INTEGRATED ENGLISH REFERENCE NOTES - Prof. Dr. Ziya Yurttaş

Atatürk University 

College Of Agriculture 

Publication Number: 66 

INTEGRATED ENGLISH 

REFERENCE NOTES 

Prof. Dr. Ziya YURTTAŞ 

Erzurum - 2008

iii 

To Yalçın, Yasemin and Leyla

iv 

FOREWORD 

This booklet was prepared as a source of reference for the intensive English courses 

that has been held annually in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University since 1978 

for intermediate learners. 

Generally in schools, different parts of certain subjects are taught at different times 

in the courses of English as a foreign language. A learner at intermediate level has to 

integrate these parts in order to establish a solid base for improvement. In this booklet, the 

essentials of English Grammar are integrated by presenting related parts together and 

simplified by omitting some details for the sake of practicality. 

This booklet can provide a practical guide for the intermediate learners to integrate 

their knowledge, improve their proficiency and reach to advanced level. Advance learners 

too, can benefit from these notes to consolidate their knowledge and maintain their level of 

proficiency in English. 

This integrated approach makes it possible for the learners to know the limits of 

what they already know and what more they need to know. 

Four basic skills, i.e., reading comprehension, written expression, listening 

comprehension and oral expression must be developed in learning a language. These skills 

are based on Grammar and Vocabulary. A special attention must be given to each one of 

these six essential components of linguistics in learning a foreign language in an efficient 

way. 

This booklet has been designed with these six essential components of linguistics in 

mind and has a limited objective of providing a modest guidance for these components in 

an informal seminar setting. 

language. 

I hope that this booklet will be useful for the learners of English as a second 

Ziya Yurttaş

v 

ÖNSÖZ 

Bu kitapcık, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinde 1978 yılından beri 

düzenlenmekte olan orta düzey yoğun İngilizce kursları için bir hatırlatma notu olarak 

hazırlanmıştır. 

Genellikle, okullarda yabancı dil derslerinde, belirli bir konunun değişik bölümleri 

değişik zamanlarda verilmektedir. Orta düzeyde bir öğrencinin, ilerleme sağlayacak sağlam 

bir temel oluşturabilmesi için bu bölümleri birleştirip bütünleştirmesi ve pekiştirmesi 

gereklidir. Bu kitapcıkta İngilizce gramerinin temel konuları ile ilgili bölümler bir araya 

getirilerek bütünleştirilmiş ve bazı ayrıntılar ihmal edilerek basitleştirilmiştir. 

Bu bütünleştirilmiş yaklaşım bir öğrencinin belirli bir konuda neler bildiğini ve daha 

neler öğrenmesi gerektiğini kolaylıkla gösterebilir. 

Bir dil öğreniminde dört temel becerinin geliştirilmesi gerekir. Bu beceriler okuma, 

yazma, dinleme ve konuşmadır. Bunlar gramer ve kelime bilgisine dayanır. Yabancı dil 

öğreniminde etkinlik sağlayabilmek için dil biliminin bu altı temel bölümüne ayrı ayrı 

çalışmak ve önem vermek gerekir. 

Bu notlar Dil Biliminin altı temel bölümü göz önünde bulundurularak 

düzenlenmiştir. Diğer bir deyişle bu notlarda, önce gramer ve kelime bilgisi daha sonra 

sırası ile okuma, yazma, dinleme ve konuşma konuları ile ilgili hususlar yer almıştır. 

Sınırlı bir amaç için hazırlanmış olup, geçtiğimiz yıllarda düzenlenen kurslara 

katılanların da katkıları ile geliştirilmiş olan bu notların yabancı dil öğrenimi ile ilgilenenlere 

yararlı olmasını dilerim. 

Ziya Yurttaş

vi 

CONTENTS 

FIRST PART ................................................................................................................... 1 

ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY....................................................................... 1 

1. TENSES (Zamanlar) ..................................................................................................... 1 

2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller) ............................................................................... 7 

3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen) ............................................................................. 8 

4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı İfadeler) ................................................................... 9 

5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (İlgi Zamirleri) ................................................................... 10 

7. TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları) .............................................................................. 11 

8. AGREEMENTS (Bir beyana katılım) .......................................................................... 11 

9. NOUNS (İsimler) ........................................................................................................ 12 

10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler) ............................................................................................ 14 

11. VERBS (Fiiller) ......................................................................................................... 15 

12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar) ........................................................................................... 19 

14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar) ........................................................................................ 24 

15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar) .................................................................................. 26 

16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler) ........................................................................... 28 

17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler) .............................................................................................. 31 

18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler) ............................................................................................. 31 

19. IDIOMS .................................................................................................................... 32 

21. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif) ................................................................................. 36 

SECOND PART ............................................................................................................ 41 

VOCABULARY ............................................................................................................. 41 

THIRD PART…………………………………………………..…..……………………52 

READING & WRITING………………………………………………………………….52 

(Reading Comprehension and Written Expression)………………………………………52 

FOURTH PART............................................................................................................ 68 

CONVERSATION ......................................................................................................... 68 

(Listening Comprehension and Oral Expression) .............................................................. 68

1. TENSES (Zamanlar) 

a. Simple Tenses 

1 

FIRST PART 

ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SUMMARY 

1 S. Present Tense I go 1 Giderim 

2 S. Past Tense I went Gittim 

3 S. Future Tense I will go Gideceğim 

4 S. Conditional Tense I would go Gidecektim 

b. Continuous Tenses 

5 Present C.T. I am going Gidiyorum 

6 Past C.T. I was going Gidiyordum 

7 Future C.T. I will be going Gidiyor olacağım 

8 Conditional C.T. I would be going Gidiyor olacaktım 

c. Perfect Tenses 

9 Present P.T. I have gone Gitmişim (Gittim) 

10 Past P.T. I had gone Gitmiştim 

11 Future P.T. I will have gone Gitmiş olacağım 

12 Conditional P.T. I would have gone. Gitmiş olacaktım 

d. Perfect Continuous Tenses 

13 Present P.C.T. I have been going Gitmekteyim 

14 Past P.C.T. I had been going Gitmekteydim 

15 Future P.C.T. I will have been going Gitmekte olacağım 

16 Conditional P.C.T. I would have been going Gitmekte olacaktım 

I am going to go I am gonna go I will go 

I was going to go I was gonna go I would go 

I used to go Giderdim (Alışkanlık) 

I would go Giderdim (Şarta bağlı) 

1 Other verbs to be conjugated: to do, to be, to see, to have, to make. (to smoke for P.C.T.).

SAMPLE SENTENCES 

1. I go to school every day in the morning at 8 o’clock with my friends by bus. 

2. I went to school 10 minutes late yesterday. 

3. I will go to school at one o’clock this afternoon. 

4. I would go to school today, if I had completed my homework in time. 

5. I am going to Istanbul now. 

6. I was going to Istanbul, when I met him at the airport. 

7. I will be going to Istanbul tomorrow afternoon at two o’clock. 

8. I would be going to Istanbul at this moment, if I had not missed the plane. 

9. I have gone to Antalya three times in the past. 

10. I had gone to Antalya two months before I met you. 

11. I will have gone to Antalya the day after tomorrow. 

12. I would have gone to Antalya by now, if I had not had an accident on Sunday. 

13. I have been smoking for 2 years now. 

14. I had been smoking for 4 years, when I stopped smoking. 

15. I will have been smoking for 8 years by the end of this year. 

16. I would have been smoking for 15 years now, if I had not stopped smoking 5 years ago. 

(Eğer 5 yıl once sigarayı bırakmamış olsa idim, şu anda 15 yıldan beri sigara içmekte olacaktım) 

� I’m gonna go to downtown. Are you gonna come with me? 

� I was gonna go to theatre, if you had come earlier. 

� I used to go to movies at least three times a week, when I was a student. 

� I would go to see him and apologize to him, if I were in your place. 

If I go, I will see Gidersem, göreceğim. 

If I went, I would see Gitseydim, görecektim. 

If I had gone, I would have seen 

Gitmiş olsaydım, görmüş olacaktım 

If I go to Istanbul, I will see him Istanbul'a gidersem, onu göreceğim. 

If I had enough money, I would go by plane. Yeterli param olsaydı, uçakla gidecektim. 

If I had had enough money, I would have 

gone there long time ago. 

Yeterli param olmuş olsa idi, oraya çoktan 

gitmiş olacaktım. 

2

CONJUGATION OF TENSES 

1. Simple Present Tense (do, does) (go) (-s) 

I go. I do not go. Do I go? Do I not go? 

You go. You do not go. Do you go? Do you not go? 

(He, She, It) goes. - does not go. Does - go? Does - not go? 

We go. We do not go. Do we go? Do we not go? 

You go. You do not go. Do you go? Do you not go? 

They go. They do not go. Do they go? Do they not go? 

2. Simple Past Tense (did) (go) (went) 

I went. I did not go. Did I go? Did I not go? 

You went. You did not go. Did you go? Did you not go? 

- went. - did not go. Did - go? Did - not go? 

We went. We did not go. Did we go? Did we not go? 

You went. You did not go. Did you go? Did you not go? 

They went. They did not go. Did they go? Did they not go? 

3. Simple Future Tense (will) (go) 

I will go. I will not go. Will I go? Will I not go? 

You will go. You will not go. Will you go? Will you not go? 

- will go. Will not go. Will - go? Will - not go? 

We will go. We will not go. Will we go? Will we not go? 

You will go. You will not go. Will you go? Will you not go? 

They will go. They will not go. Will they go? Will they not go? 

4. Simple Conditional Tense (would) (go) 

I would go I would not go. Would I go? Would I not go? 

You would go. You would not go. Would you go? Would you not go? 

- would go. - would not go. Would - go? Would - not go? 

We would go. We would not go. Would we go? Would we not go? 

You would go. You would not go. Would you go? Would you not go? 

3 

They would go. They would not go. Would they go? Would they not go? 

Do not Don't Will not Won't 

Did not Didn't Would not Wouldn't

5. Present Continuous Tense (am, are, is) (- ing) 

4 

I am going I am not going Am I going? Am I not going? (1) 

6. Past Continuous Tense (was, were) (- ing) 

(1) Aren't I going? 

I was going I was not going. Was I going? Was I not going? 

7. Future Continuous Tense (will be) (- ing) 

I will be going I will not be going Will I be going? Will I not be going? 

8. Conditional Continuous Tense (would be) (-ing) 

I would be going I would not be 

going 

Would I be going? Would I not be 

going?

5 

9. Present Perfect Tense (have, has) (gone) 

I have gone I have not gone* Have I gone? Have I not gone? 

*Have not: Haven't 

10. Past Perfect Tense (had) (gone) 

I had gone I had not gone Had I gone? Had I not gone? 

11. Future Perfect Tense (will have) (gone) 

I will have gone I will not have gone Will I have gone? Will I not have 

gone? 

12. Conditional Perfect Tense (would have) (gone) 

I would have gone I would not have 

gone 

Would I have gone? Would I not have 

gone?

13. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (have been, has been) (- ing) 

I have been going I have not been 

going 

6 

Have I been 

going? 

14. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (had been) (- ing) 

I had been going I had not been 

going 

Had I been going? 

15. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (will have been) (- ing) 

I will have been 

going 

I will not have 

been going 

Will I have been 

going? 

16. Conditional Perfect Continuous Tense (would have been) (- ing) 

I would have been 

going 

I would not have 

been going 

Would I have been 

going? 

Have I not been 

going? 

Had I not been 

going? 

Will I not have 

been going? 

Would I not have 

been going?

2. MODALS (Modal Yardımcı Fiiller) 

Can İktidar belirten yardımcı fiil 

May Mezuniyet belirten yardımcı fiil 

Must Mecburiyet belirten yardımcı fiil 

I can go Gidebilirim 

(Muktedirim) 

I may go Gidebilirim 

(Mezunum) 

I must go Gitmeliyim 

(Mecburum) 

Can be able to 

7 

I could have gone Gitmiş olabilirdim 

I might have gone Gitmiş olabilirdim 

I must have gone Gitmiş olmalıydım 

Must have to, have got to, be obliged to, need to, be to, be compelled 

to, be supposed to, should, ought to. 

To be able to (muktedir olmak, yapabilmek) 

I am able to go Gidebilirim I will be able to go Gidebileceğim 

I was able to go Gidebildim 

(Gitmeye muktedirdim) 

I would be able to go 

Gidebilecektim 

To have to (Mecbur olmak, Zorunda olmak) 

I have to go Gitmek zorundayım I will have to go Gitmek zorunda 

I had to go Gitmek 

zorundaydım 

olacağım 

I would have to go Gitmek zorunda 

olacaktım 

� If I go, I will be able to see him. 

� If I had enough money, I would be able to go by plane. 

� If you had fallen, you could have broken your leg. 

� If you had started then, you could have finished it by now. 

� If I go, I will have to see him. 

� If I had not enough money, I would have to wash the dishes. 

� He must have studied really well (his grade is good). 

� He should have studied really well (his grade is bad). 

� I need two hundred dollars so that I can go there. 

� I bought the car so that you would not have to walk. 

� Do you have to go? I may have to go. 

� You can not have seen her yesterday. She was with me all day. 

� I gotta go.

