AJA Online PublicatiOns - American Journal of Archaeology

American Journal of Archaeology July 2007 

Osteological Research in Classical Archaeology: Extended Bibliography 

copyright © 2007 by the archaeological institute of america 

AJA 

Online PublicatiOns 

Osteological Research in Classical 

Archaeology: Extended Bibliography 

michael mackinnOn 

dePartment Of anthrOPOlOgy 

university Of WinniPeg 

The following bibliographic list supplements 

my article “State of the Discipline: Osteological 

Research in Classical Archaeology” 

published in the AJA (2007) 473–504. Although 

extensive, this list is very much a work in progress, 

with its content reflecting my particular 

geographic and temporal research interests. 

Consequently, Italy, Greece, and North Africa 

receive more attention than other regions. My 

hope is that, in the spirit of collaboration, gaps 

in this list will be filled by other researchers 

who have greater familiarity with other regions 

and time periods of the ancient world. 

The current list is also shaped by accessibility 

of reports, the scale of dissemination of material, 

and other factors, including language 

biases. Consquently, it reflects in large part the 

English, Italian, French, German, and Spanish 

literature on osteology in the classical context, 

and in turn those reports that have been published 

in journals, edited books, conference 

proceedings, etc., as opposed to less widely 

disseminated laboratory research reports and 

other types of “gray” literature. Nevertheless, 

one important intention of this bibliography is 

to show the great depth and breadth of osteological 

research in classical archaeology. Bones 

can tell us much about ancient life, and their 

study can involve a wide gamut of investigative 

techniques. 

Compiling this bibliography would not 

have progressed so smoothly without the assistance 

of others. In particular, I would like to 

acknowledge the diligent work of the following 

University of Winnipeg students: Maureen 

Babb, Cheryl Denley, Koreena Johnson, Amanda 

Reinisch, Jodi Schmidt, Nicole Skalesky, 

and Pam Turney. These students spent many 

hours collecting, organizing, and entering 

data. Their efforts are very much appreciated. 

In addition, I would like to thank Gill Campbell, 

Andy Hammon, Sue Stallibrass, and Fay 

Worley for their helpful comments, direction, 

and assistance with bibliographic entries for 

zooarchaeological research in Britain. 

The bibliography is organized under the 

following sections: 

1. Human Osteology: Synthetic Works and 

Larger Integrative Works 

2. Human Osteology: Site Reports 

a. Italy and Sicily 

b. Greece 

c. Crete 

d. Cyprus and Cyclades 

e. Turkey and Near East 

f. Danube and Black Sea Regions 

g. North Africa 

h. Gaul and Iberia 

i. Britain 

3. Zooarchaeology: Synthetic Works and 


4. Zooarchaeology: Site Reports 

a. Italy and Sicily 

b. Greece, Aegean, Cyprus, Asia Minor 

c. Near East 

d. Iberia 

e. North Africa 

f. France 

g. The Netherlands and Belgium 

h. Danube and Balkan Provinces 

i. Germanic Provinces 

j. Britain 

5. Paleopathology, Health, and Disease


Michael MacKinnon 

6. Aging, Sexing, and Osteometrics 

7. Ritual and Sacrifice 

8. Diet Reconstruction 

9. Butchery 

10. Worked Bone and Industrial Use 

11. DNA and Genetic Research 

12. Istopic and Trace Element Research 

Human Osteology: Synthetic Works 

and Larger Integrative Works 

The following list includes a selection of 

works that incorporate large regional, temporal, 

or topical issues in human osteology in 

the classical context. Many take a comparative 

approach, synthesizing data from several sites, 

regions, and/or time periods to assess patterns 

for ancient cultures. Several of the time period 

and geographic locations considered among 

the works below include Etruscan Italy, Roman 

Egypt, Mycenaean Greece, Iron Age and 

Hellenistic Sicily, Minoan Crete, and Roman 

Italy. Topics run a wide gamut, from investigative 

issues such as paleonutrition, mortuary 

practices, cremation, demography, and 

osteometric to methodological considerations 

in data recording and analysis. Supplemental 

materials can also be found in the databases for 

individual sites and paleopathology included 

below, as many of these also touch upon larger 

comparative aspects in their analyses. 

Angel, J.L. 1972a. “Ecology and Population in the 

Eastern Mediterranean.” WorldArch 4:88–105. 

———. 1972b. “Biological Relations of Egyptians 

and Eastern Mediterranean Populations During 

Pre-Dynastic and Dynastic Times.” Journal of 

Human Evolution 1:307–13. 

Bartoli, F., F. Mallegni, and G. Fornaciari. 1997. “Le 

risorse alimentari nel mondo etrusco: Aspetti 

della paleodieta in due gruppi umani a cultura 

etrusca.” In Atti del XIX Convegno di Studi Etruschi 

ed Italici (Volterra, 15–19 ottobre 1995), edited by G. 

Maetzke, 477–88. Florence: Olschki Editore. 

Becker, M.J. 1982a. “Human Skeletal Analysis 

and the Study of the History and Prehistory of 

Southern Italy: The Development of a Program 

of Study.” Studi di Antichità 3:133–53. 

———. 1982b. “Anthropological Appendix.” In “Cremation 

Among the Lucanians,” by M. Gualtieri, 

479–81. AJA 86(4):475–79. 

———. 1983. “Children’s Burials in Puglia from the 

Iron Age to the Second Century A.D.: Cultural 

Continuities.” Studi di Antichità 4:261–84. 

———. 1992. “Cultural Uniformity During the Italian 

Iron Age: Sardinian Nuraghi as Regional Markers.” 

In Sardinia in the Mediterranean: A Footprint 

in the Sea, edited by R.H. Tykot and T.K. Andrews, 

204–9. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 

3. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. 

———. 1995. “An Analysis of Etruscan Skeletal Re- 

mains from Funerary Urns at the Field Museum 

of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.” ArchNews 

20:26–31. 

———. 1995–1996. “Skeletal Studies of Sicilian Populations: 

A Survey.” Accordia Research Papers 6: 

83–117. 

———. 2000. “Skeletal Studies of the People of Sicily: 

An Update on Research into Human Remains 

from Archaeological Contexts.” International 

Journal of Anthropology 15(3–4):191–239. 

———. 2002. “The People of Sicily: Studies of Human 

Skeletal Remains and of Human Biology 

from the Palaeolithic to Modern Times.” Rivista 

di Antropologia 80:1–120. 

Belcastro, M.G., V. Mariotti, F. Facchini, and B. Bonfiglioli. 

2004. “Proposal of a Data Collection Form 

to Record Dento-Alveolar Features: Application 

to Two Roman Skeletal Samples from Italy.” Collegium 

Anthropologicum 28:161–77. 

Belcastro, M.G., E. Rastelli, V. Mariotti, C. Consiglio, 

F. Facchini, and B. Bonfiglioli. 2007. “Continuity 

or Discontinuity of the Life-Style in Central 

Italy During the Roman Imperial Age–Early 

Middle Ages Transition: Diet, Health and Behavior.” 

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 

132:381–94. 

Bisel, S.C. 1980. “A Pilot Study in Aspects of Human 

Nutrition in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean, 

with Particular Attention to Trace Minerals in 

Several Populations from Different Time Periods.” 

Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota. 

Bisel, S.C., and J.L. Angel. 1985. “Health and Nutrition 

in Mycenaean Greece: A Study in Human 

Skeletal Remains.” In Contributions to Aegean 

Archaeology: Studies in Honor of W.A. McDonald, 

edited by N.C. Wilkie and W.D.E. Coulson, 

197–209. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota 

Press. 

Borgognini Tarli, S.M., and F. Mazzotta. 1986. “Physical 

Anthropology of Italy from the Bronze Age 

to the Barbaric Age.” In Ethnogenese Europaischer 

Volker, edited by W. Bernard and A. Kandler-Palsson, 

147–72. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. 

Boyd, M.J. 2002. Middle Helladic and Early Mycenaean 

Mortuary Practices in the Southern and Western Peloponnese. 

BAR-IS 1009. Oxford: Archaeopress. 

* no skeletal data presented, but appendices contain 

detailed information on sites that form the basis 

of study 

Cantacuzene, G. 1910. “Contribution a la craniologie 

des Romains anciens.” L’Anthropologie 21:55–74. 

Coppa, A., P. Colarossi, M.E. Danubio, D. Macinelli, 

and P.P. Petrone. 1990. “Aspetti paleodemografici 

in campioni di popolazione adulta dell’Italia 

Centrale durante l’Eta del Ferro.” Antropologia 

Contemporanea 13:179–91. 

Coppa, A., A. Cucina, D. Mancinelli, R. Vargiu, and 

J.M. Calcagno. 1998. “Dental Anthropology of 

Central-Southern Iron Age Italy: The Evidence 

of Metric Versus Nonmetric Traits.” American 

Journal of Physical Anthropology 107:371–86. 

Cucina, A., D. Mancinelli, and A. Coppa. 1998. 

“Demography, Nutrition and Stress in the Italian 

Peninsula from the Copper Age to the Roman 

Imperial Age.” Rivista di Antropologia (Roma) 

Suppl. 76:135–38. 

Domurad, M. 1986. “The Populations of Ancient



Cyprus.” Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati. 

Dupras, T.L., and M.W. Tocheri. 2003. “Determination 

of Infant Weaning Patterns from Juvenile 

Dentition in Roman Egypt.” American Journal of 

Physical Anthropology 120. Suppl. 36:91. 

Dupras, T.L., H.P. Schwartz, and S.I. Fairgrieve. 2001. 

“Infant Feeding and Weaning Practices in Roman 

Egypt.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 

115:204–12. 

Ferrino, M., E. Fulcheri, A. Gnemmi, R. Macchiarelli, 

and E. Rabino Massa. 1996. “L’analisi 

biostereometrica delle superfici di accrescimento 

nell’osso antico disseccato: Studio di un campione 

longitudinale di eta romana imperiale.” In XI 

Congresso degli Antropologi Italiani: L’Adattamento 

Uumano all’Ambiente. Passato e Presente, edited 

by C. Peretto and S. Milliken, 86–7. Isernia: C. 

Iannone Ed. 

Fornaciari, G. 1982. “Indagini paleonutritizionali su 

compioni di popolazioni antiche del bacino del 

Mediterraneo.” Seminario di Scienze Antropologiche 

1:65–73. 

———. 1989. “Indagini paleonutrizionali su serie 

scheletriche antiche del Bacino del mediterraneo: 

Un tentative di interpretazione.” In Homo Edens: 

Regimi, miti e pratiche dell’alimentazione nella civiltà 

del mediterraneo, edited by O. Longo and P. Scarpi, 

265–74. Milan: Diapress. 

Fornaciari, G., and F. Mallegni. 1987a. “Indagini 

paleonutrizionali su compoioni di popolazioni 

a cultura etrusca.” In L’alimentazione nel mondo 

antico: Gli Etruschi, edited by G. Barbieri, 135–39. 

Rome: Ministero per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, 

Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato. 

———. 1987b. “Indagini paleonutrizionali su compoioni 

di popolazioni di eta imperiale romana.” 

In L’alimentazione nel mondo antico: Gli Etruschi, 

edited by G. Barbieri, 63–8. Rome: Ministero per 

i Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Istituto Poligrafico 

dello Stato. 

———. 1987c. “Palaeonutritional Studies on Skeletal 

Remains of Ancient Populations from the Mediterranean 

Area: An Attempt to Interpretation.” 

Anthropologischer Anzeiger 45:361–70. 

Gallou, C. 2005. The Mycenaean Cult of the Dead. BAR- 

IS 1372. Oxford: Archaeopress. 

* analysis of tombs, no skeletal data presented, but 

catalogue of sites and data on archaeological 

materials recovered (architecture, pottery, ritual 

remains) 

Houby-Nielson, S. 2000. “Child Burials in Ancient 

Athens.” In Children and Material Culture, edited 

by J. Sofaer Derevenski, 151–66. London: 

Routledge. 

Jones, R.F.J. 1983. “Cemeteries and Burial Practice 

in the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire.” 

Ph.D. diss., Institute of Archaeology, University 

of London. 

* limited skeletal data but good survey of cemetery 

sites 

Keita, S.O.Y. 1990. “Studies of Ancient Crania from 

Northern Africa.” American Journal of Physical 

Anthropology 83:35–48. 

Killgrove, K. 2005. “Bioarchaeology in the Roman 

World.” M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina 

at Chapel Hill. 

King, A.C. 1994. British and Irish Archaeology: A 

Bibliographical Guide. Manchester: Manchester 

University Press. 

* good survey list of archaeology sites, including 

cemetery sites 

Macchiarelli, R., L. Salvadei, and L. Bondioli. 1995. 

“Odontometric Variation and Biological Relationships 

Among Italic (Latins, Samnites, Paeligni, 

Picens) and Imperial Roman Populations.” In 

Aspects of Dental Biology: Paleontology, Anthropology 

and Evolution, edited by J. Cecchi-Moggi, 

419–36. Florence: International Institute for the 

Study of Man. 

MacKinnon, M. 2007. “Peopling the Mortuary 

Landscape of North Africa: An Overview of the 

Human Osteological Evidence.” In Mortuary 

Landscapes of Roman North Africa, edited by D. 

Stone and L. Stirling, 204–40. Toronto: University 

of Toronto Press. 

Manolis, S.K. 2001. “The Ancient Minoans of 

Crete: A Biodistance Study.” Human Evolution 

16(2):125–36. 

Manzi, G., L. Salvadei, A. Vienna, and P. Passarello. 

1999. “Discontinuity of Life Conditions at the 

Transition from the Roman Imperial Age to 

the Early Middle Ages: Examples from Central 

Italy Evaluated by Pathological Dento-Alveolar 

Lesions.” American Journal of Human Biology 

11:327–41. 

McGeorge, P.J.P. 1988. “Health and Diet in Minoan 

Times.” In New Aspects of Archaeological Science 

in Greece, edited by R.E. Jones and H.W. Catling, 

47–54. Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 3. 

Athens: British School at Athens. 

Menconi, A., and G. Fornaciari. 1985. “L’Odontoiatria 

Etrusca.” In Storia della Odontoiatria, edited by G. 

Vogel and G. Gambacorta, 89–97. Milan: Ars 

Medica Antiqua. 

Messeri, P. 1953. “Contributo all’antropologia degli 

Etruschi.” Archivio per l’Antropologia e la Etnologia 

83:67–80. 

Morant, G.M. 1925. “A Study of Egyptian Craniology 

from Prehistoric to Roman Times.” Biometrika 

17:1–52. 

Morris, I. 1987. Burial and Ancient Society: The Rise 

of the Greek City State. Cambridge: Cambridge 


* overview of burial archaeology, with sections devoted 

to osteology 

Musgrave, J.H., and S.P. Evans. 1980. “By Strangers 

Honor’d: A Statistical Study of Ancient Crania 

from Crete, Mainland Greece, Cyprus, Israel and 

Egypt.” Journal of Mediterranean Anthropology and 

Archaeology 1:22–40. 

Pearce, J. 1994. “The Romanisation of the Dead: A 

Contextual Study of the Burial Practice of Verulamium 

in the First and Second Centuries AD.” 

M.A. thesis, University of Durham. 

———. 1997. “From Death to Deposition: The Sequence 

of Ritual in Cremation Burials of the Rom- 

an Period.” In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual 

Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, edited by 

C. Forcey, J. Hawthorne, and R. Witcher, 99–111. 

Oxford: Oxbow. 

Perry, M.A. 2006. “Redefining Childhood Through 

Bioarchaeology: Toward an Archaeological 

and Biological Understanding of Children in 

Antiquity.” Archeological Papers of the American



Anthropology Association 15:89–111. 

Philpott, R. 1991. Burial Practices in Roman Britain: A 

Survey of Grave Treatments and Furnishing A.D. 43– 

410. BAR-BS 219. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum. 

* gazetteer of sites with listings of human and nonhuman 

skeletal material recovered from Iron Age 

burials in Britain 

Rubini, M., and A. Coppa. 1991. “Studio antropologico 

sugli inumati della necropoli arcaica di 

Riofreddo (Lazio, VI sec. a.C.).” Rivista di Antropologia 

69:153–66. 

Rubini, M., E. Bonafede, and S. Mogliazza. 1999. 

“The Population of East Sicily During the Second 

and First Millennium B.C.: The Problem of Greek 

Colonies.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 

9:8–17. 

Rubini, M., E. Bonafede, S. Mogliazza, and L. Moreschini. 

1997a. “Le popolazioni a cultua etrusca 

dell’Italia centrale durante l’Età del Ferro: Loro 

identità biologica.” StEtr 46:23–39. 

———. 1997b. “Etruscan Biology: The Tarquinian 

Population, Seventh to Second Century B.C. 

(Southern Etruria, Italy).” International Journal of 

Osteoarchaeology 7:202–11. 

Slaus, M. 2002. The Bioarchaeology of Continental 

Croatia: An Analysis of Human Skeletal Remains 

from the Prehistoric to the Post-Medieval Periods. 

BAR-IS 1021. Oxford: Archaeopress. 

Triantaphyllou, S. 2001. A Bioarchaeological Approach 

to Prehistoric Cemetery Populations from Central 

and Western Greek Macedonia. BAR-IS 976. Oxford: 

Archaeopress. 

Watts, D.J. 1989. “Infant Burials and Romano-British 

Christianity.” ArchJ 146:372–83. 

Whimster, R. 1981. Burial Practices in Iron Age Britain: 

A Discussion and Gazetteer of the Evidence c. 

700 B.C.–A.D. 43. BAR-BS 90. Oxford: British 

Archaeological Reports. 

* gazetteer of sites with listings of human and nonhuman 

skeletal material recovered from Iron Age 

burials in Britain 

Human Osteology: Site Reports 

The following site reports are separated by 

geographic region. Owing to my particular research 

interests, the bulk of these reports relate 

to Italy and Greece. This list is not intended 

to be exhaustive, and is very much a work in 

progress. Additions to the list would be appreciated 

in the spirit of collaboration. 

Italy and Sicily 

Angel, J.L. 1987. “Human Bones.” In The Roman Port 

and Fishery of Cosa, edited by A.M. McCann, 315. 

Princeton: Princeton University Press. 

Argenti, M., and G. Manzi. 1988. “Morfometria 

cranica delle popolazioni romane di età imperiale: 

Isola Sacra e Lucus Feroniae.” Rivista di 

Antropologia 66:179–200. 

Baldassarre, I. 1987. “La necropolis dell’Isola Sacra 

(Porto).” In Romische Graberstatten, edited by H. 

von Hesberg and P. Zander, 125–38. Munich: 

Bayerische Akademie Wissenschaft. 

———. 1990. “Nuove ricerche nella necropolis dell’ 

Isola Sacra.” Quaderni del Centro Studio per 

l’Archeologia Estrusco-Italica 19:164–72. 

Becker, M.J. 1986. “Appendix II: The Human Skeletons 

from Site 10.” In “Excavations on the Ancient 

Via Gabina,” edited by W. Widrig, 176–86. Notizie 

degli Scavi di Antichità 1983(1986):141–86. 

———. 1990. “Etruscan Social Classes in the VI 

Century B.C.: Evidence from Recently Excavated 

Cremations and Inhumations in the Area of 

Tarquinia.” In Die Welt der Etrusker, edited by H. 

Heres and M. Kunze, 23–35. Berlin: Akademie- 

Verlag. 

———. 1992. “The Human Bones.” In Excavations 

at Otranto. Vol. 1, The Excavation, edited by D. 

Michaelides and D. Wilkinson, 153–65. Lecce: 

Università di Lecce Dipartimento di Scienze 

dell’Antichità. 

———. 1993a. “Human Skeletons from Tarquinia: 

A Preliminary Analysis of the 1989 Cimitero Site 

Excavations with References for the Evaluation of 

Etruscan Social Classes.” StEtr 58:211–48. 

———. 1993b. “Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa: An Analysis 

of Her Skeleton in the Sarcophagus at the 

British Museum.” In La civiltà di Chiusi e del suo 

territorio (Atti del XVII Convegno di Studi Etruschi 

ed Italici, Chianciano Terme 1989), edited by G. 

Maetzke, 397–410. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. 

———. 1994a. “The Cremated Human Skeleton in 

a Small Carved Stone Chest from Loc. Cretaiole 

(Pienza), Italy: Notes on the Origins of Chiusine 

Cremation Practices.” StEtr 59:205–9. 

———. 1994b. “A Note on Children’s Burials in 

Central Italy: The 1978 Excavations at a Late Roman 

Sepulchral Building at the Fourth Milestone 

Along the Via Appia (proprietà Lugari) near 

Rome.” ArchNews 19:14–17. 

———. 1994c. “Suggurundaria and Roman Villas: 

A Note on an Infant’s Burial at Satricum, Lazio, 

Italy.” OWAN 17(2):7–10. 

———. 1994d. “The Necropoleis of Satricum, Italy 

800–300 B.C.: Biological Evidence for Cultural 

Continuities During a Period of Political Change.” 

EtrStud 1:46–58. 

———. 1995a. “Cremations and Fragmentary Human 

Skeletons from Pontecagno (Salerno), Italy: New 

Directions in Research.” OWAN 18(3):26–35. 

———. 1995b. “Human Skeletal Remains from the 

Pre-Colonial Greek Emporium of Pithekoussai 

on Ischia (NA): Culture Contact in Italy from the 

Early VIII to the II Century B.C.” In Settlement 

and Economy in Italy 1500 B.C.–A.D. 1500, edited 

by N. Christie, 273–81. Oxbow Monograph 41. 


———. 1996a. “Appendix II: Skeletal Materials from 

the Satricum Excavations of 1907–1910.” In Excavations 

at Satricum (Borgo Le Ferriere) 1907–1910: 

Northwest Necropolis, Southwest Sanctuary and 

Acropolis, edited by B. Ginge, 186–88. Scrinium 

10. Amersterdam: Thesis Publishers. 

———. 1996b. “Perinatal and Other Burial Patterns 

in Lucania: Evidence from Collina San Salvatore 

at Timmari, Italy During the 7th–6th Centuries 

B.C.” OWAN 20(3):1–12. 

———. 1996–1997. “Roman Period Amphora Burials 

of Young Children Dating to the Third Century 

C.E. at Metaponto (Basilicata) Italy.” ArchNews 

21–22:20–6.



———. 1997. “Cremated Human Skeletal Remains 

from Three Roman Glass Urns from Italy in the 

National Museum of Denmark.” International 

Journal of Anthropology 12(1):51–62. 

