\ we solicit ./

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T[1e wost 

beneficieut the most 

werciful wfiose fie[p 

\ we solicit ./ 

t 

I

Unlvcrsitg of Slndh - Paklstan 

Facultg of Social Scicnc€s 

D€partm€nt of lnt€rnatlonal R€lations 

.RE-UFIIFICATIOII OF YEFIEIT tN A 

CIIANGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER' 

..1 

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r&i. 

2{ ?l4b S.faed 6t: 

. r'{"h-'/ -4..d 9"a 

Candidate fo. the Atnrd of the Degtee 

tt Dooor..? of Philor."rh.t 

tl'aa 4. qahaa 4 

Mn. (lelid Shrlrtd Allrrd 

A!\ociar. P?ote\\or. 

200t 

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6;

RE_UNIFICATION OF YEMEN IN A 

CHANGING INTERNATIONAL ORDER 

AY: 

I'totIAMMED |t,r. A. QAIS 

-THESIS 

_A 

SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE 

REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF 

PHILOSOPHY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES 

DEPT. OF INTERNATIONAL RELATTONS 

FAGULTY OF SOGTAL SCIENCES 

UNtvERSITY OF SINDH, JAMSHOno 

DATEI November 2OOl

DEDICATION 

I Deliute thix woth to mt, parcnls, leache^, heloted 

Irienls ort.l olletgues x,hose pmloarrd hÊ , t(rrowtedae 

ond u'opemtion hnv hee,, o ,ource 

nt ins?irfitiur.lbt nte i,, tonryletittg this nork.

CERTIFICATE 

Ce'lilied thflt Mr. Mohnnred S/O MoMDre(l A. eris hts cnrric(l 

orrl reseflrch on rhc topic .. /U:,t,rr'{1,7( i l.l lON Ot,.ft;A4IiN tN I 

CHANIGNlG tN tDRN/tTlONlL ORD!:R" analyticnl hislorical 8||d 

political str y, fro||t lt95 to 2001 t0lder nry slpct.vasion. | :rnr 

salisfied wilh his work and coDvirced thal tltis dissct.tfltio|| is worth 

presentntao|| to the tJrriversi{y of Sindh for awar(l of lhc d€grce of 

Doctor of I'hilosophy. The tfiesis w.s prrscnled h finl|l senlinnr 

presided by Vlce Ch!|rcellor. flnd lhe sflggcslions mflde by 

scholars who afiended the seninar have been ilcluded in this final 

copv. 

Kl'rlkl Siahee(t Akhutr(l 

Associale Prolessof (Rtd) 

Depl. of lDtenrItional Relations 

Unive6ity oF Sindh, Jfl rnshoro

ACKNOWLEGMENT 

Fi$lly. thanks k) Almighry Allah, the mosr rnerciftl and 

grcal who gavc nte patieltce flnd ability to contplete this 

research. lhanks lo all of my family members who sflpported 

rre bolh 'Iorally and physically throughout years of nly study. 

A ht ol lhanks also tr) all nry lcachers i|l flnd oulside pgkislan 

from whonr I smetled fragrance ofknowt€dge and who hetped 

me a lot by theif encoufitgement and prop€r advisement. 

Special lhaoks to nry resp€clable srpervisor for his contirned 

g[idance and coopemtion from first day of my adrnission ;n 

the depa mentuntjl nowashislibeml vicws werc enthusaasnt 

me lo corrplete lhis study. My thanks also to the eDtire staffof 

Depnrtntent of International Relations for their support and 

pntieoc€ lhroughor( nry shrdy of M.A nnd ph.t). 

lrintllrlhc hopc is lhat t was able to cover the lopic from all 

aspecls nnd I belicvc that in every human work there are nrany 

lhults nd suggestims needed to inlprove any sordy ,n the 

lirturc. I rcgrll iol l|ly sho(corrings a|ld omrssiotls in this 

sludy.

CONTENTS OF THE STUDY 

CHA-PTERS Prses 

t. 

2- 

J. 

... 

AI]STR CT 

INTRODUCTION 

A- Ilricf I listory Of Yemen 

:|'| ]OI]J|,ct'tVff 

SCOPI OIJ RESEARCII 

TIYPOTIIISIS OII STUDY 

RESEARCII METI IODS 

SOURCES OF DA'IA 

B. Str8tegic lmporta cc Ofycnr€o; Unilicatiofi 

C. Tribalism In N(xlh & Soutlr Yemen 

Yemenis SlruB€16 Aganrst l urk rsh And tlnt ish Rut€ 

.Yc ren Aner World War I 

Yemen Aner World War lt 

Yemen and Soperyowcrs Duriry Th€ Cold War Em 

Yemen Relalions with Major rab Counries, 

Saudi A.abia And Egmt 

I-V 

l-38 

39-49 

50-58 

59-82 

83-t09 

0-I]8 

| 39-205 

206-265

7. Ydnco Under Politioal Pdrition wilh 

Special Empllasis On ldeologi 

t. 

9. 

l{L 

. nle Yemen Ardb Rrpublic (Noin Yrrner) 1962-l9q) 

- Th€ P€ople's Dlmocntic Repoblic ot Ycm.n (South Yemcn) 

t967- t990 

26Gt67 

Re-{r fic{tio|| Dc{laralioo 22May 1990 368433 

TIE S.cessidrist Altctnp! l99l: Ctisir AR€r Unifirlion 1344$ 

Yencn .nd 'll|e New Millenium: Chall.nges ond Prc.pecls 497-547 

THE CONCLUSION 

Bitttogr.phy 

548-560 

561-s66

ABSTRACT 

An absrract of the th€sis by Moham€d M. eais for Docromr€ of 

Philosophy in Intcdr0tionnl llelario s, liaculty ol SocialScienc€s, Universjty 

orSindh. 

Title: "RE-U TFTATTAN OF YET'EN IN A CHMGNTNi 

INTERNATTONAL OROER'' 

INTRODUCTION 

Y€men h onsid€rcd as on€ oflh€ mosr ancionl countries in lhe world. ls 

hisloricrl background sGs bock ro three lhous{nd yenrs UC. p@ptc ofsoulh 

Arabia developed great civitizarion during th€ anci€nr cra and a tor of its 

monuments still e,'(ist in ceiain are{s ofd€ area. Cr€eks and Romans c€lled 

Yemen as Ambia F€lix" due ro irs regulnr gr€cnery and nourishing 

agriculore. The arca is lucky in r€cciving rcguler &ins thar nadc it sui0obte 

for various kinds ofc€reah, fruits and vegetablcs. 

There is, no doubl ftat man was activc in south Arabia from ancicnt times. 

Archaeologists said dut tle ares rvas us€d for hunting 75,000 lhoussrds 

yetrs ago and llints used 15,000 ftousands ycars ago hav€ b€en recovered. 

Qshtan bin Noah (I,.B.U.H) rcgard€d as tfi€ ancestor ofrhe southem Arabs 

and ,s lhe mar who kought agriculture ro yemen. I.tis sor! thc Jemh wss 

said ro have separoted the Ambic and I lebrew tanguas€s. 

I

Thc cco ollly of thc arca dcpcndcd on tr0dc arrd agriculturul product. ln 

co ras( ro [gypt or hdus civilisations. in which agricultu.c $as bascd upon 

the cxploitatiotr ofDti8hty riveE, Ycmen lackcd this lbnune so a syslcD had 

to bc crealed to tale advarlage of bricf floods aner hcavy rains. Thc a|lcienl 

Arabians buill teffaced ficld still in use loda) drd anar)gcd Lo injgatc lhem 

by an inlricale patlenl of denedors i|l fte lallcys. Thc rnosl laNous ot these 

was lhe greal Daln at Sabacar capilal of Marib which was built about 500 

llc ! d wlrs otrc ot-lhc tlordc6 ol lhe Pcnnrso In lhoaror tltrs s' lcrtilt llul 

a women 'nie|l!walk under ll|e liuil trees rvidr a baskcl on her head which in 

a lbw mirut€s rvould fill with windlhlls. 

tlowcvcr, hunrar ac1 dd Datural disaslcrs dcslrovcd lhc uncicnl Ycnren' 

civiliza.io|l. Irorei$ powers itrvadcd Y€Netr to coolrol ovcr i|s weal$ whilc 

great Marib Darn was dcslroyed by rains llood, which lurr|cd dl€ arca as a 

desert and torced lhe pcople 10 niarat€ towards difletent rcgrcns 

Ncvcftclcss, YcDrcn cotrLiDucd to llay m irnDortxrL ntc nr s!ruadirrg lsltlll 

all ove. the world us Yemcnis werc the lirst Mtiorr to embrae religio'r of 

lslam. 

'this study ainN lo Sive 

conDr€hcnsivc accounis oi dre histo-polilical 

developntnts in yemen simce early liNes lill prese l' including the €llbcls 

of irten|aliolml changes orr Yenrcn in gcDcral and fte unilicatd) In 

paf cular. Ycmcn is parl ol lhc Middlc [ust, thc ntosl rD]po(dlt arca nr utc 

world liom ccoDomic ard rcligious ponrt ol vierv A,rbiarr l'coir)sulu N'rs 

given more altenlion by fie geologisb and archeologists' |e hisloria$ and 

gcographcrs, llE rr|crclnrrt, llc slrlryn.D and lhc slf.rLcgisl! MosL vduablc 

connnodily d i cftlarional Lradc ail tl|c Cull statcs i$sunrcd grcal

importancc in g,obsl politics. Oil and tirc fabulous wc{llh lhat it broudl in 

its wake, has entircly changcd th€ Culf into one of lhc most strat€gic.lly 

importrnt comers of lhe nod€m world- Almost balf of lhe rYorld's oil 

reserves are hidden there. 

lr sllar€s with rcsr of th€ lhird world ccrtrin pcmislenl bsucs such as 

decolonizalion, state b ilding a nodcmization, bur ii also possess€s 

certain unique fealLrcs. lt is lhe cftdle of klarn, lhe only r€gion of re fr€e 

world directly adjac€nl lo the fonner Sovicl Urlion and lh€ principal 

pmduc€rofthe mos(perplexing co nicls offic twenliclh cent!ry, thatoflhe 

Arabs versus lsracl nation.lism- Thc imponanc€ of lh€ re8ion in world 

affsirs has becn cmphasizcd by thc faci that thc two wodd wars had their 

Middle Eastem rhcarresi and event"s th€r€. d'ough nol principal. w€ighed 

heavily in the linaloulconrc oflheseSisnt intemalionat confl icts. 

ln addition to that, Yemen derivcd its imporlance fiom iA own srral€gic 

location. Re-urilication of Yemen is a bright evenr in the modem history of 

Arab and Muslim rvorld. ll need! more attenlion by Amb and Muslim 

scholars. Mo6t analtsts surprised b) rhe unilicarion d4lara(ion m th.y 

thought thflt it woLrld occrr aller lo g period. Th€refor€, llrc i ellectuah 

pr€fercd lo monitor th€ eyenr fmm ftr and did oo( follow lhe process 

clos€ly and oompletely. Lack of concem abort lhe topic not onty in Amb 

count i€s but alio among the Yem€ri intettccluals thcmselvcs despitc lhe 

facl thal all politicil parries pul rhe uniry ar rhe 1op of ils 8oals. lndeed, 

Am€ricans, C€nnans and Koreans g.ve norc emphesis on the unificsrion 

than the Arab and Muslim thinkeE.

The study is a sanrple a[cmpl to addrcss thc problcn] as conrprehensivc 

proccss u lo cx0millc thc rolc ol nrlcn|.|l nr ir cr'rrulior|lll ladon in 

accel€raling th€ uDily aciiclcmetrt lD additiur 1o llal, llrc sludy 0Mlvsis llrc 

lessons at iNplications of tlrc unilication $ succcsslul cxumple towards 

Arab unily. YerrcDis wcrc forlu,tttc to cnlbrcc dreir uritv Pdtioularlv 

scveral Arab courtfies are driv€n towatd possiblc disinlcsratior lrke 

Somalia Suda4 Indoncsia Mautitafli4 Djibouti' lraq' ctc 

On 22|xl May 11)90, ll|c two Ycntni l'arLs ccasdl to exi$ lbrnallv as 

ind€pendent States wh€n they merSed 1o foon the ltepublic ol-Yeme't Most 

observc6 wcrc takcn by su$risc by this suddcrr shili lioN rDprov'ng flner 

Yemenirclatiolls lo lfio polilics ol Ycncri urtilicatiorr' As surprising as llje 

d€cision to unily was thc d€cision to do it dcmocradcallv - nultr-partv 

polilics ard the dcnmcratization ol Poliljcal lilc 

THE OBIECl'IVES 

To emphasiTe ftat Yem€n was unit€d sev€ral lilnes in tlr€ Pasl ano rrs 

peoplc built grcat civilizarion in lhc past lt is vcry inponant arca and 

derivcd ils l/alue f.olll its stratcgic localion' 

1lle study is lo analyse and exaNine the rolc of inlemationaL chanaes in 

brirghg both parls ol Ycmetr towards corrrplclc n)clg[!s 

R€-udfication of Yemcn is corrsider€d or irrporlan( cvent in llrc prcscnt 

history of Arabs atd Muslinl trorld -Iherelbrc' n Neds ntorc focus dt 

anallscs by rtu sclrcldts to covcr thc topic liotrr dill'r'itr{ !!pcots'

Thc unily would lcail lo nrogrcss of Ycnrcn and stahility to thc rcgion 

and support intcmational neace. 

The main feature ofdle ulity ;s llnt it will rcstore the fiop€ ol Arab uoity. 

It is th€single successfulunity in llle Arab World. 

SCOPE OF RESEARCH 

Social research vnried by thc sconc or lft€ mir ot anntysis. As it deals with 

human hisLory and social research can vary nol only in rerms ot subjeot 

matt€r bol also in rcms of scop€ of malysis. Rcsc{rchcrs in inlernadonal 

r€lations or polilics choose parlicuhr area or r€gion as specioliz€ fietd. 

Olhers mighr choose ro spfcialise in the iotcmational orsanizrrioos and in 

Yem€n is located in the Middle tjasl region and ttr;s r€search Bives 

comprchensive study nsinS rhe co ntry as unit ofanatysis sdict obviousty 

of larger scope tl.h a siudy using group of peopte for lhis puq,ose. tlese 

kind ofsludies call rnscro rere{rch trecouse it cover large geogrq,hical arca 

or large aggr€gatcs of p€rsoN such as continents, countries, etc. Sludy of 

small groops or pdies callcd micro rercsrch. owcver, thcre is no 

consenius 0n th€ bordcrlinc bctwccn micro and macro rcaearchca. 

Tradilionally, the rcsearchers altempring to choose a suirabte r€s€arch 

pmJ€ct make a decision conccming tfie s.opc of the Drojecr tftat exists in

llYPoTtlnsls oF TllD sTllDY 

Yemen remained unitcd lhroughout ils history whilc its p truon ls an 

There is an efeclive role of intentalional chanSes 

lrleflul dilTcrctr@s wcrc uain rcJsoN litr outbrclk 

1994 affl lhe extomal lbctor wa! minor' 

Peoplo of YcNcn stiotrgly supportql lhc unily cdusc in tlc p6l und 

RESEARCH METHODS 

Phil$ophy of thc reseffch process includes fte assurtrptions 0nd values 

that serv€ as a rational lbr reseatch and criteria thc res€arcll€r uses lor 

intcrprctirB dala and rcachniS onclusio'rs A rc*arch netlxxl detennines 

such lactors as lrow o writc hypolhcsis aDd what lclcl ol-cvidcnoc is 

necessary !o Nakc the d€cision whether or ot to rcject a hvpoth€sis lhere 

ar€ num€rous rcscarclr cdrods, which hclp to anallsc Poliljcal pherolncna 

as historical, aialytical' syslcn|atic, cornparisotr rd Srrnc lhcoq' ctc 11 lhrs 

sludy of hisiorical and political aMllsis, m€thods (tectniques) ar€ used lo 

prcve drc hyPourcsrs 

At $e end, ftarv wrilers had beer wrole beneficill books ttbout ftiscarch 

methodolosy aM one ol fi€nl wiich took as retiretrce i this sludv is 

"Politicat Rese.rch Desiga l'lefiurcnent 'tnrl lt.l,'t$B ' bv David C 

Lrcgc aid waync L Iraiics, llaric llook, Ncs York 1994

SOURCES OF DATA 

'llE surces ussl are bo$ primary and secordary. Omcial docunenls such 

as lrcalies nnd governmenl pronouncem€nls are cited as references. Prinury 

so rces nrclude the aclual information r€c€ived fmln the individmls direc(ly 

conceming with the nrobl€ms of the stL v. The secondary sources ot 

irfonnation ircludc r l typcs olnrhlishcd ar urpuhlashcd, ptblic or privalc 

documents md o(tcr such lync ol irrlormation. C€n€rally, il had follow€d 

historical (docun)cntary) sol|rccs irs lxroks, 'nanuscripls, ditrrics, offioial 

agrc€ments and lcttcn anil Iicld sooces as pcrsonal intervi$vs with thc 

prominenl Micipanls in rhe unity dialogu€ commifie€s, intellectuals and

. 

I 

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F-' 

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i:1 

1_.: 

-a

CHAPTER# I 

(I) BREIF HISTORY OF YEMEN 

Th. Lsnd xnd its Topogrrphy 

Ancicnt Crcclc and Ron$s t rmd Y.m.n d Anbia lelix or ltappy Ahbia, b@N 

i vas h@urld Fdion in tunbi.o PdinsuL rceived 3u!trciqt niis to gbw .ll lin

'ropogophic.lly, Yorcn b divided inlo two nwk€dlv diocenl g@gophi@l rc8io6' 

rnich plsy d inF)rllnL tutc in lhe e.ononic, BliSious.nd Plirial lite ot iE Fople 

FiRr diviiion is tlE inl&d of Tihary idluding cstd suip along tlE Red S.. lt is 

.xlEtuly fe ile Md gro* v.gcblion but hol,lh.rclb€, living lhec it uo@mforbble 

tor dy* nor Musroncd ro its climtrq B€nind rhis 6ul d'in li6 tlE upFr 

lihda" s rcBion whcr€ sndy dased h6ls th. los f@thilk d'$' mouDt!'ns Funhct 

€dt tlE foo$ills irct€e in hcight ridee clis ridge, inl€Mvcn bv ndow vallevs u rl 

the higibds, shich clM inro fsuslic Sotgs bv rhe pl'nliful mins ofllE noiMn 

tlr h,gIlonLls rtr.l tl'(r nutrt'ablu vrllcrs drc c\r(mcl) ftnrlc tstrrng a E8ultt 

ninfall elery ysr and Nhich had h.lFd in e,lcnsiv€ 'uhivstid lhrolghou( fte 

*niu'e! Ycinen' pl.ra6 lrd v.ll.F hrve h..n kmc€d lrum then Mkv smmirs Lo 

$e w.rli 0@rs below; €very &op of wler i3 usdl lnd eued befoc n b lim'lv 

p.flnincd |o @h lhc hlEy n@r ard t|tn dtapF,r inlo rhc hot gds of Tilemf, 

Tddiliotully lhc inpod! &d f.mour 6h cop 3ime snluics is core' ehich is 

dENiw sd €tpo.r€rt ro snd nwl.N lt is ltum iL crPon Lo dE Unircd Stltcs' 

S{it € dn! traty tnd F6rc. rhlt Yemcn nd dNd dd ol ils toEic'l ex'han8E 

No*rd$s, tlE Ycm.nn do rcl giE moc arredion !o @fle pld|irioN siE it E la'dl 

wi$ oth.r crop c.ll.d Qit" which is morc bcrcficial for $e lens bul sdrry 

dam8.d b $e nl'oBi snomt lt emc origntllv nom h$Npr' !M earl) Jss of 

twntict! @ntitv. tr etos in s.m sllitud' 'nd uids ondinons d @lIe' P@Pl' chca 

il3ldvcs lo inces thcn e{virv lnd*q lne habit is hemlol lor h6l$ od s$le of 

tinc sxl norey. llobir|Bl U$ sq@nder ev dllMt thev htve in dd'r to obuin Q6! 

snd irs cullivation loNono oolededblc l.nd. rhich @dd bc us€d lot othe' sops 

Tn Clanab of Y.m b fdlql bv *v.ol leto6 lts lMtion nqrins qt@tor' 

loFogr.phio onlnsc od th6 .v.illbililv of dFp s lil€ Rcd S@ and Adbim Set' od 

mdlsM wnich @nd in 3dnmer bt lh. wii& tNn Aftis Dsl rnd M€diltnrg 

S.. wtil€ in winter bv the *inds ot tndhn O'€s. $ thal raif,s showr lwrc€ a 

"!r'

&Br. rlE qpFr ot Y.En lou(k by ssh Bn! Noh (a.P.U.ll), lo.tldl in a t tlil. 

plattu d ihe drirud. of .bout 2,500 nercu. lG hislory encnd. b&l lo Ribliol iim6. 

Th. popul.iion is abod 18,000,000 .'d a@ is 201?9csq m. 

The Socl.l Life 

AlthouSl Fopl. of Yenen h!v. oie rcligion snd cmnon hislo'], but llB@ ac mintr 

divisks rnMg lEn. MGr clNif€dms !E nrdc on ihc b.sis of histoddl tid 

reliSioui rnd Bhellq thy ac li$ally o'icntcd or i6dn. Thc ttuplc of south l.bia 

bcl@ged to Yareb bin Qh|ln rid iolth ABbs deriv€il b Ad@n bin Noh . ln 

cotE€q@ntly, euth.rn A6ts .E tm*i I Qhl.nis .id Nodhcrn Adn.nir. In Y..d, 

Lh. promiNnl dtn6ties r€ als(' dividcd on tlE smc bask In ihe n.dimval en the 

i.hbitrnls ot rh. NonlEm A6br or Hija' and Na.id rcrc FiMilt Mrds, sl'iL Oc 

poople of sthcm F.t r@ sdtled cultiwtoE d loh dwll.F sin@ ilE tim€ of rh. 

nidly civilirn dEi.nt kinedms wi0r th. Mins of IshI' lh. Fnplc hire ben 

ditid€d sir@ lhe eady y€6 of lslamic C.lillEtc, on tlE rcligiour hosi3 and schisms 3@ 

fnctured lhc @mllctc diiy of Mlslim. 

Tm s@ts .tlBrcd in leldmic hhtory, rhe Sunni $d $e Shia Thc bcsr Blin.te, 

$,tich on bc ns& bdty indiet. rtEt $* two elbls of t5l.mic tho!8hr ,rc dmod 

cwnly, EPl.snled in Yemn. Shii6 Ee divided |l|c. to svcml groupr, bor ontt rrc 

of th€ll EE s@6slul in getting a li'llNing and Frpcruling rlEms€lvc inlo lh€ 

lwn$erh .oturyj Z{tdt and knlitii aid toUo*ing h bdef||k|dy atbur th. lm skj - 

I - Th. hydis 

74ydi In.nate i. Yem.n w3 snbtilhed in rh. nidh entury. It Ms.n importsnr 

@nt in |h. nino.y of Y@en siie the ds of lst.n The 6r.btislft ir rhe y.nhi 

highl$d of the @liSioB and l.t r toliri@l oB-lodrtrip of Z.tdi st infl@nccd rh. 

eid slrucluE, E attilude, &d th€ UG ofrhe tFpi. lnd h.i conjnEd ro do e onril 

lwnticth...rury Th. br nd. ms d.dv.d ,ion Ard, om orlm Cafttsons oa tnm 

Hlsin. Ar othq Shi\ Zrydis rc@gniz s tlFn ipi.jlul tedes .imans- onty

des@ndrrl5 ot Popnet Mulmnted (P.B.U.H) thmSh his d.lght . Farim ed ht $n- 

itHrs 0nd cGin Ali. HMu, E Zardidifiq fom olhq Shis in their @erilion or 

Zayd 6 the finh nnam dher than hk bmLh.r MulEnmad al-Baqir 

h rddilion, th. zaydi lblrd( in Yeocn, Yihya bin alHu$in wa deseld$t of 

lrnM llêr A@rding ro ardb ali's iu.6ion ro 0E Im.Mre @ dG Io hi3 

Micd.r m..it, h @EqEne, z.tdi havc hade thc amaoiL a sck Liw md hgw 

Mr lcsF€d iihen|.d fmily !iil. s ils dly criLrid. ln $eit odnion, o inFr||rl 

@relhry is lh{ ! qdiddc for 0r InM.G mul sr.nd fdrh publicly ard cl.ih 

reco8nirion Althous[ Zaydi uoughl in tn4 beginning wd mo{cdc bul laler b4ane 

f@rjca in lll.n t@|tlql of olhcr MndnN Undcr rhe /.ydi tulo Ycmcn 6 

adninisLred l.ryely in th. interesl ol the elile Dcmbcls of th€ sdt o. tl8 Srryids who 

@rdlcl d! strlc lffairi 

Thi. cknn s dq*ndcnl fM thc Ptupn€fs tmily *s mugh lo Nuru lh.m 8@d 

Fivil.g6 ed sl!16. B€ous &e ln.m elded b, ht fellous Slrvads, h. Qu forccd 10 

lat€ thLir ideNts ed desis s top priorilics itr his a8.nd& N€venhels, nr 8ereol D 

Zaydi ptilo$phy is dos to Sutri lhough of ldd hoic lhln.ny olhdt Shaa sl5. 

Zatdis domnE|cd over thc mo@ranDu 46, norrh of lh. capnd S{nM 

2 - The lsmailis 

Histdicallr, lh. otl'd Shis etolp smisLd sitt Yonc. is llF lsm.ili. -! hev b.li.ve 

in $e Mlhdi" or lhe hiddco i'Mm, who witl orE d.y rclum lo ss!.lhe *orld ln hen 

rh@losy, th.l$l l@g|rized inlm G the $tnlh lsMil bin ,rf( al'sdiq" Ychcia 

lsriliwcof $c sulsymcnidivision aod lnown bv llMat{ina The,livcd in@nlrc 

of Y.rcc snik odrer sreup .all€d O.isis lited i. Nljdn tu tlErn Ycntn Sirce lh€ 

dispp{roe ol lhen ims, Lhis Mt wd Euvernql b, !l lhf poprslndit who 

o'i8mlly wtl $ 'l'ELtot or guJaM of lh. scf, nn$n'Bncr

3 - The Shrfii. 

shrli s sclel of l.* in YoM rcIilgls S@ni M'rilins Ehos .dlMk ouhumbd 

o{F Su.ni if, lhc eulnwt o qrc of tlF Adbien PaiNl4 TlEy domidt itr dE 

pl.in of TilEh., rh! f@thilk, .trd rh. eutft.o cgioo of th. @!nay. Th. Shdis 

.d(h*lcdsc ft ind s r lcoFoEl dld ofo. rd., t{i llr dorrl .c.!d hin or dEir 

rcligious l€rdcr Mo€owr, thcy @ocnirc no l.gil or rclisious right .f the z.ydi lhd 

io i qptlt or @lc l.w h h. howrcr, tnsiblc lo cx.laeote llE di|Iem$ bctwn 

Sl6lb.nd Z.ydis, bll il Dut mt bc soh.d tor tlE divisid 'm e.lap rltt n do6 

tol Fmii iiErf|i$ @oF6tin on mrny polilicsl, *i.1, ordimic pFltlefi!. SlElis 

ha ono .clsl in t|t intmb of the in{h, si@ llE ind€pendcnce of Ndth Y€'n€h in 

19l8 rnd dudng lhc ti6 of Ehlllioa and disdcs. 

4 - Thc Jews 

For rnluries, lh. Jcm, lorm.d 0E larg.sl noGMurlih ni@ily in ydncn, bct@ 

1948. lhcy wa.boul 60,000 to 7J,000 Thc Y@ni! lbv. dsis b6t tolmnt towrdg 

rlE J.w, wlb $tlcd ir $. nqtlEh rnd orol p6rlr .lGlt Frll.tcd to Zrydi .8. 

Iew conlideEd noi-Mblin rcligious $r and ii strr€ pe od! wG id€d fibrtc 6izia). 

,,.8 wE subjeLd to r nonb€r of 5aEi.l l.k .omniI8 houriog ctorftin& and 

ttu3po.|!li6. B!1, thay q@ p.nined lo worfr s j.wtes.nd fotlN ony @uD6tion 

0E clrF with cxepdotr of rlE nilibry tn|B Tt€ imns slg! |!i6lty $tulrlcty 

fan !o $e J* md rce .pp{&rrly gduin.ly $rrt ro s !h€ mioriry offi.6 lac for 

ndly c@ted sbt! ofhftldujng 0!c yoB t95c.5t, Th@ is sm.ltnurb€r illtiving

Yemeni Ancient History 

tlisrory oleurh & euhGr ABbia s rcry otd and rh! Den ot this rcgion s.. 

lcry divc. I1s civitiation is sewn(y,five tho8nd 

'q6 

otd *tite lhc ffnts rh.l hrw 

ben di!@v.ed fom lhis.r€a wcr€ uscd tiit@n rho@nd yq6 oso Dn ng rhe 

hillenium DreedinS $e Chrktim €ra, gogruphist sit@tion lnd nat@t eoues ol 

$urh.n AEbid of.rcd the potenriat for tr8e-*.le olteliw hunu slerFre, Siven 

efielaw po|nid insdulioN. For lMy enruriB rhc euttrn ArNbs orsmia{ {xl 

dnintu|led E rupply lo Egyp! MtuDot rDir llE LM and dcntualy Rmc of $cn 

own luxury pDducts, a Nlla nany fton Alrica. hdia and ChnB, 

Tnca b{ill m. ol dE ML inpcins hrdologiel wrb oa the oddr eortq 

sGlaioing dee, !rusp.oc 

population in rh. cgion The vigr ol $c pohi@l systcns 

unich nade thee fqls Frssihlc isa Fimodill vllucs that mnlionql 'n the lloly Oum n 

wh€ndescriH kiogdom ofshcbs ad ils *is Q@en Balqis wl& ruled he hunfiy o. 

$e bsis ol Fople's @Nulbriotr On dF orh.r hard vind! monsd li.ititrcd n&ili@ 

d.h.n8c os the Indin O€. b

sie .boul I2o0 BC, f.r fon lci o.Mrdr tlE adt inhbil0nts of llE !M €njor.d ! 

w.y nct .uli!E. Th. eien! Yo6i st B *m b narc cmist€d of .ulonmoB 

cmnbiriB dslsh's i'r b!&. The lolilidl s$l.B of Srbr M.ccn, Q.riban, and 

H.dma*r sr.rled I o@Gh. sDd ll(d rh€y runEn b h. kiqdom! ind flEir tu16 

Grai'Ed hiaoric turcli@s Fs'noB sncient YdBi sldd lell i o t@ greup8: 

ll.&rB*1lnd QlLb.n io l|!. "wdi a.t.n- in thc enh rn

It w so mpotunt E !@ dd so fedil. tl$t ! mM misht *rlk under tlE tiuir trEs 

eilb a bosl.l on his had 4ily in ! few minut6 muld fill with frlirs h.oc of 

ed lh.r MGn 

windfall. TlEs. starcs .xisr.d si& by side lor $w6t tudGd 

uitd wi0r $!a or, s hld ftntiorcd in sre book, '€.u 

"Sh.b6". The un d 3irie lDd 

&hi.rcd slqici@t ilituc to b. ffitiod.4 ii lltd .idth .nd arl, s@fi enu.y B.C, 

6 ils nonumcnls smn until pcsc lime. Thc ceavsn routcs crmc to lhe Egion lhrough 

lhc culliv.ldl rlllcys of Sah4 whilc rhe otls ioure E ro ctus th. dc$n ol dE ltmpty 

Mli'|6B lr* *rll phed to ontrol tlE mnhMrd n&le vir Haj.. Etd.L dd 

Drcter rne rBde uo ro l.minal ar Cu on te E sl Co6t of Medilft@n S.a The 

p.ople ofrh. f.&rat! ststs lived io sn€@(i cily-slatca d€Fndenl upon lglcultue Eod 

cdned, OirEialr lnd civil mSnnB FE tl.r frutr a lo cd usla@y tud r 

nunlou pn.llly clB olleting sd .dnini .dng knplc Fwnues. Reso@s or cull 

c pell aott[estlte migltbedevoLd lo ci l mrk swh s defemiw fonifieliom and 

sirl posFriry d€di..rql b tk god Polnid srsrch 6 pytsnidal, though rct 

.u!ocr.l. His powe6 wcc exerci*d ih.oGullqrron ailh $ 6dviery bdy,lhc ssneol 

co@il, $iich o'npoe, nfltcF fom de dstenc, ana of thc pti6thqr TlF 

.osllra{E p.flcm.xtended lo ihe loMs, wh!re mtyoB €l€ted fo. oieyear lenn hry 

The king tJpicrlly l@t FNnd orcdit lo. puhlic $ods brcughl to 

@spl.ljoq ed n M ud€r his Npies $41@lonists @e enled on llf,d 

newly brcoghl inlo prodwtio.. Thc $lE B em maltqlly derclot'ncnt 

'nindd. and funncdoie sp'rcn b u mrjor she in tr* cMvu tBd€ (2) 

G@t

Subsequs ly, lh. uitt ol e{rh A6!ie !r.t6 6 disiilegllql ud e!c.y dyGtt 

en.d it! irhFd.M. Fcgn inrerf.rcG in rh. Ymmi 'nr.dl ofraic d !l$ 

ratun of this d*linc. Rclatiomhip bctwn llt t d.6tion of Y.mcni slrld .n

2 - lliny.rih Strte 

Hinyd dynaty atu* by I l0 BC !f,d rul.d the c@hl sLratcAc $urh-Gr c{d.r of 

tn Anbirn P..iBdr inclldin$ phin ol l ihM. od ns ninGn!f,d on the eacm csl of 

thc Rcd 54 The drEry bdm€ rery rtrors lhdt ir €dd 6i|. wn te Y.m.n. Som. 

hinoria h.rc tMtiorFd tlEr Hidt* ord Srbi g@ cMpdcd of d@l linsdoms 6d 

@nflict d with @h othe. tor long tiN. Bo|h srd6, horcv.r, la|er nErged ii . sinsle 

5i!& un&r Hinyditc dominsliotr. Thi! uifidiion ru ihpl.n ntcd prohbly ln thc lBt 

q@rt4 of lird entury. Th. urity of $c trc kingbmr ndngrh.n€d Yd.n, rlch 

cmersql a bis F,wr in thc rcsiotr. C$n ph l6rql ol lhc unily bccie n opFltd 6 

d.!9.{oc thEt ro ir5 intlr$rr in $. Red s.r a@. Ethiopia, ltEFloE, sho*ld 

di$stbflclis of thc mw &vclopmot in Ycn€n by tuo@ging th. conflicts mog lhe 

ruling dyNlie Consqknrly, Yfl.n sndl10 h& nounlcd only febk dis|;te 

fo. dry fmign invEion wlE. chiss @ lmng Soba .nd gintEr dw.si6. 

The citiliarion ol sulh Ar.bia m dslind snd tlc ledrdc aystcn coll.p!€d. Undir 

thai sirdioc Yemen h.d !o f&e foeist inBion fton msy si&.. The 6lhte of$uth 

AEhis unilt @ d objel oa oMm for tlE .ntir6 ol Byandum ald S,!!$i.d. 

By tn! riring ot Monothcism idology, sse kib6 of Yctun w€ @nsrlcd Inlo 

Clnistieity, TtE Ymcni Christids wE linksl with tlE uslcsitsti@l autho.ilaes in 

By6ti@ ed AbbFsini. lt my naw bdn t nially 3 a g.ilw olYen.ni naioMlasr 

led.r "Dhu NuB" vho eizcd rh. Hiht nG |liore snd Fdlaincd hinglf a @nv.d 

1o ,uddrn. H. cmied oul ! Iie@ tqsrtion agdNt tF Chrisds b€liew6 in r tenoo 

n.ssF ar Najnn vlll€yi as sboul 20,000 tt ople Frishcd bv llrcwing lh€h inlo pils 

Th. Christcndm l€lt conpcll€d 10 !rcnsc lhis cime by scnding nililarv foMs mosdv 

Elhiooian& acGs lhe Red Se inlo Yeneh in 525 AD Dhu Nu*ss sas defelt€d $d $e 

Elhiopiu kmporuity @upi€d YeEn, ln ord.r ro @nltol the d.r" thev l.[ 8a'sN 

in Ydo ro protel ltE cnrinio .6noili6 rd *1 up ! plpDct ting fod .,Mg th.

Tll€€ftd, Ethiopi.n mm.i&. in Yercn revolLd a8limt his dd. rnd dccl.itd 

Yoo's $F6tion f'm AbFsinim St!c. l$cvstlFl6t, ElnioFe\ n lcM ii 

Ycmm td not totdly claninaldl. ln ans.quco@, om ofHintrh. pdicd euglil.it 

fom ih. F.Girn EsFor -ClFs" ro li8l rgdnn th. (hpicB. .nd ilc cmFM 

didr't d.Ly in ht.ccc'l'E of thal ddn.!d. P.si.n F.iliE Gpo@ to lh FiM\ 

d.Mnd B o.cucd dBing iis Mr wilh Byalinc EmF@. Ilowr, a $d a 

Pcis w lhe b6tde don$id! wirh drc lriie "S.if bii Dhu YMi\ fo@s" ihey 

Efra.d lo lde Yd.n, ul'icn f.il€d utrtr rlEit @utrri6. P.Firn Mthl os Y.mn 

1..Ld for about hrlf stury 3nd .nd€d by @ning of tslam. 

Rise of lslam and its imprct on Yemen 

Ata fd Jqt! .dmt of blm, Pmtltl Mulbnm.l (P.BU.ll) etr odecd by Cod 

io nigdte to Medi@ rlong *ith htu aolttM. In Mc{id th. lsl.nic Sirr. B 

qllblislerd &nd lclt* strc snt lo l€dr^ of rhe nain cnpiF, od ils ro lhc rulc6 of 

After hb night aoo Mcc.a to Medina in 622, rhc PbDhet Muh.nmd (p B. 

U H) rdde$€d a..ris of lereR ro rh. ru16of rh;wld.niow'ne his 

nisd Dd €llin8 uFn lndn ro re€fl hlm. with th. jdEnl 

rcqoicsn . or 0E mjqit of dE lcode, ttE p.Fir Srlrlb ot ydc! 

delrcd limFll! Murlim &d Mr @rtimcd s govdd by thc preph.t 

No &utl, UE wld otrdnioB..d Fnicul.dy of A6bi. * v.ry drr b.bE rtr 

cming of hlim Th. i6lsgc of Isl@ .me to s.re th. hunrn b.ings fren conpt.re 

colh!6., $ thc po|iticd, @nmic 4d si.l @ndirioru \,@ @r g@d Cod Atnightt 

mt |*krin lo.drbliltj!.tke, equlily !i fiEdo rnmehm.is.idica 

Ar so'nn ..bi!'s Foliri.il @Fbitiiy de.tincd its btc in luch intemalidsl 

.@|j1.c e FFist d d.r $c onre ourcs ltog Sr6i diminilr.d. Wry 

stalids.r'd smgN nMftd by Yd6ir in Hije diepp6cd.id tt,Juis 

tlMrlB rsum€d ! w ble r! niddimn bakn rlE $uthcm st,cror3 

&d rhc mrrlcll b th. rcnh. (6 t

B.for. ldm the siety ot Asbi. *!l dirided inlo rwo crlcgoricsi tumrdic Dd 

*rdcd stiss. Ccffid @r.rion fn €.r.in holy .ndnc, oncn @nroinins i sr@ or 

oltd &!nl objec suncd ro pGs sp.rBnlit FoFnics oitieared intcFtriblj 

olehy to $f. degc. Th. peopte of Aobis met i. srut $$on d.sisnar.d by $ne 

culb for pilgrin.e€ to M*q Duing th.r edhenng natmtty hsrit. trib€s Inet O.e !o 

Frfom GliSiM rit6, @ndEtad .mffiid .xch&gs and *trted ouclodins dbp{Ls 

ln M.g the cl.n ol Q@rsh h.d e inports.r rele s @ndwling tn€ rcligioc 

@rcntoriB, llc aeodhod.riob ol pilgrim!96, .n

TIE long rc h.r*6 Pccir.nd Br/ntim Gc q|(|

cl.in d io b€ r dili.it of dilirr |wt.rion &d &cLnd hihetf p6uti& &iry b 

Ycrcn. tle |Bfuir.d fcq $ldiel! sd !1t!dd S.d li|ins n sovho ed dFlcd 

Th€ @v!ftnt cndld alcr r brieaF iod h. m dcG.rql by Istdic fqc6 s1 f@ 

M.djE wifi 0E c@Foli@ of l@l Foplc, TIE iei&il r rsoiqworero@6an 

Ydd duing PtudFt! life dd tu Y.Mi3 ir w o@ of C* no@.irs agaitur dr. 

lslhic nne while Scn.nlly rbey Emcin d loy.t lo klm 6ril rh. &.tiN of Islahic 

Bt rtE dath of Pophct Muhmnel {P.b,U,rl) his @mOsnion h8l ite'd.d !o chw 

oE liEes. ro ldd rlE MldiB H,ar AIF B.tr B $c fi6r catiph in rlE tltdic 

Hitory vir nrl.d th. lslmic shr. aor dosr lm yqs (632i34). lt. lamhed w 

.8.ins1 the apGrssy of src rribes a@!d M.din , which .pp€med |o bc big $Ear 10 rhe 

MudiE uit, s ri6e trib.s Efu!.d to pdy Zatlt lhinting fi( its wtidiry s&d by rhe 

&llh of Alpiei. Ycnd ,a divid.d inlo thc di$rids durirg ihe Clliph. Abo Blkr $ 

hc Mtinn€d tlE sr olPrcptel s eorcmr s rul.r oaY@cn. Mowhile lE rrDoint d 

thrE Dess s irsistll|s ro !F goEtur !d rhot E his 6ly cfom in lhe Yn.ni 

.rlnili$rariE !ffi. Polili€ll, h€ hrd feql niior apGtasy r.b.llioi in Ycm.n. 

A drsn{ont ol rx-lly'nnne dy'Ery Evolted.S!r6t rr* Caiiph ! l rej€cl€d on ol 

th! blui. dltis. Thc FiE €prllql S&4 forcing irs Sown'or 

ro fle ro MediG 

Pri@ s i lu€B d$ nEu&d owr 006.M ol Yetrs! lhdcfoE, rlE Cdioh *nr { 

dncd fo@ in order to plni.h rlE dar*nar *ho w .ns1ed ud boueht to M€di6 

whc€ lbey Ec p&doiE

Y.ndis tho h.lp.d in $e proBB or tk lfldic .iviliaijs. In th. arty d$ds or 

q y'Eb, MBlinr lEd ten Fetd.d wiih lt sduily, Fminrng acn b 6rry out lE 

Eligios d!ti6 rnd io E i. . liklihmd fd ninslf ed hh d.Frh.ts. l! rko 

slnStlEned th. bro$€dDod rld $lidarily inong lh! peode on lh€ w side $d wnn 

tu16d rn ofiq side l5hn thowht its tollow how lh.y @dd fird . ffm of li"gtc 

Flity h lich lll ncn & qolr.n .qully sri! s ofcod sd $rio6 ro ebi.w tlF 

go.l of &lnlion ofult hmaity. TlEFtorc, itFls ol thlt pl@s w dcF.&nt upon 

E|nbk rNehd€. ordE bluic Sh!i. aod its 6ifom .ppli6ri6. 

In .ddition to its c@mmt (rcm fo {E spiritul ftll b.iig of nmbcE 

ot tlF .mmunaty lhc 'al.tid thc rpcr mliy deoilr ol $c M6liD! 

LhF..l El&rc axl fi. Mffi ii enth thcir &y to &y sid .id 

..rMni. FlatioElrip w.i! to condur ( l0) 

In dle edt ya6 of IsLo, tlEt w$ . Md.r. @irci&E of EtG bct*El rhe 

rul.R.nd tu|.d, with i perfcdly hituchiol Frrem of .uitm.ly with $e muti of $mt 

wnn Om &d lcgiti@y of Pothcfs Suc.e$E wbo nadc ktM .d @rlrble 

r.ligio6 6r bsy EtiG h . @u.qeE, Mtstift m.dc e t&rt potiry ! otit. 

Ai\r rtE &rln of Ah! B!k( ll@r Ornf beqft tt6 rcw Crlidr fn M6lnn, (63+ 

644). Duirg his f.i@ tlE hl.mic @qBtr vlie wi&rcd ro irctu& leABb rrltide 

'ne oIq|st btuught omplcx FSlcms lrd MfBion G $ft of dB nrior6 had 

nore 3ottktiorcd cuhrc3 firn $. Adhs. $ dE llsk Ms ditficutt fs I taznt onu wio 

tlacllydelt wilh th. solrmont &d emy ge'|.ok rtmughour rh€ tstdnic Fgiois. 

h Odr Friod thc ritstion of Y.nB 6.ii€d quiL .nd m ctang. in dE 

adnini$ztiw divi.ion! whilc rtuy goBnols tw Gpta.ed As ycmq h.d 0E big 

!..1i6 of poF|l.rid ir rL Aobi.n p6i6utq iB ndDoc x,r3 6rid...d rh! n.in 

hre of thc Isleic my 3i@. rh. €iy drts of rstam. Unfoduncty H.zar Urcr rc 

sr$eir.r.d *hil. lE w pllrinE in nolqF. Howr. d his d.{thbid ne noDiEt d 

lix-ffi to clb@ @ of dEn ro b. C.tith, dicn Fwited r drtuiy ffijd .i6

Hra.l UttrM Bin AlTs @nidmly cl€rld Ee Cdip||. ll. %, in ene 6f.ct . 

onmm6e canrlid.G duc 10 ht undi!(inguisM FMn.lnv balancd bv his 

md$.shiP ot th. powrful Ur$a$sd clN of Q@ysh ln ldditio. 1o thll h€ lud big 

!{ticipltiotr iu ttE dr.n$h .nd sptdding ol lslm 4 h., sFnl ell hie noEy in rh' 

sdie of lthn. An r h. l@L powr h. ser t @nttomi.l toli.v in which hk Fl.lrc 

r@l no.t of rne hirl p$ls in th€ a4ninistndon. TtcFfoc. ctjticis snd MoB 

inc@s.d .gdftt lhal poticy, with lhc consc4uerce, schilm a6s mong ll' Mslin 

obnunily .nd $s! plople a*ed him to r6ow his rchtilqs or he slFuld r$'gn In 

hNr of tLa.l lmd Ali ]]Erc.tls, @ry pc4l. froh t$'P{ dd loq 3tincd long 

Ilwh lo M.diB.nd nEl UlhDe.nd.ficl ii{wtEif egolidro6 hc sae 3ics'd i' 

hi. hou5.. ud then rlEv msdq€d hin 

tnln Ali w !el.!n.d Cdipt bv hit su9F)ner in 656 AD' and tlE o0s felion l€d 

by Murwiy. Bin Sufid 6isd slogs tuithm.nt lor lh@ peMs wno poniciFtql in 

Mri..dnr of lJthhs od join€d Ali's omp Co$q@tlv civil w'r dprcd b't,s 

the lK llcrlons snd 'nvolwd rhe pcs'os .t'd InGBrs o( de rntrc vulm @nmuitv 

In YcnM the p@ple 9*.Iteld 6v ihlt 4nl6d bd!@ mjoritv ol thm kEw 

big suppon f@ 

Lnm ati w.y *ll sin€ lF ws in Ynen s j{dg. lor Pbph't l' lol 

$!m, Duing the Muaqa'Ali conltunlalion, bo$ of th'm sppoinM gov'mots lo 

Yffi .nd s.t .rdcl fo@ !o be€k lhem 

The @nlllcl sded bt thc mutder of lnm Ah al lhe h!i& of hE supponcs who 

Flucd tt m€diario. rcsult b€t*€en hin md Muwav' Th' lald bad' Ctliph ed 

Sniik stim.nt foNd o so udergNutd ti &!d F{ow{ t'r b' mE !'an Alr 

'fli'riw 

livinr i5. fo his Fnb$!, U€ Shiil6, lE b@e tne Fuon s'nt the vieseMt or God 

A cul gw mund hin !d t st dewloFd lmh Ati ws lhc Fdgon of Aobian 

nobilily .rd ktsnic chiwlry $ that MusliN lit€d lin.

Ycmcn under lhc Um.yyrd! Crllpt.te 

Dsing Um.r{ds tuI., Yffi B cdividcd inb r*D Fbvin .3 instdd of rlEca 

Tl* opit k ot th. ts! ProviMs *€E Sus ,rd l JrJld. On tlt. oln€r h.nd 6.y 

dInrd.d ro nthb.B of @ Y.mni cl.4 *l ch Fwided , t|la$E of rrt nilir.tin 

cotinuity .nd brotrghl pliticd st bility fu. e tin. tEing. ln rhe o nioi of trnyt &' 

opooE ts lL FlcdF todcd ro sp6E Yc|M t|t |tBit of tumishing finily 

forlun.s to i rapid seccsion of f.voritca or politicst crcdibu of ifi. inFddl coun. 

YG|F a qpcLd 10 @itribu. fiEftirtty to ttE 6iol ffi.( . hi?, s{ich 

nuduated qilh th. policy of individuat Catipts id B.ghdld th! dpi.|l otcatipturc. 

M$y Cdiph inpolcd upon Y.m6 s lixed dn@l oninbudm to th. €nrr.t itesury 

in &Hiijo 6 orlEr .xt6 tu6 lhar g@ @nductcd with @mFsior .rd rcMnd 

disi.Gcr by ln. gowi@ of Y.n.i, Some C.tipts tik. Oo.. bin Abdul Arir, 

slsFnrt d tlE inmvltir rnd uonhodox tsx6, rii.h wc inttldd.d by his 

pGlc..gB molloB h. lold htu g@dros rh.r hc Fef.ftd to s m noe rn r ! 

hrldful ornill.t lhm Y.mcr 

lliltoryn. ion€d th.( &rins Umary.dt ruro yd.ni$tdicB s!r. rtE orc or$. 

bhrdc !my. But ttE Fliics of lorc ofrtE Uhayyd gov.rrqs itr yon6 FDhk d 

lhe Fopl. ud tol! d rlEn lo Evoh 3gliin |hen. TIE ncr chlteigc iS.ird Um&r1td 

in Ycncn m! wlEtcd !o ! ltw ct.a!.8. ti M.@ by Abddt i bitr Zuh.i, rtD 

Fochin d a c.liph Ymcniq rh.erorc, slppod.d his for. Fnod of{tesd! (68j_ 

69!). Aflq 3hon Fio4 z'n nt mwtrElt frit€d .id Udyyt& Ec.n6.d Hiju rrd 

Yffi, Zub.ir ra ttE l€!&r of Khdigir. greup thd B fo$ded dudng rt c Dc.iod of 

l'|M Ali. Kh.dn6 dkd Yffi fq fcq y€.rs b[| fr Fopk gtE ti(|l !uf$n io 

lh.m, $ thst no l.sting inFint d rtE qudi9 of htrs in yeffi G fetr. Ruj. of 

Un.yFdr odcd ir (750) AD

YEMEN DURINC THI ABBASSID'S RULD 

Tk foud€r ollh. c.liDi'ale ws Abu-Abdull.h ll.Sanbn wh! m th. fiut Abbo$id 

Caliph!, Abb6id s Caiiph.rc @ 3taded siM th. rdddle ol eigbth4ntury A.D. I ne 

dyrurry betdgcd to I,roDlEr! ucle, .l-Abh6s Birt Ahdul-Mdalib. A5 sn a 

AtJbssi& CrliOhaG beg.[ Shiil! onnunity d€cldrcd $ei. suppod for it bd6e 

Abt $i& h.ldg !o P$df,l! hd*, But on lh. @itr.ry lo li.n exD@Ltis Al-S.ft n 

|@k lh. Do6inon i. aalou ofhimsel(ald his tmjly. ln addition 10 da( Abb6ids rule 

a ho5.d r|bn lh. Sunni lhou3ht of lslm 

Conscqqly, Shia cg!&d Abb.$id ariud. s a bculyal for lnen 6rd sttrtdt rcw 

usrFrion ae.n$t rhevly etablishcd cdiph.r.. nEn .fions ec turmn lo build dn16 

ofFlilicdl influcne in wio6 rcgioB of tlE empirc. lh.y.sbblished s ys@el€lls 

to rcrt €ilccdEly .g.iB! Abb(si

Shiile fndr.a€4 *bls poliindly' .@tmhdlv q ocidlt td b'o*€ W imo 

3!vc6t sdinLr smupe, s cull of inE n.l oonnid tor om itri.ftsrs, *hict folnd lw 

sers tikc, F.limi4lsruli,ct . EGy #l lsd to dFlss its d@t.irE ii lheloeiql t m 

md wlcd h.dly b ttsd iG idGN oq mc of klNic agic, .trd Y.tun G on. 

TIE lmdi bel|ne lcsi loletul thn o{hq Shiiics lnd .dopcd M.Folilical 

oid CDstic i&.s lddiig to .s s{edc inbqdttid of llF (@n. llcy 

lsnEd thrt dly tlE do{c or Incd n6ii8 of t vte dn t. rmen to tlc 

Fublic lnd lh.l lhe €$i.ric on iM6 hosns n know. lo lhe inili.l f.w ( | l) 

As . f.ct!$ed .'d Fcukd nimrity of ls@|i' @it€d b sdqtud 

Or8.ni4ti6n 0s r Mrd intlrmtionrl o'nsdacy drdh.t€d to rlE *izurc of Fwr frcm 

!*ir alFicnls In codrr$ to otlF s..r! of sftiic. km&li cogni4d tlE Fwrtt 

ln.m! ydnsd $q Mohmmcd bih knlcl nlhd ihln hk .|tu brc0tcr Mus! rl-Ko3irn. 

ShiiE oppo.itior for Atbasib Calitn G ll(mtclt bok d into bl@d rlEd

@mm.id tt€y tw virtlallv in&Fnd.( rlicrcloe' thc !6G @ 3inking id! rh' 4 ot 

'w tonj6', Covetuu of Yenm 9w w qt b b' in lh6fl lh! Ctl'ph $b{di@ 

Th. ol$viM s roo Fror. tM lh< op ol tor ct@ $Fnso'L snd tlE 

#* iirri*.itr'.a o"t*lvB bv caFdos b'go|ed ad 6dtitdv rure 

iiii"*1,r'."6G.".t..*meiE to;drd tc'r'ub*nv ( r2' 

ln tb. b.gdiog of ninlh @ilotv' s *F 'ling msnhi .!@ in Y'tr! bv oE 

Abbssid! gowmr Muhdmcd lbn z'tad who cl'imed 'n 'ndeFndfteorhis Fovid 

ofTi[.M .rd ils hint rhid sit[ itt ni$ori' enler of?rbid siM lbl lift o '8:eriv' 

rule of Abb$ids in Yden 6 timited or wEd Zvtd rG lh' Ii6t o@ b *Ftll! mr 

!@viM .wy fM Atbs$ids @n(@l in 822 He fos(|ell Zjvadh St'te snd tuled o*t 

qndt. Tih.d .td iG hinklltld lor tbo!| lF qntri6 Co8eq@dx ZiFd$ s'ds 

dc.@8.d {t o0Er dt@$d of Yernen b dc{|rc rh'ir indeFnd@ srh 0E o$cR' 

ol|d ior s.lf .uiononv Wilh lhe culq noF $4 ron dv@li's declt(d $er om 

utomsy in diff.Ml p|..* of Y.|lm 'l!rc in do$w h'lrird it v'3 to 8Pl toN 

,,*O* *U , * ** 

"l llinvenc dv6lv Wsr zivsli! rule deline4 lhc 

po'6 shin .l 10 oc of tllcn sd5 dtlcd Najal! *no dt@tlv d@ld€d ht 6'4po to 

oO*.,^ ,o* "tr*" * nljlnt wF Suni dvGti6 Th€v @u!d''t @ntrol d€ 

hrehlald. b6.N thc Sulavhi4! tnd i'iidk *@ (hcre 

2- ZURAYIDS STATE IN ADEN. 

Zwlyid5 g@ ! bn*b of dE srrctg uib' of tttndlr in rh' mdss |i6 ol Y'rl.n 

rr" r*"0", ** atU* ! @nnstdd it rh' Sulsvid{ flffi wto {$ 

'Pporrt'd 

"f_Z*vi 

J*"., * n*". *" wilh sul'vilids bln l'td lhcv sFont€d Adtn 

^**'! 'ltied 

ind ,"*t*- !o lhcir R'Flenbrid 

*-.* "t 'llv' 

"" "b!c of rlF F timiils @!n 

_J 

. * ,*t," o*' AMr s de'Ln ldt rh' dvnsltv sos€ pGrtis' th! 

'vo 

"* 

I* t*t-tn* ***' 6d m!'h orttE sulivhid! ttdlorv Nls tbsrb'd in 

;;";"" **-' Mtcr€sr rrEir drc td'd tor lbod entu'v brt it h&tcd bv 

im€sant gcdtb! sd nvddd dong lhc ftoilv 6edh's 1he sllc

3- FATIMID STATE 

wli6 PmdEl Mulen'ned P.B.U.ll dicd MBlnn @hnoity f.ctd dE FdtaD of 

CtlitlEr.: dE roL of Cdidi bd lne Foas of tk ctcin& 6dl $hisfl icidc th. 

MG[m 'nmnst!' lridu.lly arpa..{ etFn rw f*ti6 indlleld in @l cblL tnc 

S@i id Shitr smi lcbml of hl.tn *iici ircldc Nj8ity of Musliss dgtd lt t 

sy Fen @ld b€d! CdiFl if lE h!! thc rbility rnd ktu*l.de. f( tlEt a l|i3 olc 

d.ffiine ir inpb;.ndlg Sha.i. l.s. Tl$ orhlr f.clion, the Shi. sid dbr dE reL of 

Cdiph mct lE to @.tanN th. mlslion pm6s ed lo. filt h. ir to lE &s€idc.t fMn 

Prolh€t! fmilt lhough his &ugnGr I ior .nd hff husblid AIi; lnd th8t m llE fi61 

aedofFatididsdigic. Orrcially rh€ sct hui

Thc 8o!p *$ infom.d of th. *6rndss6 ol tlF l@l F@ strel@ by d cmci..r 

intlllis.@ wie, .rd it' dad6ti@ oisior.id j'dsed dE fi.ld f.nil. fo. Fqnorim 

of iG c'@. Ycnm B @id.rEd s lit ly wnc for rlE iEUs@lion ot! [.rimid st t.. 

I( 810 AO, tF rc6.*rblc in

Y.rn q holrtq, ccocld mcd|.l dunig Sdt.yhi& tule lic llEv ent! lblc to 

ldffi m3t of th. Mldtb .Nnid lh.nelB. Fdmidt s@.d .t npl ell to 

.lrablish !t r€ in Yftq stich lcd by Ali Mqh.nncd .l-Sultyhi Althougi, hb f.nily 

$1! Sunii 6nd hi! hthcr w a iuds., blt r ihid.hi.fofth.t .d wlE ob..dcd Ali't 

.xtnordindty pFmising qustitici Eiitcd hatn. Fdimid tged kn hk conlid.tFc .nd 

th6 innrudcd tlln lboot tl| stll l5m*li'3 docttrn. aid ftdragtd hk poli(iol 

dbiiios. rd'nid cnicf of Y.|m..qckd hk cdipn ir EgJd ro mm ^li N omci.l 

aga{ in Sodn Adi! dd lldiD Sll&ttinot. 

Suh.qmdy, Ati .l-subyhi st rl€d 8liniry ftnbwits .'Ms dE gctHd Frblic h.red 

upon high t'ircipl.s, Et[d ll$n upon ldnS.ihh q s.ct. TlEcfonh, h€ lcd Ycmcni! 

ptdlig. .tn 

pilgdhdg.! oBwro !E tuidiq, wl ch M @BiddEd one of t 8r!rt 

FsDonsibility. By lhi! wrk he gol an opgflonity lo dcvelol' his Frdalim .nd lo vin 

rh. p@pl. dwusiout Y.n6. In 1016 hc $o. tie lolaltt or Homd{ ttih. *ho preib.d 

l m to !.cdfi€ llEi.li6 ii farcr of6y €n(€pris lrc Di8ht u.dqltle Tht qaion 

m& hin to act oF{y .nd olled tq dE litimi& qe. In 1047 lE lcd .n m.d foc 

ud .d!.nc.d loMds thc 6Dit l Sanla lL iBidld dd he @ mr p{Ruin8 p.lgtl 

rBbition ht @ acting in tlE nG6i of llt by 6t blislting,'6iia in a'd.rEc wilh 

Saru. c.sily tcll udcr his nd. ad by 106r, nott ot Yotmi aams rcG sub'nill€d 

ro htu dL i(cltding stu .B in I lijd ed Om!t! l( $s cl@ ttar rl-Suldyhi hod g.at 

milit!.J...d diplorotic lkilk *ttich h.lt€d him io $Uuc th. powdul tritet of Y.fl.i. 

H. i.i !p.lI61iE rdl lDrc.t dflift:sino$ !d Ef6n d fim *cttritn FEdion. 

H.c., h. yd thc 16r! of dE Fode Utxkr th. l6&r3hiP of tl-Mutlllm, d!. ln! 

r!.!U ilt 'Einm goerqhiol .rcrt lrd ho4c !bt@d Unfoio6r.ly. hc Elitld 

frun F61i. life rn r $Ed '!6 of ti! Nlc in hhr of his vir s.ytfth AM Binr 

Al rcd .l-S!l.yhi, bd@ of ni! itl|B. A! s.oo c slE l@t !or!r 3lE d ll.d tlE 

C.rilal fron Sddt iibh; cctrrd dls3 of Yd.i. Th. Qud tti.d to Dinittrt dk 

ue of ffi.d toc ii Foliti6 sd sght lo win $c loytllid of lh. sbjdtr throlgn 

$ud tdhinidrario thd int!rest of ilE p.oplo by politic.l rdcuwr

Si@ slF Fcrd ldinids @6c f.irtfslu rt! $bisrudc Atiph of rat6i& !t 

M!9lrisir !0$€d her son lor tlE spiritu l .!d tsnpoBl led.nship snd.r Is os 

rgcrct- Thc dali.ts .!btg dE S'&ihid n hh.R .nd dalntRliaaon lurtqiry lcd 

io rte rkrr'c d€clire. Th. qEn rli.

lsffi. Ayyllbi& @dd rc. dviocly cx0c.l loFlg of Y.nmi l@p6' dEtrm 0E, 

Mm.lut fler srilcd lrcr Egypl in Nownb.r l5{5 lo*ri& th. soulhem Aobirn 

cslt &d.ltq timit d d{d6 with tltc Potugu6c in 6! Itdi6 oca|! dF fl61 s 

d.facd dtd ih.n rdocd 10 lhr R.d Sa. ltuerner, tlE Porlugucs. tried .gtt! lo 

crptur Ador porl but m.l stmng Esisl!ftc by lhe pdple of (h€ ci(y !d.r Tahirid 

lc.ddshiF IXc M,@tuld pl.med . e6nd isvtl cxpedilion with 3ubsLnli.l suppo.t 

lm lh. Otul@ sdtti i! t5lJ. Tt tued!.dition@lmlBt d iG trr@li6 rpon lbc 

seuig of 0E Rcd Sa ft..rpeditid cmtrr&r tl6.n .l-Kudi cill€d upod tlE 

T.nnid drl froD lhc 'ts$y equiptndl ud sup?lies, brt tlP htlc. @!ld ml futfil dl 

lh.ir deoods ad lhcn Lh. M.mlde ltlicd sitn T.hirid's opponent 

tlE Mrretut t d d.for.d Tlnidd fo@ ltd *D.rxled lh€ir @nltol10 S.nd' 6 dEv 

lrd nodd! EFc io ltd *u. Tb. Ct .!i.. M@lut6 6! fot€l to siitdraw'l 

fod h@to66 'is !ii.r 3lrrt rinq bs@ ln.v fatst of nonh YoMi lrib' s 

rc!ene.. Mcm.lltcs er up *ni-ind.Fndent Fgioe eDtlql on Z!bd, *nicl l6lq! tbr 

sbour tsenty-teo ye!$ tlEuSh in thc lMe of otton@'s sull4 No Ef, Frt of globe 

hr( .]@*,I'ite, b.q l(ed upsid. 4r*n ln l5l2 Ouons s{lli! S'lim I .l@ lo 

poE *{@ @iou! t!4.lire aq his eiShbort l.rilorv rc imnErli'nlv darif€t 

Tk Oooou h.d b€n deteaLd Msilutd fo6 at M.i t>.biq rc& Alepto 

S.Iavid SlEh ofl'€uic who *s allv t Mlm?lukc.l$ 36r.incd ! distols d'l'at ii 

Itl4, In 1520, Sul.ind pdh., thc Mlgnin€n! b€c{m $€ ftrst Ollont sulltr to 

'lom 

kLBi. C.liptst .td tt$ sokeignly os tlE @tic ABbie PcniNL ltowver' it 

w mt 6til l5:!8l|.trr.@iorOrb's.:F|ilion E diskdl'*.d errhdn Anbi' 

..d rh. Poilugua F*.e in tlE India Ocen. 

2. RASULIDS' SIA'I'U IN ADIN 

A6o.ding to lhe Seft3logistn lhe cmoL tn@sto6 of Ois dvna.(v reE of$e Uzd 

trib. ald rq!,0EEfotc, d6ddlts ofQdt r Dtsplaed bv dE @ll.Fe ofthe Mdb 

D.n lh.y mov.d mnh gopPing in dF Tibm ud Hiu OF cls dr.nEd ro rte tuh of 

Syrh s rhe Ghssi&, dd dtlied ils€ta with Btdti$ Thc t.si molwh of thb lid 

b€m a Mclin but resned b ctvisiilni(v sdd movcd lo ciNlantimd€ afl€t short

lift besr l* i{bj6Ld to & dronr by s Adroi Mulin Hi3 child@, MBlit 

a8!in, &ilLd ro Centnt A.ir .nd liv€d.mtg lhe Twkftn tnd mdhttin d their f.dlv 

id.nriq ON ofdEb, Mdunnad bi. thtuq niedcd frDm en!!l Asit ro B.sldld 

dqing tn ^bt sid's Friod !'d .'nsd in {E Glipli!.! rsc 3 drpioml aning 

lh. $bflqu.t ot Raul (n6sg{) by ehich his d.s.!n&nB e rNm. 

Th. dyturt's F6ili6 3lrdglh€rcd d.y .Ihr dry .d te!ft pocntirl .iv!l of 

/\}!bids. ncreloE, Ayyubi& dccirlql lo €linimte thcn iifl@re fm E&/tr lid 

Stria bt $|ldif,g lhm slong pi(h lheir eNd fo@ (o Yemen. On S.ltdi!'s de h in 

I lt, his both.6.,rd e'a MEd dm@g rhonsdG fd {€ O|w .d fq urdiescd 

Fo.si@ of t.,!n.nrs ol tlE cnpiE lE hrd .Etcd in SFA lBq, &xl F,8yp{. rbEs, 

Raulid m hclping Sal.din gEn&on Nra.eld to rulc Ydcn. 'lhc h|ld, mcdwhil., 

sdhorcd by hb htq ll-l(tmil to gorcm sFa d hi! bddt Nr llDin bjD Rtlul 

*il t lExlrft gin to Dlbid slltln .l.Kmil *ili Kuti,B d Ym6 B dl.d 

or b.half of ihe Ayyubi&. Willin r @!Flc of y6r$ N$ clDin pMlrided hihs.lf 

$i1$ of Y.o.n wilh tlE lid. of d+trsd- In 1217. lE rts.ded hir ind€{€ndcic. by 

slrilirg @id in his om MrE: by cuins F.y6 

ro bc $id in hi! orE in tlE oo6qs; 

dd bt elicitin! fdrMl .dn i6tidofhi. tul€ fron lh.Abl@id@tiph. Sho,tly h. s 

sierxling d.qul rem! wilh lha Ayyubidi for o tul ofth.Islanio slriBs r! MG6a. 

TlEir *rs thur th. mo. duabL Suni regi.nc, whi.h ftlth Anbia lbs 

knoM in the Isldric GE. It nly $!ll lt|le b€en th! rocl t rst'coB.lso; it 

9a rrlainly richd lhon i6ti.$4itoiy Yend. In poit ll s .mt|.@ wg 

drc io a Evihl ofl6d.. As uE Attiaid C.liFhE d..lin€d rd l6q fcll inio 

died4,lnc nod. of tlE 6st-16t l[& 3[in d b.cr fFh rlE Pdnn Cltf 

lo ihc R.d S@ Adc! ed lccer South Aobidn |nit de.elii hdn key 

@rFpok for .dftF.i Ymdi nfthanl3 wtE stdioned in lhc imoorrrnt 

citie of ESft ald n.ny E5lpti,I tra&u @ducled rfiais ii Y.tm 

Agi.dlrlt j$ F!.!d.d Eh.rion of rlF Radid Esin. opoi Or 

qt!y,' par.nB ftr! ffi; btd IE dandk *ir! 3ysrqniic, Gurlt 

FedicbDlc, &td j6l flcriblc @u!rr io .Eid ffiing thc poiir or 

dimiiistire etuds '. ( 14)

Th. ho@ ot Psul rul.d oEr lne gBcr Fni6 of yenHi rdilory fc @|l @r 

rs ennriB FotuilGly' rle R.suliG st c \Ns mr rtE otirt of imFd.] mbitids 

on !E Fd of dnq mjd powu of irs tirc. TIE t&r Atyabil !!d &! @dy M6.tu& 

sulrr$ we bo.b6orbcd wirh ilE Crusd6lo l@t $urh b.yond ihe hoty cifi6 of rhc 

sijrz The Abb,3sid @pii.l Bsdd!4 *!s d4srtprld in r25s by lhc Moneot hor

gft .t sitirc posilioB. Ihcy fEqanlly hld lo t!3d fi.n !|E*id by 8!E of 

co@ladrc to thc @Nakrlion ol @wr w!! lrE onsisLnt Rdnid .'!&.rc. to 

tuiBi. dlabinks by dteling a n$h Gq@ G lrftlicibL fon their

HoIt6, in . ndb.r of cpc.rr, (B ruiru&s .!d cqdEt ot rtF Rsuli& 

mpondcd will lhe v.lu.s srd spintions of mwh of dE poFddion th.y soEnEd- 

The l.Lr Raulids wc u*illidg or uubtc to *t6r tugh omcirts dercr.d to errying 

olt ilEir policiG nor did thcy nonitor ofhci.l. Frfol|Me ct@ty. Tn y .nrtuted 

&&onty b nei $,lE sudt otj6liw3 @nsMl rcid€r sith thoF of rh€ suttan tu. 

with tlGe oflhc common Foplc. Thc ftsutt s laring potiticst chansc rena&d in a 

dec@ oftn $veBiBn's lbilig ro puBu. his dm! ore.tircty. The phenom€@n ss 

€xlibil€d n6i ltriSnCy in rh. dectim ofitF !ub's .Sticuttunt productiviiy md ihe 

ua$fomarior of ic s@i.l str@rue, Ih. Rsulid! frcqeh y t&ed ilM@lion aNng 

Hlair hisbbid rdb.s not.bly in rhe lbt ud Huj.dy. di!|nc6. 

Th€s agricultuiit$ howver, la.tcd 0E abitity to fom the ldge alis6 rEquircd 

for a eriN, exEn&d chdleng. !o (he anorl .lthqiry. D6tinflnmitesred itsrtf in 

orls diEti@. IlF Rsdid! rbrdon.d rhc cfon b cmr.( @nftl or Upp.r ydd, 

sd @nt€nld th6n*lB snn detirding rh. sln .8'iEr Z.idi prsG Ttel, 

edqcted sioibd, *ilh E8.rd to.llriE of Ht.r, owr wlich {Ey totra dnpEd wirt, 

il'. M.mlulc sulL. of E9'pt. Th€ tst m6bt. Rautid .iFdilim (o M.cca. uded.t n 

by rl-Mujdid (12ll-1363) w s illra&d |hrr rtE sulr.rn h'Btt % opru€d by the 

Mamclute fl)G..d intcmcd in ESIE for moF rhrn a yer Ttr tarr Rsutid suttln, 

fndlt &F!Ld lrom thc nituhiel Frcm of &dsrity, which tcd b &. tDtity's 

Tn n61 bm.nro6 d.Fnu@ u rhc lppoihrned oa sresiv€ h.dbeu of d 

mbiiious dm oa Tahn to gov.m Adcn. rhc c.uciil b8c ot Rasutid r6de Evsue. In 

a

A dbclliof, by thc Rdulid!" Mimdukd tl z-lbid @rcd lhc l6t cltin'in of th' 

tesourc4 reqliEd lo 8dl hi!.ufiodty, .d previd.d the Tlhiiid! wilh d opponoiiy 

to u$rp th€ diiE Rdotid Flrihony .boul 1442. Bv tte &'lin' of Rdulid! dL in 

$urhlm rcgion of Ywq ttE Z.tdi tnamtl. r@h.d ns bM&sl rditori'l ql6l 

tuling tor the litst rift.!l 0F Eritdy ornonhdr dich rffm hrs s Yod Arb 

RlFlblic. fl! of di6El cldk ga il hd lh. of'F.tlunitv lo denFrdnL tt! 3tmgtt6 

ri FIIB a . Dolili:l srst m. 

THE RULE OF ZAII}I IMAMS 

Z.idi tn@!rc inlloducld into Y.mcn t( tlE d@ of rlt ninth @nrtry ttd ilt olc 

rcmincd consh.l thougholt thousNnd yeu unlil llF middl€ of niftlcodt c'nlury' Iil 

sr.nBh @e fm the lin!it8. *ith Y.mi ldb6 lsutld rd mined mosl of iB 

hbbry d.!en& upon rl!l' Du. o ldg coi inuN 6itli* tlMg lh' p6d' of 

mnlEh hiel'l.nd\ dich lEd @h.d th. loid sn rc iis mlabl6 f'lt thc o"d of 

ouBid. lElD .rd relttd fi.dtud. li 893, E9rs.l!li6 of tm FiftiFl cllm of ttih6 

.poaLd to Ydryr bi. ttNin biFQBih .t'Rsi r d6.adrl ol lnht hdn Ali 

Ydry. b.tdrs.d to Nljid in ltE drh of Al'biln ?.nintolt .trd h. .I6n ml of hir liFc 

s $holrt in Medne. Piq! tlt Y.md pilsrin.gls tnct hin. 

Th. nhsion 6Led him to com. to Ycm.n in or&r to suFryis. ih.ir stToi$ tnd 

lronisd dll ftcy rcdd a@pt lll of hh @nmedi wllm hc sitld to &d0 h. 

f@ndld zsidiid $ct Glr(€d io Inam Ziid bin Z6in rl-Abdin' foudn im.m ofshiilt 

Tlr r..l s D.eti€l bcnr is rclloLtd in ils aj6lio of $. i&t ofs'ltad&. tf,.n'rlE 

,t.tmlic disimoklid F.lic.{ by tlF lsreli! .td $m ods Shi6 Ito!p.. 

ncxibL . .dtclic iI h{ !d dt@losr, Z.rdi do.rtiF s GP.c[vc lo 

opiri@ fim dl cnFtetr| sotrc. iftllding $. smi $h@ls on 

conditior tlgr dEn rdidily b. @fin.d by cdticd emiddo (l5)

zaidis looied to eUB of bw .s .n onsoing pr6sr in dEn opiDon JusFded 

(ljritad) rc @r dwd a n a in s@i 3ch@1, which .lEldy froztr ir sine fie bnur 

Zaidliu did rct c.doR the orthodox ShiE chims that th. ftophet nad 

nomiMEd All lo b! his su@c€$r, dd ih.l 'Abu Batr &d Un.r rc€ lEf,e 

Bulds &$oing tlF mosl violc.( .ddcmnldon. ln fte Z.idi viw Ali m 

entided !o lhc su@sioo b@ue lis uniq@ p€aoNlqudii6 madc him th€ 

man bct qualifi€d ro r@cd Muh.nD.d lt€e qualiti.s, in Zaidi th@ry, 

e innqited by the d.stuilnk of'All nd F.rim., ddoush not in obifom 

The sl pul four4n l.nss tor tlr. po$ or lm|mtc s thc FMn who wnt !o €l€ct 

imd shouid h. lduil rsl. fe nuj&[id d6&nd|nl of Prophet, jsl. eeidoG and cod 

f

Tte rnm's Fliridl vi.id trilcd io fiid . 3!|I of cFwtrbtii€s io .pdv his 

d.ciliE dom ro rlE ||Esi.g ou( of . riid of lnin to t p@r t|q dE n p $'tich 

didtrl 3uc.8d. Th. p60L'i @l@ fo.lhd id45 B rc8tliE c dEy 9@ dddv 

M6liB sid drt .@pcd nim dinly u t b.Fwl6l F6ligiot4 MF.dis ftcdnto. 

io $|t dEr inkr-Fit.l qftls lri no( lo grw tlcr wistom. 

Alihdgh, 0ie fi6t tip of Yrl$r 1o Yan.n did mt 3uec.d lo dhblth a 3ttbi. lypc of 

.dninistllior hn hig lltdG wE .hsod.d to i.w idd .mig the p.o?I. 6nll]Mt 

*ith thoF of lh. rulor. HG .xFci.d tld (h. Ymqi3 wuld Mdilt adoDl io lfi. err of 

sysrn thar fie mnEipbcd bu1 he obsrv€d lhd th.y kre not in aacl obetlng his 

@nm.rds nor liv. ih Fla with o@ .notlH ih.n hc dun€d b..* lo Hjja 

S!!6eq61t, dler f.w ylal! 0E istn B idiial sgdn by tl€ se tib. 8nd for 

$. gft ffi. T}c chi.fs of s.da vi.ilcd hitn .!d p.tldtLd him io mL. @dEr 

rtEtrF d FndnS 

dEir .|I.i6 on lh. nsit t[c* Tltafoe, l'€ tged for min3 tsck lo 

Yd.'! *l ct h€ did in 8!x, *ith tl€ hoF lhrl lE vwld l!flin pqnEFitly lhee a h. 

td Sood dFire $dt dE mlcl !r.id M6wt L, aid, in shdt tift h. 

slMe{En d hk rcl.lim *ilt mny ldb6 .nd h. w.! .bl. io dq6 o0Er a@ in tlE 

.orliEm mM aiG oaYc1M. 

TIE zlidis had oD.{Ed s.id ii 90o bul d@ to lineial Fobkns hc B forE

By fi. d!.lh of d-H.di, th. Z.idli.o M ro 8o und.rydrd urit I 137 $tq it 

r.vivql in l||e pe@n orhn. .l-MlrrsdilAl|t|l.d. desnddlt otd-lbdi. Bdds& 

Zridi n!|@ bcccn. trn.o6 siic. rtc l.r. tq6 of rsltntr qtury dEy jp.nr r lor of 

lirc in oolionlng @h otlEr lid ltrt Eta.d lh.k rolc ir lh. t@l .nd Fbtic dliiB 

of YcnH whjL rlE .@rty hd to htt !r&r to|!is. |tnbnioB of Ayylbid.. By thc 

&clild .f Rsulids ru|. z.idiis lnllmc os rsjn .nd iis inflFne @tEd i(s 

b!e.k t qell in O! ndrlEh higl .tr&. Unfdt@Gty, Tu.tbh @tq6l oa ycmn 

forccd tt* drrultiB to wl udagoud Bi8 ch.rgc h Y.nH 3iiuriio6 att rld ! 

@ltlriry of Fioriti.6 eithin . corrt d et of th. Doliric.t vd6 !*l in dE h.Ld of 

loEr .nog Yen6i! dyNti6. 

O! 0E orta lEnd ?ridi BpDaring sylctMir.d r h tuing ofth. Tu.tish Ehpia c 

3lroiS poE Th. @Dhic i.t Gir! of Olro||u Bw up dd rlE 6!tt Eliviry 

isatcd.or6s dF wdd !d ir dE Rd Sa a *lt. Marhit. yffi t cd.F{Fr 

focitn oftdlcns. ofn'E Ciflrssi&ts vtb ..ts to 6dr 0F podogrB. ir rtE Rcd Sa ud 

bdioO@n DurirS {rt tim lh€ ladcBhar of Zlidi r'sql !o Sh.nf.t-Din clD of.thdi 

deld.nc (t50'r-1558). Zridi tMm sor Ych.nis sppo.r no6!y dri4 dr 

riG of ffti$ in6is. Inm St 6f d-Din iu€.qtcd !o &fan bod othir opFEnB 

dt T.Ndl6' dls ofAdci.rd Cidlsio's rlEn h. @ Nllcd wtor. y.Gn. Blr rftr 

fcw F6 hc bdnc old s h€ spcrt his lif. i. d ine4 v4 witt| hii oppoents. Fd 

0rt r!.s lE dtid.d imBing Gtoiaibitiri6 to em of hi! n.!ry $c Ttr. 

@ru.qFE E long .otr0ict bctcn hie ior$, IlE .1d.. $n it-Mqt lh.. lwtt d 

.griBl hi! f.lhd ang uh.d fo6 Ed ii lJtq h wG tdl.r b Ot|llo! cmNrdd 

inviring hin to .rbck hh flrnlA (ditdi.s. 

Tutiii 0@F ury.n(y.drEd our(b @dh.m hight.nq opruring S{q End ll 

l.!r uw c@luLd *irh d-Md.llo rlrr rsd.d 0E rymbot of Oriome grcEigfty 

.d Mrion Solu!! n.m in pubti! pny.u. In rdqn hc rcrlin d diEr rut. of rh. 

anjl''y Eroining id hi5 h.n& Hoeq, sho.tly Md.hh& ted s@rryrid. evotl 

.grii{ ln. Otlomis rnd within y.!E (156'.1567) thch p|*G w.rdiguirtrcl ro 

$w lor t to.hold ar 0!€ .ct l srriD.

Th@ns, lhc .ristcnlic chts ot Zridi |es!fl.d Ftduit Mlrtnh.r of fti' Fiut' 

and gl|g. inL6rs durinB his otc os mdhcn .@ or {F orltr sid' zaidi 

.dminis{alds s* oo0c$cd in sulhdn .@! slEF tujoniv wE Shanir tln tlll 

h.lFd ihe Tlrks ca(n{@ into *w Ldit@6 in llE nodh !d htcr dlol tll of 

Y.men. An . dE d6lh oa Mutohh.r in I t?2, his for $ns' 4h of tcn sking po6 

for hin In 1585, ill ledins m.nh.fs ot lh. Sfi.nf.t Di ftf,ilv lw Dri$i.c ot the 

ottons gprmG, who ecnl thfl lo lsllibol, wll.rc $ey litld then l.mirng v6 

intercd by lhe Porle tmam Sh$sf !l-l)ir 3ucolrd€d bricflv in .sning contro' of all 

South€n Adli! except Oe citics of Zlbid lid Aden, dnd hi! sn Mutahla rulrd *n 

Aden fd.linc ft.n mitiLry !o@d!.! rctllt d fioh thc apitlioq shnted bdwn 

$m md lheir suhjccts, to crd sNcs3iv. iiv8iont by T.hirids, Cillsiss ud 

In 159s, QasiBi clm of z-idi st p@l.intd imdt cdpling fien EDo€l for 

ob€diem wnh rlE .xhortllin to .llDk lhe furtish lrnisN Qsin bin Muficmrd 

s th. fiRt Qsini h6tr\ *l'o ldi. s@ticllr si6 of l@l ffi, placcd ndv 

of rlE monrrh fod6c in his 6nrNt. TIE To*kt, noFd, *E forccd to 

*iddn*rl tdn Yffi ao 1615 b.6|6. lh.y fsld srMg Eb.lli@s in ttdnt .rd 

Brltm. The in&o.ndri Z.idi Si.c .xLid.d lh.i. inoudE bt @iqsing hosl of 

Nqln Yffi .nd dtlbliCEd r l@c sudiity 3 tu a Dnlfs. Tth B tl|. niSFrler 

m*i ltE6fod!, i€tE rclb.nt s lk lrcnd TIE peoplc of edtm Fovifia tullcd 

.slinsi the Aidi ruL, md 0l!o riin. hod liolloBd lh. sam sy. 

Qsisi imam in rh. svenGdlh c.hi!ry onc. rg.in h.d &hised a elietn Y.reni 

nalio.al sorl, bui o(IcEd ml on.going vslu.s of a qudity lo presft th€ ul|y 

nmollrily crat d Th.lmmate bc.rm 3i$ply I lwnNe prift by whach individlal 

.ppciite dld h€ e6tificd $lrh miinnd dponsibility tomrd othq eenenis of tne 

siery. C4hpelitid smong Qsimi s num.rou! d.lcendlils w@ livelt, until Olro|ha! 

'gpru.d Y.mei ii | 8{8. By lhc dd of 1870!. . w lirc of Q8ihi InMs, tlE Huid 

llDL *io rot.d lo b. o@ crldiblG ld&r of . Erionti lit rtid n(,iffil rg.isr

Tt mgniud. of rhc Trnis[.rbd b eppc.s dE lwk nsrd.d ri0i rtE ba|i 

loli.jcr .dd qltliti.! of r|.E Pdt. Ti. rrqste dlnd tu ron, F.r!j *iO . to.s of 

liE6li r.d a. bla{ilttur d cirlt€ jd.. ! E FErcLd by .ldrrG by ttrc ltrts 

!o @h $cF cmoidt *nh rhc tffi|rc wiobu aEo@eiig disi&tn nov.|M|! 

.L.whcE in tlE @piE. Negoti.tiorb strirlldy, bot ptee with thc inu .! 

Mulvdl}il Y.iry4 rho succ€€d€d nb ftrtbr, d-MllM Munmnt!4 h t904. The 

Tub pro6dt&d g.D.tlr dn !ty. No ChristiD or.t.r B io b. di..d in rdDdry 

.E Mudint!. TtE Po.r., rdrb, s to b. rlsF$ibte fd dE d.&ric ofdE IE.gri^* 

.|!

(II) Strategic Importance of the Reunilicrtion 

of Yemen 

Y.ffi d S@rh AEbit ir d gargoFlhd @n ond ik t'otlc d€finilclv hE 'inihr 

fatE€. MGr ot {t .tudi6 id lHFh6. *iicn r@ wina atout sO Allnit, |id 

creitn|.d d llE hiddic t d 8lognd c'l uiig of tiE rcgid log'lhd wilh llr' 

@litiol ri

Bdhin hld @uded n6r of |n(lon SithEoniii€ol .trd F flre. tlolLnd bot! hd 

buill mod.d Evd in ddd to FniciFc in ft .olonidisn ot d@ esim in Asi! for 

ib @nmic .rd st!.Lgic inDod,ne, lik Esypi rod Yemcn. Duing tte indudriat 

cvolllin in EmF, mGt of ic po*i! &Fndcd on ih! chap 6w mreriat oa Asia ad 

Aa.i.r, e th€y buil rh.ir oM @loni6 in qd6 to s@ ltje inrecs1s. 

By rhar Une rh. lignilidne of$e R.d Sd, $ vii.l &tery for i]le inlemlio..l trade. 

kE molivlt€d w6te.n poE6 to acupy ile ll4t gic l@lioB. Th€r€forc, Brilain hrd 

sculied the slntesjc pon of Aden in ( 1839), and 6ed il 4 militlly bse dd @al 3rati6 

for the shiF. WiO lhe osupalion ofsou$ch Yflcn Britoin *6 sble lo conlrcl on the 

wrld navigation vi! thc R!{ Sha. s unnl@ g)*e( in $e rcgion. Mo@wr, B tain 

src4e

In con!.qEffc of lh.t Yemn s stmlcgrc impon!@ tgrin a(6ct d Oc autFqsw.s' 

An.riq dd Sovi.l tjtrid. Eet 3Llc td.d lo fiod Eood p6ilid in tlE Y'nMi lttd in 

or&r ro @{rot th. .ipon ofFl6l, tich .fiel.d lh. *odd polilt€ 

TL inm.dirl. slB&gic {l@ Bl3 in $! fel rh{, e long s dE Sua CMI 

i! rlso oD.n, the 3trrit ofB.b-!l-M.nd!b Fovid.s the sM6r e6! lq oil 

idtc6 wilh Eubp€.n d6ti@lioro. 11* l!nkc6,. pan frcm {pplying th. 

ne& of Euopd; cmun€B, .l!o bring oil to f@l thc United St.G3 3irth 

Fl€.i in rft. Medirc@dn. (l8) 

Du.in8 World War I bott of tbc tm €mF, lli.d ard Axis bla rti.d to mr 

Y.tmi $pport for dEn phG. nE Turk rd Bd sn hrd drdcd owr $rc t@3 in 

Ncth .nd S.ulh. bot the h!l,E of 

'.rEr 

6 in f.r@r of lh. Tu*! {ho $,!r tble to 

thMl Bdlish lorc.s in do and il culd lko slo! iB shiDs, shich ed io sil eB the 

R€d so. coBquenrly, Bribin ffi it8 bcat to 8ct ilE ldm's sopport or 3t lc&n ro 

Mrrli* hin, * 8u8.ry for their sEes in the w. 

of Adbie ltniBult lt 

It i. tF li.t Yercn . lctid cEi.|!r.d 3 t slnLgic Fn 

.lm MrrolLd rtE sdlstr e.r. of tlE R.d sa {|c srEit of "Bob !lM.dut, *nich 

@d.clr Adr *ilh Afri6 ed @m.iding tlF inFmrio'd nviSttio. Tlmfoc, dE 

focign por€6 divi(H it i o lM poliliol uik! dwi.g llE'Cold Wd coi Sooth 

Y6.n dd No.tt Yf,.n *1 ch reE ruled by dif.r.nt politi@l iy3t€md si@ Bnlill 

wilhdnMl in 1967 rnd undl tlE &ollmtion of then unificdion in 19910, History 

m.nlioBd Dlny lhirg' s!o!t (h€ ssitiw l@-stioi ot Ye'M and it! c|Ic.l ii AEbiti 

PdiFih s ! rhole du.i.e 0E mr d Fe. 

ForiGlrc,ln. E$rdi@ of l.ldlh Yffi riNt lMorc rulc in 1962.ndcming 

of R.FtUic aFtcft: lh. .Mr .rfcdcd tlE lr'brlity of .ilts sttl6 of thc Ggid. The 

succds of {|c Evolurior of Ydlen h.d d.ngpbd .d6.q@nc tt inlctul, tgion.l atd 

intcmtionrl l.kls. Or thc intcml lewl it thw .my Inamie egrne slong wnh ns 

b..k@d sysrcm, thednd, Yn.n M knom ro |hc Mrld in @dp.drg lo pr- 

rcvolurion log nighr. Alo@gh, Ewlulioo srrd.d a pmgBiw, b!( rhc cxLmd 

i.tdfffi tuft.d its sycd ro colgvrdw m

Th. civil vrr itr Ysn.n ci&d in I96q .fid $cc6{ul croncili{ioi bd*!a rlE er- 

Fsih. slppon u sd 0E rcpoblicust qt|o spofto|ld by r.gi@.1 ,rd i cndionrt 

poEl hrd fou!&d u's|.bL cdlition bGrwn bofi 3id.s. SupF)da! of riF Fp{btic 

iEludins hc(.h..l3, wlto wr.d to kirS Nont y.IM inlo rtF {o.td d!l*.t, rh. 

8or!@dt burlrerl! eno rucd to bi4 bcr ilro Anb potiric.losdhd wio nib.l 

lqda eho.ln r $r8hr Fwr.r tl|c dF@ of rlE qr.. On rh! odEr b.r'd, rtF 

rey.lid .l@atli EOirEd in .dily vitt d. Eat{tiosi3 Tn@f@. dE w c{or.d 

!3.d bclGn boan l|!. dvdd6 itr 1969, *t ct axhd in f.vq ofdE cfilbtic.B, 

O! llE cgioal !i in .'uriod tcvltt tmtotid of yoMn h..t .tE eit dE 

codlidr b.rGn r[G F^rr & W6{ s Sovi.l Ud@ .!$g wiln ei.tilr cgihc of Egpl 

$!po!tcd tic YctHi 'lwlurid etiL ffiMti!! tdngdom of S{di A6bi. *idt ir, 

dlicd po\rc.s h.ct d tb. rcyrlilG tHith tighEB tr Efl.qed 0F

Th. |lwludon of No.lh YoM .txolog.d SoutlEm Mliordkb to dan ti.n 

t@luriorr rgrrBt BrItun ddidinn u{il ir3 wi$dntil in 1967, Uddiu Lly' sdr{r 

6.r of Yd6 h.d chcn ro h. n i'!d.F.&tn irl., i'dad of 6ilod ritt lhc NqlL 

Socirlirt agim. 6h. to porE io e!|t riik .d|&frriw ndlh Ficdtd dE F.lilion of 

sri. lr ff! a @nrtituy rgEint lh. 6ny of Y.tM, b.qd sddEn 'las *c Frt 

of ! t.qd uhil of thc Ydd s . whol.. Tlti. w c1... noa @lv to Ymcni bol 6lso to 

boih itc rlgotrNlrnd iiEnltoMl por!^ lh.i itied to ue !|e Nonh to figllt Oe Sdnn 

ah* |lwB l@ketl .lcfully .g.iNl ry sl.0 towr

The l.uitcrlor of Yanen hld ro 3top thc pcoptc fmd confMting acn odFr dd 

iNlead th.y p(t Oeir oll€cdvc ctTods in rtlc @noini. lnd ssist dddoFftnr Duing 

pdrlrton @ Soulh Fgin. subnirlql to thc infldctE. of Sovier Untq,s lolicia. s ir w 

stlll€ic clidt in A!bi& P.nirsut..nd Afri@i Hom. TheEtorc, Sourh ycm.n eor 0E 

larg6t ntio of Soviet Uiion's asshtrn@ prcgnrn &@ng the rhird Wqtd ecillist star., 

On tle odcr ri&, Nonh Y@.n b€o{nc norc rclicnr on rh. csisrlna oa wsien md 

ofiici.l A6b St.r6 i! thc cutt 

Anq lorg @n0id $e 1w Ycmdi Dgims @otd tul contonr tuh orhc ad t@ 

dEy de.ided 10 me4e i o m potitiet sysLrD, .wr rilh $€ir dill.@6. Tl,e tutqs 

rfts thlt lh. p@!le s ! *tblc @ndisdy etl.d for fuIitting of Oe diry. De9ile 

lw syg@ of foliliql v.l6 ens@d rmong Ycmcnis\ llFe wE ds Nny unifying 

altil'ds ald apiEtiona g*r.l FB of natiomt idenoly .nd of shuing .@nM pesr 

Seh i{lagltio! is 6$tid ro thc Mrinu.d vi.bitity ota polincd srwnG 

as rcll a (o th F@s of d€rloFMr rd hodeniafiin. Whit! rt 

o.Fd tG ftMy dnifisriq$ it is.ppop.ide b mre pv@t bdsic od6 

lEe. It .ptli5 to a rclarivcly Ell &liicd €nitcy *ifiin *nich, rc€.ldts 

of elhdc" li.guktic, or cultul dilTceds, . .@tun $r of ralionitiry 

.InG. rtEE nar bc r et|lld .ul|idny ql.n

Th. ltEt.eic impoir.nce of the sl6it ws m!i!r llen for the Sovi'tk prc!€nb in 

Aiii.an hon's st.t6like S(m14 Ethio?ia,.nd outh Y@@ P.n The Sodct betinS 

ro tl|6c 6diel resjns lEd PUI th. Ggi@ ii big dilenna Th' loliti6l beluviof of s!'h 

3t tB ha! ons tE in . ffi@fmlt sv in {Fn elEtiota vilh the n'idbdri'l 

dlt ., nro@s, ftty disgid.d .id ci.d.d ol tl'c tuk ofintdtliodl be Sovi'l's 

Flsdrc. im@Ed $. r.Nion in th. rcion !d fu.ttFr td&d lo rlE po(clnid of 

in|r$rioil ofii4 a cl$girg ll€ stllus qs !d bol.d of powr b'tEn tL 

nllioN. lrl.r IlEy tinted $.n i$rng wrh dE occ.limt Fsge ofdEir lhiF $outh 

$nit of H@ua *iicl' B untld @nttol of Wcaim PN* Indeed, Elhiolit pl"€d 

drnscDus ol€, s il s{s the fiur slrle to.isn fti.n&hip t@tv *ith Rsii ii 1974 Bv 

rh6 S!vi€! nitittry lsisttte, Utliopi. ssced.d to clFue Smtii]lnd'3 imponlnl 

D6n of'o8!din" ed .t$ I !bl. to 3d,nit Eritton *p.ati!t EH!. li 1977' Djiuolti 

&cl.r!d il! indeFnd€M hd Ue .vcnt tD.d !o b. !. t pcsibl' hol "isis in lhe Fgon 

tu lt w 3t r. is sy sMtl, io looF il ehicv€d in&Fnde& tlBn $' contlicl 

b.t*d sondi. ldd Erhiopi. tESrn lo .n'Ei it 

M|ny connid sloB stiU in Afri..n llm, tltcfd.! lhc dit d YaM h'd 1o plt o 

in@rtG Dlc if, tuiidr of !c.@ .nd 3Luliv bds of i(' g'ogEplicd 

loc|tid. On rnc otlH slt, Y€||a s mmbcr of ttF Anh lasu. had big co|Efl lo tlE 

Dae scirlc'Mt b.ra6 h@tis ..d P.hslid i 3i@ it cotrtin@ullv support'd inc 

l.ttci3 dgl 5 a8dftt lwlt! lF@Flion of An!.nd ld.dic l'I

Prca.ntly, ncc rlun foullen politicot pa.ri€s wlc m.hing rreely iuespccrivc ofocn 

polnicrl bsckgoudr li odditio., rh€(c !ru nuNroB DrorBsioet unioN .nd 

u@i.tioB. C.!$q@nrly, intcfulty Y.m.n euld liE in $bility .nd Oe uoificdrioi 

.d Do6a.y, s ine FEr hs ro now aFm potiddt pony b eother in e@d.re 

ol 6uil of 0ic geF6l el€do6 a.roc dE unitiqtun. potni:t panie wrc ofllcialty 

Fohibird in {rc borl F.!ri tntu Nont|.E sFcm s n@ tibent fton SarlEm, 

whid f,r.d by d qt dtd @mui{ Fny f6 rtolr twnt yas yac. B dr tirsr 

c@try ir dE A6tid Peninqda ald Afris Hqlr shicn che dcre@y s . di{.gic 

.l|.mdrc fo. ill dodm lifc, .nd rt t

on th. Economic side 

TIE @llict b.lGr q-So|llh ..d Nodh Y.n n dtttrc.d trEd of dffinic 

r€or!€ in nililry.td !.dr.iiy .dwtuB itdc.d of BirS tlEtr fd floF il 'r'd 

ffiic fidd! aoln or 0E tF Fit fi,Ld lo d!i6t stqrg tld ftriblc c'oiomic 

intEntrl|'! i. onp.titrg lo tlF o{tt cghd !ttt. TlE ltuh{ic.t dilTdaxts 

barl!.n tlE t*! l!8iE hd lcd t0 politi..l i'd;litt of lh. bo{t rovfinn r t.d 

hin&lrFc lo llE @|Mrc DrogB. ttr lhl litrtion tl|c tvo toFniftft be|r'. nnt 

clidE on foGist, 3ont ., Sov'cl U d dtd combunit U@ in c* of Sqdr ltiL 

t{dlh s d.9ci&{ d t|| ffilirc Anb r.16.rd snc wdF cotnrti* Th' 

rnr.gk iFFdlc of Ycnct ntd. ll* ldl UG of dE Wodd lo dtPd dt Fi G 

tlE o.k in ddd lo lc.o inocre o€r th. l.bi.n ttniNh rd Aftic$ fion 

Rcmif'6ti6 i"ot!.d lh. htF tttoq 0E F L for h.igh niu! h..|ta Ydar ld 

sood iinldmic €tor'€ do|g wi|h diEi GJimt 

Oil B dsdEEd ir Ycnh ii t9E6, ,nd (ln w$ r6ry to brnE focign 

cu|ftic! rn d&ngilEn ltE ti|r|Eid F.ilid| of Ydln in 0E Workt lt i.dd 0d 

YG|H h.. drv.s @|mac Esotrt s, *iich ll/rdd da i{ 3df{lffdcnt in |E finr!!. 

BcfoE ttF ui$ lh. 9.091.'3 odilid| in llt Sofi $u sv h.d 3ittc. lrc ao9do8 of 

R|*d.6 dunic .tirbncc wtictr E! dF mi'r r.ror foi Sotdlt Edi'|g ttt 

rdlic|lioi vith fE llo.li. In l9E9 @|lonic &licil in th s|n iclEd to Dol! thn 

,5% od l,t% in tlE ndlh Thdlfor!, S.di Ysia tuiEd lo lo.|tt frcn fdlig|| hd6 

.ri d; lot l rDolit in m y{ B.bon tm billiqB Dollt lt t|s dE mitv, tnidl 

r$d tlE 6dEny of th. bo{t F.a fM @lLFc .rd nt!d. dE rtiod la.tt! lo qll 

for urp!|i unifioli@ fd llE tumi ,nd dmic c.o||6 

Tr.diltmlt, Yfta e! .n .gdqtlt(t|l tAio. All tii* of fEit id e.8.trDl6 

EFol!|rd.dtlE3dch.dir|cl! .d ic.uuv.tid41baEfti|€fi$,ned.tbv 

buildins .ltnr !d ffirB in thi! r!8r(L unifi..tid .l$ ino!...d YG|E', F9olrltd 

.ri bdE {E rcla 6rtry h tlE ESion orhoo tlsooc

Thc discoEi.€ ofoil g.E ro Y.o|ctr . si8trific,'r impodre in d|c Wodd bcq6. 

ot ib 3t dcgic loc.tiM lEby lic Rd dd ABbirn Sq6, which lutb ic qqrt m@ 

Scribb lhbo&cr@utri6of {* Pcril8lla lt k tt h,F of Y.nErb 0!tOitE6c 

eill ltqltt t[. @6trn wi{t Fnicd.r d..lffli.F d iod[nly .nd .Ei(dte 

TIE uiit @kl lsd yftr ro tlp w.ld @mmy ..i rlE epit lisl tru.lcla 

On the Regionsl and lntcmational Ievels. 

R.qilic|laor h.r tdl inporrlrc. Egr.dirg (|E rliout b.t D or Do$g. y.||tst 

h$ t Lrsdl my in dl. Adnr Poinsdr .nl Afti@ HM, enich *i[ m.iot in tb 

Fcc lrd Guit. Tl'c adcric lcilid of Y.nq 8i6 it 3iedf!6r falw .tMg 

mrld Frsr.!, $.efo!, ldft lrrl6 ri.d io cdr. erE dimcolis.garsr rtE 6ny. 

Fa ins.e 6. YC|Fi &iuu dfli.tl fd rt|. @trtrd of mvis.ris ir llE R.d Sa 

whci bcgq wirh lrt&.'6 oc.uFtirn on Ycn ni rrrcgic Lt.ltd in lhc R.d 56 i! | 99j. 

TIE d I |i.pFn d bt ftEig. pow's cico@g.nert ro dE ti.fuqr!, wnich goa 

irn Fr|.ic. in 199r. Ald$d, Edrs is 6Bi&ral tr ot 0E Arb mti6 bll il 

r.f'!.djoirirS 0r Anb ragE 3incr il! id.F.dsE.nd dEn orrd.iNr st't6 of 

lhc rlgim Ffti8n FEB f6rd of tll. unifiqlim of Ydcn b.€u5. n h{|m lrErg 

poNr .d tlbt lhr.|r.n |hci irtGts !o lbsr, 0F tdql to @ltDt Ydmi uiti6tion 

!d it! ctt ds on dE Fsion l conditor YqM is m of rlE ho6t cotrseMtiE htuic 

tnliorq e'tid! Fn in dE lisr of rlF* kleic @utri.s 0|| .@!Ee. rlE ecdlal 

lslmic oFrirnB i6i& l-rs.n $!16 is oFidcql . |rrt ortut lhr@r tu Oc Wst m 

q.lr.., dEfoc. 'lry Dl.n lq @ntot os thtu plEm@tui 6p6dty lns dE .nd ot 

'Cold lv.f, Ymn i. sindcd h slhe€ao ADbis P.riMt., lh. EGr eBirirc 

.ginthcs.ldlccruscof ikFoduorionotnorcrlt n(40a)ottolltoit of ttEWo d. 

l!.dditio to Ulr it hG s 6€tioI! wir[ Errr Atd@ Sltls, wirt iE GOii. .rd 

Iritd

Fmm poiil of via, Yaffit's ldrito k bksliE.rd |t t .l!.li|r Fotlcn turib 

p.oCc t blo{i'q b ndr of t tn RirL ri *! Afi+ ftnn:t 

tiu€it m.y !!lbl€ b YqEr Ot ^tli.. tlta oalFhr4 lEa ofdF artlrl ,oEit inrdd 

Y6x.r in a!. D.r, i! dik to raa! 6. |!ol t'r|rt ilr oolonid i. Hi.n 

S$co idt Rdific.iid B Ao.f. tlc.ir f.. 6. !o* of YdEl rno S.s lo. of 

ldiffG ftr Arb.!d Modhq d dfrld G|.loc. laordrr, Ya|a tt r tpod 

.h.. ft. d|tir !| irytd mlc tu cdolifliry A.j Eitt.d totibirr.d 

t!. i|rtrtrdiol|l p..o. r||d lttilit u $rll.

(III) Tribalism in North & Soulh Yemen 

Tribe's Phenomenon sod its Structure 

TIE FEdoai!.n fm ot sirl orsdisdion B rh€ tribe. Thk kingship uir romdly 

b&d on Ed or imrjned d.$.edl from I comon smcsror through (h. lsle lift 

M.ri.ge a auallt wnfiin 0F t ibe, at|d *ffi frqn ods rrib€s, en.rirc 6dird 

for dycli. .lli&e, }w s@d inro Oc Iribc of tne hu rlcy ||micd, Thc rib. *15 

the t]nit tiat @Nritltsi eMonric, milit,ty ond politicsl scility. Ledillr of te tritrc ri! 

0F SncilJ| (lit dlly tld nD ). H. had reo min dud€: |o arbnnrc wirhin dE rrih. 

b.t*cn dnicdtrg f.cric od ro tcpr*nr rhc r.tbe and ldd ir in d..lina wirn rh€ ooEr 

tdb.s, *h.thcr dldng p€3.c or war F o& lle lud to cto* fomlly b, lh€ olncil ol 

loding iribdl fi8!r., but his F6itror 6 lilblc 10 challcige if l'. didn t Frfom his 

d!ri6itrtt wy lhlr de moE Fwtul nMbcc of tlre kib. wkd. 

h pr&tic tlE Fsilioi ot Shickh, ho*wr, 6 c*rve{ lb. o€mbc6 of spe.ilrc 

fuilie wnnin d{ tribe dd @uld h€ p.i!€d fom f.rhcr 10 ff, om .pF,int d ! Sni&h 

@uld B rhi. pow! ro e lini[1e uy cb8llcngc. M@!lrih, powr wirhir the t ibe Mr 

.lwryr tffid tu fie more inoenlra! minorny of nale lsnily l€ad.6.nd th€ir dud* 

e rtislri@.dds @l|mic ndg.rent 

An ihporlont Nspcot of kihrl lile js tlur thc somrn] of tlN |*ot'lc wa $ Nur 

subsi5l@ dur rheG *as .o signjfi@r surplc for anyorc widr poN tn iFreFrtc. ln 

(hk 9@ rbe Sblijl e6 er nchd rhe his f.llos. ln elen lhc mt o@ryahve kib6l 

sicti6, itrdividull &'nilics pt*rsg! d*ir own 6i.n!ls, hrd oMDGhip, vsri€d with 

@Mio &rivitt; but dl ffibrs lEd dE .igl lo etuin g@itrBlr6 and 10 psnacolur 

$!G of*!ie. l! $trlet .6 tlE agri.ulrsnl hnd 6 th. domii ofspocifc tdb6, 

enh tnc {iff€Ei@ ort heft individul owDership Ms shdrecmppnig lo the owres of 

thc lud lto @uld b. Shicllhs, small rcrchat3 q simply iclE F.$ls They Nqld 

s!lL. lrboaB !o wk on dFir Ld in Erun lix a Flqlg. of lh. sop.

R.tatiG b.rrecn tnbd \*ta EgultLd hv a stt otq'nltnlions' s'ltich mntlollcd snd 

cdla ly e{c.drded i cn;bd @tlflid! Bsic hm3 ol incr-irib'l eltti@s wF 

rllidc od fdds, lli.d tibd fom.d @nfsl€olioN "llil f', siich tgt d not to tgft 

or !gE.d !o join in t cohnon purPosc D.finnclv' @inicl3 wF bets6 bstd 

dd did.'r iilotw lll $c ncmbdt of lh. conf.

Role oftribalism in the people's life 

ll ir Ey i6F.r.ra !o urd.Ra.rd rbdctu ti.rory ol YqEtr .nd tb. r.ib.lin'! inF.l 

l|Fn iB polili€l !d sEirl lif. in lr Flr !d Fsr tint€. C.fiiiln Ycr6 

colrilrld.r. tit l $iay liM oll c.nr{rics rttiL ir hd rnditioidty dt .qn rhi3 

3yd@ rrm onc Sc||c don 1o .DrlE Thc tih.l of Yar.o, Er likc dlEr Irib6 in rtE 

Ar.DiD PdiBir .r! s.{h4 cidp u cdnflofi or |. '|mh s d .nj$e vithin rL 

lo$E .!d cili6, Au( dE !! fcw End uih6 in *ran ..d eudelah Y.nA vt 

.16 od . trEgcr qillln . in tbi. lifcloq t&l fM nt r *rll !o ldlE in |aEh of 

Iruilg lub fo. lhcir flocrlj rd 0Ey EFent oly. Jmll nnbdq of Oc F,Firin. 

Nady dl ilE tdb.s of Y.i6 c sed.d b6i(l! th. imMblc vrlhE, eiich 

d..E tt oppq YclMi MoulriB. nEy h.E 6Lbli.lt d 3rn ll vilLg6: blkaiig 

lh.ir lr.cds tndilida rrd dEy sE fcAiig . lag. [oc*s of .nin.k whi.h 

!Bi|r. hryirS o|.n food ud dh.r E!. At |n. 5.@ li@ rhcy R irblrcd in .r 

h!||. I nininun of.gdcul&rd alility on lid |ld foddq h. th.i. aimlr !r wll s 

rodrc Frdr6, qtich dt y eh&gc .t Elly o.ttcr$ tlBlo.iqlly tn. mjqny of dt 

YoMi irib€ e sniad.d cultiv.roB bd Oar t..ditioB of ird.Frrhrc. .d fi.F! 

dirlilc of tlr F|rrwtrt tou dwllq .ngrg.d in cdndce c nduide, hr 

diDirblEd @r th. yers. ln !d. Fiodr th.y chdi.fi o rdnl& of coich'( for tG 

omfon .fll dloin cy of ciry liG !d imbiliry of ci(y pd9l. lo cde rlEh difr.Ei€ 

Oi lhe o0E sid.. dEy &rig c utor cido '3 dcpar&"c. 06 | sov!.|||Mt, wnid 

h! udqr.l6 (o For..t (||.i. liy6 &d Fop..ty .d ro lpply qrlin srrd.rrb of 

j'dic.. f'ldFE, {rt qili.ir. tlE toet|ldE" irbili(y or u* lirgc5 io ory .m; 

t|. litn of . t ibdM in Y.hqr Of @|E rr Fw dG t|t situlrion of no6r of 

Yc|mi tib.. hls inFDlt4 riE dEy bdm .d6r!d Mo6r or iB trmt6 hlt 

lun d toerrd. dE big citi.s.!td $M a 8oEllMt oltftitn or.! 06itB &.!ds

llib{l sdnb.R comider ih.'ns.l6 lo b. thc ctilE of lfi. 'ociclv b@utc of thcn 

.Fnry bockcreund Th.y e Mdv all 'Q.h6.x",nd ntnv Ltc' lhct gqslogica to 

tl€ gdt Fdddic civiliali@ . dntcdcttlic otr tlE o{t" n@d fi' lrbe of 

Y.ftn N trY co@Mtiv.., s tltl th€v Ej.ti.d ttv lll'mpl lo itrod@ bb afoN 

in $c clig,ou or ii ih. wiil liL Tt.v h.w thcn os unwilcn lt* tnd o68''t 

wt'ich ae olt.d "Urf' ltong wilh om .ourh for sdding nort dkFnd eis b'lftm 

Drirg dE at6@ Fiods of tlE @nlnl stts's ok' @fi mb. t@r, tn €lilv, ' 

snrll n.iior vith ib oM (.ftilory, Slzing Found, wlls, nuk t lo}ds' tllcgiiiots' 

trin&. lMi€s hisiory, rnd lit€- lts n.nbcB e tfrli.ted to theh om leder "Sheildr" 

$lF lil. Zldi tit6 of hishht& el'o on@ dLglE b lh. sprilul la& {tc "lntn" 

Ndlhdn tilbes hlE oEir oM syslan of !lti'I.6 *iO ol|i< tib6 wtidr tlEv uliliz. 

r4tt i lhcy b.li.w thl ! *ME lE hen don . lf lh. cdd6l Sottmdl is.ol6Fblc of 

prchibiting i! int€rtribal w .rc h usd io stll€ .wn lhe Flti6l g'i4F.6 

c{rs.quedly, until lh. i6iir{! cetnury 'no6t of nonhen trib.l disdcisi hld Ev.t 

coN or&r any dict tcien rut., 6cdut of dEi. g@gnDl sl i$lttid Fd csnplq 

duriig Otl)|M'3 ru|., ody fw mll lrib6 dn of mry Lib6 t lmgiig lo 0E n*o 

l.rg6t ud nrjor @rf.&Etiotu of "H8liid" ind "atlif subnitcd to Pdt's s|lmartv 

As @ns.q!mc of ltE long nd.Fn&nc. of Y.mni rribct, it might be a3un d d'd 

0Ey tur roy ob{.c16 .gritut sy .ri.ntt to dtblish . suFri@ €tlral .uthority. in 

bott Sd{r rld Norrh Fni 

Tribes relaLion with the Cen(ral Government 

Trib6 hd c[..ri!. inniE@ i' sr.bili8 of.iy EdrE, h.cru!. tu16 eot big 3uptort 

tlrn tlF tih.I c.if.dd{id d tt lac o|F of tlE Mit br.tct s, Hctid o. B.}il. 

Tl6r.fo6, tlF e 6l rolc. G otlig€d lo &.1 ritft ttft6 h.r.ly in laG of tlEit om 

li0dnidsl st!.d.tds, if lF snt d ro mrinl.ii hins€lf lnd hk .ont ol (w Fodrclw 

aos oirh Fpulations .m.irble lo.losc gorcns.nt .dminidttli@. Tm ind&Fi$ble 

.l.n|alts crypo.rcd ..y Yf,cii .!dsity: tlt€ mdl !@i6 of tlt Ul.fu .rd lh. 

nilih.y Doc ofllE ldb6

Dctunt &b by tlE tib.! wE not con i&Ed ill.gitimL. riw rppli€tiq$ of fo@ 

in ltt eyq of ll'e tdh.c'ru[ $do hcld vdu difcnng tu'n tl@ oa Eotemnlcnl. 

Con*quddy,l[e shrc didnl loid r Eonopdy ot legitituc.arcion. lt u*d io sh.E 

poffi wirh dE mjor rrib.l chicfs. DqrinS zridi's d!, lrib6 hd pby€d 4 inpo rclc 

ii lcnglhdjng the rul€ of sore dyD.ti6. while lh€y @nspicrl .gtisl orhd cld!. For 

qdnple" Dhu Clile lrib! wE Oe mosl fqued luppoier for Qsinis dtr4!ly, .nd n 

h.d pl.y.d u indisFNbl. @l€ in rhe st$lishnent oa lheir rulc. Th€ tribe by m n|ds 

siSoifid ! eilbgre !o .ap1 Qsimi di$iplinc Buq ln! rule of Bdid ul Din 

drsty dd.d bd@ of H!shid'3 ebcllioN in 1962; !d sircc dEl tire ft$hid h.l 

3(on! inoufu m thc Fp!bli@\ l€sin*. 

Cldrly, Iltre w6 s@t i.arFfte.ring b.tlH tbr lrib6 .nd th. qtrsl .!thorili6. 

Tnc iNlllicidEy of trib.l gfutuic I6|,|lG mad€ then co ifluNly stnB tirb 

&on tlE Fbli. tBury. AhnouSL lhc lribd kct th.l Ocy @uld not live qittout 3hr., 

but th.y doubred to ils policis. bcqw thcy betidcd th.l it would .f&.1 1ncn |odilional 

olc. Tdbalis of Yd.. h.. its os clerrcnrs of pore.. whici in sme poiqrs dade 

Bd chollensc as rlr sr.rc sl!6ihy. [o. thl l!en, born oa (r libee and st t.3 

.u{!.ity livet in quiv.t@l otl inlcgrd sn@im. Wnen potiliql q suity di3oril6 

cripplcd Yde4 Os @dilior nishl chsns€ ii flvod of 0'e lribs, viil€ sovmmdt 

coDrol inoBs€d tlmugh direrc@ among Oe uibes. 

Tnb6 e silJ'4olMic srup, wirh Plilicd monvaiE 4l di@i6. nEn oM 

sysLm of lhe aih6 ed |h.n ftmbcB E Ell dgrni4d .t .ll lcwls b fe uv 

.x|.n.l rhst SlEikh of rribe hrd rh@ felo6, bilitary slills, sial st lu, dd 

€conomic sr@r8tl'. h lddition lo tnd, l.ibsl organiation ha it! ow' 3tstcfr likc 3ny 

dhc. plili@l s! s followinS: - 

. Chi.f q Snie$ ocudcd lo! ot als pym'

Mc.nstlile. lh. EllliorEhip bet@n Ysncni TdbB and Statc Ms ml cdhnuously 

oodful d sblistio. bol it f.ed tuy difliculti! TlE gov.mc lsw to $tkfv itE 

t jh.s, oln $i$, ilEy e,ld Ewlt .s.i6l il otr tL odEr lrllll' em.rin6, gov@trtitl 

lg loy'l slEilh s fo@ lg.ir6t o{E ldbc. .d b, rhis Polkv n dd divi& $an !d 

w6ta tlEir @nl@l ndEftr, ztidi ln.natc slppod.d somc Shcifts FiliLdly !d 

lii@illly in ordcr ro g.t O.n by3lry. 

TIE lIm .nd ollu innwndtl rinc6 rw ,ltle lo Eir lin noddt PotttrM( sbrt 

.nd rn.lEsry forc.!. W1EE isc ot tr@d ihporl wl! inwlw4 lhe pcrt cnt 

fo@s vw ofier in!&q@le to entwc . d@sion rt Flpondd@ 

of nilibry 

rlFi8h * i. itE hri& oflhe gr€{ notlhGm t4h.q *h@ i Fmiir lill lod.v Th. 

torbd.E of YcMi |,lilk3 b.fc tlF FvolutnD E irt(silidl !v t @ntr|diotim 

Aldlo{d E tN.lG B d.peidotl utdr lltr bQa irc.€ih orth |rit s, il s u!bl. 

.ithd !o nak lh.n the i.strtNnl ot. st ng.dtEl 8('v6fl.nt d io trlvcll th.!n 

lbm pucuins rnns nrcbvlht, s h6tilc |t) lhoi. ofilE trole 

Tk ftlqcnl Fimr.'y of tihol tradnioi ltd 6lc @r llE F blic oi&. dE in|m 

$!ght lo cnfoc I .nplBirld by tlE fsr rlEl lMishrl.nl ty da inm hr 

dtu{bcdi€M M i.k n by tt€ rrib< $ clllihs fq @ige Miliilry or @ lribc a.r 

ond c'lidcd in 3uppori oftlE imm ! .lTon b dtcipline hh opporcnts. nt. ihlrn @ld 

no( lbred. cmm.ld hihl lotll(y .t will ll|ey $ldon nDvcd rgrinc th. FMn ot 

t|l. imn,.ltl$gt lht a fq ul@m t! rois NftoB indns rcE rlmm rMy 

or .si6r€d by diilffir irib6. 

Any tulq of Yencn h.d to ttuw $. onpl€x t.lari@ m@g (he wilik bibe 

inlimdy .trd & En cfi..riret in dds (o mintar sirds cor sl aid di$ipliF 06 

tl6. If dE s('tnnr6 deided lo Frtridr oy brb., !E F niliE fdE @uld !ol, 

obvioGlt @tr fFn nm rdbc. TIEG M!, rl dr sre tinq t suily r&fiir& in 

cmposing lhe mt of $w6l Eib$. fudhdnoE, if thc Fbishnbt 6 mt il*lf ro 

g.n.tsG a Ew si6 ol f.uds, h.mbcB oa ll!. Ioc sh@ld nol b. imnEdi.L ftiSlbouB

The Refercnce 

l. Rdin Bilrc4 ?i. ri|o yererr, L@Cme crot4 rd W.irvft:w ftrcr, 

Cokr'loUSA l9&,, P: I 

2. Robin W Sboky, y.nen: IE Politbt of the fencn Anb Re',,,btb, 

Wactvilw Pr€s+ USA, 1978, P: 13 

3. bi4 h r5 

4. llrit,Pt22 

5. Rrbin Bilsrll, Op. Cit, P 6 

6. Robqt W. Stooky, Op. Cit, P: 25 

?. lbi4 P: 30 

8. lbi4 P:27 

9. Ibi4 P:29 

l0.lbi4 P: 35

I LPfitio K Hi4 rt t{.d tutbHt&tv 't 540l@ tutv'F. l2 

t 2.Robc( w. stod(y, Op. cit, P: 42 

l3.liil P: 50 

l4.lbl4P: 108 

ls.lbil P 83 

l5.lbi4 P: 84 

l7.Di4 P 89 

l8.O.ffga L@wsti, 718 MAn Fatr ]t WorU 'Wrt, Ml 

Uhnrlrily PrE ., Ncr Yat & Lodoo' Tffi Edlioo, 1980, P: 732 

lg.Frrd l'€il\&y, lmbb vttlott Sr/6ar, Peogui! Booll5 LTD, Eughld, 

tv4.fP . r1rt6 

2o.Roh.tt W Sloo*y, Op. Cil, P 283

CIIAPTER # 2 

Yemenis Struggle Aguinst Turkish and 

British Rule. 

I. Turkish Rule of Yemen 

Tutish e ore oflh. m.iy rElions' vho submjtled lo lsld, and trum $is vi4, 

th{rc E m rcligioG difleeM lxlwn lh.$ ![d tbo pe0plc o{ Y.flen Sin@ nsnrg ot 

Isld util $c end or fourt.eirh cstury, all MNlim Dlio,ts wre rulcd by sinde 

govt|llmnl Unfd{er.ly, !tur |be &.hte !f Atih€$id s Csliphalc tlE klamic SLt. 

vs disinleeEt d inlo nny 9s&s. Mosl of *rein narions @m&ed loyr' lo lsl.m, 

hopping for !L!rn of rr Caliplsi€ syslcn! io orlcr lo !trili all M6|nns They 

cnpn8ia{ m $e mc$ily or bbmic raivrl a pr*onditio lor thc sl$ilily, slroglh, 

Ottomos rcle dbilioE I lhey incd big victory t8!id Chnsti.n po*€n in 

Brttd !d A.sbl, d6in8 lh. b.giming or d4n$ edory Tn y buih st6g na{l 

forc6 aid qifth L! tqs llNy dorrnutd lhe Mcdilcuouo S@ urvJ d'xldEd 

@stodtion of lstanic Caliphale. A3 &on s lhe Caliphsl€ trlclaimed, 

Musli'ns hmnily 

sd@Nd th€r Ym6is lle B apF6i.Ld the achid.mst std lhc tme ot 

Ooomd Sultan *s nE idrcd in dE.,me tr.yd s se@n s C.liph. Md@vd, d'cy 

slcom€d llE liGt Turkish canpdgn 10 Yernen. on llE blsrs ol lsla'nic borhdnqrd 

Allet O(tom.n con4@rcd Ycmcd pcoplc "€re disppoi cd b, ftcn polici€s, eh'ch 

wrc iot ji6! lhccfoe, ilE lMltql .Finn oEm Turts rcrc 6f6run.lc in Yoen 6 

rhcy &ed big chllense ftun Z{idi *cL *hich bad 'rotul .nd poNisl in0@@ on thp 

northem Y€ned ltibes The Zaidi wrc oe of Shiite s.ols lhile the OllonN wr.

Firsa Period ofTurlish Rrle 

At ih. Gv€ oa Ollonds ddision lboul rcslonli@ of d klami. Ciliphate, th. 

siftdio of Ydcn B E y til, si@ Doliliql .'d @hl di$.deE .rid€d h nct Frb 

of lh. colntry Compclilion *ts ir €Nincd bttwi difl.rc.i Y.!Mi dyi.$i.t lnd 

lrb6. Uitil 1539, O{ron.ir tcpt d6nsd€ lwy lom YaMi !ttan!, 6 lh.y 

pEfcrc.t thal lcrl lodec should ddl si$ $.n c'tclic t oplc TIE .iluttr@ of 

Yemcn Ms @4t rftt P(.|lgucs coloni.lisb $@t nql dr. togir s TBlhh d.cklcd 

to h&. Ye|B un&r rlEir dict rui. 

OtloFsrs chinEd to harc inhc.irql rhc lslmic C.lidur. wirh ih sNllignly owr 

rlE .rlit! AEbirn PeniNh nd eoE tLn llE d€it lo Mtol wlx{c of il5 lm&. Thct 

t@L Firo lo cNuc thc slcly of llijaz ond lhc Islsmic lloly citics and Otlofrm'! 

infllrc strqd c F!. E61 r$ Ymcn vlFG, F.F6 wF sid in Oc sm. oltl€ I,brG 

lh€ m.gnifi@l h 1517. 

lnl€.d dE Porr., wno bd t.t6 lk cli6 ot de PmdEt to CoNE iNtlc, hd 

t@nc t stronS arm for.ll Muslims, pith $e corcrrl!€G ihde M8lims ledeB in 

Iidi. .nd oth.r ph.6 Eq6r.d his hclp lg6itr( Ponlgls in$dds I'r 1538, lh. 

Turtbh Sllltn lool the 6rn 3t.p to fs Prru$Es. er|prw&y on the *(m j6q s h. 

d@Ld sovenor olF.gyp{ to ocliere tlft |!sL Pmmptly, er E$/priin t.d rcn for Red 

Sa .d l(liln Ocar dxld rh. l6&Ehit of T!.tish cmmidr, *no.nivd rt it! 

desli@iion !lte.3hon time. The flar.voi

'Ihe coamdnd€r sul.il'utr taslE had only pennisioo fMn lhe l,orl€ lo Gupy 

.atd aB ot Ydrcn, bll lE d&:red his lbG 1o dvricc lowrds it .nd ln order to 

cnhire his rcputlrion in Constaolinople SdsiM lerch.d r rudrle* olmFign agni.sr 

YcncnG of lihun! ad n6sBd numeous pc&ns aid hadc msy ol-tlFo priq.n. 

H. deided b qprurc nonlEm hi8l rrds, ahich we u.

At l€ngh ! tnr. ms c.rEluded lEr*!€n lmrn Mul.hh. .rd Turti5t @ni$rd.., by 

which the forlner &..tt€d ll€ synbol lrd $v.Eignly ot Otlown's Coliphd. *hil. le 

Et ining dnrd ruL of gn. r.rrnon6 | t 4rEd io thc strliorio! ot a mll Tut*ish 

sMi6 to r6idc .r Sa& Cary s *itrEs to rh. Ponc My. Mut|.har er ir rEt 

po.iton, s lE @cp{cd trll l urlish rnns, at 16r for a tim t*ing u il hc pftp!.i.g 

nnn$|f for .no{hd bu.td of 60ict Turtish rdniniddtid m wbtoli..d tlE tr.de 

oa fooB Yercni @fi€e lhich l[d berG !n inponaht dsb .bp in rhc mdd. rr.b 

of @r@ ftmM in CMsI[hriqrle !.d o{hq Egims ot Asi{ md F{op. sirce 1554 sd 

its inFnrE *!t eiqBh ro idct tult fm',d Bntish cnFry E!!r Indht 

CmFny 'ro .sr.blirh r corec hcldy al tlF ton ol M!lh!. 

Th.E n d |ol or crilicism lor lhc fiN Fdod of 'tBkisi ruL of Ymr TlEh rule 

\us bosd on 6chl haiis, .rd high.sl omcials wrc bougtu lrom tfie Ballo!, hth.r 

ihr cftoic Tu*s who sntcd to g.t ! conrid.6bl. irshu riq atum frch Ysno. 

Thq hop.d lo $in a lo( of teEfiri during th.ir slay in Y6.n. Oftm.N ldqi.d I 

slrict 3yst m of tknrg hosrlgc! lrm (Eir ontDent tdbcs or dlGtics, {s su.6nGe tor 

loylhy A slort of |hc Buiog &.rdd is , Irngtld .nd dolomu!, ft of Tu*istl 

opF6i@ in .ll lErrs of th. Ytun Altho4h O(oNn gpwnors tottoEt ft 

.nolh.r in apid sle*sion, but few of th€m hrd clar rorion rbour Yd€ni $ci€ry ot 

ciFri.cof ddcdx .quihl c rdninhrntion. 

ln fact, tlEy wte prdccupiqt eirh nfximiznrg EME borh ro cntrmc rheir 

Etiirdion rt Cosbnlimd. lrxl b dat. rEMrEl ftnl,6 li{t cd lh. @dirid of 

Tu*kh focs in YcnM Ms vcry bad b€.e dEy didn'r e.r muSt st.ri.s O(mM 

adirinislrtid hld pbmulgar.d t lnivendl wog. $hcdule for ih toops, e{'Bed in 

SDld "DiM", $,iich 6 luhdivid.d i.to sn.tt cffiies -OtroE iJ , vid! uricd lrlc 

fon Fovi@ to t'ovic. TIE trco!6 8oi liid. mu @r leugh !o pay fs food they 

rc.d.d, lcl doE rheir otl'.r nesfti.e TheEfoe, stdieF, dlhlsidld fo. rhc entrrt 

govfinsn w @[c'ed "nd i.red lhc] ticd ro tind jobn joioing |o fte t6t yddi 

disnt r g@ps o. des€ft.d di3Fn€d into rt. countrriid..

The govemm kre teltirg rtE politicrt lxpdieM lbout $e Egion. while rh.y 

nrde no cllori to culrivute ahe toyltLy ofihc anllt etigios eots or Oey ondc6t$d tht 

d.dttds of promiGnt lad.r!. TlEy also i8'ror!d ch rh.a. p@rle who hsj Bxtdrd 

imldd! e*i6 fq (h.m duirg (hcir filsr @lqBl of ym6, 6d wilingty, 

.cl@wlcdScd both spiriuat {nd ren@dl suthority of Suton, Otlohns political ed 

eo@nic policies l€d 1o dislisfcction a|Mg dE p6de of y€'h, beaus it didn l 

giE po6iliv. Elpo.s to n6r of Ycn.ni legal d.flflG, tn lj6t, ltE @urry M 

dividd inlo tqo previM, lowldrds and hjehtdds, wirh rs tssdq!{lc8 Z.bid ed 

S.n.4 but witlsur t,lnig s mrch roubte s Lo delinir rljeir bendd.s pEcisly or io 

$lisay lhe p.ople of lhB. rcsioN Mbdl., rhust itrd@d ! Fl.nlnt oary mds 

Y.nai !g.i$t Tulish don'n'dion h lddido. b tlu! Lfiir &r cNured disNion eren 

bElGn lhc Tukbh oltici.ls dEnFhe* 

M@whil., @ g@mr M lpFint€d rt 0E @pillt SlM wt$ sn .(engad lo 

6t blbh 6aong sdnininsdoo with havy Lx colt@rion in a liollrion of lhe irue 

a8reem€nt with Muttah!. 'llE lgter clevqly ad indi@tly app@ed lo dqruue $€ 

diviton of Y.n n, by ofi€ring his slbnrision 1o Oe oth.r govcrtu of Zabid instead ol 

S.naa whi.h wa l@tcd Erb, his lditdi6. Con*quc ly. h. fom.nlal dislG.liq 

*ith Tqbsh tub lnrolghoui tlE lsd fqe€d cqprencGire @alnion *nh OD hb.s, by 

stulc prep.garda dd mdrcuverinA Th. positio! and st!.n$h of tlE golenro6 d€ply 

dck|ioBred A5 so .n6 0B wig|lt ofey tulc. oi Yd.i filsl d€cmined sith how f.r 

fm Sed his Eit 'eld tun. 

The Friod lron 1565 to 1568 w full oldierdc4 in whole Y6ei Tnb{l uFisiig 

a wid6Fc.d, €6iig in $la| coll.F. lo thc Tutjlh .dnioistbton C-cl6ti sigs 

cohpletql tlE strge etdng for r ouby widsdvol uds tlF lead.rship ol Mui. E. 

ThouglDul Yed€n, Turlfth gaiers weru sduercd.ll&lql and over shcl'ned. Anct 

tw y* ofstora fighting wid' Yereois, l-u.hish pr*tf,e 6 efnrsuisldl ro svc 

for a l@hold I 0&y Erdrei frm @1 ol @dnem hign|uds loedds cslal aras. 

Meanwhil., Otldse Sultrn "SulainB ll ' 6 rEt pepolld |o 

by rhe ndd5 ol schisnatic l@deu. 

'Gpt 

th€ loss of Yeri€n

Hc l@.d rh.r hll of Ydeni Egim rl sll &d Ad€n ii Frtical mty .M!68e th. 

Eump*n Fws ro irvldc it .nd lhal will b. bie los fot hi6 €6!iE. A&n is {ne n6r 

slBlceac lorr in dr Anli PcniGul., mtuEr. Tutish fo6 h.r| larBc qutnnt of 

adallery lri fi@ru st'liokn there llte 16! of rtdc. @uld 6slly oFftd up th. 

pro6F.l ola Chrisiab oll!.1 on J€ddh and th. lloly d&d, whi.h !B rn inbknblc 

i.sl( ro rhc qtiF Murlin World. 

L 1569. n.w Egyti& .xFdirimry loc &schcd Yoo, t. thc R.d Sa, in 

orda lo scuc Hiju and Yenen rgain$ lny rhr@i ro ths. ngiog Th. conia.da ot 

rhc roc rriql lo.rcid di@t cl6sh yi|n Im6's tl,c, rhrcud inEnrdnry oa dj. 

Shorif of Mda. qlling hih ro $E M$tin s btood .trt rtqsry &d lu.rfuly d€tN 

his loyrhy to tte sulbn. Muldhhr Ejelcd rhi3 otTq by eiding n dcfidt FDhy, 

b@!e hc lr.w th!( only a cmmon opFxition to thc Tllts l[d emdt.d thc Friolsl 

c|)||sBust $l'ich he hld fohed. SuhclqFttt Mut.fth& @td nrt min|,in uD@ his 

nEngo 8lh€ grat ark@rltic ct.N otTradi had Btrmcd pcun him oftheir Fiv.rc 

a.d sdlr i!rtE6t3 ln {ddilion ro rt8t, tE ftitql ro t@p !ki.t bdltree ot |lo*9r, 

Itet*s rlE Tridi lea&6 .nd Shafiis, sho M to fdr r @tiri6 govmns{ but 

msle.d, Zidt E* gircn do'ni@laon oq ihc idpodrnr Fst3. Thk unbtrl,@ tcd 

Shliis lo cLar ihe wy lor O(onrns advrnc .nd Eqflor€ rhe Z.idi$ {@ in rtE 

ndth. Mut hlE wB dctBEd lnd ndcd b lorc S@q but hc s.lted !t . hirti 

ibf6iE fonB nor tu frcm it. 

In-1570 lE {cedcd new rrue virh Onqfins on rl$ Mne Qonditios. which m3 

prwioBly.EE d rpor. In tJ72 Mubhhar da.d $tit. ttE Zaidi dyn{i6 *iordcd 

uhd MnicB dong ft.n*tG fd Fo6. ott ln. otlEr han{ Tlrkkh ofli€R 

'Nftrsed perscutro. ag.imr p€opic of ymd Thc uncenainly .orinued fd.bour 

qudcr €nllry wnn rh€ Bltt rhar upFr yftn 6m ro d|. @mt|d tum *,tEn 

cm tibc ssht sllf-ind.Frde@. fte frthp6c of indtgeeG .llnqny dd 

connon iflccts mong rh. popltarion bEughr good oprDnuftly fo. Tutish foc ro 

,nore rg.itut Sha€f al-Din frnily and oth* mrgnarB ore by orc lnd to dcnd ic 

Mr,!l oE *,lDlc Y€nE

For long line Yemen *!s bn ddiwly tarqlil $ Oe To (\ eetiotr al l*l 

pdicbbl. Nd dty did.'r noin(ain the modjc@ ol llblic ordcr *hioh p€rmilted 

.sriqrlruc |Jld6lion !d md. to swiv. 

ls 159E. llrc sit@(oi of Yc!ren *ti ddn&lisllv ch.rgcd atd th. beldM ol !ov'r 

lo b' 

h€!@ in fNou of Yensi Gbels Ole of lhe Qdimi lmams' Muhfln@d F@ed 

r srat e@nitlt 

fighkr !!!iNl dE Tuddslt f(x6 Att€r a Fti$ of trt"ts and 

db6ls, hc lied nost ol lhe Nnhcm tDuitdns' li'cd lhc l urlc lo @mc lo 

tr solis$otr t ble with iiN in 1607 Tney uSecd to {ithdEw liorn hiuhh ds and ldlc 

bin urolclrql in th@ trcst whi.h blram udd his @ltrcl ll$ush tl'rG w 

pa.e ag@Ent b€l@t $on, bll ttE conllict h.d ml e|xlJ tnd in 1613 Tudis fo,q 

der dotlpr d€tcai tlEEforc, tlEv d€cidcd ro give Ycder *lfa!tunonrv tule lrdced 

th€ Q6imii wG fonurc s lhe timc Ms in ravoui of lhem l urlis[ EmpiE Ms 

u.&qping intlrMl ond.n.rnd dilricult'.! siE iL involEftnt i' w 't Balkn rd 

Meditm€n sd lg.intt n tiomlirr doffinG tnd E@pdn Povs Di$r&B rre 

6cuft{ ii Pc6ia, Svri!, und clswhcre of 0' Cdlitlub nrcludnrg ih caPibl wh'ch 

wit6dl insbodiMion olrmisnd cnd rerm rnlrrlw 

The Pon @!ld do rcdring ro help his Gp'€snt'lirc 'n Yonen bc,ond' *ndrry I 

l€w swiltiis Egy$ian coNcriprs A lol ofTurkish fo@s *e'e d€fd|cd 8id Join'd rhc 

in@ wie while [E c.matder 6 obliSed b cqGr for s t@e in order lo 

*i0rdnwal our of S.@. Thc Tur*ish inntEM in Yntn to llrle thd 10'6 

'lc'@s'd 

ud fiullv lcn Ych.n for llije nr 16?6. furks mddo i' turth(r cllons to tcu*n 

@olrol owr Yeme., shilc llE .d'ninbldtion 4n€ i' $e ha'ds of C|.simis dttdty 

nB@tur, tlDan Qsi$ r*sLblislsl ltE lradilitul i'aidi Ptitr, Qnich Eplaqd llE 

Turtish adnini r.riof,. Hislorians menrioid $al Qdirk rule s exlcd'd 10 inclldc 

whole $s llnds of mienl Soulh Aobia. fh€n urlv lonoclr Nds llut |hev should 

foltow neribl. la$s in h.rd|nlg of dE Nodn Yflen

Ttey iitr.ddql tddinicEliw clms, *ttch w tl€ $!po'l o' lL p6?|c' 

tl&[grnd Yco.n. Thc tFlicy or Muh.mntd bit Qcnn 8!in d for hiB g@d EFx'lion 

ftsimis ruI. dctlined siM lhe drty 

of s*nlcnU cenrury snd lhd rctEnchfMt 

bftrG 'ts rh. tEnd. Codullt. sltsn ttoinc Ercll.d.giiGl th. QsinC Cowrls 

!d asn d tor l@l .u!on6t Thc lai.r offrci.ls wt illiicEL .nd sl{ll'l*, 

th.rcf@, th.y hil€d lo fultitl llEir p@nis lo th. Fof'|. 

Sf,COND PERIOD OF TURKTSH RULE 

As the Fsult of lat Q6inis failu@ to nsinllir Yemctr\ indetlnd.M, lhe ounlry 

|re rgrb diriniegrded .d tutry Fircipalili!6 rd &chcd udcr t l€{Ltsltip of 

local dyr6t,cs. Zsidis SpvtM wc rhtuo tsy fiom diIIeMl asioB 8nd ade.d 

Subscqu.ntly, disodq hit @3t of thc 

Yddi Mr, *l ch 6linu.d lill l.G y6r' of osltt .nti @|ury. By llE beginninS of 

by uibitioB lihll chicls or Fon h.it Fi'es. 

nindenth ant!.y, . milibtrl no@t of e lsl.nic Et.ft. MuhmnEd bh Ah

ln l3l2 d|e sulr!|! $ u@1, rcq@ted his vslsal ar lSgtpt, Muhsrfned Ali l,&sl4 lo 

..tkl ni|n,.ry fo@ lo lhe FeniNl. for @ting th. W.hhlbt ar6 lli.js md lo 

.liminare thcir @ntDl 0!6 oth.r aE4 MdMtud Ali .@pr€d rlF rasL bccaN hc 

h'd bae anbilion lo onify Anbit and Esypt 6{E s l.a&6hip. Wilhin few Elr the 

Eg4tru fo6 su.ecd.d lo liq{idatc ltr w.hhrlis F!$n6 fon ssrm P@imula, 

cap6i.lly llije &d mnhEden podion of Ycmd. lt h.d @Burcd tlE Holy cilis !d 

rdv@d loEds Najid in th( runh dd Ycrun in LIE suth 

Muhan,r8d li lr icd his b$l lo sl€ns$un his oorbol ovct Yttrr$ h order lo gain ils 

$slrh H€ wdr ufotuEq 6 cnti€ Ydcnis Bkled his foc .rd fdc.d llbtr !o 

lerve Yemln. Mqn{hilq pea@tu| .grnc *a sigt.d by bolh sid6 ii Nhich, Imd 

obliged to psy len Oousnd dollc 6 . tnblte for llE l4'ds uklfi hn rub ThuSn 

Muh.mld Ati ariled c Onon.ns v@l dd ht relE qa 1o slop W.hh.lts rhBl yet 

hc wideNd bs oFr0tiotu over nosl ol ttc A@bio Penidsuld. lly l8ll, hc b€ad€ 

msler ofdE wlFlc PctiBuh lnrt lhcn he e'6elled as.inll lL strlllis $wrersnly 

He app.!@d io bc not rercly cotti@or, but s b6insnan $hG Fli.v ws Lo 

noroFli@ tlE in& of fte aM, which enE lnler his snlol lle b€drc tuos 

lod.. ald he brorc his loyslt !o OrIond calithtL,.nd shned nililary lltackl 

linsr $.n rgrilort in 0E rtei Cons.q6(y, Munrnm.d Ali licql gal pcsm 

tron Tdt y s wll 6 Eunpan Sitr6 *|lo forced him ro wilMow his loc from 

eme pl@s of tte AEbie PcniNula, ed rcd@ th. tnilirary 8ldsns in soD. other 

.I4 TIB oppo&nb ot rhe Pdlu ldBd lon hir olEBlio'ls ir A.abia, wlEd $ci 

judscd lhlt p'ct{ndco innuEc of! inslc EsJPt 4 Pwt in llc Rel sd, a wu ,3 

P.si& Outl 16 r th&.l lo tn.n comduniotiors widr lndian sub$nlircnl 

lo 1839 s !o the sctio. to MuhennMd Ali .xFnshi, Britatd ddided lo mcupv the 

s0rt src pod of Ad.i .lotrg witl' ils ttdil oa Bab .l'M.ndeb , vfiicb controlled dE 

eutknglt of $. R.d Se Britisl @uFlio. of sutlFn @wr of AEbiu PcniNdr 

@i ! big chaileng. to lhe Muslim unily. lheEforc, Pbha could rc longd a$rd 

3ubmioing to the dntll rothority at CoNitrlaNgle in I &{0.

Ym.n's situlron ms Nt vlll sircc lhc Egftiatr $rlhdmml t"1lt3€ of thc conflict! 

.nd cMFtitios iBid. llE ztidi dF slv trd b.rw!6 lhc l'ib.s ot lh€ ionn Fd 

inst N, Shrif of tuir d.ct.Ed 

'd{rcrcm 

Fovire of &it a iftbDadctrt 

prircipolit, .nd 0'cn h! got bis t!n{d lod forcign lbwu l lc |tumned n'liltry lll&k 

d rhe @.r.1 Frte of Y.lM |'i dptft{ Hodic&h trd Mulhl Blt sn hc f"'d |! l 

olrsilbn frem tn.n of SM!! eiro contnkFd himslf th€ tcgilind' tuld of siob of 

Ycfttr ircliding &ir So l|tr|m &mndc(l shdls i!ftnd of lhN Flis ltd6 hit 

cod6l, which pul ltighlands ir cmDlcrc isoldion fm tn. *tiiiL Sftrif Gf6'd lo 

.cepl Imlm ! deman& ed tl|.. lh€ lalq &cid.d to Elm ltqr.lfids lo hk colhll b! 

fl)e Itr frd Inah 3 106 lq ltE sd bll .nd g!.r .lest@ftn ofHo

It .IDar.d thd 0E '@, *hich @E u'de. fs*ish ad !.irisl @itrel @!ld 

dlslop in direrent ears, b.qN $clr po*er hrd its spcci.l bicl$ound md id@tory. 

Coi$qkn t, Yftn had b@ne open l.d lo thr.! plarel5, tu*ish in rhe s6! 

Brnish in $ulhso F)n of A.lctr witn it5 pror€t@t6 and &idi lmmte in rhc 

nonhcm highlands The silurion ofzddi @s assin tum€d lo di$ider b.c.e ot th. 

6nid. dong d. &idi cl.ns 

'th. Fople of S.tE ftrdin8 tu imdn dpallc oa .dui'r8 otdd clK 

3|l6sirc cmnom b dicd rhejr mrnicilol rlTriE. A1 l.rgth, in 1872, 

dspqidng of t Nom ro public scurily rnd oa uy ou.l, d th. trib.l 

hwlsrcs which had deslrotcd .ommere and comhuoiolioB, the S.@ 

mlabl6 sr . d€k8.lid Io tlE TlAish in Tihrn.- i.viting him ro @upy 

uppcr YcDcn. TlE Ollmn lo@ rcapon&d prornplly, and h.8cfl lhc 

dDnkl€ss d@l s5k of irlrod@jng order ed *curiry n' E Dore trod@tive 

legions ol rlr inlfior $d ot cstdblishn'8 . nlioml busucdlic 

adrniniJurlion". {2) 

ln th. fi61 iBt{G, Aitish Erclion b qlor@s rctu.n lo Y.m€n sa5 pcitiw or 

edr.l, bequs. rhN !rc$ .l&sdy wrc in d on0rss choos. Riiilin f@rql llut 

preslnL of civilizcd sbrc ii rhe Ycmerihishlaid Fightdeeelop il, pbhor. ilsbilily a 

o or@ sunry. Mo@q, $cy 6o!Cr tl'!t 'r'urkish odDini.lbtiq Fob.bry h.d lo 

prcv.nr rhc nonlEm tribe\ regular raids oi lhe cohmcrcial r@ds, whi€h link€d Adcn 

wirr rhe mdn.re ofYcmd lnd lo olhd Fns ofAobiao P.niEula Bdlis[ ho$6e, 

toot . plrurioMiy slep lo suG thea. @lonid rnd nre.ghen $e eldio$ wilh tho$ 

rrib6 krnt to Arlen. Fo. inst ne, ilt* 3igned sics ol sgenc.ts vith thc notlbl. 

Eihx aroo{ Adcn, ir od.r to percnt atrt polcn$al -l u isn qtn ding loMds soldr 

It had b.dr rctrtiorcd rllat tte pohid drd *i{l oidit,on ot the ABbi{ lennNuld 

e!@ diumidlly chlnrcd with coming ot Anhin 6 skons suprr tr|@r |o shtrc 'l utluy 

for tne doniMlion owr owry egioN ol tlrc sL I uAish lo@s, ho@vcr, we@ aacld 

old challsges in Yen.n. Tb. Fopl€, mdrwfiil€, Esbcd Turlish locs by .U m€.ts, 

s h4 ene wil€6 sid'YeDcn s6 ! !tt!! ol $. Tuhl. New Q$ihi lalcr, 

MuhoDDedbin Yahy!, s chosn os "lDam-ul-Y€'ncn bydeshol.ôath€$ol

tu s! s la &ot otlcc h. an@fttd thlt lE eill lo* lgtian bodt dE Tu.tist 

and B i6h Fo96 Nd bcsdi r-tuiling thc Fople 

in ftv@r ol his ctuse IL l6in.d 

stong gEtrilla tghl* glt l'rmlEd oonlinB rt|4k.gi.sl the Tdll' Ooug! the 

ndntnins, .nd 6ily 6r$s€d ltt ddi.l 56@ Hi. $n Y.hv. @mpl.l.d .v.culio 

rrds ofrhc Turlish foG fFm wholc odhcm .@ ln l9l I tne Tuds ad imF 

Yihyr- lgcd io nulul $&Bl!ndin& ii *hi.h lhc Tllrlc lsgnied him 4 hod of 

dE Aidi @nnnity qilh lte neit io otl4t t!xs, .l'point tlE dminislr.loti lnd 

judld fo. dE kr& lln&l his cdnd. ard.te dEy.gE d lo sivc hin dnul $!6idv. 

l. dum, arny. re.t|.d 3mll g.nis lo M.in ot S.M for 'Mitdiig th. Felie 

ofth. lE4e rg..n.nl, Th..8r€ddl M big viduy to.0E Fople ofY.ftn.nd n 

M! '.6uhof En hltd $6ilicq lor my d.cad6. 

Ac@rding 1o rl s *{loF , Y.lM hqre u i"dcFidcrt Foi@ ud.r Tu*ist 

$wFig' y. In .rlditid to ft.q il|d Y.hyr lEd Cpod polnim .mng othd la

YEMENI STRUGGLE AGAINST BRITISH 

OCCUPATTON 

European's Early Concern about Yemen 

!uuF$ poB6 hld lediljo@l oncn $out Yd.n, b..ru* ol sssrapniel, 

idcologidl !d poliliel rceN. lr rc lmn thlr Ymen Mr.olted $c strllEm g.L 

of0F Red S@. Sin@ ln srly y€s ot founenth e'n!r', Abtnr.id Caliptde b€dne 

l@ qel ard old whil. EuroF .ppeard tlog willl big mbirion lo domi.re ovcr thc 

lshdic @liors. Po ugue @ tlF fir5r EuroFln pow 0$i r@lEd Ycnd in tlE 

moddn hislory. Although thcy slbniud to ihc lslmio rule to. y@, yer ir tail.d 4rin 

i. $c ha.d! of Chisridil, ad 66 got flll jn&perdaN. By rhc bc8innins of rwlnh 

eolury, Ponug@ brd o*n d slrurs dvll foB ad 3raied @nr@eBi.l ldwntuB 

in th. Esstem 5€6 in od.r to nEte siege on fiq |sluic Stlrc. 

They @upi.d snnq a@ in lndid

ln 1610 Brnish llet sid.rql rlEi. etivitics lo iml!& turblr PqtMb.ftd fct 

ydB of irs lDparins or lidim Sob.omiF . nF net lld visjLd Pssi.n Culf .!d 

$trI.d Ea 0E 96i1 oflloou .fl6 tlFy lpt rn ollEisl FmlJd lm P.6io taitg 

TIFE fta, British shiF.ppqEd cgll.rly in lhc YoNni porlr, snich 6ri.d Bridsfi 

sdd! .td in .etom it l@l YcMi 6w mEilL. 

Subceqenlly, Bdti3h El.lids wilt lh. 6leo liod d.v€loFd b.tj,e of 

conn.Ei.l polF)6e politic.l aid nililrry tjrbitioB. Th.r had duli€d Indi. dd 

lurred lowrd Y€men $alwff cn$nk€d ftc ,!al key ofâbi& PeniNll& Tter€for, 

ir h6d decided to 3rrE gthen ik rcllrions lirh Y.fieni nobbl€ dtr8tia, Bpei.lly tlw 

qtD liwd in slhlm .ca li*e den and hhij. Bdttuh op.'td itr liB| mn@id 

cntd tt r|t port of .t Mo{lu ii |6lE !ft| tppoinid Fnne .g.nr io &rl with d@ 

lc.l ldminislnli@. TIE skdegic impoltrM of Y.Mi lqtior ie@sd yar by 

y@. Oi thc otlEr b'rt Britsl! plitidl lnd @6nic inflitlE gEw stc.dfudy i! tt 

ngid ud&r 3lpcni6id of IdiM Bririst ldmirindion, wnicn .kcii.d htlr ro @upy 

rlE Frr of A.Ln by foc- 

Holl"rd ai.d la sh.E otls F@!.'r pow6 to .oitnrl {E lritn @6!ic 

@w6, rnd ficy sol ind.padaE ir l5El fM tlE lskoii rulc. tl.c odE 

EuoFar strres, tloll.rd builr noddr ftry .td sr ro Inie O€4 rtE, dEy 

ll@lEd nutrru .r|,tct! rg.i'd Propc{. lhiF in g.tml .id McliG in Fnirhr 

TLy d$ Glrblth.d EaEm Conp.ny in 1602, whi.n opdEd s.lfll tr&b fo@s i! 

Y.d6,rnd ldia. Wiihin fcw y6E thcy wre d e ro corrblrhe tddc of fd@ Yn.ni 

@f,'E ud thck domilltioq @itinued for nlny d€c{dc!. Bur tlEy succeded in difting 

@lte intemtidal c.nt€r from Mdda |o tlEir honeland. Ddoit€ AMrcd.n b€me 

min pon for @fi@ exrqt ro the lsdd I lolli d! inreBb did,i'r dd ii Y.M * rheir 

ships @nlin!.d ib vieits io rhe po.rs of Muth. lnd AdGn urtil | 8rr0. .nd thd dec@d

Fimc! G th. $otrd hnjo. @hi1 powrc ol ENF .nd Bnbin *ts hld u 6tty 

.{iccr|| dDll tlE 6rem e!jl$. lts liul clIon B in t 274 blr ir coddn-t cmpt.G rtE 

dit@vtring mbsion bear* of ldhnial prrblctu in rheir sf iF .trd lll.r thc f.wh 

.ivil wr dpt d ehich Is|€d lhdl @. huidEd y@. By rlE.nd of civil w ii 162?, 

licnoh hd Gb{i[ ficir Mv neel and wcE qblc |o Fnicitote in redisvery ol the 

Witltin llDn t@ dE r flcr @lE(| lrxii.tr Slbconrient whft ir fcld UE si$!rid' 

suittblc for d$lisheor ofrftde Ehrion wio Sourh Asi. ,nd laler t i.d 1o porclbe 

$.ll l.nd at @lotry for ohohid FrF6a. Sula4Errly' Ftftt @dr of Yqns 

bonc @l ed lEn goreme hoped to st colory in it'e iiLd of SM1r4 $nich 

@ iolk:l tllc Bvigslion F@$ or dE Aqbid S{a. 'ttey .le oF ed eNndEial 

.cncr in Muth. and apFi rd r.adc {(trchd 

li lZ7, Frcrch 'ebnoos reE distu.tcd witll th€ Mukh's authlritx which cl@d 

thcir enta !s rh.y svoi{kd Fying d@ tue !d th.t elimiMted rhet iin!.m. rhc 

cgion in f.vou ol otlE. slrong l-urop6n A,E6lil. Bririr As. Gull, FEich ller 

si.A6 Moll8 lkl later opened firc on tD cnt. leNh tun fdcoi to la* Yrftni 

Cs$ efun Brirish n@r rppai.d oEE. h-Emh, howB, Edaied in @|&1 wilh 0!. 

rn.in porls of Y.M and Ea$m Afri6 Th.y @.tully nMitmed lhe !.1ieiri6 of boo 

Bdlish ed Tdtish aclivili* trom ir, positron in dE M€dilet@n Sa ad by .olhF. 

ofTukth Enpn€ $ey begm wide oc.lpation lor Nortl Afridn countdes 

British Policy towards Arabian Peninsula 

By lhp €td of€iel|(@lh cc.tury, lh. impotu@ of lhe Red Sa irc@ied noe lher 

ey Flvious lim6 h hld b@rc a otrjlrt ol i.le.61 lo llE ohr@lld6 ol W6t€m 

EooF. Bo(h th€ B;ast lnd Frtuh h&l possions in hdi! *halc BF.dy 

comn@idtion *a 3 nEtl€r of the d'n6t @rcfr lo ntsny of the rdrlnced @unrri6 of 

the wrld, l'd cranplc, ih lhe ev€nt ol wur, the counry vhich cp@nolavc liat 

r.ceiv.n rcw guin an imm.nf advdllec.