3. ACTIVE-PASSIVE (Etgen-Edilgen) 

Active Voice 2 Passive Voice 3 

1 She writes a letter A letter is written by her 

2 She wrote a letter “ was “ 

3 She will write a letter “ will be “ 

4 She would write a letter would be “ 

5 She is writing a letter " is being “ 

6 She was writing a letter " was being “ 

7 She will be writing a letter " will be being “ 

8 She would be writing a letter " would be being “ 

9 She has written a letter " has been “ 

10 She had written a letter " had been “ 

11 She will have written a letter " will have been “ 

12 She would have written a letter " would have been “ 

13 She has been writing a letter " has been being “ 

14 She had been writing a letter " had been being “ 

15 She will have been writing a letter " will have been being “ 

16 She would have been writing a letter " would have been being “ 

He can write a letter. A letter can be written by him. 

He may write a letter. A letter may be written by him. 

He must write a letter. A letter must be written by him. 

Let him write a letter. Let a letter be written by him. 

Architect Ali has designed it. It has been designed by architect Ali. 

He had broken a window. A window had been broken by him. 4 

______________________________________________________________________ 

8 

A. Someone gave me a present. 

P. I was given a present. 

P. A present was given to me. 

A. They made him believe that she died. 

P. He was made to believe that she died. 

2 Active: S+V+O (Subject + verb + object) 

3 Passive: O+ to be+ V3+ S (Object + to be fiilinin uygun hali + esas fiilin past participle hali + subject) 

4 Geçişli fiiller (transitive verbs) yani nesne alan fiiller veya neyi ve kimi sorularına cevap alınabilen fiiller 

için Passive Voice yapılabilir. Geçişsiz fiiller (intransitive verbs, to go gibi) için P.V. yapılamaz.

4. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Aktarmalı İfadeler) 

Direct Statement Indirect Statement 5 

1. "I go". 6 He said that He went. 

2. "I went". " He went. (he had gone) 

3. "I will go". " He would go. 

4. "I would go". " He would go. 

5. "I am going". He said that He was going. 

6. "I was going". " He was going. 

7. "I will be going". " He would be going. 

8. "I would be going". " He would be going. 

9. "I have gone". He said that He had gone. 

10. "I had gone". " He had gone. 

11. "I will have gone". “ He would have gone. 

12. "I would have gone". " He would have gone. 

13. "I have been going". He said that He had been going. 

14. "I had been going". " He had been going. 

15. "I will have been going". " He would have been going. 

16. "I would have been going". " He would have been going. 

"What are you doing”? He asked me what I was doing. 

"Where were you going”? " where I was going. 

"Can you help me”? " if I could help him. 

"May I come in”? " if He might come in. 

"Will you be able to go”? " if I would be able to go. 

"Do you have to go”? " if I had to go. 

"Did you have to go”? " if I had to go. 

“Do you go?” “ if I went 

“Did you go?” “ if Iwent 

“Go”! He told me to go “Don’t go”! He told me not to go 

if = whether today-that day tomorrow-the next day 

now - then this-that yesterday-the day before 

5 Present tenses become past, past tenses remain the same. 

Future tenses become conditional, conditional tenses remain the same. 

6 When the introductory verb is in present or future tenses, the tense of the narrated part 

may not change. 

9

10 

5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (İlgi Zamirleri) 

Who Ki o Which (What, that) Ki o Where Ki orada 

Whose Ki onun Of which Ki onun When Ki o zaman 

Whom Ki ona (onu) To which Ki ona Of whom Ki onun 

Who 

Whose 

Whom 

I saw the man who came to school on Sunday. 

The man who is coming toward us is a doctor. 

He who comes late deserves punishment. 

Those who were late missed the opening ceremony. 

I saw the man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon. 

The man whose car was stolen yesterday afternoon is a lawyer. 

Did you see the lady whose car was without a license plate? 

I saw the man whom you gave money in the bank. 

The man whom I saw yesterday was quite tired and anxious. 

The man with whom I played billiards is a champion in... 

Which (what, that) 

I picked up the pen which (that) was on the floor. 

I do not understand what you say. 

That is not what I want. 

This is the knife with which I cut the rope. 

The car to which you threw stone is a Cadillac Aldorado. 

Where 

This is the place where they had met first. 

When 

There will be a time when Turkey will be full a member of the European Union. 

He is the man, about whom you were talking = 

He is the man, whom you were talking about = 

He is the man, you were talking about. 

He who comes early sits down. 

Atatürk is to Turkey what Washington is to U.S.A. 

Those who are coming now will have to go back soon.

6. CAUSATIVE FORM (Ettirgen Yapı) 

To have something done To make somebody do something 

To get something done To get somebody to do something 

I have my shoes polished... 

I had my shoes polished... 

I will have my shoes polished... 

I would have my shoes polished... 

I got my shoes polished 

7. TAG QUESTIONS (Tag Soruları) 

You go to school, don't you? 

You went to school, didn't you? 

You will go to school, won't you? 

You would go to school, wouldn't you? 

8. AGREEMENTS (Bir beyana katılım) 

11 

I make Ali study English... 

I made Ali study English... 

I will make Ali study English 

I would make Ali study English... 

I will get Ali to study English 

You do not go to school, do you? 

You did not go to school, did you? 

You will not go to school, will you? 

You would not go to school, would you? 

A. Affirmative Agreements B. Negative Agreements 

Ali goes to zoo. I do too. He does not go to zoo. I don't either. 

Ali went to zoo. I did too. He did not go to zoo. I didn't either. 

Ali will go to zoo. I will too. He will not go to zoo. I won't either. 

Ali would go to zoo. I would too. He wouldn't go to zoo. I wouldn't either. 

I do too So do I I don't either Neither do I 

It is a pen, isn’t it? 

You have to go, don't you? 

He may go, may he not? 

He has to go, doesn't he? 

Let's go, shall we? 

Open the door will you? 

I am going, aren't I? 

� He was made to study for four hours. 

� She was made to pay for her mistake. 

� I was made to believe that he was innocent. 

� I will get him to accept the conditions. 

� Would you like to have your picture taken in front of this statue? 

� I would like to have a picture taken. Can you help me? 

� I used to hate having my picture taken before I had that face lifting operation. 

� I would like to have my picture taken with you.

9. NOUNS (İsimler) 

9.1. Proper Nouns (Özel İsimler) 

12 

Ali, Mary, January, Ankara, London, Canterbury 

9.2. Common Nouns (Cins İsimler) 

cook, book, sinister, minister 

9.3. Countable Nouns (Sayılabilir İsimler) 

apple, box, ranch, table 

9.4. Uncountable Nouns (Sayılamayan İsimler) 

bread, butter, salt, water 

9.5. Masculine Nouns (Eril İsimler) 

boy, man, prince, king 

9.6. Feminine Nouns (Dişil İsimler) 

girl, woman, princess, queen 

9.7. Neuter Nouns (Nötr İsimler) 

Things and animals whose sexes are not known 

stone, steel, pots and pans 

9.10. Nouns with the Same Form for M. and F. 

child, parent, artist, painter, cousin 

9.11. Nouns with Different Forms for M. and F. 

father-mother, brother-sister, nephew-niece, 

bull-cow, horse-mare, cock-hen 

9.12 Plural Forms (Çoğul Şekilleri) 

9.12.1. Regular Form 

cat-cats, dog-dogs 

9.12.2. Special Forms 

9.12.2.1. Nouns Ending in O, ss, sh, ch, X 

tomatoes, kisses, watches, boxes 

exceptions: pianos, photos 

9.12.2.2. Nouns Ending in fe, f, 

wife-wives, life-lives, 

wolf-wolves, self-selves, 

9.12.2.3. Nouns Ending in y 

9.12.2.3.1. Following a Consonant 

baby-babies, lady-ladies 

9.12.2.3.2. Following a vowel 

day-days, boy-boys.

9.12.2.4. Nouns that are in plural form and take singular verbs : 

13 

Mathematics, Statistics, Athletics, Economics 

9.12.2.5. Nouns that are in plural form and take plural verbs: 

pants, trousers, pajamas, glasses, 

pliers, shears, scissors, scales, tweezeers 

9.12.3. Irregular Forms 

fish-fish, trout-trout, sheep-sheep 

news-news, baggage-baggage, information-information 

man-men, woman-women, foot-feet 

mouse-mice, louse-lice, ox-oxen 

tooth-teeth, child-children 

9.12.4. Original Latin or Greek Nouns 

9.12.5. Others 

thesis-theses, crisis-crises, 

alumnus-alumni, phenomenon-phenomena 

erratum-errata, radius-radii 

memorandum-memoranda, datum- data 

basis-bases, axis-axes, nucleus nuclea 

sister in law-sisters in law 

man student - men students 

VIP- VIPs, MP MPs, UFO-UFOs 

9.13. Possessive Forms (İyelik Şekilleri) 

Ahmet's apples, man's fob Jone's house, Jones’s house 

Shakespeare's plays, the plays of Martha X A week's holiday ; a week holiday 

A stone's throw, ten dollar gas Three dollars worth of gas 

For heaven's sake, for goodness sake The keys of the car, the names of the cities 

9.14. Articles (Tanıtıcılar 7 ) 

9.14.1. The Definite Article (Belirli Tanıtıcı) The 

The boy, the girl, the sky, the old 

The rich, the Alps, the U.S.S.R., the Netherlands, the U.S.A. 

The North Pole, the Smiths 

9.14.2. The Indefinite Article (Belgisiz Tanıtıcı) a, an 

A boy, a girl, an apple, an hour, a university 

7 Tanıtıcılar özel isimlerden önce kullanılmaz.

10. PRONOUNS (Zamirler 8 ) 

( A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( D) ( E ) 

I Me My Mine Myself 

You You Your Yours Yourself 

He Him His His Himself 

She Her Her Hers Herself 

It It Its Its Itself 

We Us Our Ours Ourselves 

You You Your Yours Yourselves 

They Them Their Theirs Themselves 

A. Personal Pronouns (Şahıs veya Özne Zamirleri) (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) 

B. Objective Pronouns (Nesne Zamirleri) (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) 

C. Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri) (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their) 

D. Possessive Pronouns (Mülkiyet Zamirleri) (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their) 

14 

E. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns (Pekiştirme Zamirleri) (Myself, yourself, himself …) 

F. Interrogative Pronouns (Soru Zamirleri) 

Who? Whose? Whom? Which? What? How? When? 

G. Relative Pronouns (İlgi Zamirleri) 

Who, Whose, Whom, Which, What, That. 

H. Demonstrative Pronouns (İşaret Zamirleri) 

This, That, These, Those 

İ. Indefinite Pronouns (Belgisiz zamirler) 

One, Someone, Anyone, Everyone, No One, 

Somebody, Anybody, Everybody, 

None, All. 

______________________________________________________________________ 

I want nothing. 

I don't want anything. 

I have no money. 

I have not any money. 

Is everybody ready? 

Yes everybody is ready. 

8 Zamirler özne yerine kullanılan sözcüklerdir

11. VERBS (Fiiller) 

11.1. Infinitive Form to go 

11.2. Present Form go 

11.3. Past Form went 

11.4. Past Participle gone 

11.5. Regular Verbs (Düzenli Fiiller) (ask, asked, asked) 

15 

11.6. Irregular Verbs (Düzensiz Fiiller) 

11.6.1. 

Present Past Past Participle 

Bet Bet Bet Bahse Girmek 

Cast Cast Cast Atmak 

Cost Cost Cost Malolmak 

Hit Hit Hit Vurmak 

Hurt Hurt Hurt Incitmek 

Let Let Let Bırakmak 

Set Set Set Kurmak 

Spread Spread Spread Yaymak 

Put Put Put Koymak 

Quit Quit Quit Terketmek 

Shut Shut Shut Kapatmak 

11.6.2. 

Build Built Built Inşa Etmek 

Lend Lent Lent Ödünç Vermek 

Send Sent Sent Göndermek 

Spend Spent Spent Sarfetmek 

11.6.3. 

Get Got Got Elde Etmek 

Go Went Gone Gitmek 

Forget Forgot Forgotten Unutmak 

Hang Hung Hung Asmak 

Ring Rang Rung (Zil) Çalmak 

Sing Sang Sung Şarkı Söylemek 

Spring Sprang Sprung Sıçramak 

Sit Sat Sat Oturmak 

Win Won Won Kazanmak

11.6.4. 

Hear Heard Heard Duymak 

Read Read Read Okumak 

Pay Paid Paid Ödemek 

Say Said Said Söylemek 

11.6.5. 

Feed Fed Fed Beslemek 

Lead Led Led Yol Göstermek 

Hold Held Held Tutmak 

11.6.6. 

Feel Felt Felt Hissetmek 

Keep Kept Kept Saklamak 

Sleep Slept Slept Uyumak 

Weep Wept Wept Ağlamak 

Leave Left Left Bırakmak 

Meet Met Met Karşılaşmak 

Lose Lost Lost Kaybetmek 

11.6.7 

Bind Bound Bound Bağlamak 

Find Found Found Bulmak 

Shine Shone Shone Parlamak 

Strike Struck Struck Vurmak, Grev 

11.6.8. 

16 

Yapmak 

Bring Brought Brought Getirmek 

Buy Bought Bought Satın Almak 

Fight Fought Fought Dövüşmek 

Think Thought Thought Düşünmek 

Catch Caught Caught Yakalamak 

Teach Taught Taught Öğretmek 

Sell Sold Sold Satmak 

Tell Told Told Anlatmak 

Make Made Made Yapmak 

Stand Stood Stood Durmak

11.6.9. 