———. 1998a. “The Medieval People of ‘Satricum,’ 

Borgo Le Ferriere (Lazio), Italy: Biological 

Evidence for Cultural Continuities.” Archeologia 

Medievale 25:369–73. 

———. 1998b. “Human Skeletons from Iron Age and 

Medieval Contexts at Morgantina, Sicily, Italy.” 

OWAN 21(2):1–16. 

Becker, M.J., and A. Donadio. 1992. “A Summary 

of the Analysis of Cremated Human Skeletal 

Remains from the Greek Colony Pithekoussai at 

Lacco Ameno, Ischia, Italy.” OWAN 16(1):15–23. 

Becker, M.J., and L. Salvadei. 1992. “Analysis of the 

Human Skeletal Material from the Cemetery of 

Osteria dell’Osa.” In La Necropoli Laziale di Osteria 

dell’Osa, edited by A.M. Bietti Sestieri, 53–191. 

Rome: Quasar. 

Benassi, E., and A. Toti. 1958. “Osservazioni sulle 

ossa rinvenute negli scavi della necropolis di 

Spina.” Atti e Memorie della Accademia di Storia 

dell Arte Sanitari 2(24):16–28. 

Bisel, S.C. 1987a. “Human Bones at Herculaneum.” 

Rivista di Studi Pompeiani 1:123–29. 

———. 1987b. “The People of Herculaneum A.D. 

79.” In Pline l’Ancien témoin de son temps, conventus 

Pliniani internationalis, Namneti 22–26 Oct. 

1985, edited by J. Pigaud, 11–23. Bibliotheca 

Salmanticensis, Estudios 87. Nantes: Bibliotheca 

Salmanticensis. 

———. 1988. “Nutrition in 1st Century Herculaneum.” 

Anthropologie Brno 26(1):61–6. 

———. 1991. “The Human Skeletons of Herculan- 

eum.” International Journal of Anthropology 6(1): 

1–20. 

Bissoli, L. 1999. “La popolazione della necropoli: 

Un approccio anthropo-archeologico.” In La 

Necropoli Tardoantica: Atti della Giornati de Studio 

Milano, edited by M. Sannazaro, 67–84. Milan: 

Vita e Pensiero. 

Bondioli, L., and R. Macchiarelli. 2005. The Isola Sacra 

Project. http://www.unipv.it/webbio/pigorini/ 

projectt.htm (November 2006). 

Bondioli, L., R.S. Corruccini, and R. Macchiarelli. 

1986. “Familial Segregation in the Iron Age 

Community of Alfedena, Abruzzo, Italy, Based 

on Osteodental Trait Analysis.” American Journal 

of Physical Anthropology 71:393–400. 

Bonghi Jovino, M., and C. Chiaramonte Trere. 1997. 

“Resti paleoantropologici.” In Tarquinia: Testimonianze 

archeologiche e ricostruzione storica. Scavi 

sistematici nell’abitato. Campagne 1982–1988, edited 

by M. Bonghi Jovino and C. Chiaramonte Trere, 

100–2. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider. 

Borgognini, S.M., and C. La Gioia. 1977. “Studio 

antropologico di un gruppo di scheletri di età 

romana (I a.C.–I d.C.) rinvenuti nella necropolis 

di Collelongo (L’Aquila, Abruzzo).” Atti della 

Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorie Serie 

B 84:193–226. 

Botturi, G. 1987. “Reperti ossei.” In Sub ascia: Una 

necropoli romana a Nave, edited by L. Passi Pitcher, 

101–6. Modena: Panini. 

Brasili, P., and M. Belcasto. 1997. “Gli inumati della 

necropoli di Quadrella.” In Isernia la necropoli 

romana in località Quadrella, edited by C. Terzani 

and M. Matteini Chiari, 285. Rome: Gangemi. 

———. 1998. “La necropoli di Quadrella (Isernia) 

(I–IV sec.d.C.) e il popolamento dell’Italia Centrale 

in epoca romana: Aspetti paleodemografici.” 

Rivista di Antropologia 76:171–82. 

Capasso, L. 2000. “Herculaneum Victims of the Volcanic 

Eruptions of Vesuvius in 79 A.D.” Lancet 

356:1344–46. 

———. 2001. I fuggiaschi di Ercolano: Paleobiologia delle 

vittime dell’eruzione Vesuviana del 79 d.C. Rome: 

L’Erma di Bretschneider. 

Capasso, L., S. Caramiello, R. D’Anastasio, L. Di 

Domenicantonio, A. Di Fabrizio, F. Di Nardo, 

and M. La Verghetta. 2000. “Paleobiologia della 

popolazione di Ercolano.” Recenti Progressi in 

Medicina 91:288–96. 

Capitanio, M. 1968. “Alcune osservazioni sui reperti 

scheletrici della necropolis romana di Portorecanati 

(Macerata).” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto di SS. 

LL. ed AA. 126:125–36. 

———. 1968–1969. “I resti scheletrici umani delle 

stazioni preistoriche di Ascoli Satriano di Arpi 

(Foggia).” Atti dell’Istituto Veneto di SS. LL. ed 

AA. 127:42–68. 

———. 1971. “Resti scheletrici umani della Grotta 

Spagnolo (Vieste, Gargano).” Atti e memorie 

dell’Accademia di Agricoltura SS. LL. di Verona 

22:175–86. 

———. 1974. “La necropolis di Potenzia (Macerata) di 

epoca romana: Notizie antropologiche.” Archivio 

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———. 1985. “Gli scheletri umani di epoca barbarica 

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(Stuttgart) 49:65–83. 

Poulsen, E. 1983. “Tombs of the IVth–Vth Centuries 

C.E. in the Danish Sector at Carthage (Falbe, Site 

No. 90).” CahÉtAnc 18:141–54. 

Rife, J. 2001. “The Human Remains from Site 250.” In 

Leptiminus (Lamta). Report 2, The East Baths, Cemeteries, 

Kilns, Venus Mosaic, Site Museum, and Other 

Studies, edited by L.M. Stirling, D.J. Mattingly, 

and N. Ben Lazreg, 325–58. JRA Suppl. 41. Portsmouth, 

R.I.: Journal of Roman Archaeology. 

Roudesli-Chebbi, S. 1994. “Découverte d’une tombe 

de l’antiquité tardive à Carthage (region de 

Douar-ech-Chott).” Centre d’Etudes et de Documentation 

Archéologique de la Conservation de Carthage 

Bulletin 14:11–12. 

Sandford, M.K., D.B. Repke, and A.L. Earle. 1988. 

“Elemental Analysis of the Human Bone from 

Carthage: A Pilot Study.” In A Circus and a Byzantine 

Cemetery at Carthage. Vol. 1, edited by J.H. 

Humphrey, 285–96. Ann Arbor: University of 

Michigan Press. 

Schwartz, J.H., and D.C. Dirkmaat. 1984. “Human 

Remains.” In Excavations at Carthage: The British 

Mission. Vol. 1, pt. 1, The Avenue Habib Bourguiba 

Salammbo: The Site and Finds Other than Pottery, 

edited by H.R. Hurst and S.P. Roksam, 222–27. 

Sheffield: British Academy and Sheffield University. 

Slim, L. 1984. “À propos d’un cimetière d’enfants à 

Thysdrus.” AfrRom 1:167–77. 

———. 1992–1993. “Les tombes a l’intérieur et autour 

de la ‘Sollertiana Domus’ et de la ‘Maison du 

Paon’ à El Jem.” Africa 11–12:364–83. 

Stevens, S.T. “A Late-Roman Urban Population in 

a Cemetery of Vandalic Date at Carthage.” JRA 

8:320–29. 

Tocheri, M.W., T.L. Dupras, and J.E. Molto. 2001. “In 

Or Out of the Womb? The Analysis and Interpretation 

of Fifteen Fetal and Perinatal Skeletons 

from Roman Period Egypt.” American Journal of 

Physical Anthropology 114. Suppl. 32:150. 

Vercoutre, A. 1887. “La nécropole de Sfax et les sépultures 

en jarres.” RA Troisième Série 10:29–34. 

Walth, C.K. 2001. “The Human Remains from Site 10 

(1991).” In Leptiminus (Lamta). Report 2, The East 

Baths, Cemeteries, Kilns, Venus Mosaic, Site Museum, 

and Other Studies, edited by L.M. Stirling, 

D.J. Mattingly, and N. Ben Lazreg, 169–73. JRA 



———. 2005. “Human Bone.” In Bir Ftouha: A Pilgrimage 

Church Complex at Carthage, edited by S.T. 

Stevens, A.V. Kalinowski, and H. vanderLeest, 

474–86. JRA Suppl. 59. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal 

of Roman Archaeology. 

Walth, C.K., and D.J. Mattingly. 2001. “Catalogue 

of Burials, Site 10, 1991.” In Leptiminus (Lamta). 

Report 2, The East Baths, Cemeteries, Kilns, Venus 

Mosaic, Site Museum, and Other Studies, edited by 

L.M. Stirling, D.J. Mattingly, and N. Ben Lazreg, 

175–201. JRA Suppl. 41. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal 

of Roman Archaeology. 

Walth, C.K., and L.J. Miller. 1993. “Burials and Disarticulated 

Human Bone (1990).” In Bir el Knissia at 

Carthage: A Rediscovered Cemetery Church. Report 

1, edited by S. Stevens, 191–200. JRA Suppl. 7. 

Ann Arbor: Journal of Roman Archaeology. 

Gaul and Iberia 

Buchet, L. 1978. “La necropole Gallo-Romaine et 

Merovingienne do Frenonville (Calvados): Etude 

anthropologique.” Archeologie Medievale 8:5–53. 

Fabiao, C., A. Guerra, T. Laco, S. Melro, and A.C. Ramos. 

1998. “Necropole romana do Monte Novo 

do Castelinho (Almodovar).” Revista Portuguesa 

de Arqueologia 1(1):199–220. 

Zapata, J. 2004. Restos óseos de necropolis tardorromanas 

del Puerto de Mazzarrón, Murcia. BAR-IS 1214. 

Oxford: Archaeopress. 

Britain 

Baddeley, St.-C. 1920. “A Romano-British Cemetery 

at Barnwood, Gloucestershire.” JRS 10:60–7. 

Baldwin, R. 1985. “Intrusive Burial Groups in the 

Late Roman Cemetery at Lankhilis, Winchester: A 

Reassessment of the Evidence.” OJA 4(1):93– 

104. 

Boyleston, A., and C. Roberts. 1997. Lincoln Excavations 

1972–87: Report on the Human Skeletal Remains. 

Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports,

1 



n.s. 13. London: Ancient Monuments Laboratory, 

English Heritage. 

Clarke, G. 1979. The Roman Cemetery at Lankhills. 

Oxford: Clarendon Press. 

Cox, M. 1989. The Human Bones from Ancaster. Ancient 

Monuments Laboratory Reports 93. London: Ancient 

Monuments Laboratory, English Heritage. 

Garland, A.N. 1990. The Cremated Human Remains 

from Stansted, Essex. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 

Reports 87. London: Ancient Monuments 

Laboratory, English Heritage. 

Leech, R. 1981. “The Excavation of a Romano-British 

Farmstead and Cemetery on Bradley Hill, Somerton, 

Somerset.” Britannia 12:177–252. 

———. 1986. “The Excavation of a Romano-Celtic 

Temple and a Later Cemetery on Lamyatt Beacon, 

Somerset.” Britannia 17:259–328. 

Liversidge, J. 1977. “Roman Burials in the Cambridge 

Area.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian 

Society 67:11–38. 

Matthews, C.L. 1981. “A Romano-British Inhumation 

Cemetery at Dunstable.” Bedfordshire Archaeological 

Journal 15:94–137. 

Mays, S. 1988. The Human Bones from Oakridge II, 

Basingstroke, Hampshire. Ancient Monuments 

Laboratory Reports, n.s. 63. London: Ancient 


———. 1989a. Human Bone from Roman Cataractonium 

Catterick, North Yorkshire. Ancient Monuments 



———. 1989b. Human Bone from Wroxeter, Salop, Excavated 

1955–1985. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 

Reports, n.s. 26. London: Ancient Monuments 


———. 1992a. Cremated Human Bone from the A47 

Norwich Southern By-Pass Excavations (1989–90): 

The Bixley and Harford Farm Sites. Ancient Monuments 

Laboratory Reports 68. London: Ancient 


———. 1992b. Two Romano-British Burials from Godfrey’s 

Yard, Chelmsford, Excavated in 1987. Ancient 



———. 1993. The Human Bone from Godmanchester, 

Cambridgeshire (1988–92) Excavations. Ancient 



———. 1994. Archaeological Research Priorities for 

Human Remains from East Anglia. Ancient Monuments 



Mays, S., and T. Anderson. 1994. Archaeological 

Research Priorities for Human Remains from South- 

East England (Kent, East and West Sussex and Surrey). 

Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports 

56. London: Ancient Monuments Laboratory, 


Mays, S., and J. Steele. 1995. The Romano-British 

Human Bone from Folly Lane, St. Albans (1991–92 

Excavations). Ancient Monuments Laboratory 

Reports 19. London: Ancient Monuments Laboratory, 


Mays, S., and S. Strongman. 1995. Three Human 

Burials from Beadlam Roman Villa, North Yorkshire, 

Excavated 1969, 1972 and 1978. Ancient Monuments 



McWhirr, A., L. Viner, and C. Wells. 1982. Romano-British 

Cemeteries at Cirencester: The Human 

Burials. Cirencester Excavations 2. Cirencester: 

Cirencester Excavation Committee, Corinium 

Museum. 

Molleson, T.I., and D.E. Farwell. 1993. Poundbury. 

Vol. 2, The Cemeteries. Dorset Monograph Ser. 

11. Dorset: Natural History and Archaeological 

Society. 

Osborne, C. 1988a. The Human Skeletal Remains 

from Crundale Limeworks, NR. Canterbury, Kent. 

Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports, n.s. 



———. 1988b. The Human Skeletal Remains from Prebendal 

Grounds, Aylesbury, Bucks., 1985. Ancient 

Monuments Laboratory Reports, n.s. 105. London: 

Ancient Monuments Laboratory, English 

Heritage. 

Qualman, K.E. 1981. “A Late-Roman Cemetery at 

West Hill, Winchester.” Britannia 12:295–97. 

Wakely, J. 1996. “A Roman Cemetery in Newarke 

Street, Leicester: The Skeletal Analysis.” Transactions 

of the Leicester Archaeological and Historical 

Society 70:39, 50. 

Waldron, T. 1988. The Human Remains from the Goblin 

Works, Ashstead, Surrey. Ancient Monuments 



———. 1990. The Human Remains from Hibaldstow, 

Humberside. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



Warwick, R. 1968. “The Skeletal Remains.” In The 

Romano-British Cemetery at Trentholm Drive, 

York, edited by L.P. Wenham, 113–76. London: 

Longman. 

Wells, C. 1982. “The Human Burials.” In Romano- 

British Cemeteries at Cirencester The Human Burials, 

edited by A. McWhirr, L. Viner, and C. Wells, 

135–201. Cirencester Excavations 2. Cirencester: 

Cirencester Excavation Committee, Corinium 

Museum. 

Zooarchaeology: Synthetic Works and 


The following list includes a selection of 

works that incorporate large regional, temporal, 

or topical issues in zooarchaeology in the 

classical context. Many take a comparative 

approach, synthesizing data from several sites, 

regions, and/or time periods to assess patterns 

for ancient cultures. Several of the time periods 

and geographic locations considered among 

the works below include Iron Age Britain and 

Europe, Bronze Age Greece, and the Roman 

empire in general. Included as well are specific 

regional studies of areas such as Roman 

Italy, Roman Britain, the Roman Northwest 

Provinces, Gaul, and Germany. Topics include 

an equally diverse mix, from investigations

1 



of dietary and husbandry patterns to comparisons 

of animal sizes through metric data 

to examinations of ritual use of animals across 

sites and cultures. 

Audoin-Rouzeau, F. 1991a. La taille du boeuf domestique 

en Europe de l’Antiquité aus temps modernes. 

Fiches d’ostéologie animale pour l’Archéologie. 

Ser. B. Mammifères 2. Juan-les-Pins: Éditions 

APDCA. 

* comparisons of bone measurement data and withers 

height estimates for cattle across archaeological 

sites in Europe 

———. 1991b. La taille du mouton en Europe de l’Antiquité 

aus temps modernes. Fiches d’ostéologie 

animale pour l’Archéologie. Ser. B. Mammifères 

3. Juan-les-Pins: Éditions APDCA. 

* comparisons of bone measurement data and withers 

height estimates for sheep across archaeological 

sites in Europe 

———. 1993. Hommes et animaux en Europe de l’époque 

antique aux temps modernes: Corpus de données archéozooloqiues 

et historiques. Dossier de documentation 

archéologique 16. Paris: Centre National 

de la Recherche Scientifique. 

* corpus of sites with zooarchaeological data; covers 

Europe, includes NISP and MNI data where 

available 

Baker, P., and G. Clark. 1993. “Archaeozoological 

Evidence for Medieval Italy: A Critical Review 

of the Present State of Research.” Archeologia 

Medievale 20:45–78. 

Bökönyi, S. 1974. A History of Domestic Mammals in 

Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest: Akadémiai 

Kiadó. 

———. 1984. Animal Husbandry and Hunting in Tác- 

Gorsium: The Vertebrate Fauna of a Roman Town in 

Pannonia. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 

Chevallier, R., ed. 1995. Homme et animal dans 

l’antiquité romaine. Tours: Centre de recherches 

André Piganiol. 

Collins, B.J., ed. 2002. A History of the Animal World 

in the Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill. 

Columeau, P. 1991. L’animal pour l’homme: Recherches 

sur l’alimentation carnée dans le sud de la France 

du Néolithique au Moyen-Age d’après les vestiges 

osseux. Vol. 1, Le monde rural. Aix-en-Provence: 

Centre Camille Julian. 

———. 2002. Alimentation carnée en Gaule du sud (VIIe 

s. av. J.C.–IIVe s.). Aix-en-Provence: Université 

de Provence. 

De Grossi Mazzorin, J. 2004. “Some Considerations 

about the Evolution of the Animal Exploitation in 

Central Italy from the Bronze Age to the Classical 

Period.” In PECUS: Man and Animal in Antiquity, 

edited by B. Santillo Frizell, 38–49. Rome: The 

Swedish Institute in Rome. 

Dobney, K. 2001. “A Place at the Table: The Role 

of Vertebrate Zooarchaeology Within a Roman 

Research Agenda for Britain.” In Britains and 

Romans: Advancing an Archaeological Agenda, edited 

by S. James and M. Millet, 36–45. Council for 

British Archaeology Research Report 125. York: 

Council for British Archaeology. 

Dobney, K., A. Hall, and H. Kenward. 1999. “It’s 

All Garbage: A Brief Review of Roman Bioar- 

chaeology in the Four English Colonia Towns.” 

In The Coloniae of Roman Britain: New Studies 

and a Review, edited by H.R. Hurst, 15–36. JRA 



Fernández Rodrîguez, C. 2003. Ganadería, caza y 

animals de compañia en la Galicia Romana: Estudio 

arqueozoológico. Brigantium 15. Corunna: Museo 

Arqueolóxico e Histórico. 

Grant, A. 1989. “Animals in Roman Britain.” In 

Research on Roman Britain: 1960–89, edited by 

M. Todd, 135–46. Britannia Monograph Ser. 11. 

London: Society for the Promotion of Roman 

Studies. 

Hambleton, E. 1999. Animal Husbandry Regimes in 

Iron Age Britain. BAR-BS 282. Oxford: Archaeopress. 

Hesse, B., and P. Wapnish. 2002. “Archaeozoological 

Perspective on the Cultural Use of Mammals in 

the Levant.” In A History of the Animal World in the 

Ancient Near East, edited by B.J. Collins, 457–92. 

Leiden: Brill. 

Huntley, J., and S. Stallibrass. 1995. Plant and Vertebrate 

Remains from Archaeological Sites in Northern 

England: Data Reviews and Future Directions. Durham: 

Architectural and Archaeological Society of 

Durham and Northumberland. 

Jourdan, L. 1976. La faune du site gallo-romanin et paléochrétien 

de la Bourse (Marseille). Marseille: Centre 

National de la Recherche Scientifique. 

Karali, L. 2000. “Evolution actuelle de l’archeozoologie 

en Grece dans le Neolithique et l’Age du Bronze.” 

In Archaeozoology of the Near East IV B: Proceedings 

of the Fourth International Symposium on the 

Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent 

Areas, edited by M. Mashkour, A.M. Choyke, H. 

Buitenhuis, and F. Poplin, 187–96. ARC Publication 

32. Groningen: Archaeological Research and 

Consultancy. 

Keller, O. 1909–1913. Die Antike Tierwelt. Leipzig: 

Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann. 

King, A.C. 1978. “A Comparative Survey of Bone Assemblages 

from Roman Sites in Britain.” Institute 

of Archaeology Bulletin 15:207–32. 

———. 1984. “Animal Bones and the Dietary Identity 

of Military and Civilian Groups in Roman Britain, 

Germany and Gaul.” In Military and Civilian in 

Roman Britain: Cultural Relationships in a Frontier 

Province, edited by T.F.C. Blagg and A.C. King, 

187–218. BAR-BS 136. Oxford: British Archaeological 

Reports. 

———. 1999a. “Diet in the Roman World: A Regional 

Inter-Site Comparison of the Mammal Bones.” 

JRA 12:160–202. 

———. 1999b. “Animals and the Roman Army: The 

Evidence of the Animal Bones.” In The Roman 

Army as a Community, edited by A. Goldsworthy 

and I. Haynes, 200–11. JRA Suppl. 34. Portsmouth, 


Lauwerier, R.C.G.M. 1988. Animals in Roman Times 

in the Dutch Eastern River Area Nederlands 

Oudheden 12/1. Amersfoort: Project Oostelijk 

Rivierengebied. 

Leguilloux, M. 2000. “L’alimentation carnée au Ier 

millénaire avant J.C. en Grèce continentale et 

dans les Cyclades. Premiers resultants archéozoologiques.” 

Pallas 52:69–95.

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Lepetz, S. 1996. L’animal dans la société gallo-romaine 

de la France du Nord. Révue Archéologique de 

Picardie, Numéro Special 12. Amiens: Révue 

Archéologique de Picardie. 