The erat inFo@cnt in lh. Echtulo&/ trt d€ @vigttion sdd atd dE ib@lopMt 

of . ut ec Egyp( bdrre mE ltltrclirc. In 1785 Famh eov@ngl si8i.d !n 

.sffit qith F.glpl .llor.d lhdn ro llNprn lhen eoo(l in bqn lM Aldn kit oi 

{E McdiGd@i Sc to S@ and {En to the R.d S.a.nd icn te6 htd th. Bdd3n 

b.dght our rh. lisr cl[.r oa rlE R.d sco 

Ana fdr tsB, NlFlcon PmF.l! iMded Egw{, wiich w.s iMiv.blc io lhc 

othr Euopai Frsq dFchlly orir.in ft.r hc sfuld Est .t !t S@ .!d nal 

unoppc€d to ft id. In f.cr, Briti3h inrcllig.fte sms hd el$wledgpd lhtt he 

inE@p{€d letlcB to the lmm of itl,3clt ! d b wrio6 prihe3 in A6t'i. !d l.dis, 

.nmwi.g lh|i hc w on hk Mt to rftGm. As @crio ro Po6Fn adv!trruF, in | 799, 

BriGh et rr@p3 ro rlE Yffii srrrcsn hhid of Pdim *,iicft b sit d.d Erro tlE 

s|nil ofBrb ul M.neb te, f@ rhk khnd n c 4iy for.iy posq to blct d. tlr. 

3trit in fo.t of.ll shiF, ln S.p(onbs of the sirc y..r, lFl Sull!tr grw tt.n 

Fnisiid 

ro u* dGn a b$e for rh.ir ot'cr ionE i.vikd Bnfth fdq. Wh.n rroEn 

foc wiihdc* tDh ESpi i. lg,l, DriIkh trwp6 d$ l.li Ad€n &d F!...d.d lo 

Tlc [cI Be of thc Rcd S@ for 3Lrrcgic tutoss srad.d in I E02, *h€r Bdlhh foEcs 

l.nd.d at the ESytnirn cBr rnd ltret.d rlE |lt!fuB of tlE Fffih rmy fM th. ttar 

ln dF ere ta. Bdtit|| m.ile. dctcinii.d.lldt b BiE tlEi. noeing lr.& eit 

Yaftn, h odcrlo clolc llt @untry fion iny in&Mtion of Fnice. 

Bdlrii rppoi.ad . Amb.sidor lo UE stsG of Y!o.n with FW6 to ftgorirc rn

The F|niel si|llri@ oaA6tri& Pqireub hld ddndi@lly chlngcd anq w.hh*is 

.ising in 0E latc dddc ol nidelen$ 6trry. -llE mo@iBas fodrder. walrhab .llicd 

*ifi a &ibd chi.nain MuhmnBd Bin Slud ed drn @nq@cd hrge a@ of the 

Pcninsul& ln 1803 W.nhrbir .apturcd Me@ md M.dim at Hrj@ proviM. $d t@hcd 

!o e.lsls of Yerrcn, ll hld aleady b@n mntion€d $!r Ottl)lrs C.liph hod 

@q6&d hn ttsl .t Egypl Muhdm.d Ali lo *nd fol6 lowdr Anbis Pdinsu|l 

oid 6Fis dr rblt da6 fo. all M6li6. Mun m'Md ali soa*dcd in lwptuing 

lnjd wirhin shon rinq bll his €xprdnu unbnaon rli'jnl slup in llul Egiotr od his 

&e6 @ntinwd rhtir ldwnt@ of 3uhuitrg $lble Anbi! ln 1812, Muh3dn.d Ali 

or&Fl his onmndcr nr H'ju 1o conquq Yeneni pon ol Mukha ton slErc D6l of 

the mdd @ffe t!!& @n6 

MdtrliL. dE Eg/pte op.6rioc in Anbi. had dislurb€d tlt B.nth EndF, stE 

.@i&r€d thc prcmlndehnt anflue.cc of a sn'8b powr h $c Rcd Sea $ @ll ts rf, 

P€cie culf & urccprrble th@r lo lpir .om uni@lions with lndb Brit in wd 

al.nred,4 th. Egypli{ns h€cme dte nstcru of whole €aste m rnd Blsium c@ts ollht 

R.d Sa fron B!6ul Mlfdeb !o A$bi. IlE.dvcnt of sten fcl in tlE Mviealion a 

@lh$ f&lor aor lhc cnsgins ol Brilish policy (oMrdt lh. Rcd Ss, s rts e Edut-d 

lhc rihe of tF joufty bcl@n EuolE dd lndian Subconlinent lor aboul a h.lt Sin@ il 

b@ft ptraiqblc ptovded l,har a st.arcr could r.fu€l d $he point bel@n Bonb.v 

@d S@ Eor B l,ain, il *s obvioclr desi@blc ltsl th€ coal sholld be sb.ed at suitiblc 

.tdesic se, lrkr th. British nag. sid eolld iot bc aubj.ct lo thc *hims o{ anothcr 

t@ig! F,wr 

1 tf,Mns, British n'ision nslc lull siNy lor $ull'cm slFrc ol Yoncn 

in I 829- @nfinftd tlul Adcn is hdr suit t,ic (b onEr pns ofllt Rql S@. 11 ould bt 

Ls€da@linssr4liotr od milil4ry basc. 

lhe iouidutrllotuludqj wi$ ihc sig'trg ofdN fi6r lanul lrudy L{lsen dr 

i@n and . E@rtu FW: thd strt6 of the Rdi&nt &d thlt of oft$ 

Bn(oc 6 egul.t d.rd tlE expon t.n|Ton eoods slipFd 6 tcdued 

rrcmIlo2.4Fre.t.(4)

EeyFian pc.n ! in rhe Po.t ot Mulh! ei@unsrd rhe loql ciUreN ro !{rct Brirhh 

hi$ion's ftsi&n.y, ehi.h @ oc.upied bt the mob and $ne Englhhn.n rcl! b@io. 

Brihin sl largc $6hip6 io dE Fo,l d rc6gc nuemot for th.ir Guttti.s, *io 

fir.d r lol of sh.ll. on rlE ciry rnd l.t4 {E (mF lrnded. Indi.n odrinisrori@ nad 

&ci

Br{lh o..rFtbtr ofAd.! 

lrrli@ Sovf,rHl rlckbd ro d quictly .t{ *i!rd uiring for otfEirt .pFarl !o 

$*t p||r by thc \v||ir.tlll Fle.t Lodm. EgMdins Adcr, bcc.s r'!d,rrotd htc 

lo{ttiE In |838€prlin ttdE sle!.it b..t !o |rt F6sB.ir otA

In tlE sdrd 6t p the sithh dhiiistndon Fi phn for clalim ofr highly Gfliciqn 

idellig.ne ndslrk h.ecd o. lt J.wbh .mounilid ci(k'lt in mlny @s of Sordn 

,^rali4 lhich quile sn il lort qukk .d dlnt iifomllion a le My a Sr@ in 

Ycftiit eirircly cj@tcd Britirh occuFtion of Ad€n I'y rll meani As s@n a6 rls 

Bdtkh @cupicd Ad.q llE pad€ bcsan guc.illo Mr lsriNt iN6de6 qto tad 

$phistid€d nlodcm @I,|[x h.ncc, tlEy wc.blc io @ntblrh. pdtpL. Bdrtuh hld 

lo fac. Egll.r ni& froi mnlEm Y.iEiildbce, which forc.d .nd fin n c@ceftoie 

lo win llE loydty of th. rcuxling Shc he by of.dig th€fi lub3idi6 ud prerecrid 

sishie. Il0pF!!d lh.l Brilbh didn't 3e tft! wtG of^d.n dly in oucly nilit ry 

t nE bd tlEy slis€d t|!t it could be d.!/dopd inro t t'hc. or glal trH!.rtile 

inporbi@ oFniry op lhc dclt rom of Ymn md Aobi., Pciiisuh fq th.ir 

And shdt titu lL. hqr n@ FsFro6 rltr rny Fd d th. R.d Sa. $d rtrt 

@uptcd eith cmi&ilblc rmb.6 ol bbouE rtro drc fM trdir. Afiidn t$m_ in 

dditid !o l@l A6bi Tn !..1 *rrt.!Mt tFa t d s .n trdim dls lhar rn A6b 

city. C.pr.i. tiaiG did v.ry hsd wl ro @Nrrcr d.n, $ thl during his find 

vdE wie he ddnl lor. i! B h. l8d lo do .ll 0E @l'ond d'd'6 hinEtt * h dE 

@req*@ tlbr A&n th€d ro . nDd.m inerBrrbn l pon with go.d infr.6rrcr@ arkt 

hid ltrn

suhr! t bij, who lBd pct ndel ro b. . suFr+hi.i e{. qs6d !o be s e inc@.di.ry 

lin delling eith dE ods rribd rtiet hs. tn ord$ io Fotong rheir @up.lion, $cy dettl 

@fult yith the ldl Y.6i! tt drg8pd.d hctitit ro oppomrs .rd .'esiw 

!frd lo fiicn& tlMgh dEir k4ory, which a.rcd in .fk1 s rtE miq6 b.nl in rtr 

British ued ro loy 

ttugc rhou't lo rlE NiShbdinA rib6 or Mdnior dBl oEy lept 

oFn dE tEdc\ D!1ce berwi Ad.n sd lh! o Er .Is of rhe psinsda Ttis roticy 

hld bNogha el jaloGly srbng rh. orhcr rrit s wh. t.mhad *v€Ft arr.c*s on 

Brnish pole.tod* in lEJ6. tn addi on |o Oot. uritirh lied eDrtEr rebe0ion fbs 

sulbn of L.[ij ii 1858, I he telt tlur Birish Flicy of diMr d€t witl rlE trib€s n dr 

diminkh hir ow. ioportance. Snre 1863 Briftl governor .l Aden mdtcd a tunn€r 

3hg. of inrclv.'n€nt in tlE af4iu ol nordFm Ycmeni lrib6, while he &@prqt nmy 

titu rheir invibtio.s ro m.dialc ii msiy dt9!t6. ln t37O a cabl€ 3rarion *{s 

i6ugu6&d in A&n fo. ticilibring omdicdiont wirh borh rI€ Lindon !d lndi.n 

gowtuffirs ads b.carc ! f@ F)d ri@ t650,.nd th€ oFdnaof rtE s@ c*d in 

1869 h.d b.olght !n mmoc ircla* of bGin6 sd stq@ shi6 @Lr.d ttts 

Bcfoi. Ibii dE Fospe.t of ! dral tt@u8h th. li|loB of S@ had led ro & 

incrae ofEurolsn sctiviry in th€ c and Ois lEd mdi€d ihe aurhqiliG 

in Ad.n ad lhei. tutq!. Th. Fcmh h.d trlcn a splsfrodic inr@t h lhe 

R.d Sq since the eisht€en$ @ntu.y '. (E) 

FFnch, RBie dd Tuks, howee.r,l[d .n mtttion b Brablbh nililr.y br$ in 

Y.'req but Uey fac.d srrong opposihn frufl Ddrain s,no nad gat inowtue h th! 

Eiotr flwh apFlec. in lhe w6t€h oBl oldr R€d S@ *ith (he o(Mion in 

Sond4 which *qdd h.rc mde it easy fur thdn lo rl@t on Aden. Thd€fore. fBEh 

m.l bjg ch.lLng. fon both d. Do*s lrdti5i .rd Tokish dD foftr

British-Turkish conflict in Yemen (187G1918). 

Thi flatio b.lwn Tu.lcy and Brittii had pesd ODud s.v.ol stag* r@ 

c@oemtion lo ililrry cl6h6. WlEn Mol'aonn.d Ali ws Ftiing.glind the Tu*i$ 

dnitrisrsdon, ific Brilkt su@ori.d Turtish. Briltuh .rtiudc 6N lmn $B(egio poi.l 

of viq s t|t loagrh .rd 3t4pon of Otio.u's anpiE ,hdld m.fc i !U. !o te tlE 

chalkneca of MultlDrod Ali !d * kll RG3i.N c'€sris $'iiclt hoped lo e.t . 

p6iti6 itr rhc Middl. E3t In spring of I E 19, th. T!ftkh fod. @ptur.d Yffi rld 

sld.ted @neli&ling aheir posilion ov€r mnl ofthe Yeo.ni l.nd iicludiig Oe opittl 

s!@ Brilish 3lood rcutr.l doing Tu*kh op€.rli@ ii th€ mdhcm YaMi nountliB, 

but wb.n 0E hcr .x!.nsim @hd solth.m bor&. of Brilish FoLclonr6 rt€n ncw 

.B of qfMltlion bct$a lnc rrrc F,wr 3tldcd 

Turldsh for@. cmpl.ted th€ir o.tdl ovq edole Ydcn by lE70 end as Ic 

.ondilio. ep Bribin hid nade !eti6 ol iai€m€tns fith rlrious l.rd6 of hiiicrhnd, 

who ,gtcd to piw.nt diy ldvrrcc of rrr (iih locrs bwaids s@th. On lhe odrc. side 

British gorddcnt rt Bmbry I *rio6ly 3lmed, $tile ihc omciak d trndon had 

o(lq€d d.ir Ant stdor u Cffilrirituplc ro diJa rhe FtrbLn wnn G. Crrnd 

Vina Tdtilt .dmi.istntin essuGd hnn drr rkhoud ,\d.n rd ik I'irrdhrd @ 

p{rt oaY.n6'3 Dbvifte bd fie Pq& wdd inrMt his.lmm!ftLr in Yenen tut to 

t6&e &tioi .s.inst Bitkh. 

TIE FhlioB b.lrtr tlE lrc 3l!t6 @i.d poirt otm ctum in 1872, *tH bod 

sid6 ;him.d dd rhcy hlw rhc loyrlty of tlFe rn06 mrllEh ..d alrd lt rtE 

sne tirc, B.ifth dw ^den. 

up t list of niE bib6 (snroG) ro h. csrrhd s hei4 in rlEi. 

ztr ofinflu.nc! or Fo(erior In Gr@ dw rrib6 nor b hrv. lny .clatione wilfi orh€r 

pows 3rd ro put thck i.Emsl di{,{r6 ro lhc Biirish for €tdeftnr. ln ddirion !o rh4 

Bnt in r.qu.li.d Tu*.t [i it hrd stdicg'c inEBrs in rhal .B sho{ld be @sniz.d 

and ino* t.ib6 sholld be bA donc ncr tlr Tutish @.vi.cd lo *ithrs frm 

$re.8 dd @incd in slrdghold cccrl rlgion for fd In 1918, Turlcy 

wifidnm nln wnob AEbi! lid r|cw cr of Y€lmi ni$!ry n!i6d 'qK bt Btrblishrenr 

oflindmic5(!€.

Th. trc YcreG @t Ihcir $Fsc uts .!d d€rcloFd io diPbErt frshioB lo. 

n.ny &qd.s. ourins fi|| ri3is, Thc lot ign oflioc rl London gew fd.dc ind tlboghl 

thlt $c lndis office nidl e€t Britrin into ur wiri Turtey lls .onnicr wirh i$ 

i Fridhlic l!'nbotane and disrrusr ol t{o$ao did dmge ro kap thc prGouo.un 

Ero more ihponar! at {E h.i8ht of tl'. IETE At|glcR6is M sctr! 

Btillio nrd obliged sdLn Akill fllmid io p€.mit Briain @uD.tiq of 

Cypos. Ttis *s in rctf. fo. . A.irish gl|!fure of ..minins Or(,|M 

letriluy in Ai.- CyFu va lo *rye a . lltitisn nililary depir dw cM$ 

lo Gisl a possibl€ RNio milit ry rho5l. (9) 

By th. dd of .inetdlh eotu.t, Orlo'rsn 3 .olc

-T 

l-Rooct W. Sboky, lc|'.ln; ns Polll*:t ol Y.r'rn Arub Rt,trblic' 

Wcrtvi:w Pr!.q USA 197t, P: ll3. 

2.lbi4 P: 159. 

3.F.dtlflid'{, At6b ryxrw &/rdt, Fag[itr Booft LTD, Eqglr4 

lnl,Pit, 

4.Robitr Bidndl IrE ^No 

ft!3!, Colddo USA, 19t3, P: 30. 

s.Ibil P:33. 

6,Rob(rt W. Sb.&y, Op. CiL, P 15& 

7.R.bin Bilw![, Op. cil, P: 35. 

E.lbid, P: {3. 

y.n c/,t, Logorr &qP nd W.*vi.w 

g,l,alil&w\ Inleno.bt d Pontu&d lr, Nlde M: OA N.t 

D@g.roa Go,'.,P: 18

Yemen after lst World War 

Wrr Outbretk io the Anbistr regioD. 

CHAPTER # 3 

Thc mp.tition bdGi Ug pocs B.i6in &d O.mBy on rtE oc hlrd &d 

Bnbir .td Tsl.t o dE or[.r, s !lr.qtE{.d duiiS tt. fird d6d. oad||.ia0l 

€t'!y. u B beoning iN.erirsly .FFrcnr rhr lnlF Nqtd b. . d6h b.{la dB 

301... S.sd n@lhs b.fm llE Wr a dcchql Biit in @e.nizat ib rq€ b 

p.o&cl fts itrt.Gtr in E&?( ri M.diLmsn S.., but no scriou FlFrjions for dE 

w r@ br& in ig PNtet6t: of Sodt Y@tr No orc or,oq thc Britilh t.r4E 

sls lo bE for6lcr rt l rlE T6tG mieht cB $. foric. toMrd, A&n @tony. 

Britist Atlhoriti6 in bn&n .!d Bodbry wG ioo busy !o Fy |re lll.ndm |o 

dEir dirtrrt dlrFats, .'d lcll rllc dFr6ibilnt of A&n.s {ictw io ttE tql S{lr.n 

vto mr gjq ms .rd hmy (o .ntilr nE|Efri6 fbh ir fignang oppoiEr rriba 

Sultn Abd.li misql irllllis.ru servie !o t|w rtc Tu*kt FrFnroB .d my,3 

nM6. sB thc fMri.6. Brir.ii |nd its Atti.d 51116 tude rtbbugh .dtysis of the 

lit.lio!i!dr rlgio!6tei.llyrlE.nnueof l@m Y.hy. in !t w. 

Sore ludsi(ls .rgucd ilut t|t Inur, s a tiicnl of rt'. Atrtdli, rudd 

Fcqr sy iNcio. of his t ftilory wiit. ooi.B lho€ftt rh.r {r Turk 

*@ld rlrt.l&€ lo no@ oul dy t NF for 6.. rhrt hc f,iahr B@tr ! Oird 

s.h@l bclicved tlEt k @dd bc m& 'n!o e dt, by r poni* lo @&i$ 

hm !. 'd|!pcn lcnr rowrcisn of d! Zrii, .m'. ( I ) 

lnm Y.tt! !p!.!Ed !o b. . strona lqds i. tlE NonlEm Mo6!si$ of yen6 

si@ t cmFonis.d with tlE Tdl3 ii t9tt, wncn hc *!! @goi$d !3. tesiritrdc 

rulq oc lF .@. D.spib Edtkh .ffons b win hh .tLsnnc., yrtlr E@iEd 

f.iritol ro hii.Eencni with th. Tu*3 dd t}! ag.itql Oiiomlns. Sutrln BDortsibt.

fd ln. &ftns .(l t@igt lFli.y of.ll dE Mclim subc.qlc|ttlt I'htt bcgtn t6rd 

omFisr lo iEEs his poliliol i tEG itr qriG Y.|6, G Ollo'M $e bl6v h 

pcp.nrg Ihqn*tc for lh. w. Wid th. M. bbtHti th. bd.F of porw G in 

frvod of Ottd$s who h.d hor. thon 14000 nnv ffi in Yo.n On ti. orh€r si&' 

arit in had s.lld loG i! Ad.n. 

Fe{ dtrs !tur the b.8jn.ii8 of the W.r, di rrdian B.ig!d. ws paing the R'd se'' 

ncs Add, iowrft Egypl. Brili golcnnnc.t !t Ronbly lud ordfied $. n.ei io albck 

Tuftish Dosilions Mr Aden. whicl sd.d . Frt ntial tlt6t lnd dem.d lh. strcric 

s|on of D.b .lMandub. Turkhh torc6 had lruNhod count€! llllct on the Briiish 

geison .t Llhej triich fctl to [rn io.luty 5.l9tt. Tu*.y dhFrcied do{ler foc lo 

Yens in qdff to einfoc ih lrx{s d (o glin @ntbl of Aden. Brilish lruF wE in 

bad po.idon 6 0Ey tost conlret ow. imtnninl &$.

Brt lhc tiobl€r wa th.r {re arnbilion ot both l.tde$ |o rule orer wtEle Ymen. 

Aritain supqoned tc ld si ii nlny I'rclds a! il hsd !.pndrio6 ot erpciding roMds 

olhci YeIMi l€nilc srq afler th. wr. Britilh polhy low&ds lh.m Yshy!, horcv€i, 

@ nol lot lly againsl hjm b@up ih.y hoFd that h. would @opc(.te wnh {f,m it 

futur€. Althoogh they grtc rhE ldrisi s lot of morey to Iirc lribcsmen and tighl Tu hh 

f@s rnd instruct€d hih rul Io usc rh!s{ subsidiq to pclc hk pdva& qu.rel lnh 

The n6t ol,vioos of |!* *&! $yyid ltlulunnnql Ali alldne, who had 

tunEd lh. vag@ spnitull ov.rlordlhip of his fanily in Arir inb $mthing 

@nblinS 6 in&F d.nr rnd orgmisd 3r.te. tle hld l.d *v.nl uprising 

.a.in$ 0E T(tl 6.10€ $. w.r lrd pFed.d llF Sbifof M.@ i. m6tans 

ar alltuM wilh d* B irh in tE hoF of .dding $. pashdile of Yemn 10 

S@n lhe ldd5i mcuged to build r onlqlcfty witt thc .hi.fs ot the kflhem Ydedi 

trib€5, wnidr 9w !tujfi Y.hy.'i rr.dition.l innwme, for FFml or |rliri€l inrersrs 

lllm sr lctrq io ArLn in l9l? in which hc .d!l.id{d 0E ldrisi inrerl*re in tlr 

.ts undsr his tule pomisinl l.tnrsh govc.ntu ol sF a.l @Ni{k aion. lle 

d.rrdql $.r tll Sollpd Anbia 6ept dcn slFuld be hanlcl oe. lo him, l&isi be 

@v.d fren Fw, and ihr thc Bdtish should h.v! e @nr..cr rirh aryone in Ydd 

Anq rhe @lLF€ of CzrisL RNi. in l9l?. n lpper.d tur AriEin migh lN rh€ 

w .rd .le ir5 psi(ion in rlF Anbi.. ll B, UlcllfoN, d*idcd (o r!.lc !uxh!. .lrqnpt 

to sin o!.. !'e l|16, .nd if icce$.ry .r dE .rFru. of llE l&i!i. Th.y ofibrcd to .B@ 

his suplsnlc, in Yemei, lo girc hin !n$ dd dorcy eq!.| to dEt he hal @ived loi' 

ti. Turks! iD ailitid to e!pl)n, ich g.!. hiD 6 i.dqf,idert &@ss !o the Red S@. 

lrtr\ dply didnl |wl in dw irsc !r'd daclopnEnB or rE clErgql aft{ short linF 

in frvout of grilain .nd itr sllied FJWR. RBultd ly, il grvc li(e v.lue 10 lnofs 

support- UnlortuEt ly, Turlfth lbF of viclory .$in!t B.irbh loMs @ loil.d aft.r 

inGmption of Turkirh @hdunic.tions with Arabi$ &nnBuh, whicfi b@ught out, by 

tt beginnins of Arrb cvolt of Hrj@ in 1916. To th. Tutu, any tii.lher an mpts !o

accomFlish tlE. sorl c ioFr3ibtc, t $c R.d S6 b€ft ut(|ct Bdli!|i doniddd 

dd Ycnd m.nEd rn iblslcd ptovircc *iltFli @||'lmietid liE io ln'nbol lt 

l9l8 T{rtct ru &fatcd lld toE d to ESolitc d thci. *iiMnd fiw *iorc 

North Yemen's Independence 

Tuli{r dcfdt in th! w .mw{8cd In.n Ythy. to mw I'is fo@! lowrds lhe 

dpi6l SlrE $riciFtiig tlE .dr'E ofdh6 for6. lL edqld SlM ir lhc sN Far 

.rd E Ecogri$d by l.c OlloM g@hor c o iod.F d.nl nd.r os wiolc Y.n6 

wnn 6npbL .dhdilt ltr lh. oriftn of llm Ylht . Y.|m 6 .ppanly 

considcild !n iftLD€ndnt sr.& iiE rh. dcfd of tftc Tu.ls ,Dd erpcd.d ollEB io grtr 

hin !t ldt dc frctr @enition. Ancr thc Mr Y.rctr bc€re fiRt @unlry of lh. l@rct 

Ofiomdn EmDiF to dd.r. ind.oendfn€. Howver, t. imam didr't istt dny omcid 

oclrrution ol Y.ffi s inrbrcnd.@ riG fie beli.vtd thd Otomn ol. qrs kihd of 

fodign Mut!li6. Ile ihouel'l lhsl Turlish {itMEwl a n@ly lhc firsl s€p in 

ruline Yoo r @l,idlslrL g.ning !.iv!rnl '& Jft" l@gnidm .nd llln i@r1odr 

othd Y.mi Fds qfirdr Erc |mFrBily @upi.d bt fGigr !ow. 

Th. inrn h.d e nbnion to b n& ui.hl hi! 3w.y, all Sollt Anbi! s,tich 3.rc81 

tmls w.c uriied b€fore .nd aftr hldn. 8ut hk gp€l faced n!f,.role ini.n.l $d 

e,ti€.nal obrbcl6. Yry! gpt l.gitih.cy to ru|. Ycns lim Tor*dy; thcElor!" ontinued 

E idrs! chrJleirrd iis ru|. frorn udos trihl L.d€$ wiio wc '.i6l.d by hi! lN!. 

As 66Fcd to British tulq *lihh wis b.red d s{b3idi6 and dotrtior!, ldir'3 ncv 

rdrinktdi@ d.Fndcil d {E |ri colldlid ud cirl FlEy. rlE d.F!@ of d. 

Tnrt! fiDm YlnE lEd l.lt |@r cSioB urdninklqld 3Fddly 0E p||in orT[EtE, 

dEEio|t, 3tMg mflicl bcllr b.rcr tlF ldns' .nd ldd Y.hy. for colrelling ihe*

Ttc ld.isi! Flc M! &clii.d batsc Briti.h &t6id, hd di!.odinrql siic. 1920. ro, 

drca wG lNbb 6 Fy dFi. dli.s sts di&'r n€ibtc to chsge rh.n po.jtin ttr 

tddilio to d.t, lG dt.!3t, s rourlr E .licd h t9l, *tich FrioBly t|tdcd rlE nd. 

of tlF ldnis .i hb s h.d m dFd.G in rhc po|ni6 Bt solcntuir Th.Gfoc, 

lnu B ttlc |o @|qH thc pon offiodi.rbh i. t925. 

Ao$ thc l&ftis oa Alir lrd dt Z.ydn nccd o 6tt rlE g.t, .id n .ppeltd 

tlnt 0r ldrtis niSlt wio tlE Lrgef Flt bd'!,., G Sh.f.d Ey ; dE 

l* uwlcorc, By rh. nid.ttc ot t9t9 dEt hd @ erql hBr.36 f@ 

rercr of 0E l.ib6 cd n' tcbMry t920 dEn i)iB ke wnnin . d.y'. 

i|lrch ofs.tt!& nr b{owilg Y.lr, on rtc d.ponuc ot dE lrririC\ rtrcy 

@|pi.d thdi.dh Th. tudid .trd Brtil $hoor rtE ftnd hd cdtned 

The connict s@n st8n d bcrwcn lm.d Y.tyt b sh.d to 't{it Y.nen, .nd 

Briiilh Coloni{li5m, rhich cBgd $ .t,oi8 slFrpow rnd n! viclory in d!. Wodd 

W&-1. lo l9ll, Yar! tound himsll iNllvrd ih rhc dflicr hcthq tlE kbbi .ri Bin 

S.td tic ffil&Ld llEr lE @uld mi lighr tt ts! ftfic ald d@i(bd ro h.gin mutu.l 

didogr eith &itish Adnhif.ti@ in dcn !o sc{h tll mrFc Feft,ly- Both Yrlyr 

sd Brit in wc..ccp{.d rlE ArdcTudi rrrarcnr of 1905, sni.n

Mutawakilite Hrshimite Kingdom of Yemen 

North Ycn'ci Nls 'j$lsd $ Mlare|lilir l lushn re lii0gdJrn- ir d,c t 9Ih ufitc! 

ire fourdcr lnrr Yahy. tlani(lul-Dii, D.iig ! S.yyid IE i.rrrdlcrd lhe r&shrir. 

cq@pr lo |n. Kingdofr in ords (o ffle trgidlnrcy io his rut.. yaht! povcd ninetfa 

uiqc g{.nilh lighcr.gdBt Ooo@.'3 pl*@ urit rh.ir witdB*d .!d rh.d he 

tticd to @nic whole Y.n.ni lsn& in . 3irdc in&!.futafl n.r.. ltk mbidon didnl 

s"..c.d a lr fa@d ot6l!.l6, which h€ w !dbl. !o Gr.d r.hi.w his gorl. The 

cgiodl b.le. ol po*r *r! @l in hk f.red ed h. h.d ro tight .l !*6t sid6 witi 

ndy rowd *t ch hld t lot otsGpiDg in Ycnmt h'xls. By 1934, hc rdid that hc 

@uld nol oite .ll Y.rM under his ru|.. rlEEfor!, h. rt .ided lo e@ $! @nmic 

Bu@ftrthsdcv.loF cnroahi$\ins&rn. 

. Administrative skucture under Imam Yahya 

wh.n Y.ftn aot ic i(hFid.E rnar dE lst wld E, n h.d Fr rcidlr innqi|.d 

.n my d. civil sryie rMroB lh.EroF hc bcSe io &rclop borh iNruEnc Hc 

E si* ctuugh [o * drl h4 dorc @dd tul gowm thc cntie @dr.y, $ h. hsl 

FB.d.d lb ldr. om€6 &. rtry .td hclp hid b.ing s . MBlim bcrhri. Atrtulgh 

l,lE l|m hd l|fu i.gler.d tlE {rei.ric dtdbu&s oa his r6tor{ hc otod & . 

,dnpor.l rd .bsolule king D@i!g rlE p6o. Fdai *ilh ql4n|e,ls, h. 8or ti[tc 

dFic@ .bolt d€ .d,ninhLltion, s the T@ty of 19 | | 'n!d. hnn Gpomibtc fo. $c 

.@intr€nl of Fovimid ldninis|olG .nd dwi! judB6 for Zlidi dinrica, *fiich E 

coBi&Ed llE h6$ for fuurc ldninistn(r cldrc. 

On tle 'riliriry side, rlE r@ry l.n sruity of stolc Ycnbi Wil.rd ro dE O(on$ 

Em9irq t|ltEfu!, rlce I no Flli4 or n lit ry org{rialion cql€d by Yat'ya utrlil 

1918.118 iqlcp.nileE fot*l lnn to*tlboul.qtnBu nilibry csl3hlishmdnl. wtrich 

rcdd h.i.rrir in(@.| su.i(y' @llel rres, prlql Fb.llioc ribe ftoE idertcring 

sio @mnEc, !d p@Ecr rhc fontic6. Y.hcni dd.Ls sr !o tttitir..y Coltcge in 

B.gh&d for few y@6, but Y.nys w. Brlisi dd their tot.lry migl|t b. udcmimd 

by *int tlEy sw eb.oad.

Ir cdu.qEnce, he Gltblish hie own nilillry sctool eith orini.g Fovided bv totlign 

iistnrioB eho vw aier to @nlrol c Den of his poli.y Io istdl. Ymd fmn rclt ol 

fic *!rld Tt'€ lfujning luk lc! rpgoi.ncd .dvis i. dE fcicn olfie .nd 

nilir,.y t6i6. slm of llstr d$ lErfdtr.d civil .dninicdi€ dnic+ ond in s6[ 

rodie p@&sim 6 lMi.e lhc lclcSdtn sy!|m.id lrx coll€tre On llEoitF t nq 

h. |EniLd orrci.ts fd high !o6ls f.om tl|c hdnioMlly liLnLdas frm $vrid 

dt8ry itr rlE 6r$ .nd tlr Qdis elb \eE tlE kiiiry dN of zlvdt $nohR wEn 

d* ebin.i ct@n, m6r of il3 niniscn hsd litltc inneM ot.r tlE Gwry &y .|Itia of 

rh.ir oM 6inisni6 and of lhe lc{sle rt dl 

Con*q!.nlty. ltl powB wE €ntElircd ii tfit hlids of th€ Im.s, wto f.ll d.€ply 

EsDoBibl! hcro@ Gnd for lhe rcl&a ot €ecry oi. ol hk peopl€. This bcli.f n'de him 

.xl@.ly '@sibl€ to ndori(y ot ltk ci(tm a llc &ily $( unda tn ombr€llo, for few 

hours, spqting sitn dyo|E 10 wt3lEd lo .ttpwt hin. h .ddi6d lo thtl lE @iv!d 

wiltcn pdniotu dlring his *ltnrg mud th. city of S.M. 

Y!nr! cr€dcd t Ggic, rti.ft .ndald for four ddd.3 Il gtw Ih. 

ruFrfkisl impl6ion of . st riq h.di.d sicly in atticn c0ici6l if 

{(tiE ry, dle bt d rt$lui., tlEdlic ting tuucd ! EMrbble deere of 

tt b'lily ad sr in@6blc ob6r&16 in th. Flh of sid and polilidl 

ln the .t6 of FlgBiw Ycmdk lm.h Y'l|'t s llutik md( M c6i&Ed d 

kind of tyannic8l, bul tte illilerirc Fo0lc fclt ih.t th.y had tfte dehl lo hav. then 

indiviad prcblds FNomlly $lvcd br $e iil$. Yorcii Fople we lypicdlt ! 

plrlien Iribesmn and r Eligious frnatic l].lw'.n .igl y and eishty fire pos.t of th. 

popdrrion Rc pas! r g.ttinS th.ir liv.lih@d diEclly fom lhe led. The rrcngc 

Ycmmi dped.d .nd m.lcd rk lm.m ro dal wiih ilE myriad a,Iri6 of governMl 

Fi$olly h lh. diri@ of thc midt ladcir otzltdi @! dE l|lMs wll tsihblc 

&ily to 0r. no$ hwble of rhcn iubjc

EaoFn vbib6 luw &sqibdl y!br\ d.ity *!rr sying $a! h. sqllrtilg @ rtE 

llc ed .e..iving ddLs sr.ens oron F{rutrty tilde pics or poper, rcttcd up ti*c 

cigaG{rrs. TIB mighl bc a reqes! for ldnir!@ 10 hclilst or fd Fmisio for t 

$hhl 10 buy chrll q fren onc of his sns ro bor@ a nobr 6 or ro di*harg. r dcld 

sldi.r a kll s morc reigh0 mlls. Ewry c& @civ.

By the ?ridi tradilioq lny Sayyid who c!tr Muhtdatc ad *icld ihc Gquit(e poer 

d b6!@ l'l!h, .v€n if on. sr@dy disc, tuwdly nade (h. lllMs j.tlo6lv 

@nnid dh oihcr If orc slEBd li@lf iMt$le of €'@biig .ll thc ddi€ o{ om€ 

rlEl gw cr|Er.d oa hin, n @ t forcgon. orct6ion rnd g'ffim sno f.il hinslf 

h.fta q'dilicd wld !i.C. tlE oflie ld be cqrtin of d ltl tlE tr.it s4pod of th. 

cl'l|$.liw |Eligiou hiffity. Mai$tilq Yrly. h@t z.idi docIdE bv 6nins ltrs 

.ldrt M, Ahm.d his s6ce33or inscad of ldving thar io {E UlelNs' de'chioll He 8d 

dirdmt d.ms 0o plsE notabl. lqding li!!€ Md p.dicul.rly por3ilial candidal.s lo 

ssw u @rh of lotrlry !o Atur.d 

h qd.r lo n.iittii p(ae rd i.curitt i. tlt llnrt rib.l.E.id a $t ofaitsl 

tlE !€gim nd dcitin d . lo{ of hocrgls in 0E qtiti s.M for llE gd b.hrvid of 0F 

rib6. TIE ltcrs.3 bcloqed to dE mLu. tun i6 df dB tdb. slE wld hG FntlEd 

iftheh Gldti@ mkb.hDrd agrimt rhc Inff!.c €gine. 

. Provincial Divisioru during Yahya's Rula 

Th. Otm.'3 r&nirisr.t'w rlrucl@ of YaiF !a6ii.d urFn necd for *on tme 

.R.r its i'd.F|(l@ Srrc OlrEi.k El. dcd.d io stry @ lh.i. job3 by tlE mw 

govmncni oflnlm Y.hy! And f.w yaB, TurList otrrctub Eti'td or died, rtib $e 

otlE €tlnEd to Tu*ey. iany! rppointcd Nw gow@l! bd lhc Tu*hh srrtcm of 

goGfring s{s nol .6!€d. lf,am Yil'ya md€ Erlrin d.rign.rione fo. Yen.n 

3ubdjvbidi in ddd ro dtdn to Yo|lcii dminidtrrire 6niFlo&/. 

O(de3 h.d divi(H YetM inlo $R Fovinc.: @t u3 divid.d lo noEe03 

disr.ict {ubdjvisiois ldn Yrl'F lld c@cd otE distircl (LiB) noE. L dE lw 

.ddiniinliw rul$ th€ (Liw) *!l divid.d in (o s€t@l nmb.s of (Qdi) Md rhen 

(NNdb) .inglc (Nrttiya). Atd fcw )si lFlffi, hc cdivid.d Ycnfr i.!o rix 

tryi'B whdr h. fclt thrt.ddidfrl ihmddort @ld be medc.

. Social DeveloDment Cause. 

Tl€ s.cial sitlation of Yenrn ws not quik during do a.ty ydB of jc no&h 

ind.p€ndcrce. 'llB popdstid @ dividcd sh!ryty atong *cs6 rrEs s a corudtuc'rce 

of ll@ tinod@l ewnts. Tle prq{ndeBnt 0arc of YciEn s c@nomy wos aSricltturc. 

Th@ wG lou distircrirc '@ d6g wirh cj&nrs inhabihtrts, cs(61 hightsn&, rh. 

cdrld ph,n ofTibna, t ib6l eglor oahigh oout.iB and urbsn or tuBt co6h6iti6. 

-Thc cetrtrrl lrigh|.ods 

aig Fiqt sc of YeM F,pol.rior Ic h rlE cntEl hi8hbnd di.h plldc tte 

'Bjqiiy of ft @dry s gBin, @fle. Qrr, ftuit lrl(l wEel,bt€ Agioukw r@h"iquca 

in l|ti3 G ree rimple, tholgh qdc .Ilcdaw. dld cchtuloSist d€Fnd.ne on thc 

oucid. i6 nlninal. The Tu*s didn'l giv. cmud i(Gnftn nor did rlE loitMte crcd lor 

lh. @nrtielion of ruit blc uds .od d.wlorcd €m.i€nt .om'ndidrioN f&ilnic! !o 

link ttE moulgin viuagd wafi oltu !.nr oflh. @6try. 

P@?lc oa the!. !@ h.ld gorcmcd 's{rcibiliry fq rl'e suity of lr.d. @r!5, bur 

not fq ic @intelrc ad inpruwoHt. It l@lqi ro 6t|?l ldlDdty s to rcstBin 

irccim of od5ide tib6@n, *hale rlE ldl o(Lr E l€ft ro et@ by rnbd urdidd 

d !o r nbdi.lion of Fonire Uled.. Duing s,tolc tnanEle Fiod. ncl sltFrl @. 

fm ihc lrib.s oa rhis ae ft amishcd both civilie and milirlry FGoBI ro fte tft.m s 

'l hc imFofiMe of thi3 !e @E lrum lhs let th.l Yerheni 6'ri4l Sea es tsftd 

$erc. Th. 6dt B thst iii inhsbit rc had Mdy s.c* 10 fi. rulq 3 ltlcntio rnd 

ldj'nliqtiou, ('c ddldragc that ws id enjoylrl by o$er a@ On Llc ruligioN sid4, llrc 

FFl.lio. of rhk dE E mill@ of Zlydis i. addnion to Sunni (Shsflis} *ho 

M.irFd jodic$le ii €dts.rqlyins th.ir om srstan or taw rd c6 S@ni Blisioc 

irotltrftn % lwibl,le 1o 0Ear child6. Bcing . Mclns lqde. tman led ml $udl ro 

crdiete S'mi &hool ottt ught b€.aus. ic lFFd th.l he @dd unire.tt Y.ncnis in ! 

singl. ftorl. Shafai c

- Coastal sfiip, and Plain of Tihsma. 

In dtdn lo tlE higftlrlds oG *lich so@ignty 6 ltBtcd.d lo lnu YdtB 

hthod.dt6t I'or rlE lurkt I'ntm h.d rc f@thold std EEt Gn tlF s.c@ts 

b.ft,rc it! in

- UrbaD Com0runiaies 

Tbe D6t Flnnr|.nt sgmeir of {E sftdlr dy..rii6 e6 ltdnid .l-Dn.s disrocr..y 

.!d tFir.lly &nity. B.ni 6lw.rr..r. lky .6id.d de'Blvc.borc.tt orlEr 

Fopl.. A@u* rh.y e Slyyiils Lhcy beti@ ths( tlEy should tE prirEr swe of 

@roitm.nt fM th€ gownnEias high |!6G. Corsquc ty, dbc who hnd tnans in tlEn 

&6b1 or *to @dpiei hish ofiic€s ir which trcdrr cruld b€ @(nulaled bare rhe 

larg€ taclr ofagioukural lsnd. Or llE orhc. h!|ld, rhe€ was ate t6s prcspc@us Sayyid 

lamdis liv€d mdeslly d t*hcrs. hdcN, o. minor gowrnment tuncti@ia. ln 

g€n .al, th€ Sdyyidi weE the hon Fivilcgcd.t!ss sd 6eir sr.rqs saw $em a 6r.&e in 

lhe qisling polnidl ord.r. S@trd lop tmitica in rL *Gty duine tm.6ac mL wB 

fi. Qdis, *tr ds &hi.vqj inn*nle dd 6is wslrh. Tnc eldis ctss Bor borh oa thc 

lffiing srd alility, *,hich €Mblcd rh.m |o surc gMt pGilic inside tbe lmm,s 

reginE s ninisten, sovmc, ind jldss. Of co@ Qldis B@ Ics rorrml. in rhe 

ll@br6l'ip t{.@ Siyyid dynsris nom!( tiz.d this po3ition. 

Udan Ul.M phtqi kc, rele ii ftc Y.rB. s F)l'ddt tifc hrs@ dey q* ilm 6c 

dilaar&a nd tlr ql@Ld @'nmEu. l hcy $cd !o €t@t the I'M of iEir Zlidi 

st They had clnpn lnm Ydyr .nq fis f.rtECs dqrh in d ioditiond By. Ar rt'e 

oulct of itE MlE**kilite e.4 YdEn'3 itrcltig.nrsi. *a cqreNiw firh tlE Utenl4 

who l@ cl@. .@rding !o clEfulty minBii|cd strndNrds ot@mdistm.nr in 0E 

t$dilioral di$iplic ot langug., l.R, aid ttblog, Th. dbtirclion is ffiery in 

qphinins th€ m'bighc or opcnly disloyrl .(ituje of dany Uta@ duing etu of ih. 

GSimc's .,is In fic $dl'rm and m|m rrcs s,tcrc Sh!fii Sch@l ot rhoughr. h{d 

al$ thci. own Uh$. @ruilql .d rminql ulong snDihr tin$. Whatc Ej@ring rhc 

co@pt of tt€ lmamte the Shsfii t@ptdl thc ine\ lntorat autho.iry in rb@ry, and 

sinc. lh. appoin&n.d &d rcmovol ol judg.s w (h€ imam s prcmg.iiE, ! $rt of 

loyal9 qbted be.d on p@tic.l inrcGl Urb.n toput.lio. ot Shalii, si

Foreign Relations of Yemen after the War 

'Irie m.in objdri€ of lmh Y.lry. s ftEig| policy 6 to l@.p Yen.n .*dy froh 

et kind of foeign iniercntion. I{€ dnid.rcd tn.t his ll*t duly K lhe 'Eql to DFst 

his n *ly indep€nd€nt srare fm snf&ri|l8 $. fdr. of &e ABb counrde, qhich q!rc 

dmintt6lqd or ccupi€d by EuruFu rDwR. I1., tlEEfoc, adoptcd d poli.y of icrdy 

rbsluL i$l.ti@. lman Y.hys hd not gcd.rFriae eith the Otbflanr *lrich mrdc 

him nlo.! scnsiliw to .ll tocisffi, c€ tke kith qhom lE sh.€d I cnnon Glisiq. 

In his ottnion Oc f@igER only cxdoirqt Oc nrridd tu6 rd 8ot rqlth fd rtEir 

om intcEsG. llc Eftrsed to sien &y 6rrr&r wnh d€ Eumler porwu ifn *{utd giw 

llEn slEi.l odvilegca $yire th.t th.y could onty b. wn fi.o rhc Tu.ts 

Althoosh, lm.n s policy saicd hin (lnri.k'rblc alatrc rdue lhc A.ab l€idcG, il 

apparcd id *holly r4ibL in ihr .y6 of rhc Urbpean powc. Fren Ecomnic Frinr 

orvicw, hi! poli.y m nor in hrcu of Ycm.n, dF.i.ry n B lilc tusr oikr !I!16 

.or .coMic.lry *lf-$lficidr. YcNn w.r onc ol fcw sht6 itr rhc Amb qrtd lhll hd 

Flf*lpponir! ot wlE! ftuib .ftt vce.l|b16. And rh. Firsr lidtd Wu ..d ii rh.

Irun tum.d lo rlE llalialE vlD hld occspicd ldtllr, o. the westem @asr of Rcd Sa 

opposiL to Yeheni $a colsrs toh wlrerc he @old clsity ourhe @potu. rm&n\ 

imh.di.G goal *s to cun€ whote Yemd\ hilro c tand which arend.d fid MGq 

i. lh. mnh 10 Arabid & R.d Sds in $. sutt! & Es| io On& in rh€ 6r. dE .@ 

v.hich lre @ _g@r.. Yftn . lr ws rcr 6y tor yahya b etie\€ his &nbilios 

godr Bd ict !d n bd io tong @tti.r *ilh Ihc dc f&ro tuhs of ffitt FiftiFtity ot 

Arir, S.rdi Kin86m in dE Mrh .n t D.itilh @ldidk'n ir rh. $urL 

. lmam Yshya's Relrtiotrs with Bribitr 

TlErc w! no dir@r dt .t berwi Btibin a,|t lmms of zaidi S@t duinB thc 

pdiod from |li39 @til E begiming of ni.rl Wo.ld Wir r. t9 ! 4. Hdce borh sidca h.d 

rct d@ undeNbnding ofscn o|lFis polici.s, obj4ri!6, aid chamcrer By rh. etrd of 

lic asr vcr€n b€mc om.ially indcpcodoor od ir had lo ddt will d'€ 3trong 

rciShboK The fi6r ch.I.ige fa..d by lfirn y.tya 6 Brnkh oalpaljon of $trlhcrn 

p.!c of Y.nEtr along wirh irs slocgjc pon of Ad!i, vnich M @sid.r!d by y.mdig 

'tE eJa of Y.|M" Inm ct.inql hirelf $ r l€irimac tule. oEr wl'ote yclM 

iEludn'g fie !t4 u.ncr Bntish @t^t. tcsion b4retr dE re si&s o inurt fd 

tmt y@A AlrLlgh tLilain h.d qupiql A&n !d orher srdegic tstdds in ttrc R.d 

Sa atd Aft$id Sa il h.d dmued rh( il mutd exl.8t ic @nkot over tn? hinrertrn4 

.l4 t16tcm &d @nhem Ad.n ro 6h!li5h dc h.to frcnri€c wirh th€ IIlm. 

Bnrish d&biotr we coNidlred o big rh@l lo lmah's antiri@ becduse il appcaGd 

tlEl it *anlcd ro o@upy Soutkfr Yemen. ln lddirion (o $.1 Bitish fo@s occuDi€d 

phi. ofTih@ alorg wirh iIs impo.rsd pon of HdLid.n in l9t8 in od4 io slpcnis. 

wilMokl of lurkish fa@s frm Ydren Ih. &t tcd !o Mptctc iktarioi of lhc 

hidl.nd .@r which rcc olc. lmsft'3 dlrol. Ysly., rh.@{tcr, tett lhar tF had ru 

@mui6rim with dsi& bdd rhqgh {$ s lrndt fo6 @lpied snE d64 

which wG !dde. Blif6h Folt.rin ed rclircd !o withdEw fod the a6, cin8 rhi! 

.s p'6r@ ed ro foc Bdbin ro giv. !i0 .c6s io rhe Red Sa ad '@g!ir. rhc 

ind.pcnd@ of|ne ndlh lln of Y€M ud hin 6 ling.

In 1922. Biuin 6ti!.d thn Yemn's indepedeM should tc tecogired un&r &e 

ladcship ot Y.'r. bul ils ofrcirJt t@ dividcd d lh. qGdi6 of how ftr 

g@grptiqlly Y.ntr * ro qlend Allcr i.tqEiE di3aid, fmd.loB of English 

F,ticy ew Ihlt tmh Ylht€ should lirio.c!e |ne b.rdd $'ltich ws d@tmrd 

th@ct dagllmBt bd9$ Turtkh &d Rithh Enpi6s in 1904. 

In@ gov.mcrt bdm ar o0'E:rl !c.G' to th Olil,lls, e llb! il htd to 

!c..d ltl 6.ir Tllrtio3 corEming Ycm'. In 19?5, Y.meri fd!6 qplqEd Tihffb .td 

ns n.i. ton! of I lode'd, fbm lte ldrisk. As ! 6ult dE po3ili@ of ltum Ysya b.dme 

st$ng sin@ lE sucqLd to srer .ll l iftdnr ro hk dominion in ddition b big porlion 

ofroot||en Britirh PmicctoEc. For lldtkh, Inrh s ehiei€n.rt unldrbedly p.orql to 

b. d colmic blo*, for s. or dE rliL *ith Y.trb! q/tich fomdly Fs.d 0ttlIglt 

Ad.n 6 db. dicncd lo Hod.i&, MoB6, ty lne f{ll ofTilEnr., il htd io ft.c rrw 

t0clt 6Fcirlly.ncr |h. &fal of tl'.k m..ll, ihe ld.isi which.d hi.. dprolld by 

$odis. l.ldftturrh, [,d!rn gownmenr (ied io ochicvq its gorle thmugh diplomoc, 

dlling fo. neeoiirlion Rith lman Ysiyt ir 1926. Brirain dcmlndcd $ai Imsn $ould 

ailtdde his loc fM :ll lhe krdt n hd @uDi.d ,tr6 $. Wdld Wu J. 

Drrine cgoti.lion, ltE re si&s .ouldn t elti@ big rieGi b6!E In.n Gjc.icd 

&itislt dmnd, lholtgh hc rgE d not ro Md rmtb to the o$.r pdt ctorares rndd 

B.itish dftol. In | 931. lt|m Y.hti cntrld in ol{|ict *ith tbi,Siud lM Lh. Foi@ 

of A!ir, Rnich B F.r of Yffi dlinr l,lE Otume s dlc- Thdetd., tne sd O.l 

h! Ftrld go fG err *irh Stdis .3{.ci.lly sftc. h @ieed c|ll of n49ort by rt|c tdrili 

whos temiory w @mpl.i.ly dpluEd .id .nExed 10 s.udi Aftif 

h {E se fqr llr€ n golirtio. bd*d lrritilt govdtrra .nd Ydln schiad !s 

imF.lrrt Flgns. l' bort Jil6 @n d @ s |gffir fo. dr to.&r dtuFna l||s 

ft..tad AnglcTurkh tqtid, Btidr ld olliobtly Fn 0tG lnn rccd of Eo&n 

divkion ol Yem.i. Sub!.q@dly, th. GlrrioN bclcn |h. tm gowtr@d! rlDin d 

quit€ until tlF b.ginnirg of lhe SMid Wond W$ aid thln i.w cr! of@nnicr s@,

. The Relstioos with Saudi Arabia and Arob World 

Otlondn Brpic doDiiared Nady lllc cnrrc A.atrid peiiMta. so ltur, {EE ss rb 

need for sp.cilic &Khri6 bdw6 irt Foviffx Atter ltE Fa6l World we, The 

ErpiB dd n FE*ssaoN w@ dividcd rnong noreoc $n. F,tcnr.r6 evEryo@ 

w€d ro cdend lft tule oE la.ge ponio oa ltE paicdr gnd ar lhc cxoens of tn€ 

opF onls A! lr c Yencn.nd Saudi *.E @@m, n w6 rh. hck or.uct boedary, 

*hich l.d b daq.rcus co.nid bel*!.i rl,. rw tinedotu. This w inrcmifie

in Mccc., di:h helpod {E S.ldis io i.rc|!w in tlE.lbiE of|nh YqEni c8i6. In 

lt6 Srdi fqc fo@d lftisit sn lo !@p( S.odi F.Ldion 06 tri! FieiFlity 

whi.h nEd. them EsponlibL for hn foFign F licy snib hc 6 gErd€d full pow of 

R.lrtirB bdEs Yftn lrd tlF Sludi tt|('@h t|.cn|l. strE*|ut rnin d 

0s r Edl bul lbn S.d lsar€d d€ ln.m {tal lE h.d @ itn.rtior of 

Eiowring thc lcditdid lost by E ldiis befoc rho &le esbblishing his 

Iloc.(ontei lhk mollified Ytty. to some d€gEs Ncwdh.lels, dl. lmln 

bcli.tld tlEt l..t porrios of tditdy ri€hlfully b.loigiig ro hih $!c 

ircludine in Asii. (8) 

During the Friql fmn 1926 ro l9ll disrdst ri&nal b.isln th. tmrm ud Slrdi 

Kiudon. Bo$ sides r ed to qptuE m(a linds, $ thqr (E civil war €ruDrcd in Asir, 

elid| .rd.d by S&dis nilitny interBrior .gri'd bolt dE tddsi .nd tmn Ydrt! TtE 

ftLtui Glcd tM! h.lt sie tE t 6rc t|@ly mninl lad.r un

lle Yd$ irclpLd & f..ro iirutrioi nrd rigtr d the Tsly otrl-f.ia.. Mu5t!, 

lricndslip ard Arab fntehiry" in M.y 20,1914. A@ordilg ro die Trc!(y {he disptded 

e6 of liaj@ and A5ir wG to be@rc fully uftb. Srudi @olrotrtut in rdun thc 

KinBdom will 8iE .spacial pnvibgcr ro th. Yorcni l.bouc and tiorciatsbrae ro 

0E goEfrri.nt ot Y.rl@ 

Atler lh. d4liritarion ol lhe bont r $y ! bi-nariomt @nhisioq 

rldiotu bdwm (he t@ monarchs wr' Foblbly rh€ ber in rh€ Anb 

Middlc E!s1". {9I 

The la&r3 of tlE tw g.res kepr good Bl.tiors ro 6h dhd .nd rsp.crcd Oe T@iy 

krdicrs ir wlblc dE tule ol Yrny. .nd hh s Ahnd lh€En r, l93a ro t962. t b 

nEnnoid dlr ct.h F|rec rc mr die lo 6Gllish de GtrrioN wirh y.ty. s 

Eowmnent ad Oc rce iffleFnddt A6b sl!l.! we d$ lEdiy r$oG 3ir64ful. ln 

l9ll, Inm Y.|rt! rigrEd @perariw at|d f.icndstip t@ly wiA Haslidi& Kitrgdo'n of 

lEq und€. whicl il kcsft obljgalory ftJr lruq o povi.l€ mitibry ssis&rcc lrd rraining 

for Y€n.ni omer!. li | 916 Yemd joirPd . egio@l pacr $ith Saldi r&hi., EgjFt, &rd 

loq .grinrr Zionilm &(vni6 in Paleflie UE id.a ofdar F.r bqq'@. tbrcruEr of 

tla Aftb t€.9@ th:t w foundcd in t94J bt th4 @unki6 Ad@ of irle YdryaS 

polic, of isl.lior. Ymcn @uld mI lnd in tlE F nid and @&nic.ltang6 of rhe 

. Rehtiols with European Coutrtries 

An6 dF @up.lion of Ernr€{ on rh! GtliD crr of Red S.!. lt liu qdd6 &!d 

(mmEi.ll€cnts bdft actirc in tlE nbi! PcniGula dd psnicuirly in Ycffi. 

ttalim gorcmrcnl rl tlF @lot of tiitrq ss wll !w@ of 0'. intFrto@ oa Yc.Bi 

st!&aio loc.Li@ Thc opcaing of SM Cml itu.aed Ihe impo.r.ne of thc Fs{ S@ 

|ion( of Elmp€an Poww .nd l1!ly oft of ficni. Th.rcfor€, ll.li$B b.clnc polilically 

&tiw in ti. rc8ion rin@ (he lat yt'B ofrinec.(h entury. By theb.girniieof1900s, 

lLly aot aood ldwl.dgc atDur rlE Esion s .lI.iB, stich s still undcr OuoM's 

ole As tlcy scr! etEny to dE lsLn c Crliphd. of dF Tunq dEy d.fitrit.ly r4poJtcd 

|be Idrisi oov!'n.i .g.id t o|rolMi 6.loc dE Fiff Wond Wr.

TIE imu!€ of ltllie inntrc in Antrm PaiN& 6 drming f(i Bdbi!' *tidt 

hld ti8 i'n€r6l3 {EE. lt'ii8 u,nfi,.it! ct.lioc wi0r Yclm bcgttr in 1883, a both 

sids mdde a p.ci$err eftod rt m6.diil FEirnion MoHvd, rh! ltalim .ivil 

@mfrisaocr 6f Eril@ hd for hEh dmc @tuncd Ymnis for both dililnrv and civil 

FfFs.s- Alt r Wdld We I, Ndrhern Frl of Y.nql hdle 6 ideFdent d,ttLy 

Ed.r lnnF Yolq.'s tut . Y.lrr. had .m{h ltaen to b. s'lpicious fidn lhc l!.lirns 

whdr slw lis r!3irbice to dE lddsi, hh dsl la

TlEy nsintaincd a FeenE throrglioqr UE 1930s *.ben fiey hrd 3cw@l 

di0lon0B arkl doctou timtuding llrc Fnonlt drysici{n ofrtt inlatrl h rtrc 

@ulry, lnd a ltllia @nlou.d tlr mitirsry @nat and dilErqt whsl 

qsndiiS proj.otr dEre wE . ( l0) 

To trcid nn6 s Fej'die lg.iEt h.virg Flrlre.r t@i$ dipto@lic 

EFwniltiB in his @unlry, l|,ilim h.d to @ ooer 'i|Is ftr err.nding lh€ir innane 

bt sldiig civil teohni.i@ ale. EngiMrq dd oter previsioraj rcq p.nicut..ty 

dc(ots' rcre fouid an laree nmbei! ir! tlrc capihl Sos a ..d other cilics t te kurh is 

th.t, mGl of th. ltdian mrt E had srbn! politiql convictions ol Feist id€4e which 

tlEy sFEld .mng {E Fople of Yen6 in ordf lo c|lblish e .tMphca symFrh€ric 

nr tbe qmrcrcid .!d poliriel siG of th.ir Aotlmcnr urtd Mletini. Wirh dt ds! 

ftr/io inneE c.c ro e €dd ir l94l rh€n lnm Y!ny! hrc*. *ilh rhc Arir Do{s 

Lik€ oilcr Euop€ah @lolial pokB, FraNc h.d omupied small ponion in rl* eslem 

.@I of Rcd S€ rc.6t st lit of Bab sl-M.ndcb Fon ils .oto.y !r t)jibouti Fcrch 

ft abl. lo moilor thc &Iivilic of oth.. oppoMt pom !d Io inrcrf.c in the 

n eotal all.i6 ol nr.ny EgioEi stst6. Du.irlg tlE Wodd Wlr I,lt'cy ld bcglo slct 

dals vi|n Indn Y.ly! 9.otrris.d nim ol &B .fj oiliEly equiF cnt. In ldditim lo 

th.t, FBrh cxpetu lBl FcFr€d .r dbilioris plln ro d.velop F)rr of Mokh., blr Y.hy! 

Efed io lllos inponing la.ge iurber of loeign work€G, eo, tlE pt.n @ Nt 

acni*d nF@n{. F.€rch be.me wful h tkn dding with Yrttr dlthouel rh€E 

reE Innicd @b om in the tnd€ fi€ld. Cctuan mision visitd Yemn in 1927 and 6et 

C.l|r|s b@8ht My rxoj€ts ro cnh&K rh€ bilarmi cktioG *i(h Yo@. l\5 

c@1, Yrhcy's doubb lom th€ loreigncG *t [s slone in dE lunh.rirg ihe nd@l 

irr.cts b.lcn Yemcn .nd C.many. l hc mission djdnl llnd sn en@@g€ 

armcpft.E to sk ndh lhen ekdoru wnh Yoren, lhough 0Ey tndd agiin b *tdblish 

good md.cfurdi.g al dr begiming of s@nd wdd @.

Soviel Union hsd 6!8nbed tlE Yd.ti ind€Fidc@c in l92E .nd in llE slnc t€tr 

boin sides sieEd Fnctdlhip T@9 *hict t.d |o Gtablishmnt ol dipldndic Fl0liolj. for 

rh. li6r ri@ e orEi.l Sori.t atr@n[rtirc c s1 [o Y.ffi. Ydrvt wl.oncd 

Sovid @ndnioBt 3opF.l to Yercn in irs mnid *tlt Briuin TL RNiE @jot d 

|n inftdilie srlot$ in lhor r.rde cLtions w h Yq*. b.cru$ of llEir tow pri6 As 

fir s rh. YcMi c

ln thc Me 'er, Americd @wsplp€u ner{ionql t}Br aoreign offcc dclayed iLs 

@ognition of Y.rMi in&pend.e b€ca$c ot fcaring lhal in in ydtys oty us ir.s 

lffi sgrild Adt.ii. Ih.Efd., Aftrio .wid.il i.wlvins in th. Andcyftii bordF 

dis'oL d tl'd riG. Coucqmdy, tlE cl.dotu bd*g th. tM !i&s r@i!.d on a 

F&ly Fi6lc lcEl rtqt8lD'n tle niEr4Fr@1i6 dd lhirrc, Amic. $ civil 

r€hnicidr to Y6cn {o inv6ri8d. it! miMd Mtd' and provi

Brid$ rri.d follca i.* thd A

Polltic{l & f,conomic Developorent of South yelnen under 

Britlsh Rule 

B.foc lte l st Mrld w th.€ wr! only rm tin& of id6l'icE salr ed buitdiig of 

,lFq Th. imme ofAd.n bF fion J6O0Oi ii t92t lo $1a0.000 in t93? ed t.l 

pro$lss w gcd b rn&1noc invcsro.nrs in porer, cleplbG 5d r€c. ti.t&. on 

dE ooF lba4 cn6p eoods *w .bil.bt! in dE ftE Fn wnich bol4nt . br ot 

slbpFB y.orly inro A&tr trBrt t5 frcm Aobie P6iN'na atd orh€r eioB of Afrie 

By 1912, rhe Brnish boilt mqtcn irF,n lnd uBr clas lor€ts s.hols N* oleRl in 

dif&cnl ed oftn€ Prolectohrq, which admirLd good numbeB ot children plnicutarty 

lh. soB of Fomireft l@de6 of Soutl@ Y.m.nj Sheitaloms in oder lo gajn d€ir 

loy.lty, On tlE politiel sid., Brirrin signcd mey T.@ris of prote€rion with variors 

lrlbal lcrd.R @urd Aden Th! objQrirc of Bdrlin wa !o pGwnr m hatting rfi. Tukish 

rlvlE, but $at &t lcd to a mosio of t dL snd fngnMrcd srar6 dMibed s -. sncu 

tuhily ol hrlf.daft'ne go.t-t6qers". B.ilhh poti.y b.foE the w hrd lona ben io 

l€p dtnslG .E fron inGrcring in ttu inlanlt alEi^ of 0re uibs 6rm rd 

rqdam Ad6 Colony dd ar tt* stu rinc tlEy mad. @ etforrr b nrpntu tlE 

@idiliu of drc pcople. Aner th€ Mr rhe {t s lw kanqt lik€ lndi.n Norrftsl 

Frenti.r, purchrsine edd kll liom tlE idbc! by giring @U preqK ed sqkidics ro 

loc.! l.deF. Tte noFiir€IBtion Frlicy, horcler, ws @epaabi. ro indeF d.nl- 

tnii&d ltib.nen e.l'om kEw or ro odE. mv ol life. 

l" 1930, rlr Brnish nrde thcn liul drcn lo rllc trDrc slep6 roMrds lfic srdritity ot' 

d.bn Bl oiiEr PoldioBrcs by clliig lir . Canf€jt@ of Ruleu . *nich eigh@n 

SlllB .lra.rLd The adninistEtion of dcn hoFd thrt tt@ chiefs would agre to 

d.f.id tlE f@ilids asd .d:!lish pae !d dB n m),6e Flsible |o mve lowG . 

Flicy of *i.l &td @nmic &vcloF!.nl Flg.!6 to rtE hinlatsid a6 of Ad.n

Subs.qG'nly, arilish int lgtion ircos.d in rlB a!!!! lhtlughdi l9l0s5 

prnicula.ly.Ser iirod'niig air@ft fliglib bct@n Adcn ud.Ih6 disrricts Th. Ging 

ofln linlc how6, rlIW bolh ttc ddland oilsiys, *liiclt lft t't rly @gl*{cd 

Exrrt nErc rc &br!d for 6|tbli{ ngsesity nlhin tftc kotdonr.. aridxt 

sodt|Gn m.d. fte* urneerExs .l!d ESpliltiG wilh tt l||m of Ycmerr $ticlt 

l€d io muluil @gnilion of bord.r b.twq th. two divisions of Y.,M in 1931. Brilidl 

lrthority dt.blkhcd rew polie omce cllled !s Sownn€nl Guarfi". Thorsn& of 

s.uth.d ribcshcn weF ldnin€d in tll8t fo.m, s dBi, ihey am.d noncy by legrl m@. 

ft 6 dE liut tire thd th. ribd6 qir. to llw lrt dta! E! odE nis of lif€ 

.tds drn lrdirioEl qE! rrd d6r na& rlEm to ded wi$ 'r6ry dn.rd.3 fd o|aid. 

tlEt om fdili.s ed Gigiloul!. As 3 ds.guffi, sirl condilion gnd@lly 

imFoltd by oFi ns mcdi@l dkt|ereu .nd coll.g€s. Th. m.& bcciN efe drd 

.gdcultuE shn.d noldshing 

Bdlash .d'€m iftat d.lr@r l|.dlt!!mr cgi

The Rofercnces 

l. Robin Bidw€ll, TIE tlto fe s t, L,/nEJi![6 Crosp.nd Westview Press, 

Coldrdo USA, 1983, P: 60. 

a M{&.d W. $M, l&m f.n@t 19I&196, tu ,ohrr Hoptioi 

Prc.r, frlryhn4 USA 1967, P:49. 

3. Rditr BidwEll, Op. Cir, P: 63. 

4. rbil PR lrx-tos 

5. bi4 P: U1. 

6. Robert w' Sut*y, lenen: llc ptitiul of y.i/En lrub R.pttblu, 

Wcsrvilw Pr6s, USA, 197E, P: 166. 

7. Robir Biirdl, Op. CiL, P: I 12. 

8. tleftd W. Wd.(, Op. Cil, P: 14"4. 

9. lbi4 P: ll7. 

lo.Robin Bidw.ll, Op. cir, P: l13. 

I Llbi4 P: ?4.

Yemen after World War II 

Yemeni Attitude toward Waning Powers 

CHAPTER # 4 

'nErc B r qEidcr$lc da|I6r@ bctGtr r||e te Fid MB s to Y@cni lr!trd. 

At rfi. b.Sinnine ol rhc firn sr, nosl ol Y.tF fmEd Frr of offit FmpiE, rnit. 

in tlE S{md Wdld Wfi it Ms an ihdeFndent 3raL. On tl|. orh€r sid., nosr of A6b 

Egionr w!@ uida clT€.riw @tret of Brirlin. Fsice |nd tt.ty .ithd dnoud tn.ndr|.s, 

lEly s gcnEtE' a poliric.l @lmi.lhil l hui, dE Altica.im.d.r 0E Fd.$!ri6 of 

rh. rr.16 qr in A.biln P.niNh .nd by vinE ofrh.n @tot of dE .6 fou'd rlEir 

|lsk a3icr than it had lE n during th. Fi6r World Wa. CoB.qMlly, rhe A ici F*w 

rcrc in r Eldirely rtrorg military F.eition in the Fbi4 rhwrorc fighring i.vrr 

@un!d tde bft sir Fl.erted io iB ftine6. Aiis Stai.t or th. oilEi side, hop.d oEy 

@uld corqF Middl. E d in e drF nownEn by oDa rg trc fimtq o€ dErctins 

a.Mt Libtr whil. othcr for. .lveloFd th. .E ai! tlE CaEUs. 

Siic.l.e t930tErmfan pow. intdlrt in UE Egion c'nr b @0icriig Doinr i, 

*ltich tlE f.iled to fiid r paeful sdhn il fr 0Eir probt.lN bor ro go in w. Dring 

mr FlFdim. Vfi.n'. .lritud. rpp.'ed to b. MDt.tdy EutEt ii d€ unine 

though inlm Ylhrr hld syhFrhiftd ro th. Axis Bl@ hopiig h. mry b€ s,bl. ro unite 

lholc Ydn if Bddlh @icred sdlEm {ar of yms.nd rhe w. Nellr|t Foticy of 

Yn|q| mtiou€d mril tlp w d|dcd tB atriro& B dEltidEd m d. bGir rhr it hd 

good ELlic ritt lr.ly' $i6t E 'mn8 rlE ris Bl@. On th. olnq tun4 n B 

dcF.&nt or (Elud lhiFndt Fon Britkh Cdlony in Ad.n for rhe bllk ot h.r intorts. 

In th. bcgirni.g ofth. *d, il lrodlcd g@cr *i insn€s rh rhe !{rr ofchr Brir.in io 

@ntid.r th. Ydoi 3id. olllE isE, fdiig Uc ituds.d inttcne of rlE [.tid in rtE

Duing rh. w, Brillin begun co@rer ncrsures !8aitut $e politi.al p(op.gnda of 

lsly. h forc.d policy nal6 in Britlb to h. clrcful ir dEir &aling *nn $. Sh.ykns of 

$e ProLdoEc .d sio $. ind lirtiu B@dcln E @rMtnt d on rh. disrdir ot 

Bd|!in, in oder lo win loyllly of Bdish Allica in Asbi., Bdtaih.lteFfoG, po$riv.ly 

spon

Imam Yahya's Policies after 2nd Wor 1945-1948 

. The lnternrl Allirs 

Tt! rdninistdri€ structue G reorg|nied in 1944 bt @.srirutinS lM dhkicts 

(LiG) lo iEE!. rmhq of disbicts fm fou ro sir. Th. h6ft ofimsn YlhF h.d 

ten d.Lrimr.d .liq thc w, rheef@, he de.idrl to delcSrlc $'re ol lhe 

Fdpocibiliti.s (o orb.r ndb€n of his |.nily. In lhh Esard, thc ..{did of hin 

AnnEd in 1948 bouaht lihited chmg. lo tlE .dsinislrdi@ a hc c6led only of 

dislri.l oor!. Tl s Efom c .gtrBnlly .l$6r ro . ntiml divisior ot Ytno, *hich 

Y.tF m bwillirg 1o d.l.grie nuft .lthdity ro hii sidrnls, ttr policy *nich lt 

inlsit d fioh 1|l. Tek.nd ilftrlcd @ hin rine wly ya6 of his !g.. Hc M3 lhc 

only FMn relFtuiblc lo OlkJman's Pone fo rh€ Zlidi districts lrior to 1918, Frhaps 

h. ntr cdidsrd nrking rny chingF ofrlE crrblkhcd F(m 

Theef@, thc srst n of gorcdm.4 snich d.wlop€d 6 th. rorpoEl 

pow of Oe ind! .xF{hd bdm. iE@siisly du@mliq TIlc im!h! 

'|]tF Gposibl. for cgy iten ot sorcme,{ busiB 1irul6, iie mt, 

cdlx|li6, h6l0! itrtrrport'rid !'d jueie. ncy del.glGd |nrlc, if any' 

ii&Fnd.nr docbicn*nts po6 ro orrciek virhin . E8ul$ hirrcIt 

wirh srllls.nd sp€cilic fuNrions ro fllfilr (r) 

Tlie sedd eaim of irum Yattt us ii th. i.ibal lrslen it$lf. As trldinodt 

Ya.ni lrib6 *lel€d lh.ir chi€as o. Aqil lrom iGidc thc t ib6 a.d i. $me cls trib.l 

l.rd.6tip B hdldirary. Du.ine Otton.n Rul6 the vill.g$ and t ib.$ of Y€tM elr€ 

dlo{Ed i @Eideoble sLl6 of l@l .lnol@y Ancr YrrtF's qning 1o !ow. lE 

urd..loot !o .lnnge ihk or&r in wnjch .hi!A of sddl roffi rnd vilhg6 *rc 

nominaed by thc Asar of l-iw and ificn conffmcd by $. lnam hinrs.lf Th. n.w 

shi.ths .nd rdminisbrloR t* clkn fdn sndrg ihc Gd& &idi clB TlEy *!E 

loytl lo inm YahF &d hlw n d cligioG tdining h @mtt irts io 6di6 ldd€6.

h {as Yalry! wlb atGnpr.d 10 @ls rlE @hesid ot l|* db6 in o.d.r ro rrcqr 

r|!es of natirg a 6nrFn oppociftn !ir|s( tis rulc .nd !o in oDo6c rh.m ifio $e 

l.rger gov.hment apFddlls, *hich would rcde their m&perdcnc ln ddition to 

ih3t, Yahya'! Mrgeiarions me to give his cl.n morc sb.nslh owr th. sl.lc's 

lotitical .rd @@mac dc.i3ion. 

Th. t ib6 oqjet.d violently 1o thi! rcw policy, dd for ndty lwrly yls 

nmm Yanya turk d 10 inpos his incrpretdi@ ofhj! poweB of lpoirrn.nt 

on lh.R, Tn rmm did fiolly lucc..ded in sning hir righl !o rel@t rh. 

lribd ihciths who wc d$ ldFinisl'ero6 of trib.i l!w. CqBqudrly, 

th@gh thas F6 hc *a .ble !o plly . rcle in slcting @t only th. 

poliliol leader of dr @nmuity bui rls rlE j'rdici.l ludln fiml @ly3is. 

i n6t b. 56 a r liclory lor hin lh.t My rrib€s, althoueh gMSjtrgly lnd 

rcs whol€he{t dly, a@flcd his.ppoi nEar ofmany ofii.ir leadcG and 

de.ision nates. (2) 

Tb. ottd efom of idn Y.nra Elatcd to th. rribar erdc ot l.* On his su..s oa 

appointing Irib.5 chi€fr, Y!hy! tnol (o na!. Srwi. a the ody las in Y€mq i$lcad of 

Iribd locd code. Hemcfont\ lE el out a @n4aigrr to ento@ Sl$ia's l€g.l systeh in all 

the dbt.i.li Uowver, hi! pola.y faed big chlllense fdn thc rdl lrib6 mor th& in 

tlt urbe cili6 l-lB d*.llcB of n@l vill.€6 h.d lons tddilion of Eib.l inlcFnd.rc 

6al ptril.d in Y@.n an.r ine fall of Feblada. 

s'6Em of.odfton law had app€aed to orgMis $en lifc. 

*ingdo'ns, wiln $e esull llBt a 

Alox,ugh, rhc lribql hs of cuitdm Mt ining nsy idcr$ wG dirivcd fron Ishn, 

every mjo. rribe had i6 oM Uf' dd in ucrcEl rk tribes hld litde @merion wi$ 

lhe Sh6ri! qhi.h Yahya w. cd inplencnt. Thc 'U.f is a coll€clion of unwritls !3m 

palsd {bM o'zlly fon oi. gftarbn !o o$er, emb.dlng $e d.cision ol rib.l chiefs 

{d *i$ rcr Yant€ @nFllcd to givc omcill @gnilion ro lh! Mlin'at exisad@ of 

U{ 6 ei.hm€d by his &cisions ol.pF,intins two judgcs for €rh addnri.t.dive 

diskicii on€ for shdia *ses and m€ for (libal Ult o. fic other hand he locd to 

pr&ri€ lm lcgd systeG: civil or suhr law, .dnini$.rcn by $e 'Anil Ao!.tur of 

di.tict !d (@ical) Shuia law .dninbtccd by dE rb!n- judge, @rding to

Dc.titc his .ftqL to inclas his @ntol @r tlE trib.." lF f6Ed dEar |!| rion 

b€.&3c. trital lqdd &dwd mu.h ofhis lulhdtity ftom $c.c4ui€M of tt tdh. to 

hi! Iedcl3hip di iot llom iI@. H€@, if t ehi*h wilhcd !o mlinhin hk onrol, his 

fid loyrlty tnd tesi. c(Ed uuld lE fd llE *idB of his Irib.'s norb.F. lt 6 de 

lht llE tnb6 d.Fd Y.hya s onhF ml* rh. tribde. rhdtrelG .gcd 

N.snn.hs, his chdngcN in lh. politicll lil. ofthe tdbcs ..hi$cd oily an r $iig rftc 

nilihry foGs b p'd doB their blo.dy rElxllioro. Yair!'s oM inriture knowl.dge of 

hcn.ih.l ELtid6niF. fcu& !.d loyllrics, {aj Hk of his long ss6ti@ qith (h€n 

duing Oftm.nis olc ll B mid hctor, vli:t lEd .EU.d hin ro 6r.blish incml 

Pul ic ,@pt iE of en!!l gomn.ir im!*d duing .nd .fter rh. 2d wiid w 

.!d th B d.,nNhEd ii ndny visiG ofd.l.g.lioc fM inuE 6e Fqnin rx |ritd 

la&r3 lo G i.m Y.iy. !t tlE qdrrt S!n& M@*hit , cltM Fir Ain d 

daid.d lo od.rllic an diensic roo ro nun€roB district3 of Nonhch yd.. tn his 

.nli.ljdmEy h€ hd not rEt sy Gj6tdc. freD dy rribc. 

. The trrt€rml Relotions 

Ycn.. psniciparcd ii clr4blishrnnt of Anrb Legw in 1945, *iich g!re her 

diplomdic aues .t incmri@t ed egimt t wls ftcr rh. u( Brirrin's 

inn*fitid ir dE F.!Lctoi.l6 nEt.scd. I netped ro fil| @t ds!6 in rhc 

.dra.blntir! rid si.l s0rcto.€ of rh. tEodc in jouth yffi. In {E Entimc, tnrm 

Y.hya m rc ldgcr ablc to dircd ! .oiccnd elldr ag|ing 0E Brirish Fticy. 

L 19{6, ABi6 d@id.d (o @og.iE yrhyr'. regi@ ltd s( dipt{Mric oilsion lo 

&4 FriqGhip tE G mfuEn .!d di$u*d by thc reo 3irks. h thc b.gi6i4i, 

Ymci obJiecd to t!6t Ad.ri@ cniaN in e@rdin€ ro ihc in|.nntidd Irw 6nd nor 

b{ lubj.ct io toditioill ktamtc ra*. yencn tarer epi.d rho3! @dniois ed 3istr d 

0E !gr..nEr! $tich oFFl ftw .6 of chrioBnip h.tEn rlE rs @unris, Ai.r 

Aei{ rbstrition, Yffi gol tutt Mb€titrip of th. U t d N.rid in tgtt?, s 

Y.ht.! Eginc sEiGd ioi.furi@t ftsgriri@.

lm&! Yalya appointed his son Abdulsn @ rhc head of tu r Yeh.ni @ission to both 

ilE Utril6d St 16 srd UN. TIE nision s con rm ws ro iroorc Ycn@Arcnet 

||rdc Ebli@, which e@blcd its 8@nmcnt b Fnhas qtuipr@t rd qrry @r 

ncgoriari@ wilh n.rien bsiBs sroop6 @n nins d€vcloFrent proj&{s for 

Sub..qqdy, YGen hrld F6iricly iMi& rhe Unired N.rioE fd $pFnina 

Arb .td Mclio isq lr srdgly Fol6r.d lo dE Unikd srd6 lboul iG 3upFn of fi. 

JcB in PEl6ti@. Dcfinilcly, Y.n.i opF*d Unit d Na1io6 dccision aloul P.l€liE 

Fni{q in | 948 a other Aob sldes 

. Efliciency of Government's Policies 

In th€ b€gimi.g Ythyr I!.€d dang.oG chllldge fmn seEl kib6 of Yden. Th€ 

j.s|.bilily @nrinNd for rbout a dLsd!. lmrn Y.hy! ws ablc ro submil the lrib6 to his 

polici6 oily ancr nlay tcd of6ins mililary fo.c.s and o@uFging lhc dif€rcnes 

.nug $eE B.tsqn the Friod of l9lEro 1939lE su€..ed.d to k€.p his tulr! oul 

of .ll foEign .nranglcnoq rlliajc &l inflrc. 

Hc h.d n€r.tiE i

Pcopi. or Ycnd didn l .p?Rft d€ agimct iilcntl policig tltl rrc b.$d on 

supprdi@ of rh. locil ruio'My. Ddi5iotr-h.lirg * M6 6l€d in lh. h..& of 

im@ .d his tu Ehtiv!. n tnd.d r!niEr!, eftil. djdity of tic Mlr@ I @t of 

lhk FlK lt B by tlr dd of riNreFthifii6 llol ! s.ll lorp oa Y.|Fk vlb 

rft Grpo*d lo torcign .d6tid! rd wbon inm faEd, b.9. lo agiblc for Efm 

qilhin thc esine ih.ll Thcy sw rh.t s.vc6l nh @frri$ gol iid.pcidenc. sf,q th. 

S.cond World Wr !d Y.md sh@ld Fnici|Ete positivcly in tlE r.aio l lrd 

ir .nrriwl d8|nrlive diErga 

In 1927 Y.ht{ h.d aptd ed his sn hn€d s w.liy.l-Ahd cre@ trin@ *i$out 

@ftulting tfie uremd 6nhunny. SavqolZlidi $hdc d wllN illing sryyid f.mily 

Opposition struggle against Imam Yahya 

l. The Militiry Oficers 

Tltc i@art of Y.fl.n i@o$d thc llslonibr_liri6 of Y!ht{ eno h.canc iF 

.n rg. .toul tlE €.onmiq polilicll od &f€is .tI!iB. Milibrity, he Mr av!@ ot 

d.wloFcnt! of nilitly .quipn.ir sld hc 6 rMioB to obtli. nodem @poN tor 

his omy. Bul sEb.quiFm.nt M in rhc hlds ofvrnour Europ..n FoftE. 

In o.d.r ro 

lm* rhc cquiFncn rdrniqrs, Y.ftni stdi.F tDd to 80 fd rrining ro ditTccnr 

hcigr @Elri!3 6 inFt mitir.ry.xFtu io rsin ltE fort6. Fc imam, ir *ts dly io 

plr.he @potu f@d Eutupc, bur nor in s pcilion ro a@pr EnroFa.s lo train ycnreri 

l@ns. tie tuned to sroh of k ctEF fnn hir mosl rcti.blc ABbi.n !tty. Halhimit. 

Kintdor of IDq, wnidM tu$ ,\6b @wht @og !.d ydcni int Fd.M.nd 

rub of tlE tM6& Co!.$r. U y:tryr !. yoMi 6&tr for rninirs in r.r+ TrE 

sldid w! clBn on ilF b.sis or potnid EtiabihJ to hj! tlsim. ft. dud.n!. 

horMr, Efi on oth.r *!y not ss irim wc4 Wlite studing no

Afi.. .lbut lrc yds ot tnining in l6q, the olriceB retunal nom. stEG rh.y \!@ 

rl9oincd !o pGiti@s ii thc 615 of dE @y or in dE pdeol *Mce of rlE lMn- A5 

tu a tlEy @hed Yercc r@ry of Uch joirad o?Frn'otr in ordq !o Gf@n I[e 

pmnt egift, IrEugh thc movesent of tbN ofii@6I pc@tul, yel thc sowmrenr 

of thc imm ra awe b o'cir &tivni6. Orc ollcer 16 entenG lo dctlh and otlE6 

** tlslqEd lo otne niNr m|! 

The Fgimc, theFroE, prclcnled rhc nil'lary omco6 lior n4wlhrg {br@d ror 

lBining ud inrlead he &cid.d (o brins lc&lEs lrcn forcien coulm€ for 6k pupoe 

It wsld b. ay lor {e govffidl 1o @nt ol tlt lo€l ftining Y.Mis .!d kep {Es 

wiihin pBrihol lioiG of uliviiy h@ tl6 swn foE$n cdsrqi fludents. The 

goveonent bo(git mililNry .dviso6 from lriq who rls onicd progEssiw id.6. 

Henefonh l6qi !.che6. ttuolgh le$ial asialion soon convinced (be Yem€ni 

sr'darc, thlr thc Do|ni6l, @mhic rnd sial sti@tue of Yed€n @ in nd of 

Duins thc qrly tona.s, ndnbd of@y ome6

y th. uivcGiry Eputdtion for ltrhing lshtnic rbologiol sludns in .ddidon ro mod.d 

subjEL lilc eioe a.d pnil(;.phy 

Thc ltud.nh d.finiicly had hotcd rhe 8@t gdt bctt€n the €de.rion in F,gpi srd 

OEt of Ycn.n, wnich F!F!d sru&nB lor &y otlEr @ue of sludy noe rhln 

rrdiriodl lsldic E- In ddid@ to cd@riorl, dn4t EF{r % u.dcr King$ip titc 

Ydcn, yci rllc p@pL hd nq6 tiedo$ nr{rty in dt frcl& ofhum$ !nd6w. By th. 

niddlc of 194ft, many so&rts Eoftd to yenen {n.r th.y @hDtetcd ttEir stldie 

Mdy ot $cm joicd g@hm6t s ln€y @tv€d (o !Mt.i tn pqil. ltdn rn. 

bd.6r! ofno

3, Comenative Sayyids 

The opporcnt $rfids ro Hmaid al{in foily lw disconcncd b.€@ of YrlDa's 

rFcafic chqgc in ln€ poliriql life ofrlE Zrydi tndiriqs. Fomcny, *hen an inm di.4 

n @ aotuidlad at l€ar cclnicilly a prcrogriw of ln. .nriE Sryyid clB o h.lp 

ffitid cdtlcG 6 omn rcq b..a6c Y.mn d.p€nd.d on thc focign m.tcls fs 

s. FDdsts, In (hb Gg.d nar of Y.mGD dteFll lr.d. l{d 169 bdn ii ln. hrds 

oa Shni b6iF4n rto Gc rl6dy oFo6i.g Zrydi inflEr Y.ityr'i cldi6 witb 

SlEfti @mmny *s Fl aood,3i@ in hii oFniol lh. Fod. 

of surn.nd sBr h.d 

noi giM hin full support i. lft ws with Srudi Kinldom rcr dunng fi. conflict wirh 

$. Idisb. In ord.r ro rBtrict rlEi. .cononic inflc&., thc cBire |t( ndt of focign 

rrd. itrtt td& ofolhi.l.gais of rlF i'm. sh.fiB rr.d.i! 'rs! FobLd tt tte 

nrqsG wnich na& Ikh flrl ItEr th.y wE nor .qu.l FiFR in rh n.* 3tri.. 

The rcg policy of $. ,lgire .d@ty .flbcrld dF riEtitbod lrd @tMic Fc of 

mry S||.f.k. nmgi lE did 'F! sisft to clinidtc dmokdy lll ttEi. qnnmid 

.ctivities, ylt a lF beg6n diEd @nid.ts with lte dlsidc hd4 i rnun y im@sd 

Po|iti@lly, Ydnyi did mthing io .pts* Shlhis rc. hc m& ttEh f..t thlr rtE, @E 

g6d citizcrs, While Zlidi seE apFinrql (o high po$ dcn r! gov.m|E ii Shrfais 

dirtlictl, t|i |rr&r w* i(iu|aly oDFrs..d lt|q€for, oaly tod* ot Sl'rfii .B 

ircllding fr.Dh.' 5 .rd tib.l chi'fs joiNd dE oFo6ition 3id. .nd ti '..d Mt of ir3 

5. Roh ofSecr.t Forum! 

By inid 193ft, two sct potiriel lsli|tio.s re.rcrr.d witfiii yd.|! wnh $. 

lio to m@ th. rbmit d-Din dlm fton pos bln *ithll .t@tiCling lhetutc 

srrud@ IE li6r tmu G (HsF r rtNi&t) rtr. cmtd Asirlion f@dod b, 

Sttrid Alm.d .l-Mdr, . d.gdr.t of bb.s h ot Inam Ati. A!Mur'! .ci&Ed 

Hdtni Slytid blt he *$ d daen

B.i!g d olliar in thc iftdn s mny h. found good gD6d 10 spead his i&.i but hc 

q!! ousled iDn duc to l s ou6poken dnickn of $e govcnnc . tle th.n ws 

.pF,inlcd u d editor of U€ li6r Yel6i GMFper'al-l@n '. DspiE gotem.nr's 

*irh.., lE LoEtEd stona cdricin fd ar! rert io rlE n*FF. *l cn dffit{ta{ !o 

tuy FM iEi& Ycnctr Ar ! j{)u.lb!.|-Mula'a lEd pluible n*s lor r6v.l in 

lhe @6q ed w3 lblc to €srablirh a few b6nch6 or al-H.y. in lhe najor cirie. The 

org&itltion playcd cleveny on 1n. mut6l 3Bpicioru ed jelo6ie! uors tuling f.mily 

.d disrudiw Anm€d'i ruc65im

FiMccd by 6 srlup of Aob hcllhd(s *W.niltti ei$d ii S!fti! in 

ddd to ddlist i Fw trrdirle c@Fny, inmding ro DrEl@ .nd ampotl 

rltortubil6.!i rehiFy inro Yo6. His f|eid !it6s udoltcdly 

dm.d hin a FmiEn ple in s.dni si.ly, d tn. sm iim., his 

Epuhtiq s d i ttEndrt spaLr on Islrm .!d d.di€r.d opp.n.nt of 

Eu6E4 iderfcrcnc. in Ahb r|IoiB cabblilh.d him in lhe Mli&i€ of th. 

imo lr mr lonss, hoFB, b€bc rl-Wdtnrli opt.d (o join tlF Fwing 

ocF.itid m6r'at ln Oi! lE w$ trdivrLd by ni3 dsic lo &hi.E 

gElcr @1t|l or& r gortlrmnr witt l|@ aliSlcrcd toihxi.s loMrd 

fodsn od. ..d by lh6 MBlim BronMhood, inkodtxcd ido Y.ftn, (3) 

Bt his eiv.l in Ydnen, .l-F d.il *dked hlrdly ro &hi@ hk gql. Hc nrdc wid. 

ehtic *ittr diFdqr tyt; ot tio?lc, ponicirE" ukinl iit llc.luk lnd mddErB 

Bot the g@t 3e.8 for hin m! rh.l hc $on cot{i&nc. of.om FiM 

Ahm€d $,to 

6.d io rir ror long dm. eith int6lldturls. On the orls |ltid. b.iig r b{rin.mu alf'td.il 

*€.bL lo ||r@ fm de to de t (|| &B @nnd dtd euthdn alB of 

Y!|M in ludins Ad... CoN.qqtry, fi. sn bdn6 0E liris bctEr 0F 

opposnion loulE iNid. and our.ide Ycmcn. 

The Revolution Aitempt of 1948 

SinG th. contact barc.n the exile and inl€6.1 l.adr! of the opFsirin G 

cmpld6d thmugh rl-W.nil.ii. tlE lsil|li6 agriBt Yany!'s rule had @h.d tfte 

utnGl Fl. IrE doluti@ry iddr *a sFddins Oouglt $h6k, ncqu.s, !d 

oth6. Fiblic t Mr By dc .nd of 1941 dc !@pre orsrdr. lbb .'d T!i, aR in i@h . 

pilch o'f @dutioMry rqvor Menwhilq i g@l4 oa opfolnion l6(ks h.d lEld sfti 

melint.rd di$N.d {E siftlrioi ofdc coodry .d lts .dora.d inF.rrir .Lcisiois. 

Funh.morc. tbe r*.k uli*d tlst thiir gdl of clihinr|hg rhe Imrnuro ru stilt 

wll b.yold l!{cl! ftcy htE ro innltft. olkr ciriq .d tlr rlFy {nuld pe$!od. 

ddED Lib6, lFi enid dF sn €ss of $y opcr{im dc9adrd tlE d3piotG tld 

to ctle d. of lm uFl Gilh.r of Boing ifto qile or of exploirng dE illtK of imm 

Y.!t! fd sn. l6er objetiw *fiich rhc rrib!* suJd nor orDoe.

A{ler hl{y @Nulbrioq rlEy &.i&d lo t!|@ 3imutrdcousty agaiBr rh. irrm sd 

his sucqs Ahmed and ro insiall Abduitah otwui.6 new im{D. The lor.r shoutd rut. 

by e.siit'tlio6l d@'gen€ib in which rlE tcopt. b. cM|td rhat t€ @utd nor Num. 

et@r.tc powr As sn s Faiblc rhe coqspinroB leFrcd . @crirurior .t!rl unrtet 

th. n,ft of " rl-M€$!q d-M'toida{, 0E sql paor. They al$ liscd filty odd 

individoals qho muld @upy high pNG ir rhe fd@ gov.mnen! M.anwhilq rtE li3r 

of lhe Enr6 .!d rhc @Nrituiiml dhn wre scnr !o Ad.r rlEE fe Y.ftnis rinbd n 

in or&r10 oublilh.nd E i'm srhlrh. 

The halth of imd Ydryi d.t€,ioar.d .!d th.@fore, the rcvo|ltioMis hld to tuE 

urSdlln o{rwic dEy nidi lN dEn liv6 if cwn Fi@ l@r po@.tld d€dft of 

tnc ll|1m OpponenB tlw tlt t Ahned @Bid.{.d 6 doc bloodthjsty &d tyMt thr! 

his frtnd. h . @Misis d.cision the opgosition 8@u!s decid.d lo eie thc initiativ€ 

.nd mow Yahyt fom po*r b€foE Anmd or otls nemb.r oflhe rrmilt aoun

TIE Ei.ls. d {E odF. h|n4 d€.bt d lhir Ev GdEririnional gotwtF nnrhr rn' 

laddhio of A$ilt.h .l-WEir $to l@t DoEr s ihrn nE Ewlolid. hortvcr' 

lliled rlc. .bod m .Mti- In r&1. il ss fiBl .xFride fn lh@ dcmd s of $. 

o@o.irid dEl drc ro ch.rge thc Fenl sylisn bv fo@ TlEit pt Fdtiotr for 0E 

6vol'did w e simplc.nd (h., @uld ml6nuot tlE sibtrion in 'E rlv.ll dist id5 or 

lhc @untry Frc. Y.meni l.t&B Nrc lo go lo vdious citi6 to llke u0 sdninGhiiw 

ddis ..codin8 to the Fffirced pi.n. Mo{ of 0D!a lddda howwr, @M lhc 

d.rdnn!.dddoErid ld ldg timc $'iil.3onc oltEF wE qptltd by lhe lrib.s $d 

s.it to tl.iidr Ahred swd 6ouri suptrort lo his @I!js! ,sliml hi! opFmtts llc 

dpF.r€d b, m.jorig Follc of Yeng s lssrtinaie iMr who lud (o Ll@ @eng3 ro his 

frdEr's hut&r. 

Tte rwolr lcd ro ed ritulion 3ir@ ilE @nllict hmed to peNitl dc within tlt 

rulitrg f.nily. Tnc opqo.ilioir h.d s{poid.d s.yf.lHrqq lbr.iin, tlE you8.r bolhd of 

Alned r Fn. hinisLr ii rh. lfulsridty g@mn6t $,lilc Abdulhh tl-wdj., hi3 

btuils-inl.v' b@he th€ im.m. Ahned wn itong suFporl ofihe l.ibcr ttolnd SdMt, 

hb opporEnb htd dlvor.d lifll€ aoolion ro notrilie nilit!ry foB ig.ist ltcn. 

Nunloc dil&rffi .@ .trnB lhc Ebcls .lraming tne Ew gol.mdl 

orgsi2.lion. Alltold th. |stniowi6 lld eiouMd good rcrofr3 in Slia 

imhding r lceislalivc Nmblt, freedom of sp6t md ! DrosFclive mltitulio. bui 

$G of tlE c{ms EE ri.d.d by dE dsrn{a Z.rdi de Bde of 

r.wlutidrdq.' ntulrLs, n.jdily of tlE UlcN rd lcrl Dcotl. of S'M 3h@d 

..g.riv! lttrruds rowr& borh oftle tw mding ferioB. 

Int€rnd & Erternrl Rerction to the Crises 

Tne rcwlution flil€d bdus. prepantioru ror it we not pbpe.. 'l lF r.beld lbpc to 

bilg slnl clrtg. in 0|e 6,|mic .rd toliric.l oondnim of Y.ftn dld mt 

6!..ed ILt r@ 6f(tunaE, $ lh. tiD. rul in lhir frru. Alno'{h AbdulL! 

allt@i. lEd g6d Fofil. in lhc .y€s of nonh aE Iribe bll all mrc .md.d a mn a 

lh., hn.w tn. my of Y.lya'3 &.tt. In lhc Ycddi |it'.| co.tonary law. thc ttrircipL of

Fusnn nt ed comFE don fc ds of nurdd c.s N wry suon& llaefodl! ,E 

tribcs w€rc sno.kJ and felr dccp revutsion at rhe N6assimlion of'|l agql ma, so rhor, 

thct ,ditud. loMrd .l-Weir gcw h..tiL. The w con5lirurionsl inm .r S.!r!. 

Atdull.l l|-wuir frilcd b i.la iay a.d Ftrnish rtE m'rtt cR, $ dEr w thc rrft.t F6 

@idilim for &y dFlariq *ith his gwcmnenr. 

h dE eE of tlE @up, the Eb.ls Ec d6bnd rhor Y.hy. hld died of m!@t cals 

bul elE! tlE Fodc cs* to tmw rte @l qs they detiniLly didnl suFo.i dFn. 

Mcu$iile, ihc Iribes began llong sieg€ ro rhe @pird S.nd, wlErc .t-Wuir $d hk 

coll.zgucs wrc .lrclel The @b.l's eMute. predrB t def.nd $M had brllly 

Ii Oe dtadd ro.ld, lh. &th6 of th. 6up h.d m.r simild tul@, Allloosh th€y 

st tMt l.!ds t the An! Si.i€s md Anb Leg@ ilNins for Eoenirion, but d.y 

did! t g.l F3itirc cpoe €specioly from 0E rcigbtouing sL16. Majdity of rbe Adb 

st rs r@ lndd nonftnic.l Fgim.s and only tw @p{blic B1016, Syrid ond Lrh.non, 

*hicn aie 3nowd liltL symp.lhy !o the Ycmcr @!p. Kin$ do mr s.tublly dppF6 

of rcgictd. &d .vcry oE hrd Nlhd ta$B for opFEing Y.n@i !@lu(o. 

King [uq ot EF/p! for insl|nce w0! distub.d thal lhe Mclin Bothc.hood ra 

iBptic.Ed i. lt Ycnqi coBpie'y, *hil. s&di Kiis Abdul Aziz belieed dtsl .l- 

Wei nad b@k6 6iO by igMing hn G|ricrioG rgaiNt rllrlinc il|@ Y.try. ln 

@eqftrce to thaq rhe King did mt 3upF,rl Abdllhh rl.w@t as he hod pMnied 

bcfoF ud iNt {d subndged his old entrnt agaist Co*n P.i@ Ann.d TIE ldicr 

@ivEd bolt n@l and ruleri.l $tF t trm Sauri KingdoD. Thc rcvolulior a 0'e 

liul to @u in lhc ADlid PcniBula. in its mod@ hisbry -ll.efoE, King AHul Aziz 

sw lhe d.lrgeroB pEsde.t ssh politiql dssinalion night c@tci a\ ! rronarch lrc 

colld bsly .i[od to s'rFlhi* op.nlt wilt .l-Wuir lhough d@ Ea Feviou 

6n&6 b.rcn lhc lw sid6.bour $c hd sir'4id of Ycmm under im.n Y.llF's

Suh6.qFllr, wnen Anb LagE sl &l€rli6r to corldEt ct|icqnl invGlig.tior 

in Ymc., lbi-saud &r.y.d i$ vkit lt hG b@n sge6i.d, *ith sc jBrifiodon rhd 

Kif,e Abdul riz invitd ih. commisid to Riltd iBtad ot going to YGmn in or&. (o 

8iw AM s ndh tift I lxEftle lo s68n fis F.ition. TIE misaq, hl!*tr. 

did^'r @h YcrM $ rhc Es so +ad rhrt Al6.d dr.ed S.nr {td o€dtw 

lhc cotrstiuiond gowonent on l3tfi marcft t948. Mrjorily of@nrpi.rioB G r6Gd 

rd S.u @Fu!d by dr. rlib6lH nohri4d by 

^nh€d 

Ir@tp k dcB @tld .ffii od pu.kh ltr ut .utprits who nurd.rcd iom ydry., 

@mlq-rcre|ltion nigh nor hrE sE .Gdcd. Wtite AhnEd rid his totd bmrh* n|E 

.d{t l|cy lo Dnrcic loFlrns of tlE tritM G *dl d E8uh..my $ldicr3. 

Th. i€bds nissa! thii fodui. siE r,hey i.q f@d nouEd hanry of y.lry! q 

@eived .iy foEign !i4 t@fore. ltFy &il.d to pay €lci lhc artsrid of lhr Bovfin€nr 

oltrcids Modt of my officlE Ee srtrFii.d bt rtE dp so nnnt ot tcn did,,t r*. 

lit p6iiion !l 6Bt TIE idy divi&d i.to tow F;mry ant.sonisr. hd thc.niu& of 

rhc rrihdmen. ho@cr, ws rhc d6jding f.ctu tn mobitird b] ^hm!d 

.rf€{vrly lhtn his @r.r.t5 EE 

nN 

Tlc dbck flilcd ro unic rh.ir &.hioir $d rh. t(cmpr of nmy of rh.n ro oboitr 

indivjdurl |Fsiton ofFftr, *hich pFqrcd thcm ftm h*i.g dy cftc.liw &dons $ a 

8Mp- Thc Erollrim E in cftc! F rtyzcd.d did nolhinS 60r uircd fq dE An! 

LaFr dd orh.' foci8n porcR ro @o8oiE it tdod of ud.dtiig a visooug 

I,re96{of Efom qnich loL d hrE iicnas.d rt ir poputadty in th. prorEsive circtca 

of ihe ulbd Fpobrion dE Et b sinpty 5t in rhc opint wirir€ for $.i. f.t.. It 

.pfer.d lo th. FotL fili rtE r!.t! @i.d tu hoc tt.i t ctn g. in rh. FFot 

olcr.trg 3yftn eidtoui .ny buic rrsftfom.tion in ir Ftc. ym.nh tcdrftd fron thai 

ditjs d intdlstiig stody in poliriot poftr rhll pow 6 nor ,n isd.nHt De$.d 

liw tud !o hd iftclld eirh 6d.d crEy, bd ir n .d.d Frfccl rMgdi.il,

Imam Ahmed's Rule of Yemen 1948-1962 

Th€ Uleru Fonouad Ann€d an ofiicill lnd on l5rh march. Ihousn S.N 

i rbir.j|E $boittd to dE lw Ggine blt Ubr didnl p€6r hin ro ptbish *llok th. 

ciq with liie.rgrmenr th.r lhc ci!y, whicfi nude'€d hb f.thcr, hwl b€ Ftrished HG 

allorEd ttc trib6 ro sk S!n.!, tlet @ kn co$pletcly cmpry. Ahcr f.w

CoiB€qhlly, th. @up .tlanpr h.d ntr& hah dislrGrfd of hh ocoDt !o tr 6 

muoh l.33 ae*ibl€ thm hk f.0€r hd bccn. To @un(. et rhis. hc ta b€ tmm lhtr 

dy rd.gm sn to him with . F!!.id .nffi s{td @iE hb F$d .rEnri@ 

Whcn lE t@k poB lE .ppoi.Gd his b$ fi Hsan G t'rin. Minbc. blr .fid.hcl 

rirc h. hi@lf *sm€d rlE Fni.Hhip pri@ H$$ I s.r ro Arcrio s 

rrrtcsdor ro utrtr.d N{iB 

While h! EmEd hb t.!ll'cs ud cto$ teraric fM powr. he glrc hi! s 

Muhhn d .t-Br& side . dBily i' 0E intcid ,rAjR. Tttugt tr DniriEd mininds 

dd .aigi€d diflcMr poifolid 1o tlEn, but rlr. dbin t N nor s in orlF. st!G3. F,E.y 

ninircr lEd (o dol,ilh ttE inM a( htu p€rsl p6hc.. n. bGis ot goYwiig s a 

linpl. floe ofdeisic fioo tlE itrm.nd ! flow of infordrion .!d ,qGl3 ro hin 

Biig ielegnn omhunic.rioir lid rilditioMt tst.nic arsreD ot Ftiridiig DE to his 

lorg 3t y h T.ir, h. fEd ro !-bfy dE Fodc ofshltji .fu roc th.n rlE ?ridii, rno 

E! dc io hir hrlF_ strf.i. ieE.pgoinred {o. high pciric in tft.dni,irEtio! 

iNllding tlE goEmFsnip of ]liz 

flFogt! lE c.rE|irdld hturdf &idi imd, bd hc E tt|@[E 

n.ntiotd rnd i. 'ed to FBy in lhc snE nl!ffi of th. Sh.fEi. rdh€r 

Zlidi. h addnion 10 dE! hc rhos€d D f.h isn loMd Z.idi .on€!i! 

jrdichl d.cirid!. tic frlqbdt biid rtd dE r$ccB @td ftvm 

4h other in Fd.. rnd tllrnony a tcwh 

AhtrEd bd. nrry lrhis $otr lotiriol .nd dFnic Etun, bor *tF tE ..E 

!o powr h€ follo*ld snc potici* of his ti tEr. N@nh.|*q in r$pons ro rh. inr.fil 

dd.i(€rDl 

'rE.!G h. helhr mihq ch&gB ir th. jrelin. fi. de q, dr@ 

cfom. of'nich lE Flo||ttt .lrrovcd .nd f.* orttE Erc *t|!l rh. FlaBtiw 

opponcnb wnt d. TIE r'fom slore$ of rhc in.n rca ,.etr to h. fi.E hdidt t!h!.rs 

fq fcw ofrlEn rft .E inot.ddr€d

Subs.q@!dy, h€ boudl iuercB rdvi$6 fon otlq AFb cMtri6 th.l 

FniciFl€d in d6ni.g dbnioc FoF6sli for dE imDreving d€ @nmic atd sarl 

lifc of the lFdc of Ye@r His afiiru& *!s b6i@lly ftal of tis ftth* eip€s.d in 

norc @ful manncr. For the nGt par! most of thoF cxp.ns' erks mc ignoGd 

t cr!& Al6cd@dd ftt b. @nvi...d of i6 6i9. Of @uq.! Ahncd l&{ rtlr 0E 

Efom Fojea mi8h.{I*t ih. wlflc ofs(ft S{tlid a.mili6 or Frlitiel poelrful 

greups, s n sb.ndon€d it ln th€ late yc.d ol Ahhql s rulc, horevcr,lhc dif6cultiq nr 

rn! my of Yemc yodns [rt wish€d to go otr@d for cdMljo wB EmoEd. whilc 

he.llou€d rn&u to imDorl iodclrid n ms, h€ inF€l halt r.rarion upon dF impo.t 

of .l.cl cal nehirery, lehicl€s, dd oths omodids. lnlert of lr.misror ndiq 

which @L hin, Blird tlal ir is impcible io lep hn Fod. amy f&m tlE mdd 

For 3hdt timc, Abmed bdrre m@h h@ ...*ibl. 10 foeig'le6 sFliluy &croc 

.nd oSrE6 wnon he slDwld @cidentlc un&ElrndnA of tlEn wk He tllowld 

&w focigl mi$ioN ro op€f, cidh6 in Yon€n, bur ldtcr h. udeFd the disntinurnac 

of public film showinSs .nd lorMe Yem. to dcnd film s showin$. fh@@tiqlly, 

[|m Anmcd s se*hlt 'mc t4p{rE to tr i&a of .xFcing Y.na to twti.lh- 

@nory s tehniq@d thrn hb t dd lBd ben. ft is pmb$lc $41 hi! pnmry motiEli@ 

in Fmiuidg tbBigftd io Nist his eov.@mt wB to Sr.nglh Stde s Posilion 

i.8.!ding ir5 sr.{sgl. .grnd Brnish GrFrid ofsl|idn F.lofl.n@ 

The rcl@iinc! dd infrquen y \rith 

wlEth.r Kst cc or n!6, ro cnter 

o'E tlw visiloc' mwrcnls !,td 

which lhe imm Fmiftd ou$iders' 

Y€nm w.ly ne€ds docuncntalion. 

&avni6 @ subjets to d$ d(Gt 

Forcign ftliL of Yemen wa vc.y sinplc. @mparing lo othq couNrid whi.h hld ! 

@ldi.i Elalioo b dE apitrlist @dd Yq*n 6 nor a @lonid @untr6 &nd ro

hrm s polici6 did not cncornge roEi$ incln.l|b in borh ilncdrt a.d titurcid 

slors, *trich .onri(d inpondn fd pmpirltist fomatiotr By t9j6, thc Edm€ 

s'gncd l6de ag@mds with &vdal E@pan @er.ies. For imrdM lrst C.mey 

asrq, b 63tr&r fiE flct6i6 i. yd.q fq @ftnt, gt&s\ .d tantEr !t4ri6. in 

.xchaigc nn lgicotruEt Ooducrs t1 *s unprctihbl. [o d€lt ii d€bit wirh manr 

iodBh.l Foja11 enr(h hlE ben .n@ied bd ffi in olny 6s b haE $oDo.d 

Wd Ge.n.i.y h @ty lprqled ro for tdh qt hcrp. ,nt ,.6d CcllM 

(x,r*ros rxtudns. ralr qftdol' hoEvft. B foud uMtbf..rory 

ov ne 'hrr dd eroE rb&dorEd d @qlt.d. tt is ior enrn thrr . bcne; 

rrenaGbn.ns lnn (v_yor oit one$ron whrch ru gnnred rr rsrS ro an 

i:::.p c.,p rhc ycns DewtoFhr coFdion, @cr m .!!. o{ 

ao,0o0 3quc nit6 r {E Mrtrm t@thrd of rL (rMtry Thc d,lrrcdtiG 

jI JoTre: :,ql 

oFnris m y.n.n e @tuidcnbr.. rhec aE 

rn< rrR or.brn*n8 f&itrrr€. thc 'he cunq.tarrcn of pow h ^hons rh. h,nd! of the 

,trwl\ so riit roFren dtfFi* ,s tbund k, sufia det.ys if fr{h,ng w*, 

,Dd |jE 36pri@ r'd lek ot €rFEG of ttE ymB in 6si;..nd 

FoEign tr.d. d.ficir fi|ed pdty by Mitllnes fFh yoi€lt,s tbr@d or b, qtqBl 

ri

Decline ol'lmamate Rule in Yemen 

lmn Ahncd aBain l id hin$lain qlicr wilh tlN oppGnion dovemcn! *nich 

evolled aslinst his farh€r. ProgGsiv. rclome6 ed portioB of rlf, @.eostive .lilc 

wc unit d drn.'Iorrs ro ch.llsg. Ahord r dicidoship. liic riB| sro!9 u3 

inrcrlslld i! bringing moder chsg€s ir Ycm€n s @oornk ad Flilicd lyslen $tii. 

lofic of F*raul .oBeN.tiv€ famalier h6d f€[ lhal lheir inflwffi we being ctod.d 

hd@ Atf,.d had cE.lEEd dl F*r {ithir hj! .le T1. EfqD, $'nich hc 

in&odNed. w only to pjer. rlE adt€(6 ofohotrs.. l hrBroE, lhc o?pGilion .|w 

aglin lgaiEt his rule a@n iiride ad oottidc Yemen. S.m€ oppo3ition le!&n who 

FrticiFed in the @volulion lg.rnst if,oh Y.hra dd rcroircd diside Y6ftn 4.'n 

@rsbi*dlb.tu lc. TtEy h.d!l lor8ott n &.d! Fflllid.rd inFi!ffit of n$y 

of tieil ollqsllcs by Almed sorcrunent & sn 6 $c pdsDG werc rcles€d rivn 

j.il! smc of6.n cjonted $e opposi(on. 

Opposition $rug8k imrescd becae lm.h Ahned failed 10 &fieE Gal Ffoms for 

th. pcople. Th. Ah@ (F@cn) rcr€ al lib.ny !8M tine th. bcgiming oa | 950s l it v 

a.guxi thal Ahmcd hld doulxl hinslf s hc cqlsi govcmnental dcFrtftils.nd 

dpFinted podircn( peso6 to h€ad lEm appacn{y tElicvi.g thal thce poc€d!6 e 

sufficient to elisfy hjt oppoNns. ln addition (o lhal, Ahmed aaed big ct4llenBc fton 

hir om f@ily b€.N of suc.*ion isE Anc. few tt$ oa fiis @nin8 to pord hc 

dcchEd lhal hit $n MohamnEd s[ould bc his sw.ser' The@[.t, oval rdnirv. 

homv.r, wn t lot lly uiled b€hidd him ndi ofdE y.!ts of his rulc when he becomc 

ir6 lF M& sdEt &aI wilh his brelld, Prir H.$.4 in tt .n AhF.d .eF€

Pndce Abddhn, roo* thi3 orpo.tui(y !o illy him!.lf virh chi.f of Emy agaiNl his 

b.o6or Almcd hd *a! dacd lnan by {te r€6.1i AlLr f.w @li, Ahn.d 

succdnnly riu.Ld 6p.ncnpr drd .xcucd lft trDtlE Abdulhl.ldcfti.f of my. 

11. coup friLd bde fcw FMns only p.rtaciDot d in i whit. m.jor gooF of thc 

oFo.iton didn t plsy sy vit l ble Thougn, Cotwl d-Tluhy. b.ing s chi.f of my 

JllI ld . Efom Frg6n fd tt Yftd 3it6dd rid tholgh k nldit lhdtiv. €u! 

of l94E btd hc didn i girc lumci.rn rncnrio. io rhe lrMg peMnllity of Atm€d The 

ft.r llur Ahmd rudived *Brt arcnpt3 on hir tiG tsr hrd girn hin .n dsosi 

htrniol EF Etion .tMg dE Foptc of Yffi. Thftfoic h. dtd €id {i Eicitid 

wilhin Gw days. h rppqEd tlbr mlEty 3unMding his Fhc. Pl*rd iisufiici.ir to 

k€lp bim 64r wrot. Bei.s s ofi@r, th. cticfof.my rioushr he wdd Irin ftdl 

slpFrl of th€ dmy u.iq hr lE lbd mt c@gh liE ro mk ich .Doai. orr tu dnq 

h.n4 b€.G rh. 'Mlt @cud.d in on. ciry, it h.d no cttdriv. on th. 3irutioh dd 

]lF |mltof r9rt c |o b. rhc t4ct rfimpr io.hang. th. Intft,t ,iruftrn 

in Y6.n_by foc in *hrch rtE f.niciFrr! rdl !@F.d thc esity for 

Frrining rh€ lt|!DE, ai hcr of it3 tcrle In borh 6i dqnp( .rd d; oE 

of I9{8, th. DorFe |ud ber 6 cn@ rhc imuibd id; ..d q,l*. 

him *ith orc vlF B d@gfit ro b. NE rftEblc to ctbig.. Witir th. 

3end riilul!_. howvr. te FogBrw drr.3 ipisRnrty deid6d rhnt thc 

rIrlNE rr!.I ei! uEtr SrqGa oppon€nt ir B .reud ihk lyhbot {sr thc 

conraEvotdio hd tom.d both rind t6) 

llorcw., f... Y@dh lhd Blr giv. rp rh. hop. of vicro.y and iis ofte tn Clib 

.r'.1 A&r ranri!.d .diE thr@ghour 1950t. On dE o{Er sid., Ahncd r.id ro inF!rc 

hir ctubrion on rh. if,Gnrliodl t4t by inrrcdwiIg fc, Ef(m3. H. ejis.d ttEr h. 

w nol in r po.ition to ud.rrate . qed d p@gm to drivc tft. Bririst ftoh rb. 

Poi..ldrl6 of^d4 flh h. .g.cd ro invilc I nmtE ofsovict .!!d E$|pri.i .dvis 

fd . tlri.ty ofnitilr.y proje(s. Hk mrin otjc.rirc 6 io .tidimi. {E cff€.1ivsEs of 

rh. op9ositio proFg$d!.grinsr his cgim. U onunstety,ln.r d*toprenr put l s 

Egift ir big bolbL G wiftii rlE Mt3 of es,ty trir.d dd .qdpr.d m, U!.1 

oppo.nid m3 ro lE entdld ..d b(oughl rhc crd of bk rut. s w thc tfMrc ry .m

lnd Ahm.d *6 ale of th€ opF.iuon bwd hB gosm.nl whrch 

.r$ed ir nrogBiw Anb clcts lnd rhe 0o{.ntrrt elTdr,En* of lhe 

tspage& orga of F!.idenr Jm.i Ab

l-B.dr Fovok d th. hditioMl holdtR of Do*!r bc..@ in rl€ir vnw Y.|M 

b.c.m no€ d.FrxLr on olrsidai In lddirkr io rlur, al-8.d. rricd to wii totrly of 

dE mry lod.rs *no R@ t&in€d by Egpriar ud Sori.t erFrr a h. incEd!.d lhcir 

llrry 50 94 All his d.ciiic tw 3u3Ftd.d lner [t htl6's cdiis b*L TlEcfoE, 

.l-BBL .pt 1cd d €t in rlE €!e of hb .upponc6 d ktl s lhc onFsidm tn r€d 

of g.ting nol! FoDuhtiiy hi. Fli.y griftd hid norc oppoMts. Ttc riruaiion of 

Y.rtn B *oEEd siocc Oc b.Binniig of t960s s t @lr of hd.d's drcnisl 

iila rie clEclLd YaiE i miy h UA.& with Etr/fl 4d Synl. Md!or&., tE 

lucn d wd wdgaimr Na.ired hii Mielism in bo$ ndio.rd nc$raFu Hc ticr 

Gll thlr dE gnl.3t d,ng.r to hb po.iton F.s fi! qF.Bimisr rmbirion of EglPt urd.r 

ln. br'ffi ol Mriordis .d .te Britlin. As tn MI, lE dc.id.d ro csrEgrh.n 

nimslfby inc@line ycmcni @tarid3 wilh rtF Soei.r Uiion. 

TIE d.EloFmt3 m& rb Am6im rcE!.Iq, rl, TinE b wir. rt t tE n, 

pl.y'ig witn firc ..d guttibty ldhnring fores. which hc my bc uubte io @ttut. 

Neftn bs, h! @iv€{ hore $phisti@hd Epons fmn Sovier tjnin and .omrdrt 

bl6. M6*hil., S.udi 6bi. beenE sri.d of^hE.d.s policy. *,t ch night g'!. 

rh. qnmdi.t! u !i:a to rh. FntBuh. tr lEd nicd !o m€diarc h.lra ymn .nd 

Brilrin 1o slv. 0E probtms, bui nothing m ehicw.t dd iNl.ld h. st Emlivc 

1962 September Revolution: end of the 

Il h.d ben n.niioned rhn poFn.rio of y.m.r Ms divided i o (m n.in i.Et!, 

adii .rd Shtrtji A.isrocdic Sr'fi.t rEe .tca.t! r

lriba,6peci.lly th. {rG big confeabradons of Hrshi4 B*i|,.!d Khl*lar Sryyid 

oliS.rchy enjoled mosl of {t. privileg6 in tt stale. IIE only iBrilulion relntivcly 

mmue io thcir control w{s tlE eny, though, nNt ol ils ollicc$ tuv. hd Zsidi 

FEWion. Und.r Oe cirmtdB dE Sryyid nning cls hvs€d fic abru qD snd 

sc op@ed ro ey ida oa prc8B and modcoas&rior 

A3 for lhe Shllib, ihey rerc nostly l€3tlribolin th.n oglnizrion and t ftrcj@tj 

!@rg dEm dditll.d tbc lpper tading clN. Ttrr lw semlly h.tq edElcd 

fi.n (he Z.idi\ individully norc conp€lilve &d achicv€nqtsri.ncd bd l$s 

oryucally cohdiw lhan $c zlidis, &d milit rily *elcr Hmid d"Din ihM3 did 

li e ro bdd8. {E grp dtrinB b!(wn (he lm mi{ pan3 of Yfl.ni citiaG By 1960- 

196l tbe FBrraon of the lh&Er€ ed dE &yyid oliprchy 6 pr.4io6: both @F 

on6 hated lid @Nidsed e oppr€ssiw burden by la.se esoonls oa p@plc 

T'tuiql ru|. oa Anh.d l.d to cddn* .ll ovs $e @utry, piovoLe

'IfEogtr. h€ B rell !e!t d of lh. cheging in thc wld situltio, bln ririt tlE fitst 

nom.nt nie posirion @ nor srrble .nd llsrcd Iq o.ly eiShl &ys. B.dr kftw hG 

iom.di.rc opooMt3 rr@ in rh. .my .nd roo& n $|trB ro eir oEn br.l9; .s hc 

oilcd rlHi pay. tle .ptoin(.d potDlr olfier. Ahlulbn d-S.ll.l ltrd of reyrl 

Mlgurd Sallal. hokG, hd no loyslty to rl-Bedi, a h. M . looM ndiondlisr and 

€xplon.d his F6iti@ lo ph! td Boluri@ Cor$eq6(y, S.lLl dt-t d by i gNp of 

Naids oftm ii th. my, $tb pmis.d to sup?ort him. ln lrBrrt n p, !l-S!lt!t 

btougl lew bnks froh 61hc. city io iftc opii.l Smrr, ail.B.dly i0 prot€ct s!8adr 

Fh6. on rlE @jrg of 26rh sqrobd, stile .1,8.& B insi&, lh. r|rk 3tElt.d dE 

palae nd tulrcycd ils upFr riory Radio S.rM ..nouMd shor(ly .neMrd th.r inm 

B.dr h.d beo till.d nE ils pbled untto€ s Bldr sN.elilcd in €spiig fom llE 

Fhe minjuEd.id mde hk my lo 0E MtlEm moni6 etcc he Etti, rodd 

himslf loyal iiib€3 with aim to .n6mr€r rlle rchturion and Fglin lhc rhMq 

Thc rchluli

The refercncos 

1. lvttlntd W Wfliftt, Mo&rn Y.nen 1918-1966,lfir Johns Hoptils 

PIB1 l,l4drn4 USA, 1967, R 60. 

z lbil P: 65. 

3. lbi4 P: 95. 

4. Robart W. Slml

lo.charles D. CrEme{tts, ne Arubs And The Wo d Nasset's Amb 

Noaiomlist Policy, FrEd.ricL A. Prqcr, lac., Publisher, N€w yortg 

l3

CHAPTER # 5 

Yemen and Superpowers During the 

"Cold Wart' era 

ElTects of Cold Wrr oo Third World Coutrlries 

rn &d "@ld re sigtrifie bi(.. rl.lroB and @fm rrion bd*g rtr Sqict 

Union ed th. wqllm @@lri!s. lt @ cdkd old wr, Ire3e. .llhouet ln.E * 

&nsion snd rql conflict b.rreen USSR and USA in msny fields, the situlion did nol 

lad to eru.l war bctwen oEm but had l&!n c e@ ol diplo'natic, anomi. and 

i&ologicd mfren1r1i6 d for d tesion *6 @l|cm.d TIE @@pt of @ld w 

eh€rsc.l dnosl imncdiately afi€r {h€ ehd of World WlFll. Allhough Sori.t Unioq 

Brirlin sd US.A. wic dlid in this vU. bur shen th.y sn 0E M. slt'cion &d 

dis&usr 3tail€d Browtrg dong thcn. One ol lllc b6ic oF of thi! dislrGt wls l|le 

@nllict oI tiona! inlercsb belwce. $* pow.ts The Russi.ns wanlcd b €xl€nd thcn 

s@.nd innEie dd to gain . slo.ghold in dE u4ole of Eslem Euote atd lhcy 

su€ed.d in doinS {. TIE wcstcm sl!l6 sospicios ol RNie intcntioB, bul Oey 

@uld do norhihg lo stop th€ p.nctnlion of comnuist inluenc in l_ald EuroFu 

'lh{ @muhts lhousl thd. sinslc So{i.lisl Stj't in Ue ed4 Rsis s 

sumunlcd by hGftle €prlalisl erld, dd il w6 lhcrr oNlant lar tlDl dc €tiolisl 

.@tri$ rcdd rry $ei. b6t lo u&rDinc thr sdiet Union. ln 1919. Slalin ln.d lo 

deaie splii b ihe cadlalisl @utrics. Nesoti.dons w€ clni€d m in M@ow betqan 

the BiGb, th. Fcfth sd dE Sovi.t CorcmmcnB for e .lli'G .g!in< Hitlq.

M@riG, Sl.lin b.8rn srd r.lk wid l|illr a.d cmld.d. poct in stich 

M(Nw acquiEd ti l.rg. poiiion of Etn.h Pol.d. HoRt6, lh. fo@ of citMsle6 

and lh. gowinS powr ofllitl4, comFltd USSR to join hrnd! wnh Wdtm R.giDd 

which lgled lo llarc th.n free in EurcF ll ws $e cdnuni3t Fgine in Mos@w 

qhicL b@sht ocw ides ro rhe hdd ,oliri.s ircluding idologr dd b@nc m!i! 

facbr in itr confonbrion *ith Wdln Blo.. lr ft |rrr !!r !|. id.ntiliotiM of rh. tM 

blc vilt spocinc politid dFlii€s is clo*r thsn aiy ttbr har .xi!t d in rt€ ele of 

simil.r,llirnc in ih. tialt hislo.y. ThouS[ $e srnggl€ me wrld wide, it didn't fi$lf 

l.p@ni r fi'nddEcnlrl difli@c, 6 th. |'oMr slruggls of rhc ninerdnrh emrry we 

foughl out in evcrt cond of E $oild. Rll th! swiatim of polniol alti'l@ wnh 

ralnkal p.imida.nd rhilNpny hs cedainly in emc 6p6c tr.Nfomed t€ n ture 

Afier th. .nd oa thc er a€n side wrs .bte ro njoy the tuplbn of a aaidy slt6ranri6l 

rumb{ofadhcnnls eithin ihe ltdtory ofthe othq lnd il Ms ncver s bctoG. tn 1945. 

Cihhuisb l@k l'owr in Pola.d whitc OGm.n, s defqtql and diyided inro re 

patb a Sovict Uni6 @utied !h. E!!t.nd w6lm FwE th. Wcr. ItE ciry of Ac.tin 

E rl$ divid€d into te poairc &d rnd {F @td M $!it d. ln thc Fdod fr@ | 94t 

ro 1947 th. Crlrd lli.M b.rrffi USSR drd rh. W6r brolc doM comslet lv ald 

fren l94? to 1949 lhe c{rld w.r idrcnsified. 

Th. f@B of lh! @ld @ B C*lrmy wtE dfbnlltiod dd Berlin in 

| 9,1& | 949 @. cl$ ro arnrd 6nni.r bor d*t€d ir vidory fd dE W6td 

r& Mthout a nilibry .ng.sdot tlh .d ret|e{ Fritt ofsrdgo slrbitied 

EubF whi.h bas. rh€ mddt hoit !r$te.€ fd s3w6t d@d.r bur 

ho€rilid6 krc altun sinutr.ftoBty oried ,ito tui& bcginning wilh the 

tduhpn of cmnukn in Chin. aid e& in Ko@ Iltc$ *nk lcd ii lrm 

lo an .cc.lc6tion of rlE ind.Fnd.nc. ,nd @rmment of W.sr Ocmmv 

widin i Rw EurlleAciqn rttiMe rd ro I 3u*sion ot @ni.ls r; 

A!i.. of*lrici ilE Vidr@ @r s l||. ncr &v.stari4. t m Fi,n did the 

Fd.gdirs diErly ae4e @i olher hn bolh stgh |o ;rGtd rbcn 

innxc-..nd win tdirn.t 'ddrlgc in dj!@t Fru oi rlE mlK m6bry 

lhr Middl. E8r sndaRer ir de{loniaii6n.A&id I

tlow.vc., in 1945 ljnir.d Ndioc eis 6hblirhcd !!d n t@m rlE min foM fd 

@ld eir .lcbo&s, wh.b bi(ar qu!rcL ed dbFit6 rG uased v€rr6trv. 

rn amcr'6 ey6lhe ussR $sdcdrqLcd lo $c 6 4ucJor t,u,oF rnd $e 

tcrsl innialo& lhB dccttunv€ rnij crrt @uM by 

emd ro@ i.erLd b) subveBon S..n frcm Mosow the ssrfl vodil 

(which included hrifot Lmpe s wlte lne Utured star.r, ws rBpned by 

cryr[lBt El6 which d.Mded rhc ddtruction of rhc USSR dnd rh; 

:.r!pdid gl@Ilmis by sy Mns rwit.ble bur abow .tr by fo@ or 

lh. lirat of in€sisrible toE. t2) 

Eoth 3uFrFowR hod.FMrld !.riviti6 of rhc arnrgale mown@ts.sriNt @tl 

ottd rd .dol..d Alli.lB m€tno

lruLld ofui.g Unired Nltions s . $dn ro lElp humdity, tlEE hod b€.n goine on 

wdy d*ls. b.r@r rhc srttrs.n dudng ic rEding& (heFfqc, ir f.il.d to briig the 

mioE to€.lh€. In.dditior ro dbr, E cold w Gull.d in r @ of .ffirr. TIH! 

w comFlitio. for sFrdiig n@ and ma on m! t. nsy .er morcy @ rFnt 

oi $nu, which m wry brdly iedcd fm othq rc inpori.nr F4rls, 6 m nrtid 

wc io lqui&c hd. Expcri@ s||os fi.t rry co@try, $,ii.i is ut fm th. 

miliis.y point of vj*, hu be€n ad&ked ty i.r powful reignboun ud &t.r.d &d 

tuincd. ft is lhb i.nF of *lf-|trlsMtim th{ forccd tlt MiioN of ttE @rtd ro wre 

lhcir prEils 6!B @ rmd.nri-fhc p.6nivt cff6r of cotd w B thd big 

IDwe r@ gbuFd in opposirc €np., ho@ inFnam. *{1 giro io {E !n! tut 

unlligned !t!(6. No g@r pow wtcd ro ottsxt rhcin boe rt.e ru dmy5 rt 

po$ibilitr of dEn joining rhc dtq u@. Cur po*!l! diih't dtoe eh orls lo &r€.r 

o. subjugsE.nod.. s6ll pow, s tist w &tdn.ntrl ro irs in!.r.st. ln ihis v!y, thc 

dilT.iltc bctqE .lhe r'4aDo98 t ttt d itE !d.tt Nrio6lo tir.6 sithout d!trs 

ofb.ing &.ioy.d by orc gout or lhc othc.. 

By $. begin.inA of t9EOs, lne b6i.@ of Fwr E dtwti.. y .hag.d in fa6u 

or Amdis ed it! .lli.d n.t6. TtE po.r sr dd.r @. to e sd lrd tt@n r USSR 

.olhtts.d. Crn*qently, ihc @td re..d.d dd @nfonrarion hften 4r lnd Wst 

Epl...d by @o9.brim in nlry td& DanGEy $.! ,ErunEd to &$.m E!,!E.Dd 

bott Anqiq .rd Rsi! .gE d r,0 crd rh.ir netar s!.Dt, tn ..tdnion to 0[! .tt nain 

po\rlu hed dcrclopcd suruit concm in c.nlin tr.nsirionat isocs tir@ dvircmrcntnl 

Folc.aro4 th. Ftvatim of rc@irm. nonFltiGntion of dE|nid *tism .dd 

b.llbdc nisil€, .rc. Wirh th. €f,d of cotd w, dr 8@politiqt uir d8n8.d 3inc. rh. 

w d .o loiger be sp|n b€(wn *r ftd wst d rlF hdis of id€oto$,. Borh si.ks 

Elizd ils( ih.y nrre Mnd tnE6tx d@foc, mttd bcr€r N.ft .rd sdr 

bqnc dE ptumrcm iD rhc iiendion i Bhtion3, TtE F6tqtdw ertd 6nicr 

lqcd b rhe aononic fietd s adufte courrri* uilat lgamr b&t$ald3.

Aftrtoleh. t!. @ld w ea bousht nd id.s to dE 3uwrw or inErnrr'od ordd 

but te sbre @ain d b6ic €lrn.nr of ihe wrld sie(y old slrong srslls aE worling to 

iN.sr. it5 inflane owr Third Wodd rMrrid 1hc advae st t6 helieel rhrt 

plwntion of @ @!ld only bc suEd aith noc Fwrful of th€$ slat6. Bul lncE 

we l@y id.!r abour $e rolc of fi*e 3rd6 i. l4pin8 rc&on.l ad inlemaLional 

De&!, For iGrrnt, dlcr Wsld W.r I, ln€ di$6ion mong vi.lo.io6 nal6 abod pe4€ 

tepine ioot the followilg ll|'Nf. 

Eeb Dod mNt swe p.imary or exclaiw BpoNibility in s gilcn egioq q ru 

(he nior pors rogErhd supeNic ad police the wholc Blot€, d thce m. PorcE 

midt €quip and fio@ m 'swiition of olhe. *ares o do dE job riwio6ly oo th.n 

b.hJf. B4.s tn. dv.re ir.&s @uld mt @h ! .oNNw ibqr o@ of th* 

Ddnod. the s@nd *r etupted TIE Fst-wld -w-ll ordcr B lh@lticdly b$d on 

1n6e helhods bu1wilh hp€rfet $d p'ewio6 pu6ued. The end ot th. cold wr l€d 1o 

exlFr. vi.rory lor An ric.. tlich b..!e ele $F.po@r in 0E $rld wift hu8p 

@nic tuuroB !trd i.dstnll oulpuq dErcf@, i( lried to mintain incrmiioNl 

D.4! aloc. Th. p61{ld wd n emtional old.i is u Anericao i.l€a" which g.w it 

btg harld fd t@phg lde ond ssly in th. mrld cin8 inletuliond agcrca€ rd 

hulriMtDlal @Danres 

By .!d of 1980s" de low6 €ed ro b. agrt

'It Ftrbld of RBia w Ery dilT.r!trt !! et,mic F!6ldns ade of i dir.Ml 

Mturc. i{s soc'€ry norc @mpr c@t ..d i.Gtttcicnt, .nd .6 ic qbl.me as ! 

fcdcr.rio w in q6rim tnleG C rEl} ed md i. inbrntiodl rfl.iR .!d ir is 

Nl||lly $.d wilhout mwh l'@i!im. Crot Porrcrs dsuftd to dcFis. grlll d.d of 

inlEne during |nc old w 6r In $c Uricd Stil6 it t ofbn clnEd 0d llE Sovicr 

U.ion i u.m.q or .v€. ontret, rhc dcoision or ountdc! (podicutady lnatt, 

imFwdshcd client) q{Ec ir .strbtirhcd miritny.nd potilic.t p.eM ud vis-n-vis, 

lhc sovi.l Unioi sid !!hi rhing .hottl U.S teice. k &snqi th.t 3Nh in0leJE M3 

@r omidc at in(.r!3( {E .tis{ !r!te nighr hrrc. 

Main @nalici in 0E krld old rhe ter enItr.y sG bdcn rw m.jor turiG. Ttte 

.xploiEriw st'rEd ofc.Ftltis f@ ik origin pi&6 of g@G3r shsgrh in Emr., 

Nonh Ah.rio sd Jap.n to lhe Br of |t|€ hd4 .id in rcqnN b d!i!, dE ris of fiti- 

imFnlilistnovcftnrctdt€ngin8Oeopihlisrn d!of Fldrdid. AnnS@n

ABb oil slais @pr€d ro rcrk witiin thc olilolii mlrt a' rFten. Atthough rh.e 

stfc nuny @ntEdictiorrs belwn dEm .nd oe N|cB govsn|enG owr oil 

pmduqtid dd ls@I, bul it didn't lqd io $y Eat conftunbLion h.t*etr thc rw sades. 

Th. *fis Ddld dlt oil .r .! wc b.rinins lor ! b.rcr pcioon *irtin th. 

imFrialbt Ed.h ed hd no int n(ion or d&.oinins i( 

YmGn is d.sFhrely poor @say sine th€ cf,d of iis gea( smiefi cililiaton l(s 

str.Lgi. l@don sd dotumic vqln s nd. it alur! largel lo cxle@l inwions of 

TIE Mrry lm.iEd undd loi.ign @uFrion s.El rm, dpeiclly by 

big !ow6. 

egioMl ahd rnlcnralaonal lDes whoscaih wlocrrcnd ils innucEeovcr thc ar4. 

Yemen-Soviet Union Relations 

RNi& ineoltement in $e Red S€ g@s bek lo the fiisl d6!& ol tknti.tt 

6tury. Boish.ed{ Rtulldon in l9l7 l€d to dorolic chang. in the *hole RNian 

strlctlr. ed ldolcd rcw foEign polict d&kinc. As sn a corn$urss t@l Frrcr, 

rney $ushr ro disnioc 0Eir id.s fon MMw 1o 6 d.ny drpl@.tic qFLls s 

wrc witlin it! @h. Commuist hissions wse dcs!red to .ke oul . nooolonou 

qi3c@ .r cculrr6 in agFEntlt uimpotunt oddtd b&kMFB AlLr S€@xl 

World Wd. Soviot Union s actirilics inc@sqj i. third edld 6un1nB to cmpclc 

WBo.h Pot6. A!i! hs ben $. @tins srNd of both E$t ard W6t a l!.y hrv. 

eugh to infl@M ouitis 

Whitc RBie inlect in Asia on be rRc€d ba.l lo Cadst rnn6, it s onry er the 

wio rrw.l oa cier Brillin liom thc ae. d.i thc Sovict lnion b@me rctrvclv 

intolvcd. ln f&L $c ro@s ofmlio'Elism thlt h.$end d€ €nd ol th€ lkilish mlnc 

wE de cuitivared by fir ussR MeNtrilc. lhe Soviels olletd $e newly €merging 

@ulri6 ddLm6(E mod6l, a ch.@ to dale. cl€n b@t eith Wc$em ti6 lh.t 

wF idcnlifi.d wiir @lonaalisn and $e D€.1.

Yarcn s loclliq atha.Gd Ru$jam, atcnrion sirce n.ny qturi.s ud phy.d e 

inpo.r&d Frt in lncir an@d b win fiiqxb lnd inltucE pogk in dE AEUd 

Pdinsul. Md F.st Af.ie Ae r But! Sovier diptomacy llEc hs betr a.1r. in d 

atttrd to slE a&.nlog6 vis.!_vis lhc W6r Atrtbugh ycnn

MMow rc@gdz.d the Saudi's ntle owr Hijrz and Najid ii 1e26, ed in rhd 

followirg ydr . RNian 5hip divcd at Jid&tr l@k wirh halqials lor qploihrion of rlE 

rc8ioml d$t€s rl ttr@kbw pri6. ln tte lme wy, ev€nLs follow€n a sinjlar cow 

h Y.no but wilb mc ,@s, All lbar had €nc@raged MoMw to lr@ngth ir! .€lalid 

si$ SaM and i. Nomber 1928 boin sidcs sigred i (cn-yd tsly ol@nrcc and 

frla&hip, lllc linl l(ary 1o b. sigrcd beteen Rcsi! snd r.b Wnld. Uf,rlcr tlE tsty 

Ytu w Eognisd B s ind.p.'rd.d $.L .rd. Rsi& epwnlltiw llld !o r6id. 

RBie ocrcha . oFn fiood rlE Y@d n.rLk wilh dEn eEoleu lodEa 

.nd org! $d Demenl exhibilr ol lsnouhunl ihplcmenc ( ndin rida of Y.rer 

loded, R$i.n goo& wrc $ ch€ap, lbar Fople 

of Yen€n @epl€d them. lo .ddition ro 

t ! dE ttaly hld 3lrcngrh.ned im@ Y.ny. s positior befor. Bri(ish SpErnmnl 

which di{in't eosnb. his ole ed iried to cmow nin fon Lh. pokr. He lound good 

Fote.-lion 

by wrld rupe+owr dd dul .Mune€d him 1o stlng& his wir orer Ell 

ndrh€m Ycm.bi 'l4 $d fi $c sore timc liEd @u!8co6ly lhc Bntish cxlqlrding 

rhbitiols lordds olhcr Gritqie of Yemcn. Subs.q@iny, dE Sovieti adivid.s 

iN@e.d in Ysftn rsy ti6s o!.r 

By tl€.nd of l9lG opFcition lo ii@ Ylhyt had imeed ru|. while mio lq

R.Ldoi! *ith Sovi.t Unid Ec mt t{I6cd by tttrt @nl. AhnEd co'lidald Bdtisl 

rutc of Soulh Ym.n ilhgirimat and big thBr ro hi. ru|., th.Ffor., hc hld io pE!.E 

hb fd€ rcry Ell i. od.r 1o f@ lhi! &!8cr '|'ll!s, t rEd.d lElp .d Mo.cow 

posiliwly 6pondql. Soviel Union ! sunctDwr.n r lh€ Sdand Wodd Wd wilh hue. 

nilirzy .nd ffiic rEo{rc.q a ce .B of it! tll.riG witt tlE lind wdd lld 

b.gd. M.iy cdntria ii EullF rid Alirjoi.cd l|. Ssrd Union d Comuid 816. 

Yffi o?.ned Elstiffi sith ndrl.tuls courlrxs of$is ble ad got Nisae fM 

ifiem. TlEy .rtedLd ccqomic .id .nd noE imlon.d provided ams on dry r.m' 

Tho|gh !h. 63 w oblolde lrd O. qdditi6 3Mll, hn dE ka f,@ tl8 

alcquri. b E{quip Y€M'3 mall milii.ry il6.nd.llow rhe lrun io d';t.ibr!c his 

old€r w.loN ro o.inbin tlE loytlty of hib6l .lli6- Tlt Sovi4 $w in Ahndj 'bugglc 

.g!i6l B.it in d iiL.l conflict. On tl€ orlE h&d, MiEN lik thd intarifi€d €nra6 

b.tw6 $. lnm .rd Brihin lilcly to inclle Y.mqi d.Fnddr. on its .xFrrs 

i.drin& lFE Frg ..d mnunirio. ln .ddind lo rht rh. sovi.is htd .'rrls inrdBr 

of k@ing lhis confliot ! livc es Io wak.n Brirish pBrige r|lolghod nbisn P.ninsut! 

Fiast-Wdl @nflici strEngthdcd thc mbiriom of both sid.r to dominde ov.r orh.t 

l||n8 of thc w.ld ad *!i ik st{Don fd gr.l porft potici.s TIE Son.6 

con ent!r.{r on lhlr of Y€rnen Brher rhd Fiticutu st d p!.ly. Ihry pEfqEd ro 

s{ptorl ll'. hli@l bdrtcoi3 Bosffrcnl poiittug dr dE dcLr(hy rtbt disrs 

b.l*€€r {En ideologic.l cmnitnsr to the Nnhow of n diriod ch.! and !!pt@ 

lh@ by F w ofrhc $nting ds. S.M Et.rio$ sirh llF ommunilr wrtd sctdity 

i'tptorad Ii t9J6 Y.lm a!! orc of fce 6u|lri.s, *ii:h @gntcd @Mu:!t 

regift of Chira lid siscd m ag@mil of diptrrnrtic rcbliorB on high tewt. 

Ctd$dohtit rgr..d ro trljn . |Mba of Yffik ii dgti..ri'|g rrd m.dici* !t iB 

uni6iti6. Mos@w ofercd io prolid. y€fren wi$ indultdtl ptdts. hcrorid. &d 

(.clniol sisbrE vfiile in tlih of a wicry of .gricuinrd FodE6 Fimilt ooffec 

&dron @ fm Y.na In ordcr ro oftrE his Gt tions wift G. Sovid Union nn..l 

st his sn !o ErioB mnunist 6d(ri6, Hc si8n.d $wnt lrark wiih Esr B!/in

lnd Pngk Moscow supported Ahhed b€@@ he lollow.d an ..siu-nnpsirlilr,. poli.y, 

r.fus.d to join 6l.m ryo@Ed B.ghd.d Milit&y Pl.r. 

Ychcn @ onc of the ab sIa16 !o F@irc s(tcnion tom rte Sovict 

Union in th. d|rumn of l9tJ- Rdiving th. cl.tio6 .xpB in the rany ol 

192E, orc Sovict Uni6 signcd a tuly of fiidrlship ei$ Y€jM on 

Odoh€r 31, 1955 and E oh&rcisl rraiy in Ma@h t956. The Y.m€n 

Soqnnot lsEr eeird s&rsl sbiFlocds oaeds aom Rsia (4) 

M()|!&r, fii.ndly Ebliois wiih lhe Inlm of Yencn led b Sovicl pr*nce in fi€ 

mGt 3tr.&8i. @, wltich @nirol inErdrional BriSstion berGn Asi! dd Eoiry. 

Dis@i, of oil in IIE A6bia tr Yen.n g.* n o@ signiftur inFrl.M a . lcy 

poid io ttF Ggion. Rssi! ak d iB .llied F)Eu allcr tn€ €nd oa Wodd W.r ll 0o pul 

EritrE ufllr its lrurqhip si@ lhis t nilory h @1 afri6 w urdcr lt lis tu|., bul 

lhcy Gi!.d Rsja, th€EfoG, dccidcd lo a Y@en a . 'jhping- poiIr" for its pld 

to obt itr gB&r in{u€ne in Afric& ttom, The Sovicls hoFd har dEy .ould & 

Yc|q G lit rb.di.ry rtop for lh.ir liniG b.t@o Ari..rd Afiiq Tncy iigl giii 

oiher inlangible bqtfits ion thcir supporl !o Yemen iNludn$ addsd pGtigc and !o 

k6w whdeEr politi@l popag!.rdi should u5.d win AarcAsian dtions in 8.neal and 

A6b6 an pcni.ule dd lo gp1 YeF€rr supFn tr then egional md i'ttcr@timl poli€ies. 

TIE t€gituitrg of 1960s Sovi.t llnion sa3 snonS* cG befote. lt hld poGfirl 

military 4s.BL wnich eMbl€d n to inlotw in IMy .ri56 of the qoild At tlE se 

rime, th! Soviet! put lbNad policy io F@lllte 

th€ Middle llsl lor sking m'lila.v 

rd$nt gc &d to aII€t lhc GSioid dercloPEnr Mo&o* b€ge syncBdic at F !o 

ndicaliz Ycdeni rih-lond in ord.r o cn&gc F)litidl 

!n

Tbc gowinS 83p ih tl|c .colFmic condiLid h.teen Yffi rid iis idiig Soudi 

AEbir m c6 ii dl! ey. of Solid diplomq. x lFerld rhrr Sovicl F6E in 

Ym.n h.d ciltlcd thd to psw a lo* c6t .nd lN dsk f@ign policy in I cobpl.x 

Esao wlErc 3ud&n i!@hou( hieht h.rc diiFo|Fniouc inFcr! o. $. b$.d.r 

fiar.8io .nvircmcnt nor ely ulh Aab sttrc bdr eirh GLh rDwB .l$. 

. Norlh Yemeni Revolution and Soviet Reaction 

on Se .nber26, l 2 Evolution aginsr lronllc ESine in S!@ @rbtrL *hich 

ch$g.d 0E poliliql systm fM rirgdoh to EFrUic. TIE tw Hotutiorwy Egrh 

Fomi€d lo lollow ! p.ogr*liv. polici6 and ildgrh irs flation with Sdict tjnim and 

ils {ily @n6misl it!t6. TI|. Sovi.ts *!E $ct{Mcd th. amtutioi rnd cr td wsli 

t@gnird dE rcw EFrblic of Yer@. Sovicit FsniE .(irud. toFnb yft.i 

Evolullon M! blare of huy Msft. By th. cnd of l9tos, Solier rolitiq h.d 

sbHgtlE rd ir $v!El Adb.ruri6 til. Syria lq ltd Es|F. Tt|c Sori.r fouxt lh.t 

theirtsila.@ to rh.lnm3 oa Y.nm 6! !@r.d timiled b.nctik ney sw at . io 

.n@u69. lnam Ahh.d ro do qi.r hc wot€d ro do in ey cas. hn wc nor [bt. to 

ddeld. him to nov. in fr$ of tirir incrlJB yohi Ftiric.t 3ri6n s rb., eg!.d 

u rcspoNibl. for thjs problsn berB. jt 6dd ior dc@top ib.lf inro .n.rg.ric om. 

Al@.

l{orercr, Soviet 'caction lud rggFlsad 1he siLuahn b6a(e il prevolcd 

.on ctdw.lem.nt5 ir Yen6 .nd ofdt Nighhor @untd6 a wll. k ds im.lsd 

GGm pos6' atEntion tou& |[rt Nnt Gpeidty 8rit i4 whiclt M dll ruling 

sourheln pe( ol Yemen dnd $c grovinS inr!@B ot usA in rhe rgion. All rh.e powis 

d.tmined lu h.lp ex{c8ime wirh fi$31 dd moEl suppo.t 1o @ur.r rh. r€wlurion rd 

rh.n Y.mn enter€d in Ew €d or.ivil M belwn pGx-reydt( esine .nd rcw 

Epullic $.eh si& got cxled.l suppo( h in€ bonlimq Mows gjst fo.3n 

infleniia! poBition ir Anbi. sncd to h!rc b@n Evit lizd hy lhe polnial clunge in 

Yoncn sh@ tle re* lcadqshit 3l sa@ dalarln dd llrcy would ldopl ! pto.sovjll 

The rcw rcgrme in Yemen ws s wat and l'!d io hale l&. .oy.lisc milibry 

ollcirior\ which 6 .bl. to .dly g@d ponion of 0E tritB .gaintt rt. Afr.d loG ol 

cpublicG $€rc not srong emlgh to mu€ the rcvivtl ol1h. rcw regim€ aloig trth rls 

r.dio! efom Foglln! 

or lo cont@l os .ll Ydeni Grilori6 Th. sitation of Yeme. 

bdrE very ddeeres .(|s dE Bohtion bde of loeien @tront 10 it Sovi€l 

Union @ v!ry caEtul in iG suppod 10 S!n@ and swillif,g 10 involve dir.ctly h th€ 

cooilici, I a finei.l dd milit ry h.lp 0rough E5lF. 

J@l Abdul-Nsir @ a cl* .lli(d of Moocow !'d og!. !o !.&d!k $. d.f@ or 

lD. rewly detaim.d Y.en An! ReFblic it odq lo sFqd his innaE m thc 

A6bi.n PeniGrla. Ncvcnhet*s, th. Sovicts liEilitd€d Yc,nDni rcrolulion and Egph.n 

foG by blildins mdcm ai.pon qa !r €pr|,l sarua and cxtr l€d llE cMrrv's 

mjn Pon of Hodeid.n on ilte Rcd s€ c6l. 

I torevd, S$vEt qlis.d tt l dEn $atcsJ of lsving dir€t inr.n@ton in Yemo lo 

Egypr 6 i $nd porly ws risk lrce dd rclati!€ly hdl lo* .6t ltul n demoNmtql 

dld@t g6 ofaruting focign Flicy 8o!h E5'pdaG h*3nc very sditiw about 

6!ir po6itioi in Ymd !d Elwlnl b se di@r intolwnBl in lh. lafi.l3 .ItaiE by 

oth.r po@r inoluding Soviet Union ilslt Ycftfls' on lic oLh€r hrnd, wish.d to onla.t 

diFdy wilh Md,w ard bhd C.ib orFcMdng dy a[empr lo dd e.

TIE fad @ { , F$'pdE @dd no( contrlt .vcn ondhird of Ycmni .t!.r in $!ic 

of i|En huge iunb6 ed stmng €p.n5, rld.fd!, rkir F!!rig. d.chEd !d of t 

Sovict! with il dso, Ymcni r6ashn@ ro Egjrprid inrcl@.nt in rhenlfciB jmEasd 

$d i,lt Sovict ld &rmwbdg.d th.r rtE sicrion rutd mt b.ftfn rh.n s ttEh 

|Dpl1eity lEd.ltady dcclincd .tmg rh p@ptc of yda By .nt6ring rh. nitir.ry 

snudion to Nair. lh. Soviac Ind inflEn@ it bighl h!re lbd over dE dt@me of rhis 

h 1964 prBidcnr of yn.n AEb Rlprbtiq Abdrhn ,l-S.l.t visned Mod6w .d 

sigtud . n4 20 yar r@ty ol trierdrhiu witn S@ic( tad.rJliD *tich cwidded ., 

€xlMdt inp(lrlant ly9e of tnnsacft'n bet}M the USSR ud rhird wrjd co6rrid. 

Srlhl tri.d ro pe6u!d. rtE Sovici to de.t dindty wiri hi, ,qinc bd tE f{itcd t@$c of 

ft. ESrFis Flssc. In &tdiris ro rt!.i y.!Mi prift Minirtd wnr b Ml@w in 

1966 lo ak for.n indepen&It $F?ty of h3 ,nd rh. EgJ,Fti.tu ats *fr sbt. !o 

dnli his nlm. RcporE 'MrioEd ft.t Md'w $Bg6icd to F€,&nl NBar .bour 

6ing ih. nilit .y lid ir hdd giwn lo st.n$h ym.ni amy b.$uge this si! ihe ontv 

good My b mlt i(dcferd jt$lt 

Sub*qMtly, Eg)/ptie lmy wilHcw nasl of ns reps trom y.md in t96? d,6ilr 

of k@h rggBi@ on dEir lbrEt&d. M@lnift, ES,Fid dG!|nE iim yffi tcd 

ro drr8.ro6 suriq v3:lM .d rhdefoc, sa@ cftd ro hit in tlE h!n

ln add{@ lo oEi dcl&y of Sovi.l sbhe !o Y.mn wrld al$ tave bn cxpced 

tu n{xt rcsj( and rdMb|e prosBive movoBirs h dE ob Wod{ .lFcirllr ot 

So!$ Ydn n which lBd &ilared rhc ind.Fide@ in t96?_ tt rs rh€ Sovi.t lid ro 

$..r, sii.h dEd. n !bl. lo .nd tcb.l's sic& itr irs f.hr tn r about *6q d.ys dly, 

in 1968. By Ui5 cl*, et tlE SovieLs evld lhcir int rcs$ in the egio.. 

. Soviet Relstions with North Yemen 1967-1990 

By th. ed ot 1960e, both lids of mnllict id Nor6 YemFn lh€ rcp|lbliclN ed 

oy!1i.6 uliz.d a nm of dcm @uld &hEw d€iJE vrcrdy o@r lnc od.r &vid 

@!oB h.d @t cn$lcd the Evolutio6i6 lo rin the u{ mr did they werc !bl. 10 

alr€ld $.n in[u€@ into otlDr a@ espt Fain ciriB. Roydisc on lhe otl'cr hdd lost 

nct of dEi polilic.l .rd dlih.y qrds dd ilE Bgioi.l oder s rct in Ocir fawr 

liler Saudi ai& &orde. Mo@vcr lo.g civil war encounsed modcrolc FMnd'lres on 

tbe both 3id6 to €ll upon tl'eir leadcu to rtop this w. As ! B l p.&e snlctu 6 

rig!€d b.rwn *Ming facrim in .,uly l9m in qhich n s .gred 10 lom rhe 

8ovsMflts in both p.rls. Slnu b@nc busy Bilh ils ow concchs. Citil Mr htd 

disletrd U* enric @ur ry's infistMro.c .nd rhc mw rcgim. hld b Ebuild tlB 

Diplon .y oa Y@.tr b-.@ mN prsmdc trd i6 @Em fcu on lhc pofti..l 

and emhic stlbility of thc coulry by foUowins nondignncni policy Forcien 

@|.!ons wei! .rFnd.d tlMrds many nalions in lhc capitalisl lnd @mmunist bl6s. 