Ride Rode Ridden Binmek 

Write Wrote Written Yazmak 

Rise Rose Risen Kalkmak 

Bite Bit Bitten Isırmak 

Hide Hid Hidden Saklamak 

11.6.10. 

Bear Bore Born Taşımak 

Swear Swore Sworn Yemin Etmek 

Tear Tore Torn Yırtmak 

Wear Wore Worn Giymek 

Break Broke Broken Kırmak 

Speak Spoke Spoken Konuşmak 

Choose Chose Chosen Seçmek 

Steal Stole Stolen Çalmak 

11.6.11. 

Grow Grew Grown Büyümek 

Know Knew Known Bilmek 

Throw Threw Thrown Atmak 

Fly Flew Flown Uçmak 

Slay Slew Slain Katletmek 

See Saw Seen Görmek 

11.6.12 

Take Took Taken Almak 

Shake Shook Shaken Sarsmak 

11.6.13. 

Beat Beat Beaten Dövmek 

Eat Ate Eaten Yemek 

Fall Fell Fallen Düşmek 

Do Did Done Yapmak 

Go Went Gone Gitmek 

17 

Lie Lied Lied Yalan Söylemek 

Lie Lay Lain Yatmak, Uzanmak 

Lay Laid Laid Yatırmak, Uzatmak

11.6.14 

Forbid Forbade Forbidden Yasaklamak 

Give Gave Given Vermek 

Begin Began Begun Başlamak 

Drink Drank Drunk Içmek 

Run Ran Run Koşmak 

11.7. Verbs Followed by the Gerund 

admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, defer, deny, dislike, dread, 

enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, mind, miss, 

pardon, postpone, prevent, propose, remember, resent, resist,stop, suggest 

To object to, to confess to, to get used to, to look forward to 

� He objected to joining the army. 

� He admitted robbing the bank. 

18 

� She appreciated receiving letters from her fans. 

� I enjoy calling her once in a while. 

� I don't mind walking to my office. 

� I don't remember seeing her. 

� I can't help laughing when I think of that joke. 

� Stop talking, l can't stop loving you. 

� I am looking forward to hearing from you. 

� I can't stand listening to a loud music. 

11.8. Verbs Followed By the Gerund or Infinitive 

Start, begin, continue, intend, prefer 

� I started studying. (I started to study!) 

11.9. Verbs Followed By That and Verb-1 

Suggest, recommend, insist, demand 

� He suggested that we go. 

� What do you suggest that we do? 

� The kidnappers demanded that the father pay the ransom in small dollar bills. 

11.10. Verbs Followed by the Gerund or Infinitive Taking a Different Meaning 

try + gerund denemek I tried solving the problem. 

try + to infinitive çabalamak I tried to pick up the stone. 

stop + gerund bırakmak I stopped smoking. 

stop + to infinitive için durmak I stopped to smoke.

12. ADJECTIVES (Sıfatlar) 

12.1. Definitive, Comparative and Superlative Forms Of Adjectives 

19 

12.1.1. Regular One or Two Syllable Adjectives 

Long Longer The Longest 

Short Shorter The Shortest 

Heavy Heavier The Heaviest 

Old Older The Oldest 

Weak Weaker The Weakest 

Strong Stronger The Strongest 

12.1.2. Regular Multi Syllable Adjectives 

Beautiful More Beautiful The Most Beautiful 

Important More Important The Most Important 

Eccentric More Eccentric The Most Eccentric 

Tiring More Tiring The Most Tiring 

Tired More Tired The Most Tired 

Boring More Boring The Most Boring 

Bored More Bored The Most Bored 

12.1.3. Irregular Adjectives 

Good Better The Best 

Bad Worse The Worst 

Much More The Most 

Little Less The Least 

12.2. Comparisons 

1. as.............. as I am as old as you are. 

He is twice as old as she is. 

2. more .......... than I am older than you are. 

I am more important than you are. 

I am better than you are. 

3. The most.... among (in) He is the best runner among students. 

She is the most beautiful girl in town. (... in the world)

The population of Erzurum is more than twice as much as that of Kars. 

There are as many students in Erzurum as there are people in Kars. 

The statue of Atatürk in Erzurum is about twice as big as the one in Kars. 

20 

The sun is one million times as big as the Mars is. 

There are about twice as many people in the world now as there were 25 years ago 

Ahmet spends half as much money as Mehmet does. 

Ahmet earns 1/3 (one third) as much money as Mehmet does. 

I have studied for as many years as you have lived. 

I am not as tired as you are. 

I am not tired as much as you are. 

A is 100 times richer than B. 

A is as tall as B. 

A is not as tall as B. 

A is not so tall as B. 

I am as generous as you are miser. 

I am not as angry as I am sorry. 

If you had invested in real estate then, you would have twice as much money as you 

have right now. 

If the soup had been as hot as the wine, everything would have been just fine. 

I wasn’t as sorry when I left Ankara as when I left İzmir. 

My car has 1.3 (one point three) times as much horse power as his car does. 

The coffee is too hot to drink 

The coffee is hot enough to drink 

That car is too expensive for me to buy for the time being. 

The new house is quite larger than the old one (Quite: modifier) 

Ahmet is a much better doctor than Mehmet. 

Suat is even more naïve than Şaban. 

Istanbul is by far the largest city in Turkey. 

He wants to buy the very best car he can afford. 

20 acre farm, 2 hour journey, 50 Dollar brief case, 30 year old building etc.

13. ADVERBS (Zarflar 9 ) 

13.1. Adverbs of Manner (Hal Zarfları) 

Slowly Yavaşça Smoking kills slowly. 

Quickly Hızlıca …… 

Well Iyice 

Badly Kötüce 

Altogether Birlikte 

Separately Ayrıca 

Generally Genellikle 

Particularly Özellikle 

Deliberately Kasden 

Accidentally Kazaen 

Naturally Doğal Olarak 

Artificially Yapay Olarak 

Similarly Aynı Şekilde 

Conversely Tersine Olarak 

Apparently Görünüş Olarak 

Certainly Muhakkak 

Evidently Görünüşe Göre 

Obviously Açık Olarak 

Presumably Farazi Olarak 

Fortunately Iyiki 

Especially Özellikle 

Actually Gerçekten 

Mostly Çoğunlukla 

Personally Şahsen 

Undoubtedly Şüphesiz 

Clearly Açıkça 

Surely Emin Olarak 

Definitely Muhakkak 

Positively Kesin Olarak 

9 Zarflar, bir fiilin veya sıfatın anlamını belirten veya kuvvetlendiren kelimelerdir 

21

13.2. Adverbs of Time (Zaman Zarfları) 

Now Şimdi It is time to go now. 

Then O zaman, ondan sonar …. 

Earlier Daha önce 

Later Daha sonra 

The day before 

yesterday 

Önceki gün 

The day after Öbür gün 

tomorrow 

Every third day Üç günde bir 

All of a sudden Aniden 

A while ago Biraz önce 

A moment ago Biraz önce 

A little later Biraz sonra 

Right now Hemen şimdi (önce) He was here right now. 

Right away Hemen şimdi (sonra) He will be here right away. 

At the beginning Başlangıçta 

At the end Sonunda 

Until now Bu zamana kadar 

From now on Bundan sonra (artık) 

From then on Ondan sonra 

Sooner or later Er veya geç 

Eventually Sonunda (nihayet) 

Lately Son zamanlarda 

Recently Son zamanlarda 

Soon Yakın zamanda 

Immediately Derhal 

In the meanwhile Bu arada 

Every other day Gün aşırı 

13.3. Adverbs of Place (Yer Zarfları) 

Here Burada, burası, buraya He is here. It is here. Come here. 

There Orada, orası, oraya 

22 

13.4. Adverbs of Frequency (Sıklık Zarfları)* 

Once Bir kez I went there once. 

Twice Iki kez 

Three times Üç kez 

All the time Her zaman 

Always Her zaman

Frequently Sık sık 

Occasionally Arada sırada 

Periodically Periodik olarak 

Once in a while Arada bir 

Rarely Nadiren 

Once in a blue 

moon 

Çok nadir 

Repeatedly Mükerrer olarak 

Continually Sürekli olarak 

Intermittently Kesintili olarak 

* (Sıklık zarfları yardımcı fiillerden sonra, asıl fiillerden önce gelir) (I am always late) 

13.5. Adverbs of Degree (Derece Zarfları) 

Almost Hemen hemen It is almost completed. 

Nearly Neredeyse …. 

Quite Oldukça 

Too Haddinden fazla 

Enough Yeterli 

Extremely Aşırı şekilde 

Only Sadece 

Just Sadece 

13.6. Words with the Same Adjective and Adverb Forms 

Fast Hızlı Don’t go too fast. 

Late Geç …. 

Hard Sert 

Early Erken 

Friendly Dostça 

Low Düşük 

23

14. PREPOSITIONS (Edatlar 10 ) 

In Içinde, içine It is in the box. Put it in your pocket. 

Out Dışında, dışına ….. 

On Üstünde, üstüne 

Off Uzağında, uzağına 

At De, da, e, a 

Over Üzerinde, üzerine 

Under (underneath) Altında, altına 

In front of Önünde, önüne 

At the back of Arkasında, arkasına 

At the bottom of Dibinde 

On the top of Üstünde 

Around Çevresinde, çevresine 

Across Karşısında, karşısına 

Against Karşısında, karşısına 

Along Boyunda, boyuna 

Among Arasında, arasına 

After Sonra 

Before Önce 

(ikiden fazla şey) 

Behind Arkasında, arkasına 

Below Altında, altına 

Between Arasında, arasına 

(iki şey) 

Beyond Ötesinde, ötesine 

By Yanında, yanına 

Up Yukarıda, yukarıya 

Down Aşağıda, aşağıya 

From Den, dan 

Into Içine 

Near Yakınında, yakınına 

Opposite Karşısında, karşısına 

Outside Dışında, dışına 

Past Den öteye 

Through Içinden, arasından 

10 Edatlar bir nesnenin diğer bir nesneye göre konumunu belirten kelimelerdir. 

24

Until, till E kadar 

To E doğru 

With Ile 

Without Ile olmaksızın 

ABOVE 

OVER 

25 

ON 

TO FROM 

IN 

THROUGH 

OUT 

INTO OUT OF 

BELOW 

UNDER 

A diagram of the most commonly used prepositions 

BY

15. CONJUNCTIONS (Bağlaçlar) 

And Ve George and Jack go to bed at ten. 

Or Veya ….. 

But Fakat 

For Için, den dolayı 

Yet Henüz, yine de 

If Eğer 

Although (though) E rağmen 

Notwithstanding E rağmen 

Nevertheless Yine de 

Because Çünkü 

Because of Den dolayı 

In spite of E rağmen 

In stead of Yerine 

Due to Den dolayı 

26 

Besides Zaten, ayrıca, den başka 

Except Den başka, hariç 

Like Gibi 

Likewise Aynı şekilde 

As Gibi, ken (giderken) 

Therefore Bunun için 

However Buna rağmen 

Whereas Halbuki 

In fact Gerçekte, nitekim 

As a matter of fact Aslında, zaten, nitekim 

Not to mention the 

fact that 

Kaldı ki 

In as much as Madem ki, den dolayı 

Since Madem ki, den dolayı 

About 

regarding 

related to 

in relation to 

pertaining to 

with regard to 

in connection with 

Hakkında

27 

Either .......or Ya ........ya da...... Either you or your friend will have to 

go there. 

Neither.....nor Ne ........ne de....... Neither you noır your friend can pay 

for that. 

Both ........and Hem ....hem de...... Both you and your girl friend were 

Not only....but also Yalnızca ...değil, fakat 

aynı zamanda .......da 

Whether ....or …..ip ........mediğini 

....se de .....mese de 

The more ....the more Ne kadar çok .......... 

O kadar çok ............ 

Just as ......so Nasıl ki .......ise, ayni 

şekilde........ 

seen there. 

Not only you but also your friends 

are not wanted here. 

I don’t know whether or not he is in 

Erzurum. 

She will have to go there 

Whether she wants it or not 

The more you study the higher grade 

you get. 

The more you work, the more you 

earn. 

The higher you go, the harder you 

fall 

-Just as Kosovo is sacred land to 

the Serbs, so is Krajina to Croatians. 

-Just as Chechenia is an internal 

matter of Russia so is Karabag for 

Azerbeijan.

16. VERBALS (Fiil Kökenli Kelimeler) 

16.1. Gerund (İsim Fiil) 

16.1.1. Present 

16.1.2. Past 

Swimming is a good exercise. 

I like swimming in a warm pool. 

She likes teaching tap dance. 

I can't stand waiting in lines. 

Being alone in a trip is boring. 

I like your speaking with an accent 

28 

Having been alone on that trip was boring. 

He denied having been late for work. 

16.2. Infinitive (Mastar) 

16.2.1. Present 

To exercise in the morning is good for health. 

I like to swim in heated pools. 

She has a lot of work to do. 

I felt the earth move. 

He saw him go into the building. 

16.2.2. Past 

To have seen him doesn't mean much. 

It is unfortunate for him to have met her. 

I am sorry to have met you. 

I wish I had never met you. 