Lepetz, S., and V. Matterne. 2003. “Elevage et agriculture 

dans le nord de la Gaule durant l’époque 

gallo-romaine: Une confrontation des données 

archéozoologiques et carpologiques.” In Cultivateurs, 

éleveurs et artisans dans les campagnes galloromaines 

Matrières premières et produits transformés: 

Actes VIè Colloque Ager (Compiègne, 5–6 juin 2002), 

edited by S. Lepetz and V. Matterne, 23–35. 

Amiens: Révue Archéologique de Picardie. 

Lepetz, S., and J.-H. Yvinec. 2002. “Présence d’espèces 

animales d’origine méditerranéennes en France 

du nord aux périodes romaine et médiévale: 

Actions anthropiques et mouvements naturels.” 

In Mouvements ou déplacements de populations animales 

en Méditerranée au cours de l’Holocène, edited 

by A. Gardeisen, 33–42. BAR-IS 1017. Oxford: 

Archaeopress. 

Luff, R.-M. 1982. A Zooarchaeological Study of the Roman 

North-Western Provinces. BAR-IS 137. Oxford: 

British Archaeological Reports. 

MacKinnon, M. 2004. Production and Consumption of 

Animals in Roman Italy: Integrating the Zooarchaeological 

and Textual Evidence. JRA Suppl. 54. Portsmouth, 


Maltby, M. 1981. “Iron Age, Romano-British and 

Anglo-Saxon Animal Husbandry: A Review of 

the Faunal Evidence.” In The Environment of Man: 

The Iron Age to the Anglo-Saxon Period, edited by 

M. Jones and G. Dimbleby, 155–203. BAR-BS 87. 


———. 1984. “Animal Bones and the Romano-British 

Economy.” In Animals and Archaeology. Vol. 4, 

Husbandry in Europe, edited by C. Grigson and J. 

Clutton-Brock, 125–38. BAR-IS 227. Oxford: British 


———. 1997. “Domestic Fowl on Romano-British 

Sites: Inter-Site Comparisons of Abundance.” International 

Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7:402–14. 

Mancz, E.A. 1989. “An Examination of Changing 

Patterns of Animal Husbandry of the Late Bronze 

and Dark Ages of Nichoria in the Southwestern 

Peloponnese.” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota. 

Meeks, D., and D. Garcia, eds. 1997. Techniques et économie 

antiques et médiévales: Le temps d’innovation. 

Colloque international CNRS Aix-en-Provençe 21–3 

Mai 1996. Paris: Éditions Errance. 

Méniel, P. 1984. Contribution à l’histoire de l’élevage 

en Picardie: Du Néolithique à la fin de l’Age du Fer. 

Amiens: Société de Préhistorie du Nord et de 

Picardie. 

———. 1987. Chasse et élevage chez les Gaulois. Paris: 

Éditions Errance. 

———. 1996. “Importation de grands animaux romain 

et amelioration du cheptel à la fin de l’âge 

du Fer en Gaule Belgique.” Revue Archéologique 

de Picardie 3–4:113–22. 

O’Connor, T.P. 1992. “Pets and Pests in Roman and 

Medieval Britain.” Mammal Review 22(2):107– 

13. 

Payne, S. 1985. “Zooarchaeology in Greece: A Reader’s 

Guide.” In Contributions to Aegean Archaeology: 

Studies in Honor of William A. McDonald, 

edited by N.C. Wilkie and W.D.E. Coulson, 

211–44. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. 

Peters, J. 1998. Römische Tierhaltung und Tierzucht: 

Eine Synthese aus archäozoologischer Untersuchung 

und schriftlich-bildicher Überlieferung. Rahden: 

Marie Leidorf. 

Reese, D.S. 1994. “Recent Work in Greek Zooarchaeology.” 

In Beyond the Site: Regional Studies in the 

Aegean Area, edited by P.N. Kardulis, 191–221. 

Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. 

Reidel, A. 1994. “Archaeozoological Investigation in 

North-Eastern Italy: The Exploitation of Animals 

Since the Neolithic.” Preistoria Alpina 30:43–94. 

Richardson, J.E. 1997. “Economy and Ritual: The Use 

of Animal Bone in the Interpretation of the Iron 

Age to Roman Cultural Transition.” In TRAC 96: 

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Theoretical Roman 

Archaeology Conference, edited by K. Meadows, C. 

Lemko, and J. Heron, 82–90. Oxford: Oxbow. 

Thomas, R.N.W. 1989. “Cattle and the Romano-British 

Economy: A Metrical Analysis of Size Variation.” 

Ph.D. diss., University of Southampton. 

Zooarchaeology: Site Reports 

The following site reports are separated by 

geographic region and are meant to supplement 

reports that are already included in the 

synthetic works listed above. Again, owing to 

my particular research interests, most of these 

reports relate to Italy and Greece. This list is not 

intended to be exhaustive and is very much a 

work in progress. Additions to the list are appreciated 

in the spirit of collaboration. 

Italy and Sicily 

The following zooarchaeological reports 

supplement the lists already provided in King 

(1999a) and MacKinnon (2004) above. 

Aimar, A. 1992. “I resti faunistici.” In Locri Epizefri 

IV–lo scavo di Marasa Sud. Il sacello tardo arcaico e 

la “casa dei leoni,” edited by M. Barra Bagnasco, 

371–75. Florence: Casa Editrice le Lettere. 

———. 1993. “Le Faune.” In Archeologia nella Valle 

del Curone, edited by G. Panto, 181–92. Quaderni 

della soprintendeza archeologica del Piemonte 

Monografie 3. Alessandria: Edizioni del’Orso. 

Aimar, A., F. D’Errico, and G. Giacobini. 1991. “Analisi 

dei resti faunistici.” In Montaldo di Mondoui un 

insediamento protobtouico un castello, edited by E. 

Micheletto and M. Venturino Gambari, 237–44. 

Rome: Leonardo De Luca. 

Albarella, U., F. Manconi, P. Rowley-Conwy, and 

J. Vigne. 2006. “Pigs of Corsica and Sardinia: A 

Biometrical Re-Evaluation of Their Status and 

History.” In Archaeozoological Studies in Honour of 

Alfredo Riedel, edited by U. Tecchiati and B. Sala, 

285–302. Bolzano: Ripartizione Beni Culturali. 

Bedini, E. 1999. “I resti faunistici.” In Oppido Mamertina, 

Calabria, Italia: Ricerche archeologiche nel territoriae 

in contrada Mella, edited by L. Costamagna 

and P. Visonà, 393–95. Rome: Gangemi.

1 



Biasotti, M., and R. Giocinazzo. 1991. “Reperti 

faunistici.” In Scavi MM3: Ricerche di Archeologia 

urbana a Milano durante la construzione dello linea 3 

della metropolitana 1982–1990. Vol. 3, pt. 2, edited 

by D. Caporusso, 167–84. Milan: Edizioni ET. 

———. 1993. “Resti animali.” In Mercato e città dalla 

tarda età repubblicana a Diocleziano dagli scavi del 

Colle di Castello, edited by M. Milanese, 263–74. 


D’Errico, F., and A.M. Moigne. 1985. “La faune classique-hellénistique 

de Locres: Écologie, élevage, 

dépeçage.” MÉFRM 97:19–50. 

Dobney, K. 2000. “The Faunal Remains from the 

Early Iron Age Levels.” In Botromagno Excavation 

and Survey at Gravine in Puglia 1979–1985, 

edited by R.D. Whitehouse, J.B. Wilkins, and 

E. Herring, 45–52. Accordia Specialist Studies 

on Italy 9. London: Accordia Research Institute, 

University of London. 

Farello, P. 2006. “Equidi dalla fogna di classe (RA)– 

(IV–V secolo d.C.).” In Archaeozoological Studies 

in Honour of Alfredo Riedel, edited by U. Tecchiati 

and B. Sala, 269–84. Bolzano: Ripartizione Beni 

Culturali. 

Giusberti, G. 1983. “Note preliminari sulle faune 

dell’abitato di Monte Bibele.” In Monterenzio e la 

valle dell’Idice. Archeologia e storia di un territouo: 

Catalogo della mostra, Monterenzio, Casa della Cultura, 

edited by D. Vitali, 135–37. Bologna: Banca 

del Monte de Bologna e Ravenna. 

Marconi, S. 2006. “I resti faunistici di epoca romana 

rinvenuti del corso delle campagne di scavo a 

SanCandido–Cantiere Boden (BZ).” In Archaeozoological 

Studies in Honour of Alfredo Riedel, edited 

by U. Tecchiati and B. Sala, 217–30. Bolzano: 

Ripartizione Beni Culturali. 

Mazzorin, J. 2006. “Cammelli nell’antichita: Le 

presenze in Italia.” In Archaeozoological Studies 



Culturali. 

Prummel, W. 1996. “The Sacrificial Animals in Deposit 

II of Borgo le Ferriere (Satricum).” In Religio 

Votiva: The Archaeology of Latial Votive Religion, 

edited by J.W. Bouma, 419–81. Groningen: University 

of Groningen. 

Reese, D.S. 1993. “Animal Bones.” In The Protohistoric 

Settlement on the Cittadella: Morgantina Studies. 

Vol. 4, edited by R. Leighton, 91–5. Princeton: 

Princeton University Press. 

Sorrentino, C. 1987. “Il materiale osteologico.” In 

Ricerche archeologiche a Napoli: Lo scavo in largo S. 

Aniello (1982–1983), edited by A. D’Onofrio and 

C. d’Agostino, 21–2. Naples: Arte. 

———. 2006. “Il materiale osteologico animale degli 

scavi di Ficarolo-Gaiba (RO).” In Archaeozoological 

Studies in Honour of Alfredo Riedel, edited by U. 

Tecchiati and B. Sala, 243–52. Bolzano: Ripartizione 

Beni Culturali. 

Sorrentino, C., Z. Giuseppe, and F. Manzi. 2000. “Materiale 

osteologico animale.” In Le navi antiche di 

Pisa: Ad un anno dell’inizio delle ricerche, edited by 

S. Bruni, 329–42. Florence: Polistampa. 

Tagliacozzo, A., and P. Cassoli. 2001. “Analisi dei 

resti ossei animali.” In Materiali veneti preromani e 

romani del santuario di Lagole de Calazo al Museo di 

Pieve di Cadore, edited by G. Fogolari and G. Gam- 

bacurta, 77–86. Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider. 

Tecchiati, U. 2006. “La fauna della casa del II–I 

secolo a.C. di San Giorgio di Valpolicella–Via 

Conca d’Oro (VR).” In Archaeozoological Studies 



Culturali. 

Toco Sciarelli, G. 1988. “I sanctuari.” In Poseidonia- 

Paestum: Atti del ventisettesimo Convegno di studi 

sulla Magna Grecia: Taranto-Paestum, 9–15 ottobre 

1987, 402–8. Taranto: Istituto per la storia e 

l’archeologia della Magna Grecia. 

Villari, P. 1989. “Nature des offrandes animals du 

puits de Piazza della Victoria à Syracuse (milieu 

du IIe s. av. J.-C.), etude archéozoologique.” 

Anthropozoologica 11:9–30. 

Wilkens, B. 1991. “I resti faunistici.” In L’alimentazione 

nell’abitato etrusco di montecatino in Val Freddana, 

edited by G. Ciampoltrini, O. Rendini, and B. 

Wilkens, 280–84. StEtr 56:271–84. 

———. 1998. “Il cane di eta tardo romana di S. 

Martino.” Quaderni del Museo di Storia Naturale 

di Livorno 2:43–5. 

———. 2000. “I resti ittici dal magazzino del IV–III 

sec.a.C di Olbia.” Rivista di Studi Punici 1:81–8. 

Wilkens, B., and F. Delussu. 2002. “I resti faunistici.” 

In L’agorà di Eraclea Lucana, edited by G. Pianu, 

299–342. Rome: Carocci. 

Greece, Aegean, Cyprus, and Asia Minor 

Early bibliographic lists of zooarchaeological 

work on ancient sites in this area include 

Payne (1985) and Reese (1994). Both consider 

Bronze Age and earlier material to some degree, 

although for the purposes of this list, I 

concentrate chiefly on post–Bronze Age faunal 

samples. King (1999a) surveys some sites of 

this period in his list. Updated entries not included 

in these earlier lists are included below. 

I divide my list into two components: (1) a collection 

of assemblages that deal with sacrificial 

material, an especially prolific component of 

zooarchaeological work among ancient sites in 

this area; and (2) general faunal sites reports. 

Greece, Aegean, Cyprus, and Asia Minor: 

Reports for Sacrificial Assemblages 

Bammer, A. 1998. “Sanctuaries in the Artemision of 

Ephesus.” In Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the 

Archaeological Evidence, edited by R. Hägg, 27–47. 

SkrAth 8°, 15. Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag. 

Bammer, A., F. Brein, and P. Wolff. 1978. “Das Tieropfer 

am Artemisaltar von Ephesos.” In Studien 

zur Religion und Kultur Kleinasiens: Festschrift für 

Friedrich Karl Dörner zum 65. Geburtstag am 28. 

Februar 1976, edited by S. Şahin, E. Schwertheim, 

and J. Wagner, 107–57. Études preliminaires aux 

religions orientales dans l’Empire romain 66. 


Benecke, N. 2006. “Animal Sacrifice at the Late 

Artemision of Olympia: The Archaeozoological 

Evidence.” In Archaeozoological Studies in Honor 

of Alfredo Riedel, edited by U. Tecchiati and B.

1 



Sala, 153–60. Bolsena: Ufficio Beni Archaeologici, 

Ripartizione Beni Culturi. 

Bookidis, N., J. Hansen, L. Synder, and P. Goldberg. 

1999. “Dining in the Sanctuary of Demeter and 

Kore at Corinth.” Hesperia 68:1–54. 

Chenal-Velarde, I. 2001. “Des festins à l’entrée du 

temple? Sacrifices et consummation des animaux 

à l’époque géométrique dans le sanctuaire 

d’Appollon à Erétrie, Grèce.” Archaeofauna 

10:25–35. 

Chenal-Velarde, I., and J. Struder. 2003. “Archaeozoology 

in a Ritual Context: The Case of the 

Sacrificial Altar in Geometric Eretria.” In Zooarchaeology 

in Greece: Recent Advances, edited by 

E. Kotjabopoulou, Y. Hamilakis, P. Halstead, C. 

Gamble, and V. Elefanti, 215–20. London: British 

School at Athens. 

Columeau, P. 1996. “Les restes de faune du sanctuaire 

d’Aphrodite à Amothonte.” BCH 120:784. 

———. 2000. “Sacrifice et viande dans les sanctuaries 

grecs at chypriotes (VIIe s./Ier s. av. 

J.-C.) et l’apport de l’habitat de Kassopè.” Pallas 

52:147–66. 

Dabney, M.K., P. Halstead, and P. Thomas. 2004. 

“Mycenaean Feasting on Tsoungiza at Ancient 

Nemea.” Hesperia 73:197–215. 

Davis, S.J.M. 1996. “Animal Sacrifices.” In The Sanctuary 

of Apollo Hylates at Kourion: Excavations in 

the Archaic Precinct, edited by D. Buitron-Oliver, 

181–82. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 

109. Jonsered: Paul Åströms Förlag. 

Des Courtilis, J., A. Gardeisen, and A. Pariente. 1996. 

“Sacrifices animaux à l’Hérakleion de Thasos.” 

BCH 120(2):807–27. 

Ekroth, G. 1999a. “Pausanius and the Sacrificial 

Rituals of Greek Hero-Cults.” Ancient Greek Hero 

Cult, edited by R. Hägg, 145–58. SkrAth 8°, 16. 


———. 1999b. The Sacrificial Rituals of Greek Hero- 

Cults in the Archaic to the Early Hellenistic Periods. 

Stockholm: Department of Classical Archaeology 

and Ancient History, Stockholm University. 

Forstenpointner, G. 1993. “Ephesos–Kurzbericht 

zur archaozoologischen Befundungstatigkeit am 

Tierknochenmaterial der Artemisiongrabung.” 

Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut, Grabungen 

1992:10–12. 

———. 2003. “Promethean Legacy: Investigations 

into the Ritual Procedure of Olympian Sacrifice.” 

In Zooarchaeology in Greece: Recent Advances, 

edited by E. Kotjabopoulou, Y. Hamilakis, P. 

Halstead, C. Gamble, and V. Elefanti, 203–13. 

London: British School at Athens. 

Forstenpointner, G., R. Krachler, and B. Schildorfer. 

1999. “Archäozoologische Untersuchungen zu 

den Formen des Tieropfers im Artemision von 

Ephesos.” In 100 Jahre Österreichische Forschungen 

in Ephesos: Akten des Symposions Wien 1995, edited 

by H. Friesinger and F. Krinzinger, 225–32. 

Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie 

der Wissenschaften. 

Hägg, R. 1998. “Osteology and Greek Sacrificial 

Practice.” In Ancient Greek Cult Practice from 

the Archaeological Evidence, edited by R. Hägg, 

49–56. SkrAth 8°, 15. Stockholm: Paul Åströms 

Förlag. 

Gebhard, E., and D. Reese. 1997. “Sacrifices for 

Poseidon and Melikertes-Palaimon at Isthmia.” 

In Greek Sacrificial Ritual, Olympian and Chthonian: 

Proceedings of the Sixth International Seminar on 

Ancient Greek Cult, Goteberg University 25–27 April 

1995, edited by R. Hägg and B. Alroth, 125–53. 


Halstead, P. 1983. “Appendix VI: Animal Bones 

from the Acropolis.” In The Cuirass Tomb and 

Other Finds at Dendra. Pt. 2, Excavations in the 

Cemeteries, the Lower Town and the Citadel, edited 

by P. Åströms, 51–3. Studies in Mediterranean 

Archaeology 4. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag. 

Halstead, P., and V. Isaakidou. 2004. “Faunal 

Evidence for Feasting: Burnt Offerings from the 

Palace of Nestor at Pylos.” In Food, Cuisine and 

Society in Prehistoric Greece, edited by P. Halstead 

and J.C. Barrett, 136–54. Oxford: Oxford University 

Press. 

Hamilakis, Y. 1996. “A Footnote on the Archaeology 

of Power: Animal Bones from a Mycenaean 

Chamber Tomb at Galata, NE Peloponnese.” 

BSA 91:153–66. 

———. “Animal Sacrifice and Mycenaean Societies: 

Preliminary Thoughts on the Zooarchaeological 

Evidence from the Sanctuary at Ag. Konstantinos, 

Methana.” In Argosaronikos: Proceedings of the First 

International Conference on the History and Archaeology 

of the Argosaronic Gulf, Poros 26–29 June 1998, 

edited by E. Konsolaki, 249–56. Athens: Eleni. 

Hamilakis, Y., and E. Konsolaki. 2004. “Pigs for 

the Gods: Burnt Animal Sacrifices as Embodied 

Rituals at a Mycenaean Sanctuary.” OJA 

23(2):135–51. 

Isaakidou, V., P. Halstead, J. Davis, and S. Stocker. 

2002. “Burnt Animal Sacrifices at the Mycenaean 

‘Palace of Nestor’ Pylos.” Antiquity 76:86–92. 

Leguilloux, M. 1999. “Sacrifices et repas publics dans 

le sanctuaire de Poséidon à Ténos: Les analyses 

archéozoologiques.” BCH 123:423–56. 

Nilson, K.M. 1996. “Animal Bones from Terrace 

III in the Lower Town of Asine.” In Asine III: 

Supplementary Studies on the Swedish Excavations 

1922–1930, edited by R. Hägg, G.C. Nordquist, 

and B. Wells, 111–15. SkrAth 4°, 45(1). Stockholm: 

Paul Åströms Förlag. 

Nobis, G. 1997. Tieropfer aus einem Heroen–und 

Demeterheiligtum des antiken Messene (SW- 

Peloponnes, Griechenland)–Grabungen 1992 bis 

1996. Tier und Museum 5(4):97–111. 

Peters, J. 1993. “Archaic Milet: Daily Life and Religious 

Customs from an Archaeozoological 

Perspective.” In Archaeozoology of the Near East I: 

Proceedings of the First International Symposium on 

the Archaeology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent 

Areas, edited by H. Buitenhuis and A.T. Clason, 

88–91. Leiden: Universal Book Services. 

Ruscillo, D. 1996. “The Secret Rites of Lesbos: A 

Faunal Reconstruction.” Paper read at the 1996 

Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute 

of America, 27–30 December, New York. 

Stocker, S.R., and J.L. Davis. 2004. “Animal Sacrifice, 

Archives, and Feasting at the Palace of Nestor.” 

Hesperia 73:179–95. 

Villa, E. 2000. “Bone Remains from Sacrificial Places: 

The Temples of Athena Alea at Tegea and of Asea 

on Agios Elias (the Peleponnese, Greece).” In 

Archaeozoology of the Near East IV, edited by M.

1 



Mashkour, A.M. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis, and F. 

Poplin, 197–203. ARC Publication 32. Groningen: 

Archaeological Research and Consultancy. 

Wolf, P. 1978. “Das Tieropfer am Artemisaltar von 

Ephesos. 1. Die Tierreste.” In Studien zur Religion 

und Kultur Kleinasiens: Festschrift für Friedrich 

Karl Dörner zum 65. Geburtstag am 28. Februar 

1976, edited by S. Şahin, E. Schwertheim, and 

J. Wagner, 107–55. Études preliminaires aux 

religions orientales dans l’Empire romain 66. 


Greece, Aegean, Cyprus, and Asia Minor: 

Faunal Site Reports 


supplement those already listed in Payne (1985), 

Reese (1994), and King (1999a) above. 

Bedwin, O. 1992. “Appendix 1: The Animal Bones.” 

In Knossos: From Greek City to Roman Colony, 

edited by L.H. Sackett, 491–92. London: Thames 

and Hudson. 

Boessneck, J. 1985. “Zooarchäologische Ergebnisse 

an den Tierknochen–und Molluskenfunden.” In 

Haus und Stadt im Klassischen Griechenland, edited 

by W. Hoepfner and E.-L. Schwandner, 136–40. 

Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag. 

Cosmopoulos, M.B., H.J. Greenfield, and D. Ruscillo. 

2003. “Animal and Marine Remains from the 

New Excavations at Eleusis: An Interim Report.” 

In Zooarchaeology in Greece: Recent Advances, 

edited by E. Kotjabopoulou, Y. Hamilakis, P. 

Halstead, C. Gamble, and V. Elefanti, 145–52. 

London: British School at Athens. 

Coy, J. 1986. “Appendix 2: The Faunal Remains from 

Period V.” In Ayia Irini: Period V, edited by J.L. 

Davis, 109–11. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. 