Sadi Adbit i@pl'd dF nc* f&c and @gniz€d th. lepublim slstem h Ycmd 

and en y@B of wolu(m ortbrak Relltiotu silh UssR rcmainld no@l .lUtoqn 

S.@ r.srond diDlomdic rchlion $ln W6t Cemey dd olhc. *eslm ounms. 

tnd64 Mt'sw tiiol ro narc S..d chdgc lhis deision tiy anromcd il lel an$ could 

be allil.blc only froN tk5l Ccdna.y. l.hc d.ckion @tually ang!.cd MNo* beaue 

Ss@ 6 Oc fGt Third Wo.ld @unlry lo s*nch ils diplonElrc citli@ t*t lon Esl 

C.l'rtry 10 Wsr. Ahholgh th. nove eDoy.d MoMw but n @!ld no1 6te bi8 

sctiotu lgaiB| Nonh Y.men b.tsuse ii le$ed that S.ru nigil div€rr !o v$Gm blc

Holw( Soviei lid io Ycm.n &c6r.d dE to this deElopmc.t aid iclatots *itr 

.en Elbtan @uti6 .le d€.lii.d. orr llE 0$6 b!d. clri'E Fovd ,|w 

€Fcciiw.!d r.y n@h dm poFiu in Ymd b6!e E, wtcd l'rd to c@tEr 

mlry dcwloFMr Fojdts ld fte @unty *irhour osr. lr ir mrc*uthy 0Et sovi.t 

.rr.lnid n4D.d frm S.M [o A&i 6 cult of Soutt Y.|H's i.d.Fd.rE ir 1967 

fl'e rcgioe, whi.h .'rc !o iosr ii Ad.i. cholc ro follo* sdirltul docrriic ond, 

dslfG, il bdm ndE closc to Ml,$N dd otlEr CooDoin @unrri6 du ddEn 

ThN, Fnili@ of Yffi b..oG @litr !d bo{! ESiG F.cric€d difr.€m p.lacili 

S.M .Ml)3.* Fhrions rlfacd by thc lirsr rel.rionc wilh A&i. llc Sovirs wE 

6enE d lhal dEi. iile.Gr! wuld gruw witb tlE h€lp to tlE kftiJt rlginc itr Ad.r 

*nib S.nu sllacd to tc politiolly drinirg slo*ly t(Mr& lh. rigir Tky $v lhrr 

potcnrid Ousfer YAR to rdiel foEe in Oe Egrio had b6i sno0cnrd aor DrDy 

'l.$6 ?rib6' roL ir rle |Dliti@t tife in ttorr[ Ymn s |ft{r4 Do|niol rnd 

emnic mrchi.iiions of gludi ABbi. Ld to big .hne. in th. foreien !.licy of Srnu 

Th. IrLr bqsmc in n@ F*ing n .ds of tin ici.t $tFrt in ord.r ro &ccLrc 

Aftr omci.l Fttiiid of YGiE\ M(gw fo!.d djfRcorr ro prEE i6 o6jcdiv6 ir 

YAR b.6uF ofik inmh s{liniiy witt south Ydcn. Th. trc y.nen llgimd quickly 

f.ll into dE dtrgonis of rtE creMlirc .nd thc ndiet, f.d by Ad.n'3 rwtdiolr, 

rfrlrncoiExs .nd bordcr a(lcrs nouir.d ty .ahist{' fffi .8rifr 3o{rtt y.rna|. 

lme oa shich c.he lim YAR (critory. sovi.b, liGnrion tiEus.d ftr @nt.ining both 

Ih. Sovi.G sLd doM ilEir objeric in (h. tudr io d€rcto? s g@d 

t.|cbd.t rcLtG a €! D6ibL i. lhd. ci.ngld ciMrdlG; ro 

lry to Frrd. S.M rF( io nov. cl@r io rhe 16l (tr Chii.): to 

frcoung. Sood Ebrionr b.tvEn ihe Yem.nq a,t th. v.ry t*( ro k6D 

YAR 0emtory lim b.rng ur€

ln tlE sc uay SM'r liied to plq. lo|!l drrni.gErion of rc r.lario$ *i1h lh. 

Sovict Union. Yeneni Almed tor.d wft toin.d on evi€l *eqons by milihry advt r 

fom RNi. M()|grcr, Nnt Ycndi Ggift kept noml Eldions $nn 0.sovids in 

oder io prcwnl Sddi inteNcnlion 6 vell as agBrssion frem ellh Y€deni tules. 

M(se tri..l to follow @!16l policy load! bo|n F.B of Ymen dld didnl i ercR 

diFdy in thc mililary mrfonLtron sith 6ch otltr in 1969 lnd 1971. Aldouslt 

oppordon militanll d8liBt $uthan egine b@n.d lhcir !.ks fron nodhcm pqd, 

Mogw blm.d mr rlE YAR bur sodi Adlaa snd iL inFrillbl llly pols aor 

pohding intccYem.ni EladoN wiln .im of welding Folt siE ao@ ir soulh 

In th€ l6t moo$ of t970 YAR Cbaimrn of$€ rcplblie @ucil, Ahdd &ndm& 

.l.lryDi .nd his Princ Minister, tltyni w b Moscow o. om.ial visil au tcn &yi. 

'llE Soviet lc.d6hip proni*d thcm of @.onic aid tnilibry aid on long Efr rrl€ 

duing dis visn thcy 8pi $15 nillion of ob$l6ent wEfons. Y€tuf,i deleSlton 

supron€d Sovi.r Uniont slrrdjnS on My i$6 wi$od at6.kang imF.i.lGm or 

rc&don tores. T h€ Sovi.6lhcrforc, did nol pBis YAR lorci$ policy. Al Ois time. 

YdM g4oncn16 very slricl in p@lrcin8 noNl'gnnqt lotcig,l polict ard |tral 

i13 b6l to mke bdmed @lationshie wnn lll.imoofllnt slat6 of ttu Nrld 

Borh sid.s bld dncused qesrio6 of fu.0Er &vclopiis fri.ndlv rcl.rio6 ald 

c@F6iion in wioN sphec. Yem! lePcd R6ilns shnding of rilul fuinoaron 

on l!d@hin\ sisn, sld dis.@hcnt Shody alicr Ycmmi delc8ltion clurncd tiom 

M@ow' Soviet plrlidNn|3ry &kgatioh visilcd Smla olliciall! to $Engrh rcldions 

wnft Yeretr Sovict Union .*sd€d sv.t.l hudr€d $holsuhiF to Nonh Y€ncni 

3tuh ! Flo wish.d lo @mDl.tc their s(ulrc in {E di*Rilics of USSR' *h'oh 

enlEnced cdlual r€hhDs with Y.Nr In 1973, wr esllarcd bctNcn Arnb and lsacl 

Sorid Union tFn d AEb si.lc hoping $!r its cpurarion will itE4 eong ilE 

Anbi Ycmo hld.ppois.d Soticl's lttitude in ine wr, which poved a e@d ftend 1o

In {r follovins}@r. ltw Lr&Ehip 6nE to po$/!r in S.ru lvo.coq 9ffi.d duc ro 

lhc* chlngd bduic n fcar.d thtt rh! w FgiDG midl b. ma d@ to Srudi Anbie 

TIE lrtr.r h.lJjBr sigrcddefcsedeqfi c.gr!cl@r vith dr Unircd Sbrc! fo. ttE 

F|Dce of Fd.crim, A! |*ri@ to dar thc Sdicr F@ircd A&r of hoc 'm dd 

Jornt cdnrt(4 {erc coGtilut.d ro di$6 mun{t ooop!.rt@. tn rhe fi.iriinE. Nodh 

Sourh Ycn'cni El.lid!. loirlt &tdimEd s bottr sid6 c,ro@acd orF.ilio of 

..ch othr tnd .ls th.y ent.rcd in diEr hititary @'rfont rion. Ttr. sovieb didr'r 

iNolre in fls. cl.J|ca .rd tticd to n di.rc bciwn rtE y.mcds th@ in tlEii 

opinin lhc .dflid $nd fi. imFnatht posrn .id ted 10 qsrri.s of FogcaiE 

nt|io6 in rhc Egion. M()gq .gEed b !t North ymn .iq,hrE tidlc|! ti*e Mrc-2 ts 

bul lhe Lll.r b@uF of big F*uB fon S!!di A6bi, .rd Ami€ .|E .d rhd 

&51. Sn.u B i. ned of Mionic sisi!@ 0Id ttul coutd ml, itid fom Srudi 

Anlii ud o(hs sr 6 in 0E Cot[ tftfttorq ir cdErd it5 Fhiffi wnn Mdcow md 

olh.r id$ in $e connunisr btoc. 

The niliary cofrdrlt'on b.it{m mnh and suth yeh.n endcd rner shorr time 

lFrre of toeign mlda.nm It l@ rcgiG deaded @ GUnr€ |lE ounr.y lnd 

i.goti.rim stddcd to &tls rii3 p{rp@. sosicr udd wtcorrqr th8 deisiotr fo. rbe 

firlt tin. nopirg ir *itl lEtp . progrssiw syst n in rh. u,ircd yfi.i. 

I. @i*qu.M, Sovicr ctatioft wilh Nodh yenEn dcr.ri@r.d h w nerio.cd lhat 

lh. rch&6 b.lGtt tlE tE sid6 |qrincd fq fl.try ,ar! iodrg! fa r|. Dhrion 

h.$sn slt lnd Nortt y@€n, tn rtE iqnrift, FBideil d-tt hdi!.dhqisn for 

lh. lhily oith i'e @rm@fir Egime of A.kn d€cEred s w . tn nc{u'||itc &rdi 

i.tl@nc. ii rlt Rcd 36 iilD*d .Id thd b.g.i ro detim I s .nnb &rc- thm 

ehich rll focign torc€ sft@td tr c&tudcd. CoE qenrty,ltE Sovi€c bc.ft wnicd 

rbolt tlFir pocind in dE .ir. t|leK, $.y r6poid.d qli.dy to 0ri! emtu.c 

|.rylly becaM tll€y h.d m ctT{rir innlre th@, lac{Dg .@6s ro !r_H!mdi.s

Tlt? c.ss.lio of6ck.id posm to S,N *!uld bdnE Egad!. 6uh in.rooomic 

Gnn!, .nd nosl nF)rlrn rh.ir tlgio.at !lli8 in Aden wc swilling ro pur pr€surc on 

Sa@ $ lhjs nighl leve n { .ajy victin lo clem powu {nd .6rioert Amb 

Egirc. Mdwhil.. M(ew trixi to k€t ils datioN srrh S@ 6 eood 6 bctirc o 

sen( mrlibry mi$on, whici e.vc sub66.ti!l aid ro mdh Yensni snNrl forces. tiut the 

p@Cr* 6 lisi&d f6 al-lt ndi tlw lE @dd @t.flqd to lrlaeoni4 tl'e $udt on 

tlE suit ofthc Rcd Se 6d *ar m.Ely cns.sed in tt laditi@lsrne otpl.rinso(f 

Oe suilors, trying to foc Waslirglon ed Riyadtr's rttcdrion. Sovicr Union d6j&d to 

kep iIs p@M Br lh. Rer Se bt ey ns Thsefoc, it onaed hu8. ai& !o Ooe 

3r'16 on rhc Ed ofAariq lile somlia.nd Erh@paa. Bu unfonuorcly .iir Lv ys 

lbe wr cropbd bcrwen Somsli. ad Ethioptu qnd lnc Soviels ch@se 10 spF)n th. 

bfter .d lna dEy loel den rklr€grc pcnio i. Somslis. 

Yencni conern i, Red Ss .l$ inc@d duing lhis line .sp.irqll, wh.n ( ew 

lstul'r inflEM .p|ad in lL rcgih. Tla l.t6 6t blbhcd mjlt.ry bcs in ene 

nkds gcding pdtrission fod Elniopi! A rh€ me (mc Ymen enlered in ! conflict 

wnh E$iopi! owr oeneGnip ol $he of ll* lted Ss hlo!& ald atql Soviel Union! 

n di.li@ i. tnis disp!L s $. htler had go.d €larioos with Etltopio Egrc 

for fte Soviet, rhe dst5 in getb.g intollrd *ith bolh si.ks in lh. dispule on 

tlr ltoo of Africa ve srq! but tlE p.ad 6 96l l@r So'.1 peE o. 

bolh si&s of t|te Bab .LMendet {d on the shom ot tlE lndian Ocdt 

sdjaceit ro lhe oil shipp'ng roules fiom lhe Persidn Culf, *ilh lhc altendht 

F€is@ rhd thar pre*ne eould pur on Egypq srudi Anb6 .nd lh€ olhcr 

oil etdes. rrd th. oil oa@ing @@Iri6. (7) 

In ordq to block hr&li advNce lowds $llhen g!1€ of {E R€d s€!. N-Yend 

invnd !I ttE R.d S@ @oLi6 to at&id s @nliHr tlbur $e surty oathe s tbe 

onfstM 6 held in !977.t l.iz in ln{ Nsrh Ydcn bul fe* i{l.s lndicipllq.l in il 

6 Som.liq S!&n and bolll prns of Y.men *no @lled 1o mainlain th€ sblilit in the 

Egion. M(Mw iRli@tly supponcd lnE n$lins s'hile Amcra@.d iG alliql o996.d

Il Ms $. &3irc of F6i&nr rt-Hamdi ro .mrgc this 6nt E@ ir d*i b tldE 

S.udi Fesorcs oi ni! go6n.nt !d lo fottow.n iid.Fdcit policy. In ihc se yd 

dillog@ @ tlE bity of Yqncn B @m.d b.t*rd| rtE rm yd6u prtsi&rl ,t, 

llahdi d@i(H to ltEiBn wit of rlE c.rtnt gol@n.ni d.r ! icritori.s a

Hdd s s[acgic 8p3] Ms lo kcep fi. doo. olen with Mccow and dsn rin son 

emblarc ol tlE 0.ditioMl bdaM of Yoneni forcign policl. ln d.llnioa hc l|oFd thd 

continued mililary o.dinaton wit[ Sovi.r Union shoutl mvif,c. UE larkt |o p{s6 

Ad.n to Ede its hoilil. Flicy rossrd hir Ggio. dd slop als sufiln to Nonh Ych.ni 

milir&ts. tL wtsi !o e dE dtry lir @ping wi$ @n'itucd hb6l t|ct in 0E 

nonhd so'llis Oltr sN@dcd, s tlq did m'l suppon drc rc&llnnragand him lry 

e @y conoander, Aft€r $oul cl.vq oonttu in Fwr al4ahmi wa agsimt d on 

J@ 24,197E by qrrenisl felid in Aden who el D cNoy lo mel nin *ho tried 

bomb id hh bgs wnich explod€d whcn |he two m€t. In the se y.ar pBid€nt ofsoutl' 

Y@o *r! de tillcd !d th. cxtarisl @mhuis|s r@t @rer 

an A&n sift lhe cull 

thtl lenrion eappelld qith Nonh Ycmen. The Soviel did.'l involre didtly n thee 

cvenb thouUh il5 erh bcneliur lh€n. 

ln rtlc orisis rh!,r fouowed MoMw hn no doubt lhat il wlld s@rific. ils 

rel.tioBhip with Sa@ lo ils g@€r nn dl In Ad.b ll cupponed 

ulBtditioMUt tlE $uth Yd.ni wrsion of tbe C6q l.id th. bl.o. for 

ldllinsr fimV !l th. &.r of rhc Saldir md rhc inFrialisl!, shrilly esing 

th€n of plrnning ro sfllck the !DRY, ed bn $. inple3.ioi $.t n rculd 

6m. !o Sodh Y.men s NirllM ifd.l hapFEd, Uolwcr, $e Sovi.b did 

not so oul of 0En Ry Lo ui.soniz lhe Nonh Ycrenis: rt m t'm., e.n 

du.ing Sd4's btucr thrc.Ls 1o'puiisll Lh. A.,en rcsnnc, did tlt{ Sovrcls 

qidcie lhe YA(, When $c ls sides ltrd.d occusario$ of lr@06 nassing 

on th. bor&i, Mos.@ @pt€d Aden! reBion, brr .gAin lAid llE bhnc on 

Ssrdi Adia fr tryiis lo Fovoie ! Ndth Yem.ni .lEl, .!rl ureed S.@ 

to slrlc iE dillcrsG *ith A,La p@@fully". (8) 

Y.neni EtadoN *ilh Soriet Unioq ho*v.r, got t srb4k duing E li6t )@ ot 

PBidetn Ali AMdl.h S.lih @mirg lo F*.. Ite ld1cr li^tly @@ or.d hir efons 

lo surc his Dositidr iBid€ Ydcn. He lbund srot chaUenge liom mnlE n bnisl 

opFuilio 0d loud 8lxd suppo.l in Ader dd b.84 genill! M .gDNt !,,e lidq 

thc na'N of Nalion.l Dcmcdlic lrcnl (NDF) 1t3 position t'o@trlcs very slrong ev.n 

idid. l[. nning sirlist Frty in soull Y@.L ln thtl cntid sn@ion S.@ Ewr 

dn@dy bl.trEd M@ow fq agAnv.ling rh. cBio with Aden's rcgine.

lnd..4 th. solick EG *orrins.g.iBr db y R ..gnn . if onty lhdgh dEi..6 

tsnior milit.ry dd pliri€l Elalioship vith rhe qll.mist ta&$hip in Ad.n \riich Ms 

iftBingly rsisting th. NOF. S.lib bcse de qllcl *itt Sudi Anbh.d UniLd 

Srar6 fd g.rins sms, stich @td,bh hin to fiaht NDF hnil! $ who @fu y 

c.ptEld nmbtr ot tcnirtri.s of North y.mco. In rddjrion 1o otr( lE eughl Mosw,i 

lElp to E 'G dltrc in A.bn fq sdi,E rtE fMt 6 -ftqrE. 

TIE Sovick sL.t d nedi.lio |'ffi tE$d lhc lwo y.nhi ceimc! tut *id,r{r 

.lt6t $ &n mral $ar satitt Ms nl scriou in otEning good Et.rft,ns wirtr rt. 

@mdu*r coula€l' Wilh lh. h.lp of $udi A..bi! and Unir.d 3r 6. he t.urctdd 

nMg da..t retitut tlE t6irioN of NDF e {E bor&r *it sdh yan6. 

Coneq!€nrly. lar .ruBcd in t979 bd96 rhe !!! Ilris of ymcn i. *,tict stiem 

.mt gol dSniliq,n ,6 Mosooe .id A6b k gE Fsuriud to(ft yon6 ro sro! 

ihc w.Itr rhre! miilK The wr Fov.d ih.r Sout .tmor .my $i! the srongBt 

orc in fi. 46bie ftninrutr 

Pr6id.nt Salih .lknoet.dg.d rhll S!!di AElrir ,tMys pB.nr dtr.ct @mrcr wid, 

ll|.ric.. tlEaf@, th. t.lts nighr lnl girc hin .nough sr.Fiu, wriorr thc Srudis 

app@vrl. In this E8t4 ih. hr nEd. him no6 coftitisio., rourds USSR, and 

bcri.dly with A&^ ttc.grlcd io oF! di@r t t* ,idr r|E NDF ta.tcrs lrd,.sri.d 

mon ot Eir d.trh^& hoFlg ro r€roE Fle owrr. rcntHn oib6 dd th. tsthi3lr 

ott'.rsd ||'c lgreemnl ber@n dE solehns lid NDF ta&Rhip !,ld 0E oi,licl 

M&n. .Cor${Hdy, $tih sc.t nitirary misiotr to Moscry wrE y io di*lrs 

n3!h ion of ans.lppty io htu @ontry. l.ie movc h.d th. supl[n of med fd$, 

*ni.h lw nor anh6i.*ic ro clEngc rlEir rditidj Soqq €tm ,n tn rinr 

[aoso* Bpod€d gmrcty ro S.M.! .qEt ud r hrye qun,iy of Rusiri .nns 

rlong widr niliiary dviros to Ssa w.rt t700 bilion oo bc 6&.ded,E !s t@8rqn 

l@! irs r{.t'nat d a!!, iNt. rElns. Mos, t!9l mmt lltrtiffi wiri S!r!r bui 

wi|holt lfa@ting iis pGition in Soud ydcn. On rlF orhq hand, thc d.rt .ppared to bc 

bi8 3ct6.l to NDF ltxt ir! sFlDnq icidc leirtir F.ny in Ad.n.

No doubl by $is suc@ss, Selin hit n{o bi.di by orc sion . He mint io.d hls @ulryt 

Fu!8|iry in lhc foreign policy dnd fced himsll fion Saudi Folih@l F6uE, lrd 

srisnglhcGl his rchrbn b boft @nenrri$ |rihe of rhc mnk6 rE4 gnd c@nukr 

opporenl' tu Nul SIru folloacd ! bal.(rd loreig! r'olicy, which wa ldopcd sirce 

rh. ri3ioa of .a*-Kt conllid !n r Wodd Wa ll. t lad lar.d thr. SlB cfu!.d io 

join uy nililrry !lli$@ tbnugnout lhe y@ of${rll!d "@ld wa'. Sl@ followed r 

b.htrd foEigr Flicy 

with tlE bolh sp€rpo$@ Fo. iN(t@, Nonn Y.m.n did not 

cdxtsn Sovicl invrio of Afgh.trirla in lhc uni&d Ntlim *hil. in th. Isloic 

@rfercn@ h.ld a( Isldrrbrd, lh. d.legahon done tlEL 

Ar lhe end ofMd.h 1961, Nonh Ycnoi delesdion mvclel lo Moory io colebEre 

with tte Soviets o! tb. o6ion of rcre*ed Sovid-Y.Fe ni Fnd&hip Tcaty, siglEd in 

196l ed b ioticn l@hni.iar help aor whins ltbd oil. Mo3.d hod infotned lte 

dctegriron il willingcs (o elpand rilildry .nd polilicF@nomio rclo1'o6hrp nlo a 

bud be oith Sona Si@ rlu Bulshearc Rcwlution iD RNi4 d. Soviels @nsd€r.d 

Ydo s r vdy yilll to rh.ir antccL iu dE Egio.. Ilry ee@ inleestcd ro krcw wh.l 

happes in .nd eud il pith cgsrd to lhe egional ds.lopDent! dd polnid .hrngcs 

Soviet'Nodn Y.mcnj Ehion (hcn b.go lo €xpar Pith (h. dispdch ofd 

@nohic del€gilior for llF S.ptonh€r 26 dE o'sive*dy and wnh a *.m 

tet gm fm BN.tr.v.IIE &lcAaon ti8!€d s olrcfieni gruliry ! IIt 

nilid l@ for *rr.r @ut6 Foj4l! (lhc tiBr Sovicl dcv.lopMr 16 to 

rbc YAR for lhre y4 !r4 nFirleoElly, Oa only mw sovict lid mj!.d 

lo Middle Ea. sunlries in l98l)". (9) 

By tbe €nd of t 981, Prsitteni Sdih visit€d M(Mw t ying to Etlr. rcnsior wilh edh 

Y.m.n and to disc63 wnn Kenlis abool r@nv ilsG In addnioi |te hoFd thtt 

Mogw t@ld ircree 6@mic aid to [i3 8p€Irenr &d g'!e Elica lo his @uilry 

tom rc@ynent of debre. During this lisit, M(Mw tgt4d lo provide further Dililary 

sd@mnic asist M to Y€nei rid in $e nenlmc.lMll€d 1262 million old &tls 

S{lin M @iv€d q.mly in Mosw, $ticn cnhaft€d his moBI posilion dd itud*d 

hir $.tu in the &!! world dd !1 hooe s wcll. ar a Gull of$is thit Ad.n stopped 

3lpporrins NDF nilii.nG who lgcd lo coft lo regod.rion r.bl. wilt thc Ggl@ or

56!!r srd dEi Brioirl Ecoftitit|i@ su..c.dcd sincc NDF, l.!d€s join d rh. 

Sovcmh€nt al sard. In addition !o rh't nm.liiy r!tunEl to rtE Et. m of nonh s,rd 

surh Yc|m iiE $. tG rtid t9S2 .!d bit.Ert dirtogE im€d fd Biht ofui&. 

Mutul ot cr t le6.S.E ,nd MlBw drinu.d lid bort ,rd6 @i$d d.h 

olhcrt d.Lglrion rsutsv Whn Rserh pGi&nt B!:rt n.v dicd id t9E3, S{tih 

rll.l|(lcd hk fuicnt @Enut. TIE Sovicc ,ftdir Fdscd rtE y R,! foEigr poticy oi 

diffcmt (@!im. Rowq, Nodh y.ftni Et.rions wi{r Sofilt Unid Efi.iicd st bh 

inth. followirg ta ritt fi. disiit gr.lion ofUSSR ir t9S9, rtidi tcd lo hinadd of 

II. South Yemcni relrtions with Sovlet Union 

. Begitrnitrg ofContact 

By lh€ b.8iidry of t967, 0ritish Cov.mrefi &.ded ro eithdnw fron South 

Ymen lid tllr cran d poli(k t and jbalcgi. woum in Solth Asbi.. nE ourry tk$ 

d@ ro dE Clta Ggio, *tidr contdn don of d. hrtd €ldre of oit. Mor.oq it 

onrbrr ft. m.in gll. of lhc R.{t S@ .d.i.@nr ro v,Er wBr.fi s tirB of 

@In6|€re, wni.h 8o ro SrE Ad (ud kEi),nd EutuF. rt i3 ot$ 6!o@bty 

wll pL.ed ro ffii3r Fajecrion of pomr iIlo th€ om of fric!. rhc Ret sa, dd tc 

Pdditr Cnlf WiO (|i i,,&Fddc. ofsooth yor|cA and 168 sttussrc by rt|. Fopt 

or Yon.n, FogBsiv. bnids @piorcd F,wr ir Adei s.tnci wc @nrdel€d big rhc{l 

ro ft imFn.lisn, ai lh. ftw sr!t. tutd phy .mftt hbt. rot i, 3FEsdirg mdoEl 

libcotion id..s lo orkr Fns oaArlbia 

TI|. Sovi.t inD.dilrlly eosnizcd fic iid.r,cidcM o, soidh yenEn undd rhe 

ianc ofPcopl6 R.Flbti! ors.ldh y.mo (pRSy). $oeicr d.bsilioi ,riv.d lo Aden ro 

$t up diplodutic mision Dd dir6s .id p6ibititi*, Sovi.r sparo$h *i! simDtv 

etuouEgdt by ttE chlofic e@m,. .nd Ftrrst sinIrion ,n t|i |n ""a, * "**

ofilc Sre C.n!l kd io r drcpFd in ft€ iunbd of sniF Nins feilitid ofA&tr pol! 

ard tllc dcF.lorc ot!'c UdGh flilibry, ddlt . s.wre blow lo Adai s .@nory. 

ln r4litio'\ tsridsh subsidiG hrd .@ui|l.d for 60 F@ olrl.E &f@t Fdjedrid s 

budget, and when tnc Brnhn Bovcrnnor abrupdy.dn*lled tu ptonissl ompeNlion 

Ddymut ir 1968, lh. PRSY w in Ery dic sr.ns. A br@

lhc Sdi.b cqsi(k d tll. Ew ryinc ji Ad.n.! quickty r "tMs@is dcMntl 

FiBt FBi|. of s@O y.t@ eit ,on d_Sldbi loon

A Ek ldcr the Bdio br@deit a shon codmnl Egalding it€ @nflict in eu$ 

Ydn6 betwen dE two ftclions in N!, hoping rh. mn{apirslisr pa$" lril siltisl 

c.hp s s6.* dd rlfl NF i8sfomcd into r "pioEring sialisl pdly" in $€ ceio.. 

Thc @nflix M i.{cmified a mod€nr omc6 in thc sllh Y.m.ni army, eho erc 

loyrl1') peid.nl Qahtdn oppos.d the bnist s tuif.slo ud adetqt fteir opponc.c. 

Horffi, alslEabi dilsided hi@lf fion this &lioi by clqing lh@ tnougn hlcr 

h! @d th. confed si(@lion to cxclud. thc lcltk fom ldding posnions in rhe pany 

.nd gormmot. TIE rcnsim cgbtol in A&n arxl fored rlr Fbd. lo k ve dE cny 

rnd lbe cou(ry a a wholc (o the icr ghboriig .outi ca wherc lhey foud.d ot{sition 

EouF aglin! Ihe Egime ofAdq In r rrctiql 3|.p !!e krust |gd4R callei for dialog@ 

ejlh .l-Sh!.bi's cgirc $,t;ch rtuded $on to tl'e @radoE of rDwt .nd ejoin rhc 

gpwfMst bur rh€ir sim v6 b ftpl.e ln. pBi&ni. 

Thc, the l.nists bcgan to €nlorce tnen id.ological and poliri@l prog6h, on th. 

inchrl .nd.xcnul l.vels. Tlcy puslEd $. @ulry d@ 1o lie USSR- . di@tion to 

wnich tltey 9* pi€dispo6.d ii &y c&. Tlc Soviets rcsponded lciv.ly in @!F.ae. 

to lh. pr€viou Fdod wheo it €cfully mtcM the cvenc ii Adq. h Ju., 1968 

Mo$w laufthn oniorllr ic nrlitlry elstid e'rh $ulil Y@en by siing Evy flel 

ro Adtr d a triendlhip visn and to provc $at thc cgim in Adcn is powrfil !trd 

poGltial .lly. h rn ns i@ lirst dilillry asista *a e.t io Ad.n inch&d MIGl7s, 

air-tosf@ @teB, eli{i@n CN, poi.ble ddd equipmc.t, dnutilloq td 

spe pdds elong with 50 mrlitary advi$4. 

ln Dec€nbff ofth. we y€!r, Ader r€@ilcd ldg€ mililary dclcgarion, which sl4yed 

aor rhre Bckr ud di$os*d bil.col c@Dearion in etronic pLnn'n& 8@logrql 

qplor.rih, rd det.loping neEh&t nwirc 6nd lishing indBtry. ARer shql tine. lhc 

Sovieb ordcred {:v€ of tlEir rl*r ships in $. lndian Ocs 10 go lo Aden snd dLr shon 

rift a cilw rroF otri.d in dF city- An . slpplying $ulh Y.trm wnh 3ub6knlitl 

q4ntiti6 or light wapons, 1hc Sovi€r Union, @dei d ag@rcnt @Fluded in th€ $dc 

y.ar, *nt a mision lo ft Republic lo tdin its rc*ly lurEd.my. M(Mw rg'@d lo 

oolructon oltlam ud inr8aron eMli rEining ol hhni(ians

Soddr Yddi F€i(|.nr wnr lo Mdcoy md, s oflici.t visir in rh. tsr ndd! of 

1968, Th. Sovi.r go@nffi! and h.dis glE hb vbi( wlt Dobticiry ud fil @caiio, 

.l6oueh 0F] tlw dd he w ttt fonEt tad, of6. rutine NF in sdt y.rh Soutn 

Ycncni d.Lgltion sdconted th. Sovict's .uppon lo l.ir @unlry ,n dircBr 6ctd! md 

Fniculdly its sr.usgl. for tib.ons. rid..4 rhcrc tw looe dircEncs bds,e.tr 

F6i& Qnb' .t,Shdbi rd Soqid U.id 06 his rwig|| poticy. Moeow tEd nol 

approkd hh {&nF0 b.&tudc fie NF s tcfiist hcrion fton porc. t ws udrlgy ar 

hn mwillirgB ro hrat cb 6 virh Wshingroi .nd Wd Cdmoy q ro dhbtirtl 

.lhioN oi{r Esr Ccnnany. ll.Shubi @utdn.t am Mosw ! sup?on !o his cahFign 

rgaiBr 4higa fqe, which t.uNhed miti|l,y lfict3 ,grrn Sodh yand nm 0E 

sludi l&d rnd atso fritcd h rBlad. M(M* ro irr.i-c nnrEiat dd lo aic Oe 

cripplitre b!ftlei of hh gMm€ht. 

NeErdElass, sovi.r's Fojc.6 rer. mr alldred by $E Ftiricd llitudc s lhw 

cqltlnucd turning itri8atio Ftrgtrm lnd fttPrie.. tI.dd,rid Fy ns.ncd shd|_u; 

turo toftoaltEr in Adh,4d g.w hetrh lnd cd@tion aacilirks. ard impb@€nr of 

h.6od of dq'r porr An l8rMefl us signed bci@i hoth th. @!nld6 ro b.gin 

@llt fligh6 b.t*en Mo6.ow .rd Add llE cutrunt E|lrrcn! de inFltd ud Ld 

ro rceprrS $wnt huidE& ych.ni sru.t nb ii nriy univ.Biiic, of USSR. Ir fudhcr 

Fovid€d rh|l Sovier r.sanch wrs.t sttcn ftlrd n lc Fnodro visiA ,d rhr $icnriij 

ron both counrnG nrL cmFch!.sirc etudy ofdE cutr.nd Arkn,s.djec mr.R. 

TIE!€ !g@n.n6 ci@u6g€d 0|c Sovi.6 |o e UE fr.it,t6 or Ad€. pon fety .rd 

l*c Ah E ddl to dcEt g rhc ,fthotrg. o|I S@r! &rs,n, which b@rc [E 

Sovier ial s mrir Indian ft.{i fa.itiry_ 

TIE c@flicr in A&r h.d disn .gain hko rk t.rd.R or Nt,tj. Th€ 6utr w lt.r, 

d-Shalbi! fErior t6t i6 tading pGiriN in f.h of tl,. *rwin M.qin &drd of 

A&tol-Ftn,r Im.it. nr FBid.,n Bs foMd ro BigI in Jm | 969 ltEr l|ctFd {E t fi.r 

taclim to rcsumc po$rr, ItMvc( rhe F.ridcndd polt M oud conr.ot of ! ffvsrn n 

F6deitj.l @rFit an ord.r tD iic@ rhc F.tiiFlior or rt 6ig tdritdi! .d rtr. 

rribe in dF decision baking. The audt cte.tcd Srtah Rubd Ari * ch!i.mm.

. South Yeoer-Soviet Union RelrtioN After 1969 

Llnisr cGpi6r6 likEd ro clll dEir @ur $ . @nEtit. mEmcdl". lltisw 

.rcfully @lcme.l lhi! cn&ge a.d iinle a(tention Ms !.id lo South Y.h.n in th. 

Sovict m€di& M@! inE E w gomn d.clsRd dEl ils doEiic polEy wdd 

rcly on the 'mas, &d ro contin@ support national lib€r{ion no!.msri and 

sbcnglho iG clalion *ith I[e sialisl 6mp CoN€q*ndy. lhe n.w led€ahip ofPRSY 

brek Glario$ *ifi rlE Unit d Sllcs and W6t Cetunt in O.tobcr On th. oind hdd 

ir $lablishql roining cmp6 fo.ltl$tinian gucriua lighen stEi.lly lhe lsliisl groups 

ln thc $ft y@, rhc rcgh. BtioMliz.d l.oeign b.nks, insllllm @nFJies, od 

rBding fims Od eaeucd th€ Bnb of @rucMtive Anbs dd rhe Capitdtt Wst. A 

niliria foe w gtblished of.lout 150.000 FMN, which w o.g&i4d in uy 

3imilor ro si.li$ ornriq 

lid64 th. polidc.l ct 4p in Soulh Y.M c.fu in tu@r of sovact Unio[ dDrgh n 

did rcr inrenm in rlF conflict insilh NF. ltoMrer, Th. Soliels did nol giw quick.id! 

1o thal poor .@|ty, .itn r n.|!d.l or vcrh!|, b6@ of @ntined p(litiel nd 

Qolmic ii{di|ny lnrrc. TIEy .,gued $!t id@loSical ituircc of ihe Fdiqls of NF 

mrld lod to politi.at cotls!6. o. cononac bankrupr.y. ltrd rclbrms had h!(lly b.en 

isDl.ndicd; lir nib.l syslen c alrll inl&1, and rhc aib6 had in 's sy b..n 

irco$ootcd into lhe w poliiical odcr 

A&tr lbd losr dcthi.d of its lolulallon and ehe beli.ved lh.t dF ew e@mic 

policics wdd &stoy ehql q lcll of iis mclem eorenic $ctoB. The omcd @rp3 of 

tlE .my lEtl htn o$oughly purgcd Alrhrgh n M! lebablt lnlcr pohic.l ontol 

bot ex!.nsile tainins would bc nc(sary lrelorc i( bNdfte an ctletivc lbrce in ftc 

aBi@. FullEturq iB absrfliw @F.ny rc nill vcry lanrlcd M(ew dly hdrc 

a€.r.d tbar ro n@h &1ivi1y in fi. PRSY @uld doe th. Uf,itd Sta16. M@rimq 

Sovid leld.s *r€ wtching eilh g€ar @nc.m tlE sf of .tttnion bel@n Eeypt 8nd 

Is[ *nich migl,! h.w inflEnccd rtdr ro.wid big itvoltf,.nt in Mlhd Flertid

Mq! irpon! f&tir for Mo.cow\ r.tErarr ro incag dF.id Fogm dcrmh.d 

th. aet tilt Sodh Y.mni Egihc stilt not sy iNr.bt., dclpie tc $qtmss of rh. 

turry !d lts gwi.g Egr'@t ishlid. sir chin &Et6p.d sig feir Dr*@ ir 

rhc PRSY ud hod strotrg M@isr f.ctioni in Ad.n, Mose Deaf,c wn.d for thsl 

f.ctlr.d irt irhF.t ov4 tE inflE@ in Soutl Arbi.. Fm Ad.4 CtdE .id.d lt|c 

r.bcllion of t)h.f.n! in rhe Gi&horiig oin.i, W|lnc pr.side satim Ruhai hrd 

embldcd @ . @!R€, which F@ok€d Moscoq. 

On Aue|tlr t',, h udvcd in ChiM fq. rwGt, visn.!|d rct thc rop kat rshio of 

rb. coumry. *hrch had nor h.pJqEd ir M{Mw Duing dh. \rrq tn. chilK 

eov€ftrgrt Irantcd souo y.n8 lotrg{crh i,,leBl fE loB rot ftng t4l mittio for 

wriB .gdclltoEt proj6cc, a l.xrit ferory and rBd-aoitdang ro tint .!3ch ..d 

w.{.rn tdiro.ics ot lhc 6ulrJ. An .g|!emdr w .te r*hed on tjE rrrovisiq of 

Cltre Epo't3 !d t.i.iig aor tn. Sonh y.nh n iri., *t .h Dy hrE 6hEd 

{E Sovicl bccle n ftEbi€d ro b@t their nonoooty m ,ms suppry lo y.mm. 

Mlfu &tobltedgcd rhll R,rtri betd8.d ro Mt r .F enc lhlt nbdc him huch 

@Eful .grinsi Russian conmunkm jd Flteftd lh. Cftine$ h(tel_ 

lncrc.&d c.sid on dE USSR-ChiE rctalions night h!rc g,ven [ro!@w Fu. wk! 

.6il'icg irs Ehi6 will d€ w omrry. ttr dd,ri6, M(|$N app..r.d rl 

rlcognle $. potiiiw ed n.g.liw sp€cls of gollh yd. Jh{tio ard lat r B 

drFlLd t iicEs! ik !i.l FoSrn b A&, B, l||. bcgitrr,,tg of t970, So,xh ycn .i 

rclalios-wilh Sovict Unrbn inprovld. Cm0eoiio. bdwn rh. iwo cruiniB dcwlopcd 

&d in rlE shc yw th.y @r,ctud€d ! mjd cuttud dd |cthic.t !gFrEr&. TtE 

Sovicc dr.btisn!.d a ildc hisi.n ii A&n,.rpdring nacbiG ed equipreni lo S.u{l 

Y.mn,.rd ihFning.gicdtuol Fbduct' On J{ F.t@ry trr0, E rN courtii.s 

sg|Ht a .conoDi. Btbn€ .grend .wDcni.d by r Sovi.r t@ of 7 miltio. 

tub16. On AFil I, NLF O.rErt Se.Gi.ry n.dc .n otricirt viiil lo !E USSR .td Fbv.d 

hi@14.. Moe@w's hr. in Ad.n, Soon ,ftdwdq Mo!.ow (!!rFt b.

ln tt. slne ye!r, folloving l,lle d.Ld@don of Glations bet*een Sorth Ycm€n ard 

Slrdi Ar.lt4 dE USSR slFflicd Ahn sirft milibry quipnen( io witlu|nd |' .6t'd 

cl6b oith lbe Sdudi 6yr n4lc- l?!, hcli@picr, t! iodrdill!ry.O!30thJuly,aNLl' 

dcLg.tion vinEd MlMw in onLr io {r6gth p.ny-bp.nt Elarioa wnh rtu 

Com@bi Pety. A&n 6toqd nuc sgr.riln rcroms, lite lihiLd priv.L ow$nip 

of laad .d @uoged lom.ti6 of .griculrunl @FEriv6 snd cdtcd $rr. .nd 

.ole{tirc &mr simild to th.r in Rsia A nry @Blitutior s alm€d b.td oo rlt 

Fimipl.3 of ei.trrilic wrdism, snich coM 6Ed on esioblhhrent of S@iet{tyl€ 

F lim..( ln a d|@nc acp,0E NLr tE|4.d sdnb YcD6 0F Popl.'s Ds|rlMlic 

Rcpublic ol Y.mcn (PDRY) 

ThG South YerEri Fgin ma& big che86 in th€ s@icty s slrNlde eilhout notgh 

srdy !o irs .rer5. thftfot , tne Sovi.a $.nwlv6 w€ie @nfound.rl be.e tlEy *e 

t9N of tt b@kMdlK of $uth Yemn. N€wlheles, RGir @nhnu.

On 22nd Junc 1971, a Sovi.t dctcSrtjon hddcd by rh. mini.rd ot fistEri., miwd in 

Ad.a follo$ed by .mth.r oE !d.r i.enior hiniscr tloF€r. TtE Sovi.ts 

int ll6lub igro.ed @mptcr.ty south y.nd pcicNiots to $icirific sirlis ud 

ooinr.d olr rhlt tlE @drdtin Fdr rr t @mpt x FtEs eilh 3t 96.outd mr b. 

skipFd In a @nmenr to A.t ni! slrong r.fmq thcy e.id th.r priv{c edd borh 

don ric rd fdlisr 3ltuld bc ii'dv.d in d.Eto(,tunt .rxt dly gr.t6[y btustr 

!i&r s1!re @ntrot, Bur ureerl n|rjonltirl|ion of th. &ne3ric |m& @dd hdw e 

dvre .f.ct on mm.l .ffiic tife 

M(uwFbliclt supFoncdAd.n.sFo3Bo bor tri.dtonodolt rtE drhirrat of 

rourh Yoneni lod.Bhtp ltds!!.r, dspirc S@iei,! llsMlio|N nboot NLF,g poticica it 

mdc tlE ahnil're|l ro hdp to F.s.ft rlF Egitr. itr Ad.n .rd io mp.€ siifi 0E 

Chin6e for inflFEc. O.26 S.ptesh.r t97t, South y.fidr trimc Miniltd nEde m 

olIFi.l visit lo Moloe. 'IIER, oi Zn Ocbb.., tE ,ig@ r |w ,effiqr rdr rh. 

.|cleloth@t of cdodic .nd potitidt @olthrlq. Th. Sovr.r e6nr.d Solnfi ycm.n a 

l@n fd tlr d.Etol'El of rh. tirhitrs @ror and l,orhs. of siiF wirh rcfrigdrion 

tciliti.& TtEy ds unden@k rhc inFo*nc,n ofrgicutrur.t .@ lnd Gttbtilhnetn of 

r Fofetimt hining ifttihtr. for $is Frp6. FiE[y, ltcy erlncd Ad., funh.r 

niltllry Bistsr@ .long with I j0 crErtc 

Mutual Flariom b€$6 M@ow lnd /ldcn cihr,ed Dy 0E y@r t9?2 lrd at Utc 

nnt. tne eiur PctirB rko Oi {t odE tEd, th.E *r! ! di3liict cdting bdftcl, 

MNot 0nd Chim ftar w! tu3cd by tt. SiFU.S hp|,Ml|.lMr, p€king 3upF&d 

.'ni-C4nnwin Egirc ir S!&n, rhc su3p.6io. of Chid,, ro€dd Nklri€ io rtE 

Edtan rctcts ag.id Elniopia, *fii.t hs good rekiin3 Mo MNow. In @ .q@ie. 

ChiB ncdrcd.nn &tiv.ri6 b rlE Dtofrd gEdls in thc Mk of hqEwDotiryof 

EppralEnHl rnd @opcBth qlh In. onentfiE oufii* of lhc Cur r|Er *, 

cfl.rr€d Ftcll.dt in dF €|'bflnnqn ofdiptmatic Etolid! wirh tr.n ,rd Kuui! in 

l97l In Ji.u.ry t972, tb. USSR snd (}etbsloilti eturc

A mnlb ln!r, rr isri0x. fo. In& !d@ s(ud€s F( rp wnn rhe h.tp of Sovicr Unioo 

dd dtc CD& w$ open d in Aden. In Mry 1972, while the NLF ud lh. @unlry's tio 

odH lolitiel to.nEliolq tlE Popllu tloocr.li. U.ion (Mm@isr) &d ln. fopJs 

Veeurd Parry ((rtsnting of B@$isis) wE dasGing |he c@rion of d singlc pqty, , 

d.Lg.ti6 of tb. Sovi.t Co@ioa tq Atcîid Solid.nty visiLd Aden. Ind!6 OcaJr 

hrd big inpolr&* in ln. Sovi.l n.vy's slr.!.8y, $cEtorq lhsy ddidcd 1o lep good 

El.lioN with Soulh Yffii rcsinc. TIE Ggim {w nwy dcwlopiBts a ldo 

Pddi w& .nd Brittuh wnndhsl from lhc P6icn Culf TlEs *nts hi$d $e 

involv.mcnt of both suFrFw6 in the rcgion. 

As w{ as arillin vithdrcw, Unilrd Sr.cs ,illd tE vrcum by signing an.g@ne 

*ith Brlnio, $l ch.lloE l t Am.ri@ ro e ils sd@fl! f&iliti6 .!d.l5o oFIEt 

diDtonatic ElalioB wi$ all Fw std6 otoult TIE Soviefs &d!ni6 in South Adia 

|hen wr tui ! 3dpti* cwnt Mos.N wl@m.d the ind4Fndent of Aob Crla 

SlEil(h.bN, hoping llsl it ould spt5d ils infllEM lllcrc 'ahe rewly s|llet sned 

boll eer .d e dF fq ndiel chsg., bul tle Sovi.& hsd m FeN.. in tlE Oulf in 

ordr lo oowI!. th. AmicNn's inentnlion. In this silulion Moscow had lo imFove rl5 

clatiG with PDI(Y. rrlErc lhe Sd'ets t&l a DreM rnioh mteN @ntn6ua to dE 

p@6s of.hsngr in lhe Cuhl A( thc ssmc timc, A&n Ms looking tor beltd ElatuN 

wilh M4w for lhe wc easB. ltd als b€ae ih d@t tom stdi AFbi. .nd 

Nonh Y.n.n md*lopirs. 

Relaliobs betet n CPSU ard NF kE als dcv.loted 3 $e latlcr had fomd€d a ..w 

*ins in ir3 oM Fny dlLd (louth mdcn.no in ortu 10 @ruit nN EnteB, shich 

ibrd good suprhn by fi. Conndill Counlri.s. Cld @nuct bdM lne ts Inrrrd' 

vnib thc fi6t 3i& wa do'El€d l€xthbks ad k turc6 lbr Nl' ! lBi'nng p(ogr.'$ and 

p.nic'idly for high eh@t of $icnlilio sillism. where th)qnds oa South Y.rnl 

r@f, slDrt .Mss in M$xis-L€niiim .nd orgmialioml rc$o&. When ltgvl 

dpell.d il! Sovict cxFrls (18 Jdy 1972). .IIdr. by lbe USSR (o @nF!sa& tor thn 

los fo.ed pdiculady on Sooth Ycocr

On thc ground! thlt rlF co@ry @ rh. tArgd of ..ploG t!|tcH br S&di Aiabia dd 

ilr inDdislfuc slli6 b@!rc ot il! si.tisl di.,ri.tion- ihc Sovi.r .r.oidcd ro st|tngtfto 

Souih YenEn's pocrrid ud Fnicut.dy ir dr fo@, Thri! dc.iliorl r.tcn looi .ncr $, 

ourbdt of to6 |ni6 bdcr tlF tw y@B (Sqrdrbd l9Z2). nrdc Fdnbb fc 

Sodh Y.@. to einhin @{rd of rlE bor.tq sinrdon rd b ein th. trde .g.iEr borh 

Norlh Yemn ed Srrdi bj6. Moiwhih, Fdid.nr Rub.i vi3ir.d Mosow' mib rhis 

irn$bo, b g.r i! sotrpo.r ior his go*nMas inr6d !d cno[t Doti.ies. fb { 

r€&ived Mnnry in Mosw, which pmtued hk strugSlc dgeinsl imD€ri.tim. .nd 

@r@.y !ro'4 lhdr red ro @^rpirc (' Fow|l. rh. Mr Dqi{rn lh. t@ !.,|3 of 

Ycncn At rh. ||he. Sourh yehcn mr undcrgod8 ,n @mnic qiiis e swc rhlt thc 

&lhoni€s wE o6ti8.d lo nte iE stui6 of Nr ||hhlE ,rd oflicilk (Aug,rn 

t9n, 

Th. v:sn grw . B abFtus !o @tbtri@ b.i@n {E rm 6nri*. Thc USSR 

plaig€d il$ Bilr.re for . nuht6 of Drojac, irtuding r ncpbr .r|d , rhd|lGt*rrb 

po! !. srltid, rd prmi€d to ssi3r ..c in rlE Flq in qn iEing Sdntr y.IHi 

delds dp.bitiri6. rlis visii du ng whict rtE USSR optco ro €rFnd @pdrrion wirh 

Sol|n Yd.n b 0E &riMr of Ndn ycns\ wiri tyti.t h.d Fwiouty nbii1.incd 

dN Fhtion!, Fnicut.dy in th. ,nitiory ti.ld- m.rk d. |lhing poi.( in Sovicr lotio 

torrd! rt rh yctrErB S@O ytui pnr M,riit6 qrad tvtGw. rua q rr 

ftBnbc. 1972, rhei agoin @ tE Msrct 1973. olr thr. 6.a!:m a srics or.grclncnB 

ftE sign€d @iemiry deEtoFncnt of iid6rry, cofrmhic.riG .id &L|'s.. Atw 

rei..m fn tup(|rion in $c ftting indBrry m! d$ signcd r (trob.. l9?3. 

Th€E *u .{Nid.dt Bre*rn i, t!id. b.aGi rtF rm @flr,6, ,(rough ir 

Emriied l4.ty oE{i(|.4 rh. lotrt ld& vdme rG tiom 6.j m, io, obt6 i, | 9?2 o 

rl.5 |llillin rubks in t9r ,irh 0E USSR.xportts b Ad.tr nehii.iy, donF6ir6, 

hyd.lulic equi!ftit, mqr, ctolh ud mitituy naroiits. Dudng t973 k b.rn€.i tne 

AEb ad l!&t, So{th y.lM 6 in f.wr o{ A6bs an bkckd A.b d Mqd.i 

agaiBt rh. rhitu @fying oit ro W6lm Eu@F .nd Am.r,o (or lir kr. t). *io

lr li.l Ad.n\ dind. a.n d hq 8@d Fbliciry &rong Ar$ Fodd TIE 

coMv.livr oil rt t6 joiFd lhe niitunsm in th.r *U and $.y bc@@ ioo wtl 

dispoel toMd Ado On lh. othei rid., gryic{ Utrid roi0rL duins rhe w B in 

flbr of dE AEb., r|dEfm, Ad.r triql ro F6urd. Anb 3l|r.r Io ch6g. rhcn poli.i* 

tosed Mosw !i@ th. lan r .pFrtld G sl ni.od !o ln@. Renc*ld Sova.t an|.ct 

in Sqdh Y.n6 s6Lad on !n r tlE Ocroter Wor wirh ls@|. and Euhcd in a 

Icwrish roqnd of nes.Scs, visits, .nd rgr.tunrs rhich laned dtuughout 1974. 

MaNhib, mDh graLr hEBl s beiiS llFwn by holh supdlovlu in {E rc8ion s 

ts{ly ir 1974 ! Soviet dclesldon rnkd in Ad.n lo draa up ! d$ ro dFnd th. 

drFit Sotict eiFns al$ l@t Ftl h dnwing up dE Five -Y@ D.veloFn rt Plm 

(19t4-t9?9) wbcb "aided !t Fovidiog th. @utry witlt U. mc€s!ry inf6a@l@ 10 

l.mh iE q)|my !n.1 &qoG .n ndisFsble dio@mi'. In Mtah middl.-l*cl 

d.l€Srn6 of CPSU eirld io A

Rubd dechEd dEl ftc R€d S.i v/.s !n "A b 56- ud sugBlcd rh.t 6Fci.i AEb 

cdnnitl4 lho{ld b. cdditur.d to di*K mF of 6l!6tist ng -@tkrtiw Ao! qnbl 

ofth. roq{ldn dn ofrhc R.d Sa". OfcoK A&n did no{ IEe Sdi.r Unioo rtE ir 

ollqt fq dding rhc H f@ att foEitn powB tn t924, M|xw r@t.d quicHy by 

iNidnS Sourh Y.Dsi rop lqd.B, which bcgrr by visir of tMait $d rh.n fo..ign 

mintul.r, Sdih Muie, rd Pim Miniltcr, Ali Nsir for @nsut.Ntim. tn @n$ora|cq 

MoMw d.ined its lMs b Sodh yenEn. 

fiblglbul 195 Eh|nN b.r6n th.lw @udri6 onlinu.d to &Etop 3rality, 

Bpocirlly in thc e@hic sdra. (h J@ ,,lh . Sdiir

ln tlE s.m no n. Ad€n rclort!.d tul lnn .ttd Ol@ N€G prqaling for lgc6iotr 

o fts 6retn border, whilc thc ls|llr ElE.d Sdlh Y6€n of spportiry tk PoFid 

FMI fq ilE libeqliotr of OnD s il h.w bdft i Sdict bcE At dis Friod rlE 

wcaid Fcs qried Epora ollhc pe@ of sotict tl!s. IEniclllrlv 

on ilE islard of 

s@ra- aJd of a .6tu iinq of oilit.ry cxFrl! fon the ussR, Crto &d E$( 

G.My (Den66tic Rcprblic ol Ocme, (CDR). TIE* eDotls *cE sFenr.ridllv 

&.i.d by A.Lq vnich .utho.ied a nmbd ofjountdlts 10 visit SeotE 

lh 19?6, rclnions bclven llD Sqict Ution lnd South Y€rncn mtc e|ed bv d 

strussi€ wihin lh€ SouU Yeneni l.ldcBhip. ftesident Rutai, tvno fasured a 

nppt@h€Benl with ti€ @n*p!tiw slst s of ihe ABbiat Penituul! lnd s eftcning of 

lh. Egime\ sidlist sLi@ laccd $ong opposilion fron NF srel!ry'gpreral AHd 

Fs[.h IsMil and P.imc Ministd Ali N8n Muhlhn.d, bolh of whom we pusuing lh. 

si,list qD.nmnr begd in 1969, Th. conflict 6 sLen$n .ed s on Mdch 10, 1976, 

lioulh Y.M sigrBl an lerenent wilh S.uli Anbh for lhe mm.lialion of rhcn 

ElrrioK lvhcdw @futly 3uppo.ted lhlr 3i@ 6@in8 RiyrdlFA&n's 6k!6 E . 

'lcnirC iiilt.liE io qsdidL s|8bilily ii dE An!i$ PcniBu|! 

After tte eid of Ruboa s lisit io Riyglh tfu lw lide iseEl @w!tiE' joiil 

5t r.M! vtict pmvotcd hi! oppocng.d.ls M@*. TIE st !.Ed mrt .d 

@ '!rcvd1ing foeien iicrt lre' in lh. dgioc anph&sizcd on "dE sPirit of bld'c 

aJd Amb fnrmjry" eligao6 hBtoriel Dd cultuic li6 and lo mmmon d€strny - In 

1nis sirurior! thcE M Inrb Mo@w @uld do cMpt bc pdticre ed lry to linil thc 

darog. which @uld be dore to tu positun in Soulh ABbit lhough ils pGitim vN e 

$rons in South Yemen. hmlil 6 Mos&*! $rong mo in Aden. vho hdd Sood 

popohrity ii fte Soviofs Socialist l'{ny lbl hi! PlogGsive idqs. lle E@iv€d !n 

honoory d@lodte fion Mos.op\ uivcrsity lbr his .onlrib[ion lo tll. lbory of $e 

@nr.mpobrl mlional libeBdon lw.m.nl lnd lhc l@sforuiion of th. boug€oG 

d.@tslic lwlution inlo sirlist rdolution. Wh€Ever, h€ visited Mosw he fo@d 

p6tigro6 l@flion whicn midl .ng.Fd his optorcnG 6F.irlly bqre h. beldgai 

b .onlEd F.t ot Yemen.

AIid f€w d.ys of Rut6i Ati s vi3it ro s&jdi Ahbi., r l&g. d.tegarion fon Sou$ 

Ydq had.d by lsmil n{& .r offsilt visn t! rh. Sovi.r Unidr tr Ert lMth e 

.gEMi B signed airl| rb€ Sovi€l Unio providitrg, in Fnicdr_ ao. tt inig.rid of 

8.000 ,EbB of tmd. lh. d*torftnr of rhe ft.mFtelric txralr sr.iion !r Ad.n. rh. 

c@td or r g610g| icrituc .nd ft gdling of . J26 nilid t6n. Thb !!recG.r t65 

caFcirlly rig.ific$r in th.r ir foltowcd I Sldi tiiorcilt rid Fopo3,t, shich hd b@i 

ftc.dcd by llE PGi& Rnri od E ccrd ty hk lD oloorcnts q$ir ttr sourt 

Y.mcni ladeBhip. The ts|is tM ih.;ed h Jun t976 ro open ! sovi€t-So{th ycn€ni 

'fiis|Gl p€nbr.. inAdGr. 

Tn Biql of bordr cNims with Oom (d tmiai liEall B &shoydl by $. 

Sollh Y6n.ni am! o 24O No!.Dbd t9?6) bo6red r|E po6iii@ ot ttE pr6itar! 

opFren6, O, 21h Jan@ry t9?7, r detegirid fiom South y€,nc. [.w to Mo6cop. Oi 

F.hury2t,iSovi.r D.r.rly D.fse Miniira .d.d orrci.t virir loArtn. A *!€{ 

14.r, . Soviet..onmic detegarion con.tu(H . @oFf.rron aeknx in dcn ard 

egncd wi6 @rels in dE tiet& of lsiqttR, tisnng oir. ct d.ic DoE .d 

sovict Uiion's .avy ncci rcsulrly vilii.d Add $,h.rc rr eercd B higl, ofEirts of 

lh. Sodh Y.|hi C@hnd C6F6tion bc$!.n th. sdi.ts ard Sooth y.n . 

ihc.ti!€d doing Ogrd€n W{ be6ve, S{rEti. .!d Elnropir At fiEr. Sqxlr ycmn 

phtrd 6. .ot. ofconcitbror, kndang i6 f.r€ie. Minis€r Murr. b 0E Souier @pitll oi 

tolh Mry l97t fG rt r FjlFce On 2nd Augd t9r7, Ft da( Rd.i ,d Kins K,itid 

of Srudi Ambia .infuc4 in a joirr @mnqniquC, rhch .!.rmiEdo, ro udt 

.aioBly lor rhe ctbbtisirn rr of F.e in rhc R.d Sa ilgM ,id io FDied n f@h 

incmdionr/ @nnicr!.- HoEver, Sourh y@er dpidty 3h&n€d b , potiiy of supro.r 

ft, Edriorn!, wticn badr o,E of M(Mw! fiicn* in r[. Eeidr gtufii8 dE Sovier 

Unioi port frcilirid !r Ado for {,. rlBport of n tihry n.rdilt to Ernbsr Tl|i! 3lin 

mr in a&1 {E victay oaEdi€t ftcrion iNi& Nf .Siinsl Rubai Ati.

On 211Aqg!51 l9?7, South Ydcns ltirc Minisrcr Ali Ntsir MuJur Fd [.w ro 

Moscow to dieu$ rfi rhc Sbviet leadeB s Foisl lbr rlE cEirion ol a S$ialisl 

4f€ddrim grcupil8 Sollh Ye@4 Sddn .nd Eriiopia Og.d.i anl tjrirlB herrc 

within thal f@.m.k aulorcmc pmvines 

In tbi! developin8 sillrtiol! Ul. PDRY rssuied r nor€ nnporant po0ilion in 

Seicl ey6 (.ldF!sh oft. which w ld'xhrt b Sd.lic s for mrltr 

Yd} ln 1976 &d l9T7 lh Sldb ri.d to e.idad pMis of dd ro 

strn Aden lwy freh rlE Sovi.t Union Werc lhir r.ctic au4sf!|, it sould 

ruin M6ow's Red 3!. str.lesy: mo@q. il mishL 4n onen Adcn lo tlE 

U S. Evy, lr.leminiIg M{Mw' s trdid O.an 3t6aBy." ( l0) 

rh*.fonb Solict Folitic lrd in€to.Dr itr thc PDRY r* suhctmti.l, 

p.ni.uldly in th. mililary .nd surity spndca. The USSR .nd its alli6 wF rhc aole 

$lplieB of @poB and idning for Sourn Y.men's 6nned loG, niliti., and suity 

sie Bl@ advieE sft lo be found in all of lhe inslilutions, allhoulll rheir nunb.6 

vee not gElr Thc Soviet tniliLry .i4 th. @Iatio. of ene of Sdln Ym6'3 !c 

d.& and atp&a{y ffi htds.laty .id h.d crobled fE PDRY lo .loubl. thc sn of ils 

cnEd fq6 and to equip ih€n *ith Md.m *lpons €quivalenl lo dhcr outii.s of th. 

E8i@ Tltsl mblcd A&n ro orry rlE bud4n of ,ll@ling .lo-to pc@n1 of gowmment 

3pe.ding ro def.N ed sccuily UnLil $h pcdo4 it ws .stimled, llE Sovict had 

suFlicd t 185 nillion h .rns !o de PDRY. 

Ecomnic sist @ of lh. Sova.l .d allidl si4 howst s oEh ls ihnBiE 

slrboud by no me.is nediSible. ll ws Fnsibly dire.t€d !r lgri.ull@, fi$itrs, dtd a 

&* lishl i.(|ruLi6; tlE SolicG had h@IE quil€ ioslvtd in thc SouO YoEni fthi!4 

iRlsty, p@irling bdG, t(iong, rnd sroog. ald @nning facilitic Finallv, thc Sovi.a 

povidql .mplc polnical 6id, bolh in|lrElitel ."d inlertul Thc lbN. t@t 0E slt pc ol 

conLin'Bl i6@Ee oa Iioviet $ppon lor lhe tsmc aeainsl exbrntl .nd intc.nal 

.nemi6j whil. urdout@dly v.ry imporlan in E @ly y6, il E probtblv t3ka for

In inr.rnd po|nic.t !lTai$, the S.vict! Hdcrcd impodril reriehrice, bolh by 

Prwiding . nodel fd tl'. Sodn Y@is' @d dFG ro .ssin d|. trrim iD 

''DRY 

da.loping tlE p.rly .nd €lar.d o.g.niatiN by *tich to co.tol th. @uhy, hd..4 

lh. Gults of 0Ei. polilid sid Flgm l@Ld tt@ Fmirin& TIE PDRY c6bL y 

lup?orrcd soviet pocitim d rrd inr.mdi@l tsuls, 

A hngdd Frly w.! being &Eloocd i. Ad.nr Elrtic belcn at td $. CPSU 

lw Srwiig cl6er Moscd! rhitrk€rs had om. to b€licw $rt such a Fny sutd h. 

. grrdtd of lona.lm El.rio|r3 b.rEn 0E Sodr Unid .'d a llnd Waid .mny 

dd sm€ f*line atlEand mong the l..d.u in Ad.n. Thc |!slr fo. M@ow of rhs 

vdiG iii Frgt'N B Dr ilEltd.rlbb. rhq|ltt t Ey Et rF! orqsn |Din! TtE 

Soli€l NsvT had ..6s |o tfi. non faci|iliF al Adcn sd ls€d rho. Morc imDortnnt qds 

tl€ir G b &. Dilit.y drpo.t H. Adcn, rnicn 0|cy u!.d mr dt fo. hitittry 

3up?ly 6ighld ht rko for longnnge |qnmis@ flights over th R.d Sa .nd l.dio 

Ocan, in .ddiriof, $.y hilt r Eq lirt * ir al-ADd s@. ar ôcn. 

. Elimirrtion of Presidetra Rl|bai Ali 

T.Biom b.ts@ thc t*o iircftns in IDwr in &i i.@s€d. (h ts f.brury !978, 

Sodi Yoar\ Pirc Miristr nlde MdF Eip to M6.o*. Hb |r&s wiln tlF Sovid 

k dca rocwd on th. rirrution in |h. Hom of Afii, .d on thc USSR! @nqnic .nd 

nilit ry ai!l!r@ ro Sourh Y.|M, Ns mdrirrd rhal svi.l Union wistrd to obriin 

! b6._ir A&r to ..pbc. B6t n ir Somtir rd! i.irls dtinned d &nied in A&r 

tu r |!srdr. milir.ry contrc8 b.trrcn r,t iE @uri€s rtltc lielp€d up, tm AD.it ? lo 

21, Sorrh y.nh's Chi.f {Gsattr sdlt stshi6i mod. I vi3ir to M{Ery. ori rtE 

following nMth rhe sdicr .om.bd.Fin

Th.!e ws! @ sriEdl l!3ouc.r, litlle sood brA dd f.w di.blc sorn!6 or*d.q 

ag.icultlr. lrs rlsccpiible ro drorghr .rd ll@di wnich no l.nd @chmtion Foj*ts 

@old rao.. IIE o!!{rt w6 d la. &on G€din8 il*lt ^ evd. T1€ Fobld of 

d€v€lopiag hwan rceuM sncd m@ likcly 1o b€ brcugl utkr control |non 

el*whde in 0'. Tftild wod{ wnn wlh'rlnised cd@non dd li|.r&y pog'im, bd 

c .ls.vherc, lhere w lillle ore could do {itl d cd@tioi, 11r csult cnigFlbn olstilled 

lrd sbisUlled e eG. {ldch beo@ ihtona euc of millrn€ dd 

foEign .@rcy to lhe coo'iry. 

Cons€qu. ly, 0lc 6ifli.1 jmsed b.twn $. teo felioN in Adl.. tte3i.Ltrr 

Rut6! Ali .nd his iuppqt R insiiling o 6libtishndl of a h.lriciie dd m.eBt€ 

fdcign policy. sa'di ABbit a.d olhcr Cull Shtes pronisd to pay hudEds of millioN 

.id lo Sodn Yeft4 which wd big of&r if cmpdcd *ilh lhE Soviets help Bul lh's 

aNult sodd ep lo BFcill lpulof th. Pcnh hiNll vno will ditlribde ir on 

ln addition |he Cutl S1a16 vere prcni$d to build ao oil temnd pipcli@ retMr* 

frqn de Pcria Gllflo ! hugc nFdch ol lcmiBl il wdld boild on th. Soolh Ycmni 

c@t (1o byps the Strail of llormu). Th6. prmites wrc d€p€ned lhe conllict nong 

rtE tlcli*of eowl|@ .e E! Rubilopq)@nc begM oNpiringagdntr hin Th' 

mliticd sit@tiod hld beo

llrvins th!. @iv.d th. nEs.se dd t pDRy,s 6€isn potic,oriq.tion h.d no( 

y.l b.cn ddi.bd, both rh. Sludis altd th Sovir. prs$cd (t ir suit ii t97?. Riysdh 

lgrlcd io &ll cub oit io dF &n EfiEry ot. di$mt, .rd rtF! Mrh tt Cutf Stds, 

,8.€cd to b@dE panrcR in a uniqe joinr owBhip ptan *hich wutd € . nod.B oil 

.ddd hih.rio rtE EfiEry. 

TIE K! .gcrln8 of vllt po&irj., ioport rE for rtE pDRyj tilc dt ffiil 

rufln6 w sording b.dty tloh lhc oit p.i@ iftfc{$. whil. S6rdi Anbi& .nd 

ESTi bcgir to dqc .i r i,Sovir, snraly p..t .rwrd ltE R.d S€., Sdrtr .rd lldri 

Yn.ns wc not eitting io go rh{r &r. Sdurh y€mn lt€n d . cdfffid h€td in Na$ 

Yqro.log wit Sutm !n Sdn.ti! ti,r rhn FlrpGe dd !t tlt..d rh.i,iit jtlbnql 

EdidEd ody r€piry fie Rd Ss ai . ..zfi! of pqe,, wtich Ld to nutrirudi 

inteF€llrim! br .lt polft lht tbd q,n n ,bout rtE qim NGErdEt.ls, Sodit 

Yd|cn's Prlsiitd Rub.i Ati trij io inFw. Etoric *irh Onl.n, , po.iri6 not 

frrcGd rt rh. dm by Moow I tr. inni,$w, lxM@r. oppo..d by rh. qrdi.r ta&* 

oflnc dilg NF aid rtEr fqe(| S.di awign nintut r pnr Srud.t,Frist to visir 

Ad.n for tllkr virh th. gov.rnhcnt ovcr mry irju6 ihctuding Onsn oN lrd rh. 

twirnr of &urh Y.'lt.ni fd E$io!|ir. 

At dE dly d.ts of t97, Mc@s stcpr.d uD ir, ,id cllorrJ ad potiriQt &iivirii 

Ml lppoRntly qrtr !n .yr to lh. situ.rton d.vctop,ng on rhe lo.n of Afik . fljc 

sovicb 6c8rn dtitdig t0.000 b!.!.ts F &y ofdudc oit lo dE A.ln rfi6, h. t 

r6c of{Eir dvy in rhc t0dian ()..0ii n sned rhr rhey drc|pded rh! incres. ofnrvd 

etivity in rhc 06 $d d {E pclibiliy of toding .es lo 3to.r€. hci|ni! i, SdElia 

Moscow ds @|tracr.d ro e 3om of iB pronh.d sid ror t.ngihnins @wrs .41 

orhcr lirFn i|nFtrBrenb rl A&n. Atrtough d|€ onnid |n rdtln yglb b.rr\Gr dE 

Ediql dnruists.id no.ldrc! rB.r rlE bE Molow 6 tairly co i{trr rtur Ad€, 

{ourd-rdn f.ci DclcgrioB rc8i.riy visiLd rtE c!!ihl, of @ft o*r,. On M.y tq 

I97, Sourt YGffii foEisn nanhcr visir.d iro@e .nd fo!.d um !d6m $dc

Mo@s m d h3re litcd fic PDRY to joir its casligilion of {nol it call.d Sdrdi 

A6bi!'s dGmF ro lnet rogcrhq a clos€d biliury ard politi@l Brouping in th€ R.d SB 

liGl Sari.t Union who drdc a @ut.. ncas@ by b.insins rh. pn4Biw fo6 to 

oppsc lhi! att np{. Al lhc .d of foEign minirt€r's visi! ln. lm sid.r isu€d hurEl 

@@uiqu4 *.tich erprcss.d co@m ar thc ulcmpt b.i.s nud. by inpe.i.lit $d 

EltioEry foB to c@!. fch horb.ds of intcmtioml r.Bion" i. !E R.d Sa cgim 

Sourn Yenen &leg.tion eloowledg.d dE "g n i6ponl@" of SDvi€t BisL@ a.d 

.xp6Ed suppod litr thc Middlc Ean Fae inili.(i@ which orc7-nmv [.d launchcd in 

th. p.cvios y@ Md oppos.d hy Adcn at th. thd trm€ 

PBidenl Br@ln€v obmisd lbat USSR sdd .ondn@ lo sisl lh. PDRY. TIE 

sd$ Y.mais n.y nar. b@r dio6 10 gel th@ €Bi&ntrg loo nu8. d.trEl(! d {E 

Soliels fon ftir Afii@n fti€id! 1 he soiet le.d\Bhi9 de invired Rutai Ali 1o visit 

Mosry, . qLin india{on lllar hc 6 no{ @Ni&rql b.ro'd tlr p6l. and [o 6loE 

cont cts witb lris flcdon. 

. Moscolv Reaction to Ali's Elimination 

ThorBhoul lh€ hte sp.in8 ud 6rly smmr of 197l.. fcw Mlr.c wE EPrGd 

b.$@ South Y€mnis dd Oeir @st rp.ns i. Moss On the othcr side, PDRY 

€nt&1s wi$ rl* Ct'f cMin6 rce mc f.eqEni. Sou$ Yencoi F@i8n Minisler 

visited UAE six! Saudi Aotis to Fomole bilat nl rclslioni pqniculalv c@@nic ai4 

,rd Nsn Munsnmd visited Kuelii aid Inq. M.{n{hilq te indieiioN rca ihal 

pden,s foEign policy contlnucd to b. cloer to Sovi.t th& to $uli wish6, b€oaus.' 

Rutoi od his s!0pon6 wt still nt cnpkiclt in ! p8iri@ ro mat .lmg chlneE 'n 

tht licld. Adcn bt@o run' llly lo ELhiopian rceine in thc Egi'n, whils n lhondomd 

n! fo@r frieids in &ilra. On July 18, ar lsl. lsc llB 'NUlffiI dltn RltEi AIi 

w to virit Rildh it th. @e nonth in oder 10 slttsthei n!|@l undett$

Thc Sovict lc.&6hip 5M invil.d Ati Nljn fq. bri.fuofficbt i.il on ruty 2E-29. 

wnich .inEd b dininish rhe wnfi o{ Rutci.. n€Fion in S.udi AnbL .id !o 

uftI€rclt tI. inFct of ttd hisloric visir Rulal eni to srudi A,rbia d inc loft ddc 

snec |.E ftt l(ing Khtid .d th CbM pri@ F.hd Tic rrtk! b.i!!!.tr ft. rD r.d.s 

rpp€tcd !o go wll dd .'rt€d b off.i.t 3niar.nl rllr qphliz.d oi 3tErgrtrcni,g rtE 

bibr.nl cbrid|6 b.te.r|r 0E tw .1|k!,ric idghbdtics.. ( .te E&ftd io ! "sri,ii of 

low. fGremrly dd c@Fntion. $d s uut spinr o( Anb lDd tshnrc filrmiry. br 

{E pirEc mis|n h.E ber fq {E srlc of rm ,m nor .€@cr. Thc visir 

urxktrb&dly @nrribuaed ro rtF daD€ning @nflicr wnhir rh. rgimc h A.tcn. TIE 

Edkrk' F6irio. *E $td b@r hd of rh. tronis ri@ Cutf Srat6 kE ml 

lronisr to.xpend ctiicry djdn,t bcgi.. Thc dd rg|qt in M.y t, i.tir. I 

milli@ tqB of S.'di ^den 

oit dn|fl, 6 sto, in i.ning d h tirr 6@[cd by t.t. 

Odob.r C.ft6lty. oid of Cdf Srlts up b erDccbrona tn 

66€qEr... S.'tln yd|t6i t.adcB hE uhpry wnh ih. dut lid rr., potnid .,!d 

rdeologic.l sk $cy wc !o p6y. 

Thc 5ir@li6 .{e6{r.d rnd Ruboi visit ro rrF Unired St!i. ofAn.ri€ itr D.c.tnb.r 

of dE nrfr t€r to .tr6rt U N OoE6l Asn y nEtin& Duitrg thir iou. llc h.td 

lmesfid ftreting fiU! U.S S€rchry ofsr.e olr t orhd,rdc, shitc pEsidcnr Rubri 

h Aocic., ls4tiE r..d.r, Abdqt_ F.bn k dt, *irh coF.tto or popotlr FMr for 

lhc LibcFrion of paksriE .dvoc{l€d a ?mSEsivc Eb flur., lo oF{re "impcdalirt, 

Zioilr .'d ra.riom.y &.ig6,, iD rtE Rcd Sa Egrion, *sFi. Rubii.s orD6iri6 to thi! 

how. As ! Butr, rtE inflEd@ of RubaiAti s &c@!ing |n south yd@. ln t978, 

Irruil rlEfftd rhe UpONf i o . ,rs v.ngud si.rd Frty thousn Ru.bi, Ati 

didn l apFore it Ar rhe .d of Mry Rub.i,3 qir rruti.net is My or his lrp|br&R in 

ric .!ry tE rdlc.d h .ddnim b {qt, rh. .irai615 E oEd hin fim hir pciid 

$ Cbaimh of^m.d toF6 Orglijetion Cohmi&e. L!s!y' pow @nrict berftn 

Rutoi .d bo.it .nd.d by tii nu&r in ,e 26 of r ,e w

Th. rcal slory aboul his asr$sinarior }!r nol tro*n bul m. aulysc eid rbar 

lsooil's f.ction p|Ilrcd ro lilr pGledi Ndrh y.i€ni pBi&nr d4h$hnijBl tM 

&yt bclrc {xl to hrc Rubri to tinGh him .Go. 'f1'. i@i&nr @uftd jcr G .nt 

hefoE AGrirs nision *hqlul. visn io Ada to begin didog@ *irh (h. adhoi(6 

{Frc lor inFovil! rclariN. Eliniedon of Sourh y.@n.s pr6i.t nr .nd his 

cll@6r by ftirc Midst r Ali N4!i. MdEnmd rEt sitn aD!rc61 in Mtsv. 

Th6! ch&a6 pn a iop to rrE p.c6s of ilc@loFrcnr, 63hion.d by rhe aomr 

ptsi& aner fte Som.li modcl, *n@ succls Mdd no dolbr hate dep.ived $a USSR 

of.n imF)Ilafl !ll, Now, on rhc dltr hlrxl, the tsid plxnid n' dr cgid 6 

The hcdlirt Deifdt€d by nd AEb olnlrid iow(b llE rce h.ileBtio let rhe 

l.tcr lo l4n bor. to lh. USSR. On Jlly 4, folloMng ln. sncli@ lgiiNr Sou$ Yenen 

adopLd by th6 ABb kag!€, focign Mini$er Salin Mute srd.d $ar hb o@ty muld, 

if fo@d ro cci&. .dhdins to th. @M!CON. HowB, MMw didr'r giw ug.nl 

@ply to A&n s d.mud dd onlt lsed 10 sludy it. 

On July 5, E Sovict had of sor., Lonid BEdrftv. strr }t6idctrr Ali Nqir . 

mssg. of slppo( On lh€ st(h, Sdi.r's ollicaal ft*pip{r "Th€ l,6vrlr" issEd ! 

$ming 10 Ssldi Anbh. Sovier uN d.liv.rcd, rubs{!.nlly, 1o Sosli Y.n n wc 

djstirdy @E odhmcd tl@ b.foa lit MIG 23's, goud-ronlr.nd d&ro{ir hisil6. 

Prcs rcpor8 had rcvcalui that a srcl trcaty of ninlrry c@lcdror lor l5-yws vs 

sie,lql betw. rl* rm @untrica, lnda4 Ade. conrinroEly denisj ite optorcn|s 

@NldoN ofalowi.g $€ Sovicc to blild lnili|ry bas€s in sodn Ycftd 45 . ,!s'rt 

polilial cvena in $e PDRY wrrc @ving in rhe dirc.1ion of closr, pe .p3 cvcn 

pcilr1@ lres !o rh€ s.crdni onp wfh fie Br.blrshftnt of $e Ycftni s@iald Pany 

(YSP) in Oclob.r l9?8, ehich Bdrol tom rhe @rung of all South Yc|lmi lcftisl 

pdti4 tl[l ke r€pl&ed UPONF lstuil cleocd for $e higher Fat in thc ftw party a 

Gd.6l Ser.i'ry.nd in D€.mbq he choen 6 P6idium ol lhe SUF!@ P@ple's

'llF trlnh v6 du( tlE politiql sysrd ot SouO yanen hrd b{ilt to b. ar simit r as 

rlut ofsovi.t U.ion ItE tM iBiitutioN! 0'. gdmn.nt .rd rh. Fny wc org..iz.d 

on lrE Sovi.r modcl Con*qlcntty, hmait 6.uried lhe llo ooslrful D.Giriois i. Sodlt 

YG@n. Hc, t&End_ dic cd trr ysp Dotiot ro follow r|. tn@ry of $nnfiic 

saa.lhn {d |h. histqidt .xFrid@ of s@iatisr @6rrErim. lnd .boE a[ thsr of 

USSR. Ai $venl @6ic h. pris.d {E Sdrals, whon he coi3i&rcd I pEDid aly ot 

hB counlry drd Eli.blc lii.nd, Md@w., hc !r6cd rtE Ed ro lc.p srrd.gi. Ehrio,r3 

in .ll q,lEB with Mosw ond S6i.tkr @untri6. 

MlMr B obvioBly nta*d wirh ttE dindio &. I t ling By rmi.g 

YSP, A&n @ntiin.d !s onc ot ttE counfi.s of sEiltiil orienrotnn . i ore of Thiftl 

Wdld !lli6 io the U$sf, C.omhunirl 6hrii$ tEtFd Sdxh yftr ro dgMie i6 

rcw reidtn Fnt. po|i|n5|ty .id id€otogicr y. (h /trh D@mb t97S. Sqdh yclMt 

F.M tl.y to Mo$o* In a(6ition, b 0$* Mosw tor ir! suhhnrist od.|l6tiw aid 

gdttd by 0. ussR r4d it3.Ii!q bltr EF.t nEnincd tlur dE visn 64 b ocaE. 

.hn for lilerdlhip r@ty 6.(wen borh c@nrris. On Jd@iy r9?9. Serh yden 

i*eivcd 116 nillid ss @nonic oid fc agdcutlut!, nnEal FlrrEciin& €duclrid. Dd 

'mFow of Ad.n Dorr Ttr trtid 8ol nitn!.y ulor|s irctd.d 3dfe_ic.ir.id crF 

l6hiD hisild !.d pohiwd for dctivr noc airplaiel'ighreu-hhbcB firc SU-22 lhd 

Mtc-2r. 

Mclnwhih Ad.n 0nd M@ow m& ! h|jm cIlon to c!ftnl potiticar tic, with @h 

d'l|tr lnd dlh progAiw forces.rewJ rtE btd. South yarEn Olo(Bcd ttE ida of 

tuling Afri@ tl@ @ntcd.6rion ro imludc Ethiopa, Som.t6.nd Djitoud lid aho 

heelf. The id.. got nfth sopnon b MNow rhough $c.,rods *w tut suc€sfutl 

sY.rn FniciFLd in Trrhrdn ktbic Conf.|!E wnicb w.dtrged by ltE Sovicr 

Uni6lo rlw rhlt h. rullort.d th. Mlltiru md fEdoft of muhip. Ad€n obtiged ti. 

Sovicb by panicititiig in rl|cn copdgn to ein Islenic Egrrrmcy in rlE xrlc of 

Khominik fud.n rlid Ewtoliotr in I6n.

Close pohicd, c@nmic. nili|lry and soci.l c@D.nlon bctpen SouO yeh.n snd 

the Sovict Uniotr sr.engrh.ned folloeing rlE &crssion of tsmit io hish€sr otfie in atE 

goremnfrt lt s mdlioned thd he followed plcsoli€t plicy sinoe his @ning ro 

po*eL By thi! lihe. rEdi. publishcd Epdns $at Sourh YcMi cgirc h.d alloeed 

USSR th. @ of Adar's ol)n and d8r 800 $vict and 100 to 500 Cuban and E6r Ccntu 

&n?i$rs wc in Soulh Yc@n. On Jurc |9?9 dE Didror ofd. Sovicl Army s F)litiol 

sli6 di$65.d blalenl mililsr] E|ltioN duinB r visit to Adcn. On lhe @nomic 

ldcl dpcEdon m .nn!N.d following Sourh Yen.n oblain.d oben.r 1L16 in tie 

@idilt @ani6 "t-@l fd Mlrul Ec@tiic Asisr.e (COMEA d COMEiCION} 

lhercfoE, Aden bqne rhc li6t A6b o$try io &hi.v. thb symbolidl pdilion. 

On 25th Odobr 1979, S.uth Y.nd PEsid.flt ls.il &d Srvid Psidclt B@hn.v 

sign€d . haly of fii€ndlnip .nd mp€rdion in MiMr !o lan lio! 2Gys ad @ld be 

@M!le by ii.ir rpploEl €v.ry fiw ys. The traty glrc mG .ucnrion ro th€ 

hiliory si

ll d€clared ihat Sovi.r inkrw ion qre @t contradicrion wirh rtE Finciptcs of 

i .drioEl hwandih.cl@t.oftncU.ir.dt&rior.,6rd br'd@tlEfrlrilhip06ry 

lxai 8a siS4d berwn Krbut .nd Mobk In Ad.n s opinio4 ihc inwsio ,*,Ed 

Af8lwist n from . ucliolrt .nd anp.riatisr plob. Co$qEn{y. Sood, yG|M and 

Strh w@ tlE only Aob @uri.s rot ro FniciFt in rt|e tstmic Contcl!@ cfti.d 

rl P.lisi.r for |his purFs. rn .ddnion, Adcn joiicd Sdiet! mp.ign fd ondmning 

Unicd Saocs policy in rhe Middt Fa{, in Fni.ule irs &lisid ro blitd up nitisry 

pr6cme in $. Indirn Oc€an {rd alE Cltl .nd lhe dclieion to c|@re N ..Rapid 

DctloyrEd l(re" d6ie||cd qtEirity fd i ffiti@ in tre !@. 

Sovicl's @oc!m of s@$ yeGr itEe€d,tkr rhe fiEr insliotr of Afslbnisr.n.d 

th. .nuncirlion of wh!( B elql Carcr D{Errire which nmed to mke U.S hain 

po$r in tlE Middb Etrr F.i.ndship ot A.hI mutd tEtp MiMs.s ohFign b 

improE ils img€ in !l€ Mustin Wortd wilh @rhr$is rlFr jram and Mdrxisn-L.ninisn 

}w .mFriblc 5nd rhlt rhe USSR is a turkd f,€nd Io rlE llird Wortit n,rions. 

. Re-rillng of power saruggle itr Aden 

Th. .6Nmic @iditio of Sourh yenn d.rerion@d .nd l€d io lincwt of pomr 

sltuSSrc h@g th. €8!ft\ h.

8y hiG l9E0s, ftc YsP Ponbuo h.ld & ugat n.ctit8 rnd .le.i&d ro cnd lrnsil\ 

rulc. wbicn mlE rle slppond by dE @y, (h 2t3t AFil t980 Prirc Minisrq Ati Nsi 

MttnahMd su@dhd khril d wElary-gcnchl of Lh. YSP and hld of sli(e Th€ 

htllr s Gign pq&tully axl bn Ader for MtMw lor nqlidl ttBrEnr. Tlr 

politicd €bage in South Y.mcn didn\ aflftt rclaaois firh Mos.op Oat @Fained a il 

I b.fde. On AFil 28. tll. |w lEd of iLlc Ali Ncir d.cb!q, rlrt dari@ *[ld 

@i nc o b. slrelgrh€n d on tle b.sis of ftiedrilp ed c@p.Blion 1M0 @rclud.d 

duilg &E s ruI.. He .!e n.d€ e oflFql vtir b M@e @ lvt y 27-29 Al lh. sd 

ofthis visi( he enouc.d tlul di$usion wid RBie PFsid.nt t6d b.cn ch.ele z.d 

by . loLl id.nlity of vis ..d (bl 0E UssR l'.d ber .rd wld rcMin ! _lotrl fiidtd 

dd .lly ofthc A6h p€opl*". After lhorl tinc. South Y6eni Dd.@ Miniter wt for 

lodg visir to R6i. *ift he mt wirh sdrl l6deF of lhe s{rit my, He d*dbed 

bi! vbit a rc.y s@.$lul and ver, &oilful. 

Or D64bd 14 Aden um6.ed ns suppo for thc liv.-toint pbgld on s4rity in 

rhc Cur.!8io pr6e .d by Pr€si&m B'€zrtlev, in *hich lhc Soviet le.&r €lhd d tle 

Unild SLca dd olh.r pown lo rcfr.in fbn soing up mililary basis in the Gull rcgion 

6d ioLodEi.g Mld m3 lh€E South Y.nm d$ nEnltn d de r.lt'li$, a 

b.turc wirh all wlllist 6unlri6, s lhe wallhy and @nstvalivc Neigl'hot st&L 

llmiEd holriL lo ad.r ln 1981. u.s solrercd dE Gl,blidlmrt of Gult copcnrim 

Cormil (GCC) by tii Anb sld6 or Pcuior Oqlf, which @tsidcrcd s pol€nti.l th@l to 

fit dMr mvftnt i. lhc A{bie P.niB'it M(Mw {rd Aden MLincd to b. vav of 

rlt mw atlisNq spccillly vhcn n d.cided io 0r@d iow& @PEtion in dtfcne. 

l he ts qp'lals tirr sd .nger had b€en nrllNifi€d 6 on6 allowd U s to build 

Bvy hc. in ffi of iE irhrds in {E Anbim s ad il .le FniciFtel 

in tlE AMi@n 

"Bridt Sl!r" meeuvcrs l hqa Adcn-MNow uryieBl.ndins oonrinuc{ ro rmprutc but 

0E o,l|mic @trdirioo in Solth YcrEn E ml wll fhe SowMl of Sdt[ Yftn 

Plesceed iL adi@l cEdenljah to tlE !@idisl cmp by FrliciFlrng ih PBgle nsting, 

wnicb fs8cd d Fotlm ol pq6 .rd socillis. Aihn's FBiN .nugcd !F!{i- 

imoeridili intemtioMl @nldace i. M@h 1982.

Duilg tiEtt .rlact d t b.e\ pBidon Nte|r d.f.n

Soulh Yd.q lhereto&, toud iselfin cconohic ed nruncial cnss ed w.s locd 

!o @ci for solurios. llE g.ar o!6uclc iEr dE Egirc in Ad.n sls how to 3!rrt 

rEli@.| r..milirrion wiIn il! oppomls *ho b{ih oilillry trp6 in Nonh Ycmr 

undd lddshie of.x-DFlidcnr Ali Nsir 'l-fu bd solution ror $ar {6 ro Funne 

ehoL Y.nM rd r.3lly st .t di.loge wnh iodn m Fn of YcM stF Mn .gEd for 

th.L Said Union'. diirr.sdion fd!.d A&n to .!.!don i|s sidiir qicnlrii@ ad lo 

cl'ooe llr uily of Ycmer 

II. Yemcr-Amcrica! Relations during the 

Cold War Perlod 

The hislory of Y.nen-Americ.. onrlc6 to h€ bdctcd lo rnc €ely y€s of irs 

in&padrG in l9l9 Ym.ni EgiN w rw..bout lhe gowins poNr ol0E Uniled 

5!16 !d G wisliug lo oFn oflici.t Fbri@ wirn hq. Howva, lhc policis of lh. 

r€ginc did nol ercolog. mny oflhe for€igr! powrs lo cxrcnd diplM{lic rclrtions wilh 

tbe lh.n Ndfi Ycmn or Mul|w.*ilide Hahmilc Kingdom of Yemer 

Allholgh rher. h.d b€en leniofiicill dialo8@ b€tw@n lhe lnam of Yo@ and lhe 

AMts whjlc llE Tuk wrc still onltolli.g m3t of Ymcq olicial RlttioB 

b.twc.n tlE t*o @unl'i6 Ea not yet b.!d in $e li6l lhrc d.qd6 of twnietl 

@nlury, lnm Yays @ fully !s@ of lhe policies ol the UniLd 5l!16 and it 

incrding inllGM ir ioGm.tionrl .ft iE bd he dlinoosly Gjstql to civ. rny 

@mBi@ lo ey foEigr fim b@@ h. dldn'l lt6l focigrc who, in hi! opinion, 

nisit hm Ycn.n's in&p.n&n@. rhe inBn 6 publicly .dnted sme policjcs or 

Amcri@r eovednncnl, slEially Pr6id.nt wilsn's Lal4rdon thst rlN intGl ol hk 

@unry n sinS dD irdcF4lc@ or sm mtiN piolclql a l|)is dsl.olio what tE 

eughr !o rEre hn tuh legi m.c interatiodlly,

Ar r 6dt Yry3 Nrc lcnd to pr6id.it Witson .stine fd Amic|r rdgnirion of 

Y.ien'3 ind€p.nd€e and rs w his opn Fxitjon os ting, bur m rclDone foh trSA 

lo hjs tlgcr Md $c El,rliG Emrcd on t purcty Fivsc tcwt ,I 06 l92GlO, Thc 

molirc ol Yq!'s r.q&.r ic to 6 An.riqr I t t v.r lglinrt BriLin ,hich @ut icd 

sudrh .@ of Ycftq hoing rh.t ttE Aftricll &tnowledee ftd of rhi! fgc! 

wdd .rcid (o bc@rc en6oiLd in thc Aigtqy.ftni bord.. disDd6. 

Bt 6c hegituiig of t9403 s.@t /\@i@ co.,Fri6 tti.d lo oFn h!ii.s! in 

Ycmll 6D6i.Uy i. oit di$owry bur rhcy ctFne€d tb. a@ oa int csr ro Sldi Anbi! 

b.q@ thcy frqd mey obilcl6 by rh€ yd.ni Egim is€tf. yrtr 6ui..d 

cwiied thmrgtorr his rciSi rhll hc lndd mt ! o* ,ny of yoftn,s otunl 

rc$urc$ lo fall inro rh. tErds of the foFign bftsiioBiEs or dp,orl6. N.wnhbas. 

in 19.14. Y.mn o|fEitly rstcd rtE Unit d $rG, ro inr.iEdc in i! bdd.r dispub with 

Britrin 06 rtE Prot6ionie! i! Soorh ycEo. In ,94J, Ancn6 od.Ed it3 diotonrtic 

hisad in Adcr ro 0.y d otrcirt visir to S.rE, fi, thc fiBr dm. siM Nonh y4n,s 

i.&Fndft, ed inv6riBrt .botrt tn codnioB Fsit,ng D $,nh6brn Anbi., Ar 

lhd tjn.. in.m Ydy! rcqEsi.d Amicii ,ecognirid s f,r .@noDic .kj fd 

&EloF cmofnis c@rry TtE nisad EFn ls tsiriw 6 in ti,uot yft4 wfiich 

Efl@ld tlE irclre of Aherien priuG intwslr .nd eDwng omnic .orcaslios 

Flhd.n WNhin8bn A&ri stnti@ ro Evicw irs lDtic, @ yd.D. 

Cotuequdtty, Anc.io dccidql ro ,Mgnia Norlh yem.n,s i.dcpcndft in tlE 

sFng.of l9rt6 ad *t dintonlrrt Etdidrs sirh S.e. TtE rs! @|rtrie,iocd 

fnehdship ud com.rce rl.lty in M,y of fi. {mc yar Ld.cd. lhc begiinr; or 

Ydoi rchIioB pi(h U.SA w|. dittcltt s imm y.yr E6 rat E |6sity of 

crctaging diptqn.ric aFBahtim of {E oMr.i6 eilh *tich lE sigftd rrrlics d 

diplonrdic Ehri@ TtEEfoE, he di&|,r .@d Ancnon D$,on ro s c ot S.r{ 

vtile tlE bil(ml cotu r bd\Gr tt t@ @unt is doE rhrorrgh {E Amcdoi,s 

Ministd to Saudi Arobh In t947, USA supponcd Mrlx ymn\ d.@td fq 

ncnbdsnip i. rhe Unir.d N.rioB.

Tt Ind M pl€.$d by joinins rhc U.N, e tlur, he st one o{ his eN a 

r.pr€!.|lrntiw to bolh tie Unitcl N.1ioB .nd Amedqi gd.mrMt. Ylyr's en 

Abddhn wo*cd for iNrss€d tldc &LrrioN wil|i Affii6 ad dird d cgotial$ 

wilh bBins trcdp3 oneming dcrclopMl pojc.is in Ycnon. 

Ay bG l94on Yayo dri&d to natc ernc elom lor tus @unlry's .doinistalivc 

rrodrE.nd follN noE nqiblc aocisn policy. n ftilly int ndcd b und.tllkc en. 

&EloqEll Foj.ds tor his c@liy b@E hc bddc tlre ofo. gm*irg op9osirion 

ro hir rcign. H. .lso !.Buded by hh tro.4mnded dvis md em lil. tl.$n .nd 

Abddlrb, who pqsud.d thor f.thq ro chege his drirud. lourils fmig,ss, stnh 

tuold IElp in .@l€Fling @rchic &wloprcnr ol Ymen. UnfortuMrely.lmm Yalt 

B 'ssnrl(jd m 1948 dd his son Abn€d olsihdl hinslf s lnm the bner 

amured 0!l he lold follow his fi!s'3 hrcien policy.lh€rcfoa, he t.i.d !o inFow 

Yc6en's rehrioN wi(h the Unjt€d St ie! 6 sn s n took Dowr. Ahnei ldftd fios 

hi f.lia's cxFiee dEl e@d Fl.don with lhc lm 3uFrpowt i3 ! gudnlE io hi3 

codlry's srcrcignty lrl sftn$h.m its po6nion .Sd*l Bdath hcSemy in thc reid 

S.nu @e lo lew th.t clo* rchtions {jrh ! -Brnish poeeR oAcn o !il.d degtrs 

ro YcnM s lndiri@l 8ov.Mt .rd policid ndly F gr@( s $@ eFsrl€d bv 

A!. cull, hc .lsirt d ht @uny wilh.dOlion.l PoN6 to $a!e b.lg$ i. bi5 

torcigr lolicy, ilmly lo miligalc tl€ infl@M or presrrcs of a sn'8ul.r F)ncr AMg 

$c narioN wi$ *nich Anned &tid€d ro lsv. clBr rcl.riN 6 tlE Unircd Std.3' 

snich *s 31!ong opponenl10 USSR dd lhc dchdt cou.lry i. thc w d, fmn wherc 

ext isive finciF €@nomic Nistam. midt be obtaitt d In 1950, An@ca rcogn@d 

his rcginc ind cLblishn diptoMtic relalions wnh dh olltq I lEuller, a nun66 ol 

Am€ri@ $ienii6c missions &d exrediriohs lisited Nonh Y€tcn ln addilion. un 

Amcriq dvy nediel misin c6ft lo Yffi to 3@ev lE5l$ driilioN lnd 

un&n@t @logi@l sludr6. Al the samc trme, n.ny Amca@ sp€.u|.!oB dd 

liMrcid w@ conviNcd |n.r oil w 10 be lbund in conderci.l q@ntitks ifl Yemen

In coNqucn e An ftln dorcnic inteBt s . poc.rilt m.ri.r $ wI a! 

Fllittble inw.rrMt opponui(t s 6y high in yc||a At j otIFid tcv.t y.|@ 

B .llorcd to oFn r Fmaftir diptoMtic hi$im.t wdhiigron DC ii 19 timlt 

Fmi(.d dl. u.s io do tilc*is. m l\,hrEh t6, t959, etEn thc bt&r oDGn d .cehlE !r 

T.iz Dlnire rh. Frid iion t9jl,t96l Aftris .mFrirrs n.i.d oD.nrio! 

sclr$ing for oil, brt unfonlriclt dEir wrts elr! $Fndcd dc lo rtE civn w 

*ftict @pad.nd tlE Ebturior of 26 Sclanbd t962 in Nontr y.ffi. 

Al lld 6ft, Amri6 coGn.bcr y.rM iE!.*d dE ro u,r, t dc, sonE of 

$.n b{iqlly non-Y.m.ni in origin. [or i.name, Ameri@ hrd gqr inrc6$ ]n S.!di 

Anbi. in lh. @turic &d nititry tirtds, {s!fd!, by unutiatiG ib Ebtiqri virh 

Ycmd it .oold .fcol ti. potiriqt .d Mnonic d.vdoFBr ln.E. Mor.o!.r, ii w jn 

r€sFie to lhc obtiG irrcr rlFm in y.M by rhe Socijiqj |.||tid4 *nich nid,! 

Iqd to sptading ilE @nnu.ist inn@rc in ih. Aobi& pdrBul|' Unalld St rs 

b6nE mii .lty to srldi Egihe.ner disGing ih. oit by.n AEi€r @np.iy. 

TIE @itu Fiv.L seld had inGrcd try.t, in on 8ry€3 of S.udi Ahbi. 

6pe.adly in rhc inttutrea@ ud hcitirics ,Ed.d to. {ro ext@tioo, Bfinin& ,nd 

rErt.ring of rtF Fd.m FodFrin t. tulc.lrioi or hJe0or| wih BriGh 

C,np6nica! Atui@ crtocted old narlc|ed rh. oit E$rvB or Krlwlil u stlt s of 

ooEr Anb Enirr6 of p6im Gott Ar rlE s.ft rim, Amdicr n d dlo in!€d.d in lt. 

conskwtioi ard nainrcEE ot [E inpoi.in nitit.., iNh|,lio^r huilt to ,mvide 

ldsily fo. rlFb cutfilsior 

Wclieh powR tc.Ed of Sovi.l .dt!e rowrds dF agior .rd pqrid.rly ,B 

,tcntr io *|'blkh si.thl sat in y.n.i t &€4 Fcsovi.r l|!G 6!td h.rr sios 

Epcrcus3roN ror {E Esjo.t sh16 s n sutd mo3r 6bidy Fovidc . hs for Fliriol 

FiFeid. !!d Frn t de fo. odrigh etueE b oFo.iri6 grolF d€diot d ro 

bring Fwlutio!ry clEig. lg.iNl 0F rcdns of rh. pdi|!ut.. rt i!' tbcFft... ttEl 

Affiir:.nd ilj dti6 lw fdEd ro Llp 8@d rct tid! with y.||a Wc{.rn ftld. 

witt Ollf Sidro s Ett $ r t.ry. ponion of tlE oil cxpon of rhis .M io E@!., Nonh 

AEia .rrd Iscl 6icd n sftiF rhdAh trtc R.d Sa ch.c r, tn. yarEni co6r.

lf Yenn he3ne strcng nilibrt poEr under omm|lni$ inftcice ir .ould sioustv 

q tollcd ovr c r!d. route &B dE Rqt Sa dd diolty th@cn W.stcn jrcrcsrs 

n lhe rcgion. l)uring thcn conllict ove. @nire ins cgioml @1|b. borh suFrFWs 

tad ortHrnr.d dEir eftolrs ro msl! yd.n .1 tan Fu|r.t @untry in $c *tDt. @ of 

thd Cold We, by risirg potirical or id@logical slo8m. On Deemb€r t959, borb 

SuFporcB Fovi

li inis Ggad Afrdid .o inlosly suppo.led Coffiti@ Artb Rcgiind in th. 

r!gi6 to r..D 0E Sovi.r .s|y fm lny politi.t iiflEr E. oit ctrh AGio 

lnoogh th4t thc Sovicls nigh us rk Evoturad of y@. d . bol for irc@ling th.i. 

pr*E in rhe Anbi. B a ehot.. in qtdili@ lo $a( rn. Boturion @td ln@cn 

Bribin tnd @mi&Ed An.iicrt nrin aly in itE Wo.t4 s Oc tafi.. hld g@r irr.6t! 

in S.YCM lid rlE Cltt Thc R.pobli@ns, h!rcEr, |pFed to win rh btfltc 

FnicoLrly in rhc tiRr Inrl! of rtE lfrhrio. ttr @r6cqwr, Ancrio Etb.d tt.r 

ttt YAR pGnioi w!3 good rholgt ihc civit Mr coiinu.d. W$hirgioi r.vi.!r€d its 

poltcy to*ad dF tmldion of y.|M ad b.gs dirtmlic l'tas ro $|w rh! sisis. 

Oi Nomb.r 27, t962 Arncridn pBid., Xdncdy u['jl@ J,aE Fo'd6n ro 

slw lh. FobleD ol Norrh ycm6 which d ql !o dd forcign inlcftiiion. TIE 

FoDdl imlkLd rlE fotto*in8 $tnjor tE UAR hutd withdnw n! forc rtit. Sddt 

Adi., Jodn rid sh.i B ed Sltl'ns ot ft! Sourh Aabi.n Fed.niioi hutd cgs dt 

6irLE ro ihc rcFlilr foB. llowv.., tuid. Fop6d B Ejcct.d hoih 1,, S.rdi 

ud UAR cgim6 bur wt@nEd by yAR |'Bidenl Abduttah .Lso .t. 

TIE Urihd Srlr€ hd 6c@ne @ic.flEd rut onty with fic thEB of rh. 

(epooxdn qr-r.vit srdi AEbi. bur rte qlh imr€a{in8 sdi.r rsi3l!@ 

to ft. R.Frbt@ oolmnar x E fex in wGlingion lhl rf dE uni|. 

rEG odr I sb @ogrir. rtE Rqlbtio Cov@ft,( irs opponniry ro 

.r(r3. r_mqrdirg irflme on fte poricrd .id obj.di;e ot ih!! 

gll@mc tultd bc tos( nft fe$ B h.igher.d ta ln. R.pubtic{ 

rha( mlh in ri!€ntq t4. to dc rh. ob.siB .id diddEti misirs 

:,-:1-"-:11'1 *lud, i"1,1 ar y.r oflici. y cosniz€d rh. R.pubr,c 

:!fTj'y. A'Mtu. onEilb t@ rumcisrty ,h.,EtJ ro qBd 

rglla 1.{*' H:r'dy edJtied dEnfr6 { dE mj6 u;Ed 

Joc pr.wnrfiG t6d b.q| mt @ D.enb.f tc. t%2 ttr un;kd ss!.s 

gElM drDtom.t'c cggnnion lo th. R.!trbtitu [Mhnefl_. I I 

^n nar rlcogniiioi l{d t cn folnd fu !.ri!t!ctin in SdEt lnd c.iD. Tlr 

R.tolution riB bssn. t ps, rm d,! sEp by ADcnq golc|lilH( ,tt ch 

@Bid.Ed .! gEt virrory for rtEir dB Uni&d Sh16 dcclm.!lEl.d to c@!r!s 

olh( W*m @uh6 ro sEnd dipiomrr @ognnio ot dE ru.s qu, du,o ir 

No(h Y.|m. lt E @ rh.! A@i.o @dd FBdrc thc S.udk .td hr otn€r

Ai€n& in de Fgion ro adopt po3iiirc altilods towd th. ncw cgim. ar 516. bur 

unfodundd !l.| didi t lEppcn. blqu6c An€ri@ qs noL willirtg !o displs* lrer 

Nsnhd.ls, Am.ri.D @gnilion led lo .pln in th. aJlb Wond a eme strld hd 

wlcohcd n while dhat rcjclsl il. Egypti& l,r6&nl Jmd Ahiul Nstr Epp6kad thc 

A@rier nonl suppon t(l fie E@ludd ol Y.ren ad inlerFctcd it in flsr of his 

milibry intesdlion iherc ed in favor of.ny osight w!. wifi the Saudis ovsr then 

suppori to thc otrlbts On {E otlFr sidq Mo@hic AEb S|.rB elE supFned fi. 

o6tcd Imd @lEd 10 s. c@lNion b@e of Arcdqn ![itub, ehich 

Suls€q@tly, s a Bull 10 Amqi6 r@enitioi ot YAi mur iht6 lollow.d 

sinils dccision. Th. United Ndions.dhitLd th. eplblican d€l€gtion in pla@ of lhe 

i|lm s cdtgr.nrc. The 6l Fen fd Am.ri6 deci3ion @ rcl kmM lo dosr ol 

th. Anb @ufii6. lt s e8u.d $.r tlE U.ir.d Slalcs wnl.d 10 disiar. heelf 

ftsn f.udd rcgims in th. de ed lo oFn poinive ditlogue Mth lh. progBiw ABb 

sot@n6c. lt s bFd dEt lhis st4 muld Feuri@ @Mflstrc govellmnls inlo 

Efomins th.ir F)|niual anl @nomE plicics in or&t to Bive Dore fG0dn lo then 

p@dc. Rdlislro.lgumcd sid ihat U.S inLn&d !o €n@ungE Nlsn to qitl 6w his 

foc gnefuly ali hoBn!|, flm Y€ftn.(l to.nd w theB ad ats trFtc orh.r 

Ar.b @utii6 *bo lupported lhc o).lGb lo do the sc a.lroh. 

UnfdtrDiely, th. civil w di&'t.nd s $. Unild SldB wled.d dt @llid 

amig lhc AEb stsrcs, $tich lud d@l on4m abour the cdst, also depencd The 

osle.t lrle and his lollows showd nt the 3liglrd irclimtion lo rctirc fron lhc 

bonhficld Saudi Atabia, l@og (hc q|lrsio. of l:4tpriln powr d mtioElisr 

i

He cho6. ro conrinue his hitirr.y suppon b lE y R gorrriIgt and tha th. 

shdi@ of y.in r &lmri.ilty rhr.rimi.d,rd AGft. bdr€ mEt vad.d .toot 

rh. s|'biliry in lhc Egi@, ri.r.foE i(t foE6 rg.nt|y amEd ro S.udi hnrts fd 

tr.!te$@ of tE irrcBrs rhae Mtu*t |c rh. Etyte !,.drG bmb.d Srudi 

cnloriB do.g dE bo.&r wnh Nonh y.i,E for simt 106 d6DiF rh. Ami@ 

Co6.CtE rly, rtE Unir€d Srr&. hsd f.it.d b triry .n .rd io $. civit m.,t9 ib fir3t 

dipiom.lic i.iri!ii!.8 iot fteFed by optEBr! of rl|e yAR.rd ds @td mr obain 

. qo|eFo{e fio6 lE ES,prid ReSim In .dditio, Amn F@d.d ESIF ,ith 

s6.our srsl{E .nd fib iicEsed rtr ddba of |cSludi!eto!.wir$!F@fof 

Affi'o'3 swport b Nrlir. The drcmsibai irh{e of Amic.n mitih.y 

(bhdrdr(i6 in S.!di Adi., hows. *.5 $risar.d Rrr.dh.,d Ftr.F c,,6rq.d 

::. ..Tt.* inrc.qins in rhe ycmii 'Jr.ns rref$ $c EFlbricln Esim.. 

Manrtilc Ami6 @ldtr.r inbrcE dnrdty in lh. mfli, b.6@ CE I 

followi.g |Dtacy of (+in@trcrs in ltEMiddtelr$t disurd 

. By r|ic.d of to6l, born d|! S.db od ltypriG q?cs.d rbr d6c ro 6d nurrt 

Iqro.q hd dh or dh hd r.Ec cdE9l for lcl *ing 6.ir 86t, lhcfoE, 

Eutal nEddd night h. dtc b sotrc thr! Fsbtqn Ari.n r D! ,ad, to hm* 

Si'di'E$/FiM difr.rcc.td .r dE $ft rir4 b.q€ir m dE Uribd Nctrd! for rtE 

srn F4os As r coRtudrc!, fE Unilqd 5616 .nd Unilcd N.dd6 !. !€?.6rc 

n,lsEnr Norur ydEr to tr[l. r@sr, ,egoridiB rahg ||! to dilq8|gln 

6dv€g| tlE_*rdng tcri4. Bolt nisiG, trslEr, fi.& tirt progt3! ro $tv. ilE 

Yme.i civil w du! ro rhe Srudi .id Es,pt r€g.rivc dfixb, A,r.n:c!, 0ErEn r, 

tqEnr'tl litdr.rd ont,' tmndld rsirdid hrfm 

l%4, JohMi rltied Kabld, d AFi(a pBi&rr 

.On 

.trd h. fo owd 

policy.!'nir tftltirc 

Nsir rrld.lt Anb N.riddilr EgiG. TtE Fy dd.nhip ir AGi€ 

eknodedSed rthr ym.n,s Erctutim *r$ ror dt thE t !o rn s.cunry of thc Egion 

ay dlyinS ic.tfnoc io Srudi rbrd. rtE Uiibd Sld6 .h.ndo&d ir, didohric .|Idrs

to bnng Fae to Ym.n &d al$ 161 rcurrll pGition rlEr ll6d tolloved sirc rlE 

oulbt rt of th. Mr Arncd@ covemscq mo@ver, pBurized by enc nmbes in 

ll. @nE€s to wilhdBw i1s rdgnirion of the R.p!bli< of Yem.i. Al 0tc sc rim, 

AFie dirtnl try ftr racklins Ydcni @8, il lppoint d irs AnbN&rr in S.udi 

Anlia s Arnt{sdor to YAR ed open d s.ll masion in tai?r, w[ich M 

cpo8ibl€ for $nding rcports to Wshington lhovt lhc Mr devcloo'bts. 

YAP! 6 $. 01h.r si&, B .rpiEd 10 ihpow its rclrrion vi$ te united Sbisr. 

S.m hld tul stopFl thc conrrcls wnh dE Amio.ns rnd tt llal ent an olli.i.l 

meseBc lo Wshingoo ssling her to orplctc the Fojsls, which *erc saFnded lnei 

dE Evoldion. Udied SLls !gta, fd rhd .nd llEn Am$i@n InreiEtiond 

DewloFDmr Agcncy had @md€ied the Md liiliiig S&a!, Tuiz dd Mukna ii 

lddnion to sllt 3qply fq ]inz Tnolghoul 1962- 1967 An ns lid b $e YAR w 

6y lidited udile lhe rtu ounlry s rlstion Etuined .t low lcwl. By lh. bcsioning ol 

1967. B.it ir lrrmNed 0Dt it *ould wifidtlw fom Soulh Y.ren in 1961. Th. ercnt 

3orFi5.d Anqi.r. whicn fqr.d ltDul the fdlr€ oflhc ESion 6 Na( led big in[u€@ 

in Y.i.n. As . r*ult lsGl arllotdt Esypl ond

Amidr ELriG drn 0F YAR str bot6 off ddins dE r@ Wr of 

1967.id &riIg $. ei.g. of Srd. C€ieitl Ani sid nd rne U.S, w rlE 

dly @umry still tming th. Roy.lilG. TlE.!d oftlr s& rnd t. Y@c.i 

BDF@rEffir *irh Srudi Arbi! .lwi6ly nE rft.r llEc wE m 

fdlhs g@uid fddirpot b.t'm SrM d W.ddrgron. t2 

Aftlr r.slqirg pae ir Nortlt Ye!M. ir bdfr *..ss.ry dut Sru rhot d trgit 

oflici.l .!d di@t 6n|.d! with the foFig. s6r.. wiihout n diaros, 1l|! civil mr hsd 

d6rrotld Ett .v!rf-Oi.g &d dE @untry hd to rLd .coruDic &rct FMr or.w_ 

rh.cforc, ii eE in mcd of for.ig ai& fbm ltl *ortd shra, In &Hitio. to i|!r, fln 

gndudly b.om !n4r rolitiol ed i&olosid P.6$r6 fm Solr|i€d yffii cgin'c 

oEt .dod.d cmmunkn &crriE (o b. i& rlide lMlE3ing by USSR. 

All ti.i f&ts cooFlLd th. YAR got.|Imnt fo. ihFwilg iB Et tidri *ilt bdh 

*otld blq on tlE b$h of mi{ligmcni.nd nutd BF€r Ir beM.6nput$ry for 

5.!s to F-ti. r b.l$c.d foEigtr FtiGA in dtt6 io *nicw 0E @|mb Fogrls dld 

@liltul slrbility. By rhc b.einnihg of t97os, yAR annolncld {d ir h *iling ro oFr 

dipldndic rdrtiG eith dl Elrld dBrrid 

ll my b. poirt d ot th.r S.E grrc Fiqi9 io Ming ia! Fhtim *iO 0r U.itd 

Shl€, sitich rc sup6d.d ir 196Z The sr.bn.nb ofrh. y€rEni Orrcilk ii lhis 

ngrd Ec epcncd fuy nm* oi ditt@lr @sid& Ch.i@ .f prBltq|rill 

Cowil Qdi bdd R.hlfu rl-lrr&i hi@tronfinEd dlir tur by $'rng rh4 g'e 

w tftLl ro|lign influc'|cc $,lrn stE.ur irs rct.riorE wi{r 0F U&{, brd !!r. 6 m 

rlet to FlE t G.?6irB it Ar dtr dm, 6. |Eftiliaio s!6c.dcd hacn {E 

R.F$liqB lnd thc RoFlirts, wt .h l.d to wnrlizine S@Riysdh E atioBhip ii 

.ruly 1911. A r @lt b Sedi.dgnirion of dr YAR dd irjr Esopan {,ri6 

litc Britrin, Fnm .nd C.lrMy d$ l@ llcogniDd it i. th. $i. y€i Ahdics, 

l,tEf@, fqDd ib.lf .1tr od oaYcl6. h cod.cquaE , Wdhiigron b.gu & otrrd.l 

dill.rgE vilh lhc Ymcni i"thodfti r( S!lr.- @ Arit ! 970.

-l ltc rm counlie rec &alibg eith @h olhd indi@lly sift. 1967; Aft€ri@ ch@ 

lrali.n Esb!$y .l Sa@ lo sE tor its int@sc an Yem.n, while Y.mo chos Sonali$ 

Embassy i! Wrsl ryroi lo car. about iG diploMli. rebtiom with Areriq. Otr AFil 

tolh An.rn! !fl| YelM *nt 6D'ri.l .n@y to @h ollEis @pil,.l, whach show $!r 

they w@ r.rdy b r6torc mulud i€ldlios. 

In August 197 t, number of diglorolic misiom b€r@n dF l*o olntrl\ 'iclq$d 

Ao.riE 6@h of Nonh Y.m.n gFw 6p@ially lo conto Sovi.t Un'on . grewing 

irflGE in sulh Y.'@.nd Alris tlom. [ @uld 'Miror d!.3n6nm of dE Egion 

anl Soliet nowment in tlE R.d S.r dd Indid. ocsn fitoueh No h Yemcn Moreowt' 

ir @kl @lhci Ee(bl into@tun 6bdn 0E dettloFnenls of lhe dnicB belcn 

Nodn .nd Soulh Y.ncN diBtty. On July l, 1972 S€crctary of Stlte Williu RoglB 

vjlir.d S!@ lo cloE his @uq diptomdc reldron wilh Nor$ YeGn $d.le @ 

oDcn O. obesy building. Ar Sotr lh€ ninbler eid lhal Btonlion of$. @lalions 

Nskl enhrn€ lh. Iii.ndship betwn the lm countncs and till mainl'in p@c and 

sity in lhc AEbio P.niNd& $c.l$ rcnlioned $at lhi3 stlp m a06t !o his 

@6ry's ffti8n policy lnddmof k4ping good Fl$ions witl.llsl 6htlEEgion 

Ancr edinS relaioN, nutul @oF61ion b€t@n tlE lm countid g6dDllv 

iEr..sdl On ,!ly 14 Sererlry of Stste .ft!!E d in Washin8on thar his @Nlrt rs 

sudyins MF oa previding S.E wilh @mhic si4 M@whilc trad' '!d cultudl 

rclr|iotu al$ !|rn d in lhc sltne Yc& 

Howver, lh. tw si

sourh v@n .s!.d !o end dc w wi$ $G cuditiq $gt both p6is oDcn dialogE 

for @ili.d Y.|6. S.'di Anlh Fjc.i.d this idc. b.oc it ccild.d lig th6r io ie 

inkretc in the r.ein. Am e lgrc.d to rt'c Sludi's opl.ion and both @oti6 

lhdan.r ircE!.d lh.ir suo@n b Nqth Y.mn. B! dE bcgimi.A of 1973, A@i6 

begrn dBrnFrirg gft p.ojeB h rlr YAR, in thc .8n@lrrd fi.ld.rd tninnE. h 

.ddnion lo thd, (rd. ddE g. tcrq6 E |m @uitri6 in@$d ii the 

197,1, wti.h Efler.d Ami6n !(c aon in rhis 3bncaic pn oattr wtd. 

't 

u t972" 

TIE gowmn6 in SlM cd inu€d ro .lwlo! fri.ndty rclrriors *irh tln W6! shi.h 

ftc st.ned ,l tlE b.giming of dE dc.sd.. Bdrirh r6d. .id .id ala d f6n th. 

.ctitities ol rh€ Arifti Cultlbl CouNit s th. nain $urcc of Engtkh L.ngug. 

Teching |o dF mppiig of tlE ofulry by tlE R t; .nd drGt! fu iriB.tion in tF 

TilEnnrh fn }tich wlitc|rll m& . tdn ord|c niltid sdtiig Crbtc lnd wieh.s, 

p@id.d link3 b.tlg Sa !'s {d ouFide wtd .nd @GLFroB fta 6grg.d to 

bdld.r qrE |rltMy rr trodie&i. Britkh tr6ic.'M.lo dEn s,Fis, $id $at yAR 

is rhc lasrci smwing na*.r in lhe Middt. tjlst, with rndc ising from 6 na ion in 1974 

Io ndlt J0 millio stcriins ir thc fiEt rirc ndrhs of t979. 

Am..iq p@vidcd Nqrh Y.h.n snatt 0id ltour St.J niflioi fo. iri$ra@ and hiei 

tlEE Pfr gBnc fc hircEl .tdodnh ltd fq suppty drinring hcr systcm tu $aN 

!d Taiz T.{dc imraed rl$, .rd in Nownb.. t97J dE fi6r tui@ b.nk oD.ncd 

ror bulin6 Thc mGr inpon! chfionrhip, howB, v!! ii {E r,qB of arhs. 

Aldsrg||' Wahingbr *a.tmyi tEu cd by rhe &a.dEr Foviding .lB lo y.'E B 

umrrbL, they nigl li'tl inro rh. \{M8 ir.ds of tho|. disidcnt tdbcaftn d frilird* 

6N9iElm d 4cn rlE go!m6.nt of Adlr 

now6, in AFil 1976 PBidenr Ford 6Mour@d tlbr lE wdd Fovid. i | 39 milion 

hrth of waF6, l|'ich h.d bcr Fid for by Sludi 6bia d itE fiRt csigI|lbr of 

trlilbry .id wnicb sivrd ii Fctilary. Ancr dF ctch of F.bM., i979 C.nr .gEed 

to fu6ieh r rurtld l50O niltion wnh ms b y.M, &spil, rh. view of nDy dFn, 

*lD sid rlEr tte 6Fc rqtd Fd. l@ sltlriotcd fd yq6i nilit.ry tE|ynt,

M.Itrwhile, joundirrs rcpod.d sing Rcsi.! t chtrbiB rsining dtoB on Mtc-2 |s 

.( o. otsrM d i.ld Btil..t r,t orlEr Amcris i6|r@ro6 &mN|'!cd li. us€ ot 

F- l5B: !U thc ancoft lEd been bought qilh Srudi moiet. li&ed. lhe Unitell Std.s didn't 

$f,d ft. ealom diddy ro S6n ., b@e S.rdi Anbi. hld &rFndel thor ir sholld 

li6r t@ivr lhcm .nd tnen be tmfencd lo Yd.n R'yldt fercd rhd lh. *Epoc 

naghl s1@glFn thc YAR niliEly f()6 .nd qould afl*l bd.m of porcr in rlE au 

snd ib idlwn@ and scurity. SlMa poleskd 10 the Unit€d Srlls lor rbis dclay 

lh@i.ning lnat n \eE ru !o Ml)s.N lo glEh.* e itnpono @po|a i€d.d [o{ it5 

@y, poniqrlaly Yeneni my lEw rhe RNie ms 5in@ lotg rim, lhib n ie&d 

loNh limc 10 lem on lhe Anerion syscr. 

Andic4 !@while, .4ptqi ||.te Srldi @BlitioB b€re dErc G m rilit ry 

EblioN wi0r {F YAR. therc *a tull und*tading wirh Riyadh owr the policy toward 

s!l,a .nd by .xportitra ln! !g€.d ulon @po6 b Sludi Anbia it d'ould fE hd ton 

ey obligltis for tridtrg Yc@ni f.)6 on rlr @FE AFio dnu& swly 

Mn't r*pted in Ssa4 wbioh *ked W.$ington to d@l dt*tly wnh Ycrd. Yed.ni 

autlbriti6 s!i.l lhat *n wlEn tll. @pon r€ach.d S.iia. S.ud Anbio $ruC.d !o 

cl.nr @n|Iol ovg ats @. Sdu Mplainql th|r 'B uny s rill Rql In @'nFrin8 1o 

Soulh Yonen. ln onqEne. l'6idcnl li AMuU.n Sdlah d sn a hc odN lo 

mrcr- h. tuftd lo lhe Est rn Bl@. Sea rclatio qilh USA ua! mt *€ll in thc 

Soviet infl@n@ an reed, thcreloe, Secrctlry of Slalc Vance eid in !cbr@] l9E0 

rhd d'.rc M $ impondt .nd rbubling silurron in Ycmn .nd a a Bd! l|rl. 

WGhingron .crisly s.o€d Oms and Sd8li. ir pointcdly igmcd $c YAR On lh. 

collunl od $icnlific si(br Ancrica o!.n.d cllluEl anlrc !t S.i@ tot Uiglth te&hi"8 

to th. Y.@ni 3lu&nts who wished ro it|rdt in dre Unit d Sbr6. In rddilion, t1a l.lt!. 

F@id€d $hdlrahiF to emblc YCftni 3tod.nG to @nplcl€ then $ut in ditrcrcnl 

A'ndi@ uiEuities. Tadc crchdge sw stedily b.t@n th€ tvo countries Dding 

North-South Yemcni wr F€br@.y 1979, Amd@ @tdemrcd Aden's dggrssion ag.inst

TI€.61 fq€d Mn: to .nh.E iE milihty DreE h S.rdi Aobn !n d.rt 

ib fot€.. Al thc ffi lim, Ir.n rcwlution outbut. wnich .i.Ld Ancnorn infls.ne 

lbsc and tht fir.d WrlilElon to giw mF .rEfiiq ro d!. FlDhff of YcrEr NN 

Fpd& Miaon€d llEt Cd@ lnd First n Cmdr wE di@rly lElpi.S Soulh Ycmni 

.nn€d for€ amdic!, dFtlfoF, For.skd lo rhc ussR ti6 its sorro.d of ad6 dd 

ollcd ',Fi him to .iop fmi!. inwtv!ftnt in tl'. !E 

ln Meh 1980, PEidhr C!n.r lrd rsLd ln. CorgB to.F.oE hi. dlr 

of stding 

rms lo Y.D€n rhruuel sluii A|!bh innl.dialety. ns lion tirE SrDr Eceivcd Uc 

Affien aqpoN wirh abcn hondrcd Ansi6.rFns Amie lrtarld siolrs lo 

f@ th. Sovi€r ch.llc.g€ in E rB r!.wnhctd WBtirgrd did'r .swe S.tih's 

m€i,ng wio sooth Y.n.nt ledcsiip ii Kuwit which kd ro Bire rh. dirtogw for 

WBtnAbn dEogh( rt l rh. 6iV eit|| rh. si.tisr Soldr y.|M codd d!sr!!b ih 

i.flEr. in tlE .!r{' tn Sdt'. gMftrx otticiak !.mdEd ttnr thcy *!utd rct . ow 

tlE 3uFrpowB to .rpion d€ difi.@B .,Mg thc p..pt of ymi. WdhiiSron 

b@re {od.d.bo{t rh. rrc of irs BF,E u w[ inflErE in y R. tid..d big 

ponioi of O. @pon! rhrt sgrc.d to stc lo tlE y R\ my Em.ired an Sddi Anbi4 

Fnicululy, ti.Dlu6 sld urittdy rioogh S"e ant &tcg i.n ro Wsningion b 

disB tlE hdrc. bd 6 mr sle6' 

Solih rir.d Md@w to Fovi& rms to r,is drnry {n hh dqn id E ..ci.d. 

MlMw !g@d !o sell Epors wonh $600 hi ion. Thc Sovicf , ltritudc dislurtE

'G 

A! a rcsdt, Nonn Y.md b€€ft l[. singlc $src h rh€ Middle Est *lich osftd 

fM b.th 3!!cr!o*t6 dog with nilitly .xFt!.ls fM botlt bhc siF iDincd 

Tbc momt of Americ.n .id inocas.d ut ro 130 nillio4 ehict 6n&c!d €cdomic 

Foj@l! lb@gnod dE YAR- U.S,A om a. tE sqd pBiri@ |0.r Egtpr itr whi.h rh. 

Yctuni stu&nr. rdk &lnision fd posqrdure 3ody thsugb@t l9E0s, shita .l 

uiwBiry ldcl rhe Sovict Unio v6 rhc llBt @siry. $M 3 reLtiom eilh USA 

stodily glli a s Bdt of E36irg p€e b fhn Yaft4 Fnicdnlt S.lih !d hi! 

oppoeils ir ile NDq signed pcscetul s€(lcnrent for fien oiflic! in 1984. 

E oFDic o-oFntions fq $tudisild.ntElc€ddift enl fEldr of&wlops. lr 

1984 s Affii@ CrnFny disco@ld oil fm m.lrFm .B of t|c YAR in . 

@mm.rcEl qurdiry. Th. rlE. Ah*im vi6F$id.nl Jdg! Buh w hirelt lh. 

orlr.r of lbG cmFrry elD visicd S.@ in 1986 1o iNgmt dE .xpon of petrol. H. 

efi tui oil *odd 3lrlnslh6 Y.'Mi-ArEi@ @peodon .!d qnd6,z.d lhl 

Ycmcni oil hrd stt€gic siglifilre bd@ il is looled out of llF utabL Cdf

The Referonces 

r. P.... Crlvocorsrl ,/odd Wk Strc. I S,pt3.{ 

2. ldi4 P: 3 

3. lbi4 P:58 

5. 

Sir Rcid€r Bu s4 rfte ,t/irdl 

Royal lnstitute of Inrcmafiqul 

1958, R 98 

St€phen Pagc, |rE $riet Union 

New Yoriq USA, t98j, p: 6 

6. lbi4 P: tJ8 

?. Ibi4 P: 173 

8. Ibi4 Pp; t8t-182 

9. lbid, P: 192 

l0.lbi(Pi 60 

Fast t Politiel arrd ho@ntb tur'E), 

Aftairs, Ofad Univ€rsity pre3i UK 

and IIE yenens, tls€8€r pubtishcrq

I l.Robb BidrNll 7l. for /.i.|r, LogDa Group ad w€s&icw Prt.!, 

Colltlo USA t983, l': 235 

l2.TGq Y. fnnEl /,t&rrrdbrd ktub8 { L Cor',,nryqt NlUt 

da( Syre$a, Syoluse Uliver.eity 9t63, 1986 

N'

CHAI'TER # 6 

Yemen Relations with Major Arab Countries, 

Saudi Arabia and EGYPT (U.A.R) 

t- North Yemen Relations with Saudi Arabia 

B€forc lh. rid Vo.ld War *lEl. of ABbi0n PfliNUh u! und€r Ottomn R!lc, 

theEf@, th.rc Ps m n€ad fo. dm@lio, ol lionticB b€t€n the wious divhion! 

TIE d.s.d leGin and lhc norEdic Ey ot lifc of th. @jo.ity oa th. i.hlbit&ts had. th€ 

ermldelinirlrid of boun&'iB diflicllt .nd hr8ely uiiece$tv. r rh. end of 0E 

w'r, th. Ggion M divid.d imona nuremN 3mall porenrd*. tn @.s.qEmq rh. 

sttong dtmrliB of lhc cgid drhEd its @l@l ola rhc a6q *hich wB onde. rhen 

innu.re sine hdny yca6. ll.hid ul-l)in dyn$ty t@k po*r owr Nnhf, Fn of 

Ymer in 1918. Saudis, o. 0E orhq h!nd, ssceded {o subfln nd of rtte !€ninsuh 

mder then @nirol and foundcd S,udi Kiig{ton in 1932 .id bec!re rh. sing!. shr. in 

the wl4 which dtinuls to l'.sl dr6 c @trolted by r eingtc dt6iy. 

TrEc.E rido.. of |:.to6 rbicl tiv. bci dirertt rr6 ig te yenolsudi 

Rndon!. The BsBnphicht kcbr b rh. fiFl one. tr is Dlurut tactor as ftc tm 

@ul.i6 @ i. the enE Egin .nd adFqr ro *h otlE.. This f.dtr is @middld 0E 

nGr mpona facbr wirh di@r €fleci on lh. rw sidcs.rctations. Borh yd.n !.d 

S.!di Anbi. ac mir p t of Ambirn pciiMta TIE S.uti SllL t rh. mnhdr 

ftighbor of Yhcn. lh*fod, lhcy h.v! di@t links wirh $.n orh.r. Th. n oDte more 

f6rt fm N oury ro o0td sinc. t E b m dldl incBrie ro otdct ihe 

npveodl betwd 0E lm sid.r Saudi kingdom hs vq trge a@ md sim. irs 

gliblishftn( i( hr! n$h snem ro its inLEt sliry. X hs tong @3( m tlE R.d 

S4. which is @mid€Fd ! big Oe.r {o its seurily in ce of any tor.jg. .(.ck.

With diwry of oil, S.udi be.rft d of UE inporiad srds in tlE wld 'lhc 

Kingdom\ wealdi haddflrali@lly incE{s.d which llso Eisr)d ils srdlosic ,tuporllne. 

h l'.lp.d in oFniig wideenge of tocrgn rhlioG, prdicula t, vilh W6td Powq 

in ordcr io prolccL itself rgoinsl ny cxlernnl th@t. thc lslrnic I loly dMs lho rutqi 

sodi Adbia\ imF)i.e in rhe Mclin wo.ld. All rld rud. sFudi tu bb mE 

s.nsitilr rbout ilJ s€cuiry. Ind*d all dE Kiigdomt fo6gn El.lioc rE noriv ed to 

All lhir ha ireE-sl $udi s anbitioG to h.d Modnn world. hcM il! Flitjol .nd 

.cmnic poticic to@rd! lhe kluic World G ba*l otr this philNphy. The 

g.ognphiol lcation of Y.nen snd S.!di AEbi! m.de t| *y lo. both 10 .fiscl @h 

othd 3 ini.m! lf|is lid $e cltdons wrc rc|, dwys withod hsion TtEy 

soneli'n.s c@penlel and rl olher lbught lith @h oth€t, puticuhrly, ov€r the boflret 

E{ept Y@4 Srldi Aobi.'s NiSihor sl0l6 htd similr n('mrchal s}sLn. th.el@, 

thc latler betieved thal the teal theal !o then thtune tnighl om€ fron Yercn lt€nce' 

lEe w€ &ubG b.lwn the rw colitri6 .nd thol fdcqi S.odi Ambi. to build 3lMg 

intlu€nc owr YAR in ordd lo if,(eNere in the inctBl ofians ond 10 bi.8 lhe @!nav 

D

TIlc !d.d Lclo' llToti.c Ymi-S.udi s EhriN k tF po|tllhlid. ]1c frct i! 

th.t Saudi tu$id @v€rs big au bur nith snlll popul.lion cornF€d io Y.n i, 

Majdiit of S.udi popol.ri@ c(l,uniratdi in tlE n.in citie, Ri.ydh, J.dd!n, Moa .nd 

M€dina due lo ..ononac rcoss BiB tonion of lh. Kiogdon ! land is nosily d€srt 

wl l€ p.opl..G living Er IIE ao'@i. Es)tjG. M6r of Yc|Mil.ndt 3uir.ttc fd 

rll kiid of lgri.d|ml .roF aid its p€oplc e*i.g in th* fields .nd &iccnrnr.d in 

lrE ruEl .@i Nin ry p cnr of Y.|h s hnd is fcnit. ,rd |!eiv! ESdu 6inr. 

In addidd ro rh4 loptd.tim of yffi is do€ dsn th.t ofrlE Soudi rbia.!d 

grcslh 6re.ko fiigi. ll€ne, Saudi Adbi! Ms conFtt.d to imFn tabars tM orh.r 

@unlri* ro lill this vacum. HuB€ iMtu. of oit tEtFd Riyldh ro ...cl!ae $c l*l of 

@nonic dcv.loFftir but wirh coDptere dcpeieice on foEiei t.bds tin ![ dr ih. 

turld. .@Ld f'ny Foblds b 0E &tlui1i6 thd.. ycn.n htd big pot{hiio lnd 

hisncst olio ofrordh in th€ FniBUh yeftni t.hoB wk in Srudi Anbi. i. ditlq.it 

leroB. .nd mljodty ot th.n, in thd. and @NrMrim 

U il 1990, nrcrc th.n oE mitlio. ycftni nigoi€d to S.udi AEbi..id $re of 

lnen bcqN S.udi nlri@b wtit. mrjoriry Ermcd b th.ir honchnd dtd 3tbrt tin.. 

Saudi A6bia |.aEd th.t rhe ycmni hbos ollld c@ic su y Fobtlms, thc 

covfrh.nt .llo$!d it FoDtc io t inc htbG fmE ortrd crrunt i6. on th. othcr tEn4 

the Bro*ih 6t of Yami populstion is morc rtun S.udi Adbis lnd it |h. @mdc 

aldirio in Ymd Cor imFov.d, iE otio of rh! Bre*rh eil d$ imtle. Thcrfm, 

$udiAFbi. grvc ihis f.!br nEh inpotun@ in ilrdati.g wilh yncntu. 

Ih. third f.clor is thc dononic diilercm b.l@n ynen !d S.udi Arabi. ln 

qr.ur ro dhd porB of Aabi.n pcninsut4 yffi w, stf,Etilrt Edd u n hd 

dlFnded q its oM Mioojc r.!ourd. The lrutt is rh!l, in thc lldlr y.ftn usd to 

Fwi& th. tbpl. of Antir Mrh mr of dEn ne.rs! pdricttort , 0E lgricotrnl 

odnoditis. Ttefo&, rh. @nohic corxtiri@ of th€ yrEni, ws n@h sbbl. md rlE 

i,rlre de w b.{Lr 0b th. Flptc in rhc ddn n t gutf *tD 6! Nrtin& 

nlinly in tfie fishine fidld

lloEEr, disvcry ol oil cl&gal the siluliq .nd Y.mcn b.cam tk pmr @ut y 

ii dc pf*ii A6bim Pciinsula wl'ce s it inqcded sudi intunE |o unr$sinlble 

figu6. wilhin f.w yqc, lisudi Anb'r b@re rlE \€llikst @unlry Dl only in tlE 

Foinsul. bur .ls amonS th. Muslin .ouilri.s. Eac4y cftca in 1972-71 l€d 1o big 

im|.4 in 0E oi! Fi@s od Sludis beclil.d mwh lrem {!t,6 lhcir dnul in@m€ 

before this p{nod rLs $4.2 billion, vnich incrged 10 n.ru l|ff tri50 billion 6nei $ 

|ndeed oit lrd noet de |he mo61 inport nl inslrMcnls d @pon in lhe Sstdr inrcNI 

and eiteml polict. tnLnlioni of thc tuleB, thctedicr, see to seurc $e oil dd reuin 

tne honmhy. He@ Sludi nbi6 shn.d widcEngc of Fliliel innucd i. lh. Egio 

by uirg ns nn@ial cescs. 

Od the oihd side, lhe @noni. condnion in Y.n.n del.riodted lbr set.dr re&ns 

Alrhough Nonlt Ye'nen got indepen&@ b€loe lt| 6tablishftfl ot saudi Arabi., ils 

cgim. I lo shnc .nd @uld noL iEFov. ti. Flitical, *onomic, .trd *i.l @ndil'on 

of lhc psPlc. Inan Ylhya did nol allow Amoican @mDsnies to.xploE oil In Y€'tren 

bd@ hc i.a'.d |hor lud8re6 inghL tcsloni/! hs oulq. lhcrclbs Ycrncn 

Endred bekwad 8nd Ml.rcd. 

'the p.oplc of Yemc. d4ided lo changc the cunlryt pollicll stst€m hop'ng lhat 

dcir @mic dd si.l ondiion will inPtule Mqnwhilc, tlE lslut'on 6 

d6hred in 1962, *hich thcw olt lhe lM'n0le tegim€ lnd cMblishsd R€pubhcan govt 

Th. Erclurio@i... ho@er, 6uld not rchievc pogrsite pog6m s tlEv rscd 

$o;g optosition on bolh intcnEl lrd .xl€rMl sides, th.reforc, ESvpt cane |o det€nd lhe 

S.!di Ar.bi! platql danScrcus rolc in $e Yscn sins 'numv lo PuEhs 

rihdl t6dn. h oitin@uly suppon d th. kibcs a!.inst th€ enllll 8ov€mncnl 

lovahv ol' 

in or

-llir. as tml 

glp bel$cn lh. Mi.s of the te .Mtti6 .rd fi. S.dk hrc 

domin.tid ovr rhl Ymni @iorny. 'l h. @bmy of Ywn gor big s.rhocl de to 

Qat plaihrion! anrct rp@d owr mc rhln niml]l F|6r of fic @uit.y's lgricotruEl 

lrd l hc Ali is u.d only .!Mg {h. t@ttc ol yd6 .id ld m @rt rs oubi& rh. 

counlry. orrctoc, it r€pl.ccd oth.r inporr.r crcF tik. Colte.id frlns, $,hich @utd 

b.cxF ed..d am forig.dchlng.b rat EE€

Tlc f tn h.ro. d.t mincd by tc tdmic st .imis,rq which is @Gid.Ed s 

gtid.liE of htt egihs Allhough rhc Fopte of rhe rlbid peninsuts !n: MNlimr. 

hn theF wl! some dir.rcnc$ r€gading the lndedaniling ot kl.mic idcas. rn yemci. 

lhd. !e tqo !.h@b ot ktanic rhoughl Shmi and Z.ti. The z.Ai tm.@r. dcd 

Ydcn fc ssnl }r-ra On rte o6G. sidc, Wlhn biilh E 0E do, mi s.d in 

Nljid. Wshbobis had m exu€ni$ cxplanarion fd htdn and UEy soricd to co,.pet thc 

people of A6bi! to follow thch. The st found.r, Muhlmmcd ban A&lut wahnlb, 

6&Ed in .lli.@ siln lbn Siud snich plt rh. potilical to&6hip in dE t.rcr,s n.nds 

ad eligios .IIai6 fd W.nh.b_ H€Mfonh, $. W.Ihlbis lcuclFd ditirry mpdg6 

uids the nm! lslmic dEisn" od llsctcd Ymd $hcc rhey fGd srrong BiltaM 

froh $e Z:id4 tlftfdc, thc tehrioG bculcn rle t*o srs nos{y s@ mr g@d. 

W.nh.bis 6sidn Zlidi doclrirc ckldic beluse, ir. foltos* grve moF cF.r io 

Ptoph€l's d{edcnts equ.l to Ood, Hokve( Zlidi lmms .g.qed Oar she of Walhabje 

id..5 ree @tut. For ins1am., *h.n thay dr.ck d Yen.n, rt tn6 ofsre rca!(ed 

dlcn dcslrdi Egdding &nolishirg of tlF sn.iB of sint!, b6!s Z.idiism ic€lf h.r! 

rcjdrcd th€ blildins oi the 8nv*. 

Ncvdnd*, lhce w @tin6E dolbrr or "6ld ml b.tGn S.tdi d!@ry.rd 

Hmid al-Din of Ycma ulil tlE end ol l 0s, du. o $.se leens. Mo@v.r, th€ 

Sludir had b.en climinatdl Hehmi s ruls over llte in lur€ 1920s, whioh l€d lo grcsr 

h$tilitis bd,6 t|!e ls sidc! th.Etde Ur reldjoc ace ml almcl gord wirh $. 

lo1!m hdu!. th€y rcde H.shmis ud cotuidqed @sible $Bl or @mFdlo6 !o 

llE fomeN rul€. Thqe s.re snsll Shia ssrs in S.udi ADbis, rhough vcry s€st dd thc 

gos.tl|Mt did noi .llow rhd ro joi. m, d Flie, d it w f€ar€d dEt lhcy night gcr 

h.lp ttum Y*n lo c nc problds in dE Kineilrn 

P@utly OcE is litde ellct of$is l&tor on rnc alarions t rreen lhc lro oulrks. 

ivlrjqig of YcIais k Sbni sinilr to llF S.ldis dd WdhlEbis b6m. noE nod6d. 

tha. iD $c po.t All thd s h.lping in ncmwing rlle elI ot dill@n6.

. Saudi's Regional Expansion and the Yemeni Reaction. 

Th€rc Ms hnn.d co.l,et h€i*n ln.n Yahy! (vtF j$ u3 clll.d king of Ymo) 

,id Sulil. snd In.n N{4 tdul Anz bin S.ud b.fm tlE $dld MFl. Bolh lad€F 

rw bdy ii fiShtins .iIn tlE T! hh EniE,6ch in th rd. wlEr 0E L!!er 

disint gnr.d, rhc rm la&rs 6tq!d in oFFriti@ *i0! @h othd for fiftriig mrc 

l6ilo.i6 ro hi! rulc. lb-Srud b6!m. |h. md lorimre l@d!r in th€ A6brm PniNl. 

sin@ h. s'|c€ded in 3ubdui.s bis ponion of the Peninida. H. cspruFd lliju .tler lons 

cmllicl wilh its indirimll tulers, ih.lbhmii3 who 9w focd to fl.c to norttrcn d@ 

ln.n Y.hF B aMc olrlB {cskryn ns..d lE b.g!n omdd @rid wirh rtE 

Saudi ladcship .nd ods Fofrin.nt dynBri6 r@nd his. MaNhilq .n6 i. q.d 

Hij&, lbi-S.!d dmnsed Islamic Clonf.rc@.1 M€6, *hich dis.u$cd 6! pilcdnlee 

{Ians .nd lhc p.lvailing situalion in ft. sE . Tk Gull of the cdfcllM $!i lhr! tlE 

Saudi @girc gol si& @ognirioi t'y {& M8lih lodcB Yem.ni d.lcgntion M lfic 

iiBt to rniw .l Mdm b.6re lh.m YrhF snt.d to n€r Abdll Ar,iz r'd di!.B 

vith ftin rlE imfi.d isc. irchdirg md6l al.rim !d dF r!8iool ltt iR. 

Allhough dt ie8ot.lim kE suoslul md tlE lm lddo! oronted to hvc moF 

ceFElion. lhc rchtioos dd€rioDted !! rk WrhlEbi hilit ns di'ct.d Ycmcni pitgrims 

vhil. lhey \vqc going lo Mq! lnd killcd nost of th.h, Tfi. imid€nr. hoEler, $tvcd 

.s S6udi AEbi. hrd Fid .mFnsstim io thc YeMis sim ih. 6s. Mr cciderd 

politic.llore It E the fi6t !mb1.m bcr*En YarFn rrd ilE Sludis, ftd bott !id.s hld 

&€p(ed Ferul $lulid, in ot!h. io n.intrin Cood tltdtios wirh dt orh6 B.irg 

d.s6&rt ot ll.smi fMily lnb Yrht! trii io n€did. b.rEn lh{r &ud rnd dE 

Sneif ltMin of Me6 and tuld or Hijlz i. ordq ro t{ing .nd lo {* @iflict oq Hij&. 

Yrhr"! .fIo.is f.ilcd b@r@ s.udi Fsjm. taEd th.t rh€ rwo H$imi rcsimes in 

Ymd md llija, tnisht uire asai'$t him.nd w mptcd.g.iist the SlEnrs who *€ 

deft{ed lnd lliju.nftxed io 0E S.udt KinsdoD. Sobsqcrrh lh. chrioN did mr 

inFrw dG to lhc Wthhbis incrfqing in rtE Ydai iin nnl .tT.i6, *nich t.d ro 

si@l d*hs &d cmpehssire wr bctGn rh. reo @firi6.

. Dispute over Borderlands. 

'llr inftdi.te qc of $e MIicl B Asn, . s@ll FsiFli9 mnh of Y.tu on 

rhc Rcd S6 C@t, Du ngOlloms role,llEt dibry bec! dninisteEd 4 a Qrin. 

'3d 

mlqrmiyr. wnnin $e wilard or Yebeo. llc tedtory ruled by (s loaldylalies i'l 

which mdlem Fdion (higlt noulliN) rul.d by ftc 960 A ids .td lhe eLdsn p.n in 

dr lrnds of tlE ldrib. l.lo.oEm porli@ rMjned for slbn dm ud.r w.Nrbs cortol 

d6ing Oeir fiRl dFnsion mpds. in nindenth enury 

'rh. lound€r of ldriri dyna6ry s6 Siyyid Muhsf,ed al-ldrisi *ho belonged lo S&osi 

dyn$ty frs Liybi. bur h.d nignr€d !o cli! rtd *lrled ttce. tlc M a religioN 

FFn ard E D@pl. swpon d his i&B .houl lsloi! Efom. WlEn lE b@n $ong 

lE hd nilili.ry t€!.llion .gdd$ Orr'rrd s tu|., .rd oncn .lliql *ith dE lmms of 

Yem.q.vei {rugh dEy h.d difer.it obj..tiv6 s bol,h h.Fd lo rulc Nhole Ymcn 

rtq th€ Tu,Lkh dcFrlurc. When Yahy. lchieled autonmy within th€ EmpiG, lhe 

ldrfti lerirqi* w@. Gt ired by thc Pon . 'IlE ldrisi had @n&mned rhll lgrencnr 

od F6ist d i. his ho lny ro l[€ Orbmra. Inm Y.nya hc!r. 1nir6 in rhc ldri.i s 

.yB.!d he beli.vdl lh{ Ysny! hld dec.i*d him IEM th. nbrNr grfl belllei lhc 

TIE Idrisi had elablhh.d sood clations with ShaifH$ein ol M@c." sd bolh oe 

|g!rut OrrmN. Cot6.qEntlr, d'e ldisi be!fu the fmr Anb rulcr 10 join dE Alli6 

dring Wodd Wr L M@n$hile, Bdtlin rsognized hrs iidapcfttcmq gwsiaqi 

Fot€ctioo for his leditori* .id pmvid.d hjm eith r slbsidy s wll s .!lt|,mtrls. On 

lhc {lhor si

l! w a sr6|€gic slcp fq lbn,S{!d sh@ .in wls lo pul tlij.r unde. cmpleie sicg. 

rrcm .orrh ond $uth. -l fi. ld.iii di.d ..d wlr .uccddcd by hi! m, Ali Muh.mm!4 but 

he B dly.ighl€en y.!n, th.Gtor., hc trov.d to b. slak.nd in ff..rul tulcr. Sm. 

.lier his !c6sion, iftlm YqlD! |@l dvli|!g! of l . wakncs snd th. inrc@l 

divisiom in rh. ldrisi houre to s.n.x rhecntirc tuir. Whilc, Siyyid Alifted ro d€n his 

uftl€ H.en Drclaimcd hins.lt tmam lid Ani aid sought lls-Sludl suprdn. 

'fhe Sulbn ofN.jd wB too hlptty to hilc .mrhcr €icos to crrdd his influence in 

lh. tulhwcst.m @i,Er ol (x Ambian l,cni'$h, ud his rroF q €lly Ncupi.d Srb. 

and Jian, dE main citi€s in Tilsma ofAsn. Monwhil., Sayyid Ali h.d nol riv.n up 

has chin 10 rlE thbne. ll. s. hct to in md civit M. mu.d b.rwo tie lddsi 

frhily renb€n Ali ws rllicd wirh lmaD Y!fty4 .nd his uNte gd Srudi lultDn 

Yrhyr facd th th. Wlhh.bi lr@ah $i! cncuching d rdriod.. h. cciddld ro 

be his os. |Joq.a, Wrnhbi poc otri.d tlE d.y, thc I t.g rHdrisi 6 Btdtish€d 

a tlE ruler of . r.tMt d A.ir 

In 196, h. a fo@d [o 3i8tr ! i6ly Gth th_{ud r Md., in shi.h lE.@tcd 

slt! a@n&d to . Srudi Fo&G1oBr! oa his rdlory. Tttc Sn dt guntird hin his 

th@nc, cucnt fMt.R, ni futt porvcR of ii .dt rdrint$di@ (b,r lot f@isn 

policy). N.rcnhclcls, wi{ Gmincd ot th. IdBi'3 trxl ne b tE andcd !o rhc S.udi,s 

dqeiN.lL. llas's

The fom.r, s mishr be dFcle4 plo0ed @vcn8F asaiat th€ $udis His pl0n wls 

ba.d on cqopcration qi$ Abdullah, srn ol cr- shlrif Merca atil laler, lhc Hasfinite 

Kiig ot TBi$-Jordlnt tog€lher th€y !/€n lo ' lc ! rscponsed auaok oh lhc llije 

fioh thc nonh an l $ulh, driving our lbn S.sd. Du ng thc s@m€r of 1932. lt! stt&k 

ftum thc mdh b.glrl. which E dcLll€d sily by fie Wahhabir On the other h..d, 

H$.n a'rld mt do ey rhing b@@ S.udi fo6 ruh€d inro Asir, od h. sa 

c@pl.lely dqf€tqtj |ha saudi r@F @upiql sabF od lhc rdrisi ncd lo Ycmn, 

*hjclr @.in d mulrd duins rhb 6ni.t TtBc dshs lw @Nid@d donSeDN 

lhral lo !h. @ly 6ldtlislEd Slrdi KinSdon. 

. "War of 1934' between Y€men & Saurli Arabia 

Thc lh.b itrt€Ne@rl with Kine Abdul Aziz for Sayyid ll@q and the te sidcs hcld 

r @ntarcne at Yenen for tnis plrpos in M@h 1931. Lhe lalks didn'l su@ss s tn. 

Itl|lm i$i8t d 0Et tlE lddsi b€ @+t blbhcd in hb old pcition. wilh rhc mns.qEnc. 

lhc L.Ni6 w inlcaified .!ong tlE Yw.ni-S.udj bo.da.. In M!y, lnam YrlF ord.nxl 

hi3 trdF inio Asir .d th. Oasis of Najdn, tlE ow3lip of whi.n @ de dirp{rql 

b{lG. r|E W.hh.bi mn.rcl a'rl thc imm a cvidcmly mr inlcGtcd in my 

.c8oli.t d sulmenl ar $c titu, fM hc rr6ld lbn Saul s cnisi6 {d held th€o a 

hosug6. Yo@i lr@!6 la&h.d gBilld w .griNt dr. Sludi gmiens ii Asir 

Ho$lirics b.tffi the $o sidcs b.!rn by lhc niddle ofNovnber 1933, the figl$ing 

wa nol, bowr, psued wirh nmh vigor by.ith.r lmy at 6Br. ad n w int nupt d 

tr.qu.nlly for funlEr trunLs disusions, O. lcbruary 17, 1934, Fpl!€n1lrivs of 

Y.m.i .nd Scldi A6bii mer in Abh !, wlEc $e Saudis pl*rl€d rh€t conditioi! lor 

Feq 

I h. Inao ejelcd th.* and Fir@le! hb ddm to borh the oes of NajEn rd 

Alir In April, lbFsr'd fimlly &cidcd thlt lrc h.d mugh ol YaIFt pdonimrion 

!d ent hin e ullinatun. Al ilE si! tic, k o&r.d his amy ut'&. the l6d.ship of 

hi5 lN 3.)Dx S&d ad Fsy$|, ro b. @olcd B.d h. Fdy 1o a0acl if tn. ultimAlun @ 

nor gnsREd rilhin re d!ys.

sandstorn ofcxetliofltl violde cul offall wiElds @hnuniolio6 b'rten lh' 

lrc opp6ing si{hr, atd lh€ S.udis 1@F. hdving @.ittd m o'dds lo &' @tlrdv' 

ar.ct.d Yd.n @ Apnl 5. [.rsl ldl Frt 

ot Saudi .mv !'d ttl&tcd Ydrcti loabld 

{l ilEmr), which ftll In hir hsn& e

The fa.t was ihal Yabyt! altnv hld littlc .xpetreftc in fidli'g in lowled '@ 

bds@ th. sUnG belongcd lo mounoiru villsS$ ll d$ had verv old *3Fod It 

dnpadng ro $ar or saldi snr d8el[c, h. cdc lo know ltul his l@F muld rul be 

rble ro l-@ the SBUdi metiFy in I ih.ma. M(ercr. tu wN rol !u.e .bour * lov.llv 

ot Ur F)plc of0rr Egid, e tltsl, lE dlridLrl b sre his lrmFs itod an &l@l &fdl 

Mdtie, he f6rcd $.1Brilish fde migh int rcE in a.vor olhis opDofnt $tF had 

g@d rEllriG witt lh.m. Ydyt ueued lhrt hb d*isi@ c.m 10 ew MBlim bl@d Md 

10 plcldr foEign pow6 from intctGnns in lhc lllii8 of borh @ulc 

Alhdgh he had pcviocly d@!nd.d @.

. Yemeni-Saudi Relations after the uar (1934-1962,, 

An6 lh. &lihi|'tid ofrtE hddq by I bi-Drio6t mFisid\ rdr6N b.rEn rh. 

tl! tl|Mrcls EG prlDabt rh. bet in ih. Anl, Middle EBa Fron rtE. 6 ln. re 

dynalid EE .lw dli6, $d the g@d rctatiqs b.lEn th.n rcsF*liv. kinadons 

@nlhcd to ihFove ,!d borh E€in.s &t€nded dh olher o! ditT€.ur o..$im. 