16.3. Participle (Sıfat ve Zarf Fiiller) 

16.3.1. Adjective Participle (Sıfat fiiller) 

16.3.1.1. Present 

The movie is exciting. 

It is a very exciting movie indeed. 

People living in the country are lucky. 

The energy needed by all living things comes from the sun. 

The lecture was interesting and informing.

16.3.1.2 Past 

29 

He is a retired teacher. (tired, disappointed etc.) 

The broken chair will be repaired. 

I will borrow the required money from the bank. 

I am excited. 

16.3.2. Adverb Participle (Zarf Fiiller) 

16.3.2.1. Zaman Bildiren Adverb Participle 

16.3.2.1.1. Present 

16.3.2.1.2. Past 

Watching TV, he fell asleep (while...) 

Entering the room, I saw the burglar (while...) 

I saw him crossing the street (while) 

Having watched the game he left the stadium (... after that.) 

Having finished his work, he went home (... after that..) 

16.3.2.2. Sebep Bildiren Adverb Participle 

16.3.2.2.1. Present 

16.3.2.2.2. Past 

Being very hungry, I ate a lot. (Because ...) 

Knowing him well, she did not believe him (Because...) 

(Having been) Wrapped in a blanket, he didn't mind spending the night 

outside. 

(Because...) Having been very hungry, I had eaten a lot. 

Having received no letter from her for a long time, he was worried.

30 

VERBALS 

Gerund Infinitive Participle 

Present Past Present Past 

Adjective Adverb 

Present Past 

Time Cause 

Present Past Present Past

17. PREFIXES (Ön Ekler) 

31 

Aboard : (Gemide, gemiye) Welcome aboard. 

Abroad : (Yurt dışında, yurt dışına) I have not been abroad yet. 

Archbishop : (Başpiskopos) Archbishop Makarios had been involved in politics. 

Enrich : (Zenginleştirme) Protein can be used to enrich the flour. 

Impossible : (İmkansız) When something is not possible it is impossible. 

Semiofficial : (Yarı resmi) AA is a semiofficial news agency. 

Prehistoric : (Tarih öncesi) People did not know much in prehistoric times. 

Post election : (Seçim sonrası) Post election politics has been quite complicated 

Vice-president : (Başkan yardımcısı) Vice-president Johnson had an heart attack. 

18. SUFFIXES (Son Ekler) 

Drinkable : (İçilebilir) This water is drinkable. 

Kingdom : (Krallık) The United Kingdom is ruled by Elizabeth II. 

Enriched : (Zenginleştirilmiş) This food has been enriched by extra protein. 

Employed : (İşçi, müstahdem) The employees will strike to raise their wages. 

Childish : (Çocukça) It is childish to cry over simple things. 

Civilized : (Medenileştirilmiş) The wild tribes are civilized now. 

Americanize : Amerikalılaştırmak 

Booklet : (Kitapçık) That booklet consists of only 30 pages. 

Lakelet : (Gölcük) Van is a lake but Küçükçekmece is a lakelet. 

Payment : (Ödeme) The size of the payment is determined by the 

purchase power. 

Careful : (Dikkatli) You have to be careful when you cross the street. 

Careless : (Dikkatsiz) He fell on the ice because he was careless. 

Carefulness : (Dikkatlilik) That job requires complete carefulness. 

Carelessness : (Dikkatsizlik) The accident happened as a result of carelessness. 

Separately : (Ayrı olarak) Place the pieces separately. 

Naturally : (Doğal olarak) Naturally they will refuse the offer. 

Personally : (Kişisel olarak) Personally, I hate cold weather. 

Strong : güçlü Strength : güç, kuvvet (sıfattan isim) 

Smoke : duman Smoky : Dumanlı (isimden sıfat) 

Simple : basit Simplify : Basitleştirmek (sıfattan fiil)

19. IDIOMS 

32 

All the same yine de I was not invited to the conference, but I 

will attend all the same. 

As if sanki, imiş gibi He orders me to do things, as if he is my 

father. 

As soon as possible mümkün olan en Please let me know the result as soon as 

kısa zamanda possible. 

At first ilk önce At first, I thought that he was a student 

At last nihayet At last, he was able to pay his debt. 

At least en azından There were at least 500 people in the 

theatre. 

To be about to üzere olmak He was about to leave the room when I 

went there. 

To be familiar with aşina olmak I am familiar with that subject. 

To be in charge of sorumlu olmak He is in charge of this department. 

To be interested in ilgilenmek I am not interested in politics. 

To be one's turn sırası olmak Now it is your turn to wash the dishes. 

To be tired of bıkmak They are tired of uninvited guests. 

To be used to alışık olmak People in Erzurum are used to cold. 

To break down bozulmak My car broke down on the way. 

To break up (with) bozuşmak He broke up with his girl friend yesterday. 

To bring up çocuk yetiştirmek He was brought up in a village. 

By the way sırası gelmişken By the way, I had met him in Paris. 

To catch cold soğuk almak Take your coat with you, otherwise you 

will catch cold. 

To catch fire ateş almak The forest caught fire in a dry hot day. 

To be fed up (with) bıkmak usanmak I am fed up with all this nonsense. 

To be fond (of) hoşlanmak He is fond of Jane Fonda very much. 

To be in need (of) ihtiyacı olmak The old man is in need of money and care. 

To be out of question söz konusu A general amnesty is out of question for 

olmamak 

the coming ten years. 

To be through (with) bitirmek, ilişiği I am through with that research for this 

kesmek 

semester 

To beat about the bush lafı uzatmak Please don't beat about (around) the bush, 

come to the point. 

To change one's mind Fikrini değiştirmek Did you change your mind? 

To come across karşılaşmak We come across different types of people 

in the railway and bus stations. 

To come to an end sona ermek Sooner or later, this tragedy will come to 

an end. 

To call for gerektirmek The project calls for a million dollar. 

To catch up (with) yetişmek Turkey has been trying to catch up with the 

West for the past 100 years. 

To charge (with) ile itham etmek He was charged with murder and robbery. 

To do away with kurtulmak, başından She did away with all her old clothes. 

(to get rid of) atmak

33 

To do one's best elinden geleni I will try do my best to accomplish it and 

yapmak 

save my face. 

To fall asleep uykuya dalmak He falls asleep right after he goes to bed. 

To fall in love (with) aşık olmak Ferhat had fallen in love with Şirin. 

To feel like canı istemek I don't feel like drinking tonight. 

To feel sorry (for) acımak He feels sorry for the poor and gives them 

money. 

To find out anlamak I'll find out where he was at that time. 

For the time being şimdilik He will keep his mouth shut for the time 

being. 

For nothing bedava, karşılıksız You can not get anything for nothing. 

To get along geçinmek They can’t get along well with each other. 

To get well iyileşmek I hope you will get well soon. 

To get in touch (with) temasa geçmek You have to get in touch with the manager. 

To get in the house eve girmek to get out of the house : evden çıkmak 

To get on the bus arabaya binmek to get off the bus : arabadan inmek 

To get up yataktan kalkmak to wake up : uyanmak 

To get used to alışmak You will get used to it soon. 

To give a call telefon etmek Give me a call tonight. 

To give in taviz vermek I won’t give in any more. 

To give up vazgeçmek He gave up his plan to go to Sakarya 

Heads or tails yazı tura Heads or tails? Heads you win, tails I win. 

To have nothing to do Bir şeyle ilgisi I have nothing to do with it. 

with something olmamak 

In other words diğer bir deyişle …in other words, he will not pay his debt. 

To keep in mind akılda tutmak please keep in mind that ... 

To keep in touch ilişkiyi devam Keep in touch with us even if you go far far 

(with) 

ettirmek 

away. 

To keep up (with) ayak uydurmak He can't keep up with the rest of the group 

To let someone know birisine bildirmek Please let me know if you run into him. 

To look after bakmak (çocuk vs.) The mother will look after the child. 

To make fun (of) alay etmek Don't make fun of me sir. 

To make up (with) barışmak He made up with his girl friend today. 

To make up (for) telafi etmek I will make up for the time I lost… 

To play a joke (on) şaka yapmak The students played a joke on the teacher. 

To make money para kazanmak He made a lot of money in gambling. 

To make up one's karar vermek Don't make up your mind without 

mind 

consulting the consultant. 

To change one's mind karar değiştirmek Don’t change your mind so often. 

To make use of yararlanmak Turkey can make use of coal for energy. 

To mind one's own kendi işine bakmak Mind your own bussiness. Don’t stick your 

business 

nose into this matter. 

Once and for all kesin olarak Resolve the matter once and for all. 

Out of curiosity meraktan Just out of curiosity, how much money do 

you make in one month? 

Out of date demode Your shirts are out of date, keep them up 

to date.

34 

Out of order bozuk Don't turn the radio on. It is out of order. 

To pay attention to dikkat etmek Pay attention to what I say. 

To put out söndürmek They put the fire out. 

To put off tehir etmek They had to put off the show because of 

the bad weather. 

To call off iptal etmek They called off the show for financial 

reasons. 

To put on weight kilo almak Some people put on weight fast, no matter 

what... 

To run into rastlamak He ran into his old friend in the street. 

To see someone off birisini uğurlamak The honor troop was present when they 

saw the president off. 

To set fire to ateşe vermek They set fire to the house on purpose. 

To shake hands el sıkışmak We shook hands after we broke up. 

To shut up sesini kesmek If you don't have to talk, just shut up. 

To show up çıkagelmek He showed up one hour after the show. 

To slow down yavaşlamak The car slowed down and pulled over. 

To stick to the point konuya bağlı Do not beat about the bush, come and stick 

kalmak 

to the point. 

To take a bus otobüse binmek You must take a bus or a taxi. 

To take a chance İşi şansa bırakmak Study hard. Don’t take a chance. 

To take advantage of istismar etmek Do not take advantage of his ignorance 

To take after Birisine çekmek Who did he take after? He took after his 

good for nothing uncle. 

To take a seat bir yere oturmak He asked me to take a seat when I entered 

the room. 

To take into account hesaba katmak The teacher should have taken the 

conditions in his family into account. 

To take a break ara vermek We took a break after we studied an hour. 

To take apart parçalamak They took the car apart to repair it. 

To take by surprise şaşırtmak That news took me by surprise. 

To take part in katılmak I would like to take a part in the research. 

To take seriously ciddiye almak Don't take to the movies too seriously. 

To take sides taraf tutmak A president should not take sides on 

political matters. 

To take someone for birisini birisine They often take me for my brother. 

someone else benzetmek 

To take up alışkanlık edinmek I gave up smoking but took up chewing 

gum. Don’t take up a harmfull habit. 

To turn someone birisini reddetmek The girl turned the boy down when he 

down 

asked her for a date. 

To wake up uyanmak I try to wake up early in the morning. 

To wake someone up Uyandirmak I will wake you up at 8 o’clock.

20. PROVERBS and QUOTATIONS 

35 

� Treat others as you would like to be treated. 

� Do not do to others, what you do not want others to do to you. 

� Whatever you wish for yourself wish the same for the others. 

� One is as good as what he wants for others relative to what he wants for himself 

� We have two ears but only one tongue, so that we may hear more and speak less. 

� Birds of a feather flock together. 

� Rolling stones gather no moss. 

� Barking dogs do not bite. 

� A friend exaggerates one's virtues and enemy his faults. 

� One should not judge by appearance. 

� Do not put the cart in front of the horse. 

� Business is business. 

� A lie calls for a hundred more. 

� You can fool some of the people all of the time, all of the people some of the time, 

but you can not fool all of the people all of the time (Lincoln). 

� If the whole world had been a state, Istanbul would be the capital (Napoleon) 

� People who stay in glass houses should not throw stones (men dakka dukka) 

� When the cats are away, the mice will play. 

� Only the squeaky wheel gets the grease. 

� Too many cooks spoil the soup. 

� Strike while the iron is hot. 

� A penny saved is a penny earned. 

� A friend in need is a friend indeed. 

� A man is known by the company he keeps. 

� A bird in hand is worth two in the bush. 

� Action speaks louder than the words. 

� The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know. 

� Easy come, easy go. 

� Time is money (El vaktu naktun) 

� Out of sight, out of mind 

� God gives nuts to those who don't have teeth. 

� Don't run after a girl or a bus, because there is always another one coming. 

� If a diplomat says yes, it means perhaps. If a diplomat says perhaps, it means no. 

If a diplomat says no, he is not a real diplomat

21. MISCELLANEOUS (Muhtelif) 

Three lane highway Üç şeritli karayolu 

Hundred page book 100 sayfalık kitap 

The tea is too hot to drink Çay içilmeyecek kadar sıcak 

The tea is hot enough to drink Çay içilebilecek kadar sıcak 

There is no body in the room There is not any body in the room 

The movie is not interesting, 

Sinema filmi ilginç değıl, 

I would rather (I'd rather) watch TV tonight 

I had better (I'd better) start studying, 

or else I will flunk the exam. 

They talk to each other. 

They talk to one another. 

36 

televizyon seyretmeyi tercih ederim. 

Çalışmaya başlasam iyi olur, 

yoksa sınavda çakarım. 

(2 persons) 

(More than 2 persons) 

You can go whenever (or wherever) you want Her ne zaman istersen… 

You can take whatever you want 

(or whichever) 

Her ne istersen… 

(hangisini istersen) 

No matter what, I will go there 

Ne olursa olsun... 