De Cupere, B. 1994. “Report on the Faunal Remains 

from Trench K (Roman Pessinus, Central Anatolia).” 

Archaeofauna 3:63–75. 

———. 2001. Animals at Ancient Sagalassos: Evidence 

of the Bone Remains. Studies in Eastern Mediterranean 

Archaeology 4. Turnhout: Brepols. 

De Cupere, B., and M. Waelkens. 1988. “The Antique 

Site of Sagalassos (Turkey): Faunal Results from 

the 1990–1994 Excavations Seasons.” In Archaeozoology 

of the Near East III: Proceedings of the Third 

International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of 

Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, edited by H. 

Buitenhuis, L. Bartosiewicz, and A.M. Choyke, 

276–87. ARC Publication 18. Groningen: Archaeological 

Research and Consultancy. 

Fabis, M. 1995. “Animal Bones from the Classical Site 

of Ilion (Troy), Turkey.” In Archaeolozoology of the 

Near East II: Proceedings of the Second International 

Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern 

Asia and Adjacent Areas, edited by H. Buitenhuis 

and H.-P. Uerpmann, 105–8. Leiden: Backhuys. 

Gejvall, N.-G. 1946. “The Fauna of the Different 

Settlements of Troy.” Ph.D. diss., University of 

Stockholm. 

———. 1966. “Osteological Investigations of Human 

and Animal Bone Fragments from Kalopsidha.” 

In Excavations at Kalopsidha and Ayios Iakovos in 

Cyprus, edited by P. Åström, 128–32. SIMA 2. 

Lund: Paul Åströms Förlag. 

Halstead, P. 1977. “A Preliminary Report on the 

Faunal Remains from Late Bronze Age Kouklia, 

Paphos.” RDAC 1977:261–75. 

Hamilakis, Y. 1994. “Zooarchaeology: Fauna from 

Panakton.” American School of Classical Studies at 

Athens Newsletter (Spring 1994):8. 

Hansen, J., N. Bookidis, and L.M. Snyder. 1996. 

“Foods of Ritual Dining in the Sanctuary of Demeter 

and Kore at Corinth.” Paper given at the 

1995 Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute 

of America, 27–30 December, San Diego. 

Jordan, B. 1975. “Tierknochenfunde aus der Magula 

Pevkavia in Thessalien.” Ph.D. diss., University 

of Munich. 

Krönneck, P. 1995. “Bird Remains from Troy, Turkey.” 

In Archaeozoology of the Near East II: Proceedings of 

the Second International Symposium on the Archaeozoology 

of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, 

edited by H. Buitenhuis and H.-P. Uerpmann, 

109–12. Leiden: Backhuys. 

Lymberakis, P., and D. Mylona. 2005. “Microfaunal 

Remains from Pyrgouthi in the Berbati Valley 

in the Argolid.” In Pyrgouthi: A Rural Site in the 

Berbati Valley from the Early Iron Age to Late Antiquity, 

edited by J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, and 

A. Wells, 299–300. SkrAth 4°, 52. Stockhom: Paul 


Moberg Nilsson, K. 1996. “Animal Bones from Terrace 

III in the Lower Town of Asine.” In Asine III: 

Supplementary Studies of the Swedish Excavations 

1922–1930, edited by R. Hägg, G.C. Nordquist, 

and B. Wells, 111–15. Stockholm: Paul Åströms 

Förlag. 

Mylona, D. 2005. “The Animal Bones from Pyrgouthi 

in the Berbati Valley.” In Pyrgouthi: A Rural Site 

in the Berbati Valley from the Early Iron Age to Late 

Antiquity, edited by J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, 

and A. Wells, 301–8. SkrAth 4°, 52. Stockholm: 


Nobis, G. 1976–1977. “Tierreste aus Tamassos auf 

Zypern.” Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 

7–8:271–300. 

———. 1991. “Das Gastmahl des Nestor, Herrscher 

über Pylos: Mythos und Wahrheit über mykenische 

Tafelreuden.” Tier und Museum 2(3):67–77. 

———. 1992. “Forschungsstelle für klassische Archäozoologie 

Griechenland.” Tier und Museum 3(2): 

62–70. 

———. 1993. “Zur antiken Wild—und Haustierfauna 

Kretas—nach Studien an Tierresten aus den 

archäologischen Grabungen Poros bei Iraklion 

und Eleftherna bei Arkadi.” Tier und Museum 

3(4):109–20. 

———. 1994a. “War die hohle des Nestor bei Pylos/ 

Messein antike Rinderstall.” Tier und Museum 

4(1):15–19. 

———. 1994b. “Die Tierreste aus dem antiken Messene: 

Grabung 1990/91.” In Beiträge zur Archäozoologie 

und Prähistorischen Anthropologie, edited by M. 

Kokabi and J. Wahl, 297–313. Forchungen und 

Berichte zur vor- und frügeschichte in Baden- 

Württemberg 53. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss 

Verlag. 

Peters, J. 1993. “Archaic Milet: Daily Life and Religious 

Customs from an Archaeological Perspective.” 

In Archaeozoology of the Near East I: Proceedings 

of the First International Symposium on the



0 


Areas, edited by H. Buitenhuis and A.T. Clason, 

88–91. Leiden: Universal Book Services. 

Peters, J., and A. von den Driesch. 1992. “Siedlungsabfall 

versus Opferreste: Essgewohnheiten 

im archaischen Milet.” IstMitt 42:117–25. 

Reese, D.S. 1995a. “The Faunal Remains, Block AG; 

The Triton Shell Vessel, Building AB; The Faunal 

Remains, Building AB; The Faunal Remains, 

Area AE; The Faunal Remains, Building AM; The 

Faunal Remains, Building AD Center.” In Pseira, 

1: The Minoan Buildings on the West Side of Area 

A, edited by P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, 11, 

42, 45–6, 56–7, 83, 129–30. University Museum 

Monograph 90. Philadelphia: The University 

Museum, University of Pennsylvania. 

———. 1995b. “The Minoan Fauna.” In Kommos: An 

Excavtion on the South Coast of Crete. Vol. 1, The 

Kommos Region and Houses of the Minoan Town. 

Pt. 1, The Kommos Region, Ecology, and Minoan 

Industries, edited by J.W. Shaw and M.C. Shaw, 

163–291. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 

———. 1996. “Appendix 9: Shells and Animal Bones.” 

In Alambra: A Middle Bronze Age Settlement in 

Cyprus, edited by J.E. Coleman, J.A. Barlow, M.K. 

Mogelonsky, and K.W. Schaar, 475–514. Jonsered: 


———. 1997. “Animal Bones and Shells from Modern 

to Geometric Khania (Crete).” In The Greek- 

Swedish Excavations at the Agia Aikaterini Square 

Kastelli, Khania 1970–1987. Vol. 1, pt. 1, From the 

Geometric to the Modern Greek Period. Jonsered: 


———. 1998. “The Faunal Remains.” In Excavations 

on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek-Swedish 

Excavations. Vol. 1, pt. 1, The Excavations on the 

Lower Terraces 1985–1991, edited by G. Walberg, 

277–91. Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag. 

Rose, M.J. 1995. “Fish Remains, Building AD Center.” 

In Pseira, 1: The Minoan Buildings on the West Side 

of Area A, edited by P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, 

130–32. University Museum Monograph 

90. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University 

of Pennsylvania. 

Ruscillo, D. 1993. “Faunal Remains from the Acropolis 

Site, Mytilene.” EchCl 37(2):201–10. 

———. 1996. “Burning Patroclus: Marine Remains 

from Cremation Burials in Early Iron Age Taranto.” 

Paper given at the 1995 Annual Meeting of 

the Archaeological Institute of America, 27–30 

December, San Diego. 

Snyder, L.M., and W.E. Klippel. 1994. “Dark Age Sub- 

sistence in East Crete: Exploring Subsistence 

Change and Continuity During the Late Bronze 

Age–Early Iron Age Transition.” Paper read at the 

1993 Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute 

of America, 27–30 December, Washington, D.C. 

———. 1996. “The Cretan Badger (Meles meles) as a 

Food Resource at Late/Early Iron Age Kavousi- 

Kastro.” In The Pleistocene and Holocene Fauna of 

Crete and Its First Settlers, edited by D.S. Reese, 

283–94. Monographs in World Archaeology 28. 

Madison: Prehistory Press. 

Uerpmann, H.-P., K. Köhler, and E. Stephan. 1992. 

“Tierreste aus den neuen Grabungen in Troia.” 

Studia Troica 2:105–21. 

Van Neer, W., and B. De Cupere. 1993. “Possibilities 

of Archaeozoological Analysis from the Antique 

Site of Sagalassos (Burdur Province, Turkey).” In 

Archaeozoology of the Near East I: Proceedings of the 

First International Symposium on the Archaeozoology 

of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, edited by 

H. Buitenhuis and A.T. Clason, 97–104. Leiden: 

Universal Book Services. 

Van Neer, W., and H.-P. Uerpmann. 1998. “Fish 

Remains from the New Excavations at Troy.” In 

Archaeozoology of the Near East III: Proceedings of the 

Third International Symposium on the Archaeozoology 

of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, edited 

by H. Buitenhuis, L. Bartosiewicz, and A.M. 

Choyke, 243–54. ARC Publication 18. Groningen: 


Van Neer, W., R. Wildekamp, M. Waelkens, A. 

Arndt, and F. Volckaert. 2000. “Fish as Indicators 

of Trade Relationships in Roman Times: The 

Example of Sagalassos, Turkey.” In Archaeozoology 

of the Near East IV: Proceedings of the Fourth 

International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of 

Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, edited by M. 

Mashkour, A.M. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis, and F. 

Poplin, 206–15. ARC Publication 32. Groningen: 


von den Driesch, A., and J. Boessneck. 1990. “Die 

Tierreste von der mykenischen Burg Tiryns bei 

Nauplion (Peloponnes).” In Tiryns XI, edited 

by H.-J. Weisshaar, 85–167. Mainz: Philipp von 

Zabern. 

von den Driesch, A., and K. Enderle. 1976. “Die Tierreste 

aus de Agia Sofia-Magula in Thessalien.” In 

Magulen um Larisa in Thessalien 1966, edited by V. 

Milojcic, 15–54. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt. 

Walker, C. 1996. “Bones from Palaikastro Building 

I: A Preliminary Report.” In The Pleistocene and 

Holocene Fauna of Crete and Its First Settlers, edited 

by D.S. Reese, 277–82. Monographs in World 

Archaeology 28. Madison: Prehistory Press. 

Wall, S. 1994. “Appendix: The Animal Bone.” In “A 

Late Hellenistic Wine Press at Knossos,” by J. 

Carrington Smith. BSA 89:375–76. 

Wilkens, B. 1996. “The Fauna from Italian Excavations 

on Crete.” In The Pleistocene and Holocene 

Fauna of Crete and Its First Settlers, edited by D.S. 

Reese, 241–62. Monographs in World Archaeology 

28. Madison: Prehistory Press. 

———. 1998. “The Faunal Remains.” In Excavations 

on the Acropolis of Midea. Vol. 1, pt. 1, The Excavations 

on the Lower Terraces 1985–1991, edited by 

G. Walberg, 277–91. Stockholm: Paul Åströms 

Förlag. 

Near East 

The following reports supplement the list 

already provided in King (1999a), and include 

chiefly Hellenistic and Roman components for 

animal bone assemblages in this area. Faunal 

materials from earlier contexts in the Near East 

are not listed here. 

Bar-Oz, G. 2001. “Weasels from the Hellenistic Period 

in Israel.” Israel Journal of Zoology 47:271–73. 

———. 2002. “An Inscribed Astragalus with a Dedi- 

cation to Hermes.” Near Eastern Archaeology 

64(4):211–13. 

Desse-Berset, H., and J. Studer. 1996. “Fish Remains



1 

from Ez Zantur (Petra, Jordan).” In Petra, Ez 

Zantur 1: Ergebnisse der Schweizerische-Liechtensteinischen 

Ausgrabungen 1988–1992, edited by A. 

Bignasca, 318–27. Terra Archaeologia 2. Mainz: 

Philipp von Zabern. 

Hellwing, S., and N. Feig. 1989. “Animal Bones.” 

In Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel, edited by Z. 

Herzog, G. Rapp, Jr., and O. Negbi, 236–47. Minneapolis: 

The University of Minnesota Press. 

Hellwing, S., M. Sadeh, and V. Kishon. 1993. “Faunal 

Remains.” In Shiloh: The Archaeology of a Biblical 

Site, edited by I. Finkelstein, 309–50. Monograph 

Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv 

University 10. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. 

Horwitz, L.K. 1996. “Faunal Remains from Areas 

A, B, D, H, and K.” In Excavations at the City 

of David 1978–1985. Vol. 4, edited by D.T. Ariel 

and A. de Groot, 302–17. Qedem 35. Jerusalem: 

Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University 

of Jerusalem. 

———. 1998. “Animal Bones from Orbat Rimmon: 

Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods.” Atiqot 35: 

65–76. 

———. 1999. “The Animal Remains from Giv’at 

Yasaf (Tell er-Ras): The Persian-Hellenistic and 

Mamluk Periods.” Atiqot 37:31–44. 

Horwitz, L.K., and E. Dahan. 1996. “Animal Husbandry 

Practices During the Historic Periods.” In 

Yoqne’am 1: The Late Periods, edited by A. Ben-Tor, 

M. Avissar, and Y. Portugali, 246–55. Jerusalem: 

Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University 

of Jerusalem. 

Horwitz, L.K., and H.K. Mienis. 1998. “Faunal Remains 

from the Roman Well at Khirbet Ibreiktas.” 

Atiqot 35:60–4. 

Horwitz, L.K., E. Tchernov, and S. Dar. 1990. “Subsistence 

and Environment of Mount Carmel in the 

Roman/Byzantine Periods to the Middle Ages 

as Evidenced by Animal Remains from the Site 

of Sumaqa.” IEJ 40:287–304. 

Lernau, H. 1986. “Fishbones Excavated in Two 

Late Roman-Byzantine Castella in the Southern 

Desert of Israel.” In Fish and Archaeology: Studies 

in Osteometry, Taphonomy, Seasonality, and Fishing 

Methods, edited by D.C. Brinkhuizen and 

A.T. Clason, 85–96. BAR-IS 294. Oxford: British 


Redding, R.W. 1994. “The Vertebrate Fauna.” In Tel 

Anafa. Pt. 1, Final Report on Ten Years of Excavation 

at a Hellenistic and Roman Settlement in Northern 

Israel, edited by S.C. Herbert, 279–322. JRA Suppl. 

Ser. 10. Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum of the University 


Studer, J. 2002. “Dietary Differences at Ez Zantur 

Petra, Jordan (1st Century B.C.–A.D. 5th Century).” 

In Archaeozoology of the Near East V: Proceedings 

of the Fifth International Symposium on the 


Areas, edited by H. Buitenhuis, A.M. Choyke, 

M. Mashkour, and A.H. Al-Shiyab, 273–81. ARC 

Publication 62. Groningen: Archaeological Research 

and Consultancy. 

Iberia 


supplement the lists provided in King (1999a) 

and Fernández Rodrîguez (2003) above. 

Altuna, J. 1965. “Fauna del yacimiento de ‘Castro 

de Peñas de Oro’ (Valle de Zuya, Alava).” Boletín 

Institución Sancho el Sabio 9:157–82. 

———. 1978. “Restos óseos del Castro de Berbeia 

(Barrio, Alava).” Estudios de Arqueología Alavesa 

9:225–44. 

———. 1980. “Historia de la domesticación animal, 

en el País Vasco, desde sus orígenes hasta la 

romanización.” Munibe 32:1–163. 

Altuna, J., and K. Mariezkurrena. 1983. “Los restos 

mas antiguos de gallo domestico en el pais vasco.” 

Estudios de Arqueologia Alavesa 11:381–86. 

Amberger, G. 1985. “Tierknochenfunde vom Cerro 

Macareno (Sevilla).” Studien über frühe Tierknochenfunden 

von der Iberischen Halbinsel 9:76–105. 

Antunes, M.T., and C. Mourer-Chauviré. 1992. “The 

Roman Site (2nd to 5th Centuries A.D.) at Quinta 

do Marim near Olhão (Algarve, Portugal): Vertebrate 

Faunas.” Setúbal Archeologica 9–10:375–82. 

Boessneck, J. 1973. “Vogel aus der phönizischen und 

römischen Niederlassung von Toscanos.” Studien 

über frühe Tierknochenfunde von der Iberischen Halbinsel 

1:101–8. 

Boessneck, J., and A. von den Driesch. 1980. “Knochenfunde 

aus dem römischen Munigua (Mulva), 

Sierra Morena.” Studien über frühe Tierknochenfunde 


Cardoso, J.L. 1992. “Um camelído de Conimbriga.” 

Conimbriga 31:181–87. 

———. 1993. “Restos de grandes mamíferos da Ilha 

do Pessegueiro. Contribuição para o conhecimento 

da alimentação na época romana.” In Ilha 

do Pessegueiro: Porto Romano da Costa Alentejana, 

edited by C.T. da Silva and J. Soares, 205–15. Lisbon: 

Instituto da Conservação da Natureza. 

———. 1996. “Bases de subsistência em povoados 

do Bronze Final e da Idade do Ferro do território 

português. O testemunho dos mamíferos.” In De 

Ulisses a Viriato: O primeiro milénio a.C., 160–70. 

Lisbon: Museu Nacional de Arqueologia. 

Castaños Ugarte, P.M. 1981. “Estudio de los restos 

oseos.” In “Probaldo de San Esteban (El Poyo 

del Cid. Teruel),” edited by F. Burillo. Noticiario 

Arqueologico Hispanico 12:275–86. 

———. 1998. “Evolución de las faunas protohistóricas 

en Extremadura.” In Extremadura Protohistórica: 

Paleoambiente, Economía y Poblamento, edited by 

A. Rodríguez Díaz, 63–72. Cáceres: Universidad 

de Extremadura. 

———. 1991. “Animales domésticos y salvajes en 

Extremadura: Origen y evolución.” Revista de 

Estudios Extremenos 47:9–67. 

King, A.C. 1988. “Estudi de les restes faunístiques.” 

In La villa romana de Vilauba (Camós), edited by 

A. Roure i Bonaventura, 95. Girona: Centre 

d’Investigacions Arqueològiques de Girona. 

———. 2000. “The Animal Bones.” In Celti (Peñaflor): 

The Archaeology of a Hispano-Roman Town in Baetica: 

Survey and Excavations 1987–1992, edited by 

S. Keay, J. Creighton, and J. Remesal Rodriguez, 

113–21, 235–40. University of Southampton Department 

of Archaeology Monograph 2. Oxford: 

Oxbow. 

———. 2001. “The Romanization of Diet in the 

Western Empire: Comparative Archaeozoological 

Studies.” In Italy and the West: Comparative 

Issues in Romanization, edited by S. Keay and N. 

Terrenato, 210–23. Oxford: Oxbow.



Lange, P., and I. Vaz Pinto. 2001. “A fauna do tanque 

da villa romana da Tourega: Relatório preliminary.” 

Lusíada, Arqueologia, Historia da Arte e Património 

(2001):93–102. 

Liesau, C. 1998. “El soto de medinilla: Faunas de 

mamiferos de la edad de hierro en el valle del duero 

(Valladolid, España).” Archaeofauna 7:1–215. 

MacKinnon, M. 2000–2001. “Husbandry, Hides and 

Hunting: Zooarchaeological Examination at 

Torre de Palma, Portugal.” Context 15(1):7–10. 

Mariezkurrena, K., and J. Altuna. 1993–1994. “Arqueozoología 

de la villa romana del Alto de la 

Cárcel, Arellano (Navarra).” Trabajos de arqueología 

Navarra 11:109–25. 

Miguel, J., and A. Morales. 1985. “Informe sobre los 

restos faunisticos recuperados en la exacavion de 

la muralla de Tiermes.” In Tiermes II: Campañas de 

1979 y 1980, edited by J.L. Argente, 292–309. Excavaciones 

Arqueologicas en España 128. Madrid: 

Excavaciones Arqueologicas en España. 

Morales, A. 1976. “Contribución al estudio de las 

faunas mastozoológicas asociadas a yacimientos 

prehistóricos españoles.” Ph.D. diss., University 

of Madrid. 

Morales, A., and C. Liesau. 1994. “Los mamiferos de 

la factoria romana de la plaza del Marques (Gijon).” 

In Una industria de salazones de epoca romana 

en la plaza del marques, edited by C. Fernandez- 

Ochoa, 181–87. Gijon: Ayuntamiento de Gijon. 

Morales, A., and E. Rosello. 1989. “Informe sobre lafauna 

ictiologica recuperada en una anfora tardo- 

romana del’abocador del typus KEAY XXVI 

(Spatheion).” In Un Abocador del segle V d.C. en el 

fòrum provincial de Tàrraco, 324–28. Taller Escola 

d’Arqueologia (Tarragona, Spain). Memòries 

d’excavació 2. Tarragona: Ajuntament de Tarragona. 

Morales, A., M.A. Ciereljo, P. Bannstom, and C. 

Liesau. 1994. “The Mammals.” In Castillo de 

Doña Blanca Archeo-Environmental Investigations 

in the Bay of Cádiz, Spain (750–500 B.C.), edited 

by E. Rosello and A. Morales, 37–69. BAR-IS 593. 


Morales, A., C. Liesau, M. de la Torre, and L. Serrano. 

2000. “Mamiferos, anfibios, peces y moluscos.” 

In El yacimiento romano de la Torrecilla: De villa 

a Tugurium, edited by C. Blasco and R. Lucas, 

182–213. Madrid: Ediciones de la Universidad 

autonoma de Madrid. 

Morales, A., J. Riquleme, and C. Liesau. 1995. 

“Dromedaries in Antiquity: Iberia and Beyond.” 

Antiquity 69:368–75. 

Morales, A., E. Rosello, R. Moreno, and C. Liesau. 

1992. “Plaza del marques: Aproximacion arqueozoologica 

preliminary a la fauna recuperada en 

el asentamiento romano de cimadevilla (Gijon, 

Asturias).” Boletin de ciecias de la naturaleza 

42:51–62. 

———. 1994. “La fauna del yacimiento de la plaza 

del marques.” In Una industria de salazones de 

epoca romana en la plaza del Marques, edited by C. 

Fernandez-Ochoa, 175–79. Gijon: Ayuntamiento 

de Gijon. 

Morales Muñiz, D.C. 1992. “Pig Husbandry in Visigothic 

Iberia: Fact and Theory.” Archeofauna 

1:147–55. 

