wang-yeri (of Kum-tura), vill., 17. B. 1. 

Wang-yeri (of Yulduz-brigb), vill., 17. A. 1. 

\\'t'i-yiia~~-t~~~, tower, 38. D. 3. 

\1'11-cl1ia-slia-\\io, cult.iv., 40. A. 5. 

\Y~~-k~tn-eI~ii, \rill., 4.3. U. 1. 

\!'t1-111ng-110 l'ass, 46. D. 4. 

\VII-~IIII~-!~'~II, loc., 46. C. 4,. 

\\'\I-1n11g-)la-k'n-cha, vill., 43. C. 2. 

1Yu-t,un-sln~i, spring, 34. A. 1. 

\!'l1-t'ull~-\vo-tzll, loc., 37. C. 4. 

\Vu-t'~~i~~-yiia~~-miao, temple, 43. D. 2. 

Yidekul-aghzi, loc., 5. A. 4. 

Yagacll-ile-dawin, pass, 29. B. 1. 

Yagacli-ntola, loc., 2, A. 2. 

Yagac11-ijgl~il, loc., 2. 1). 4. 

Yagaclr-tilien, vill., 14.. B. 4. 

Yagach-yir, loc., 12. A. 1. 

1-agacl~e, vill., 9. D. 2. 

Tagan-agl~zi, Ioc., 9. D. 3. 

Yagan-ila~vin, pass, 9. D. 3. 

Tngh, cultiv., 28. B. 3. 

Yagl~aile-jilp, valley, 6. C. 2. 

Yagllizmali-l;iil, lagoon, :i0. C. 1. 

Yaghlugh-sai, valle!., 19. A. 3. 

YBgho, vill., 2. C. 2. 

Yagtclik-sai, valley, 15. C. 1. 

Yai-tllibe, cultiv., 4. C. 4. 

Yai-dole-jigda, caltiv., 4. C. 4,. 

Yailaghan-laogar, at,alion, 1 4. A. 2. 

Yailcl~e, c~~ltiv., 12. 13. 1. 

Yaide, stat.ion. 7. C'. 4. 

Yairam-bulak (of llaitlin-jilga), vill.. 4. A. 4. 

Yairanl-bulak (of Yai-dijbe), spring (?), 4.C.4. 

Yak-shamba-bizir (of Ak-su), market vill., 

7. D. 3. 

Yak-shamba-bizir (of Sllahyir), vill., 17.B.2. 

Taka-aliin, loc., 22. D. 4. 

Yalta-arik (of BJ~), vill., 12. C. 1. 

Yaka-arik (of Kuchii, vill., 17. C. 1. 

Taka-arik (of Yarkand), vill., and post, 

5. C. 4. 

Yaka-kuduk, station, 7. C. 4. 

Yaka-langar, rill., 14. C. 3. 

Yaka-mahalla, vill., 17. C. 1. 

l'aka-tizghun, vill., 9. A. 1. 

Yaka-togl~rak (of Korla), vill., 21. D. 1. 

Yaka-toghrak (of \'ash.shahri), loc., 26. B. 3. 

Yaka-iistang, canal, 30. A. 2. 

Yakfilr-~nakid, vill., 7. D. 2. 

Takalat, loc., 19. B. 3. 

Yakalritma (of Endere), loc., 23. A. 1. 

Yalialitma (of Surghik), loc., 19. B. 3. 

Yakchille, ill., 5. A. 2. 

Yaksalar-gol, strea.n~, 37. il. 2. 

Yaliub-bai-kucluki, well, 26. 1). 3. 

YaltGb-Bayshin-nlazRr, shrine, 11. C. 4. 

Yal-ghuclre, vill., 12. C. 1. 

Yalangash-kir, valley, 3. C. 2. 

Yalglluz-big11 (of Karghalik), vill., 6. C. 1. 

Yalgl~uz-high (of Kuchi), vill., 17. R. 1. 

Yalgnz-b:igh (of Nura), vill., 14. C. 4. 

Yalghuz-dong (of Charchan), loc., 22. C. 4. 

Yalghuz-dong (of Charchan R.), loc., 26. A. 3. 

Yalghuz-dong (of Lop-n6r), loc., YO. C.1.

Yalghuz-jilga, loc., 11. A. 1. 

Yalghuz-kayi~ig-n~azi\r, shri~li!, :!. I). J.. 

Yalghuz-kurn, loc., 13. 1%. 1. 

Yalghuz-rnaziir, shri~lt., 9. (!. !l. 

YLLI~~IIIK-~&I, ~OC., 7. 1). -1,. 

Yalghux-togli!;~l; (of Cli:~rcl~an It.), lac., 

26. 11. Z. 

Talgli1t~-tog11rak (of rtlerket), lor., 5. 1). 3. 

Yalg1111z-toglirali (of Tat ran), loc., 22. 1). 3. 

T:rlgh~~z-lo~l~ixk (on liqen-{laryii), lac., 

2.;. .i. 2. 

Y:~lglir~z-togl~rali (of Yiirltand), vill., 5. C!. -1.. 

Y:ilgh~~z-toglirali-karaul, ~)ost, 5. H. 4,. 

Yalgl1uz-tugI~-rnaz8r, shrine, 22. 1). 4. 

Y:ilgh~~z-tura, tower, 28. (!. 2. 

Yalghuz-yapacll-sai, valley, 1'3. C. 3. 