Sooner or later I'm gonna get you Er veya geç… 

They came here one after another 

Onlar buraya birbiri peşine geldiler. 

They came here one at a time 

Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler. 

They came here one by one 

Onlar buraya birer birer geldiler. 

They came here in a group of two 

Onlar buraya ikişer ikişer geldiler. 

The more you study, the more you learn Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok… 

The more you work, the more you earn Ne kadar çok çalışırsan o kadar çok… 

Did you happen to meet Mr. President Hiç (tesadüfen) başkanla karşılaştınız mı 

Did you happen to see the most beautiful girl 

in the World? 

Dünyadaki en güzel kızı hiç 

gördünüzmü? 

I happened to be passing by the scene when the 

accident happened. 

Kaza olduğunda oradan tesadüfen 

geçiyordum…. 

mind your own business: 

Bu işe karışma. Kendi işine bak. 

That is none of your business 

Bu iş seni ilgilendirmez. 

You have to take a taxi in order to get there in 

time (... so, as to ..., so as not to...) 

Oraya zamanında varabilmek için taksi 

ile gitmen gerekir. 

You have to study hard in order that (so that) İngilizceyi iyi öğrenebilmen için… 

you can learn English well 

Has what happened to you happened to them 

too? 

� Open the door 

Senin başına gelen onların başına da 

geldi mi?

37 

� Please open the door (open the door please). 

� Will you please open the door? 

� Would you please open the door? 

� Would you be so kind as to open the door please? 

� The cars were traveling bumper to bumper. 

� Put the boxes one on top of the other to save room (on top of one another) 

� The workers put the rails end to end and welded them. 

� The fishermen laid the fish side by side in the market. 

� If it weren't for the umbrella, we would get wet. 

� If it had not been for the umbrella, we would get wet. 

� If it had not been for you, I would not have been able to go there. 

� Had it not been for you, I would not have been able to go there. 

� Should one day you come here, please stop by my office. 

� Should I hear from him, I will let you know. 

� Let us go. Shall we? 

� This is the first time I have seen such a thing. 

� If you had not been a rich stupid, you would not have bought it at such price. 

� You can’t have seen him yesterday; he was with me all day. 

� Someone came here, didn't they? 

� I am a doctor, aren't I? 

� I heard him sing. 

� I heard him singing. 

� You can't go there until you have finished your work. 

� Don't stick your neck out. 

� He suggested that I see the doctor. 

� To arrive in Istanbul. 

� To arrive at the airport. 

� To arrive on the scene. 

� You shoul have your car serviced before you go on a trip. 

� I am having a pool built at the backyard. 

� I don’ object to your driving the car. 

� He learned German whereby he was able to communicate in Berlin. 

� I didn’t send you an invitation. I took it for granted that you would come. 

� She can’t speak Turkish, let alone English. 

� In the wake of the war, people were wandering aimlessly. 

� People were optimistic at the advent of the new Century.

38 

� We will take turns. Whose turn is it? It is your turn. 

� Sit at the table. 

� Hold it tight, so that you won't fall. He held it tight so that he wouldn't fall 

� It is made of gold. 

� It is made from (out of) packing cases. 

� To fall in (out of) love with sb. 

� Would you honorable MPS come to order please? 

� To take a chance: to take a risk. You can go there at your own risk. 

� To give a chance: to give an opportunity. 

� Ski slopes in Erzurum are steeper than those in Sarıkamış. 

� The population of Erzurum is twice as much as that of Kars. 

� On behalf of : adına; In behalf of : yararına 

� Only 20 % of the students who passed the exam are girls. 

� Half of those that were sent there were donkeys. 

� I saw Ahmet go to school. (Action completed) 

� I saw Ahmet going to school. (The action may not have been completed.) 

� May god give you twice as much as what you want for me! 

� There are two sides to a coin. 

� There are more to things than meets the eye. 

� There is nothing to it. 

� Every criminal must stand trial, and get a fair trial. 

� to rank first 

� council of Higher Education 

� a duplicate copy of important documents 

� Special thanks are due to those who... 

� extant X extinct 

� Acrophobia: fear of height. 

� Acrobat: acts in the heights. 

� To pass (fail, flunk) the test 

� To stand the test of time. 

� To chant nursery rhymes. 

� Honest to God : Vallahi 

� I swear to God: Allaha yemin ederim ki. 

� Duplication, multiplication, replication, reproduction. 

� Dilemma: A difficult situation. 

� Paradox: strange but true. 

� Enigma: Muamma, esrar, şifre 

� To be vulnerable to pressure

� To take somebody at his word. 

39 

� The theory of Lambrazo on the nature of man 

� On the spur of the moment. 

� You have to be a little bit crazy to keep your sanity. 

� Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards. 

� Don't bite the hand that feeds you. 

� Every body must account for his actions. 

� His philosophy is moderation in everything. 

� Don’t let this chance slip away. 

� To lay a wreath (or a foundation stone or a L). (laid, laid) 

� He laid a stone under a tree. 

� What are you good at? 

� I am good at playing basketball and eating pizza. 

� It could have been different. Couldn’t it? 

� I can’t disagree with you more. 

� Think before you act. Don’t act before you think. 

� It is time we went. It is time we had a president who thinks before he acts. 

� Do you know what I mean? 

� It is irreconcilable with the text and the spirit of the Constitution. 

� The new system is not compatable with the old one. 

� Ms. Palin was made to belive that she was talking to Sarkozy by a prankster. 

� Ms. Çiller was made to belive that she was talking to a general by Parsadan. 

� Three soldiers were killed, five were injured and seven were unaccounted for. 

� The car started rattling, because the paint on the road was rough. 

� The shortest period of time is the time between when the traffic lights turn green 

and the driver in the back sounds his horn. 

� They must have killed the guy and tried to make it look like an accident. 

� The guy with a funny name has made it to the top. 

� He is so tall that he has to duck coming through the door. 

� What is your standing in the class? 

� It is like stating the obvious. 

Oh lord! Give me the serenity to accept what can not be changed, 

the courage to change what should be changed, and 

the wisdom to know the difference between the two. 

� Do you solemly swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth? 

so help you God.

I used to go. 

I didn’t used to go. 

Did you used to go? 

Didn’t you used to go? 

There used to be… 

There didn’t used to be….. 

Did there used to be a swimming pool on this part of the Campus? 

Didn’t there used to be a swimming pool on this part of the Campus? 

There used to be a house by the lake when I was here the last time. 

40 

There didn’t used to be so many houses on this part of the city 20 years ago. 

Addition 2 + 3 = 5 Two plus three equals five. 

Subtraction 5 -3 = 2 Five minus three equals two. 

Multiplication 5 x 6 = 30 Five multiplied by six equals thirty. 

Five times six is thirty. 

Division 30 : 6 = 5 Thirty divided by six equals five. 

6 2 : six squared a x : a to the power x 

6 3 : six to the third power a -b : a to the power minus b. 

a / b = c dividend / divider = quotient 

a x b = c Multiplied x multiplier = product 

X = Σ X / N 

X bar equals sum X over N (average) 

6 and 36 6 is a factor of 36, 36 is a multiple of 6 (çarpan ve kat) 

a 2 - b 2 : (a+b) (a-b) The difference of two squared numbers is the product of 

V= 4/3.π.r 3 

A= 4. π.r 2 

Photosynthesis: 

the sum and the difference of these numbers. 

Volume of a sphere V equals four over three 

times π (3.14) times r cube 

Surface Area of a sphere A equals four times pi times 

r squared 

6CO2 + 12H2O + sunlight ---> 6O 2 + C6 H12O 6 + 6H2 O 

carbon dioxide + water + sunlight ---> oxygen + carbohydrate + water

Let’s face it 

41 

SECOND PART 

VOCABULARY 

� Just as the keys are attached to rings, the words should be attached to sentence 

to prevent them from being lost. 

English Logic I 

English is a stupid language. 

There is no egg in the eggplant. 

No ham in the hamburger. 

And neither pine nor apple in the pineapple. 

French fries were not invented in France. 

Boxing rings are square. 

If the teacher taught, 

Why didn’t the preacher praught. 

You fill in a form by filling it out. 

English was invented by people, not 

computers 

That is why, 

When the stars are out they are visible 

But when the lights are out they are invisible 

And why it is that when I wind up my watch 

It starts 

But when I wind up this observation it ends. 

Unknown 

English Logic II 

When the English tongue we speak, 

Why is break not rhymed with freak? 

Will you tell me why it's true? 

We say sew, but likewise few 

Beard sounds not the same as heard 

Cord is different from word 

Cow is cow, but low is low; 

Shoe is never rhymed with foe. 

Think of hose and dose and lose, 

Think of comb and tomb and bomb, 

Doll and roll, and home and some, 

And since pay is rhymed with say. 

Why not paid with said, I pray? 

We have blood and food and good; 

Mould is not pronounced like could. 

Is there any reason known? 

And in short, it seems to me, 

Sound and letters disagree. 

From ICLS Notes

Homophones 

Aisle (Ayıl) Koridor Isle Ada 

Be (Bi) Olmak Bee Arı 

Break (Breyk) Kırmak Brake Fren 

Die (Day) Ölmek Dye Boya 

Cell (Sel) Hücre Sell Satmak 

Doe (Do) Dişi Geyik Dough Hamur 

Hair (Heyr) Saç Hare Tavşan 

Flour (Flawr Un Flower Çiçek 

Heal (Hiil) Iyileşmek Heel Topuk 

Idol (Aydıl) Put Idle Boş, Aylak 

Mail (Meyl) Posta Male Erkek 

Our (Avr) Bizim Hour Saat 

42 

Straight (Streyt) Doğru (Düz Hat) Strait Boğaz (Çanakkale) 

Tail (Teyl) Kuyruk Tale Masal 

Fair Doğru Adil Fare Ücret (Bilet v.b.) 

American English English English Turkish 

Baby bottle (nipple) Teat Biberon 

Long distance call Trunk call Şehirlerarası telefon 

Business suit Lounge suit Resmi elbise 

Pants (slacks) Trousers Pantolon 

Parka Onarak Mont 

Shoestring Shoelace Ayakkabı bağı 

Intermission Interval Ara (sinemada) 

Meat grinder Mincer Kıyma makinası 

Raisins Sultanas Kişmiş 

Antenna Arial Anten 

Closet Cupboard Dolap 

Faucet Tap Muslık 

Scotch tape Cellotape Şeffaf bant 

Fender Mud quard Çamurluk 

Baggage Luggage Bavul 

Lost and found Lost property Kayıp eşya bürosu 

Make reservation Book Yer ayırtmak 

Subway Under ground Metro 

Zero Naught Sıfır

Agricultural Words and Terms 

General 

Agriculture: Tarım Winnow: Savurmak Leaf: Yaprak 

Horticulture:Bağcılık, 

Bahçecilik 

43 

Store: Depolamak Awn: Kılçık 

Viticulture: Üzümcülük Germinate: Çimlenme Bud: Tomurcuk 

Apiculture: Arıcılık Emerge: Çıkma Field Crops: Tarla bitkileri 

Cultivate: Işlemek Flower: Çiçek, Çiçek açma Cash Crops: Gelir bitkileri 

Plow: Sürmek, Pulluk Mature : Olgun, Olgunlaşma Subsistence Crops: 

Geçimlik Ürünler 

Sow: Ekmek Bran: Kepek Grain Crops: Daneliler 

Plant: Dikmek Stable: Ahır Cereal Crops: Hububat 

Mow: Biçmek Stem: Gövde (ağaç) Root Crops: Kök bitkileri 

Reap: Biçmek Branch: Dal Industrial Crops: End. bit. 

Harvest: Hasat etmek Bark: Kabuk Oil Crops: Yağ bitkileri 

Trash: Dövmek Stalk: Gövde (sap) Fiber Crops: Lif bitkileri 

Wilt: Sararma Seedling : Fide Poultry : Kümes hayvan 

Thin: Seyreltme Fingerling: Yavru balık Feed: Hayvan yemi 

Hoe: Çapalama Rotation: Münavebe Trough: Kurun (Su kapları) 

Irrigate: Sulama Smut: Sürme Saddle Animals: Binek h. 

Sprinkler: Yağmurlama Forage Crops: Yem bitkileri Draft Animals: Çeki h. 

Barn: Samanlık Fodder Crops: Yem Bit. Flora: Tabii Bitki varlığı 

Furrow: Karık Cover Crops: Örtü bitkileri Fauna:Tabii Hayvan varlığı 

Fallow: Nadas Bovine : Büyükbaş hayvan Farm Manure: Çiftlik 

To Leave Fallow: Nadasa 

bırakma 

Plants 

Grains: Hububatlar 

gübresi 

Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvan Beef: Sığır eti 

Mutton: Koyun eti 

Barley: Arpa Millet: Darı Awned Wheat: Kılçıklı b. 