Dlring lh. wodd w.Ft, lnan yahy. E Biftd rclnnl, $ou8t lE Showrd titte 

3ymproy lo rhc Aiis Sbr6 b€.{ffi th.h vi.tory.gninst B.it ii Ddd htE fu'c.d ls 

io lew Solth Yftn Ho@cr, tbn.!&d joincd 0r Attied ()tnA 0ton8 eirh &ir!in. 

$nich E hh m.in $pFncr n' Oe rcgio. Mawtite nur,EJ di.togE m.i.Fd olql 

.nd borh |!gin6 sr ofaE d.t g.tks to ach orh6 fa mui.lin ,bo{t .di!trr 

i$Es conc.miry !hq. M@rime, Kiig Abdut Aziz dcvetop.d pdirilc toEign potic, 

and q.r.d m d popol&ig, $riL th.m (kins) y.tr{ i$t.Ld htu country frcm , rtE 

ThG @hhon inbGr wili orhc. Anb S|!t6 in opDGine lhc arirth Dr!!oc. in 0E 

Midlc Est lcd r|t Inm inro sctdt ! it,c. In t936, rtooe sO S.rdi [bi ,rd 

lr.q lF !i8'Ed $. TEV of AEb BrottE ood .!d AIi!E r|k .in s! Od tre 

@mri6 hight 3{!Dorl hi! poticy tomrd Brirtuh colot.|lm of yami cnirdi6. 

YdcI .!i Stdi A[bir fomed rtr nb 1..!E ir t9r5, dqg wirt oth€r tiw Anb 

Sblq !fti prnicipit€d in . amnftrs to p!.!r|! thc chlner ot &e Ls{uc. 

ln 1948, lm.n yaiy. ss G$rsin.t d !t ht $n Ahned sE@ded hih. Abdll A.iz 

Bin $id took hdrit€ .ltitude lg.ihst ttE conspintG s s@n d lE tErrd rh. i.s of 

lhts 4it. Aldb!8h ihc ot+ t.d b, onc of S.!di,! b.9 yftri fii.nda b

AbduUah ol-W&ir b.qne vicrim of rhc sit@tion in thc AfrbiD pdiNqta. He @y 

hav€ ml 0.kmwlslgcd thal kings do iot gcroGtly apFove of sgicide ro &y of lh.m. 

lb.-Soul int nqEd in the c{nnid in flw of hlm AhmqL or*uiad orhq Anb 

Shr€ ro pG&o& rlEir @gnirion of At-WDi.'s golsretn ( Sr@ He &tsFd Ao! 

L6gE Disin b Y.ffi ro .'miri.8 rlE Ew 3n@do rlErc b, i.vitins it ro Riy.dl 

trd poldg.d irs sraying tn|ril AhtrEd @uld d.fcd rlE mup t..dcG. 

Th. S&di ti.g $w lhir if rh. @!p r!c...{H, ir lqtd bdne d.n8.ou !n*d.nl in 

!!. Fgio! 3wh politicd i$Nii jor\ sight cul. nsry probl€ns for ih. mendivc 

rc8in6. As a nowot, hc ddd h..dly rnord lo symFthia openty *id d-Weir,s 

hoiw6t, which tuiled lner onlt about otu month, 't he fa.r is tha! lne KinC s .ttitlde 

.pfr{cd 4 | skilltul poliriql move, rofl*red hb ftithfltne$ ro at-laif T@ry {irh 

Y.hy.. Throushour th€ Gisn of lmd Ahncd, YenEn\ forcis etatioE eB simitarlt 

.6tered or rhe codflict wnn p Brirbh ovcr thc Ad€n !ret@bsre' 

h &. br. tec of LM AhnFd's tulc hc ahosdtl willif,And lo drbtktt ditiodnic 

lints eith $@l @ulri6 lrd baoE @rei&nbty involtql wirh se of lher ln rhis 

Etlt( lE *E €lr@ngel by S.di Anbi. l! dod @ilql r@ign Doticy .r *vad 

inGrulidal is6 Uowwr, lil. ${d hi! lirlEr htd dorc. rlE Frn ry oorivrtim in 

Dltin8 dL.( fitb odEr ourti6 a tii€ hoF th.i lhey Fuld lElp hin ir his olid 

ldde4 he @uld not l*p his count t orl of torcign nodemizing influ*s! for 

during hh nrl€ may modlro id(a s4 wid.ly dise€ninaled thoueh@1{E o$er Anb 

@unlris. The groMh df @w hcsns ol co'nmunicstjoN 'r@i tlut Y.men oull rc 

longq r6ain nnnure b th6e ids, ud nrdde !.e m.dc u th! Ladilional ye$ni 

rty of life by all forcisn visiroB ud rdviscc, whct!.r A6b or run Anb. Ann€d's 

ge0..up.li@ wifi tnc Bdtish, horeEr, mldc hin 16 ale of the ddser of ft6e 

loaign infl*|]6. tG lhoqhl lhlt lL!!rl. ri$ A.ibin shouB n* his populdity odos 

l[. pdplc of Yq@, and the AF!3 .le, rEliig rlE alisios facrd ir htu mind

ln .onsqueic. to th.t, he lgrecd to joi, s(ru .tliliccs wilh lL tusb nd€!, 

Fnilululx S.rdi An!i. ond orls.d*Rriirc ountdd. t. t9J6, bo1h ycM .!d 

S.udi Ar6ir d.lcgrtifr .[.nd.d Alxting C.ra@r !fii.tr t.d rtE fdnd.tid ltoG 

fn NoF Alignftnt MownMl. ln $. 5.rc yd, yc|fu. S.udiA6bi! A Eg}?t lEtd. 

confe@ d Jidd.h which 6riblhh.d i.w rttilie morg lh$c th@ slaler wh@ m.in 

@nctr $a !o f.e Lh. Bntish olonillism in dE Anb rcEion 

ll is r f*r $rr for .ton rF &.!d6. bctE' Di4l9lG ..d ttE hidt950s, y.mn 

s. clclt rllicd with Sr'di ADhir or m6r mjor inbnlrimt is*s B.giniin8 in 

19J6, Yenq e$cd to follow S.udi Flici$ and dwelop.d in iid.Fi&ir policy of irs 

oM. Te n4jor liE of thk poticy .outd he disnEd: Epgrochm.ot *idt E Sovict 

bl@ and drablishftnt ot .lc li.kr eitfi Crio. Whit. it i, @l 6y to

Mds,til., Ycren osslrlld rh.t ic policy wls thal ot porilive n€ulralism ed 

continued to moinlain clsliohs wnh th. Wesl, ii !6iliculurly wilh $c lJnrr., Stales, 

&@!$ th. ioah tsk norc qurioG rpFo&h on lhe rchtioB rith fie te wrld blG 

Homd, KnB Abdul Aziz dicd in t951, his $n Srud suc.qled. 

Esr 3i@ $c e6$ion of tine srud Saudi loEign policy hs emphaiad 

n.ddal sesignly and rlrc kingdom\ roL 6 . l@ding Anb and lslmic 

loEr No doubt {is @naomcd 10 th. sd olthe lidcx but n.l$ en*t€d 

$e lw li.g s posilis, shich w dilTcEfi ft6 dut ol his hther WhiL 

lbn $ud did his b6L (o mainrain ariendly r€l6tio6 wnh Oe Unircd SlNl€r and 

a@pled.s a fail lso'hpli grihi.\ prcemire sut$ on lhe sou$ch und 

6r.m frins€i of lh. A6bid PqiN!l!, hb sEasr &wloFd . rcw 

.pF@h ro thse ptuDlcns DEwing d$ clos lo [8y'{, d€spic I a'lM] 

diffden@ in 0Eir inltml system, ting $!d sn d..e€d s a F[porcnl 

of @urnlisnt, a clEnion of Adb Pal.s(irc .nd Norlh Afrie, an adv@|. of 

Ycns's chim 10 tfi€ dGpul€d arc6 in lhe Adcn bord€dan4 tnd ai 

&n nemy ol lhe Bashdad P&t. ( I ) 

In fie b.girning,lqd pomied to follo* his fatlEas Frlicy in Elistic wy to enc 

the vit l inieF is ofhis @untry Abdul Aziz played down such ninor diffrculties as 

hidt har eis! betwn hin lnd Britlin co@ina unettled bounda.ies and he 

rcf€n€d to thc AGrian oil onD.ni6 as his padMs lronrolly, ltlne his d.a$ a 

disput€ dos bclwetr his sovcarm€nl at'lj LJnldn @Nen'nrg llE positrotr ol U'e o!s's 

lerilory a( thejurelion ofssudi ABbia, Mr$!l-Omon, uhd tlts ltucial c1olsl lbn Sald 

6ne b ttu{ lhat lhe led nch in oil, (his clBlc. ol den-villagEs was claimed bolh by 

ttc BrilisForolccled mul rulcB dd by S{rli ABbis. 

Followi.g !s!d s Nend&cy to lhe lhronc, lhc @rcr reminql a oue of mut@l 

rccrimnBims ber*en l!'\ton rnd RiFlh. lblh sid.s mru ml *illins lo d@Fn lhe 

problem, and ir July l9t4 lrnlain {d Slutli Aobia a8.ed lo sutnnl $c qun€l lo 

inkrnationll arbilotion. Elcnluslly. ancr dNougi l"q$n(on of lhc qse lry tho ldwycr s 

sd erFds ofbotb part6, aril.in @ed Saudi lulhoritics of bribing lhc OsG lo bnng 

.boul a $tuti6 fawEble lo il TtE Britist mnbcr of{B arbnEdotr tnbuMl ciSD€d in 

octoher 1955 shorrty befor. lh. expsIed endering of llt verdict, thus b.ingng $e

'ft Sfldk Erod.{ ltd Bnhin had 3.ulrl€d rhc .dilr.ro FG.danlF in .dicip$ion 

of!n.dw@ ddision. The@n r, Brililh{me8l t@p. of rhe Sdr.d oaMusqi.nd 

$hcikt of b! Dh.bi @upi

In the e\tcnd s.dq. f.i$l broushr {F dmDrion of clrer Etrtior, *irt Nr$q 

rnilc al.sing $ftwlur in @nrlst io rhc KinCs pr.lious p)tioics. yel ii ss.M rhe 

Saldi lbEign and A6b !'licy did rb| vn&.go any sis.rilianl ctuns.. tlis Frticy @dd 

b. d*dbed *niially e ClNryttir in rlE 'lut @ni.g of rhis wd lt w$ in fstor 

ofthcpolitiolddtenib .lsratuquoinrhcAobWorldandlhlss$pioioosofandin 

FelE oplosed b rcrycB, 6aoN or poLntill crEngs of ercisnty ss.d, tH@ 

ir opfoed thc alolulion.ry i

A. . Bdt of Su.z ll!r, Saviet Fcition trd (GErl6cd in {|. tu$ hdq stti.h 

Ei!.d !E 6@h ofbod! Soudi Anbi..nd U.S.A. rn JsnEry t9j?, Kins Slud Fid . 

ehL vilit !o tlE Unir.d Sttrd. By thh visir, rtE fi6t prid io lh€ Wc.l .{t . rhc S@ crieis. 

KinsSaud u3eld .dloth.posnionof .|Dt.!n.i for{DAnbeortdDrrhote,!d 

n B qp@t d thrt hc mdd h.tp.r|E Ant! io o*brli.trd U.icd Shrs poticiG b.t r 

dlF E! rddr Duing his visi! ttE Acior grsEd hin lo FDh.t D|rnd ,n b.s 

.gFia( fd dl|!r fiE t6B Ttis vi.n, how6, t.d ro

B.toie long on M&ch 5. t9JE, ho iricd lo bribe Syda.s seuny cnid b ony oor 

co{t d.'6t which mdd ain !r Urc srr'j3sion ol Sy.i. lim dE I@ ty lbonol uior 

.nl d$ to a@ge lhe dssaiEli@ of P@i&nt Ner. Th. cri5is L

. Saudi involvement against yemen's Revolution 

1962-1970 

X hld ben n ntoicd befoc rt0l Etllions b.rs.cn rhc roy.t hoB of Ssud .nd 

Innid d.Din h.d GE b.qi de flEy *!E divid.d by Ftigio!! !.diduis. od 

dEir@fiictirg r.ritoii.t Dbr'iim |'!d!c.d fu st Mrii t93]t914 Tk t&alvof 

'f3i( in rh. hfi.r 

'sr, d!6tish€d . modus vivi.fiBs, *nrch pi€hed Dqi(w 

.tnosph.c rh€E.n.i rn! S&di ho..rch bd !n urdeNand.t r. Epusr.mc tor rh. 

liol.nt Ncnhw of rhc lings. It I, rhc.cfoE, ltd Kitrg hdut Aziz suEri.d both 

'n.le,i.lt 0nd no6ttt, thc ct.im or td.n Ahncd io lhc ydrrcni thtw .Rq (hc Wdr 

coup or l9,l& King Slod foitowd su. poticr by oposinS {E t955 dGsF to &Do!. 

Ahn d fiom poF. tn tof6 the t@ r€SinBjoiftd wirfi Egrpt in r bs,qly ahti_Bnrrlh 

D.cl *hich,3ix y.!c tr(cr! poid€d the tcgrtistic e*tuse rbr both UA.R {nd Saudi 

nlcnqntid i. yftn. Cbe priN of ysnq Mun htud !r_B.dl, cdrted pErid€ln 

N.g, ard his cuhivdio of rhe @tunoist Doe6 ftE drstrrbinS b rlE Sadi or.l 

fmrly Th. hrkr RtEircd fM &y lsni.t,on wift cmmuin @htri6, lnd fc.rld 

U.A.R! iftBins infl@M ii rhe A6b wo.td. 

Or th. &Ibrc.k of th. yaneii Bototioi ii t961 Kiig $ud inirilt un t!6d..istic 

M5. 'nF|b. I to tntd rtoot Bor !t Bcdl, tiBeiio cnqDrrg.d $dd ro rasl 

hin*lf, ond lE .gc.d b nd.Mir. tlE .tldt ro rBrm flE @ad .fDi. rhrqE. 

Egyp{i.n go*Dm€nt snt oftd tq6 b supforr y.|Br rdoturion ard l0.. sho.l 

limc lhe EcJ?ti!ru bonbed !.Brl Saudi ir fdcd M. rh€ ycncii border. TtE cfth 

orcouns.d Nser's cgin io cffiid.r, .nd Dobticl, $Mr..d rlE invsio of S$di 

Anbi...d rtlc a{i..rid of its Dod.rchy. S.di fdt6 E! q!,8 |rsarbt of&&rdi4 

ltt KinS&m's sdsr bqd.r ,g.iBt agdu fdEj5 md UAR .no0 nde ii.udqB 

snh inpunny. !o E.cui. @b6lBmdr of Sludf3 Bovh|Ml Sludi AEbir b.ii8 

.los. n.ighbor lo ymn, cotd mr .Itord to !t t idte vhitc !E United Asb R.gubtic 

in|todwcd ftn ..d nlldid inlo lhe p..iBuh.

Th. lad B th.t in M. FomU|x.|Mt3 of yAR,s p(\ident Abduthl .t-saltsl 

crlricd intlnrq oI 6|!0lishjns ! .Repubtic ot tlE Ar.bie pcni.sul..., qhioi enaiil, 

did rothing ro convince Ssudi Atubi! rlEt tho revolutiMaii6 wrc onerncd solctv wilt! 

bringing cfom lo Ycncn Morsver, he qet d ss $yins ..y.mcnr rNql tbrq tuv€ 

o.dc'!d fb'n lh. Supcm CondEnd 10 is4r yemotr @ulied rcrirorr- a,rd 4 

'Y.!M 6l!id.6 ibdf !l wr *ith Ssdi Anbi!". rt rD@Ed lh.r dE lad.s ot Srudi 

Aabi! .nd its .lly DowB undc6t@d fion 1he ouc.t thc posible int€nuaoBl 

sig fic!fte of tnis ht6t uicmpr to brir! rcvolulion ry idcotosies ro rhe Arabi.. 

Peni6ul.. li B preisly this int€rnario@liation olthe y.nsni @nni4 which w ro 

n lc r laling sfilonsl $ dirEdr b &[icw n k st in de stFn tem. O@lotitidt 

rslili$ hrre prcnotcd r convergtu. oa n cBB belwen S.udi Ambis ed ycnen 

S.Ldi Adbd E rurp.js.d by dE co{9 .BriBL rt* I'lmal. Fgine Nor s rlE 

Fdum$ry att mp$ of 1948 !d r 9t5, Muo& infolmtion cocrning rh. Ewturion 

of 1962, itr lad.s, tbeir molilcs, p.oenmsi and gorls w€r6 exlrcmly utftwn DcsDitc 

the sl.nin8 eft@twnes of fi€ coup d'errt, it5 tist few days sre chdrcrqizing by r 

@6id.ablc oitEion on thc p{.t offocign obsreG A siurdon gM &Ebpol in 

which dE only cr.clite d.f€M of Saud! &nitory 6 tte !6ility of the Ycn.ni roy.lists 

losveofltbe UAR forc6 aod lheirYARlllics. ! b€6r rlE orihad oim ofSaud lnd 

panicul.rly oflhisl, who su..utd lo $e thronc m Noverl*r 1964, lo redovc tlis 

tb6l lo lhc KinA&rm s wuity lhroogh lhc ea@tioo of UAR fd6 lom tlE 

Fninlul4 

Tlrc inrerers ol lLnid at-Din wF @trsise ly slbordin.led lo $is objotirc. 

lhc Roydkc withslqld lor nle ysaB lnc @slttrght of UAR fo@s 

numbering ut !o {ighty-nw thousnd I hc llB/plids s.c Nll e{!ippe4 

wilh eDor and IrsF).! io torll {Mhand ol !n 6d su[icicntly 

&Lmirql upon ictory lo nploy poasn sN resuhrl! 6 ! nsns ol' 

t.mrbing .nd d.moElizi.g cilil pop{lltions. Th€ Roy.lkt cffon oblig.d th. 

Egyptis 10 hcricad.s llErel!.s for two yd8 willrin a pernne@r 

.n@np8nng bss &an h!lf6 Y€n.n's ternlory. lh€ Royalist EBim. thut 

hld wry @6id.6bl. slr.ogdr Thc mdill lsd irs Gvce, hoEEr, thc 

oy.lbb shoold h.!c foud no difi.ult in cGling ths ..p!b!ic .ll* tlF 

UAR wilhddwl. {2)

t the se tim, rhc Srod,s NE cohviNed tlt thc Epdbticr. 8m.nr 

h rehd 6!td rct po*,bte Emih ii poEr qdbul rtr l'3irlE lnd 

:lY F:I'.d€d qr '-h. Es/ed,B rr rhcrrm rotbsE( ,n dE $u6 vi.w 

sd rh *'lhdnMt o. rh. F!:rTth, *Flitim,y to,q *qtd ;;r ,;;: 

rcluhptron ofpowrhy ihc RoFt,sls;thdt tu,;E Slildi lEh. (1, 

,r 6..qtrc, fte S.,rdis b..h. tr n!j6 !o!E of H.dd !t-Di. dp.bititial 

llEy hrd subsr.nri.tconrrol orcr or"tist poticies and 0ciio6. On rk otlF h!nd, Faisal 

bcg.n unitrl€ot @ir&1 ,ilh EBIri.n F*id.rr trying b fin

H.ncc, lhe Foposd onLM@ conwned o' Novenber 24 h H@4 bul th' 

i$iscM ot th€ YAlt rleleeat$ upon pIsvutis of lhr rcpubli'sn rcgi!re dunq orv 

n4itkEl redod dadl@l(dl llE disusid6 tm lhc sr'( od tlE @nGcnca s 

disb|ndi:i This 6nf@M LDk plae jusl 4 Ki.8 Faiel 'mba't€d on ! Fbgnm 10 

lom s @nnon uumriond lront In rh€ tun€ of lslafl( $hJanD rgdinn N'g(t rnd 

cdmuisl6diqlbn\ wilh tl* @t! rhc Ehtro6 npidlv deten@lcd hd*6 rii$l 

.nd Nas. li F€bru.rv 1966, ! vil'l ne* polcv facbr cm€rged for bo0r l€dcs wh€tr 

th. U.K enoued ils inLnlion of vithdrcviig frcm Soud Ymen b l%8 N!55s 

@d.d bt EgreuPing his 106 in va.n e s b e4lolt thc sil@lr@ cld ttm{e'd 

hisi cntion of Enrning ind.finiclv itr Yc'Nn' 

S.rdi A6bir, d tlE ott€r hdd llarnx! bv lhe pGFdt ofhxtil' @ArG in bo{t N- 

Ymen .nd S@lh Asbia" urgcnlly regotiated *ih Briiti' fo! the €lahomre Frs!ftnl 

sy3L6 .lr€!d! codr&red with lhe U S and IJ K At thc sne rime l-aisl pr'ered a 

moEl ld@ilse by tepina the rov.lists on slwt ratioN dding the &n@'nh Fd 

.tur $e tlldd mcetng dunng wlnch UAR tore" Mc lo evacutc Yem'n untLr llE 

leirls P&t tn lddition. h€ cnteic{ into dirq.cl @nlact wilh Ymeni I hnd for€ lcul'e6' 

rd wilh Ycmni ribtl Sh.ilds. *lin8 lo Fomre $ci' @Fnrion wilh tls Union of 

Popul.t iods Dd.. $€n oli€nfs ldhBnip' lbnnin !l'weir' in I oomon front ot 'll 

di-YAR Y€f,eni l&tions 

ah. ain ot lhc* 

|o inc@ thc $udis inll*ne ii Ycocq 

!{.uoftdt !fler 6tori4 F5€ in Yemcn Otner objcdive footd in lh€ir de'ie !o 

urLoln ltE tLNi{t sl-Dis *hich s 8rtd'Jallv beoming t6 viid 1o saldi d't'N' 

.nd the !oy.ln6 mlde ls pogGs.gainst U R dd YAR fo@3 ths mthl ool!tute 

hqve b*n.*oc\lc'l UAll dclcar rn llF si\-uat slr ofJun! lcoT n'^h th( egvprirn 

lositio! in Yeflcn uteFble At dE Khltroum amb Sunnjt Conlcc@ Sludi Aobo 

and Egypl r$.qi to ssFnd {Eir nilii.ry and fiMrcitl supPort to ihc wrine faclrous m 

Yeh.n. N6sr lntde tiuq lnd lhis tide $i@E prmisd lo wnhdnw EgJPtiln iorc 

6m Ymn, shich lE did in Norcnher' S.!di @uirv va n dugcr

'ni. Sori.t Union dd rcwlurioney ,/\nb slEt6 Syri. .d Alg.d6- d€p?.d in i0 fitr 

lh. ms od f,oney glp in lh. YAR. Mo6vcr, rhe Souo Anbim f.dqdi@ @tbm.d. 

wll b.fm tlE British cr|olim on Nombq lO, .rd ar€ft ndieb of rlE Mtiord 

Libq.liq FMt .sunEd ontrol of South Y.n6. S.udi Rcgifr. fidm.d whd G 

c63id..!d c liBl roy,lilt .tt ck lgdnrl YAR\ @gime wlh rhii t itc( itE ycm€ni 

oFl hdilr, fdnEly ca..oti.l 10 s{di iLfosc hc.m ntq€si'trt . ti.titiry. ft B 

iov pru&il for Flisl to cl rct joN wirh ! rirbt. llgire in S.n|! ofluch . Eltrc r! 

io nate cdnuncd etid polsihl. ls.irsl N. L.F ir Adcn. 

TIE civil qlr dGrEd r tEriod ofsrrt.m.lc, *iit th. con*it.fts ofthc Hanid sl_ 

Din dt@ty .nd iG gowminr llj!.idue disincgd€d. tn Mly t97O si$ Sludi 

.EtFAm@t, ftaotirtic h.tcn royltids rnd reoblk rs crtni|itld in I 

ncoftililtion by *,lich thE. rcy.tiik ea attdi.d tonfolio. in . cmbimd clbi.dr 

ord.. r 6ili.d c.nft{ golrmnhr No bt. in rt. lmngcndr B luocrrd io lte 

H.mid.lDin. Ts sdrln t.t r, rtE 6&bti3l8F of (imt Et.li(E B maorid.d 

b.rGi Seu rnd Riyrdh. fl.ne ir bdrrc ckar lhot , slbsididd FDdbtic coutd b. no 

(hEat 6. Srudis .handoncd th! tmm md htu fmaty. 

WlEr th. S&di govwGnl fetr rhc ied of a fticidty eeinc in &ru wirt 

which ro cmp.nr. in rqs.ining rh. Ewtttimry t.id.Bhrp in Soulh 

rmn, i Ms .htc to m.diric b.rla ttE y A.R .nd dE Dyrftlt ferid. 

ftding .ny minirg f.dirBs ot ||mt ottis.rioo b*trd thc ymn, 

dtBly. llE S!'dl i. MaEh 1970. ,sisr€d ,i .treBrB i reling in ,cd,t 

lt€lw.en * YlS S Prire Minr$cr dnd riim $yrtilr kad.F. cxchd,n! rlr 

It.mid rr.Dn Ai|B Ag|ttfr s.i dcll.d d r b.ek fo, !.n igs;dng 

rn rs8oEmnnt (4) 

Sdn.fter, ir ruly l9?O S.udi AEbio eogniz€d rh. k*ly @nrlitukd Et ubti@ 

gov4n6t Th. n out oivit stiif. in y!'M rft6 c'F. ro s !nd_ lxt ltE s.di_ 

Ee'ptid El{ic b€c 'rom.t !tur rtE 4rt! of pclidqn N.!.G. ii t90, $,tictr 

b|lrgnt d md !o me ot{E no desdous dilisiom in ihc Aob Wodd

. Saudi Policy toward North Yenrcn after 1970 

TIE r&ri6 u*d by S.udi A6bia in 

@uiblcd lo i@hw@ i. YAR tDlicy 

cilil w(, PriN. Sulrb, Minisier ofdeleN 

wilh fte asistlq ol his elarivA of thc 

Bypa$ing de y€n.ni rcrl,sb, tl* Sdudjs liequenrly d€sll 'li@tly with Sh.ikh. of 

@rthem Ycmni rib.s and @id thn soh.idi6. rhe oedrbN @ndnEd .ner $e 

Ydoi ndiMl @ncili.lion anl ftc Gdltion of S.udi GlltioN siri YAR Itr 

.ddilioq 0F S.udi govsnm( e$.ded s hodcal amout of bld8e1ary sugpn to Nonh 

Yemeni rcgim.. This d@l Saodi lev€Bg. Ms applie.l to enaur.gc @n*nstiee, if @t 

@.1,oary, polici.s on rn Fn oatn€ Y.n@i gowmn.d; lo rhun dy cfo.B to fors€ 

a @liorl @Ec6 by .Mnodarion with bnist clcm.nis: ed !D pcwnl Oc 

elqrarion ot YAR opF6ition to |hc Bdid rcBnnc in Sou$ tcnDn. 

S6udi lingdom t@w tlsl cl@ @pchtion bctwn llE ls F.rs ol Y@o would 

lad ro emciron4 in rlE Pcninsul. ofa rcw slu$ snn { Fp{latbn (Ni@ 6 numls d 

lheir oqn, ]hs, whenevq ! leadcr sneJ !o b€ moling lowlrds ei(y, Scudi Adbir 

b.c.m lndous, The E$Dtio p@nce in Yemen consideGd real lh@( for th€ 

(irSrloE 3 suilt dd $ rcll6 for lh. R.d Sa d6, th4foe, Sa@ should be in s 

Ai..dly ro Riy.dh. lt hld detinatc 16 $sr d6pii! th. l.rg.r Flpul.tid oadE Nonh ic 

ielledual dd divided tul.s rould mt pEvail over lhc g€ltei dedicalion ad 

dvlmiss of th@ of $. South 

pluuins ils obj@ti$ in souocn Anlia 

onder the @.stiturioDl egnn6. l)qing rlE 

and avidion h{d conduoted $c Sludi Flicy, 

Sud.iti family one oa whod, govenEd th. 

Borh p{n! of E Y.ncn sF In@unib ul8el lowrd tlE lcll by *irlast @ontjcs, 

both ABb lnd no!-A@b, uDng {hcm $h. srgnrrtcatrl suppliers ol nili({ry and 

.comnic dd. The 6dr of th* @.I|i6lin8 prsc rd ttE mtntion of fie 

Y.nqi L*L6hip s eFgici uFn Flidol iFfighftt insLld of rh. s@ric sd 

sial dsclopde th. Yemni p@de cxp€tcd.

sludi l6bia lb\[*r, blqrc rhc min .gdt ot rhc poliricll rnd e@ronic 

$h..didtio ot {E Y R lo $. W61,. mrc.ficiIr.aflr dr. ey W.3Lm pow 

dnEdy i.tcenins c@ld h.E be.. lr ds oplot€d ooy Yftnis ir ir! oM cMicr, 

dduliomry @poigft within ihc Peninirh rnd.xptoircd ir sommidlly through rhc 

large torcs ol Ntrth Ycincni migmt hbour wd(irg in S.udi citi6. In th. cyca of Saudi 

Egimc, |nc irfiemridl fu]di6 of rtE y/\R 6 tofotd. Fin( by F*Mlng n6 sr.bte 

Eprbliqn ribal ESim. n previd€d a s& 0Dt lor Saudi nbi!. Equ.ttt inFi.nrly, it 

povi&d 0 b.h for lclion .g.in$ rtu revotutioo.ry Bo}tmmc in Ad€n, rioh rtl. Sa{di 

Gtus.d lo 

'Meniu 

.nd \{l ch rhcy inc.dcd to ove.thN. 

Sludi .ubsidie ro rh. Y R Stale and o rtE YAR StEittu *!r. F6(d€d try lnrftnb 

ro anti-C\ntununist cil6 frod Ad.n b!-€d ifl rlE Nonh who l@ @rr,ircd into . 

ruhbc. ofdgeiations design€d (o invtulc $! $ud! .nd rtEE Mstitut a PrGS{ldi 

..8ift.. Tm opiiiffi .ppand among rh. So{rh ycD6i prcs.rdi '!fue6 .!od 

vncth.i 0E h6t sluliq w ro M.r Souttr yd.ni F.t io rhe yAR udlr the.loss 

of "Yencni unity" or {,ficrhtr it w5 Ur.r io iry ro sr up r qs6r. nosaldi 

goEhnr in lh. South The politiol .id srral.gic .@idaa(d3 lttnimcd Ssudi 

El.lio.! *ilh lhe Y,\R, rhil. clx,|mic rlt.lios llmiE4 for Dny yer. fd t6 

rdponr B t6d€ b€rwn (k lqo .@ntri.s wd vd timico. 

Riyrdh sfr inde,.rploited ym.ri migEn6 jd t.bor forc. to prilu.iz &itu ro 

@FnL *ilh hs in rony fie|(t. Th. Iq| no* ot ddbt B fmm ttE Srudb to d. 

Y.mfttu in Eim fo. d.llniE potiricat bcnctik aid for lh. furuE politicstsid dmnic 

'shbiliry' th0r wE Fonk€d. Th€ omlirt Sdudi figuF fd dnd,id io 0r yAR budgel 

ro the ,!,r l97] -74 v@ Eighty Millidr Slrdi Rirdt bui il milt.d dE .ut|lfu @wrt 

suh6idi6 Fid ro rihdl Sttri*1ts sau 3 Ehritu {irt C.nihti$ wdr dimided wiltr 

Saudi policie3. TIE morcy D.id by Studi nbi. b dE y R @ft ftom oilr@nu.e rhc 

cdnt€rEvolurion.ry 'srlbility' of rhe Egion @ of di@t incBl lo th. Amd6 oil 

cnFnk3 pill.8i.g rh. cu|l

Shordy .ffd lesiorirg ELtiois, tlE Saudis !|cd. rhlir fiRt ghnt or$20 niltio .d thc 

t\No counide! cxclEngql A'nbsssdo$ King liaisl srtiiwd hE poli.y ot Mrins 

3.n ! i@@in8ly &Frd6rt @ gudi fidrci.l rid On rlr.d.. sade, l!. nib.l chi'S, 

widDul eiN 3upFn rh. YAR 6utd @r 3uriv., ** gi6 S&di !ub6idi6 &d thcrc 

ea 3 SEncrrl belicl thrl dny ot rhe l€diig 'nirisreB eccprsl bribcs .nd thal snior 

oflieE ale @cived (cn ih.rcs. 

ln rerurq S.!di AEbi. &h.ndcd ihat r blind cye b€ luhql lo irs boild up on Nonh 

Y{ncni eil un an, ol Na(onul Uniiy llonr dnons.sl $u nlFcrous s,uth Yencni 

r.tug6 &.1 ruinoi*d it' srF a aaitif,g S.{di siglal lo move &rN the fontre. Tk 

S.ndi @gine .l5o $t up on i(5 ou hd ilE "Any ot Nrlioul S.lvarion lor &! se 

p{rpo*, dd feilitltql thb @.li by building erdis row &d ruaG lowrds the 

Th. YAR Ms in ndl of inr$Mriml h.lp to rcbuild $hat h6 ben ddlroted d@ng 

th! civil ylr re{.! The 6{!te lied wnh hlny dillicuker in paying it3 My and lh. 

.dDioi3Eation 3ufl.F! arem rh! ovs-rllmng tudnioD int.diu.d by $e Egyp{e wilh 

.pD.@19 nolhin81o do lhc rcvtfue sinply @uld @r rlttch rhe crFdiue, od 

linmial cii! kas e bad $al Ur glunrncnl bcnndi 'nosl o! |fu cx|enal nnF,rt la 

.oBcqumq 0E c@@mic condrtron focd St@ to stEngdEn ils rclalions wilh Amb 

oil 5L16 od wit! Saldi Ar$i. in lanicul.r il d&t io s@iw liMFially. T!@gl$ul 

191X, tuy.dn.$sisr.d Nonh YeM's b{dg.l. povidiug mod rhan a lhird of ofici.l 

.xpendnc rith 6 enu.l conlibution while fie King&n lle limnced much ofde 

d.velopnenl fto( took d@. 

Uftler thr* d6uns|n@i Sas had ro t!k( erar da nol to alico& il5 r.ymat t. 

ln M@h 1973, Nonn Ycmoni Prnne Mirislc. al-Hajri visit d ltiyrdh lo Mfirn hrs 

counlryt @cpldce oftls tonnec of 1934, lns lom.lly rbdndonql rol'lcldmsLo 

Asn ald Ndm, enib his rtrcc.ss F.iscd thE !p6i.l cLlionshad till! 6. @rl'.m

P6id€nl all hndi ( lt! l9?8) visii.d Rirr

To lonc d{cn4 Sandi morcy s rcquipping YARs dnn€d torc€s, but at ! strite 

|'ic0. Raysdh i.sislcd $at fte Unilsl shtcs slsuld routios lll Mrs liroucl lh! Shudi 

miliEy Disoni R!|ch *6 gov.ft.d.l l.at itr Fn by t &je not io .llow tn. t{o.lh 

Ydeni med lbMs to h.cft t@ slronu. T1€y d$ st.d lo onlol .ll nili6.y 

r€loitrirg, hopping lo s tul co rol io erelu.le tho$ wlD h4l ben ta.€d ji tlF 

ussR. 

Ssudi Aobia 6@c.d dk build-up of the Nonl Yen..i .my, pbviding gw3, bul thd 

volld 3l@r o y srhM& ld@r Rilrlh vs eq re of rh. rclilbiliry of 0E 

rcsimc of S.nu d{ einsuFd icclf by lepi.g itoteFndc links wnh irabal n.gBtes, 

dguqt ft.t qetr if Soj@ feu to th. emunists th€ t be mdd still @Nlilllte. bullet 

Ttis policy d.t with st ong cdticilm by tuy Yem.ni wlto qled tor itt cbdee .!d lo 

dal otfEi.lly rnd di@tly wirh dE goffi.n( of YAR. 

M{vtiL, S&di Afrbi! b.8u bilaeEl didogc with SoudEn Yderi cgntE ir 

onL. to @nlain rlt (@ !6tl5 of Ycm$. Alld lons di*usion wnn Aden, dE diplonEr'c 

ElatioN bctw*n he two @unlris stsial in 197. Ritadh ls {oroed rbou lhe 

iMina in1la@ of {E sovi.l Union in soulh Anbi., rhc€fft, i{ d.cid.d ro f@ iG 

thrar, By 6ing irs linaroal powr, the Kingdon @n suppon of oo.r rcgiodl 3lalca tbr 

its ooinion b 'n!lc lhe Rql Sa N "Ard Lak!" lim which.ll locign foicts b. 

tn.ddition b lha! Norlh Ycmeni Fcaident al-lllmdi @ kown lo be. rtrung 

mtiondii! d€EfoE, he \rcdd nor be omfoilble s li8[dv bound ro s6'di Anbia 

Wrrh fte celt rhsl poll'el srlulion der.noBc{ dJ tlFrc lBd b*r *w€l .rctnp{ld 

oF a8liisl han. Hk opporcnts kiu.d him !t tlE end of 1978. cioneqEntlv, Nonb 

YN.n rdcd. c ir'i D6tible lo rdopl m idlctt*lent F,licy. lt culli!.lql iG friendshipc 

wiih rhc tich Cutf Stalls $ 6 mi to b€comc enliEly dePndeni on ldg€s€ fNm S.udi 

AJ$ia. Kuwat, UAE &d Q.llr providql ssisl!@ lor @hieving src6l developme 

Eoj6t5 i! drlTqsrr firlds.

TtE chtio" he€.n SaM en

Eely ii 19E0 Salit drsnssd his Chiet of b6ity, who for yq$ had c.ftel Sludi 

rpp.ovd by his rcdvi(s on tr\is ihFd. l)sl, snd rhis smed a furtncr nov. to ttF 

leIL A t w @ntlE larq he nE@ql S4di dispt*@ by ninire rirh lte w[6d 

'Slrldf.s&ss Fronl t lhe grolping ofAnb shte! fiar vcr. nosr orcRusid lnd nosl 

iepl*rblc opp.6€d io &y Am.ritu &dvny in the Middl. !sr. 

ThG v* olh.r csjs of fricilm. Thc goremcnr an SaM h|(l pnctiqity lost 

@nttul of dE tribe rlong lh6 S.odi fMtcr, vno @ived su!6idis ad @nducL4 $an 

om trivrG dipl@y with Riyedh. Ali S.liht aih st b giin $n i!d.Fid.@ 

tbn S.udi Ahbi., pm€ ledoh lo narcuw in (r fr€ld of inlthalioDl stuggl. to 

.dopl .br& ih his inrd6c. h rhc nddmq @B sp@d dr.r oil hld I'cn dis@rrd in 

rdjoiniog Saudi Griiory. Th. Y*8is sdpecd tlEt thcn ftighbouc wi*€d .irhq ro 

m.x .ny Fn of $e lietd lhal diShr lie on $cir side ot rhc lDnlie. or .r 161 ro prcvcnr 

lb.to fron obhining an ind.pcn&nl $u€ oi iMre by exploitiig ir. 

ln the smmer of !979 theE we &@unis of dshe bel@n SiLdi ed Y.m!o 

foii.s $d ii the b€imiis of 1980 thqc rcr€ rlo.ics or furrlq li$nns. Rcldioi. 

bdanc e cct6i&d dst $c Saudis sNFnlol rlE fnmi.l aid ulon drbh ih. $lui€s 

of hby Y€Nni offoials d.Fnd€d dd a & Esull lhcy eosi..{ dp6id, TlFy 

@npl.ined dd lhc prcFrce of RNis miliriry p€Mnnel ws a lh@t 6 in ir oM 

suity .t!i d*y eat tlEir Mesrcr ol Dcare b S.ru lo wr of tlE posibl. 

@ns.q!.i6 if S.lih do&nniNd to mbruc fie Comnrututl 816 -rhc Iatler Mlied 

that hc could not pBh mtl4s t@ far rnd in Augut lre knt to thc Kinedom, ed 

pclslbly promi*d to rErd hii Myr si@ fiNirl aid I Guftd. 

ljllch beqN rhus at c.[ts wi(h sdudi Atubia. Having dcmonslrltcd his titcdon to 

I|4uW' etd his mMlisnm.ol, he tnlelal imtuxli.t4lt (o Riyadr lo sc ttc ScodN 

0Bt his'bdue of Ftmro' v!! intlcl, {xl to ek noc aid He w6 EpolLd to hrv€ 

el.d no( only for dev€lopment sid. bur also for noney (o puiche Sovicl vqpoN. nE 

Sardir lED.d

tn Ftum, S.lch €ndoB.d Kiig "!_sld l'hn tor thc Mid'lle Eal tsc! €ttl'mcnl o{lt 

R.d Se sstv fomult H. lls siv. td.qqle ,.s{oic's of his di'bili9 for {E 

Ssudis to a@tt r Norlh Y.reni mow loErd rcdEidg Lsion with SdO Y'n€n 

Com.qudltt, th. l@ion tdlcncd by 6utu.l di.togd bclw" lfi' (vo sid's l'E itlenl 

srlct sid ih.t Gl.lio6 bctGn {E &o @unbis R* "cgllqt od ide'l" Unlilc tlF 

St .df!3lr* fMl LddcB, he did mt bov@n Ann$ 3 Aob SunBi! *nich G Hd 

oi Noremh.i l9EO. ard hh icwty E loinlql Prift Mi.iller, lrymi' wN EgErd'd N pc 

S$di. 

Alrhough in 1981, nedia Eponed thll fteG ftE tudcr .dmt3 of tontier clslEs 

bu( dt€ gNnhcnts of hoti lh. 6unl&6 &ni.d ltt tEs Tl8 S5udi l erid Minister 

sid rn r Eltti6 \rw "dbve .$picio." lt April t982, lh. StudiYcMi ce 

odimlid conni|e! nslmd its o..ting in ! @pqcd .tmo.Ft.c of "gql frlcmilv" 

.t Mic.d rny i.t rrffi in Oc .fi6 of tlt F elt bv dtcml fotB .id cttd.d 

*ilh olmiF of onsi{bdblc S.udi heto fq &vdoFE *hqB 8d de $4{0 snlim 

ofimm€di.c military eid. B.th siil6 pbmisd io @ntm'n anvorF vio ti€d lo had the 

rciirdi.l iit gnt , snly or iidcFldc@ of eiltF of $sn flis nEaitgc.m tnd a 

3criG MaMt'li@ b.lcn Nonh Y.Mi fo6 td th. dEin optEilion 8ro!t NDr, 

whicn gol ils $upport f.om South Y.ntn. n€ @sis dmrc s.l.n to m@e n@h cloer to 

rindh. 

Subs€qcnlly, a Fxitivc rc!.lion b.t@i Nodh oid s.nrh lcmcn M domticallv 

isF;ved sifte (h. t!.Niliation helwn sdeh a.d thc la&6 of NDf in 1982 Qn lhe 

orlE. h{d- rlE nodedL ladds @. in low i. Ad.n a'rl cl6 tlxlc[t$ding 

ddeioFd sincc tlEttm.. s.teh&d Muh nftd wE $hldul€d !0 m€t in Jsnarv 1983 

1o di$N lr*liol sr@ bund uily .nd to mve lh. {L.n @ts|i(ulioi 14td po?uld 

.rritiqrid. R.hi6 b.rva S@. rd Riy.dh E lr'|Ed lroE lhNgh.d 1980. ad 

cw ctrBl€. of th. ElttioN sbrled bv tk mitjcaiion of tllc hh Ftu of Y€ftn in | 990.

Soulh Yemen and Saudi Arabia 1967-1990 

l hc srruggle .g.iN{ Brilish scupotion of SouG Ymen *a led by l*o nljor polift3l 

oqlni2ltioN. dE tidr Libedtion Of Soun Ycnen (FLoSY) dd Natiml Libe6rim 

F onl (NLF). S$di Amlia had suplotud lhc Insr one bqur n inolud4d coftdalilr 

.l.lftnls thd b€long€d to Soulh Yemdi sirrcalic {.mili*. The lcd.B of the NLF, 

$lb @ived poser fDn B.it in atei iis ri$doval, {c FosNie bnkls 

wift u @@qucncc th.r froN the besinning, elations burpeen {he Sludi r€gim€ aid 

NLF lad.s v.r rul @ll d borh side kcpr honil€ .tlitud. toMrd rh. olher s.n b.lore 

tlE itdeFde@ of Sourh Y.'nen King Frysll IEd !lwq3 sd the NLF kr

Thlc. nonth6 hld. llE ofiicirl PRSY Es .s.rcy 16gl |l'. S{tdis of piooing 

.mthq invsion $d tne chlrge E ii.4Enlly q,..ied lnolglblt in yc.s. ln rhr 

arly 1970s a. omcial i!€ch in Ad.n w mrdc with@t c ef4.e to'llF rwrioory 

pridndd.i S.udi r.girc", 'ia.h .ined d 'loppling ils Evoluli@ry 

a@lnplthm.nc and bringing Soulh Y.iid odfi thc gdp ot ftr$loni.lisn" ii 

ploc si& dr wld inpetirlis. 

Mcmwnik, d.n CoveoDeDt tlcdg.d its sDlut.r ro "FogFssive .nd libeddon 

fd..r_ in $€ Cul[ In adlitiu, il Brrblsh.d . (ilmi(e tu Soli&.ily sift S.!di 

F€opl." snich eu*d lh. mmchy of Elresid .griist il3 p6de ln l9Z PDRY 

Efwd to '@8nie th. ind.Dqdcne of UAE, Qatlr, Bahoin dd KlMil lid delared 

rbr it @uld "rqrport lmllton i. rhc @ud.d Anb Cdr. Givine rrBmdr fd its 

dritudc by $ying lhal te divi3io ol ih. Culf inio F(y [&utto+mi6c6 s . 

@.in r om.iv.d in L@lin, Riyrdh Ind in Teh6n. 

folloai.g nonlh Adln dlnouN.d rh. inlanr Fcderailn of$. fo|ffi Truciat SkGs 

Im.d it c bogd .nd . 6ult of Anglc^b.rior inF.irlbm .d lMi.n-Ar.t 

@lion. h lvhnh 1973 S.udi Anbi. cl.in.d dlr South Yffii .irfod d.G MtCs 

fud a(.ctcd thc lontjer F{t.t Wsdiyrh, which Ms parr of Ydcn Nnd h€qrn dispud 

r.r ory bcl@n ihc ts ofilrje. h lddirioo, A&n .lt gqt thrt 0\c KinSdoit is 

wrti.8 rgritrst lhc 6ity of |lE YeMi p6ple !d conrinu.d ro tiltG ih. .nrFd 

Mcdi! ofborh sid€ htrrcfied oiriQt camp.isn ag.iNt eh ottEr. Studi ndio rnack d 

on a0Eidic onmunism od iwh p@(ic6 6 rh. lploinrnat of vdh s ! judg. 

rnib A&n it ir. 'rynb.lic ligc ot I sdny tt||FdEd fM th. ant6 of rt ir 

nBL6 lid lhc rmhmgE of their rgdcM in Riyldi in.ir hGritity 0o th. 

Rmlutiomry Egim6. N*dEl*, by nid-197& lint. EhEtid !m.!!d in rlF 

tl.do|a b.l€n Ad.n !.d RiFdn Sqnn YG|6i FBdan S.tin Rlt ry! Ati ltd 

Ki.g Frtsl het rr Rabti A6b Sunsit ot O.robd 1974.

olr hh rctm fren Rir.dh, ltublyya sid 3ll hc wlnts, is !n cnd lo lhe sbDlagc 

oFdic .iNt hb c@try, qding of @g)G slpply to ih. t|]!|cNis, llE 

liqlidlrion of re@Ell w|pa dd r halt to lllc ltclilc qNpsisn. lle.diql llDl S@0r 

Y.'|m ecgoric.lly Gfw 1o bc !r rB8Esciv. rtlle. Hr g!v. lMnciliilory st G8Br by 

tc.cing $m Saldi oflicials oa rupplying lrl suppdn'g his ercrtri6. which indiotd 

thar King Fayel hi'nell ws nol blqnqi lo( (hc Fs1cvcnls. Il ws consid.rcd a orrvc 

b@h sd po6siblc reoNilulion belwn lh. ts regihB. I hs folbNd in qrly 1975 

by . B!flochcneff bd*s Ad6 rnt the o Et Gulfst{cs 

The Nnnn noo(h d^nulEd r,iE *.mny of sth Y.ma &d imEtd Aihn's nd€d 

fq boney lid Oe depFanm of basi. goods from thc shops 'i@ !o the fi@rcid ori3is 

crsd biti.mss thd cnd.ngered the very existeM of the EgrDe Erploning th. 

sio.rro, Ruha}fa vs sbl€ lo Mva@ $m. of nis 6llaeu6 lhlt rtEy thuld Elu 

rh.b rcl ions with S.!di AFbi! to DasE llEs ditrculti6. Th€ Sdudi Ggime llFn 

.ppeaEd lo b. E dy to clmg. ils poli.f lowr4s A&n. I. F.br@ry 1976 Foreign 

Midster of South Yemcn visilqt Riy.dn for tlE f6l rirE vith rlt Fxidrc n&s dd 

On MaEh 10. Bdio ol horh sut$, lons uql to violcnl polorils, bd&{sl a joint 

rt tehdl that "prooeding fon r spi oflslsmic &d db lialemity (h€ ls oulra.s 

&snel lo @re o !t!nod@ of uturl unddst ding .rd edd cslablish diplouttc 

$lrtio6'. Doth srokc of Zionist agere$ion. coloublist lclivili€s md "religious. 

hisroriclt &d cdtul ti6 a.d ! @mnon &slinv. M@vnile, RiJdh exuilsd thd the 

Pcni6uts wuld be lca( aMt frcF fo&i8n influe.as cordnions 4pcsd fti. dd 

Aden s Dciscu(ion rnania, Esultihg fion b€ing ft! onl, Communi( SiNle in lhc 

PeniMd! es @tdl Mqih ltt .l!. aDorl lor a fcv oltie iMulc lt Sulttn QbB or 

Onan, e.dc4 the Sludj3 rithdsw thot sut4tlrt for (le I'DRY disidcils lnd 1ft Ad€is 

diminish.d t!.i6 b th. on&i mililants Saudi Airlin€ op.ned u olhe in Aden md 

fligbts fon jcd&b t A&tr ww r6umcd For a yar. howrer, dE Siud's i.cncd !o 

Bgdd A.kn 6 beins on poblrion'.nd t!. s aowdslowly

Tl.y wE .bnn d rhc visir of pBidcit Fidd clnF in Md.h 1977 ro A

Al lhe snc tirE, tlE chlioG bc$ler rlE tm !.rB of Yffi (U.nor{.d *nici lcd 

10 qrr in ttbrury 1979 Ar $c lim. of fightu Saudi Anbiu dshrcd ils suppon o 

Nonn Yod r&i @l rti loc on ie( ln @riM A&n frcn its r.la oB with S{tdi 

Aitir t t@k. sci&rbli Ln. for d ioN b€rq6n Aden md Riladh ro !@ver A 

tqr lder spo&smn ol lhe eorcmment in Aden sbtcd $ar eldiotrs wior Soldi A6bi! 

tld imFlvfd lo . sri. oa@1'6 

qoltq, lhc ElalioN bc€m tEtGr aI!6 lhc @ming of Ali N.g Muhmnad !o 

po*c. in rhc hwinning of 1930s. lust ! fcw N.ks ancr uking rrn{ lrc tiritsl Riyldh 

and dcr rhc thudi xing wirh whom he b.d bdnedy 3nd lidrlt di$6ed nuhal 

ELlioc. H? i.izrd tlE opF bniry to poisd. his qcle ids !r c sql Mt6lim, by going 

to Mer.3 wh.rc he peribnnqi Umnh. He edcd hjs sl'y with & snmumenent th{l his 

rdks virir S.u

While drsirlddy qfliming his.ouiEys dblcEtid wirh tlE Sdict Uiion lt 

Nrkcd fd lhc notubrtior of Elaids vilh Siudi Kiigdom. &. @ivcd *€d 

d.kg.tiG fEm Sddi Aiitil Unfo.tumt ly, ll.sG'3 EL dtd.d in 1986 bt hij 

oppo6 5 dumig lhe citil Mr lhll @ntinNd fd rbot one nM6 .nd @lt.d in nis 

o$ling rron powcl. Sardi AEbi' E@in€d rcurlrl dudry lhir @n0icr dhtsh h.l fridd 

a rlDv.d tm FF. So{dr Yffi 6 El ,tri? @oiolni..lly ..d tdiri.tty 

FnicuLdy .n r dE @ll.F. of $. Sovict Union, rhich M3 dE h.in llty of Ada. ln 

.oN.qarq th. lm pl.|l of YGnm &ci(M to riify inc Y€tBi tdd d . .ingt. stil? 

in 1990 

U - Yemeni - Ewolian Relationr 

r Background 

TIE Fhtim bcrra Yd.n .nd EsrF @E rc.y otd E51r innEdid.ty teogniad 

Oc tii8dom of Ydo, *htn k3 pr@Lim€d itr t92os ui.r {E mc of G. 

lvlutrwkilile HGhmic KinSdon of y.ri.n) ud cd inu.d irs luoDoft ro y.mfi d 

dilf.iq qsioi Tlt r*r @unrii6 hd $m poti(icrt systsrN r( dst tire, drEfoc, 

cooFr|nh b.rE4 fteh M3 dctidG Oing M()|t@r, Csirc us .drGrt|{'d ro rtr 

wahhlbi exprnrion policy, whi.h iricd ro put drot. A6bim p.iinsula ud.l i|En 

qrrof lo cUa ro iErrrl {E W.ltubi lin it rpFrLd oE€n i,{tftdty rtE 

indcFrdcM of Yn€n |Id dfi.r s.lt !t.rd in rtE !E HoEv.r, an! gaf;npti.lt 

l@lion of lhe lm .outrica .pFtld d oblcct. of n.ting ct@ lltdioB s rhcy .E 

f.. .Fy fiw aoh o0Er 

Ind.e4 mtil the c.d or t930s ES/pr kr |n|dcl ldrish corn ot, rlEtlfoF. irs 

SNmtrmi hrd lihiEd powr in ho(b i qDi .d .reDl dTrin. But tn.r iE 

ind.Fndcm, EgyDt h.d loding pcnid ii rtE Adb Wodd Hc. !rrr.e,t@ pt.rqt a 

vild ol. in !E fomdion ofArb Lerguc, qh@ F.l w sigftd in E$!r on l9tt.

Y€m€n !l1. one of tlE foudar nembcn of tlE L.!g@. Th. fi$l sBr&y of rlE 

orgeisdio % an !b'p{irn and that s.rc lEr ho@ tuoucm n! Oe Asb .fiai6. 

A'trotr8 olher drings, thc .xistene of d-Azllar uiveBitt in Egypt trdd a ssl F puleily 

in 0E AEb Wond. Ch.rishi{g th! roic of prdelor of lhe ABtq ltgypt b*!rc seior 

pba. lo rsh Etellio6 Yercni le.Je6 and othe, Aobc ln rlE sp,ine oa t95t, Eg/pr 

.ndovoe{ (o bring.bout lhe @nclGion ol. Bgional Mirldle E$r def€M pscr itEt 

euld iftlud. Tunly .rd A6b st rc. Th. i.le. 6 lo cMre ! Mrdl Middl. E sren 

blc. FldohiMtly Aob, bul sulngthene{ br lhe iscluio. ofTrley The ldcr Mn1 

.nthui.sdc lo Join AEb bl@ aeaiNt ey Wcatcm allide, lneeforc, sh€ joincd CEATO 

arl lat.r ro Middle E$t ditision of NATO for surir' drdsenMt' Yend .gr.€d io 

join the poposd lgrcem.nr alo.g *ith saudi Adbia, ri.@ tltee rl,.E! h.d ennilar 

@Mm lhool Bftish donietion over Ahb cdtDd*. 

lnJlIy1952,@voluiiodi.Egyptdelaredandthepoliticalslst€lnofthecounaryale 

chrrsed fm ti4dob lo ieDqblic Tl s potilir.l dewlopmdt d6trb(6lly cha'8pd 

EE/ptisi policr iosids A6b od W6t n coultri6. lcw me bcs of dE Egyplie 

Am, @llcd lftm*lvcs !-re OIiie$ suncd sup6mc $ldori(, in thc cdnoy dder 

Rstutiont Comtru.d cohdl lMFising of devd .M$.G TIE Ewluaon 6 lhe 

tiFl oE in the Arlb World dd it had led to stBiesic ohungcs in the Frlidd inudon of 

dl Ahb @uris, s Egy9a is s importart el€m in lhe Anb rcgion. Th. mcl 

d.Ise@6 dcnt s tlc @wlulionary's Politi€l & @mmic orienhrions, *hicn it 

adoptql thc s€llcd Anb wi6li5m. 

Yebo g()mh.nt b€{ft Nri.d rtoui llFe cho86 in EsvPl .rd is 

iculdr. tlt pNninqt lc{dcrs ol 

clnsq*n4 on the sitution ol ihc Adb Wo.U i'r n! 

rtE Yoftni 'rrposnion se in Caio ar lhlr Linc. llEcfoq dc cwnl lPtc{ql d big 

rh@l io the lmmut€ regnne. Opposilion le.des Fee YeD..i" opeNd o0l.e !i Cano 

fmm whde ltey bcga! &dvili.s .3ainsl lnd Ahmed. A charismatic Li.uleMl_ 

Col@l Jlnl Abdut N*r clc

N&ser 6.le d &r lhe PniciFl Clmtid of r " m p.ct3' lolicy oi b.halr of ilE 

Anh6, l.din8 ! liortil .(&l .g.inst W6Gm lDoreld "Brgldad P*l" d6g with 

lrqi lad.dip, *hich h l ! ooinid b.ury.d Ahb iolnl'rily by li iEik tfwitmti- 

A6b Doqes. Th!E.nq, NB.r stood in tlE foGfMr of th. Nur6tbt gr@p that 

&mi6Ed the Focccdiqgr of rl|. Baditrg CdGEE ofAsi.i lid Af.iu trtlidi ii 

Ap.il 19J5. Hie policy of .v.r-irc@in8 or4ocition ro Brirdn and orbr N.if, rt.t6 

grE hlh 8e( pop{krity mong r}E Anb F..pt.. 

Hq|c.fonh, itr uder ro lvoid Net'!.riri.kn nd Folormd. yctrEn sd Sludi 

A6b. joi'Fd nili6.y Fct with ES,p( in t955 *Ls. @ir ti6 6 ro courq B.irirh 

Folicies in tk Middl. E !!. At th. enc (re Eslpl rd Strii liF€d mufinl .grccftnt 

tor thc !.ft purF!.. TIB eitr6 hd lsEd !o d& d!€k rmed forc.s ud.. . joini 

cnm.rd iaded by Es'Fie 8ftEk 

. U.A.R Support lo 'Prtr-Arrb' Movemctrts 

Tte onflict bctwen Nlrsr snd the ssr tsd sorenel gr.du ly, Ne, hin.d ro 

.$rfl @irn6 to F,rdB!. thc ft.d.d !m .ri hh fi|g Mr.cl *Is with d,r R.DrStic 

ofczechs. The la&r, suppli.d EslF wirh mo

Conequcnoy, [ngland and Frarce &.ided to !ol* logerher in th. sltodSesr rcnb\ 

F$ible and t ikcd of st m mas@ .gaisr FigrFEr gov€mnl As c4n s rh! CaBt 

n3tionrliad, ljgypr b.E d k@lt EliF fom Flsing 

a€ros iL Cairo agGd lo o|rn lhe 

cand for in(.malioml Bvigltion aul Ef@d to exknd this cm to ts@L ln sddilion. 

E$Tlid r.8ine e@!6ged h! i.n -@l6Ery @nmardo uir' |o scFup Eids inro 

l3@li reditory, Thc situ.lio. ako agaovlrdl wl{n Egytr, Syrio, lnd Jord.tr srl u0 d 

uili.d cmMd for uEn Mics udder & Es/Drj6 di@rion, $di.h .im.d d 

i&6gn6i$ Anb nil'(Ary posiuic vis-vk lrEl. Tn. l.n r fieEfoG, joiEtt tlE (wo 

.ggri.led @mtries and in MidOctobs b€g.n peFring lor comnon pojtivc &tion 

.g.i6r Egypt On October 29, t956 l@t'3 fol6 inv.d.d Egypl .d @uDid sid. 

LFiio.y, imloded Cd a.d SiBi dce( ln ddition. Suu Ced bc@e dd.r h6el's 

lhEat dd on ! I' of $c ame monlh, Bitht rnd l'Fmh torces alt!ck.! EByp. 

'fhe inv.dcu d€stoyd msl of the fu/prhn infEsltuduE a.d had lo wnMEw du€ ro 

tu$io nd An ri@ prsus. Ho@vr, k@l elat nt io *i$d6* mddi(oMlly 

$8u.d tlat i6 inwior ws a rr* polie elion desigrcd !o eNlc Fr€ on iB 61em 

bonl€q dd lo Fcw fia pss8e lor ils sniF dtrougn the Swz C6nal a wll ts Culfof 

Aq.b!. ln lKr, the crisis prorclql nb Mrius and strdslh€n rhc psitio of l,bAnb 

ponies thougltNt turb world. lt led to d gq( slidNiiy wnh Egyfl rnd a deep 

idigi,rion .gri6t thc @holy alli&e ot llE drch-hdcd htul wilh thc (s m4jor 

''if,Frillist' pow. TIE eliddiry 6 m( hd*rt, Irarslatqi i o omcid mililaiy 

rction by ,A.!! gotemn nl5 who erc divid€d into consNativcs and prcgrcsiv*. 

Yoa B dE singl. A6b aurry ro hsl its rchiom *nh Britain d For6r b 

sggrcsio! .8!iNr Egyp( 

TIE S@ Wa ircte$ly qlinncd Pcid..t Nas r rcle s d ABb lddr. By dE 

€nd of 1956, his Pan-Adb ad r.dralist plicy ws fully crysi4llizqj lle considcrql his 

cgitu .d Bnt[&minll€d Syrb $ rcp@nring _ARb LibeEtion Policy", progKire, 

sohdiomry ud cmmiled ro 0E e6di6lion of Zionkn, inpedalism and ftuibh'n. 

H. M@d th. Unit€d Slni* of ! leL of synFthy willl tho* objalives, ItEcfoe, shc 

$pporling lhc rclqEdc resinB in the Anb Wdld.

P.n-AEb p6ni.s ii Sttia .xl in n.iy orh€r counr.i6 &q!ii!d ! uniquc pcirid to 

pr6oc rlE irk ofAob nit, eni.h hld fird hig,|61 Fiority in oEi. Fny's Fogm' 

osrq, N.ri@lilr B..rh P{.ry altorpt n d. r ke with t|l. connmirrs rnd 

enaan oth$ clchents to topltc rie Jodrnian noMiciy jn Afit l9J?, but f,it d. By 

6|6n, ||Ey *4 miHdy sul*sfut ii Syrir, bqe rh., ford big lr4pon lioig 

{E my n.mben fi.e. TX.y donin.r.d gdffii.nt high posts .d .ico@e.

FoleRnon $rrh Yc'nen Butrcd In the l@sar pcrbte nnk bcrreen th€ l*o 

comll6 and N scEt{han8e duInS rLe bief tusu)rr. tn tst. rr n,Bhr hc 

.ryrGd ft,r by out*edty @t{rnB fcdcd,on eJ rhG ahd,ne icrte 

qlloh and FoFgan& yd6! rtEadic mo@rchy riql !o -Fo6rFiE 

.ny tujor ch.rS6 i. ic nEdi.vrl ouuook .d srirEtue_- tj I 

Som. inrel|@ruts !rywd rh!1 Egypr-syrisn uniotr 6,eltcclqt by lrhn_Aft$ nritirlnr 

@lion to Baghdid P.ci . d lhe Sucz war tt lko ted ro M.y pobj€m, shi€h af€.red 

Clno's rclariotu wi$ en A6b @untii.ss bq@ p.n_Ar.b pIi6 tur nitir.ey 

tuliln .6 rg.irEl tlEir Btr goEmren|i h @trhtErc. gM s6m !r@ 

b.ten P4Aab &d FGWBl.m orisslions in the Middtc C,asl. Cairo sDo@Ed 

Pan.AEb poplsmdr dd potni@l eLiviti6 .ontribftd ro trrc at situalior h thc 

cN.r.liv€ o@trics ad pcpeiion for cvotutions Legd, in m.ny Ar.b counki6. 

Hosrr, the t st $ae rcr g.Edtly 4y rs pcn-Ar.t ofi€Nirc cnljlMr.Ed cisro@ 

by nc| of rh. An! g@.nhm|. @h ru dw io dir.rcnr f.ck r. 

ln L.bmn $c ruch ofPa+Anbr w chrckcd by a .ombin.lion of nariw Lehncs. 

BktlE .d Amerid dilit ry &h@16tion. tn Jordd the Fos @ ex@i*d by a 

€mbinlid of rialmib d.raminrid b 3rrt, !d Brirish nitib.y.id Ssudi Anbi! 

ur.d iG seigbt of nEdicld seial shcr'rc as wtt Awietr tEtD, $tich mrdc 

mobilizdion oa evoluaomry to@s exftmly dimculr 

In (h€ s{rc *ay, $e conFfiire woludons of loq, Algeiaa, Tunisi! and Sud.n wrc 

g.rc dE ms!€s r $s of nrlional libqdion ud sial ctdngc rhough wirtin r trictty 

locd [6 r||4 a PsA6b fl'ftD*. FoltM of Nag hrd fralwnlty .rgEd lMi 

only lta Borcttmn6 of lhc anjficja]ly cp€lrtcd A6b stlcs slood in rhe wy ot Anb 

Yd.n's E|lri@ wnh Clib d.(dimLd..d 3Bp.nd iB rchb.uhip in tne UAN. 

TIE $hism dobcd a cdsb in D@dber *tEn Ahm.d Md oEr 0E 6dio s dti- 

So{idbt p@b he htd Mntln {krcucing Ner The larier rcq)nded wry srrdsly lo 

|nc im$, who h€eme .n csy larget b Ne.e.r p@p{gaqls 3 nshincry.

Esypli.n ndio {voicc ot rhe Aob) hsd dllowed ro the pminenr l.ideR of rhe 

Ymeni oflositiq ,o broE&t1 llEir eu.liN snd sna.md of rhc Imn! b.ks!.d 

polici6, stich @lly @ldEd his rutq In 1961, slm ofli6 in rh. yffii my tricd 

lo 33rq1aql. Ahned but nc wa o y sisly injuEd. UAR S f@ign rct.dffi wre 

.ol @npLldy b6leerl. Nse.'s nculrlttum 6 not lnitoanty ncll16t ttis aorcign 

66niiffit h.d dsra ben ro fidr inFd.tim, !d dE t.fia e.! indilbty 

iftrpr.d ro min W6efi olqiatim rnd ik D'rtiicrt in&r€ri6 in ft Ad wdd. 

Al{sugh, the RKians hld follokd $nc noticy of in!.n.ition in €{sisn Euop€ .nd 

cdr6l Ash, lE didr\ codsrn rhon. r rowv€r, Crrio,r Ftttions virh USSR smlty 

folloa.d . f.i.idly F(h. 

TIE Soviet! t@n€ sol€ iu!,pli€n otlotthistidred onns ro Egyp! lnd lhe mgnitud. 

oflheir ccmomic lnd t chdctl BiillG ro rh. EeVp(e..onomy dd tiotn otry 

orhd @6by. N.qrlEl6q N.ss idi.r.d d cbny dittdatitling t rGl hi, 

cmmeEill d.alings and his .tftd. b$rd lMnuGm .r hdc Dcapi(c of fiot 

.ommlnkt cldncnb could not *(j fely ii Eg/pt .n

. Egyptian's Military Inlervention in yemen. 

Egyl had inLtucned in Yen€n $v@l rihcs in ttE &Dient &d mod.m hinory. 

E8ttio ldd.6hip &kro*t.dgcd the s6t gic l@rior of ycren s hnh oqr.ies e 

@ntolling rhe ts str.regrc slnits of SH Ctn t dd 8!6 et-Mlndeb. Durins i! p.nod 

of Dowr, Clio rried lo @nrot sutnen (* of de Re

I L .l.o ,ppoiib4 in .grEi.ir wirh .t-Murhrt3ir, . .|onbd of rttc tdt Atit ct.r .r 

Sosnor of llir@ lL ms Ah ||tlhin M|,mnr.4 d!. o..ror ot rt Blrh.ic 

SlsiB of M..ca C.ilo &Fnd.d d !dyhi&' Kitrgddn ro ,tEidtEn i|! inouarb ii 

*lab Ar$i.r Pc!i6!1. SuLtftit lin$tn r@h.d ii! Fl rmdtr ud.r .1, 

Mut.|lu'! Fdod rd .ko hL *ifc S.yyi& Aftr U.r Alncit .t-n hyhi. 

Drina ||iG Ert *wnt yaf! $c iineftm r*h.d i! dn|tn 

solnpftic q& .'!d $. .|Ds4 ot its iiflitE .tfid TtE Fninid 

Aliphtc dt ultd .l-MurrmD s @rr eith tt€ ottrriio. of rk misrm. 

r.r-rh.6r $ fr. B trnil ttd|tnu( stich ring Ati h.d b.d mbk ro 

trrod@. ru .baortcd, enih Dhofr .'d ije E! urdcr suhyhid 

ponrqr3@n'dy. (6) 

TlE,\yyubid cL4 by disio Koi& fru Arrt ii.r, trd nlad 0r hicc o, Nu 

.l-Din Muhnn|c4 slo! ofAhDDo. 

Itn dd in th. C..yiig F.rinid i.l. idirqt qr3idc iirtriion in ES/p( 

F-

Conflica ,mng the Ymeni dyhastlc. a(nctd the Aytlbids to pur Ysen u*t 

iheir do ibalion, dd in thct ths counrry *s to beome o faNily !5tony ot then. ln 

1174, S'dbn S.l.diitr ent hir brulb.r .| had of milib.y lbftrs !o Y€tn€n tud fien 

innwne @nlinued lnlil | 229. Hc *.r intclliglnt lo know thar Y€nen s ! s'Blegic poi 

in hi. @nnict wiLn Crus&E Fom rh@ hc @!ld sue Moslint tloly plres in 

Md.r ryaii6l ary aorcigi i.vsion dcros fic Rcd Su. at $is lime. Erop..n in0Fn@ 

irctlsd in E$iopis, W.$€n cdsl of thc Rcd Sc!, which b€Eme r fotrt point ol thcn 

aggr63iv. d*isns towrdi lelMio E npne. 

th. Ayyubids f..ad conlin@3 opposition by the Fople of Ycmn. Sincc th.y cold 

ml @uit for lottt t@p! dong (ha Y.n nki they d.pe.ded ufon erit6 nilitdy 

fo€- AIlq Sdadin\ D.riod tt ftnElul.s bqiE ho@hold dni6 of individul 

Ayyrbid prin6, sh conringdt mlint i'Rl a $lgr{$ idrnrny dtuush sdosnoG 

mddage wnh rdn.emnl i. ml d.tjrninol by lrov.d meril. As 6ult, Md.lut6 

q{nguislEd th. Ayyubid St L in FBpl llxl Syi. $xl ruled rlEk tditori6 rheraner 

In dF b.aimin8 ol n06th ccntury, [E l,ortugu* toa @lpiqt Yffii tslad of 

Scutm.td lno shoa tiN cicd to eptue Fn ofAdcn. but lhlir ds did. ( sM& In 

oreC*ftq Man luL sullan dccidqi to.xFl tlEi! d.rser our of Anbi.n P@iNla 

.nd r[c Rc.l Sa In l5l5 s E&lFi.tr fler ruvld (oMd Ycmcn .td 6ily @upi.d 

it TIF htt r @rqE Ed Yem.n.ooi .s |ncy @ivcd & invitltid for help by l@l 

Fi@ in 1523. Tl'. Fic h.c{e uEblc b fultil dl tlEi.li@iat &Mdn dEcfoe, 

ttEy taEd oglitul bih by supFning hn optdenc. Howv.r, Mndute tirc.d ro 

l€€ Yden lfi.r slFn drc du. ro nili|lry 6isr@ of * ta.l Foplc. NercnheLs, 

rlEy fo@d lhe R*ulid'3 rul.s to p.y .nnul ld lrd .lso !Br*d to b6dnc tlFit tujn 

allt in 0F eeion. Giro s intlu.rce in YcNn onrnNql until Otu6e onqBr id rhe 

six(.tnth entury, Yenen rte bdtnc urg.i for tlE Egypds expudinS anbilion duins 

the rul€ of Mdmmcd Ali lsb!. By de lrn of $r niNte.nrh .enrury. pGlyr€s for rh€ 

Unitaris d@tine6 of Muhlhmod bii Abd rLwahlDb, sdonded by rhe 0otirical acwn 

and Dililary rigor of the ho@ of S{ud, hld pcnc|l||ed mrh oC lJlc Ambie perGult 

&d mn sone ,ympothirB ni Yern€n ss qell

TI'. Wrhabis s.iz€d Hij& and rfie hoty citi.s. Mul',,nfted ti d..ided b .tiniirL 

dEn infl@ic. ovcr AEbis Pqin$t.\ mosnizins thd for hb s@flil' thq4h ir ftvor 

of rh€ Ollorun s'rltrn. Alduah 0F Es/pd$ d.fqr.d dE W.ih&i!r [Fy

h Oe s{nE yor, as$cialng himslf qilh Ner {nd King SNrd in lhc A6b 

$oli&rity P.ct. Mo@ver, ho $nl nrmbcr ot dnny o0i.eN 10 [gyp! tbr hiri g, ar 

invilcd DSypti{n nilrrary insr.htoNlo mrk in ycn$ trt'risn cxpcds hrd rh€i inp{or 

on lh. Ycn6i oflids' @f,eiousnss of th.ir Dros€r wiat srsl6 aBl on rh.i, 

i&ologiql didrdtior TlEi. ncnroG Ee now E$pl\ gowmins €lil!, tto rcl! 

G idcd in Oen oM et6 to !u$oa.rt b@6@ rh.y cmhrlicd the inr.cts spiErions" 

lrd 6ity ofln. E5,Dri.n p€opl.. IlE dr8r b.tva dE sIlrN of dE Egpri.n omc.6 

ard lEn o{n B Ery bie, Amy omc€85 rhcicf@, {t€cid.d ro orenttu* rhc tM.tc 

rcairu. rl, i qiuclion orqtonFlBry hdhnr n o lhe omry,! pubtic sFie, Dd 

6iin8 l!. Fo?le's srrabrd of living, Govcmme on lhe odEr 3ide diswEd th. 

omccrs de .rd sn ex[Elled Pan AEb elemcnb ed pu1 an priei Diominenr Ofliocc. 

As relion, I'm Aneed end€d his ssi ion wirh ihe Urit d Adb $ares, d. loose 

@nf.dcdrion to6ed iu 1958 b.h{@tr th. U.A R ahd yen n. Momvcr. he oqblbh.d . 

s.nstonll Fen detu@idg Ner'r leiatist potici.3 s asain$ rlhn Shonty 

pr.D.6ltdrs wG '@de lbr h6 ovcnhro*. 

Th. tuptdt t t*h Ye|M qd EgyD{ folloFiis tll. plbti€lim of Ahn.d,s DGm 

piltobly s!d.d dr &olh *Ell fd his .€g!tu. nse w$ @rhans left b preqt Nsir 

fM a'jing Y!reni EvolurioEry group6,,i egyptiu sislane b Oe eb.ts vs tu( 

lore in cminB By lne b.giming of l*t2, R.dio C.io opened a emjtob mp6iBn 

.glnst 0'e hao, idcilifying hiF with impc stis .nd r@uing him of rying lo 

rcn$nrc @lonialier in the Amb erld tt .ls bbadgted sp€4hes of Ycrcni .xiles 

lh.l aorm.d Yweni Union'c m.in opposilion pany in C.io! crniciling thc hunt 

policica. Ab@d bclaledly @lizing nis cNr, trEdc a turile elfon b p@.nt ey bEst in 

diplomlic ElatioN be(*q th! tqo countdcs, .Id the EBypr'o governn.nr *.s b 

lonSF intGlql 'n FBtponrna rhe.lowri'll orthc InemE csrtu 

lnu AluBl {6 snNir injo.d *ltn dDy o'IreF triql ro lsnEt him. wi{r 

6a.qdcc, i! tt fdsr €t of S.DrGnbq t962, h. di.d &d his $n Mulmt.t- 

B!& ms Foclaimed l$@lq but he ru utoltun !e ,s ri! @stutim .8dosi t m 

oulql ud erkLd his 6nily's tule on Yed.i. which oirinuql for ahour &u &.!d.i

olr lh..vding of26 S€ttcnber t9(2, rhc milirary t nks slEltcd rhe tm.h's peh€ 

.nd M( diy rb.k Fochim€d " Yem!. 4.6b Rcpublic". rb$evq, .i- Bdr @ mr hln 

&d n@cd roMrd Mrh.n mouir.ins whcr. tr 6tti.d toFt tih.! i$insr $. Nw 

reprblien ieEio.. Th. coup h.d €x4utld by N.(rrir. lellr Brelrr of srny omqs 

uryh. l@&Bhip of chicl of iinN bodysu{d! Atddtah alsaltat ,ho 6 ct@t€d s 

li6r p€id.nl ofrhe Y.A.R Thc.o!p w6 . diEr if!.rti.t rn@rion ofthe disis of 

Ntrth Y.m€ni siety It Ind b€n.rnicd out by ! stion of th€ lnNd fo6 qitlbur 

the poni.iFtion or t'ior ttu*l.dgc of thc tirpolar m$es or ewn ofrtbec wcriqs of 

lhe i.lllligntsi. and thc cmmelirl hourgaisi. wio i'nmedi.l.ty ruppodcd n. 

Il ne( wnh mN 3F r uqM lp?rcvll i mjor cnis 8rl S|'f.i !@r bd ir ttrd 

po*qful opponc.r! od within ic sp{brta! thr. !€G mry onltics It|e 

lewluliouiq rtt'ls h.su rith th frdy saE d 3FFrhy of $. ori.n lopoLliod, bui 

sio litl|. di*ipliE oq ir lrs lad.R h.dn.t . di*iptino4 Gtirbt lrn d foc s ocy 

94 q!i. .se tld rh.ir inDutiE id..! Nc trd{ wi&ty rhEd .notR r|i cmlm 

Th. hrsly rlli.ie b.lEn ft. rc6.1r .rd rhc Shritls 6 fagilq ir 

dntocd uly . lini!.d n@bcr of kib6, dthdgh lde !..rioB or tlEhi4 

ltF5. p.D|mnt Sh.ilhr s* hctiL to th. mr.l fthil, b6@ .id 

Mrnrd slpFncr of th. w rc8irc. C,sE dly, tG rih6 mincd 

.n ch.d to $cir lr.diiiocl vdc: tl€ d.sia for !m lid no*y: ftG 

Fts.ntlid of {Eir l@l .rrroNnyt rd EW|qE fq th. itrM io sibm 

lhcy l$d giren lhir dlh. ft. Fskterc! ot ttE old otlo.& mde po$iuc 

rl'E dghialid by lmm ol-B.dr |nd ht rtltliE of. sd@ .rd Drottet d 

iLlronpt .t @nbtuluti@. ti obligcd th. Gtoblk n lcod.rs io .dl in 

outsilc auDFod ro minhin $.n3!lw3 .nd ftu! rlnrd thc Ytui civil w 

inro ! srrugglc b.(Gr tM of lhc lenl vrlw 5FGN tha @mp.ring for 

suF.n&y in lhe Eb wrld .t |.ry.. (8) 

Th. lodeu oflh R.pluic hrd but on. aliemiir to Fk intrmrionrl 

slpport. lrii3 v* not r 3inpl. Mttd. Pr.eio6 cbcllioB in Y@o nld 

bc€n.nuh.d wilhin. mltl olvek tt m3l Nd it Ms to b6 dp@tcd tlEt 

nosi naftns mlld b. Eluclan( ro 8r!nr r.@gnitid lnrilth.y wo ertrin 

of dt rcgime'! .bilily io Enri'r in contoi. Nd.nh.|asq dognitior 6 mr 

lonS in 6hing fom somc alr&s: $. U.ilcd Db RlDubli.. the Soviel 

Union..ndnosrnatio.sortheIt@sn .dnoS.pr.nbq29.(9)

Th. @ED'BioF ldrng 'n!.Mnlion fren Studi Adbi!' (rcm lh' ltnnsh' 

.*"-J s.*r' A{bi.n r.d.B on. or borh, hd pEp6'cd ro' the 

.iniioe.*y uy ,nfomins rh. U^lt or dFir phtrs dd b obbinins 

*t i*.'.t igypt,* *i,srn to .due fte @nendlton or ! Epublion 

tegime in Ye'n€r. ( l0) 

By octobq 1, Esyprid Flarr@F ed n .tid nld bc8!n b miw in Ydd dd bv 

sw h. t gyPlie slnF ledcd rn lh! po(oflt'lloddd4 lnd bv Nowmbdr l0 s mutEl 

def€r* l@ty *a siSndl b.lrcen thc Ytmn Aob R'PUI i' ed $e Unit€d AEb 

R.Fbtic. This agt!.ent wG d€siSnel lo oPtscc thc slll|ky tt8!l bsis on thicn ihe 

origiorl suplod had ben sutplic& thc J itld.h P..t of | 956 

Al rht rinc. fie revotuliMace br(t oE otvious 3opF)t(4r in dE Middlc E8t: 

thc Udted Aob Rcolblic Tt qpni ofth. E&/Fi& Epoblic lnd for vd 

otNcd h61 (o |nc individuls !d sNF {io w(qi to brins er'm ro 

-v.i'* tt.E r.." v*nl t"to*.n( od UE YGmd Unior Tne Soql||Mr 

Ji"U rta "r+i.i. rt" r* en. iirc b€n p{biictv @nnircd io t[' 

in!.

horcnmt wilh dE lddw .€dcd ro lmcton llE A6b lortd s . whol. uid6 

Egypiian influcn e. 

ln r*liiid ro rhrt, rh. t€dsnip sw ttE ffir s eood cho@ b hi..d Fep.6 

my nilb.B for cdinat trte ei[ tel |c rEF,s!.ElMgat lo go ro ytu 

Lty ditt@t nd!. Bdc Fy for coicc in y.!M !B sl,.rpt, iic@sd .id {El 

tubkd dE 3oldis {o iFrd d qsuiq lqxk mr .sira6te in Egy bd n@ding ifto 

Nonh Y.men lbn nany sides. 

Th. Ourbrqk of lh. lmtutiq an y.n.n B lte of nsn.idG inpor|lc 

lo EglTl. Wrfir l< rtEn lh ek Fd'r rn N.9 sr to yd; ti, reo 

dw r.socidcs, Fictd t/h*t t Abdrt thtio Atur.rd cok l.t An*'r tL 

s.d(ro dillish conftt hth rtr icw Epbtrq .ut dit,!3,nd aporr on 

$c rturtior Th. rw oroyr p'mprty ,6clEd t 6fttB; thq 

nrEi y. ||r. cFrr{r€G kc r@ qE6t (o cape with t|! hhtfty.tisl 

cMGi6ugqcy TtE hrtihry Fn of thdr rss.s€nt w coGr; rh. 

@tb c hGqK rfiey c@lcyat rh. idh rhr 

m Fwruno E gRLd v'th .n$Ni.in b' $e oRNfidning n.jdiiy ol 

fte p6 crn opinion r'fiich w8 t.t., Eildcd in NM.s BGn,on ttd ,rhe 

e|lol. D@dc 'of y.M supponcd ir (t2) 

U.A.R politiel oFrdii. tEd dfi,l3irsri:fiy atou$ed dE c6prtu], fq |!.sB 

only nrryiully 6Nh.d with y.'M ik tf tEi&in N!g,s D.dktnr c,Io.r ro q.n 

disiplic ora ih. toFign Fticis of r[ t 6b srrB, in EcJlrr! om i.Gct hd 

&ihd dirsally. Sy . hrd Ehourced union *irh E$et and.,$inqt Inq i. Eprdi.iing 

c.irc's l.ad of th. A6b ten *ing. N!s!.r *ri or potitc l€rhs *i(tin lh. A6b *ortd *ith 

dly lhc rcsly in@Ird. @jnyof Atgcrn 8., ds!fd!, *.J in,E d ofs@ 

dbml succ.$ to 6rft hri'r &,n$.d Fdi!.. Nlg.!d hi, @tk g6 b.tiard thtr 

0E fid .rt npl of lnit *itn SFi{ s f.itd dE ro rt*rsq! .||i.E baEn rh€ 

inFri.liltr ud rhc nadio@i6. Tt ctor!, rhcy stDutd ior D.mit !r,nc foG o@ 

qain lo shtd in th. *!y of progF$ivc gowmnFni,nd . m* aGnpt .t Anb uniry 

wnn Ydcn. Yotr n lppqEd ro orcr M opF.tunity ro r.asrr kad.Ehi,|i srritc 

tsrtut oolehy ..d @.d@; {d ndd t w y.nhi si'|, in $c Egyp(s ih,g., 

rll rl ftSlialbL crd .nd 6r Tl€ r."im ro *t .n dE UAR tn6 .mrDin d it! ,r3dg. 

lEd singul&ly inn reorB vi{h vni.h rt| uoiE q Fr* .ny ntiod o6iEtive.

Th. ESfpli.ns sre obliscd to supply the oned lorce n.fdel lo pr|swe rh€ 

rcpubli@ 8oveitun..l s'(hin an d€!, shioh nuciuared eidely in €xGnr. Consqoet ty, 

E$,ptiu lelcsbp oGtitut d tren 0E our5.t . doe tulelag. of lhc Ymoi .€gire in 

its polici6 dd rc(c. MolM, riyl. of rhe UAR antcodtion hld $ cr61 uDon dE 

&rcloFn.ntofpo[riel 'In'!d6 rd.6udca qi$h 0€ r€lubtid @N rderl Ndit 

Yci@ h.d f.lld oi

&brcqEnlly, EtlFim lirc of ink@Uon in Yflo blk in ltu!. plt 6.s. Duii€ |n' 

firrr otrs, S€pl.nb.r 1962 (o S.plthbd 1964. tlt LgvFid objcctrvc B to .n$l! $6 

swiv.lofih. t9llblic in Ymd by.nt il|c@ wh.l*6, rh.lha lhouS! w or 

diolm*y. To .ciricw ini! objeii* Ner Feti..d disinuhnd policv. Omoi.llv h. 

lstcd ftr lE s. rsdy to eept ttd @Ei&. Foe inat.li6 t{t in 6lit lE fs 

ddsrnii.d lo csL r flilii!ry smdrid in YaM io wni.h tE aod hi! FFUi6 allB 

$od.l cnjoy r lDlnion orsrrdgth thd, h lum, voltd ptlda.miE tlE od@re ofev 

p€ac. negotirlii,nr. NN{ bbte ordiplomrtic ieh6ns vilt Sludi Aobi. in Nsmbd 

1962 (h.y wG not @etoEd 6!il M@h 1964) ! r tullowcd it uP *i$ fie bmbitg of 

Sildi to.d.dtd politiN vlich hed B br* fot $!Dli.. lo the Y@ni rertlisls 

BMdly qrelii& F4rirt Hrvid dqirg this ffn ptEr. M! .g8tdit , hoth 

miliL.ily .d loliric.tly. h {E polid..l s(or, Elrts .n&iu!d to dvid. lh. sli6ritv 

of tlE .@erwdw Anb rIat6, qhich Bultcd ii ,o&nim Gosnilioi of oc cFlbli@ 

iesime in iuly 1964. Hoev.r, desitc lhd.'hbitio$ nilitrr! pmg6'n tu Ycn.n. ii 

ItE 3Firg of l%a Egypt.d tmF suficn:l t sio6 *tt .k during I oFlist offdsiE 

whicn Nl.d in Oc rorrlirts Eg.iniig c$trcl ovq n$l of 0!c ftrtl|qn 8nd dsrd 

rdiiory oa Ydd. It ru .t dtat tirc, 6 ,oly 13, l9tl, lh.l E6'd nd 5tll,1'3 

Somt @ftlu&d .n .gMcn( pnddct fq cl@ ddimtior wilh .n .in of 

&iiwing ulli.rL rniry bctwn th. rwo counldcs. 

fie !gr!dM( oailituGd . sl@l to Nns*fs tryslal vtil L S!r@ in tft. sp.ing. In 

thk vki( lE dlird (h fto$lidft po.ition G wry @t .nd Itallt d.Fidenl d 

@li.lM EgyFi.n $rro.t r& !|9 diw€d {[t his EFtblicrn dli6 re ml liE 

or i e@irE bickqins {fti&nblc Gl4tiod ard nimliBi.8 of tuir 

adminktdlior In rummq {E Esyp{i.n cwmnd u'!d.ndl ! n.jd .ouc.ofl! ivc 

rerinst tho mrdka but &ilcd to obtaii ik milihry objativs. On lhc oth.r h.n4 N4er 

begrn to sk a n! lo diMglgc hinallf fm his Ye|Mi "vidndn" $ g@fujly as 

pNiblc wilhot l6ang &e.

The F&d phe iNld.d tnc F.id fMn s.PlcDber 1964 to Febnury 1966. This 

v6 one ol n tilary stdlcoric, rclh{ul i[ u(ury|!\] [:8otiu{ion lElse$ NNr ard {r: 

S.ldis an ofircid meding tEt9d N.rsd drd P.i@ [!el of sotdi Abbi. al tlE An! 

s6nir @fffi Hd in Egypt ir S{Prcnbd 1964. Ihe rm l€

Nag l.spord.d to tlE iddnal rd .rtdBl pl6G br .dvilbg . L.dilg fisqc or 

6. Y.n6i golmn.nl lo e.t a cohpdhisc fohd. vith thc F .lki3 lid lo r.cepi 

n.king Yehln s ! "si.te dthd tlEn a rpubli., Although .r fi6t rhc Egypti@ ig@Ed 

lh* dtsid.ik, bt| n ur io ldgd polsibb *n r |h. '!!id fo@" ssrniz.d in J!!,rch 

l 5 @Eili.tid df@E in Ydlqr dE d.d bt rut FFrbttdn t.ibrt tdddr .d 

wti.t 6lLd fd.i Egt'Fno *ithdr.wl .rd tEgotirrid wirlr rlE my.ti!6. This B t 

Fov@rion lo rlE l,l'gi!.q rkEfd., fEy.Lcid.d 10 t kc {'. inatitriE tlFm$tB in 

F@ mov.s. llowver, replblilai omci.i! wc tti.id $.r d tu !rc!61ivc 

wirtunqllotall Ijsyptirn tmt4 it would be kn.bre ro tblc th! lonnid.bt€.my of 

i.ibal royrlifl forcd. TlEir irncl, $ectbE, dicllt.d lh'l fie Egyp{is rMF 3hould 

stty in YqEn u lon8 .r p6it'1. lid tl.t $. co{ tnBrion of w N lflef.bte ro u 

nat!.@nl {ilh llE nry.lb|s rfiici ould lt trullified s s'r s ttE Cg!{id dunFd 

A Fiod of Elative 6lm in nilil.ry opeEtions follo*€d, Nnd ttlorc Ift olni.l 

EgJ,fli.n wilhdov.ls .xloed 6r|trn and crlr.m 06i(iotrs. TtE 3e@d 4lfficnr 

b€lr6 Egj'tt .id Siudi Adbi8 Br @mludcd in AugEr 24, t96J, .r ,idd.n By UnE 

of rhG.g@m6t Egttr Dl.dged ro withdne 50.000 of irs lt@F in sFn of rhirietr 

mhlh1 wlilc S.rdi A6bi. pronis.d ro llop dd lo d. oydisl!. At rlt 3rnc lirc r[. 

iwo p6ni6 lgE.d thrt . pl.Uscite shoutd hc hctd in ycnci ir Novmtd t966 to &cid. 

on the fm of E gowmnent for ttrc sr!c. Unforrur.r.ty, this ig!€menr did iot 

qeed de. Ns!.l r$ign€d lhe btm tq da

lb(!o!r., by D.c.o$e. it rbo b.c!D lFm Od I@ nlr $rdyit mE lo dE 

rwlidr b..q!|t ., l|F t6i|| irtn ..d t ir..o t{Gs rd hrdi r.riD ald 

FdF'lll.!t Eddidn lrarla haE| rb tm * |c YqEI qi& TIE 

Od *.. of d! E3!rL. iirqE|lio itr tL Y@i civil E bsb ir Rt lrrr 1966 

nddLd i! S.d.nhc.1967. ltt gri |iU. 'rjo.+qt Ndq(Hivqdon Fduy 

22, 1964 .tq{tr |d..riis fltdi Anbi ad pLdgd . 3trlegL in Yffi ut'l vbory 

ltedd bc otidGd 8glT.it6 fo.!.s co.tulLd lt nt{ior .ilic! nd .nlrlmlEd 

t!.d.lv. tbr. to tlrht .9.eocd w.

Thc Rcfcrcnces 

l. Geo!83 f,.nczo$,sti 7fu Mide Eatt in lyor@ AnAtrs,C-.Cfr![,ll 

Univ.risty Prrss,llew Yo* & t ndon, Ilird Editior! 19t0, P:5t9. 

2. Robcrt W Stooky, Yem?,|.t lhe pol b ofthe Yemen Arub R.public 

W6tvbw P.!ss, USA, 1978, t,: 218. 

3. Mmfrt{l W. WeruEr,,t/o&rn fensn l9r&It66 dle Johr8 tloptins 

Pr.!6, Merylrnd, USA, lqt7, Pi 199. 

4. Rob€rt W. Siooky, P:254. 

5. Ccorge f€rlc?os*ki, Op- Cir. p:539. 

6. Robnt W. Siooky, Op. Cit. PP: 66-67 

7. lbid, P: 102. 

8. lbid" PP:229-23o 

9. lbi4 P: 194. 

l0.FrcdH6lli&y,lrubia vithollr Srrarr, p.nguio Boo|(s LTD, Engt.n4 

1914,Pt 231.

I l.Rtu W. SboLy, Op. Ci! P: 195. 

l2.G.org. f,rltcao{rvs&.i Op. Cil, P: 627. 

l3.FGd Hrlidry, Op. cit. Pi I I I 

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CHAPTER # 7 

YEMEN UNDER POLTTICAL PARTITTON, 

hS ial E 

I- North Yemen (t 962 - tgm) 

Ndth.rn Ycn.ni redidiG Bol independ€re.ne rhe e.d ot tst Wodd Wlr Tt. 

hdn *kl l.d nititsry .eskhrrce ag0ir$r die ,t.o.ts tor nEny yds lEcane lii! ol 

Yem.n itowre'. rhe counr,, Ms r{or.nd b6.rq^t anil lhe ft. *r"n. *riuo 

rcllrn€ to imForc rh. snuro of his Foptc. t.he Fa,utar,or rrv6 in ! f.w rhousnd 

*id.ly !.!lleEd vilhg6 ad riny tuntds,.id onty , mI Fnstrgc i o,nc.ntrllcd in 

lll citi6 |nd iolm Orq [E enluri€s Nonh.m yddas had tiftc di@lconr.cl sirh 

DFMudin coudri6. Thc cour{ry b @r!bt fu iB h,h.l dgmizdi@, shich d!r.d 

r.y 016 in dE |btiliot, s Efl s 0E sid nd cutrldl 3pEG. ! nb6 ud trib.tih 

.rc Fn of$c Giopotnnat hndFlF of.l Egiois bd in {E hight.nd th. ldb. had 

gtllrcr impon!ft! B , uiir of iddnlifielion d .ctios s re s rh€ gEitcr cx|st lo 

which thc tib!$ coutd be mobitiz{i md Msrniral inb tare€ r,b6t cMGd.Elions. 

Sld(.Sic l@tior of yenen tEd lEn nEih sou@ o' its ,.Cionrt & poliriol 

mporl||r. rd tons tift. But. be..e it o d mr qdon oil ltE couDt r |emin d tr 

of t|l. t6Bt @nt i6 of rlE $ortd. I toEq, ir lEs playd . sgnitrcr.r @t in 0E 

dddopn nt of irs oitricn B-ghhoB in ttE Arbi. by Foviding vo.k-fo.ct th.t rotlt! 

nrde Dd oF BillioF . @ld $gfrdr of rhc Egion.t h.npow. Majo. dcv.toFftit ii 

lh. nod.n httfy of yemen B lnc E$h(ion ofs.Fentir 26. t962, which t.d b 

slmlegE..h..ges n' $c yemen s A,tnicat, @,ftnnic md qiat @ndirior h bRrght M 

end io ietnrior.nd plt rhc ountry in rhc ury of@oF6rion refi rh. emldndions

Dislisficlois Mrois rh. Ye Eii Fdc .s.iNt InBns tulc iE@ed ad I4lEd 

ils lop in tlE l.& yeG ol 1950s. lmm Ahrmd n.dc titltc to btridse the A+ disring 

beiwn difcrcnl *gDenls ot llrc wi..ty rd ruj6Ld dt elts tor sl.rcluEt r.f(ro The 

poritaon ofruling hnily b6u€ p.@riour, $e, vcc oicn hsred !d @NideGj !n 

opp.e$iEbrdcn by ld8c sgrcnB offtc pFl.tion. 'nory thc erlain nrlcl|€ruts, 

politicis $d lritdl ls&6 weN vcry hGrilc dlc lo tncn [tq)lj fud *ilh dE rnd' TIE 

my wds not sdisfi.d lor urBrins $trE ol irs pooiNnt IsdeG The dj$onrent 

amDns thew !dio$ grolps v$ fiahs aaincd by rhc alMuou EgJplian nlrioMtisl 

propagddd asditrlt rlE l.ncni airsrvoriv! 0om(hy lrcusnrs il s obslllE !o Pan- 

The Revolution, Civil War and ldeolosical tNtabilitv 

On Sepldber 26, the comi$n&r of lic roy.l susd, Brigdicr cetr@t Abd! ah !l 

Salld, wi€d oul . n.il'r,ry @sp dc rlt sgn'rl lm.nut clihe !d Faltmql ytur 

AEb ReFrblic (YAR) opirel S!u. llE hsr tmh etcly esFd tmm hk pqh.e 

duing a.tillsy sh.lling atrl gor slrclEr anong lotrl rrib6 ar @ntEm rlwl|3i6 fM 

wbeF ne Fllnd h6ltn'lt s supF tt6 ro r.8.n |hw rhrons lidlat, on tu oltEr h$d, 

gEblblpd a RerclutioMry Co(nturd Co@il (RCIC) e lxx€d Nosry of my 

ome6, a{d c@rql PGid.rcy CouNil of Fomiicht oivili!n &d rili@r* tisur€s5 ricn 

ch@ nim 6 clsiffirn. In a swin purgc S.ll.l disprsssd Ddt ol Oe s-ruting 

oligNht ol iLs posilion ot DrivileS€ 

'lhe 8roup fiql exscutcd Lhe ooup consislc'j ot ncmbcB fron ! s€cret smniuee 

eithai lhu 4o0-strorg olliocrs. ll& linous oDitrntr! wos tlDr tlr o1lice6.cruDs soro 

idlologiolly lorncrl $y ,\r!l) Natjunatiyn, od ljgyptidr oUiors [roudn to N,yeDei 

had @nt ibur€d Lo polilicia Oem. -fh.] ti'llowd Jii|dl Abdut Ndsir's natioMtis( 

dmtdne, s S.lhl hnnelfsd saior ndionalisl. D@ Iis presrige rd e4qieM, he vas 

cl@r * chdn.& aor the Republiqtr Cotrlmid Council

Lik€ thcir Egyp{id p.e&c€sq llE F&r Ott@6 *,lp hid qricd @t tlE 

@!p br.d for r noE smior fisuo !o b. ihn foml la(bl. Thir choice, 

pdbably ar Egyprian insrisorion, f.ll upoi colml Abdullah .lsallel, trnich 

8.& h.d j$l a|'?oil&d Cni.f of Stllf ddpite h,s iiwl€6.ir in Fsjou 

@n{'nocie\. lor wfiich h€ hrd qEd *vd t6E in .n uiddghurd ell. 

Afthoud h. Irrer i6t cndit fd its !ucs, it ffis (h!t S6llildid mr in 

f&t tEw rbout tlE plor in dnM. ( | ) 

The lial d.chdio ofihe R.Fbliqr rcgim B ild ir b.li.v!!t in .Sod, A6b 6ily 

rnd Aob nrcngtl ond 0rt peorle w{ld nor be humbled .ll wG b lE .ddcsd a3 

''Sa]tid- lt vdr $utport€d by tnotnisc tlur i hdd otre.lc rhc StDioh, o8ani$ ttr 

Fople ink' . single prFrltr. gMping which wilt p..ti.i!f,re i, $e p@s ot 

Elolutimry otrnmlis" @g|nas te !rny, orry orr a culrld .id si.t lmtdio 

thNgh nnivcMl .d@tion, Frclie i.irl j!ci6, ABb Md@tistr .nd M-digrtMr 

M3iy scci6 of Nonh Y*tr si.tt BF.d.d orhBirntc.lty io thc D'oct.n,tkn of 

the Repuhlic A civili& Fopl€ s @omir'' wc fomed in rh. maior cili6 *t€n th. 

nes qhc n! c!.nb in Srnat 

Wi& $grcnt ol Nonl YenHb \rcl@nd ot Ewtution dcdmi4 TtE mehldr5 

drtci.nicrlly b.cled llE YAR, a 'tid th. oFo5itid tadcn in Clib .id Ad.tr. 

Swporr *a ror qlincd b rh. ciries orjGt to Sndij .@ r 6.rpd.d bd.t$ in 

{E Md !@. P.r$nts sitrct d Sh€ h3 vno EE ttum aor 0Eit lqc!.ftt lq.fty lo 

th. ex-Eginlc. h rlE hiSh nouldins, trib.! lhrr had bod oprnscd to tm.h Annrql 

alried to Sffi! ir sut'!o.lof{E Rq'lblic. ,r}oNids ofhib€rnrn lMmed inlo S.nd 

ro fr8ht lq s!ll!|, ,lrhr8ft nny h.d Inrb id,, ot e{$,r h. q rh. r.rxdic n6d fd. 

nE lnlmc ru .hofisn€d by rlE Ery d.ck rdn of , R.Flbtiq 3t rr, d0E 

l$srl8c syst m !!€ odi*ldr ltl rtre prrFny .tut tdnd of rh. Hsnid it-Din hnity w 

@fisodi !!r.nl dmirisbEro8 {.r. pot m f.i!l .nd lone a$ottd. T}. 

Reohudui., |'mft.d dos ro d.v.lop agricuttuE ard indulry ud ro build tlE ,oit 

of llod.idlh e tr lo sd rh. @ur ry s dcFid.M m Add po.t, *t ch E urd. 

Bnrish 6tml USSR sn snr .xFns ro h.tp ydEr's cwtutid in ditT.r. fcldr

Tlr YAR f&ql n eml & qteml th@|s rl|rl tor.d irs laL6 ro st inErdion l 

et'gtl lJd Fnicllarlt fM tlE U.itql AEb ReFtlic (UAL)_ ilE RevoturioMris 

@ro are dr.r [E miellr be qll€ nor b wi{stard doN. oro.tet dotrol to 

ovgrhow rheD by rhe sldnionrlly @nsdriv. ed Dowrtul aib.s of $c mntEh 

ftighlandslcd by a. ltum ud supportd by tlE &udi eeimc No nuur how qui.kty lh€ 

.pnuncn.*s oh(lnrd roh thc ur$nn $ntcB,llNru rould nol b. cNoai ti$E h *r uti 

a g!.uinely popu!.r gowhh€nl Bnh iN own citiktr-eldaery, wftich @uld rithstanl d 

!fllcr by Ue oppo@nrs. lnden4 0E ew \s rul simpl€, as prwioG €t€tlioN in 

Ycmo hld b€en cGhql {ilhin dbn !'rc dE to uo,geizql of rh€ Reu6 in @@l 

nennr. T|ty rle cxF€tql rlEt md Erios mdd h. ctwldr |o rn r(ognnion 

ulil tlEy EE enlin ol dr reaiN r rbility to Nmdn in @n|mt. 

TIE YAR @ived i.(mtional !Fp6rhr: it dan.rl ch..se, snd il .cconptish.d . 

greal d{l d chaDgnrg dE {tedievll ssi!|, poliic{l !'l(l eortunic slruc(ur., wlich had 

erBled. By Srpl.nb€r 29, the YAR v.s reivcd inrendiobal rMg1niq frem so'ft 

3Lst s: UAR dnd USSR slong wnn md Dtio6 oI the coBnunist bld. S$di A.rbi., 

Jo(hr lnd Mdur.r s $r ollEr lBn l, Elisd to r@sni* ttE hcislly & i- 

m@rc1 @l @up. As a Gult, thc po|niol liEs *rft dnM sen tEloF rlE od ot 

S€pr6bcri th. "Fog6iE- lnd rcpsl,liqn govcnmcnrs ol rh. Ma&jlc lst l@gnisst 

strd sq,pndl fi. rew egine, trhil. 0E @nsfratire s'd mo@rchi@l go!.mm.nts 

oppo$d ir Th. Foliti€l snsqu€res oa $i5 wr of imncn$ signilicdnt. S.!di Aobi6 

supponed thc @!.lisls (lmmis) dd UAll $lood with lhe rcpubli€ns with thc 

ooBequemc lnal citil Nr sanad belwcen llF rso urnp6. 

Ade ol th. inr€M'rion .lh.il ol. dittwt Mrue of borh Egypr !d 

S.odi A6bi. itr dE YeNtr civil *it, th.t Mr sM Numd Dolni.d 

pqDnions cxtcnding helo"d YcNn's bo.&R. lt *s l.c.l.d by th. 

@MNltvc ABb @D arl by thcn ndicll ldveerics in rhd AEb wld .l 

1.4. B . l6t otlhcar bpeliE infl@@ .rd F.lut6 e6 of ft.n drility ro

YAR s gov.rnhent wrs.ontolled hy amy om@6 a.d thcir alli* rhe @mncnid 

cbs 8nd tibol k dcts sho es fie orcnho\t of in. lt|u rs .n lE$on to adv!@ 

lh.i. (N sb|N. l:cw h.d dt .rFt@ oa tqml tdmidcr.ti@ !d f.r'r still ld et 

mtn'ng it po|nidl fi.U (Ercaorc! rlE sjmplcd tnasB wf,ed lo bc to D.le . coly of lh. 

EgJliri sFtetu ol gowmnMt. lhey fomcd s clbinct wirh l).p{nnab prdiously 

l|ntms in $e country, dnd btuuglil in ex&tu fres (}io io run thon. 

TIE Minisl6 llhrlG had litle tnwlqlg. ol rh.jr duti6 rrd .nlMy h.d m 

ofli.6 $ thcy *!rt!d !t hohc it uac $id rhat rtEir n.in rdvit rc cufli.t o[| 

rcwsraper EporB ahur dE ounry Fon lh€ 6y b€giining s.llat tolto*ed F,$/prt 

.x.mple in hi3 rq.ig. policy: lE pr@lainrd locitiE ft'nn|i3o rid nwtisnmenq ||d 

did hir ted !o 6rrbli$ d@ eldio4 lith M(Mw dd 'rts .mhunirt sr.td. As 

6rly 6 No@ber l 2 lE s( . d.t.Arli@ to ttE Sai.t Unih ro Eaotiat. fd 

amnic 'd &.hni€l .lsi3rire .'d in Meh t964 h. orclud.d wiri rh. USSR r 

la y of a.i!nd!hip. A vlracty ol co|'.Etiw !gr@n.nc wrc .ho sigrcd warh sloh 

eLllitc shld B Cehqlowtid. Aub.rir, Runania ed !llgd.y. ChjM ur*renoot to 

cmlrud r high6y b.t9@ S.tu. !r'd mntEm civ of S.s6n. 

Thc rew Roublic e. dtlftly rnri.u3 ro &hi€E wi&r lMgtririo {rn rhd 

Fwi&d by ils sponsB lid ii l6ni.rtn (r b€ aeeiled ttr lh! srlem n.rions W6rd 

@unlr'*, ho*ver, *iild for addition t intomrid d wti.h ro be tbr

Oo 2f (lr.0.r th. British €birer d-idd in Fircide ro @o8nii. rh. YAII Bu! irs 

cnvoy iD iF Bgion rqDflqi rhar !r l6t h{lfof lnc @onrrt s5 $illonolt€d by |ne 

rcydisli ad ol8ed thll ecognnior should trc dclay.d uilil il *B prov.€d tlEl Sdbl 

@!rd st&d d hk own fcer for h. suld rot porsibly .!r!iv. lithour F,SDliah hclp. 

Roctim otlhe Y^lt's regnne G suong. SdnM lirdio r€fcr.d k' llN'Occupicd Sooth 

Ysen ad cdbn qM ns inha6itlrG to hc sd, aor the b.tl|$ .gninsr coldialirt 

TIE R.pul,lic povd nrm s@tul wilh ll* United Suier, dspire slrong p6(e 

ugaiftl rccoprition tu busnEss n crcsl\ corcrncd \{nh saudi Arlbia und llt 

argureik of !E Kiigdonls egnnc bacl.d by Aihh and ldnce. I he Unikd Stdtes h.d 

Daltoge[E di{IeEil vi€w ollhesilution nr Ycnh ln bcr opinion, S.udird Eg]pti$ 

inletunrioo in th. civil w .oNlitur€d 6 @ndiqling and e'nb.r6nrg

And 'noE lhdn two nonhs of hcsililion, tlE (€rn€iy 0dmiikttltion c{.nded 

dipl@ ic Eogtrilion to thc rcF blier gm.tt in Decnbcr lnd st 3D@itl dtoy 

lo achicF *lrbncnt TIE enroy fiilql ro *hi* ni. @utrtry dm t q@ U. 

AwioB n'd lifiia inlol rim abod rh. lallorion ir Ydo. A . Nll lo is 6ilur. lo 

bdng peec to Y€hci, Afidic| sioFfd ftonitoring tlE satulid flr frcm. In addilion to 

tu! rk Uniied Notion3 d$ $nl i(r ou envot lo Yehs a n.di.lor The lwo osyr 

p.6ud€d bolh Rirdh iid C{im lo .Mpt inledr.tidel fo6 lo lMitor S.udi-YeD.ii 

Bort poffi 8gE€d lor UniLd Natids mi$ion to.one lo Y.'nen. lon.r's s!.t in 

rb. UniLd Nalion! q* gilq 1o . Rep{$li@ Esim. U.N obB.rvd ro@ @NYOM) 

.nivld in Y@d bll it @ld tut.chicv. ilr !p.l {.d lt!.. forc.d !o krE YclM in 

SaLDtq 2- 1964. 

Tic trc is lh.t, Nonh Y.md Evolution ws ! di@t thorgh p.nirl @flGtion of 

i ef,El c.iir n ild brd qrnrd out by . *liotr ol tlr am.d fm6 withod tlE 

Fnicip.tid d Fior tewLdge of d. F Fir .r's q .6 of r@ slim of th. 

inl.llig@rsia rnd tlE ctrfhicl bo4otui. rtD 'wdlEks tfilt didely st?o.tcd 

lhft chrngE. uougl\ N'Ymdi tl|!s let.d ruI@nlG politiol dglniation of 

rny coh€Mt con6doNn6s of &n .irq l t rh€y suwrtrd th€ rmy fi ihcy 

.crnoet dged lhal thc Fwlmattr of thc YAR M dany ii th.ir inl.rerrs. TtE rcw 

Eovmnol lNt i€nrc lo afffi $c olmy: a 'w .|lffiy B i$rrodFrt to 

q,l.o. Mmi! rhE do{ba ! Rffihrtid rrd D.Elopml B. us sr up;.xit 

Ycmoi'3 spilil \rfi mouEg€d to duri 

ln 1962 Nortl' Y.n6 €uld .ids b@re a cmF6r of rtE Epirdht 

wq vidr . ptlidFriili5r f@igi Flioy !d ..oi6ic Fldidu! dd . 

c.piLlii ndi,E dt! rd opihlid 'llrtiN rr tn!. Or it @ld &&.t ho& 

lh. Fclrrnic fot€ .nd de nghilr FprluioE, to!.tid w1n tun fNign 

dli'3, rd lry tlE h.!t for r so.idin tnsfmatid of No.lh Ytu wilnoll 

tds of cryialiffi in betEen. This d.p!ftjed m tlE lirllSrh both of thc 

ditl.Ent fos* ih Noilh Y@cn d ol.rtdnd iinpdi.lkt Fesuns; hur 

.ls m rhc d.tminario of f(rer rh.r Me Oon outsi& to ndD ih.

No ch.n8c. sre nE& in {E @@ktridc qepl tor the cqfi*{ion ot tl|e !|m's 

ldxJ. l]F e$ll ol tlm EfqN ea cnoungd llE esry ol Bpitntis inro lLY!mo!, 

Hmvrnt UE ob6laoles lo. lhc &n6tic bourgs$ic aod €nooura8nrg adrcigtr ospi&j. ll 

irrodoed Mpilriish, for dD fi6| ri$q into YDNcn opening n |o dE srld $a st, 

A[.r $re t@ty tuonthl in F)E., Sdl.l's aovrue.t adoprcd t @Brtution on 

AFil 28, 1964, {hich Fehi@d rtE YAR to b. 'u klDic Atub st|r., i .FiL nd 

$vwig|l", Tl8 @Gtilldon rcnerql $'rc ol $c i&as r,.ten frcn dE E$/ptio p.||q! 

r !nn8b lic.nsed poliric5l Fny, 0E Y.Mi AEb Unao, 6 fomed. Erypd& in0ere 

be&. p.emut in epublisn Yqr.n. P6idqn Salbl u{€d, &pcnd.nt on Cliro 

si@ h. obligcd 10 coinr ine Egptims o m.lcF bolh ofnilitlry lnd toliric!|. 

Despile ! pls lo e Adeisry Council with 100 eleled aDd 50 nominated ncnb.rsr 

tbc i&. r.! mv6 inplen@Ld. Tls flcr 0El rlFrc Ec liw @rtslitltios b.foe 1967 

shoEd lh. ihglsibiln! d @rciling U. rd of tAyflim @nt&l Nath lh. snti|Mt 

of Ycmli Mr,ml Fid.. ltu Ocrob.r l 2 to iumms 1963, aid sFndielly .n6 

lh.l, lh. luuilr (oyalbt) [06 dd thc rcFbli(s NE lekcd i. . civil w 

€sii@rcd ro lwe tillcd !p to 200,000 perplc arourl 4 FI s or lhc N-Y.neni 

popol3lid. hletu ion of ntrFriilism ad ia alli6 on @ side and Egypl and lhc 

Soriet Union on the o1her w6 .ggrrvlcd rh. riruarion. Th. fact that ir Bs ! wr 

belw€on lw wid sysLm *ilhin Y.mcn it e6 a *r ol inlerc.rion ud Epr€8iotr on 

on 5id. rd . w ro d.a€t tlE* loes on rhe otlEf. 

TIB cupoiB. !u r6toe tlanid .l-Din lumilt ro rhc l$lm oa Yencn bcu'tr sn. 

D.pcdlinaqr l6dilidEl loy.llis 6 rcll s tlE lihcEl u$ oflu' s, rhc Ror.lisls ( lN,n 

rupF LE) *t ol t 'db ln. Zrid tribd 1o b€3in oulcr*rolllion alt ck. OlsEd 

tl|r|n w$ .U. io obrah d'lsi& sislle td his oe tob S.!di Arsbi.. Jordr rnd 

Soulh Yemed Sh8iths rho wrc Mrhr Brili.i tule

Civil r& m inl.nsjficd duing the ytrR 1962_ | 964, s both side! Mrrcd ro d6t|oy 

lh. ottE by sll m6is. 1h. BF,bii6B eitn thc tEtp of h!g. ,nor,|| ot Egl'Ilim noE 

dc.i

While iniual tiSyptian suppod tor the YAR ibv€d fbff O€ €ldiwty pmgaslive 

MGinFidirr int.E3rs of rhe t+yflirn rulirg ctss it rs ct.!r 6.1 rh€ @r o6.d 

F,lili6l dd q!)lMic dnin q Egpr ft. ESypriN @nqEnUt sbded holding b..t 

rlE YAR ard e'sEgqj di.log!. wiin th€ nMisr (reylltt) fo@s The Eg!,priD 

$wdcd ofviclory, no noe fts @. dlsircd a coripronris Nirh 0rc S dis Forcign 

i cpcntion hn{ribulcd in llE or{in@rion of rlE w6r, ss wtt !s stt ib ctu i.s, lnd 

aNt +otli ir hund lil @Nnic tems. Otr S€pt€ ber t964, NB*r andPn.e Fdel 

tui rl lh. Anb Smmil ConacEm in Alci.d.ia TIE rN counirih Nmi*t ro .bsuin 

fDm furrblr incftnrion in d'e Yoneni .niiB d ulldcrL{l ro F6od€ $en Bp@tit. 

Y.meni pro|ges (o sL\t ! nulul eoeiliation. 

ft.y issued a joiir .pFal aor . c@tition solmnEn! rnd ond.r orb 

'resrc 

rcydists 

.nd epubli,ft mer itr Ocloter .t E*vll an Oc Sudln. h *6 lh. ri6r .rtnpt ro &hicvc 

@mililtio bd@n tlE lw YdE Fni6, thc r€pullion !d roy.ti!! Aorh rid6 

08r.cd o. a @elirc .Dd plsnned ! Nationbl C4ngrs ro b. lien&rd by t69 rrib6l. 

rcli8io6 and Dilil.ry ledc6: but fighri|lg bc8ntr ognin !l tlF cnd ot lhe nonlh and llp 

.@gts didnl su6ecd. ltr coi qcG.nlcd in Nov.mb.r sithour $|]l€|Ml h.dus. 

bdh sid€s rerc 'n@h noB inrransigent toMrd @h orh.r 

Subequenrly. . Friod ofel.dve qln in nilirary operatDns loltos€d, and theB src 

ponial Egrptia. uithduwals lit$ €xtoscd nonhem ad 6le.n psirions, wtich w@ 

oi

Royrli{s insisted thlt Ssyplid tbr4 lhoutd filhdrw b€toe $e ,kbisitc, white ltE 

EPtlblior! eiEld ttrs. coditiorE llticn btd h.ec s,orsry Eldcd ttleir 

poiilioK Ridi od cnre EE qpotrlibte ror rt€ f.il@ or rhe .onf.t!@ by 

pKrn!€d .a.h si& rot to cone ro lm! wilt, €eh oth.r I h. rlrrtists insbrcd on rhe 

rc|m ot llMid 't-ttin t nitr; a &n.nd u&€drbE ftn b r. m6r v.cil.riG 

EF|bigs olr r€hrr, 2Z 1966 Nsq i{Dnsty.flatcd srxti K;ed.. dd,,t"dscd 

. slruei8l. in yemer @tit vicrqy shrtd tr. obtrii.d. 

ColLlsc ot the tmrmir' Relirtinct 

Th. Roritisrs Fowd un bt. to i;..as lhcir cm!n, ou lnnd IE is til. ,6b.n and 

.enlral 3id!s This i4bitity w! ctq in hnSrtE. ot{E ovtt slr Roy.tisi wlaln€.s 

.nihrtd tothc d€ctiEotulc Inatule ttr fte p6q rh.ir srudns eitqt to rhc lFF 

of lr!! Zridi rtibB ndE futr !o Royltiir gorcmnr F. i. Rorltin 6np cmFis.d 

ItE rulttrg f.rily .d r hidlut ofzlidi e,nmo6 witt tiir|t .!.nediotu. TtE Slurtis, 

uE ot rbmid !t-Di. opobirni4 b.ow rt|.y h!(| v€ry 

suh6lo0rl qoDI ry RoFtirt uoticies ud,crjds TIE 

.s'is, nE s*b.c inpo6.d r nodic-., ";;; ;il,ff;",,]ffiJ 

dir.c,r.6 wF rth 

Ir'c disrincl 6di@, within rtE tnit' of HDd .r-Din €npded for dqnul 

Iirlsdor of dt flroE TIE f$€ of In n.!Bdr or|! g6rs. tirt rn,id etib.y 

@ lElqrd ud d€ldr.d s@c.srilrh by , ri* in who6, duihc th. lixt .n y.au of 

tir pob,io lifc, ne phed rur. U. t&i€d lh. dcdeni,t, of. r,idiliodt Z.idi im.m, ed 

d to kDwtcd8. of hw, !i.ty, .rd rEt if, D.?{, 

roFB.d by tod*q{ltrid Eald F!r.8rnd. .d dE.|ids, ol prEidcfl Nr!*r, 

IteEfd!, l|c qnuhrcd C.irof rocigj F ky, *,tict diftnk r.d d Eurntkm .od 

3lltung hclpllrm USSR &d Chin! Nhite.voiding iolotrc,hql {ur th. Wdl. th. Gnd 

of 196J .cc.tfrr.d ftrw. fa hod.6ist-o of d,. IiNrE lrcan od poricB ot

ln 1964, th. Rot list poblkh.d in ade! r d!ft c@trtutioh irkodei.g lhe pti'Eipi€ oa 

Fpqllt clolion lo a l@ lcgiiLtiw, and b lolio on lhe discrciion ol llE svlr.ign. 6 

furN irMm edd b. ftrc lig@l@l wilh Elieioc lid cednonial rutulions 

coni.qu.nlty, intsioytlitt coDflid devctopld bciwn hlBidr, wbo Ioughl !o relain 

authonq in bis om hrnd...nd his@Gins. *ho sughL los!'n Fcsion 

Whil. lou .l-B.dr lnE hod ao toyll tuppod tdhjn rjE d)tuiy, he 9a lhe 

indisFnsble symbol of lbe lcSitj@y of lhe Rovalisi ESin€ I lis o@ti.g 

rciu at Ssar bad conrqd him (he fcullv oods ol stnv lriMl chrol\ Urcha 

ui d.bls, a *.ll d lhc @erilion of nMh ol lhe inlenotioMl 

cotnu.itv saudi Ahbia, kan, lhd fu a tiB. Jdd.n @n|inued lo 

actnowldge hin 6 $veeign ol YcNcn atur dt elolutor Anv nvrl 

muld hlw had lh. dilfish. orDb.blv inDosible, |ak ol crqltnS. rcw 

legitirr.y in the ct.s oa the FoDlc of Yemen &d {f tlc $!r|d .r l&se 

PeodinB th€ oulcome of lhe ciril N{, lhe pdNs eied. howecr. 

rrovhioDlly iD Ihc nds ol al-8adr. (4) 

Ttc &clirc of dE fidnidtt ctreDr of ttF lh.n.rc shong lnc FMnd of 

li. ruwlr3l @wdndl *€l.D.ti iL! rcl.lioN wlh thc Zirt! u'b$ $ho* 

-*.i*.. ..*enrrat ro a susta,ncd efron arnrBt rh. rldbnc lhc 

mlcaj upon th€ dr*euotr ol the dodrch lh' 

saui.nrng lRnd thc cdbs 

' 

di3D.rsl uf tutlonl) , 6n.l 6l-Bali lit &F"rlcd{ ulli Slu.li hryse 

'oc 

.tt;nbifld to rdlN lhe Fslisc of lhc lmmlc Rc!8nrc lemr ddlirti 

in sli.E s t no{iw for goliliol etion $. tttb.s Newd'el.*!' 

ddir i'n.6|,s rotin.d dndlobly @slrtl: '|Me prsvtlion of l@l aurononv: 

llF d6ir. fo. mo.qy lod w@pons; d8 opponutitv lo wnr dNtincl@n $ 

s(ytized bnulq !nd. linalty $e fulfitling oflhe duties ot Eirfanh (5) 

ln 1966, lNqre Counol 6 6Lblisldl to be Gposible lor &.ision-ntt!n8. 

N*nbel6s. 0i* lib@lizitg innolalions tlopg€d cl@vags eith$ $c Dv.l fuilv bul 

did f,othina to sltisty rhe yourg p.inc*, wlb h.d ambitiors (' b€ appoiMd in impoi'nt 

.dmrnr{Fnvr p,siti,Ds The roirscq(M 'ndh(rcme hanpctui lhcn 

.ML.Rdurimry erort and de nart.d chese *i$in tlE sisl@r4t il$lf e8'rding 

irs dclinilion of legi{nste !!{nsily. The detdds of lfic 'sd@nicnls rcltelei . d'line 

of Eligiols principle 6 lls bsis lor propct 8ovcturtrctrl; . SrowiDl t(lschtr1'dl lo 

doderq illioo.l dnini3llrlilc proeduql sd a sig'trfMt eareni.g of the lndit'oMl 

d&Gbrding tbal Stryyidt {e oolill.d lo speid Fivilc& ad comnErd $lclv bt 

r@h of thcn &Fedrnr

And $c rirHmnl of l:e]rrian r@F fom ydh, ihc, decidld lo hrch bu.d 

the opiral S.s.4 lhongh ft.y h.d no rgu,ar rmy. ind $e rnbrt to.u5 hrd b b€ 

embrqi lry .csoliarin wili lh. shailh{ td @h qthd.l€d oFdnn ot uy 3ia. 

The lan r n d .@Fni.d sth t@n alo.dr in dE tir of EeyFi.r F.5€@ hu{ rn r 

\B r€l.Nd &nq rhi. wirMnM. Ror.list Finc6, nwwl e bcdm t.s optimistic 

oflicrory, thercforq ttjey hGrcned lo nolc fi'|uE,.nd it s.crel ti.t thi! Ms }i.l 

t'@ipiELd dEir domtitl 

Sludi decision io ijrtefrention i. fawu. of trnrnis pur its sffity in dlnger tt indued 

imtrEdi.l! dd.nim to Egypl of sEEl &rudi Ai. Fre pirots wirh d€n ds4 it 

h,8Ssi.d UE bulGup of U .R f|lc io ydo on . ,ubn fttt st..d .@!..!.d 

tn Ns$r Esime tD conrdd .nd pubhcty rD d,m|en t! innsion of Sludi Anbi. ;d 

d'. .rIirctio of irs donrdy Sludi forc6 rcrc quit. rhclrf,t,e of &feidlng rhc 

Ki.g&rD'! su(h@ hordq .gliffr ,egut.. fo4 r, .d U.a.K lrE6tl irEu6iE wirh 

inFnily, b $. &!re ah.dsmq* of S.!di,s sovwnhr ^ srruirih !@ d\*toEd 

in Eh'cn th. ohtv .lf{irv. .ht(m( of S.kt, knitory qt fie sbr|n, of rnc y.DcDt 

Roydbts to rtdE or rhc U. .R fdc lnd rh.ir . i6 tl b.c.nc lni Fifi.y .im of dE 

&udi Egin. to ranow l||is firet b rtE Ki4ddr.s Gunry nugh ti. ca!c@li6 of 

U.A R ford f'on fte FnrEuto 

By ttE dd of | %8, I t.Did d-Dnt inlcBt bdrc srishnrt, slblftinftd ro rtE 

$'dis irFtux ob.i.dirq *hich d.rcnnim i. F.gnri., wtnd-a@t fhn N_ym.n. 

lvhci EF,plirn fo@ N|n brck, Kn,g [iislt ,BEed to oFtr @mFcnc|N,lc currcb 

vfth the ho&$|c R.prlbtiM lq&tr ard ribot chiefs. 

Vlctory of thc yAR 

Anq f.v y6r3 of fightin& huy ymdi, bd,n. w6i.d fe .oDiitrutid of rhe 

ur .rd 3un.d Fr$u.isir8 ftr ib end. &!rc t6drs @irFrtEd Clire,3 @ti.a in 

Y€nb a Rll Srud' IntcrenhS ,n rhetr coud,y! !fl!,u Tliis grcup cmDrrsed 

modenb ladcB foh tomrr FEe y€,nenh, ,ndcn nb dd lribd .nic& ,nE s@,

knom a "thjrd fde' @ll.d lor codpomis. lE$eo {re h4o slring fetioff. ll hied 

lo ully tlrc rc|)ublicu dissidctrrs, ohyjrrg on u'li-ljgyplidr l0olirg, iNotiiB lslutr o'd 

ollying all tlxF lvho did tul wrtrt th. civil R.r lo @dinu. 

Msy lsd.B .lerly .rilicisd C.no lor irr buglmric .nd slanca€lirg oxduci oa 

th€ Mr ed als rll{onqlcd desne b @ch a ele r@-e!in! Facc. Dirs'd.ni l.ad.ft 

r{lisd lhrl il would be nnNsible to acnillc a rs hctws. Yemenis whil. th! 

Elyplie @nLolled tne govcnlEn! The roFlisls" on lhe olhcr side. €llsl lU a 

mlilutiod lDa@L: lh€ idB SrGw o8r torh Brdr {d srlld slb'nd @ive Scsoa 

peBidrs [o ldv€ 0r @ollry. Opocilidr lo EgytJliu inLtudnior gEw .l$ ano'€ $e 

vcrcnr poliricios n$ido thc lle|Nbliur lovonnnoit. Coh*rvali$ polilicians tlunchdq.l 

lor lhc sr$lish'nert or blMic consull.riv! Rsplblic .adEr lh3r i'iliLr) di.t lo6lip. 

llEs. .vsl3 pNltd 0E disinreglliu isid. tlE Epubli@ qmp Al th€ begiminS of 

AFil 196J, Fomireit lodcr or .lllnd rod s .lsiroLd bctoD lis jo@y ro 

S&di AEbia for s pcscc nision lo nel tho Royllisi lede6 tlEE. Tne * eu*d a 

MW of revulsion, which r6lcd Sdbl sowfludL Anti-Elyptbn 1016 hold p.&e 

orfcsM allql llr inLrin oonslirdion lE${ or FrinBn|.ry d.nrdr&y w'lh 6n 

iidep+dcnt judiciary, a Flple\.rnry lo ruple tl'. L$tri.trt t.d pd afl sn to 0E 

Nser od Mosw lerc un*illing lo acept indeFndeDt In scllit s.nd encounscd 

S.llll lo fom Suprctu Coocil for Atr.d FoB wnich clEcliv.ly l@k @nliol ot.r lhe 

sirudon. R6ulta ly, rrinF nrinislcr Nigned on I Jul, lle &d e& ofnit @ll69G 

wcnl 1o Cano jn an {lemfl ro cbansc Nsser's mind dd wE promptly debined dErc 

while his $ppone6.*!prd loh N-Yemcr. I'olirical and Inilir0ry sirudtion in YcnNr 

detcrior.lcd, d thc Y R $cm€d !r bc 16l 'non or i|5 pontnN suptDr&8. Ncrv 

nilit rt sovnrenl hiled |o ontol Llrc srlul'on and k-s @'rliol't.n rvill s\e|'s

S.!di tu$i. stcngtlEicd irs njlifuy erscn.t by signing o lSrdrl€jrr ro rr,rclbs { 

najor .n d€En* *hcm f@ B.n.in .id ttE US . i.y$l h€d ro 3trogtlEn tts 

posiln'n in lhc Islamic world by tisrrans tran wid fi. ainr to counFr Anh Nationdism. 

The Sovi.* ecclenrly iderd|ed ins rcFuhli*n vactory, qnich hltd $cngtho then 

pcitid in rhc a@ Fd thii tu, ftu$i. s not in&rFred, ar t€.st inititty. in i 

cstxMi!€d sdtLn. of tlE civil Mr h!( M,{cd &.isiE

TIE Egyp{d3 hsd lonc {d {E YAR .Pper.d it di3mv drd dE cotp ol 5 

Nov€n$cr: lheE t{s ios resson lo @rlrprunise ttnD cvff betbe' aDd cvctr il lhc 

ofi.Niv. ariLd n mlld slrcnBlhen tlEir pdilion in et relotiltiotu wi$ lne llplbli@ 

ES,E Oi Odnber l, 1967 .or"lisls' ctddi all Ihe ruds oul ol SlM .nd @iEl€d 

the city bd 16l dE inili.tiw within scnt' ibts 

USSR, Syi! dd AtEoris cme Funpll, tlj hctp lhe YAR 'n'l 

ldlunlErs aftiv{d lron 

soltt Ymen, bnngiry &lditiond am .d ammldtion to soE the eowmn'nl 

luxLd ol @r,E lo dt poFdrlion r{ lbmr:l ! t'opi.r lt!si3r.'N l'N! (PRl) 

&8..1 0Dugds citilid $@.rnEd in fii3 stv dd dcv onmllcd &f'@ wilhi' 

fi. losn while the 3,000{ttong re$ld .nny scuPl€d su.ioutrding moulains By 

'$ly 

Jlnu.y 196s, the Rsi.6 flew in 3uppli6 of food dnd w€lons wlile tl€ir Mlc 

68hr.6 ioo lw EFiLd ii s.lion viln St u pito6 arkl Rsih smo'd cI*' 

Althougn, Saudr Aobia prcnised lo slop ic support for lhc Rovolisls but hogc lElp 

w!! giv.n to de Royalkk duing llE si.8e ol SaMa nopi,r! lllll hdr allid colid hakc 

vi.tory rgaict lh. Gplbliclr Rirldl tr$ed uut i|l lupPn w in 6pone lo the 

nl!6is .id 1o SarE. h .i.nury rhe my.lists Nsde in wn lhte at|onptt lo brcll inl tnd 

c $ct inilid o inism djtd dom Bnv of lhe rovalist lrib.sn.n rti{t'd 8mv b@s 

lhcy lost @B lo o $n@ in fishirg nnDr Egvplisn wirhdnwol' Rovsnsl prc$urc 

$iinst ieftitory held by rhc €pullic gndullv €s4 and lhe ci{l qar i@h'd d 

Ot Fcboary s, l96E !E sieee 86 liied s'ifl a relief@lu n, &tivelv $ppon'd bv 

Chin6e eneinrcE *no rcP6ted llE bridgd on the r@d llul lirkdd sa@ sith !D N- 

Yc'Mi djn sF l [oytlisl hl| a[cnF lo €9t!@ SaM inkd which lcft lhd d@6 

oFn fd &y F4eful sxttem.nt slh lhc YAR s Aovemm'nr 'tlN dd ofcitil wlr sGl 

Nor Ydncn's unily. By Lhe linE lhr d cd€d the Giddb or l|E @!ilrv- Slelii d 

Zlidi, R.plbti*n or Roylltt sdid onoe lgrin *orl ro crdc ! viable and mo

Unfonwr.ty. 6 lh. si€gc ofSNM erd.d rh€ R.plbtiois sptir into tm ogposcd 

omF: the tribes ch'err m onc sid.,.nd rh.,nd€oiritu bn who h6d m.r8.d in thc 

sEg. to fill rhe Fliriot v&!um tn b.v rtE EsFir! d.Fd@ fiis E* 8@p of 

nn'(.nt! qs haed on ihc old Mow6t or Adb N.riwtiu (tvt^Nl wilh its 

hadqu.ttcf in L€ba@. The cmnunhrs, ft6 tbpuld Don@Erh Unio (pDU), hdd not 

phr€d . sisnilie 'ol. durjng rtE civit Mr 'ac B@th h.d d$ Ft y€d ! snll Iln ,nd 

by .omFrts Fili ottrr !.ti-Nas,ita ,cc.tim lbd nDrcd b rhe riAhr MAN nmgty 

opF.€d rhc !cm3 of Ertwit c@feEEe .nd s r Esuti ik ,nmDen w. dtmis€d aron 

lhc dniristdri@ IDririotrs. In OcbIt. t967 the N|AN derni*d .nl|Neile 

@nmuatori lh.r gacd ttr .pe& @D,niso' *ni ro yftn h, $. KtEnlM 

worlihS un(,.rgmund. h,MAN non nrpter &qdk rt M a

'lb.l.[ had b€n c$hc4 at dE sL.t of 1969, al-Asri lnd th. snai$6 re slre 

within de v R . thcy begio Rgotialing c liMl nNr([hcnrd wilh ll|c Royllisls 

lvlqnwhilc, lhe YAR go!.h6en1 enb.d.d on ! lolic, 

of wq|ine tlN Zlidi lribc$ !e.y 

frob lh. byltillJ lnd t.ting the groundro lor dcnrlsl onciliation litfi Saudi Aobi.. 

Ar. result" snc t ibes dcl€lcd lo lhc YAR ad thc S.ldis a8(rd to sto! b&ting lne 

Inan Foviild rnc YAR hcld (l)*n thc bn rBni6 aui cn.ngu, its forcisn lD|nt rc ihc 

dslL Dolh l.udr AEbr d YAR sig.ql ugrlcnrc in Meh !trd Julv 1970' rvh'clr 

b@usht the cnd ofdncd q)illict belMen $c R.pnbtic.o lnd thc Royalisl! and laid lhc 

b6is lor uE futc Flilic.l &v€lopEnt ol Y.Mi siely. Thc roy,lisb hod f.al.d lo 

defar the enublio (rtr dt otlsr hand, E cpobli@ nghr |!d no &*iE to @rinue 

figMng $. ruyllGts hod pugEd thos rlD oppo*d lhc pcaoe ao$ sidcs hd tuw 

n.Dl.mentd thc nuhcNs thrt qanted s|ld $ere F.A'e'l to cepeEle MJ conFre 

within n w ictituliool liftil5. 

In M.y, lix oyrlisr 'nj!i46 lw includ.d in $e YAR obiret and in S.ptemb€r a 

dnft @nslilulio! wqs announoed fot g.flcni die!$iotr lhis djscssion rcsullcd in 

aurlhcr rishL-eing alredions lo lb. dhll, @d lhc F6llnalion ol n ndiol reo 

@dnud(i an Aden in Novcmber only *@6e€d llE coun|.rrcwllnioMri6 in SMa 

lu slrdrltlr $rn positior6 11& Y R onsLitution w$ onttil.d o'r 23 l}xedlE. |9?0ad 

Danifaetly dpr€sd lhc dittribuion otpolilidl Power. 

Consrnlalrve Colnoil included 

159 nt mbds wa el€ctel and lrcnty ncnbeE @nidred bt thc Fesident redGd th€ 

1%9 fiovisioial nadonl .s*nbly. The c.uftil had th. rulhonry b.l@t fivemo 

E{bli@ @ucil (Osidential oucilr. lhc onslnudon, Dqnrvlilc, ban'Ed l]E 

pot'rical p.rtB. ln&cd, the saudrs $d(d N-Yernm lu b. con$ftlrde 3l!tc.. pluM 

ttrt sunftd up tlBi positions of don*tic Epasion, $ystilicatiob dd lorltv !o lhe 

dicr.r6 of tht Saudi S1.1l ilsclf. llE R.publims *l u0 a mlinEl eDbly of 

rclisiod .nd lrib,l lqdc6 oid sdc{y tondj lhe polaLi€l Fqri6 ln I@i!, Flicv it 

nowd .nfi6i$d@l! lo ih! riShl .nd h.d $e distirclion of b.i.g the fial courlr! !n lb. 

turld to b@sk ordiplonatic lclalio,s rith tk Elst C@!ny ord then esbblish.d lhen 

eirh rh. op .lid W6l CenEny. Inptuvi|lg rcLtioN uth Sauli Anbiq hoG€, lc{t 

ro dcEti@ting of Nodh Yemd't elatioc witb Solth Yems.

MODERNZATTON PROCESS IN THE YAR I9?O-I990 

. S(rcIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS 

Resoorcalor Y@d wl fbn b.i.g t kBcty stf.@|'inc4 scramci@t siF 

dnooic aF|.n t!...d it6t Mdcrcty on,€ddtluE.id vvy tl(k ciisDt fird. io 

b.ire t"c@sirsiy d.pcdo upon Oe Dod.m yortd ond iG @Bnic oihr. |Jy |n. 

l'.Ctiniig of 1970q rhc y^ta did erFd.@ 3rg,rificant sr{).@bnrc derctoprcnl 

b.!ed d apid cEaton ofs nodd eFcity to lbdb .@rmtc ,d tc.ini6i Bisrii... 

Th ElniEly g.Mdrs trwirion w.s ftc a$isra@ b, th. @lsidc wU !.d _ 06r 

inpoir. - rh! Fssive innow of sorto!, Bnilr.nc6 $.r ,bss.d *a.t*I'sd .nd 

qrDilc.de,tbd turmpton.nd frsFrity At rhes..rof lrE&€

Th€ o.ul grosrl nLe ofCDP wd 5./. lb. sSricull@, 8.6% lor indstry, ,.2% tor 

turst@tiu\ 8'4 for irnnstDn lrl @h[uriolisrs, t0..t9i for $nD$\ 3.t 49i for 

fitrd@, I l% td ldnini*r.rion ord ?.1% lor otcr si€. Thc !r€6s. .nu.l s@*'th 

nre of popu|lliotr benrg | 89i,, (b! Bl groMh Dr€ of per 6pir. CNP las t0.6% snd tbar 

of Fr c.pila ODP 16 5%. Ocneal pMlucliviry inc@*d hy !n arc6g. of 3 l!/. 

eually, Ttc .rc6ge annu.l Aowlh 6& ol ||l|rl |mumo{ion was 4.8%, ir $ounred ro 

10.2% for ll! ldninbfili* . p.njculsly high ote Bfleti.g rhe lovemtrEnril 

rLveloDh.fl ellon- lnd to 4.1% foi noNcholds. rhe ndividsl shlG of houehotd 

@lEuptid iBased by .n .sag. of 2,396 mully, An open.dod poljcy m 

iMgunred,.nn.d a( imFo ng Yem.ni rclauoBhip wn[ $c Mive Anlt sn6 

a.d *ith W6tem ndjo6, O@ S.n&\ EgioBl tutd ii enErioDl aldions '@ 

ihpmvld, il luNd its a(ntion !o !d&6s ccononio probl.trN. 

FiBt Fry. -Yd E@nohic Pld, l96El *$ dr.ned do,irg Hddi's period bt tc 

Clrltal tlmiog Cmnisio. TlE pls Mr rhe firn of ns ki in Norlh Y€n.a sbicn 

pregl€d or Jue 13, 1977 on tlE @aion of lbjrd onhive$ey of IF 'co@tivc 

noffi.n('. Mlin ra8ets ot lnis phn @F |o d.wl,op Norrh YcnM |o lh. thBhold ol 

tunic &bnmr. nis lh. st ndrd ol liviry oa i|s cniDN, csr,blis! $ mic 

irfiarwrurE, delelop @strwrion, .srablish .r inrogdt.d .d@rioral syJem. incl€N 

dondli. qpital fomalion ed uily the i|ltcnEl ra*et. The airu reft lo inclee 

Mlioi.l podwtivirx ..hi.ti!'g df,diMlid mog lhe pot ic, oDtadtir., $ni-public 

ard Fii{& stds and dcEloping UE -@ric oFhing-up |blict 

Qu!trtilltilcly, thc objNlilc oi thr Nunh YcDreni &lhdilics 6 10 uhisre u 8,2% 

ateEge .n.ual Bc of gru*th ol CN DoGtic PnxlFt duiag thi live Ys of dE 

plr, risra Srdully f.otr 7.4% lir. 0d ,w ro 89e, in l98Gl98l, $ $ ro nEk 

posiblc grufih Er€ of olv 99'" in a sub*llucnr shgc ol-dr ounrry\ dcvcloFn.nt 

SwrMl goDdr .!re 6 $lireled d 5.5'16 {or aciuultue. I Lt .6 for ndusrry (Nnn$: 

12.6% 'MufactuE induetri6: ll.4 el{rricig_ od w!rd: 7O-4ti), 14.1.4 f6 

mlrulio, I I l9l. fq |nBDon rnl @nnudcxli@, l0.l7o lbr cdn.@, 9.J7. for 

frndce 3.6% lor d*llin8s, l0% lo. ldminislnrim dd ?.5o,1 lor olher wicci

Amul gosth Erc oa fi. Nrt[ YoM ! ir(nE rtr6d 6rin!r.d .t 4.ttd tlE 

arN.f gmslh nr. of GB N i@l P'0drd ldtd .v.riS! rbo{t 6.q/. ftn t976 ro 

l98l . Cotuunprion 6ic at 6.11./0 annuatly. Com.nr wsu{Uion M .it'.!t d ro dF 

by in annorl rv.Bg. of 109( rlB| ofhoo*holds by J 9.,a.nd rh! individul .h!E ofthe 

I.od bt 1.2%, otui.Lriig 0E gre*d 6r. ot the poputtriN 

Th.3c ccmmic pllns lcd &r'x. tlE c@nrry'r inf$rructur. tlrriculdty u&, whicb 

lB i cn{sed motiliry ond oFned YcDcn noi onty ro rh{ outsidc, bor .tw intemlty. 

hved r@& luw f.cilihlal tslq @!d .6rss ro mrtli! td lgticutluat Futu..6 .d 

lllo$rd rew i.d6rds ro be d|It ishcd. Aldg th ttE &Etop|@r oa! dd 6tsqk. 

lnnrF,nalrm ad cm'nDic.tid syscos wr. dev.loped nidty dd e being Ed 

signiliqnrly ro inrcgrrtc ttl. rhle r@i! t Aeddiig lo oftici.l forec.sr, 25 % ot$e 

||ffiry cEditi fd lh. trc dN b.d colc'd by focigtr .i4 19 % bt ih. ym.ni 

CoEffiqt .rd nc |ldinina 6 % by Fivrc mtiont oDir.,, 

B.qsc North YsD.n b ps,r country. it, inc@sins tr|(h txtafte &ficit rfle|cd 

€Mohic F!6rds .nd d.retopim{ ph8 $e laeet} ti|rnc.d b, foeis. ',116 

tnpodr f@igr sutptics of epnat sr. S.udi AEbir. ttE Wdtd B.nt, tD (Aeei., 

of htcmri@l llElotmcnr), W.sr C.rn.ny, Unired A6b Ehir!r6, Kusi( U.S.A. 

i6q. U.K, Libr!.nd lMn Ofier omriblriors kG dnticiparcd fnn th€ Ar.b World. 

sa.lill ud Gtdn.ou rks at s€ll s tmm vuio6 Unitad N.tids' Or8nni!.rie!. To 

flE rNisi src of tin'r stbotd bc .ddcd diednr3. Mitr,.'|c A, .t ttE 6d of 

1977, frrl l(M gtuH to Nor6 yllm on@nrcd lo t2,802.2 miltion dinnbred s 

follows $886.8 milli@ ttm E8iomt *d in|.mriomt oB.nisadons, $4jl.E nittion 

fiwn Anlb @nbi6, t60i nilid lom W6td @nri6 ,rd tS?S.6 mili@ fm 

ldcllisr 6utri.s. Tlrs. to.E do rFl imtod. gnnt. ttE !,n6t .|unt of shich 

ocE(H tlr .d@l disbus.d po.tio6 of th. to.B driig dE Fiod t9?l-lylr. T|e 

aorcign linaftirr nos (in th. fw ofremiltancb, t@N, lnd sDntt hav€ r@ botore 

oattryndte surplB $t€E dE only

Coru.gucud, Ndth Y.rn.i's idenlljo€l Kn€s, laqcly @mp.6.d ot @wniblc 

clmnci.s, bow npidly iw6s€d, rising fm $126.95 Dallion al (|t sd ol l9?3 lo 

$1,000.24 nillion i.Jult 1977. Bal.tucofpatDenc suplls ros fronr YREJ rillionii 

$e l9?3r4 firarcidlyor to vR lJ99 million in 197&?7, wilh a pqk ituse of 

189.30,6 in 195,'6- D{.ing thc 6ut q@rld of l9??t8, rhie slrplN lwlEd YR 12q.9 

nillis- This rc Ggtillly due to th. sh.rp ilr,tg ir dr ssr!16 of th€ _ofie. cu6r 

a@ui" ir.t!, lticn n'dud€d tlE Ep3lrildon of sla.i6 by lnenis Mrlilg ab@d 

(nEinly in SluO ABb'r).Nl ga.rr The otrly dcfion n! $e cureni uounl * &orded 

al th. bcgimilg ol lhe Fiod ud.r @nri.l4nrim: YR 81.7 n llid' 

Tnd. bcla@ d€reriwld anlinuosly, {!. dclicil imeqing by 294.4'^ in 3 yds 

of 197718. Expons corcliLut d onlr ?% of iNpons nr 1973/1974, 2 6ca i 1976/71 6tJ 

0.9% in ihc [6t halfof 19t778. Ttuorshdl lhc co6i&ed Friod, most inpot..t rtcm 

i, lbc b.l!@ of Fynsls, produc€d .t &e s.m limc. surylG lagr lhtn 

'mFrtt 

Tnis n.n itulud.d: emigrul *orkqs rcDnr.n6 lhe enounl of shi€i N lom +YR 

t94.6 nillior ih t9?l/4 ro +YR 4.561.2 flillion in 1976,? o.d lYR 1,019.2 in the fi.st 

hatf of 197718. S.ryies' bal@ .@ fon +YR 84.7 millior it 1973/4 lo +YR 196 6 

nillion in 1967t, f.lling ba.k !o YR 20.1 mift@ nr $. 1978 Omci.l Laaaec 

(nsinly SEn|s) rhe rol6tlaehioh ro$ tod r YR t34.2 million in 1973/4, to r YR {69 9 

million in dF fi61 h.lf ol 19?73. 

T.lcvidon, Rrdio {rd Mpatds rcG itttldued in|o Yd.n Bhicn hdpog in 

promolitrg sial rs4es dong the Fopl€. lndutill slor of tbc slat! ds 

inpr@ed lnd ddeloped to employ boln hrn and wnstr For th€ lisl 1in., Yeneni 

vohcn h.ve lahen an &rive .ole in €ontributinB lo 6eirfanrilj incomc lsio"Nuo'.ic 

chdsrs vuc ||$.Iiirt'rl by th€ temn oN imFovoncni in lhr.duaonl stor. 

efiich *s brudo$d ard D&L lD orlonD lo mdLrn tundsds. Wi$ tle help of Ardb 

Oil Slrts. $hmls *ere oDcftd in eleD lhe rdnol6( pon! ofthe sLle

Y.m.n's s@iGoimic chargcs 0rN|ed b! rt. t..nftdols impmv.ft..t in thc 

.dMlior.l sdlor. tne httq sr! brd.hn d rid nu& to @nfffi |o Do&m d.nd,r&. 

Schmk s* oFE in cv; Oe Mor{l Frts ot rh. strt TIE iuhtq ot *hdh 

irEs.d frm 700 ir 196910 to2jy in t919/N TtE Univcrufty ofsoN,. f@nl€d ih 

t971, bct fiw la.ultk3i llv and StFd., Cmhercc, piMion, Sci.nes. md ArB. 

fie sLt .Mm8ed 9mci lo cn.ott in itE UniEnny, offding ln.n, s ins,nivcs' 

mn 8d b@rd. Thc cldioEl Fog6 ir ttE y R nB! lE Gcoglizal $ b.h€ b.O 

poailive rnd im.rtablc. lt !N mcnliond 0Er befoe thc r€roturion. ym.ni stu&nts 

goiiB {h@d for educatid hld lo eftol ir tigft *h@h in order to |.te 0,c acicM 

@rs rhct h.d rr h.d in Yencr 

lmFomcht of edu.di@t merh{rk ldd rtE f&l Ulc dlE tion beqiic ,v.il.bt. k! 

h6r Y.Dcnis h.v€ a,Iect€d lhe soirt olttet of ttE pcotie. TIE liew t|.[l Morn,s 

d@ d hoft 6 gr.d6lt, wirh I crtrin .hac of t!tE['E, chlng.d Ar mE 

*m .dr@|.d, lnear d.mands h€om nnr&r nE] h.v. bcsun lo ftrn, lne existins 

hdnionallolB which h.vc A'lerncd rhc &hity ret,rjonship Thi3 Me @npoudql by 

lhe laci lhal D'm sorl ard study, .vo !l unislity tcwt. .loAridc hd. The 

@scqctrc s r .mion of otd sirt r.tc !d thc i.rrodEdo, of tr* ffi. 

In dd!. kr {ur its d.wtophqt efonx thc yo,oa gov..nft ,rcnpr.rt ro.|lncl 

lo€l .d t@i8o €tir.l, s,t ch guM.rad f,rc&m ot in6fnd{ td riy !fi}sidt d 

nolil, Ydncni d f@i8n FMr ir.iy.@mic p.ojet @nlribdinS r{} rh. @untry,s 

delelopmenr, nis gNe forlign capiral 8qd rcsFcr md reatbent sinitor ro naton t 

dpir,J *h.rle. n 6 jni*r.d ird.Fd.dt, q joinrly wirl MtioNl oribt. 

lt GfeEbilir of any rcr Et,zrd Fotil! .lr6d (rnd Fyrs of r.16 .rd d,!iB), 

ploietion rgdBr mrioDtiaton. tn ajdlio., de hw previ(H td ..d.ii Fivit€6, 

w$ a ,iee !d Friod, inct!fi €re,Tiiotr fiom . c6tom duris on i,trports of 

m*ltEry, .qliFmt iNhttdiG &d buitding n,r.rids ,d ro t.urch lh. Fojld 

E\hFid l|m rtt t x6 .nd ddi6 and ndqd@ ofc8rm3 duri6 up lo 25% oi l|F ttl 

$luc of iDrFrd Ew ftrt ilts Jld odq primry prcdeG. Thes polisiod ds 

.pplied lo !l.hr .xpr8ione to the .fid otrtE .iidit@rl upi(lt inj-rd,

1970s lo Lhc mid-l9E0s" llE llunl Oil Conr@rt di$ovc.cd oil in oNn.rcial 

.mu!i in lh. Muib bain Tnh denl botn i'nFotsl th. YAR_S long-lenn 

dcEloprn€nl p@rp€B .rd pl!.rd lhirply iE@ins &mnds d $. llill 

lcry linircd @pdbrliriN oflh€ srarc. warl du oil find, {r rwin hsks fenrs 

h 1984, .tLi lhe YAR hld hrde lirirly gdxl 6e ot llD d.odc rioD thc 'nidlhe 

rc8iDe Ec lo mbinlair lhe ncw disiplin€ dnd aoslenly of thc p.3l 

@uple oay6 a.d lo 8d up !o .tM!b .moody rhe oil rev€nc oat we 

exp€tcd lo slan nowiDs ir lar. 1967. D6ite thc poliriqlly dimcrn 

@dbnErim of ri.ii! qp€brions and @rinua! h..d li'trLi, th. Ggnne 

during this period oa econo'nic l0nritun ws abl€ to lton nnpoi$ a.d 

sovernncnt erFndirucs nol Blrt€d ro oil derelopnctrl oi b trviodly 

pbrtud plojsa In 19E7, !h€ BMmmcnl o'nplcrLd pNpaalid of $c Third 

Fiv.-Y6r Dcv€lopmcrt Pls.lhc fiRl wi$ dl esc ll.roed in. (7) 

E\pon oloil b€8m in l.lc 1987 The c0@ls ofoil erpon l,@ lery oflnririic .nd ils 

erenes ih.luded in tle 1988 budset, whidr rcduced lhe dclirit bl a trdly 50 peNenL 

$ougn qpcfldiluB ilns*d by J0 peBnt. This hapty r$!ll b b€ na& pos,blc by 

E* dl .xpon @ings ol FEBI fiudEl nillid dils. The gov{nflEtrt ls 

ctuudscd kr i.vst noru .id nore in th. oil and ga sekn ss *ll a *nh $h.ms lbt 

prodrcif,g @nsLrcliof, mt€ri.ls, elet licalion of tnrinciol are$. wrl.r @@e 

dcldoFEnl !o incrN agriculruEl prodrcris ald link rod' Rsll,nlly, d.vcloDnent 

acrivilj.s ft.c strEnetcied lhc stale's positior! idetully lnd cxlemally. Itihc Minig€r 

enlhusistiqlly eid lhal {Lvclopm€ poj@ls mado UE pcriphery dd o$er tuhole d6 

nore aeesibl€ and cmovcd libe\ sspicion olgoremm.nl. 

r6iden( Srbn jGdfiql &v.lopme cllods in rents or Mrioid.'l. bdldins sw€n 

8@r.$ ,.conplislnmls lo improv. inft$Lructuc ol ld$po.l and confilnicdions lo 

faci,ilrL movmen( delit.ry ofs.r!ic*, gewlh of national in|Erity ,id unny based o. 

l6line! ol ndion l e{hmibi|ny l)lrloFMr a.tiviriLs ot snd h.ll or 1930s, 

E0e.rqi dro'nnuinsinnwn@ ordre id@s

. Political Developmena 

- Prelld€nt lry{ni'r Rule 

Th. civil at e'dcd in tswu of 0r .denltiv6 of 

Ym.n tulb R.public (yAR) slitt exisLd. i|] pochriat I ! 

h.d bcn rnolhs€d bt tlF rercled Frwcr ol thc rrih.s, rhc trlachrmliors of RiFrlh. ond 

il'e Pie$ilg ie€d fq S.utti iieiciat aid. 