Reumer, J., and E. Sanders. 1984. “Changes in the 

Vertebrate Fauna of Menorca in Prehistoric and 

Classical Times.” Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 

49:321–25. 

Riquelme, J., and A. Morales. 1997. “A Porcupine 

Find from Roman Africa with a Review of 

Archaeozoological Data from Circummediterranean 

Sites.” Archaeofauna 6:91–5. 

Rosello, E., and J.M. Canas. 1994. “Analisis de la 

ictiofauna de la plaza del marques (Gijon).” In 

Una industria de salazones de epoca romana en la 

plaza del Marques, edited by C. Fernandez-Ochoa, 

189–97. Gijon: Ayuntamiento de Gijon. 

Soergel, E. 1968. “Die Tierknochen aus der altpunischen 

Faktorei von Toscanos.” Madrider 

Mitteilungen 9:111–15. 

Uerpmann, H.P., and M. Uerpmann. 1973. “Tierknochenfunde 

aus der phönizischen Faktorei von 

Toscanos und anderen phönizisch beeinflußten 

Fundorten der Provinz Málaga in Südspanien.” 

Studien über frühe Tierknochenfunde von der 

Iberischen Halbinsel 4:35–100. 

von den Driesch, A. 1973. “Nahrungreste Tierischer 

Herkunft aus einer tartessischen und einer 

spätbronzezeitlichen bis iberischen Siedlung in 

Südspanien.” Studien über frühe Tierknochenfunde 


von den Driesch, A., and C. Liesau. 1992. “Die 

Tierknochenfunde aus dem Romerkastell Sablonetum-Ellingen.” 

In Das romische Kastell Ellingen, 

edited by W. Zanier, 291–304. Studien zur Organisation 

der romischen Reichsgrenze am Rhein und 

Donau 23. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. 

North Africa 

The following reports for North African 

sites supplement those already published in 

King 1999a. 

Barker, G. 1979. “Economic Life at Berenice: The 

Animal and Fish Bones, Marine Mollusca and 

Plant Remains.” In Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, 

Benghazi (Berenice.) Vol. 2, edited by J. Lloyd, 

1–49. LibAnt Suppl. 5. Tripoli: Department of 

Antiquities, Secretariat of Education. 

Barker, G., D.D. Gilbertson, C.O. Hunt, and D. 

Mattingly. 1996. “Romano-Libyan Agriculture: 

Integrated Models.” In Farming the Desert: The 

UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. Vol. 

1, edited by G. Barker, 265–90. Paris and London: 

UNESCO and Society for Libyan Studies. 

Burke, A. 2001. “Animal Bones.” In Leptiminus 

(Lamta.) Report 2, The East Baths, Cemeteries, Kilns, 

Venus Mosaic, Site Museum and Other Studies, edited 

by L.M. Stirling, D.J. Mattingly, and N. Ben 

Lazreg, 442–56. JRA Suppl. Ser. 41. Portsmouth, 


Buzaian, A.M. 2000. “Excavations at Tocra (1985– 

1992).” LibSt 31:59–102. 

Caloi, L. 1974. “Studi di Resti Ossei.” In “I Ruderi 

del Tempio Flavio di Leptis Magna,” edited by 

E. Fiandra. LibAnt 11–12:151–61. 

Crabtree, P.J. 1990. “Faunal Skeletal Remains from 

Cyrene. Part III.I.” In The Extramural Sanctuary 

of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. 

Final Reports IV, edited by D. White, 113–23, 

127–54. University Museum Monograph 67.



Philadelphia: University Museum, University of 

Pennsylvania. 

Crabtree, P.J., and J. Monge. 1987. “The Faunal 

Remains from the Sanctuary of Demeter and 

Persephone at Cyrene.” MASCAJ 4(3):139–43. 

Grau Almero, E. 2001. “Estudio Faunístico.” In Lixus 

Colonia, Fenicia y Ciudad Púnico Mauritana Anotaciones 

Sobre S4 Occupacíon Medieval, edited by 

C. Aranegui Gascó, 200–4. Valencia: University 

of Valencia. 

Hamilton-Dyer, S. 1994. “Preliminary Report on the 

Fish Remains from Mons Claudianus, Egypt.” 

Offa 51:275–78. 

Larje, R. 1995. “Favourite Fish Dish of the Romans 

in Carthage.” Archaeofauna 4:7–26. 

———. 2001. “Non-Chicken Bird Remains from 

Carthage (4th–6th C. AD).” In Animals and Man 

in the Past: Essays in Honour of Dr. A.T. Clason, 

Emeritus Professor of Archaeozoology, Rijksuniversiteit 

Groningen, the Netherlands, edited by H. 

Buitenhuis and W. Prummel, 380–87. ARC Publication 

4. Groningen: Archaeological Research 

and Consultancy. 

Leguilloux, M. 1997. “Quelques aspects de 

l’approvisionnement en viande des praesidia 

du Désert oriental égyptien.” Archaeozoologia 9: 

73–82. 

Lentacker, A., and W. Van Neer. 1996. “Bird Remains 

from Two Sites on the Red Sea Coast and Some 

Observations on Medullar Bone.” International 


Levine, M.A., and A. Wheeler. 1994. “The Analysis 

of Mammal and Bird Remains.” In Excavation at 

Carthage, The British Museum. Vol. 2, pt. 1, The 

Circular Harbour, North Side, edited by H.R. Hurst, 

314–19. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Nobis, G. 1992. “Karthago: Eine Antike Weltstadt im 

Blickfeld der klassischen Archäozoologie.” Tier 

und Museum 3(1):1–11. 

———. 2000. “Die Tierreste von Karthago.” In Kar- 

thago. Vol. 3, Die Deutschen Ausgrabungen in Karthago, 

edited by F. Rakob, 574–631. Mainz: Philipp 

von Zabern. 

Poulian, T. 1982. “Note complémentaire 1: Analyses 

osteologiques et malacologiques.” In Rapports 

préliminaires sur les fouilles 1977–1978: Niveaux 

et Vestiges Puniques, edited by S. Lancel, 385–88. 

Rome and Tunis: École Française du Rome and 

INAA. 

Reese, D.S. 1977. “Faunal Remains (Osteological 

and Marine Forms) 1975–76.” In Excavation at 

Carthage 1976 Conducted by the University of 

Michigan. Vol. 3, edited by J. Humphrey, 131–65. 

Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 

———. 1981. “Faunal Remains from Three Cisterns 

(1977.1, 1977.2 and 1977.3).” In Excavations at 

Carthage 1977. Vol. 2, edited by J.H. Humphrey, 

191–258. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan 

Press. 

———. 1997. “The Animal Bones and Shells.” In 

Ancient Naukratis: Excavations at a Greek Emporium 

in Egypt. Pt. 1, The Excavations at Kom Ge’if, 

edited by A. Leonard, Jr., 357–61. Annual of 

the American Schools of Oriental Research 54. 

Atlanta: Scholars Press. 

Rielly, K. 1988. “A Collection of Equid Skeletons 

from the Cemetery.” In The Circus and a Byzan- 

tine Cemetery at Carthage. Vol. 1, edited by J.H. 

Humphrey, 297–323. Ann Arbor: The University 


Schwartz, J.H. 1984. “The (Primarily) Mammalian 

Fauna.” In Excavations at Carthage: The British 

Mission. Vol. 1, pt. 1, The Avenue du Président 

Habib Bourguiba, Salammbo: The Site and Finds 

Other Than Pottery, edited by H.R. Hurst, 229–56. 

Sheffield: The British Academy and the University 

of Sheffield. 

Sidell, J. 1997. “Appendix 3: The Animal Bone.” In 

“The 1996 Excavations at Lepcis Magna,” edited 

by H.M. Walda, S.-A. Ashton, P. Reynolds, J. 

Sidell, I. Welsby Sjöstrom, and K. Wilkinson, 

68–70. LibSt 28:43–70. 

Van der Veen, M., A. Grant, and G. Barker. 1996. “Romano-Libyan 

Agriculture: Crops and Animals.” 

In Farming the Desert: The UNESCO Libyan Valleys 

Archaeological Survey. Vol. 1, Synthesis, edited by 

G. Barker, 227–63. Paris and London: UNESCO 

and Society for Libyan Studies. 

Van Neer, W. 1997. “Archaeozoological Data on the 

Provisioning of Roman Settlements in the Eastern 

Desert of Egypt.” Archaeozoologia 9:137–54. 

Van Neer, W., and A. Lentacker. 1996. “The Faunal 

Remains.” In Berenike 1995: Preliminary Report of 

the 1995 Excavations at Berenike (Egyptian Red Sea 

Coast) and the Survey of the Eastern Desert, edited 

by S.E. Sidebottom and W.Z. Wendrich, 337–55. 


von den Driesch, A., and I. Baumgartner. 1997. “Die 

Spätantiken Tierreste Aus Der Kobbat Bent El Rey 

in Karthago.” Archaeozoologia 9:155–72. 

Wattenmaker, P. 1979. “Flora and Fauna.” In Quseir 

al-Qadim 1978: Preliminary Report, edited by D.S. 

Whitcomb and J.H. Johnson, 250–52. Princeton: 

American Research Center in Egypt Reports. 

Weinstock, J. 1996. “Some Bone Remains from Carthage, 

1991 Excavation Season.” In Archaeozoology 

of the Near East II: Proceedings of the Second 

International Symposium on the Archaeology of 

Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, edited by 

H. Buitenhuis and H.-P. Uerpmann, 113–18. 

London: Backhuys. 

France 


supplement those already listed in Jourdan 

1976; Luff 1982; King 1984, 1999a; Méniel 1984; 

Columeau 1991, 2002; Lepetz 1996. A useful 

bibliography source for animals in France in 

general is L’histoire de l’animal Bibliographie 

(http://ch.revues.org/document304.html). 

Another valuable site for zooarchaeological 

research in France is Archéozoo (http://www. 

archeozoo.org/en). 

Bathélemy, D., and S. Lepetz. 1999. “Le site du parking 

Rambuteau à Mâcon (Saöne-et-Loire). Carrières 

de terres et dépôts de restes de chevaux à 

l’époque gallo-romaine (Ier–IIIe siècles).” Travaux 

de l’institut de recherche du Val de Saône-mâconnais 

4:101–20. 

Blin, O., and S. Lepetz. 2002. “Un sanctuaire du



vicus antique de Jouars-Pontchartrain (Yvelines): 

Rituels et vestiges matériels.” In Religions, 

rites et cultes en Ile-de-France, Actes des journées 

archéologiques d’Île-de-France (Paris, 27–28 nov. 

1999), 65–71. Saint-Denis: Service régional de 

l’Archéologie. 

Brien-Poitevin, F. 1996. “Consommation des coquillages 

marins en Provençe dans l’époque 

romaine.” Revue Archéologique de la Narbonnaise 

29:313–20. 

Gaudefroy, S., and S. Lepetz. 2000. “Le dépôt sacrificiel 

de Longueil-Sainte-Marie ‘L’Orméon’: 

Un culte de tradition locale sous l’Empire?” In 

Archéologie des sanctuaires en Gaule romaine, edited 

by W. Van Andringa, 157–92. Mémoire du centre 

Jean-Palerne, Mémoires 23. Saint-Etienne: Centre 

Jean-Palerne. 

Guillemin, F. 1992. “Les ossements animaux du macellum 

gallo-romain de Saint-bertrand-de-Comminges.” 

Ph.D. diss., École Nationale Vétérinaire 

du Toulouse. 

Leguilloux, M. 1995. “Alimentation et elevage a 

Marseille au v siecle après J.-C. d’apres les etudes 

de faunes.” Mediterranee 3(4):1–9. 

———. 1989. “La faune des villae gallo-romaines 

dans le Var: Aspects economiques et sociaux.” 

Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise 22:311–22. 

Lepetz, S. 1999. “La faune associée au dépôt de 

bronzes.” In L’établissement rural antique de Dury 

(Somme) et son dépôt de bronzes (IIIe siècle av. J.- 

C.– IVe siècle ap. J.-C.), edited by P. Qeyrel and 

M. Feugère, 137. Revue du Nord, Hors série. 

Collection Art et Archéologie 6. Lille: Université 

Charles-de-Gaulle-Lille. 

———. 2000. “Les restes osseux animaux du sanctuaire 

gallo-romain de la forêt d’Halatte (commune 

d’Ognon, Oise). Vestiges sacrificels et 

reliefs de repas?” In Le temple gallo-romain de la 

forêt d’Halatte (Oise), edited by J. Scheid and S. 

Deyts, 197–200. Revue Archéologique de Picardie, 

numero special 18. Amiens: Revue Archéologique 

de Picardie. 

———. 2002. “Les vestiges de repas dans le sanctuaire 

d’Estrées-Saint-Denis.” In Le site antique 

d’Estrées-Saint-Denis, edited by P. Querel and 

G.-P. Woimant, 261–66. Revue Archéologique 

de Picardie 2–3. Amiens: Revue Archéologique 

de Picardie. 

———. 2003. “Les restes osseux animaux du site du 

Collège de France (75).” In Le Collège de France 

(Paris): Du quartier gallo-romain au Quartier 

Latin, edited by L. Guyard, 85–96. Documents 

d’Archéologie Française 95. Paris: Maison des 

Sciences de l’Homme. 

Lepetz, S., and S. Frère. 2002. “Les restes animaux 

du site d’habitat d’Estrées-Saint-Denis.” In Le site 

antique d’Estrées-Saint-Denis, edited by P. Querel 

and G.-P. Woimant, 355–65. Revue Archéologique 

de Picardie 2–3. Amiens: Revue Archéologique 

de Picardie. 

Lignereux, Y., R. Garric, L. Dausse, and P. Columeau. 

1994. “Analyse osteo-archeologique d’une fosse 

à offrande gallo-romaine de Rodez (Aveyron).” 

Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 145(11):839–56. 

Méniel, P. 1995. “Découpe et mise en place des 

animaux dans la nécropole de Lamadelaine 

(Luxembourg, 1er siècle avant notre ere).” An- 

thropozoologica 21:267–76. 

———. 1998. Les animaux et l’histoire d’un village 

gaulois. Mémoire de la Société Archéologique 

Champenoise 3. Champenoise: Société Archéologique 

Champenoise. 

Méniel, P., and M. Jourin. 2000. “Les inhumations 

d’animaux de Vertault (Cote-d’Or debut de 

notre ere).” In Ces animaux que l’homme choisit 

d’inhumer, edited by L. Bodson, 65–91. Liège: 

Université de Liège. 

My, N. 1993. “Les ossements animaux du macellum 

gallo-romain de Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges 

le brief et le cerf.” Ph.D. diss., École Nationale 

Vétérinaire du Toulouse. 

Oueslati, T. 2006. Approche archéozoologique des modes 

d’acquisition, de transformation et de consommation 

des resources animals dans le contexte urbain galloromain 

de Lutecia (Paris, France). BAR-IS 1479. 


Rodet-Belarbi, I. 1996. “L’élevage entre quercy, causes 

et Pyrenees a l’epoque gallo-romaine: Premières 

données.” Anthropozoologica 24:99–104. 

The Netherlands and Belgium 

For larger surveys of ancient sites in the 

Netherlands, see Lauwerier 1988. Sites here 

and in Belgium are also listed in Luff (1982), 

King (1984, 1999a), and Peters (1998). 

R. Lauwerier has helped increase the profile 

of zooarchaeology on Roman sites in the Netherlands, 

and continues to research this topic. In 

Belgium, the work of zooarchaeologists such 

as W. Van Neer, A. Ervynck, and A. Lentacker 

has been instrumental for our understanding 

of ancient sites in the area. Some additional 

publications, not listed in the surveys above, 

are listed below. 

De Cupere, B., and W. Van Neer. 1993. “La Faune du 

site de l’hospice Saint-Gilles à Namur: Résultats 

Préliminaires.” In Première Journée d’Archéologie 

Namuroise, edited by M.H. Corbiau and J. 

Plumier, 87–104. Namur: Facultés Universitaires 

Notre-Dame de la Paix. 

Lauwerier, R., and G. Ijzereef. 1998. “Livestock 

and Meat from the Iron Age and Roman Period 

Settlements at Oss-Ussen (800 B.C.–A.D. 250).” In 

The Ussen Project, edited by H. Fokkens, 349–67. 

Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 30. Leiden: 

Leiden University Press. 

Lauwerier, R., B.J. Groenewoudt, O. Brinkkemper, 

and F.J. Laarman. 1998. “Between Ritual and Economics: 

Animals and Plants in a Fourth-Century 

Native Settlement at Heeten, the Netherlands.” 

Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig 

Bodemonderzoek: Proceedings of the National Service 

for Archaeological Heritage in the Netherlands 

43:155–98. 

Lentacker, A., C.C. Bakels, M. Verbeeck, and K. 

Desender. 1992. “The Archaeology, Fauna and 

Flora of a Roman Well at Erps-Kwerps (Brabant, 

Belgium).” Helinium 32(1–2):110–31. 

Van Neer, W., and A. Lentacker. 1991. “La faune 

gallo-romaine d’un quartier du Vicus Namurois:



La Place Marchéaux Légumes.” In Deuxième 

Journée d’Archéologie Namuroise, edited by M.H. 

Corbiau and J. Plumier, 67–72. Namur: Facultés 

Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix. 

Verbeeck, M., A. Lentacker, W. Van Neer, and C. 

Charlier. 1991. “Première approche interdisciplinaire 

du site d’Erps-Kwerps (Brabant, Belgique): 

Archéologie, Archéozoologie et Anthropologie.” 

Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia 30:21–39. 

Danube and Balkan Provinces 

Earlier syntheses of zooarchaeological 

remains from classical sites in the Danubian 

and Balkan provincial areas include Bökönyi 

(1974, 1984). Several sites are also listed in 

King (1999a). L. Bartosiewicz and A. Choyke 

have been instrumental in promoting current 

zooarchaeological investigations, especially in 

Hungary. Research there, as well as on ancient 

sites in regions such as Bulgaria and Romania, 

is developing rapidly. A further publication on 

material from Bulgaria is listed below. 

Hammon, A. 2002. “The Mammal and Bird Bones 

from Dichin (Gradishteto): Assessment and 

Potential.” In The Roman and Late Roman City: 

The International Conference, Veliko Turnovo, 26–30 

July 2000, edited by L. Slokoska and A. Poulter, 

51–8. Sofia: Professor Marin Drinov Academic 

Publishing House. 

Germanic Provinces 

Earlier reviews of zooarchaeological data 

from ancient sites in the Germanic provinces 

(here, largely encompassing Germany, Switzerland, 

and Austria) include Luff (1982), 

King (1984, 1999a), and Peters (1998). There is 

a long history of faunal research in Germany, 

especially under the auspices of the zooarchaeological 

laboratory in Munich, which has 

been the center for numerous student dissertations 

on animal bone material from ancient 

sites. Researchers such as J. Boessneck, A. von 

den Driesch, and, more recently, J. Peters have 

helped promote zooarchaeology in Germany. 

Several publications, not listed in the surveys 

above, on ancient sites in the Germanic provinces 

appear below. 

Barthel, H.-J. 1987. “Tierknochenfunde aus Siedlungen 

der Römischen Kaiserzeit bei Dienstedt 

und Haarhausen, Kr. Arnstadt.” Beiträge zur 

Archäozoologie 6:36–90. 

Benecke, N., and S. Hanik. 2003. “Zur Kaustierhaltung 

und Jagd in der Niederlausitz während der 

Römischen Kaiserzeit und des Mittelalters nach 

archäozoologischen Befunden.” Tagungsband der 

Gesellschaft für Archäozoologie und prähistorische 

Anthropologie 4:75–85. 

Boessneck, J., and T. Ciliga. 1966. “Zu den Tierknochenfunden 

aus der Siedlung der römischen 

Kaiserzeit auf dem ‘Erbbrink’ beu Seinstedt, 

Kreis Wolfenbüttel.” Neue Ausgrabungen und 

Forschungen in Neidersachsen 3:145–79. 

Deschler-Erb, S. 1991. “Das Tierknochenmaterial der 

Kanalverfüllung nördlich der Frauenthermen: 

Küchenabfälle einer Taberne des 2. Viertels des 

3. Jahrhunderts n. Chr.” Jahresberichte aus Augst 

und Kaiseraugst 12:143–51. 

Enderle, K. 1975. “Die Tierknochen der kaiserzeitlichen 

Siedlung ‘Am Kaiserstein’ bei Gielde, Kreis 

Goslar.” Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in 

Neidersachsen 9:204–44. 

———. 1977. “Die Tierknochenfunde der römischen 

Kaiserzeit und des Mittelalters von Kissenbrück, 

Kreis Wolfenbüttel.” Neue Ausgrabungen und 

Forschungen in Niedersachsen 11:169–84. 

Gulde, V. 1985. Osteologische Untersuchungen an 

Tierknochen aus dem römischen Vicus von Rainau- 

Buch (Ostalbkreis). Materialhefte zur Vor-und 

Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg 5. Stuttgart: 

Broschiert. 

Johansson, F. 1987. Zoologische und kulturgeschichtliche 

Untersuchungen an den Tierresten aus der 

römischen Palastvilla Bad Kreuznach. Schriften aus 

der Archäologisch-zoologischen Arbeitsgruppe 

Schleswig-Kiel 11. Kiel: Institut für Haustierkunde 

Schleswig-Kiel. 

Lipper, E. 1981–1982. “Die Tierknochenfunde aus 

dem römischen Kastell Abusina- Eining, Stadt 

Neustadt a. d. Donau, Lkr. Kelheim.” Bericht der 

Bayerischen Bodendenkmalpflege 22–23:81–160. 

Lüttschwager, J. 1866. “Über ein Hundeskelett aus 

einer Römerzeitsiedlung in Heilbronn am Neckar.” 

Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 14(2):85–91. 

Mennerich, G. 1968. “Römerzeitliche Tierknochen 

aus drei Fundorten des Miederrheingebiets.” 

Ph.D. diss., University of Munich. 

Missel, M. 1987. “Tierknochenfunde aus einer germanischen 

Siedlung in Hildesheim-Bavenstedt 

(3.–5. Jhdt. n. Chr.).” Ph.D. diss., University of 

Munich. 

Pfannhauser, R. 1980. “Tierknochenfunde aus der 

spätrömischen Anlage auf der Burg Sponeck bei 

Jechtingen, Kreis Emmendingen.” Ph.D. diss., 

University of Munich. 

Prilloff, K. 1993. “Tierknochenfunde aus der frühen 

römischen Kaiserzeit von Borstel, Kr. Stendal, 

und Magdeburg-Cracau.” ZfA 27:293–322. 