Wheat: Buğday Lentils: Mercimek Rice: Pirinç 

Corn: Mısır Oat: Yulaf Weed: Yabancı ot 

Rye: Çavdar

Industrial crops 

Cotton: Pamuk Tobacco: Tütün Flax: Keten 

Hemp: Kenevir Sugar Beet: Şeker pancarı Jute: Kendir 

Fruits: Meyveler 

Apple: Elma Cherry Pip: Kiraz çekirdeği Strawberry: Çilek 

Pear: Armut Grape: Üzüm Mulberry: Dut 

Peach: Şeftali Grapefruit: Greyfurt Pineapple: Ananas 

Apricot: Kayısı Date: Hurma Orange : Portakal 

Plum: Erik Fig: Incir Tangerine: Mandalina 

Cherry: Kiraz Melon : Kavun Lemon: Limon 

Pip: Çekirdek Watermelon: Karpuz Quince : Ayva 

Vegetables: Sebzeler 

Tomato: Domates Potato: Patates Squash: Kabak (Dolmalık) 

Pepper: Biber Onion: Soğan Pumpkin: Kabak (Bal) 

Egg Plant: Patlıcan Garlic: Sarmısak Cauliflower: Karnabahar 

Cucumber: Salatalık Bean: Fasulye Cabbage: Lahana 

Lettuce: Marul Melon: Kavun Mushroom: Mantar 

Carrot: Havuç 

Nuts: Kuruyemişler 

Chestnut: Kestane Coconut: Hindistan Cevizi Pistachio: Antep Fıstığı 

44 

Walnut: Ceviz Almond: Badem 

Peanut : Fıstık Cashew: Cashew Fıstığı 

Fodder crops: Yem Bitkileri 

Alfalfa: Yonca Vetch: Fiğ (Küspe) Grass: Çimen 

Seinfoin: Korunga Clover : Üçgül Crushed Straw: Saman 

Flowers: Çiçekler 

Rose: Gül Carnation: Karanfil Daisy: Papatya 

Tulip: Lale Violet: Menekşe Lavender: Lavanta 

Jasmine: Yasemin Lily: Zambak

Trees: Ağaçlar 

Willow: Söğüt Maple tree: Akçaağaç Okra: Bamya 

Poplar: Kavak Palm Tree: Palmiye Spinach: Ispanak 

Oak: Meşe Herbicide:Yab. Ot Ilacı Celery : Kereviz 

Hazelnut: Fındık Pea: Bezelye Parsley : Maydanoz 

Pine: Çam Chick-Pea: Nohut Leek: Prasa 

Division : Bölüm Class: Sınıf Family: Familya 

Animals and Insects 

Bovine: Büyükbaş Hayvanlar 

Cow: Inek Bull: Boğa Camel: Deve 

Ox: Öküz Buffalo: Manda 

Calf: Dana Pig: Domuz 

Ovine: Küçükbaş Hayvanlar 

Sheep: Koyun Lamb: Kuzu Doe: Keçi (Dişi), Dişi Geyik 

Ewe: Koyun Goat: Keçi 

Ram: Koç Buch: Teke 

Poultry: Kümes Hayvancılığı 

Chicken: Tavuk Turkey: Hindi Duckling: Ördek yavrusu 

Hen: Tavuk Goose: Kaz 

Rooster: Horoz Duck: Ördek 

Saddle Animals: Binek Hayvanları 

Horse: At Mare: Kısrak Mule: Katır 

Stallion: Aygır Donkey:Eşek 

Domestic Animals : Ev Hayvanlar 

Dog: Köpek Puppy: Guduk Kitten: K.Yavrusu 

Bitch: Kancık Cat: Kedi 

45

Insects: Böcekler 

Fly: Sinek Butterfly: Kelebek Genus: Cins 

Bee: Arı Spider: Örümcek Species: Tür 

Mosquito: Sivrisinek Cockroach: Hamam b. Variety: Çeşit 

Beetle: A. Böceği Silkworm: Ipek böceği Strain: Hat 

46 

Insecticide:Böcek Öldürücü Locust: Çekirge 

Wild Animals and Others 

Land Animals: Kara Hayvanları 

Wolf: Kurt Monkey: Maymun Rabbit: Tavşan 

Fox: Tilki Zebra: Zebra Rat: Tarla faresi 

Bear: Ayı Giraffe: Zürafa Mouse: Ev faresi 

Lion: Aslan Elephant: Fil Bat: Yarasa 

Tiger: Kaplan Beaver: Kunduz Squirrel: Sincap 

Leopard: Leopar Jackal: Çakal 

Sea Creatures: Deniz Yaratıkları 

Whale: Balina Coral: Mercan Shrimp: Karides 

Shark: Köpek Balığı Sponge: Sünger Lobster: Istakos 

Dolphin: Yunus Balığı Octopus: Ahtapot Crab: Yengeç 

Trout: Alabalık Mussel: Midye 

Birds: Kuşlar 

Sea Gull: Martı Crow: Karga Peacock: Tavus 

Hawk: Atmaca Sparrow: Serçe Pheasant: Keklik 

Dove: Güvercin Pigeon: Güvercin Vulture: Akbaba 

Falcon: Şahin Eagle: Kartal Ostrich: Devekuşu 

Canary: Kanarya Stork: Leylek Owl: Baykuş 

Parrot: Papağan Crane: Leylek 

Reptiles: Sürüngenler 

Snake: Yılan Alligator: Timsah Snail: Sümüklü böcek 

Scorpion: Akrep Turtle: Kaplumbağa Frog: Kurbağa 

Crocodile: Timsah Worm: Solucan

Agricultural Implements 

Fork: Dirgen Hammer: Çekiç Harrow: Sürgü 

Rake: Tırmak Sickle: Orak Discharrow: Diskaro 

Pick: Kazma Scythe: Tırpan 

Shovel: Kürek Cart: Araba Seed Drill: Mibzer 

Spade: Bel Küreği Plow: Pulluk Tractor: Traktör 

Hoe: Çapa Roller: Merdane Trailer: Römork 

Combine Harvester: Biçer 

Döver 

Household Tools 

47 

Potato Planter: P. Dikici Wheel Barrow: El arabası 

Scissors: Makas Driver: Tornavida Awl: Biz 

Tweezers: Cımbız Bolt: Civata Strainer: Süzgeç 

Pliers: Pense Nut: Somun Funnel: Huni 

Pincers : Kerpeten Spanner: Somun anahtarı Bucket: Kova 

Axe: Balta Wrench: İng.Anahtar Nail: Çivi 

Chopper: Satır, Falçata Saw: Testere Hammer: Çekiç 

Lever: Levye Hacksaw: Demir testeresi Brush: Fırça 

Drill: Matkap Ripsaw: Ağaç testeresi Broom: Süpürge 

Screw: Vida Dust Pan: Faraş Mop: Paspas 

At the Kitchen 

Pot: Tencere Pan: Tava Oven: Fırın 

To boil: Haşlamak To fry: Kızartmak To bake: Fırında pişirmek 

To gril: İzgarada pişirmek Garnish: Garnitür Shaker: Tuzluk 

Pressure Cooker: 

Düdüklü tencere 

Can Opener: 

Konserve açacağı 

Bootle opener: 

Şişe açacağı 

Parts of a Human Body 

The Skeleton : İskelet Wrist: Bilek Forehead/Brow: Alın 

Skull: Kafatası Fist: Yumruk Jaw: Çene Kemiği 

Collar-Bone: Köprücük k. Hand: El Mustache: Bıyık 

Shoulder-Blade: Kürek k. Palm: Aya, Avuç içi Beard: Sakal 

Breastbone: Göğüş Kemiği Thumb: Başparmak Tooth: Diş 

Rib: Kaburga Kemiği Finger: Parmak Lip: Dudak 

Backbone/Spine: Omurga Nail: Tırnak Tongue: Dil 

Hip-Bone/: Kalça Kemiği/ Leg: Bacak Eye: Göz 

Pelvis: Leğen Kemiği Thigh: Uyluk Eyeball: Göz yuvarlağı

Kneecap: Dizkapağı Kemiği Knee: Diz Eyebrow: Kaş 

Hair: Saç Calf: Baldır Eyelid: Göz kapağı 

Head: Baş/Kafa Ankle: Ayak bileği Eyelashes: Kirpikler 

Neck: Boyun Foot: Ayak Iris: Iris/Iris Tabakası 

Throat: Boğaz/Gırtlak Heel: Topuk Brain: Beyin 

Shoulder: Omuz Instep: Taban kemeri Wind Pipe: Soluk borusu 

Chest: Göğüs Sole: Ayak tabanı Heart: Kalp Yürek 

Back: Sırt Toe: Ayak parmağı Lung: Akciğer 

Waist: Bel The Face: Yüz Liver: Karaciğer 

Stomach/Tummy:Mide/Karın Eye: Göz Kidney: Böbrek 

Hip: Kalça Nose: Burun Intestines: Barsaklar 

Bottom/Buttocks: Kıç/Kaba Ear: Kulak Bladder: Sidik torbası 

Armpit: Koltuk Altı Mouth: Ağız Vein: Toplardamar 

Arm: Kol Cheek: Yanak, Avurt Artery: Atardamar 

Elbow: Dirsek Chin: Çene Muscle: Kas/Adale 

Forearm: Önkol Temple: Şakak Vessel: Damar 

Games 

48 

poker, bridge, black jack, chess, checker, backgammon 

Game Cards 

club, spade, diamond, heart (sinek, maça, karo, kupa) 

to suffle the cards (kağitları karmak), to deal the cards (kağıtları dağıtmak) 

Sports 

wrestling, boxing, running, high-jumping, long-jumping, skating, skiing, swimming, diving, 

riding, hammer-throwing, discus-throwing, javelin, tennis, ping-pong, pole-vaulting, golf, 

football, volleyball, basketball, soccer, etc. 

The Motto of the Olympiads 

Citius, altius, fortius : Daha hızlı, daha yüksek, daha güçlü 

The Motto of the French Revolution 

Liberty, equality, fraternity : Özgürlük, eşitlik, dayanışma (Hürriyet, musavvat, uhuvvet) 

The Components of Human Existence 

Mind, soul and body: Zihin, ruh ve beden

Mental Abilities 

Intelligence, memory, perception, reasoning, orientation, willpower, stability, attention, 

sensitivity, consciousness, conscience. 

49 

Some Personality Traits (x is…) 

Industrious, intelligent, kind, bold, indipendent, sensitive, carefull, generous, punctual, 

smart, energetic, passionate, honest, decent, self-confident, humorous, sociable, easy 

going, charming, extravert, optimist, liberal, conservative, shy, gullible, intravert, pessimist 

etc. 

Five Pillars of Islam 

Praying, fasting, pilgrimage, almsgiving, confirmation of faith. 

(the sixth one is said to be knowing your limits) 

Automotive Words and Terms 

Car: Araba Gear: Vites Spare Tire: Yedek Lastik 

Bus: Otobüs Clutch: Debriyaj Jack: Kriko 

Truck: Kamyon Brake: Firen Lever: Levye 

Bumper: Tampon Accelerator: Gaz Towing Rope: Çekme halat 

Headlight: Ön Far Fan: Pervane Extinguisher: Yangın sön. 

Signal: Sinyal Fan Belt: Pervane kayışı Fuel Tank: Depo 

Fender: Çamurluk Starter: Marş Pot Hole: Kasis 

Hood: Motor kapağı Spark Plug: Buji To Start: Çalıştırmak 

Windshield: Ön cam Distributor: Distribitör To Speed Up: Hızlanmak 

Wiper: Silecek Carburetor: Karbüratör To Swerve: Dir. Kırmak 

Roof: Üst Kaporta Dashboard: Konsol Flat Tire: Patlak Lastik 

Trunk: Bagaj Glove Compartment: 

Torpido gözü 

To Slow down : 

Yavaşlamak 

Wheel: Tekerlek Front Seat: Ön koltuk To Pull Over: Kenara çekmek 

Tire: Lastik Back Seat: Arka koltuk To Stop: Durmak 

Rear view mirror: Arkayı 

görüş aynası 

Seat Belt: Kemer To Repair the flat tire: 

Lastik tamir etmek 

Steering Wheel: Direksiyon Horn: Korna Fender: Çamurluk 

Horn: Korna To sound horn: Korna 

Çalmak

Military Terms 

Private Er Artillery Topçu 

Corporal Onbaşı Cavalry Süvari 

Sergeant Çavuş Tank units Tankçı 

Lieutenant Teğmen Military engineering İstihkam 

Second Lieutenant Üsteğmen Communication 

Units 

Muhabere 

Captain Yüzbaşı Cease- Fire Ateş Kes 

Major Binbaşı Armistice Mütareke 

Lieutenant colonel Yarbay Machine gun Makinalı tüfek 

Colonel Albay Bullet Tabanca mermisi 

General General Artillery round Top mermisi 

One Star general Tuğ general Missile Füze 

Two Star general Tüm general Nuclear warhead Nükleer başlık 

Three Star general Kor general Gun powder Barut 

Four Star general Or general Combat Çatışma 

Marshal Mareşal Booby trap Bubi tuzağı 

Chief of staff Genel kurmay baş. Armored vehicles Zırhlı araçlar 

Army Kara kuvvetleri Trench Siper 

Navy Deniz kuvvetleri Front line Savaş hattı 

Airforce Hava kuvvetleri 

Infantry Piyade 

50 

ICBMs, airborne bombers, submarine based missiles 

At ease, attention, fire. 