Ndft YeM. Altlbugl' dE 

raiiql f{E ir $e peninerh 

While rhe iarioDt ctius @!!.d rhe yAR d 0E fom of s|aq ftis 

cscnfidly hqnl lilrtc noft th€n rcjection ofthe tmrmie wirhout .lsr 

@n*nsusd th. nrrur ofiF GdscDcnr t h.$ )on F( ch.ftGned 

Dy uDfldt.d c@Ftitior 6d @nfion|lti@ ov.r th. 3hEruE nd thc 

dnldd of tlE YAR, s EIt s 06 ttE brsic.lqtid of poE (E) 

As wi!fi othui devEtodu counti€s tu eq. {hqd$. $e nnm.dialr |.st of stare 

buil.ling ir lhe YAR ncfl h.rond $. cElion of a qFcjr, iu nlitr|in or&r dd 

F@idc dcf.e b int@r .id @nlbt thr FogBiE chngq 

llt 6.nB thrr frdn rh. wD ouls.! t{,Iered rtE N$ yAR . Lhe tong cn il 

wd. for.rgr ih!.nc ron..i)mmic drte.tion and.t ctift.,nd dour lnd 

lmgd . n.deit obvioG tld shL-buitdi,g in r oa rrs 6p€-r! w 

d6Fhldt n .&d TIE vi.hitity .'xt !wi,d of ycmn iI irs hw sdtd 

cneMnc.t dqEnd.d lpon il (9) 

During rhe following yeors lhe EgiDe,s cfons ME to esbbtilt . son of 

,dhiiist ti@ aid r,!in rh |EfuiLd ctdts lo diffsdr d.r{.rmnts h

ln .fisl the batr wa o sly of Few.ling Gv.lopment ol a|y non4ribal and noF 

codtessi@l ogmielioD, ih. Shaikhs snd rcliBioN lades had tlEir os trditioml 

fom3 oforguis.lion dld did et d.cd Frli{i [o nobntc slpport Th. &! @dd 'd h. 

!.F'.r. frm th. polnid d.vcloptunts in Ssrh YGrc\ whici lollowd . sioglc p.ny 

lyrlam. tt n€ronh, nDsr ol tlE politiel ch{gcs in Nodn Y.m.. s@ 3dopt d to 

ounid S.uth Yc'n.n s |'licy. Th. firlt e lccriin!, .n r lFec r.stodtio. in Nonn Ymn, 

hld ben enlanad $c rul€ of tn€ Shek 's ud landlo(ls Tle lirsl Co6ortariE Coancil 

.l.c(d Sh.ib Ahlulhh .!Ahm6 N ia oll.inur itr Mrch le7 t- vhilc t|wi onrinlql 

p6id4t of YAR. sl{fl .ftcr lhe eletioN !'d agFovins Oc @nstitudon Num. n 

hsded rcv caliEl whi{h laGd for slDrl tine He could nol run lhe sfai6 sdooihly 

drl lbcd io mign i,r protesl a€Ensr interlcEne bt tribdl le!d.6 in |ns governflenl 

On Augurt 26s, .l-Artui *s apFi.t d Prime Minisc. one.g.in *iln lh! nope tlEt 

he would htol thc anu(ion beBrse he Ms popllar wnh the rribes. He quickly drovc 

.edBt North Ydcni pGUSSR ofi@rs. ln addnion !o Urt, hc i&luded minisllr 

b.l@ging ro soulhem Ym.ni optsition in his abinct, ibr lh. ftsl lim€ ine tE 

in&E.

he @nnict bel*s ftc t"o pdrs of Y.n.n si.m tro rlE djve€e rlu. oa th. 

regi'trs n' F$s nr SrnM r d$ 'Itr dinlenccs NrN 

e@€rlEted by the pr€ere in Norrh Y.nEn or trureruB Sourl yc,n.ri Ftniel 

rcflac$ rn,l .xilcs tiolcDrly oppo*d k, lh$ Alch rcgnnc As I q,Mqucrq SoutlEnl 

fmn er b€dnc a clirnalc ol FnEn€nl irsm. *i$ ()@iio,Et viotcnt stinnish6 

in@lling rhL anni$ orti. teo Pias 

h conscqu?nce, hl€FYsrrbi we broke out on Septemhr 26, 1972 Fou day, hrer, 

!ll6oud! tu ris,rlng .onrilu.t *idDur nncrup(4 ltN r\!o sad6 ,el]ucsttJ rtrc 

hqlidion ol tlE Ar.b tagoc llE tr(s to,mdt , oonri*sn,n p6id.n o,s by i6 

As's|!rl Sccrclrry incluiJnrs rcpr€*nhlivcs aron At8.,ia. l,ibya. svria, !d |(u$ir 

'lie conmhsiotr d.anSrn an@Ling belwsr prim Ministctr ofNodh oDd South y.men 

(Aini &d AliN6*r MulDnnnld)!l Ctno. t.he r$o sn&s nroFsd D( utrarisliotr of 

Ydd lould b. $e b6r etrlion of (hc cnlis. O, Ocrober 2E, dE t$o prnE Mnbc6 

srsM ft agtqe providnB aor rhe evenluat unincarion of rtre y€mro. tl rs ds 

signed by tlE Prosideds ot th. rwo stol$ (tryui d Sahn Rlbui) whcn they rcr at 

IiiFli (Li0yul ni Noycnbcl 

]lE otut, rg@enr fac.d sr@ns cririci3m in the @Eulrslilc couftil in North y.ocn. 

*hich was dohnB|€d by r 0{t mehb€r, In,wcv.r, n *os r.rrried a,Lr tm wets oI 

€xlrenEly lrcakd dcbalrs rcnsdng €riM dirersetus wi0id rhc counq,s tqdcBhap. 

C{Nlra(w @ufit srFl€,i rlE archi(€t of tiipoti A@n! rtDc Minisrq Aini ti, 

6isr Con*tu dv! potiLjcilrs axr rriht clie6 eeE Dt elisfi€d ror dE uniry 

ag@menl. Pr$ilknt tryaoi boed lo dE cor*ivalivc rbdjori0 lnd appoanlet Abdu ,ll 

dl llji s Pi m€ Minisrer plb \vs ctN liidd ot the Saudis llc a6 ocer vltive erd 

*tuol $ nEDIxr in t|t Rct)lbtien Councit aor fes trDhlts Sa@ did rrut shorv 

cn|,tcmD lo 0'. uny wio Ad€ , lrErbE, ih€ rel.tions LctlNn rhe l*o 3idcs rs,in 

d€|!rioFi.d, On Mlrch t973, rhjri risn d S.!da Ar$iu cknB fD, !$isb,e. .r.h. joinr 

s!{daNo h Yetr'cni conrnunjque war jssucd dt re cd of $. vhir eeqJ rirntEr 

,rcr€e rn $e ll'BrN F.r.iti4bd@n !1rc lrw ysno$.

Offcillly, lhc cohmbiqld or y dsalt wi$ slrenglheoiog lies bctssn SaM and 

Riyldh, bu! Nodt Y6d'r lcniis a6Gcd lbjn of hlving _@ncqlcd b rhe Soldi 

s@r.ie.lt ovcr $c YeDcni leftilotes ol Asn, N4Bq $d ',r!n ecupi€d by rhe 

Saldis in 1934" nr cxchanBc rbr S,ldi aid.'lhe sovehncnl explulDd rhc boidcr olosh 

ei|n S.url, Ysncn lo lturch . gcnc.al plrsc of leftisls. Fnicoldl) 

lo ople $pccrcd 

sBy onic6 Psidcnr lryoni w6 in f.vor of cftili.rion bur sovMmenl did nol 

apprcvc th8l. ln addilion hc wd armyed by lhc chtus cigcnd@d by lhjris 

inelrcclivffi 6 .r administ..Lor. 

1hc sorem'nL couid nor conttul over Nonh - eelc l€rinorici wh€re las e@ 

mt colleld. Minist€E porsud iidep€idc.t policig vnhouI EfeGre to llE P me 

mi"ister od bib..y l&ame r.orc Enpanr llEn ever lo tEEudc ollicirls (r pqlonn 

$en dlies The socioly olcr whjch lryaii prided s's Darrcdiy dillcrenl lroDr llr 

lffiic Ymq th.t qisted belor€ Seflen$er 1962. Ahhough F€

A wLome iiflow of capilsl .te ore, howder, flor y€reni cmigces livjig 

!br@d- Prospcck or lhc yAlt\ aotuDric slre udciiebty shrtr during lhi, priaod. 

llrcign !d @!td @n|nrN lo @s rlE &ficih i,r r.tuo tor supFxlnr8 il(cftarioEl 

'n.(cB ,\gricullunt iohns of dE @unrry nbtc ro pevcnr r.rgsrcur. st.Ration if 

oxplorl4d vcrt wctt. Re.Be oit had iot disovsr.d ycl, rhc rutirE ct4s ah lhc ou!) 

6 . pcmwo y sobordinarctl .rd inpolcrirncd cx|cNior ofrhc wortit tutot. 

P€cnli& ccononic clief me fun cn,i8@t En run@s. xeparet .nlnlDrs lo dnd 

Fl@l€m &ilsd lo tocsle dlposits rh,l woutd bc €omDici y t€sible for dev€top,nor. 

h lr'c hnudh sror, @pl!r tr,ishr ofis hhiL{ dpon Fs'brr,t,cq bul c{@tid ut 

hNponaoon alr Erc tD gnll In Oc cighlenlh srt iiiaanth enturies yemc.i 

@lfe to6d lrcmrv€ m..t.G in E@pe &d Amerie Todly, *hrr€ ptuhiur gnd€s of 

Yhoi @lla coutd b€ Fning fte&d foFign qcle!., ltE sub.liluc $op of e.r 

Bq@ @jd 4nculrrd Fodst, *hi.h @rDod d y b, dE y€ftni! dEmsdB 

Qu h .trd cpr6d s e ecoimic ogpofisny but tqr 3inc. it B noi cxpoi€d and 

drv.rled l.bor d tadd rcsoues fbm crcps ihn either courd be erpoi8t or a6M€d 

Sohe no|lths lar.. 0E ficrid.d rlishised H4ii gqenu€nr oru apg)rnlcd nsl€rd 

r.chn@Di Tn! new govsrnst nsd hardty sdrt.d in wh€n cldy t974 lllcrc rcrc iudden 

.ar d.dD.lic potiliet

Iryda Mnr.d s powcrfut sargtc presi&d inn€,t of a bickei.g @wit, 

ellcdive lMl driristraiioq ltich trMnt wtcnirB r ribdt gl.|nhes, 

aftl d my stMS cnouch to lcp the r.ibca in order thJfl ad rh. 

Ci$ultalir. C,umrt(fued bcF|xEGe In A!Bn{ to7j,,c, m6nsot 

chphatinE hn osn 'nJapen$biliry, I'Jaxr cLnr 1{o tutunt ) u\rtc ,n 

syda. (r0) 

C,n*qEnlly, 'nihlry omars, un&r $c tugis of tlE .cor@Livc ovcmcnr, r@t 

power, s(nsibly to prolidc lhe srability noossry aor lhc csr.btashmenr ol c aameNork 

&vouablc lo politiel derclopnent. lry.ni eigned ud arAhmcr, s Sps*.r 

t@hnielly 3@eded hnn, bur in Juft 1974 lE handed ovci ro lfi€ C.n.Bt Cdrnand of 

0'. Adtd foBi @l@l lbdhi rllhn i, wilhour bloldshcd |tdrji trgnc rlE ncw 

etfedivc rdq ,nd nis leiu€ us m6l cdtrovr*iat. 

Notqithltrnding th. cirilia. rcle in thc posr{'vir-*ar ronnal'elion Fl)cs 

&ny Colorel lbdllim .l,lhmdi s&sfullt clBllcosql |hr lodcuhip oa 

Pr.sid.nt al-lrtei ed 6suql F)s!r. His revolulionary Comn&d Cou@il 

Eplaced tlE toib-sryle republican c!!ft'l Altl.mdi ws a stiong a.d 

popular lqder ed wcit le in hqlirg old *ctiondl, r.lisious, and [ibal 

'l o $Usly @rld lade6, hc denidl rhrt UE@ lEd been a militory coup aiNl chiD.d I[!l 

rh* had ncrcl, been a tioftonve srq' ro aven civil wll l le dNlaed th.t, lhe amy 

did &t *.nt porer .nd ws unpEpdred to dc, uith . politicul dmospheE cnshrou& in 

&e clords, Bn! lha .dminislBrivc dd limncial .oruDrion, indisiDlitu .nd rhc 

d.visrion, rd dnEgrd lbr slab,bility lcd 10 my inlcr_cnto.. I ri.d !o pc6@de 

Iryui, vhose *ise policid he pnisld lo slly in omc. Thc lan€r t@fercd 10 quile 

Flitie . , rent inro.ril. in Srri Hmdi 4omFnjed hin 10 S.ru iirport $,t e he 

rcvicwl a B@d ol hoid a.d r r dcF tdl By @nrbn'nB bfi lslanic tr.ditiotr.nd 6 

d6n€ lor prusres, Iryani sushl hll oa his country and ccle{ a a ldnsition lron tfic 

seDerulion 6liver. rditids undcrtho irns{ntc lo. nc* g.ncra(iotr rua.ly lo hkechargc 

ln six you hc had peid.d oilr r€inteSation of lne ioyalisls wilhi. tlE n.tiorui liae &d 

0p {an ofnodsnis.rid. Bu! the Foblcn ofteping s'r. sr of baL@ b.i$En rhe 

my, @D!.Mtire ldbal l€d.rs dd a lrowing lcft wing e'd Sludi .nd Adcni nltrisB 

had Foved loo hucfi for lid a dilfcBnl apForch w6 needql.

- President lhmdi's Rule 

B.forc H,ndi, th. dninjstEtive itrucr!rc of Nonh Y.en @ iol.tty bac*md. 

AltlnuSn, Oe rsoluriou.i6.nmftql ldnin nrirc Efonn 6 ffi ofdEir gots bul 

only litrle Fogrc*i *ds rniey€d itr rhis rcg.rd dE to hdy @si TlE ESrpri.n 

dFris d€siF.d oeeiario.ll srturuls rhough rhet htd @ twkgtuud or kmwl.d8. 

about lhe Y.m.ni cnvironnot. Th.y moEty rhnsf€md r dlplio(€ of 0E Egyfli.n 

qSrdatidol stuctur.! .d lryla*., whict did nol Ur Lh. .ccds ot ymni insrirolioB. 

Sqrdly. tlE d6igeB of tlt o8.ni?rrioMt slnEltrc did mr IEE ttE Ldric 

infomrlid, *nich B objetEly re.sry tor org{nitng @!it6t rnd mrnrcer 

rsurcB d eell.r rhc EquiRd iki . ctc. Thirdty, rhe ncw in.tiruti@! rErfomcd rhen 

furclnrN ty utilisiig s gbup of Fopte who wE endoycd h.torc th. €vollion.nd 

n6l of tlEo @nlinucd ro @rp!, high F$irim Oc@[q !|!d s1i[ had rrlirionsl 

rd6, wnich c@t.n sn. lind of 6is!.ncc to thc nod..nizrioi of rtE .dminkhrion. 

TtEEfoE, pre*ing rauitt and prbtic odq under {E Eprrbtidn flrg Ms rh! min 

gdl lor rvni.h.ll Foplc. Esourcs, ad c'Ions Mrc mobitil\r.rd rcciuncd 

Trult, nodcniaiim otth€ .dni.ist6tion s u inpon aNt 6 ffi*n.doe.d by 

r mo.e rmponad eol *t@ ehi.vdEnr 6 ! nnt|.r ot titc .d &!lh. Th. 

adninisinrire cfom t@t Mt.ftm ot-{E govmmot rn.r rh..nd of th€.ivit sar 

In lh. dlt yd6 of 197ft, thc eo6n'Nnl sr.ned !o ptan rnd oeani- its !,Iork to 

ddclop tni @untryt ind8 th@ ettiods *.te sios lltdmtts to nodeni4 rlE 

td nislrdi@. 

^my! re|m ro poer c.m * , Gutr ot di$f.cd@ with altry.ri 

fFn lhos. @dEm trib6 ncr closety in iolch *nh tn Saudi i.gih llMdi lbotht|Gd 

lh. ReFrlblicon Co!rcil ond did not formatty .sumc rhe tiit. hinetf bul iNr@d 

cxcrcised poer a Chaim.n oa rt€ c{,nnnand Coui.it (cc) inctd.d six mehb.s. To 

6[oli(blc his gnn ll. Numel the Fd of Cdnmidc.-iFchi.f, $Rrtnled thc 

..6litdid ald @Bulridre deit. TIE CC is{Ed pdkind C6lirution. *tich 

d..h&d Ytrcn idivisible md SlEda s@ oratt taft. sowrcie.ry Ms ws.d in thc 

Chaimln offieCoorcil. wio dsum€d futrctioB of both lcgishtiv€ od erduriw qjth 

lh. gov.md€nl a its adhinirlElit insiruD.nt.

The CC l$unql lesislatiw.d .gu|ns rrNr dd iB pr*ide lmr @nf,ind of 

|n! rnnr, @ Jue 23 Oe C! obolisl'ai lll maliLrt 6rks rbovt lieut 6nr .olonel 

Po|niol ni.ntation oflh. f,e$ djrhc hs'nc dd dtt gEdqlt! Fom the first dr' of 

ore @!p ItE cL- tr.isl rh. '@ntdB th{t h.rpdt Nonfi y.ncn. ladicula,ty, S.udi 

AEbia". T\@ hou6 .lt€r th. coup. Riy&lh lEd lcdred rlE ctdt m ..iitefrat m.rr..'. 

Add ahod Oir .5sm6t on ,ur | 5 rid .l-llamdi .nmu*od tt'e s4. &y thar hc 

m d€kmxnerl |o &hi€ve uniotr trct@n dE l*o Ycmcns Du! he rhcn rdracted ed in 

.Joly assumcd a sl,trcc ofoulspokcr uDtusonisn to thc dcr.csmc . tiun nbvcd 

cl6er b Sendi Atutiid and lhe Uftrcd Sldlcs Ar ltE s rc trrrc h. sl.cnglhehd his 

inlerdd F6ilion, giadulty .ssuming tb*s 

lbr hiiself bigir$ing wnh rhe {my, oo Juty 

1974 he t@k oler 6 connuder-ii.chidf, rh udcnook a ebL pusc. 

On 4ih Novmbcr ,974, rtlcr reinshrinS thc Constitudon. d€ CC exlended irs own 

man&lc srx nonths (rhcn erlcnddl iL inrbrinir.ly on 20 Ma) t9?5)dd t€\ anLret ot' 

lhe F6idemr. lLndi s.!c lib.l lqdo6 Fniat conc*iotr as EiNnuinS (he 

6sdintie @dil doninaled by tlsm, rlcpoliticizqt lhe go\chnenr by stdtif,B 

le.[n66q he rhen p@ed.d ro @.Fni4 rhc umy e s !u tihn trihd innEne. 

Shonly' hc &remircd 1o @kc a cl€r s\qp, dErutba. he cl@ ! Elimisr t,rine 

Man's{cr. Molsin al,Ar.r, N nqd of hs gavcm'ncnt ',\idi had gdll cxDEritu in thc 

dminislrjtid. \{irh lhi. lDpoi.rN.l ttdndi d.dc I sh.c\vd nrq c Anri nad no 

@crmry tndwy and hiscf,th$i.s lor llN unny iiiuc dq*d Soutt yoncn, rBgituc 

while his pr*ne lEd reds@d lhc suplorlcB oltryani ssoonshe tot porcr, hc 

orgdnu d Covemnrent inslilutions .t all lcvcls. H{ndi lc! slro.g caDpaien !o rtar up ttE 

mnlsLitivc atrtl lnEhoiul 0h!!s ildisoittDr prcvdjting h dcp{xncals Mureov*, hc 

s@occdcd lo lid rr)c hish osl ot ljvirg d.onri[ue! wnh ttk coo.onic projculs otrJ 

Oetr ctpo,sion aRl (r cnsurc lhis hc untr,i ud oro'nnrcnl ecimoDisl N DrFury trrn! 

Minis|r aor Eononic atul FiMci.l Allhi6. Sever.t admi.tisr.drive InslitLlion lir 

lr.ina.g $. govemned cn

ln spit. of all rhese inr.lligot cflorts, hoEver, eft. pobt.hs m.in d which 

nnFLd proercs rowar& morc uF)nsivc ind efetiv€ sg.trizri@. Mljor prcbt.h 

wat l'ldniodl and inld'nal nrIMes fnnn oobid. tlr Brysnnrn! ols.nialion ir*tf. 

lidc.d rLndi's Flici* lnd ehid.d idst..ti.l progBs EBrrding tt* otE.nd 

qulitt of SMmnbt si6 d€tdninins h lhe tottosi.E poinb: 

l- N* Mitrirri6 rtre.d&d to sre rcw Etdr. 

2' Son€ of tic mi. deFrr|mts lithin rlE dd ninishid Krc €rpoded ro hccor|r 

irdctar&fl tgencid tnili.tcd lo niniltriE litc -f.r!tid .nd Sw€y DcF.lncnts, 

l. ,\ Sinil&rnd Foll.l i,eveloprent @urcd in rh. fi.td of .d@tion.rd tdning 

li lhc cavils€Fice, edualim lril rrlilir!8of ftumn ENurc6 wa3 iE@sed 

Actid I plede.d to r6toe qstirurid.t .nd d.no@ric tiG d a $ud b.5is ii 

vid ofllE ncd ro Fovide Ycnbi podc with . dignified It& a.d r brishr futue. tlc 

p|B.d fd *ffiic d.vrlolodt, $ying th.t tE *ishcd tct cq'iritisls ro ,rrn 

iod6lri6 lnd lo iftles o!?onlratks fq .mpk'ynBl. tlts E 6Fciitty rm in 

&tlloFncnt pl.nnire ad orgrnisdi,n, lsth lirhin rtp Cemmot ($ith d'. .@!i@ of 

lhc Ccnl6l Plan.tng Orgoisri.n) rd ourlid. ar (ifl dE t'ueMirg c€p.dtiv6 

n|@n@t} I lamdi cft ro poEr ii . gold.n pdiod of lh. A6b @.mi6, Fnicut.dy 

Gulf Slllaq dc to tne irc6e ol oil Ficci. y.fien reeiv.d bis .mut s @mnic 

053isl!ic. a d lalbuG we sllo*cd lo lolk lrcety ro irhpdc rh.ir incof,.. 

Co.sidrnble Fogr6e in pt li(dl ,jcld w.s Ma& but ns €fot M tmired bv ftd ve 

rclirrcc upon H&di s pcitid ud bt . 

ri.mdi n d Fortd h,@lf tlE Nr €tTc.1irc tutci of dE mu ry 3i@ ft. 

lnm Ahm.d.d ertrinly tE nroll Fpotr. tt€ ss tMg FlgBiE, 

Fr$.!..d of e .fitliE Fr|orlliry .td .}|G ro inrpic , s Fopb H. I ! 

liEG ht untigoi.d Mulim wno dD(ttr rhlr Et'gd wtd b. 

.lEnSlFEd by bo.'rg irvolt.d i..E 

'Di t et ot rt.ta ti. EnrrEd tuy 

.bus s6t a out{.tcd fr.nirg. l.s lnd rri.d t Mr dE totltry of nE 

cml.yside by a @lcflo.! ro qlad cid !.ii*n rnd tE $s cderd 

wnh fie |rrsdt dsdloFnc scncnc c(r Foj€rcd tor rhe.@.. (t2)

Allhough, loi i' rsuy he apper€d to bc S.!di's marl. jd tc trt r lri€d io fottow m 

ind.pctddl policy Major tdbol lqd.E sc nol aoc@d his poticica Bot.nrty ih€ rM 

!i.Ls besne elMsrd sith dE Fsi.s oftinc. Hddi ircunsl th. dtpl*uR of E 

Zaidis for a nlhbd of uens (,r ol thus sls tlDt hc di$lvsi rlE tild

Afte. Hddil |ressiDrid, rh. ConDrnd Comit tEt.t ar lrsdr ,rc.tiis .d 

.@inr.d ftBr'd.nd.t Cdrrit ro M th. @ntry. The frw Cdncit 6 FBid.d 06 by 

dcplr' tunad.ii

ln Fcbrurry 19'8, n dbd into b.ing I hrgcly hhdpick€d Fople\ Mbly, which 

comprisql prnDa,iry l'ibdl cfiiclir lnd blsiicss lcldc's lirvo'iIg clo*r li|lls wirh $!udi 

ABbitddan op.ning {i,lhe W€sL Alxiul ziz Abdul Chani condrued in his position os 

Prin. Mirkicr, inclurkd s minist s teo i.ll@nlial Adeni exits. Abdulhn &d .nd 

Mohmftd Basnds4 *,ho hd s.ved in ll@di s gorcrnment. As rclu8ai lron Ad.n 

lhct ot Fsed union sirh S.dn Y.men. !n attitu& shd€d by othcr narive Y.moi 6biNl 

mcnb.R. Tl'e d€.ision &lins noy ls:tr'c in lh. hodr of Chdhni iNr6d of dee 

ncnbes CC, $hich erdEric.lly dislvld. Hc lhcn begh EpwEhe@nt wirh Riy.dh. 

Soqlh Yo.n str@sly @n&nned llrrdi'. .ssiDtion and tsned il c .sddy 

coduct d by rectioMry fores &d |nmi*d 10 dvcnsc foD rh. lill€6 

Nol loo laL, the new Prsid€nt had fe.ed drngercN rcb.ltion by rldndi supFrl€.s 

aNide th€ amy mn(s Resd.d€d by S.udi nbj! 0s a bnis! coup lddcr Abdol Alc'n 

wa a olN olhbodtoi of tbc llsiBLd Nidenl R@tu6 sid tlEt hc hld ben 

rBiiNl ile @mili.iion belwen Oh8hni lrd ihe tibdl chiels sd h.d demDdql th! 

Fnici!6lion of ! nhbe. of hb support B in rhe ns obinet. He alw strirml !u 

Libys-liolced '|spaFr, plblbtr fM Bcitur, e6i8 dE s{dis of lt.rldi's 

.ssaBlion. lle ale had peMml rt@n Ge.rding lo his e@ring fbn rhc CC .nq 

Alcn built nilitary be nr his olive town !o 6ise rhe st nda.d of soll.Itc cxDccLd 

3u!st ntial aid ton Litrya a.d Adetr bd $ar didn r halpen, lheretorc, his ilovc s@r 

l.il€d, I!. a &w days th€ @untry scNc.l on $e verge ofcivil Id but ttr Bovenxncnl 

movd ils forB which cnd€d the insur@lion. With his d€finn€ly lrssudi ori€rllrio4 

Pr6ad!n! Ch.shni dev€loped conla.ts oith Prcsidc Sltim Rubai Ati ofsoulh ycmu, 

smingly in { allempt lo dnw hnn .w.} ton cx6iv€ retidre on Soviet lrd Cub.r 

sgporr thich 6 f!rcni by rn oorc cxtumc MlRisr tcdc6 in Ad.n. nrir F lily of 

&E hing Adcn fm lh€ Sorict o,lit sullcn! a d.onalic *tbr.k $tE|l' on JuN :4, 

19t8. GlGhmi ws arssindcd $der $nelaorut and mysenoui c,rcunsrlmcs ll 

b.cme trcwn tlut he s killed by d cxptolion fom a riggql atllche c& b€td8ln8 to 

er chr3ery $nr iior den Tni! cmissdry. whN idcrlir, was nol evqlcd, hld

Etort dly cl.im.d b be qrying a Frsonat t.lt( r! plEsidcnr Chastrmi ahout AMul 

Alif,, s,l|o hrd btci rcfug. in Adn 

Th..rolcion tol dc whetr ttr dnis.', uNsrE dtsr his !t|-t{ .& Mr.,n d 

a..x0loiic ci.rgq |ri.d lo oDei n |o hnd tBi&nt Chr.h6i ttE t.fl.r fm tdidcnr 

Rubaya Th. cxplBion ils &ilt.d *ve.at omcer! r,@nr .r rhe C.n.6t I tc.dqur,rr of 

AiDcd IoM3 Cohnand wncr€ 6c mccrins qas held. A few tom a,ter Oe 

assnEtioi, Srne brole oll irs didori.rir otdions oilh Ad.n $,hitc ,t rhc Mn. lihe 

Rrdio S.n. demured the souft yqneni tcrdeR for .. cq,olsiog onduiht ide{to$,,, 

sd _d.nying dr .ndcE of C.d". Srudi Anbi. sln is,Ed wning lmg.r in tetur 

and o,Ictld ns "elid $tgo.t ro ttr ydrcni p.oft. in Gd.r ro sf.gud rhi. IEtbfs .d 

cNrc mcr FogB". Rilrdb srr63€d lhrr ir -sil not tot.6is o, tor€ign irrdf.|lc 

in llE .l&ir! oflsl.mic si3rd country' 

On ,e 25 F Bo6nmt qi.goriq t dcnid ",y ,spmibitity in rtc trs*tsinlrion 

did, io skong qd&, de@nced .!hc q,wrdly &s$iMlid wlrach tcndcd ro @ioiirre 

lh. Yffii! in|o e inFialhlanspiri \.1.. I d..t&€d oFc|{ offEi.t nbumi.g 

t d Pnrnc Minidd st @doter cte8r.,n to hi3 Nonh y€ftri @unrdFn. o|r | ,uty 

1978 thc Anb lagc Cdftit o|.l i. c|iro.nd..to?€d a si6 of hc.luB rg.iGr 

Ad.nr Eginc in.lud€d a@ze in diptomati. ct tims, strso.Bion of 6oroni. and 

cllluBl Ehtions, and .n md to t6hni.al ,ssi .m.. Th* &.i3imr EoRntcd a 

@np.@& bclren rh. F6irioi ot Nodn y.nef,, hop.d lh.i $uth ymn ollBci*d 

by tl|e AEb wdd ed rhal oaKu*lit, which w hosriL o.ny s!,Ercn! .gtiBl th€ 

In fti3 cight '.oiths rute, ctGlmi dtd Dr xiierr meh. Hc 

H.rxli! lbF of. unir€d y.lM pu3liis D ind.p.n

fi. |nny wa dilcodLtrtc4 tft. ldnintutBtion lo6t rny inu.t6 rhal it 'nigl hlve 

grined lnd lop$ of dcrMncy p.t$.d our in thc fdc.dc of rrr moDiMred Asenbly ill 

thrt @hn.ql€d him lidl. Bp€ct. As tu iqluol s@c$r, . nar$hrR prBr&nri.l 

Coumil w lonnod uqLr |h. ohlimlrship ofthc rceplrr.\l, pohiolly ncl|nl Sp€l.r 

of lr. A!*ft61y *hich $frivcd for l* lh5 . month. Sone d.velopn..6 .ls 

h.p9.n.d in Adc., South Yd.ii PBid.nt Rub.F Ali qr .xeukd only rwo d.y3 .0.f 

Gh!$mi\ d4h. by hir M.Rist &rsoci.tcs 

Th. @ goEMcnr in S.u di@tcd ir5 rltict .g.icr ttE victc io {E Sdlh 

Ycirni qtugglc lor F w, lql by Fqs.vicl lqd.6, who eeyc Musl ol tilting boh 

pr6idoa b pr.E r rcori.rt tion of &[ih Ymcn s Dotici6, S.M'3 criticd liE 

io*rrd A&n w u?h.ld *he.. t nMth l.i.r, the Comnuldc!-irchiel Ali Abdulhn 

S.lclr,to hld be.n Fmocd lo Li€ureDn! Coloncl G etds.d nBi&nl of Oe 

lbp{blic m lT ruly 1978 by Papl€'3 Asnbly. Soudi Ar.bi. e(lrsqt |hk i'diclMt 

&d lpcocd | @tl€ctiF now by 0F Anb ldg4 lo en!@ E s{ h Ycmni 

t.ing qDcluqa.d.ld litdc tmst oid oFn rr@ monbcRhip of thc lt.st'd t ib., 

S.J.i" mh qdlific.li@ 6 .n .@Enr udi'B to .$fr. r porr th.r n d p.@Ed 

fdr.l fq tN i@nbdr! i. 16 rh.r . td Exit.d Mdor, Abdut At.h d.@eed finn d 

. 3rooa. oflte s{ldir ttd n s inicltigdt dDSh to €m thc suD@n olrhc t6di|n,nll 

ongy.li€ clc|6r.. Hc snorEld 0|. nuicilf,l @umits eutd bc ckcr.d s. fi6r 

lrcA bscds 6trbliiling d€metuy, bll n did rolhing o curb rlE gwing srrugrh of 

rn. kti5t opposirion supponcd fbo A&tr 'nF @!nty !6Ed |B @lt.r.c rd t td 

littlc oFion bur lo r.y ro Fv€n to Oe ord tflDic policy ofNins thc mjor rdb6. if tc 

auld @nn.rd l&n by.lry, ro rcd ot Oe c@ut.

- Prqid.na S.leh'! Rule 

F@m lh€ 6d.byi of hi! hmdlq P6idllt S.t.h lEd ro d..t wirh tng. nunbq of 

doh€{ic rro$lems rc.dercd horc soio6 by tris dispxt. wittr lh. Souih ydcni tad* 

Rd hk ming to tbw he b tbt. lo sre ilngon or dh.t dicn iN *1,@ 

.ppoinled to the CdatitFr ,i5sbty fdD.d @ 7 Februry t978 Ttis rlddoE rar 

di@Ld th. natimlist circlB hoslit. ro nny rcitrfodn|c t of p@Srudi rdtB. ,nE icw 

F.ridcnr hrd al@dy b.cn stMgly c ricn.d by kn-wiis pddies fion vithin th€ 

Ndional Dcnimtic Fo.t (NDF) fotto{i|l8 hit &cisior r. tlllMutc ercot Dodtr@n 

otIeB rlD l.d oup{rdF.griNr hih in t978 

In ln. hdntnq len$on Ms hounr€d tEr@n fic rwo ltdrie of yehcn. On Augusl tJ 

. Ndlh Yehciistol4|||nci|edth€liotrrion ofNonft yaro Gnirdi.t utcu try for 

Sdrh Ycmii bdtkshiF nq 0E rtiruc of plo te&,r y.g ABfnk ,Edi.rion 

cltonr, 7 p.rgft eN.d of b.iig in South y.n6\ p.y fid of h.vi.B @niftd .ds 

ofsbo|ge, ke ex@utcd on sei€'nbei North yemn\ aorci8n Minidsr r.@tcd rhat 

5 {6rcuiv. srouF of t7 memb.G *fi tEd b@r raesisl. Oi SeDrenber 12. pBid€ 

Sn h hld .gp.d edE .5BiElim otlonp. dcing *tich his bodrsurd t d b€l 

lill.d. Amthft.u@d ro Enft Srtch fM porc. qn|. @ tj Ocrot r,.r.ling 

.dwhiagc or the rrclid.nfs ab*me,4 nrilihry uniti iNludins j$ b.rlltion id rhc 

mililary polie lrtempted to sciu lDrei tlut lmorlld divisi,r, suc.ed.d io oushi0s 

dE rcbdli@. ft B dd drr gffil distrt nl hd sp.ed to thc My. 

On O.bb€r 2?, I o,fi@R. fond guitty of insurglncy by ! ,niti(lry tdbon.l P@ 

€rdut d. Soin€ cililian omcid! eor epitrt punilhfrenr mon8 lhen t bou ed Scisl 

Ait i6 Mini3t6. R6potuibitity for ttc .bdriE dp d.lrl s ct imcd by .r .fr, 

of,i6 .!d 'mtd of rlE tl J@ Mffi.nr of F!6i.b lt n

llc sdoplcd lotirics of balan6, in maftpulatrng fte conplex forcd, both i.&a$led 

cx|ensl. Il.hdis succests $lTeftll f,oD $wa ptNml linit tiors: tlEy wcE 

licd@rsl, redftlrdet|, iNx|tricnd My llnk{orF o[i@6 wi|ll nmw 

lDrizon!. TlEn bu.rgoundc wcE fsr rB! likcly lo aPp€ol lo lhc Breal majori(v oa 

Ycftntu, sine thct se boLh trib.smcn ftom ninor libca 

Colon.l Ali Ahlullah Stlch h6 mnlsed lo cont'!. in o0icc as Pr*id.ni 

dooush hk pdilioi hs onen s*dcd suemely prc@ios and hb control, 

.t rid.s. hs qL'id.d lild€ t yond ilE borxhri6 of lh. mljq cili6 

Ald'@gh l..8.ly un duoLq he hs had lnre ro d.velop 6 . lads, slwinB 

llinelf anful !'d 6lulc. He has m.naEld b l{lae d.fily b€r@n 

lotrlendinS lorees, both irl.nul ard exlcnul. ad his nunr Dru{,ccupatul 

lDs b€cn to uvoidb$ornn$loltlly codnntllj b d'y group or F,lrcy. Hc I'ds 

ben auc !u tare cEdit lor $m. @Mric dcv€lopmnt td hls had th@ 

yq6 in wnich to pll his rclalivs lnd fellow rib'snen in pl.6 where lrEy 

Whil. the Flilrcs of Ymci apFlql lo hNc rd,@ into . palLrn of imt bililv, 

lhcy b€ane inceNingly nrtcrs$vs wilh ihe hordc. agional i$u$ and rivtkis. 

ForchGt monS thesc ws fie srueete lor no|nical 

innuence in lhc A6bid Pcninsula 

ugLd bcr*w $trii Aabi. .d llE Msxisl sorem@rt of South Yeoen Regiodl 

stnsslc, shicn crrcndql to t I lorn ol Atrid had rcns|ed ths rivab on slobal slc 

bc(men lhe Unn€d Sra6 and ths Sovid Uniot ed lhc sil@tion in lhs lwo Y.heDs sd 

tur . l@l Mif6tolid. Iollowing inis foilcd @u9 dc trl, tlE uniLd sitr6 stepFd up 

i$ milit ry 6irrr* pdgllm to Nortn Y€D.n in orde. to.@blc n lo 'd6l with the 

Soviql innuenc. *nicn hls oorsiddlbty nN&ed itr Soull Y€nNn A !c$ ol 12 

nilirary indrwldN B *nt lo S.m a3 $.ll s 3 ro 6 sli{ielittt in llE puche ol .ms 

b setue 6 govc.nhenl .d!is6. ld@logical w lnd Nfds ahs b4'a lhe tN 

dgnncs B uc@lotltcd itr Note'nb{r 1978 Ad.n l{tdio dcnouNed ll* mhlmn, 

b.rt DN.nd bt&l @ctioGry s!r@ rcgim. w,s$ Intclligcm. Bu@o lonutd and 

cpFsion of ms no!.m. s. Pdident Slleh r€pli.d {tsl lh€ cxntng dispulc is trot 

only between him .nd lhc despolic coNfnatonal @,nmr st r€sinc b lhc Souur bul 

h:||@n d. FDlc s a sholc ud lhe sd4isl cliq@ in F)w tlEe

A&fl {@u$d thc intrirui.rl, dgeit lnd faeisl ,cgire of &ne ot o ald.tns xirl, 

lh. l@drbG E$,pli.r rcgioc.rd Foviding rtE Atuis sitt . dd ncitiriA in 

thcii !fitJ Sdih, lNW of hi! FEitid. rri€d $c lortitiodt policy of uiting p€oplE 

rgaiBl ! foEign fc IE wE ltDo.t d.itt @unr! of ircitnb .d ac.h gd.|rr'Mr 

scouotcd rt ls .gdnn [E or|t.: S&.. Etcm.d salrll yddi di$idcnr, q,titc 

Ad€n Fo{d.d hon€ fid ndio Ior NDI hililanrs. In f€bruary t9r, lhe wtd renrin.d 

FbcclrFal by . u. b€(*€q chin. !"d vielM td rtE srdd.,r @[.e of dF 

hdrrchy in lEn. This l.d io lllc sil|ldnmt or tdnaon r.d,ps from omn. lhich en.bLd 

Add lo mor€ forB lDn *lern ro ir dorthqr foili.r l sn{ s if A&n fdld llr 

opDonuE mdrcnl to Dur o ..d ro ttE imln}ty hciitc gov.rmot of s.t.h ltd ro 

kn@l out lhc @lcsl link ol ttE @nsnrtile AEb srltes. 

Fighliig outbiaL o F€lru.ry t6 qh !e!$d lh. o |.cidc of3trikilg liG( btor Th. 

tighting intlNificd on F€bMry 22, €xt nding atong a moDhinru toGkn bord.r srrip 

| 3{, lm sth65| of t|.E c.tint trd 'm ,t0 lG fm the S.di lxr&r o', r.t@ry 2j 

mny tM3 fell in rn! h.hd of NDF3. rcl'.ls .id lhe d{rrn lmy .pFrled on rhe wg. 

or@ll.p&. S.tua hld .t..g.d lnd Soulft y.h€ni .ggressio Ms ddigrcd to frdl*r lhc 

mbitim of ...bin A@r poftrs in r|t reid._. b..i@ of tb oil Etdr .d cntcgic 

pcnion dnd @lhd fd rh. @unrd6 ofcutf,nd A6bi.n peiimuh to iord a nerins on 

l!. isE. do fc ir! Frtdsu!.d US ihF.drtis of ll ing ro nrt upfd i& t|Js in 

Itu. Manennc, Adcn .radb.d rtr tidtiis c a cdsstc t lGn .1|E ctiqlc ii Frc. 

in S.io|.id $c opposirid,' which South y.ren M iuppoiring, s il cqld not ttmin 

inditT.Dn |o .wr . in rtE Nortn. dc, rc',ftrtrFd n! .dtrdcc (o ltE C.ib .d TntFti 

lgftD.rt' 3igred ii t972, *hich trd wte.d tt difl!ffi DelwM |nc !@ @eri6 

,i{ provid€d for $.i. hi6orid! tl qttcd for a me{ng or trE StadaacrEes frd! on 

Meh l5t E&i ot llE tD rcSiG dirFtclrd misrui6 ro m@ ln.n r.n A6b 

@nl.i4 to €xDos th.ir vicm .nd obriin Aab d!.ision ,n ns ,i,voi. A! rc.crion ro 

d* crilk, AtGi6 e,@l..d rrlr ir B dissinS r,E ,rud,on eidt Mocow ad 

$l!*d ln.l it dil not wist to cng.ge in .n ,mr6l|3 r.€ ,irh th. ussR io rh|t ,.rt of

Ar the sene ti'ne, lD*!rcr, rhe us Adnirislralion 6led CotrgNs lo aullur,c morc 

subslahiiol ads suppli* lDr Nonh Y.mn ond dei.kd to stcp up the ldce ol anns 

d.lircriG to rhe cohrry. Waninerd lle nov.d ro einfo@ ia navd fde in rlE Cull 

3d oulhoriad Saudi AEbia io e dilinry cqu,Frenr Ihar scquiBi fmm rhc Uni&d 

Srda 10 inten* di@{y in suppo.l of Nonh Yo&. Soricl tinion eued th. Unitcd 

Sr.ld of'txploiting th. siluarion" On thc Atsb lwl, rojo ty of Arab ountdcs h.d 

calLd fo. pa.etrd ettLftnt to fie uisis. KuMit invibd thr Aub Issrc b hold e 

cxlrodnury s*r'm or 4lh Meeh On f.bMry 23, Sau{tr robi. €llcd uFrn llE h{rh 

p.rl5 i. |nd @nnact lo slop surro,ling rc-bch itr tlE oppditc m! ad !o $dc d*n 

diipulc p6.efolly, whilc iL Bdio wnr:d rg.i'Br dy foreign i $ftrenc in $e.lT.is 

of lh. G8ion. Aden hud crilici*d the dnmlniquC s beihg potLiol dd inifricd to the 

irlcts of Sourh Yercni Fopl. ed incrl€rcFc in Ydeni domGlic a|IaiF. 

Anb @@Ei6 *rt ! emiislry lo Srlrl md A&r by $e dd of l:ebr@r_- lo .ed@ 

bmior Th modiolion lcd !o uenirc by *hich rhs tm aunlriss ogred to 

imedi.icly withdE{ rheir adrsl foics fem rhe bod.y rcgioi$. ABb Lqgw inviled 

Anb f@ign 6inis&6 ro iold a @a€r.@ !t Kuwil 6drg 4{ of M.rch, which 

ln@itrtql 3p6ial .@mirte !o inplqn.n| rh. .a*fie F(,os fte lenti@, [EEldc 

ndlcLd lnd etllions bctwen rll tm pons ol Ycm.n wru nrprored. llowv.r, llt 

NDI, rhich @ cxcludcd tom the Ku*ail neeting announkd its inlention of no 

@ndy srlh rhe dsrnuB adopted !r this melhe.nd soddfdlnucd 3truSrlnc 

+.insr dE Esin. of S{r AEb medi.lds ddged d oficid hrelins bet@n lh. 

rft P6idats of tlrh D.rc of YeIM in Kuuir on Much 10, wh.e lhct .8twr (o 

ojc s 0E Y€d.ri P.oplc s Republic. A unificd coalitulion @ to be

Salih codd not dlTord !o b€ s.n hid.dry u.iry aid felr 1firr Sourhcm luoDort ioutd 

bc @ful to hin in|mally, but did m0in8 hoE rhrn wbrt Fonis.s to, t ., of dnviig 

nis co@atiw 3ut!brI6 into Bdr l|c $@ Gli.d ,4ofl his 6ul polict of bi@i.g 

b.lw c@t idi.g foc, .nd did os tit{. s lp$ibtc. Fm€d 6y @mnic FBu6 h. 

@r.d b.cl toMrG Srldi AEbi. fd h. fc.Ed ttrr 0 ,ts3 slrc eoing too f.rr, nd odd 

uFel hk boldxiig .ct. Nrth y@cr ift@sal pu ic !.nicipadm in rhc gormc .s 

PE idenl Salch pbmised. Fid pLds u3 nuricird' eteiiotrs in t.t€ t979 !s it @ 

diffrc b ol8rnisE Mrion wide dadom d lhlt ciruu|l|3larrc. 

lL bcan di.lo8e *i!b rh€ bnis( NDI ltd ns bdeu b sft! uEm $he ri,m or 

paniciFlid in golemGnt G Fi€ of taco On iG side.0E NDf .i@ured s@ol 

San6a mt lamh.d ec6l Inilit|ly olTasis .gtntsr slr h.td br (h. Fqas 

lr@F threughout 198{Ll9El and gliied clar liclory. R.l.lidts betsri dE |m FIts 

sE i'nproed d@ !D ch.nBc h ftc ldlc*lip nr .^den which brought moderlre 

peBotbliry 10 powr in 1981. Mutul viriB by high otlicills wcE nrces.d ro rn ach 

ot as €piLls, Nhich led 10 improvcmdt of ft. rcldioN ber$en thc lso sides. S€r€El 

agEncnls *.i. riglcd h!l*o thc glvcnfuo|l oftho lw! t[6 romcrningaono'ni.. 

lEde ard .gricult@l ,tuoe6. Joinr shpdts .dnc into existefte aid Ihar afF.ted the 

rch ofde NDF, which p@fened dialoguc wilh Sonra for urontion ot p€ce. Unity 

rlitlogue r€suned witfi UE ssries ol@mmiue mceti.gs, which r*ulled in alleemdt Io 

unify lhe poslal and l€lcpltnc systems, whilc cotrslilurional @rnmilllr lhislEd ils worh 

by dispGins of | 34 iL.ms. 

S.Lh', Eltorts to Enn$c. l,olltlcr I Sl.blllly 

The polily .evirrlizd by tlE in&n in lhc 20th entu., na achli. and y€t, at l6t until 

fie ni(l 1950s, adcqute ro rhe d.ndds of! idditioDl agriculrunl siery $ir *6 srill 

qu|,' Gohrc4 st blc orEEnq lld dly sloBly cheging. Flow oa dc'nsxls ad supporr 

aM siety b iE nnmoG .nd ol rcwds rd @mmnlr in lh. opp.Bit dir€.lid @ 

lddled mr l,y spei.lial |bliti€l bdi6 sFfi &i orgoi*d rrsuB sdl6 and 

rlli(dl Fni6 buI infonMlly and lr@lGlio lry o,licills. noiablq md li'nily h€ds 

Thc.!ffi of ponict pr6lue groups, ud h.s mcdia -dE !b*nc of dy @l n.d 

fd ! diliwnli{.d polilical infdltui@ s . mjor diretue be$en lhe 

lra!,itidtl polit) of Yehen ud lh. morc mo&m stst m! l, r-in8 lo pldom rure modn 

lakr elsdhee 

the Ar.b world d mid.qtrlury 

'n 

on rhir backgtuund. lhc Y n rhrl w!$ caltcd ir! 1962 l.ck.d aD arlioulor.d poliri.ul 

to6haisn ed o.gnised b6c lhc lkst tela unr on a series of a€ctl€ &d lailcil 

srlflpls, 8d cwntully loNidedbl. sucas, ut lrulnial conslruulion, $c g.ncdiotr 

ard @ of id€6 iid orgs.izstion io chrnrcl su|)l$n and denands ttum si€ty lo lh€ 

egine ed. onve$ly. torlurNl inlonndtiun, dppc.ls, dnd directrvcs fiom drc rcgnne 

io si.Iy. The 6ivil w& gnllly stnircd ud cwn dclo.med $e rew cpublic, eBing 

bo$ &l€rEl ol my mjtr .fon .l F)litiol coBttudon and f.ilw of wry modesl

itriti.tic ofrhis sn rhal ede hts id rtE ni(! t96os undcr ry6d.nl .tsi .t $ho rricd 

ro c@tc r brmd R.flbtic.i prdy 

ESyFi.i\ hilil'ry {,c&ns ofqublic .wtlcd inro rvh{ lddfled ro srnne .@hot of 

Y.ffi, larina ti|lt toon for y.Iai n.ti@t potnt6,id dntui,G to.brtoF Aner 

FAJ,iie qit|i&rft, prlji&nr trr.ni \s tbte in @.wM ro dg..a* lotiti6 

bsdit d f@ {id.ty stuEd mdmt &siE3 ro dd rtE civit mr .nd b 0te. thc d6iiN 

ot Y.Dd ,gsrr in Yeh€ni h,ds fi.ie rrods q,ft ro EvotK p,rmrity an,und ltr 

iGlilllioB rFrifi.d in E t9m Cddndion, dpoiltty rtE targe, frxity etc(€d 

C6ultnir Co@il. floEer, potiridl Fni6 sw tldcd b, rtE 6nsilllio4,r4 in 

.bseF. or €ipficn politic{t oryanisri@ d i&otosy, th. qusi-t sistariE council 

fmlioi.d 6 in ,$cnhty of d! os. ky.ni tied ro .@r. srnEth,q tilc I Mrioml 

Fiy in l9Z hx 6 stittbd,. Th. r6utt M, that dmwty b{5.d ca|eFRirtu Egime 

tuL

uleboN !o UE l,000inc'&b6 Cemml l@ple: cons* {crc} $e. hetd ii thc 

sunM of 1982 lor lh. puqDsc ofam.ndirg and lh.n lomnlly adoflnrg 6e National 

I'NL. llr8 tak dorc, thc cl,C drcl.rL{ irsdl r Fnn.Nht F,l'tul orsdrielion $!r 

muld h. *ledcd evsy aou yoE, net bi.!.i.ltt, .rd bc led ber*en siG by . ?5- 

boDb.r Shn

Bd.[y, ned cvo,v.d inb b.ing a inporbfl Ador ir ycMi potitdl tifc Th. 

v.ry clor.d tnditto.l p.d.o of y€rncni potirics Ms slerurcd ,nd citt'ged by $. 

poljlaal @Bttocrid ofs.tih cn.d rtc yAR s. potity w soIccr fi I@ lhble 

a a Eurt of ln. b dginia m aid t o

ll- SOUTH YEi,lEN JOURNY AS 11{DEPENDENT 

STATE: 1 963-l!![W!![5pee8[eesil! 

ldeoloqv 

Deoarture of the colonialists 

$ourfi A@bia ss suso{ble |o thc i'rr.6ions of locigr powrs pursuing lhen 

roritirc stBlegis. l]lc Turks wcre int re$d in Aden 1o lonily ir s a chcct p6i 

rlainst the Euop€$ pom6 that usJ llE lndian O@r ns . ruuL lo lnc F!sr. 

1 h. eutl@ nm of (he Adbian Pcniaula hd b€n of |Fritc@onohic. 

.nd dEEfoE, mililary, inter€st aor s long 6 re havc lty ft@rds of jtunutr 

acdvity in the area. Sore four thou$nd years aso, whetr (he cry-slll$ whrch 

rul.d in tl'is e8iotr @iltollql fi€ world n.dc in rrunu,Eenk and mynn. N 

wll 6 ! rariely oferolic Ean Aticqn.nd Asisn.onrnod is. theie ,.c 

efiorB by ftc Elbpen porss (nolablt $e Romn lnpirc) ro arts exisrins 

i@.8cmen[s rlcn oF ol(he lw'ns ld donlg $. arnjc fnn lhe @nm or 

lh! [a& 'our6 a rltc conritxJilies nrvulvdi. \tus uonlrol of Adcrarlainly 

oN olir b.n pois ol thc .abisn Pcnir$ulu. (hcc |nd snrd ad 

wlter paltems of lhc lMion Oocatr wcre tnown d caFble of b{irlg 

c|Icctiv€ly exploiLd, $e politicGoililsry impodarce ol lh€ hatbor a( Adcn 

irc@s.d runhcr. ( 16) 

BriLin si4d Aden !d lh€ nqrby hinlflakl in ord'-r lo surc the higr'ly dlvcloped 

Indi.tr Ocar "lifelioc". Uy tlsl lrnru TurkBh power irr lhc resDn hud d.cln'd, bul 

Muhlmmcd Alj's Igypl rss.apidly b€@nn'g a nc} lhrcol. Ar llE lum of lhc iinete.nd 

of A&n d En had enoul nro. prouxivc tr€lt *ilh 

en|u.y, 0riuitr Eud.d Fn 

lhr South YoEni sulbns Atlcn *6 gorcne{ lion Brilisl l[di. 6 , {L|lndcnc, ol th. 

Aombly nesidency. Thc po( oaA.len cotrlrollns over two strltegj@ll, pl.ed iterns. 

which crFtlleof€xercising$ne innuenNovLr&c6s lion the ldian OclEn lo lhe R€d

sIr t sic impodrnce ol Adcn incrdscd hnrkcdty th rhc op€nihg ot S@ CoRt in 

1869, sine ilt detl.nl rldrl lu.bor olrdqJ i&at Dv.l 6cine f&ititi6. OFins of 

ttc Clel md. A.16 ali ic o*F fl .lion.ric -ptrF" i. ttE @trrdr for in0|fu d 

asrdrncy nr thc RqJ So rftt Afriqn orn rcsim. lh'r disIrn6 to ihe $Br, 

tqtii@rioN @ P€rah kl.d rttosd cf.ctv. conlol of ti. surh€,n dd of $. ft€d 

Sa Thc &vdop6t of LtBe e@ v6lctsde fawd &vdorlErr of Ad.n s. 

Fiei!.| dl rt t@ b.t*!.i Eso9e, Sojrr Asaa. .nd rtE fe E6r ad rftis in tun 

n@siLl.d rhe eledudl .orirlcrion of {rle of tho wtd r ll|iBesl bonkcdng frcil.ris. 

&bl. and WiEl6s Cmp.ny @nslrEtcd trcrc . relry strtifi for ils un&fi.! dbl€ fd 

Itdi4 1ft6 .ding redE fxility ofdd.gic vrtE 

Tlc StBit orBab al-Mlndlb fiad a 8@rest g+potiiqt ElcvMc rhc Egion. rr 

d.dved stnt.gic rol. fm b.inS tlE sodttln ao6 F,inr (o dE R€d S.!..rd .chet 

poir't fc th. tofiic $irh to rlE E .! .nd bolrn fn Forts i. rtc Red Sa a wilhiry io 

lE*ir it d rlE Ey ro Eump.. By o.ro ing B.b !t M.trdd dtd afi..t 6!i6tid 

hd.nflt lo !'! follopirg d$iimrioB: 

L atr6r .ad b dr Swz C@t tiom Ar'.n pD'nL. of digrn: 

2. aftet tr.ltc Fn N b ts@t s porr.ity ot Eits! 

L affer rr.llic Frrd3 to Sddi Abbist h.ior hdbou.! o! ih. R.d Sa. 

4. sltet lr|mc p€(.m3 |o Sud.n s rorrli 

5. rlTcd hltic Ft€c to EsJdt R€d 56 mrir,G r-itiri6: 

6. rltettrllE Ftt ms ro ErilE,d Ethioli.j itr

With lh r-iral of lfu Ouon@ Eryie. rhc 0titish &.idql !u geM(e dEir o$r 

pwnc. noF clt crirely. Thcy did s by 6bbljsl'ing a (ar liBr) lcry rudim.nt!ry and 

t ntdiw r@ne in lh€ Ad.n s hinen.n4 South A6bio conditidn at the tin. ea 

ceungcd fmign @m6 ro om ro dE Etion. 

Th.F rcE 3 cmplex *t of princiFlilics, sl'ailtMotrE &d oupr s[.k-lets ol varios 

si6 orgdiad on $e bais of sone fonn of tiibd !fiiliglion (oi |ribd confqh6(or} 

Britisn @up.rio t!.ncd ou o lave beat of mreitrs inpo.io@. lt pl,y.d e eec 

ircBinB ml€ in d@ rctriluiw pru{ding $dsidies ro iFcilic ribd lade6 |o .1(d 

.xbting Frliti@l elatjoNhipr, d.bn€.d ol lribsl dispulcs, slliql vhcn lhe lm.nrs of 

Noin Y.hen souSht ,o exFnd 0Ei. polniql innu!@ towrds tlD South in an ln€mpt 

to aii llEir ladjti@l Fldm@r ari clcnt|llly a orsdi*r of new fod3 ol Fll idl 

Bfta@ erLin lribs or l.ibsl onlcderulions \r.o nD@ incliei to $aFiate 

tFn*lv6 .nd cmt€6L eilh tiE focign q)€. rhe lrriish rule knded lo f.vour 

drtsin ttib6l greupings ed ldd€r.rd mglcdd odEG. Brilirh FrG n' Ad.n *s 

ml 16l d oos Eo.oNtr @Ws Rihl licfrn dnd llili.n @lon,al v.nlurcs ir the 

narl)y llo.n ol'Atid urdcNoftd the ihpo,r.n e of Bdb rl-Mdd4b in lhc laGr 

nimr*nth entury. Anhough, lllly h.d olonis in Sd.lis rnd Enr@ but lhdt Dvcr 

nslched A&tr in oiltulry vrl@. Mtsolinit clldls !o sin dlcgire of Y.n.ii inEm in 

l9lG Eflered lraliu3 @mcn for $e Red Ss. 

Brilish @upie6 d€velopfd Ad€n 6 ! porl ftt ubdr e@nmic enler wi|hh d€ 

egion. I'ey i'npGql lnifon Fliliol ulhodly over th. b..kMd .d F{.nli.ily 

r$dliM hinlcrl.ndsulllEres. C,ldial dcvcn,pnE or^d{n n*r€*d dx culruol"trd 

poliiic.l dii[cFn6 bltaq.n 1nis urbln aM snd Enotc sult$sl6. In 1917, 

adminbtrdrion ofAden r$ lEnsfen€d fiom Borbay !o lh. Coloni.l Olfie d !on.lon. 

IrE pon cilJ be@re Ad.n Cddy drd rhe o{s $li.d(6 NB divilcd inro {E 

W6rd &d E$t m A&r Proie.I@ei

In thc ody 19103 rh. Bdrish potnid.S.nl in Ade, hrd.dvied hi! crte (o ti rh. 

tulI@c. in . fcdqdion rtnl could s€re 6 s v.hi.t6 for crcrru.t i.d.Fnd.i... TIE 

d6 at0&Ed linb drdrBi6ric fD. lhe otrlB whit. adlcd tudE !6oici@ on d,. 

F.t of rhc Ymd r N rut ,. td&m Atm.d R.cDi@t nisun

wi$ th. cnlry inlo thc civil \ir in No,th Yor.! ol N n@b.r oa od5id.6 lo.al 

oryonislioN ol t{tious tinls wru bcing en@uagcd ond sup|Dncd by a siDibr vEioly 

ol foEiBn pow€d lrsF.rrd smdl. lla rdilll 6 lhal, by th. 'nid-1960r Llrc whol. ot 

srh@lcm Aahil 14!r wr. lf rhc B'nilh had aolnd th. snErion of lhe 1950s l6s 

lhs popilioN lor bolding a vi.ble sulh Anbian |lofuical cndg, ftc out-bMt of ll'. 

Etoluiid.nd civil war in ndln Y.ren nade lhe tact infinitcl! mot€ d'mculr in lhc 

196os. Ncrcnh€lc$, a lontruh nmly m loud lo.lloe lh. mrg.t ol Ad€n sith tnc 

SulrrDEn sd in Janury lqt3 rhe Sotrln Adbiln fcdcBliotr em lo €nsr.n*. Bribin 

hot d th.t the fedcolion would cEbl€ h€r to erercisc inl ucme in tronoric dd d€feG 

In.l|!6 wlrile Fo8{irg grr ju.l sclt{ulc. 

Howver. fi€ d.Mnd aor @nplele dd nnD€dilre indcpcndene sprad lion lh. 

n titanl opporition aelions.o the m.€ conseoatire oNs ft. liSJpria6 tmk lirll 

dveta{p ofth. disident, elifed.nrid politi.ll lorc$ P6p!* s@ielisl Padv (PsP). 

Sdlt Alllie LogN (sAL)..nd Nstion.l Lib€Brion Frcnt (NLF) h&l she€d ften drr_ 

British sdFdli TIE NLf *u d*ntisily e Egyprie cr@tiq oF!|ing fom sr6 

th€ bod.r w,th lh. YAR and ab id@logy @ closly llin lo tJ€ Mowmdtrt ol Amb 

Nario.alists (M NI x srst thc fiNt sio6 blow lo rlE rew fcde'ltion $isnc in | 964 

Atl bul lhe most con*tuelive li&lions conFrcd 6nong lhemselres in cfiorls io 

ord.minc tlE lcd.'!rron. 

Matinc a 3hin in Aralish policy dmmel lhe orisa@l aedcEtion pbn atni$ klour 

sov.rnnN . lhiolr one lo to$f h 1964, ws nrcli.cd to Nduce (ur elintrMr€ whcre 

posibl.) B.ilish @nnnmenL 4l ofs@ A@dridv, n Lvd€d iE gltttliihnB of 

. unit .y stlte ifl $uft A.abia thlr .ould serve 6 v.nick lbr .o L{rlv .nd comPlclc 

iulcFndcM. This $l tlE stage lo, D{kqjl} iftrcs!€d innghtng.'trdg l@l Potuidl 

f&lioN. Llbou plrty's polict esotved to rid Biiub ol ftc troublcsome $!rh Yenkn 

pEblen w slntrglEned by anli{loii.list pEsue in lh€ U cd Ndions Anti 

@lonialisn onluiB. ntu*d liid 1955 uandung Conlorc@e ol AfGAsian sl{cs 

Evcn dE Sdudty Coocil 6dft iNoltqi in Ih. spnng or 196l Ino $N'. ctu4ld 

rhat A.lcn-b4el Royal Ait FDt e had bombed sose norrh€rn lowns

B.ilrh *$ frctr.|.d bo{h by *ltatinS rddisd .d [E Gut|.nr iccd to Btqd 

wnh g@t.r milibry forc!. lnd by Oe tlfuet ot the cmpering fdcdons lo asr.. o, a 

cBritutimt ddien fd. iw trira H.ving 

'o!f Fd.@ wnft U. @iinuirg ahF$, 

B.il!i..nhouf,.cd in F.bury t966 thrr is Ditillry tor6 qtrrd bc wnMtuM b, 

D.enhq l%8. Ttuim .giiisr B.irbh F('6 bc@e.q noc p.rlsiE rhd in 

lh. preccdiig y@n Com.qe ty, Brir.in moicd thedeFdr.hGlorhecndof t Z 

orr Nokdb€r 30, rhc iftteFi

'Ihis nEiliDe tmmc od lhc relll€d prolils lro bu keirB o l€al rsd. had mad! 

praand€pcid.nc Ad€n a nini-ttong Kong Th€ nc* 3lale eught 1o otoin @rcmio 

6isl,.re lo h.€t op(Eting crp.ftlitG, ituj itr addition, $nr @tumi. d.tctoFndt 

u'i asasloroc smnts lrd ldns fio'n thc Inujoi provid.6 of scl firEncinB- lhe Uhitql 

Slrre .n

'l he l€dcGhip of NF lEd ptedgdr lo rrt. !p ib hislorirr iBporsibitilics ro*ld [! 

AEbiln Culfsrd .tt .@s oftlE pcnnuuk for .tihimri@ of thc inrmarior.i 

ihpe.ialiit rnd @crion.ry fo6. ^6bion 

f:,JT o|lr3_:Iruriony, rclD,irDg'l r rk pen,Bur, s r wrbr.. he 

drur r€|rH iqrm E boud ro tind rr*rd @I6M wrh S.udi A;i., 

mfi 16 I EtuEt h,gFt oI hcrilig o, . nFnehy ceFrdng Bith rh. 

w6r.nd *. counrry th.t g!rcstctlq h rmny dcrhn&{ rio|ed;|. chicts 

'y.r.f"A{ n.Kh,nrs fim ^dm ^;r6rh. rhc sludis wG mr 

F$rE towd Sddh ydd. pce,viiB rtE yd|; Eg,E s . ri@t to 

Rhsiq .d |o. rhe ESro s k . €iitql md di$iJ. ddcnc rlm 

lMn.y.'M, bytl'.y tft. fdmr rukB. tt,c FLOSYmitihtu rlE bour;;; 

,bh ^d.', or .vcn dk p!,ted ,",ri, ia_t r,m ,r* ** s,,,r,'vi"." ifi . 

Beruse Nl. adolrcd .o €.iive @nmio potici€r couFt€d w I rhe virrul 

rlE FeindcFf,dd.c 6mry m! of {E 

clr.hdr tt.d. Sohltis Frvicty w€.c ite 

Pttists s wk€d s reeh.nlr rnd clsksj 

potygtor 

tnftiFl focign lrbouqli tidi.ft 'ts 

and 

.td lurcpans, Fimrity Bntbt, fifl.d 

mh€erid .d hi8ft r@ftnotogy pGiiid$, M,ny intise@s surh@ ym.n,s hve 

d.prrtcd .! ktl, for boft econdnic ,nt potiriet r..&8. th. e.s of lhoMd! of 

nd{En Y.Mir $io dE found hptoFBl in hEfing Adar Ec .tso g@. Ay . 

|rryee twisr oaaq'ni. hislqy, he, louthqE$ found safttuary D rh. yAR, ehr.. 

lhctr 'Bn.gdial 3tith tuE b.o pot tu gqd @ S!1@r wrE rpgoDt d ro oliEt 

t'olni@ in $. yA& Ttr. 6trbi,,.d qdi6 h! Hrty dbrrrr niflim. Th. @fturcnl 

B.itkh nilit$y Flltour .l$ didm&d h4e q@trtitiB or rnrd c@icy, palioulty 

f||trElql inlo lhc td€t ccdnny Olough UE rn lnd i.nl b.6 

Pct nrdeFrd@ 6nigania, ltuIdtendct, tr.v, i, rctdion, i0 sn lt L&l 

Popd.tion, @!rd be @rtide,ed bo|h . prdtbt ofrhe Ftii@.@nomic sir!.r,.m lnd . 

i.8!tiE iinE@ o, dE dnort h 

F:miFd otrqE@irl htar *irh ttr 

Ycneii .nd tndi.ns, who rcr€ $(|ed 

.dhic 'mFct d So[|ft ymr 

EE qa.m.lt diEsifi.d in |h.t blsilB op.ntio8 

f@ign R s,lb g.re Ador 

drc l.hd inerdrcq {€ n.dgling mt@ tosi i6 

&Fdre ofl.y Adeni bGines t rd.r\ ndiw 

in No.th Y.n.i c@ shined b Djibodi. TtE 

lEe nBt hding fm3

'l]le PRSY.lhls *a dchogdphically se.k in cnns olpopulatior sia as Ell6 ii a 

dndnishql liaift4 .d!lt wqt tor@ Sciol Fflens 

lhe l'l{SY tuushlr lppruin.rc 

t!@ of tlD pendqrrd.ne .n inioaar es the diclf,{onry lEltr€n Aden od O. 

hintdlrnd t @@nBd LivinS slandards dehEd in both orcs as o Glll ol 

@ll@liriarion ed otEr gowrnnrend nf,BioN nrkr lhe siFronomic aphce It 

rcgionrl ds $!ll as rond s|ntrdNds, Sourl Ycrci s v,cicry wN r a Fcurrr 

s(alc ol 

ttldilion. Living condilioN both beforc d ||t€r lhi dvohton BiuElly h.v. bccn 

driven by @nomic Brlilid Howvcr, 1lE Nlliml fro appdsi (o haw 8ore oul of 

it! uy lo 3liil€ any rBtige ofpolilical opr{silion dd to impoe. dslrnFje eonomic 

s'st€n snh iNlficicndy resr@s b nFle il @rk R6ult n(y, tEdnioMl pcople 

continEd 10 li!€ tu loditiond F,vcrty wilh trcw, conli!€d scicol .onns. lLs looth 

Gleddly rclhunlsj, bul lor.dulls. the cr*rs rcrc stinin3. 

whG@s Sanao @eiwd dcvclopDent aid ,bh bolh Eal Md wcsl .s sell N 

ilr.trsrior.i ory.nialiotr! Adcn fou|d only ro&en aid in tlE wsl and ls lElp tmh lhc 

6dic.l Ant ndio ti3l mp sd connlnisl Nrld lhao they h.d hoFd. lnddd, rh. 

,najor s@i.t aid enb s w€r€ a nililery one. rhich h.s eerbat d ElalioN wnh Nonh 

Ycmen S{vict n'volemerl ftic, lhc !finh€Nn'r of rhc 'h.xlcaL. oilrich Arah 

regnns tlrroould horu gmntcJ nuny trhcsos meh dovclopnt rr.J cxchcnge lor u 

lcsmeMing exten.l poslud 

Steadily d€l€riodting lolili@l Ehrions bel$en liam ! aN Ad€n soAql lo lhe 

@mmic die&anlrCe ol tlE Soutl! siB lr.qBl bddet ck6uB cltelitcly sNql to 

'aliet llE Yemcn lrad€ lhrough po of llod€ida slth fie esul( thal A&n l6t thc 

benefils deriv€d tren bulerirS. lourism. d|tl gen 6l b.otengc l-he otr+8@l p(ril 

bcq'E on nDa cwt rsm'nic lc.ms *ith i$ nnpovcnshsl .siicuh!.il hn crllnd. Dver 

wi$ omcill snmurugcrn{il, thc agrioulludl sulor l8d linired polcnlial dlc lo dt lt'w 

Pcrqlr{c of fenil€ lai4 lals slDtuge, .d Poor traEpo.l l rcihi.s ln $c ab6ene of 

ewn 'noG lnbnao6 aorci8n lid Foj6rs, al $s lnlikcly $al pruduclivaty 6uld bc 

i@rca€d to ! sisnin€nt deBr*, D.vtlopn.nt polenli.l ol lish.n€s €ould bc morc 

tun sang in vis of sourn Ycnb's crrcEire @ild *lters.6t blishi Fn rnd

hrrdliig faci,iri.!. pcrrol @.incd a qlcarion hdtc prio ro ind.pen{t€mc, rhe p!n- 

Ai'criqn Oil CohFny 6 og.gcd i. GxLGie! dptorltion In flr inraic btrr *irhorr 

!@ds. Boft Ycnm contined to ihporr a [Eir tiEt n€1, fi.on &r@d. 

South Yemetr Intertrsl policiB 1967_t9g6 

. Ideologicat €ntftusissnr 

^ .Sir arty of t96tu $. NLF,3 Ftiriet tiE, minty aal n dh.d srrutate,g.insr 

Britisi dcurEtion ,nir ttu SuttrN and Sheikts . icd ro q lse d*.top.d on rlF b6t of 

A6lt Nrliomtisr idotogy. Th. Fbd FoFArnd. dir,6at by Grctutiduy Sle R.dio 

and "thc Vdte ofthc Arab3 in C.im, in ddnion to irs own bu erin. .,t-ib.Brim.,, srs 

.lehi4 in rlrc bcgiinin& of .iy sid &chiE pbgBrcr, ho$w, n nrwd 

toMds noE Jadic,t Fsifi@s h taoj. rt,c F,o dqoflcd ,tun rre in,rrrt Mr,mtirr 

:y:1*..r,* - Nrftonr quil. &miru io rhc Esmim 1062 

lnane( Mrh t4ltes s@i.t p,obl.n\ ^ction". 

rhd ldopll .rrent,fic 

hi,trm.. flE Fobrch, 

of ll|c NLF s @ifi@rion ,nd hrql rIOSV A.tpo rr,i. 

"irt _tiotisdtion 

Sonc of lhe Fa.33. 

NLF cade wn&d moe ndicrf drms s: 

&.d"', chi^ d".,"d*;;;;;ffiT;,ff *Hffi 

dmrg thc srruggte .g,iinsr ttE B rtuh, bote q,en in th. fom 

''Dtiorlist 

of two !.Dd.ftics 

bnisk. {,n "si,lisl ndiqjts., 

nul licrior drsist Frod.s tedds *to &mrncd i. Eel 

lj:::t1*o --,;;;; ;,; ;ffJlT:JffiilTj: 

spor*Dn oatt'cD, He *r ,ro. wnn di.rtiarid of rtE rc* s|!c,s oprioN .nd e[.d 

to_a tolldba on bctwn rhe di,LEhr birl cl&s._. trb p@j..rs kG di.6lly 

'nt''Gd bt dE N.$e:{ qFf,.c@, .rt tE $s.6 fr 

,tr.iib mriodD.don {id.s@i"" ","- ;;':;#,ln:J,fi"ff 

::::G blr !r.d $Id 6,i_rs wrrio rrE mn .d el! qu,l. Er i,ri& rhc 

idni.ishlrion. Th.n objcctivc lrft lhe d6beri@ of d 

i.sie. dE.i'dnudon or,. -F!o, ;., ;;;-;;fi ff ffi "jff#

Sou6 Yemd policis appe&d to b. no€ proeBively ard mE ndicd. Fi$r rul6 

ws F.paEd to assia|c dE ncw tde wft tnc .cononic pott.E !d Mi.liorr 

which rcuid lrdnsaer Yfrcn into & noe n L.n srNlc. M@while, all locs bdtalc io 

th. So!fi Yd6i EBi@ F.sal (o &lim. Sa'ni AEbi4 Om'r.nd Ndrh YcnE L 

Elyiig on lhe dcpGed South Ych.ni Sultda and $nE 6.do6 of FLOSY, d*idcd 10 

d.fat Ad.n Getme. Fbm Joc lo AlgNl 1968, Im.d d6h6 r.gcd doig thc hd

Ar a rcnedon ofrhi! fudnq $in b !h lef! th. @lirry B m.md 6 0E t'.oDte,, 

DcD(Mlic R.gublic of y.nEn (pDRy) in l9m. rhcc d.rcloDindt, bcc.h. u 

.vidci€ tl€! Sovi.l Unim h6d sEcd in dl,bining I tw .att', for ir!.lf in ln€ AEb 

Add .d la O. hiiledrd seicg Emined rldiriddilr dd.ot|sdirq tr hr, @t 

ber tciible to dim.. c lht Indi(io.tisr eict! to rtE cidn rhsi rhc tarrnnd front 

k&l€Rhip prsun.bly wuld tuw d6ilgt |lnicol&ty ir ldckfd dE m!rcri.l Bm6 !o 

'n.lc lhe Ne onld twiioi. 't tE Bgiine tbunj it *id (r inwte rrcddB .ednrr n6_ 

@f@isn rl@ b olld potit c.t or @mDic EBRb fd epoortrc lEhreid. potiriel 

rftrds tu be d.f n€d rs nalu. i.t jobs, .ftJ elonmic rMds $ Fy r rtrqui3ir$. 

A5 a l..ult, polili€l Foccss w!. dnH d6{t& 0l. cgrtit ri,i ctitGodry of th qttir_ 

knid Egift. Siicriois ro*cd d!,ing Ulst d..rdc or Norro@t lmitt rub. but ltMds 

teo@ itF6inely n€gry b d,i.E potiti6, Fni.,Fnn o. €k nd ,ontd 

rsuE ib o$n sutuiul polidgt sloctuE, tol di€.rty Elor€d to rlE ruting Fny htrrc 

liltl. FEli:l ngnifioltc.. pdt eutd dooir.led golwren F3rs !d &hi.r!d.Jl 

aunction!. Tli€ Fny b..ahc srEtirc, totrtiLriD .rd its srlren B errrcd wilh ttE 

hclp of Sovi.t tehD-@t .dt$r* FB@lbty oocordi4 ro trr F,rc,pt6 of ..&|mnlic 

.lnlEfts" lhrt h.ve ber apdicd in lhe @hn nilr wtd. 

Ii $c PDRY, s etswhcie i, ttE Ad, en4 Oc gq, bels!6n romt sovlrnn.dr 

.lthdity !'d F.rcmtiry{icir.d eu6 ofpo*q M f.ifly gHr, Th. ont, rhinS lhal 

dirlir€uiNh.d rhc pDRy fFh oltEr, moE l'lirt Middl. Escrn dnpte w {ur 

polilic.lfalir,ry F6r divitu bdwn ttF Egdu anncd tu atd ih. p@rt€,s 

Milt6 h tlE .b..8 of hDt deldt F{r*. FncrFid ir Dlimt Ft ic|, nfe 

obviodly tu qr oily rhrcogh p&tiipofion ii $c etnity krn@ed by rhe rutitr8 

Fny. Wtilc lhe Friy t* r@rr.d &, t mitiar qp.dic,t ot notit,rng tro|r6r, youdle_ 

ft*.^, Dd flltBs, ir nBr bc m.rhb..ed rht rfid 

disri,Eui.hbr. B dri,cour.rF.t,""*,*,.,i, ","ffi;llJ;T:

ln th€ory. 6orcnic &d poliliol &m.n& Nrc dtic'raled in pyrMidrl fr5hi@ by 

l@l p@plc's auNik, oF6|nt! .t l@l lcv€l aid rcFrliru lhouglt Oe rcBioNl 

govem.al6. Th* ooumih hrd ctur€ise! liltle inflence a1lhc gNyoots lewl. Sirce 

rhe Ibnr kalc6nrp EF,nqily had btcn lEis to pb@ Frry nDmbla at dl l*ls lbr 

p!.poss bo$ ol sufuillarce .nd tunlrol, bur ii was not clcu' sh.dcr the p@pl€s' 

c{)sils ldicullLd po|lbr domnds lo p.ei& 'nsninslul a.qi&&k lo w|!! lrE @nkal 

gowmMr hd inftialed. 

Th. syst d 6pou*d by the reSin ofAd€n E w.t alien !o the Bcion. Lit.*is€. n 

wls snncwlll olicn .vcn lo rnlNr nalions b lhc rdlr .uli(nBlisl world. wltd old 

6hbliih.d *i.li6 hNc @'ninu.d ro furELi@ *ilh only n'imr .daprodc lo @_ 

primrily oililary- got.minS slit€s .nd 6thei pcanissivc s@ial Lunof,ic rul€s. 

Cosidering si.rrl @liri6. $e I'DRY r plit@l stst m {n sEltr risls an lhe 

polrridl spheE lhsn | | rNuned In rlsngdeconmi. pltninE 

Polirics in Sourh Ycmcn !6 .@plex and @Nlindy chogin8 ombantlion ol a 

rurb!. oa elqrctrts, m.ry of which *E ch.@kiilic ol ollM d€veloping sblcs qn ot 

$c A6b sl,.Ls. .t)Mg which al l6t the folbwnE tr. imPon ni 

(l) FtuEl odsiis whicn nEB whdlEr or ml llE laler 6 f.om Nodn d Soulh 

(2) |ribdl' afiiliatili Frliculely Southen Ycm€ni lsded ordF Nr' 1.|E South Yc'n.ni 

gov.mnl h6 trudc @e in.@ds inlo lhe el.v4e ot fiih6l .mli.lion s r cull 

of its ad'nnrishlivc r6tructuring or lhc c$ory !r'd ns L|llcnnnrll! slul.r 

(3) PeMmlloyally, usually th€ esult of prcviou 6s0.ialions iI poliliql.4orcmrc, or 

sial ed..tors, lhc lints cMlat bt lhe Fl'imnial sytlen shict dEtuc.E.d 

Narly all Middl€ ti.r€rn polilics. and lhe NF hd .or bcen .bl€ lo.lininale n lom 

Soulh Yencni afans.

(4) Opporldh'n, |.tiis !d6|!g. oaopF,rdti€ fq FMht dv.iccNr|t, $ wI |! 

lhc int dl. of orc's sci.t 8ro!pnr& s,lEth., o thdition.t r nol! rDd.m 

(5) ld@logiol odor.li@ tne pDRy hIs liddg@ a Fo@.cq, tdlwd jftin dd 

fis adopred a @diqltt dilleEnr id.otogjr fioln the Bt ot.rt Middtc E!.t n 

Regimlly, id@togi..l iiflcic or g[lh yemn ir {r r.gion grcw g'lduly. Fd 

marry yqrs. Adcn eiiv€ty 3upponed the tjrirE.i iJisi&rb ii ttEifitn€gle !8.iNr lh. 

oND.rrE rcsinE of Efiioda ,nd .g.iNr rtE n*liit@n mitiriry tadcB sio 

ovcrlhrlw (h..np€ror. 

Imnicsll', this rhdilioDlt $ppo tur ri. Erit@ns b4rft. ,n BE in fte fiDl srrug8t. 

hdcn rlF Ggim te.dcB o,e f*tio ctutedt, f.eorcd ! dmiidio, wha8 tlF 

other plr&Ed lo support rhe Sovicrr who b 0.i had switcH ,uppon b te rep 

Mnist Ettiopr.n @|nt gov@ncnr As ! @t( dircE 6 g@ !p bct$Er rtE t*! 

riEl h.rio6. Rubli aFFrcnrly h.d nbdcdr.d an hb tsr yc.i, ar|d daghr klt t w hn 

Fivc if ht nriE S.uti{{pon i! ktt s imF.eql i!,ar|o|B wirh dE W.!l trd mi 

.wnte in th. Iro.n of Afti@

'l n vi.tory of the onhodo* lfo-sovi€r f.ctior might harc b.en exp@tcd io cnd th. 

diviiiota eirhin dE N! bur rhis a noi ro b.- Codlid @ritrlor atui& 0E fMr urdc. 

dilt rcnt slog@ 'l cnsio. lle .$8ht!d b€nrdn th. tm Yehcni Ftu. Regiotul a wll 

G aln+siml sldls ew far mF inporrl''| lnd widd isu6 inwlwd, ald u!.d lh* 

outbr@l$ oaliolcno for rhcir om puposes. lds.ddilional Frricipdnrs includd (but 

mr limit ro ir) {|i followi.e: 

(l) Saudi Aabi* silh.t lsl tm irreresn: (!) !o i$lalc S{uO Ycner in e fe a\ 

posibb vnh rcsp&l lo Penit!3ular sfans te!6c of So!$ Ymen's dner 

@tri3r.nr opFeilr@ io $audi itrr.Ec .dd Fli.i6r ed (b) lo .nsw dEr Nonh 

Yem.n Eo.iFd . Blidbl. $lcllil.'. sup@rrd s.udi inteG|l .rd objetivB, !trd 

mdd mt s.t roo Fiddly with o! cFFEr. to .rcditlt wior South Y.ncn. 

(2) The Unicd Stai.s,aho wilh hqltipl€ inlcr*b (a) lhe C. erad$n sradon then ir! 

poE - wish.d !o appan b sratrd up to shd s bein! &pi€t€d s do$.r Sori€t 

r|!qr b lnc Middle E!st, rnd it wishclj lo b€ !@n donislislly a abl. to cope 

.fetiwly witl &velopnol5 in dE Mtd.ne E s! this *'c o ery.ci.ll' iDpod.nl 

moliw in vi€w ol th€ trct thrl th. ho6bgs wcrc slill in tlE hdnds of lh! ldid 

kldric Rerublic, (b) lo cna!|. lhc Utilcd $al6 ro mow niliL.y na!.riel inio dc 

Peninslla qliokly (wilhod Congr6sbnal appNvtl af rcccssry) in otder to &t 

quictly to F!t4t sl'.| ss una@rclt dE mo.r inFonst inlcBt (c) th. @nlinuel 

movan.nl of ldge qunriri€s of saudi oil itrro thc |lEilet and al 3 srable pri.c. 

(l) Nonh Y.na\ vnich qpdcd io oiilh m@ rtur tl00 milli@ in nilitrv 

equipmerl which n could pioltably tul h.v€ obtlinqi otlrNi*, end *hich hop€{ 

ltsr Bisrs@ oa Ihe UnikJ SrdB wld c&U. il lo b. fi@ci.llv it'&Fnl€ft erin 

M*hot graor nexibilily in it5 hreign dd dofeelrc Frlrcy oplrons 

(4) Ihe Sotict Union, sni.h for . lcltliwly s.ll invdln.rrt ha(| de!€lop.d a'od.r 

fri€ndly stale in lhe Red Se rcgotr t,nicl vieed 6 ot @njdmble nracgc dod 

politicd *le. D! lo limircd mmnic tuppon provi&d by tlE Sovi.t Unio ils 

faclion f.ed se*El dorcmi. pFbt.tu thal l€d lo doMring ns populdlv Rcf@l 

oa Anb s|!r6 ro aid Add *s blm.d on 0F @sirt's .xesae idqtlilidrid with

DBpile iG !f'p.@rly suc6fll tGition lo dlbodoxy mny 

@nrnqd of lhe wisdo of srch d F{JI$, rh.elb&. t.&uda,r$n 

tst Atril 1981), nod.u|a tsdcBhip @e to poM {rl wnhin dars dEc.pp€!!d ro 

irrc bcen . b.gibte rct x.tion in Oe oxt €hcty tight contol, ehich nad prcvio$ty 

ertLd over nedy atl spects ot Solrh yehctri siety, inctudin& for csmple Urc 

p.ofibition ofhvcc'lioc bc{@n Saulh ycm€nis lnd any .torcismr, pcrhtF om of 

the nod ihporllnt indr:cobB ws rhc de.ision lo o-opeot€ fuI, lill lhe World llant in 

an lulysis of d'c South ycnMi B,bmy Srnne th6w in fbultr yoncn-s ouirud€s and 

poiiciG mlcrl in lhe bcginning of t980s. Ior inst ne, Adcn sho*ed wilinsffis to 

ud€r&I. diplmlic mi$ioe to t.rios Arb .rd nduaid sr|te, ir rccm E@DG i. 

d Gron b E

Mosow 6t blisbed dirccl contscls wlh rhe 'lenisf ls.lion of th! N[ s@n anei 

in&pcnleftc, ald tlE cnsuirB dc.adc 6 uE n! *hiclr lhe sovicr Unidr slonrjd lhe 

lriumlholIbislcll,rtrd i\ consdlidllion. The lqft s pnrSrrmmc coverql varioG fieldsof 

sid Frlacy, @tio@lisoj lll hqnls forcign thdc, hsu'r*c onFlnts and ere 

impor&nr indGtics, tE l'e-port sDt6 ol Adci wd abolished, rnd nldd r€aonns oa 

A nunrbqofjnoovdionsd€rn.d tu lhc Cub6n c\D tnd {qr! intrdd(cd: . Inilit'a 

l@l Populd DelcE ConNinees, . lite@y dnFisn. Thc Nl; s6 r*ivd sub6ttn(ial 

ideological si3llrcc li oD 0Esovicl U on ftro{gh pa(y delcgrtions. Soviel lext-b@ks 

wrc prqi&d in qlelion ad pony pro8rmnEa !d r S.hd or rliBlEr Saidasl 

Snrdi.s m et up in th€ lonner pol&e ofthe Sultln ofl-eh€i in Adcn lDstrlc1ors wre 

br@Bhr f.om ihc Soyiet Unid, vho l6lurLn i'r Engltl'.1ho!8h AEbE l6nslato.s: i" 

oddnidr lo dn'nutrist db ,nslruolos rom lierp! k4, Sudln, erc 

Thoughout lhe esl ol llE ,i6t hllf or 1978 sovielasouth Y.'nen tcs 

contin*d !o develop. In nid-MaEh a CPSU delcgstion a(ivcd to sa$ a n€w 

phr for Fny @F6tun *ikh provi&d for ircMsql Soviel Nisto@ itr 

Lainins Ult()Ntr odr6, Ftrricululy k' llrc lligher sh@l ol Scicnrinc 

ecialism lh€ asrdorent ess prcsundbly to assisl in d.veloFncDt oflhe 

rssud psny. lhich Ah.lul latlah ls ail s r&lion rv6 sork s lcry htl 

Thjs Eofih of Elaliom *irh tu CPSU w dompadql by unilic.tion tor sn 

.ltim@) of th. .xistins F,litjcd fomlions within Sou$ Y.mn NF lnd irvo sm.ll 

parti* (h.1 had r.@ined .p.rr from fte g@dlla nov€Deol, lh. PoFI.r Dems6l'c 

Unton, . Drcsovier @nruist FrV ed th€ vdsdd Pant, ! lr.'$i |.cu@ lovol ro 

ltu lcli i Syrir w.r. c crcd nr lx'liliolalliotc h Oololt-r 1975lfir.c g(nrF. uorLd kr 

forn rhc Utrn\n Polilisl orsarisrion ofrlN Nr, uPoNl': Ih- bull or'lhc l'@e{rr8.r 

otrh€ unilialion @gr€$ wE devolcd io @lhning a prugrannnc br tu newrv{rcaled 

Unifcd Polili.rl Front *i1b propced io .chicw duing tlF 'mliml deth@atE 

Evollrion . T1. iftport nt &cisions lllcn al ihe.nd oflhe cong€s @n@mitg lhe 

domeslic, foEisn,@.ooiq and fiMmidF licies

orr thc Dolitaql la.l. rh. @ngB qtkd for rcu.iting lh. tso potu ot ycmen d a 

slnlcgic at'd ullimtc objdiiE of {tie Ycn ni E€triid by unifiotor of rI Dotitiot 

dganistc strueglin! for tlE @lierion ot$€ s@iatisi Evoludor lftc'tenql v.@i 

Ewlution s suDporr for OMi mitillrl!, rtE fhrimt Lib.nrior Fbnt of rh. AEbi.n 

Peni.lul4 thc P.l*tirc Lih.hrion Orga.isltion, lh€ Anb @uriq whi.h .rc fighing 

Zioois, .id fte AEb natioEt fore3 sltoggting .grinst @tr@ry rcg,m6. 

EMmi.Jr rh. .onsr6 3rEsd lhc trel fi, a p,otild .fij r.dic.t .irlgc in 

Sfrlh Yemd'! rlill.rchd. inft&rtrucrurc and o cd tb, ttE t'llNtonnarioh of tl* f.dal 

syst.n into ddnenric ok TtE i!r. b.s@ rhc Fi,FiFt l.n

SP) r n\ l.ir( Congl6s 

Oclohr ll-14, l9?8 a lhc r€qgl|rrutrun or x'! tsotsNtnl $.@tutc In 

D€€'nbd n*rilrionrlizql bd al,F.tdt lsail s lriuDph tlc 4 E trtd 

e€rEdl srd.ry oafte po.lr, tii ltt . cho$n by lhc newly clel€d Slpteoe 

Peopl.3 Co@it s thc ch.iman of ic Peidjum sirce bodr of th* 

iNtilotio$, p.ny and gowonol w€E orgliied on lhc Sdiet Dodel, 

kmjl thN dupitd lhe lm 'Ml pokrful p.Eitions i. thc countrv (2 | ) 

TIE hkro c ryenl ws lollowd a p@reod poer slruggle withnr lh€ r€gine, which 

h.d 6dcd iD oE climiEtid ot tlE P6i&rt Ruh.i !d 0E viclort of th. FclvtlMN 

wing l€d by lsmail A pdBllel Pt@6t of tsfomarion 6 6king plae in llE 

iBtnudonr ofsr,rc. Ldll Populsr Coftih luncliotcd in @h of lhe sar gov.mrd6 

wry mwh s lhc Regiomt s*n$ties nr Cuta, diFused timrtd mec of @frxnic 

i$@ &d ntifred dlchions subniued lo heD ln 1978 €l€cliom \rerc beld fo' lhc 

SuFdc P@d. s Courcil, dE qlioEl l.g3l.liw bodx slich iG€tl ha{r 3t4rul6 derivd 

fM |n@ ofdE Soproe Solicl. 

The idatogiel r'd lci.l Policy oa rlE ponv $.1 tri€d ro b ng _senuiE Culrlttl 

Raolulid" bed on $e thory or\cientillc eciolis.t tu idcologv oflhe @rring 

cl!s\ P.nt Ncnrb(ahap s* toluLry lnd Lach 'nct$cr o$t slulv $itn lic si'lis'n' 

support p'ny s Prosrunme and strlut6 Thl *ort of tle tEnt ws orlati$d r@d'ng 

o th. principte of 't&rccBtjc €trl..lim" lhe cftdCo.gt€s wD lhe higher body in 

dF Fny sysrem Uen dE Entd Connilce' vhich dit{lcd E Fn} dd @ts 

rcF€$nldlilcs 1o lll slate dhini$drnn$ lhc Cc ral dxnmirlcc nls clccldl ll{ 

Ocredl Serc|lry,lht Polnid Burqu! irs o*n *Flarior. and ov€Fight and fi@itl 

Ilows, 0c fxt4\s of coMlidahdr .munlcrcd @rridrtlblc 6isl'one bv lhc 

@nefl.dve tib.s and rislt-witrg polnicians in ft fiont itself Thc Evidion of $e rid 

pdted llE My lbr a pror&ed nrugele b.ts*n l*o aelions, rhe onhodox prcsov'et 

.nd noE in&F dently ninLd. ltsiddr Rubd Ala ts svnpot|rtic 1o ChiD s mo

8uq rh. .volution of Chire forcisn policy tnd Chinr's irbilitt lo rovidc 

3ub.6nri.! nilirrry oid !d Foleri$ did.lbsv.r,l*i Pcling inn6@ in S@rh 

Yn6. D6riie of l|l.t, ircrshl€ and incrFn! cxclbntd cdttn!.d hdffi tu 

PDRY dnd USSR !r ihc sc tigl' l4ell 6ul mnlbl on tnth ed l@en d intedlly, 

rcl.rioN wirh Ari! rur6 hv. imFow4 drd t||. lca&al p m3 noe aftanive to 

. Development ofEconomic Phnnitrg 

Und.r lh. 

'rcsrc oa and of sialbl tlEqy .lil., Sourh YcnFi cgih. 

'irI6ily 

had catablishoi preton&dt ih(c @nt ol ov€r .ll ktots ol th. dnmy Cdlnl of thh 

Fds B lh. inltudNrirh of , ploni.E @lEnis ftr 6l)tMi. &tiviri6 Fiut 

dcvclopm.nl dd wB tor lhre. tsrs l9?l-1974. lt anncd lo Evivc Soulh Y.hen\ 

ffiry *hicn sioGly onFuri*l lnd rlE inlFnddE by rfie .6!.rid of 

Bdlhh nnncial dd r,d by rhc .lciig of rh€ Sue CIMI *iich virrually t*hlywd 

A.Ln! F|r .d Eliary. lrE drn p.oided fo. tlE iov.3rent of YD tto.l mittid 

covded by lerl fin.nci.g Bul it b..am. Nqsary to rcso lo foEign rid, rnd in th. 

dd 4696 of lh. €dnl b tE inBld out of th. roi.l !n@nr 6 @i.r€d b fo@ig 

@nlributions lik€ Unit€d N.tidrs. Cti... tlF Sori.r Ssi.lhr Bl@ rnd Arlb cMtd6. 

AlEdy ltld b..t by dE shq|lge of ldl fmhbl @q..s, ih. They..rptrn 

€ncoun@red lm a&lilioEl ohllcl.q tlE sb*@ of r 3kill€d Lbour forc., .trd rtF 

tnbiliru sp. of lI.E brger *t. 

l'i6ity hrd ben gircn to lhc d.velopnEn ofindustry and .gricult@ sc.lou, she@! 

in 1967, yar of nd.Fndeft, indGlri.l €ror hd llrud for n@ 6% of rlc 

N.llon l P.duc-t FudFmorc. 80yo ot indusrti.l &rivitis we mo.opotis.d by (h. 

EliFry of Briri$ fetml.un of Ad€n. Thc c@tid of a fcw 3!eit irdAftics, wry d@ 

lo h.ndi@Il w uMblc b @hpetrele lor rlE hck of indGkiat intslructur!. Credit 

dloqLd (o rhis sccrd in rri! pta l4 hEty s!flicidr ro Fl |p ninimm of 

inlta3hcr@ Mery io sre counry's rommy fiom rotlt @tt.p!.. TtE e@nd Fjv.- 

YarPld 1974 | 9t, f(mul.t.d *nh d* hetp of Sovier cxpdrs5 root i'ro r@@r Fll 

€xF enc aid gnnt d priodty to tgridltuE.

llie IFYP roi tlE @iomic od sid developftnt of eurh Ycnn @t 'nro 

inolqftntolion q April l9?4 when &a0ql ttlis glan' *E gor'dm'd l@t ido !@!nl 

lnc lBsoB gainol foD PrclioE onc Ultndl4 obj@tiw Df thc plan wts b thii Sorin 

Y.tM fren . r@ign &Fndcnt @ntunplion @ndv to 'n id'FflLnt @t@v The 

o$ci aim *s ro *t up an infiNtruclute. $hich @uld €r6hlc Lhe counl^ lo Mhd its 

d@mi. r.L o(I rnd ro rcquic .n inditFsblc slDmnv ln tdditid lo lhd l|e 

gov€mN Anncd al ircr*ing cxporls { re_exF'rts''lhc sxpo't oll@'l p(xlurls 

(En y tilhin!.uuDn fibbr. slLs robe, klnEl lo rtr€{ ht J4qoo6@'d g 

|o lhe Dtan's p@vkiotu. l-o tlt ssD€ end. ihe impo( slDsdldion i!d6$y will be 

dcvdoF4 sfll imPns *itl be tinit:l lo p.odElion sstds' 

Dnqng on ttE Cub6n exPe'GE. rie PbNA trBud Ger s'n sd !o imas 

'hi 

lgricullMl p'ld$tion e !s lo nake posible the utilisation of this Drodu'lion ot ! later 

s68e lor tk @dlry't induslti.lielion' ltrd in agriculr@l sror lNt 36% of th€ toLl 

!so!n( 25,4ol. 10 Tonspon and Cmhuioliol! and onlv t ? c'l6 to ihe indukitl sclor' 

Of|he tolrl epittl inv6ft.nts povided for in th' pld 621% $se ro b' sFfl on 

oBuuct'on.nd inrllltauoB. J4 5'" tq lh' puche olmschrn'ry ond equipren(dd 

J t% lo Drojd sruJrc\ tni dd'tsns 95 8 p$ent ol l|l. inJu{ritl InveslmsG *nl to UE 

Dubli. sbi ReMinios anodi disltibutdi lnong tlr mixcd co{|Emlivei snd pnvarc 

stos On ln. ogricultml side' culriv'tet' l!'d ag vould ircl€s bv l0 pcrent trd 

lgncullu l pddN$on expc.kd b bc rftr6' h\ t4 Fenr Almon 30% of the qpr6l 

ii!6t€d in lnn slor Lo &tctop thc irigarid qdm Ris in .ro of ..@l p'oleron 

by .tour 25%, ehile @re{l Drolstion illllf bv 47 5 p'u strulcd b be l 10'000 

;ns/y@ ii t979. tnclts ol @tton cultivction l'v 66 l*@nt 'nd ic Fodatidr bv 

$oul 40 pcMnl lo r@h 2tPU0 lonYysr' 

TIE P!! ell€d lor n redEd@ of inP(ov€d t4hniqu6 in agriculrunl slor' il'e 

Dl*iw 4 ol chsn@l le.lili46. *icnl'tic t€gEh lo' mprcvhg sG the 

dwclo!|n.nt oa itrigation .nd doimgp .nd lhe @mLtucrion of &ms 

d&r to Dtul€cl lhc oEibblc a6blc l.nd 

floo'l @rol 

'tr 

'or

As rcg.& fisl r& rhc p@dhtion t vct w tow *|.|cn G @BidcB rhc rons Sd,ib 

Y.trt€n @sis. Ihii sa dft ro sEhlic €xptoilatid tehniqud a.d ore aitn of6. ph. 

b.n.fi(.d hd F O Bisr'@, m $c dcret@n.l{ of rh* ichniqB h this Egu( 

mrny boit! eE disiribuLd to tlE fi3heren snd sm. prcvided by the USSR. Chin e,rl 

,.Fn rcw fish-d@l phr 6 sd ii A{tci snd emiig frdory d Muhtlt F66ds 

girn lo in|mifrotid ot oil .nd miEmt .xptodtio .nd d€wtoplrcd of irdlrltdce 

lai.g lo..l Dw hareriils .nd of in|Dn{ohdutc i.d6rn6 ji t itrity. Ahout 2?3 

shFls d&'E{ lo hc boitt ft{ rqJsnry ilitd&1 io ttE qMrry. llE estimroj 

r'clwlion qoutd prodk! by thc pubtic s€cror. c@pcnrirc sn!o,, mrrcd s{ld. dd 0E 

F hle sbr. rvhich hld *minltcd by lh! tbndacrn-l 

fi@in8 of rh. ptd hld ro @.r up r, ,t67. b! t@t .Bou€. wth rh. Eoinhi 

549. fm foFign tdns TrE ABb tund tor C.unomic.nd Seiot D.rctopft.n, g.n; 

a&n ldB ro fiI.E fishm.,t .rd arstr{it pod,tdio drd F&t6h8 bqt3 &d .t cMc 

po$.3t.rioo and for rhc inigation sro, T1E USSR.nd olhs si,tist ibt6 g6nr€d 

grrli r@g-t@ t(s. Bot8sri., Es$ (tcm!.y.id th€ |BRD fieEd sft pioj@q 

which re€ i.cl'dcd i. dlc ptan. oeeu, Sodft ymen d|d ml pubtish wh.t had ben 

.chnld of Ih. ptrn Fojcrj ,id s,fi.dl.r ri. rcnrion snt6 ,Err fu'i .it rh.n 

TM eN6 *e dtri.d out in SouO ydM, ln€ ftsl an t95i odd Bdtish 

spcMiion liinir.d @ty to the cotooy oa^&n, aid rtE s€co.d s cdtduccd in t973. of 

shich only pqrti.t Butc h.E ben FDtishcd siE Soud yd.n @N&rcd jE dG 

lop *cct l97J c.m6 stroeed rhc lolrl lt9drfto, of r pDRy I tJrO.O0o. A, of 

,suty 1975, lhc FFrtlrio 6dd be .5rim.ied ,r t,6j0,OOO Th. o@ Fput.tion 

dfiri9 is loq pith stighrty uid.,6 inhlbillnrs F, sq tm. tbr th. brat Sou$ ymhi 

lctritory, *.lich cotB 2EE,00O sq. to tio!€q, tlE h.bihDtc.6 rB.rftrElv nc 

n!*irs rh. popul.tion deBiry pe. !q. th ofahbl. t.nd nEh hiehd (?30 inhrbihais er 

sq. ln L Tnc Ml Fpltrfio oNtitu|.s Uc nrgority. 5?v. TIE ub.r ,oFrrior hi8ht, 

@n@ntEled in t rcgion ofAden ,err.Frft 3t% oflh€ rot t and EnEindd is h!d. up

of noEd!. Arn@l rde of populdtion grofin % 3'l. bul B edu.€d by @nlinu€d 

Y.t Sonlh Ycmen rcmdNd an cxlromcly Nor cou ryi ahona thc nGl indieenl in $c 

Anb Frld. PGr aoit i@nE in 1978 srGl d t420: {E @unuy hs . l{ge b.l6M of 

trrd. d.frcit coveEd by aorcign aid cnd edisrants rcnnr.n@l Tne lonacrM pldpecls 

wE d$ ndser, gilen tlE hck of ey subst nli.l prcdGli$ 106, shich @uld b+ 

{t€velop€( pslj.ubrlt mineEl Go@s 6rd oil. Ad€n @ ercouogql lo wk suPpo.t 

frM Oc UN .nl Fnicul.rly lbn lDA,.nd World tlanl lilxl d.voled to the *uld'3 

South Yemen's Relatious wil.h Saue!-Unlsn 

o Strategic Objectives 

By tlE irLDdlde@ of soulh YcnEn rcw s6tcgrc e|nG e'M8d i. tlF rcgion IrE 

$arc t@lcd iu arc! whee the W.sl lels sl 16l u(@Dlin$blc .bouL llx p@M of 

sh a stale b.6e ottlE i'rpod!@ oltlrc eBion lo ic long-run int€rcst srBlcac s 

wtl s 6onomic, The sovi.ls &knowledgrd de nilit rt pole sl o' Aden srne mdv 

d€!d6. lt c.n be Bd for nvsl supFr! nr 6 en whre suFrtsre. sla1c. had I eotl(l 

sii!.6pa.ny.nd @ so. s sue olcFllving lnd.n'rcf*lang b4s's' a sLges lo 

co.$nentll !@ rudd a[.ld (Afii@ and Asi!) tl also could Pro .le teilitiG or 

cmmuiatid ard @nvcnlool nili|rv $ppon $d tould be ol e h {E oI a 

'venl 

liillsBle @trtionl{ D -lhc opll)rlunnrcs Incy providc for re{otrnNsno sld0gc and 

trining n6l b. *tl@ne lo Sovict hili|lrv danBK lhe srt-'ict U.Dn has ouEr 

inr€r.sts in Arabia- i'{€I€ds lhat fiod no lnaloge it tbe cutibb€ar and Cental Ah'ns 

Snrc 1962 USSR mainlai..d ! w ng EltionshiP wilh Nonl' Y@.n' N it hle tuI 

t fl *iling lo abandoi.

H€M, whikr th. USSR hs supported Soulh ycmci ed gldfut ed its ssuity, it lB 

al |ne sc tne soughl to rdF Sourh yffii fo€ign poticy and l{.M@g. i ro 

s* a.c@mu!$oN lEt bight @Fiblle [o ib tong4tu set . whilsr thc ussR 

supporLrl .ho, in bri i|s.bcrk ard i ctulint dicnidn r\ ir o|I*l Ois suppon 

ko a edistic vicw of whar S.|rlt ycnM i6.tf lrs orabtc ol lptitio y and 

.@nomiqlly, anl oa wtul MMw's nilihry aB, soDnic c.pabitiic, rows& a 

country lik€ tfu PDRY sd @. 

Fron 195()3 |o t97os, Soviet.tr.orior ws &v.top€d lo 0E ndiqt iodill An! 

sLt6 tuled bt bd-imFrialisl niti|lry Eginc Sud.t\ EgDt. Sy,ia, Inq, Li6y\ Atscria 

&q reFiis son.lis chih b be s Anb .Mrry. yet 6 . by-prdtret or rb ,lti@ 

wfi NNr's Egyp( rhe Soviet Urion rte h.€nc invotvqt on8 r&.h In Nolth ycn q 

f@t in lsppon of $. r@m, *tb I d..ncd b be mgins a, .eti-imDcri.lisl, 

mpaBtr aglfd |h. B.itish in Sourb y€m.n. &d thcn j. sup@i oflhe R.Dublic which 

me inlo being ih t962 ed Fbich B enbroited, rvjrh Eg)/pns nrlll,ry support, in . 

@ntict *jrh Saudi.bdct€d rcyatisr Btch. Sorter Union xrd nany objcciiG ro 

sl@gltun 'nlturl elariNhipd 'rn€ mliv.tim Mib.d L lhc Sovict Uni6 in sEiax 

r@toB !rcond the stobc mdd s,n to b., fu,Eli@ of dc! d.l,ti3hcd mlion of 

$hal objeliB il po6B in smol. Main obj6 ws or tn! Ibier Union jn thc taqt S@ 

(l) developilg lcleRg€, which 

v,rh poliriql opt$knr (lhe 

(2) activ€ly sriig lo dec@ dE inleE.d 

allis (n' $c n n|ort.du,bmb tid6)r 

(3) obbiniig o longrenn od rcliable tcde aor s 

oF.arionr utrd tnde rctilions wer€ minloinqt 

in flture regoliarions o. sg@ftib 

ESrrd lo llE slal6 or. rcgoni 

p.6r'9. or the unned sltl* .nd irs 

laciliry lroh which n.!al 

'narname

(4) dirnrpt, eid deit!.lly contollin& GgioMl t .d. rhrclglr @irol of hjor dncsic 

min|.g such lhc Sr.ni of I lod@ or B$ .l-M.nd.b: 

(t) @ntolli.g rll Middl. EBren oil, ton cxrrlcrid ro disrributiori 

(6) Altelin8 tnc dcvclopncnt ol dr. Middlc E st in ic cniidry. lnd i.orpoEtif,s ir 

On tb. odE. hrt4 Sou$ Y.mGi had ils om objetivd by iDpovi',s '€l{ions wilh 

tl€ Sovicl Uniol TIE @mnic hanlhiF had 6pcd *nh siru in&Fri€E, lii the 

Fomued uwilliignd of de W6Ln stst r io Drovid. sisr.@, htd csbii.d Io 

drive Adcn itrro tlE o9pcile cmp i" s.h fot hoth @nomic rd nilitlry .i{ s Bll 

s ti.r* ind.lli6 in d* incfltiooal Gu HoEs. lhc idcoloSicd ptdil*iioE of 

Oc NF, si it on UG po6 toMrds ruh6dvi.@ to Sovict policy obj6lit* snd 'n.dEds of 

policy ind@ftrioq nrrlEmoE, orly $urh Yn.n htd ben s forrlBning in i6 

sillirgE$ !o lign militlry $re.noB (iEludinS tlE TdF tii. TMly ein Ediopi .d 

Libt.). The &vdoFrcnc or. .nq n.tins dl ch.n8c in dE l"onfs led.Fl p !n 

in th. Ycmni S@i.iid P.ny. Othcr |q$B ddmincd in !|€ civil 6 ir Ndth 

Yda, OC.rLd w b.lEi Sotuli! !d Enrogir Dhofd Fobl.n wnh CtEtr, .tn 

EbtioN wi{r S.uli A6bh .nd rh. Culf c@cnrion Coutun. 

Thc conu..tio. of lhe t clo6 hs5, $cBfoe, p.od@d a snEdon in *hich Souh 

Ycnb hd b@c mlc signilic.nl f&tor in Sovi.t Middlc Esl Dolicy. lt b within ftis 

3tialcsE @Gxr, s n@h a in rh. dr@ of th. i.r4ml .loturis of Sourh ymn 

politis lrl @mnt6! tl[| ftc Bowth of li6 bctEn Mdow."d d.n my b. cn, 

in 4h of U. &u Bin didciiioN Tlqc EI.tioN mr€ rllowql to witlEr ir rlE l97os 

.nd henefoBrd, S@iel knlion s ftxed on odEr Mi.ldl€ Fsrem sh(es, cnher 

b.*e ofilE 8rwtt of sig'ifia st.i'-lFt|t rcl.dons, or t .!ue te @ories 

h.d &tiv. c@msn.3t p.niet USSR .mb!rl.d upoi a s.r ofbihldt lmnsm.rrs in lhe 

@, ,nd nmgqi skillfully lo qploit griev.ias bss{d lpon Fsr dissowmrcnq

imo'Dpd.ne lid injsti@s, ,ot b n.ntion povcny. iglonn@i q&a!.t $ uNaong 

rdDinBrrrrion and t||c olh.r ilts of tcss d*lo!€d s@i.(*. 

R.giorol ltrt s scirr.il wirh 0E S@ict Union du. |o irr oM la,ir.d ,suq 

inlGc lrd obiQtiv.q mt in tm3 of $rc gtob.t pb8nnft ro al.vid6 sbl ilst 

nodity r@lioEry *i.t ly3t 'nr or rci.sruc liD mrlii eononr synen. Thc@fote. 

lhd. did rot s..h ro be uy My in which th. Sovi.t Unid @uld GtT€.rjwty control 

@mpl€r.ly rh. torcign rnd &m6ric Frticid of rk& sr.r6, d6pic lhrr.v.r .o@d 

@sl.F (enh.r F|gn ri€tt! or i&oto8iqlty) niShl .xisi. In Sovid lnd.|u. So|xh 

Yend ers sr a F$ibt. .e of sGh ! .si.tht o,i.nrqt, 3rat.: bsl. Oc @u!tr 

dbcli€{ $nE limirdioB ro whi.h th.o,v drM |tl6lion. 

Thc le of rd f.cilirie in Egyp. ud Sondir h.! ontinEd dE inrDon @ of 

A

. Development of cooperation 

Wnndnw./ of Bii|rh frld SouO A.rbi. cirlcd Nw qliti.s lrn otr)rtliliB in 

s@lh Anbi. Fron A&n,lhc Brilish fd 130 yt E hld ddninll.d 0E lidis O.an, tlF 

AnDiD rlu! of PGEi.n C!l[.id dElpp.ch to S@C.n l. Ewtr n@ ihFtl3nt E 

ltc poe i.l Futiql inFt of Ot i!di6ri@ of rqlf4 in dE dmiMt powr in tn. 

oil-rict Oolf l. M@w'3 ctr., viclory oatn ndml-lib.ntid mrmd Fighl wll 

3Drad i.!o ooE Middl. E$r @udri(! Fnicd.tly, Eigbbori.€ @untris ol sdlh 

Tlr. Sovi.is, hoec6, scd.d bir.6!. in t||.n dly ELtiN rirh lr 

PRSY. Ir!.t di.l ar.d eognnion to th. lw cDoblic innEdncly, .nd 

w|conlad tn. d..lanri6 by itt pci&nt Ql d .l-Shdbi G ro i6 .ior: 

lGiliE 'r.lurliry .rd @Elignna( r itroog gra srd i. lhc ondy, 

.d.sn iu Efom' b ni4Dclnbcr . sm.ll Sovi€l dcks.ri@ Eiv.d in 

A&. ro 9l up . diplonrlic nilsion Dd di$a .id ssibilitid. Sil wlcls 

hld ! PRSY dclcg.tid l.d bt thc Minbt!. of Dcfce aivld in M6{w 

fd . l&.y vi3ir, .lrsdcd by didldbl. Frblicity. Pr6id.'n Nitol.i 

Podgo.lyy nxfi€i.d . j8nififlt dGgF of Sovilt irEGl b @iving dlc 

dd.gdid fd'Mrd$lioa d q'ali6 of mdul itrGBl" i. . tricdly 

.trdplt El 0E followins .hy dE, rer wirb Sovicr DcfcDlc Minida tu&li 

GFhkq silh ehom tlE h.d _. Im .d f.iqdlt dwMtio d mu.B 

of Nrul inr.Br. C2) 

An( tlbn dn. of Sout Yd.n n'dlFx|l{E, S@icl nilir.ry nisid div.d in 

A&r to sludy U. rlgoblic! miliLry GqoiEng|! lo F.!(ury l%8 lhc Sai.l Unioi 

!.1 ry drplo lic nislio|| itr Ad€r. i,t@w rupplild SouO Ysn.r sitt ru!.urid 

qoliti6 of lighi v.rpo6 ||d st nisio ro rr.ir Sdrl Y.|H'! !|ny u.d6 u 

.gFmqr @Fldcd on 29lh lAul 1968. olr 7lh F.bru.t 19d9, Mlsg.d &i 

ligFl Talc rn C@Fnrio 'tary (ffirr@ri@ of dlnr od inigrli@ dirchq\ 

Iniring of [.c5!iciu!). Mo6cow! |lldiore witl A&n alrc dcd |n.r sitt $y orhc' 

An! !(.t, . coftFris Efl..r.d ir tlF d.gE of itncnd $i.l dd polirkrl 

l'|llfonnrdd !d in lltc &88 of .lignGll on t@i8r policy i3tG. Fbr tlEt Frq tlE 

R6iN h.rc Folid'i Sodh Ymcn with subcteli.l nil i.y .id. ond sdc @ndic 

ai3tDc. b..Ld i|5 prwlrDo. of 'Sci|lisl o'i.nrdior',

SouO YsDcn occudd a hvourcd pl@, rjong with Er[iopia, AaBoL !d 

AfdMnbr, $d il @ onen ciLd 3 &.mrb or*h.13@h s1at6 6 ehicv.. 't he 

t*! @ulr'6 .t EloFd lh.ir @F.rion bt rignins tujor .utl@t ard reh.iql 

asEn.nt. ]lE USSR Ft up . rtl nisim in a&\ .rFning nEtiE and cqlipincnr 

lo Soulh Y.mcn $d nnponing !3ncu[wl proderi Dspire Mdeo$ s ecdlLio s 

Soulh Yemcn ft'tuin d on exellenl rcnns *nh Chitu whicn hctpcd in constiuclins ot 

&y doct dd lcxlile hill. AtdEs.ft rine Ado had curbitrd ils Etations wirh W6l€rn 

counlrB. ln July 1969 den brolc of rcldions wirh wcsr Cennlny an€r Mogtri,ins 

dc Ccdar DcnDudtac Republic rhc 'rd hs lder it totc on ctadons *irh lhe 

On 5th F.bury 1970. lhe t*! @brri6 sign€d 0 @nomic sisr.na agFn.nr 

@mFnied by a Soviet lon ol7 nillion rublcs. Sd !neM.ds, Mosw dispslchal s 

leaD ofsolie( inig.tion exp.ns b Adeo.nd took parl in dBwins up the Firsl-'fhre6- 

Yd D.rdoFrcni Plan (1971-74). Or 2t M.y l9ZO, tollowins lh€ d.t€.io6lion of 

clalioN b.t*En South Yen€r ard Saudi Arbi., rhc USSR suppti€d Adqi wirh Ditir.,y 

equ|p|Ei'r b eilh.tand an .mr'd cl&sl wadj $. S.udi Amyr Mig- | 7 s, h.ti@Drd ed 

brts lnillcry. Sir€ rheh, tuFnrioi bel@n rlE trc @unlri: ibt.toFd npi.ly, 

aldough Ado srill m.inroined ctE etaio3 Mth t,cki.s Bur *hil. ttE ChitR wE 

providing .xclBir.ly @mmic sjsr.@, th. .id fom lte Sovict U.ion w mdnty 

olr l,llh April 197 | , Soulh Y@eri potitical und hilit ry det.galion visilod Mosw lo 

afiend Ih.24(h conScs ofrhe sovic( cp on JoN tq t97t, rhe soli€t nilir.ry.lltrtd 

in Ad€, cxFcred his @ntryt srisf.dion !r Oe deEtoFrcnr of Glaftns eith Aden, 

lrd sl,rld ltIl IJSSR @Gidered Sourh yc'ncn ro tp pon of lhe inLrBtiet tib€oti@ 

nlt)t@col. Sorict d.l.slrion haded by ninbter ot fish. 6 driv€d in Adc. in th. se 

nonth, follo*d by MdE d.l.gitior tcd by tnt rior Miniser_ So n ycmni prime 

Minbter. Ali Nsscr Muhahmld m&de !n olUcial visit to Moscow and sigftd M 

.gredcnl or c@pcr{rio in uq ofinigstion, iechhist 6nd prot€sioml tbhing *[oi.

TIE |alffnt de wi&i.d 1o nEb& ioFwiig .Eiculhft seloi Av t||. '!d of 

l9l, l5O RB|n crD.rb s/.r. d $rt in 0E counlry. Mni irq So|ri Yct|El 

R.hlioB wil|l Chio &rainLd dE to sdfd lg9B Som. of th.n &c.nh.d in 

siFUS 6pD.€hc&t{, Pdiug'r ilpood fd dr eli.cmnlnin E!|mc in Stdll| tlE 

surFcion ot Chir'5 m.ldi silr.E |o d. Elirrd cb.b dlq ic 6Lbli$'rEnr of 

ditlddic El.li6 vith €diopE !d i|s Gl@ ot ms dclisriq lo tlt Dhofui 

geriu! in otn '. All thr hppard in tlE lidt or Cltincs. r* Policy of 

[lFEhaEn .d @Frdd viur llE 6rMliv. outne of li. G!lf, *fiid 

Bulr.d itr 6r.Ui!hn.nt oaditlo'rrlic Gl.lioB wit lu .nd |(uqil h t9?l. 

ChiD E rDdeding ia foEi8. policy rd wnhdnwaog tm |||. Oholu 

olc n B pGiibk tn.1 Rub.i Ali Nuld s.. lr coold nol Ely o B.ijiIg 

to lElp him mi .in hh .stxhmy. .td sdd switct lo. trqc Elbblc 

ln iourt 19?2, |||€ USSR md Cal'Glotrri 8nd.d sold Y.ren .id &r 

iNr.lLrid o{re r.dio d.rkB i. A&., In MGh d* ussR na} . grul of25 millior 

Fod. Sldliig fd nilibry id .€ricdor.l Fojcls A nonrn ll|n, s iadtlG td lr.dc 

uni6 3tdi.!, rt !D eilh llE lFlp of Sovicl Unioi .||d dE OD& B oF Gd itr Ad.a In 

Mrx d.l.glid of |||€ Sdict Comflioe tq lrotuia $lid.tity lisilql A&n. 

WlEn E5e( aFlhd it5 Sovi.l dFrls (lS ruly 1972), clldt! by lh. USSR to 

6!FeL ior il s locs f@!s.d Fiicul,oly on Soulh Ycnd. On dE gur(l' dbl tt 

cMrry s rlE tdg.t of 'plo|l h.tcltcd by $di adbir" {r sovi.B dFid.d !o 

irag{H SorO Y.rnot nilirty rols itl .!d Fllicuiuly 

il5 .ir force. Th! &ision 

E nfo s@.t .na d! a/!€f of hGlilili6 b.!w! lhc t9,o Y.EB in lh. src v!.., 

nuh it p6ibl. fd Ader lo mi! .i. qtrul of b.r&t 3irrlid, Or taolcnber. tlE 

PttRY Pt6ie S.l.h Rrb.i Ali vi3it d M@w At Oc dnc Soldr Ycrcn *a 

axldroing e @|Mi. cri$ e 3.t4 rbl dE.!!&ili6 Et! obliS.d lo ..dE lh. 

ldan of Nl- mnbcB.!xl o0ici.b, I lF viiil grw ftw nnFlc [o @pd.lid bqla 

d|c lm co@rris Th. USSR plcdc.d it! sljs.r'cc for . r6bd of Foj61s, iFtdirg ! 

hcpild ad r tLmeL.Li. powr sLlion,

Thc vjrit durng which lhe USSR optcd !o .xplnd .@peraLion with South Yem€tr to 

tlre delriftnt ofNonh Yemen, wilh whid n |g! pcviously hlihllinql clcc rcl.lions, 

p€niculaly in rh. milil,ry fi.16 ndk.d a tuming F i.l in Sovi{t policy tosf& |ne ts 

Ycncns By rh€ end of l9?2 South Ych.ni R.Bnn. did sm to be in @lnrcj, ud rl ! 

* udo{lLdly a hctor in M@w\ d.lbion |o buikl .los tjd Tlts &ny 16 pur€d 

drd b@rnc uklr rieht NF Ein. To8clhs wnn 0E my, Oe Gurity *ryie u'd nilitir 

crl4,ri., Ud @rd b all tEtu ol rhc @uiq -litbcli'n ld dfq and rhE rsEl rery 

oftlt Egimet Efonllq 6ul ml ik @rd PolniFI pwr ofrhe clcrF/ had ben b@lcD, 

bll Isl.m .{nIinEd lo be iug|n in rhe en@b .rd rlligioN otsvme rs lol€dr.d 

Ar rh. cnd of 1972 rh€ I'oRY a'd tls ussR *rc poi*d ro enter ! rcw sllse 

in th€t Fla{ionshiA one which mul.l s Sooth Yemen drivel} (dlthoush 

nol @mblently) helt'ng M6ow io rolk loerd sone otiG forcien policy 

s@ls, and h lln movinS Lowd.d a tuvoru! slalG ir Soviel synp.rhi.s as { 

t$!c of ci.li3t dje .tionr, cl*ly aied to .nd hevily depen&fl on |he 

sidiil @p }!owvd, n lnouu b. m.mb@d th.t 1ne PDRY w6 

.l'rady hdvily d.Fn

On 23rd Aog6t 1974, Solicr Union orEtt.d its &Us oEl B srrtt d !o Sdllh 

Y.ren &d s.EBl dats htd, South Ycngi FoaiAn Minirla nud. d omcirl visit lo 

lvl@ow lrd folloeed by Pritu Minilt4 in Octob.r. Tnroughout t97j rctarioB b€rEn 

trE re @lDuie @rinu.d lo &vclop 3ra!ily, dFcil|ly in th. cmic .phcF. A 

d.le€ltion hadql by uE S|!re Comniu.c for Forcign &oemic tteblioN dird in 

Adcn a thc lllLr samcd Sdict firn lrhfrtstixport oil cxptratiotr isht ovd r0 (x]0 

ttl2 .E 6l ol Aden. Sovi€t Urion Ml@Dcd rhe mergcr, in Ocrober t9?5, oa the 

Soutt Yeneni pani6. the NF,lhc Popuhr Vsngdd Plny ad the poput.r Democotic 

Party. The Ew orseistion d€cls€d itietf in hlour of @nelid.ling ponid and 

4otunk des with oeodtri4 oflh. seiatisrc.Dp. 

Witl' dE d€r.riontion of Adenjs rel.rioN wnh Omon in Derenb€r l9?5. USSR 

suppon d a&n side. on De..mb.r 26, Aden rcpon d ..ttuian ossr.sionn on ils est..n 

bor&r, while Itu srd OnD @@d Sourh YlnM of $pDoning rhc poput& FMr for 

th. Ubqdid of O|lu .rd of hNing b*m. . Sovicl b.s!, w6cm Dr6 @ied 

r.F.ls of the F€s.r of Sovid b$ei p.di.ul&ly on rhe bldd of S@rr\ sd ofa 

|r6iE inllu olminbry qFris thn lhc USSR, Cu6o snil lh. CDR. bur Adetr d€nridl 

.ll lb6. cb&C6 atd jnviad. nMbq of joudli5rs ro lisil t'ptra SiE t9?6, 

.clat@s berEn Sovicl Utrim.rd Soulh YcNn wrc fa.tcd by srrugAt€ si|l|in rh€ 

Soulll Yodi ldd.Ehip P6idcnl R!!.i Ali, s,tb tuvourcd r dppcherc wirh lle 

e@rvatiE Anb $sres .td . sonciing ot thc rcgin€\ wi.lkt slane, fa.ed sto.g 

op@sitid Iiw .xtremist l@de6 in Oc ruling NF. On loth Mrch 19?6, Soul! ymm 

sign d & asrmenl wilh &!di AEbi! for normtielion ofdcn ehrions 

kree d€l€grlion hsdc

C6F6rior h.l\M lhe SovieB ard South ycncn ircr.asd dk ro Ogadcn We 

be$€en Sonali! and Ethiopia Ar tiut, Sourrr yeDcn phlrd conciti{lo, rote sendinS irs 

Forcien Mn'istci !o Rusia on Mly 10, t977 for lhis FtrFe. On 2fld August, prcsidcnl 

Rlbt visilel Saudj Kingdo'( Ar th€ .nd of this tisn. $e rqo sid6 isuql joinl 

.(lmuiq't.6pl$isd otr $cir ..dsr€mielion [o $o.t ertoNty ao. $rabtishrcnr of 

pe@ i. rlio Rcd sa Es'oo ond ro pole.t n atu'n inbmriomt @.Ii.ls I tdrever. Soo|h 

Yemcn opidly chdged ils tDllcy b slpport i'lhiopid atul dlowd rhc $ovieG ro 6c pon 

teiliti* d Adcn for l6Npo.r of 'rnihry macralt lo Eitropie olr 27th Ausu!, Soudl 

Ymd's Prid. Mintter Icw ro Mlev b djsB . projot tiq $. craaon oI Sei.tisl 

conl€daEtion grolping S@th Ymei, Son.ti! .nd Elhiopia, ttE Osld.n od Eril@ 

be@ming, within tfiat frm€ert, .lronomous provirce' Th6, rh. Sovi€l sition in $u 

@sion ws cosolidar€d. rlD hoslitit manitlstcd by h6r Arab counries tow.ds ttr 

w lqrLrlhig fdld it io t@ nor€ !"d hoE to rhc USSR Sourl, ymcn dect.r.d th, 

n ricd lo joitr tlE COMECON tur€r. 

CoNrvdivc Anb srates criricecd dE l,DRy ot being Sovict .colony,. h.ving 

'abardoEd Aro6isn, ther.tor, rhey dilqutitiqt tE fron lhc riBht o panicjpoc in 

Amb Eg'oMl @Dsultnlion th Uhirdd slal6 streqt o,etrb: lt,c rrut tidr Adcn 

m.ncd4oeolr@in@onsrdsupplyanglnNs$nsF tjsDdAWACSd.ns to 

Saudi Adlia. South yem.i was tisred wiln !iby4 laq dd Sy.ia .s a oounry, which 

p@r@ suppon b whar as, on . loo* &finnion, c.legorisd s .lciiorism. plcsovicl 

ving had amcd i1s @ntrot owr thc @urtry Dirh rll. etin,Etor ot romer pei

Th. t*o prnics tool thc eior to rc.rfid ln.n conm@ pcition or qEtios 

mnccming tl|e Anb lsDel @dliel, md d.!la&d alEir suppon rbr tlE p(:)plcs of 

Afghsnisbn, victm and Komp{cn€ on 25lh October 1919, south Y.mdi P6idst 

lm.il .nd Sovict lBnln| oc,nB rishd r trdly of liicn(lhip .Jrj @F6rion in 

Mos* €ffetivc lor 20-)€s q.l rcrewble by ta.it lgr@,nenl etery fiw y@, LIE 

lr.lly conlaird 16 articl6. On the nilitary lwel, n .liplhttd lbot ihc ls cosrri.s 

wuld dev.lor $.n mFrsrir. o! lh. bsis 01rh. sg@m.nts @elud.d b.t*en lhd, 

for 0F Erpo* ofslrcnsltEiiig lh.ar def.B ep.bilily. Etoh oslty.!,!d lo mitlE 

e €r inlo any nitilary allir@ .or un& akc diy n iln!ry elion asainsl llr otler. h dE 

.rcnr of rhror ro tsce the tso onnlriq muld "Nrdimlc thcn lrsilions eithoul 

d.l!y. On 0E polilidl kvel, Mosw ed a&n as@d lo '@dtnrt! on the rojq 

inletution l is cs di@lly dllQtins fien inrcrcsls and o Unite ihen elTorls aglinsl 

impcri.lisn\ colotriElitB and feisd Thcy lged |o work ibr a jul and lBling $lutron 

of lhE Anl>bsli @nflic( by ncs of ilstie and qllc{ for c@lion ol a @llnliv. 

Th. h6ty provi(M for $c d.wlopndt of eml sto6 ircl'lding cxploihrion of 

t'lu6l 6u6, planins dd lrainirg Fogtffi rd stroErlEdn3 ol @tffia.l 

eichogs ed ftc tlevelopnsnt ofscientitc snd cdtural coopcalion Tne tw sides ole' 

sisncd r FogBn tt rh. detcloPnenl oa roldlioN b€t@n tlE CPU lnd YSP during 

t98083. A prclcol on c.@nic &d lahnidl @Fr.1ion ss 3ign'd duing ssc 

Friod. Th. f.i.ndship and c@Fntion fi6tv *enl anlo eiTccl oo I I Febru'v | 93o, wh'tr 

innrum€nls ot rutifiolion rerc eeh{s€d tl Adcn 

Sodb Ymn ws $e llFl AEb 66trv. lo be joircd hle. bv Svrb, io 'pprow $c 

Sovicr nitilory nrrcBen0on h Afshdislln oi D@cDb.r 1979 Followirrg s vrsil lo dco 

by a delesltion of th€ cPU C.ntEl conmitLe in 1980, lbllh Yem'n lnd thc $vrcl 

Ud@ @ndEmBd United stil6 policv in dE Middlc Esl, in psnicdt lhe built up ot 

dc Ancriqn trililary p@smc in the hdian Oc6n !f,d the Gulf and lhq ddision 1o 

c@te a "RaDid Dcdotmnt 10r.6 '&sigrcd Gpaiallv for intercnlion in ttus ra

Ho*cver, o. Apdl l9Eq bnail re'hov€d ton poftr.nd r@€&d by Prin€ 

Minisrc. Ali fa4er Mul4nmd -t he |rcr teca@ sE|lrr s.t|mt of ft. ysp .d 

hed ol !|,tl.. lllis cl$ge an rcgin., which in fr.t s ds to s @.flicr mons Sodtr 

Ycmn r l.&i.B, did not llldr r.rdions bclM.n Aden .d Md6w. Th. ncw h.tut oa 

lh€ stlL dxled thrt rcladons m{d coninE b b. sLEngrheEd on rlE ba!i, oa rfi. 

friendsnip &d @F6rion ttaty. Ne. 3@ m.dc s otficid vinr b M(Mw !1 Ih. 

otd of *tich eid tlut lh. USSR Emrincd totrt frisd &d dty of rtE Arb Frrts. On 

D@nb.r, Aden lonounql its $p[bn lbr rhc tivepoint prugl.m on scurjty in rhe cutf 

prsenLd by Prsid€d A.iihnev in *hi.h lhs Soriel t.ader c! ed on lhc Unir.d Slat€s 

.rd ofter poi6 lo rcltsio frm $ui.g up mitib.y bBs in rhe Cutf esin ,rd 

inlrodeing rwld eG ftcrc. 

. 1986 Civil War in Aden: Downfall ofCommunism 

OE ot rh. o6.qcn€ of Milneit (tod.ch6:s osfl ro Fwr in M&h 1985 ne 

be, 6 BtKs@fl of rh. USSR s lDti.y in th. mnd Wortd. Tne fiut foEign poticy 

crkis'nlmgcm.nt chlllcngc, he t cqt s oEU@d in rtrc 't.hnd World, $e ]an@ry 

1936 civil w.. ,n Soud Ystrcn AldFug[ it d y t6rd th wts i us. rawtic 

exFncm. rdr rhe PDRY, a n pi|ld ri!.t fe oN ot rhc ycft i Sdiatjst t,rny (ysp), 

tl'c @unlry s ruling M&xkt-t,cninist to 

y. ond o6cd unus@ y high toss of trumm 

lrrcs The civil wd ws o dlremini.g hcior for borh rh. pDRy ed rh. USSR in rhe 

ml'ni@ of th.n cl.tio'Etip duibg lli Corb&hev Fiod. 

B€fore this.rtn, dE PDRY stod ooi s s Etati@ s@ess for the USSR.hong rte 

small grolp oa Seiatistoricnred , s1!r6. whlsr mosr ofo{hr @otdes in thb ole8ory 

Erc b€.r bt jnsur8dra6 (Afshaisr , dgot., M@nbiqw, Ni@ag@). in Solth 

Y..M UE govfrnbl '. rtE oly Mlrxbt orc in $e Anb @td _ strtc.J to tI 

urchsllc.8.d. Althd€h Mcofs fiMcid omnitocrr lo thc lDRy wrs sizL-abh, n 

.njoy.d cotui.i€dble acc€3s io mitirary lisiliries and h!.r u €ikruivc pl*n6 

duo'€n@i dE @uEy's inftshd@ Wtbt ${ pob&lty equ.Iy imDonrr for 

MG@w ws rl'rt iB Fer an tn. pDRy did nor s to dLil .ny tujc Ftiri@t 6r 

in its rclltio$hip vith th. wcsq ae % tlc ce in em. oth.r plrll of th. ,r.hird Wortd

R.alisticdly, Soolh Y€nen Fobdbly miSh har dlpicd miiidal ii $. 

dclibeEtiotu ol corhoch€v and orh€, top Soviel policrnakeB iI I9E5. Elco in th€ 

cmtexl of th. Middlc Esl oiher isu6 - AfBh&islan, lhe culfwd, lnd Oe Adb{s@li 

eE - wrc fa. mc pBing .d signilicst. Inde4 the sirution of sth Y.mn 6 

n*r betr cmpl.tlly sl,blc a bnlcl fl.tiodl slriG, Ene$ng nirl@ of &.Feled 

lrib.l Fl5@1,.!d i.hologidl rills. tuviel l.rd.6lip sF)ned @rcilis{ie belwn 

Ali NN. ad lsm.il *lich alllJmoddld tlE la6c. Er(r lo A&r By t[is trroi. 

Mosw sldl lo innufte rn€ didlion of rh€ Adcn goremmcnt. Ala Nsg, s 

pngn.tut bd tak.n sl€p61omrd h.tter rclatiors lith Ihe con*nari* Adb stzr€s 4d 

tne W6l in ordd ro mobilize fo@ign .id .nd lEd r.Lred the tppliolion of SGiatisn 

Und.r fi. ciE@rLrE3, USSR f.[ $.t pEsne of lsmil euld eF. B e!!furee 

lrlal lhis pi@ss did not s€l oul ofconuol. lsdail rclumed bocl in M.rch t935 &d 

b.cm d active plater .g!i6t lhe existilg deliqte political b.lm.c. I lls retud beme 

r qrdtsl for M&sis rivds wilhin th. Sovemment dd key{onlrrbutans f!.ror to 

momting lasioE ttuougholt 1985. Coaat6dy, fighrina in Ad.n brok out @ 13 

Je@, 1986, .p!.Enrly sFrted by N.g s a(Gnpt lo lEvc nis riv.l! sdrEd dotrT 6 

lhcy dived for h.rlilysnw!€d PolitbN sioq au.gedly ro pnjdpl @up dened 

by his rivrls M(Mw wt d ro linil Na.fs porer but rhe *ent rcni ou of @nrfol 

gircn th€ dispropordonare polirical od m.rdial cost dd th. urccilinri.s which ssh 

@w of edon €ntlil€4 Borh il€ dtbak of liglring dd ils everity rppocn(ly @ghl 

r[. Sovicls by 3urFis, a ir did nfuy South Y@ni wnnin ln. gowtrr||Ht Thc 

mt's€d sirErim dodng firn fev &y5 of fighring ws E l.d.d in Mwt tigl - 

lilted !n @'anil|d public srrxt As rFlr rhis pwnr.d ! 3i8nili6r @lletion ord 

@lyti@l f.iluG toi Soviel inlellie€ne, p.tlicul.dy in lienL ol its u6.nd evi(kee 

avdlabl.. Soviol U.ion had subsranliol pleencc in Solll YcDun\ milirary, 

.dninislRtion, edu.diond sysr.r\ ft'sjiq @n@y $d YSP. Pdticuleln &e Soliets 

kftw Inat oFn @nlro.t tiotr! though liniLd be$q Sourh Y.n€ni tuling eliks 

srlred h.foE *h.n brl5 frm dri-Ali N.9 @linD had sutundql dE r.dio srdion 

in Ade\ ard @lt bariol Soviet mdidion lld mesed ro d.fN ln. irt xlolt

Th.c had b..n moc rcNim at dE tinc oftc ysp C@sB h Ocrob.,, ,iih. 

dcfiniE shill in rhc batame oI qrrcr ro thc .brrime.l of NNr rrc deci&d 10 hold hish 

leEl meting of YSP'S Poliouo on JMury t 986, wtich tcd |o nitih.y @oicr b€lGn 

L'o{h faltioN. The t nsion &-r!'€{ dw 10 scnt .@ns. Thc sovacl! Eft .Ebtc to 

srop lh. fi8hring inn€dirl.ty m ore |wn tor wid€n ot @.Ionblions. S@.< y, both 

hctioro *mal b hrre hcln t.p{ their ow. pt.ns snd inforD.rion aroh rh. Sdier! wnh 

|p9€r€trrly m on. rr6liDg rhe h!6 omptdclt Ev€n th@ oppo€dt lo N.g rld nol 

sfidd ro rhc USSR .bo{t .lt @hiDdoB widtn rha gov.nment, FuFncdty .o!l of 

Eeard lor lh.oanyis repuo on.. 

OM ti8h|ng brot. ou! M(Mv 6 f.cqj willl dil€mr@ r€quinng &cirion tr hoy 

ro repond. w.srem obtsR.R b€lieved rlDt USSR tirsrtt emn4t ocurnt and r!!e. 

evflrully switching ils supt'ort ro oti-NasFts @lition E@& thc oulcom€ h.d 

alEdy ben dcr.mincd on (F ereud in th.ir fswr Onty t n did tic Sovieb b.conc 

invor!€d di@dy in rhc rightin& Ar Mr, d. Soviel rotc has betr &€s..d s onty 

holrwd ! f.il lt]Mpti or. in tei, pt.yed . d€ci3ire rol. in ft€ ourcom.. 

The Sovicrt r@t FMUtioE y n*u.6 qqiclt, for rvMcEr onungercB mighl 

tu&li.lia. tt* irctudqt ft€ hoving ot sral tip! ansdy in lhe rc dB. |lJ 

Ad€l\ which ulso undcrlin d Sovict oonnnrncnl, lnd louU tutc ahv li,rciln 

idscntion moa din,cutt tt al$ dct,r(rrd rhc lid or r\(Et pn,"" "," *ni 

@ngs ro dE Nonn ycrei- @r lo nEture h the pDRy l,oh(y-nEld6 rn M(Me 

might luvc lor€d rhar the U.S. @ukj |Itq .dv.nlag. ot u probnged olrt wa, U.S 

supFrt for lh€ bis,@ h Afgheisrn, Niqagu. ed Anso6, or @ conscqE.es ot. 

r dividel govcnmenr in Canada t@rBt B unreLune {Elo!,* 

Anli-Na$g h.iion povidcd by hdn, hnldojtn4 hcll, I hrs tus N tcy ctcrnc,r nl 

E efiod |o suy l|I* sdl @@m,flqt in trE Mtry s kI s lo porde resftns, 

lo rhir fa.tor Tne RNjG .Je Fovid.d mjnGn4. ,upFr! do@rr@ ad @s 

.d b€!@ involved h . diBl c@hsr ot. ircludinS diralins anilery fie anl flying 

.lce air suppon nissi@s. Cubu moh&jzd jnfinry orq edietd fron E6joDi6

{..t[..&d the driE oi Nlg MqEt r cit] that bror. thc tel of his roin fo@. 

Anli-Ns.r forccs serc bkcn to dc Usgll lU trca[Ml *hil. Moscos &nicd NsFis 

.bmdd lo vbn Mosw to dad his cg 

MN ihpodanrly niliory inledotion n*.d spoiline thc inase of ! Ew, lN 

dalding, Sovier f@igD policy that Corbachev wa intenl on esr&lishing i. the W6r, 

*nich w$ rclal€d lo coNidenbly br@dd Fliti..l inteBtl. lf hc f.il€d lo dDw Eelve 

ir r fi!i! h lii@dly 3tir., ik Fxidon wirhin his oM goEdncnr mighr har. suflcre4 

Fni.ql.rt d de hlrns of old-lw4liE6 Bri.ny, irIE USJR @uld @lve dE disas 

qu.*ly qnn laril€d foM!, n E pcsible lhq lvoid lfie politiql and nilil.ry c6r3 of 

gelling bo88€d dom in yct atuther long-t€an muGrinsurg€roy cllon rtle.iskoldirccl 

confionr.tion wnh tb. PDRY'S mighboF or U,S. ws pob{bly qlcllated a slim. Nol 

3aFisitr8ly, i. a .d of FldmiMr Sovid irccq Corb.ch4 h.d rDi oftq ro Lt. 

&y coop.olir nBc wnh $. U.S or rtE UN ro $lE rhe connicl 

Sor. .iglys|' egu.d th|t rhe USSR B hsdl.d the crisis rFe$fully, paniculqly 

8i6 Uc f&r rhrr it E apFrody €ugl'r oII g@

l1'! lrE, thc civil sa, d6pic i6 bBirt, had bn bchind a Fcr.t govcrMot in 

Ad6 for ft. Sovica lo mrt wilh.'thc aignifitur nmbd ot @nbal.$utri.s @ 

aegnv.led b' 1hc cmigBrion of $oMds otAli N&ss€t! tu o\M ud rlF Frgjns of 

oth.B ftm lhc l:Mtrt\ Fnitlly ,nd civitim iNtn,/riN t. lddiddr dsE @ 

qlen8iv. pnysi.al ':lege to UE iitiBE@lw, !6nicut6dy in lh€ @pirdt, Adcn. ft. @l 

ofpolili{l pliyeB had de ct6ng€

of of cdho.hev's w Flic, elideli6 s lo t!d@ lE Sovi.t @(nic burd.n 

in $. Th,'d Wo.ld, in scnsnr. The civil tal dc€Fn d lh€ PDI{Y! dobnic pobl.ms 

lDd tn ussR f.lr obliscd to t'tc cE|gercy n@@ ro pttut Yfleoi Gixmdy ftm 

@ll.Fins, H€lp h6 included llE posrDo@nl or&fl EpoF.nl in July 1086 { sll 

s rcFid.g $. phFic.l danagE ol lhe Eant frghtiig Th€ PDRY, shon on Erull 

t@{rc!s,.nl ltifl.d by s irelrEicnl eovencm - @nltull.d emmy, l'.d long b€n 

hdvity deperbnt on rhc ussR for 3uppon, .nd Soviel .dvi$B Mr. involGd inlimLlv 

in tlE mtry's @ndic.ihi.s, givirg dEd €Bid.[ble inncM fiowd, ttus ha 

b@'ne o .ca for mulut @rininolions, wilh $e Soviclj t(l South Yem.nis bbming 

@h olher for th. @nry's problms. Sdrh YetEni ledeu s.rc probably ,oried lhal 

MG@w *odd cut tact ils .id in Oe nd ful@ sins lhis r.ftMh dgled dEl 0E 

USSR rN responsible for thc syslem it lus Fomoted md lbr its *orcmrc consequencca 

M@Fbilc. Soviel Unio. foud th€ ElenlioD ot iG posnion in tle PDRY N or 

@linung inl@r Thb edies in Fni4lt. to itt .c.* 10 nilitlrv feilatics, wnc 

tdw w highlighled during the rhen Dval dcplolme lo Oe Cull rhc lit ly iture$ld 

imFnac ot rlE R.d Sa in 1990s, $ noF oil aron lh. Gullvould be PiPcd lo R.d S4 

ldniMls rur. s@h s.* cld wG vdualL. While @rinu.d !o Fovi

T*o d.Elopncnts 3ignili@rly .tt .r.d rlE Sovicl p@M in lhe pDRy. . @@nr 

ol open liC'lDs lid d la's€ ir lus ol oit tru*y. t|t nnput ol oat on llE bjlaohl 

elatiomhin *a rcr dw sisni66nr rew oit Etth @ntd cMbtc d.n lo dis|aE icclf 

$m€wh8l rbh the USSR {Algcian modcD. Ch, Oo rcv€nrcs coutd be u&\i lo purehuF 

m@ .m lon rlr ussR b @Delidd! lhe govemnEni am enourage g@ar 

ltuuloe krqrd its n.ighho6 (Laby.n nodet). 

Sovict ircflici.et ssgnu!.d by aocnpc ro crid tNign p.niciFrio[ be$e 

srrce ol srewing lrilaknt dhord, l! joutarty Nonh yoncn alowc{ neri€n and 

wrslc.r'uil conDanics lo onD rfld sret, lb, oit *lricll. disvc.d goott qutrrn, *irhn, 

tnod F!od. Rehtd b $m. cxl€rn b th. .ote oa W$ln comp.ri6 in lh. pDR y,, oil 

slr, rs the i$ue oa op€ning th€ coutry Dor. 8.neh!y b the Wsr tukt, jn D.nicutd. 

ro dE US. This @!ld iml!& c€ribtiihi.s lne El|rionj, *hict Adcn bble in 1969_ 

A.nd tq wirh th. W6r .outd failir.r. IE$ lo mstFreded 6h,ology .nd 

€mnic !i4 would give lhc gement ddd€d leg tney, dd $de s. lels In rrr 

tcl.lioNhip vith rhc US]IR The governDcnr h A&n app€qt b bc spl,r on tnas isc 

MNow cacfully elcoftcd rcncw.l US-pDRy rctarions blr !6 erned rtur nn 

i&6ing W6t m peE @dd rrudc rhe Sovi.r F6,lron Bur in dE @iDn,! 

polrrcal ump

lrcsi&nt Coib@hcv publicly lotd al-Baid thal no ddurbn is SuamLd fom tnc 

@s@&' srrivins to skip over Mvoid4bk pn ses" End lh.t 'b @lhlic policy" Ms 

cquired, which t t6 oEfully inro @Nidcnrion 0E @mnic D(Bibi|nns of tE 

Mrry, lhc lcv.l ol eoicly s hbtoriel dcvctoFb! Lhc polnial a.eaousn.$ .nd 

cuhle ofihc people. tr.ditioN, dhLinctive ch.@lerisl'q, dd the @!nl'y s inrcm.Lion l 

rit'srion", h dir Eia M(sw utged dE PDRY lo ldk lo lhc usSR s ow Pc6tDvln 

(Gaond. Ptutroyk! in lnb @nlcxt usd pr.[y nwh s a @da*ord for Mccow s 

geMd Fcs.e on Adcn lo tefdm ats polnical system by oFning ( up, eme$'hll .o 

odE f.'@. ro Ed@ i|l rdrliv. (hBtic iel.tiotr 5d lo 3Lbilit ln snu!@ 

Th. Doliliol eforc in lhe Soviet unid hrs eisqdeEd s divid.d @liq and lal b 

sc rscntEnt in Adc4 borh Mong Oe ndic.ls .nd pEgBlist inclkduds. fit 

dir€Enl rcMns Thc comdye6v surfeed in p!6tic. ccntcans dn llt isu. !a whcllrcr 

Gorb.chd s Fresrtoytt is suit ble lor th€ PDRY OoTb&hev s telbms lo@d soulh 

Y.|Mi tedss lo oFi tobli. di$usid F8!di.8lo Elurc ond erdts of 0B cntngd 

on lben @!ttlry. Conllided opinios wrc ! ro*, some ee lhal thc PDRY @uld b€Efil 

ton Pdcslro]ta sincc $nc$inr mul bc Mong wnh thc @61rv s svscm' 4 shos 

by tlE tel lhll tlE ,..ury wr @u!d @u. fh. otls vicr sd $4 n l@ 6tlv in thc 

PDRYS d.wlopmcnt to.pply Pe€stdyk0. and crilicized at&npls lo do so 6 

O$es in Aden wcE 16 dioloralic towards Perstrovla.rSued dd, th€re 6 ! val 

difdG in rlE lewl of d€vcloprncnl bcrwn fie lw @!nlri€s, fi..eto'e' n *ould 

_@fs rh€ p€oplc dd €to drc YSP-. p.rticub.lt.lhe PDRY hE trrm FEsing 

Foblens, 

such as.ohllling illilcrucy and inqulnv tlirw€cn th! sxcs Omciallv' the 

YSr' s lqLrslnp llFu'ql to stliL o. wnul dtcclion dlv'loFlutrl i'ould t'll 'l hc 

F.an.rbrs mlqt moE lib.t{liEl @flnv d ! sv to lllevilt' the colnlry's 

e@nonic st gndion. rhe 6dic.lr, on lhc othor h!d. wilhin th€ YSI' es libenltal'on 

$ ! !oLnl,.l &ngcr to lh€ @ulry's sidist oristalior. slBing thd beelib of a 

sfug st G wror dd 0E r|€ed for lighl Sovemenl ontrel' ewn limiled Fiur€ 

inv6heni w allo*d lmPonnlY.

N.snn bss, in Decnbd 1988, the ysp s C.nr.ot Connirrc cMd ncrsuEs 10 

alrow gF.lcr prirarc i.ni.tv. an agricutluE, lo Etsx inFrrl rcslriclioN od lo 

€M@gc inBt'hr br imigris. ApFentty, Sovid advie s iL drirns tou dBl 

@nrined A&n to q inis @ntroltcd oFning in thc eomny. Ad.n rcgin., trowvea 

d.nrcd {har lhb wc n@ opyins of |nu USSR,5 od iNbted that ir lpptyirs m*@s 

otit! fE will. In f&( tlE USSR'3csplc h.dnh.!l inn@iad tn pDRy bq.eof 

$.n r€!sD, sicntific mruriiy.nd dlnnic oF.iry !o rteat wirh rh. sirurion in alt iB 

complcririds ssislarl srcrclrry cdrot ot lhc yst, u,jn rd lhlr {E &gEc adl tdcl 

of 0E$ chrrgB vsi6 ton ore Soci.lis( qMtry to arclh€r 

'lhe id€oloSue €lment! distft{y Mr. uhlppy rilh Codrch€r.s fiitiot ,i0d 

loMrl |}e PDRY .rd r@rrdty woutd b. h.ppy to se him &lt. IIE N le&BhiD in 

Ad.n, prohably cvd tho pdgndisc, hesiril^, ro appty tib.6laarion i@tu6, si@ $is 

wa on. or lhe n.jor ec@rions oEy h.d di@I€d .8aiN Ati Ne. whilc q *n 

ffi libeniaarid nEg6 EE oslqt i. rlt 6bmy, ir my b. @Bdenbty tu ter 

lo do e ir th. poliridl sphere, girc. thc .onrinuinS polnid infighring wnbin the 

govcmftcnt .nd !E likcly Gtlclrn@ ofthos in poer b snaE it. R.fom potici.s ol 

cdb*lEe had c@ung.d 'nuy la&R in ft/.n ro critiois uE lotc or 0E Sovi.t UnioD 

in ddcrior.rion oa Soulh yclM rirulion. Dy t9ss, thcE had bcen lntisNicrs stoges 

ad wen &noErmliotu. Th. di!@lenr wi$ rhe USSR, tostedj by fiicdon olcr swe 

orlhc issa nlt be of gMrcr signifi@. 

Thll lherc ecrc tunE wiftil lhe lJDl{y golehhcnt wtD {rc wilting lo cnlision 

CBrcr disr@ b.{En ltE pDRy &d dE USSR @!td be dcduqi fM rtE dbtic 

dcfcns ofdc bil.te6t .ct.tioNhip rhat em€ natc fctl ro be nqsery. Horevcr. unlr 

tlx sond h,ll ol t98os, USSR @nlinusl ro provrde L€hlirs to lhe I,DRY lhrl o$eB 

rcrc eitlEr wblc d @wi ing b .epte, od aI,rB, willins to bsr, ewn |hb&[ 

sdsin8l'.. c.ruin @mic sr io mrin6n ,Li pos'trm. rh. pDRy s"*@G"r *;" 

in ! el.tiwly wrlk positiq vis-d-vis the USSR dE lo irs even gM&r iteD.nd.me on 

Mlew .nd inr€@t inslbitity.

Ncv.!tlFl6, Ad.n rricd 10 lep its dor op€d for tl'. eviets b6r1!. th.e a$ no 

otlEr viablc alrcdrit. ar hdd ro *hich borli dntli* could lum. TIE YSI' l€&a wrc 

orctul lo @ind Mo$ow th{l pany sudival ss @ssary il th€ USSR wbhcd to 

moin|sin ns piailaon nr fi. Egao!. Ad€n a lorclly &Fndcnl on tlE USSR aor artu on 

ffiioEry r.m lh@llt impori.nr E Mosfs iftplicil el|amle of suily fq 

th. Ad@ gov€mmoq wnich lcd 10 bdrn@ of g)wr rith the PDRY'S bi88€r neiglbo.s, 

Sludi Arall .nd rhe YAR. ll 6 still imporbnt tor thc Ad€n sovernmcot lo rclam thc 

l€gjlitrEy lhd flo*ql ftum .pp.@.| by ltE USS& olhd Ear Bl@ ou ri€s, .!!d 

Th. USSR ilslf, ho*ew, b@nc Ery Etl ed muld nol fullil tll ilt obligttioN !o 

hi. rtlie By (E cnd of 19805" diw&E tw rhreuglolt lh€ soi.l €nPirc 6 najorily 

of Mos@wt alli6 hd lmlkd sgliBt thc si.lisn ed $uslll indepcndc@ FiMlly, 

rhc USSR oll.p6.d.r!d disinlcrBld inb tuy srBll 3r.16 Il pEfsrd to wilM6* 

irs.lf ton rle 6t ofine Thnd wdld s l|Iaaa a sM a possiblc. To cri iis e8jo.l 

ifl.l inlemlao l ielarion, South Ymi ogi'ne t@t @l sl€Dc Io improve ils rcladons 

ti$ Nonh Yc'n.n. Alld llE.oll.p6. oa lDvieL Union, No h_Sooth Yencni didogw 

s!.rgdEn d.td kd lo Mific.lion of thc ls plrls of YcnMan 1990. 

r. Aden Relations with the Regional Arab Strates: 

. Soulh-Nonh Yemeni RclationshiD 

By lhe indep€ndenc ot South Ytftn in 196?, lne YAR 6 busy in Iighline lgiiNt 

rh. rutali$ forc6, $tich wc seilled in 0F S.'di lsnd. Thoughorl nNh of l96E lh. 

rwo rcgim6 in Ycnb ff.d ttry m@h it slcp s ficn t'@L,Fd gomicnb 

slrugd.d for suryivd dd $cn for6 eorrcd ii .oll.bo6lion. Sourh Ycnen suppor!.d 

t YAR esinc hiljbily in ils wr *ilh $c ntralitb rhc YAR s dnry de parli.ipllcd 

itr f.w of ttc PRaY'3 mililly iishtins .elisr dmigtts a{rc b.*

Ho*vc., Elariotr' bcgd to eo. tn Msc! dEr. B a ctrsh in a NonI ydeni ciry 

lhc rcgular loe3 and tu eilrer'E bn_*ing group Urich ws lrying !o gct odml ot! 

lhipndt ol .mr *nr by 6c Sorler Uni6 ro Ad., b4 bese of list rins .||M8 NlF 

lacl'ons,0* ship divcrlrd lo Nul[ ycm.n..nero @e st.o.s supilions 1h.t Ads 

gorhEot E invotvld in incilenr. A3 rhe Edt of Nt.s ndicat Flici6 a 0ood of 

efue6 from rhc Sou{r [.d roM.d Norrh y€.lh h Aug6t of dE sarc ,ry, South.m 

scunry chief .nd 200 ot his G[ow dctccbd and r@[ rctug! in Nonh yemetr Sea 

.llhmilie r.tr6.d lo h.!d dm b.d rq qgde in Add. Aden w wEiqj .t {E 

aine cnlion berwn thc yAR s.d Srudi A6bic od rh. ircrasing sr€n8rh of 

_@dDmry clchenG,, in s!@. 