Yalptik-ttish-rnaidin, loc., 2. D. 4. 

Yalhng-rnaztir, shrine, I. D. 4,. 

Yam-Lulak (of Kara-shalir), Ioc., 20. 1). 4,. 

Yarn-brilak (of Klranambal), spring, 36. C'. 2. 

Yarn-bulak GI. (of Muz-tigh-atd), R. (:. 1.. 

Yarn-l111ak-jil~a, valley, 2. I). -1.. 

' 

Yamala, loc., 2. 1). 2. 

Yam;in-I~iik: Ioc., 1 1. .-i. I. 

Yaniin-jilga, valley, 2. D. 3. 

Yamin-l;u~n, IVC., 2ii. A. 3. 

Yamin-sar:ri, IoP., 2. 1

Yinjike-chap, valley, 19. C. 3. 

Yirpelilrg-to, lor., 44. (1. 4. 

Yoplian-ildir, vill., 12. A. 3. 

Y~~hin-bil~k (of AlalBI-hht~hi), loc., 8. U. 1. 

Yoglr&l~-bilc:lc (of IJ~elr-dayi), cultiu., 

17. C. :J. 

Yoglran-tlo~lg, loc.., 22. U. 4.. 

YO~II:LII-~~~-III~ZCI~, 

slrrine, 9. 1). 2. 

Y~~l~an-liir, l~ill, 19. B. 3. 

Yo~I~:~n-l~ix IJass, 2. I). 3. 

Y~~l~ali-ku~~~, loc., 13. I). 4.. 

Yoghitrl-tcreli, habit., 28. 13. 2. 

Yogl~arr-foghrak, dl., 8. A. 1. 

Yogiran-toglrrak-lai~~dr, loc., 19. 13. 2. 

YoElian-toghrak-yailak, loc., 14. D. 2. 

Yoghan-tura, to~ver, 28. D. 3. 

Yoylranjr, loc., 19. B. 1. 

Yogtum-ghol, valley, 25. C. 1. 

Yokike-n~ahalla, \rill., 1.1.. A. 2. 

Yokske-nmzar, shrine, 9. 1). 2. 

Yok5kur1, vill., 9. I). 2. 

Yoke-toyh~~aI [Jlugt~-wai. 

Yiimelik-langar, cultiv., fi. C. 2. 

I'un~nlak, Ioc., 1-1,. A. 1. 

Ynniulali-aral of Kllotan R.), island, 13. B. I. 

Yrlln11l:tk-aral (of Kllotar~ K. delta), island, 

12. 1%. 4. 

Yn~n~ilak-I:iil, marsh, I!+. 13. 2. 

Yrimuiak-toqhrak (of Islimahid), loc., 

IS. 11. 1. 

Yumulak-toghrak (of Yuruug-k8sh R.), loe., 

14. A. 2. 

Yumulnk-tokai, loc., 2C. B. 3. 

Yiin-shan-lcuan, \.ill., 36. D. 3. 

Yung-hsiung, vill., 4.5. C. 3. 

Yung-k'ou, town, 46. C. 4. 

Yunjun, loc., 31. A. 3. 

Yunus-atl-mazir, shrine, 7. C. 2. 

YCnus-chap, valley, 26. H. 4. 

Yupogha, vill., 5.13. 2. 

Yurmung-kirez, vill., 28. D. 3. 

Yurshade, valley, 3. C. 1. 

Yuruk-ti&, vil:., 14. B. 3. 

Yuruk-tish-jilga, valley, 14. B. 4. 

Yurung-bash, habit., 5. A. 3. 

Ynrung-bashi-maz;ir, shrine, 5. A. 3. 

Yurunz-kash R., 9. D. 2; 14. A. 1 ; 15. A. 1, 

C. 1. 

Yurunz-kash-bHzlr, town, 14. A. 2. 

Yurung-kir-jilga, valley, 14. B. 4.. 

Tut,kuluk, loc., 6. D. 2. 

Yutigh, loc., 28. D. 3. 

Yumaz-aral, island, 13. A. 1. 

Yiizgul, vill., 14.. C. 4. 

Zai, caual, 6. A. 1. 

Zai-kupruk, bridge, 8. A. 1. 

Zaibu-jilga, valley, 3. C. 1. 

Zaid-kilrsz, rill., 28. C. 3. 

Zailik (of Yirkand), vill., 5. C. 4. 

Zailik-jilga (of Uch-turftin), valley, 7. C. 2. 

Zailik-jilga (of Yurung-kish R.), valle.v, 

15. C. 1. 

Zailik-kosh, Ioc., 15. B. 1. 

Zailib-niug-arti, pass, 15. C. 1. 

Zainap-dong, loc., 19. B. 2. 

Zak-tokai, loc., 9. C. 3. 

Zln, loc., 45. B. 1. 

Zanguya, oasis, 9. B. 2. 

Zankau-jilga, valley, 3. D. 2. 

Zanucl~, loc., 3. D. 1.

198 INDEX 01' LOCAL NAhlES 

%:arafsl~iin (or YArk~at~d) It., 5. C. 4. 

Z:rritlik-t~~rrzi,r, sl~rine, 17. H. 1. 

Zsrkhoti-iigllil, lor., 7. D. 1. 

%awa (of liltotrtt~), tr~rt :111(1 towt~. !1. 11. 2. 