Onomatopoeic Words (Tabiat sesleri benzeri kelimeler) 

Bark: Havlama Hum: Mırıldanma (Şarkı) Knock: Kapıyı Vurma 

Meow: Miyavlama Mırmır: Mırıldanma (Söz) Clap: Alkış Sesi 

Hee Haw: Anırma Purr: Mırıldanma (Kedi) Chop: Odun Kırma 

Quack: Vak Vak Snore: Horlama Chip: Kutuya Para Atma 

Roar: Kükreme Piss: Işeme Moan: Inleme 

Weigh: Kişneme Cough: Öksürme Crisp: Gevrek 

Blah-Blah: Dırdır Crack: Çatırtı Bomb: Bomba lamak 

Burb: Geğirme Crackle: Çıtırtı Snap: Ipin Kopması 

Sneeze: Hapşırma Crash: Çarpışma Hick-Up: Hıçkırmak 

Hush: Hış! Splash: Suya Çarpma

Latin Words and Abbreviations 

De facto In Reality Fiili Durum 

De jure In Law Yasal Olarak Durum 

Phenomenon Event Olay 

Phenomena Events Olaylar 

Fait accompli Accomplished Fact Emri Vaki, Oldu Bitti 

(Or) Vice Versa Conversely (Veya) Tersi 

Vis-A-Vis Faceto Face, Compared to Yüz Yüze, E Göre 

As Per In Accordance with E Uygun Olarak…. 

Datum Information (Sin.) Veri 

Data Information (Pl.) Veriler 

Thesis Thesis Tez 

Theses Theses Tezler 

Per Se In (By) itself Bizatihi 

Per Capita Per Head Kişi Başına 

Ad Hoc Specific Özel 

In Vivo In living thing Canlı içinde 

In Vitro Out of living thing Canlı dışında 

Sine Quo Non Essential Olmazsa olmaz 

Ceterus Paribus Other things being equal Diğer şartlar sabitken 

I.E. (Id Est) That Is Yani 

E.G. (Exempli Gratia) For Example Mesela 

Etc. (Et Cetera) And so on Vesaire 

Et al. And others Ve diğerleri 

Ibid ( Ibidem) In the book cited above Y.A.G.E. 

C.V. Curriculum Vitae Özgeçmiş 

Quid Pro Quo Something for something Kısasa kısas 

Erratum Error Hata 

Errata Errors Hatalar 

Criterion Criterion Ölçüt 

Criteria Criteria Ölçütler 

Bona Fide Made in good faith Iyi niyetle yapılmış 

Casus Belli A cause for war Savaş Sebebi 

51 

Uni, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca.

The World 

52 

THIRD PART 

READING & WRITING 

(Reading Comprehension and Written Expression) 

Geography 

� The world is one of the 9 planets of the solar system. 

� The world rotates* on its own axis once every 24 hours. 

� The Earth revolves* around the sun once a year. 

� The moon is a satellite of the earth. 

� The moon revolves around the earth on an orbit once a month. 

� The moon is a satellite of the earth. 

� The area of the world is about 510.000.000 km 2 (square kilometers). 

� The area of the world is about 600 times larger than that of Turkey. 

� 3/4 of the world area is covered by the sea (three fourths of the ...) 

� The distance between the earth and the moon is about 384.000 km. A space craft 

can cover this distance in less than three days. 

History 

� The history of the world dates back around 4 billion years. 

� We are living at a time when machines do work that men used to do. 

� Airplanes can cover a distance in as many hours now, as it used to take days by 

other means of transportation in the near past. 

� There are twice as many people in the world now as there were 50 years ago. 

� Neil Armstrong, the commander of Apollo 11, is the first man to set foot on the 

moon on July 21, 1969. 

� America was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. 

� Telephone was invented by A. Graham Bell in 1876. 

� United Nations was established in 1945. 

Economy 

� The richest country in the world, in terms of per capita income, is Kuwait. 

� According to Malthus, the population of the world increases in geometrical ratio 

whereas the food production increases in arithmetical ratio. Therefore, the world 

is bound to face a serious crisis stemming from the shortage of food. 

Politics 

� One of the most important problems facing the mankind today is the lack of 

sense of justice among nations. Power is still the major factor in settling disputes. 

� Palestinian-Israeli dispute is the most important problem in the World Politics. 

� Turkey is trying to join the European Union since 1963. 

* Rotate: to turn on an axis 

* Revolve: to turn around a point

Turkey 

Geography 

� Turkey is located between two Continents, Asia and Europe. 

� The area of Turkey is about 780.000 km 2 (... square kilometers) 

53 

� Turkey has well defined borders on all sides. 

� Turkey is surrounded by the sea on three sides. The Black Sea is in the north, 

Aegean Sea is in the west and the Mediterranean Sea is in the south. 

� The mountains along the coast are covered with forests whereas the mountains of 

Central Anatolia is mainly bare. 

� Due to the differences in climate and the formation of the terrain, Anatolia is 

divided into a variety of agricultural regions. 

History 

� For many thousands of years, because of its unique geographical position, Turkey 

has been the cradle of many civilizations and the scene of many historical events. 

� Anatolia was captured and ruled by many nations, including Ionians, Persians, 

Romans, Arabs, and Turks. 

� It is not for nothing that Turkey is called as the "cradle of civilization"... 

Economy 

� The economy of Turkey is based on free market system. 

� Monetary unit in Turkey is Turkish Lira. Per capita income in Turkey is about $5.000. 

� Turkey is among a few nations in the world that are self- sufficient in food 

production. In fact, if used efficiently, agricultural land in Turkey is sufficient to 

feed the people many times over. 

� If it weren’t for the waste and mismanagement in the government in the past 20 

years, the per capita income would have more than doubled now. 

Social and Cultural Structure 

� The population of Turkey is about 70 million which constitutes approximately % 1 

(one per cent) of the world's population. 

� 30 % of the population lives in rural areas in Turkey. 

� Turkey can be considered as a land of contrasts in some ways. For example, some 

people still live a traditional life while some have adopted a modern way of life. 

� There is a big gap between the distribution of income both among the individuals 

and the regions. These disparities need to be mitigated. 

Politics 

� Political parties based on religion, race or class is outlawed in Turkey. 

� Turkey is a country to be reckoned with.

Erzurum 

54 

Geography 

� Erzurum is located in the north eastern part of Turkey. 

� It has always been an important center because of its geographical position and 

topographical peculiarities. 

� A branch of the ancient Silk Road used to pass through the city. 

� It is located on the skirts of majestic Palandöken Mountains, overlooks a large 

plain and controls several passes to different directions. 

� The population of Erzurum is about 400.000. 

� The altitude of the city is about 1.800 meters. 

� The city is surrounded by Palandoken Mountains on the south and Kargapazarı 

Mountains on the north. 

� The winters in Erzurum last for about six months from mid-November to the end 

of April. 

History 

� Erzurum has a history of 6.000 years dating back to 4.000 B.C. 

� Erzurum was captured and ruled by many nations such as Urartians, Cimmerians, 

Persians, Romans, Arabs, Byzantians and Turks (Saltuqs, Ilhans and Ottomans). 

� The Citadel in the city was built by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in the 5 th 

Century, but the clock tower was built by the Saltuq Turks in 12 th Century. 

� Erzurum has been the capital city of Saltuqian Dynasty in 12 th Century. 

� There are many works of art in the city from the period of Saltuq, Ilhan, and 

Ottoman Turks such as Grand Mosque, Double Minarets, Yakutiye Medresah 

and Lala Pasha Mosque. 

� Ulucami, the grand mosque, was built by Melik Nasrettin of Seljuks in the 12 th 

Century. It is covered by 7 parallel vaults, which provide 7 wide naves for the 

prayers. 

� The Double Minarets, a Theological College, was built by Sultan Alaattin 

Keykubat of saltuqs, a branch of the Seljuks, in the 13 th Century. It is the biggest 

and most elaborately decorated building of its kind in Anatolia. It has a very 

impressive portal with a highly decorated frame and a huge mukarnas (a 

decorated arch of the portal). Elaborate stone carvings on the base of the 

minarets and the reliefs on the walls have symbolic meanings representing the 

beliefs of the Ilhanits before they adopted Islam. For example, the double headed 

eagles and the dragons represent masters of the sky and the earth respectively. 

� Yakutiye Medresah, a theological college, was built by Hodja Cemalettin Yakutin 

in the 14 th Century. The building is being used as a museum now. 

� Lalapasha Mosque was built by the Governor Lala Mustafa Pasha who later 

became the conqueror of Cyprus in the 16 th Century during the reign of The 

Suleyman the Magnificent. It is a typical example of classical Ottoman mosques 

with a central dome supported by 4 main columns. It is the work of the great 

architect Sinan. 

� The city was occupied temporarily by the Russians three times in 1829, 1882 and 

1916.

55 

� Erzurum is the city where the foundation of the Republic of Turkey was laid in 

Erzurum Congress in July 23 rd . 1919 by Atatürk and his friends. 

� Other points of interest in the city include the Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai which 

is used as a marketplace for black stone jewelry, three tombs and old Erzurum 

houses. 

Economy 

� The economy of Erzurum depends mainly on three Sectors, namely, agriculture, 

trade and tourism. 

� Fodder crops and animal husbandry in Erzurum has a great potential for 

development. 

� The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Erzurum has more than 3.500 

members. It is the biggest civil society organization in Erzurum. 

� Tourism, especially the winter tourism, is becoming a major economical sector in 

Erzurum. Palandöken Ski Center is one of the most popular ski centers in the 

Country. When fully developed, the center will have a capacity of 32.000 skiers 

per day. The center is only 6 kilometers away from the city. There are four five 

star luxurious hotels in the center and it has the longest ski runs and the best 

snow quality in Turkey. 

� There is an important potential in Erzurum, for thermal and eco- tourism as well 

as rafting, trekking and mountain biking, 

Social and Cultural Structure 

� Erzurum has been the center of culture, education and throughout the history. 

� Double minarets and Yakutiye Medresah are the two important institutions of 

higher education of 12 th and 13 th Century. 

� Ataturk University is one of the biggest and most important institutions of higher 

education in the Country with about 40.000 Students 

� The people of Erzurum are called “dadash” which means “man of dignity “. 

Politics 

� People of Erzurum are known to be “conservative” in their political and social 

views. 

� Local elections will be held next year. 

� In the political history of Erzurum, no Mayor has been elected twice. The current 

mayor claims that he will be an exception in this regard.


56 

� Atatürk University was established in 1957 and started education in 1958 with 

150 students, 10 members of teaching staff in two Faculties namely, College of 

Agriculture and Faculty of Letters and Science. 

� Atatürk University is the 5th. University of Turkey. Now there are 130 

Universities in Turkey. 36 of these Universities are private “foundation” 

Universities. 

� Several activities were organized to commemorate the 50 th . Anniversary of the 

foundation of Atatürk University Throughout the year 2008. 

� At its 50th. Year the University is considered to be one of the most important 

institution of higher education in Turkey with 35000 students, 2500 members of 

teaching staff in 13 Faculties, 14 Vocational Colleges, 6 Graduate Schools, 16 

Research Centers, and 2 Research Hospitals. 

� The Faculties at the University in order of the date of establishment is as follows: 

1. College of Agriculture 

2. Faculty of Letters and Science 

3. Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 

4. Faculty of Medicine 

5. Faculty of Dentistry 

6. Faculty of Education 

7. Faculty of Engineering 

8. Faculty of Theology 

9. Faculty of Fine Arts 

10. Faculty of Communication and Journalism 

11. Faculty of Pharmacy 

12. Faculty of Veterinary Sciences 

13. Low School 

� Atatürk University has the largest experiment farm in Turkey with an area of 

more than 30000 decars. 

� The University has 1100 housing units on Campus which is the highest number 

of such units among the Universities in Turkey. 

� More than 1500 members of the teaching staff of Atatürk University have left 

the University to work in other Universities. That is why Atatürk University is 

called as the “the University establishing Universities”. 

� The contribution of the University to the economy of the City of Erzurum is 

more than 50 million Dollars per year.

Agriculture 

� Agriculture is the work of growing crops and raising farm animals. 

� Agronomy is the work of producing field crops in large and open fields. 

57 

� Horticulture is the work of producing fruits and vegetables in protected areas. 

� Agricultural extension is a technical service based on an out-of-school educational 

system and aimed at improving the living conditions of the people who are 

engaged in Agriculture. 

� There are eleven Departments in the College of Agriculture at Atatürk University. 

They are, in order of the date of establishment, the Departments of: 

o Agricultural Economics, 

o Animal Husbandry, 

o Soil Science, 

o Field Crops, 

o Agricultural Engineering, 

o Agricultural Mechanization, 

o Horticulture, 

o Plant Protection, 

o Food Technology, 

o Aquaculture and 

o Landscape Architecture. 

� Photosynthesis is a process by which chlorophyll containing cells in green plants 

synthesize carbohydrates from carbodioxide and water in the presence of sun light. 

In other words, it is a process by which plants make sugar from water and air. 

� Erosion occurs on sloping surfaces rather than level areas. 

� Some bacteria are beneficial, but some are harmful, causing various diseases. 

� A plow is an implement to till or turn over the soil. 

� A roller is used to break up the clods and compact the seed bed. 

� In general, tillage serves three purposes. It prepares the seed bed, destroys the 

weeds, and improves the soil. 

� Rotation is a practice of growing different crops at different times on the same soil. 

� A tractor can draw a two or more furrow plow.

Economics 

58 

� Economics is the study of man's activities aimed at satisfying the unlimited human 

needs by means of limited resources. These activities include production, 

distribution, consumption etc. 