———. 1994. “Tierknochen aus einer Siedlung der 

späten römischen Kaiserzeit von Zethlingen, Lkr. 

Salzwedel.” AusgrFu 39(4):203–11. 

Pucher, E. 2003. “Ein kleiner Tierknochenfundkomplex 

aus dem spätrömischen Kastell Teriola auf 

dem Martinsbühel bei Zirl in Tirol.” Archäologische 

Forschungen in Teriola 1. Fundberichte aus 

Österreich, Materialhefte A 14:91–100. 

Sauer-Neubert, A. 1986. “Tierknochenfunde aus der 

römischen Zivilsiedlung in Hüfingen (Ldkrs. 

Donaueschingen), II. Wild- und Haustierknochen 

mit Ausnahme der Rinder.” Ph.D. diss., University 

of Munich. 

Zawatka, D., and H. Reichstein. 1977. “Untersuchungen 

an Tierknochenfunden von den 

römerzeitlichen Siedlungsplätzen Bentumersiel 

und Jemgumkloster an der unteren Ems/Ost-



friesland.” Probleme der Küstenforschung im 

südlichen Nordseegebiet 12:85–128. 

Britain 

There has been considerable zooarchaeological 

activity among Iron Age and Roman 

sites in Britain. The following supplement the 

extended lists of reports already published in 

King (1978, 1984, 1999a), Maltby (1981, 1984, 

1987a), Luff (1982), Grant (1989), Huntley and 

Stallibrass (1995), Peters (1998), Hambleton 

(1999), and Thomas (1989). In addition, there 

are several databases of bibliographic entries 

for British sites, many of which are searchable 

for key terms such as “osteology,” etc. 

These databases include The British and Irish 

Archaeological Bibliography (BIAB Online) 

(http://www.biab.ac.uk), Archaeology Data 

Service (http://ads.ahds.ac.uk), and English 

Heritage (http://test.english-heritage.org.uk/ 

researchreports). Supplemental faunal reports, 

with special attention given to Romano-British 

contexts, include the following list. 

Albarella, U. 1997a. The Iron Age Animal Bone Excavated 

in 1991 from Outgang Road, Market Deeping 

(MAD 91), Lincolnshire. Ancient Monuments 

Laboratory Reports 5. London: Ancient Monuments 


———. 1997b. The Roman Mammal and Bird Bones 

Excavated in 1994 from Great Holts Farm, Boreham, 

Essex. Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports 



———. 1988. “The Animal Bones.” In Excavations 

Alongside Roman Ermine Street, Cambridgeshire, 

1996: The Archaeology of the A1 (M) Alconbury to 

Peterborough Road Scheme, edited by P. Ellis, G. 

Hughes, P. Leach, C. Mould, and J. Sterenburg, 

98–104. BAR-BS 276. Oxford: British Archaeological 

Reports. 

———. 2003. “Animal Bone.” In “Excavations at 

Great Holts Farm, Boreham, Essex, 1992–94,” 

edited by M. Germany. East Anglican Archaeology 

105:193–200. 

Albarella, U., and C. Johnstone. 2000. The Early to Late 

Saxon Animal Bones Excavated in 1995 from Kings 

Meadow Lane, Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire. 




———. 2002. The Late Iron Age and Romano-British 

Mammal and Bird Bone Assemblage from Elms Farm, 

Heybridge, Essex. CFA Report 45. London: Center 

for Archaeology. 

Allison, E.P. 1985. “An Archaeozoological Study of 

Bird Bones from Seven Sites in York.” Ph.D. diss., 

University of York. 

———. 1986. The Bird Bones from the Roman Fort at 

Piercebridge, Co. Durham. Ancient Monuments 

Laboratory Reports, o.s. 4892. London: Ancient 


———. 1991. Bird Bones from Annetwell Street, Carlisle, 

Cumbria, 1980–84. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



———. 1995. “The Bird Bones.” In Excavations at 

York Minster. Vol. 1, pt. 2, From Roman Fortress to 

Norman Cathedral: The Finds, edited by D. Phillips 

and B. Heywood, 556–58. London: Royal Commission 

on the Historical Monuments of England 

and Her Majesty’s Stationary Office. 

Armitage, P.L., B. West, and K. Steedman. 1984. 

“New Evidence of Black Rat in Roman London.” 

The London Archaeologist 4(14):375–83. 

Armour-Chelu, M. 1997. “Appendix 8: Faunal Remains.” 

In The Baths Basilica Wroxeter: Excavations 

1966–90, edited by P. Barker, R. White, K. Pretty, 

H. Bird, and M. Corbishley, 350–64. Archaeologica 

Report 8. London: English Heritage. 

Ashdown, R.R. 1993. “The Avian Bones.” In Pennyland 

and Hartigans: Two Iron Age Sites in Milton 

Keynes, edited by R.J. Williams, H.S. Green, 

and R.J. Zeepvat, 154–58. Buckinghamshire Archaeological 

Society Monograph 4. Aylesbury: 

Buckingham Archaeological Society. 

Baxter, I.L. 2004. “The Animal, Bird, Reptile and 

Amphibian Bones.” In The Origins of a Leicester 

Suburb: Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Medieval and Post- 

Medieval Occupation at Bonners Lane, edited by 

N. Finn, 132–48. BAR-BS 372. Oxford: Archaeopress. 

Bourdillon, J., and P. Andrews. 1997. “The Animal 

Bone.” In Excavations at Hamwic. Vol. 2, Excavations 

at Six Dials, edited by P. Andrews, 242–45. 

Research Report 109. London: Council for British 


Bourdillon, J., and J. Coy. 1980. “The Animal 

Remains.” In Excavations at Melbourne Street, 

Southampton 1971–76, edited by P. Holdsworth, 

79–121. Research Report 33. London: Council for 

British Archaeology. 

Bramwell, D., and B. Noddle. 2000. “Bird Remains.” 

In Frocester: A Romano-British Settlement, Its Antecedents 

and Successors. Vol. 2, The Finds, edited 

by E. Price, 245–46. Stonehouse: Gloucester and 

District Archaeological Research Group. 

Bramwell, D., and G. Webster. 1985. “Bird Bones 

(96–97).” In “The Excavation of a Romano- 

British Rural Establishment at Barnsley Park, 

Gloucestershire, 1961–1979: Part III,” edited by 

G. Webster, P. Fowler, B. Noddle, and L. Smith. 

Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological 

Society 103:73–100. 

Brothwell, D. 1997. “Interpreting the Immature 

Chicken Bones from the Romano-British Ritual 

Complex on West Hill, Uley.” International Journal 

of Osteoarchaeology 7:330–32. 

Buckland-Wright, J.C. 1987. “The Animal Bones.” 

In Excavations at Poundbury, Dorchester, Dorset 

1966–1982. Vol. 1, The Settlements, edited by 

C. Sparey Green, S.M. Davies, and A. Ellison, 

129–32. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological 

Society Monograph Ser. 7. Dorchester: 

The Friary Press. 

Burrows, K. 2000. “Archaeozoological Analysis of 

a Sample of Animal Bone from the Insula 5 Portico 

Deposits at Roman Wroxeter.” M.Sc. thesis, 

University of Sheffield.



Davis, S.J.M. 1988. Animal Bones from Dodder Hill, A 

Roman Fort Near Droitwich (Hereford and Worcester), 

Excavated in 1977. Ancient Monuments 



———. 1995. Animal Bones from the Iron Age Site at 

Edix Hill, Barrington, Cambridgeshire, 1989–1991 

Excavations. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



———. 1997. Animal Bones from the Roman Site Redlands 

Farm, Stanwick, Northamptonshire, 1990, 

Excavation. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



———. 1999. Animal Bones from the Iron Age Site at 

Wardy Hill, Coveney, Cambridgeshire, 1991 Excavations. 

Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports, 



Dobney, K., D. Jaques, J. Carrott, A. Hall, M. Issitt, 

and F. Large. 2000. “Biological Remains.” In 

“Excavations on the Site of the Roman Signal 

Station at Carr Naze, Filey, 1993–94,” edited by 

P. Ottaway, 148–82. ArchJ 157:79–199. 

Dobney, K., H.K. Kenward, P. Ottaway, and L. Donel. 

1998. “Down But Not Out: Biological Evidence 

for Complex Economic Organisation in Lincoln in 

the Late 4th Century.” Antiquity 72:417–24. 

Done, G. 1986. “The Animal Bones from Areas A 

& B.” In Excavations on the Romano-British Small 

Town at Neatham, Hampshire, 1969–79, edited by 

M. Millett and D. Graham, 141–47. Hampshire 

Field Club Monograph 3. Gloucester: Hampshire 

Field Club and Archaeological Society. 

Eastham, A. 1971. “The Bird Bones.” In Excavations 

at Fishbourne 1961–1969. Vol. 2, The Finds, edited 

by B. Cunliffe, 388–93. Reports of the Research 

Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of 

London 27. London: The Society of Antiquaries 


———. 1972. “Appendix B: Animal Remains.” In 

“A Roman Building at Chalk, Near Gravesend,” 

edited by D.E. Johnstone, 141–42. Britannia 

3:112–48. 

———. 1975. “The Bird Bones.” In Excavations at Portchester 

Castle. Vol. 1, Roman, edited by B. Cunliffe, 

409–15. Reports of the Research Committee of the 

Society of Antiquaries of London 32. London: 

Society of Antiquaries of London. 

Gidney, L.J. 1990. The Animal Bone from Holme House, 

Piercebridge, Co. Durham. Ancient Monuments 



———. 1991. Leicester, the Shires 1988 Excavations: 

The Animal Bones from the Roman Deposits at Little 

Lane. Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports, 



———. 1999. “The Animal Bones.” In Roman and 

Medieval Occupation in Causeway Lane, Leicester, 

edited by A. Connor and R. Buckley, 310–29. 

Leicester Archaeology Monograph 5. Leicester: 

University of Leicester and Leicester City Museum 

Service for the Inland Revenue. 

Hammon, A. 2002. Chedworth Roman Villa: Garden 

Courtyard and Lower Courtyard Excavations. Report 

on the Vertebrate Remains. Unpublished report. 

Sheffield: University of Sheffield. 

———. 2005a. “Late Romano-British–Early Medieval 

Socio-Economic and Cultural Change: Analysis 

of the Mammal and Bird Bone Assemblages 

from the Roman City of Viroconium Cornoviorum, 

Shropshire.” Ph.D. diss., University of 

Sheffield. 

———. 2005b. The Iron Age and Romano-British Mammal 

and Fish Remains from Trevelgue Head Promotory 

Fort, Newquay, Cornwall, Excavated in 1939 by 

C.K. Croft Andrew. Centre for Archaeology Report 

3. Portsmouth: English Heritage. 

Hammon, A., and A. Buckley. 2003. “Animal Bone.” 

In Settlement, Burial and Industry in Roman Godmanchester: 

Excavations in the Extra-Mural Area: 

The Parks 1998, London Road 1997–8 and Other 

Investigations, edited by A. Jones, 155–60. BAR-BS 


Harcourt, R.A. 1970. “Animal Bones.” In “Excavations 

on Glastonbury Tor, Somerset, 1964–9,” 

edited by P. Rahtz, 56–61. ArchJ 127:1–81. 

Izard, K. 1993. The Animal Bones from Birdoswald Cas 

Site 420, Cumbria 1986–1990. Ancient Monuments 



Jacques, D., A. Hall, S. Rowland, and J. Carrott. 2002. 

Technical Report: Biological Remains from Excavations 

at Flat Lane, Barmby Moor (Site Code: TSEP 

254). York: Environmental Archaeology Unit. 

Johnstone, C., and U. Albarella. 2002. The Late Iron 

Age and Romano-British Mammal and Bird Bone 

Assemblage from Elms Farm, Heybridge, Essex (Site 

Code: HYEF93-95). Centre for Archaeology Report 

45. Portsmouth: English Heritage. 

Jones, A.K.G. 1986. Fish Remains from Excavations at 

Canvey Island, Site 1, 1986. Ancient Monuments 



Levitan, B.M. 1990. Vertebrate Remains from Bancroft 

Villa, Milton Keynes, Bucks., 1983–86. Ancient 



Heritage. 

Locker, A. 1987a. Canterbury: The Fish Remains from 

Marlowe Sites I–IV. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



———. 1987b. The Fish Bones from Culver Street, 

Colchester. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



Luff, R. 1993. Animal Bones from Excavations in Colchester, 

1971–85. Colchester Archaeological Report 12. 

Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust. 

Maltby, J.M. 1981. “The Animal Bones.” In “Excavations 

at Old Down Farm, Andover. Pt. 2, 

Prehistoric and Roman,” edited by S.M. Davis, 

110–18. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and 

Archaeological Society 37:81–163. 

———. 1984. “The Animal Bones.” In Silchester Defences 

1974–80, edited by M. Fulford, 199–211. Britannia 

Monograph Ser. 5. London: Society for the Promotion 

of Roman Studies. 

———. 1987a. The Animal Bones from the Excavations 

at Owslebury, Hants.: An Iron Age and Early 

Romano-British Settlement. Ancient Monuments





———. 1987b. The Animal Bones from the 1982–1983 

Excavations at Easton Lone Interchange (W29), 

Hants. Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports, 



———. 1987c. Animal Bones from the 1981 Excavations 

at Balksbury, Hampshire. Ancient Monuments 



———. 1988. The Animal Bones from the 1984/85 Excavations 

at Alington Avenue, Dorchester, Dorset. An- 

cient Monuments Reports, n.s. 182. London: Ancient 


———. 1990. The Animal Bones from the Romano-British 

Deposits at the Greyhound Yard and Methodist 

Chapel Sites in Dorchester, Dorset. Ancient Monuments 



———. 1997. “Environmental Evidence: Animal 

Bone.” In “The Roman and Early Anglo-Saxon 

Settlement at Wantage, Oxfordshire: Excavations 

at Mill Street, 1993–4,” edited by N. Holbrook and 

A. Thomas, 155–63. Oxoniensia 61:107–79. 

Murphy, P. 1987. Hullbridge Survey, Essex: Palaeoecological 

and Palaeoeconomic Results from the 1986 

Survey Season. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



Nicholson, R. 1992. Fish Remains from Excavations 

at the Shires: Little Lane (A39) and St. Peter’s Lane 

(A40), Leicester, 1988. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



———. 1993. The Fish Remains from Excavations at 

Ribchester, Lancashire 1989–90. Ancient Monuments 



Noddle, B. 1985. “The Animal Bones.” In “The Excavations 

of a Romano-British Rural Establishment 

at Barnsley Park, Gloucestershire, 1961–1979: Part 

III.” edited by G. Webster, P. Fowler, B. Noddle, 

and L. Smith, 82–96. Transactions of the Bristol and 

Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 103:73–100. 

———. 2000. “Large Vertebrate Remains.” In Frocester: 

A Romano-British Settlement, Its Antecedents 

and Successors. Vol. 2, The Finds, edited by E. Price, 

217–43. Stonehouse: Gloucester and District 

Archaeological Research Group. 

O’Connor, T.P. 1986. Bones from Archaeological Deposits 

in York: An Overview of Results to 1986. 




———. 1991. Bones from 46–54 Fishergate. Archaeology 

of York 15(4). London: Council for British 


Payne, S. 1990. Animal Bones from Excavations in 

1972 at Catterick Site 434, North Yorkshire. Ancient 



Heritage. 

Rackham, D.J. 1995. “Animal Bone from Post-Roman 

Contexts.” In Excavations at York Minster. Vol. 1, 

pt. 2, From Roman Fortress to Norman Cathedral: 

The Finds, edited by D. Phillips and B. Heywood, 

533–55. London: Royal Commission on the Historical 

Monuments of England and Her Majesty’s 

Stationary Office. 

Stallibrass, S. 1982. “The Animal Bones from Castleford 

Site 1 Excavations 1977–78.” Unpublished 

report. Sheffield: University of Sheffield. 

———. 1992. A Comparison of the Measurements of 

Romano-British Animal Bones from Periods 3 and 

5, Recovered from Excavations at Annetwell Street, 

Carlisle. Ancient Monuments Laboratory Reports 



———. 1993a. Animal Bones from Excavations in the 

Southern Area of The Lanes, Carlisle, Cumbria, 

1981–1982. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



———. 1993b. Animal Bones from Old Grape Lane, 

Trenches A and B, The Lanes, Carlisle, 1982. Ancient 



Thawley, C.R. 1982. “The Animal Remains.” In Early 

Roman Occupation at Cirencester, edited by J.S. 

Wacher and A.D. McWhirr, 211–27. Cirencester 

Excavations 1. Cirencester: Cirencester Excavation 

Committee. 

Winder, J.M. 1988. Oyster Shells from Owslebury, 

Hampshire. Ancient Monuments Laboratory 



Paleopathology, Health, and Disease 

There is a large body of literature on 

health and disease in antiquity examining the 

topic from a variety of angles––literary, iconographic, 

sociological, skeletal, and so forth. The 

following publications investigate aspects of 

paleopathology, health, and disease in classical 

civilizations (generally Greek and Roman 

contexts), chiefly on the basis of osteological 

data. Included in the list are a number of publications 

addressing aspects of ancient medicine, 

medical and dental surgery, and unique skeletal 

deformities or conditions. More research 

has focused on human paleopathology, as is 

evident from their predominance in the list 

below; however, several key publications examining 

cases of skeletal injuries and trauma 

in animal bones from Greek and Roman sites 

are also included. The list is not meant to be 

exhaustive on all literature pertaining to health 

and disease in antiquity. It focuses on those 

studies incorporating excavated skeletal data 

in their investigations. Further key resources 

and bibliographic entries (not related specifically 

to classical archaeology) are available at 

the following: 

Paleopathology Association (http://www.paleopathology.org)



Animal Palaeopathology Working Group (http:// 

www.apwg.supanet.com) 

Allason-Jones, L. 1999. “Health Care in the Roman 

North.” Britannia 30:133–46. 

Anderson, T. 2001. “A Case of Skeletal Tuberculosis 

from Roman Towcester.” International Journal of 

Osteoarchaeology 11(6):444–46. 

Angel, J.L. 1964. “Osteoporosis: Thalassemia?” American 


———. 1966. “Porotic Hyperostosis, Anemias, Malarias, 

and Marshes in the Prehistoric Eastern 

Mediterranean.” Science 153:760–63. 

———. 1971. “Diseases and Culture in the Ancient 

Eastern Mediterranean.” In Proceedings of an Anthropological 

Congress Dedicated to Ales Hrdlicka, 30 

August–5 September, 1969, edited by V.V. Novotny, 

503–8. Prague: Praha Academeia. 

———. 1975. “Porotic Hyperostosis, Anemias, Malarias 

and Marshes in the Prehistoric Eastern Mediterranean 

(with Tables Revised for Printing).” In 

Population Dynamics, Ethics and Policy, edited by 

P. Reining and I. Tinkler, 96–8. Washington, D.C.: 

American Association for the Advancement of 

Science. 

———. 1977. “Anemias of Antiquity: Eastern Mediterranean.” 

In Porotic Hyperostosis: An Enquiry, 

edited by E. Cockburn and A. Cockburn, 1–5. 

Paleopathology Association Monograph 2. Detroit: 

Paleopathology Association. 

———. 1978. “Porotic Hyperostosis in the Eastern 

Mediterranean.” Medical College of Virginia Quarterly 

14:10–16. 

———. 1984. “Health as a Crucial Factor in the 

Changes from Hunting to Developed Farming in 

the Eastern Mediterranean.” In Paleopathology at 

the Origins of Agriculture, edited by M.N. Cohen 

and G.J. Armelagos, 51–70. Orlando: Academic 

Press. 

Angel, J.L., and S.C. Bisel. 1985. “Health and Nutrition 

in Mycenaean Greece. A Study in Human 

Skeletal Remains.” In Contributions to Aegean 

Archaeology, edited by N.C. Wilkie and W.P.D. 

Coulson, 197–209. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ 

Hunt. 

———. 1986. “Health and Stress in an Early Bronze 

Age Population.” In Ancient Anatolia: Aspects of 

Change and Cultural Development. Essays in Honour 

of Machteld J. Mellink, edited by J.V. Canby, E. Porada, 

B.S. Ridgway, and T. Stech, 12–30. Madison: 

University of Wisconsin Press. 

Arnott, R. 1996. “Healing and Medicine in the Aegean 

Bronze Age.” Journal of the Royal Society of 

Medicine 89(5):265–70. 

Ascenzi, A. 1979. “A Problem in Palaeopathology: 

The Origin of Thalassemia in Italy.” Virchows 

Archive A: Pathological Anatomy and Histology 

384(2):121–30. 

Aufderheide, A.C., and C. Rodríguez-Martín. 1998. 

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopthology. 


Aufderheide, A., G. Rapp, L. Wittmers, J. Wallgreen, 

R. Macchiarelli, G. Fornaciari, F. Mallegni, and R. 

Corruccini. 1992. “Lead Exposure in Italy: 800 

B.C.–700 A.D.” International Journal of Anthropology 

7:9–15. 

Baggieri, G. 2002. “Skeletal Alterations in the Athlete 

of Taranto (Italy, V Century B.C.): Consequences 

of Panathenaic Competition?” Paleopathology 

Newsletter 118:8–11. 

———. 2003. “Surgical Correction of Phimosis in 

the Etruscan Period.” Paleopathology Newsletter 

122:14–18. 

Baker, B.J., and G.J. Armelagos. 1988. “The Origin 

and Antiquity of Syphilis.” CurrAnthr 

29(5):703–37. 

Baker, J.R., and D. Brothwell. 1980. Animal Diseases 

in Archaeology. London: Academic Press. 

Baker, P. 2004. “Roman Medical Instruments: Archaeological 

Interpretations of Their Possible 

‘Non-Functional’ Uses.” Social History of Medicine 

17(1):3–21. 

Becker, M.J. 1995. “Tooth Evulsion Among the Ancient 

Etruscans: Recycling in Antiquity.” Dental 

Anthropology Newsletter 9(3):8–9. 

Belcastro, G.E., and V. Mariotti. 2000. “Morphological 

and Biometrical Analysis of a Skeleton from 

Roman Imperial Necropolis of Casalecchio di 

Reno (Bologna, Italy, II–III c. A.D.). A Possible 

Case of Crutch Use.” Collegium Anthropologicum 

24(2):529–39. 

Belcastro, G.E., V. Mariotti, F. Facchini, and O. Dutour. 