Z111va (of Y:itigi-hissfir), c:~ntot~, 5. .\. 3. 

Xelatlcl~i. Ioc.. $1. D. 2. 

~~II~I~II-~

GJ~NEILBTJ INDXX 

So~r.-O\vir~g 118 tva~rt of t.l~e recluiaitc! ' )~cculiar ' tyijc.- a I'e\v 1 rx~r~erii~tior~al 

clraracters ill Clrirlsse :LII(I otrllel. l~ariies Ilave ~ CCII ~trir~ted 11crc as well w in tlre tclt arltl the 

prc-coc~linx ' Ir~tles of local Irarrlcs ' without thcir 1,roljcr ttlacritical marks. 

ICrrors of sljellin~ ::uicl ir~isprints have been rectified in tile li~tles. 

~b-i-l':~rij:j river, source of', 6(i. 

Abi-l~akr, King of' Y%rkalrtl, 1-1.. 

.\la-tarn, site, 19, !)O scl. 

zirl~alil~, Io~., I I. 

bid (of Yirkaod), oasis, 20, 38, tii. 

Ab~lal, Ilanllet, 15 sq.; lo~igit~~(lc of, 87. 

.irl~alil

eoo GEXEI~ AT, 

Bost;iti.lt~rc~k, lor., 6-1.. 

Bridges-Lce l~lioto-t.l~coelolite, iise of, 5. (i4. 

'Llrinjnp:~', v:llley, IS st[. 

l{rittjak-tin\v;in, j>:tss. 13. 

'Rri~ijpl', gr:~zing gror~iitls, 1.1. 

l311gitr, o:wis, I !), 79 st]. 

15ugilr-l~iiz;ir, longitl~de of. 79 n. 

Huk-tokhni, ast,ro~lon~. Iatitlitlr of, 103. 

~11r;1111s;il 1>ass, 25, 65. 

~~i~r~tfricit~di~r-~il;~zAr, lor., astrollonl. lat,itutlc 

of', 7.1. 

131 I:{: \KL>, Col. Sir Sidney, R. E., I1el11 rerrtlrrctl 

by? vii, I, 10, 18, 03 scl. 

l%rts:~t, glacier, 13 : v;tlIey, 13. 

131iy:l. v:~lley, h. 

'('a\-es of the Tlloumnd H~iddlras', 17, 31 : 

srr ,[/so CB'ien-fo-tuag. 

C11;itlir-kiil, station, 39. 

('haii~nt-kiil, Iagoo~l, 37. 

Cliaktlarra, fort, 10. 

Chakitlnalt-s11liig11, lor., astrouom. lat,itntle 

of, 74. 

Cl~;~ltlll:~lt, v:llleJ-, 6s. 

Clllany-n~a, oasis, 17, 50 n, 9!) scl. 

('l~'airg-mn-~>ao-tz~l, astronom. lat.it,ncle of, 

100. 

Cl~:~rcIial< river, 19, SO. 

Clrarcllan, tow11 ant1 oasis, 1-Is st{., 27, 4.S, 45, 

.i!l n., 77, SO. 

Cliarclian-b:iz:ir, astronom. lat~itntle of, SO. 

Cliarchati-Cliarlthlil; route, 82. 

Cllarrhan river, 27, 4.1, 43, 46, 80, 83, 87 ; 

delta of, Id. 

('linrl;hlil;, oasis ant1 rill., 15 sq., 27, S:?, 87 .,I. ; longitude and ast,ronom. latitude of, 

87 ; ro~rte to h1ir:in nntl Tiun-hnang, 28. 

Cl~:~rl

Kski, astrono~~~. Iaii1.11~Ie of, ti;. 

I'tsirr-go1 river ant1 delta, 32, is0 hsl., 52, 100, 

102 "~1~1.; basin, !IS, 102 SCI. 

Ktzina, (.;it!. of ', 3!? ; 8W Kl~iu:t-Kl~otl~ 

V:~izlb;id, to\vu, ti7. 

I"61rg-ta-fitu, astrono~~~, latitude of', 102. 

VI 1.1 13t.1, Sir b'. 1)c, surveys and obsc!rvatio~~s 

of', 6, 56, 63, 67 scl., 71 sq., 109. 

Vorsytl~ Mission, surveys of, 1 I , 64, 67, 70. 

I.'I.,I~I,;~KL~, Pvof. LC., I'ei-sb;ul surveys of, 93, 

!I.>. 98. 

(;rc*at 'l'rigonometricaI Stvve,v, peaks lised 

by, 7, ". 

(;:isl~un-nOr, lalie, 1113. 

(;c.njn river, 75. 

(+ex, river and vallcs,v, (i, 1.1, 63, scl, ; xer u/.ro 

Yamln-y;ir river. 

Gl~ijak pasr, 11. 

(il~ipra-chiil, vill., 27. 

(il~ojak, artrono~o. lat,it~~tlr of, 6:. 

(;l~ujak-b:~i, loc'., 65. 

GII,~;~, Dr. JJ., trnnwril~cs CI~in'se local 

names. 61. 

Oilxit river, 25. 

(io~~i.:, Cot., St. C;eorge C., li.IC., I~elp of', 5. 

(; reat Kara-k111, Ial~e, 40. 

(;~trhen, town anti oasis, Y4., 53, 90 ; astroiiom. 

latitude of, 8.1.; see Ku-rll'kng-t:~n. 