Early in 1969 rhe sptir (Im o i o ttE op€tr NI brcx@ coup lnempr agaimr rhe 

8i,r€tuMl of Ceftd Anri Ld by CotoEt Abdllt.h Abdot_R qib. tad of sFcul 

coftdfrro uniL Tlft .vqr w dE sigmt for a slu+ Mr of lodi which Ad€n b.d 

by demuncins rhe h ris ot pnq,b a i q,re !,med d .xremint,is ;h 

reFrbli@ €lem€n& llE yAR MU*d Ad$ of ..hor6te nBsE,and of beins stely 

rBpooible lbr lhe lhiturc ro rchi.v. uniry, for some dats lhcs potemics @nlanued s 

Akn dalio&d by Bqing rhc yAR or lrying b inantatc ,!s. s,tn S.udj Ar.!i. b 

tu'lg n.rdi* q irs bchotf TIr oisi!, horcv*, I€mpodry &fqed .n* Egyp{ien 

Widto a hontn 0E ed of words sbncd ,e!in. Thc rcgime ol.S6e drcunc.d iG 

d6iB ro cst btisl r Narimt cobfcEE, ehich wld ancl!

ln Scpr.mbq t[.lN pBi&nt! rEl d Nar's fuicdl trlEr Qrdsfi us.d rlm b 

end llF. fMrn eldions. lJ!I. *illr thc.nd olcivil wor ii l9?0 lhc how oflhe Y ll 

inb lnc S!'di odJir.nd i@in8 deporbe by llE Soulh d USSR pll dE d.cnid 

mrting ofboth sl!l6 in liEign nrn&. Ar th! cnd ofNovumb€r 1970 rh€rc ws a sharp 

dct rionriotr in al.rios. The eov.mmcnt! vhich tomcd in bod Nonn ed Soulh 94 

loltlly cxftnb|. wnh dirlcEnl idqtosioal diddn,ns At thc cnd ol l;.b@ry lr72 a nu* 

disis me b.l*en the rw YncN. Ad€n sDnoDed ll8t an invdnlg lod mared by 

An.ritu ituitucr'rs had bc.n bacn b6cl @ th. hor&r wnn Nonh Yeren. llowE, n 

M the South.rn Y€neni refueces who gpl dms lion Saudi govcrnm.nl to laurch 

stin'r€d ar&ks lgliNr rh. PDRY llonB de mnh.m !.d 6len bor.hB 

Cd*qcntly, Dilit ry Lnsion *cllor€d on $e boder t4 belst.n $€ rBo p6r15 or 

Y.nm. Th. YAR clo6.d ir3 fmlid !d bonned PDRY .irchn fom sins ia .ir spqa 

a! r.latioro ntidly delqiodted On Slpl.mb.r 26. th€ ftst inteFYcmcni Mr bruke out 

Milit .y @nlioilrtoN videdd *iIh Southem Yseni .lhcking hod.r 3|s ai.b 

Losle &d Kuwil urgenlly n.dided dd. cc*fire ws Dark in OclotEr' Tcn d.ys 

llld thc te ltim. Minis!.B rcl in C.no dd asrc€d thd lh€y lould oniL lo lom d 

singlc uifi.d &mEdic rcF$lic l h. pcidcnls of bolh F s ol YcrM Dct in triF,li 

whcrc dEy sigNd lic &l of unioh. Ndtni.l.$, @lalions b€INcn Gc two Egmcs 

dd.rioE&d sfl.. nudcnig of fdos Nodhcm Yencni ShailJs by Plling expldite 

mi*s in a Ient lh.y wrc holdins meting in it. S.@ dusel A

h 1974, ttahdi visitod Adcn lo q ro hetp his counErprt tuod Ali lo mmvc 

tlr.tron! $ith rhc mdc en$rvadv. sria|4, of tlE t,cniNuta. d.n suppod.d ii enFigh 

lgainst $cronJl.tu rib6. A Joinr .t€tcgrion hat€d by o Mioirrs f@ @h @ury 

lou.d thc Cul[ Eic,lrin8 th.i. difficutri.5 @r oit Fie Dd srhg for {id. t, Meh 

1976 rhq oll.bodcd in.n arllhpt lo t@ LtE R.d Sq 

Ruh.i5Fm{EdErre.hysin 

"* "r,", *"r*#;-i:m;:HH 

th€ r*! peid€n& (JntonuMEty, 

H&|di ,rur&Ed jn cblob.r j977, $4i.h led b ncw 

&Be b.redr ltE lN y.nEri ores, Sqrh ycnhi 

| llre*lv 6d@n d 

r&ndi.! nud.r snd dueleftd r 

Rcl.tio$ d.rcrionLd quio y !, rcw t,eide h Su@ rcwrsc uE poliois ot. t,ig 

F€d4.er bt r*tio8 u @mhod.rion witr dE duEm ribB stit rcFt$cd 

opponcnb and $. Botr oaAbdlt Atim .gsiNl rtrc rcw F6rdenr, Ahhed at.Chshmi. 

fmnts b.gm A&n $ppo.r.d UF mdn€n oprooro 

m N!0oel D(n@Etc t-rdl shGh b.gd Ckrrls *a, .ga,6t Seu. lloh.r, h 

J@ 1978, chstbi sB hud*d by . bonb btng $n lrch Adeo. Thc yAR 

sorchndl phning Oc goitr upon rh. ouftoni.s in Ad.n a.d tbrmaly botc otT 

dipJoruic rehtoB wilh dE I,DRY. lJy tj€ptenb., Uq€ rc rJtnGr d.ity bqd* 

i]lY:t_'" *"n ***"nr cn@Mscd rebcrs a8Aim r€ orhci pmpasanda lsr 

'iiesitcd S.@ dGqihcd rtE Esime of Add s .tE6r criqE !d d6pori. 

@nrpidlod.t ..8.ng of qinE ad rq$n, rr*hery lo Cod rd ho,!ctand,, white A.t n 

d€sibcd $@ llribe .! i riNim y sgol Id feisr 

P@tic.lly Aden @ dloftd b Oe NDf lo buatd miiiraly Gmp d ,E tld |.d llmh 

nih.ry oF.tiN ag.id tne gol@I@t of S4.. Thc .vcnr. lr(r lo orficial Mr 

[d@n hc urios ol dr two ou,tri$ in I 

jo0ruy 1979 Solukrn !t,y Eaty op{od 

lh@ bor&r disrricrs in ttE Nonft lncr I cri6 ot wI ptln,Dd arllct! Olhc. nb 

outris r@ Dtcrce4 ! eetiB ss imged lnd in nE (s pBidcar 

ncr 

ri (Mn erEe ftey d.cided ,o BiEt uoiry dirtos@ ^,t.Eh DqlM $c rw p.ns. t. a 

t&riel nov. !o $rc hi, rdB S.teh .gred |o hotd m 

onreddi'rose e'd, NDFrnds*;;",*.;;;#;: ;lH;:""

Howva, bo$ Ee@6 show.d rBI (Mnibnat to shar 0Ey nid .gred lpon in 

KlMir. Ooicial d.l€g.doc of hid l.wl vkicd @h otlEt's .apihls to .nhr&e ftd@l 

cooFi.lim h.lEn dE lm 6ulri.s, panaculely, it th. .ulluEl .td irfmdioo 

3pnG. S@.flq Lling grEr, soul|l Ycn ni Pr*idcr Ali Nog visilcd s.4lwi@ 

i! tbe fid |rlf of 1980. DDng hb visit lh@ a u .ffl.nerr ro sr, up . lo'nt 

c.mp.ny b deal wilh tuvd lnd louish. 

Ne. w ltrongly co(hriBlic tor lhc unity of bolh Ycm.B. A3 a BUll, joint 

@mFdc! @ i! disr.E ir l9E I ind dm w€ dieNid fo. joinl Scologidl .rd 

*at4 sureys Altlroudr of mulEl doubB, NNqs rclarion vith s.l.h skengthcB 

quictly duiig 1982 lo 1986. SgM slpFrt d N@r duing his @nflicr wnh his 

oppo@its i$id. tlF YSP, ln 1986 Nos I nilibnly ouled an€t blmdy civil wr, in 

*hicn NdU Yem.n msin d ftuli!|. H@8. S€@ o9€n€d it3 door ro N'9 .nd his 

lollowG rno e$rped fr@ ad@ .ner fici. &fal lhe r€i.lio'E bel$en Ssa ed 

Ad.f, leorin€d rumt dcspil€ N!g's ousring Thc civ,t ws *6 db!&red soutlt 

Ycnq! in6.sude t td @lened ib @n@x rb.rcfoF, slM 6 not .6!id fM 

ftc @munist.lic in ad.n {d tricd lo Ndirt b.twn th. wdnng f@lions io t€!!oE 

in dt rcsion Wi$ $c @llo!.. ofsovicl Usion.l $c cd ot l98G bo|li Ycl|6 

lae 

d..laEdrhcnuilyadlineLsiqt .ftry€din |990 

o Aden-Riyadh Relations 

Riy.d! cla1i6 *rrh rh. Ntliodl LibrBlid !_Ml (NLF) eec ml s@d eva befo@ 

lh. indeptdd.M ol Sdth Yemn in Nownbq 30, 1967 b@ul. tlE Frott p€fcii'd ro 

follry drroElit id@lo8y. Frot's .ce$id lo po*er ift@!.d qidlr lh. teniion 

'n 

lh. r.l.tioB ot lhe ls! @ulris 3nd l€d lo wd 3it@rio.. I'olilical ud id'ologisl 

di@|,'!@ ofl,h. w rcgisc in Ada l.d !o @Illil wirh Sau.t AEbi. l rE w i'8'me 

in Ad€tr vs tun Oe dlel io thc lcll of N$scris, tho naitr cnemv of lhe conervDlivr 

Doli.t of t[. Wsltlubi& Lingdm. A

Adcn msid.rcd tb.i dl lh. ABb Cutf cmna|d wih lhc esprjoo of Kuv.i! wi. 

'tranioN of inFri:liq', .d did dt Ecogni* .ny of rhs 5ll|6 .nd bcti4cd ir B 

iB duty to 0ghr lhcm. NLf\ tbr€j8n polio, gNe priori, r. lh. EhriN wi{r fte sidtist 

bl@ @urri6 (tunly Chin dd dr USSR) *l,itc Ssudi Arrbia diironEd Fivit.g.d 

Li6 with th. Unird Sr.r.r .nd Mr opp$cd ro oy cxLNion ot $c Sovid Dr.sne in lhc 

T|n @nflid b!r!{q dE tm cMtrics flilte. ag8ovared .trer (h. sd*im ro @w.- 

h A&4olthe NLF 3 bn sng,n J!re t969 tn order b tigh(theAd- rcUi.e. S.ud; 

AEbi. $ugh fid rl'G $pFrt of So,rh yelMi poliid €iu€a wno \@ Fni.utrty 

nunerous and umc rron ! !.riery ofAtnid bet8.ouftlc. tite sutrDs oflltc F.dehron 

ofsoulh AEb,. {d reobers of Sod} Arbi& lagE But lrE@ *c,]e .!m4 rhch 

dE led.G orFLoSy,.nd d,sd.nc oon $e NLF As of 1970, ,lE *,ks hld D;,id€d 

*i& dio sLlioo. rte Voic. of FE SolO y@o (vhi.h a()@rt, bcto4.d r., 0F Norrt 

Y@di royalbl3) b@ttccrine tion Sludi border tedtory wln Sourh ycnen ed a 

lton 1963, lt c|Idrt of lbe lbtttiot dil6 ,o dlrlhrow rlE AdcD cSirc sw 

.omcn|hl!}d on thc .rnyt st ich includo, tuntoh t.on m.lor mDcs r solth yscb. 

Bot! ui.d b vn o@r rh. mrbiEd.is loy.t6 by dilI€c nBE tn lhc sE pdio4 

fm Jlic lo Aug6r 1ft8. Iigndng idk pta.e on p bord€u. l *N rcsmed in Ocrobei 

tlr@gho{l NoE nbcr.€dn r Oe 4tn e@cnoEle, in Je@r, re,69 m lne Nonl y@mi 

border !d in MaEh on $e S.udi bordlr Thc mcr inrortad blde t@k pt.cc nr 

NMnrh.r, ot Ihc fr@titr posr of Wldia\ wi& dE FrticiDori@ of $c s.uii my.rd 

Number of F,titiot cxit6, foreat ibetf inro an .Ardy or DcrrvRree-, shiRe{ $cn 

oqi*dv. fim lhc o6r[w of lhc E8rnq ro dE dist]mb.lerr of Sourl yd.n, 

throqh 0E s@ssioi ot sme dbricrs tit. io corulitule .n indepen&nr srlre. ,l tE eutr 

of sh dim€Dbcftdt Mr ,o &FiE South yenn oI! potenholy oit_nth .r. .! ro 

cut oltfghteB of PFLOAC f,on rheir Bsulrd b.56 lmrcd rb yeDcni ErnN

Sonc .xih. bclieviig llat $. lla&dou( B !n irftgral p6n ot thc Wohhabite 

ringdrm ondl tlE yd 1819, h.d thcn qvisS.d linking rlr rw sl, e to Saldi db4 

whicb Muld thus hale &6 to rhe bdian Oc@. From Octobcr l9?0 untl Junc 1972 

lheAnnyof rNiw€@ nE@sl 'r5 au.cks on th$ disl.icls on la.b@ry 1971,A{ic. 

amutu d ltar LIE tr@p8 @npGed old cstimared 700 rcn h.d crsscd rh€ fronlier 

frcm Srdi Anbia, but mrc lEuhly Eprh.n by th€ @gul.r amy of&uft Y.mn. Sr@ 

$al dL rc larSqsle op.6ris wa lauclcd fron S.ud, lednory Bu rhc Adcn'3 

opponcnts iftr@d $en imciohs wirh !E dn oa p€vating oil €xploErion *dks 

*nich scrc b€ing u{kdrr.n by tlE Algqirn comF y. 

N.Bori.ri6 bclv*n th€ lm c@!i6 @ntinu.d for er ! yd in sE! On lolh 

Md.h 1976,6joint S.ldisulh Ycmcn @nmu.iquJ lnnouned lhd lho two courlr$ 

hrd d@id.d lo 6lnblisn "mm.l rchtioN on llE b.sis ol rdlernnt, sdtl rciBhborlircs 

ad rcn-inr€rLen* h $eir Espcctiv€ int€rMl slltu h ordd lo ensur. s4qrly &d 

g$ility in tne A6bis porimda lrd srs the iniele3ls of llE Arab Dlioa fsr lim 

fueisr interf.an@' Th. lm sides .le lg'wl to rale all neslr6 oP6ble of endrnS 

llE diliixc|uA tlrsch rlp'n ed to .oocrute in ccoooui. .' culludl 16 d t.ll a 

in olhd !@ in . My lo FomoL lh€ p|o3p€nly .!d pogFs! of bol[ lhc mljo6 

Acording lo Sistli foreign nhistcr, the nomlli$lion inilialivc hld otiginatd lom his 

cMry. Saudi dcl.e.don lFd visid A&n sr.ily in F€bn$v | 976 

No itrdidion lEd ben Siwd s lo tle @ncnts of rlr tg@rent (mlud.d ba*n 

1!. lw @u ri€s. Bu! South Y€n.ni fociSn rinisler confincd hnnell lo sLtitrg lh.l lhc 

4i6rnt 6 . viciory for borh S.!di !d Ycneni p@d6 snd sn.d "rn inlcBB of 

$e Arllid neni.suta and th€ Adb mlion". tu t p.d ofrhe agre.menl on Nddbc. 19' 

19?6, $c Sutln of Otur rdelql lh.l SdA Y€nsn nld pronied Saudi Aobia to 

c€e iE ad b $E Podc s Fonl 

'ir Libqation ol O'n!n (P|_LO) Mo({vcr, on MTch 

24, t977, the Sudanw tuld of st le llmutql th.t th. diller.@s belwsn Ad$ &d 

Mugl h.d fuully ben Fnled. Ilut Ad€n and Musl did nor 6|abli5h diPl(mla 

Ebtions @n. Horever, rhe og€.tnonl wnh srudi ABbis did nol en ro dlect sou$ 

Y€|M's relalioN w n dt si.lbt @ulri6.

C@penlioi b.twn !d6 aftl ruyadh dcvclotcd, pqnicdlrly 0F Mnomjc fietd 

Olr m@rt follwiry 'n 

l|. l0 M4h.gEm4 d liFtint B cslrbli5lEd bclw Sodlr 

Ycdd arkl Sau.li Aobi{ ln AFit t977, Souln ycftcn Ms adnitl€d !o l[e bhoic 

DewloFndr &nt (oE.lcd ah AlgNl t9?4) hcdqunqqt h J€dd.n. OF morlh tar.i 

tollowiig lts l!t@* by dr Souln y€mnis of BritLt pcrrot.u,! Aden oil rctery 

(Mry l, 1977). s6!di AEbi. snderioot lo suppty ro rhk ooudry d. nilion bc of 

d!& oil uuuy. An.r rh. Mmtiz{d of S.udi,Sourh yetu ELrioB, rtE r@ 

@unaEs lptoinrd lnb€jsdors ro @h othci! epilltq Soultr y.ncn in Felru.ry lrd 

S.udi Ar.bi. in Aprit. Mtrrd vbib b, highrodld omcilb @dnucd lhtuugholt I9r, 

It6idcnr Rub.i mnt b S.udi kti. i. Augurr, @rting the fil'l visil bt o Sourh 

Y.Mi L.dcr io (d @wlrt_ A joirr cm@iqu6 .@!m.d OE ts @urri!, 

'ncnilon b mrl 3iadity to sfegurd pqc. in lhc Red Se Egion. fe frenl 

'ncrndion l @nnicc", Ru!.i dd.d U6r deir fdnEr disgt!t@|! n|

Tt! GldioN wrc dirlurb..l .n r dF arNinIioi of bo$ Nonh Ym.i PGidcnt 

Gtuhni and Southcn Rub6i Ali by .xtlnc Ln-*ing i. thc NLF, b.crs $. l@ 

p.6id.trtt.pFEd 10 b. &udi dli.s Sludi Arlbit suppor&d Ndrh Yftni po6ilid 

r .tt ftled nEting ofth. An! lagE C@ncil, which }6 ftotn diplm.li. Eldi@ 

wnh r'd.n Md inposrd dolMic sftliN.a.ist n. On luly 2, 1978 dE S.udr 

infofirtiu hiiist r wnrll a€.iBl cmnoi$q shich a drdtrpled to alin d 

l, .dditio., Eporls ncdioDed lh.t Riyadh reaus.d to .Give South Yem€ni FoEen 

Minbter. ln July ?, rh€ hrcr eu5.d S&di ABbis ot mass€d rrmps on dF SdUl 

Y.|Mi bor&r. hrr his @ury *ould Lte rc $iion lilclt ro in!\* tlE i.Nim ln lbc 

sMe montJ! ew Soulh Yc|]Mi PGi&nt rcv.d€d dnt $e @nentrdtions of Srudi 

lr@16 h.d b.gd by thc ol of 19?? aDd s.!di Anbi. h.d FpcEd its tftining .dp. 

fd loulh Y.nMa oppolition fot@s, do*d 3ine fie nomalisalion of @lalions in 1976 

Tdior b.rGn the two rcishbo6 did ml s!b6id.d siil th. Btglhdtl Anb suml 

!E dng in No!@bq l9?8, tl wnich Sooth Y.E PBi&nl m.t win S.udi C.oM 

Sho.tly a0cMdi on Dscmbq I l, PEsidcnt Ns$r r$€ircd a n.segc fom King 

Kndid .t)lEfiing blalcol chti6 Otr FcbM.y 1979. Soulh Yd.ni Forcisn MinisGr 

knt 10 tuyldi !o bcel ht oppcit! {d in thc odwhile'YSP had published d tticl€ 

quing fd lh. mmdt tion ofGt.lioN b.$@n 0E two sbres Auq M ftc d.v of Oe 

visiq M brclrc out t tcn Oc tw Yett.d in *hich Ad€n qui.ftlv cti..d 

|he upFr 

h.n4 Sludi tu bia d€clsrcd rhll th€$ ewnrs lbrslcn d its *cltitv lnd slrbilitv ud 

tl@ ofrll oE @unrri6 ofllF aEbntr P6ic!lt" dxi wnql of'lhc dsl ofdc onnicl 

sFqding". Mc.nwhil., s.!di lmy M mobili*d ddpiti Rivadh't pdnicipodon in 

n.didion 6lIons Bder tu eds of th. At.b Lague. TNi@ dd65ed following ihc 

LaSe's inn @lion md rhe nezing of tie situlion in Nonn Y.neo Nevcdn ls, tlt 

fudlnM6l oolili€l dilr.tE|B bdsd S.!di Adbia and Soulh Y.md *.8 

illGlnled oM rsein by {En dimci.iolly ot4cing 6.li@ lo lhc Sovia inh|6non 

jn fgle slan Dc@nb.r t979, violent a'ui.nn tion by Ritadh ond supNrl bv Aden.

ay d! bcgiinine of t980s5 U. ctarions ofrhe r*! @ua1ri6 r.tuNd to mrhdiry, rhc 

rEw s@th Yeh.ni tr@iCn MidrEr, Si.tih S.lit Mdmmd visie{ &!di Anbi. @ 

M.rch 1980 .nd h.td oBrfucrik Ltts. The joinr conmmiqw ca[.d fo. n 

srdwhening of ehdoB bdlq ln€ lw Mlri.s ed rm,n€d $. @$iry of 

cnMng th. politi€l lr.biiiry.rd souity of $. !a.iB of rlE pai@t ", On 3 | Macll 

Saudi CbM Pnn@ oEroumed lhlr [,ng Kh.td had mt cd Soulh ycmn! DrBkknr 

|.rdl lolse b Rrt dh Tb. ql d.y. rh. Sqjn yc'Hi F6i.bnt -Uod fd:@n l 

@xi!idr.e" wi$ Saudi Anbi. liorewr, Ati N.er r.nov.d l.rut rM Fowr or 2t 

AFil, thdcforq RiFdl' @tqDcd Oh cLr*c jnE ft. B Mc ||eribtc rt ! tsDit_ 

Nrs w, snr Envo$ io *t.6t 6b cMki6 iNtuding S.!di AEbir Rivrdt! 

&opp.d 't! iBAEe lh 8y rgprodrcrE n b. FE!.ied by . Mtujialim of Etdi6 

oeIlq Sodn Ye|M .nd 6w. Ner visir.d S.u

TFIE REFEPJNCES 

Robio Bidw€ll, rl€ firo )'€meru, t ngnun Croup and W€stview Press, 

Colorsdo USA, 1983, P: 196 

e@tge Lemzo\',tski, TIE Middle East n Wo d A"fans, Com.ll Uni'vetisry 

Press, New York& t idoi! Third Edilion, 1980, P: 628. 

Frcd H'Jii'dfJ, Arabia lvitholr Julanr, Penguin Books LTD, Engltn4 l9?4, 

P:104. 

Roben W. Slooky, y€,rerj n e Politics olthe yemen Arub Republtc, 

w€slview Pr€ss, USA, 1978, P: 24041. 

Ibi4 P:243. 

Fred Haliday, Op. CiL P: 12l. 

Robert D. Burowes. Op. cir., P:498. 

B.R. Pridhan! Con€nlrordry Yenen: Poliaics atd Hst$ical BackSroutd, 

Centu hr Anb CuU studier, Uriversily of Exeter, Cmom H€tIn, l,ondo'r, 

1984,P:92. 

Robert D. Bunow.s, ,r.rrdl ional JowMl of Mi& e East 'stkt.x, USA, 

199I, P:497. 

Robin Biduell, Op. Cn., P:264. 

David Mcclinoclq CorPnporury Middle East: Coee unents atul Politics, 

P.172. 

Robitr BidNll, Op. Cn., I': 27(,. 

B.R. Pridhanr Op. Cit., P: 92-3. 

Robin Bidw.ll, Op. Cit., P:321.

Ibi4 P:334, 

B. R. P.idhm, Op. Ci!, n t2S 

ctagc tqEolw*i Op- Ci\ e 5{9 

lbil, P: 6{$49 

Ibi4 P: 619 

S,efua^Pagp, Tlt griet Union /nr' te,|.,I', preg€r publilhets, Ncw 

Yorlq USA 1985, p: ?4 

Ibi4 P: 86 

Rob€! Bid!rclt op. Cit, ph 1116 

S.ph Pec, Op. Cn , p: 35 

bnl P: 40 

itJ ffH,,"r?l* * ar*ic.od potiti,s of Ddanr:,4r&n,{&rr, 

Ej€J'4,i.O't{y'|st(r, Tlt yeh Ln 4lrr|do., F.h.nd Frbcr Lioit!4 

ffi$p rpggoofdcMildt Esr Tre râ.t J0 yct6, 

r,udunsm. r,qdoo, lgEg

CHAPTER 

RD-UNTFICATION DECLARATION 

Rct.osPcct 

MAY 22, 1990 

H 8 

on 22nd,v,a,,eeo.,hc y.ft" ^.' -.f::l"jl:1",1:":::",,::'#':"H 

Repubnc o( Yaen (PDt(Yr cd"" ''::t*:"1::ll*" ,urJn r'J .trr i+ h\ ,ha 

ro rbdr rhc rtwbri' of Yend' *'"' "'i.:Y:::.1 ,u\ oi ycdcn, un,rid,'.n 

sud&n shill fDs i$Proting intctsYersni rdrnons ro uE I 

TIE lonal uific.liotr of tl* tm |sn of Yc$Etr ! sind' srak @nloulxl.d rMt 

'nro 

rlc dift-crcNs *pdrarn's rlN Lsocounrrid src too 

uri"'i. ***^, ** 

"""vud 

iJ". * t a 

'..", - rinN r* unNr or \''n'cni u r-x5tior *$ lrr $e 

"'t 

morclen{|!hlc*hcn$L'8!msllhchiioryo|1lrcrognnd| 

gdl rlE sn.rp odci ilitTeEM tcl*etr LIE ts IsrB 'r YcnE r $dr !r'll tro@ 

;llhoueh, dincullics lG ehsd anii fonrul dehrdrions Nust srill tlc folloled bv 

$hl.nli* ctsnBe, itogs e f'r hs ten rcMt{blc 1l€ Pftiql struc$t nN m 

plse stns rclaLivclv fiirtr''von il Ncerortric'Dd n$lLutidDl nNhlnisN rcedd lo 

bring sbout onp{c sifdlim lqt' vel ro bc luilt put ' o pl{e- Y.@r ha 

@nstilot{d ! singlc polilic.l entilv fo' svqrsl 'e ud$ b'lirrc lsldn Aner rhol tle 

rclion he.'E oft t'o'iNc ol (lE lslEnic Slltc Ncvcnhel6\' the idels of "thc Ycmcn-- 

(al-Yoan) dnd otb.trls Yco&ni wed ol'l orrcs lwld l'v lcrnctris drJ norYc!{tris 

diterne FntofAdd dd is hincrtand \wo @rtainlv *r$ 6 !6rl ol lhc YcnDd lhc 

porr lo$ kmwn i. Aobio literaruru {s lhecvcoflttYc'ncn'

SAUDI ARABIA 

n i .. ,rm.kh -6lar_m ^raii 

i' shlb'ir'osolnn 

- 

"r' riaa.tr "" * s abw" 'i' dah 

n.ii J..r Steydi rAl Bazn | -.r' rlan'ir 

''_ 

9"ri3n ;n*. 

'a' d; ',a, i.h.n Ms nb ic abwt' 

- 'at 

'"::::1:- '*"";i"^" 'r'"r lr E w ";; "';:'& 

#i[h" *,r"".ftitil*#" 

. :i,'s""r i,l,::;l' ;*#I'aiitfl; 

v\ryl'i#ffiffi;''"''"* 

ilu,enl.A'J-{* 

I \ A . tdFdfdbtrq-Ad.n 

..,,?" $-, ' ..utto{.t,t,n 

/qt "0t tt 

SOMALI A 

I 

*{1,r,* 

OMAN

't h. id.z oa YcnPn s unirv \'6 d€eC, Nl':d nr tu awedt ot {E |nprllr$n 'n 

horh $l!ls forql rcsFrtilc gov.imcnr lo ltlie lhi$ inlo acolnt li€ hisloD- of Y'neq 

$dich 6r be l'{ced bocl ovor l, u[ ts s6t.ntd r *'M ol com on ollludr 

heil!g., *n lhough n dld mt bnng sbll ldlitotid 'nd t]ol'liql uilv Ore' rhe 

e.iurics vuous large enpkcs cnEigcd silh chlneirrg liodic'$ itr tlE sulh Nd thc 

eurhw6l offte Adb Pe.insul.r: lh€n d.wloFnenl *dq dccrnrntd by poM sl'uBel€s 

.nd by @id to8lncnt liotr, *nich @hc{ frn vd}nA rribd {rl ruligio6 lmlirrions 

po*r 

Thc ditiding linc b€lwqn rhe teo now unit d srde vas diarn bJ, lnc 

'orcign 

shicl lud dotriFted Ye'nM itc Urc l9s entury. llN srrlish in adcn and lne 

O{rmais in rh.n s@nd tEuFlion ot Nnh cF.d |l' aoid rhe division or Yden and 

tlE YcnEni lxoPlo inlo (wo vcry difercrt polhies und tso dilloroN polniql cullu6, 

ech ri$ ils oM tal6, bclicf\ mlq6t3, ond pr.@up ions 

In the lrwntieti ..ntury, rno.€ovcr, the lrul of Yemrni triifi@rion Ms 

qpou$1j by Nunn Yhcn s rru ronS imamr mij. yna lhc t c4o\, by nosl 

Inatm '{lronrli-\r. nt both Y€rn tn lhc ftut hr! rtnnA ot th,! knrury. 

1ij:Lnl: iTlag ln,Jc ond r,ho, inBBrion bcr\c.n iti( bursc@rr Frl 

or.Bnurn s Ad€n (-oron) and lhe soulhenr pln oI Nonh y.nB; ]o;. 

rDo pru\'rcr h plnrcuh, ptu\ide! sub{ruclrtrc r! thr J rde! ot.unc 

,rcmn r.rl} jno!ftldl lhc hk c rhd rEq$nalv ,!rn(t bgclhcr Nrnh 

ycfttr.trrl suurh ycntrn. u at t6t Dsrur tb,N tlEht I r) 

Arlholsh lh. skossle ror liEdon in lloft plns ecNed b hurr, in ft. l940s u.d taLr, 

ofeDc yehoi potiti@t @i^! |ns y R lnd ihe pDRy. boh ih ts62 av.l t967, 

cFxr'w[, eE Jsr,ncd lry choie &,t k(A,ty lu *!se rErr:lrul8th \eplntet, dn,t 

Drow u'wrsdr pohiut t€rhq .the a\dtr. quie rrprJt) ach(rqj. \B un,!iG,.btc 

,ortrrdt and q'L,€tu ic J,ffeHuard. Tnqr eruhed th( turIn dn ilt

Cotrfodded f@n' thc slsrt by the bld Ul t*twn sblc lnd mlio., tslatons 

belN*n rh. Yenss swutrg witdly herven @nuicl, even war, at th. orc 

eiite'nc, &d agEehcnls fo.leneri uiifilariu[ d llE oLlu l|dlql tl'e 

li0ec. r6R $ar aollowcd llle .Mlion of thc PDRY an 1967 @'||.'ned tre 

najor ti'rdcr rs, n, l9?2 .nd 1979, s *ell 6 rhc PI)RY-b@IL{ Nlriml 

Den(mric lior (NDlj) cbellior sgrinsl lhe YAR resne Borl' brder *ffi 

cndid oddly in lonDul F,lirim! iSr.ooE.ri to uiili and ilolail.d stla 

lousds llBi goal ln .a$ nls1an@, lhc bid lor uhilicrlion povtd to bc a 

disgui* qucllt slsl when it .qs{ lo h€ usful to !itl4. or tolh sid4 (2) 

Aslner6utr ofgovirg siNlisl Ddiuli^lion in rhc v'tth. roFalcdlt nc$ e.!csof 

cnriennts rovcd |o lhe nor1h. tdrtly becsusc of Saudi in ucDe, llt lribalislic dnd 

,sl.iic trdiliun tisl cndcNis thtc iftt.ed. This lcd lo a dd dri0ing apan of 

sietiB an (E frxlt and suth. R6p€liw EovcmoEds cM!6gdl optEitio. t(,@ 

in tlE oth€i roulry. Milillry chshs rcsunNd duine {E 1970s dd l9S0 s iemrina&d in 

.ach € lhmugh lhe ftdislion of lne Anb Ldsre. Thc l,r€r tricd b oork lolvsds I 

urifidrion of l|l. ls YmN. N€goliatioc wE held ard omnntNs 0nvnrg lhe 5r6t 

for uificlrid lonned !t lhc e.d ol l98l s. n|e m'stitution l omhntec alMdv 

p6enGd ! dsn.nisgitg llE eslablishned o{! p0rliomcntary denoorlcv for a un'led 

By 19s2, lno ka{te6hip of bolh cou rics cnl*d $ o nsDinslul dirlogue wh'eh 

usheed in r nw cra ol i ccv€mc.i rclnlons This en \rd\ distinguuhcd bv emphasis 

u|Dn pr&ricd, dirccle *orENic ad diopolnid srF to@il 8Ml$ @l'6hn 

atrl b, tlE clN p.mul tics tlat dcvcloPt blt*cn tlE lso P.ns lividene of tlt 

srcngth and lduc of rolationshiD c.trrc irr Jad@ry 1985 *hen llE l.id€6 ol Uoth 

@unlrt6 tLpFd in .nd promply dcfsd $ $ncd onfronurion dds lnr 

uvir!tu@tln bodcr owr oil licld rrst Nslv .lise€r.d B@N o|tlw prmntl 

links, n wd nNvitd,lc tlul intcFYeDoi rclulions s ncgrtirclv rlli:olL{ try $c bi@d 

bslh iNide $o ruling YSt'ir Adcn ol 1986 o onvulsion llul c.u$d $'ulh€o pas'd'nl 

u*t rho|sG of hn foltwcB to fl4 die PDRY dd hkt up Bidcm i. thc YAR' for 

r{o yec rllcr tha! the *w cgine in Adei aied to ssp ilslf th. legnnnizing 

rndorio olYe cni uniiiotiotr bul the YAR vos not I n h!ii,

M.in bade. lo tumli*d ietatiohs rcoairBt rhe uowiling,E$of{E l,DRy to slow 

cxli*i&nas lolto\r6 sho ocefled its nEsl, to .ctu,n. nor jus tr\ cnrrns hll lo 

Fmy, gornnncnt lnrt nitibry posirios, which p@vnMly €cupied A s{i6 risis 

dcv.loFd nr rolc Ie3? $lM ihc..nrhun,g hituD ot tho pDRy tsduFlip h {,tvc rhe 

rctug€ Fohlcns ftroug[ eorciliati@ onrbnEd *ifi |nc (-as"t of rnsioN n, rlE 

d'spotsl bordortlnd sepaEtin! rfi. rvo pa(r oii lietds nrid rupons $al Russiun and 

Arlcriu oil crdonlion tc.trrs weo @n.tuctils survlrs itr llr aM tor d! pDRy .d 

YAR, r6pccrirctt, lhr dispolc tot a un td rroe silh bo$ ymeB mNin! $.n 

torc6 in tls Rgnn Co@qwnrtr, a sormir ** herd lxltren thc ttrorule6ard signed 

mqor aarc.nN s t tre most disra!! o|lh.l lnD alilg lir icriv ing tnc sutj che ycmcni 

CruurEil anJ rhc o pr u fiqrion orsnN tlFr fia.l f!rcdo&j fDr nridrg8? to t986 

ecnG. ano$.r asrenenr povid.d ror tn! t@ molem€fll oI hm,tris b€tren llE rso 

IEns or YeDetr, aaceDcd llBl rvar lo bc nnptenctr(\j pornAly dftt b nrvotvcjoi 

bodcr F66 lnd 1l* Equarrc otonty. doDcslic dendy @d t.or !!ch lnvet. Fin ltv. 

lh.@ 16 the agErncnr thal slvcd rhc nm,qtiare codict orei ln. boft,e and tr c,tuj 

Inr dcmililarizing 8J0-squarc hit. neutfft TDnq o€rirrg u sun.) rrD rod€nrnrcurc re 

@ pEsty dnd dr0btjstrnrg jonlt oit ad ,nnEd aptomrion d a joi,n oil 

daclol'Ent ohFiy qerticllty tor rlrc nq. SubslqNr cyenrs rcveur.{ a F!(crn ol 

n$rcasc{t rrleFY.rrni €d,tkulion 

TIE nFd 16 of l€gnimr'arion dtn lhc dcartaie srltc ot he r@mny in borh pans of 

lnc coudry oEdc uhifi@rioi a Ktcone rcw.pptuct ir b{th S M ihd Adcn .t.tN 

8oknn.trl i! Adcn, rvtrict h.d pEviousty beo aue lo burlls it$ll.Urtuugn a tb$ertul 

rlnt 8nd rqrcasit. lppoarls, rapidtt bcgan to tatrc, l.hc Drnr,,n CtnlBt lnl t3stcnr 

lru()F and rhc rapid dhintugurion ot tjSSR Nirh khicr lhr rcgrrr in Adcr rvds 

r'luErorcrl r&onrgialty ud @onuD,calty 6 wcltrs h lhc licldsol nr9tut,hd cxlcirl 

suirr, .@lcELd the @{ate. In M&cl, dE Sr{j.{ ljnion ittuq,qt ib @r!ln,,s 

.Eainsl the uniotr of i|' tolg slNdi,g clilnr siulc uiur No h ycnrcn. crorEr€re solb lcrc 

lrlc lo\erd\ ftAing LhL ls o rllts Joint Bb, trcr {\sror\, cotrn, r$oh ser e u\lat 

Nnh i'epqring lnc unitiotion or $c omd ti,es .nd ot 0r int nEt suij

N.goli.rions lerc uho beld on 0E st ndardiario. of lhe findnce, eanods and otltr 

ponlolioo An sldishin8 &lision B 0E in'ftdill€ disslution ol ttu anr.n'nent sF 

.rd the clee of politiel Fie'neu v&ioB iN Ulioro B€ .leadt aFdsdlrcd in 

sp.nrg 1990, for uromple, th! ccnr.r bdnklr Fxbl snd c$toms $rvic6 and rcwe 

agcrciq. n $a ag@l thal both curceies should be valid al a fixcd crchaqe €lc an 

6p.ctir peft oflhe co$Lr. Cotrsad€dion qas giwn lo a sinslc.udcncy, bul ir hdd 

rctr.|be.n n .od!.d by tlrc cdorl99l ds lo non-cvaildbilhy ol trbrct (prnrlingof 

This chaprer crdDiring how und lrny ! unificalior ol YerM rvds dhieved !ll.r 

moc lhe 22 y6B of pdnnion. lhe po|nial divisioi oa Ycmen 6ne lu d qd d* lo 

nut ch48$ UDI tr'.r.e il likel, th. uiotr will cndr€ 

STEPS TOWARDS UNIFICATION 

LoB+r.n

Alier mid- 1980s lhee \ta t ohsngc h UG oveolls wrLirg. li lhu lsnorni! fijld, Soulh 

Ycnu dFnmoj r 4clinc in slp9t|n frm (hc sialisr qnnmuily ol sr,t s, 

Fu lmoe in 1986 bloody F,*.r s!rulgls wlr w4!Fd tluc b!l$@n lelions oa tlE 

sllle psny. $e lc0'IrsniD cades Nrc @nsidcFblc d€imaled. and th€ rnnei forcec 

Th. esle*d South Y.rEr !F lon!.r FNEd o exist!.lial thrt !u dE 

mnh, The .dnoriris in S.e, Nhich *e prim ly intGtcd in 

stFn3lh.ning @halast .uthoiiri.s. vierd nr sialisG cn&&l€r, which 

Inqsinsly hctsd l.gitimiadon ds to lhc d.vclopm.nt sithin ttE &sl 

A|@. 6. rslul €unt rbdre b lsLnric lrihqlisric ao6 in Nont Ycmcn 

onrl lhus d$ lo ljoodi Arrbi!! intlwE. Undcr ihs onditioni unatidlion 

*{s llven p.ionlr. (4) 

On Mly 4, 1989, tlE lad.E of bo$ YdEns sigql t six{di.le !gl!l#nt in S{u 

on lhe Fvital of polili@l disNion\ 6e.lion ol 6 joint int.stneni aca, ond 

tnprlveh.nt ot stdircd elations b€r\un llEn reo counl€c On rhe s.ft dov_ pDRy 

Prire Minisler rrl his mnn m turs lbn sig@j ! $6d .grmefl tir joinr mnt.ol 

ol nonh€h dd euth.h suril, ch€.kpoints on the tronlieB }emitlilg ionncrn aDd 

eullEm cnaans |o |E$ ihrough srch c lots Ning oDty an idcdity qrd,.nd: €ndnU 

Blticlions nnFEd by hrth goEEne.ls adhinisrElivc ma.hincry 

Beganring $ilh YAR FBid.nq Ali S!t.h, draMric visil lo Adcn tNor.mber 29_tO_ 

1989) ud lne aSNenenr M.nd rherc rhdt lhe yAR lnd pDRy ,hootd unity wnhin I 

'@, 

thd arBl}ation !d rlo€liE.ing of ltE rreeiou 22 yeu quicLt g!!e M} b rhe 

b€Eiir of$e Yenoi p@pti Hi(Gight m.k6 il F)sibt. to fix ADrit t8. t9E9.s th. 

starl of thd pr@.i tion rvnich lh€ unilql Rcpubtic ol y€tutr emerged l&,!.s tal€. 

on ll d!, nr Y R !d P|)RY tud€r sgnrt r, { rcvit.l ot.thc utrifiotior F@rs, nl 

.cd@ llsaoN h thc fronricr sft4 lnd ro c@r€ ! bufcr &rc 'fo unleBhnd ltE 

p|r6* oN mlds lo tE awar. ol $e viotenr swinsr ol lhe unrry ntnd0turn in rhc tso 

Frv'c

. EatU Unity EIIotE, Prc-IgEE 

'l-lE fi61 liw yu6 foltowing Soulh Yonetr\ indcFndena fmrD C@t l].rten on 

Nownber 30. 196? rere mdkcd by !n inili.l euphona tl unity pospell, Bd rh. 

poliriql dcwlognqli in rh. bolh sid.s cdLdl mey ol6tacl6 lor unilv dEl'ry4 The 

shilt ro fic len i. Ad.n and a righlMrd sting in Srtu lql to muLul Bciininalions $at 

eshrdl in Scptmh* l9?2 ido lid! of tw bor.rcr wac l lo*!\3r. llE li6t rtlor @nv 

inniariv. l.uFh.d in ()ctobd ol thol yw by lhc YAR qd PDRY Fnne nisl€6 in Cano 

under Aob L€asuc tupies lhc asdeneni aehd !l Caio wls cslablishoj joinl 

lehnEit Mnitle.s in . qriety ol fi.tds .nl 6lt€d for lhe prepaotion' Btificlrid dtl 

|p?ti€rion ot urity coNlitulior In tripoli tlF tollowinS ond d* lw hsd! of $arc 

3igncd a sud .Srenenl dcln@Ing the cn{ac|.r ol lh. tuw st.L and apfo,nln8 

wios Ehri€l 6n iu6. 

'fhe Fogress loMd uMy tus& in Cairu and Tripoli did rct €odinue in lho sdo' 

ptiscoflhc unly.ilod noft l9?3 ro l98l.ln l97.nd 197E,lh@ hdlsofsl.l€ lwo 

Nodh Yemeni md onc Soulh Y€metri trure a*nlolc

'fte eh lrod6cd, in !{rt b, lle c|I{r !s stElt ed on rcfiu,)-, D. 19S6 by the 

bloody sven$ in A&n in rhich tbur lclding opp.nents of prcsident Ati Nsir 

Muhantrud ael *w€t ds@.rls orheR ME titb( durnB LlR twoit, Ali Ndn 8xl 

mdy of his supporl4 flat ro rh. vAR Ati Nsar's trcs@ in S@ cr a p.I on 

rehraonr, .nd the liqu.tuy of nerinss ttF rs 3idd d*,.,&J By rhe 3prnrs or 1988, 

rlEc l* ETolr of .islB be{@n dlc y^k .rd pDRy .nni$ in 0s hrdq [aion. 

F.ilu€sudmodesr@iDlislnft sof deth@pet98sphlsorrlEeltirl@nb€ 

quicrl, .e{sql. !-iBt, sith.xcepdon oar teN bricttsiods ofcupnoda thcrc s,$ ro 

lave bc$ lirlle cotrvicft .n cidErsidc rtst unily aotd be rchidwd tddtogicat gulf 

b€tc, Ss@ .rd Ad.n 6 (@ *i& ro bidge. dx! by 0E t 98{rs. DBi&iB Srleh .rd 

Ali Nsk Munflrmld hr

In. fourlh phe ol lls Yan.ri unny ptt6s begr lvith h@ netings b{lR@n 

pr6a&nl Saleh ! l YSI' CcN(l S{cetary. N fi61in A0rit 16_18 t988 (hc $dd in 

4r M!t. h tt'c fid nNting,lhc lN lqls Prc@up.ton 

wnh l.NioN ldl llEor lo 

agrct 10 sriqs ol susu,cs nt $ililary disotrgucmu nr lhu hords u.a ar aell $ a 

elivsl of lnily die6sions. At dE scdrd nr€ering $ev ogEed lo cshuish a 2'20G 

squc trloftlg de$iliLrizd !@ forjonl invedncnl prujeL At. medns Dehen 

the nodem and eu(hem pritrr mnisc6 the enlc &v, ag@nNnt M rachod to 

ieplr* m tcm 6d suthcm tionti$ po{s wnh joint pdl\ d d wnhr' luo months 1o 

F.D 

t cities ro bcBin kavllnB &o$ tlE toNhr 6ing odt identifi€lion cs& 

ln.laedinB n$ntrr! bolh $. joint int6tmenr sM !|d borleFctsing inniaiv's 

EE implemenul Or NNnb.r 19,1933 4 pa6u|l joiol @nFnv $8 cMl!{ to 

prcnD|e inlstnc s in oil lnd mimml Nullinalonur "' 

fom€d ad ns b€gu prosFcting for oil in lhe joiil dca PI)RY interio' Ninisl€6 

sis,ql minuies of fteling in S.B $ai pul th. tsrder .rusins pc)elu6 inro dl@l llE 

following monl|r ner this @ord lv.nt nxo ctfet, lhousands of Soutn Ydenis qm 

nonh,Nonyoftie euBht $oil ir th. a l,lrolrvclv lr($lcruu 

YAll s'nonry 

t{ge nudrer of Nodn YutrMis many ol *hom lsd bcn edMled ard €mplovel 'n 

Aden b€fore the e!$ Yen€ni rcvolulion !l$ t$il€d th€ sout[ Norlhco oo*w'rs Nre 

quict( to poinl $at $c gotlm'refl i'r Sa@ b.relitcrt fron lh' 'norcmenl of pqrplc rn 

bolh di@lions Fo( Sollh Ychcni lisilo6 lo llD Norrh, al Nds clsr $ul lne YAR which 

u{il 1962 had lNcn lurscly shul dfl li! olhidc conrtuls d which consid€nxl on' of 

rhe urld's msl unddd*lolsl ouln.s, Md in lhe inlc n nadc ddMtrc Fo8's 

and {s now 'norc dcrclop€d tho Lhe PDRY h td cdt ix tdvclc6 io se 0a{ lrt 

ciies ofthe North had slrpssd Ad.n_oncc Neondor thnd busrlsr Prl in llB stld 

or enlcr of@n$Eaial @tivily. By lhe eN roks\ Nolth Yedeni vki(o6 b th' l'l)RY 

Gpaidly lhd who rceted lic days prior 10 llE l@lulion. reluhql home *ilh the 

imp@stion tbdr, shsleve trs liults thc YAR svsl€ had produed obv'ous p@glN 

vhera Ad€n-bn''(t ol M!*is'n had hNtmed the PRDY inirt !tr .

Th€ 30lh Novcrhbe. ag@he$ Fe$rib€d rlsl rl|c drali ot uniry cotrsliruio0. shelLd 

3'@ ds .omplaion in t.t t98t, mutd bc srbtuircd lo Erific{ion by ft. l€isl.tu.rs of 

lhe rso Y.Deos snd thcn b pop{te ctbrddun wi$in te 3uc6jv. 3ix month 

Friods,Ity $€ c,rl or Nowmbcr t990. tattE ftN anstnltnm w.R {t mvc{ hy 1he 

3leps-${knc, rhcn rlE ,,Repqblic or yoML' M lo b€ pr@lsinet, he ew 

@trdituid d4ld.d ir fdcc .rd a resit@t gomme Graltirhcd ir fi. epiril 

Ssna This lseunenl w b Emlin in pl@ or! unrit @ly etarioE aor 4 .lt- 

YenM l.8ishture, wltch butd then *k {s pr6jd. and lore !9pred of! egd., 

Sorernh.nl while ri* rgEetrEnk produed a o.jor Ed@tion itr leNion nEny in thc 

Nqrh Y.nd llmir.d dedt sriciou of the pDRy t..t!Gnip. M6y s4n.d mc 

intcr$led to sft Ali N$ir Muhannad r€rqn to oflice ar Aden rhao in trrinS to M.[ 

wnh hirstwlslorchicw uily. 

Pr@cup.ri6 wnh dV djo dnniiish.d s rhe yAR led€Glip ruh.d it dr€aid lo 

rhe Anb C@p.roron Courcjl (ACC) ! !r{,!oing fonned In rare r9s8 @mFscd dfthc 

YAR fu/pq Jord& add lnC. yAR 

oflici.ts p,inrqly btctqt lhe Fdpect of the pDl{ y 

.torning thc ACC on rh. grolnd tnar its Madisr econonjc sysrcm w In@nForible wnh 

lh! 6domi6 of rh. odEr @nb.R. Ccnenlly sF.tii& ycmcni unr B mt a high 

pnonryrhsa@inth€t(crpadof tg88andarty t9E9 

Somc dim.dd6 !l@ snd sppe3ed ro be th@teGrl rhe diatoguc pcss. For 

in51an., @nlin'ed f.itlE of 0E pDRy !o € rh. rcuge Fi,6km ft@gh 

'sncila.rion onbin€d wnh l*edt (ensiore atong rhe bontor repusting rh. yAR,s oil 

liclds loh oir li€bs roud *n noE @mly b, rl* Russi& h thc pDRy.s. Amid 

rclDrls rh|t rivnl oit cxptoorion Gsns erc sod€yi|g lhe dbpulcd bordstau.t tir lhc 

PDRY End $e YAR, 6c diritrG bot a |m tir lh€ q(E r h bodr y.rl@ rNin! 

lmed foEe in rlE @,n Msrch te88 h md-Ap,rt, a lunmr, m*,rng $6 he; 

!ct@n PBidenl S.leh and dE rcw qr.rsry+a.6t oa rhe ysp, Ari Satim .t_B,rdh. 

On 4 M!y, a8€r sond sumni! ihe tk tqde6 sigftd mljor tnteFycmcni aBrcch.nts

'th. 16r. Ag@m€ L ke rcelwd $. prcsiins @n0ict ov€r thc bod.nard ll elkd 

for d.miliLrielion of "ftulel &re" bet*en Manb dd ShlbM d lor qation ol 

joint oil dplodlid .nd dcv.lopftnt @orey speit€U) lir rh. arc. Anorh.r 

agtrme t@id.d fo! Oe fe mokmenl of Ymenis MREn th. No paft. joinl 

bq&r po6c, and the requnchent ol only do'n sric identity ca.di to cros li€ boder in 

. s dnetd. Finllly, lhcrc we rhc agGndr |h.r €lLd aor rcviling ihc joinl 

iislirldon pcviouly ideftilist wilfi the @iliqtion p@s, selling a ncv dn r.ble lir 

lnc d6n @ily @nstitudon lnd foding a joiil @Dniltl* for idcnlifi€d lDhiql 

orgdnlation. Depitc d* aBrcc'nenG, th€ (ru Yeneis usl llN srcpn'g rhelo.ic ol, 

.nd s.ll slepo losrd. uniliqlion lo @ounlge m .xeeie ir cnsis tunosen.nr ed 

prcbl.o solving in inl.FYem.n ElatioB. 

Rdl &hi.wneit wa 1l'. dlfsing oa a bordcr dispul. thll lsd thslcned to cekle 

i.lo srio6 lirllling. lmpl.n&nt ti$ of lhc 'nilihy ed dnoNic d!&dncrrl5 on lhc 

..urr!l bft b.ge alntNt inn€diately. nE mw rcgiD'cn for border.Nins bcg$ 'n 

Jult did Fo@d in@Nly poprlar wilh the citi46 of binh Ye'nN Subsqw €rnc 

.holBized funhr di. cvilrl of (he p.ti.m oa inc@s.d rntetsYdcna c@pc6ton thll 

lEd heu in 1982 th. hrc Yeme6 .8Ed in lalc l9E8 oi a Ejor prej6l lo corBtNl a 

link bdwn th€n €bclriel power srids. Thenewjoinloilcon'pq.y li'r the kul6l ane 

b.gs oFErioN jn dly 19E9, an l ESolialions wnh oil @n46to.s ror . @ndnon lo 

qploe in rhc Dne t San alnod idfrcdiaLly Thc *cGlarisl of hishcsl joint body for 

uiry r&ir! sd for the list lihe sine 1986 ewnls 

Mordd, A&n anmwcd pt$ lo Bte4 ntny of onvioled for involt€nE in 

1986 €pisd., ! novc hnil.d by lnc YAR. l h€rc r@.ven talk dbout lh. FBibilitv or' 

Ning A&o reli*rt ro pr@$ crud. oil tiod e YArl. ! vdt!rc lhtl *unrcd lhendlt 

ti€s ovs lhc lone rur Ay lhe s(n0er, thc SaM w5 ldnohdl ! m8 nridatiw 

Obev6 tcdn€d dEl dE ffi96 of ihc YAR .nd PDRY minisl.iB of foFign aIIliE rtd 

defcN hrd b€s proposed lo Ade. s r fi6t step tow.rd full unificatior Omcadlt rn 

S.@ indiqred sr $c rim 0!i! $nib tney w pcpaed to p!@ lh.n Foposl 

vigoroGly, thcy thouS) it unlikely thal $en ofir muld bc &c.l)lcd.

It.lher, hcy secmdl b Egad the ihove tary.ly d a dcvie lbr kcqi,rg dor o0. 

Dals@ and tbr dc'nonshrang it.t Sa@ lA Eedy ro c4too any pa$ @(td tcad ro 

utrr SereLl ronlhs ans Nolc,hber Ag@rror. NE *nr*s lo d, €xplosron ol 

mcetrngs 'n sMa !' Adcn, ioctudrne rhre. joi €bincr manngs rh€ loous d whrch 

*a OE b.rg.ininS of i$tirrrion, F,tici6 ard p.€eduB. Durirg rhis Friod vcry hard 

ba.gdining !l two luhmib b€lwen pejdefi Satqh and s@rcbry ge@d .t Baydh and !l 

ne.nigs of rlE join ct'mire for qified potiliqt orguEmn pr!du..d mjo. 

chonges in rh. aonn stag.c lnd rimins of ycmchi unrti@rioD. 

By lste of 1939, the yAR gov.rMst aimuEcd ttst il had poposld ftreer ol.eh. 

nhBh6 G fiul sl.? lowd! unifiqdon.nd lh.r lrgidc sdlch @uid go o Ad.n ro 

d'eB lni! issB. |jotbring a nury ol.@nta|li daE oa nEring w firej on 29 

Nownbq. In rhe se hon|h. peorn.ot Comsiue oa lhe yAR C.rent p6pl€\ 

C@gB a$@d s tenghy s!.rerMl &$rihrd lhe sk|x loMab lrifiqtiu dot lBd b.cn 

llkcn to dqrc 5nd n icarql fiar $E mtt mniativ. sl$utd e InerBo. h ttE lictds ot. 

loer6n plrct dd dcliG. A€odng b the Fog6rl ttrB h. . sn,glc yemctri |bEen 

and dcfene loti€ics. Ku*!i(i nesnoper publishc.l slarnent ot t,bdefl Sot€h ah shicll 

ne 

'ncnto'ut th€ jl}5 ot.mniins tieigl ud dcrtn$ rDt,c,6 rhar k,utd h. pl*nrcrl 

oy nrs sovcnnenl durj.g his plotN4td vi![ lo Adcn. 

WhaL dc unitd yeftni gorcai&nl Dw rcnqt &c,,h6b,rc jsNnt,l r€chst in 

Ad.n on Novenbe. jO, t989 na.ks slan oarhc finh and tinat ph.se oflhe unil]cotion 

Pr@$ D6p'tr att r rj]t lboul uh or . xher rlpc or ti:trEt,on or e4n @rtiil(Drrdl 

n Bs decid.d !o Derge fulty rhe ie pnd! of yeD€n inro a mrqry sysl€n .j h. dale for 

nr@r.in'ing rhe ftw eplfilac and tbr p{ui4 into for irs .orNit!ftn r@r ad,aEqj six 

'no hs lioD NovcDb.r b N1!y t9!(]:a 30 honrh rrdsilion pedod ws dd.t, h udcr 10 

tllor drc lof bort ro @mptcc In .g.r otsr4tc i$riruriqs and r@.geiarion of potir€l 

I'G. l lE sgEcmenl @nraitqj lllr* @jo, poinrs: 

! tho dsn @ny coGritution wG ro be pesedlcd lo lhe teg6ratG ,n S{n a dd Aden 

for atifidion widin I Fdod ml !o.xcs! six ,ndltu am b FFrre Efcrndun 

rDr le$ thd six monlh aft€r llrliMcnlary Eriticalioni

1n€ rort of $e varjols lon( alllniiistmtivc b.ti.s wB to b. &elent q 

tlE joint politi@l organizinS @Nn lre *as ro blrld on rlE s! of ns [B| *sion 

(held in ft. pdvioG mnth) ed to piod@ a de for the cMlty's po|nid futuc. 

The dyMics ol Nlv.'nber sun'nn rec Nl s.ll lnown aul. many oh*w€B m 

st@ gsw Mlylis ol thc s'rlarion laying lh.l lhsl euthern lcad.6 Bisl€d sdleh s 

popo$l lor @ilyina loaign.id &fce minbtns &rd iBalLd $.1 the ts sid.s tLv 

within (hc fdesorl sFlld out in lhe Cailo, Tipoli, aM Kuwit neelings ll w6 

dDughr rh.t dE dccilion lo sLy wi|hin the eilier fEnework had in c'Iel. fo'\rd S.leh 

to etum 1o a st.16 quo whi(h, dlspilc thc va oB daadliNs spccillql in lhc Ad€n 

d4iso6 moutel |o @nrinui.8 slalstde. 

SFcll.tions in San& erv th{ lneP dd$,like lh@ in lhc @li.r sotds ktuld t}e 

igm'€d . d th.l thE lgiffit elld preb.bly be@re ! &!d l.ltd WhaGver lh. 

int€ntio$ of th. two t6deF miy hAv€ b€.tr, the ds'sion lhey NnNurc.d in Adetr 

Fld@ql t *n6 of wi.d rgo|'arioB sh6c inltr,l, aql fi€qwNv imreasi $edilv 

unLil lhc unity dslMliotr. Ycitoi lcgd.6 lud *veBl lurSthv Delrrng! ,rr srnu sd 

Adeq otd ci1i6 rnd los in b41€n. During th€$ ssions |he PDRY @ ons6lcntlv 

Epon€

Mtutiw. $urhm lad.B icis.d rhdr 3ultr.icnr dm 3holtd b.. ovd tor 

|Fnlr|on ,u p.rmeefl udry sp.citi€d ! t@ lhd one h!|l:yry, nUEr lhan sixrm h 

lrsr ron Fdod lhar rcnriocd in te uny coBtirulion 

thc ft{ shr. *.5 sonc|hing oa ! ,orcmkin lbcade I he Es flag! sn aroud Sa.M 

symbolizd lhe cwnt. t hc lEn sLr oa (tE yAR tEd simfly drn emowd !o l€rc ltE 

sadohed ft4 Bhil€ ed btact ficob, nag ottn€ n.w sble 1.Ie -unned,, nintrries 

tendqi b h. divi&d itrio rs mp6 ot did mnhen a.d eudEm o[rcia]5 {,t@ w€ 

norc aElinql ro t€p lo rlE@tlq oe ro integd. wilh lhci, new 6!eg6 ttt* 

divisbns wcru Fdi.ut. y sha,p in hxlrcs such as rhc tiduqroh Minkrry whoc oonhcnr 

anl $dneo id€s di|Ic'ql 5lwd, on li,ftllttMllt srbg|murc rs6 sd s coodm 

a rror€ oe on. se or omcasl.dnnc( the @nptex ptubt€ms of uiqrg ofpDRy.s 

sidasr @tuny rilh dE tre n|{€r 3ysr.n fumdon l.rg.ty s rhcy h.d itonc in the 

pai( lD the field oi det€B, rbc glnst e6{Is ree suc.*aul, nle86r€d inb a uifi.d 

d.fcns hinirlry, .nd ! f.w unils w@ nov.d fron sun b nodh ,nd vice vcha. 

Unjlic{i@ ar ltE ddls(!file lftL ho*ffi, *G bn b |,Nrc d@ ov* ! pror.cr€d 

Fno!oaimc In oLGr not !o srilic€ nltilary eUiciotuy 

The hNo eith *hich the two sids ahc bgefi.J hdd iG q6 rn t|E @rt eomtN of 

Mty. lie low sataries rhd t8t b.en paid b eurheh o{Uciats wcre nol oisdd quic(y b 

re, Fe sith the ct of tiviq *hich re Glidly los&l Nrd€n ld€ls d6pir. th€ 

minteMoc of som€ @nruhs godjs pn.e subsides rbts p@btcm, coobincd wi|h 

adhinisuait. failuB ro hel payb s ir Adcn, cr€rcd sve6 hldshrp and sho(-rcm 

o5@flenr In rhe e!lh. Anorhs de of tiidjon w6 quictr srcrDpr lo rcrr bd.t rhe idd 

Bonn pbgBin u.dcr lhich the pDRy lov€rnn€ had distribut€d aBricutfur.] hrd in 

tlk yurs li,fiu$rg 'ndq$Jrns tronr tn lrn ttrJrsl@r(^ €qd b, ttB, elorrs 

led to d.norrra on$ ii at t*t oft $urhern povnrce. Ar lhc $me lme ihc gornDcnr 

B 5lo* ro dctiEr o p.sis ro BroE rat 6br. @nfe|cl t@ bBilr:so *tro 

hsd lled noi$ l-@n Aden lb oling southern independe@ ors rirtuts hun eforG lo 

rid@ r,B. bcinsmen b einGl in ttE sraser sllh€m @,ony

D.spiLe 6es. diflioulti€s, hos*e., lhe nergcr lool pl&e wiinoul dE 'Mjor 

distuptons $nc had p€dict ( $d the snsll siz oa dedoNmrio$ 'nounL.d in sae 

aglitul llE uion wN a fin 'nduc oa thc ssltr€s of ulli_unitt *ntirneot ir ltE 

coulry. Oliioirls notcd u(rl Linr.lhul lhetr sLdksy ws lt, crpilalzc on tl'c unthusiGrr 

for uniry lhat .iislel in 1990 and mr allow thc lomid.ble preri@l Ptoblffi oI 

unific ion to ca@ llEm to his this major opponurlv. In r€lrdp€l and 

@twilstodrng tlB *vcrc poblms t]r Rcpoblic ot Yenttr hd h*d h ils {ial rwo 

ysB, ft.n cdculotion .Ppcds ,ound. 

Uoity Cotrliltution rnd inslilutlon! mcrginS 

T1. @nslndion lsd poslul.led a ptdim ttv &nsncv for lhe unil€d Y'rcn ll 

ss bsed d ! dran elaboELd in 198! ai. lime rhen th. MlBi datiE s strll 

unch.ll.nged i. Solth Yem€n dd ws (o be r@ncilcd Yrlh idBs in $e mnh h6*d on 

libd.l }tt {r $€ sde linc rslmic rBrtiliofls lha curcnt @.slituljon. rh'rclbE, 

n$lud(l conpn'hisc lbnnulu, rn.lltlcd $nD conlrud'crori.s l'or ex hplc lhe Shuar 

(lslamic b*) slslt be rhc "Mi. s@ of Lesnh$on $N tlsd on such s cmFmiF 

ln the old @nslitu otr of Norlh Ycmen Sheia w6 the otrlv slurce ol llw l his 

nodilietion dMdy triggcrd wh.menr ptoEsrs bv lribes .nd lne lsldic ed 

@ns*atrv. in North Yemen betoE unifietion Odrer .ontndictios @ b' found in tle 

poEgrlphs ehling b rhc Mn@ic and sid orter 'l-h€ provi'ions on enl6l @nonrc 

pterin& th. Fiority of tlE pubic stor, and gpvenncnt conuol ol lbrcig tRde fouow 

scialkt ltra.ir, s dG thc righl to emplovm.nl. Thc specifiqlion ol human 

'ights 

in $c 

ccaturioq th€ feedoo of s!€h dd of lhc prs' and panv-politi"l pludlbn, on lh€ 

olher had cocpondq{ lo ! conpletely differeDL vdluu svslcm 

Tn oturitutional dmll !6 ntilist by lle lwo parliam€n$ in adcr and Sam! o' th' 

qe of lniliclion Whcr€s $c "S!o@mc l'6pl.s Colncil" in dct lirt lhii srcp 

lMnnolsly,25 d.nud* in Sds hdyoncd (he volc in pkt6t as.iN1tnc abolnnlt of 

th. Sft.ris c th. only $de of law

Thc odgaMl dn0 Fovid€d fq.ppwlt ofrh. FF !l,on Omusn r cfdlndur au( 

dle to advoncng ol $ifistion dris liBt lok @ shodty bctbB itr lisl lnoivesrry. 

Shari. tuftd o.l ro be lhc tuin tbre otontcnrion. Vfioos rEwty tod€d opiDsirron 

plniB dsrund d dncndrcnr Tt.G EE ts.lcmombdrions. AItnsh ftc pdlid. 

Ga@d ant dendmenq he gavc rh€ !$@e lhar @ t.w woutd be enm|ed which 

@n&dt|s ln. Sh!n. This .l54M td irs Fd G sts+ty cnd.iFd by rh. VSp_ 

f,tE@ tfi. lslamic foB! ..lt.d ror ! leg.t qcnorihs ot ibis d.ct@tion, in lne 

pamble to rhe @nqnudon, .nd bololcd rhc rcfecndh 

rl-Yem.ni rcltrcndum on lhe new con(iiltion. the siep dmDp€d in rhe eve ot t.oh,l 

undlotion. B n ld with ti t-@ n, niilMly t99t,! tes dlys b.tbc thc ROy-s ti,e 

mi!.sry 'lh€ consnrution m .ppovcd by an oterwhchln! mllonry or rhc volc^ 

b{l lB rhln ldaorft. ctjBibtc hle6 \|lal in lEn brvu* ot rhc 6oyorr e .d b} 

Isl.mkts lnd olher @n*rv.liws who sr€ &nu €d cena .nlngq n the @nsrillrion. 

Thh oDFsation ro the w3tnu(on had surf@d In the mo.rhs beftre uniticltion 

{bcl!.rioq il pe.ld ju5I iEfoE lrd .Rq tne Efeedw, d @nlrncd Ot@ncr tr a 

lowr l.vel. Oppcition to lh. egihc,s 3rrnd on the Cutfqisis, ed supporr for rhc anri- 

lEq @lilion. tcnd{ !o go hanl-in-haJNt wnh rh.t 6 a cgcd ro bc llE iN!|rkie|lltv 

hlrnrc cMacl€I of tr ans,lnoaon. tlE maih opFrrrnn veh,crc B lhe tst!,nr 

G@uFng tb. P€forn (rstit), ro.mld in t.re t990 which bougrr .og.rn r Mjor hibal ed 

@hgiou elc@nts i. dE Ddh 

And dE eferndm, rlE an nlbn ot ft. unrfidrron E!,h. ruiEd lo rhe cruckl 

IeBrsldtiv€ el6roB *l by lhe cnd of Oe r@nio pcriod h Nor.mb.r 192_ ehe 

.'shlRn monrh\ hc@ pBd€nr Satefi snd h,s uo sgh rti.wtodg€J renelre{I, rhe 

dirc etlirs h'lh ol dE Cllt.rjss e ...rm..or sfun@ming.r rn u& unrlieuin ElJ.* 

bul sn€ nnR rhe! c|lncrt rharrlk ROy hutd (op. *rrh thc\( {nJrr,ons susNr.u v 

b bdl' paru ol rh. @ulry dE F.v!rl,n! !.gaet,ons .nd a,tnrnBtnlle orgffi v be 

rcla'ncd lbr o Lrdsitionst Frioit ot.30 monrhs. unrit Nolembcr t992

Th prcvioB tas od &cr..s remin.d in forc€ itsfd I lbcy de€ned il|trpd,bl. 

*ilh ltE cosn|llid or .tplicitly unullcd'16 d.c6 t61 iseld in tlE 4 olWifiqtim 

d6l@rion s toth Cor.mctls agFd to e ble a nerger in sp€.i,io a@ Thlv ddnly 

rclttd 10 ln. Fblio snie $cror, rlE Sosnrrcnt hxlEFr.nd llE ficld of sunt Thc 

.med fo@ of bolh sbrss wce tomEllv disb.nded b.rorc unific.lioo and plM ddlcd 

!o fm. w mrioEl my. orr slrihing sFtr ws thar D mntion s iEdc ollne 

klmic lcgd syt(eh in lhe chlpreB o $. judicia.v ln 1991, rcv€rrhcl6! bLhic 

crtudl t.m r.s Rli E lribal t.w EF shll bong lPqhed lt Emsi6 to be len lo whtl 

.xcnt tt cdBlilltton tu bc sr .ll [ml.t d inio ralnv lollowing lh' ]Gmol|n 

rrssilior.t Deriod, duing uhich a strid porny of $e rcgncs @ lnv$ged 

Detpiie tG @foms in the 3ouLn, tbe YSP and GAC hale complc|elv unldr) 

hoctsrou{lc TIE G.nml Poplcs cotrcFst (crc) in thc nodh wtr t ll* srcuprng ol 

vuiou politiql fo@s, who* Epeenisti*3 sere lppoinl€d bv 0E prcsidcnl At 0e 

scsc iimc, @ ps.lics wc luowd alter unifrcdion (dE !i!8J€ pirlv monopolv In rh€ 

sootb h.d alEdy ben koken in th. Ml. of ct(]m in 1989-90) h $is @nr'xq Aden 

rcject€d S!@! poposll lo fom ! 'Nalioel F.onf fron Lhc existnl8 tbnns of poln'@l 

orydiatim t h. poliricd leld.rs$p lrF. wr€dro kcp lh' Fnv |pFnlus' 

whe&.s onifi€rion \B lh6 spedilv prcpaGl ot govcm'nlal lev'l' $me f€N 

fo6 unjon Nt voiql do.g tlE Fpulalion ol[E tm sl'otes lh' trib6 in thc no h 

sw on the onc hand, {F risk of ! wdt€ning of $€n posirion lhou€l lhe ircsstd 

po@r of lhe entrdl goEm.t! d$ fariig the stEngtheiin8 of the Elidd rmv bv 

$. weu4quipp€ri 3outhn smed forc6 Or the o$er hsn4 lhsv qeF hos(l' lowdds 

Ad6 s $'.16m, lh€ 'slttrsrs" lnd "Commun'sls_ @nv'toxll lhat tlE sd slctn EE 

rcp.e$nlsl . dslinc itr hodl sLnlcB (ol tlt ldsc erMroiFolL'd role oI wotucn In Inc 

$di or thc hcr bEqdv ;n aden) This sl!n@ und dE lribd with lduisl fo@ N 

wU d witt 6N.t!riv€ builB cislca Tl€ govemetrt in S'@ l'll $n Suuli 

A*bian innucn@ m,nwlvod

Unti.d Yden lvi|n r &r@n(& ptmtisti. dDre&r wdd uatrbrqity run ont@y 

lo lhe kingdoDs inreBts. h amrh$ n4or ctNg., fie lopotu El.eEid! sde dropFd 

.,rd th. cw nsli@t tegist.rivc cterioc Erc d.Gftd utit de .nd of lhe tos 

lr@'lion Friql Nowhbcr 192. Duriag $e tNnion 0E ROy q 1o tc 8orcnEd 

arom Sana by . 0vcjnenbc. F.sid€driat @mil who edd wL.t ! president aftl tice 

An dFuicd 39-h.ober ebiEt 6s$rjng oth6r of$c cutrcnl InanisreB of dE rwo 

Y@.n!, tud . tot-hdbcr .rhanbq of d.Fjlid (Mrjti!.r-xuqb) n.lh up of rh. tj9 

hemh.c ol6c yAR'3 @nruttariw .dncit, lhe I | | mtnbers ol lhe pDRy,s suDEne 

Foprc s aun.il. lrd 3 | new Fgidcnd,t lppointqs Ar n, or cs or ql,inet .rd ollrr 

*.ior losrsr t€s*r posirions in the gov€rnft€nr ed b{r@,&y wrc to b. elrctted 

.qEily bercn dr te ruting Frtis lhc crc !d ftc ysp for {E

Atlcabin.t rcFb€c b.lmsal !o the Feviou govmd.nls. E&h minitkr a@ dE 

rcrth hu 0 reF$€nralivo from ll'. su0 dd vrce reM l lis rs lo guaonl4 cmpentDn 

ad inr.gr.lim &d, ar th€ snc tn., tllc into a@!nl the ltrirEidc of p.dly. Aboul 450 

memb.6 ol lhc sovcrnn!.m rnd lhc hrshe. dmm*rdtbn Dorcd tu'n Ad.n to sa@ 

Concmed moniLoc hoped thlt thc dkpreporlioalcly hish repasntattun of thc souLh 

and ldminirrrtion MbcE (19 or (k r9 obitur FrsB) imluiins ktv posilioN @ld 

Muken thc lowr ol-ttc t.ib6 indEtro hcnrparl oallrc @unlrv 

AlOouSh 0E cginc hld ircludd lhei. lead.E in th. 6glEdu ofsLle for )@E .d 

mnsuh€d th.m hclbre mor,ne dcc'si.n:. r ould oot @unt on lh€r Fmanarl lovalry 

TIE pGidrd .ls cxp..led . d€ngthenins ol tlE F ton of lhc 6lt l Sowm@nt 

tltrough$eofii.iolsol$cfom.rpeoplesepublic,whichtlnkcdaseolci.trt ll€ pi'nql 

sidils hoD.s on the my rhft. To so0porl E Fcsi& idl @uNil P6ideal Sdch 

tpFinted. consutLtw body compr*in8 45 lrereulitis ol t{bli' lle lion bolh p'l(! 

of the @unlry, inctuding s $iikinCjy high numbcr of opposition ncmbtrs e uirlicilion 

Bls .@np.dql by dioml @ncililrion. OoF6ition memhe6 Na ali'ldv apl$''tq' 

inlo lhe doeclivs parlaumcft h botl p!'1s ol nE counlrv bllbre uilicalion 

CAUSES OF UNIFICATTON 

. lnternitional cnYironment: from Bipolar to Unipohr 

Svstetll 

The dma olnodcm history hs ludcd on the rjs and 

'dlofsrealFrweu 

ln lne 

mulripolar erAlsclw gsl DowG tpFrlql on tts sft !l om tnne or dh'r '11 thc 

b.ginning ol world w{r lt, $vci gnrnL{ al its conclusnnr. l*o Al*Nvs' lNrorc' ns 

enc sL16 sk, olie$ roe lo |'fe lhetr pl.es World Wlt lI broke $' paltfl: rd $e 

fi6t tim in. wrld of etcrcign stdles bipolqirv pi4ailcd trat_Mr r'tcrot'Ml 

or.ler rc diltcent from tbe old , wnn interulio'El s@i€lv .ohtanoing to oFnc *ilhin 

ca.N fun&n@ltl po@.F|reG

TIE b€iwioG of 3rd.s, rte pdcrns of ih.ir inte@tio4 .d lxc ourcqnes of rtEir 

'rLroclr$ Fodo.cd hd h.6 EpoEd lgrin &d again 0rNgh dE elluiB d6ri|! 

Fofoud chsg6 rn rhc inlcr@t conFrition ot.talcs. Sbr.s havc @ndn@d io cohp.c 

in @mic, nilit ry .d oths wrs. 

TIE @ of forc. hs h€n rh nsEd. &rl D.th6 t6 h.ve b.!, folght on th. 

penphcn4 V.r, dcapir. &ep id@togial ,nd olhd dtlleEMi, p@.c pevlarcd at lhe 

ed.r of maraoot potiri* ChanSG jn $rucilE, ldt ,n hc @Donry svrtad€ ro 

'nt 

Mc orrh $nB h!v. cdttned r,o FrFlbt€ . toubted pq@. ArftGr $ su 6 ltEtr 

Mnine dli.nce endcd.lhe Unired $ares and th. Sovier Union toud d€ruetve tak.d 

in r @ld we. Ir a kld of r@ gBl F)k6 eh *s bound lo feus ns 16 on |he 

olhd, [o distur nr inicnlionse {nd ro ihpule ollecale oEnmons evcn to d.fensivc 

r.a$B ll'e @mFtilion of 3t t6 b.@B kft, whcn r|tn nunrEr rcdued 1o th. 

Thc@ldw6i esili.d jn lh. beSiorirg of t gsos .n.r oc aghhir 0dni6 @. io 

FEr in An.ri€ lrd Br iin. Th€ R.pubtien tudid$€ RoMld RagM b.@n€ USA 

pBid.nr. *,hicn ted lo Ew .n of rh. .ellrioN bclwn rlE €e ffi rcr 

Itc .doptoj *oenisl potEy .g!,6t rh. ti,viel urid .d .srst rl th. (c,sion lhmwir 

hi! prug,m'ft ur @dn'enl ru 6.on.anlquunrl .., "".i rp".€ *,n,u t;" 

UniGd srar6 'rc@scd ,B d.r4rF ani oflas,E oms, ln(h sf.ncd fie hd; or 

pow. t€t@n tllc tw bl6s. Rqgd tMchet @nmvcuEr sGltcgrc

Asb Sta&s ol ih€ Cull d€cdd to nrcngrh lh.n alldtite surity by lbuldins oull- 

C{Dpcstion Coumrl (CCC) wilh sdlriry nolivrlions 'l he comp€lil$n b€lfter lhc lwo 

supe.F)res @nrinrel sine both sidss rried ro win ocw alli6 and iangft th.ir li.ls 

urh old supportcrs. Adr werc giwn lo many sttrt€s i. lhe lhrd wond In o er io rep 

then byalty. Adcd@ stroglhcn d iG rcl.rions rvnh ls@I. l:gtT( Saudi Ebia dd 

lo.da, while USSR brcted South Ycmcn, Libya. Syia ond ElnioPi! This co.nicl 

BUrd in a drrseroG divitiun in Lhc ABb Wo.ld. l. $. sond hllf ol l93os, thr 

F$lion ofsoviel Union rpp.usl e @k along wnh i$ commrbl ideology in aovoor 

of de Clpil,lisl coulncs. The b6lde of po\d B ddrariolly clwrsed 6 TJSSR losl 

ils inllleme in dey courris oflhe !qld. 

ld@logr.lt @illict.n&d..d nes id.s ol c@Fr.tion ad @nomrc .lh.rc @ 

psni€ulsly dcr lne s!@ss of EuroFan ornuni(y 10 devclop t|t rda (o polnidl 

unity. LoN'ric blGs \wa lirukl-d to enh.ne @|i.ct'on {tLaen lhc.egnr@l saGs 

like Soulh6l Asia, Notth Aderio!, and Asi&Pccific 

Politiqlly, new issucs lmk moE.oNem by th€ Wcstern coundcs lite envtronmehbl 

ptutdlioq numan ngl ., lighli.g Gtro.isn and promie &nc@v and pluElis 

lnforndtion tclhnolqy bsDe alldotile li€ld tor odop{Etion nong the qorld 

6urie. TIE* d€*lopmcnts itr i'rt.tmrional F nics ssankr onlv aner Mrthlil 

Corbehev's orming !o pow.r as FcaiiLnLol SovieL Utrion in March 1985 llc krew fte 

ptoblcm $tich f&i.g th. sick enpic ol USSR sine hc qs big leadr n' lhc 

@dmurisr pany for lons limc. Rsl changc in the Soviel policv @cuncd eon atter only 

ys of his Buming tDkr llis fdo6 policv deFrdent on lwo 6pets Pe6lrcrk! 

Gefonn, ,ntl Clsmsl (iNpot€ncyl to fic pemh ofcoib..h{r. th€ Soeier Fode 

aord lheir l).ng xiopins *ho tBNl-sred Ch'm inlrr ! Bndurllv l'osrssrtg 

mno'ny d.vidins .nd di$istins ftoh . omdunisl Pnth rn ihc snE Obrntuslv 

wilh Corb@h.v rl t|t helm in Mwo* the sho ol Chincse exp€ncNc nr lrbealrsrng 

and oF ns up ol ils smdt *s hqrd in $c t nni'slogv us.d bv thc Sovie! SeEtrry

Hc 6ucceded in gedng $c Comnutt parry Ccnlr.l Commiriee !o sgre b hi3 

Fotoelr .aned ar Bh.piis lh. Sovi€l ,Ften .nd intfodution of ennus 

dc@Eristion al all l*ls dcpl 0E ltn! il$tf ( rN lh. tid such ptug@mc sic 

l94l rle exFes$d lhal lhc d.v.topncnr ofsai.list dcm@r&y *our(l cnsu@ thlt lrE 

.Eorl of dE pGl @uld @t b. E .d.d 

Ir dE of 1rdjBrhefls" in ChnE, rE Md.r*h.pirs.s used in th. Sovict 

Unron. ColbehcvjusLificn Lhe @mhsi{ pany.$ dcrcnninaaon rhat Oe D@dc shoutd 

rrcw o.rl1r|jig rh.r t r6FEry, cridcbn .nd $[bdds .!kt su{roiri@ by nes 

w. rh. n6s ro gwd lhc tany lgrinsr Frticy ftisbt6. ln rhb r€sard h. st4$€d dlt 

hi nore for dcn@dy s mr ! mp.ig. blr n6r b.u,E.n a!.y@y prlctre 0 

R6i& Ue lroFt lo ct rge the pr.b, fro! a onple blEur.y rdlo tu i^t!@.nl 

of si6l lld @.mic chsnge by i.drcling fBh blodi ano r noE den@6risaon. 

Cffb..hev ofi€r€d hporion wirb dE Unned Sr er resed,ng dr edurd !trd 

tgr.o *rcor agE.m.nk lhoui tinaillion of rh€jr nuctear arm! aMals! esFcily, 

lonS-nr€e misile &l bqnb.6 

Allhough Sovicl Uflion B w. atvrned dM dD w6r ,n rhc fietd ot. nrctar 

wqpoN bd @nrftd bsctwd h $e licld of @nomy,nd l@hnotogy. Aneri@ dd 

tlE W6q {EEf@, €mnie y !q rh. @td ryu *nich sd€(r tur Mcr of Ellleh 

EtroF 6utri6 evolred.g.id thc Sovict Unio ant ic crommuid ,csin6. Within 

snon t'ne Soviel Union aoud itsetf oul of Euope and thcn @nrd Asra Thes ev€nh 

led lo Md.re olt !6e of ruling @nmuill Fni6 rhtuughoul lh. e,td. By rhe end of 

1980s, Sovicr poli.y ctearly wcenk.kd on buitding Ew rebnons *nh lhe thrd @rd 

@unkB b..dt on mukd .mnic ineBk uit lhcElbrc abandoEit ,su,nin* als 

l,ndlElanit hrtr|rr, suppda b rhc dtJ. ,!s.s6r$ dftj rb!4jonc,l rhe d$tosy N;.m 

f.clor io btling fric.ds[ip wilh foFiSn tulriB. 

CocElly, corb3.hw's forcign poticy e$ o@ilr.led on llw ,s6: 

- builr rew $rr of ctaraons Mlh tlE Unir.d Shr.s 6 r6|-butdhg prGsq

End.d Sovi.t tleological domiialion owr man, coot iq jn the I hird World lqvins 

ia @gin6 !o lnce fte chdlcngB lorely. theEloa. Dlbli. oprising sp.al rn@ghout 

Ealt n EuoF *hi€h l€.1 ro threwing the codnunst Eein4 lherc lnd tum..I to 

libcr.l slden an polrlB {rl s'My. 

political pllnlism &loprd by most of lh. world sut es and following @pdol8t 

Fth 

in ltu @mmic side. 

Udtd $.trs of Anc.ica b.@e th. elc auperpok. in thc wru an r the coUdS. 

ofrhc Soviel Union lqding the ncw Inlerntt'onal ordef. 

world Order" 

The "New 

'n. @llsFe of Sup.tpowFUSSR, hss git.n My lo not onlv th. rcinwing or lh. 

s.td drp, but .le llE Puing of Es principlG of F)lnial 8ame. This eh is 

chsrereri!.d by ncw aligm.nls in Polilic@omnic 

r.aln wi$ lhe b€@ming of old 

rivds rcw fn.n

. Th€ und.rhand iin of lhis sclEn. is ro build up ttp suity ot lsEct on tn. 

insurity of her .ntagonist Arab Deighbous 

. OeuFtid of oilnch Ar.b latd, in tl€ G@ olsuily. 

. Di.r,ic lm31 S@qll|Mri lo .db 0E wisn6 of lhe p@d.. 

. Mere Ad6 mok.F.t. 

. Bd.E ol poer ir rlE r€a'o whicn l|et dsnndion of t,&t. 

Th. 'N.w wqld Crrda t9Ftld to |l d@hing .bo!r (h. Middh Ea3l EAi@ 

t qls Aneri@ hs vi|!l inr.Br lh.@. l1e B ordolnay pdoeir.

. Irternstionrl Chinges tnd its Imprct on Yemen 

Irili.t d in tnis s.nn|& llE pf|).* tltrl sped to lim.l ! liotio E *ithd 

inevitabL rcr lhe rcxl st p in s logical, incEm.nhl ei6. Initd!4 thc @ivsl 

uilic.tid p|t)€s rnvotrqi s bi& .bNtr ctE sc{, s sFrcns ll@dsl3 ev, . slcp l.vcl 

ch.nge. lhE ohung€ bctw€n llE frll of 1989 ondjd n&nds srliq s al le&sL 6 'nNn 

q@tirstiE 4 q@libtirei rpc.ali@lly, n involvtd i shilt in g@ls d cnd v.lu6 fion 

impoved intd Yemcni rclario6 to the d.strEtion of ttF two Yenc6 $rough th.i 

ncrlei- Unlite post uifi@tiot lturi6, lhis ore 6 nol hdl b rur ! p€gn[nc 

etto.l .t @"lic( Eeluiion or dothe. muda*, p@liql ddvdGs in int r-Yftn' 

rclaliod. Nor @ il dsi$ul by cnhc. q bolh YtruN prinunlv as I &vie 1o boil'l 

dodBtic polilicil suptDrt ot s ! sspon fot !3. lgan*t s nsN to gtii .&dhee ovc. 

- rhc ortE. y@m. In Oe fll of t989, ttE b;d tor unifidlion s$. lo. dE nD$ !an' lor 

Thde reE sd lE@m whv lhe l.!d.6 ir Sa@ and Adcn wE 8bl€ !o owtore t 

legrcy ofDutud slspicion ard f6t c@l€d bv 22 v.!6 of pohi*milirrv cot$d ad 

!o uify Yeren in ls th.n 3ix month3 Th. liBt .nd lq€md| we tlE s ch&e' ( oE 

itrr.n.oosi politiol clind. bbu8fil.bo hv rhe sovid Union 3 acc'fl@ ofchsn8c 

in F-03tm Eqope in the l.te l98os and lhc inptic.liG aor lh. Ad'n rcgime ol 

M(@w s new auilude loMrds its aricnds dewhm an tlP wrld. 

The eulhem tart FhiD doub .s aeh @mFlted !o lll€r ndk llv ia politio'l @!se 

.rd ro sbil.li. b6l dcal DGribl. *ilh S.M s qui.Uv s pGsibl. PtutEblv mE 

immdMi to lhe urdcmining of tll€ PDRY tgine th.n the inleFpdny l€d€rship 

'lghl 

s lhc tud&tr witMEMl of Sovicr U.ion supPn and tl8 E0id ctmblinB ot tlE 

si.tisl qno nr $e tcte 1980 s Mos.ow intbflned th€ rcaiN in Aden 6rlv 1989 lhll 

'n 

i( suld @ lonsEt b. lbtc lo erll dE PDRY piefeGnli @mic pohli@l 

'nd 

lrcdrnctrt. Sovi€t Union's 3h!rp cutlsci in i|3 glob.l @m'nnrenb snd Lh' prcMlpdr'otr 

of Erl Edoran c@lri6 qilh lh.n intldrt pro'blenE @u5dl lhe @8ine in {E PDRY 

!o f4l ishLd ud without tup?or! no6l s s€ll as u.ren'l

'I nE lN of signif@r Sovie( !d &5r btc dd rtr!& ii sn r{ hd imD6sibtc for dE 

PDRY to sutrivc lhe *aii tor oil erpon @v6res unt*s ii ws nDnorcd to,isk 

d.Fd|.c on S&di Anbi. Ldc4 Sa6 yftn G oc of rtE cr eflarcd 

@unri4 by lnc a|ap6€ otsovi.t union te6us th€ lw sr6 w$€ croe to @h oth.r 

afr |tdc rw st{Lgic rcLdm bd{q rtEm i. dill.@l fElrs. CbtreqEnr]y, ctbryc 

of int reriotbt or(hr ddnriolty wencd rn. potilicd &d @lMic anudoru in 

Soqrt Y@en tnEnErioul .h.rg6 tEtFd di6dy in Elum8 nE uiticrn:m di.tosE 

b.lsmn !h. rso p.r6 ot ym.n 6ccae A.rcn found rt$tr wnhout fo,cign && .ad 

mis.d tlE iupF,n of USSR, whi.h a@nnr.ed ir! Kurqt s,rcc llE ande!.n&de in 

196?. Tl'. rcgine in A&n hn f..qj hug. probtns ad &!rN, ri. d,ty s 8@d oder 

to th.l ed b ev. ic.tf froh mdcc @thF. s whar Lh. s,al p!rucs rce tied i. 

Udted Si.les did Nt orp6e rt uiry predur.s bdrw src sw n F3 ,vc !r.p 

lmrd lh. sllbitity of t|{ rceioD, W.shihgron tn.w ihar ,try optDstrroD to r. unity 

nntht bring s@l lroutk6 &d lutuE 6isis in rtE ncr sNru!€ .B or lr* turtd lr 

Murd rh@r i$ inlcr€$s in $e Egion rEnicuhny 6€ s16t 9c r@t,on or yen.n ctGe 

io uE oal aEldr Mobw., Aftns h.d g.o ng inrdesG u y.,rcn ,r..tf sic rhc 

rlrs.ov€ry of oil by Amrion onpars t hc uiry .ppesei b dchotash thc infl@@ of 

th. Ediql cgin€ ot !d.n ed rt|!r @dd se. rhe inv6m.nl oppod@iij6 ttEc. 

Nonh Y@Mi got ghd eftounS.hcnr fo. rh. uniry isrc dwng |rs visil ro wshingtr 

r AFil 190 j6.ft lM||| bcfoE 0E fin l d€ta8rie of rhe unir,anion. 

tlE odB re$n! fd rh. su.cas of tk mificar.o e[i,r are imcrcl4ed ,ftese 

dclemiEd in Fverd injeirt ch6g.. in boo rt e D.rG. 

. Intermlstrd Regiotrrl Changqs 

To ld€|srad &. ndi..t lutomarid in tnc llrirude of rh€ two sid!! roMrd ore 

aooEr, dE po iel and eoMnic posiri@ of A&n .id Sle ftWl De @ri&,!d

Adcn: frll l9E9 Nowhere to Turn 

Ay rhe f.ltof 1989, tbe reBihe h Aden had very linilcd oplions 'l he bl6jleltinS of 

Januart 1966 86 r Epudialion of Ali Ndir Mulunnad 3nd hk elfod b scek m 

oFniie 10 llF s6l, *n bj mdy as lbe lcy !o $e PDRY'S e@nomic slvllon Ale 

of Ali Ndn MulEM.'l s h&d 

soE liom tlF *k,lEEv.r. wE tlE PrcniGnt 

'nqt 

lirc oppoED|s. Allhougn ln.y vcrc dtogi4d 6 nianvEd her€s d* @"nlry's ftw 

lq&6 showrd titlL .nthusism ror rctunins ttE @ulry lo ! odiql (mduist coqP 

PDRY potiliG follo*ing lhe Jdo.ry frghing @E c$.nliEllv stagn n! lhe rc8,n' 

s dividcd inio facrions oploed to ft @thcr rlong regionll a @ll $ idcologJel 

lirs.lhse sptils sharply liniled lhd rcgm.! abitnv lo dedop s clar tDlkv dndiloo 

TIE only slrccs thc *s PDRY lanjcchin.o!ld clai s tlE oll[@hem silh lhc 

lion ofolhcr ls signi'ictnl 

YAR liat pdlhql rhe joinl idv*lm.tt anc, the Folilet 

.sr*mnrs sitt S!84 4d tlE endd dininuton of th. irl6 of Ali NGir &d his 

By contrst, th€ tN. slac ot $e PDRYT e@nonv hdd wo$ndl sin€ thc nid' 1980s 

dd $€ lilety btEtire lrom its nwtv dissed oil we ld anlin llE fuorc or 

'n 

grcak. nnpoflNs, lhe PDRY bad 3ullered nurnber or s|asgc.ing politiql stbdckt jst 

s rlE YAR ss ecllitra on ils a@1. euinS s wi&nitB post gap l*lls lhc No 

Ylnens. Arg@bly, the rcgim6 ft€adcd bv pFsidebts Muhdnmtd and salih *rc oI 

orst y cqut @ighl io llE hid 1960s'.d. *rio$ slldDpr Et !ni1v sl $is dm' muld 

haw @dl.d vith dF pec@ of t*o stdng - will€d qlldidlld lbr lrE lop posl n a 

unified Y@n. Pority.rxted abrlFly wtd lh. YSP.t6!p|l!&d ilslf it dt 1986 blood 

both h $e ou$ of onlv a few davs, Pcidctrl Muh.Dmld M rir@d 10 lle lrE 

@ury, and ndly .ll oi lh€ o$er top l€&i.B reE krlled, jsil€d' or h 'xil' As ' 

@ntr{@ncq Prcsidenl $lih slood .lone atoP m atl Y.neni l@&shil p}inid, his 

slal!rc unalud.d by lhlt of Sq€Lry- Ccn€nl al-Bavdh or ant gotrp of YsP l'5d€B nr

D*pil! .[ons [o eFr fi. &rtug., culmii.ring h nljor po]ili@l .nd *ommic 

EtoDs .nd 3 cler viclory for lh. m.d.ni6 in rhe ysp, rh€ ruting Frry msiftd 

g,E{!y @lcned lrl disndild ir So!$ ycn5 - drd, s idpo.iant ws p..@ivqt c 

such by politiel ob*re6 in Nonh Yffi, 

In wiul [yms at l*11, $c rcsine hod sdmc rcson for sEf-uonsrdulurion. ltctwNn 

1967 &n 1985 illilq&y ws red&cd ftuh 97 lo 59 Fre tn the yA& rbc ilti(etuy 

tule srood dr 80 pe@ in 1985. tn &hievrdg rbt pogrc* rhc lDRy eli€d tsgety oD 

Dlir wllnoa$Ld lshqs whdq OG yAR @nilcd h€vily m EgyFilns. rh. 

PDRY could ale pornl wilh prid€ ro i6 tibed fdity law ttEl gevc eft.n dgfic 

unFbll€led in mon tsbnic outrier Ttu @nony by .o.|!st ys hrscty 

dysfurcdon l dd lhlc.ks Efonns ldt Fqiuql {tEtIE h .s.iculru.l D,odEtiot! ed 

lhe port of Aden, oe o'E ot fi. bsic'l rh. vond ptdycd .tnosl no ror€ in 

'nlcd!to!.I otrw@ I'd6Ei.t prodEtio h.d &cliEd &spir. 20 ya6 of si.tisn, 

noE lfiar 50 F ent of rtE sN mlionat Fodlcr strtt caD. r.bm lhr Drivarc s6ror. 

*lile hld cuercy Eniftrm.s tM wrtcE .b|@ @unr.d ti,r tstr tt€ 

8@mne 5 $nul budg.r 

lru*ruFq ot thc t,Ulty s stste noE drpaaot in rtre t'.lrutcm $ct . _fho 

Eerly shtr tlE sovi.ts ed lo lhG Ad.n l.sLu aloqr ed lcv.ls exl whcn oEv $id n 

es ior wll kmw.'lherc i. lillle douhl ho*ever thor strch ot|is mE an rhmr€nl 

Fos!d,i. 

The PDRY ldb6' $nregy lu inpovine th€n bLali siruation M lo tu@ 

!truln'usty in Inc dn erntr' of N n'!al ,rtrl oonsn' ic roli'rn hr lhc llltcr l*d ol le'$' lhc 

goEmmdl qg.nized ldal @wil ctslios - in which €ndiibrcs outsidc thc alif,g 

Yenen si.lid port q.rc allov€d lo runl a high p.@ntaec of non pdnv mcmbcrs *B 

derc4 TrE Borcmme ale .ppered b @h o llcn und€stldifls wilh NEFper 

.{iloB Fmnang Ires jom.tislic cxpr€sion On lhe so.omic ftont d$us'oN bcgAn 

viLh ic Soviel Unior ih 1989 ain:ed a1 nr!\ing llailablc lo @slcm dir|Paii$ ! 

subslrnti.! podon ol llt oM in Shabwa prcvin$ wfi.d lhc $wiel\ ha.l |}.n ldh$ 'br 

oit. Thc soEonEhr .t$ a&pcd a luw nft8kd to en@lrge don$tic !d loteigtr 

privrle iotsl'nsl ud to p.nnjt inv6tois to lske. g.rcenLgc ollh.ir Fofia oul or uc 

PDRY. Fndlt wgkhy Sludis of sulh Yeffcniorisnr as \wllri$ lErn busrs en 

sho had m€d o ine YAR wc ihrited lo tu!. invd'nenrs in lhe PDRY eom'nv 

Aden's lidiled aMic libqlliTtdon ennns, ho$d.r' Proved 

a Inihrc' wharaer 

Egi,laurioDs lhciu h l tEcn sni lnc s'vicrs r|rrr rtu El.rsc oion ($c! rtrtl llN dnto 

the oFning of {he piFlift fo$ Shabwt to ttE cdl wG @ntin!.llv lslpon'd [llo'ls 

to attscl privltc inlensent luoglishcd 6 busiresnen saned unlil lhe ftle of th€ 

Thc 6poN ot $olh Yedcnis, til@ |har of iN6!o6 made il plain lhar rhe €gimc'! 

po|niqt stdcry sd (o li te too blc Tlt strirrg ol lv'0 ew lhe still htdrv 

@id.rable f@ql in rh€ mtdi! in dusl b $e silcne ol lhe still nidllv 

"di$iplioql folr1h est]dte iI d€ Y R a w€lt f,s lfi. lid sfiri'gs ol P|n'dl 

dcnonstrurjoB , l surlcs Soulh Yo'ftnis {l$ nulc tlot lhctr stonu ltFunrlv 

l-6un8i. when F6idc.t sllil wnt to a&n in Nownh.t 1939' h' ws gtetai bv 

crow{i. callihg lor uily whos en$usilsD rts obviouslv nor sleled Ar thc sne I'mc. 

$ft ol llE politi,l Indc rhd had trtn actiw in h n dE YAR and llE PI)RY In lh' 

wly 1960s beS|n lo rcsunn c in $! PDRy While liDsc Punies *$e Insi9nli6nl !s 

po|niolfoi.q tlEn apFat€M tllotcd lhe F|plld inG6r in gcnuirc l EnliDtion

Prsu€ ior unification fMn Yqnenis continucd in the spnng of 1990 Uv thdn, tlB 

l.r

In lhc 1960s and l9t0s, Sanna s wil for dll inl€n(5 and pueos6s did Nt .xtend inb 

ihe rrihdl honLd in rlE @61ry\ mrdEm .nd 4r.m rcgionsi roc'ls !* ontrollcl 

by tibal chdkpoinb,jBtice @ tribAl Eth€rlhan eovcrnmctrr, dd govcmmcnl wial 

*ri6 (c drercly limil.d. TIE rnbs\ oppo6ilion lo 6iliola@ vid whar d.y 

Esdd.d G e dn irlio, alis sulh w6 mjor &ct oa Flitical lifo ddi4 lni. pdiod 

Trib.t oplGilion 1o uily prsuG in lh. lalc 196{Js wE iD @nsiderabl. n6@ 

'lrpoNiblc 

lor lhe ti'ilutu oa llre Cuio ad r.iPli agrccorcnl ro ptuJuo. r€sulls liibal 

owosnim ale hdFi rllll Sllih's sny inni{tte lbllosin8 l|ie 1979 btiLr w, .nd 

t ibal lcviq Ohtcd a lcy rolc in bis elli6q*nt del6t oa Ur I'DRY $pFfld NDf. h 

rh€ t9E0s, rh. $tulron bEs to chaieE, By .IEBE s .nd tith nany lits and sr.nq lhe 

goerG€nl gr.dudb citetutdl its @nlrol inlo st ongbolds i. drc ionhed 6d 6lem 

ln rh. l98os. tlE @n$lidtrion of $e auiuily otlhc YAR ga!.mhc nr 

lribal d4 len Sdih sh@ Ftsonsl sllle in . tu@sful uilt inilirli* e6 

hig\ gi.der @r for nr@us in ujty 4goLi.tiore thd h. h.d Fevidlv 

.njorql. Sdiht 8rcaler noneulodbiliry vilFvis the lrib€s 8Ew out or ft. 

evohtion ofthc onrptcx Yen'cnisqudi clalioNhlp ehch @ o nnt tun 

deB itll@rcing lhe su.{s oflhe inilidive (5) 

Th. lcy. to sN6s we th. @nsLslion of $h@ls dd lspiblr in lnbrl al4 ed 

in parlicd&, lhe di$ovcry of oil i. Marlb hovimc in $u hearl ol llr sl€m ltoal 

cMty. Thd: dcv€lotmo s Bave llf, Spvcndcni in Sam llt abaliiv il hld Wvo6lv 

la.ted io dislene sRic€3 dd job to uibat mdrbe6 and lllG oulined lhejr 

acquiesen€ io a growing ollicial prcs.B. 'l he Fl)cs ua b! m n4ns sm@in: €ven 

tsby oier lawlNB ard o consbnt baisdinnu lllj(s *i(h rilul ldd.6 !d *tuc 

diryutcs rcmdn fel5 ol everydry toliliol lil! in no(hcn Ycnen. urd thc sdsnncnl 

h.s be! uEble !o ert it .utlErny on ene img{ls.r iss Covcrnnenl mlrol or 

lribll !r4 ps hdr extcnsite rh,n !l .n tin u thc porl

'llE qFsio of gov.mrre uhonry ii rhe ribrt a6 led b & @tution in Ihc 

rrisnioi or tlE libtrl l6deB who rvere prcvioBly ttB prcdonilarl s{rcca ot lb*cr $d 

FlroEg. in thctr EBioN. TtEy food lhoetG in rtu F6i1id Ming tix Ialtl6 r[.t 

ths Sovernrnenl w.i incsrinsty an a posnion lo 8iw, and rhus h.ins co{Dlrxt inlo wh.l 

@ heomrng . _Yetuni E lrbti*Gnr". Moy of dE,n hld bGiIs incBrs 

S.lih E lh6 allc lo @nd@t uitt @gotidioN sirh @onlble confiderE thAt th. 

ini0ative @uld Nt Fovoke llE $n crisis with ths lilEs l[{l hrd n tlr Fsl lul lo 

chngcs of govem.fl ii Srn@ Tho ncdruliation ol ln(El oftlosilion to unity 6 

o.otobly tlE nrsr n|Dn! Noni Yuncna qflnbuliotr to tlE 3'l@$ ol rhe lniliorion 

e$on. A prn ftoh h.tins gain.d the tG haid hc n*dcd to beker ! unity agrehenl 

Sltih d$ hld ar k|rr thE mjor FeEl i ct! in &tiEly *cldns uindlin in 

1989. llE fint 6 0o @p th. politi@l b€rcfit ofbcn'g fte ehilact oi.n agrccmcnt lhdl 

eEllcd Ymni! to &hi.ve I loig.sghl 8ol. Srl.h doubtls Eognitd $4 it h. 

wre to succasd h€ wuld ssuE hinsell a sFci.l ph@ nol only in hislory joint in lhc 

hinds of Mr Yc'nunis. lle.llrus, Dd Oe oNi.lcnblc lo@ olhis lFlemliry behi.d 

$€ ello.t S@.4 S.tch bldly eddl ! poliliol lnd *onomic so@s itr l|f &ll ol' 

1989. AbnB( he s rlced wi$ s ld ii nMqtn of his olh€r @jor in'$traE rh. 

ACC, rtre elaboh|€ lap$ fa{a

lfn ed.( 10 move aeain$ thon wnn inFnity. Tne YAR *4 rhe inilialor of this 

sud.lcn che|gc, ud this in ir5ell@ Ftr ofdr. dllqeM. In the ps( il lad N@lly b6n 

ttic PDRY, which Fi&l li. inilr iv6 ,nd ded @ tlE chrryql ise ot uiliotion 

lftingln YAR io r@.( ln |989, h@rcr, lhe tuls of pu6Er ond pGe! s@r a{t 

me4 *tre e.M4 and strycd lhll way duing th. tdt p.ccd ncgoriarion! lqdi.g ro 

Why did the YAR suidolt op{ for ditic!1ion ar fiis dtrc -.nd "ol beaoc o. taral ln 

pln n w3 an e| ofhrm& will, n6t ccn inty s nlner ofwitlautrcs on $e oon of 

Pcirjeht S.lin. ft. plBi.lcr( had a iring of @nl 16.g bchind him, foh rhe 

c.lebr.,tiotr of $e YAR! 236 Ni€ery !d rh. qFn of irs firet oil in t98? rhsugh 

thc lotrg .nil\d cl@tinr of r ls CdsotrdiE Cillmil ut hi3 *k tio ao. r $nd Jy.att 

tm in mrd-1983 lo lne hcdng in San.h of rhe smmi( n€ains oa.hc Ewty 

fonn dArb C@Frd@ C&Dit in Sep{dbq t9t9 ft e{rF6 rl|l.r.to!r dE d@ ot 

th. la&il lrtMph, in dE fall of t989, h. }s feed wi|h tije owrrionr Whafs ndt? 

At't@dy, 1he Nkr I a siN bid fd y.'n6i uiti€tion. Chll8ed odidm 

ous

l. lh. m.rrdnc, Dolili€l l6&G in Srn! bec.'nc iEBirrgly mnen*d abour {E 

n€el ro dmge domeslic srd cxtenrl afans s d io l@n the lik€lilood ofev.na 6al 

dght @nprwie or $F&n pld to quckly rrmlar. t ew oil *qlrh anro long-rqn 

&v.topMt Nd prdFdly, 'ro d$s ci4 unili@tion e6 pe@'v.d a sedmg to 

'ibm6tic!r.' rlt6 qrFtim aes 1o. ltd lh€ sh{ins o[ $. oil rdurt ot lh. lM 

Y.mis in gener., $eetr pr.venting $e int FYcneni conflicl lh.( codd d.nv bolh 

Ydc!! th. liuis of oil r€ldl 

Arslysr, 3ogg6rcd $at tlE Edr.l arc @dd tg.i bcome . disptrlql bdded&d d 

bng 6 rlE ls Ylnens exislql sid. by sidc tltis po(€oliallv expldite isrc *nhjn I 

qilild Y.s!. whit! not climio.rirg dE is@ F s *old dibide tll. cl'!E of 

b€@nin8 s nsrls of sl3re sglic( s(|tc Thc sne logic for lliis domcaicdion throuBh 

diftcrlid .pplied to olbd ilsE tblt qt4 with uFldioEu. cdls' prl thc lro lorls 

of Ycnen sgliisl onc uorlEr 6 olhcMis irwolve o'E ot rhe Y€mcn nr $e tlllis or thc 

oth.., Miidful ofth€ rumil of tlE 1986 blood bdt! src lq&R in lhe mrtn f'ued Ih'l 

$e regin€ in Ad.n ms on $€ vdg. ot lolol @tl.pse. The nsls intolved an uindion 

ruld be ts tha! d.r iNlvcd if olletxirrg lo @u Milittry iNerfci'g of 0En 3iore 

!o DEvent tlE tmoil hieil [ring on oulsidc nsd'jling lnd llt @nnicL 'ould 'isilv spill 

oq tlc bqtLr inro 0E YAR. FiMlly, . Dc.5@ of oppoduitls m bolh sidd lEhc ro 

.$lain lhc d€cision to go aor unily. 

The rcldile shdglh of tlE YAR ,nd ils l4ddsbp mrde ils uilication inilidiw ' {rnwin 

iitulDn: if thc cftorr w suxelul, lna lcalss of dE YAR qld i.le nN( or{E 

dcdit ard s.r Mt of tne tcms; if iL faiL!, lhc] codd rak€ orcdll for qing a phoc 

blare o dEn old cMnis 1ncPDRY Fo llkir p.n' $€ YsP.rd tu h'dc6 we e 

wlened lnd di$rcdrt€d that |hev @uld not affod to ev no to ! csll for uillcdion 

Th.y hod filt! choie but to buy Im bv @hhi(ii8 llFrels io |he gotl lpping dat 

w'lh oDe ficrDolrncdt lo'lurF( $ould Inp'lLt plmrung rlkrn (r l(r In pn6F:r I n rhL 

uis d !o sliD our b.bG n b@s. liBl

accordinSly, th€ YAt{ fdced rh€ issu. 0f mer8d duirg thc aMnil medrg and its 

Fxttotr in d* hud &gor,idio'$ todi$ !p to ft*iEl d tiqtion !6 for @Ipteo 

ncry.r ar'd ltr. s()lE Ih. lcder Th. pDRy, aor ,G pan, Evm€d @n[rth., to 

uifiqlon no* !d nnpbs66ri6 $c t t4r the bdl.r Tne BrsEt puRy t6d.rsl p 

had rid !o @ rh. dif@don c.us lrinnily t! dFngrhcn il.tfat r $. 1986 blood 

b!lh. NodlE.n lodeB reE dcLfihirEd not lo girc .t-B.ydh .nd his olt€gues s f@ 

polili.d ddq deir irsist':M o. ooving !p tlE uifierid dara in .x.lr!ne6 for d. teg 

ronstuon period rctl€cld rhis,.L t6l in DAn. 

The Saudi Dimension 

s.!di AEbr's r@tion ro S.tih s unny inifariw e €crq rM coun(ry colptisred 

dd generdtt diftcul{ Nhtor wirh U,e rs yd.N. yeftnr eeneEnr €@d b, ltE 

nilit.ry &f6r .rd lB of rditory b S.uda Anbi. rh. l9lo3. Stu{ii bd.knB for |h. 

roy.listi in Lhe 1962-t9?O Norrh y€m.d cvotutiotr ed .ivit sd, .rd ttirrdht 

suspicion ofrhe Msnii n*nnc ir rle pDRy ard ns trBsur. on sr@ and nden b 

r@h a Dou !ry.gEcor€nr, hnvc b€n ladnrg ctemeD,s rh uE koul,tet r.rtsrcol 

rcr.omftip. liuu'ji fiuFid slp|ln tlr rhc ,rnh*n rrjti_ qntr,nu:t .fi.r rtE Nonh 

Y.q.ni cvotulion slppnr ed

'lli Ldb6l opposi(iol to lhe movc did ro( mde.islizc rcneiDd tlE ptugns! to qlid, 

S.u's (it hld ben dasklJ ido rlE hib.l ot6 of dE o6& . rnurim *fiich 

ipF{a lo h.v. b.cn !@sd4d tu Riyldn. Ar tnc *nic d.ru, Yoneni @rtcm alour 

alleg.d S6udi impGition !o tlE nritialivc tuy hN€ eel€rstcd llE unny ftgoti.tioB 

Imncdi.rely lEfoE s.l6 s NoMb.r 1989 t.ip io Adcn, $.E hld b€. t@r ii s.nd $c 

Srudi foreisn ninasrcr S.udi sJ Fri$l qnd riiance Minkler who had visii€d Aden lk@ 

&yr b.fG had b€.n *.1 0Ee a oDerare of.nd effdt to 1M rk e|xn Yem6is ag,itr'l 

ln th. €r( iotbirg rppcEndy cle of$e S&di visn dd King Frl'd s fomtl bl*sings 

of lh. inirj.riv. both in F€6Mry 1990 snd immedialdy !n.t uilicalion M.y, rcrc 

Elcon d in ScE a ligE thrr Riydn did mt inG'd |(} opFe lh. m.rgs. In srb.l 

two inponini.onis @nstnirls 10 unny - solier suppon to. thc souln.rn lc.de6hip $d 

rhc ability ot th€ rcnh.m tnbe lo bl@k difiorion inatidac leE - no loK pBnl 

wlEn Ssleh lNNhd his unny innidiw. lic htd 4 tcMnd sLlc in rhis c .Qri* th|l 

v.! hiehq th.n lha( ofany pEvios YAlt l.ader Saldi &qui€s€.e wls !l$ rftto.t.rr. 

llF .ltqld El.tioBhiDs ensuqi 0!r slw srr ofchange 6 lh. snhEldn ffi 

of fie Adbjrd Peninsul. ws in order NorllEF golitictl dynamios lnd Saleh s pc@n.l 

shr. staD.d htt the 6lur6 of ttrd clEnB. .nd {E pc!.cls for tlE $tuiEl of tlE ncw

Dytla|nic oftransiaion oeriod: politicat alld f,cotromic 

Or ahc Polilic{l Slde 

Difficultics aftcr the Unilication 

NcSotillioN .41 Ehlrd e66 owr rtE srent monrtN rner rh. 3orh NovemtH 

Asr€ement pmvided rhe ladership of both porrs oa yemetr with ! havy dos of F&rical 

iFFNic traitrn€ i. rte unroitiff arts of uifying .nd ptuntaznrg. In &e coue of rheir 

elf-int$red j6t.ying for pcition, rhc tade6 ofthc OpC .nd rhc ysp @nrcrgcd in 

rhcr ocaphncc uf lfie "unity now / go {o rtE pcoptc lalcr,, tbrmuh. B! adv.ncing rhe 

daq ftcy p@ntqi anreml .nj qrem.j @mis of lnrfsdoa w nn ,Iur ard,!,ti,,nt) 

by purung ollm onal psrlim.nhry etsrions lhiny mombs rhe, g.ve ttens.tves li@ 

Io wrt od rhe 6ugs in dd b.tehoBiBro rh. b.nciits of yeneni oifialion Mosl of 

lhn blized 8r th. e:@his of both pur of ycn8 \wre in tsd sh.p€, rrcutd 

prcbobly g€r @M belor (hcy gor b€(er, aid lhat iomc ot.d. soBening ruutd be 

eN€d by lk hard choiB, anf6ion, and nisllts rhur routd inevihbty oaonpsny ihe 

atteh ro impl.trrnl unifiarion. ,t-hc'. *!e.te aMc rtEt unnidiq ph.txj d!fiqds 

on th. sidte, snd nised pop{tu cxp€laliors Egatdiig it. !t pr€cisly lhe eme lih€ lhar 

nE n iy iBitrbl. def*ts is dp nsg.r pr('{s 6e sre inirirly to et lcn if mt 

Th. lad€Ghip hod e&tr aor aetina cursqi s s a btffd by Ihc initilt poputuiq 

or unilicarion dno.g p.!r e d d gnnc rhoushl ltfl unir,onkon rts€la woutd stvc 

€otun't rllsand brnrg sood ti.tr6 th.y Nlnr|ained Lh.l d slabtc, lclcetutaDd€trtargcd 

Yemc, *ould .o( s a haBnl fo. E tlBG of tdrug, inab6 6 wtt !s @tltry 

Yehcris abr@4 ,n pqnicut.r, lncy toadc mrch of lhc unlapp€{ polenlEl ol Aden. thc 

'@nonic q9rr.l" of ujied Veftn, a. fe pon and itdura.t are. Simihrty, many 

toug.r, idqlisric Norrh yemenis sbmql unifi€rion d vehiote for cnding de 

conption. fqvorirism, dierder .nd tack ot oganiurior, snrch thcy deenql of crisis 

Foportron In rhe YAR in the tsLc 1980s

'nc infGion of $urherErs, eFr.dlt ut intid on th.se rutr muld lElp th. 

'bdhcllm 

clr@r UD @{el rctonns rh.r {Ny @ld nor clIN( 31oft. ]}e .xpeclali{ns 

wr. wildy idll8c4 ed tll n4 erlainly lhlt th€y would so bryely 6,ret rad. rl 

liLly .hd mdy would juds. unincdion E liilue.nd thc egn. id.nliliql with il a 

ill.girirEte {d unmdny oa suppo( Derpic de @nero, n6t of tlE politi..l 

l6d.B, mrrh fid eu$, w€e confid€nt in toid-190lhEl ftc udlication p@ss *ould 

6mc !o a s@@slul concluion and dst rhet individully sred g@d chaic4 or being 

mong its Flidql bcrcficiai€. 

Msr olthem hld bc€tr l.uly surprhcd by dc sr€l populorily ol Lhc hodcr opcnnrg nr 

1989 - by the cni's of bolh !.,is voting ior one Yens wilh dEn tul - axl wrc 

l@nly lINe of dc .ppent lpruge in $.ir om popubnry in th€ nontls .te. 0E l0 

Novenber Agr.cmcnl Noed espccialiy Berc both lne ncw n€r - hcto shlus a€@rdcd 

Psi&ar Sdlh in the $uth a *ell 6 in dE mnh and tnc Bpid evrval ol lh. all - b!| - 

spent potitiel fonlc orvi@ PBidcnl al Bald and fiis eulhdn colltls6. Thc* 

optimistic @ftlcions v€r. wishful ttufltrng on rhe prr( ol some and Bslh ol-cold 

crlclldion by od*r Yeneni lodrs AltlDugi 'nnrdtul d'al lud lrnls otr sroono 

giffi Nltd pl@ haly budeG on UE unifi@lion prffi. lh. larrd $4 

conviNed thl mosl oflh€ poput@ *o!ld pluce giv€ thcfl until lbc cd ofth€ lnBirion 

p.riod ir ls& 1992 lo sles $e FFitve ell€.l! ot unincdion. 'lhcy tlbusht lhar $is 3G 

nonrh\ ledod of r@ sdld be sufici€nt lo .flst lh. ntrg.r ot slaLe nstnuaoN a.d 

thc rcoqaf,iarion of polili.al lifc, and ttsl thc eteN from doublins oil oulpu( would 

Thw oprinists held 10 d soronic s@io thal had the ising cufle ot oil revenu6 

inlersling the viau6lly fld cudc ofrenit!rcs and erlcrnol aid bcforc the end ol rhe 

r.cilion pe od, cnd inttuv.4 snmic snditioN l.kin8 hold bldly by tE tnn€ 

AqrE lhlr rhb @uld ba @tlinA il ol, Ml of tlEm 6ough mftlhd$ Bt ih€y hld o 

bellcFlhan€vcn ohlNe Olt lhcn mome ol Itdn d rhc polh would |rle d@ nr I 

$(ing ndled by @vircing sigN of lwwd p.osFrily lnd deleloFn.nl

Mo.t dlngeos laed d:. t.adeu or boh yene porls urj which reDairat witholl 

srE€sslll $lurion rjcr€6i*d ir d. pGsibt inpoct of @itiqriou 6 0otiti6 and 0F 

orgers.tron ofpoliriol tifc. llE fuhe of thc hrc.uInB pdties. rt. Crc md ysp ed 

oap4sl lolid€t @nsr.udion in ih. lru y.nrs 6 thom lnb qBtm by ymcni 

uific{tion. Would dE rk Fnia @nrinE ro.ondirurc on F)tira6 .nd poticy, rer8c, 

or o&ctutk join fo@s tbrftolty or a inndly ir s rer, broad mbrc a @tiicAl 

sgor$tjo.? Wou/d rh. rb cffFde qirn et odEr fr Fw a,!d mcnoy ar 0p 

se limc, c6piF ros.lher to qtctodc olher poni6 trom shariig 3ignifi€nuy in Do*r? 

'Ihen rchiorship singly or roge0e, wirh o$s p.nic, horc $!n 30 . !s emaimd 

IrE bders of bol! !a(x rh.EfoF, wre .w& 6ar d:ey erc hadirS inro llE 

polirielly ulsM, fll of uic..t i6rri* To ..cddr. difqtion D|ws, both oarhen 

lg€ql upor ! aoarut4 whjch exrendcd the tnGirion Fra.{ lir im .nd hatf yecs 

n$sd of urgcnl Dlnsc. R@uE to !r |rlplc $onsi .rerbre or etaed! *.N 

Fstpo..d to ndy nqlhs a'd d.opAt rl* ida otu .uifidl potit@t olsoisdon- In 

&vour ofa nukiFEny system. t.lEy @nvhe4 due ro ne €hlnges In ihemionol 

lEl|l46. rh€( l@t F niet chanae (oMrd a hoe opcn -pluniisf. syllsn s8 

umvoida0k and ev$ desinbte skcrttung rhe bf@d ou(ii6 mun |6s ihe rr.ra,ts oflhis 

.d€rgilg polilicd ordd ard lh. Dsrh to n. 

Duing the month3 befoc aftt j6| aDrr tomat uniti€lion, rt|g lirrcs of o,ili@rion 

kE o. uE deGNivq ii@d ro muc or q@ti& ttEir drln,nq hea@ ot.$e gMt 

populdrt ot rlc id\s ot dny and d.h@r&y. Liria y, opposn,on to un rcatjon in 

genenror !n r{s ponrcltlu s4 6r!rui.li!€ and derclial Und..srondabty. rucn ofdc 

initial ofisiton h horh F,rG ot ycr.n rsnst on qkul'|r:dE or wnrss !d to$6. 

presnt 6nd ti'lure. l hc rstasic fon&tunr{tbl5, nosrly in de tunh, tmusd on $e dBti 

@nst uton hr!q* il rode tslDnc yuf,,a d main sue ot lcSddim nor $te $@ 

ud for its srFlioning Fni6 in s tstmic sierv.

Soo. objc.aed to lhe Frilt fomula fd dE all@lion ot top pGniN duting th. 

t@sniotr Fiod 

Fpdo6 

10 dF YSP lca'icu *hile loias in tlE south snid tul.lronser srd nGe 

trodn Rould $sorb rhc eulh. fradirio@l ruling clrres tld had d.lin d ed 

d{,nrEtdi tl* rudn |i)r entunca l6t mosr ol d*i inllB,u lrlcr unilidtidr 'l]E bn, 

mctly in th. suth, polcs1ed fiaL uifidtion qar eoiru !o la &hiclcd ar thc.xtr.N of 

Fs 9.itr5 .'d futG g@|s' suld and sirlkti libcnt€d *oftn in the euth t !.ed tist 

rt y wdd h& lo p.y . panicuh.ly his! pri@ f6 uny. 

Th. m.rg.d of ts prsaNl] spaBle si$orcnic sys€nr produad rev 3tnins 

ad poblcms: rfic nrcrBe of rBlnulion\ Fmnnel, and paclies of th. t*o 3hres 

undcrmired $e alradt linned capacitt of lh. st € lo dsl with irdll and €@nmrc 

nah.6 Siw thc unomy oa thc Nth sa bigger ind mor. (&61 ltd lbxiblc, Bah 

of th€ burdci ol &lj6hent f€ll on rhe sulh$*4i familics in A&n h.d to @lt wrlh 

pri@ d4onfioh s l oiel srvetu cu'nrg norlll h.d lo @rs ryiln lhc uosl ol lidng rn 

SaMr. In tlE mrrh s $ell, lh€ N pNDblehs .nd &sts botr8hl on by ln. M$r Erc 

add to lhr h4d tin$ and ctcrily many reE lhsdt .xpcri€ncrrg 

Unny Botmm.n( ttEcforc, ton€d to s!.nd sry m@h fm EliorEi crch.{er o 

a@rmod{ion of r top omceF at difieml Lvels E( appoinied in scFl posls Tbe 

s*ili ed 6y oppointn$t oi minisleG *i. depu$et, and dher top oaiciab h Ihe licr 

lets rllc. unfietiotr r6k d p.oblems .nd co@ns !t weE oul in E opcn in a rcw 

mnth!. Distdbution oljoh .qutlly bet*cen nodhenE s and sdulhcde6 durins the 

rrmition p€riod @u€d smc lo 14 $al d Fmicious bban*'rlvle quol3 svslon 

muld pcairl beyoid tlE tra.snion. 

Conlcion anMs $c lowr st r olis olrr chains of cdnmlnd. displ(s .b{ul durcs 

dd prwduG, ad lGerDrtu. virh j$ suriq and j(rckcvirs lbr lr)srln!' s r 

r6ul! $e st te @utd nol p€rfddy isllenrcnt public plicy in the sooikomrri. sllrtc 

Wee ir nor aor ft f&l lhll Yc'en is slitl d a leEl ot &velop'Mt *hee lhc I'vd of 

sost cilizens qE nol cl@I, dcpcndent on tlE qulily and qunlilv ol govemlnenl. the 

sirstion wodd nav. t{etr a dsslor

Tl'. inrcns., highty tocus.d y.h.ni dificdiotr pro.sss s btindsid.d or Algust Z, 

1990, bt Inq! uncxtEbd nrvGion of Kosii, onty ! ti|tle moF th.n tw nonlns.fis 

lh. ROY B pm|nhc4 tn .qin8 G,!f sisjs &xt E bo|]l dit.r.d rlF .t&!rio of 

Yemcnir from rl* Dification tr@!r aftt pt.ced 8m! uhmticiper.d burdcN uoon gar 

p.@s. Thc iD@ of dE c.isis on fic w cgi@ w nagnitied lg@bty by irs 

In.mbeGhip!l rlis tine otr tlrc UN Sdlity Courcit. lssurinA ir u,uvoidlbb visilitnv 

Y.Eerr m's@neg4dand voled tor e Aml, diptcpotirMl end l. t.q,o..un,on or 

Kusjl ed rcfrued lo odorsc 0E

'116e le s rerc econPt cd by bilter criticisN of rhc gov€nrnr , both In privsre 

ed in th. pE\ for it! iddald. 6Dore ro rl'. 6ury'! 6mmic dir@lti6 .nd lq 

|l9 n.n4.n.nt ofYemcni - Sludi Elllions Tficse a€ut poblcrE dnd th. uific.lioo 

rgirc's fabh .(Iorc 10 @F with tlEn lGtcci poFiar disnr€il !d plblic protFts 

BMd and bltllr iss(s lool llEit plae b.side lhc sprululivc otrd ideological, lnd 

tw DG$d vigmusly. Tui ow6 For*tcd srcp ris in gelinc pdes, an

Thoughout Lh€ sp ne of t991, rh€y oigrnisd legc, pri@rity rdbal d.morFtntions 

TtE aoEsoing Fobims sll inlo qGlion tle Cowmtrat" abitiry to 3@irc. tn dE 

shon lem, rhee is no pGpel OaL rhe @ndic crisis eilt b€ . .viarc4 ond rtE hdd 

Flgd Y.d.ni B{rle ir lit ly ro bc |*ptiE ro ttE w.ri* opDcnion,s alt! 

ror r chdgc fot rcSile.llt @up ro lhc 1992 nalonsl ek rio.s wilt Drovidc an idql 

Idrun for l.unching o(eks on rh€ govemmenq and rh€ F.!r hisrory oa bolh rh. oorlhem 

dd eurlEh Fn! or 0'. @uirr rlggdrx 0Er dc posibatiry of. viot6! Ethd lte . 

@nsirrutioMl, cnange cannot be exctudcd 

I I lhe govctnmenr wcrc ov€dnroM, it routd not be unrelenable b sugBesl ltEr in !i 

€nsuing F i.ti of inslabitiry the hion nighl mt b. .Ue ro suryrw. Buq rh. crisis B 

nor l€d 10 t|t dis$lurion of rhe ydehi union FiBl of all,6 h6 ltrtei b.forc. ye@ni 

Fnlin.nt ao( unny E bng 3bndin! .nd d.eFsrq4 lhe unbn hs n.nv 

rqEGcIio6. b enli4n in ils sF,porl rcroib slrirg Ev€n In fie $ulh, whcre rh€rc 

is F.ricul.. dasillBion@nt .r rh€ grp betk.n exp€ctations !s !o qnsr unny mdd bdu 

rnd dE @lry trc tls tr& 6ere is lint. ryi&Ne thar ..SourlEh s a bsluD of thc 

mrons 6 a stur'on ro rhci. poblen' 

lhus, €lctr r tlrc uotikcl, ev.nt ol.r viot.,l rtEnge ol.rc8nnc In s{nsa suDNn (, 

urbtr 6 b. cxp€cd to Eroin slmn& p@js.ty he.& psdny ftiri.gs w€ 

ur

ln slditior l,o 0E abene ofdry 3ignilidl prsuc tor a bqlup ot lfie union. Stt€h s 

FMnrl politiel st@ng|l| should lElp pe.w th. !l!rs qN. tle ir wkty dr6rllcd 

wi$in the civililn lc.'j.6hip, his C.r.El Pdplc s Con8rcs Ms b€ins dev€toFd inro a 

poSovd'*nt tt|nid Fny |hlt will be r rujd lb@ nr dE @unr.y M6l 

$u0ErcG. s nob4 rpp..r !o h{!c thoM $en |ot in wiri !l{ p.csidcol ud the 

ndrltm lddaJip a.d Ur dierdit d Y@. Seialht Pany l&ks . polnidl bee in the 

mrlh reede{, lo molc aginsl ha6. As for lhc amcd loE3. thcrc hus b@n grumbling 

owr lhc ttooiMt Fxnion ugr&4 otlieR lion th{ oNdrias $oh.n litri 6!t m 

o.e among lhe nonh€m omccrs appats 1o po$6s dE peMnd dnd tribal ciedenti.ls 

ndlul b nou a crcdiblc ch.lldgc ro ht ,ule l he euthtm milibiy offis muld 

su0.r |'on dc smc li.bilitjls !s their civiliNn @unterFanr if they tjcd to lrke oM thc 

lqd.Rlip of $. uirqi YGm.r TtPl @ai'Hl lorrl to p'6i& rnl |o &r * bbrc ot 

ambitions ol. potentidl nvll lo Saleh among tlE nonlF.n omcc. 

The mmmunist i&ology e'nb@ed by UF lbme. $uLhern rcgnne dN mt appe{ lo 

be ! ele'nid $ure of treuble for Sllih. MGt *nior eurhrn oflicials rcd nor lo 

discus then lomer poli(@l beliefs pel-eding insterd (o coNen|dte on th€ reed lbt 

Yqn.n to dcvclop inlo a libcal &n@@y b6€.1on r ae n$ltet snomy. While l|f'r 

vi€*s on !ffiiculd polici€i withih a libcul l|M.wod my lum oul ro be ttu kn of 

dEs of sn. mrlh.n con*aalives. lhey gove $e nnnGsior of h{v'ng pul $en Fsl 

behind them and ot hrvine @hql nDE lh!tr a $lri4c of conv.ni€ne wnh libcnl 

pohics dd ld mrAct @mnics. 

Y.m.ni Gouping for Rclom @s l1rc only sigificant opposilion |o ftc CencEl 

P@ple s ConsrN lnd Ue Y.nen Sdolist I'ady 6!d m inl.rsl lo icnov€ lhkn fon 

powr bul $u8hl a odi€l ch.ngc in li.nm's F)liti€l coue l rib.l l€dcN of this s(up 

6 *ell6lhxe mnbc6 olthe bGiNs @tnmunily who bet them. hNe dore vcll 

sithin S.leh 3 sysled hd muld prob$ly bc Flucllnt to b.inB rboul ils dsmise Thr 

6cinsmen in Frrrcubr smy€d by tlE k ding and norc inflEntill @rilllists who 

perllt suppon lhc rcgihc. Only lhe plny s elisious conton. might *.nt to se 

Ediel chusc, at lst in Y.n*n s wid ol(Lr. Wcc rlrc Muslnn chris 10 lry lo Mrk

lor sNh chrrge, how.s, dey woutd wry tik€ty be ch€kcd by fi@ et.ms6 of Oc 

plrly dur wro b4icdly @n|cnl wirh rtE stalq qn. tr slbr( rne ,n|cnst onrslclioN 

offi. Yeh€ni C.outiig for Reforn hly be sn s$l fo. th€ ts(leBhjp b.c.se the Dnv 

B the MtuEJ Ettyiog,oi.t rbr Ddiet hlomisrs y.r, untrr€ty to !{6e ! rtuty sdial 

a p6rt tM PBidcds Flill.ej Fsirion, rt eG rrc g.olds fo. d8lirs that lhc co@llv 

may m| 'm.in In nr pl€ffit d,r eonmE lrtut9 @s fte tef t4h ad $d r 

i.l.r |bhiat pB6 lh€c eonomi! dilticltti.i cr6rc m,y b€gin ro abato. Tlc 

plieiFl ras iir c.lrioB oFihiM tiB in llE qMuy,s ot lietds, s uir€d y!:Dt 

prospecr5 tbr ! sistrirrcanr inoNse in prodwdon Eft le@u6ty good. Srne 

biai6liu|. oil tG be, disqld in all.m te .nd ,J .rD6r ern,n ro tc in 

Or the Ecotromic Sid€ 

Soliriql diflicuhiB rlu! t€d b unit, \er ircnwiEtj wD ,E@,ng eonmic l{6. 

rn lne p8Jl l0 y!.u ycmd hs been tbrcsJ b shit from ! 

rtElxpon orhbourooE h w,", ;.'" ;;;;;"1ff:',trj:J#: 

the hrit oftuings .tn srewrh. Hirlorirty, yc'b,s hte gssnpty hs fqed ndy 

oribltuple ro laE i. reeh of . b.der tiviig Wirh d..t@.nc rF D oit @rB ir 

EiShboui4 Sludi AEbrir..d dE ork. Culfst.r6, rhi, t&er hl8nro l@t on ! f,ew 

cof,ponies Mon impoistlly unification iffidialely @sohed lhc lonS_slalding dispute 

Mr oil crplooton tighls in tlE disF||ed, hn pot4nlidllv v.r! Ptm6ng 3@ 

At thc sn. timc uitv ha! ben &hi.val wnh Lhc suppon ol vinull, lhc 'n|nc Eb 

wld Th. ob c@oenlton co@il (AcC) invohins Eevpr. IEq aid Jordan along wnn 

Nonh Y.m.n p.did€d inm€di.le Egional supF)tl Sinullareoclv €vctr S&dr Anbro' 

long @ehcd *irrh Glubli@ d*lopmcnb in i6 eu$4 bodec, htd grM il! 

btBin& Withb tlE A.a! wl

Th€ Fsiioi of oths Anb dono$ sun s Saldi Anbi! ar,rl lhc UAE is tes oted, but 

ih..xt siE lupporr @iEd in rtE Flr.d.,niciFLd h @nEc!o. sitn uiity @ 

dnmr{tc.lly Bned. S.@n4 rcfrithru i@@ *s tihreEd ed .lnosl dErinst 

Tliougl tut l.rgc by Ggiort n nduds, lh. yd6ni c@hmiiy in (uvrir lnd tEq hod 

ben s.ndi.B t c! bniraiccs @{h }@. Moc imporL ry, a $.dov ws Br owr df, 

longn m future of Yn.ni communiliB in Souda Anbr hd crwhcE an U. cutt 

Hisron@ily, Yehcnis hrd bd in rb€ ui,i€ po3iiion of De,g.br€ ro ltlv€t b&k ut 

fonh b Saudi Ar$i. withod naving to obbin s|)corshrp rtum ! Sdqji, tn $e reel! 

rollowi.g dE l6qi in6iq of kuEiq Studi An!i, wirhdew EEi.l Fivitcs* for 

Y€nBb nn&ting lhr( rtt y.6enb wi5hin! b wt in S.udr Ar.Dr! iow rcquncd tr.$ 

lnd lFmahp lir. €hrrom .t* R.guhiotr!' wh,ch tu.t a orkd pnhr. y.mors !o 

oF. bNin*6 ih Sludj AGliq wE ,t$ detucnql. 

Thc 6ulr ot ftn fdclr@in8 i, S.udi ,nigrion regut.tioN s I ur. or*dtii.r.s 

3uddcnly Etunmg hon.. Emptoymdt {rd infl.rion pesud sft .thN e arn ro 

aolloe EH beFrd 6c ihm€di.l. smmic ettets dE @nr I bound io h.w .n 

'mporral {rd tong-tsling ihps.r on rlF narion.t inagmlon and on .lliod.s and 

F@ptr6 her@n riE te coutiB 

Ttuil, JerioN lhhcEd a $ull, bur i. y€n.n,s vi.w, signiti@t tD.h Etationship 

{itt lEq &d Kualir Tne S t.6l{lioh bi! prlglld by ym€n lo trE Unit4d NlrioN s 

ItEi! claim for abidhS by sadions impo6.d.gsiNl tBq is liddbtedty exaggcoted. 

Pdticolr, c|li6 inclu& udciFrat tog in,i,t.rd tun@B, Dolh or rich aptq, 

lo hNc be€n in,teicd. RdbEncs wE stso made ro rhc tenninarion ofoit srlm.ls 

.rDcd.l supplying rtE Ad.o retircry wi|h Inqi crqje. yoEn_s chnnd$ ctirEd to 

dliciporc incEdq io cxporc ofltuirj. vcgcllbtca,lish und o|tu turhrtudilis to lruq 

cxpons, whill' *itt kr nov be r€tisl. lls 6rnm mrrtel s@rschors orviegql 

Ddcr rh! ACC @ .t$ mw in rilr.B FMr\ inc reeromt crisb d,ansFd ycfu.s 

lonA{adin8 lbF ofa(Ecraos rcw priv{e i,v6th.,t tim exp.hEr. ycmeni3, Adb 

cnhFeeuu ad dtEr bcins in(eE|s n o a unifie{i @unr} vft one of rtE tusl 

malk.B md ldbor forces in ihc resio..

CoBid.nt'b art€ndon l'!d b.en gircn lo. cw p.ihte i!ve.(m loN !od.d s d€ 

rtrosi iib.ral in ll'e Arlb edd Reelrdl* of the firal sh.pe of thc l!v, Ysnen s osn 

atr&lircm a a ft* invgmd oppoftD'ry h6 ben sevrrcly dnninished tlF lEpes 

for dewlopi4 Aden into a conmercial dd ndusrrill f@ Dorl onpeting diBlly with 

Dubi on lh€ gula.nd Ojibouti on th. @d s!. Until sxpaLriac Yc.renis {€E @.vnEcd 

.mugh lo in6l in ltsir om odtry, $e F6Fcl5 

investncnl ouBide tlE oil dd Bs $cLor sfrm blst. 

aor lh€ erleEivc .dditioBl foEign 

Mde lhar .v.r, Y€nen's om Mnmic fdure tu* hinss @ llB ssNli 

dsvclopD.nr of ili oil dd gd ie*nes Fioo Yerncr's ponrl of vicm dE ore positivc 

&wbpm csirg oul of thc gdlctkis ffi irE opid ri* in oal Fi6. r| IEME 

helped @mFnel€ for lNs i'r reriltone jn.@e {nd{idas a frsulLoflhc Culfctilis. 

Al &e eme lime $e nigEr pri6 nrkc fudhcr o'l qplontion and devclopnem 

'. $€ 

@dtry nor. atrracliv. tha €ver Neither llE Y.m.o\ govedDen| nor foElgn orl 

@mDsDics hlr shoM dy indicsliotr llb( tlE Cllf crisis will sfdt their own 

@mmitn ni ro funber lelblem exploFlion atrd dcldopBnr AhlnuSh the lone-lcm 

Fiili@l inprcl of lhe gulf .risis oo lchtn wls not clar, Yenen !a op€nlv 

eknowledge tlEl tlEir oM Mtun c l!lu. rc$s alfrosl oliely on fte suc.6rul 

dcvclo0Enl ol tlEF orl and grs t*rves 

Rcmitrrl6 lton ll@ mrke6 po@ed a onnercial b@m d lhe Y€mns 

lmsfonnins lncm from a land of subsisteme farm€6 to orc ol Dercht s ard ulban 

b!il&6. Tlr€ lEldy (hys of sningly [nnls grosrh lot lhc Aobie Pdi@la ctdcd 

wnen oil pries ptumcrcd rn the nid- 1930s. 1lt oal aoNni€s wE al@dv 'naruriiC' 

aid rheir d€d fo. lov{tilted consEstion lsbor lEd begun lo d@lnE. but tl8 drc? h oil 

Fics llr0Er IriDnsj sn$ructid budgclr 4d slo$ql Y€mdi temdt rc€ ln bodl 

nortlr .nd $uth Yeder, lodes cotrfrunr€d ftc aacl tlnl llt ers oa ercwlh buoved bv 

mdey tron sqre6 sbtNd s ov{ YonL{ s @Dny sl'nucd lo olhFe IBdc 

nnbalanccs had exhalered lhc sov€rnhenl\ lorci$ exchlDse r6qfr6 'llE stilc lhctr 

lift d Btlictiom on nnpons rrd allovcd aiy n.rch4l wilh lbeign crRrcy |o 

'mpon

Govosdr dcbr @h.d r levet lh.l Fonp&d Inr.rqtioul Moncr.ty t-$d 

EF4nLliB 1o t{s oalEiak to. sust@t ..tJort r.il hs{s. ui&r t|ie |M! 

idj6h.nr pld, coBMcr luh€idics on Frroteum p.od$c, .r*hcjly .nd on bGic 

'hpon d tui s!r?16 @dd lErc ben Md!4 thc fsd ario wrqt {€ sowdm.nt lo 

d.v.l@ t[. Ycmhi curcrcy, which B gqrly ow.valu.d. Thi, ptd @dd @r bive 

hclp.d th. gov.nndfs 3&di.8 in rh. cr€ of @@neii sre x buld h.re 

.relt.icd lhe (hltirc i! rhe sbldard ot tivi.g oa nrx| ycrcnb. Twice duin! lnc 

Fctiob rtu yeB rhe m.jo, c,r,B hlds6 riuB sF,rcJ hy rhr cnek or i.rkio; b 

€fist lhe uniry gov6n.n! had fritcd b &tiEr on iB @nonc ponsq tr4,s invleiotr 

of Kuuir rh'd ttE drrc r.8i@ |nto o,sis. Bur ! rhe Mi.tdt. Flr Eels rhc cG|! of 

$e whot cisod., n b.qi. ctar y.ren hs sulleed horc om uosl 

Rising Pric6, hish u6mptoyme|||' indBtrint unr6q ir0urrlcllre h.t. wouSh a 

narr ,oll. A. h!4rhip !bws, $ !D e iBit bl. rerd.E, ro tind e!.sr. h ir, 

,iEl irc Fs, rh, Repubtic oa y.rei tu, b@ subjccred lo ! vdi.ry of 3t !s Bu f.r, 

rh. rGr eErc otsae,s difiicutii.s s uirgqd b, dE d.Lno.&lior in y.tuni S.udi 

rcioom c!u*d by Saudi hoo iry towd tlE ym.ni gorcmnd s pctraq duritr8 the 

tund Cdtcnsb ad m.. y@d's @slonna(6 of rlE irrclwft of roEign fore 

!n |nc seltlcm.nr of whll ii coBid.Ed atr AFb problen .nd ue a[,IE!fu@ of .nr-Srudi 

FoF€ad. leneG on rh. str ds ofsaE hld i6Es.d rlE re io berrq th. rs 

sr|Ls. Tnc Ssudi govnme &ca&d ro cd rhc vie !ru sponeEn,p orehplons 

t diti@lly djoycd by ycMi! tiviiB !d mrtjrg in S.udr Anti. Tt |!lm of e 

$t'nded E00,000 Ymois to d e.ormy lhll could ilt erTord lo ,cccile lhm. Mosr h.d 

!@Fnt .nd 6oily ri6 in lheir ddw loB rd vittagB tu $cy @ujd rt t*t bo 

nrbsorbed pfiysi@|t Mrny n.d bsr .I tint! ro lh{n homded !d hld ro he 

l@hnuhred in rcfuge srp6, lrinrily lound lknlrl||n u, |h.lred S* (Bl

Bcie Emitl.'c fm Sludi Anb'! wre beinB nlde |hmud wfidrl ch.m.ls, 

thedcclinein llE @un(ry's rc$rve ws dilllcull to galge $lbillior ps rnnon 16isa 

Noi 3uFisirgly, Ydcn's lrlnd on tnc Culf$isi! Fovrd 

vc.y dtly in 

s@io*ononic lsns, mulliplynrg the probt€m 6(ed by (hc mili..lion 

!'tj.d. Thc inFcr cBhioftd foi . nnc by lhc hdd cunerct and 

poie€ssiois boughl tsck by Ycmdis torc€d lo t€palri.G, inclu&d scrios 

sid a wll N mnoDic alBins, disl@alions, od dcpriv.liotr. lredN 

lbw of $. mrlqs ssr b their villag6 or fouDd wl in dE cili6, lh. mosl 

@bbl. Fw pobl€ms wE lhc slaggcring inoEe ih lrEDplotmenl and rh€ 

groB$ of Br shlnrr1oms on lhe ourJkids of San'o snd rl-hudayda. Tbe 

virrul clrl of Ehiu,Ecs. rbc cdoff of n6r d.wlopmnt and filExid !i4 

.nd ! dop ii oil pries (md oil eiporl r*enuet sM Foduccd t swere 

shodsg. ol had c@ncy, and lhis lh.n c@d lhe Ydena nal to plmmcr in 

vdE dxl infl ion |o M. Mwh of the d*linin8 h{d curmy h.d lo Up for 

ircr€$cd f@d nnpons lo feed the Eturne6, l4ving lild€ for trudstion and 

.bv.loDm.nl &fivniB rhar dcp.ftLd q n&l cuMcy ao. nnpods. Mey 

pojetr. publio dd pdtar€, lEd lo bc plt on, l$ld ls wanl or finucine, 

rhqeby cosriq additional jo$s. Esnti.l effi€s sls hcd lo h. cut for wdl 

ol lun&, sd ! miniml s'stcn of rerica and h@a'Jt ri$ lid *N str.lchcd 

to ils limiis b rh. growing d'rned. (8) 

S&sl PGlnqi sLG s. led lo iellrion dd hid enoq i.FrcGioG fd lF 

aunlry s €onomic anullon: 

A disnlinu.lid of linanctul aid fom Saudi AEbisi 

a forodl rctum oa naBnnt mrk rs.i 

A cotuid.obl. cnrt ckinAmc daidl 

frdzing ol lB.i8n iN.s!ftnt$ ed los oa lourish. 

Ycn6 s!fi.r.d.xocmelr hieh fins@ill l(xs ed lhe onspdding si Foblons 

The corwuones of llD orieis rec s serioos l|ul h l90 and l99l lhere wa eF letl 

unr6L .tow ltl in $e eullrcrn IEn of $e @unlry. b.su* of 3uNly bollle'Ncks l)uc 

b rbe deleriooiion ir liting .onditions slrils were lls tetert€dly orguized througlDul

Fufi€moe th€ €.ommic d€.tin. hd potitiot inpticdias: lhe pcrbd of tim betwn 

6ificdio ad thD o|lt.st of$. KNrt disi! 6 s trrl tha! tblNins tE initi.l 

@plBi! Mr unidr lhis ns. E tuw viev,qt G dd.im ,t b€@ of tn. *6..1s 

The sac dndio Foblns brcr{ht on bt lh. t99c.9t Outf qi3is otd 

w 8aw n* lo Mou ftar fte dryr ot dE unifid rmsi!@t egrft rec 

nmb.ed rm yeu eR.r lh. &ctrtti@ ot uny, hows, rh. de ot the 

uion is not wioGlt bei.g cbsttcngqt lf lnyrtni8_ thc GFcl tor eulh.m 

r6deu mmg Nsrh.rE6 mn, of whon hsd Enervcty oppo*d 

drrdrm tor rM (r.c&lcs. ircr43.d dqit'8 the ouE orlhe uon.s lj6l 

Tlr€rc v6 ate oplimisD borl about rtrcjoinr investmnt arca end th€ soviet &r€sge in 

Silbwa tr@ine rh0r B rete.5.d to W6t€m @npnnis in rhe tan r pon of t90. 

ExploBlory drilling ir unde$ry in both .6. tritu r, rhe sovdnor has @hcd o 

.g@.nl Mrh a S.udi boled conemiur sd.r whictr the tali., Mlt bing into 

mmercial t8!d!clio. tlE only fi€td th.l dctctop{d by Oe SovieIs in ShabR Th. 

tNgoing amlysis $gg*c r@ cEl6ioN. Fn$ s lhe R.publio of yeftn nov6 inlo 

ile lhird r@, irs ladeBhip apF$ l,j bc rbtc to ot.@N lne cd.,{ pobld a@l by 

$e @unry. lhe strdg Fsition S.tch h.s buih fq niBtf vits-vis rhe |rib6 thc 

a&bi|ny of thc eutt m l@d.F b &r ird(lerd{dt, lrd lhe MlrldicrioN dqr b*t lnc 

l:rllsdrc oppG'rio dc udoublqt eE for $e td&RhrD 

MGh will &F d on vh€rhq old hop lry ftw oit production tu h. tr.Etared i o 

6o|M@ beefi|s for lhe Yc'neni poputatiotr lnd whcrhcr ymenis e able to return in 

signihcant nunb.u to Mrk ir Saudi A6bis. S*ord. snd sbole slL n is hed to @n€ire 

olany ser ofd@unsr$c6 rhar sutd prod@€ si8nificanr pr*!r6 fq nonh ..d reuth ro 

scpod.. evcn if $c @unay\ Dre crilis E.c to ddi{bili- rhe regioe nr SaM, 

pr€s6 for r.dividiDg llF @unlry woltd b. llsenr fioD rh. @!rtry.s q.enl 

ladeAhip, Yemm uity apFjs lEr. to sl!y.

Tn rc w pani.ulc ill-feling mong tlE inhdir.nb of tne euth. lXey CX 

&niFiqi bt the dlh, *hich *!r nor. populous rnd @npclliwly richd in teG of 

Fir6t capiLl. BNiGw. from nodi nould rhc @r€|5 of tlF $uth wftn $et 

prod@q spc.ulotoB bouShl !p lhr ohdl' fqxlstu,ii lhcc, pri6 !EE! rnt 

uremploym.ntgr.w. rh. irv6|ln€ s of ii.h Nonl' Y.'enis ME nol chercled inro tlE 

prodFlion slot l\dpcrou Soulh Ycmcnn livins in crib neitatei to rcllm hone fo. 

e@

Pflo. to unificaion, Norrh 6nd South yc,n.n bctong€d 10 th€ t@r€st (Urc) Dd m6t 

h@vily indebr.d codlri€s. ttspeDlty in tu @mnic fietd, rtErcaore. tigh hop6 wrc 

p'm.d on unilicarion. A conmn derclopGni ot th. agricuhu.l sror. ftstqics lrd 

louris smed to oFn !p F* Fcp.ctatd t .Bt, howrer, f@6€d s rlE cflrd. oil 

wirh rl'e end of s|a& sirlj$ io ds $u|h ud th€ tabcEliani@ otrlE e|)lM, O.rc 

ld8. ard ircluding of srbG fict& ee tu& .v.il.l,te b erDht,or @ntacli ,n 

Btco ootr*s @nn.bme h sbbjtily gr* fottowing lhe end oa @rjiuurio, 

h.t@n Oe ts Yemeni el!l*, ehich h.d rurunt ge prNF.ling and Foducdon 

@nt@rs wE @n signed wi$ Mstern oit coDpdri6 duins the fiBr r€w nDnrhs 

,bllowin8 unification. Th€ gnnlinS ofprosplrling rigir(r Fovel ! coNide4bte sue or. 

,aenue. in 1991, ctude oit outp( orourqt ro @ughty 220,000 b€[et5 a dryt by $. 

niddle of dE daade liede or'berwn j0O,O00 ,nd 700,oOO barBts a day 6 qo@rcd, 

thc .mu1 Mrich netghboriig @ontry OnM Foduc. Oit r*ru. B pdmdaty !*d 

lo $fcgwd rh. go*mnqr budt l thcrc M5 m spe ftrderetop'renr prqjsrs. tn vi* 

or0E i lnuio@l dq shich 6 be .xp6c4 6F*i./ty the fin@id 6ist nq frm 

ltu .ich crlr'stal6! thc innid snon,ic @rtcrt jnr dE rce rcpublrc dc hr tot 

A msror qiteriq tor illcml srllitity B tlE ihp.owmn( of the @mmic sitErion. 

Sti4llan eilld@ie from {E crud. oil sloi Whc, @sins smnic prdpects. 

hokrer, |h€ dcnognphic f.ctor shoutd ool be i8no,ed. A@oftting ro avdhbtc 

indr@1o6,lhc Yemenipoplt{lion qil incrq& t@lnld during thc next lwo deld€s cvch 

@nerdenblo ccoNmi. gro*rh, *outd b. uubtc lo orlwr such a &vetopmehr. DBpnc 

*riouslaiN rc uiriry dn bc cr!$rdj lo crtu,!. |* ycDoni tld nrg ol.logctlf,nBs i, 

t perful bonil. The exl€Dsior of intrstrsor. lrl dNctoDlEnl ofqrde oit sdor witl 

sl!68lh.n the FFilid of 16€ enlnt gowrtoenr ( 3houtd be kl€n inro .@unr. 

ho*tq, lhe - opp@d b ts siErid in O@uy _ . uit€rt $.rehood in ym.r is . 

rcv.lly and th,! for $is ra$! lhe begn.ing i, n*h @c dirrcdt TIE ROy,. et.6.t 

lo pn rr* Ug and Slu.ti tqt @rrton .&!trsl t&l *!,ru1 to day inro dr nlnds of

oMmtirc bl@. Th. oy-ey.B, who h.d por6l.d thlt Mii'.d Y.rcn ard irs @ 

@Btilutr'6 vw tur sullarcrtly' lsl.nic .ddql to thcir litaiy the hilre of the 

unilicsrion Esift to tlk€ side wilh S.udi Alabia. Ku@rr und lhc orlEr Culf states 

aea'nst ldq. Thcy blamcd lhe Sowmmcnl lor tnis hiloe which also na*cd by 

uftdploym€n! inlarion ad wi&sp..ad shonqcs 

In pdicuhr, hhi @uplcd ils onslilutio@l disnl sith haBh crilicism oflhe rcginc 

lor ils Gllf slnnd and rhc doficario cnF|J of thqt srand, tt jojrcd wnn lhc Lqguc of lhc 

soN of Yffi, .nd !*rl oth6 rnelld oprixilion p.rri6 ro ,ight agdnst rhe 

constilulioml &f€Fhdur a *cll a llE cgnnc s Culf st n@. E nier, thes and othq 

prcsldi .Emetu hrd forh.d . CodmirLr for tl* Dcfcns of thc Righ6 ol (Uvai( 

lnilirlly, hokler, the Culf cisis nat haw gen.Bicd s nrch slppon for bifietion 

.rd lhe Djfi61ion FBine a n cioded rlEl elpP)n TlF q!ic[ &d undisslis€d punnhing 

of Yden by tte S5udis .rd A@ic4 €mblcd Peident Sded ud nis @llegs 10 

eund a oviming oll to rll Ycfttris to rlly .' d@ nrls lgiinsr a @l oharlenee to 

uifi€d Yeftn odlne Yeme.i p@!'le. l-lF 1.rc !nli-S.'!di $ntimc'nof 'My Y.Mis 

b@nE tuifdt ad lhe egihe tuncd n b ns polniql adt.itase. 