2005. “Leprosy in a Skeleton from the 7th 

Century Necropolis of Vicenne-Campochiaro 

(Molise, Italy).” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 

15:1–18. 

Belcastro, G.E., E. Rastelli, V. Mariotti, C. Consiglio, 

F. Facchini, and B. Bonfiglioli. 2006. “Continuity 

or Discontinuity of the Life-Style in Central 

Italy During the Roman Imperial Age–Early 

Middle Ages Transition: Diet, Health, and Behavior.” 


132(2):381–94. 

Birley, A.R. 1992. “A Case of Eye Disease (Lippitudo) 

on the Roman Frontier in Britain.” Documenta 

Ophthalmologica 81:111–19. 

Blondiaux, J., A. Cotton, C. Fontaine, C. Hanni, A. 

Bera, and R.M. Flipo. 1997. “Two Roman and Medieval 

Cases of Symmetrical Erosive Polyarthropathy 

from Normandy: Anatomico–Pathological 

and Radiological Evidence for Rheumatoid 

Arthritis.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 

7(5):451–66. 

Bonfiglioli, B., P. Brasili, and M.G. Belcastro. 2003. 

“Dento-Alveolar Lesions and Nutritional Habits 

of a Roman Imperial Age Population (1st–4th 

C. A.D.): Quadrella (Molise, Italy).” Homo 

54(1):36–56. 

Bourbou, C. 1998. “More Evidence on the Association 

of DISH and Upper Class Individuals from 

Hellenistic Crete.” Paleopathology Association 


———. 2000. “Paleopathogical Study and Analysis 

of the Population.” In Protobyzantine Eleutherna. 

Vol. 1, edited by P. Themelis, 291–319. Rethymnon: 

Crete University Press. 

———. 2001a. “Pathological Conditions of the Lower 

Extremities in Two Skeletons from Early Byzantine 

Greece.” In Proceedings of the XI European 

Meeting of the Paleopathology Association, edited 

by M. La Verghetta and L. Capasso, 22–8. Chieti: 

Edigrafia S.p.A. 

———. 2001b. “Pathological Conditions in the Lower 

Extremities of Two Skeletons from Early-Byzan-



0 

tine Greece.” Journal of Paleopathology 11:22–8. 

———. 2003a. “Health Patterns of Proto-Byzantine 

Populations (6th–7th Centuries A.D.) in South 

Greece: The Cases of Eleutherna (Crete) and 

Messene (Peloponnese).” International Journal of 

Osteoarchaeology 13(5):303–13. 

———. 2003b. “The Interaction Between a Population 

and Its Environment: Probable Case of 

Subadult Scurvy from Early-Byzantine Greece.” 

Eres Arqueología/Bioantropología 11:105–14. 

———. 2004. “A Survey of Neoplastic Diseases in 

Ancient and Medieval Greek Populations.” Eulilmene 

5:181–88. 

Brasili, P. 2004. “Traumatic Events and Life-Style in 

Ancient Italian Populations.” Collegium Antropologicum 

28(1):179–91. 

Breitwieser, R. 2003. “Celtic Trepanations in Austria.” 

In Trepanation: History, Discovery, Theory, edited 

by R. Arnott, S. Finger, and C.U.M. Smith, 147–53. 

Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger. 

Brin, I., Y. Ben-Bassat, and P. Smith. 1992. “Craniofacial 

Morphology of Jews from the Hellenistic 

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Papgrigorkis. 2002. “Periodontal Disease in the 

Mycenean (1450–1150 B.C.) Population of Aghia 

Triada, W. Peloponnese, Greece.” International 


Waldron, H.A. 1973. “Mediterranean Anaemia in 

Antiquity.” British Medical Journal 2(5867):667. 

———. 1982. “Lead in Bones: A Cautionary Tale.” 

Ecology of Disease 1(2–3):191–96. 

———. 2000. “A Case of Dyschondrosteosis from 

Roman Britain.” Journal of Medical Genetics 

37(10):E27. 

Waldron, H.A., and C. Wells. 1979. “Exposure to 

Lead in Ancient Populations.” Transactions and 

Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 

1(2):102–15. 

Weaver, D.S., G.H. Perry, R. Macchiarelli, and L. 

Bondioli. 2000. “A Surgical Amputation in 2nd 

Century Rome.” Lancet 356:686. 

Wittmers, L., Jr., A. Aufderheide, G.R. Rapp, and 

A. Alich. 2002. “Archaeological Contributions 

of Skeletal Lead Analysis.” Accounts of Chemical 

Research 35(8):669–75. 

Zafeiratos, C. 1988. “Anthropology and Paleopathology 

Research in Greece.” Paleopathology 


Zias, J. 1998. “Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Paleopathological 

Evidence.” Paleopathology Newsletter 

104:7–10. 

Aging, Sexing, and Osteometrics 

The following list represent a selection of 

works dealing with issues about aging, sexing, 

or measuring human bone remains from classical 

archaeological sites. Many early analyses 

in physical anthropology concentrated on measuring 

bones, in particular human crania, and 

using these data to infer population categories 

and “races” of humans. 

Argenti, M., and G. Manzi. 1988. “Morfometria 

cranica delle popolazioni romane di eta imperiale: 

Isola Sacra e Lucus Feroniae.” Rivista di 


Bertholon, L. 1890. “Note sur deux crânes phénicienes 

trouvés en Tunisie.” L’Anthropologie 1. Paris. 

Coppa, A., A. Cucina, D. Mancinelli, R. Vargiu, and 

J.M. Calcagno. 1998. “Dental Anthropology of 

Central-Southern, Iron Age Italy: The Evidence 

of Metric Versus Nonmetric Traits.” American 


Cresta, M., and F. Vecchi. 1969. “Caratteri metrici e 

morfologici in tre gruppi di antiche popolazioni 

dell’Italia.” Rivista di Antropologia 56:187–98. 

Guesa, G., L. Bondioli, E. Capucci, A. Cipriano, G. 

Grupe, C. Savorè, and R. Macchiarelli. 1999. 

Osteodental Biology of the People of Portus Romae 

(Necropolis of Isola Sacra, 2nd–3rd Cent. A.D.). Vol. 

2, Dental Cementum Annulations and Age at Death 

Estimates. Rome: Soprintendenza Speciale al 

Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico. 

Lalueza Fox, C., A. González Martín, and S. Vives 

Civit. 1996. “Cranial Variation in the Iberian Peninsula 

and the Balearic Islands: Inferences About 

the History of the Population.” American Journal 


Kron, G. 2005. “Athropometry, Physical Anthropology, 

and the Reconstruction of Ancient Health, 

Nutrition, and Living Standards.” Historia 54: 

68–83. 

Manzi, G., E. Santandrea, and P. Passarello. 1997. 

“Dental Size and Shape in the Roman Imperial 

Age: Two Examples from the Area of 

Rome.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 

102:469–79. 

Pinto-Cisternas, J., J. Moggi-Cecchi, and E. Pacciani. 

1995. “A Morphological Variant of the Permanent 

Upper Lateral Incisor in Two Tuscan Samples 

from Different Periods.” In Aspects of Dental 

Biology: Palaeontology, Anthropology and Evolution, 

edited by J. Moggi-Cecchi, 333–39. Florence: International 

Institute for the Study of Man. 

Powell, J.E. 1989. “Metric Versus Non-Metric Skeletal 

Traits: Which is the More Reliable Indicator 

of Genetic Distance? With Special Reference to 

Crania from Ancient Greece and Egypt.” Ph.D. 

diss., University of Bristol. 

Roudesli-Chebbi, S. 1994. “Étude anthropo-métrique 

des crânes puniques de Carthage.” Africa 

13:7–26. 

———. 1995. “A propos des cranes puniques de 

Carthage.” Reppal 9:189–202. 

———. 1996. “Étude du calvarium du squelette de la 

colline de Byrsa.” Centre d’études et de documentation 

archéologique de la Conservation de Carthage, 

Bulletin 15:34–9. 

Tocheri, M.W., and J.E. Molto. 2002. “Aging Fetal 

and Juvenile Skeletons from Roman Period Egypt 

Using Basiocciput Osteometrics.” International 


Vecchi, F. 1969. “Caratteri discontinui del cranio in 

antiche popolazioni dell’Italia.” Rivista di Antropologia 

56:157–74. 

Ritual and Sacrifice 

The following investigate aspects of ritual 

and sacrifice in classical archaeology on the basis 

of recovered osteological materials. In many 

cases they represent analyses of votive deposits 

or cemetery deposits, which presumably 

have some ritual or ceremonial connection.



Also included in the list are several articles 

with a larger theoretical or methodological 

perspective, outlining criteria to help identify 

and analyze ritual osteological assemblages. 

Several articles deal with controversial aspects 

such as infanticide and human sacrifice. 

Bagnall, S.J. 1995. “Interim Report on the Votive 

Material from Romano-Celtic Temple Sites.” 

Oxoniensia 60:177–205. 

Becker, M.J. 1993. “Human Sacrifice in Iron Age Italy: 

Evidence from the ‘Tombe Principesce’ Number 

926 and 928 at Pontecagnano (Salerno).” OWAN 

16(2):23–30. 

Bökönyi, S. 1989. “Camel Sacrifice in Roman Intercisa.” 

Acta Archaologica Academiae Scientiarum 

Hungarica 41:399–404. 

Boylston, A., C.J. Knusel, and C.A. Roberts. 2000. 

“Investigation of a Romano-British Rural Ritual 

in Bedford, England.” JAS 27:241–54. 

Brown, S. 1991. Late Carthaginian Child Sacrifice and 

Sacrificial Monuments in Their Mediterranean Context. 

Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. 

Bush, H., and A. Stirland. 1991. “Romano-British Decapitation 

Burials: A Comparison of Osteological 

Evidence and Burial Ritual from Two Cemeteries.” 

Anthropologie 29(3):205–10. 

Columeau, P. 2000. “Sacrifice et viande dans les 

sanctuaries grecs et chypriotes (VIIe siècle–Ier 

siècle av. J.C.) et l’apport de l’habitat de Kassopè.” 

Pallas 52:147–66. 

———. 2003. “Offrandes alimentaires de la nécropole 

du Cagalou (Ier s. av. J.-C.).” In La nécropole protohistorique 

et gallo-romaine de Servanes—Cagalou (Ier 

s. av. J.-C.–II e s. ap. J.-C.) à Mouriès (Bouches-du- 

Rhône): Sepultures et monuments funéraires, edited 

by N. Marcadal, Y. Marcadal, and J.-L. Paillet, 

251–348. Paris: Adam Éditions. 

Corrain, C. 1977. “Un caso di decapitation post 

mortem in una tomba picena del IV sec. a.C.” 

Quaderni di Antropologia e di Etnologia 4:133–40. 

De Grossi Mazzorin, J., and A. Tagliacozzo. 1997. 

“Dog Remains in Italy from the Neolithic to the 

Roman Period.” Anthropozoologica 25–26:429– 

40. 

De Grossi Mazzorin, J., A. Tagliacozzo, and A. 

Riedel. 1998. “Horse Remains in Italy from the 

Eneolithic to the Roman Period.” In Proceedings 

of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and 

Protohistoric Sciences, Forlì (Italia) 8–14 September 

1996, edited by C. Peretto and C. Giunchi, 87–92. 

Forli: ABACO Edizioni. 

Forstenpointner, G., P. Scherrer, O. Schultz, and H. 

Sattmann. 1993. “Archaeological and Palaeoanatomical 

Investigations in a Hellenistic Well at 

Ephesos, Turkey.” Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift 

80(7):216–24. 

Grant, A. 1989. “Animals and Ritual in Early Britain: 

The Visible and the Invisible.” In Animal et 

pratiques religieuses: Les manifestations materielle, 

edited by P. Méniel, 77–86. Anthropozoologica 

Troisieme Numéro Spécial. Paris: Anthropozoologica. 

———. 1991. “Economic or Symbolic? Animals and 

Ritual Behaviour.” In Sacred and Profane, edited 

by P. Garwood, D. Jennnings, R. Skeates, and J. 

Toms, 109–14. Oxford: Oxford University Committee 

for Archaeology. 

Hägg, R. 1998. “Osteology and Greek Sacrificial 

Practice.” In Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the 

Archaeological Evidence, edited by R. Hägg, 49–56. 

SkrAth 8°, 15. Stockholm: Paul Åströms Förlag. 

Halstead, P., and V. Isaakidou. 2004. “Faunal 

Evidence for Feasting: Burnt Offerings from the 

Palace of Nestor at Pylos.” In Food, Cuisine and 

Society in Prehistoric Greece, edited by P. Halstead 

and J.C. Barrett, 136–54. Oxford: Oxbow. 

Hamilakis, Y., and E. Konsolaki. 2004. “Pigs for 

the Gods: Burnt Animal Sacrifices as Embodied 

Rituals at a Mycenaean Sanctuary.” OJA 

23(2):135–51. 

Harman, M., T.I. Molleson, and J.L. Price. 1981. 

“Burials, Bodies and Beheadings in Romano- 

British and Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries.” Bulletin 

of the British Museum Natural History (Geology) 

35(3):145–88. 

Hill, J.D. 1995. Ritual and Rubbish in the Iron Age of Wessex. 

BAR-BS 242. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum. 

———. 1996. “The Identification of Ritual Deposits 

of Animals: A General Perspective from a Specific 

Study of ‘Special Animal Deposits’ from the 

Southern English Iron Age.” In Ritual Treatment of 

Human and Animal Remains, edited by S. Anderson 

and K. Boyle, 17–32. Oxford: Oxbow. 

Isaakidou, V., P. Halstead, J. Davis, and S. Stocker. 

2002. “Burnt Animal Sacrifice in Late Bronze Age 

Greece: New Evidence from the Mycenaean ‘Palace 

of Nestor,’ Pylos.” Antiquity 76:86–92. 

Isserlin, R.M.J. 1997. “Thinking the Unthinkable: 

Human Sacrifice in Roman Britain.” In TRAC 

96: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Theoretical 

Roman Archaeological Conference, edited by K. 

Meadows, C. Lemko, and J. Heron, 91–100. 


Jameson, M.H. 1988. “Sacrifice and Animal Husbandry 

in Classical Greece.” In Pastoral Economies 

in Classical Antiquity, edited by C.R. Whitakker, 

87–119. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological 

Society. 

Lauwerier, R.C.G.M. 1993. “Bird Remains in Roman 

Graves.” Archaeofauna 2:75–82. 

———. 2004. “The Economic and Non-Economic 

Animal: Roman Depositions and Offerings.” 

In Behaviour Behind Bones: The Zooarchaeology of 

Ritual, Religion, Status and Identity, edited by S. 

Jones O’Day, W. Van Neer, and A. Ervynck, 66–72. 


Lauwerier, R.C.G.M, and W.A.M. Hessing. 1992. 

“Men, Horses and the Miss Blanche Effect: Roman 

Horse Burials in the Cemetery at Kesteren, 

the Netherlands.” Helinium 32:78–109. 

Lauwerier, R.C.G.M., B.J. Groenewoudt, O. Brinkkemper, 

and F.J. Laarman. 1998. “Between 

Ritual and Economics: Animals and Plants in a 

Fourth-Century Native Settlement at Heeten, the 

Netherlands.” Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het 

Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek: Proceedings of the 

National Service for Archaeological Heritage in the 

Netherlands 43:155–98. 

Le Bihan, J.-P., and P. Méniel. 2002. “Un depot 

d’ossements du premier âge du Fer sur l’île 

d’Ouessant: Déchets alimentairs ou restes de



banquets?” Mémoire de la Société Archéologique 

Champenoise 16(1):303–16. 

Lee, K.A. 1996. “Attitudes and Prejudices Towards 

Infanticide: Carthage, Rome.” Archaeological 

Review from Cambridge 13:21–34. 

Legge, A.J., and E. Dorrington. 1985. “Harlow Temple: 

The Animal Bones.” In The Romano-British 

Temple at Harlow, Essex, edited by F.R. Clark and 

I.K. Jones, 122–33. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. 

Legge, A.J., J. Williams, and P. Williams. 2000. 

“Lambs to the Slaughter: Sacrifice at Two Roman 

Temples in Southern England.” In Animal Bones, 

Human Societies, edited by P. Rowley-Conwy, 

152–57. Oxford: Oxbow. 

Leguillox, M. 1997. “Archeozoological Studies and 

Their Confrontation to Written Sources in Roman 

Provence and Elsewhere.” Revue de Médecine 

Vétérinaire 148(10):757–72. 

———. 1999. “Sacrifices et repas publics dans le 

sanctuaire de Poséidon à Ténos: Les analyses 

archéozoologiques.” BCH 123(2):423–55. 

Lepetz, S. 2000. “Sacrifices et inhumations de chevaux 

et de chiens en France du nord au IIIe siècle ap. 

J.-C.” In Ces animaux que l’Homme choisit d’inhumer: 

Contribution à l’étude de la place et du rôle de l’animal 

dans les rites funéraires, edited by L. Bodson, 

93–125. Colloques d’histoire des connaissances 

zoologiques 11. Liège: Université de Liège. 

———. 2001. “L’interprétation des vestiges animaux 

dans les sépultures gallo-romaines.” In Les nécropoles 

à incinérations en Gaule Belgique: XIXe colloque 

international 12–13 decembre 1996, Lille III, edited 

by J.-F. Geoffroy and H. Barbé, 219–27. Revue du 

Nord, Hors série 8. Lille: Revue du Nord. 

Lepetz, S., and W. Van Andringa. 2004. “Caractériser 

les rituels alimentaires dans les nécropoles 

gallo-romaines: L’apport conjoint des os et des 

texts.” In Archéologie des pratiques funéraires, Actes 

de la table ronde: Archéologie des pratiques funéraires—Approche 

critique, organisée par Luc Barray 

et V. Guichard. 7–9 juin 2001, edited by L. Baray, 

161–70. Collection Bibracte 9. Glux-en-Glenne: 

Bibracte, Centre archéologique européen. 

Levitan, B. 1992. “The Vertebrate Remains.” In The 

Uley Shrines, edited by A. Woodward and P. 

Leach, 257–76. London: British Museum Press. 

Lignereux, Y., R. Garric, L. Dausse, P. Columeau, 

N. Perin, M. Mace, and S. Poupard. 1994. “Osteoarchaeological 

Analysis of a Gallo-Roman 

Offering Pit in Rodez (Aveyron, France).” Revue 

de Médecine Vétérinaire 145(11):839–56. 

Magee, M.J., M.L.Wayman, and N.C. Lovell. 1996. 

“Chemical and Archaeological Evidence for the 

Destruction of a Sacred Animal Necropolis at 

Ancient Mendes, Egypt.” JAS 23:485–92. 

McKinley, J.I. 1993. “A Decapitation from the Romano-British 

Cemetery at Baldock Hertfordshire.” 

International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3:41–4. 

Méniel, P. 1991a. “Les animaux dans les sanctuaries 

gaulois du nord de la France.” In Les sanctuaries 

celtiques et leur rapport avec le monde méditerranéen, 

edited by J.L. Brunaux, 257–67. Dossiers do Protohistoire 

3. Paris: Éditions Errance. 

———. 1991b. “Alimentation carnée, offrandes funéraires 

et sacrifices animaux chez les Gaulois Arch- 

éozoologie à la fin de l’Âge du Fer en France septentrionale.” 

Techniques et Culture 17:195–225. 

———. 1992. Les sacrifices d’animaux chez les Gaulois. 

Paris: Éditions Errance. 

———. 1995a. “Les animaux dans les offrandes 

funéraires de sept nécropolis de la période 

romaine.” In Homme et animal dans l’antiquité romaine: 

Actes du colloque de Nantes, 1991, edited by 

R. Chevallier, 145–62. Tours: Centre de récherches 

A. Piganiol. 

———. 1995b. “Découpe et mise en place des ani- 

maux dans la nécropole de Lamadelaine (Luxembourg, 

Ier siècle avant notre ère).” Anthropozoologica 

21:267–76. 

———. 1997. “Les restes animauz et la definition 

des lieux de culte en Gaule septentrionale au 

deuxième âge du Fer.” Cahiers du Centre Gustave- 

Golz 8:171–80. 

———. 2002. “Les animaux dans les rites funéraires 

au duexième âge du Fer en Gaule septentrionale.” 


Méniel, P., and M. Jouin. “Les inhumantions 

d’animaux de Verault (Côte-d’or, début de notre 

ère).” In Ces animaux que l’Homme choisit d’inhumer: 

Contribution à l’étude de la place et du rôle de l’animal 

dans les rites funéraires, edited by L. Bodson, 

65–91. Colloques d’histoire des connaissances 

zoologiques 11. Liège: Université de Liège. 

Ottini, L., L.R. Angeletti, W.B. Pantano, M. Falchetti, 

S. Minozzi, P. Fortini, P. Catalano, and R. Mariani- 

Costantini. 2003. “Possible Human Sacrifice at 

the Origins of Rome: Novel Skeletal Evidence.” 

Medicina nei Secoli 15(3):459–68. 

Preston Day, L. 1984. “Dog Burials in the Greek 

World.” AJA 88(1):21–32. 

Reese, D.S. 1995. “Equid Sacrifices/Burials in Greece 

and Cyprus: An Addendum.” Journal of Prehistoric 

Religion 9:35–42. 

———. 2005. “Faunal Remains from Greek Sanctuaries: 

A Survey.” In Greek Sacrificial Ritual, Olympian 

and Chthonian: Proceedings of the Sixth International 

Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, edited by R. Hägg 

and B. Alroth, 121–23. SkrAth, 8°, 18. Stockholm: 


Scott, E. 1999. The Archaeology of Infancy and Infant 

Death. BAR-IS 819. Oxford: Archaeopress. 

Smith, P., and G. Kahila. 1992. “Identification of 

Infanticide in Archaeological Sites: A Case Study 

from the Late Roman-Early Byzantine Periods at 

Ashkelon, Israel.” JAS 19:667–75. 

Sorrentino, C. 1989. “Il Sus scrofa L. come offerta 

funebre: La sua distribuzione nelle tombe della 

necropolis romana del ‘Cantone’ a Collelongo 

(L’Aquila, Abruzzo, Italia).” In Animal et Pratiques 

Religieuses: Les Manifestations Matérielles, edited 

by P. Méniel, 119–26. Anthropozoologica Troisieme 

Numéro Spécial. Paris: Anthropozoologica. 

Wilson, B. 1992. “Considerations for the Identification 

of Ritual Deposits of Animal Bones in Iron 

Age Pits.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 

2:341–49. 