(;ud;iclre, astronon~. latitrltle of. 80 scl. ; .we 

l Jshl~~ug. 

(;ulakhma, oasis, !J, 74.. 

C~~lalrluna-biz*, astrono~u. latit~rde of', 7.1. 

C;fimn, onsis, :LO, 50 n., 68. 70 scl. 

IIi~bibullxI~ HB.ji, r~tler of Klrotan, 1-1, 22. 

Hami (liu~nul), to\v~~ and oasis, 18, J4., 36, 

i:? sq., 53. S7, 90, 9:; scl. ; astrolronl. Istit,~~de 

of, 91 ; I~izl~rond to An-hsi, 95 rqq. 

IIii~ni river, terminal hasin of', 88. 

Hang~~y:~, site of, $1. 

N \ icl)rsc:k., Jrord, s:~nctioi>s tl~iril csjrc.tlitio~r, 

24.. 

II\ss~.:se.r.~~s, Dr., nl:il) of, li9 stl.. 9:; 11. 

IIP:I)Is, I)r. Sven, 1or:ttes T~OII-Ian, 15, 2s; 

routes of, 19, !!G, 38 ; nstro~~oni. observations 

of, 56, Ii7, (i9 "I., i:?, 79 sq., 

S:?, 86, 87. 

i-ii~~duk~tsl~, r:lnge, 1 0, -1.1, (ili. 

liiudu-tiislr-dan~fir1, pass, 1%. 

I-Ioang-110, river, 18, 50. 

Iloang-lung-l~anx, vill., 90 sq. 

I-lsi-ning, to\vu, 3:;. 

Iisi-ta-shan, peal;, 85. 

Hsi-ta-110 river, 102. 

Hsiang-p'n, rill., 33. 

I-Isin-clr'Gnz-pao, astro~~on~. latituile of, 105. 

t1siis11-tsang, pilgrim, on 1101) desert, 89 ; on 

Pei-sitan desert, 91. 

Hua-hai-tzo (or Ting-ll'aoj, oasis, 32, 37, 

sq., 60, 54, 97 sqcl. 

~IIIII~-~~II-~u~II, 

11o>itio11 of, 95. 

Iinng-vbui, a%trr)nom. latit~~dt. 111, 105. 

I~IIII~-~~III~-~)~I 

river, 17. 

ll~tr~gatlik, vill., 74. 

IFF, 11i. ~~otw OII 

11ei~I11 ol)servatior~s, viii, 56, I51 ~tlll, 

Il~~trra, territor?, 5, %5. 

HIIII~~ river, 61;. 

Elllo-ning-to pass, 17. 

11,~11sorneter, 

ol' rcdl~ction of, 152, 154. 

; 111 STKI~, Dr. .I. IIK (if(.\ 

1 

readings of', 151 hllll. ; 1netl1011 

ire. taken for \vater-s~~pply, 15, 27, 2'9 s~i., 

35 Fij., 37, 90. 

Igl~iz-yir, vill., 11, 2.i ; astro~~orn. latitt~tle 

of, 68. 

Igin-da\vi~r, pass, 8. 

Ilclri, i.e. Kl~otan to~vn, 14. 

' 

i 

lle-do~lg II.~., .we Kal~a. 

llel< river, 16. 

ImR~~~-J&Car-Sidik-~r~az'~~r, astt.o~rorn. latito~le 

of, 78. 

I Iminrlar, vill., 8, 14; .we Tijrt-Inr%118. 

1111aos range, -1.1. 

' 

i 

Inellike river, 19, 38, 47, 79, 82 ; see ulro 

kItr~-art river. 

i 

: 

Incl~ilie-gnmbaz, astronom. latitude of, 80. 

Indo-Russian triangulation, 108 ~11'1. 

! lni111s river, 24 si1. 

! Isl~tala, astronom. Iiitit~~tle of, it;. 

.J~III, vill., 72. 

'Jade Gate' (Yii-nrkn), rite, 98. 

.Ja~n-bt~lalc, c'ultiv., 31. ; astronom. latitude 

ol', 88. 

Jrsr~it surveyors, 18. 

.lip-tal, nst~rorrom. latit,~~de of, 74. 

.Jigtla-salC, astronon~. latitude of, 80. 

Jirnasa (or lJu-yen), to\vn, 34.. 

Jo~~ssos, Mr. I\-. H., sketch-nvnl, of his 

root.e, 7; K'nn-lun surve,vs of, 13 ~(1.~ 22, 

i:!, 72. 

Ji~jan-krez, astronom. latitude of, 88. 

Ju~nri KIiLn, Iil~otau envo~-, 1-1.. 

Calnsti, loc., ii, 80. 

Kalta-yailal;, oasis, .'G, :;9, 66. 

ICan-el1011, city, 17 sq., 32 sq., 101 scl., 103 

sq.; astronom. latitode of, 105. 

knn-cl~ou river, 17 scl., 32 scl., 50 sil., 100 syq. 

ICan-$11, N. IT. marches of, 33, 61. 

ICno-t'ni, town, 32, 102, 104. 

Iiapa, gold-pits, 15, 25, 28, SO; astronom. 

latitude of, 81 : tvian:nlat.iou near and 

from, Ill scl. 

Kara-bigll, oasis, 73. 

liara-bulak, astronom. latitude of, 78. 

Kara-clawln, pass, 38, 78 s11. 