Alttdsh disvo*rd by ilE rs'mc. th. $oG of dcnonstntions ud orlH foms of 

p(tesr agaid $..nti-lBq @lition rhioushoul rfu ountry durins lhe qisis chdretqt 

neh anAer &d frGltation hldl6ly .my lbo th€ esahe Mororr, lhe @n@t 

h.r&hip6 lrd .Erdity wl c[ h.d prled.d ..d @ntiiucd .tLr lnificrliol s wt! s 

tt@ tltst i@ilrbly acomp.ni.d 0E p.cs6 ofnerger, could now be plrdy btan d on 

q @red by th. Culf crhis Dd it! elI6B on Y@.n, prnilir or olheMi$. rn 

n€gatiee Mmhic ellalr oftle Cultcftis wcrc mitig.lcd sonrcwll't by lhe &,ge b 

ahich rhe quickly unilied pctrolcuh wtor wB elf3ordnE insutalc{ ar@ the rsl ot 

tlF e@nmy, and thc obj4t of tl* inrene inreHr of hey intcrnalionlt oil adpaniG 

gry over {E €ou@ of tie crish. lrsEd cxpon ohirBs. cauwd by rh€ div.îon of 

poit ot oil gldwiion ro the Ad.tr rctin.ry in ord( b .owr donBtrc eftrsy reeds 

pwiosly ne! witb @ncsion ry crudc fiom l6q rnd Kusait. weE gddutty orsd by 

rising p'lduclion ed slashrly higlEr crudc Ddd:s.

ln .ddirio4 ffit hudrld hi[i6 & B nowd iiro rhc yanai rr..iury in t99O-9 | 

G |n. Burt ol 60|rr lhc tmdE $t. of erptqtaoi dg||(i b $!al 'w .@I|oi.3 .nd 

or. L.g. ct @nnbffit Fid by d. cmFry t||.| w, ttr dgh( lo Epte 0E 

Rusi!6 n' slller tiBtty, rcw qd@taM @ranusj .t ! tisr F@. .nd onNlud. 

inpo.r. B* qnrkci.t o,t n,|.ls. slcnsrhn,nts y.ih,i tos...r.h 4donk 

FGp.ct3 d ln. sn dnr dlt n funh.r et rcd ttE .pFti|6 of ttr oit coDmi6 

Fhrlly, dE Grp.Nio' ofoir rodudid w FoieEd fio,r dE rolsht, 20o,0oo t/din 

l99l ro.bod r,000,000 !r'd bt rhc yd 2@0, with thc 6g!rc otat O,OO0 yd Brimlcd 

Demcncy h.r bcd d.lircd B dE "OovlMcir of rtE FoDtc by |||c Fopb rnd for 

0E p.oplc". lt dptsies on p@d.! FntciFlion in U. d.cisioFn ting EgrdiIi 

U.ir.lI.i6. Tln!.t iinidd imptid lh! 0E 3l|c ahoutd bc govmoj by thc p.optc. or 

lrErt E!|gibtive$, .Bl o@diIg io lh.i, wishet. A govqnMl lhlr &a!nl rcn6l dE 

@lldriE rill of rhc F)pt otoDt b. {rBdibdJ B . dcrusic @. I |g[jns in q'N 

a hos $ n cnjoys dr MtiddEc of0r .tccro..td Rcspo8ibitjty of.ry Sovrmrenr b 

t'E Frpl. is dr baic chlet'r ilic ofdcncft]. tt t.y3 doM bro.rlFiicipt6 lrEh s 

.qu.lrty' Mtrbiliry, jGtie, tibcn, rid BpoBibitny for rt* eowl'|!e of . 

tulrt. Any rm of toldh.tr( wh.0B Fdim .ry d Fwidcnd.t, b.6qt d de 

F icipl6, o hr 6ll.d d.nocnric. Th. goEnm 5 dFuid.ltow [E domna. 

iNlin||iG to 0d!h.trd imFn Dotnid r!ini,8 to rh. t|l.s s &ncm, qn bc 

'Wi3h.d if lolitiol insdturioB e .loc&d lo nd sh fEM 

A! 3urFsing .i th. dccilin to on.d *as lh. &cilion to do n &,rc..ri6[v. mutd_ 

Fdy F ni6 .rl llB dsNElt tih ot ptilio.t tir.. tolownu up d urs. |leEbry 

fE ild f.h lcSist.tis .tcdioi! *!F tEtd in rtE lFing of t993. Urh.ppity, ttEs. 

dc.tiol! ftrc follo*ld quiclty by I d.Gp potiricd cftb .nd by r civit w rhar 

lhtc.lqrcdt foruE of Ycmni oifiqtion in niG t99t.

The poljli@l configur.lion of uit€{ Y{men wa uichlned atul litcly to change 

npidly lbr sohc tnnr lo cmc. I l'€ lage 6 ol m und!\l multilFny system wse in all 

la*el dd ef€r $!n ttu coN.q@N4 of. pob$ly t-utile atl€mpt ro Nnl'in polilies in a 

"unificd polili@l orgsiation , hoev.r, oNn.nd bruld in thsry Poliricism fion th. 

1tu Yencn *r€ ncither tersqd nor cxNricned in orullipurq polnis md. lor many 

l€s'tsi @rc uNuic aod uio,nlb.lablc wnh d s abslrucriotr ttur Lhcy oonnieqj nqrty 

from the outFl thlr Dolnicll chliBe bMd s nore op€n "l,lur{list" sysrem M 

@voidlble dd cvcn dsnabb. Ihcy wonrlercd onong lh€nelres *hq€ the b.l.ne 

bel@n lnity.nd ditc$ily (o nu(iplicily) should be tttuck, and. 6 imponrd how it 

@uld be minLiDdl ond iisriturionaliad. lhc ls&s of th€ CPC snd $e YSP Denr 

flw wishful thinkii& The id.. ilbt tlEy ould, in.flsr, 'fedenliz' politis dd boln 

@uld ontine lo enjoy . vidul polnid momF,ly in iG r6F.ri!e Fn of lh€ @unrry. 

ar l*t duing rhe tusnion (o lep up uitl d l6t chulsn's leei 'plmtitbS" F)lniql 

Nw ad old Fni6 Fppel !p og tlE F)lalk3l 'n.p E cfi of iR tuliig @.litio lried, 

inlplicidy, ro rerve sF ill F)sitim or dv.nr.8. lir him*lrlnd rh.ndoGd thc id€ of 

6llblish@nt . br6d narional trorr or umb@lla orgDi,.tion. Sm. 3uss€.t d diar 

wno6 Frli6 huld largcly relgc. suFcF (;l{ l all YetEn or snrthang litc the 

U.ilied Polilical OrganiariorN.tioMl [iont (UPO4{F) lhat hd iol€d in thc PDRY in 

rh. mi4l970s INL.d rh.y lavourcd a sy3leh of D.ny $p6Brc, iidetei.kir p.rri6 

oEr vbich em. $( otollicaal g{ekcep€r would nill h.ve consi&@lle sy. 

TIF ruling F.li6 @rc sn undcr 8ql lrsue fiom tht ottrr poni€s ro give up io 

lbrmer lor ttu htlcr alt$nativci snnc ol- llr Nw rfti Fcvn slt ilhgal old lortics, 

wrc d€n objldnrg |o a gNlclecprr or uny$n'8cl$ tlul nrigit liteou l|t sta|s qN, the 

CPC snd tn€ YSP. OpF4ilion pud$ rca locusd ttu ruling prnics of@ordi.arins 

rheir afai^ so d (o monopolift political lite, end at mid tor rhey wcc sriu rrying lo 

ldhrDn a F dcal rdry law wirh rcsish utNr €rillriu which wdold lblr sm Nulral d{] 

actully src lo exclud€ or cdpplu ccnsin plnies.

Howrver. $. lop le.ders of rhe tD yen.ns eceflGd rhar lDliftlt syst.m o{ $e 

dilicd Y.nEn shoutd b.& on pt@tLh ,n

ln the 8ov€rnm€rt and adminisrares aptsolls $e Crc has th€ advdlirge of Plsyins 

.l homc', si@ il5 nemb.6.E hniliM si(h ond integded inlo lhe e{Endy specilic 

sirl .nd loyafty st@rur.. O'! rhe orhcr sid., thc ltshr ors.ni$tis ol rh. YSP ir . 

Fanrlc .sr. ]llc YSI, ha sp€d als ells io trE rurrh rnd j{,trlqi tij@ *ii thc 

sialist sisls parly thuE, P6ident Sll€h olen nFd€d his apFrls lor the romarion ot 

3 n.liomlfMlmnD sing lllDolita@l lords to rc.vail. the dintrins onen1ation will 

enrin- Yeneni Refonn Movemcnl', Alklah , w6 *l up rs ! not.mnny third f@c 

in Jdury l9l, unld th. r6d.r orth. D6t poEdul trib.l Mli cnaon of rrE hnt\ 

Abdlllah Al-Almlr. Al - lsl.I is o .mllglndion of Eldnionrlktic trib.s\ en. ol 

whrch havc strde ri6, esFcially ofa liMncial ndlrc ro Sludi ABbia. and of M6lim 

botheF who d$ h.ve liiks with Saudi ABbis, coisdMtiv€ *oiomic cncls ed youg 

intellccl@ls wiln d lil.Eic otiertdion. 

'l he novemenas l.&L6hip nadsed !o olly ?0,000 Y.mcnis lD'n alt esions of rlE 

counlry st SMru st dium. Ior dmdslralio agrid rhe anstitltion mobilEed by lsl.h 

who ha de gaiDql suppo in the southe p! ofthe.ountry, lio trib€s and hllmic 

gbup6 IEG. Et.n lhoud lhe @Nlnudon us ml m.nded dBpitc the Fo|6tE lh. YSP 

s oN of th. 8mF, which ektuwl.ds.d di. f{rc *iO which it is @ntont d in 

uild Y.rer d

*ladiricisn and hld EtiiqoilEl $e nwpol, of poN. rjtho rtE kint of pr*ue 

of lh. popul.lion *n d in EisrcD Eurcldn sjatisr oun(ncs. 

l he Blifttuisb'nent of rhe mnopoty of pow, howwr, w .ol enliety votunllly. 

Trr !ul6 in Adetr Ka NcE or rhe F)rniol .nd dedic dectiE oa fien @untry ,nd 

lh. arowing disd4u@ oa thc Fplt{aon {t o.y carty sr.g€ m.l roesr.l€rt rlEir f.l. 

lh{.k (o $cn lno*l€dge ofOc aitua(ion and $en veing in$runenrs of Dowcr ,l.he 

new s'mrler llnic\ l|tr Nas6B bd Berhas|s, which krc prnnarity comrosd of 

joung inrclleruls frm !rb.r .B wnh . s!1, oddhrion, kE failcd ro dlbtis$ . 

6hion they stood lirdc chdM of suw$ in $e pa.tian€nr.ry ct.ctions of Nov.hbd 

1992. rhe arcedm ol tlf, pr.s. of sschbty lNl oa spech .ttos ltum $ sxrress 

cnucrln a$rnsl lhc posr dppstslb in nweD6 ftw jomuh ed in .teDoNrFlion 

outiid! of nidsrrie. nd in 0A6r al*. ,rhb qiricis w tct.t.d ,gaifu| omdion lnd 

uE .he of pow a wtt 6 4aitur llE arcr th rh6 p,lvioustt tutans orA.nia ds 

h.w sh..!do powr, hoey drd rhe oiliciat imirotunrs of infom o. bersEn thd. 

'fhc lolerar.d cunailm'l|l otneh|s sumrad in rh€ tunsrjtunoa ft@sh a ncw p|6 

raw .'d I pony hw curentty in pcrpion, Ms d$ d,riciz

Deterioration of the relationsl betwcctr GPC & YSl, 

Uriliciion ir Yd6 tsk pl@ @dd ihc MFion of romnir8 siretld in boln 

s|.l4 duing a tranririoul Friod bul @f,Ircd sovern@nr lid adninislslion !l lhc 

6pit l thjt slrategy, howver, did nol hove th€ dsiiEd integrdion eflecr Apon t0n lhe 

h.t thtr thG drplic.tion of golelmsl &tri.isroiire app.srs B rm imlfrci.ht lrd 

.iFtrti€ Tndc wE olhq $lrc of fn:cn@ .rd ifiannl @nflict. The wE r6r.d 

in dilE ins n@rrlity sd divergol vicw on lh. ls*s of rhe pubtic *cln Ahovc r , 

hN.v.r, bo$ govemnFn|! hop€d thar lhis lnitreion tbnnul. woutd tudher lteir oMl 

Dohi@l goals in unired Ycnen snd !o d @noin extenr "abso6' rtE Beccriv. ,.rher 

Eipdhlions wi{r sp6t lo rne em.i.Ny of eurhcn' furulio@id and the 

srengtlF.ing of $e Erioul e€d fo@r hrw ml tet been rEl' Atthough rhe@ !d a 

fomd @iliet:m oalhc institurioN, rtFir E.l irlegflion w.s rur Eatiad .nd ttEy 

ould.o1, $eeforc, bo insttuncntali$d k, (hc dcsircd exrcnr. lhe euthern cadrcs 

piBwd ll'. g@l lhrouSh unifi.alion ol ponotins ! dlvclophcrr nr rlf mnh lor.rds a 

furclio..l eorally adninist r.d ald l.icisdc a|!re. 

R.liBioB bondr md ldbll nrucru@s rlFru, horcler, tumqi our lo be psislen( ed 

reststui io change. Conlory lo mdy €xpctrtions tlE southch luctions in Sau! NE 

abe.tEd by the mnn m f,.lao.t of innwmc md loy![y, which cltal€d lh. criticirtrr 

ofdE qd6 in $e e!th. 

Thc &b!€ne of @romic Fospeily thcro c@red. *Ne ot nosbtgic. tn retrcspccr, 

thc $oaelist enidcm.nls' lnoeEd ino Dor. hvoudt e trshl Al lh..ndot t989,lhe 

unifietior of rlE tN rcgidB sed a *lcft My our olrhc Mnohic ditcmns .nd 

llF ls of po|nid bgilindrng. Even a1 tlBr lirE, howwr, .pFr.nlty tu sidc hld 

.b6rdoned ils clsim ro supFm&y. N€irher in Norcnber 1989 mr at ey liler slagc B 

PBident Sal€h .blc to pB[ throush nis popoel for ihe fonr.rion oa EtioBt fronl

Al0ough YSP wls morc 0ghrly ors..i4d &d h4s ate t'in€d 

suppon in |h! uban 

enld of rhG Mlh. rlF q'Erion uis l|EA.r rtrc dotdtory wicit ti@ orhi dE 

norc 'Allsh ud the F|therlond. wil b. rcglded as crcdibt , .t he cpc .! a riv.l *is rct 

. ';lfunEl orusiatioA hr bt d. rdgc EF*rt rlE si.t ,lruct@ of rtE @dr tn 

lh. $urh, bl.n a.d t hdt ri6 rerc torcibty suppr.s. soth toc, bcs.n io l!1lst 

tFir intlc@ atter rhc sidtt Egimu @tt Fcd. Ar dw tcwrs tom.r ri6 bcrcn 

rhc nonn .rd rbe sourh wE rwiw

l he ridxp?ing oa tor€igffisnd oil @n|Fny voitsad th. llEll of 0Eir !did6 

becM. epidcmic, proliding &Ucd evrdeme of a Brorng lowlsss". YSP cadB 

criticiz.d rlEi. ret *nroriB in Sana of dol@rdting roo li!|. i'd.Fnde@. p.ny 

6tral @Dbidr€, for csnpl.. sto.gly @nLjcmnel d* |m rcp@ntaic of lhc @lh 

in lhc prGidcntial o@il for spjdt the ssu6M by Pr6id.fll Saleh lo thc tslsmic 

[016 t'or ic p6r! fte Cl'c cl.im.

The gorcmnenr $.1 annooc.d @ M.y 10, 6 r brud @lnioD gowontlll @gng 

from .cntcrigh! th. "big lent..dpFEn(y fuvorcd by pBkjenr sarlh. Dunng ils fi61 

monln8i the mw govemmenr .mplBiad res idladEs xri, in Dcnicuh. hu,dBl. 

@@t d erbn to BtoD so{ Btlrions *ilh S6udi Aabir Kuu[ dxl tft€ orhd Anb 

o'irstat s! an.llod which, trodw€d ontt ftodesl esutli Popular d€monslatioN .nd 

srnr6 porstins infi.raon and lhc tlre p.y,br or.stariF .N sass rnd@ied dEr oe 

3ov@n@t w4 ud.. rh€ gu to hel quickty c.Jnplisn pHs6 ro .e tb. ..!iins.,of 

unifiqtion ard tErd inB V.hi& |Jl.t5 ,rd UdMppin$ by the |nbe Buh€d. @urinc 

un8rghg ro tu (s'm. lh,r had rudc lhe cnd ur ,tawksnex mrtrcr empagn 

Fo'd*. Mdt \Mishc. asqi,Etion lrmFs a J olhcr Ftl|ilat viotcne Nnd 

n wa wn qpucnl thll rlE clcdjons had nol providej pE sgc ro a noc omDr.rr 

ma F |@nr s|'sr of urrrqtDn . or ro mE cfiat,v. gowmmsr Srrhs h rhr 

r'!dnn. cmtition wro cvident irr rhe Bignarion or tnc d,mdt torces chictufar.ll(a 

ifilEm) ovs rhe a e8.d flituE ofrhc rkfee ministq (s euthder) ro 8e( on pirh 

the long dehycd meigcr ot.trE mnql tb@s. oDln€, prionry ereclomt Plornis. lrre 

YSP lqd€6 wG ugins $c Fny lo join rt. opposition 6||.r th.n cati.d to *rye s 

Jooro. ponftr h a coalidon d{nnuGn by !n s egcd luiac err*r 0E cl,C ed lstutj, 

0'c rwo "mrilrm" Fnica A6ool cn ets att r |he g@cmn. B rdmcd, vrc. 

P6id.nt at,Aalrth asrin rc{rst b Ad.. and bcg.n 6 ew borco(, ono lhar t€d to s 

s{gd full{toM potjrh.t crits. 

Hc lel b€hn'd. ta$ ofcighten codnioN for his rcturl\ a n rr fu pt.tc otpotiriot, 

nililary, economac md rdhinjsrutile eform. As a 6utl, fte potrrjc.l ctim.rc i. tate 

l9.l $rs 6 lrd or me lhe ! y@ snicr Udrlc llr oosrs ot.t.ra t992. ,nu@vc,, 

dis c.isis drd ioL qlF the @n&l|an6 inside Lhe rulins c@trron to ctN ant$, put ajjrtc 

ficirdift€E q md |.t jont &tion lo rE 6ori rhe eginc !d y.hi uniry *n€n 

rhc ahms soundcd n' anv t 99a

Roberl D. Bunowcs, paper preplnd for thc SynDosium ofl AIab 

l .gtîon, Center tot Contemporary Atub Studies, {jeorg€town Univeniry, 

Washington D.C., 9-10 April I992, P: 2 

lbid, P:3,4 

Charles Dunbar, Th€ Uoificdion ofYenren: Process, Polilics, alld Prospecb, 

Middle EastJoarnul,,tolu,n,c m.3, sunnner 1992 

Ursuh Alauq Geatd Or?,tr /rNrrt,rle, I lambur& Dcceftber 199l, P: 176. 

Charl€s Durbar, Op., CiL, Pr463 

Ibid, P:472 

Robert D. Bur.owes, Op,.Cit, l,i l0 

N.ob€n D. Burcwes, Op. C;t, PPi 3l-32 

Chorl€s Dunbar, op,.cil P: 457 

Robed D. Burcwes, Op,. Ci1, P 9 

Curegory Cause, Ye[en U ly: Pasl aM Fu{ure, id. e East JoutuL 

Washinglon D.C, Vol.46, No. 3 Augusl 1992 

ursola 8ru4 The Yemen: Anolher Cas{ of Unification, {le Middle 0ast and 

Nonh Africa, London, European Publi('lions, 1989 

A. ll. Cordesman,'ll|e Culfond tl|c S€arch for Slralcgic Slabilily, Wcslvicw 

MaNell, l9E4 

Mohamjd Dl Saycd Sai4 lhc l'rosF,cls lbr Aral' liesiorla| (noupnrgt, Arab 

Arairs, Aulumo 1989 

Mohamed Wahbi, Ihc Arab Cooperalion Co'rnoil and tltc A.db Political 

Order, tunerican Arab Afiarrs, Spring l98S

CHAPTER# 9 

THE SECESS'O,V ATTEMPT, 1 994: 

CR'S'S AFTER UA"F'C ATI O N 

Widen of Mislrusl among Uniiy I'arGG 

Th. @llaFe of rlE qiginal uniFetion esnn., nrtGi bt F)liriot crnis ed iotto*€d 

by civil wr 6csm nr mid of r99t ts ih& hltfwy thrugl, the kNnjoEr o.riod. fic 

Fs* by whach rh. NnlriFrat tora tept (r nro pa iLs logether w gtudu y 

@!ne@d by rn @nlriflgat on r puling rh.m sp.n tbltos 6 seul6, r€nd. bot ore 

round which lhce w6 @Bidenblc fl@lolion. The efEGnd6 on |nc @Ntituraon m 

$ ddl for wl ch lhc p.ni6 Frr sit dEir dill*ne !*i ctGed Enk ,n dcf.e of 

unrficlrion and lhc urifi@rim F@$ - ad rher unificntion reeim. -tircy noc 

dr.mdiolly cled onks {gain. when th€y i.kmprcd ftc growing potiricat .risis in 

oftler !o holdda poltF nedof legislative ct€cLio,s h Aprit I99l 

TrE.lctior 6 rchiwty tie lnd ti!r, rtE Eutl prot bty B06tLi the suDoon ofdE 

lhE bigsc. pani6 quir. eclmrcly - .nd th.r Es the p.oblcln rr ,€afiinned udfi@rion 

lnd na*ed lh. btginning ot rhc posl rnnsnion |nlua of ycmeni Dotilics. Nvcajcd 

ponio.l realitics tll( $@ of rhc potnid klders vee unrviltins to @e!r Et*Ion 

r..ulc pur wiiF p.rtid in daf6@tt pasnio. T[ey ttse b cho@ one of ftE opions 

(l) 3 ni'Dnry gotehmenr hsdqi by rh. Crc: (2) a 2-Fny sftion goarnhcnl 

@niirtnsof t|E Crc s .i6.r dE ysp or TSLAH: md (3) rtrc ehoie ti@ y elft l.d. a 

3-p{nj] coaliLion uf rhe orc, ysp dd tstsh. 

lr'rli"turdcl). q(tr_ot rtr utrthnr nNdvqt n tul {t lrrh nr tectirt, 

rn rh.lha tudh &Fndcd upoh rDt,ncd rnsr B' nd. 

Nr*'&s|!{rn& cvideM abound! lhll thc tmdca ot ltE CpC d r|t ysr 

lm aME of rhe hute sh,cfi rtE' had dus tor thcm*tLcs. HeM. lhc 

ssurd€d oulbdBls uf candor .nd rlE nbfttbn. Jr$usroh ano octrons 

Itrc?irml opposirion. melgq rodrn.rion. or emcrhrns etse .thcy ympt) 

dro nd rnor shat ro do (densEnc, ) r. Br\en rhe rchtotnururl dBr;i

As. coNel@mq $e.l€crion results b€qne ircl.ve ard src igiocd. Vie 

Preidenl lrd llE lale6 wirh him belielql thlt (E g@t cqlalier E6 ! loy.l 'nilit ry 

Gtsblish'ncnt, wftich M Freived b be . guld, if nor lFt|!r, lhrn {Er loyrl ro 1lE 

p€sidefi ljaleh. M€anwlile. borl sides stdrtcd dousht in o lirary tenns. tr thc !bsm. 

of lrGl, Yemcni Flilics ircrcaingly €amc lo b€ F€reivL{ by Ycmeni polilicians 6 

sihile ro lhc sMc _clubs .c t|mp' 

The unavelins *s not jusl ! 'nauer of \hc 1*o Alis !, lllhuugh bolh lqdeu 

pl.y.d bi8 rols an al, Oc Fdss involvcd the gowi.g hostilily and lhe loss 

of rGt betsen lN grolF of political leadeE, @h abL to comnurd a 

lu8.ly loyal niliEry 6l,.blislnno . ln lhc ow ofthl linrl Dolna.tl qisis, 

'l()|w.r, lhc te gbuF chlIg.d ch.@rd s kcy li8u6 wid'

Th. oil w i! Yah.i - tti Fily bt drms ad tsrim.t6 sp{,r of 6timr+slincd 

ss( ro an ft"J scll wi0nr rhr lDrdlu ot fic dd S{uti ys,!n I his wls 0 ptubd,ty 

orcl.lc kll wilh $e revivat ol and i&r6ing @hnii e to, the idd ot dr 

nklqarinl lirutl' Yuren lnon8 esrtEo potrrBrN - E ,rurfalt tusis tor 

id€Fnd.n@ se'n d !o br thcrc. 

A{d&r sr€L oa rtr p|us bt whicfi e.|'ifugrt fir6 cft io oMi! dD 

col'Flll oH involved $e |hnsfomraon ollhc utrifi@rion pre6s from ! non-&c 

M ro ! 4rGsuD 3lluton, b oc in ehich . g.in for ore'a.ly nrut ett in d equal 

los ror iie otlEr lb y. r'ie b!t!@ ih thc unifieion egih€.s ..q aslinsl @n orhd and 

us togerhcraga'Nl.llthe ottFR,Dorjus vivlndi had rjpped decisivsty toNdrd..us agsinsr 

@n ofti . S€rcl!ry-se'EBr ot lhe ysp .nj rhN oto* io hin b(1be o,vanc.d 6!t 

li' the Crc lo gcr ils qt mltd m@n rhcn d.ni* and $€ co,nptcte subordi..tion of 

Souln Yehcq it! Fople lnd de ysp. pr$id.nl Satetr and hrs oscirq lbo btue 

eqully onviNed rlEr if ysp le!&6 su dEn !!y, rhey $outd €nit rhe unig and 

@!on!l dcvelo0'ncnl ot ycnf,tr. tNft-rnngty, ltr ..sse\snDsrs cunN ro rhc cotr.tusion 

rbal llF !o|li.s ol llk snutun Ms Ar!_sunr, $€ ort ir, the $u0L nftl ll{ choe Ms 

belw ldd.ch'p an oilricn oin,:qfle .nd o s@,Lrn pi&e ,n unrticd ycD€o. 

FtunnB dEm dinaEndy, Ur.,unio,islj ilc@inBty camc !o E sEoNtusions. 

By erly 199.t, lhc sit@tio wa on in wtich |hc re Fnr6 |eEr.d enious, 

lndisguiscd €lBrsca !r qch odM th. s,uthcm llancb wcc Dubtroty qucsliotrcd lhc 

rom oa uifia1iotr, it not uiUedon irsrtl rhe, wrc Fhica]ry frcc lo & 0i., in a Nly 

thar cdlics of unitierion did mr ey ir in t99{Lt99l prcbabty trdian€d llE d.gree ro 

which utr'fi@lon hud tosL ||s achd and nol her exlsh{ions I so suls ot.ru,nD bodi6 

&|qi nr p|ec of lh! fo(Nt irslirltions ot utrif(\j y.Nn. t,, rtudnh, h{n sid.s 

@ndud.{ int@laomt rctatioA sepsd.ty lgsiNl, nol jd ,dctxftlcn y of tlE otur, 

@ch sNghl cxrerMt suppon ssiinst rlE othc., rheEby r€8,onan4d it. tur 

inrerati@tilrn t|t lnifiqlnm qisis rinr t. on rh. sllDid. ur. {inred tnres of€ch 

pan of Yemen r.icd ro prorcr iB ponion ol rhe oit Frch lion hc o(bq ds rtEy donc 

belbre uifi€alioD rvilh such cxlharve gllc(jat.

1 he uu$ {6 that, 6lUDUgh Yeirn h6 'rrny of dE superficial hn0ping! of unjty, tl* 

'DrtlEm 

lrd wlhem .mies, pli@ tors, n dlig.n* etuis ed civil *die 

bo.cour.cius rctrrdir qnnpl.Lly$prak l lE $trlltn!' s ul-trly u.cusql sdl.h ,r'd lris 

m.drm polili€l alli6 ol cang En suFrid ldc lo cMe rlf,r ow dmrFtion of 

lhc uio.. Accordnrg lo YSI'slatcn..{ on Nov.mber l99l $ar S.lch a|ld his suppon!6 

&e 3rE[ ro the hehhisn oflhc lomer YcNn Ahb Republi. lo rs d. nc! egtmc, 

l!lg6dn8 Oci om r@hiftry *hile sy3rcoali€ily liqu&lia! lhe otlrcr ruhiEry 

fom€d in th. olher v.ndi si.lc b€hr€ uniry Tnie bugir talk shew how gov€ tlE 

tirulim ws. But rhcrc eec linrcrnB ditnco[i6. l'nc mosr rellins k6 $41 pl4 to 

unaly lie nilii.ry units of$e lb fomcr statc! ueE n.v.r cared out. 

lr Augct 1993, p@{niry Egin. s vie-p'Eid€nr iehred hin*lt in Adcn an

DEVELPMENTS OF THE POLITICAL CRISIS 

Th€ figjle F|niet@lidon lh.r had *hi.v€d lnny for yc,@ fc r!.n. Ths u,iN 

!gr€.@nl hs'j stipulated dsr inlqim golchrnenr tonned oy m.rgrns $. rnstitutaohs of 

llE te torer srd6 in whach thc t*o fdmr tuling Fni6 udd har. .q6t Dowr. Al 

tl8 .nd of hh-rd inrerin Fraod, nuniFrry eterions scP nejd ror 6rtim. a 

cabiner of hinisl!'B and a Fcaidcnliat muncit. Allhousll b6loling rok dae thc ncw 

Sorcmmc ms revur @ntutid.tql li listiD d-lr!d{ rhr t{adcr uf dD yst, nl 

lomer southem head of rl.r., refed ro be sNrn in s vlce Fesde|lt of ltE yeheni 

Rcprblic. ln Augu{ and nis Eim frm vtir lo FEne lnii Arftnca. h. t.rxl€d in &n 

Inslad ofs.nu, wheo tE imposdd stf_isotlrion upon limsett tr hd sin@ bsonE otftr 

lhrl al-Bridh's sr.yin8.wy qls m. te pssing show oapiq!. The rrc teld€uhis 

wc ||@ng rft@ingty fsr.p.ni .nd thca EE grewing f.|B thar uity @td uned 

ln Wahington, he h{d hetd ro||s with US vice-presid€nl At CoB, erunscd through 

thc ofiis ofone of$c uS ort @hpanics wkin8 in yemcn lnd .ppsDntty sithour rtE 

.pprovd of PEsidcfi S.tch southcn ob*nc6 si.t rhcy o.l.v. rxe m6rjng had b be 

$r up 

'n rhis wly b.{.o* Salch @ dclcminst ro excrude his psnnq ond rirrt i. 

eowlrl|Ml ftm $y f@sn .ttlic mctr€R. Salet,s pemFt rcbrroNhip wilh tmcr 

prGident Ccorge Bwh lnd Wshingbn,s nBdnc(vc distik. or LtE $ultEh teldeBhio.s 

hElonc tres Mth Moew havc urul En g@ud the F6i.t€d ttE ar ol 0r US 

govchr atn alBlidh B !s ten ro imr€e his oM i.tt@n@ in rtE Wesi s S.teh 

uds()rnDrn,. rl,and ycmd MlctE* $y {,c Dcolnrg wilh (nrc ear a sign his.|Iorl, 

Ee lEyatrg otll AlBoi'lh npmisd rhe na,ring !g.aN Sateh,s Mihes, tqae tE us 

qrng to shoN linslf lll. sh.g De ot Ameriq in lhe aer 

whe$cr Co'c MftJ lt-thidh ora ptor ro eshare nh In sana,6 $nc 

alegc.or enulhshe\imply gaE rhcvr@.prdiJcnr no,( Mlidcn{ oFnlt 

rodcryl$ren, rhc liat MUN rh3r ll_BardihN nd hn Ad€n sE hF;u;

Rin belwn lhc MilEm and eutnem Dow. elit6 hlr b€n a (mn@ f.are of 

Y.m.ni F|nica in rhc Oc ts6 sine unitio(ion. Main 5ou@ oforbnion w rh. 

dblribllion of lDer betwtr the rwo aorm€r rutinB p&li6 lta$d on iDfom.t 

.gMe r hr@n dE tm gmuF durnB |he uny hlas, lhc eurlEm Nringol 

b.licrd ttol Fo@r h the iew clecd eowhrtunr wodd bc slEed €q@tty by dE rutcB 

ofdE ts fohcr YemG, in spil€ of{lE U@t demogBthic dreercs be(wen rh. rqo 

si.rcs. Poplbrion ol rhe Mlh s .tour four lnd i.lftin4 thll ofth. euth. Tb. ysp in 

hct did quirc Bll in rhc fiBt cleli@s lns unifi@Lior, ruivina 4|],9a4 wr6 to 

640,523 for the Crc and matnrg sob6tanliul progGs lowu.d l-orgins ! @trnirwnoy m 

lhc nodt lrll whcn $c ticrnrioB nodhcruB brolghr tsluh, a rhid Dany, imo e 

gowmin8 wlitioq ttk YSP f.ll ,r had ben dtuc€d to . junid FnF. 

This rc all rhc moe dilll.ull for the YSP to a@pl sino rhcrc hld bccn siBniticanl 

d.wlopnd ol oil r.ffi in rh. eotlErn txovi'e dudnS lhc inlc.int Fnod 

S@rlE|M hcliae

YSP Plohiftnt lode6 ed uir,cdion pdse Minjster wighed in on at.B.idh'3 sidc. 

tle anplioitly Bnicis€d dc Feidenq idierjns rt|e crc of mnn{u|h sptit L@l 

n.6p6p€r quotel hih $ying .une of tho* rFponsibt. aor lilirgs sugnt etuse wilh 

polilical &d sid lbr6 dd $n. or djdn wF ofii6 o n.nbqs h unrls ot th. 

Im.d roc'. nc $id tn. i$G ot hitirrrry invol@fl in rhc laIi,s h.d b.qr Eiscd 

sveBl tn€s .r prBid.ndsl council but m$ing had b€en done. Th€ nuins ttuwh 

eLE d hrw rcr hEn .B(ed m. h6re th. cullrnr b..n di$t6.

hh wls fonnct h lhe ql, 1980s by ture orls fe Ati Mu an Sddr s . 

@un(6lo lhe lclisl g|nis ll! consituncy is slill sdnly ,n thc no h, ln@gi il h.s 

nud. inuds asand khnic groqrs lorting n th€ $udE ltovi{es ln ft. jourhrh€ 

blsisE irclud€d N$trm oig|rietions sKh s Oe ti!!lh6hxn! s wll $ re 

nalirad groqF nDsl ol lhefr Lwr. Ye@di nruj.hidee. ir Atrhanis{ar 

Tnc gond d6or in S.lch's @litio $c rhe dt'ngcnt oa cxslnm Yffii 

F.sid€nl AliNNr Muhamrud, *ho rc'novctl fiom pow.r in 1986 rnd sine rhcn hc, 

siog *ith itu of lhousnds olnis rolb*u! livdl in rlr Ndln NGrer rmincd s bis 

Ursr b {E YSP lclLLEhip tho!8houl 1987-1994, rhcrutor€, in UE crc ol unifietion 

Aden n$islcd he ou{r lcuve Ycm€n s a €ndido, ol thc nnny lgrc€noll Bur his 

trilals.y uats a&l plili€l qne er allo$ql to E Eh bchiftl, a"d nnv thNah not .ll 

of his lM joi'*d fods or thc turlh. ltlns, ri'mer rop YSP onicrlh tuusht rgo'nst lld 

helFd lodcti:rl tlE *olsiooistall€nlpl. The lid hEhpii oldE r$dlt @litiotr \Eo 

tlE di$rerld kitol greuF in lhc eur6. sho |!! lons s|.nli.s snidgc ls.iNr llE YSP 

lEca@ of tlE parly 3 tstmc ol dren bcli,r! lhe u licuLion l{rs dnti.YSP codlirion 

linql up, Sdleh Rorle! lo .ountc. his oppoNn(s rdologi$l qm|!ig' rvrth cMrgrs thot 

YSP cjst d tlE utriry snstnuton {d tlE dqffiotic pfllB 

Anq l99l cl€lion\ poser nr the Bov€ming @lition lormql by the lol8r$ Fnies 

@ distibdcl basdl on tlE nuriEr of srs held in fbdemeul rr@. the prcsidenl's 

pery.'d iG alli€s lld ! Inajoritt h all 'najo. policyMlnrg bodics. bul lhis Lvar sirullJ 

Oe +oil of rhc ekcrml prl6 kr wlich YSP hld .gred. Rslt.lnly, hsE stm 

l€&aship w @t NF.6ling wilh LIE tuw inslilutuns $ey aplcrrcd o hrw ben a 

!h@r ro rh. m* .tte $nr d$ kr so'ne b,cl on lhcr ptorniss 

AccusalioB &d oountctucu$tioN brllcun {r teo $idcs cortn$ud lhe!8noul cn,l 

of 1993 $d fmt halfof 1994 Whilc tlB VSP sid that 'nctolnonhlrn amy belo.sEd 

to tFidlnl 

s clan, tlE CPC rcsllnd.jd tlMl $utlNr nrililary r!.r cxclusivcly In lhe 

h.nds of Ben fron onc of sir e,ulhcn ploviru$

l hc YSP l€!de6 rere untodu@le, si@ suspi€io,s alDut r|Etr nor,i6 rclktncd tlE 

!llarnc! wilh nonhch opF,nenrs ofrhc CpC. Nontem op|\rlilion,s inlci€srs *lntcd !o 

ukc |an a nbvcNdrl !u Bten8 & b{tae ot lDsr n, * unifcd s1!te, blt Ey 

*ould only loF by sur{D ri.s eurh€h st:csu. within ll* uprq @lE or |hc ysp. 

lclrlcc lon lhc @'1h sid rtEy suld rur suAld a&ive tur $(Nion, whitd dr t .dds 

of $!ln.rn orsin ecrc les rcnsrur to rhc ida soutlEnEfs rist aions vi$ $c 

ttgime ofAliSlleh e$ largety onannclcd inro arl!$pls !o rulinn the uifiod s! e, hx 

$Dc suppon€d s..*io. Tnc relli@s b4llNs lhe tu |!nm6 of rhc uniy @.hed 

mn-Erm FinL P@pl. b€{ft hrry ot lbw tu lning3 eil go. Ct.in, ad @!m.ts 

.lo'hs lbour riv.t hEp novemdts filtqj tt c tmr I!s6 otlhc im.norionot nnd Anbic 

prcs, *hioh eport d durcre.lscould U, ourot.onttut. 

]lE &wlopncnr of $b!Lni.t

SiM $u$eh *pdadsN Ms unlikely to br on tb. aeend.. {rct ob6crcu lglord that 

the dislribulion !l l6urc6 wls signiliwr issN in th. c.isis. Ihe southom 

erlblisttMt did .rt @t .ll t|lc oil cv6s n 80 ro rlt enrd r@ury, ulLr Salet's 

slrcl. ll rwl. r s€N for dE $dbcmf 6 push for ! fqhsr€d sLr., wirh . fix.d 

pe@ntag€ ot rcwn6 goirg to tlE sourh. l o ehiere tlEt, tlEy prepa@d ro pht a Aruer 

gMe, bur.t th. cid lhey Fobobly saored lo Ddinrain |he kid of"old unily' rhey hrE 

'lhis quile.otrlidoNc thNl urililution lvould cdue attluul ro b. shed b,l@al und 

foeig'r bui|wnen An Ann€n oil onltrny Elinqlishel irs erll('61i6 @Nion, 

cirnrg plelt Sdoaiol lli.G, ard rs on'cu rri€d lo gct rid of lhen lieNs FEnch 

Iims sjso inveftd in Aden and olher regntns. l he US Ennrn Corpoi,lioi hlsjust sruck 

. &al which hN inlollul it sFnd billions ol dollaE oo Inajor liqueficd ngluBl Eas 

proj@t Mey Yweni polilicim b.li€tcd lh.l (6sion k'!ld esru.lly girc sat ro 

ompm'nis., *it$ a lDsibl. nel gain But, lor rll this @nfideM, thc tragging lact 

rcmined rhot Yenen h3s r lery n€sy rccchr hastory of uonnids bcrEn nonh and 

soulh and rc$nu ss belond the boud ol trNibilily. 

I hc rur bmle{d aner slnrl

CIVTL WAR CAUSES 

. THE PROBLEM OF POWER SHARINC AND 

POLITICAL HECEMONY 

PoNr shling lomul. b..d on F,ity tor iE rnnsition Fiod rB not pma6t snd 

c.@red fErion u[r !o!td b. t8i&. ro undo t.tcr rhan b tule faced ltE uFpocnr eatiry 

ol polili@l iNqudny The desisn of ycn€ni powr.sh$ing su$ firwed trom lh. 

b.Siming ot uitidlioq ad rt'is nawst pokFstEnu |ct b |Dti0ot cris which 

csul(ql in th. count ry's d.vsr.t ins ciril q, in $. $nm.r of 1994. In a.cl, Iltiriql 

.tongcnenL shich uslENd in uoiry a8etrEnr, ea Ulwd b.@us ot iG ptan ro 

ombire sihpl€ onitary torn ol govemmcnt silh ddDNtotic ddft,N B!r, in lie lho,y 

oa po$q slu.inB, thc p|@ss ot hotdins ro,npcnriw rt{ ors rvas ellrded N g@r 

illDbling bl@k ol divid€d aund.r esp.rilly wh$ rhoe ctErions wc hctd (!s lhcy 

nru ar Y€mcD oDrsi'rpte nrajoribri!tr bsi, to drrernrinc {r dislribulion of DNdr n, a 

h$vilt ut0li4d aowrnmrr. 

ln dtrrled.ourtr6 Ur eff(l ul a jmDtc maJUnErr etdroal pr(B5 r ru 

c\qgh€h the sn* of comFlruon h.r*s nvrt gluF who rlra. 

er4uE 'tt m'E *ho hot.ts tlt c4ht powr st tlt *nLer of o un,Ery 

3ys€m or govsment, rh. stat6 ot Mnnrn8 the .t*trcns hftuft €r|emcl; 

h'Bh x hds lonr beo ndcd rhal th. Nrutl s fh.,tu(n ) InoN,u$ur lhln tsc 

wocn(( lnu mst b't'ty rr rhrs*n{,I is ndr su,p,r* s lh,t ! t t-stc \., 

.r\ud r yc'kn bdctt d JsruItc( rts fi6r dlro,ul ct(noN drj t.$ de 

rour yqn dk' altrnng irs hkro,,c unifiohon lt* prot o .fddncr*' 

h dNd', auhs c rtE tun sh, pofrr-,huhg rhq,y has &vcbd 

ndmc(us 'num ut rryin8 ro miJcdl! lhc ruhukunur cn(h thar ctlrti;b 

6 hu\! In ltF€ cunki.! Hurv.r. the &srstr ot.y€n,etrr p!*sr{hantrg 

det'ed thc oet'c Fincipts of poEr rllnns rir@ry (5,

Aque lhe dilisions ii Yed€n I'dd strong rugional clmctcristiG, tls 

d€qiBliurion ot F)litic.l poser nishl lE the besl FJ$ible remedy tly devotliig 

A|H .E lo$ rh€ ei'k l gov.nrer't, il {uld l,sibl{ !o rernovc llE e@. ot 

r€osion qu$.jht ohprririon for @nrol ur rhc enrcr, snd rhs qru4 lht mobl of 

pcssurc 'n!y ari@ be$cen cotrrpcling groop8. ln orlB Kds. nval goups qn moe 

*\il) sh@ po*er at Lh. c.nlcr or Lsc rcsiomlly dividql odbies by gunring qch 

olher. rcl.riw &g@ ofrllonony ovc. tlNir om lMl .flsiu Unforlu'tscly lo. the 

$tc of Yomsi unitr, Yrhcn s posd-lh!.ing armscncnt drd rhe cxacr oppositq and jt 

lcdloe jntcn$ slruggl€ llr lDrei Tn6, llc Buse olYcrn.n s poreAhdi e rtuubl€3 

Nl $ nwfi wilh ils .ls(oEl 

'n.Jdilarian l'Gs, 

pwr in |he ent al goEnnn.nl 

as $nI iK slicr @nenfialiM of 

ln the evc ol unily. powd s|unnC \6 n€lotiated to unirc two sep&re sht$ and ti'd 

the rev Rcpublic oa Yen.n, rcl !o rcnc{t intcml .livisnn8 ln rict. |hc nlal 

lerhFhiF of th€ 1so oling lsnies" llE Oeneml Podc s Consre$ {(jPC) &d tlE 

Yemeni Scialisl Porty (YSP), did hol cvcn aclmrlcdgc thc .rislgsc of intenel 

divisio'ts wiL[h lla Yc ci' rulio! l]E nNlon. of Ycmni u.iry w6 rlBr Y.Fcn 's ore 

@nlry wilh o@ undividcd prrplc. Of@ur$. poliriel rhctoric ons fsiM |o En6r 

relity lnd€l Yemen tud dividen pn$l.ns lit .rhe. $ft of (e radd. Bur rlr 

tblirical rn.ktric of both the mcntioned p€rli$ d€ni€d this ftolily and lle F)ser sMdrg 

ahach rlEy tugoLicred ar $e rnnc ol Yemcni uriry Enatcd lhis denial 

ln lrdsilion lo the Uniled Republic s 66rporliam€nlary clecrion!,lh! lmdshipG oi' 

thc t*o parlics simply ag@d to lalaM poscr rn the ccnkol sowmmenl; llrhoush the 

CPc held a sligln advanhgc in rMgniti.n or'rlr fd lnd rhc No(h qi Elmrnrdcly 

bur ftnes mots populous llEn the Soltfi. Ar thc l@l l.!cl, lb\eter. llr lN sid6 

c$nlrally rgted lo dclungc ontd Povituidl sovcn$s liom thc Noah wcrc 

appoin|d to ad'nnftbr ptuvines in th€ solrh, lnd likesip govchoF tom rhe South 

Fnl s adminirldloB b tunhcm dinnds. In lhis sne,lhe guiding lri@rolc ol Yemena 

powe6hfiin8 sas rh.t new uDited Rcputlic of Yemen lbnncd on oou ry in rvhich 

Nonh€mers rnd Soulhcrn$ !v.ro thc sm..

Ac.ordi4ly tlEE @ld b. b difi€ttE in twitrg . FdiE in 6y orq porr of dr 

@utry. For rhis .t!s, th. ad€! of F ntuing t@t M rcgionrt lutolmy ($nh.|et.d 

ofn.iils s.Bing p&pt€ aom lh.ir om iativc provirr*g w6 atien to th€ odgnEt 

@neplion ol noeF$qins in Y.hq. t lrcft ws . pbvision in llx unny en$ntrion ro 

6i.blbh l@lly elecr.d ourcits a1 tlE Fovimirt and siniislricr tek which 'fuld 

sn. r qsdr.ti* @1. in ld,ninbciing Borcnmcnr .fi.iu. .ttis Fovbion vs mr 

'mplm.nted, hoNe*, due to rlE growilg potnid c.iris th{ tolwcd unitiorion. 

Ac@rd'ng b dE uniry consinuLion E.t l@t odhinistblivu lrlf[ 

a inl€ndqj |o be sube*a.nr in att rlllin lo lhe ent6t lorcnnnenr lhrougl ltrc dte 

of entrdly rptioinled gowhor Fo, espte, att @nws rnd exFndilue, rhoughoul 

lhc .ounlry, wR to be lunrEl€d drcush Ccnrnt Bok in Ss.e, rlE unilied cuoilal Thos 

WoughouL the counliy $ere ws no poc(€t aubnomy tor stry toel lulhodty. 

O@ lomd onity !6 &chnd, UErc etulty .cm.,ncd a oGi&Ebte 

Mounr of 'uinodon'@* to b. dore. Mmh otlh. cohDter des or 

IncrEinrrhetrro nnmc' rcgnn6 hd lEn \tcttrJcJ unntujlcr rir cciebdrions 

This cRalej ercn mo'c uoubrs "hcn rt mr l{ ,tcrrtuprng th. stditrc 

dclails ofgove.nnHt pr@elur. thc isemenr ltrwetr lne ts sidcs on 

hoN lhe suwmMt nFsq Nodd tile dG \B b.!a.t m LIE Edu duw 

i&. rhd rIE tm shoqld "rdoF d* hcr oa borh slelmt- aur fte t&l rh.r the 

ttu s'des hd s@h difimt ptcunity ldniniei..taw hislriG m rh.i 

d@iding what *s "b.sf muld b. @rly imposibl.. Dispul6 over th* 

m crs rernforc€d lhe ditrebces thal Nonhemeu lnd SoulheneN pcrccivqj 

b.hren them$1v6. (6) 

PdhaF tlE strmge$ itdietid of tlE anr.ining NonMjdrh dirisim ii rtE @6t , 

w ile ler $al dE rwo lorh€r oatii3ry orguiarioc wrc n.rer hersed, Simitar ro lne 

exchange of prcvi.ciul 8oretuc! s(ions ot tfi. rwo sni6 zts swirch€d sidcs ar th€ 

b.gtrning ol uniry; a ltB brigade\ frun qch sidc erc r-statiohsj ercs{ thc tomr 

bordcr. TIE ctnic nalilrry sBelur. of $. ourry es suprb.d ro bc tu y inresnred 

ddlr o.c coh'na l, but rhis mc.gcr snnply ,rcrc. r,ut 0tucc bqu$ thc lh sa&s 

vourd not grve up @nrolov€r Lnen ut nac su@ of posr. Esnrjo y rhc@ ehainsl 

rDo mi6 in th. @nlry under *D.6tc @nm,nd!

ln th€ l.rd-up to llE Gldtions, tensiom b.tren $€ ls! regind s€c rlEdy tery 

hid. Seurity prebl.ds l€d to a posrpoNftflr ol rlE .l€doN, rvhich had dgiBlly b@l 

$lEduled for Nolembs 1992. when tle clclions \wc fitrd|t held lhc r6ults indidk! 

g subsrsntidi lcs ol fover lor lhe YSf ll \ron lusr l99i ol lhc se.ts In th. mw 

parlimenl, cohDdrcd to 4l% aor the Crc'lh. YSI'Ras cvc. slrtEssl by an lslahic 

o.icnr.d find F.d!, ll-lslah. or th€ Reaom P!ny. which rlrncdl 2l% oa the sls 

whil. mn of mrjor poliiial poni6 hld $on d@ 'najonty or ihc vote. dE 6ulB 

obvioult m6r rhd rh. YSP @uld mr e|prr ro snrinrc sharing B'wr $irh lh. CPC 

One $e.l..tion ceults ma& d6 rne YSP wld l@ polilidl pows, n 

!B rcry lignilicanl tal llE S{ulhem l€deahip almst imm.dhlely b€Ban 

b empnGiz rht ndl to cHlc a new lededlist tstem ofgovc.lne.t i. lhe 

qrnr.y wnicn rvould silc lhc lo.rrc. $ulh s@ls rcgionll uulonomy -r'he 

lcadship ofdr Cl! acceal rhc YSI'or o(gif,g on rl* uint lgr.tmenr 

dd uing $e dcmand for l€denlism $ sihply a politjc.l tactic lo n.intain 

powr. As Lhe lrvo sids grew fud6 rpart, rh€ YSf lcddcshrt cvent@lly 

quil the unilcd qpil3l in Sand and rclorn€d lo Aden (7) 

When rh€ YSP tou"d ilelt otr Ih. l6ing sid€. ils ledersnip eug|lt to chanse lhe tu16 

ofthc ganeby &'n.nding EgioMl autonomy in ! lede€list syie ol sovemMt. Fbn 

lhc begi.nins of u ly il a cl{ drd. dDl dillleres would depcn b{aG of slrid 

@n@rlatioh of Folitiql 

powcr in rhe capilol of Sanao lhc cenhUalion of 

Sovcmmenl hld llkys *rv€d the inte6t of thc GPC more th! olhc6. 'fhus whei lhc 

Grc mn 1ll. election lnd sw lh€ YSP m!rcuvenng bwrds sc lind of deblulion ol' 

lool d FgioMl pow in the @unlry, n 'a only mruEl ld th. Cl'C !o hold sri6g !o 

rts siminB hand.Bl l.t rh. isue b€ srrl.ddn rhebafilefiel! 

Ity tlE begnrnnrg of 1994, th:E w6 rtD lndc rusr be(wecr rhc (!o srdcs lmDe{iidtrly. 

fighling brctc out bdn@r lh€ Nodnqn .nd Soulhcn b.iga&s, which had h€en lGlc{ 

sid.+y-side in {E Nonl! At fisr rhe ligl ing sLrr€d wilh smll skintrishB, but vith.n 3 

ouple of'no hs dcrc Ms full-*ale war 'lhc atlcmpl lo cxphin lhe causs ofdnel 

Ycnen s 1994 civil *d lDs bdrne I kind ol blanr !!nrc belren CIlc and YSl,

Iieh lide GUsd $e otl$ of being Fsponsible lor the sli& bo kr, 1he YSP 

@E€d 0E Nonh of fo@nring rhe mlici !d firing rh. ti.!r shol on rhe b.(tctictd; a,!d 

the Crc uuld rhe Souli plooi'rg ro d:srDy th. union onld rhc suis of ilt dtmnd lor 

lcdenlism lr rs no1esy ro mlk€ ! tinal sd e .i judsm.ni aboul who wus lo btamc 

lbr lhc !u. ll s .lw, theeaoe, $.r & rhe e cr of the impsrding .onnid E 

onsin lly n.*.d fm Doscnsh{,ins foout.. 

'fhc fomula *s llln..rely dr clitc blrgdin rcnnr8 etir ||ncr€sts. In ycDen.s ca*, 

powrshanng $6 d .nrngcmml qaned by tuo riti|l.y-slriry rcBim.s opEnring 

under . rclnewbFxj |r{nd. of Bionism. |.|E ls! Eaims h.d gowhed .r qr.al 

luthorili6, aftl rner unifiqrion |h€y would conltt. wirh one .eth€r to ontinc 

sor€mrn8 0 lhe smc My. when $e rwo regihes nrer ro n.eoriale poqersheing 

amngocrl! rhc lbct Nds rhal bolh ttE Ct,C and rhc yst, a0rcs ed h@vit, enlr tiDd 

suity cgirc, which Dled (E dividst h.t6 ot the @flrr. This @ntesl tu pomr 

frGd quackly frm rhc bottol box to $c b.rd€tietd, tqving th€ @unrry's orisinot sns 

of unny cuphoria . f.int dd fading memory. 

llotwvq, lhcre s a big dilf.H@ bdtr*r (he shrc buitdnrg elpqaen6 ot te rw 

sides bcfore 1990.'lh. No h had 'n@h frore troubtc Oun rtE South In d.leloping 

broldry rcprc*nrariw inslilulions, wh'chcoutd o!.r@nc ils inl$.at divisioB. Actuut 

@ qly n' $e 16r lew te4 h€hre unifiurjo that th. Ceftrst poptc,s cong@sr 

&v€loFd 3s. laGc umbElh org.niatron for potiticat adivil, in rhe Norlh. the Sourh 

oi the oU'cr l'!nd develo!€d srron8 err6t Sovernrncnl nstitutioB trom s very erty 

F.iod. ThcreroE. n Di8hl bc sid tb.l on (hceveofycnc unifisljon thc l$o hrllrsoa 

lhe counl.y Mrc Doving nr oplbsile di@tutrs 

Th€ iss@ ofYenen's iniomt elhnicregiout divin,ns hL\ utwars bcen a n€Bt4tql 

tud tedy undca|ood subj€cr b.@us r6t pE-unil, aMtys of yenu eidD. 

d'slntcd 'rs sisnifisM or and€ldy orcdered ns crisrcmc n rEr rruc rkrae ol 

lhe popul.r unionisn inspiEd by de lso Nonh d Sourh rcvotulions

Anllysrs oalDlitical d.wlopncnt in the fom( North and Siouth tetuld ro rale a wry 

rynFlhclic vie* oflhc (Mr slrl6 'tslidal n cgmlion Frlpiq\. tir ilxt..c. Nontriil 

elysts tcnd€d Lo explain incHegoml lensidns nr thc Nonh in rh€ Cold wlr 

tcnnitul4y ol lcll vs ght snh (r l.udn'orul rultrrg g('ufr' ol tl'c Nonncnr 

highlllds s 0r 'lirha and 'c opFsi(ion in dE oullynB lrc o f N counrry 6 rhc 

''lci lnd.eq lhc dilNrons in Ycmcn havc hcler bcen as srrons s in orh€r p.n uathc 

world but lhcy nust slill be jldged a vcry si8trificant f@tor in Yeocri sciery and 

poliljo Yendis i&trlify thcm*lvs b! den o$i Eeional bdctgreundi .rd within rh. 

lopuhtion th€e !ru muhide rcln,nal srouls, which hNe dhtiml Aobic dialets a.d 

cusbms In 1990 rhc.lbiner w$ ditirl€.]lDrssr lhc CI'C ond rlr YSl,lnd in l99l 

qlilion of th@ min Fni.s ct!, YSP ond lslrh. Anc. 1994 ciril mr YSP o6rcd 

frd porer dd Bor.nnncnr er rncluded lhc (n,C ud tsl.h ln t 997 .ldoN cF! gor 

rne kgcsl najori! in th€ psrliqm€'rl which eMbled it $ thnn iE orvn governnErl. lhc 

batic wni@l divhion in the following labl. .long eeioul ..d Flnrcil lic h€r@n 

ninist E rr@ thc Nonh and ninisrss fbm tlc So h 

Rcgionrl RcI'csntrti.nr u u tun lenrcn\(nrrrl.{l"nri 

190 Minisre6liur thE Nodll 

Aden l,ahei Abrd shabna ll m TOlAl, 

GPC !t l3 

34505t7 

lolal. |l t3 t1 

t9J 

GPC 

'IOI L 

l14 

l0l 

Aden Lrhrj Abyan Shlbu tl&lm' IOIAL 

l0t 

000 

222 

o02 

0ll 

028

1997 MinisLcB iro Llle Nordl Mnristcrs frotn d|e Sourh 

Abys Sh$w B.drn TOIA! 

cPc t3 IE t0 

rolAL tl 

The haii @iclsion b b. dn*n fon the ligu6 in {bov€ Lbtc k $ar, .1ld Lh€ t 99l 

€l@lio$ bdd* betEn crc &d ysp oinist4 ss tct,lhe advmbge w in lirvM 

ofDnhcm Islri p.iy. Thu! cwn.n.r thc SoloM ysp Ms d.*ned in rhc t994 qr, 

Nonh.rn ontin$d ro hotd b.rwen 6l% lnd 66010 ot ot inel sak. ,r.nen h t994, dter 

the dct€l of dr Yst,, tlE ct! .ppoints.t f cvcn luScr nunb.. of torlhcnE^ in ordcr 

10 @nlirE th. tu of Nonn Sodn lswtsstding in lrE @ulry. I he (irc h6 b..r 

!bl. {o furction (st ldsl ar ttE twel ot $€ cenrftl 8olemd€nq as a |argcr poliricll 

dbrcu. orgeialion Rhich appead ro cprst .lt r8j@ ot rhe @ury. Of @@. 

s'tr@ th. @lG ol $e t993 .l@toE rhc bdaM ol powe. on rnc qltst obrrer has 

co.tinucd to b€ lipp€d $uth.h Eor*nlction. 

The Grc ns.barty nqinraikd a $e.dy Sougern rcpllgratron. ft sholld be tutcd 

$al ii doiig e, lh. Crc h$ prn &ity Etied on the Fniss or lhe timer Solthem 

Pcdcnr A[ Ner This etysi, of cturgG in tlE Hrh] c.bid B oE Ery ro 

@ure !E stl$s q hil@ of 0E Crc,s lbiliq io .xt nd irs polirical hbrclta. It 

shosld ltat $c c rc ha cc.tcd sF.e in rtF enlEt Sovetucnl tbr Souften ninisr.6. 

while .l th€ saft rimc dininishiis rne rotedaycd by oinBtd tilm 0E NFhichla,{ 

'esion! or rh€ aorncr Norrh owvcr. an.tlsrnB rhc bated ot po8 n dc ;dr!l 

governocn! rt suld nel4gry b ch,nitu rt* ohong$ UEr luvc cc@cd qi rh thc 

l@l Mln For while rn€ GpC h6 €iFnded irs be or surprn to mctudc @nv 

Sou!rc.neN in ns lDsl-wr cobinele, it hds stil naintliNd shct onanftlrrod ot poser 

which lihitr th. !'rtoMy of rcSiG arourd rhe tuq This 60ei! , da|.d srainr 

lor dE GtC in |h. lqffi SodtEm EgioG ot the 6unr.y.

Ycmcn s sond natidwi& parlid.iray .letios BF lEld on t997 in tlE sc 

y@ lh8t Peid€nl salih elebotert his lwndelh miv€sry in olli@. I mblql him to 

coMlideE thc CeftolPeoplc s Cohgrcs's legislsrire conrrot white obldining a rramp 

ofrptrov.l fom inknlion cletioh honnoB. At.boul rhe eN im.. rew podiuftnr{y 

iatilulaoff! the C@lbtit. CiuEil @r @nstitured by pcidcnliat apprinrftnt. The 

developrnds5 c(@l vnh *h@ of pst cpisd6, funhrred rhe pr@s of 

cotutitutional sM €len dchdranc dev€lopncd, but ai rhc alme lnne ottbe

ln ddition, lhe stNctue of the y.h..i govnn6t, rhouSi itilt r€hnicaly a 

panrM€ !ry syslem. noe inclwingly EFmbted lhe Anerien 3rrut@, *ilh I ltMs 

F6'dcn! a Frli:wnt qnFijitrg . *mr. .rxt . hte of etNBnmi6, .tt !on. 

rqr oroMy.lory rh. liB of . r.ldamhip AroicG..lt t &6t. r, s D.!hi!.d. 

.|erio6 e hcld f.r bdh ttB mrsolratilc coMit atuj rovirci{l eownmc c by dc 

y@r 2000, lhd both th! conarc$iomt cnd tot El etcmcnls of thc sysrcFin-lhc-nakine 

wrll be d€nocnii2cd h thc inl.rnb, howlaer, Lhe ljlt .nire enalob $€re .pponncd. flB 

p.um of.ppoinrlnmB nEnghdEd th. hrnd ot the sc.utivc, bo( ole shoNqj n, n ed 

aor slpFrt frem civil *icry. 

. VMWS OF BOTH POWER CENTERS 

Ddpilc fomal !pF!d@ of unity, rhe t$o yemes $dr sle .ml.d los.lhur 

.dopled { @lgh.tql po|nidt sysrcn. wnib ydc.i unny (on .m.tgmorion of lhc 

fomer in&tend.ht strt6) *s &hi€rqt wi$ a sroke of $e pcn in . hi$dic day rEk d 

only fi. b.sinning of . procs oI potirid n{.g6taoh. ,rh. lhcr rhlr tE yenenis lEs 

ere of @bnon i&Diit m r cuttuot, hisloricd ald *id telel bul 16 in i!*tf nr 

gryt4 ftar poliriol inr.snrio odd b. ritcn fd 8Mu:j. and. in f@q beBrh rtE 

$.r@ of polnis ft€ re potniclt dllbtishn.nG lhar hd hen join d in lhe .Mi|g. ol 

u'ly, bur ful merg.d, M& if anrding hareuE,inB lo mlinuin _ ahd, idead. ro cxr.nd 

- their outommy 6nd porer On rh€ foanal tevcl, rh. strucruB ofan iolegoied lbtir, 

arrc 6t blishe4 @nsriiuion, pdtiamen! ctecrions ed blM@Etrc herg6.. ^. orcM 

rq fG politi€l dpt*ion 6 oFGl - lne F6 Fotiaonlc! p.ni6 dd l.wirrios 

wc BlsblislEd, conf@s Erc conrenal But on ft. tD torhcr authorit d.n eEr 

encs rcnt n o ihe m..g.r la.{ins g@d trilh ud l&ting tror In wh orh.r. 

Whilc the tM ruling Flinet Doni6 bolh aEun ro a F,M&slbring fmut.. thae 

tw qhblistwn(s Erc de Frpord frlt+Eh srBkgiB dnd @iting@y pldi, aor 

crpccLd con{i.r. E3.h sid. sueh b borld up iG lM mitit ry clprbihis, Fying oity 

lip$tui* lo tfie Frcilrtcofuniliins rhe miti!a,y. Each sidc cufuvatcd exrenut suDDrr

Both sidca Gmed to rh..r a ta.ir inlect in thMriirg lie dcvctoprelr ofindcp€dcnl 

poliai.sl tbrcs and in comptiog atchFs by YenEi.s emcrging civit sociely ro .nte, 

into YciMi politis in ! *ris wy. lr is imF$ibte, e sn !n r UE tidring, for 

ou$id. otdsv€A ro l!ll, otsnianr of thc ddlit.J hi{ory of this rihtry u*l 

@Eqlwdlr lo ndc m inlod€d j'xl8eNrr s lo strich tid. @ ,EDoGibt.' for rh. 

t@mn0! civil ur $.t bn rhoBan& de.d. But ore can r*on$rrcr {hc condnions 

lc.ding to $e.onnid lrcm nortlen and sou$.rn eu@s Whit. rtiey obviouty 

@nlddicr ..ci oihd, $.1 do show peculsiv.ly hos depty c&n lide di$Nrcd 0E 

dh.i Mimr im.s6 of @nspidcr cMrcd .. obj*tive Hlfty of Oeir oM vhr.v.r thc 

rolh @h side cr€rl, sGpar€d the mBl of rh: olher. 

. Vilw of the discidcntg 

llE $ulhcd lad.c who broudl slh Ycmn inio union wnh $e mnn aprdrd ro 

hlw don. e ii lh. b€li.f thal tlEy rculd Emain d t4t q@t p.rrs with th.ir 

counl.ryarts in Sane At thc ene rime, howqe( ile horboql d@p misgiv,ns! abour 

eh.l lhcy saw s a closd lribal{ominaad nodne 6tabtishm.nr. Tie$ rcE th€ 

peeFaoc tlEi.'Rr!ed Lo'n inr€Ric$ sirtr $uth6n politi.i.B dd liom ms!.Fr 

...@r.. 'l lEy e'8g.sr.d ftrt rhe r@6 of {E ciril wu .rtd{ bc.t |o rlE €9.1 bhM1 

ofo ly ilscli Lh@ raE bcli,E ti@-pGidcit Ati Satim at.lrid b.,ean his slf-inrABrl 

Inr.ricwina i. Jw 11)90, ltime Minilkr Hy.t r Ab! r]rtr.t-An6 dl.nd.d {61 

t*o old slslenq e.h ol *hic[ fi.d iaLr.d on i{s 6F.rive qctusile a@r@h b unity, 

had ldnt fron @enL YeDc , r€gionsl od nrq.alionat erD$iuce After the hlooly 

uphcaval n Aden in l9E6 the YSl, had .unD to s rhc vrlucs ot uiity !trd rhr 

dBe!&hs of ponidm. lltc YSP ad lhe Crc lEd temr thrr how lo cmDroni*.nd 

@mr@ni* &d lhis rs a ru* rfiins fu Ye'ncn. l-he day3 of ur Frly onc opinion ls 

eote. But he clcaly h.d E*Mt'ons aboul pdnne^hip $nn fi. EgirE n Sanu .hd tE 

sw bis ploblens ahad: b&ke&dres, tribllish. $crariarism and $cik@no,nic 

dillircn€s. llcwNd in p6nacullr ol@ligiolscxtemism

Whil. sr.ling $!l rl4 ysp wetoned s Mutin botherhood in rh. Ew ptuBtbt 

polilical onler. hc noGd rhd rlE wl.ME d€pended on $€ brothcrhood,s ton etting 

oth$ panid (it€ rti ySD ftno6 or @bctev.6. The wy lo dclt widr d* Fo6tems, 

be argue( wa to exr.nd te discitlirc oa rhc soulh to $. anarcny or lhe rcrrh. Wi$oul 

sund rdhi.isfiEriu! rhce could b€ no ri.l ro tu prc*n orruplon. He snarred rhat 

hc sd his ollags Bl inb Oe mity d I c,tcultrld nsk, .xFclng itd trEy @td 

*ntu. y nnprint on thcr h@h luger ,6rrner, lnd ft6 achiet. dE pogrcs ed 

&vclopn€nl thd llsd ltuays be, $. id$togidt 6E b.licts ol.his Fny. 

olh.r bn-wing potnici ! €ipcsd simihr views soyjng llllt rnne hs cn&r€d and 

lhar both cgihes h$ at$ ch.n8ed treviouti qcl pany hld wered b dgtrey $e 

othe. NN lhec s6 noc @tish on borh sid6 .nll ir }s FxsrDrc lo n*t h.tr-My. 

But ifrplcn tu 0EF cmm.nts B th! assumpdon thar @n pony mutd rch.in a 

dltinct play.r - uitt tnB did @t mo th. inGsdion of rhe wlln.wloFd cn|!6 

or Fwr Bul Ey RE rcrdy ro embok on rhis risty dFriD. of uniry b€ae 

&ne@y had beoDe a mo@ interndion.t phcmftrcn _ inctudjng ehe st tcs in 0!e 

On th€ oder hafld, rhcy worii.d thar Saudi A6bi! might lry ro undcmin. lh. oniry 

€xptnftnt noi qanr'ng ro *e s democtuiic srnem 1akt ur nr th. Anbid l,.ninsula 

loniql, lne YSP lad.s.pFoah€d uniticlrion wnh 6ixed fetings. Th€y tn * how 

aolalar $e idq ol Ymcni unity was lU ycncnis. bo$ Nonh rnd Soulh, dnd how 

Fhicsllt advarLrgeos it wr5 lo b€ sod.led wilh ssh a protect. t h.y had u lgenda 

ror dcElop,ncfl rhd dcy hoD€d vout.l 3lbrergc lhe ribatism, €tuOri@ ud 

brckMdnds rlbr $.y rett chrretedz.d Nodnem potitacs. they Hw opponunirid ro 

Jorn u d.hluully di@l u gr€ter ycmcn vhos sio-MNnic nnd potiricsl 

Fdsibiliti6 cxcr.dcd dE &.Epit codnioG in tht d.ctininS p6pte! Dehaniic 

Republic ol Yunen (pDtay), tsu( they rle t-ar.d ltur flE] rrshl ti! undcr lypr 

dohnation ofNo en potiricatMy or'tiG tbr \rh@h thcy M rD expct, ed tftey reE 

panrculelyonc.dEd our thc pot$rilt ot rlE re* but SroMng tst.misl Downent.

tn thd unlbn@c evs! Frh.ps tbly aho dlculEtal th.t thq @dd bail oul of th. 

uny .rylrin.'n and Esto@ and doninale rcw ad indctEdlenl eulh Ymen. l lE YSP 

leades sn rculizal $t fi€n cllculdtions llud goN r{ay. Saudi Aruhiat rcuclion to 

Ycmn s sl.nd in lruq-XuMiti lrisis di$iIEltd thc .rpccled um'nic divd€nd ol sity. 

TIE berefir of nchst oil @en!6 6 sipcd our by tl|. burden of the 800,000 Yendi 

nigrani *oike6 forced lo lcave Saudi Arabis s. Morcorcr, Sllih cEine rut only ptuvql 

Biglanr lo 'modemirrlion". n ol$ sftd |l.nl on rcducing YSP pore. by oll FBtible 

mtus Uniry Ms lc$ dEn yqr old beforc lhc YSP teldc4 nad @mc to doubl the eood 

fdnh of Salih4PC couoleDlr(i. 

they omplained lhat th€ Nonhem6, fom the b€8inning, b.8En moving nor€- 

milii.ry suily $d civil ofiicials inlo th€ fonn€r Sou$ lh.n hnd bcen .udF.iud. Fom 

rh. v€ry b.ginnins an 1990 $d throush 1993, Prgidcnl Salih rqE|€dly flod.d $. 

pover-sh.ring age ..ls urder *hich unrly l[d ber rchi.v.d. tle va p6niculady 

dismay€d thrt his elrmts at .dnidslEtivc rctm and tormic dcwlopftfi, $nich 

culmiml€d in a lensthil, NalioMl Constrwlion and Refom PbE6nme *6 simPry 

ignored by th. prcsid.trt Instead, sdrh nddc limmid dec'sions otr h's o*. by 8orn8 

dirdy to lht finan@ minisl€r, by@$if,g tlE Council ol Mini$6 as a body. Mo@er, 

lllhough lhce w6, nohinal50-50 splitol key posilions b€l*ten lhc YSP and the Grc. 

thc YSP ministeF foond that thc Otlc s dnab6 Ben..al wec tniins the @l d4isions 

in liei. $iristri6. TIEE w€ ml mugh YSP of soutlEm ciril *nanl al lo*r leels 

h th€ ninisdes in SaM r to prcvent llE more numerous Nonhern bu@ucds li@ 

MNh $e em€ sildlion te!.ilu.l in Lh. milibry !M sNu y irrsritutions lt had ben 

lgced thor rhde should he s sub6tanial clt in lhc Nli|!ry qi$lishmdl of uilicd 

Yemen, bul ir N6 impo$ible lor lhe YSP hinister ol del.nu€ lo implchen| enher 

cdbcrs or ideCdtiotr b€r@n SoutlEm atul Nonhcnr units. llir dcc@s Nec sinP\ 

iSnoEd by the chictrltLfi. a ,(trlih loyalist. lsdcrhip of YSP atgwd thal il hrd 

sub'nitled dclail€d tcms olrLsne ddlmc l on nrilitlry inlclntroh in April 192, 

bd sdon on n s6 Flrporqj iidLnriely

AI $. eme rjhe, Nonh.rn !,m€d forcs rcrc @.iting mitir.ry tninins aon traqi 

on'eB b(oulht to lhns q s .tc!.186._ Mft omnsus sli , tidn l|I yst, l{inr ot vicw, 

!c. pdrcm ofvioleiE thor hge in trgl .nd conti,ud epRrliql, ight up 10 the 

oulbrcd( or sd. in May | 9a. Morc on n rhon nol, ysl, ofiri.ts .nd dEn rchives *e 

Poliricrl md e@nohic Alt our from (lt Gutf Mr ted io !h .urprqdqled sFle of 

!id.e fiul cftis of lnd nny Fdo

'lll powraul .ffib.u ol thc ao@r Nonn.m ka&Bhip, t|Et o@s.d rh. uany, 

prelB and hdeniarioq ugcd an udahed \ur n$is( rhe l$&6hh of lhc 

Ye'ncni S{ci.li$ P8ny. Tbis qrs uiried out b! political dsrNsinalions snd t@risn ir 

mny lbms, lslmic tundamcnblii focs scrc @d in thcs lemnsl au.c*s'' The d. 

v"rrdrs Hl on lo @s S.ne or initialnu (|te s.i6 ol nrilitarr confo.tltions lnd 

Salih madE a speeh on Apil 27, 1994 $a! wF rankhount ofr d*laralion ofwr. slch 

I thc jBrifiqlion tbr al-Bid's ddld ior of sesion oi May 2 I Slb*quentty, thc 

YSP @us€d S!n. . orrcirls of ndeminding ! mspimy lo drivc ln ouniry ro Mr. 

. l hc vicw ofrnity defendeB 

Nonhem o0iciols chnnel rhal tlE plol ro undo YeDeni uniry $6 hfthai in 6ercv. 

in 192 al a nalirg be$€en a *nior YSP ladcr dd a higL@*ing Saudi loreign 

policy 'toubleshmlci. Accordi |lg to San@ s i n(crprchLio tr. $c cons piiqcy loo k concrclc 

shsF follNing lh. April Fnirmenlrry elclioni in whi.h $e YSl, h.d dersed in . 

djminishe, posnion Y@eni solchmenl $!res claiftd rhor th€ annne of tomq Soulh 

Yem€n, al-Yemd!, had bcSun r8nspd(ing light we+ons lrurn Leb on md EgyFl lo 

Ad.n lo bolsr.r tlE YSP amy. Arms ship@nrs s€r dcteled being unl@ded in AtLtr 

harbtr In Jlnury 1994 tlt plol. d nodtum onicials dc*dht n, b.sre folly 

Sles intelhrc.e *îccs olt*red ncrssng n'nouns of nrihhry equipnc.l 

aniling@gulsly inlheeulh. Since thc YSl' itselfpresunEbly lacted the a$ n*$.ry 

to.cquir€ MiC-29s, lank, dmoted FrenNl cui.rs and olh€r €quipn€'n l-om formcr 

Sovicl blN @!ntri'\ Snna\ sNpicions \rcrc diKt€d lo$lrds Y.mn s @[ny 

@ighbo6 in rhc Gulf Coop€Erion Council ((lCC). ]-he Cl,Criorninatd govcrn@nt ale 

dissncd a tEtlch ol subv.Gion of lhc uoilled counlry\ n$!tuions by th. YSI) 

lc&lc6hip. when srehry-gcncal 16 quotd in trE A6b trcs N q$slioning popullr 

slppon fn $e l oundering unily expcnmcnt, Slnaa Esorded such Nnions $ 

dclibca&ly divisivc. l-hcn, in ugusr 1993 lD visirc{ tlN uniteJ Sulcs lbr medioul 

tE!tm.n! b'x hq als mnSed lor a l@tirg in W6hinSton wnh his Anerid vie-

'l hh move, tol€n sithou( consutraftn wirh his mlt@!u* on the presidentiEt Councit, 

6rd qtsid. lhe FolMt ch.nreh ot $e yclMi .mb.sy in wdbington, E inreFelet 

ii See s eo$* ctmptc of @cpidorirl mneuvcnnS an {anF b dhsr US 

supFlt for lhc YSP oGg At r fib Fovoc.lile mecoler. ,nslc6d ot.Fluming to &nd 

al-Bid wnr stni8ht b Ad.n.!d efcing lo &rum 1o dr F)tiridt qpn'| .nd uftlcn*c 

ht duri6 a a mmber ot . p6id.nad CouEit. Scw6t of his dogt @!@c did 

lrkewis Pr€sidenr Salih,s tbttores found this betuvior nor less rhan dn c,tbit to 

Frlyz Oe eo\@Ddl &!d ullih.tety s@l.d lhe unitr. 

Civen thesc sBpicioN abour ysp anlenliotrs lheCpC.dt$ sBpeded, hiddeo ogendd 

In $e YSP deronds ir potnid rctims S{uthem qth lar ldninisrElirc 

d.c.ntrdi?rrion re sn.s l.rrsmur b *Fntio.. Souden oDd6i.6 abour SBM 

nspjGd rq$in ions of ysp omcj.ts r.E sen 6 Sross €ragscntrons d.lgnd b 

txftor. *Folrsm. SoudEn @pt.inr. !bo|x sidrsFsd m@Fron invotvins $e 

FBid.rts inu ciolc of Et.dB we dinised ss gbundts and &si8red b fan 

populu djsconlent. To Southcm chrrgB rhar rh€ Nonh wls e$loning its r.eurc6, rhe 

NodEden coutrGred lhat SaM s6 blsi.sily un&Nnrns lne adninr3ti.tion snd 

dcwloFnei! of. rcgi@ rhat @ virludt, &slitu|. .tur n@ llln rm dec.ica of 

h.mcient commonisi,ule. 

Scnior omci.k in p.6id.nri.l ,.te cj4ted ysp chr.g6 rh!! $ru E disFr.hins 

crval sanb (cxclpr for povimiat govlrMs) to rho Souttr to ntrlt$ $aM\ qi||] on 

lhc contEry $€y acc@d lhe ysp oa €xrclline nant rhousno. ot Nodhen 6ul 

hboE6 fon smc eurtEm BowlrMra NdrhsD F|nicim $Su€d rhal rhcy horl 

r.p.atedly Mlled rh. exrE milq in , owirg Ade. ! t grear.r sharc of powr h {r 

unified Bovennncnt rh.n irs dornog.aphic weigil woutd tl.vejuslilied. OpC spotqrktr 

@ncndql th.r Ocn tery p.niciporion in dE erIf&sovfrrenl Nauomr Dido@ 

Comhlna ws | 6NsrM !o ysp @E.hs anl lhd thty hrd u"**, "*, ur,n. 

YSP demdds. tn lighr ot! rhis, rhe conriruing boycoll b, many or rhe ysp teade6hiD 

of govemmed p.nicipali@ in S!@ 6m. lo be @$ttg mr nnpty s lDnet. 

polrlacd m@uvcrana blt 6 . sysre@lic @rpdsn ot subvea,on

Con*q$nlly, pesident s cmp sned 1o hsvc concludel at ene point thrt rlEre 

wrc noE llEn tur. Flcy ditlcEnc wi$ |he YSP .nd that in @lily $. YSP B 

using $ese dilTe@6 as a s6okc$!*n lo chlb@ its r€ul intenltuns Tho* inlentions 

wr€ nothinS l€s Lnu to 0lMt Sqlih s tuling h'litlry limily lnd lo R{ivid€ lhe 

colnlry. tloles, thc p.csidcnt E a milir!ry man {d lEil drne to porq und6 

d.ngpous .ircudslan*s and hrd Mnaged lo llF sorprie oa alnosl every bixly |o 

wiw for Fmc fincn ys in tlE bugh{nd - r@bl. of Y6cnj pohi6, ift|ldins 

Mr lnd insuncclion -llDEror., lc 6nmt bur vicw lnc world lhoueh rhc lcns ol 

'scuiiy . Whil. .ol N tytunaol, .ruel or ieldrcd 6 ccrtlin or'Er Meddle E rt 16d.6, 

h. h&l &quncd fte hd,il ol ruhrg aiu a tim hlnd 

Momt.r, having d.lcgalq! svc.ll tey mil .ry-sunry psirions ro his dN 

rchtivg .nd lribal linsncn. he h.d 1o be l$ro Oal lherc Ms an eslablishrena behind 

hin thar expeted hnn $ &lit.r the perquisit€s of powr and uenainlt m( to allorv 

orheB f. infringe @ rhd. The YSP msadqql 6 big rhMr ro Sllih.Crc et'blirhmnt 

wilh il5 doniut, sntidly svcrcign position ir the South nill largely int ct Above 

all, $e lacl 0ut rJE YSP n.d the .nred iorces of itF old PDRY al ils disF6al. Sqrcely 

lB .lmin8 6 0E supFn dal ir could .pp.Mrly dcp.ld on lrom enain Bignbodng 

Thc logic of the silutiotr (fron botn the Grc snd YSIr pnpecliv6) las trubobly 

'zGslh any gain for fte YSP wd a los for lh€ Grc dnd vie vcrs. The CPC lcldc6 

a8!ed lhat lh.ir oIF renls crploilcd dE mnmic diltcultiB and dE deline in 

Ymd's ccorotn]. the lca ofd $ri{aled ll00 million lnnully in Emil(anccincme 

e6 a *rio6 dd cortinling problem, as was tlE blrd.n of n@iy. million sorlieG 

su&lnlt nxln'ql lion' S6odi Anbd l he *nous s'Dm'c noLr in lh. alnlry vea a 

sign ollarenldisunr qith $e ruling drboriri.s UnemploynE was stiraled at 36%. 

l hc Ym.ni liyd fell in valE by lfl. duiing !$ liBt ycar ol lnity !d rvqleftd slill 

mole N lh. crisis d*FDed Tle riyal, vhich w6 exchDged at I3 lo lhe dollar !t the 

lime ot uf,ily Ms .t 63 in FebMry 1994 aid had weakeNd turlhd ro 90 unen $e Mr

Cming st a tme of *i&ty pobliciz.d sistritient rew oit dis.oEnq, ordiB.y 

Y.fi€nh enderql oloud why thei. liling conditions ftr€ dcctining and nokising,l.he 

ncely libenlizd p.ss,6pei.Iy in $. Nonh 8av. vcnr b mdy of th{s @nphin|l. 

llE 6ud obs@r in !j!M,.ju.ins thr monds bltbrc rhe mr Gsan, qouftr lr€qkntty 

hw for middle

ln addilion aflcr npid groMh ih the late 1990s, explordion. invesrmcnl. produclion. 

ad Br.n6 in {F oil indBhy lewlcd o|I tiwl\ rhis indBq s ptag*it by bo

'hB rhc tirsr mj6 dilFr. els lcaotvld try |nutriF.n, n 8or,.ndq o!r!t(b 0E t.rd 

oflh l.q in dc f.a ofnss d.oonsrdin 

Alrhougl tlE-cte{ionr rhqn$tB wt ndxhly .Mgh. @Nrit(rml 

reMlnr tor FnoEnrdy *t.cdon ot dE Cold,t ot Mn'3|6 rd 

6pe'dly or PBiitnri.t Com,t tiitcd. CohpFtirM in di3uidddrw 

w rqe, wnn ft. OE nqor Fnic.\ miM Fnics!.d inlct6dq|!3 

vyns hougl' v(iN tcC .nd d.(k rE nEI3 or *ir . ptfi|n, oa 

Th. oic fot!8onc 6ioluio4 hoe€wrr w rh|r No.rtErE! mn ,n Oc Ndth .id 

SoulErl.ls in rhc Soulh. Wnih 0E ..fom giolDin& ood Fni.s lrd indcDcidcd! 

g.ined, lhe YSP s 3lrE of lot srs w cdw.d foh ,gry hI to ttod lFfinh 

AldDlgh lhk iighl ertdql F$ticty 6 rh. synhots of porcr, rtE El st tB Ec rh. 

b{d8.6rr !d suiry @trsb drr G|.d forulty in rtE tm to||E aslriG. .r|E 

cdi6t pLrrd &m.lic.tty d |l|G noo. of{r Ew Hoc of Rcfft.a riv... By. rhF 

qu..la! nijdig, rlF chnbd .L.d.d !. i! 30..16 khh! chi.t oft Imbd *h of 

oe @ngf66, rocillirt rd Br'|h Fni6 EE Gtccrqj !o joi. him on tc chnt r.s 

l€{Lrslip @urcil. Co.Jirion gMnncnr h5(ht by I! (,r5! ! uth.m tui.lasl .d 

iftludcd neibds f@ tstrh Fn, .nd Bsrh'i Et .rim B!t|s h..t nx &ccor.d bv th. 

YSP lad.Rhip md il tcd lo lotiticd cdlia 

Un U. or willing b lstw ftt di|IqlGs within n Fm.r.rs of thc unity 

cNt rIio'\ tlE Grc Fopo..d ia !ffidrcnr Finy Bision to dE l@yar{ld 

@B0|!n6 cnvbidr.d . trm AMicr. srs.m si|h r ,o{/t'fd Fai&d .rn Gt vie 

FB'&nl cldtol on dE s.m &tct ror m nm du tN lanna r bicsEt l legisb{E 

co{!F!.d of thc curc chrnbd pts e upF tE@ (M.jtb rt,shoun) !d ck crd 

led .d poviNi.t aov.ndc a Amrhd l(opG.t pG.nt d by p.im. Mi !r6.t_ 

'Albq's" ihl'dcd eiShr Fi SMhtrHn Fognn, dsiig dE sfriitiv.. LonSn hrrd 

helid of th. tF mi.i I Flrd in FnilMr $a bblcd Fndins qsnldo

lrodcallX |hc only lttemdn p.dimoas @.stitutont cmnirl!. @lEd , a 

msllbdlyhu! comprohis bct@n rlE YSp dd tstah , co@.ned rh. Sh{i'., ,hich 

vould be "d!e b6sis of tsw in d inreQctarion codscnt wirh rhe inl@sls ot lhc 

cohDunily and ils dcv€lopmcm On t€s plitosphiet issues sloh $ how lo setsi a 

vie pBident or unily re mics, ho*vcr, flo .omFo,ni* *6 bnhomin& The 

14rn mBld wh6 vic. p6i(Lil .tBid is,rd -cishen Doriri,or denbnds 

irclud.d rmili.r Folb$ts \rirh widc apFit - Majris !t-Shu6 .nd l@t couEil 

cldtunq e{€nsirc judicid, a'thinistr.liw, !fti budsebry reto.h, nlrjonat €r.Bnduh 

otr @trstluioNl ame||drnqnts dEwtr up l,y corhhtues otspecistisq rn.l..gene6t and 

cohprebensiv€ &sncili.rion,.. 

TIE YSP gq&d dE Crc by &mdding imh.diaF a.r6r ot dr FrFfilroE of wlEr 

S@i.lis1s chined l@ |,cts on Lnill! .nd $udEtEi rlE insinudm beins lhll dE 

vilhis l!ft dN lo lhe taepubtion pde. vic. pqidenr c.[cd for ,.mov!t of scurny 

forq fron ln. cidq, ud npid devetopmcnr of tbe fE rmoe aHn Aden. The oosl 

sF.ific poin6 proFs€d the el@rion of rs CpC, tM ysp. and onc tstah repaFni.rirc 

lo llE l,r6i&rniJ Cooftit .nd tlEn, @lndic|onty, calqi on rh.m b Bign dEn !.ity 

nmbqship( TIEE *rt d € aor uifiqtiorr r6r@turing, ard dlDotiaciati@ of th. 

am.d aJd suity to@s, od amrh.. to. Eddwing t@al adminbhriw tines. 

In 6pone. U'c Isidenas pany isucd oinctetr tlinrs ihlcni Bce @Duldr 

ph|nudd lon tlE Crc's etebd ptalt.m: bnx p.nrahcnory €t@!ons. 

@Btilurioialis, @ndeof,cd (,nprioA dE tut. of taw' ad hunun rights. In addilid il 

6lEllcne€d rt YSP ihptjcirly oi eidicnty b, cDph{si2iig pfoFdy irtrc od {F ttun 

ot@nfiscabdbuildirBsund tand t h. Ct,C llso ca cd aoi €onrpcrc ,nurg$ ol the &md 

rbr@s and the indqridetrc€.. ot- hitilary and s6urny tuEss rroh ..pohncat panres,.. 

deploc{ a.y 'lrgioM| b8ii' ot potiliat punicsi and insistcd lhar crccre{ rcpru\emlrivcs 

p!6e lhei. Bposibitili6 fte ot Fnis or@8.

M@ti@, fiv. oasmrtt FfliB w€r t t6 !p this.xchanee of-Fi !.by tominga 

broad opF6iliof, cortilion tt issu.d .Biil*D l{i[Is.. calting li]. portiaDentar] 

supcryisn'n ol lhe €xsulivc. a er courf,rt of Ministel|l! rilhl conrrots M goErn,ncnr 

appopndrM\ lorlicial iqlcFftlc@, tMt aulomm, wirh,n rew ldninis|mriw 

diyision, civil scni@ r€aonn. Dili|ary Nut atiry and Btbnn, co.strrutronar.m.ndnenls, 

slp€ry'$ry b@rd tir stac nenia. a fot tow up commiucc to plne thc$ rcsotulions and , 

@n'n'llncfl 0, att Fliriot rb@s b dE Drincipte ofdistosue .rh. Cpc at]|sEd l@ 

hk duinS $e pohid .risrs! lheeforc, it oceprd nq y a| ysp d.mards in order b 

sv. unny. How€ler, otr tlE Sround lbe lwo sds $rc |)repa.mg ren$erv€s rbr woe 

on Otober, prupararaotr ta. rh€.t*Ion otpBidcnrist Councit Nus suned .thc lwo 

runng p6dr.s .grced lo conl*t et4tions on tlE b6is ot.2+2+ | tb,outa. which mah tvo 

srs ro lne Crc.nd r@ tbr ysp .nij oN ror tskn. wlEn voB wrc l! ,e4lrE lwo 

Co,gB qndidslB r@k th. tG!4 and trtrh ondidar. qft rn a rs hrcs abdd or 

s(etary"ecncnr ofYSP Ati Saten at-ltaidh white other widrsl sndidac hs taited to 

vitr'hen$esiry D.jorly. As:ihrar,sls 0&t En.lics stontrL{ out olnr ch,f|}r, thc 

sFirs dllcd for *Djce 4latution tor $e snd sntisr cddi&te and Bl dly 

Fesid€nl Salih o0eEd ro ..nominate , at-Bid c vrc! peedenr rn respons lo lh.se 

rnd'cdions rhat ln. Seiltilt3 sRe at rhe b€h6r ot $c spcaker lnd At_Bid again 

cnsnal hiNlt in Aden. boyo(ing dR s@ring-in cercmon, tor lhe t,Bd.nlaat 

Cowil. This kn th€ mul.y lshniq , lithoulconslitutiou €xsllvd 

surp.rsnBlt, white boll p.nis @nl,noltry r€diflned $er devouon lo unn, r lhc 

cbuncil ol Manisr.6 hel tb. rha firsr rnn. an den, .ddnnnu, sErory.setuBr ot ysp 

'ssued a propoel Inr ! -lijdc.at,-srsrcor in ycurtr lhnr sucnrd lo irn|ltt rcsluod 

Southern autoruny. 1h{ siru.tion ften &riorared s rl mil$ry lirr@s see in a s1flc 

or high !l.n On dk didoNric td€t Ki.g llusin ot.Jodrn, sutBn e,l,s of Omar 

.nd lhe Am.ri@n and frcfth enrbassics orTer€d $en sdrl oliccs Intemardml 

hd8t'on cndcd wnh a shorr visl b, hc LJS Sur€ Dcpu h.nas Mddtc ljsL negotilr(r 

on the lcrycvc olhecir't \ur, ir artt Mry t994, NhcD ir Msdqd,l@ tlle

Con6miln1 with thce diplomalic e0btu. unfoftiEr€ly, olhc. culf s1a16 rurk€d 

bchi,rl lhe sie to dNpcn $e rin bctte{tr SuMo md ltte Socialisls. lbp lc{dctshiP ol' 

$. YSP net sretly wiu plential b6kc6 of . Getrtitut d SoltlErn Fli9. Sdn alt€r 

ourbst of fghritrg dE fo,6 of lhc slElkd lcsati@t lbBcs Bol lhe upqer loxl.rxl 

&orc d*p inlo tlE $ulh, d-B.ydh @ wl@ming oucide nedialio. dd !.8ing tn 

imr.diac .c*ftc .nd spaBlion ol lorcs. on nis sidq Sulih optx*d enbtu ti' 

'ihlcr@tionllir" & irrlcrn.l connid and d€md€d surehder ol th€ see$ionisls and 

rh. d.l or onb ol sbort | 5 lop 1€tEh,- imluding altrlydh. On 2 | Mry, $nn Aden 3nd 

ilr cnvi@c ift@inglt cu oll tom $. rcsl of the su|h, tl-Baydh ll]|mlly aMmad 

ssion lnd th€ crelion ola $pom. DsnaBlic Republi. ol Y.m.n: Seu aPla.d 

with a pl€dge lo cNh lhe new slate !d lo rcnor€ unity. k ws thc day belbre dE lbunll 

&nivc.s.y ol utrifi.d Rrpubl'cof Yemen 

Th. civil vd *!s spulcEd on, and the til| of Yqr|€ni urli€rion enrnel 

unddided. Suddenly. al thq €M oflhe li$l wck in July. mljor soullErn cilies fell |o lh. 

unionists and the eurheh l€lders $d Dsny ol th€n annql lbrces llql the country, 

@Ling dE @npl.lc collatc ol the *6ior. I m pedicn hcbB or lEnd5 l€d lo tlE 

oivil w. tjiu! tlLc ns t porerlnl derivc lowuds civil wsr bruu* the logic ol lhc 

s'tulion, s rhe lwo tuin dllgonisls pob.bly F@it.d i! h.dc n only raidd for 

$eh !o b€havc in nutelly rlu€at .ing Mys. 

Thc logic of |n. silsrion ls fr &.pd td norc sisrifisnl tlEn aiy .llcg.d 

FMnd dllsqism betsen the 1@ 3id!5. ll involG trvo ruling srablishn.nc, @h 

omplcr and oganie4 lnd qch wnh qptbilnies, inlenlions eld inl€resls. l he ntioml 

nrtuBl.nd |Dacr ol llls lso.st blishncn$ !ls' olciiidc rhc id.ological gluc ol 

unity s ! w'dety ltsld ppular rdE Ordi.!.y Prple vidcly snd deply vdN onily. liul 

t|id clwly s not sullicicrl to n.inl.in the integr.tun ol fomcny indeFftl€nt 

aniies. Sdn4 n @ c|4( ihal dE libeol. mulli-parly rlelonl ed Dodiamenbry 

insdluuonal ndhx, e orctully constxctcd lo manrgc coollicl, tron!rc lhe ncwbonr 

unity .nd pmmote Sood gowhnenl wa mblc 10 oleride lh€ logic dnving lhc ls 

F'wr enc.s b*-& a.r

h *u not clear *hich side sbn d dr€ war as both werc pr€p0rins tor one The ysp 

lr'.d lo bring brct leo or ib b6t{nDoled unirs tion tlE Nntr ,tr order ro slerlllEn its 

n'laury posiion &d b FtFE in gmud f6 e.gsio. of sdl Thi! .n n!( 

ho*v.r, lillql dG ro opsxnion ofcll\j nd ns ! i6 tias. ,t.his bcloc di&.| rh.n 

lhc te units rce dxto}ld in rhe fisr (!o days Sduriry uniB toril ro DBi&nr Sdtch 

quickl] mov€d againsr lqG6 whosc toyltry tu hih tu suspetted. .l.rib,t g(outjs lhc 

YSP @u.led EDaircd nedrat. TIE ti)mr nonncm med torc€ (€il€d rh.retles s 

llMin q kgirin y foB) wrc fE !o @Eftare d (h. @inins enh.h uni|! in 

e eulh Ar rhe d.w ol5' Mrx t€gitimq gom.nt an S.ne de.t6ed mnjd l.*, 

llrcbomt d and loolcd tlE YSp s omas in Northcm oniB, di.jqt sl€cled p.ivqle homes 

und olher pany al(I i€wspuFr ofiies, dnd deraindt hu(treds ot Fopt€. fbc truncated 

P6idcntial Cowil d.cl&ed . srare of cturyerct 

Thc eb.llion led.R dtillGioftd with thcir nonfim .lti6 *no rerc oll€ring no 

miliLry suptort, loan.d ! coalirion to! wession _rhis *0$ sn qD6sion of $urheh 

F.liticd identiry but rs de ctqdy .jmed ar .n@Ung inkrn{ionol suDDon. 

Fniculorly fron rcgioDl !tli6 rcued .g.inrl Ati Salctr. Cuta Oou,rcit sr.l$. 

p.niculrly $udi Aoba. !d Kuui! cov.nty b6ct€d ln. eurh. Th. Unat

As a 6ult, eutheo opposrrion uel NonlEh lEgemony in llE te$r s poliricat 

slogan.gain$ Sanu. 'fhe rcos lbr lhal w$ bw@ the crili! w6 elv€d by 'nilildry 

mtrs. By th{ etul df.ivil w.r, Saleh beeai F)litialjogglilg &t, stEhplins lo b.lme 

lis c|lntu b rcbuild his rcsinlc s [rnnn4y I rlr counlry m rEn'c!l{, n' (E cg'or$ 

fonncdy tukd by th. YSl, - !ft1 the dft.(ls of O* lslanric pdrty, lhc lslah. his pgrlncr 

in govtmnent, fhe lat r orilinally (fuled us a ou eNeiShl lo the YSP ed other 

i..ialist hdG, ha3 sr ils power gHrly.nh.ned by th. cliDiFtion ol E YSP. lt 

dcm.ndcd lhal thc min YSlj l€lrleu {snmisrsl should not he allowd lo retum lo lhc 

8ov€mnetrt o'd lhc new govemment 'l hcrcfrJre, $e YSl, was cx.luded t@m lh. 

gu!.rniog @!lilio. (mqrnrg il lDs o mnristcB in the sbnld); ond lshh M.ir.{ 3 of 

Wnn P&lilmcnt pliged ol die-hud Socialisr, SootcnE6 and a fc! olher. 

lhe CPC a.d lslah aily Bilio.&d throush .rh!6ti!e co.$ndaoml 

.nsdmn|s CMting r lonS list of posB to llE lIsi&n! iMrpoRtin8 

trcl).l:tNp.live irtcrpchrions oa klanic law, .nd oe &lins cdr.ll 

conrol of rcgioml rnd 16!l srsirs |le Cabiml wos rMdstruclcd *nh 

lslal filliru mosl ofllD p$ts lbm€rly lcld bt llE YsP inclu'ling nol onty 

th€ obviou idologioal ponliiis such s jslicu ud cd@tron but ale 

supply, lirchpin ol thc ldet(ley. th. new onily Bolefrm.nl, requqting 

hudr€ds ot million of dollac in rcw inlem.tiorEl llfu b cd€r 

rMnstrulron cven s rlE value ol thc rital dipFd !o s rew all-time low ol 

175 io thc dollar. promiwd !o rornply with lMf ond tne world B&k 

sl'NtuEl .dlutment pogelg ( ll) 

'liulx Ali Slleh tnd tu idelogical a'rnitn.nl kr hlah s potuiql suFeMq hc 

would like lo hslet $e ef€rgctrcd of a lo@ oDposd !o fie ro-lslsic poliics of hl.l, 

. en of @ rolhble v.Rion ot de YSP. lb this end dc p6id. isu€d B.Enl 

rnncary for all bu ucluded 16 ot rlE bp l€rd.s or Oe '@sionisr aor.hm.nt who 

Md ned b chno, Onon,Jeddsh, Abu Dhlbi, onrl lhnscus Wnh tlN nollblc exoepiotr 

oflhe philo$phy prolsor, supFrteB ofthq rch.l govemDe fled to llE cult rvhee 

Ih.y @ctit(ted ,cr mlh.r oDF)salioFin+iile. Wnn $me S.!di turds od $@ 

suPpon mo@l Oe polnidl conmuily in cxile loudcd an 'opDosilion" novem€nl 

r'l.nt6.d 'n borh lingh,hanJ Aob( by r&rcn'rnMAwJ

S@ a hoped $at rcbr@t t9% memonndm or udccranding wirh Saudi 

A6btr on rhetr amnon hor&ts iI whici yeM |nm,so. .|mg orE. 

lnrngs', lot b b.. SaudiftsFp.F routd edue RDadh! $pr;d tbr 

MAwr wrlhrn ycm.ni,lho@n& oasooahsc. em. ttron,*nl;nd orhcr 

no! d'$vokcd .s*iltis .idEr walh tlE *Doelisr gow.nnem o. wirh rl* 

oFpositiq in .xi lc. { r 2) 

An . tlE !!r, rh{ q@non tu abour tind ot.politidt rusemcnb or sherhq Ali 

S.lch tu torge Fni$lslti@ rhd wi B.in legilimey aong yem.n\ vaded rcgions 

and id.ologic.t stturd5, pdnicut&ty in rtE south€n ed 6c.n prov,es w|lerc fie ysp 

ruld. Th. gownnrent hs. GnicLd s@ist be, nd tst.h woutd l|rcmpl io kep our 

othcr voiccs tld optxs6 r'hc eorcDry hls cotrri.rucd otr [s dosnwdrd stDt lttcr rhe 

Mr. &d dE reignborins oil sl!l6 show tirdc si$ of heoming ts nsril€ torvad 

yemen s srrungnan ln ch@sing mitilary ,n@$ u a sotllro. to the orisis iisled ot. 

dirlogw tmcr Oanne6 an rhe @n, govcmMl h6 ted ycncn inlo tlnls iEt bitity 

.nd dd witl pev€nl y€ns riom enredng lbe N.nrr,tirsr century. Untrke nany A6b 

ItadeB who delae mlribt hq f{tah tined tlE starc ot erncrgcncy otr ,ury 27 | 994 ln 

r4phg a Iokqn tiw YSP fr€mbcB jn $c Sovernmqr. &.taring a gencht ahnd(y tbr atl 

exccpt sixten ebel lqd€rs who em.iftd ab@d and $hejuhDS ody ti,ur rb, hul,ny 

larl\ ltr a.lmrnrslmtion ilstf @nr6&d lhal fieG trs |ntte or tu dohdlic supFld aor 

i:-Tl_,y.11:1.q .nd 

11" 

etun,ed ,u rqner. 

" "nnEny 

ftousr dE 

re4Enrp Rtu'6 pot r@lt, etreouGide E.uuntN. Atfiough Sat;h 

urrdl h; 

lhc,YSrro Ins m$ om.,atsthn @nrom rothr cunllt,;n\,rFed 

on rhci,. h'r de$e ro. Lshr conua m" s.*".a ,r p"n, r... i"t mryrrn lurltu.rhegroupsddc jhfrEt 6seL h.rc Datr (ont,yaLrt "irli." 

by,ncmb.a ot boh tstah .nd Ine eowmmcnl and ar nor e,n! Erurnot 

'lhe Y€neni licilttr p.ny,.tr.

individuh. thousdr ol sympoLhid6 ahong $e plol$siNl .las, { p{ ioftnury 

deleg8liot, a nspep€r. md svenl hund'€d lhoNnd lduh nehb.6 

Respolses ofcivic society to the crisis 

Follosiog Ycmeni unilicarion there 16 ! tMendous anount of pnie erprcsd 

iNidc .nd ouai& the coulry fot ars pldftd ek aons ln the wes( Yenen l@rled 

nuch |.rodble ofie.t,on ot the 1rn. $lheonlycountry in th€ Arbion PennNula lo ldool 

dm|nt &naElic ordcr. Sirc, dith.r ol limer hdr.s ol Yemcn had prcios 

€xp€ricne wnh l€e and open ndional elslions ll Ms ftscinating, rl ullamatel! 

disppoinling lo obsrc lDw Y.ncnn dehl aoos lhc F litic.l sF.tru'n tom tribdl 

lqdc6 ro sulr in{elldrBls - sfiove to nobilia tho gen.El will again$ rhe 

deslMlile logic ol lhe Nonhern &d SoullEfl conrMn4i As aMlysa hlv€ 

de@mtEr€d in Fsll porE6. rhc 199G94 Friod s6 marlst hy an dllorercc or 

publi. elivity.nd civil $ciety 

Th@ ** @nleeces, policy debat s .rd F@tu|

In a Ycmf th{t h&s only one 168 ot everers v 

d,veE .nd nluEl'n sicy, dE 'rer t€$;oi 

p6.rc'Frtron and ptuEtisn k fte onty wy ro buitd 

buL wl,ich is a @mde\ 

lh! wr as rhtt tolniet 

gqnuiftly lcgilmtc .nd 

Unili@iioi brcught *nn it a p@cs ot @ntingenr teg{t tib€otianon that tined 

r6tictoN on €ivic plnicjpadon. Con@mir. *irh rhe* stubry plc:*s5 hokver o 

tDliticd c.isi3 E bcwing lhd B cutnin red in th. civit M. Thc supF..dly .equl 

panB to lne unrry c@lition ehd@Iy but sladilt rcr@icd lion th. spidl and t€fter of 

lh. unity econls. rhc @nstilurion art &Moti2ing tegistltrd Mdnwhilc. rhe.iti. 

opcn!'g qurokly rc,chcd $c tamir. ot govenEed kncrancc. shceuF)n rhc sp,e uDol 

ro public acliviw @nltutqt. Nondnet*. grouF Lh,r oErsEd {0er oiry $uBhl by 

vsious nos lo foresrltt btofthod ed preene @nstiluuomt hb€flrcs The collak ol. 

thc qi9 qlirion.rd rcEecd t.$isB spurqj go@renrat, diptm.dc.,nd civic 

It qr' 6: *I'" sirhh n. i'4r€. rhc uder lhc riv,c pc$u,c ro, 

EemDdbn Kednng.atE @nsurulotul ptupuets duaing trum non 

runnalnl. s rr trc ofau. st te n*, s ,ndeFn

Econodic r€6sion. sllei@l Eaom, rnd FliIic.l intolclme cBi€d n new ser of 

cncumsbnG sbce volunlory encrBi€s would be chrnDcled ino leo ponicularsons of 

&dvitics. Fi6l rhc ohliuble and klfarc edcls b.on. in r*ingly iftpo.lanl alier 

rnc in@rponlid oI l@l @uncils into the shle, and morc e {nh pflvdiznon of 

sryi6 snd thc woGcning of sudards of living. Seandly, a still vnlll but growi.s 

uhaq .d!cde4 inc|Eingly if,d€Fnd.nl and disillsion€d p'of*siorol clN .tlcnpted 

|o @ fomal.rd l.gal 'neh6tms lo delcnrt cilil dd lcgal riel'ts slch 6 dw prcs, 

frcalon or expressbn, und worncn\ Dolnicll pa.lioipllion ()ncc {gain, lh.n crvic 

actavism cponds to 3t'€ifi. polilicd .nd anodic. circuo'sknes. 

lntere$ingly, uher€6 belb@ !E 1993 .l4lioc po ies cohcened tlFruclv$ 

mainly wilh nominating od elccti.S €ndida16, in th. F l+l*tion crisis 

ney Sroup6 isu€d policy plalims I he onblrive poslurc of $e lao 

l.ldcEhip grouF o.ly inl.nsified civi€ debnl€ 'l hcn, alier colllp* oa lnc 

bipola. balancc beteen lwo cciuling plrties und.mincd lceway for 

plu.list p€nicip{rion, a reinlisdlled surity $t blishhefi lhraEned to 

pcrctsl€ and ovshdn 't! cndcs: bur si$ sax.d s@s. while Ye@n s 

civic spae had on|Ected, n remanrcd d on|esled ndg lhan a d@d sp6e, 

an arena whqcin some cssayisls and activis$ delibenGly challengcd 

dbitla.y s|!c Ep6ion. I hanb lag.ly lo ils dhcr t€Bious and Esr laent 

civil saery. Ycmen EnaiB @nsidqrbly morc open and ls ep.*rve 

lhrn most of G neaghboB. ( l7) 

. THE NA'IIONAL DIALOGI.IE OT'POLITICAL ]-ORCIiS 

t1E colllF€ of lh€ u.ity dlition anil EeuEd lNlcsn6s sp!rcd go!€mn.nlal, 

diplqnni. ..d cavic 6pong. Nd dE erxi of 1993 lcry Fonic Nonhm6 dd 

Sodhemeu wno rerc nol slriclly lolal b either lhe CPC or LIE YSP orglnized d 

indcFndcnt NatioMl l)ialoBu Cinnmillcc (Nl)c). lhis comnriltli lricd lo rcsnle the 

pohiel problss ot $e @untry. Al the end ii all.d lor a cl@r dcvolulion ol pow in 

$e country io €leted l@lgllcnnncnls, which Muld hdvc tu.nple$ liidftialaulonomy 

f.on th. 6lral gov.mm.nr Prsident Ssleh and ViePrsident Ali Salen luLidn 

fiially ogr.ql to a@pl lh€ .ommi$ee\ d@isio.s but rl \vrs al@dy ls latc lor lhjs 

symboli€ gcslur€ h brins the Nonh 6tuj South lqdership brct log€lhcr

'l he ConnirE€ *6 isued a d@un€ th.t ca{ed ao. ditudon of$e DEpond€Ee in 

llE qasi linmaal lnd odminisrhlive rk cntEliarioni t@l ctarion; new bylls for 

mcdin8 the onstirlriont en@ tist ,mft|,.y .d ndminisrrniw Etomr sfery an{t 

$curilyt etrd ro bandiqi esetioh ot huGstinging r ncwsFrprrs ot.thc coatjtion Bnftr 

and |he $pr.tid of Fres txl*en lhe prdidcntat .nj Minisredat Cowits 

The Y€heni NDC diginacd in neling berond $c .uthg oaliron. lt imtuded emc 

Shdiktu, inrcll@uts od p|miEnr Fen|ni6 taving iNirt s d oureid€ the @u ry 

Within thc @!nq rho E variobte Nho,s sho ot po|nid pc&mlilies, ahong th.h 

ulemq mcnb€G of Aden univcBrry arn A&n wethE ssdy, .m r M8. of riat.d 

Frrmqt3ry clndidllcs a.d infircnraal inGl@ruts plbticty €ndoed a dion.l 

dralogc. larql wirh virluttt uMamoN p6ft tom non{oling pol|ncd cttles, (hc 

lnE p.di* ro rh. sldy |'iFnit. ruting cqtiaon age.d ro $nd (bteg,tss lo . ne€{ing 

with the h.rds of NLrc. A subsll of tht ga$.ring o3rcqt o rorn a comm ce to Mrk 

our .n .@rd tE Bti@t todeuhip l@td siSn onb tstcr r.rEy mniturd .bout 

lenty-$vcn @lion.lly prcniied tun - fmn @h of |he lhre rutins pdnie\ tE&js of 

shaller Fdi6. and $sesEtion otjndepende andcivic tqt€a. 

'lhc Conniue€l nission wG lo @€h ! E onot rcsolutron b lhe lotirical crisas. h 

h4 in ndly @nl'nwc saon ,huftting bel@, Add and S!@ and (x6ion ltv 

tbroa4 sclins o'moi ereund b.rken thc lm tddc6 Ewn t torc issuing tcir fidl 

docunc( 0Ey lud rcFal€dty dpFated lbr 6ronr in botn lhe met6 wo ad tlE 

$EEl nilib.r irci&nls. The @hnnle ow. E1y teC, nititr.y, lrd Dotirid isB 

liMlly did genede a consenss $ powenu lhat ltE rival lelcuhrps hod m choacd bur 

lo srgn 'l. lhe dmlncm (wllhjqc) lnwilqj on Jdury Is aro srgnd s rMrh hlcr b! 

dll pbmincnt ldrl€6 onirql |o erd tlr po|naqt c.isis by conslGrins a n.w

The d@|@nr oFeBd wnh . sI of proDlhals lo d€at wnh .he ihm.dilr. 

s4riry crisn Ine.io. ,nd JGlie Mini$r w@ pronl,lty and flirty ro 

rN608!1e and preculc tDlitiot .rinrc. PendinB rdieN ot lic .omperenciB 

olthc Ministrics ol tht€rior lnd Detcn$, seurilv ti,rc6 wore to wnhddw 

lion rh. ona6 urd milihrt unirs tu hL rqlcpoticd tioh lic tbnmr inlc. 

Y.ftnr border |o MrDnat borJes A qtE.tcBlt and padrntrrary toMs 

wts lo bc dislvcd Ne'thcr lhc mrtrrary potice nor an, othcr arhed aoeq 

aould inlcrlee ilr €ivililn or pnvre l|ins The$ inhedior€ ,.taw and 

ord.l coMs wee reinforced iBtilutiomtly lhrolgh Fovisio6 foi lhr 

nhFndeE of the judic8y, fu *p{orion ot 6rmcd roca fom cdnier 

prosurion, and lbr miniseriat, psrtimcnlrry, civilian contot ot $€ scu.i9 

'lhe mjor modiliol oN ot thc proposld constnuliomt ordcr rrcE alt.d tbr a 

biohenl l.S8lat!E, a limn€d excourive and deenrstiarion Thc Chambq of Depud€s 

!a to r€n.in lhc leSislttre ddy oa tne Rcplbtic" A @Nutt{it. 6w chcred by 

FgioBl @mih wirh cqut rcpEerrdion lor qch sov.donle mutd be enpowrcd ro 

coment on dnns ol b4ic l.$ and so!.mm.d budsers, h.lp .tcct rrE pBid€nlial 

Co@il, E supere Coon (herelofoc appoiir€d). E infomarion Councit (cptrcinB 

tlE Ministry oflnfomadon) and the civil ervicc authoriry @uncit (cturged w'il curbing 

arruptron). lhe cour|\. nE prus, o linrncirt rud ors wuld ltt b. insutol'onalty 

prolsE{t rron polnisl or suity inrerfden@ lXe Accord (D@um.n0 timilot the 

powB of lhc Prcsrdent'8l Coutuil (PC), defined s rhc svcr€i8o held of st!!. dd 

DoFlladyddLd for ml tuE rhu lBo rems tIcstictqi th€ exdutiE s funcljoa 10 

rcp@nling ilc atrtc ab@a4 @lli.g lor €lelions ed @|'mda, nonrnalins rlE primc 

nini$er, disusing govemnenl plogmms, enrcling laws appot.d by P.rliam€nt, dd 

sigling th. Cabirel s litary apfFinmenk. l\] rbecu to cr€rc los lhoush deutivc 

o(hr dd ro de.lac sl.|ca ofendgency veE lt@idly curtailed. fhe duti€s the presid.nl 

wre limiLd mainly to chaning r\i marin$.od (an wrnn.c) InelinSs df$c NltioMl 

S{ouily Cloumil, opc$ntlns thc Mlion a[(Bl, and sasnins lNs. 

In addiljon !o th.$ lhre najor {os of Efom, nEreer. rctruclunng and 

dcpolilicirrlion ofdrc amcd antl.ccunly loecs. d€voltrln ol l}rsr 

ti oD rhc cxsutiv. 

ro struisrhcncd, ruqr$rrrurc! lcsasilriveokljudicid au onlNsand dNcntrutiatiotr ot. 

widc mge if govenncnt pow6 ,nd rspons'bilni6 |o lql soremmcnr

Norcthelcs specified ! morc risore$. cosulradvc lmendDe p@s rhan the eosity 

riwuid. 199 | @Nl|lurion. Norul relaisror FlgMnins w inlmDcd fd 'lmbcE 

or NI)c b @d Oe dialos@ popoel llldt tknry,sev.n adhorc $en lrsn d Dspit€ a 

,lbilant rstion lhong opinion todeN !d rne 'N ,ublic, thu tqdeBhio ddlist for 

n@ lh.n . monll b.roc signing lne @ord h . ..lmon, in Jordatr, wheE King 

Husi. va wn on Eldision phylica y foFing 1*o unwiuing fomd diclaloh to sh.le 

htd! Shsylh !l,Ahn& sdbbtqi bqsth ttis siSnsrse lht s.ds ..@flt||ioMl on drc 

rdom oflh. vi@ pr6i{l: !o $ns a I hd wry c!.nin! thc ti*t nitilary sknmash ot $c 

cNn uar ocourEd In sodne.n province, byan which {6 ! siL of ltehting in t9E6, 

*'dely @Nidqei e Ati N.sn Mqimnud sronBhokt wnh mitilatil, signific.nl 

lelion b@e ir sp.Eles Aden fom rlE *l€m ponioN of lhar ws ttF pDRy. Aoth 

fomer PDRY and foms yAR forq *eE,lrrnn d dEe..|d ! di$gllncnr oq $. 

.plDintE of i nilir&y gow|M @ ii FoerB5 nE mitihry €EnG of $e nighl oa 

Febr@ry 20 ds invotved a sF. ed ,.rihod,, cmp .videnrty tbunded by ge son of lh. 

ro@r sullan orzinjib{r (dE apillt or^bys), . tons_ time enden oi snrdi A6bia $d 

@nmadg orArab votur*rs in $e Afghd jihrd. h 6 nor ctar ar $e rime *har 

M.u!e6 8p€*ed gsfir. 

. THE EXPRESSION OF PUBLIC OPINION 

Tr* splir ougt n6torgwd. ycmcn,scxpcritum wtrh,rtnc@y hadbnulhta 

scns ol tiqjum Not ontr etecnons erc held ud ftE rk$ pa.rEftnr e$lbtuhed, bu, 

tlso lhe s.r. seiry .pF.ar6 lbd too*icd ic gtip fi rte potitidt Fosi At t6l 46 

fledgling p6ni6 wE oFdring etdivety uninhjbitet by $e suc or the ruting pd.ly. ed 

morc lhatr 90 rewspopeb mrc plblishel. lnreletuts cneaset !r hrely &bde in rinr 

d s'rt Q sssioN 6 *c d in F,timnt *em,ngry rv h t,[k clkrn tbr 

olnoi.l vic$. Yemcr umMred b b. wclt on dD ua! r, ! suqsltirt potilicll

'lhis would altu bc l@ ofsubsqu€nt n'lillrv ev.nB Skimhhe6 in mrth€rn a@ 

'Antu o,!d Dnan.r iad & llnEd slaFlick qulny iMn@h G 'qrds of njtl.ry 

ehdSed t l@n Nodhch Md Soutncar lr@qs st ioNd in cl@ prolimiry €us.d 

the (isis mobilire.l unprcce& ed cxpdsion of publio opinron. wi|rl 

'nrorndion spMd in th. !Es3 dd by word of houlh.llN diolosG pr@cs, 

bvinS dEm havily on proFBls trom pr*lddon sim .nd 

6nfcEn6, els nov eoliBrcd in lhqse sm. aror6. OniuD6 fron $c 

pol€sioml sttrdicar$ lo llE Acade ic l,edcrrion 10 rho Ulma Sdrty 

€onf.rred over lhc a@d, vhil€ in cv€ry |'orinc ml'on{de noe hN 

@nlircEei m6tly organized by Ggional @mmnr6 mimring $e 

mul(iF.9 @bposrlion ol lhe DialogE ConBtue i6€tt, isued supponive 

@lutioB. Finally, hembeB ud supponers of the Dj.logue Conn tre 

helpcd olgoia nmeres if snDll Flce denorot6lios. Ore indiold of 

wi&s?.ed populu 3upF)rl fo. thc a@rl F6 how cvery any lnd resrdp.r 

lrid lo chin ovechip of th* d€monsrrdions ( l9) 

'lhe sloN 6t!6lisM in the pel€tion Friod l*ld Gtl' !d ercn d.ily rund- 

t!bl6 or Q.klEq i'r UF fiFr,no hs ol 199.1. Supgrns for thc a@rd ws widely 

.rF*e4 ln lhe l6t w€ek of 1991, ! l-aiz conlcrcnce rcponedly @nv.Nd eme I,700 

iepres€ anv6 of poni6, polilicd oeanialio 5' syrdidlG, the dlma ald profsiod 

!$oaiarioro. lrs rcelutioru etulo&d dily, ulEd omovd of troops fM FpoLted 

s6s &Mndql @nstilotional tule, sp€rfi.d dr " ndsiq of demcdi€lly .l€tal 

l@l Sovcnnnen! and insisled on adminislEliw. lisul !|ld .i!il scrvice rclofln 

B! lhc spriig of 19$ n sa p$iblc lo Gll frem p6 @vcEge, lisB of 

prniciFline org.nialio$, and @rclt pl'es i. $e Fsluliore whclhq 

gdbdings supporGd oft sidc or aiother. Thc frajonry of lhcm did not 

blinlly tollow cilhr Saru'! or Ad.n. l h€ir rc$lutions (llEl,:d a sl of 

ommon rhcn6 public eletyt rcmoEl ot lh! surily folq f@ 

popularid e e6i elstions for loml adnininnlionr a erio6 pla. lo hnrl 

Eovchm€nt €otrupljoni and llE buildinSofmodc.n rudicEl, lcBislalivc, and 

dccurive imtilsrionswirh dwlydclin{redr6ponsibrlitis (2U) 

ln the bcginnins of Mlrch 1994, de Narionll Dirlogue Conhillec itslf disn|telm€d 

when ils rop .udb6 bn $e 6unuy dner pubtic gsing lhe ts lsdeshiF of duplicitt

Ar Uis c.wial j@rdq e6 ts fonDt b?e of qFq!6ion srmg inr. lcti@. 

R€hoidng \nembeB of tln DirtosE Comhift@ oobide rtE rutins co.tirion., isoed a 

$arement, vown'g ro orguriz sir-iis untit the uod qs indemenred. Thev circutal€d 

Mons th. polidodty & w pubtic c.lh8 tir ! 's poBr movcMr Ar rn $@ 

UniwFnt smll bur dift(c.t BouF of ftn. tNl'|M, ad chitdrctr tlnet up .w.y d.y 

for a nuft b d.mrel6le for peae and dm(mcy. Tl@ p 

"l'Lsm" fom ! Qunnic v€re not he.eotoe i.voked in pubtic disuM in yemeo 

''I iaimu bi-habl{ AUrh j!tom st! r.lbf,lqu a q tir @ eiv. Dotiriet lcaon 

'Ihis e6 orc dtung 'noy (5c rfic. qvic ffgoiaG invotqi rctrgio to nobitia 

suppon ror ! nqien Fojccl The dhd b.sia stosln fd $* 

sparlic to the cnsisr "No !o W&, No ro Sepr.tion. ys lo uE accord.- 

. CONTENDING FORCES 

Dcfor otdE Y€nni Sanbsl F.ry .,n rcn@illio of irs poticie @nao@d lo lhe 

globd disnDd.ne of sidisr govqnn€ s in orher @!nr,ies irctuding Nicitugua. 

vEbM, Argol4 ed Atbrnia. Within ftc Rgon. Culfotiplrh, toLrd yen.ni uf,ity. 

Ym.ni mbivde@ s'tout 0E Fdqi invsion ofKuDi( y.m.n.s Butrine i$t.lion, and 

. g.@61 cpdiarion of FoBBiE id.otogic sft.{ sucty ar @rt Ar rh. tst of rt 

cwhom Ycm€ni 3rr. thc crux of th. p.oblcm ss th.t an.sEment ro sh.r. lorer 

cqually tet@n whtl proved |o tE unequ.l amis detied rhe principlq ot re.tisD. d did 

dre i&! lhd Adn tuutd volblanty Ftinquish irs cmmEn&. C.n inty, rcitlr.r g.oup ot 

rNutnb.nG sho$rd. ptit6opti6t .tBF6itid roM.d genline porEAheing. 

l he problmi irc@!.d. be3e lh€ €eommy reked b, Lhe Cllf Wqr budond by lhe 

li@i.l *a of unifiErion and onih|tiad by ktcpt@Ey. e$enercld nes!r,!e 

gro*lh lbr six sr.isbr t6 durins whi.h dmmic Fticy mkins @ lbdiqkd b 

ldcign doroN Borh sid.s in rtF tadeBhip cq@ijon hid.d pubtjc 6|I.6. A rh* 

circurul|ncB are away rr s@jd seryicB kr oE of $€ wond,s mosl opidty Srowiog 

popohriois (isly a F@nr mt@t inclle pi6 imnrigrtun rom srudr Ahl,i. afil 

S6ili.). Livin8 srrlds& dcD|Eided in n.jd cni.i alt g,oslng ls (oo kd ro. rhen

v.tc! swpli6, dlerical phnts *hool\ hqlth c!rc, stJets, publi. rEs. .r{ wdle 

lmowl sysldi Any goEme nighr @lh!6. unkr such @nditic 

Duing6.c sir dE Bgihe twisr€d thc rulB bul fr.ed @Bi&6blc ,cs@ t@ lle 

p6, ns Mlcr.Es d noFruling politiel .lil6 |o hold lo sm. mbter of 

.ivility. llnd.nciq id.nLi6.d in civic oFningr al{ unificrrion wE Gpqtcd Thc 

@ircd.M olclorurc rnh @nmi. ftccalion, rh€ pmivotunllry exi tc ol asignificlnl 

disident force, th€ €nbd5 ro build tcgitimey on cMFed &lononou pojot', lhe 

rwn b lcg.li{ic rh.brie @nfouided by sihllo@B righreninB ud ciEuBri@ of 

l.-. lt i! n .ssry |o ()|mi* rh. symbioac Et.riGhip b€twn t 3rlrc,in-rhaNtiry 

.nd d em.rgins civil si.ry l he unitqt Ymcn wc s B' 6 ttE Frnqn sra$ d dE 

P{llsrinid Autho y, tct unlilie thcm ds lol cnjoy thr aiduat tcsirimcy ot a 

sucGtul naioMl lo€Etion sltuggle. lisqlly inelvenl and tacking n'any of$e basic 

preequ$rles of stslehood , delincd bodeB, d Donopoly over violeocc, ! constiruLionrl 

or&r - lhc Rcpublic ol Ysen nay b. oniquc in its €ravins for civic inslirurions on 

which to 6uild $. four

TIE lDsirim of wI)lM ii a c& in poinr F.oh rheir @oe bur oroc.Ed sE6 

wilhh lhc prinordial Fivole @im 9qM hE lErdty d.nrst fs individud pot'liql 

riShas i!.i.rviomd snee .€ natc dshrs hnve yet ro b. sh6tislBt l.hc ilii@ts 

f€nlle najorily know wcll .nough *h.l thcy wml wlIBG, seBiB, .nd non-violena 

- bul e f,ot reily moE rrultful of govmD.n( onen sn s violdl alxl 

@Ficiouq lhs of !.&i@n.t aulhoritis, vho ar tst 'u&c ttE c4 td ! hdat 

6mony, TIF m.ll cdql.t f.m.ie.tic F.ticip.t6 ir rhe Dlbtic sDhlE nol s a 

sFcial inlost grcup but s s hinority among philetbropi$q wrnds, Jurists, volunleers! 

p6rrr@ta.y @did.la, 0 en|Iepene6. 

Allh. sm rime. Y.neni pol rcat tdd.u hate h*lq,q y rc@gnkd lhal 

My bru&I, lr$lamdrE s4'opohljut proj4l n*d\ rhe suppod ut 

romo. lhis is ehy Southeh rcvolutioNies dopled fminism i siar 

poricy, dE lslmist wing of tstoh t.uched rhe fi6r F6t uny mma.s 

volcr Eisbdrs dnvq !d dE crc hG F(rcLd *Fi rorcn r!)|M |o 

titbl. pGrrioN t-tE FFt

Pritlr. ed@r6 oDctEd @$er signifidl cxtn govemm'ni'l spt@ for intell'd@l 

erivily, oE danin d lo be inlcmlly @nFlnive bu ale alqdv EognEls 6mtM 

intc.cab visa-tis l.ulion. ${ M'nnrv of Edu'atror. {nd indepcn't esdcnrc 

slandlrG tn. Lhc Inst [h. trt ! lons lrnre, wldlus @uld xcck ctrrplovrrtrl tEvond rhc 

Doblic $.1o. Pnvdiation of hdd @ !'rd 8ro*1h ol Fivate lcgnl p@t€ ar$ 

@ntiib$d ro t luton@y ol polBsioml clNs ftom civil *Nicc lndividub 

Dani6, ard orslnblrions incssirelt F ioned th€ @uns lbr legal prulcctron 

'gon'( 

cld@, elgEh'p, sn! mmn!l.l'on.and rud8c prewd rnc@'nelv d|lneE !o sEh 

aoMl!. All ofthi cha@teriscd tlE omdcx @nt€sralion or'cilrc spac€ lnd le8al nghB 

R€ ional and international reaction to the 

civil war 

19)4 Yem€ni civil Mt @s the sventh ooqsion thlt Ycmenis h'v' lbugl'l among 

them*lvs si@ 1962. This lsusl @nrlict howeter' s lhc ftsr b @ur oulsi& rht 

Cold War @nle . l;or rhe fi.sl lime. rhen, conllict in Yncn t6 no1 bcnrg F@ived' or 

nis!.rceived, !s p6n of$€ solict-Ameriotr strllglc ld inluence in llD $nd rcrld thtt 

e rlominal€d @.ld Flnics in rh€ @nl|Ast l;or no m'trd whal lhc rdlc of oulsd' 

po*4 in Yenen's p.elio6 contticli all of thcm h'd thcn tms nr idcdal Yeftni 

qldrch. The lale civilwar was no 4eflion. Nevenheless,josr 6 wi0r pEvious Y'mcN 

on0idr d. civil wr ed ils anennolh hde h.d inporLnl egioml mplielion And 

d*prrt dE .ftt of llE Cotd Wu. this ldest civil w.r lle htd ihporrtm slottl 

Thc @riv* rrl .crioN (Lo lhl .xlenl UEv dc km\tn) ol rlE elev!trr txterEl poRA 

si$ €elrd b lhis crisG and il9 lnemalh will b' disuscd hec lhe* slu's vctc 

divid€d inlo tso lrouF. Fi6lly lhc role ol lhoe EgioMl powts uhich supporl€d (morc 

or ls @tivej,) ltE soulh. s@rdry, $e rolc of tlE regiool powis, which beked rhe 

unity govement blsl in Srrs and thirdlv, the rol. ofextr! region'l |)weN

. Anli0oitJ Ar|b Strles 

lirudi Aobi! s &tioN sNGd n6r to stengrhs ttt Sourt vis a,vis San,a boft dding 

r& civil srl .llclwdi $odi cfonr ro lchieve a (ggfiE had ri*6 td( llE SourtEm 

Sovemmcnt lould have |Ed a gr@rcr onFdunny to .onsolidar. ns indcpetuj€M. 

'lbwuds lhc end ol ltr @nfli4 Saudi tulbi! rcDotudty bmpted lo pcculde orhei 

Anb aownn.ntt b r@gni4 (he indeFDd.n@ oflhe South. @ding ro a numb.r ot. 

euE, s.di a6bia.l$ Fovid.d nitir..y sisrle ro thc sourlFm tdc6 Thi, n.y 

h.ve included purchding nod€m soliettuih Mie-29 fighleFbonbeh tor the Sourh 

Ac@rding lo lh€ Interm(ionsl lnslitoie tor Sthresic Srudi6. the yemenis did no{ pGes 

tFh aircEll hcli,rc dr w. lrul li,ulhcrn forq did cmptoy thsn .tuing rlE on0icr 

funher,.!en m.r @nh€m toB d.l-a|.d rhe s{u\ Saudi A6bis hd eonedh 

prev'd€(l sd.luary lo rh. tlceing South.rn tqd€rship and thc emn! s of ils aancd 

tdc6 ll is nonic Ihlr Riyldh sutd brck the fmer Mmisl rutcs of South yenen 

whon only a t$ y6 pBio6ty dE SludE h'd Fg&rt d s enm6 

Th€r€ arc sevcBl s$ns, hoEver. why the Saurtis oprued lhe uniti@rion da yehen 

tud dE et'nc of S.leh. t-heE e ourjtrdans |€nito.ial disDutr bdEn llE lh 

@ulri6 Il* t934 Saldi ycnMi lr€ly dad ml Ciel .Asn b |be Sludis pcmen y, 

but only lor a tftnty-y.ar rcrcMbte !.m. TtE trcaty rc enercd in t9j4 aqt l9?4. 

dd va up ror r€Nwlt ain in t994. In addnion. orlEt rnnoriat disr{rd ar6e 

bdwn S.!di AEbia ald yeM sh€E ltEi. 6nmo. bGdc6 hrr Ftr tEn 

d.rclcd Tn dispde invotved rivll chim over Ernory h ne qll.m pdn or rm.r 

Nodr Ye6en and $e nonh.rn .@ of tbder South y€m€n wnee oit @nFnies. 

oFreng u(l.r @|Es'oN gtuled by 0!e ymeniq h.d cirlF. loud oit or hoped !o d) 

'Ihe Letri|(trilldispu.e has b.€n @npourdRl by ycmcnr unitidion. Unrit 190. te 

ls YemeE lncu*d $en atlc ion primarily on cach ottM whrtE ttD t*o coufu,cs 

w@ ntdcpenc( @h uullt rcCrd€d rhe ortEr G ils pitury sunty $@l Wift rtE 

rcnsem of uig, howH, yen€n, t.(Eig, poticy hs r.mGd or dispur.s wnh 

Saudi ABbid. lnstqd oftwo sm&ler @tionschrcnica y ar odds wirh @h orher. yemeni 

unnt ne&l th{l lhe Saudis tblnd a bis country silh a F)potoron raiser $!n rhal or *ir

oM on $ei sorlh-rcslem bordd l-q$er, wirh the diswry of sigriti$( qwli(6 ol 

oil and thc probsbiliry lhut cv!tr morc mighl bc tbund, t{iyudh ted thc prospect ol o 

uiltd Y@n, which @ul.l q ils newtuunrl M.onic lM iD boild uo ,rs lmsl 

fol6 viiiFv,! S.'xli Antlia. 

'lhe Sadi my elDElotri€ddh ro tosrcs lowurls dcnui{'/,lion n' ycnM. 

whee a lem*3ble degrce of F|nid fieedon 6 .Lletop€d Mrny indeFxtenl 

rcMpope6 rppecd qhich h.6nly cdriciad the bp tqdcEhjp of $e counq. sone 

a.n op.nly @lled for the resignadon oa kcaident Satih th€ Yemeni pdlimeoi'ry 

elet'oN of April 1993 rkrc c.nilid s t@ .rd li'ir by a tdrse numh.r of intemlimt 

ob6st6 Ih€ toDDr6, Gmed Ois .rt A6b Wortd\ ns( &mlic eh.rim Of 

cow, unikn Y.m.n could hrdly h. ollol a ftlltdged lcmftruy; thc d€sre ot' 

conlrel .@i!.d by rhe Pr€sid€nt wnhour rcfercn@ enh.r b th€ pdtiM€trt o. th. 

Souhem nkb.6 or die liw{.n Pcid.nd.r Cowil, snich he ctbi.i E !n 

mPoflarr q@ of rhe civi! wf Neyenh€l.s sn. obsn.6 noted $ar rk sludi 

lotleGhip reg.rded d€n@61iation in Y€men us highly rhM€rrng srrce ii mighr sede 

lo liEl {hman{s lbr poliliel chsng€ in lhe Khsdom ol saudi obi. iriett: 

Tbe n6t imporldl rdsrn why de Saudis tue lo opt@ rhe icgim. of 

Salih in ponioula is Sr@\ sl!@ duinS rhc l99o-qt cutf wqr. White 

Sda ha si.ce claincd lhd il 6 n ltraland only sought lo help rcelw 

the dflicr lqcefullt, its erioN !t the rire delnilelr aid€d tr.{ Th. 

Y.Mi 6ll for s A6b $lurion- lo r|E cnsn Ssllv &Ce@d g. S.udi 

siM rh@ Anb sbrcs which oDscd S.ddan\ in8ioi of Kuwln rer€ 

mt capsbls oadtulodging hjs forc6 by lhemelves or ol defending Slu.ti 

Ai.bd fron ! subeqrcnl lraqi anlct. lhe Saudis scE 6re.idlly biter 

.boul S.n a 6ndst .n r Riyadh had Omvi&d ltgc-sle @nmic 

6isr&E ro Sllih'r govdnnerr -fhe qgune rt[t S{tih-s prGtRqi st E 

tflEled Y@eni public opinion only imtqed S!!di @n@m (id 

de'nocmriafion in Ycd€tr w6 lh@renin,t b Saudi rut€ (22 ) 

S.'di suppon tbr dE South in rhe 199,1 Ycftni civil w outd h.v€ hrA il rE 

soulhe@E n d bcn swlslul, ev€61 posrlive b€ne,ilr iion Ritdh-s rDinl of view. 

Ficl 0E Ebinh of Sodl Yemsn would hrve $@t a retuo ro whal ws tbr rh! Sardis 

lh. hoE congenEl siterion oa te smalld Yo*N t@usin! tlrci. cifoft on @h otllcr

.atha thon on. larSe Y.men f@6ing on iB border dBpure wnn S.udi A6bis. S@n4 s 

sraG ol qd or tension Y€mn wodd pobably hqye l€d to . h.h lo dqrGn{adon in rlE 

@uty ql, hene, lo whd.E Ihrel rhis Ey lqa F)$d lo lh'di irllrBt slalitiry. 

Thir4 rhe 16 ol $uti Yrhcn suld huvE, al mminu'n. 8Mrly Ndcned Salih s 

posnion. Ar h.xin@. thc Saudis hay hrve oltcutatcd rhd hi raaluc to p€v.nr rhc 

Sourh fom sulding nighi .wn hlvc t.d 10 hb ovenhrow 

S.udr Arrlia sa |h. t€gion l powr wirh lhe sBt$r inenlive !o suppon 

ihe Sou$. bur r M! nur Lhe on\ su(h shle Lu do e ruMir atso cpunedtt 

e8v. tlMrcid Nis1lrE ro !h€ Soufteh dus lbwlds lhc end of lhe 

onllc( de Kuwiri foFign minist r openty t lkol lboul BMling diptomaric 

l@gnidon lo tlE Sourh Ku*ail obviostx dc @l h&e a boldd disDule 

wilh Yumcn Nor is it panioulu.ly @nerm\t wilh p.olrcie town.ds 

d.'n@krialion theE s Kuslit al$ enjoys a Eldriv.ly frce p.ess !n{ for 

ene il ils citi4ns, rcldiv.ly lc €lediotu tor ib pulimenl. Nor did 

Ycmni uity per s F6€ Dy l5niculrr 1h@1 10 Kuqir (23) 

'llE Fih.ry holiv ion for Kuwn ro 3!pFn fie Soulh w6 cortwrg Kuwil an8.r 

ovq Prcsidenl 53lih s supton lbr Slddam Hwi. du.ing traq occupation of Klwh 

dler ,@ of Klwaili @nonic Bjsbne io Yemen t,or lh$. Kuwunis r@ @ul.i likc 

lo haw sn S.lih puish.d, R4ene{, snd Fsibty ovenhoen Orh.r md@ r@t 

elDns - or Su@ peEeit.d rh!'r rhey l@k.crionewhich slppdried lnc Soulh. The UAE, 

On{r ttalvli4 Lg}pt ed Syri! all nDe or lcs srrongty sopporrql d coe-tjrc ir thc 

Yemcni civil we. laa ccefirc had bodtr put into dTe! rhas nlghl hrvc helDoj rlE 

Saut[e@u c lid.r.lh.n egime. to a t*r cxLnl du S.udi Ara6ia Omd 

repone

(it a dese lo @p lhe rewar& of@llaboation silh ljadi Arabia and (uwir on an 

iss that is ddly ot gral imF.tame !o d!* lm govemmcds .ldbush i my 

be olnly mimr signifi@ b tl*ir alli6 in rhe Eeion. 

Finally' il snoub b. menlioned lhar $e onc govmmenl $al rasnized Sollt Y€nen 

M lne. il3lli univ€&lly urogniad BovmnMt of rhc sohsti-tod Rer{blic, 

(mnheh Somalir) ehich se

A.srdrng lo soD. reponr loqi oolceis helped o.gaii* the Nonh\ iilitin 

MFiCn ag.insl lhe South. wlEths de Bpoas @ Nclnle or rut ir is cl@ rht| tEq 

B rur in n Fxrtion to ad Sr@ 6 much s n q,utd luvc doN it.lhe UN $trcuons 

u8un'sL Bashd{d lud bern lilic{]. Sudan sidqt eith Ssoa,a sncc thc tsdeAhrp ot lhal 

clM|Iy has cr@ li6 *irh rhc Ycmni Foptc d a]t .ftt in Fnrcdr with 0E t6ttc6 or 

rh.lsleic pony, $.lstat, During $e co.lic( rh€ lst.h p.ny si&d wiLh p6j&nr S{teh 

ed condenrcd lhudi suppon lbr dE Soudr yet wnih rhc Suda@ my tEve given l! 

polidc.l $ppon lo Son . ltEy wE not in . pcitid ro Fovrd. hah in l.m or 

rrrdi.l suppon de b dE civil w wilh $.n w. Southm slxBDni$s s wlt s $€ 

.ounrry s gcncor tblcny sudun ncrety rcknortcdged $rdin! ,assiNlrra. lo ycncn al 

Colorel Qadhdhali or Libya, who otie. pu.suei .n .n[S&udi poticy, w6 ltso eid tcl 

hlvc supportql Stu . ll i! &ru!!nt. hosvs, rhd lE Fovi(t:j mqh hd€riat suoro.l 

lo the S.iih sovcmn.ni Ir.. !s de ,cF,rql b h!rc bdcked lhe unny @e. krn t6 

h.d a lons*tlndiig rivatry wilh S&di AnbE. lnd rhus muld noi wht lo s Sdudi 

inth.M in YctM e{en&4 Nw€n1Et6s5 rm b cuftnlt, a mpdng !o buitd a 

npFerEmnr virh S.udi Anbia ]b {E drenl thrr oy lEniar Bisla@ *nr to 

S!@. n is sid lo hav€ 8one iftji@dy - IEdaFs $rough Surla.. Aneri€m ob*reR in 

w$lingron oknn ftat lhe snoum ot q|cm.t sistane @iv€d bv rh. uitv det,.nleB 

duioa tlE 1994 civit rd w nin@de @mFarqt b lh.r @ilrd 6y dc SclBaonisG 

Politi€lly. horcver. do A6b wortd sided Mth rlrc SoM by Etusing ro lEed Saudi lnd 

Kuwn cdb ld thc diplohalic raogni on ofrhe Soo$ D€spite $en rid b lhe Sourhnr 

l€&s Sr'dr Anb6 and tuu thnrtvqdd nor lltc rh^ skp. 

. wEst ERN POWIiRS 

Unirqi Slars tireisn Ftcy ls sadilio,ul, rcs.rdd ycmcn $ e.Nlhns tcss rnan 

! high prioily. lhe inrod$e oflhe @unlry ws sen nuinty In l€ms ofth€ cotd war 

@'rpcl'l'or wnh lhe USSR. in additon lo how.jcvetopmcnb llleru altbdcd nciShhrnrg 

S.udi AElaa - slF* sutrly $e US hs tons mideEd vir.t ro irs lit 6|3 AXhougn 

Us Cold war .ometu about yemen end.( w.shinsron ,rn

*ntr in Y.bm .ll@r S.udi A6b,a. h rh. Fs! WhiL Hoe h.5 lMtty tolostd 

Rilaii s lqd ir l€ns olpolicy towdds dE y.ms. Uul US inkr€sl in yenen hs,o1 

b@n exclusivety reldted to lhe Kinsdom .sp.oialty sincc an .ncim Cmpsnie 

d'srEd oil in Ocrc. ln qldidon, p|Hian@@y tobby i. USA activety supFrled 

Y€men's d.hGBtietion c0ons. 

Aner dE outb@k o, we, lhc UniEd 5r.16 spponed rhe e|Ions by fte CCC (vnh 

lhc exeplioi ol Qsh.l !o lnangc for 5 ceaselirc al lhc UN Amcfl@ omcisls had 

sttiibut d mGr of fi. c.4-trc viotations ro rhe Nonn and cpon€dty i$&1 sfons 

prol6|. ro officials f.om S!e. t-lr US. hosw.r, did nol llk€ $! ptuli@t m!'s6 

eith€r to cnllrce a oc!$-tie or ro nnp@ sricrions tur viotarins ir 'ft€ US h.d ds 

supPnel Yem€ni uitt *nen it @E€d. Wshingbn h4r hlien a nrtEr For liew of 

ffijon auempls €ter si@ ftc Amci@n crlil mr. rnd !6 nol withng lo rc@gnize 

liou$ Yemen 6 Riyadh ed Kuwai! !rg€d. 

'| he policy ofrne orhcr Weslcn to@6 16 bdicatty lhc ere 6 thll ot the US. Son€ 

speculaled Llul R6b Nsht sopporr irs otd aLties in rhe Soulh, but thcr€ lppeau |o be no 

evadtu lhal rhis @und anl RNia l.umhut a drptomalic runn b rotvc the 

@n0icl. TheR6slan loeiBnministry hopcdth{rMos@{ j pdioulty ctoe rcl.donship 

Hth both th€ NonlEm and Sourhem lade6hiF *dld put MNow in a hend prsition 

$d oln.r lo sullslirlly neli.c b.rwn rh. opposinB sd6: n did nor 

RNts dtd not tuesnly have a pErricular sl,le in 0E *!r endrng ore uy 

o. mlh€r. lts m.didion atrmB 6 p.n ol Mosw s l..8cr crTd ro h&e 

Rusic @eprcd as r gml poser by $c est or thc wortd. RBsir ho*wr, 

nay have $ld lhe Mig-29s to the Saudis lbr rcrnnsfcr lo $e Soo$ lts.llE 

RK'an delbN 'ninistry s motive is mq€ nlely lo haw h{a. cm'Mcill 

rhd poliri@l: al naed€d hud cunercr. I h. ail@|L nower, moy have (hc 

lrom €slem E(op€. Noah Ko@ or some orlE counry po$6sng such 

waF)os snd dso i" Bd of hard curcroy. (24) 

It .ppe6 lfia1 no cxlrd reBroul ID*cr dclab(frtcly gavc {ny daMr oatenat lssistane 

during hc @.l icr. Like lhe ADb nrlions, howeler lhe rcst ol lhe oodd sate |btirisl 

su9pon b dE Nodh€m €e by rur €xreding drplomalic r@gnrtaon $ |he south

CIVIL WAR IMPACT ON THE REGIONAL STATf,S 

IE civil w of | 9a ented wnh $e vicrory of rhc uni@tr f(@3 t.d by Fdid.nr .A1i 

Abdlrhh S.tah, rhcEby @njrming rhe rcpubtic ot y€nen 6 Grronalty delin.d at $e 

lio. of uifierio. The ysp ullcEd r polnid-nitihiy d.l6r, Fob.dy. &finnaE 

orc, .rd rh@ cdfcmpe ion Courcit (GCC) srllc3 rhat io vtryins degcs od aor 

w'.{ nor'v6 supFrrej orc ssion ree dati ! diplomtc.pohicat &for Th€ 

Y@cni civit w hs oEeq@n6 fq l|ie polar,6 otlh. pdiBrla l8i for thc 

su|ly of lhe anb oulfst 

âb,an 

t€s, and rhe* on$qu€na3 !re j!. fi! mosl p.rr rceaiit€. 

Tb€ .ffaas of rh cirit ed on (tE$ $a@s ,ed @r be €ith€r 8@r of in@Ribtc They 

@ b. urdorc, of rhe $ 6 rxt y@ni Mrt !o undo lEn .,|d @ rlFlld ro do 

q.i.lly whd th.ir undoing rcqunB. 

Th. polilie oa ttF pcniNut. .nd |he sldry or lhc bb uux sl{6 wtd bq .f€clcd 

by .r lcsr rhre chuges: 

(r) lher. will bc r strengd, ,l@ unned |Bs d€Fn.te rflen, ore moE rbte rhrn 

belo'e ro b< qfiGndtv ro neighbors rharde unfnendly b r 

(ii)Ih. El|lioship b€rwn SldiAEbaa.nd yfl.n $hr.n ws a h,r ot @nuicr and 

@peBtioi h6 alFjd, ecom. hore openty ud inten*ty conltacl@lod coutd $rtc 

inb. @ld Bu p6ncm yiri r Flemial for open M,li,e, oruuG t|rd edd srety 

impsci r.ediv.ly upon rhe oth€r srlle on $€ p€njnsuta. 

(iii) thc infonMl ldget iEheE bd'@.t-powr syscd dEr.mrged in u. AEbian 

pethsuh h the l9{0r ed functioned lhrough rhc l9t0s. one rhd anbded lhc Arnb Cult. 

{al€e e@ reli.f from prs@ frm u .t!6rNvc, on6 ow.b..nng Lrudi AFbiq 

qnd beoE td oFEUc dw !o rew ngidiri6 in ctslioB b€lEn y*n .nd bod 

saudi Arlbi!lnd th€rc o$erCutf sbrcs.

Rega.ding rh. liEi chug€, the Yem.n of th. sond h.ll of lhe 19903 wiU cl@ly 

@mble nei$cr lhe old ima8. of Nonn Yqnen nor lhe nnag€ of Yem€n lobf,et€d by 

tlE Soulhd|m.nd |nen tienG abr@d. Th! latler pc@iv€d Nonh Y€tun a a €k 

uri diereeizql @urry, blctv.rd and @Mwdiv€; il ws conLdlcd wi$ 0E Ery 

p@r, bul hoc pogGsive, mooh brod orsdniad md di$iplircd Mexist Sollh Ycmn. 

During |he ldt tolitical-mililary crisis $. Sollhen leadership dd lhetr lii.nds rcworked 

lhce anaga M

'I hc dlctiontion of rclations b€lw@ Y.m€n dd Sludr A6bia sinc rn bcginnins of 

lhe Ollfcnrs ha bcen dlmutic. Atrhough mchnrcd srcwt\rr atbr rh€ e|ld ot cu . 

WlFlr, the Cxcn.nge of public eceioN.nd cnticisn ros b tevcts nor hqd sine 

lhe ysa ol Lhe li6l Y.menr civil @. r thc l9€t0s. Undcrcurrcnt ol conuict bctwen 

Y.D.n ed S.!di Arabia in Lh! t97Os od t 980s 6 rooiet borh in ft. tis of rtE S.udi 

govcmMr rcg{dtna. sronS Y.ren .nd Y.mq.s |Bnhnr ecr .|IodJ by tbuji 

anh. b e rG vat wath lo divid.. @mol cnd rcnda. y€h€n dcrFndchr 

S{udi A6bi. 6 @r&t bt $€ y.m.ni rt.r il oporet onifidjo an t99o, 

sborlgsi nby dellbyjng$e c@nom! whcn €rpe ed y.rcnr lorkeEdunnglh€ Cutf 

crhis, lnd lhen cnounec

tivents springing lrom lhe bonLr dispu6, iluE Sludi rppon for ! ewill! w by 

rlE liollh or som€ o$€r $ue @uld esalotc into ormed @nllid and evefl wu bctren 

Scudi Arabia snd Ymer. Neilher ounrry is p@pael lir thas event@lny D6pne rhe 

Gulf *t' arl th. 199,1 Yem.ni civil lf, rhdc |m shr6 hlvc rcf M tnwh cerie 

in lighling Fsi'noe impoir. . they h.* not hrd n6h exp.n€ne itr lvoidins Mr od 

n gett'ng oor ol sais. llencc, mimlcul.lios and eto6 arc likely. ll th€ hostilily 

bd@n dE lm lv86t slarB on rhe AEbid p.niNla did spin ou of @ntrcl an

Et6h sid. had ns oM obj@ft. ro inpt.n.nt this syssn ,l.he $udi llBcgy ws ro 

rElc Yenco m lonsc. ! hfy, dEEfrc. rtEy wtd liE6 d (hc clEldg. of 

EwlurroDry nb Etirmliih. th. q(rs ol rh. t(uwnni tegistele, lh.ir bo(Lr 

d'spuL3 wrh ollt reighbofs. Sadi neighbob, Aeb Cllf slatq sw Saldi A6bia 

inrolEd€d in Ycnm oould os€d th. prcssu. m Lhch ed $ey h.d $me b@1hing 

l'.e, s. @n b n.MEr. Fq dE ycnhis, if tE1l @ited n.6id hd olh.r aid 

liM rtE Anb crlfoil s|rlls .nd dFwlEe, lnd if ttEy h{d god ihr*_ycncni Ehtons 

lhen lhey would be beftr !bt. ro r.sist Ssudi .for$ lo @ntrot or neurotia $m. 

Th€ logac of ba|!E ud 6uf,1e*rili.g FEr, when In tore 6 |l otGn. B ered r. 

Fw'{re llE Ar$ Ctdf sLr.s wirh $re tq.r.ge i. tn.ir .Lrtings *ilh thc nEn $rong.r 

$udi Ar.bi.. t-he N oa yh.n s a @unkMighr to S.!di powrus mcl cldty 

g| h dE Srdi-KMid-Y.nbi ri..gutr FtnioEnip during ltE |wary-fiw yG 

prior ro l9!D. lr help6 dpt.in {hy ihe Fty in teFrdcnt Kuwr s& e mNn .id to 

th! YAR during rh€ Ymeni civit w. in the 196G. ,nd did $ owr ihe objetons ot $. 

tudis, sho rcE st&ngty bs.lGl th6 tuyrtisls assiNl dc rcpron@n! rhe !d d$ 

@nt'n'El $bugh lne t9?03 od 198(x.. Friod in which $e $utdis Fdodioly pta..d 

@Nide6ble !ftsuc on rhc Kuwriri3 to fo ow l]lcn t6d dd ro b!,sue a moR 

.oeryative line ar hob. ud abr@d FiBlr, Kusani aid lo ihe Mlqist pDRy in fic 

l970s,.nd l980s c rcty qr.dcd in Frr si(|| a crc bw.rds teping S&di Arabi. 

r@upicd wirh rhe ods sidc - fte yemai ,id. , of rh. Anbie p.nhiut.. 