Diet Reconstruction 

Examination of ancient diets is a particularly 

huge topic that can be approached from 

many angles––literary, epigraphical, iconographical, 

social historical, environmental, etc.



The following list is only a short sample of the 

works addressing osteological evidence in this 

reconstruction, in particular the component of 

meat to the ancient diet. Many of the zooarchaeological 

works listed above in the sections 

on synthesis and individual site reports also 

deal with aspects of dietary reconstruction in 

their analyses. 

Broshi, M. 1986. “The Diet of Palestine in the Roman 

Period: Introductory Notes.” IMJ 5:41–56. 

Cool, H.E.M. 2006. Eating and Drinking in Roman Britain. 


Davies, R.W. 1971. “The Roman Military Diet.” 

Britannia 2:122–42. 

Garnsey, P. 1988. Famine and Food Supply in the 

Graeco-Roman World: Response to Risk and Crisis. 


Grimm, V. 1999. “On the Dietary Habits of the Roman 

Empire as Seen by Outsiders, Jews and 

Christians.” Classics Ireland 6:43–61. 

Hawkes, G. 1999. “Beyond Romanization. The Creolization 

of Food: A Framework for the Study of 

Faunal Remains from Roman Sites.” Papers from 

the Institute of Archaeology 10:89–95. 

Knights, B.A., C.A. Dickson, J.H. Dickson, and D.J. 

Breeze. 1983. “Evidence Concerning the Roman 

Military Diet at Bearsden, Scotland, in the 2nd 

Century A.D.” JAS 10(2):139–52. 

Lauwerier, R.C.G.M. 1986. “The Role of Meat in the 

Roman Diet.” Endeavour 10:208–12. 

———. 1999. “Eating Horsemeat: The Evidence in the 

Roman Netherlands.” Archaeofauna 8:101–13. 

Lepetz, S. 1999. “L’alimentation carnée d’après les 

restes osseux animaux.” In L’établissement rural 

antique de Dury (Somme) et son dépôt de bronzes 

(IIIe siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.), edited by 

P. Qeyrel and M. Feugère, 85–91. Revue du Nord, 

Hors série. Collection Art et Archéologie 6. Lille: 

Université Charles-de-Gaulle-Lille. 

Lepetz, S., and T. Oueslati. 2003. “La consummation 

de viande dans les villes romaines d’Île-de- 

France au Ier siècle: Les cas de Meaux et de Paris 

(Seine-et-Marne et Seine).” RACentre 42:41–59. 

Lev-Tov, J. 2003. “Upon What Meat Doth This Our 

Caesar Feed . . .?: A Dietary Perspective on Hellenistic 

and Roman Influence in Palestine.” In 

Zeichen aus Text und Stein: Studien auf dem Weg 

zu einer Archaeologie des Neuen Testaments, edited 

by A. Alkier and J. Zangenberg, 420–46. TANZ 

42. Tübingen: Francke-Verlag. 

Maltby, M. 1994. “The Meat Supply in Roman 

Dorchester and Winchester.” In Urban-Rural 

Connections: Perspectives from Environmental Archaeology, 

edited by A.R. Hall and H.K. Kenward, 

85–102. Oxford: Oxbow. 

Meadows, K. 1994. “You Are What You Eat: Diet, 

Identity and Romanization.” In TRAC 1994: 

Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Theoretical Roman 

Archaeology Conference, edited by S. Cottam, 

D. Dungworth, S. Scott, and J. Taylor, 133–40. 


Mulville, J., and A.K. Outram, eds. 2005. The Zooarchaeology 

of Fats, Oils, Milks and Dairying. 


Toplyn, M.R. 1994. “Meat for Mars: Livestock, Limi- 

tanei and Pastoral Provisioning for the Roman 

Army on the Arabian Frontier (A.D. 284–551).” 

Ph.D. diss., Harvard University. 

Butchery 

There are many publications on animal 

butchery practices across cultures, and a great 

deal of ethnoarchaeological and taphonomic 

research on this topic. The references below provide 

a sample of works with direct relevance to 

ancient Roman butchery techniques as understood 

from zooarchaeological assemblages. 

Burke, A. 2000. “Butchery of Sheep in Rural Tunisia 

(North Africa): Repercussions for the Archaeological 

Study of Patterns of Bone Disposal.” 


Grant, A. 1987. “Some Observations on Butchery 

in England from the Iron Age to the Medieval 

Period.” In La Découpe et le Partage du Corps à 

Travers le Temps et l’Espace, edited by J.-D. Vigne, 

53–8. Anthropozoologica Premier Numéro Spécial. 

Paris: Anthropozoologica. 

Leguilloux, M. 1991. “Note sur la decoupe de boucherie 

en Provence romaine.” Revue Archeologique 

de Narbonnaise 24:279–90. 

Maltby, M. 1985. “Assessing Variations in Iron Age 

and Roman Butchery Practices: The Need for 

Quantification.” In Palaeobiological Investigations: 

Research Design, Methods and Data Analysis: 

Symposia of the Association for Environmental 

Archaeology No. 5B, edited by N.R.J. Fieller, D.D. 

Gilbertson, and N.G.A. Ralph, 19–30. BAR-IS 266. 


———. 1989. “Urban Rural Variations in the Butchering 

of Cattle in Romano-British Hampshire.” In 

Diet and Crafts in Towns, edited by D. Serjeantson 

and T. Waldron, 75–106. BAR-BS 199. Oxford: 

British Archaeological Reports. 

Peck, R.W. 1986. “Applying Contemporary Analogy 

to the Understanding of Animal Processing 

Behavior on Roman Villa Sites.” Ph.D. diss., 

University of Southampton. 

Rodet-Belarbi, I., and J.-H. Yvinec. 1990. “Boucheries 

et dépotoirs de boucherie Gallo-Romains.” 


Seetah, K. 2002. “Techniques and Implement Use in 

Urban Romano-British Cattle-Butchery.” M.Sc. 

thesis, Bournemouth University. 

———. 2005a. “Butchery as a Tool for Understanding 

the Changing Views of Animals: Cattle in Roman 

Britain.” In Just Skin and Bones? New Perspectives 

on Human-Animal Relations in the Historical Past, 

edited by A. Pluskowski, 1–8. BAR-IS 1410. Oxford: 

Archaeopress. 

———. 2005b. “Multidisciplinary Approach to Romano-British 

Cattle Butchery.” In Integrating Zoo- 

archaeology, edited by M. Maltby, 109–16. Oxford: 

Oxbow. 

Worked Bone and Industrial Use 

The references listed below represent only a 

few key publications on worked-bone products



and manufacturing. Although worked astralagi 

(i.e., ankle bones) of cattle, ovicaprids, and 

other animal taxa are common finds at many 

classical archaeological sites (as gaming pieces 

or with ritual connections), all cases of their 

occurrence are not reported below. 

A valuable resource for worked-bone materials 

in general is the French bibliographic 

publication Instrumentum (Bulletin du Groupe de 

travail européen sur l’artisanat et les productions 

manufacturées dans l’Antiquité). For further information, 

consult their Web site (http://www. 

instrumentum.net). 

Barbier, M. 1988. “Travail de l’os a l’epoque galloromaine.” 

Histoire et archeologie 126:48–55. 

Bianchi, C. 2000. Cremona in età romana: I letti funerari 

in osso dalla necropoli di S. Lorenzo. Milan: 

Edizioni Et. 

Choyke, A.M. 1984. “Faunal Information Offered by 

Worked Bone Assemblages.” Acta Archaeologica 

Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 36:53–8. 

De Cupere, B., W. Van Neer, and A. Lentacker. 1993. 

“Some Aspects of the Bone-Working Industry in 

Roman Sagalassos (Burdur Province, Turkey).” 

In Sagalassos II: Report on the Third Excavation 

Campaign, edited by M. Waelkens and J. Poblone, 

269–78. Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 

6. Leuven: Leuven University Press. 

Deschler-Erb, S. 1997. “Bone, Antler, Tooth and Ivory: 

Raw Materials from Roman Artifacts.” In Anthropozoologica: 

Proceedings of the Seventh International 

Conference for Archaeozoology, ICAZ, Constance, 

September 1994 25–26, edited by M. Kokabi and J. 

Wahl, 73–8. Paris: L’Homme et l’Animal, Société 

de Recherche Interdisciplinaire and Centre National 

de la Recherche Scientifique. 

Greep, S. 1983. “Objects of Bone, Antler and Ivory 

from Roman Britain.” Ph.D. diss., Univerity 

College Cardiff. 

Hutchinson, V.J., and D.S. Reese. 1989. “A Worked 

Bone Industry at Carthage.” In The Circus and a 

Byzantine Cemetery at Carthage. Vol. 1, edited by 

J.H. Humphrey, 549–94. Ann Arbor: The University 


Leguilloux, M. 2004. Le cuir et la pelleterie à l’époque 

romaine. Paris: Éditions Errance. 

Lepetz, S., and V. Matterne, eds. 2003. Cultivateurs, 

éleveurs et artisans dans les campagnes gallo-romaines: 

Matrières premières et produits transformés, 

Actes VIè Colloque Ager (Compiègne, 5–6 juin 2002). 

Amiens: Revue Archéologique de Picardie. 

McGregor, A. 1989. “Bone, Antler and Horn Industries 

in the Urban Context.” In Diets and Crafts 

in Towns: The Evidence of Animal Remains from 

the Roman to Post-Medieval Periods, edited by D. 

Serjeanson and T. Waldron, 107–28. BAR-BS 199. 


Reese, D.S. 1980. “Industrial Exploitation of Murex 

Shells: Purple-Dye and Lime Production at Sidi 

Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice).” LibSt 11:79–93. 

———. 2000. “Worked Astragali.” In Kommos IV: The 

Greek Sanctuary, edited by J.W. Shaw and M.C. 

Shaw, 398–401. Princeton: Princeton University 

Press. 

Serjeantson, D. 1989. “Animal Remains and the Tanning 

Trade.” In Diet and Crafts in Towns, edited by 

D. Serjeanson and T. Waldron, 129–46. BAR-BS 

199. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. 

St. Clair, A. 2003. Carving as Craft: The Palatine East 

Discoveries and the Greco-Roman Carving Tradition. 

Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 

Von den Driesch, A., and J. Boessneck. 1982. “Tierknochenabfall 

in einer spätrömischen Werkstatt 

in Pergamon.” Archäologischer Anzeiger (1982): 

563–74. 

DNA and Genetic Research 

The following represent a selection of works 

that incorporate techniques from molecular gen- 

etics to help understand aspects such as population 

demography, species identification, and 

familial relationships among ancient sites. Genetic 

investigation is a rapidly developing field 

with great potential for classical archaeology. 

Bailey, J.F., M. Henneberg, I.B. Colson, A. Ciarallo, 

R.E.M. Hedges, and B. Sykes. 1999. “Monkey 

Business in Pompeii: Unique Find of a Juvenile 

Barbary Macaque Skeleton in Pompeii Identified 

Using Osteology and Ancient DNA Techniques.” 

Molecular Biology and Evolution 16(10):1410–14. 

Barbujani, G., G. Bertorelle, G. Capitani, and R. 

Scozzari. 1995. “Geographical Structuring in the 

mtDNA of Italians.” Proceedings of the National 

Academy of Sciences 92:9171–75. 

Brown, T.A., D.A. Brown, C.E. Flaherty, L.M. Little, 

and A.J.N.W. Prag. 2000. “DNA Analysis of Bones 

from Grave Circle B at Mycenae: A First Report.” 

BSA 95:115–19. 

Cappellini, E., B. Chiarelli, L. Sineo, A. Casoli, A. De 

Giola, C. Vernesi, M.C. Biella, and D. Caramelli. 

2004. “Biomolecular Study of the Human Remains 

from Tomb 5839 in the Etruscan Necropolis 

of Monterozzi, Tarquinia (Viterbo, Italy).” JAS 

31:603–12. 

Caramelli, D. 2001. “Caratterizzazione genetica della 

popolazione etrusca.” Ph.D. diss., University of 

Florence. 

Cipollaro, M., G. Di Bernardo, A. Forte, G. Galano, L. 

De Masi, U. Galderisi, F.M. Guarino, F. Angelini, 

and A. Cascino. 1999. “Histological Analysis and 

Ancient DNA Amplification of Human Bone Remains 

Found in Caius Iulius Polybius House in 

Pompeii.” Croatian Medical Journal 40(3):392–97. 

Cipollaro, M., G. Di Bernardo, G. Galano, U. Galderisi, 

F. Guraino, F. Angelini, and A. Cascino. 1998. 

“Ancient DNA in Human Bone Remains from 

Pompeii Archaeological Site.” Biochemical and Biophysical 

Research Communications 247(3):901–4. 

Cipollaro, M., G. Di Bernardo, G. Galano, U. Galderisi, 

G. Iacomino, and A. Cascino. 1997. “Evolutionary 

Aspects of DNA Sequences Coding 

for Genetic Disorder: DM-1 Locus in the 79 A.D. 

Ancient Population of Pompeii.” Ancient Biomolecules 

1(3):253–54. 

Cipollaro, M., U. Galderisi, and G. Di Bernardo. 2005. 

“Ancient DNA as a Multidisciplinary Experience.” 

Journal of Cellular Physiology 202:315–22. 

Di Bernardo, G., S. Del Gaudio, M. Cammarota, U.



Galderisi, and M. Cipollaro. 2002. “Enzymatic 

Repair of Selected Cross-Linked Homoduplex 

Molecules Enhances Nuclear Gene Rescue from 

Pompeii and Herculaneum Remains.” Nucleic 

Acids Research 30(4):E16. 

Di Bernardo, G., S. Del Gaudio, U. Galderisi, and 

M. Cipollaro. 2004. “2000-Year-Old Ancient 

Equids: An Ancient-DNA Lesson from Pompeii 

Remains.” Journal of Experimental Zoology 

Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 

302(6):550–56. 

Di Bernardo, G., U. Galderisi, S. Del Gaudio, A. 

D’Aniello, C. Lanave, M.T. De Robertis, A. Cascino, 

and M. Cipollaro. 2004. “Genetic Charaterization 

of Pompeii and Herculaneum Equidae 

Buried by Vesuvius in 79 A.D.” Journal of Cellular 

Physiology 199:200–5. 

Evison, M.P. 2001. “Ancient DNA in Greece: Problems 

and Prospects.” Journal of Radioanalytical and 

Nuclear Chemistry 247(3):673–78. 

Faerman, M., G.H. Bar-Gal, D. Filon, C.L. Greenblatt, 

L. Stager, A. Oppenheim, and P. Smith. 1998. 

“Determining the Sex of Infanticide Victims from 

the Late Roman Era Through DNA Analysis.” 

JAS 25:861–65. 

Guarino, F.M., F. Angelini, G. Odierna, M.R. Bianco, 

G. Di Bernardo, A. Forte, A. Cascino, and M. 

Cipollaro. 2000. “Detection of DNA in Ancient 

Bones Using Histochemical Methods.” Biotechnic 

and Histochemistry 75:110–17. 

Lucotte, G., N. Yanakakis, and F. Diéterlen. 2006. 

“Y-Chromosome Haplotypes in the Greek-Turkish 

Area.” International Journal of Anthropology 

21(2):123–29. 

Mays, S., and M. Faerman. 2001. “Sex Identification 

in Some Putative Infanticide Victims from Roman 

Britain Using Ancient DNA.” JAS 28:555–59. 

Praymack, R.C., A.M. Graver, R.L. Parr, and J.E. 

Molto. 2001. “A Heritability Study of the Non- 

Metric Trait Fronto-Temporal Articulation in the 

Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt Using Mitochondrial DNA 

Analysis.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 

114. Suppl. 32:121. 

Rickards, O., G. Biondi, G.F. De Stefano, F. Vecchi, 

and W. Hubert. 1992. “Genetic Structure of the 

Population of Sicily.” American Journal of Physical 

Anthropology 87:395–406. 

Sampietro, M.L., D. Caramelli, O. Lao, F. Calafell, 

D. Comas, M. Lari, B. Agusti, J. Bertranpetit, 

and C. Lalueza Fox. 2005. “The Genetics of the 

Pre-Roman Iberian Peninsula: A mtDNA Study 

of Ancient Iberians.” Annals of Human Genetics 

69:535–48. 

Vernesi, C., D. Caramelli, B. Bramanti, G. Tilotta, S. 

Carbonell i Sala, and B. Chiarelli. 1997. “Analysis 

of Ancient DNA for Human Sex Determination: 

Application to Etruscan (Seventh to Third Century 

B.C.) Bone Samples.” StEtr 4:137–44. 

Vernesi, C., D. Caramelli, S. Carbonell i Sala, and B. 

Chiarelli. 1999. “Molecular Sex Determination 

of Etruscan Bone Samples (7th–3rd c. B.C.): A 

Reliability Study.” Homo 50:118–26. 

Vernesi, C., D. Caramelli, S. Carbonell i Sala, M. Ubaldi, 

F. Rollo, and B. Chiarelli. 1999. “Application 

of DNA Sex Tests to Bone Specimens from Three 

Etruscan (VII–III Century B.C.) Archaeological 

Sites.” Ancient Biomolecules 2:295–305. 

Vernesi, C., D. Caramelli, I. Dupanloup, G. Bertorelle, 

M. Lari, E. Cappellini, and J. Moggi-Cecchi. 

2004. “The Etruscans: A Population-Genetic 

Study.” American Journal of Human Genetics 

74(4):694–704. 

Isotopic and Trace Element Research 

The following provide a foundation for 

isotopic and trace element research on osteological 

materials recovered from classical 

archaeological sites. 

Bisel, S.C. 1980. “A Pilot Study in Aspects of Human 

Nutrition in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean, 

with Particular Attention to Trace Minerals in 

Several Populations from Different Time Periods.” 

Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota. 

Bocherens, H., M. Fizet, A. Mariotti, C. Olive, G. Bellon, 

and D. Billiou. 1991. “Isotopic Biogeochemistry 

(C-13, N-15) Application to the Study of 

Man and Animal Diet in Antiquity and Medieval 

Times.” Archives des Sciences 44(3):329–40. 

Degryse, P., P. Muchez, B. De Cupere, W. Van Neer, 

and M. Waelkens. 2004. “Statistical Treatment of 

Trace Element Data from Modern and Ancient 

Animal Bone: Evaluation of Roman and Byzantine 

Environmental Pollution.” Analytical Letters 

37(13):2819–34. 

Dupras, T.L., and H.P. Schwarcz. 2001. “Strangers 

in a Strange Land: Stable Isotope Evidence for 

Human Migration in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt.” 

JAS 28:1199–208. 

Dupras, T.L., H.P. Schwarcz, and S.I. Fairgrieve. 2001. 

“Infant Feeding and Weaning Practices in Roman 


115:204–12. 

Dupras, T.L., M. Tocheri, C. Maggiano, and E. Molto. 

2002. “The Fetal Skeletons of Kellis: The Isotopic, 

Fluorescent Microscopic, and Osteometric Evidence.” 


117. Suppl. 34:65–6. 

Edward, J., J.M. Fossey, and L. Yaffe. 1984. “Analysis 

by Neutron Activation of Human Bone from 

the Hellenistic Cemetery at Asine, Greece.” JFA 

11(1):37–46. 

Fuller, B.T., T.I. Molleson, D.A. Harris, L.T. Gilmour, 

and R.E.M. Hedges. 2005. “Isotopic Evidence for 

Breastfeeding and Possible Adult Dietary Differences 

from Late/Sub-Roman Britain.” American 


Katzenberg, M.A. 2000. “Stable Isotope Analysis: A 

Tool for Studying Past Diet, Demography, and 

Life History.” In Biological Anthropology of the Human 

Skeleton, edited by M.A. Katzenberg and S.R. 

Saunders, 305–27. New York: Wiley-Liss. 

Keenleyside, A., H. Schwarcz, and K. Panayotova. 

2006. “Stable Isotopic Evidence of Diet in a Greek 

Colonial Population from the Black Sea.” JAS 

33:1205–15. 

Magou, H., G. Panagiairis, S. Manolis, and C. Zafeiratos. 

1997. “Identification of Chemical Elements in 

Excavated Human Bones of Ancient Cemeteries 

from Greece.” Physical, Archaeometric and Chemical 

Techniques Applied to Archaeology 45:97–110. 

Papathanasiou, A. 2003. “Stable Isotope Analysis in



0 

Neolithic Greece and Possible Implications on 

Human Health.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 

13(5):314–24. 

Privat, K.L., T.C. O’Connell, and M.P. Richards. 

2002. “Stable Isotope Analysis of Human and 

Faunal Remains from the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery 

at Berinsfield, Oxfordshire: Dietary and Social 

Implications.” JAS 29(7):779–90. 

Prowse, T.L. 2001. “Isotopic and Dental Evidence for 

Diet from the Necropolis of Isola Sacra (1st–3rd 

Centuries A.D.), Italy.” Ph.D. diss., McMaster 

University. 

Prowse, T.L., H.P. Schwarcz, S. Saunders, R. Macchiarelli, 

and L. Bondioli. 2004. “Isotopic Paleodiet 

Studies of Skeletons from the Imperial Roman- 

Age Cemetery of Isola Sacra, Rome, Italy.” JAS 

31:259–72. 

———. 2005. “Isotopic Evidence for Age-Related 

Variation in Diet from Isola Sacra, Italy.” American 


Richards, M.P., R.E.M. Hedges, T.I. Molleson, and 

J.C. Vogel. 1998. “Stable Isotope Analysis Reveals 

Variations in Human Diet at the Poundbury 

Camp Cemetery Site.” JAS 25(12):1247–52. 

Scarabino, C., C. Lubritto, A. Proto, M. Rubino, G. 

Fiengo, G. Marzaioli, I. Passariello, G. Busiello, 

A. Fortunato, D. Alfano, C. Sabbarese, D. Rogalla, 

N. De Cesare, A. D’Onofrio, and F. Terrasi. 

2006. “Paleodiet Characterisation of an Etrurian 

Population of Pontecagnano (Italy) by Isotope 

Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Atomic 

Absorption Spectrometry (AAS).” Isotopes in 

Environmental and Health Studies 42(2):151–58. 

Schwarcz, H.P., and M.J. Schoeninger. 1991. “Stable 

Isotope Analyses in Human Nutritional Ecology.” 

Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 34:283–321. 

Schweissing, M.M., and G. Grupe. 2003. “Tracing 

Migration Events in Man and Cattle by Stable 

Strontium Isotope Analysis of Appositionally 

Grown Mineralized Tissue.” International Journal 

of Osteoarchaeology 13:96–103.

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