Kara-&be, oasis, 63, YO. 

Kara-dong, site, 9, 19, 73; astronom. latitude 

of, 73. 

Kara-jol, grazing grouncls, 39.

tiirilihslr ', Mr. JCI~IIIS~II'S ratlip :II, 22. 

liara-kits11 river, 7. 20, 22 st!., 27, 4.5, 72 I 

~(1.; v:rlI~ty, 12, 70 st]. 

tiar:~-kl~trono~r~. lutitllcle of, 87. 

Ki~~lriIc-~i:~~~g:tl-s;~i, A statiot~ at, 1 1 :j. 

'Kl~~~sl~l~~sl~-la~~gar', 

.SI:C Kt~~l~l:~sl~-la~~~ar. 

liiliin, oasis, I ?, 20, 68. 

Kili;i~~-~l>~.\virr, II:L>S, 12. 

Kili;i~~-Ii~irgl~~~i, lor., 20. 

Iiilil;, J)>ISS? :I, 66. 

Kine-tol;rnali, site, 74. 

Klsc:, 3Ia:jor i".J.31., W.K., Irell) of, 3;. 

Kizil, vill., 6, 9, 11. 

Kizil-art pass, 4.0. 

Kizil-b;iz%r, vill., ast,rooolrl. Iatitrlrle of', Gi. 

/ 

K:~ra-tBsIr-sai, Ioc., :it~.orlorn. latitude of, 83. i 

liara-y~rlgl~l~~l, vill., 39, 72. ! 

Kara-koliti, A station of, 10%. 

Kizil river, ti4 scl., 75, 80. 

Karalu1,;ir river, 25. I Kizil-cla~viin, ])ass, 11, 67. 

K:tra~rghu-tagit, vill. aucl Irill tract, 7 st].. 12 1 Iiizil-lcilm, sand ridges. 74. n.; loc., astror~um. 

sqtl., 21, 71 scl.; astronom. latitr~de of, il. I:ltit,ucle of, 83. 

liar;. ar-darya, river, 12. 

Kizil-~~~i~l~oi, 

YII~IIS, 76. 

Kirez irrigation, .l.S sq., 8-I., SS. 1 l\izil-zisrat-t,ercIpIra, loc., 70. 

Eargl~ai-aghzi, toe., astronom. latitucle of, ti>. Kocl~l;ar-u~l~iI, lor., 73; astronom. latit,lctle 

Karglralil;, t,o\vn and oasis, 6, 11, 20, -1.9, 45, , of, 74.. 

67 sq.; position adopted for, 70; .wZr* Kiik-ral)iil, vill., :lstronom. 1a.titutle of, (ii. 

1-etim-l~~knni. 

Iiiik-y:ir (of' Karglralil;), oasis, I I sq., +O, fiS. 

KARI~I B.\KIISII, >I., I~ead draftsman, T. S. ~til- .> .- nr (of ICara-biigl~), vill., 73. 

Otfice, 53. 

Kiik-zigda, loc., 103. 

! 

Karlik-cla\viir~, ]lass, 11, 6s. 

Koko-niw, lake, 17 sq., .iO. 

Karlik-ti+, range, 19, 34, 52 sq., 91, 93 "'1. I Iiiilde, reservoirs, 70. 

K5sl1, river ancl valley, 7, 1.1.. 

Kooche-daryB, river, 37 scl., 4.2, -L-l, 4.7, 79 

K:iuhgar, city and oasis, 6, 9, 11, 26, 36, 39, , scl., 81 "I., S6; arlcieut betls of, 28, 3s. 

41, -1..1., 83 SII~., 67, 72, 7G ; posit,ion of 'old 1iong11r ltthal;, hci~ht of, 109; arr, Koriyrrto~vrl', 

8, 63, 109 ; meteorological sta~ion i , tlebe. 

:~t -I., 152. I Kor1~11r raugr, -5, 41. 

K;isllgar river, 20, tG, 4.2, 63, 09 stl. ; Ileail- I Iiorigur-clrl)tb I, peak, 6-1. ; triarrji~~latecl 11c.ig-lrt 

\vaters of, -1.0 rcjtl. ; terminal delta of, 2(i ~ 1 . of, 6. 

Kasl~mir, 10. 

Iiorla, to\v11 and naris, 19, :lli, 38, 4.2, 1-13, '72, 

- Kairruk-brll:~k, 3stro110111. latitu~lr of, SO. 

,o - s(~(I., 7:) sc111.; astronnln. latituclc of 

Kelpin, vill. and oasis, 20, :3!), (ici, (iX stlcl. ; i town, YO; l~osition of, 79, (32, 85, 108, I I.' ; 

astrono~~~. 1at,itude of', 69. 

I trianjii~lat,ion to, 1 11 sqc1. 

Ken-Ikil, luc., 78. 

I\osl~-bi.1 pass, (;-I. 

Kerlg-lailia, lsc., PO. I Kosll-ku[lulc, 92. 

Ker~g-sl~e\var, astrononi. latitrrdr of, 65. 1 I 

.liere-LPzBr, vill., 75. 

Keriya, oaG, 8 MI., 1.4, 59 :I., 73 sq. 1 

Krriya river, S scl., -1.1 sc~tj., 72 stlcl., 7G st[., / 

Kosll-yiiz-ij~lril, loc., 66 ; aslrollo:~i. latitncle 

of, 6s. 