Ttdc er@y o$.r erspts of cftbn5 1o beft.nd ud bokrcr y.m.n s . 

c:"u'5.rPj5 ': s:,4 aobE I rE @&fabrc ad ev.n lo d,. yAR by 

:-?, jl"gl . g" re70s nd re30, prebabry oE3 much ro rh,s |E| EI 

4cur6 umlnt efiam !o rmprov. Etsu@ *rh borh lhe yAR.nd rlk 

runr m he te6uscan b. s*n 6 p.n ot ilsettbrl lotu,nbh a msu€ or 

&rosm, tbm S.udi Arb[ tins y, rhe m.pr cffons by rhe nciBhhd,ns 

11:l!J :T16 ro T.:nrrl eotrs bir.rc,.r rE wrh rh€ yaR in rtF resoi 

Ec pbD.Dry 

'nlfrd.d Fnty b @u{d .rotu by lhc S.udis ro @d,mG ii 

ior oon'nde pernrut&.fi.rE rhough rhc m*tyccarc.l (,(.(..127)

'l t&6 ot rhis sFr.m of h.l.@ md ouGMiling pow sur'r.d th. Culf crisis, 

dom lo md €leo durins $c Ycncni civil w lhc Suud6 w€ro softroos ir dEn 

3ullBful bsder ne8'liations silh Onfu in lhe *ly 1990s. prohsbly in Dart b.c!e 

$dy wlql to cld rhe d$ls llr whal ltrorisdl ro b. hDh moc impondr lnd 

c!.lleogjng border t{lks with Y.nm. TIB Oneis s*ned to plby mong with 

su!6equ.nl Yem.ni .trempts ro plbliciu fic Y€|1@omd bor& rgre@nr ot 1992 

qd lhlFby K il a . wy of pufirng F*N on dE S.udis ro regolst b eood arilh on 

$en boder isu6. Fimlly. Qlllas hnlinue{i good reldions wilh uiled Yemen s didnl 

side wilft rhe ffiioni$ lrtgnpi in | 99,1 on bc rreed da@rly ro ni 6o.der drlrcr &d 

orhd prcbl.ms virh S.udi Anbir. 

The pdribility th.t tE ciul vU mdd n!t@ bori S.udi-YeMi @nfliq .nd the 

vulrcdbilny ofde ftiShbodng Anb Cull !r!i6 ro Siudi pcsuE ss nadc noe 

wrryin8 by Sludi Ar$ia's new.snive6s in stemai r.l61ions.nd by lne ircf*ins 

wlRlbiliry of ils rlrcn8 ad o.llicling domGilc poliliql f()G. ln 0F F3! S{di 

Ahbi. r grdt oil @hh ed rBdnionat F)lnid inlisrrcruF @n'bircd 1o gjrc th. 

liaudi govennst $r l@dqD lo &t exbmslly in a de|b€ote, nutturc uy dd ratl a 

loog-ldn F@ptrv. o'rd i onen did e. In str&sr b Oi! rlE Shuli n la in Oc Cdt 

crisis ch@ 10 &l in m rrypi@lly r$cnive. ifnot .ggrdsivc, nanier oft epeled bcfoF 

and duing th€ Yemcnicivil w in I994 

Md@ve., unlik€ theF iNtnnes rn th! pas\ n the ncd lltuE lftse tulcB may not 

h!re tlE luury ol lie cfioi@ b€twn lhis rcv dsniremie !d their moE 

cnd!.r.rbft ho& of b.hNior. llEy n.y nol haw $e @n@ic wplu to b.* 

erlnal rchlroG e hqvily on whet $m€ hrvc c.lled tiyrllFlitik' Md they nay b€ 

subjct d to 3@h domddc pohiel prsu6 s ro l@d rhcm to &t on rhe Fnicuh 

ll|@..tt.nlunq l* lisightql uy lf Anb Culrsrlt€ Mnt lo '{jnrlin bilarcrrpowr 

uyscn lhal sllbdod rhem ene prorL$lio liun oe$srilg sjddi Aobia 

t foE lh. Oinf .rii! llEn dEy musr re€ubliCr |g$dbly good workins rel.taoN snh 

l$Lsu Yd6. Such rcldiors N ! G4s.y for lhe slorltion otr qpocity lo m.te 

in a

ad umale @alitions 6ily nnd stril. n.e po*$ bat'M u cr @ condirioN yehm 

nsl bc erorcd ro rt€ s|'ts otFr.di.t.ltr, in l. g.m ofBriom o $c Dcninsltr 

86. ranlh ro MnrtiE d.rioB quiclty inht6 . 9,r.//D ./&, an *hid {h s& 

$k! Ihe olhd to fo.givc and forSer. ycmcn muld tbqiv€ lnd torser rhe srppon given lo 

tlE sq*iMisc hr &hc AEl, Culrsrztc\ lir l|ior p.rL d* ed6 krrd do rhc sc 

Egrding Y€hen's f.itue ro suppod rh€ Ssudi,.rd USl.d @tilion during rh. cula 

cnsis. Civ€n ihe new srhrer.y ot won$, ttEre is rc rls *hy €nn , lide shoutd hrve 

lo @ft to rhe orlEr on ns *n 6.id h.g torgiEB _ n q. iin shoutd be, disnirie4 

hulully beneficial aot ofrconcitisrion. MoMve., it is a pos,ore srcp..nd a sn. one 

Ymq indiqrd { .!s.m6! b oFn a n* .hdr|er on rcl.litu sirh Anb Cutf 

trll6 .leng the lEk imndircty .lier rhe .nd of rh. sd, s it had yq. srlier an nid- 

1993 (ud. ildcel sift! lhe sp.ire or t99t). For rhcn parrs. oe u^r, and Ond s.med 

F{.Frcd b n*t Ycmci haltfiy st rlis are. B, conl6r, Kuw,t !r t Efirsed lo |ake 

Rsro.€! El.rions tElwen ychen dnit rh€ A6b Clr sr!16 B a n$e.y bu! not 

sufliciml condirid for $e evilot ot nexibte syslcm oa tucMtrrng poreR Me.rin. 

th'r @ndrtor sill nor &lnelc rh. &s,Ed 6ulr tu tons s ychcn ard S.udr 46br a; 

l@lcd in r onflicl rcLlomhip rhat Eng6 only eowly cr€n @rd @ .nd dE 

l|l@( if @l {E &rqt wsgile, of hol Mr. Apan r-@n rh€ posrbihy of r *u tar wukj 

surely ihp.c( on orh!. sbtes on rh€ Arobi.n peni.suta. @nlh@u high,tevct con0rct 

b.t@n Yc'rn ard t{!di A6bL eutd n.le @lnid fom.tron @ the ,eniNuh t*s 

lluid ud horc |rtlexjbtc, Gecby conslrsinins and co,nptumshs rhis c,ude b.tdcin! 

@h.nh. Acddhgty. In.dd,ron ro imFov,ns lhcM,et$oG wrh yhen. lh. Ant 

Culf sbrca should urg. u a@mno

1 L .!p..ity of lll. olhq A6b Ooll $16 lElg !o nFd this *'d @dili6 for r 

lFLm ot txla6 th. mmliiadon or abtios beten YelM !d Srudi Anbi! -is 

liniIql. Betsen thcs te ftxl dor ncir/iboB, th€ .ontlid i$u* ee dl rnd lhc 

Itid.l6 m &c0ly lalt llE $uli hlt disrra ul r@r ! unilal.nd &trEErn 

Ydclr tlF d.shphic expubion ot $c Y.ncii *ortc6 by lhc s.!di mrdc lhe 

Yedenir .nd rh€n sov.mne ansfy and senrl![ and lhc hdd.r dispd€s balwn lhe 

|m reist'bds re sdBrstill. (h rhc top of ltus rll thc rcw dim6ity 6dlq lhc lm 

@udrie3 NE f@lled by lha civil wi Clcltly s.odi Atobia md Ymen thnslv.s 

hlsr (h.1 wirh rhee lcg&ies of O.i. Fst Ellrioc Ye@n did sr.r.d rhlr n wlls d@ 

tl€ old cho{d on S.di-Yengr rclari@ $d 1o orEn rcw on.. 'l'fte cishbding Aob 

Culf sti4tca en only try !o pe6u!& bo$ sides to lhe$ words ed io p€Bu& dem to el 

lMdinCy !d ro ur8. 0'E $'dir lo rGpord in tnd.

THE ROFERENCES 

l- Rob€rt D. Bunowcs, the R€public of yenr€n: .rh€ polirics ot. 

Unification and Civit War. t989_ | 994, paper p.epar€d tbr the symposium 

on Aiab hrre8rafin\ c€nrer tb. ConEnoorary AEb Studi€s, C€orBe|owo 

Unitrrsiry, Washoogton, D.C., pi 38 

2. lbid. P: 16 

3. Simon Bdge, y€men,s Warirg brurh€'s, Middte r?st Econolllic Digisl, 

Jan 10, l9?, p:2 

4. tbid, P:2 

5. S@ve [)ay, yemeri tJ||iticarion: The p.oblem or f.Dwef{harin8 od 

Political H€gemony, paper prepared for pr€sentalion ar ft€ N4iddte Easr 

Sludies Associalion of North Americq Chicsgo, D$emb€r 1998. p: 2 

6. lbid, P:4 

7. tbid, t,P: 4 

8. Sheifa Cafapico, Civit :iociety n yenen ,.the potrricat ecohony of 

actNisn in mo&m Atubia,.fhe press Syndicare of t\e University of 

Cambridge, UK, t998, p: 194

9. lbi4 P: 172 

lo.lbid, P: l7l 

ll.lbi4 P: lE9 

l2.Ibid, P: 187 

l3.Chuct Sdmita Civil War in Yem€n: the Price of Unity, Cunenl 

HNW: A Jon nl of @de pnry utotu Albis "e Mddl€ Ect", 

Jalulry 1995, P: 36 

l4.Micl|el C. Hudsor\ "Bipolnity, Ralimal Calculdion dd lva in 

Yameo" papa. prepared for'1he Eniale Cente4or S//,ategic St di6 dtld 

P'cse6cr 1996, P: 32 

ls.Sh.ih Carapico, Op. Cil., P: 194 

l6.lbid, P: 170 

l7.lbi4 P: l7l 

l8.lbi4 P: 178 

t9.lbi4 P: 18l 

20.lbid, P: 183

2 Llbid, PP. trr9 

22.Marck N. Ka.tz, "Exlem.l Pow€E and th€ y€m€ni Civil War" paper 

p.e')'f(Jl lior " Eninks Cerrkrlot StokAic Studes otd Res.anh, t)AF., 

1996, P: 83 

23.lbi4 P: E4 

24.lbid, PP: 87 

2s.Robeft D. Bunow€s, lhe Yemeni Civil War of 1994: 

Golfstat€s, The Yen|.ni Civil We of 1994: Caus 

"Enirates Center fot Stategtc Studes and Research, 

26.lbi4 P: 73 

21 .lbid, P: 78 

UAE, 1996, PP 72 

28.Cwcnn Okfll ik and palrick Con8e, Nario.d Aurondny, t boor 

Migrarion and Polirical Crisis: y€m€n and Saudi Arabia, t.he Middle 

Li[sr iu]mal, lhe Mnjdb Eas( Insrirulq Washingb[ t).C, Vot-st No. 4 

Aulunn 199?, Pi 158

CHAPTRR # IO 

YEMEN ANI) ]'HI.1 NEW M!LLINII.IM: 

CH.A.I .I ENGES & PB.OSPECTS 

I. POLITICAL CHALLENGES 

Mod.rniaiiotr of Strtc's lnstitutiom 

All sbt m{chinery should subnir ro law and oder nol hs prc$nr siruation in which 

lo* i. rh€ hlds ofgovemment rcn|wndir6 lmplemenftq of lrss In all {rFIls ol' 

h!. mu b! given pnoriry 'n th{ goternm.nl ag€ndo In order lo bnng dobrlrly and 

scu(ly tbr t nstron llolh lhe cili&ns and govemmenr dulhorilrer slNul.i suhmlt ro 

law. Den@ncy 0ourish6 onl! il law aid ords ae EsFrled. l-!w Frfoms enain 

lunciions as it delincs $c reldronships among ncmbes ol rh- ecicly, €xplains whrch 

a.tivili6 de Fmnied ard ehich arc preh'bncd. *tucs lo conrol beh.vor .nd to 

$.n ain ordcr in lhc $Eicly and sFcilics {ho may lcgilimrrly cre.cik srnctions 

uglinst other mcmb€^ ol lhe sciety 

ln oddilion 1o rhat, thc low drposes oltrcuble$me cases as rh€yorhc. Although ace 

nry be uniquc, n is expeted thar $e hvw'llaloly existlng legalnoms $ $.o* and 

lo dispse of il in. manrcr ftal wills'n lo b. troirnallo mcmb.6 or'lhe siety l-rstly. 

lh. r-unction ofthe law is lo red.fin. rclllionshipamong individu0ls, or$nisions, and 

srouF a ldln ogj/ r'rl lil! srylc chans6. ller uniliqtion. Ycnctr .doflql lihnl 

democmcy N ils Flitiol ststem, whrch is d€pndenl on rhe ovan.bility of l.w makin8 

i.sr(trthns w(h.oBtftl0ul F,wr( -fh( l,r 'lncnr l$s g(uj rurhonry hul|r rs nol 

tol{llt Indep+ndcnr 'l he ldu of FnrrDn h€t$un dl aurhonr'cs is sxll 'n I'Enaruc leel 

thougl h llu., rl rs @(Etusd lhc leg^l{rvc authonly strll undcr tlo cx.uutrvc 

aulll|nry, rvhrh nurs ob(&16 in rh( *ay ol hss hFlcmcntnnon

Ycho qe of'l hnd Wortd C-oonri6 and fte ch.ttcng6 1h!( the nd ot irs srl|6 ae 

sm. rnd In ned olpmcr@th. to owing concprs: 

. C'onslnurior: lr is n66ery to oreuM and oBlilute a ctanons bersen the sla|€ 

aulhdnts. IlrNprumeyot rtrconsuution rs v$, imBrhnr b$ous il apnnrc.t 

by repres€nldtivg in $e Frtidnenr l{ut€s lrkc $en pokr ,rcm lhe onsrrrurrm 

lhe @iilulio rhal brings borh Frt5 oa ycm€n lo uniry Ms F)stut.t.d a 

pslim.nt!ry dch@ncy b(.ner fi. cilitmrof t994 it sobfritted to noditicarion. 

'Ihe curcnr @stnudon, dEefoG. irctudB cmp|mi* ibmuhs b giv. horc 

@nomic lib€olil|aon .d cmph€siu on tst.mic taw tsh{rir, as mlin e!.e of 

rce,srat'otr th€ spccirimlion of human nsh|s nr lhe @nslirurion, the t-@don of 

sp@h and oa rlE F6, and Fnyro|niat pt@ttm 

r rJurcru..acy aid Dcn@nric colemmenlr the Fobteh ot blreamnc, in thc .t.hird 

world .{Mrjs is *nlial, $is _ citi4ns Mnr ron, snic from dEn 

govdonrnb\ bur theE is danSer ot. t$ins demdElrc @nuot ovn poti€, natin! rl 

pblsioMl b@@@ies grow tsse Nor a[ citi,ans !c in tiivor ot.cxpaEion in lne 

si^ rnd number ot gowhm€nkt $r,ei blr nany sr. \uppon ro €mh i,r.rhe 

sryies tbday s jolN ar€ l€hni@t, wh.rhcr bur@ucmc! rs dclcrotr, and stsl 

droush Eiil sys(m or puEty on lhe basis of Flonage .ppoinlrcnB .r hey. by th.n 

mlure. indrar€ rh€ .*ssir, rir lhe u* of quatifi€d sp@iali$s Ahd qoatilied 

speBnsE do mt spek tay r.ng@ge. ,I]E lwl( ,s ! &sie I.r sicq oudqj with a 

poFllar susp'cion of busucEcy, and io trdc tisr or th€ ,mptMtrotu rbr demNracy 

,n rts gtuWh. tnd€qt, Foptc otten trre the prodrct o!.sorcmD€nrt hc, do Dt hke 

rhc m@ns thar sm Bge.y r ordc. to dctrv.r lhc prdlel 

. Civil S€iie and rh€ Merir s],srem: rhe tenn ,.civir *ry@' ct€rs lo civitian 

c'ntloyes of gorcmiMr In pturi@ n is onen !*d incrchrngFbty wilh ..mc.n 

!J\tern- lh auer nrnh,hty et.6 r, 0 mdhod utlncxh8 govemme ehPtqes 

on lhe basis ot cunietons dcnonstBtins lh. tehni€t or lhrissnn.t @nrEtc,s 

. Sepadtaon ol-porea: $esl{€shdtd Sive @mpt€r€ independere lo rhe oain thc 

lulhorili$, ex(utare, Judici..y, dd Legrstatiw. -t.he ain or spaanon ot powrs is 

lo makc ltrniratron lo lhe rotc,l lt,re6 wntNd imntrmdnlns lhis conefl, th€

u16 tun

n.ny obetu€A lnerly lsiled t,fticidat iFtightine wirhan $e rcgrme@urcd liom lim 

lortucuhnrarinBthc t986coupettemprinohich.l tqsl j,0ur yemen'iweretil.d. 

Frlloul liofr the idcotoBrst cothpe ol tjEtem uurope at$ !n!.rel yemen wi$ 

anren1.lo6 on bdlh sid6 ot rhc bonlcr susgsi,ng thlt it lhc row (;emrnys oltd 

un'li e could Yeincn. In dr cnd lhe ,nuch tels Bruts eurh yctrrd wai moG or tcss 

sinply ab.orbcd Inro thc Nonh. 

Ahhougi [orh havc dlkays hdv@aled lhc uttinatc gort ot.singtc yedcn. rhe pati r, 

unilj.alion ves longditlicutl and mafunlly viotcnt. Uordd ct*hls n t972 and aganl 

in 1979 srggesr€d lhat borh sides d!turj a,nitirary oprid. Inl€mlt pot ics in oft 

counlry iNvl.bly spiltcd over inro $€ oltEr wth qoh side supp(,ling rivrt tirtions wilh 

r vi.s roMd inrioid.lins and und€mi(ng lhe olhe.. In shaD @mB$ ro rhe Inqr l!r. 

ow. orKuwail, Yemen Epr€snls rhe pcsibly unrquc case ot.an inshrce wherc bord.N 

rnhcril€n linn o oltnriol Fst we p€efuly ltreql with the t! suppon otsrb6tatrlial 

coctilurchon both sid6 of lhe fb i.r. t he rew tf,drm.nr merng in SlMa in thc 

wale of urifi@tiod consisls ot lol oEhbeN-t59 liom E ot(l Nofi yen€ni 

q'nrunanvc $cn$ly | | | ton ltN otd ylulh ycnrni sunrcN |rl,r,jc.s courcit ofij 

.rorlier I I Nrnb.i \ dftb' nlcd nr lrg. 

TdFisd p.rljarenhry p@d'ngs €ch ari.,@D providc rh.6rre @unlry wirh i 

irngsi

supFne6, d poslion h€ighl€ned by Yem€r\ oM highl, vtibte r€nurc as rh6 $t. A6b 

rcffc$tslivc on rhc Unjled Nalions Seuntv (i'urrcal 

Modefr Ycm.nFgovcnrnena luvq only 'n|cnnrrcn y suhordinatcd ctvrt wicry lo . 

mrlataty or Frly anp{ralls, hoNvcr 'rh. rorhldai.n dcnoun@mDnl ro 6ch ol rhe 

corlrcropcn gs, onc in the Sooft and the othcr in rhe No h,lcll bdrh slstens h crisrs 

Po|nid and Fohonic mlais prori.ldl rhe imFlus lbr uniry and, rvith lnity. ldr 

l,bcraliation. Adetr aRl Sana each nnaenBd ! lpolcnliolsial b0sc unbng llE oltEas 

.iri^ns, a BoundsNell ol suppon .rnong the orlEis dissidcnN, 0nd I cozy ret.rioflship 

!ith YeDc.i n,illioaiics in tl* Cull: 

Within which lhe egnn. *eE lnnctionsadnEflins.onlroll.d lib€nlr.tion as s mans 

of msintaining power 'lhc onny reords ha! ushcrdj in Ycfteni 'no( lill.ml, 'non 

polalic.l ctvic op€Ding. lhe elaxrtion of Knrity. poliliQl,limnci!lulld leg!loorrrols, 

tu nsufle of lltal{onstittrrional sunntes t{ peeMl. Ixcss, .od Fl|nial INd.'n, 

ond ft€ unl4shingofpcnl-ut'desircs 10 rhvalwirhin dr counrry, NhlNh,organisc, a|ld 

hold olblic dlbsles wcrc 0ll otrp@qlcnled ovlnright, dlrron cv.r! tunretr tcndemy 

lioD ddicr lin6 surhrd to ton $ndi(|llqr, nublish rcssFp.r. or rssuc rc$lutrons 

As rhe polna@lm'l'&ry dwlry bcl\@n rc (ilt aftl Ysl, imcnsilicd. and csF idlv 

allcr eietions hiled lo rcsolvc lnc dislihulid or N*.r, (hcrc w€rc [ultrple cl]bns b 

r.v'$ and 4ncsonalc $c rulcs 'lhc trrilitary .onfm atn hla{L{ hol.s in an ,lr€dt- 

laltercd unity !@ord,lsrvcrer, auloDomous groups soughl lo dclcnd righls ir coun,loe 

nr rlonsigcrt ieadebhips ro negorinte. ntu dc'nonstralc n.$ supton for hFeachinA 

'Ihc lib.dlising legisla$vc pnclnSc BFnsiblc tu thc Fsl-uni(t Bnitical off,nins 

irEluded dE 1989 onry.cords. rhc l{r9l cdrnrurn'r. llr 199() [us\ larv. lhc l99l 

ccoNnry wirh u lia 

loldial ponics h* o l rhe lee2 cl(lions ld$ planndl, 'nr\ed 

trsd€ ane in d.n vds |o lurc invcsl'ncnts liom Y.mcnisrbrurd

BNjnels6, psni6 a'd orginia oB wE a|oe€d b Grabtish ,r wi .nd resFp€c 

pem ted lo us thc govemnenr{wcd press t.he consrilulion Snnicd many 

signili@nt ig[B.nd ti€ddtrs lociri,lnsol rtE Epubhc, nrctkin€ volingand qndidacy 

rshts, libedy ot exF.$ion, lh. rsh td , |nir |nrt, judrci.r rndeperd.@, cnd cqul 

rc nent utr&r $c law among lhe unrcstovc constiluionar rs\06 wrc rhc €xc@t* oI 

qeldw a!6orny, @rmnd ot thc mat .ry, rhc choncrq of t@t gowrnncn! Oc 

d6ign of thc eleto..l system and rlrc orylnizdon of rk judiciary. .th€ pa.ti€s lnd 

det@ laNs pql m.ny Glricrions b mniio lhe &rivirics ot thcs or!:,nietioB. ft 

entitled citizcns lo tonn rnd ifiitiarc with pnnics: hllt at$ cn{tions rh.l ..m lnny or 

Nlircll o|'caiisliotr or{, nisue this risht in cdrradiclior rvnh manonat inle.esl and in 

p@ning eveeasnty, suriry, srabitiry .nd mtion.t oh6io.-. In addirion, pani€s mj 

not conlradjcr eith€r ',tstanic p@eprs and vatue!,, or ..nruharionat d{taktions on 

hman .ights"j @nnot b. rj€d 1o tDf€si@l dbol, to,.i8n, or olher drgfiibte inccrs 

and.xcrusivisr id6togi.s. 

Politiel p{.ti.s or o.sanistids nus tinher m4{ oreinNrio@t, Ncnrbeuhap, ,nd 

l€a&rship guidclines and submi pctilionq r6ounls, ond docr Inarenlt 4 rcqutred ro I 

'ninise.iauctel cmmnle. lt€B rr wa, t6 the taw jrstf rhat epeencd tibeBlislion 

rhan rhe liilure ro inptchenr lhe hw. 

In msl rib€nlizang dictrlouhipc a sjnet. rutang cadE t.es a rietd of ll.dginS 

oppoilion peni6 Tts uniq@ft$ oa ycrren.s dcmocaric Inle.tud€ In dc €rly t99i)s 

\6 tlE pr€*k ofte fom€r tutins pani6 @h srrh its orn orsanEarbnar slrcaghs, 

a Ihird pany wirh a si€rifica &ciat bqse, ard I numDcr ot snult bur hisrorialty 

nnpona oplosirion Fnis Abour . dorn viabb pohid orgsn,st,ons canporgEi in 

lhc iirst4vor lDniotr ctccrions, ord anetcd brinuucrccovcr puLrtrcoprlon 0nd politionl 

oulcoDs Alll'oush demErrzrtion ,s @nlinserr. pohic.l duBt,sm Ms tis(,ous 

Th. crc considered ibetaan umbE ! tbr ! tDtitic{t rendcncEs nhcr rhan a psnt 

Dade tu pElexr ot advancing a |Dricuto. d.lbd or ,dstosy. ns r.nk and fites reE 

th. civil ad smrd *ris and e|rcdpasst emc drv.6rry ot oprnon, €nging tiom 

I'tcmh b l\lu h\ h, 

^rnh n krrJiFh t,ur r \fx c s,rh rfr rr(r

By @ntasl the Ysl' had a clatilclv nor. cohcrcnt i&olog and wide' popularitv but a 

dc€?ly fdgmentcd tcade6hip aftl con$nuuncv lnll@nced bt Corboch'v\ ld€ 

@mmunisrr, tn€ Y$l'Prdnled itsell'!s a $id deFdntrc llnv ol $e letl' lhe pdnv of 

law and ord€. an{t lhc cusodion ol {orrcn! riShls ln lhc dmrc\r ol urrllcd Y€Nn rl 

$ood lbr &*nldliz,li$ ol aulho t Yct Mlhin lhc YSI' \Nd $tdl drllrt SroolE 

Thc pariy was iomally in thc hahds ol rhc s(nitoF ol lh' 1936 dcbacl€ oiHadhomi 

l6de6. llardly idalogud, $ev conerned thlne|res mainlv wnn the tBptinSs of 

Nlitical p\rcr 'l hurc srculeclcnNrls lovll lo cxltcsidcn( Ali Nas*r i suDFrlcs 

Fq the Y.mni r.lbm Oouring (YRC)' ot lslah F. sntql icelf s tlt coNn'tire 

party oa lddnionol valu6 ln lhas wrv it is tut unlike $e An€ric!tr R€publiqn Pfiv' 

.Mmp$sing t sp@trud of sai.l, pol'lical and *'nonic cons'fratismi lts 

lc.dechip iNlurkd dbsl chiels and lslamisls cl€rks' rho pGtercd under th{ S'leh 

ldmarislrulion $ lDrh do{tsud contrnu'rsl\ dnJ wdslcn'rrs I't lr{nolrtra wrhr'lbr 

''ei.nliti. in$ndcs. the ms_lund!$cnlalisr winsol lshh ws (ounktnB tnbolcusl'm 

and much |dditiodl Eligious scholushrPas sell6 the &cularhn olsoci|listeducalDn 

It 6 founded in 1990, alicr unilicltion' bul ns r@|s in ine l3lomic Font ot fi€ 1980s 

sereobvious ArhoDgsotrle lonvo$q p4nictwho$ no6cs'nd NwsputE6 apFared In 

lis6, ! h.U.do*n plaled . efloN ole 'n domdlic all!$ Linned in lh'tr poG' b4e' 

$6c porlies nonclhclcss roprc*nlcd hrsloriollv dlx)nant Brlnrc'l l'ndcncics srtx 

l.gitinst .mong lhe €dNlled clnc Among them serc two orienns inrcrprelaliofls of 

Zltdi lslam, ! @upleof ArabNatiomhstorlanral'ons 

Mass .dir tnd ahe Drcss 

The single n$t .lm!!lic indicslor ol lhu oFninS thur D'6islcd unlil dN cvc ol ilE 

M. vas thc relatit f@dom o' in'oflnation via lNo clmpet'ng broadcasl 

'994 

@mpani6, two narional ddrlv ncwslllt6 ' hundEd new Ycm€ni pldodicrls and 

etelir. dish acss 1o de inlemrioMl chonrcts lon rhr cEclonl s$n thNush thc 

onet ot lhe civil rvur, the nedia constituted 'n li€no lbr ' lvnr ol decluE ons ond tor 

@nFlition o nnlGM public oDinion wltrs h lhc Fsl |blnid rivatns *E

secr€tive, no$ the! DlayL{ out in tionl ol rctevision audienes rho.c,rmB ol,ttotirio0l 

ercnh lhon al ary rimc m lh€n hieory. ln sddrion, a number ol.oppcilion and 

ul{rnler srcrlB lul va.ious tabto'G ** hlher wdct, s,ld, luahascd, Md. dd 

crted In r @uple ol do4n roMs. 

l'oliti@l drllarcles erc pta]cd out i[ rhc prcss t,!n] orguns rcpond cvcn|s 

orgrie

Al $e lnn. oluninolon,lhere Ner€ ovc. rso hundrcd and firy ,gricuhual s@ieries 

and coop!rilrvcs, Iony-cigltt consunusnrvrhlrotrs, l\rctrly{nrc.nrli srictics, n:l.ctr 

lislEmcn s lsDtao.s, lboln a hundre.l holsxrg @tEBtivs, protarsionut 3tndiotc, 

lhc wmcn s !.d )outh organi$tioN rn

II. FOREIGN POUCY CHALLENGES 

l_cign policy ol . @ul(ry k.lhf rk FodEr of rh. i|!G*ri!. olmny fo6 

hisro.icrl, idologi@|, @mnic ond C@poliriel fhc* le(6 d fqc &r.mirc fic 

country's outr.{\ on url'l llloiF. l'lE tuci$ F lacy of q .l,unt.y. h'wrcr. c.rrur bc 

sr.ric In in|.roliffil El.tioB the 6n bc m.lcml rncnG nor on rhcrc b. c{cml 

s|c|ni... llF 6ly cLml f.dor ir th. nttidrl inicEnr. lt @ntnB ro mlw .ccordinA 

lo 0E chnAing .ircutrEi'tc. tbaign policy of . cordlry dostly cl,]6t 116 on 

sonly .nd cotuny {balotmc.t. Th. comadcmtun ol s@rny cmb.e lhc &tb@ 

of lhe tuB *hil.lh€ .md.nion ol dcvdop@.t sFin&r riom thc @lietaon thd 

sudivrl wathout @ndic dcwloFnc is ftx pos|blc. 

Tnc Fwnt-d.y k lh. rw.ld of big po$r len !o $urc iplE6 ol inn@rc in 

dilt@t Fn5 of llE wld. In thc ritorioo of tlE Md4 Mflht snor ltlndn 

Lolitc in r Fnicsht My. v6rcd '|*nt int.Esrs of@ or ruE of th. big pol6 e .lMys 

inwlv.d in it. In frc! thc aniti.tivc in u8in8 nr o. in lnint.inana pae hs rlMys 

6t d Mth llE gql powB.rd dly chle r c.)|s ol&rion. $iich suit5 th€ir grob.l 

iitffits. fu fElon otdio for |. struib e|rr6 is s.vwlv Fstriclql 

Apon foh id@logiol .nd €conqnic @niidedion, tlp go|Dlitiql @nditions ol' 

Ycftn h.w bcln . m.jor ddcrni.ing feld of it5 fNign policy. lG {nrclic l&nion 

iNMlql $c Fxsibilny $at thc @untry's $curny is in drngcr, thlyerin. roBign lllicy 

licd lo kep ticndly cl.tiG lvith regiool rld inr.rdliodl po!€ls, Ycm.nt focigrl 

policy is ba5.d d'bihlcnl rd Feml" diplmcy. I'eFmldipldruq is imponat 

lor q*ing u.8.nr om&a ud stcn8thc.rng tri.n

. Obj€ctivc! .rd PrinciDlcs of Ycnloi lbrelsn Poticy 

L Oblsin @rinrom rcgronol slobiliry and ro ilsur rhll unilcd Yencn as nrin ln€10r in 

lhe *curity or'lhc R€d s.a oid Sourh nbia 

2. Ycmen wanls 1o lbllow bro$crly diololuc 0s good wny to stvc d bitar€nt and 

unibleral problsnrs otr rlre bfh ol- uluolitrtercsti !rnotrg $e regiotr stales includi.g 

lhe inhenled border dipules. 

l. Unitcd Yenren wouldprolNldcli:ndlndd.lclof ltE .!b ruidut inleresG. 

4 Support all inr€nalional ellbns |o $lvc rhe Adb-tsneti conttid pesefu y and 

throuah dialosue, bd n should te{ to posilivccompeh€trsiw setllemenr Nhich hld ro 

Erum Aab hd an! rishroadclenniMlon k, th. Putc(rnion Fodc 

. R.nccb of Sccond{; ulf{lrisls 

Inq inEior or Kuwn td o gsl rcnsion in $c rnlcrÊb rctarids. Bul, ycmen 

rE rhc big lo9 arcm rhe p.ot c'n b(!!$ strc chos b irptcnctrr I'nripat a(itude 

lowrd ooth sidcs ofconllrcl. Y.mcn afiirujl dodng rh. cnsis s{s onenraled N thc 

l. R€j€d€d l6q inEion of Kuslit and annexanS il by torce.nd ca ed for ldqi 

2. Rejct€d hcrgn military inrcrr'ercrc. in rhe !@ .nd pEteftd Anb $tltion ro $e 

3. Codemned militoiy comtEig. ug!insr lruq. 

4. sed tho( all c{nnick nr ttu Middlc tiu$l rtoutd he s,tvcd d, nentime. 

supponcd l6q initillive lhur linkcd its lvirhdsw tioh Kuwair by similar tsmeti 

wnhdrarv rion lralcslinc rcdorics h .ddilion. ycmen did hol ia0pl inrerndion.l 

coftmunily injsaced€.lingwnh $c nlrcs,probtems by doubte srand.rd

Manwhile, Yenen rdqt !o sotvc ltE crisis !s il dNlar€d iG orn iniri ive bosed on 

$venr pdncrplcs. h €alled tbl urg€nt noqi wilhdowlt tim KuMir. silhdraw.t of 

lor.ign lbrocs lium th€ {u, stvc t.!q\ cotrr0tn$ by sNJ w.y, resp

| | lr'su6or KUM'I | , 

l67s 12, lt 19.,".i IlJsormit,bn rorccs auinsr t.. l';;a | :-- l 

fois rlitI t :.r l ucor*i,r..' t i*' "-.,r t.' 

+ 

| 

.'''- -','''..'--'.''" 

1686 l2r-reer Jtiido,'r'llr.vs'nrhrrn rrL'sram 

t6r7 | | hndor M. t,rx'ah 

The Ebole rsble pored rhal Y€meni rctrcsntltirc did nor arrend fiBr meting of 

Slesi! council bea@ he could not conbcl his lurhorit] in thc lnne bejns db 

lqde6al$ fiiled to find oth.r solllion, l|Ercturc, h. cho* nol to olt€nd, as h€ rms thc 

orly nb rcprcsctrldiilc in (14 Serunry Council llDrculif, Ycmen eccprcd sir 

dscisions, noodonly ogrinsl hvd dccisions,0trd ubstoined ollolc \vilh live dsisions 

Ahhough Y€Der .{spll{ ur volcd rgri|sl sotrN dldsoN bt|t h.s nd lBwcr lo 

rmplene.r tbnI on the ground, blr ir ph.ticlllt sat ar ls$ trcurol and rnlilled all jts 

. lh.SceneinAtricrtrllofll 

whrle lhe rNo pans of Y€mcn eunned, lhc snuion in wsrem €dsl ofdE Rcd S€ 

E toblly dillecnt fhe unitt ol Yenen a@mp.nied by opDosne deklopments in lhe 

rcB'on poll to disincgdaon. ln Sohsli., tlE €ivil rv.r rs erupred \vilh G i thal lhe 

@unlry disinlegFGd in 1o mrn, pi*B dhd trlsd lilhn,O. divtdcd by giren Enka own 

ind+€ndcnl inApfll 1993 Wor In$llfu Unol 

Sud!tr ronrinued \!ilh l@ritnightled 

lo purtdotr of rh€ soulh aeat. Erhdc @nni.k al$ aose in em€ orher sulris lik€ 

Djibouti. Ihcs delelopmcnls crcalc oonocas oboul $c tirruo ol lhe EgroD and 

itrc@$d lhe ole ollI[ unned YcDcn h st!0d F0cc lnd stalrlrlt rhcre This snuation 

brought more p.lrtoal ad stEtegc .€sponsrbilitics otr Y€men 

Y€men r*ired ll@d ol re|nBees lion E* cornlfles rvhich lbr.d to l@!e rhetr 

h!'ncland.ju tothcciil $aR.ndnrany nmrrrutrl Y{dcn'sale rclutmd tim thcc to 

irctl* bur&ns on lhc mslt onncd Ycnrr. SdMa liccd nmtrl sunq tists lik 

wpon smugsling fmm rh€s lErids' srac\ as nimc ol tlB rctusNs \se nilitia or ex-

Somali lany $ldien fhe @pibitiri€s 

cons0quemes of lhe disrurban@s in ihosr: 

hG long c6ld are4 rhc shugglss tbund 

illcgllly .nd sell wharev€r rhe Mnr. 

ol Y.m€i we not enough to lsce atl 

ncighbou.ing lriqn stalcs. Ecciusc Ycnen 

trodillicully lo rach YeDenillnd lcglttyand 

Briclly' oe an e) rha! $,hale $c dcvclopnenc in ydM RlE ro Fxrr,w. th. 

erlu.lid in lhc FdplEry reg,on F.ticubdy Af.ion Hom hd dEtrEriq[y (hqiodcd_ 

NouthF, Y{en lrin to bring Sd.ti Mtrins f*tic inro Fgordions t bt€ lo 

di*a lhe n@iry of r6tqing F$e b ltEir homtond. yden dMys eid lh.t Rcd 

Sa 3hould be a scuE 6.d sbbt. Fgion, lid insG€d |nat the *cudry oa at is 

r$ponsibilily of th. egion\ stdes ont, An$ lrirrcn jnd.Fidcie 1he &a b.csm. 

ncdrlJ, un Ahh lake, plnicularty mljority ot lriru.r ,oput,rDn ore Arabs. 

Sanu alM'F suppon $e unily ol Soruti{ dn.l Sudrn, lh€.efoc, il EIu.d (o 

@otn'* the sltuelated,ind€pen.leNc ol Nontpfl, Itomltitantl Republi€. ln addilion, 

|| suppon€

'l-he tacl $.t Riyadh hd takeo ai Oe bulk of lhc Siollhern lorces {ho maiaged b nee 

Y€m€n !r lh. od ol lhe Mr hN, uRleRl.ndlbly conviice{ Soiu egine rhat the Sludi. 

'my \wll altlDrpl to undcnnitu ir ag.ir'llE Snudis,lbr Urtr l0rl. $cr llrdly li\cly lo 

Lrl lircndli€r lo S rh nltcr tl*i.rllu'npr loud h( oplrxrnr\ tillL{ 

Yemen's rclalions $rlh lrr oth$ CCr st.|6 (cxcc Qah.J rwrc ale poor, bul not to 

ih. sme erldt 6 iis rcl.lions sith lla Kingdom oa Saudi rabia, for n rvc Saudi 

Anbi! which pfe.ls lhc sql€sr lfiEt lo llN Srlih golcrnmcnl Il saodi polict loMrds 

S.M a sud.lenly bMme friendl' .nd &comh(n.ling |he oth€r 6CC slar6 vou'd noi 

@ninue s hostile polic) lorhrdr Yeffei. Bul clcn il $e other CCC slatcs nnpoved 

then relations wilh Yem.n rhiswould probubly do Inlb k' ubotc s.udi Ycn nihc{iliry. 

Thr f&t that incr.'Nd Sludi-Yeneni hoslrltt Inight bc onc lory-lerm rcsolL ot thc 

1994 V€heni civil rwr bul there ee o$er distu$ins luckrs. fension bel\Gn Y€ftn 

on tlE one h.nd and Sludi Anbia .nd thc GCC on $e othcr hdd dd not e\isl in a void. 

'l hc srlte of the Ambi.n Pc rnsulu lootd othc, lctivc or F)lcntral cNmics -l hc$ 

'Nlud. 

lruq, lnn. SoJan d rhc lsla'ri. rcvolulnnu.y rrrvrDrcnrs tlDr *dc drc pr(l ro $t! 

F)ftr 

in Egyp! lgeria.nd o$cr Mdll. t slcrn countncs Although it is very daUicull 

1o oblain E|nble 'nlonnlion, Saudi Anb'o rccll lnccs $mc .L!re ot inleml 

opposilion, ircludi.g thal |om lslamic evoluloMns. 

So long Saudi Ycmenr tensotr conrirucs il will |t Fssible lirr Srudi AEbias 

oPponc s lo lalcadvanlalc ol lhis lctrsioh bt suptbrlins YchNn. lhc l$.1Ycmcnicivil 

war l@t plre al a rnhc vhcn llN rclo.l and po'cnlraloppotrchts olSaud' A.abiaand rhc 

GCC ahtes rer€ Elalivcly !c!l or iol stronSly itr\ollcd, but this snuatiotr miShl 

changc Allhough. lhc UN cnrbarBo agli|lsl In'q hus hcld rcloliv.lt tjrfr up lo tescnt, 

nony counlnes lh,l hd a sl.on8 inteftsr in sNing il cnded -lhcr motivarion sx 

pflnarily liMcial. lfond when lnq could r.sum|.xFJningoil, ir will huv€ an rmporhnl 

su@ of ev€nle, \yhioh add hc !*d not od' lU rcburldirrg ils milirrD, bul ale lor 

.klrngrhc@micsol itscNnri.s na'n.ly YcnNn

ftn rs no$ t,usun'8 $nrclhirlgnt0 to dctcnlc \rilh sdud, Ar$tu. tnrl drt.rlc ir rbr 

low. I hc lBni.n tq."otulimry dhG 16 ti,ndaFenl.ly oppo*d ro al ,no,urcha.r tf 

lslanic cvolulron.ry rbrc6 sr€rvstotrgc. ottM M6tnn.ounlries, il is tlghly ontitct, 

thol ]llran rvould abstain tioh supnodnrB rher tb. $e sake ot goo! Grutons wjrh 

Riladh. ProvidinB suppon lbr yemcn is otr!.rs m oFnon brTchBn it.ssldi- haflicn 

nlalions tun $or oganl l|. tslann. rcvotutionory rcgnrcs cofic o po\!f ctscwhcrc In 

the A€b mrld, thcy aa hketyto bc highty.trli.Wcsren as {e as ! iute(ty opposd to 

any ABb gotc.tuncnt they i{hntiry $ bcing a|acd rvnh lhc W€st, such .s thosc nr Saudi 

A6baa.rd rlE rcsl orlh€ cCC. tt is Ntrcn rc@tutiomry r€gnn6 tiar @mc (o |rnrc, ttBr 

lncy usully allconr ro expd thcir rcrctutaon C.oniinlin! lirudr yemcni tcnsbn $outd 

orer lh.m an opponuniry ro cxptoit s rvc . 

!_in!lly, illnywnous lbrm ot opposi(,n uru$, or \v!s Fre€rvcd io anse, wirhih Suudr 

Arubia, the couhlr) s eneni€s Noutd ool hlsillte b lr, Lo supporl ir. lt.Sludi rubiu 

onlinub 1o uccomhodale Sinm\ offDnc s otr Souili l€rirory. ycm€, can trc crpcclcd 

ro ac.onhd&lc Suu(ll nbia.j oDponcnrs or ils tioD $hjch rhct cout

'tbere ac bdicaut onl! hvo !.yr lo do lltis Enhe. 0touglr pu6uing a very 'h!td' 

po|cy lo$ards Ye'ncn or trollh pobunrB ! vcry 'ell onc. Tlr Intl option h6 on 

obviuls .DFil la. ri.od, ah'r rnJ enn! dlF (jC( srrtra ll Silch .ould lt 

ovenhDM and rcdae{ Iry ! aSnnc ft'cndlicr b lhc (i(C- !r it Yenen could h. 

divide( wilh ! eoEmflEnl dcpcrdc on nN CC! r lhc soulh ad tlk s.lih Egmc at 

h.sl slrugglihs !o surlilc in llre North, Sludi nbi! and lhc CCC ould elininttc. or.t 

l6t g@rly dininisl. lhcn Yenrn problcr 'llD dinicuhJ \ ith Du6unrs hard Flict rs 

thal ir is vcry diflicull ro 'mplcmsnr s!&crsrllly Sincc lhc linre ol thc Culrwar, Saodi 

Aabia. in Fnicular, lus pursoL'l r h,rd F i.y k\vlrds Yenrci, bur d hrs lniled This 

vas because rh€ Saudis ha!€ consisrendy hiscdloulared $c ellccl ol then policies on 

By.ip.llina Ycm.ni $orlcrs lkrn tl* Kir$donr ol suldi Aob'e reulialion li,r 

$ns\ PGlaqi shnce dlilng ln. Cull \rur, lhc Soudis lurncd $hal had heen lFir 

dtpuc rvnh rhe r€gnnc gov€flnncd into a dNput. sillr r ctrltrc YcnMi nation lllhc 

Saudi lddcrs b!lie!.d thd $c c\pell.d Yc'Nni$ ud lhc l:'milics Nho d.pcnd€d on their 

Gnri|l.ns *o!ld Norl 1o ovcrrho$ S{leh itr oder lo r$loB YcnEtr to Rirodh\ gq}j 

B6es. they \rtrc Bft'ssly nisrlrF lnstcld. rh n'.'de ndcl! $tud lo Inlcnsili 

tFPul Y.nretrilEfi.d rir rh. s!ud$. 

SiDilarly, suppodnrg thc Sollh in lhc l9e4 cLvil $rr \v.s. nr.tor Nsulculalron 

Sal€h\ opDonenls said lhll despir. prrii{Dc ury clcclions $crc hold in l99l and thc 

€lrcrgcnce ofa alaLilclt lrcc l)r*s, his rulc h{s bccr soNclhi|g lc* lnm dctr1€r.(ic 

Numerous Southernen rvcrc rc$ntlli llul No(hcflrcN had conre 10 dominalelhe unilicd 

sovc.nnctrtlnd lh!( dc cconorric iluriotr trr llc Sounr hud bucomc cspccrillt diliictrh. 

But clen 'fnany Southcrners hud b.oomc dnillu\ionud Nilh solih s rulc.lhis drJ nol 

Dqn thet \€e pr€Dqr€d lo suptorl lhc lbnnc. Mlrxist ludeBhip \ o had run Soulh 

Yemcn diclalodally in lhe past dnd "ra dNply unpoDulrr thcre. Indeed, the Southem 

lqdcEhip ilsell Fmains sh..plt divid.d b.rls ol, dmotrg Inant odcr episl$, llE 

1986 South Yemcni ciril\ar in $hrch tr* n.inlisrs lousli I btuer $& snh €ch orher

Forther, oplFsitiotr lo Salih's tole did nor cquls rvilh oplEilion lo uity. During B 

crv'l mr, delesations tom *vmt yem.ni SouF qne to Wlshingbn. Whit. nDny of 

thor-nrclodins snE IDD C€reEr pcopts s CorB6 (Crcl cype*d opF\nao. to 

Srlrh, th.f sr. adanu aboul thc man cnonuc ot ye,neniun,ty llNauserhosc tishring 

tgarnsl Saleh tuughr sccssion, ahd $e souh N.s knowtr lo rcccrvc S.udi b&king, $cy 

r6t the suppon ol Ycmcni nsrionalisc. thudi eunnc nray hc lbool to nrismtcutate again 

it they fiint dut Oc, qn @kq Sateh drouah sur$D.tins e SourlEm For6, which 

nc! fbm Ycmcn .t lhc cnl ot rhc wlr lt thc$ ttrccs coutd nd swe!\t in qst.btisning 

Southem in

'llris policy rvould also irclude allowiry YeNtr, rvork€B to r€tun to Sbldi Anbi! I 

oth$ Cultcountries as NcU N resui ng coorcmic asisrrtrcu. S0 c misht object thot 

Saudi Ahbi. and rhc CCC hrve psEd ! ell polrcf loNards vcn'en n' UE Fsl a"'l 

scE rcMrden wrlh Ycrncni supporl li)I hq rllu rs nrvun ol |(urEil Bul nuny 

Yc'ncnis lMenial bollr din dd rcrv lhal Sand s posnion In lhc oull war st Yc cn 

dearly. lhcrc is elden@ $!1 $c Pesidcnt hin$ll octnorvlcdgcs llrs Al lh. vcry 

ion.nr of his hiunph olcr th. sou$, he seni ! messsF to Ki.8 Fdhd callos for ' gun 

*ishbo.ly elaiois und @Fmion 3 b.lNn Saudi aBbi! lnd Ycmn. Al lh. t.y 

l*! .llowins de todnioMl Frd or @omi. Elalions h.hGn V.md od thc CCC 

to esumc an st.rl thc piirss ol re{ucn$ thc Ycreni ponular animosily agaimt Saudi 

Adbi0llutSulchlusbucnublctocxplojls,cllslilcly 

'Itu onclcion is th!r. the GCC s Y€mc. problm- na) Nl b. orc $at @n bc 

Eslt€d, but oly nan.gcd For even ifrhe CCC pu6ued ! *ll |Dli.y lorvarG Y.mcn 

by r€suming aid and nonul c@nomic r€llliotrs. Sanm world undoubt€dly ac€ept oid 

froD rhe OCC s opponcnrs il it lvcre onlred $is iso$ne rllol Sulch phyed lo bnll$l 

cllu.t.lurinr his prctrdertry ol Nonh Ycn'utr dunrg d'. cold wu. N|tr lE r.cuvsl 

Nislrre from lh€ USSR on lh€ onc hatr'l rd rh. CCC 6 rell ds r US on rrE olher 

But it B .l.o a game lh.t Saudi A6bi! and lhe CCC slat s play€d suc€sfully l@. 

Aldough Riyadh did nol hov€conpleG inllBrcc in Sama, il rrsde sue lhal ro one cle 

didenhcr.From1990untilnow,rhehardpolicyrowddsYefrcihaslb'lqjJ6t6inlhe 

Fs wilh Nonh Venen, hoener, the ren tolEy opt'on 6 a gdne lh.l saudi AnbE ud 

rhe CCC ae in a slrons rsilion lo play srceslirlly to unile Ycmr 

. Border l'r'obler|ri 

It hld 'nentioncd b.lbrc ftat Ymen hld bordd probldns rvith rls Nighb{r stllcs, 

Omon qnd Su'di AnbE. llut wn nltcr miliqltun d€l.nlron. Srtra qid it srsh lo 

d@ llE bod€r 6le Fobl.'n wnn iG neisibou.ing oulries lltrolBh p€aeaul diologu€ 

lnd negotialion Hoverer, ourbreak ofCllf€rhis made rr nor Axsiblc ro stanlalts wilh 

SaudiArubiaoverbordcri$ucdu€lodelerioolioroa$€nbil.terulGlolions IIE ellbrls 

thselbiE lumed to onM lilc !s bordcr Ngotidions slon d to $rll. rhc d'sput brclheny.

Thc sidcs latly reml|!:d to etisf&tior end lo r|t bon er isB by iigning ,nremtomt 

lgl€em€nl, Nh'ch soked lhc Fobl@ p€leliily. Aner $wnl n.gotjolions rounds bolh 

YerlenandO otrlgr.cdlarlinald€ms..orDnolbord€rbetwetrthrircounliesrnt992. 

R.g.idrng lo bordcr i$c tiln Sludi A6bi.. rlE rno srd* stDw rhcn d6ie lo b.gan 

*nos l.lks about th's lilc sine 1992. I ls ts si&s consrrturqj srrrist coni e |o 

dol *ilh lhis isuc. Sjncc lh€n dFns fom horh rh.6onri6 hotd Eg!t$ @inss in 

Sa@ and Riyldh ul ryingtosolvc thc Doblcm or rl[ bNtrot.lnr hfln k,&y side.s 

irghlt. The .csoti ions *ould leld ro denarcolion ot er ond trnd bordcB. The r{o 

s'dcs acdprql Inill|lccncnt ol l9l4.sI qnnprcncnsrlc no lt, \!hic[ rcgtrt dOc 

rcrllDns b.r$en lhc hw qrnrris in3[ tict.boftnc 

. Ycn.. $d Mqlio Comr.&. 

Yem€n.stablrsh.d cordBl rctarions $|l[ r tsiannc slalcs. Mustrn shlcs has b*n 

alLched b eac[ o(her on lhe bst ol bonds ot taith and cullurc thcy are i e,wovcn 

wnh historical, idsloSi.al,€conomic and llychoto8ist @nsidcmtions. lbr csspte. rhs 

rcl.lio6 bclrun Rcpublic ot Ycmcn and l6n had ben nnptuv!! rrtq udtiqlion or 

Ycmcn d@ ro *vt..l @sns FnsL $c cnd or rnq,tRn $u rqrued lctrsron m thc 

Middlc l:ist d \hnc During lhc $ar. SaNo suDrbncd truq by di|Icrcnr means 

espeoally when lhn occupidl emc Grnori.r inside kdq R€sutranrty. fte ctations 

belreeh I6n and tbmer Nonh yemcn wMned $ough not ror{ y boten Smond, 

pragmalic policy ot PBi&nl Rltsnj.ni t€d |o impbvemeir ot tEn s etariom with 

cxtcrul s|lles ss fu lricd h linil thc otc ot crl.cnrist idlt{rgucs nr trneqld o .d 

otEnd@r lDrrDj. rvhicl hade Inn.cgio'ut so|trFNcr sl!r. nrrrd, lnirqt yen€n 

lblldwql balar(ir'g llrcign poticy !orv{.'ls A.ub lnd Mstid rounlrius Lusrty,snrsnot 

l6n-Su&r reldtrotrs tlred borh outrrrios tur to trcgtccr rhe butlrsnrg rotc of ycnD. 

panrcularly rn lhe rillns of^tncan onr, which had dndt u l imporbnl ellccl in 

nalional scurily ol Ycmcr

As a good qell sslur€, lm releded all Yqneii prisorcs l@u irsj,,ls ,vho \ets 

cupturcd during lrotr-lnq rvar and lhu( oonsid{(d !s llrst sleP (o\wrd nodtlistiotr ol 

nurulrcldrions.ln!dd,rior,lhelrvosideslud0otrsliluledu.lonrl-Mrn'slenalConn(rd 

lo dcvclop brlolDrul soNDnc uotNrulron Olllcul vrsts br lrrtrfun lc cis o.mu ft, 

S.n!a cgularly rnd vicc-vee Ycncni olllci4ls $rtrt to -fchEn in svrral occasons. 

Cood El.tioc benveen lhe nvo leadc6hiF imM{d l.[| tnd conlldercc n bolh sidcs. 

Yemcn FniciDar€d 6 nonilor in n.\al-r$rnbNu!c., rvhich nrcludql lon, Sudan al 

E M and ciecdql in rhe Rcd lie *!lcr 'n 1992 Otr rhe eommic lrcnl, kln dccidcd 

1o nr|d* it inveslnenl in Yed.n up to ll00 nrillion to bc D\cr h€llh. (trd 

coNtrlct'on. o'l disvcnns lnd dcwlopnrs Ycncnr'i *a li)ns krn arcBPd rls 

pcroldun prcducls €xporl to Y.m.n lnd llloscd tlre lrll€r lo rmpon hanEn IndusltEl 

goods cqual lo $ll0 mitlion $ilh govcnmcnr guoonlce only lnnian lbunddion ol- 

Shuheed' had b€€n ogred lo boil! t\!o hospilah ir SlMo !trd dcn 

'I hcrc oD sisnrlica'rc @r--rrtiurs lf,l*uun Ycmctr iml l,rlislu utr thc Fniiunl, 

cullur.l, @ndnrc and nilirary liulds Bolh sides .dop{.d em. Fsition tosails 

numcos Bgi@l a'rl inrerorioml iisRr n$ c and orrsid. o I C atuj U N.O and Non- 

rigment 'noreme Yencn supponcd hl!,nclErl s nrnrati!€s r.gffdrns ro lirse cl@ 

utr'ly o. ela'juily rnong lhe (U'nhah, Musnr lou ics. Ih€ @nefl ol lsllhic 

$liduily h.d ben sh.Fd by a rlnber ol hclo6: h6torr. ssgmphy, lA'lI, lFlitiol 

anrcrgcncc ol nrcrcst. r@nomic rs. o1o. lrrullf,rly rclalons trctr4nthe lwd rourlrics 

aegtad@llydevclopitre 

. Ye en R.htions with (tlSA) rnd (ClS) 

YcmcF^m.nd elarions \us d.r orutlrl dorins S$ond (j ulr'(]risis nd Mchql irs 

lowql lclel. wNhjnslon and iL\ allies drd not appruvc Ycm€tri lblnitul.(itudc rorqds 

l6q nrsion oa KNan -DEy eid llEt Ycmcn s condcm@t n r?s l(r y,rl and nol 

clcs. 1h€ lre !a that, lEq inusion of Ku\rit cunr€ Jsl ancr les mo hs ot lhc 

Ydneni unifiqlion and lhe counrB sls bust i.r ns ostr InlenDt order llrig b burld 

sblc\ i.slilurions and to sbble the un{y. Moreover, the dNision naking in rhc ncNty

utrilcd Ycm$ \eJs slill dividrd h.t@tr llD t\w m.in |Dliti€l Frr'Es l|t crisis sls 

cndcd YenrnB ccl.tBtid lurutioN of$e lnily. 

Ncvc hrlcs\. r@i aller tft .nd d W$ l8lnN tr4 (tarons ..tu.rL{ lo nonehly 

benvNn YcNn oid Us AnDra@tr oil comp.nics. which dr*ovccd oit n yumcn 

h€lpqd in rcsbrnrg rclario.s ot thc rwo sidcs. YcnEn sopAtrrcd Us,ltusi!tr diptonuic 

initidirc |ochdrhc Mr.slrnst lmq in l99l. t'hc rwo counlrics sce&lcloping murul 

Inl€rsts and Nrd$ bilalcal @p.Etior. YcDcn tibcr.t r$tnial lRt ccomnric potici6 

rrcou.agcd trrriqloirrtlc in hadnigitu6t'sm nrosnnnnc *hir[ qrtd strcngrhctr 

lhc dlmNrN) in thc 0€, pqnicul0lt, Ycnrcn \r.s rhc onty Anb un|ry n' * to'giur 

thal sllo$ql pftn Fni6 |o mrl tErt, and comFte aEai.st wh otlRr $rough 

.letoB. CveryoN knw lnzt Americ. hs bi! int re s in tl* aoa and thc unitcd yeftn 

NUld h.lp in suclhar. 

'lhe colldN ot ijovi.l Union hcd Nr llirr.t ycrnenr t{uss!tr rehriors !s bdllr 

counkrts q nrhd to @F.r!lo a||h uucl ortlr I drliijre tirtd rhough or thu ltrsrs ot. 

"ble.nd Fy'l he prubl@ of Sovic( dcbt on y.@n to bc eftlln throush diatog@, anl 

Yemcni srudc.rs i$ue, sl'ich !|Ielqt by rt* RNran rcN B|tacy thlt tbcd rhe,n to 

p{y huSr llrs rs R6i. 6! lo gave lundeds ot sts ,.cctr ro lhe y€menrs. tiE i$oe 

ol pu.che3 a.ms and brins Rus'an expcnr lo b. da*used by $e nvo sides, 

I I L I''I NA NCIA I, ( :H A I, I,E NG ES 

Sinc ihc u llqion declaEtion, ttE Rcpubtic of y€ftn Na expcdcnmd * ous 

€ommrc d'niculli6. Domslic D[ti(iot aeto^r lhc Gtizalion of d. colntrri unitJ. 

lhc srrugat r csrablishins rcw dcn€m(ic syjtcn to cnsurin! inrlividoar Lhcrlics and ! 

hull'-Fny sysrcm,lhe misn€Dgemen ol ttE 'srioFt ummy an

tu delioit ol rhc govemhenl bodg.l. rlN blhncc ol lEdc ond lhe brlane ol taymenls 

As a BUll,lhe coonlry erpcriencq{ slow &orcnic gruwth, hieh ml. ofin !don, hrgh 

ldct ol urcmploynE , E{uolior ol lottnnn!trl c\Foddorcs on Fblic.J(itiotr ud 

lEnlll $prd. ll,'s GukLal rn slBry.]uturiuul'u ol rlt ly.trtlna low sbndar.l ol' 

living sr,rlistial indi6ro6 rhorv lhalCOl'olcu.ru prics rN@*d liom Y R 121859 

million in 1990 ro YR 147003. 133943, 2?1801 million r rh. !€u l99l-94 ln 1995, 

CDP w cslinal€d al Y.R. 454256 nillion. I'cr Qpila C DP \6 Grnnatd al Y R 9558. 

10800,12961,1t270,1a074 in thc ycln 1990-94. 

Pcr qpila CDP *6 estinnted al Y.R. 23408 o. lbout US$ ?35. Ho@ver, lhe r4l 

.nnual srewlh of CDP (at 1990 con$lanl pricct was cslnnr|€d aroovo,5.3o/o.4 3vo. ' 

0.5%, and 9 6% for the yqrs 1990.95 tlhilo llN lvenge rnnual sroNlh EG $6 aboul 

3.7',4 during th€ sme period. Consu'ncr l'rid Ind$ Ms u macrl lo imicc* annully 

.t lbou 13.0olo, I 3.8%. 44.3%, 3 1.4%, !n! 56.5% lb. $e yed6 1990-9t Unemployncnt 

..L ss 6lin{d ot sbolt 25% in 195. Cov.rnftcn budget delicir cons ltd ftout 

a.0r6,4.17., 12.4%, l3.g/c, t6.2% and E96 ol (iDP In the ydrs | 990-95 The balame ol 

Fymcnts hs sulilGl |ug! .oitin6$ d.licrl. ll wus Ftnnt|lqj ar abour tJSf|4 6.790 0. 

ll33.l,760 5,409 6 illions in rhc itnc turs.orcspondingl! 

Ye'ne.i @nom, ed ad*el! allitted by { srics ol exlcrnal shcks and domcslic 

Gullnff: thc ellf Mr lcd lo hrge rerun mi!,ariotr, !Iic[ aDounted 1o Mny l0%ol' 

lhc populdlion and a dslirre in thc nid lioN lhc (iulf slolcs Ovcr | 99G96, mltec 

rotrri(larEes dbp,rd ltuh $l 5 billior itr l990 lo | | billior in 1996. r c. fton l00 lo 

t0% of ncrchaodise inports .nd €xldndl dsishncc dopp.d ltun 40 lo only % of 

Coll.Ic of lhe S.vicr (hion:this rcsulul nr d d.r|N in tht d'd to the south and bn o 

havl burd€n olext rml d.bl. 

Uni6dtio.: lhe unificdion cullql in lh. Llete.iontion in public finans d@ lo llE 

@stt llsillcd vilh thc mcqc. or'trr bvo .iril $tuiocs rs lrll A dE bunrcn im|r .d 

by tlE Do@y lcing nlbliccnlcr[i*\ n'Icrilld lixn llE euth

Civil r* lhis led lo u shdrp ircE.s i[ n'lilary spendnrg, e\l€nsile danage ro 

ptudNliv€ lbcilil'* and .ko conlnbuloi ro tkl€rionlins public ri@n6 

The civd s(n llE bodl,up o, trs lirnncr Soviet tjnron. rcsutldl n a shrlp dshnc 

In CDP in l99G9l. horc!$. rebounded in 1992 and l9e3 lo rboul 5y! p!. on sveBge 

dre io liwtrble 6ins in 1992 dd.n irc|w of tt4 In o'l pciNlion in I99l 

AhlnuSh orl Fodution iE oi.d by r ludlE. 56y. in 1994 dE ro lhc oming on 3rtu 

ofncw ficld! outpd nr thc tun-oilsbrs delincd by J 6oli, doc lo rhc ersG ottlE civil 

@( resultrng In a slagMnl ov.nll CDP in 1994. CDP. howevcr, rs estnndbd ro hale 

groM by .bout 3 69, an 195 lri ir funh$ cxFrtcd lo Brow b, 1.5% an | 96 d* lo th. 

@nl'nued inc.tN in oil Foduclion ombjned rvnh d elom lo mmatiry tolowing lh. 

'l-hc uturcn CDl, gtuwlfi B @mp{ni.d by r shdp ri$ n ulbdn ntfllrioo. U.tEn 

inflaaon !@l.nt d fron sboul 30% in | 990 to atnosl 65% by t994, desp{c dt mpc 10 

repr* rt thruugh €ontrolling pries ol key comnodiries. Ii*at neasuG iDpt.m€nl€d 

beginning 1995 Edued the inflltion lo uboul ,l4o;, in t995. BLroNc ol.stagnanr per 

€pila oulpo( in tlE neniioned y@, ard te &Fei.tion of lhe exchoge 6G, per €pila 

c\P ro' l9o4 h U5$ mrhodotosv. b {sun.kd at ontv gt8 

The balrne ol p.ymenrt @ntinEd lo !!lii:r liom slrucruBl \€lns luch s a h€ly 

d@n&rc on Fiv.r. tEnstirr r timitod cxFn hcF (mRrt cxpons ac@ cd tbrt* 

than 10,6 of tot4l expo* ol girods h t994-95), a.d vot.tite orude oil exrDn Evetrm. 

Thc cuiicnl ecount deficil b€lorc grnls widehed fronr 24% orCDp in t992 to 30% ,n 

1991. Due lo ! &ubling oloat qFn rcvlrr$ In t994 !ftt { titdhc. im|1* in t995, 

lhis deficil tumed inlo a suq'ts of5 29i otCDp in t994 .nd 2 t9; ofcDp in 1995. 

lr'e surplu$s hav€. however, nol bcen su[icicnr to tinrNu th. debtobtigdions ta ing 

due ud oontNllal cpuymems lo oit conprni$. this hN tod to rtrc acouNutaliotr ol 

.trerE which mouled lo .lmosr t5.2 bi ion b, end | 99J.

Fiortr Nolenber 1994,lhe govcnmenl cnrburkcd otr D Folbund aid co'npNhcNive 

linsmill and dhinisrEtrve €lbm Fognm o &al with th. eristing &ute li@rci.| 

Foblems. Wilh sisla@ of \wrld Bd* .nd IMF n sbncd b apply . pochgc of 

somnic and lironcial polrcB ond mqsud lrrgelihg thc ndullion ol'lh.8ov.rnm€nl 

budgel dcficn ss rell 6 ro @(ecr dre existing nEhi-syslcn ol rhc Yenrcnr Rol crchange 

nte. A|9, n $i€d ro erivorc moretlry policiB by ddrpulaing lhe inLeest 016, ban* 

ccdir @ilin83 ed @iollins morcy supply. Sine fien, lh. m*c ha€ r@ccdal ir 

rcdhine gFdually $e slbsidics ghnted lo lhc publi. s@(o. cnleDri*s Plnicukny, 

subsidics lllut grnnlL{ ro llr Dublic krl cnlcrpi*s lor prudftin8 clerricny and 

dnnkinB w ei. f@l pmdNts, ammunistionr and wial enicus have ben (duced. 

Witbin the price libeElianion policy, adninislBlive prier of cern€nl produed by lhe 

public enteeries we lined. SrcF Er€ als laken lo conrdrr th€ stare of lbcign debl 

obligltion. In addirion, a pnvtlialion polun has b*n pcFad 6 pcn of rhe 

Sot.mmcrl nuq {@nomio toslruclunns |blicics. llomwr. llt nnpluncntalion ol dE 

procrm is srill ii progess. 

ln gerenl, tlE mpledcnt 'on of rhc €oN'ric r.fonn tDlicis prcdNed a iolieaue 

rnpro@ment 0 th€ sonomic situlion .nd is .rF{lcd |o conti.ue * long 6 tfie 

govemmc rs dcr€mrnd ro cxcn rb ellbrt3 to &lri*e the obj$livcs ol lhe ptogra'n. In 

mid 1995, 4 a @nplemcnhry sl€p ro thc FoSrsm pol'ocs. th. sov€rnmcnt s[ned lo 

Fcpee lhe fGt Firc Ydr Pl.n ol lh€ unr licrl Ycmcn ( | 91x-2t[xi, ( FFY P) lo counEr fte 

deflalionary nnpacl ol ns shon-rm moco ccononic sl!$iliu and nr0aridr @ ret 

obj6lives Spftirlly,lhe necessily for€nsuringlhe requrcnr sof sommic$d s@ial 

d.wlopment in the nid-l€m md rh. prolision ot apFoFidrc .ondniore for longer r€m 

sclanBblc d.Elqnncnr, h6w lirn highligilsj

l iscrl D.tc.iorrtio! 

A slut 'lctftnliotr ii nlltlic 

li's'Ecs h{s ben ,t llr lbtrr ol Yctrtr'i Nenl 

cconomic t)l,nluds l h's dclcrionlion osullcd liom $e sovcrnnEnfs 

rdponst to the 

sluks ir utr !nnosdk'c olnrturrsc poli!ictrl .otrrl*l'nor bclwelr llN rro noliliculPrlics 

imnedr cly lblloNi.g unilicsliotr. The govenrm€nt l@k il upon tuell lo sre|h lhe 

efiors oillE rcsative sn@k thoush a *nsofpopulisl nr*surcs Fot eumolc' rl d(.d 

N th€ englowr of ld rc$n tbr thc rellnrts and new univ.Filv gdduar6, protcct the 

products snd 

living slandards by IncMsirre subsidics otr whsl. llour. Ntoleun' 

c|sficnt lnd dclctrs exFnditus incrcasd !s a Esuh to thc cilil sar DetcrtuBtion nr 

toblic ntEncur lEd hvo dnmnsions f,rl, dcLnnn{d orcrdll dclicn on I crsh b3ss 

increased lo olcr l6%ofGl)P duhnS 1992-94 Asacccsslo crt.rnal llnancing dncd up, 

drc$ li$dl dchcrls Ncrc linomcd lhtuush doDcsl'c b l. $hch lcd lo high itrllrlion 

S6ond,lheN Nls deterio.alion in the slruclud ol the budgcr|ry exFendnues In Grms ot 

lhcn @ r|bdion b 8ro\rlh. Much oflhe ircr.e in exDodtues \5 dw lu an rfrreN 

in govcrnmcnt .mploymcnl and goorly tlrgclql subsid6 

'lhc guvcttrrrnl rusFtrr'lL{ k' llN dcler{taln'g Lrumnrc s'lurr'on D! rtrrl .rul'ngr 

sries of nulocs in 195, which wrc I unhcr $Bngthefrd n I e96 and d€veloFJ into ! 

comprch$sivc Elonn posrun. -the t( srdnnnc.onsinc! ol lhc Inlbrving lhto* man' 

componenG (01mqdo+@nomic slabjliso(ion c€nl€red dround u ieduction ol-lh€ fie.l 

deficit; (b) nruclunl rel-onu !trd (c) sid pror€rio. 6urcs 

Consq@trll!.lhc most frLssrngclEll.trgclhat litcol N.uthodrcsat llNslafl ol lhctr 

elbnn c bn rn 1994 Nls thc rcducliot ol lhe lierl iNlrdlorcc ond lhc rcsullrng 

inlationary rrcssurcs, by i Dlcrnenrina ! su.ics ot dim!!11 lis.l nrc6ur€s srr€sullof 

lhe mqsuM. thc hudscl dclicil on a commil'nc lBsis dccrca$al l his adruslrncn( rvts 

mainly d@ b Inc@s in oil ftlencs (140,000 b/d during 1946) and d*@* in 

govemmcnl expendnurcs. Ncvcnh€leis, rhc hddnionrl llsrl mcosures nndcncnlcd r0 

eEly muinllin th€ shurc ofnon-oil re\cnucs in GDP.l iboul 109; of lhe lolal rcrenue

. Rcsourc. Envclou. fot Public hDcnditrrcs 

1 |t avarlabiltry ol lirci$ and domcslic evi0gs @nsinc $ilh llN rrl{ctuFliamcrwrli 

indiates thal lhe publrc svings necd 1o bc idcrcasL'd. or lhe ovctall budg.hry defcn 

needsto b€ redNcd liom lhe esrrnared 1996 lcvcl of 6.2% of Cl)l' lo hkut 2 5 bv lhe 

vear 2000. The 3$l.inrblc lcvel oa plblic ernrsr, th. bud8cr.rv curcnt occoun( delicn. 

dcpcnG upon tlE lrcndr in thre lariabl6. invcsrncnt nedcd 1o nltl rhc gmMh t!rycls, 

foeagn elingt@nsislcnt \vnh lhe bnlaftc ol Fy'ne.|l and tnivale doh6lr. elings As 

pcr the nacceconomic frmerrcrt. lh€ Iends in erch of th€$ unlhlcs .ft 

2. 

3 

Inv€stment lhc Nhicvcmc.l ol tlL mcdilm lcnn Sowlh lolacls Rillrcqurre! stetdy 

inclEe in th. invcslmenrcDP 6tio lhm utx ll 7oli' in 1996 lo dboll 20% bt lhe 

tur 

2ux) on rlrc lu\is ol nrE nenral C{ilol oulpul raln,0c()ll, ollhoul4.2 ovrr 

rhe tive )€!r prrn l9962uJ0 l;ulurc gnrvth In Ycmcn nnsls Innn an erpansron nr 

th. pilate s.lor Nlivily in pelDlcufl, lgricllture. snall and nedrum sqle 

mqnutacturin8. lourism dnd conslruclioi lclivny. Publc invc(menl rs however 

cruci.l to supton ris Erosrh lhu r(valc sL{tttr bt pn,vidi.s physical 

mli4lr$tue, d.vclop rvalcr toeurccs oM lor ltnr.n asourur lc!.ldpRtrl I hus ol 

the rolal inv6nncnl. hy lhc y€r 2uxr, llDol 1096 pojslql lo lt |[blrc rrvBlmrl 

's 

and 70% is Fojccrcd to be gravate jnvcsnncnl. 

For€isn salitrgs: thc availobilrty of lbeign savinss is constdirrcd bt dre high debl 

burd€n, modcsr Uosneos lor oil cxpons und the limned availabihy or orficial 

@l6ioml fin6@. lncluding nd lew in@me rim .bruld rvhich, m

OPeby &p6ins evings. S@nd, in rh€ p6sl, e 8ov€nme ltu3fened 

substantiql incom to housholds in rtD torft of subsidies mounr in ! lo aborr I oolo or 

CDP. Tne pnvdr lDusehotd slor qs, tlEretbc, abte lo sovc (dnd €onsume) on 

rc€ounl or tlris nrcone. 

. R.v.nu6.ndsusrrt..bbetp.ndttrrd 

Tne F6pecrs lo. fudher edrcing rh€ ove6l buds€r d.ficit by incBine the 

revenucs or r€ducing cxrlndirue. Oit (vcnuLs lrc exrsted toa.oounr tir N.rty B0% ot. 

the budg€lary revcnues in t9962C{0 Non.oit ev€nues oun onty be incrcddl by 

nnpbn€nLin! hN rclbnn e c(d around thc inrrudNtion ota gcno.ut etcs tai. rvhich is 

not env$iondi !l p6.nl Revenud o incrl* by hlonatiation ot h.irs, rcdsrioc 

in e&hp{ioN abn dp bNiK iM@ ta, onl slepp.d-up c i,ts !o @tk r mnE 

s@G Eren il lhe n*uB !r€ impt.mncd, ovs th. medium lqm, rhe fisl 

Even@worldemdn.tlh. t9 t€v.tofaboul3lycofCD. 

. Th€ InsGllvc-Yer. pt.n 199G2000 

rvhilc foaruhrnrS rhc FFyp dd e(lins up its objerivcs .s \wI as dctihiry its 

app.Gch and |xEldurc, rhd sovc.orcnr lmk inro irs sn$idcErion pereids 

derelopmc pllnnans clpqien@s! whi€n o@ted lhe eriour shoncohings oa rhc 

highly cenr6li4d and br.tilarian rcgimca in realizing th€ mcdion and tonsr€m 

arns oflhe Y.mcni s@iety. The peopt. Nsnr sund.nd dpid ecommic prosres 

be on lhe p rciple of 1lE nsrioMt socilt and polnisl ohjcclircs e €cling rha 

@mrry'r bhmic.nd A..b Btc and 4!d |o n.inlain ljc ,r.tc\ c{f*rive ,Dtariol 

Fwr. l-he t4'ks ollhe FFyp ree detin d on Oe efl.inrc ot rhe mt€ or the 

slare u thc lallowi"s 'min arqs tii.sr, (o eeut u rhc mrioMt eoN,ny by 

@nlroln'8 DucrGFononic poticis h ! iur&cl Mnomy, .nd providing lh€ 

condnrons ld f@ i,rt€r&tion oasupptt lnd demand |rclo^ and conseqEn y fre 

pric6 systcm .lltcrive in mobrtinng .nd dislrlburans $e @u,nry.r @nohrc

Saondlt,lhe governlnent conlinues lo implemenl inlrasltuclur€ pbjroh bolh physi.dl 

.nd sial, 6p€.islly prcj€crs @llled ro lh€ d€v€lopm€nl and n|nageme of @ter 

twu|6, rm&, pons, rl€ctricity supply, devolopm€nl or humo ee!@s by Fovidins 

baric .d@ on a sll 6 rhe pois'on ol public lullh edic.' By d.fini.g the 

@mnrio rek ol rl* ll,!tc, thj gewmdc cl€rlt .ptr.iiat!* trE b4E curumrc ole ol 

d. privat s@ror lnd enolmges irs Fqllcr'on and Inredne erlrrcs by efing up 

projecls in dl nsnufacluring, agricullunl, tourist, t€de, s*ies, €duolio. and hdllh 

mis is now $e fFYP acqun€s ils indisdve ole in lElping thc nrivorc $tor !o 

@(lrf,i4 nd only lhc n.tuo orrlL loa.nmcofs mw rsmmic Fiici$ Dd ic tutuc 

imF.t on dev€lopm.nr. bd n a|$ helF o id.nriat lhc Fenr cxFcrql inrdnHr 

opponuid6 in .ll e@mmic *c1o6. I1 i3 als cxpetcd thal e@nomic d.ra, inlbmatio4 

&d stdisliol indiqtots provided by $e plan *ill h.lp th€ pnvde 6 rvell as Oe public 

sotor in mdetulitrg rhc lp!,ropriotc ond rlrionol ccanomi( m€asurds {rd dsisioft lbr 

cdnying olt then produ€trcn md inrqtnErl lclivili€s. 

Sire il w.s NNry rd apgly a s€l ol nwrlHommic, fisl and morcrory Flicis 

and ms@ in onic. !u tulrol infl{ion lnd sliz n cmal and crtcml @nonic 

eqlrlibriu4 orE ol the main @sllts ot llw policiG ws the redlcron ol-govemnent 

curcnt md inv.slnent expenditurcs l his in lurn lcd to a slow dovr ol lhc *onomic 

actrvili€s, espcci.lly invcstnenq rhouglr tbi a shon peflod. lhc rcw sit@lon 

ncsii.t4 thc sorcmmenl lo acr iwinly b hobiliE lhe fi@rcial rceucs and !o 

DctEE dE lppropri& mndiliN to arc@s inBlmenl Thr, it 6 n@s.y fo,llE 

plsning nlthoriti$ to inlensily lhcn cfons in dctining rhc stdtesic ctcmcnk cnd lt€ 

lotentillitics oa snomic got1h od sill de!.lopnenl in ord$ |o aomularc the 

ovcmlla {cllus icctorul objalives. Al$ thc plonninsetTons Nrc dnNtdj todcfine rhc 

tppropflac h.6uEs dd polici€s 10 ehi.vc thcss objstiv* in rhc mdium"krm. t h€ 

p.opc€d pollicica wcrc prepacd *nhin a @Bisient and relistic limcMrk, hoth in 

|ms of @o@mic ermptions md thc p.evlili.g F|litiol omrons

'fhe [!_Yl' dniciFle llt developmenr ol leE€l Mnortric and liMncill wriubles such 

$ podel'on, rMme, iNe{n@r anl golemnent exFldnua anl rcEnu6. ll de 

unncipared rhc duvcldpneot ol somd $cial deldlopinert indiralors n edwation snd 

hcuhh Ihis n' .s ( sy fu idcfity rnvesrn(nr opF{tuniticr d r tlrurc 

dcvcloFne Fltems 

an all $omnt sto6. Al$, n b(a'n* 6i.. ro dercmnE lhe 

ab$ipliw alEcitt ofinleshcnr in lhe Y.mni €onomy 6 sett as the pee ot expetcd 

5@ial deleloprncnr in thc lbllowing ulc yea6. The t't.h targetst the e€liatiotr or'sn 

.wosc nlc ol sb*rb in O6 Domsric Prcdrc{ GI)t, or ?.2y. lnnorltt I hc .im 

cneds, a il ir *€ll known. one of rhc !tumiNnr o!.att conomic pcrrbnno@ 

n'd'calors. h mcnnsan ircrcuse in $D rorc ot |xr @fih Ot)ti ol oh)ut 3 s% anndly m 

ovehllinc@oi l8.3%. 

'lhis also relldts to ! easin $lenl $c d.vetopment ofthe sldtujord ofliving ofrh€ 

people fo a.hkve this llrgcl il neeb tuFndon bct*en ft sovdnn€nl and pravs(€ 

cfli,ns b mobalie th. rc{uncd fi@cid Gourcs h addirron, ir is cxFilqt rhut ohl 

loeisn invcstmc in cru

Mdlern rahnologiql d€veloFftnts vhich boughl punp6 of hjgh capocitid. 

popllarion 8.oMh ar high nr6, irc|q$ in tlr rate t co.sunFlion ol Q!t, conomic 

polic,6 which .nablcd un nErceu in ${t r u$ |nr rsricuhurul purfxcs broughl rboul 

rh. prcsnr El.riw $nrciry oa w.l.r 'r'h6, it ss mFrsrivc to lind !.ys lo sliE lh. 

rcquied bql.n{ b.t\(rtr avlitabt rwl€r @urccs and E ItrsLtcd *oNmic !trd sial 

develophenls fhe FYYI,lddressl thop@blcmand lonl down .ppropd{lc neesure and 

poli.i6 .dminislding Mtcr 'suMs moa cnicisdy lo alleviarc E Foblcm in thc 

shorHerm lnd pave lhc w.y to olercome $is rcry *rioos crisis in lhc |ons 'un. 

'llE @u rry tres tttc chlllcnsc ol cnliroDmcnl |bllulion. vlricl a0dts rhc 

svailabihy of natural rdources llE Plar hightiShlcd lhc drng$ ol enlimnmenlal 

problems reprc*nt d by lhe depl€tion of $atr, $!|s lollulion, lhc dllrnomtun ol eil 

rnd ns lcseblion cowr, dcLenoqti$ of'gnculllml.nd poskrol llnd lnd th. Nlucttun 

ol biologicol dive6i(y ll ol$ droN ulLem otr to possihlc envinnnenal problems 

rcsulting aom mtcs ol Mter lnd drliMgc, ltuspr|lls o induslnll danseoc sast6 

la rh€ *ial splEft, lh. aim ol thc sLle in ollcnns b6sic edmliofl *oic5 and Public 

ncahh seoicos and rls propdgNlion in viious br€as ol lhc colnlry sill conl bole in 

sp@ding lh€ b.reIits ol d€wloFnent mons $e liti4ns s rwll 5 dnong so@hont6. 

h gave aficnlion ro lnily .dMlion as a @hcrcnl p@gnm, und etuouoges lhe pnvale 

s6tor in sprcading ahd developilg hcalth serviccs in lhe coonlry ll nopcd to slooglhen 

sial d€Mmcy by in\ohcmst in the srll etety 4l prqram. lhrough sorcntmr 

social s@unly lnd $ciol {t€lclop enr funds, and cshblishnrs s.rall public Norts 

'th€ modcmialion n(rlss is l:rr liom straighnonvord whN{r rs ullim,lclt 

Bposible lor guidinS Y.men foBlrd mto $. nc{ cenlury. a hct ol wtorll $rrcms 

and MDnic issres must be llckledl

lV. Cetrenl Overview ofthe eroromy 

Each Yemeni tDrl joino, u ticalion wirh difr€ring ass(s and tiabiiilics ,the Norlh 

rcprsnls @ty ti,ur fitlhsol ! lolat 6fiul.1l pputatunotnlre ltMn &n miltior.-t.hc 

fi!!$ rcp.eils @dy 1M rhirds of an .simrcd tohl tand lra @v€riig 52S,000 

sq@re k'loheleu, sbod dD sia ol fnncc. ,t.he No lte broughl s@ter ugri€ulruol 

and indsr'al Corcndal in|o lhc uion, atong virh s tlirtJ wI dctctoFd mnrponllion 

neNorr, poer t&iliri€s !l Hodeidah on rhc..R€d So..and $c subsrandst rvenu* 

genedtcd hy atr oil pumpins qtscily now 6li@tqt dl 200,(]OO barcts a d!y. 

rn conrasl |he sourh brouShr wilh I o some$hat more €dw.tcd and urMn ]vorkforce, 

th€ pon of Ad€.. lrd rh€ posibt, sisniliq.r ir up unlit turv onr' nrnrmltry cxptoitet oil 

@l!c of irs larg. .Jd El.tiv.ty u@iptoEd londmN. Orty o@ p€ra of Sou|h 

Y€men 3 loral llnd .re! is bctiqved lo bc culrrvabtc or Nonh ycncn Oe arparlbtc 

a'e(€ is 25 F@nt snd orty one dird ot rhsr one F.ccnl6 &tutry undcrcutlivalaon. 

On lhc {th$ hand. Sourh ydcn s r lsl titomctc, cdsttim.lso nnd a nar rnncs tlE 

lcngll' ol-NonI YcnroD! coust, tus sisnifiutruy sre{lor ljsrElcs rDrnr6t .th! ist d ol. 

Ssoutm. a unilot YeM.s o,nnlndins ,osirion !r the euorvBt (rmr of Anbian 

pcn'nsur. nay wcttjrcEe dD impoflancc n lltcoDil8,q6 

tsy .ll eoun|s rhe fiwuriq of hoth Norrn dd Souh wc Gr6Iy ehFy on 

lnifiqrion. Ci[s tbn hiendty Arab donoB such os Inq pruvrde snc sxod rean 

bldset ry suppon Bur rtE extcMt debr borden ofo united ycnsn Ns q{indel a( 

belsen 5t-87 6ittaon, bughty .qut ro $c cmbined .nnut uop ot rhe lwo @un ies. 

lctwccr 40 uid 00 pqent ot thrs dcbt s$ ntrcril.d l.rotrj rtrc souttr. .l,tcr logcttrr. 

rwll over halfoa lh. {i€b| rrs oN€d ro $. Sovi€r Union, $nh v.nM A6b st.t6 ..d 

ChiG .nerging at other ruior ccditor n.rions. Anoder inn€dr.tc Esltt ot unific.lion 

rG lo mrte Yemen rhe *@nd tars.sl country on ltN Ambirn pcninsuto. o cr Sauti 

Ambia, ifl lemsof |lllhtionrsk|hs t{rd n€ Th! oonrNd F,Dutal,on ot. onned 

YcDcn wus sndltcr lhun Saudi Arub(-s 0lrinrlcd llurkcn or rot|. onty whcn tbcigr 

!o.ke^ and $en tanrili$ rrce rllen nr|o accourt.

Yemen's Flioml ppulalion exeeds llBl of Sludi Anbia's .nd, mat ai mNh .s lhe 

est of tlE Ahbiu peninsuh combinql As tor lond arc., a oiited Yemei is about one- 

lounh thc sia ofsaudiArubis unyhore lhan rrvi@ lne size ot Or tn ecoioni( snb. 

ol coure, Ycncn nas rir ov.rshudokd by trs rughbo. to lhu rDih h 1933, lhc C Dl, 

of.@mbiRd Y.@ $a ndrly 17 billion @mFncd rvnh S?2 billioo aor Saula Anbia: 

Ymen's oil €mins rvcrc lcss rh.n $500 mrltron clmparcn 1o $:8 biltion tbr Srudi 

Adbi! ud Yocn s roreign cxchongc resepcs src less rhai !i500 million @mprrcd 

with $65 billion for Saudi Ambia ThesizeolYcnen'snarionllcconomyisalsslishin 

cmtbrien wnh doF of ils mwh le< ppurour ôb ncishbors suh as on.n (ll3 

billion), trE Unirql ABb UnnoB $21 billion, dd a prc tnqi inEsion Krsair ($20 

Similrly rhr.p di'Iercnes drc €rided of thc l.lden si.l indicalor Liti erpecbnct 

an Ye@n $ onFoimlrcl! 50 yea6 elllEnx| wnh 64 in r*r i Amhia and (tnrn and 

noe filn ?0 an lh€ Em'6les Child moriahy rdtes in Yemetr arcslemlllnes that nolh 

Anb neighboB,'lhee is lpproridately on. d@lor lb. cvcry 5300 Yoneiis. ompardl 

with one lbr every 6qJ nr S.udiAmbi\ o't lirr cvcry 1,0:10 n thu tinimtLs ord oflc lbr 

every 1,700 an Oman -l lrcp vsl dillercms lEnly e$lain thc en$6iasm m Yed.ni 

plbli€ opinion lbr lbe lEqi invsion of KuMil s moe $an orc Yem€ni hs pnvdely 

acknowled$cd.lhc kd(is si|nnlv did lo Kxsoit rvhat Y€nen hN lon{ santcd 1o do k) 

Saudi ABba!, $ich in(h€ 1930, tmlov€r Niagara and Jirln. rogions *hichlhe Y Enis 

egard 6 .aghttully belonging to lhcm The bor&r betrwn Yemcn a.d Saudi A6bia ha 

slill not heer propcny denarcarci, an isuc which is alnct ccrrrnr h b. exaccdstcd in 

lononic crisis is llE biggcsr ch.llcnsc hcul thc unitql YlnEn tlNrc 1r Drr) 

l€ens bcnnd this en!'miu cilsis anl sntu ol-lhcn dulcirnincd nr $c bllrtrving 

{l) bekwardn s oiYencnisononr ilsclfh one rcson ollhe crisis The prubl.m ol 

low prodution an

(21 Cull orisrs had greur rcgut'vc cttlc$ or lhc ycmcni $oNrny us hod De|l|iorcd 

(3) Delinc ofmi

Its €nlrsl m.c.o-4orcmic obj*tiws include r€l non{il sctor gturvrh of4 p€@nt, 

! low€ting ol.ore innation lo 20 percenl liom ne.rly 50 perc.nl in 1995. &d oflhe 

omcaar e{.nal r*N€ posnio. to st. ! themoith lcvel ln supF)n of de 

objeriles" thc p@emmmc enroils aoiceaul .ubilia{on meuiuc and srrucruEl rcfoms !s 

stctrgtheningol lhe budsc(i lhc uvordrng ol uny domcslrc bunt linancitrg ol lhs delicili 

lhe lchiewEenr of posilive rcal ihierd ra|.! leg.l and insliturional clo.hs for b.nls 

ad triwtc selor adivily ud intshenlr ldopring of a ndtrg c&hanlc nlc agine 

${ unifiqrion of th€ €xcnangc nlc; naior rm& ond larill rctomsr and . itlrr !r civil 

$Rie rclbd, cuslons odminrsroron lclbrn dnd prilorizlrion BudAct dclicit M in 

| 994 ? pcrccor lnd in 1995 6 IErccft dd tlrgcl ol 1996, 3 ncr$nr ofc DP 

Sana inc ded lo nnpbmcnl tl*ir privalialon prosrunrm. aggGssilcly 1-o sld( 

sixt€en publio enlerpdss !e brgeed for pnvatidtion or liquidltion in 19)6. As buy€c 

hlw @t b.!n loud lbr dE fid 9l of six ml€qis€q rvhi.h \ree 10 be pivatized Ale. 

lo prenote priv . stor lclilirt. th€ auth lics hsvc bcsun lo libcnlirc lhe l€sll 

framcwrl lor prilat€ invc$hcnr 

In lhe bdte ofp.ymcnts, Yctun's owi cxcrMl curant uounr 19'96 is.xF.l€d 

lo show a delicil equivalenl lo 9 p.@nt ol CDP (nearlv t500 million). -fhis re0@rs 

legely a shdp ris in non-oil selor impon. rvhich is consisrent wnh the prcgamftt 

go*lh objeclivc- a.d lhc ldrse ircreN In $orld grah [i.rs IhF large €xlenEl 

imbdee 4*pile signifidtrl FosBs in haci(EorcNt srabilialion eflds 

esnlially Yemcn\ substani! | cxle mal dcbt rtrd dcbtscrvicc b{rfttr 

Yeme. s.xtcrdl dir s|s .boul USt 8.7 billion cquiv.lcnr ol 162 pccnt of 1996 

CDl,: oflhis !trDunl, n€ny hlll wN in drBr.s lr inrcrcsl !rcln atu ituludld. debl 

tot led ne t US$10 billion (or 184 Dcre olCDPI llnvever. m.sl of thc dcbl\ 

anost lbr lhe lbm€r Soviet Union 8nd l6ted Eurepe lh€ RNian l-€deElion 

a@6Ld fo. aboul 65 Fcnr of lot l .lcbl. 8nd lor abour 90 pe@.r oa ro|!l 

monration ad rntcresl rfterc. fotunalcly, llussia h3d crnccllql hore lhrn 90 perenr 

ulrsllftrohYcr'Lnu' lcw,*l'r(h*!srlhurr'S!7b'lhr

This .xtemal debt policy is aptropriak. Howelcr, s,vtn rlr targe rlghirudes ol 

Yenen s extc@ldcbl sl@|, as$RicingaMl!ond irs turuo doh $Nn! obtisatiotr{ 

r€ldivel, Io ils rupluirt to cu.D tlreign cxcnangc, irtrptemenli$ this p.ticy n|ld also 

achi€ving sircs in nqing lhc pogrunrc.s mertEonomic soal, rcnuie 

subsiantid nna.cial suppon iorn lhe int$nationat conrnunn . 

The @w slory ollne Mildl€ f,$r @no6ic Dagsr maslznB ofJan tO. t997 sale 

posirjvc pic0rcabout Ycmeniftonony undcrlhc hcadtan€ oa(YEMEN COMES BACK 

FROM Tl.lE BRINKI lt *6 reFn€d $ar yemen hqs ererscd ftoD the dotdiums of 

letrl'u6nnd, $ thc qlDmic CnftNth oa ttE Middtc trr. rs $r L Bo tiom rass ld 

con'$r{rvc nchcs wrh {nc ol rlE .cgtrfs tistesr-groqrng N(tr(mB nr |'/9? I.his N 

lne wodd lranl s lb('6t lor Ycmcn, rvhls gtos $otromic pruds| (CDp) ir *linr cs 

*ill gow st a 6t 0l(66)F@nrin @trems. But y€hen s (ononic grosrh hs rcl 

ben lchieled by the stroke ot u magic $snd rh. uprur. 6 thc r.sult ot.s tive-ye0r 

progRmme of qotunic rcfoms riiriol€d in nj4l995, toltdring the Sa@ 

govenhcnl s @$nronol€conohi€ otconrotancr rhe t994 civitslr. 

ln 19116. lhe gov€mnent Emokd @nrot otr th€ crchonge nrc. .the €rv lniti.d nrc 

rchain ena*ablv shbtc since $e floar.tion dd now sr.nds {r abour jl=yR tjo, 

th.ueh in th. iext les v€a6 b.6ne St=yR t60. l de€d |hc ftnlBl Bank edued 

imect Bt6 on rloporrt in Dccemb.. by j F&en|,ogc poinB to 22 per enr. rcreed o 

deer@ or naruBl equilibriun The anrerd bre cul \vA at$ tacitnol€d b] . shoip ia in 

inoation lo aboui 9 rErent ftum atmd48 pc@tr1 t.lt WB Drolich il wil 6 inucto 

l:lll lhas lur ro iust 5 5 pcr€cnl. th6 tus h$n &h,.vL{ rhrougt Oc.c$urnn ot hotrL) 

crealion,rndtheissuihgoflrcasurybils!sstrernalirctuurceotgovernm€n|jnance 

s 

MEED slnt to pcs, rhe govcmhe hd ised oN-rcar-Lbi s tir the firc( tr trrc 

The rcllans hovc rceilql videsprcod inremldort ecosnnn,n and rourd. Onty 

rak alicr lhe BlornsNerc.fltuurcd in cany t996_ a merins i,t-dono.q,unr es in rhc 

Husu€ og@d lo prolide a lollt of $5OJ ni ron jn tinoncFt $rppon lbr rhe ]€or. .1. 

\rhrch !i3t0 niUion M intcndcd lo $ppoa dr Nti,nn prosrdNnc

At lhe end of tu netins, ! slal.menl s"s rctaed bolh com$cndin! $c n6urc 

alr$dy impl{runled. ahd dmNins u$ention lo r nsd tur lulthor slcps o ollcviate $en 

ihFad on lhe poFialion DomG lEve sifte provid€d limilal finaM for ! nmb€r ol' 

enployment and lrtining shemcs lults arc ale uderslood lo L1c undeNav for the 

stnblisnmcnt ol ! pilol *irl lund ltovisioml lisuNs sussg( lDt {lt wB could 

conribure $30 Million-40 million. lid the lill oD1o42J mrllion 

ln llN m€nlirnc, NcrutioMl ,id has con ud lo eonN nr l|E lM F a,rcd in qrlt 

1996 kra l5rnonlh su hycr{dn$nhSDI< l12 milldr(li lel'nilliN).ltrltldloalro_ 

pho$ rctom slElcgi/ Shortly.nc^vards lhc WB ogrcc! to lcnd lhc gorcmmflt 480 

million lo supfl'n dE rcfdm oalrude policr, Pri€li,jtnr atut thc Ph{sing out of pnce 

@nlrcli This wN lirlloscd up lulcr in lnc Ycn bv lh. butrl s dlcision lo ullsde llic 

soemment loans Nnb !165 nillion owr ! rneJs. Friod |t' 1999 -lhe EU hd 

pledgcd BrsnLt sorlh l-CtJ 50 million ($61.? nrillion) lbt 1996_199T including LCIJ l0 

nillion {437 million) in prej@l fimne llo\e@r. t-unher lids d'p'nd on th' 

gotcrnmenfs €ofhilnrcnl to conlnruing e'bans $hicn had 1o approle bt nltemlontl 

The budgel ol-1996 showed thdl lhc €conomv vd stable lB llEurca halc been af€cled 

by lh€ .xchdgc de efoms, hul still rfldicale ! virluil cuhndion of the delicil 

Revcnucs exrruled (o bc rkc bv 90 pcr cctrl lo Yll 101000Inilln (!2i15 milrror) 

ErFnd'rueisllso ioeclslloincll*bt?22 perccnl(o YR113 000 million($2 107 

miltion). lnccstd oil !c!eiu6 Ncre expctcd o dclilcr Dosr oflhe Projsled 78 lrr 

cenl iNrss in rcv€nu.s itr 1996, and lhc sovcrnnctr( wN cli'd otr lurlhcr inc@sc h 

lqr6 Yclncn s ldJ |[xlstor slldsar ar tsxNarql to5-lxrol'd rnd tlE ftntl valuc ul' 

*udr oil extiorls rcrchod 4717.2 oilhon. $irh or ioorcts' ol l2 Nr ocnl iiorc llM 

199J.b memh(rs ol Pn'afrcnt dc*-ribsl llt ligor's $ mRrli{i' Y''ncrirtrlnorilrcs 

arcoprimismol oil and ras sldr rclcnicL lo lirllilits finin'irl d'$ann 'lhc v€$f,ent 

Fojcctions illstmlea{once Y€ncn s deFndcrce on lrFignaid rnd the de!'lopdenl ol 

iLe grs r*rc ol itt ga\ r*w6, lh. @l t'"ncliB ol \$ich Lvill tut be lcn undl alt€r $c 

,ivc-tesr pldn lq96'1000 hN c\Pndd

tbrcign inr*rrn.nln rhe o snd gs sror is.rFcted ro r6.h.lnd yR 39O,0OO 

nillion($3,000 millior),ofwhioh25 per cenr silt be diNred ro rtE liqucfi€d natomtSns 

ehcnE donc. llk *aord h.sc( surk ot.hvslNtrr *i b. Inrustr id, cxpelcd ro 

pruvide YR 207,(J00 ni ion (1t.592 hi ion,. Non€fi.tcs, contidence in rh€ 

govertunenfs dbihy to ochiere some otits largers si be botslded by the Emark.bte 

tumrdnd sine t991, ! yor in which lhc qxmmy Ns reting lion lh. fu inFcr of 

Yemen s criricism br ir5 neielrbouB fo owjns ns soppon br tBq itr rhc Cutacfiis of 

lhc cuoctrt occou deficn Mc|sd u pqk ot $t.2t? Di bn, tbaign exctutrge 

re$R6 sunl b r ncrc $t446 milion. tlE lEde &i.@ s$urs into { mssivc $920 

million d.icn, rnd thnste6, consisling targsty oarehirrnces lnlh yemenis €mpbycd 

rn |lE Gulfshtsnt by 42 F. enl b.t]cn t99O and t99j lojBl t.091 hi ion. yet, in 

Jo3l lhte y€d! lhe €.onmy ha3 monag.d lo dng i6elf bact onto ils t€r In t995, 

Y.n€n r4ordcd a cuncnr acounl surptus of $ t82.2 miltion. forcrgn €xchange re*des 

incersl bctr\€n t99l lRi t99t by atdosl 300 prr ccnr ro tr6 | nn iotr thc |hde 

rlellcit in 1995 rvs u merc $l I hi||ion, ucoordrn8 ro lhc lMt,. wo.td Bont cstimutcs 

djllcr, blt sr l slbn erFrrs gro$in8 !l a n|o comFMbte b $sr or mpod' 

Ycmen s dcbt burdcn is d$ rnrMgsbtr. pans Ctub m.mh(6 remm.n&d lhctr 

GpetiE govcmn€nls ro @tE

Mut@l neSolialiotu .onlin*d rhougholt thc sond hill of 1990s snd liMlly 

suc.eeded. 1 hc l\w sides rigmd on inbmdioool border agrNmc||t on J u@ 2000. which 

ended and closcd rfu tiordg cluplcr lnded, YoNoo s rcl ons with ns (;ult rcighbouN 

- wrlh lh. qccpron orKuwun- huvc improved lo suoh dcsrcc thut Ycmen made s boal 

appli€{oi ro join rhc cCC in la|€ 199'6. Sludi suppon !l$ ties bchind $e 

E

!,r.@-r,iabr 

t95 llei6-Tlee? 

r6.tmirid Tr 'iiiti; ' 

2. l 

z:ps 

281 

r82.7 

Sou@3lMf wodd B.nl 

YEMEN: ECONOMIC tNDtCAToR. tc95-t9q7 

($MILLtON). 

479 155 

':1!' lY- - 

lfll 1,,1: 

61)2 7a2 

l.it.o-Tr?rJ - 

Sector{l Problenrs 

. lNI'RASTRUC'IURE 

The rdm of large nomb.r of y.md tabos from li.ldi ABbi, ancr RiFdh 

emlled rlEir priviteg.d $!tB h t.re t99o hG heen mrhins sho.t oa d€verlting. .t.he 

country hs losr a najor sourc€ ot lbreign exchange income from rcnitrlnccs ond 

nncnployncnt has sh'l !F tiunheftor.. rhou intiasrructuru h{s bdn itkunlt b corE 

rvilh the n4iivc culrang poFrt.tion exFnsion !.o$d 6 Fr em nation. , t ur m*fi 

higlrc. in udan enrcN, pdnicularty t{dcidah. t-hc srain on wler atu swogr *Rrc6 

hdl bc.n hug. I he counry is heavitt dcp.trJcnt oi underSroukl 

now need pote.tron. lnc@ed demanded mohs lhey are fl.is\ ot.b€ing overdowo and 

poor orbln *Nsge snt pbledon l-mm conraminalion. Wcrcrbom digas.e norv 

Fctr|alrng {n ahmins. c TIE wortd thnt. "nich r\ yrmcn,\ mst cust.nl aid 

donor, rs gir ing prionty n, saleFrctaled proj.rh

The reum of.xpatnrks liom Arab Oulf st!rcs is altu prllrna prcssure on po\wi 

s.rviccs. Popululidn cxPansior ll0s Nerl tlsL lrvcr gcrcr!(ir is l)rc| otr lhc ugcndu 

-llE public Ll$lticitt Gttorulit n pnj.jicl'trs ! snodtull F\tr gencnlin! caperlv 

1o srye lfic qpllal in lhe rc!. foore, and il is @mmissionrng a assib'lnv {udv for a 

sFsll garfircd pl.nl in Madb A l.!gs plur( nray also hc brill clo$r lo Sunaa as ! 

. PROJDC'I' TINANCI; 

As fie unified Yemen pushes ahead wilh Mrioml modcnrisation lhe lisl ol v'l6l 

toje|' on |hc 8lvcrnm€nl3 q.nda aknrs constan{lv Iocll linlna is ell€reI} 

linned. dd thc World Uanh is caulioning ld&'rce otr connercitl boro*rng' $ dE 

progre$ ol pruJecl acilily is largcly dqFndcnl on lh. stlitudc ol intcrnalional 

conce$ionll lc&lc^. ln rhis Esp€I. mates could srccly bc $os A world Bank 

rcpr&nLliv.6ina6 lhat conBionary nn6.cine is poboblv nov wnh onlv ! fiih 

of iB pe-Gulf slr lw€I. Thir is lar4€ly o esull of int€FAdb lctrsions €nscndcE{ rtq $e 

invusion ol Kuuon. wnh lhe rich Culfslalcs oding Yemen oll lor nol joining the anti' 

l6q coalilion. l h. situlion tuw ap!.a6 to lEvc botlohcd oul, * nh lhc Arub lu'd lb' 

t'irmmic & li{xirl hvclopnrcnl cumins flcvio6 

cofrmil'ncnls and lt-ginnins lo l'olk 

about ncw proj@ts. and thc lsllruc d.lclopnNtrl Baltk alto lunicipldlg tu ncN ptojNts 

But lhee h sliu m sisn ol ccopedion Nsuming \nlr $c Kurvarl rund fron A6b 

Fionomic DcvcloDnlcnl or tlt saudi ljorcnnncnt oid h.s rl$ ban losl. lo @mpound 

San!!\ finsncinS diliicuhes, (lNcollap$ oloommunrsl rcrimcs in Lrsl loQp€ qnd lhe 

Soviet Union put ndid lo tnothc. hiftnr rnh !,urcc ofril, ud w.stem colnlnes "€ 

m* dircrlins lurds lo slwc un (h. N$ 4\crnntnt- \h(h hr\c !.tcn lhcr drce s 

$e prcsurcs of slobal tur.ssn'n mounl. F siou\ ltul. rs lcll li)r .ounlrts su'h as 

Genna rnd lhc Ncrlulinds aa slill Nunlainins sturg gnnr ol lomessiodr) 

lendrns proSr0mm€s, but lhc wond Lronk slts rl r llndiir ( hord 1o llid co_linarcie6 

br larg. projccB. The world 8!nk nslf his nrcrered diiburucmcnls l( suvs, increa*d

gowmne elhcicrct h6 sn a sjgiilicrnt improtm.nl in rt-d Elc ar irhjch pro.j6tr 

!B r.'deiNnl€d 'lh. UN D.vrtopme ltogtunnc is stitrMrn,g ! rurii,l-ribl. \j6rnis. 

@nlc@fte, ar $hich rhe sovcmh.d n tikcty to slrcss rhr rmFov€menr lo poLnlrar 

. NA ONAI, /tccotrNl.s 

l1r. oM'c Frirlion ot birh yemcns hd ohfNrs Btn D(a.sous A tarac 

radnionol subeslerce stor @nbincd lrtfi a th.vrng undcrgtuund murk€lptee 

hrslon@lly one.ed sotoe c6hion, a c,iriqt &cLr siven 0E blsk end ofrcdr m,c 

@mnrc fisurd. which Y€mena policymate,s must ,rollllbt' le rf, dch D*mh.r 

lh€ usuol rcspon$ by private ychenb ro rbrcig exch0nge shonsges! rvhrch trmir lh€ 

Inpon ofdBireil consuncr goqls, is smpty b bot |hcm on lhl btac& m.rtel Majo. 

smuggr'ng reul4 itulute, by boor a@s th. R.d sa trcn Djibour .nd by Toyor! 

Lmdcoiser octu$ th€ S.udi fronter Ofiiciat figures Lom ue Jar6n 

Meulacru@ asEaaion su8a6|s tEl ûromobrle 

lhc Lo ycmcn imponcd onty tjoo Jlpane 

vchicld in 1938. o t-udi.ro6ty tow fieuE as any onc who hd rdvcted m cith.r yeh€ni 

will .u$r. Mosl vchictes atong with t.rgc quandaes ot otts ,nF)ns aE rnpry nevcr 

ludqi in govcnnncd slatstoi 

Olllciully. Ycnctr is dcpendcd oa rhruc .in eurces tbr eae torcrgn cxclEnsq oil 

.xponr remnraEcs !d rbErgn aid The tons-km o!tt@! tor ceh is problendic. 

Hieh€r oil pric6 ae a Esulr of$e gul (i!is r€pEsnt an uncxp.cted wrndra lbr $e 

remcn tolemnenl. on lhe orh6 ha,n. lhce hjgher price vl tr ooi*l to sn€ cxtent 

by an llm*r €rr.an &.linc rn .id rqrfls. rh. Kuw!,lr al(t lrogBfr €nrnlrdl al 

belween $20 otrd trj50 nrltio. a yqr has utMdy ben rcnrnDted luture smrlilmcntson 

lhe pofl ol orhcr dooo6, plrri.otul, rtF oit ich A..b sllls. @ ururhrn. rn .ny .e by 

smc !@unls Nt .id (!id kdpts n,nus d.br rcFyhcnrl fmm { A6h s,!ftes to 

Nonh Y.m€. h{d ol@dy dec|nF! ro tess $!n $20 mi ion in t98S, down l.eh ! hrgh ot

.llins @n!.nes arc de m imG6ing @@fl' Dotr's asistance &'lhcd 

drdmarically lhoughod thc 1980s, liom neirlv $2 billiotr f'r both Y€nens al th' 

beginninB ofthc decade lo 16 thtn t?0oo trrillion in |983 lheb!l[of E anitr.n€ 

trarc always come rrom SuO atubi0 UP onlllAususl l9q0 on ircrcs'ng Ponv oflhc 

V.neni o.mu"itv . Sa"ai a6hia sd m'd€ up or w'men ond childrun a sisn of 

eNinS in $hi.h nomtllv reduces fururc rcmnnne inltow( ln lh' Mlc o' tlE C!l' 

cnsis.lhe pGnion ofthc Ycmcrtiworkcs bccdnc morc prccariols a'd sn cslirndcd lull' 

nillion Ycndis hnvc NlMdv aturtud hom' tinlilc c ticr r 

'n 

unitd Yem€n rvill no loircr be ablc lo dct(nd on renrilltnces to nMnce mpons aN 

neltc shorr lcrn liBmid dimcsltre 

. S0RVICUS 

- rii- i, ii*;rv " *-i* eoonv rvnh Fric$ rccoumnu tilr rY€ll over halr oi 

iG btol GDP The lbiqunous rceklv md{ets sll€rcd thrcughour thc cou'try' thc 

wid6Fed iiLBsr df, F. of r'turme migrdnts in $l'nB lhcm$lvDs up $ tldcF' 

rc$autrl opcdlou, o. tlri dvners, rh' smugsling undeNtv on I 6l sle - 3ll lhis 

conribures to an impcssive tsding n€Isrk which covcm vinlallv €lery 'rca of rhe 

@untry Sose pcopl€ eid $al liftt Anerisn |o r@h lhc mmn bNt in 1969 s in lel 

sel b; Ycncni rnd$ who Bol thcrc tusl lhG apo€ryphdl slorv 'lluslr'tcsthe lcry rcll 

lN$ lsl Yemcnis hat in thc lpa$ Gtabltsh€d lhem*lves ds succ6slirl bdmsncn 

!|td €ntrePrcncu6 ,n tll Frls ot thc w'rld troF Vrctd$ n' lndrt lioft fi! tjn ql slal6 

Oole.nm€ officialsot€ rncreosrnglv arvut ol$e danseFolerccssivc rcliafte ofl the 

$oi@ stor. PBid.nr Sdeh q'd va'io$ solemmcnr minin'6 liLllenllv om!n@ 

ftrl YemcnB run lcun ld prolucc morc lt\r' lrrtl! ldvroc givcn thc 

'nd 'onsunrc 

.rlcnt lo *hich nN b€onrc &Ndlcnl oo oohid' sumlicrs lbr $ ol rls 

'nNh 

cquiEments A1tn€ smc tine *Nies !E lik€lv lo conlinue b @pNnl lhe snrgt 

l.ryesl srctor of Yemen s rconomv lbr vcaB ro cohe lf lrGrnp(s $ d€velop Aden 6 lie 

pon @ s4ssfut, fic imponance ot$Nicc nav incrctrs iill funher ltior ro rh' Oult 

connic! t)urhN rus ulso cnrcrging 0s I surprisinglv imfiflud clcmcd in Yoe'''

s.nie sro. Nedt Sqooo tolrisk visir.d Nonh ye,nd In less. orc fitih of rlEn 

riom Cerouny ond onc utlh ot-rhcn lhn otherArub oou.l.ies. Inurism nts€ontriblFd 

Dore than tl? miltrotr in tbrcixn exchanxc. h lhc smc !e.r apDrorrnabty l0.qxJ 

krcrsn rounsh vrsn€d the south 

. AGRICI'LTURE 

AgricultlE h6 alwoys ben a msinsroy ofy.men\ L{onony in nor Norlh and South. 

ra phce in Nonh Yem.n is €spcci.Iy inpon&! wlErc n @ntines ro enpto, 60 pcrceir 

olthewltri'N onl rup.c$nr ulbll otu-ti|h or.rh. |t d cr)t,, cxctulins cutrilat,otr ot. 

lxc mrl

Cropping deisions ovcr tlE port ren yqrs huvc rcautted ii d slilj ulvoy roh tmdilioMl 

csh .rop6, such 4 corlon ond ladilonll c.rqls, such 6 sorghuD. At lhe eme tim 

whql plldlcrion lns iN@qi in impondnd. Ih(ru harc ate txrn subrrantrt ie.tj,$ 

nr $c rrdlntion ollll vrridi.s oa lru'r\ !trd rcs.$btcs irutudnrg ttN in|(netun ot. 

smc ncw varienss. Ovcr the lons €ountrics lor high lalue lruits ond vesclabtes, . 

slraGsy lollose

Ti. derllopmefl of a Ftbt.urn iiJisirr- in \,.fr.. r.prciir a sra anii6t in 

deGi.pm.nl stj;I. bii cn rcnli and surh. S,rlh y.nr.ns p.rorcuDl rcscr6 aE 

*hmal.d ai Dbr thin ihr6 billion bareh. cmpaRd * i$ onl' onc bi|aon bancls in $c 

nonh. Noncihclcs qploirarion of ait rc$E s ii rhc sdn h6 la8g.d tar bchi t 

Qunlitics oloi! har. bccn known lo bc prc* in thc soulh tohca* bul har. sri| tror 

bcct qploircd in comnc(iollt sig.iltc.nt quandics 

TIE evid uuhB.icr ul.rreJ *nt, dgydopi,a U,. .cru,vli tr,c !,u!ud vE,y stu$l!, 

ar.d wen ar urificaliotr exN s were iririinat Evetr Ad.r (efioe.y buitt Nr. rjiai, lhrte 

J{3d€s aan by lne Bridsn {.D€nital u oit nnpodr tun, lratt lt,c tulicr onior ond 

.l*niE.. lirL its nF rioN 

fron rhe soutlis pe6Fclive th€.tT€crirene$ trilh $hi!n ! Teisbsed -nrpany, 

Ituni di. list ilurnl aiid lirr rnanieieJ nonh .,tnrni nit Nas, Fn..t!t ircriir€ fnr 

tn;fic.tiotr lir lluni s.oup iil nrEi oit in Ljar;ir ;n Jlli l9gj, an$ ho,€ itari itro 

d.ad.s ol utrsus.siiui.\plo6ri!,t t, a r.ri.s oiniher t!.,s| wtrtranres. 

ln j6t oler rhre tars $. tl{-l;ioni.icr i';F.!in ln ih. trJ :;a n4 .niiipi.t.J anJ 

Nnni '/.n.n cnt r.J th. rants at ihc oiliiponing niii,ns. ,t,hi Mlrib itiscowr, 

.6ulr.d In a flur,, oi oihcr oit ciitoraiion actirii, jn ihl Rcij Sc itbrdt jtunn an,j 

TcM@), thc enrhl hightaids (TeM@I rhc TihMa (.l.cu@ and I tunt) and nr6 arcunil 

|ildib (Euon ord ttunr). o0cn $irh diepFanriis Glks Noncrhctcs, th. cMmdc ol 

Y€nEn Hunl oil i" findnrg an,t rl,eo cr|'.titrA oit. l'o!idud lnJ rtr,p,u$ive crarrptc ot. 

@mm.rcially driven enlcicflcy snd rctutvc, rhioh hs ben $idetFppBiard n, br,U 

. TRIBCS 

Lact ofcounlrt$ide lo{cnnenl od.ot 16 ahlals len a ti.r o if. ,n ftuittrr 

Ycmen. rirh ccnhl and rribal audoil, ccxrslcntins nlar^.t) P|htessty O,l 

dev€bpnent has drstuded rhe deli€atc cqlitibium, ho$!!dr, as l@at rrib€s tiercct! 

rc*nr lhe Sorchmc.t eaining r$tnrcs tom land rvhich rhc!.onddcrcd lo bc ft.irosn

'I|tn Saudi neighboB hsvc ollcn hb.olly oand lhe bordcr litEs -l h. govcrnm€nt hac 

heenquicl b ae{rd brish milih.t p.olNtn)n nr dt nonlErn pruYin.adfol_.,arvl ollcn 

le,vitrg nrilil.ry trNl0llarons in plsc aricr (hc orl havc dc\tlo|Bl lo Lt dl ons'dcobl' 

imtotuncc l-or co$plni.s p.ospcclrng In hs usr 

.lloRDlrRs 

'lho.bolixonol it hordd tt-lv{cn Notlh ond s{urh Ycnrun eu lh€ disopp€aran'eol 

$e only inlemornnuuy rd.snrisr.l lonricr ir lhc r'cninsul! \umcn h6 loru_ 

^rdhidtr 

-l 

sl,mding bod€. disputes Nilh ils 1$o neieibous, Oman a Sauli his @ have 

'\6bi! 

ranrilicolons tur oil componics ullcmpting lo e\tktc rc olc aruus some lorcrln 

compurcs hds ulucql the sizc ol rts explooton concls$otr, shich Inilnerly hugae.l d 

nurls lcnslh !l tfu il|rl€lire{ Saud' bordrr lilllds to lir lhc bodca hulc now ben 

nctlEd up An rsrucNcnl $rlh (tn,n ,s olos ro ssntruro. rDd lhe rcn'n Nhiuh deN rt 

!p rsutrdrrsl(d lo|{ preprrr.g k' nu( No'k utr llN s!ud' liui' 

issue wrlt b€ tlE q4sliln ol llt PruviBs, \hiel t€E lllollEl to S{ud' /\i.bi. in l9ll 

lMry {lier u bricf wur l hL'$ lur lilc aicls nut u slrotrg utr bloul pull lir nron leoens 

n llN widcqdJ vicwlhrllh.t N.rc url.rlt lor slolls t-SnuJr l!ur''lg 

.I}tIREAI'(;RACT' 

tur oulsider unu$d to rhe sYstem, the Yem€nr buorNrac! oan b€ notonolsrv 

inFnelmbh In s'nc ways, 'ncryer €n b. sid to h.re compoufrlcd lhe pioble'n $ 

€c ain hinistncs crcarol ncw trrs ro !!oid disp.tr$n8 \nh nonhcn or southcrn 

flnclionaries But, 'nostbusin€ss eurces notv rcpod, genuine vilhngn$s on tht @rl ol 

the gov€mne lo nrm dow tlE Nnrsln6 atrd rrcrs llrtr ellicrcrEv Swrngmg cub 

rerc mude in (1rc d{ltnc! nrrrslry and onc Inrursn dNdvcr $th cn'sc 8ov€rnnunl 

lonLluls sys tlt! $trru \vll llllor ll'c uLlrr trtrrahrcs orc I'v (n( lhc govcnrnerLrs 

rl$ expated to entturl on r Drqrd'nmc ol lrghlenrg utr l,trbrru *urtr co Frt'c\ nr nn 

ofictnpr b nllkclhctr' oFr.t ulung N,e corDurcill hRs Sueh rEllurus !r€ l'l{lv lo 

wii llle .pprovul ol doDr sovcfltrn.trls d u!{rcruJ ll(trr L[u) nrll 80 

$c!ry|blul.lor!6Jysulletrtrslinn'h'gh('un'plotn'.trr r\amrh'In'alrcr 

doRtr wrlh d

. FREO Z)NE 

'lhc Srnaa b.s liN zoncs aulhorily h.s Droduccd r glosev b(Enurc addcssing lhc 

bcncfils oa^dc. !s Ycmcn s gutcMr to lhc rrcrld. s*h {nnou 

lbrci*n inlcslmcnl ond l@al spilalt 

. MANUIACI'URING 

&3pit€ ! l€racy ol plblic Klor alctoncs cstablishcn rvilh lid lM Ea$$n Bl@ 

eurces in both Nonh and South,lhe mosr rib.a pan orYement induslri.l scclor r€sl 

an pralatc sror hnds. Public sror pl.nrs in erunt. texrles.nd olher n@s arc 

noloriorny ineficicnt konicdly, n0ny ol Yemcn s nost p.ominefl prival€ 

entr€pGrFl6 a€ lio'! Aden, horing oed North in lhe yens since 1967 lhereh$ne 

hop. lh{l th.s .ntcpMcuft $'ll nov durn homc. Lxpandnt Inre5rmefl in|. lhe 

Soulh€m p.n oath. @unrry Onlh..wofunific.tion rlm.slalr Ycncn smanulmlunns 

caDacily w.F onccnl.ar.d in llrvcilies 

M.nuracllanA rcpcsnts 12 pcrcent oa thc domeslic (onomy h thc No(h and an 

unknorvtr br ptubdilv comparublc lisuru nr rhc sourh A trcrlirihlc Drouflnr {l rhc 

Ntl lbB in bolh counlriG Nt@lly srls iu $e setor Priralclr hcld Lctones aB 

gencr.lly snall but modern, prodocins primdrjly coNond stud$, lood produch and 

buildrng mal€ills l Rnnical cap€nrs is ollcn imponL{ grom oltside,.Dr rhe bult of 

$e wrk foc is Yemeni ln c.nt 'qE. toGi8n €x.hsnge h6 morc and moE becom a 

cirucolcdnslanl to nldustrial dcvrlopmcnr ir Yemen Mlchiner] 0nd nrd hcluy inpurs 

mus| bt nnponcd ft.n oGidc. As licetrsi.g &mngcnNnrs aie impo€d ro try .nd cop. 

with srowin8 foEi8n erh{ns. shonl:'lls. ihclori6 0rc lomcd to shur do*n or run al 

crealry rcdftLrl *|D!i(y Whilc.onsumor g@ds con lt lmusrlcd fteely ucross rhc 

bordc., it is nn(h more diniculty ro hri.g in lh^r'gh arttnErn! re es tfu hcavl 

mochrNryand m* materiflls nc.dcd ('.rprnd Yemcn (snorl manulocruring hnse

Thc go9@tMt $ len to sl6r tlE eitq3ilc indcldal c\pqicnce ol th€ m|l forc 

|n dcn rs o $in ol goliig lrlacnotrsol itrvcslnrc r r|r liN ^rr 'l|N luhour brcc 

in lhe $utleri spiLl !l$ h.s a long tdilion ol union organrixons in the B.ilish 

coloni{l adninisl.oton 45 sowrng rrotcsls. cmploymcnr lcd 1o imrc4ing poplllr 

lctntions droughout rhc counlry 

. coMtlllrNtc^ oNs 

InlciNtiondl lclcphotrc linls wilh runh nu cxc.llcnt. but th. south.rn s\stcm is slill 

sefaale and upgddins qnd c\pansion lre d6p.r!t€l] n$ded if A&fl is lo h. ! s€nuin. 

econonic snd cohmeoiol qpilal r_orcign donos hare bNn qoicl lo L{ogni* this ned, 

splnol on by d d6iE lo Domotc oppoiunnics for thcn oN ld@mnuniotion s 

comp.nres ,n a direcdy .omp€lirvc Internrlionol nrorkcr llnlish ltleom i norv 

prcFring t€nd.r documcnrs lbr a .iopon.*-li'ndcd Fi.ct ro r.thcc Ad.n s cxisling 

.quipn.nt wilh digilrl exchanges and opticlib.R. li!rce is de lln.ming modeniation 

wlk A comsionary lon is poring for o cont€cl lcr lo te l.rcnch lim lo insloll 

s*irchjng eNipncnl in Adcn anl to idpow rh: c.pacnt ol thc A&n-S!M 

hnsnissionlinl on bolh 3idesol lhc lorrurhordcr.

The rrrfcrerr:. 

. Sr ulNnggur. I'rivori/ruotr !trd Slsrur.t ,{dtrBlrn.nr D or Arub lounLis,lMr. 

W6hi0aion D C, i 939, ppr {j,t-67 

. Middl. E6r Lconomic t)igesr, Jan 10,i, t99?

The Conclusion 

(l) l,@nlc oa lilrh rabh orsi&r as orc nolion .nd rrcrc unilql tu m.ny Mlorig in 

the .rcicnt and middlc hislorr while disinrc8dtd for shon rE.n'd duc lo l@l pohi@l 

resoru or foreisn invlsion. Prcsenl rclnifislion, theeforc, i5 u natuor €v€ in lhe 

hbtory of thc r€gion. h.rc !re cohhon lado6 miting lhe peoplc of South A€bia and 

' 

FrI. rh.m one mliod|ny, g6gnphy, history, laneue€, *iAl, cullre, ennon 

d.sriny, elc. ln noden c6, V€nen dividd inlo lso rErrs South and Nonh bt loEiSr 

pow, lurkish aad British. As sn 6 loreist QcuFlioi ol Ycmcn endei tnd lhc 

p.opk b.came lree lhe, be!!n dialosue whh qch other ro rcuni(. fien homellnd. 

Bro!* ofoificatioi caos both pons lought ogaiNt sch orhq two major wa.s ond 

.ner cEry \6 the le&l€6hip of $e rs $at6 lound lbal unificalion was b6t sluliofl lo 

.nd tlt di|IcErc bdNen lhe rwo sid6. 

(2) Ihis slud! is esnined lhe unification p(ks o|rd role olnlenlo| and intern.lional 

lrcloB in ils succLs lt hs ben lound thll lhtrc dre majd cll(l of th. chmS! of 

incmdional enviMnent o. p6u.ia lh. lrrc Ftu of Yen$ b 6loc llEi. 

unilicalion. Ymis buill sl@ng and pr6FrcN civilislion durins thet unnt penod 

under cenlol gowrnncnt ed plated nrajor rolc in inlcrnrlion.l lEde bd$*n Asia, 

(l) Thc .xper is lhal uniliqlion of Yemen sould c@le s€N ot oFanisn anong Adb 

p.opt.s dd ns lhc nope rMl An! unig is possible ir the tui.B mrk d sineFly ror 

(4) lh. initi.l ch.pre6 ol lhis srudy I'vc bncl hisrory about YcnDn, besinning trith 

.ncienl h*rory, mi(dlc and up to lhe moden e6. South A$bis is onc ol |he mosl !rcrcnt 

cornlri.s ol the world .nd i1s p@pl€ rrce vcry !c!re. Archd.ologisls eid lhat the @ 

ws us.d for hunling ?5,000 teaB ago and llints Md l5,L$0 ysu ago have b@n 

l@sEd. Qahan bin N@h s6 lhe dftesro. of SFutnerh .^6bs lnd lhe md eho 

542

olght agriculruE to tlE Yemen. ltis sotr, lhe te6h las said ro hrle sep.mted thc 

obac md I lcbrcs htrguN$s. Popuhr South A,obiln Shrcs S{l{ (Shcho), Mien, i rd 

rtunrar rE e e &trvc eoDoercBlty thrr eme ot ftln rvNs hlvc hln rnurdjd in 

l'llsnnc,lhc pod ofKing Soromon (p u.U.lt) ffil as rar as t,uRr.nh al6, Orcee ud 

Spoin, lhe polirial srstcm oa rhos sht$ beean as lhc@hcics and t.lcr bNonc 

kingdoms whilc thc.ulcs reldincd hicdtic tirnclions and the dLrisioh,making look alicr 

onsul|||ron of notablca. t hc c@.ohy of ths srar€s depcndcd on lEdc od osacutrurc 

Yenen bume pan oflh. tslanac slatc as yern€ni p6dc sur hclicved rn tstom rnij 

uctivclt l}JnLcindcd ii ils s|ncd ! ov.r rlt { d. t\ot ot Muh nmL\] tt,tJ U ) 

appfls.d Yeneni ollilldc sying f.nh !d wijtom..e ycNcnj- ymen aoiiNd 

und.. lslmic rule until lhe lde yes of Abbcids stiphlle. $mc goenou on y.m.n 

'w 

.8.ansl injcti@ l.E ol enc Abbsrid CEtipns, $.Gtbrc, numc.oc i.depsnd.nr 

movenenk arou*d.n dif.rnt provinccs otyemcn. 

litccnth enlur! b.oosht €xlra Fobtcns lU $e yone.i pcople t.he ountry rir s 

! iq Eu.opqn in6ioN t he SFdar& lrd lhe PonuslE$ erpc qt tlE Mctims trom 

lh€ lb..ian P€nrnsula in 1492 and then c,ried c,us& c.,nF|rg r8liftr tsta,nrc Sro|t 

-lhcy sttaok€d No(h Atiiou and al!an..{ bwurd Indi (rccun I 

callcd llollt war 't h.ir qnr|Rigtr sas lhrcllcn nNlrsation d llud!.clrlnb D lhc Rcd 

Sct and A6bian Sca ltum shec $e! buih siege around thc ychcni s pons rlhich 

qu$d panrc arnonBst nor dt' yhenis but ate nlt Nttrrtims. d$cr, rN ycnrtris 

srronSly rcsisrcd l,onugucs ud torced lhcm ro tcav. our ol rhc rqjon o omans 

c\prnded bward eu$ Amb by lhe nrid ot Uncenrh ccntuft rtrd contro|ed Nxt ot. 

Ycmcn lbr one cenrury lnd then fac€d strong .esisrance by dc Zordi nnams in lhe 

mrihem hrahland rcaion. rvhach forql ih.m to ljEnr $ti knomy ,ote und€r rhc 

lm!ft ru|.. Thr Ollomrns $nhdEw tom No.lh yen€n in r9t3 ond Nonh yrtrEn 

bsoftc m and€p.ndcd slate und€r Tjril tmrhal€t rute t.h! ncr rute6 coutd iot 

dqlerop lhc counky &d did nol ! ow tbrciSnc6 lo enGr ycnr$ l.or lbor lhal t.orcign 

Inrlucnc€mjBhldcnriscYcmcnsindep.&r_nl't.h!tm,,nsrcjcclcdarycaltnnecoDotrlic

snd poliicll rloms of $e counlry slslem, $eetorc, Fopl. EvolGd lsdmt those 

b&kvdd rulcrs in 26 SeptcmlDr 1962. Coisqdnllt. Nor th Ycm.n h$ru "lhr YcnEtr 

B.itain !dlhco.ly LuioNun powet lo sNcls rn MulJ_ lx\rlh Ycnrcnilin ol dcn 

in l8l9 6d lllcr erlen&d ns control owr 6tem c@$al .@ lder the N@r or 

prolslion o@lics $nh lhcl@l sulLns |titish scupaliotr hslcd ror morc th!fl hundcd 

yeau. lronically. rvhrlc Bilish posnion trcnglhencd doy_bv-dlv lnd Adcn b@ame an 

inr€rndtion.l frs rbn, nonlNrn narl of YcNtr .cmaincd b0.l!v!rd and artllc rion rest 

of tlE Mtld. lhc dolulnr a8tinsr ailish colonialisn l*Ann in lloulh YcnEn which 

condnued lor oboul five yea6 ond roted thc Brnish lo NrlhdDs liom Ad.n hd othr 

Prorecto.utcs io 1967 dnd $uth Ycmcn doclurcd rn,ndcpondonl sltrb lnow by PNdet 

Republic ol Y.m€n tsy lhol time, Ycmcn olliciallJ divid.d inlo l*o slol6 and bolh 

rbllo$ql dilijcnr F)ln'col syslcms. whilc Nonh Yencn rcmcnL{ onsrvalive coumrv 

b$ d*lofEd libenl *oturny, Soulh YcNcn adopEd sNiolist-Man'sl pol'c's and 

becone closc olly to lhe World S@ialht 8ld. 

(5) Yenen rws divi&d inro nio stot$ doring tlE Cold wa. cd o ach pan lollolved 

dill€rc poliri6landid@logirolsyslenr: 

Sovi€t UnioncslablishcddiDlonllrc chtnrns wilh Soulh Ycm.rr as $on as il declar€d 

in 196?. lh. rcgime lhol rccciv€d plnvd lioD rhe Brir([ ulicr th€n w(hdtssal *6 

vise.llly dnli-w.srcm . commnkd lo adtrtron i$tr,sl lltc tu{ton v iulcK on the 

A6bia l'cninsuh. 'l te Soviuls !snL{ lu dd $. tu. rqvtts llul $trc RDled r dcologt. 

i. the Sinqsovi€l disput, und nainly tur slmlesrc considctuliotrs sduln Ar0b'a is in 

oEa oi grcdr srtu.cgio inl n.ncc. conl.ollinA is il docs lhu cnlturoc lo rn. Rcd Sd 

which grvL* uer\ to ftc Li,nt dNs olsrudi bhr,, sudon nnd lthtupio,.nd lhr 

''bact de^ ofl,gyplad lsrcl

Oic. having B6ped th's opportuily, lhry od their Ea$ Esoprao aid Cubai altics 

quiclly b€amc |hc m.in eu@ of,$isr.k to Aden tly thetr advone, dEy olld 

ar€cl cvenb and uondnions bolh rlEE and in adjent teinbncs @nbired with U S. 

polrcr$ and rcSional even|s. crcat€d new condiiions in lhe esion which incraed $. 

connicb mMg Oc egimt s|.t6. Tne Sovi.r, lft abl. to nalc esndd inpo.r on 

lhc politiel, @nomic! or wi.t albdc, csoe.i. y of Ad€n, bur trnn .fi€d on ruol 

a@s. Th€ domimfl intcmat to@ ucrc, and tarrcty remlin. tstamic. lnbat, .nd 

6eda ve sup'cios of 6diqt ohln{c .nd @mmontm. 

USSR provid!\i esFnlist lrctp lo Adcn through adviscR utro roDd8 progrdrN lrd 

burlding the Ychcni S&iltist p!ny, s rutins pany whicn *prued ft€ q@ of 

'$icntific sirlis'r'rnd h.d lcry ctos tis to lh. Cru,nmunisl p!n, of rbvier Union 

(CPSU) lh€y *orr.d b qnhrrce rhe @ginc.s tegilimucy In he rnornarbnot aEnd 

lrtrough propag.id. suppon and a d@n ot delegatom to and tron A&n .t.hen 

@@mic lid Bcr very tlrge in abelue rm,.nrl im@ingty inetT@riv€, bur \6 ! 

s'Snrficmt raclor in $c country s suBilal in irs cnty days and onwards. Of geul 

importamq howcler, ler rhcir scurirt 6isr.,@ and Dit ary aid rclat.vety large 

arn@nG or nBJcn wpons. mitir.ry .nd scurily F.$nnct, rnd ttu,rins. Adln lEd 

adopred Mccos s lri€nds a its own lnd cnthusi$licrly cndoFe{l slEl rnremalionll 

and.csional empd8,s ln addiion, Aden providdt &cc$ ro irs aer|nies i, th€ pon of 

Ad.n lrd allow.d thc Sovi.ts lo buitd .n ai.bo* .nd olhcr t&irili6 @r A&n, ro. e in 

suppon of the Sovicr N.vy,s tndiln Ocean stiviris, tor hanrne .Nonnarsncc, and 

for sidging nighB ro rhe Hon and beyond. 

'llE Si,vicls, rf,vcntdcss, q,!td nol cotrrDtrlcty lo nrnrrN.nrc rr r,t)tty-s Ertirilll 

syslcm sunicicrrt! (' chsuro th0r thcn hvourirc slaF o rnvcr. .this crcolcd tucliuul 

lrend imide th. rognre of Sooth yh.n. -ne Ftiri€s evolvst atuund ,Eenlti|i€s, t.itEl 

alrilillion, binhpt@ (Soufi y.meni s. Nont y€neni). !id, ro ! l*er €xknq id@losy, 

allunderth€umbrctlaotrhc ysp. Coneqren{r, hclionut tignlhg omohg thc teade* ot_ 

Souh Ycnen oll-bbkcn in event @ions lrd td bl@dy oE w6 t986 cilil wlr 

545

vhi.h led ro complele deslruction ol the country's inlilslrwlurc ond lefi lhouends ot 

( orrn.lhm Norrh Ycm.r 

B.ing fi. m@t densely poPultl€d country in the Arsbian P'ninsuls and 3l6Lgicallv 

ldLd Saudi Anbir's bict d@r' Norlh Ycrcn ccuF s a k€v Pos'lion thd tftec 

$c sfett of S.udi Adbi., lhe Culf slal6 {nrt oilfields Il is lhis s16l€gic Blirv thtt 

mudc Y^ll-Soud' ohLnN bom so lurgc li,r rhc YAlt (l'01 hcr rul(nn$ wnh aov of lhc 

o0Er Aab sroEs Falc bt @mp6non .nl lo a *rv larsc cxlcnl' Riladh sK llE 

p6dmei.^ 6 lo how l& Sa@ @n sl4r an indepcndenl lb@ign policv' l hc rcltlio$hip 

b.twn lh. l*o €outi.s @ Fitaps lh. cl@sr in the Anb mrld li 

'ng 

@utri6 @nonic.lly. polniellv ond milihfllv 

Ritldn fimm.d. oetniFd aid.fl.€d trE South Ycmni €\il's in Nonh Y.|6 *'io 

srcpp€d up $en guenill. atlacks loosslht hodcr in$ $ulh Yc cn$nhlhinGnlor 

ovcnhowing rt M.rxisr eglmc in Adcn. ll!t, alt of lhc$ sdu!tsspon$(' eubvcdvc 

lclivilis dm lo nolhing Thcir failure stmmcd lEnlv fmm divisions 'mng $' 

Sourhem exiles ahd partlv fbn th. clunsin6s $d lnliq[led lttitud6 of Rivodh 

P.drF dE 6ly lhing lhe Saudis &hiev.d bv lh* milihrv vc'lurs M lhst lh'v 

inlenrion.lly so hcishLncd the LNn'nt in lhc aM Soudi Dlm lrevent 

ttu 

unili@lion or 

Y€men misficd and. insleod €lenls moved io anothc' di@ton 6 lhe nvo pattl moved 

fmn a lully llcdged ur lo uniliqrioi talts lhict produ6d d trr8d aetere'|s signcd 

b) the lqdc6hrp ol rhe two countres whelltr or nol lhis Iner ger l8eemenl *a *r ious' 

$c sadt op!@l n in Finciple and siM th'n 0Ev have opPr3'd ewrr 3inik efforl 

towd

.qu..nEn6 rlE Saudi tead€6 d incd ftn poticy ol srangthen,ng $e yAR egire 

wrth a polict ol hating i|jnaftid y d.pend€nr otr lheh. rhN couM a owcd rheft ro 

rppry pohiet .nd mitarary p6uE on Suaa. rh6 intertring in y€neni afans, 

throughout | 970s, l98Os. Riyldh dtu inc@ed lh. poEr or rh. td6es c I @unrcr foEc 

ro lh. ccntat 8orernn€nr in S!n.a a.d |har seryed $cm wc srne. ncvenheks, 

rd{fl.d ntr in't |xndcd taaigD F,ticy ud tcfl Arit rchlorx Nrh lhu snvict lhion L 

othcr Aob brcrhrcn tr had cutlivarql fricndships wirh thc cltf tjrNcs and n has sughr 

rid froD rhcm ro tN.n {s ntumdt(tnnccoh Soud, Anb,! 

(61. 'lhe study.natyzed rh€ situation dnd tocal potrrrc,t, Nononic and sial 

o€vcropm€nls thal red ro cunitiatio of ltp lM ycmen, skrLs. ll at$ eM,namd lhe 

focb'i lhd tleh\dl K dq.trrdion tu, Int.c rhu rknq.Jsr! In. sudj p,olcd rhc 

qxry lh.r Flptrofy€ftn had snuggted hlrdty lu Gto,€ rnetr unrr\ ..d,h€tr enons 

larly seeedcd jn ochrcle $s d@n. t.h. h,sbry of ycmen, delocmed owr rhe 

mrllenniq garc lhe popularion of rh€ eeion *ns of €mmo. cutruEt h€rib8e rhar 

Frd s a b.!s of urly. ,nE h[ ofrhe tn.h a,|d Oe instjdthr,on ofrh. Repubtac ii tlc 

Nnhern psn rtoh,2r encouEged rhe qrugste tor Indeplnoenk,n rhe rourh toth 

ucvcrotftcnrs \rn (t a.ty InrcFtrntcd ycmcn,s tom rh 

dccrmcd y^R whscus N;nh y;;;;;;. ".,,h supA'nd hc rcwrv 

rib€.arbn mowne s o,hes@,;,;;;;;;;#il:#;,*"1#il:; 

lhe moE s G the wish lo c@le a E* s@irl odcr unne rhe EpublidB in tlE nonh 

dd ftcdon frghrers ii lhe reurh. Coi*qrcndy, Novchbcr t%?. rnen the Arilish lel 

aid Souh Yencn bqhc mdcpen&n! should harc b€en l|I historic momen! tor unily. 

Aunrqucmhsrottniontorunificalion{ndlhchjsroricchanearrnlrrumiurwlshisqi 

:::^:':i1':l' ".::1.,*.* 

|fun own ind.pcndenl sroG ana ch@ bdicd way ol' 

@Ebpmot lioh 1967 ro tegolhc rrvo patu ot.yo,cn connichd *n dncr rnr 

nothanC bd for rhc mny q!$ Againsr this buck8round, rhe poucm ot bhrions in the 

t* ::*'-r 

in Ad.n. M..xisr i&!ros, rud rio,iry wrf,r.ls rtid 

rdcologisls 111T, 

dontMEd thee, rhis te.t lo phres ot.conlionbr.,ni rn p.riods ot.gr€ler 

pngmtsh lh€ diatogh @ntinu.d 

547

By the beginning ol l980s, qtlin chsgs $rc .vi&nt in both Ftu of Ycrcn' lvhi€h 

itrpned hopc oi ck'ser a-op€rolioo ln the South u nu. pogmllrc cou& seemcd (o 

pBail aner lotenrmcnl changd in Ap.il 1980, which b{o!!ht l6s id€oloAi.al ri8idilv 

md qn oFnins up in toruitsn rcluln,ns lnil crlcnul ldde lhlcrYum.ni lults @e de 

frcilit ted by upp@h€tunr bch@n Aden a Riyadh. which *ncd lo lcsf, Srudi 

sNpiciom of clRr conlacB bel*cn Nonn ai.l soolh Y€nc.. Melings of $e rle.ds or 

Shlc con(nucdlhroughoul thc nd h.lloa l9lt0s Alt r mid- 1930s thcre Ms ! .hunAc in 

lh. olc6tl Ftrins. In $c c@nomic fi€ld. sou6 Ycmcn ei!.ricnad 3 delim in sultoa 

fom th€ sdialisl conmonity olsut6. funhcmoe, in 1963 bloodv toNr stuegl. wd' 

wagc{ thdc lElwn fac(ons ot thc sltlc poat, rlrc lcdde6hiF cadrcs wer consi

'I hc d@oric dBnsB or rh. nrc,orionat sil!.lion ,ry, 

Di,.nreof .m.*,io*r Erari@,bd*",'*r*."F'p"H;;ffi'lJ;;il:: 

orcold @. with lhe o{lt rhal re} @.nicb ree $tv€d qlietly. ,fhe rctoh poticiA 

of Gorbehcv rcduced USSR comhilh€nh bBad Thnd wortd sl!l*. Conscquenrty, 

ble of Sovicr Unbn an dE inbmtiond Fini6 w dc.rin€d xd rh€n cdptacty 

ol|apsed r l9t. So!$ y€reni rcaine td ils min alploncr a{ tdurd lhe uniry d@r 

a tho only oDcn d@r b n5 etcty. 

. Co$.qcn y bolh t@deuhipd deidcd o dptoir this 6xrtw a|rr6drE.ftl .n|4rqi 

rn.snc.e fid flcxibte kgolialiohq which !1g€nl rhe unilicarion detdotor. Borh 

::l,l18cd,,,: lbbkhs,rEr @h oj ,hcm f4,ia and $w,hor e un,,ed counrr' eurd 

[cl€e rhe FNrbitn, of succ* 

- 

1989, tm Adb coumils Ere Gtablished, Anb C@pc@rron 

lraq, Jodar lnd No.rh yeftn whiL {,e orh. betwn W6lum 

(7). Unton@l€tt, rhc pcoptc or ycmcn clutd tul lomprclu thctr cctcbhiors df lhc 

rch'clcnent or $e drqn of unny s rho socqd 0llfcisis erupraj s{Di. Uiiled yemcn 

new_,elhe nrght supr,

and schievc betl€r developm€il .nd preeB$ 'l h. ndii .hllleigd, hosevtr, deterniN 

in: rhe &n@6cy, @nomic snd sial &lol.pmcnl and srengllEn sLl€ s inslalulions 

(10). The lib$ *G playrns big rolc in lhc hrslory ol Yemcn. fhcv hav. tEen an 

impo.t.d sour€e of amed slr€ngrh ol any ruling dvnasl, and lhev rcnaan e ldav 't hcv 

h.vc bdr the h.sis for sffiiw attspls to fom. slaic but 0trv h.rc $ldom ben 

cloelt intognlcd in thc slr[tu.e ol sovcnmcnls, !nd, inded. rihllism has oncn b'€n 

sn 6 inini@l o the sLL's inlcrcsls. In lhe modcnr rim€, $c tiholiso and llE lltaiB ol 

lovemmenl 

belong em.what lo dilleent mnds 

TIE lrib$ hEde alliaices mong qch olhc( though kmpoarilv and a@ding thcir 

inkr€sB flEy did nol !h6o.b or displ@ sch othcr dnd lh€ hoides bels*n tibal 

divisions ohdg€ slowly, and thln by olliana, nol conqucsl Allhougfi $c kidi inms 

dMys depcnd€d on $c rribes lbr sufl$n dd Evtr llt int|td lo abolish lribohsm. lhe( 

vi€! ofaibesmen vE conslanlly hosilc lhc lr.bes aPP-urcd in lhe Zuidi chronrcl's 6 

w..nos in lfie e@ ol God, when {rcy hapFn lo bc w'lh lhe tnam ol tie dav or s 

tirrully infi&h cvil on€ in ollEr as flE lmms clsimed to prelidc or&r on lh€ 

bdis of the l{oly B@k !ft]th€ l'.ophct s Sunm, $e lribes olcn $cepl (hat clain in lhol 

tlEy madc S.yyid faniu6 s pdltted pclss and lhc id@ o' thc holv |lmilv 

int€rvenings r$pcctcd !6ilmloa in tibal.onllicls 

sy lhe end of l94os. rclarions b.t{en ere rribs snd lhc htns sBn€d 3nd 

conlinued (o dl{liN lnlillh€ cnd olInarn cruloin 1962 lknvcvcr' whilc lhe tnbcs 

efsralcly txniortEldl 

nr rhc ovetlhow lN Inur rusirnc lhuv ntyr asponsibt |nr 

ensuins lh. civil w( in Nnh Ysn.n whioh lNrq! unlil l96e n'rd lcd lo husc lo$s In 

hdan and prop.nies. ltr th. rcpublic\ ftsl tm dsud'is ribos lc b6 sluped lhe 

@unlry's |Fliliql dsriny During much .f this Friod lhe govc'nnrcn's wn in $e 

hib.l.l4 in rhe nonh and 6t oflh€ YAR did nor €xtend mrch hcvond $e limits ofiLs 

lew lqrge lowns Sinco mid 1980s, lhe mljd Fr|nical dvmmio in lnc Y R wos $e 

550

g6d@l €xplnsion ol governnent aulhorily into lhe l.ib6l arcas and llE @n*qNnl 

dElinc in thc F)litiol lorcr of Oe rritot tddeE 

(ll) Strarqic InFrr..r ofYcnrcn Uni8.diion 

Y@.n &nv€d i|! srdl.Bic imporb' f@ irs taadon i. 34ulhem cono of AEbirn 

Penituoh lnd @r rh€ nch6loitesion ofthe *o!td, rhc Outt M6r ofWortd ruvilarion 

pN lhhugh rhc Rcd S{a and &rcs d6ir of Bob lt-Mrndlb ,fhc immddhr. srrdcgic 

vdlre or Y.ncn cis in E f&l tis! e tong c the S@ C.ut ir oFn rh. sldr of Brl 

qLMandlb prulids $e shorlesl eess tor oit rsnleB wilh E(opeon deslinrtions and to 

th. United Strlesrlrrs in the McdiLrm@i 

Uniliqtiotr ol Yemen woutd ircree i6 pokr ant pGition in lhe lra lr hs lhe 

hiehest population among rh€ r.gion\ sl.16 dd lhal m€dns nor onty €nou8h bll ex|n 

mqpowr lo €rry fte d.wtoptnenr pr()ls. t.h. unnd ycmcn hG lo ptoy inpotunr 

ole n uE rcgional slilility Yem€n hG snsirive posilion in thc e@ .nd lny charge in ir 

etf€cl on th€ sit@lion ofrh€ 6h 'the neaghbodng sril6 a@ very @n€.n .Doul rhctr 

own *turitt lnri lonsid.r any chang. in ycm.n as lr,siblc rh.qr to rlB,n l,o|nicll 

system! or thc* rlllB arc b.4d on {E rurc ot.p{niclt I rt,.s wh,wlotttu Fnpte 

A@hcr stEr$ic inF)rtant ot ttE unity is thfl thc t€dcrJrap 4ri&d lo indcncnt 

Do|niql plunlisr snd dcm@rucr. t.h. preminc chatutcrisric ot.ycncn is ils Arub 

hd lslamic conEctaons. h mutd.fl.d thc €renrs in bolh rronts A @tislic sessmenl 

ol ia dc in llt qrtJ n{on$ a su.hy dxul i|l na$nt lul tutu.c ab,titiLs ro motc 

8ood plogfts in hunln lnd phy.i@t ljet.ls. t-h. td $nry ,q6 ot t6l @ntury hdvc 

taen ind€lihly stanrFd hy ftc Bmudubtc diardcG aid crv| wors &Nss rhc Mustin 

wrld. Si@ $€ crqdon of bel, s@ty . kk hG Fsst wnhout E lqtd.s 

attentron beins qlled ro tstan. which hs b@nE as !n nlehalDnat potitrul lb@ 

'nese r.riyities hrve spanned te speckumofthehunar mndilionl mss misdrion, wur 

hd 0or!. oil blN&adcs, lx'yrolls, Ftiticrl d$rkTnul ,(t Frll,at disinl*nrion, 

551

fmire and plenlt, ctnaroplE ard Eli.i t ndism, cthnic cl@ns, hGllac Irtin& 

boundary disputcs, eto. I h* elents coveqt $e globq lrom PalcstiN to thc Philippims, 

frcn Kdhmir lo Kuwuil, lion lhe Ctnlrul Asir to Mor@co and lhc $ha6. 

Ycmen playing criti€l rclc in Aftican llorn rvhich lcll .t cnil sns in Somalir. 

Ethiopia, Sudrn, E itr$. and clhnic dkordcrs h l)jibouti Rclugc$ lom thr rcsion slolcs 

fldrtcd k' Ycnrtr rtrd.r.nlc nn$.risir lo lhc wcrt eurrDv ol llrc otrnlry. smM lnql 

to Blo.e pqe in {c rcgion though dirlogoc.nd €llql upofl Somli niliti.ld&$ lo 

6ne lo Yenei for Noncilillion. Sevcnl mwtings belwNn lh€ Sotuli M.lor& @c 

held in Sane n an clTon lo cnil lhccivil wr 'l h-rc aro scvcrul lhousunds orRhopiun 

and ErilMn @t!86 smc ot thgn politicirns livc in Yemcn. qhich qe surity n*t 

( | 2). Unnei Yencn in tlE net! Inill€niun p.6psts and s.nd.ic l he end or | 994 w.r 

moy 6tu ro bc emenbeed 6 . luming-ponrl in fte tumull@s history or epdblic of 

Ye en Whal Sanu drB in tl* luloa &Fn.ls lurgelt o. shich sccnuio b&\rtus 

rcalitt lherc u.c livc $0Mnos oboul YcnMs dorirlslir Frlilicol |BtslNls ovc.lhc 

@ue of the c{ rew ydB .nd oboul dE lilcly diEl'ons in *hich lhc c@nlrv could 

STATUSQUO 

tn the nd.f,

. TRIBAL RESURCENCE 

lh! ribcs Dlrrd I Dljor olc in stDpiu ycmcn.$ e{ny In lxc A!t, but $cn 

sl.uctuc oJrt powr ha3 b€en wlINd lor|c.. The tuthoa{y oa enral governmenl 

exFntcd ir o rlE hbat o@ in p.enl lift .t.hh b mr b say od @nnid bcr@n 

gorcmh€nt and l.ih.s diepp@ed or did ful disturb ttr &lrre s @kd l.he @nids 

dong lncm &ld wrth rh€ govcmncm admini$r.lo6 md arhe, lbres had nol ended. 

Htackmg ofoil @mpanyt v€hictes. kidnepping ot tourisrs ohd ort compdny.s work€rs 

napFEdFdodi€lty, whach 1.ke hEh lih am dE Bovenned r. rrring ro $tre ii. 

w. hs rh. sm*,ng abrliy o, lh€ loEmmen to opeGle 

In nosl ot th€ @mrry s lrrbat g@ b.en snoqt, oI@ Inb qust,on. Hower, such 

d'!pd6 did @r d€rtop i,no e.ious pobtms aoi th. rov..noent whach En€ciql rh€ 

Srowir'g FW.nd i.0@ of the 3hr. viFvis $rt of 

hm tu, arowed ,h.fr , *.. .";;;;;;;;;[;]1ff;';JrJ; 

. ISLAMIC RADTC'ALISM 

lh€oieliotty, rhe htlmisls nishr be calEbtc of ctB €nsnrg lhe goBnmenr .t.t. 

singet tstamic ao.e, rh. y€neni Retom C.oupins (yRU) hs big laputarity smong 

oe p@d! or YcnH tftBut.i tr@p6 toyat ro dp ykc. qln reru.lE tom ttF hr h 

heh 16 pos,tion. Mo@ttr.,E p.nv @,8 tion nrny 

ot me @qtrv's buinesmn finarciat bsclihg Ntj.h qMbrc ,t lo a.hiRe i6 .gsda. h 

la94 rhe YRC hcgan !o lt.x rG rDtrficat mBt$ !! ! rek(t ror rr psnrcrpation In 

4fcn

SOU'IHERN SI]PARATION 

D$pilc ils Dililnry dclint. lhla arc $rB tuqDs tor ltlicvin! lhd thc dll lo' 

South€rn ep.Btism will contine with lbftign suPpotl Under prsnt c'rcum$aN6' 

howver. th€ suoess ot a *pddlisr movemenl in lhe neu lem sems unlikclv tixiled 

Yeseni l@dc6, lh€ther south€rn or NonlEm, hNe b€en rchbl, unsuc@sslul in 

dstablishing lhen poPuld suppon *i$in lhe countrv funhcr- if Sa6 Duus 

|tanctliotion oprtun, Ftentiol *rEolisl l6dcB nov opr loi drlEdtion MGl 

importa4 rlE strenBlh ol popular support lbt uniLv would make the nviv0l of a epanlisl 

movctrrcnr aduunling lu$k xiswidclvbclicvudtholthckcvcii'rol-thcsc&ssronstswN 

to d€olaE lhc esiNbhhment otlnc lxmdtu(ic Rcpublic ol Ycmcn- live' thoueh lhc 

de.lamlion cl.'del lhal th. ncw entilv rupesnlql lhe $holc counltv md lhal ils l€&rs 

@dd srt tor Ycmeni snnv lhe Sou$en l€d46 ecic sn lo bc ber'rur a lwcsbrc 

elurion to ttt civil war rnd lh€ po0ulailv ol lhcn c!u$ sulTcrcd rcuordi'slv 

DFMOCRA ||Crn'lloN 

Th. pGFcb tnr a @l

(l\ Olliclsl Docuarcnts, 

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fffiiiii:tSildrsfl ri;"'ii:t["ff ",ri.'H:\i,r#y::l 

##sH#i{"j+;f$iii#::;;:::;.iri,:;\:#m 

;i#i*T;l*ili4,[iiln;"rii*T"?:fr";#ffi rf :: 

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