Kusl~e-langza, loc., !lo. 

I~oslllasl1-1anga1~, lor., 1 3. 

7!) ; solrrres of, 21, 75 ;ancient tlrlta of, 1'3. Kot,iz-langar, vill., 74; ~stror~orri. lat.iti~tlr 

Klr:iclalili, xolcl-pits, 33; ~S~~OI~UIII. Iatit~iclc ; of, 7-1,. 

of, h:l ; A Inse at, 113. 

Koterrl;, prak, fil 11. 

Klraidrl-sol val1e.v. 79; sev Ksra-sl~al~r rivcr. lioy~~rr~al, sitc, 87. 

Kl~alastai, let:., $13. 

K115n-:uili, villay>, +rart,, (j, (i7 

KhBo-te~rgri, xu, Tengri-KliBn. 

Kllanarnhl (a\~la~lll~ar), irtli)~iorn. lat,itadc 

of, 93. 

Kl~angol pealis, 37. 

i 

I 

/ 

! 

kl(,zi.or:l:, Cot. P.K., sorv~s of, 17,32,:3(i, 100. 

Ku-c11'Bng-tz11, oasis, sr3r Gacllcbn. 

l

Ktra-c+l~o~~, :~~~cic!nt Ilarrlcs i~i' .t~~-l~si, 7.1.. 

KU~-~~IOII-~'OII, ast,ron11111 l:~tit,~~d~! of, !)I;. 

Kurhi, to\v11 :LIIII oa-ih, I!l, :3h saj., I.i, 1.1, 72 

scj., 75 sq., 7!) MI. ; :I+~~IIIIIIIII. l:tIit11(11. IIS 

to\vl~, 7ti. 

Kuchic rive-r, 313, 7; *I]., fit). 

I~EX~IX-CON\XI;II~\I, (~II,. Sir t;, l',, 1:. k;. 

111.11, rc~~~rlc.retl 1! . viii, I. 

I,i-jiiat~-h(~, river, 18, :;:3, 101, 10 I, 

I,~:LII~-~~~II, c*it\, 3:i. 

I.;~IIIll]., !I, I*! ; 

11op, ~listriet, 27, 42; II:IIIIII-I, 16, hi : II.~III~- 

I s t , I , 3 ; I I ~ I I I I I ~ ' lG 

g1:~eis of, -1.2 stl., -1.5, 97 ; \vcstrrn~~~ost r:l.n:e 

of, 6:; ; sttrvchJ s of, S.11'. of Kl~nta~~, I I *I(., 

20 ; S. of lil~ot;~ri, I; btjy., 12 "(1'1.. 20, 70 

illll. 

I.011 1l1.scrt, 35, 52, 5.3 "'l',. 

IJIIII, a~,eic:t~i lake-Lvl of, If;, 30, 3ti "1.; I I 

scl. ; S. oi' Keriya, I -I., 21 SI~I~., 7;' ; S. 01' 

Nija, 77 scl. ; frout K;rpa t~:tst\v:~rds, :!5, 

1.3, 1.t; srl., .r:l, 86 >

Blnzlir-tirgll (of liltotn~l It.), Itill muge, 20, 

"ti, 70, 73; :tstrooonl. Iatitacle of, 73 ; 

ruind fort of, 20, 37. 

Xiyu river, 9, 14, 78. 

Xip-bk~ilr, positin11 of, 77; astrono~li. latitude 

of, 78. 

Inrrcttry baro~netelv, results of, 151 sqq. : 'Nort,lrern Rontl' oI' f~llinest. AIIII~I~, 4.4, 

colnpavisol~ of. 

jo~~rncy, 163 sq. 

152 ; rratliuga on tllirtl Stira. rivr~.. S. 

3lenlrk-ti111, sitc, 1 ti. 

alerkt~t,, vill., 20, 3'3. 

AIerki pass, 11, 25. 

Aferki rivvr, I I. 

31 b;nzrtAcliul:, DII. G., VII 'l'e~~gri-li11i11 penk 

0-1"'. KV'."." ""'I pass, :;:ling-oi c:i\e~, of' I.iilcl15, iti. 

()p~l-b

Tisll-bul:ik, o;isis, :$.I.. 33, !1:3 st[. 

, I 

1 ish-kiil, :IS~~O~ICIIII. 

l:t!,ituilt~ of, 90. 

T;iah-li~nyhin, \-illogv:11111 ?;itv. 5, 10 sq., 2;'. I 

28, ti4 silq. ; ~ S~~IIIOIII. I:~t.it~i~li. of, titi ; ; 

t,riang~~I:ilion :I{, 1 I 0 ; Iieigl11 ill'. I y).!. 

'~'. 

'l'llrll~-:l~rt-Cl:l,\v~lll, 1)21SS, 1;:; si1. 

r ~ l ~ ~ h rivt~r, ~ ~ ~ ; .sw : ~ f i ~ ~l:i~~*~~~;;~~~ 

river. 

'1'ii\\~c11-( it~.iaii, SIILII~I) ol' lil~ot;~~~, 1;1t,it111Ie 

,ll)sl~rvi~ll :11, 7 I . 

'1'1iz-l;:111, IIVII~II I I I ~ ~ I I W:L-level, \ ~ S 1,. 

"~'IIOUS~LII~~ Ih~tlcll~a.' site, sec Clr'ien-fo-tui~g. 

'l"ien-.shn~~ r:lngc, I, li, 9, 19, 3(i, 38, 4.2, $8, 

ti:;, titi. ?;(I., 72, 7.5 stj., 84, 87 sil., $10; 

eastt>rn~~~orL ]torlion of, 19, 34, 68, 9 I, !)-I., 

97 ; outer r:~112c.s in \V., 20, 20, 39, 78 silil. 

'l'ikclili-tn~h (1'1;. :3/liO D), 8, 14, 73. 

l~cI~-'l'~irS:ti~, to\vi~ ai111 oasis, 20, (;I;, (is 

l itlurgl~itk, 63 ; a.lronoln. Iatit~~tlc of, (;I;. 

Irgen-~Iar~i, 79. 

L.y$~t, vill., ;LS~.~~IIIOIII. 1atit11ilc I I ~ , 7 I. 

lJj~nv-tlol~~, st;~.lion, 36. 

I!l511-l~6riik, astroi~on~. I~titlldC~ of, 1U:j. 

r likenliL, 

I o;~six, 28, :i:;, :IS, 82, 87 ; astronoui. 

latilr~tle of, X.2. 

I \ 

IILI.AI:I), IAieul. V. I

Y:I\;;L-~~II~~, 

RS~~OIIOIII. libtil~(I(! of, 7.1,. 

Y:~l;:~-j"(lai~g-I~~~lnl;, axtro~ion~. 1;~titutlc of, 

86. 

Ya~nia-yir, loc., as(ronon~. Iatitc~rle of, f;7. 

Y~III~II-jir, river, ti, 63 ~(1. 

Yan~sl~i, vill., 83. 

'Yi~ng barrier', a1 Nan-1111, lfi, !)ti. 

\-~II~I-(~$L\V~II, [J:IS>, I3 SI,., !32, .l.f), i I SII. 

\-:~ngi-l~issir, 1ow11 :LIIII oasis, 11, 25, 442, 6-1, 

srl., (i7. 

\.:~~~gi-I~ibh.itr, (oL I%II:II~) vill., 38, 7:). 

\'angi-langar, astronon~. Ialitutle or, 7 1 . 

\ ;~~~tsl;-linll~~k, !2 ; nstronoui. latitndc of, 9:;. 

\'~LU-III;L-S~I~II, peak, 100. 

\'i~-lil101~, site, 35 SII. 

Y%r-ma.l~;~lla (l'nrFin), :L>LI~I>IIOIII. I:11it111le ol', 

X 1, ; altitrctle of, 8.1.. 

'Yardangs' (erosion terraces!, 15, 1.i : sylccl~ol 

for, 68. 

\-ardang-bctlali, .;l)ring, 37. 

Yirk-and, city a~~cl oasi.s, 6, :I, I I, 20, 25, JO, 

1, I., 63 q., fifi "11. ; nst~ronom. latitr~de 

(or, 68. 

Ysrkalltl AIisrion, .SPF l"orrjtl~ .\liaciuu. 

Yeti~cl-I~c~Iak, 

/ 

, 

sl~ringri, 36, HR ; artronorn. 

lalitccdc of, 82. 

\-etin~-h~k~~n~, vill., astro~~or~i. latitlldt: of, 68. 

Yit~g-l~'ar~, site, 82 ; aatronorn. latitl~rle OF, 82. 

Ying-l~'an, oasin, nee Hue-hai-txu. 

Yoghan-kum, loc., 77. 

Yo~lian-togl~rak-yailak, astrooo~n. latitude 

ol'. , 7.1. - 

Yol-sai, loc., astronom. 1:ttittctlc of, 83. 

I 

YU-III~II-~I~~~II, lawn an11 oasis, 18, 38, k!l 

Sll., !J7 "'1. 

Yul-:~rik, oasis, 11 "'1, 08. 

i 

1 

/ 

Yultluz l)latcar~, SO, 7!l. 

YII~IIII~ river, 8. 

Yunus-ellap, A labe at, 113. 

Yc~r~ing-liisl~, tytvo and vill. tract, 74. 

Yltrr~ng-his11 nver, B ~111.. 13, 20, 45, 72 

1 srl. ; sources of, 21 sclrl., 71, 75 ; t,ris~~g~clatlunat, 

111. 

Yrcrnng-kislr-bizir, ;csIrououi. latitude of, 7-1.. 

Zai, c:~nal, 70. 

Xailili, v:llley, 21, 75 ; A stat,io~~ ill, i l I. 

Xangl~p, oasis, 7 I. 

Xarafshin river, 5, 10. 

Zeiss levelli~lg instruu~ent, 30. 

Zilan, ridge, 13. 

I-irkantl river, 11, 20, BB orl., hI.0 SI~I~., 4,I., 

6fi scl1[., 6!J sq., 7:; ; see al.so Tirim river. 

Yir-tungax river, 27, 78. 

Yrn-trun, \vcll, 52 I)., 06; position of, (3s. 

I

;11)llEND-i ET CORRIGENDA 

P.' .45, r. col., last linc. 1g'or cle LO'CZ~.'S P. 161, 1. col. 1. 39. Fo,. 

read 

rend de L6czy's. 

14. A. 2. 

P. 70, 1. col., 1. 98. 1,br l'irwzoff retlrl 1'. 163, 1. col. 1. 17. k'or 

read 

P~e\vzoff. 

4. n. .I.. 

1'. 75, r. rvl., I . :i(i. Adi/ 13. I. TII~ r. col. 1. 19. /,'or 

read 

l~eigl~t of tire i~~tcrsectctl point,, Pk. 

45. .A. 3. 

Bjtii .I: sl~or~ltl br 21-1.30, not 21460. 1'. l(;l., r. col. I. 15. For 

read 

1'. 53, r. col., 1. 5. .It/,/ Correctiou. R. 4. ilobe-chap. 

Tl~e tria~~gnlateJ l)oi~it 5721 ou#l~t to 

r. col. J. 3 . 

rrrcd 

I~ave been sl1oa.11 as :I triaognlatiou 

14. LI. 2. 

statiolr (Kicl~ik-jsngal-sai). 

P. 165, r. col. 1. 42. Fo 1. 

read 

1'. 87, r. col., 1. 2-18. dtlil A. 3. The height 14. A. 2. 

of t.he iutersectrd point Pk. 4/75 T3 P. lGG, 1. col. 1. 17. For 

rend 

slronld be 11557, not llG57. 

14q. A. 2. 

1'. 87, I. col., I. 39. For mcsterumost ~.enr/ 

r. col. 1. 20. For 

read 

easternmost. 

14. A. ?. 

1'. 163, r. col. 1. :J. FOI. 2 1. A. 2. r~n,/ 

r. col. 1. 31. For 12. .\. 2. read 

". n. 3. 

14. A. :?. 

1'. I>(; 1.~01. I . I . For 12. .\. 2. l~~id 1'. 167, I . col. 1. '2G. For Ilsia-chbng-ti rrarl 

1-1. .i. :'. 

Hsia-shCng-ti. 

1'. 1-57, I. col. 1. 41. 1cb1. 12. --I. 2. rrot/ 

I.. col. 1. 28. FUI. Hui-chin-tzu rrnd 

1-1. .I. 2. 

Hni-ching-tea. 

r. col. I. 61. 1r 1 2. A. 2. IWI,/ 1'. 1 i0, 1. col. 1. 45. /,'or 11. B. 2. read 

1.1. .l. 2 . 

14. B. 3. 

r. col. 1. 58. I,;,r 12. .I. 2. I.v,~I/ 

1.. col. I. 16. For Kara-cbika read 

14. A. 2. 

Kara-cl~oka. 

P. lS!l. I. col. I . 13. l*br U;isl~-~liil\vr reotf 

r. col. 1. 17. I%r 21. -4. 2. i.cad 

Blsli-kara-s11iln.e. 

21. U. 3. 

1. col. 1. 50. Fo1. I?. A. '1. vead 

r. col. I. 61 For Kara-ionr " read u 

14,. A. 2. 

Kara-jang. 

r, col. 1. 60. 011zif the entry Bombik P. 171. 1.~01. 1. 7. For 12. A. 2. read 

\vhich ought to read Don~bik. 

i4. A. 2. 

P. 160, I. col. I. 35. For 9. D. 9. read P. 172,r.col. 1. 52. For 5. A. 1. rrad 

!). D. -1. 

5. A. 3. 

1.. col. 1. 26. For 12. A. 2. rend P. 173, 1. col. I. 43. For Khamsn-dawin 

144. A. 2. 

read Khamar-dawin. 

1.. rol. 1. 30. ..ld1/ after this line : P. 174, 1. co1. 1. 21. For 12. A. 2. read 

Donlbil;, \.ill., 9. D. 2. 

14. A. 2. 

P. 161, 1.col.l. 1. /.'or 10. A. ;?. rrnd 

1.2. A. 2.

u- "- 

OTJITE VIEW FROM; R&-=~K HILI,, AIO 

TO [JOl73TFkff#? AND SOT'TH ( 3RR 

8, 11. -PHOTO-THROQO4ITE VIEW FROM KOK-TUMBHUK HILL, ABOVE WEBTEBR g@d&~ vb T.d??fLE KARA-KUC, TO NORm-RABT

1 I.~.-l'~~(~'l'-l-III.IAS 

OF HICHTBOPEB H.2RGE SISI

1 .-I. I!. - XTCBTI-IOFEN HL\N('xTS, TAOOT

I b .. I. - f: I , '11 7 [It )l"-F:h I;,\ S( I*:. I.( J( )I< IS(; SOl~~l'll-E.\S'l' 

r I I I 5 I xf , ,I 4 I lV,t~

I 7 . - \' I E\\' SOKTH "ROJI SIIRN-LING-TXI' PASS AC'ROSS IiAN-CBOU RIVER 

V;\I,I,RT TOWARDS TO-LAI-STIAN (SEE I'AGJ!! 18).

23. 1 '.- I;L.\('IEH-1'ROITSI:l) K.1'S-I,I'X R.4SC;F: .\ROVE T17R1'S(;-KASH R. SOLTRPE5. LOOIilS~; *W 

FROM FISISt: .4LWTF: ('HIGELlK-CtIAP. 17.400 IJt. 1 SEF: AlZOi-E PAGE 21 ).

Pllotcrcncmrrd & ~,r~ntt~d at thr OtAc(* of the R.rnwr vi Indlm. l'slci~t~a. 1.0.1

1923%20Memoir%20on%20Maps%20of%20Chinese%20Turkistan%20by%20Stein%20s

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