� Supply and demand are among the most important concepts in Economics. Supply 

refers to the amounts of a commodity that the suppliers are willing to sell at 

certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time. On the other hand, 

demand refers to the amounts of a commodity that the consumers are willing to 

buy at certain price levels in a certain market at a certain time. 

� In a free market, the price of a commodity is determined at a point where the 

amounts of supply and demand are equal, the price of a commodity goes up as the 

demand goes up, or the supply goes down, or vice versa. 

� Inflation is an economic phenomenon which appears as a steady and sharp increase 

in general price level. Inflation, by definition, refers to a high level of increase in 

money supply in relation to the increase in production. Inflation can also be 

defined as too much demand in relation to supply. It follows that the solution to 

inflation is to decrease demand and increase supply by certain measures. 

� According to the law of diminishing returns, in production when one factor is 

increased constantly while the others are held constant. the output will show three 

stages: 

1) Increases at an increasing rate. 

2) Increases at decreasing rate. 

3) Reaches a maximum and thereafter decreases. 

The law of diminishing returns is also called the law of diminishing marginal 

productivity. The law of diminishing returns is illustrated as follows: 

output 

Total product 

input

Education 

59 

� Education can be described as “the activities to bring about a change in the 

minds, souls and the bodies of human beings”. 

� There are three components of human existence. They are; mind, soul and body. 

Education tries to improve these components by improving the knowledge, 

emotions and the physical talents of the individuals. 

� We learn new things every day in our lives. Therefore we can say that education 

continues from the cradle to grave. 

� Education activities are carried out in three domains. They are; cognitive, 

affective and psychomotor domains. There are different levels of educational 

objectives in all three domains. Some levels of educational objectives are 

“general” and some are “professional”. 

� High schools are expected to provide a general education whereas the 

universities are supposed to provide a professional education. 

� The levels of educational objectives in cognitive domain are as follows: 

1. Awareness 

2. Perception 

3. Application 

4. Analysis 

5. Synthesis 

6. Evaluation 

The firs three levels of these educational objectives are at general or “amateur” 

level. But, educational objectives at analysis, synthesis and evaluation levels are 

the objectives at professional level. We all have general knowledge, for example, 

about bad cold. But only the doctors have professional knowledge about it and 

have the authority to provide a diagnosis and treatment. 

� The most important factor in development is the Human Capital rather than the 

financial or physical potential. Human Capital is the quality of the knowledge, 

emotions and the manual talents of the individuals. Education is the only tool to 

improve these qualities. 

� Ministry of Education receives the highest amount of allocation from the national 

budget. 

� Ministry of Education is responsible for the general education, but the Council 

of Higher Education is responsible for professional education.

The Nature of Man 

60 

� The nature of man has been a subject of thoughts and discussions since the early 

ages of mankind. People have come to ask themselves if the nature of man is 

good or evil. 

� The color of truth seems to be grey. In other words, the color of truth is neither 

dark black nor snow white. It is grey, containing the elements of both. Similarly, 

the nature of man carries the elements of both good and evil together. 

� The inherent tendencies for good and evil are "normally" distributed among 

people, just like other innate characteristics such as height and intelligence. 

According to the normal distribution, 2% of the people are inherently very bad, 

14% are bad, 68% are normal, 14% are good, and 2% are very good. 

� Under the light of the “golden rule” The concept of “goodness” can be described 

as an inherent tendency of a person to want for others what he or she would 

want for himself. 

� A man is as good as what he wants for others relative to what he wants for himself. 

� Here are some examples of the golden rule statements: 

17. Regard your neighbor's gain as your own gain, and your neighbor's loss as 

your own loss. (Tei Shang.) 

18. What is hateful to you; do not to your fellow man. That is the entire law and 

the rest is commentary. (Shabbat, 31.) 

19. No one of you is a true believer until he desires for his brother what he 

desires for himself. (Sunnah). 

� An average person would want for others about 50% of what he would want for 

himself. Such a person would not mind giving a 50 unit harm to others for a 50 

unit gain for himself. 

� The tendency for good and evil is "normally" distributed among human beings. 

Everybody inherits good and bad tendencies together. But the proportion of 

these tendencies is different for everybody. 

� Practically, no one is absolutely good or evil. Therefore, no one, including the 

presidents and the prime ministers, should be given an absolute authority without 

accountability. Nobody should be left accountable only to his or her own 

conscience which he or she can convince without much difficulty. 

� “Absolute power corrupts absolutely” is absolutely a correct statement. This 

conclusion also applies to the soldiers of an occupying power in a war. In a 

situation where arbitrary power is exercised, bad tendencies or evil instincts may 

take over and a” normal” person may commit atrocities that may shock and 

surprise many people.

Atatürk 

61 

Atatürk is the founder and the first president of the Turkish Republic. He was born 

in 1881 in Salonika which is in Greece now but was a part of the Ottoman Empire at that 

time. He attended military school and became an officer in the Ottoman Army in 1902. 

He fought on several fronts in different wars and became a national hero after the 

Gallipoli War in 1915. Ottoman Empire was invaded by several foreign powers after the 

First World War. 

He started the Independence War against the invading powers in Samsun on May 

19th, 1919. He led the Nation to victory after a bitter and costly struggle on August 30th, 

1922. He established the Turkish Republic, on October 29th, 1923 and was elected as the 

first President of the Republic. 

The Turkish Republic was established on the principles of; republicanism, 

nationalism, statism, secularism, populism, and revolutionism which have become to be 

known as Kemalism. Atatürk has carried out several bold and broad reforms to create a 

modern state on the ruins of the six-century old Ottoman Empire. 

His many reforms include the following: 

� Abolishing the Sultanate and establishing the Republic. 

� Abolishing the Caliphate and Religious Code and establishing the secularism 

and Civil Code. 

� Closing down the religious orders. 

� Changing hats and costumes. 

� Introducing the Latin alphabet. 

� Establishing several state institutions to promote peace, prosperity, and 

progress in the Country. 

Atatürk died on November 10th, 1938, but his memory and his works will live 

forever. He is one of the greatest leaders of the Twentieth Century. Even if he had achieved 

only one of his many accomplishments, he would still have deserved to be called as one of 

the greatest leaders in the world.

62 

Atatürk’s Address to the Turkish Youth 

Turkish Youth! 

Your first duty is to preserve and defend the Turkish independence and the Turkish 

Republic forever. 

This is the only foundation of your existence and your future. This foundation is 

your most valuable treasure. In the future too, you will have enemies both in the country 

and abroad who will try to deprive you of this treasure. If, one day, you are compelled to 

defend your independence and the Republic, you shall not hesitate to perform your duty no 

matter what the circumstances and possibilities may be. These circumstances and 

possibilities may be extremely unfavorable. The enemies who desire to destroy your 

independence and your Republic may have won a victory unprecedented in the history of 

the World. By force or deceit, all the fortresses and shipyards of your homeland may have 

been seized, all the armies may have been dispersed and all the corners of your homeland 

may have actually been occupied. What is more tragic and awesome than even these 

eventualities, those in power may have fallen into ignorance, error, or even treason. 

Moreover, they may identify their personal interest with the enemies' political claims. The 

nation may have been completely deprived, destroyed and exhausted. 

Turkish youth of the future, even under these circumstances, it is your duty to save 

the Turkish independence and the Turkish Republic. The might that you will need is already 

present in the noble blood in your veins. 

M.K.Atatürk 1927

LETTERS AND CERTIFICATES 

Dear A, 

63 

A Letter to a Friend 

April 1 st , 1986 

ERZURUM 

Thank you very much for your letter of March 8th. It was very nice to hear from 

you again. I am sorry for the delay in answering your letter. I was out of town for a two- 

week vacation when it arrived. Lots of paper had piled up on my desk when I returned 

from vacation, and it took me several days to catch up with the work. 

It is nice to hear that you and your family are all well. I am happy to be able to say 

that I and my family are all fine too. B had a cold last week. He is about to overcome it and 

join the football team now. The weather has been unusually warm around here for this time 

of the year. 

That is all there is to say for the time being. Please say hi, to C and D for me. Please 

give my regards to your parents. 

P.S. 

I am looking forward to hearing from you again. 

G. became engaged to H.T. yesterday 

K will get married to L tomorrow. 

With all my best wishes 

E. F. U

64 

A Letter of Application 

______________________________________________________________________ 

I.C.L.S. 

1346 Connecticut Ave., 1200 

N.W. Washington D.C. 20036 U.S.A. 

Dear Sirs 

April 2nd, 1986 

ERZURUM 

I am a member of the teaching staff in the Department of... in the College of 

Agriculture at Atatürk University in Turkey. I was given a scholarship to study in U.S.A. 

for a period of one year. I would like to attend your school for three months for language 

training before I start studying in my field. 

I would appreciate if you could send me an application form and some information 

regarding accommodation possibilities-in D.C. 

Thank you very much in advance for your consideration. I am looking forward to 

receiving an answer from you. 

Enclosures : 

1. A copy of B.S. diploma 

2. A letter of financial support 

Sincerely yours, 

K.L.A 

Department of........... 

. Ataturk University 

25240 Erzurum -Turke

65 

A Letter of Recommendation 

______________________________________________________________________ 

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN 

April 3rd, 1986 

ERZURUM 

I am pleased to write this letter of recommendation in behalf of Dr. O.P. whom I 

have known for over ten years and worked with since 1980. He was asked to join the 

teaching staff in the College because of his distinguished record during his undergraduate 

years. 

Mr. P. is a diligent and intelligent person. He has a great sense of duty and 

responsibility. He is known to be a man of patience and perseverance. 

It is my belief that Dr. O.P. will be able to benefit greatly from an opportunity to 

study abroad. I strongly recommend him for such an opportunity. 

Very truly yours, 

Prof. Dr. M. C. A 

Chairman 

Department of.................. 

College of Agriculture 


Erzurum / TURKEY 

Some positive characteristics: careful, considerate, creative, co-operative, diligent, 

dedicated, energetic, extravert, friendly, hardworking, imaginative, intelligent, meticulous, 

orderly, punctual, self confident, vigilant,

66 

A Letter of Confirmation 

______________________________________________________________________ 

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN 

April 4th, 1986 

ERZURUM 

This is to certify that Dr. O.P. has been a member of the teaching staff in the 

College of Agriculture at Atatürk University for the past five years. He was awarded a 

scholarship by the Government to study abroad for a period of one year. 

I would like to confirm that his scholarship covers in full, the travel expenses, per- 

diem allowances, admission fees and medical expenses. 

Prof. Dr. T.K.F 

Dean 

College of Agriculture 

Atatürk University 25240 

ERZURUM-TURKEY

67 

______________________________________________________________________ 

Translation of a Diploma 

______________________________________________________________________ 

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY 

Date of Diploma : 

Diploma Number : 

Department : 

ERZURUM Photo 

ATATURK UNIVERSITY and 

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE seal 

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER 

DIPLOMA 

This is to certify that ...............................................................the son/daughter of 

.......................born in the year........................ in .........................has been granted the title 

of AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER on the date of............................. upon completing 

his/her studies and examinations successfully in compliance with the special laws and 

regulations of the College of Agriculture of Atatürk University to benefit from all the rights 

and privileges provided by the laws of the Republic of Turkey. 

Rector of Atatürk University Dean of College of Agriculture 

.......... ......... 

Signature Signature 

______________________________________________________________________ 

This is a complete and correct translation of the original 

Date and confirmation:

- Hello! 

- How are you? 

68 

FOURTH PART 

CONVERSATION 

(Listening Comprehension and Oral Expression) 

- Fine thanks and you? 

- Fine thanks. 

- What is your name? 

- My name is A.A. 

- Where are you from? 

- I am from Erzurum. 

- What is Erzurum famous for? 

- Erzurum is famous for its Palandöken Mountains and Atatürk University. 

- Where is Erzurum? 

- Erzurum is in the north eastern part of Turkey. 

- What is the population of Erzurum? 

- I am sorry. I couldn’t understand. Could you repeat it please? 

- OK. How many people live in Erzurum? 

- Oh. I see. The population of Erzurum is a little more than 400.000. 

- Which city is larger? Kars or Erzurum. 

- Don’t make me laugh. Of course Erzurum is larger than Kars. The population of 

Erzurum is more than twice as much as that of Kars, and they say that there are as 

many students in Erzurum as there are people in Kars. 

- Are you hungry? 

- Yes I am. Let’s go to a restaurant for dinner. 

- OK. That is very good idea. 

At the Restaurant 

- We want a table for two. 

- Yes sir. There is a table for two by the window, with a view of the sea. 

- That is very good. 

- What would you like to order? 

- I would like to have lentil soup, grilled meat, salad and a bottle of red wine. 

- Please pass the bread, tooth pick and paper napkin 

- How did you like your dinner? 

- I liked it. How about you? 

- If the soup had been as hot as the wine, everything would have been just fine.

At the Hotel 

- Hello young lady. Do you have a single room, and how much is it? 

- Yes we do have a single room, and it is 88 dollars per day. 

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- What time do I have to check out tomorrow? 

- The check out time is 12 o’clock noon. 

- OK. 

- Please fill in this form and give me your passport. 

- Can I barrow your pen? 

- Certainly. 

- Thank you. 

- I am sorry. I am out of Cigarette. Can I bum a cigarette? 

- I am sorry sir. I don’t smoke, and I don’t advise you to smoke either. 

On the Street 

- Excuse me, Can you tell me where the bus station is. 

- Yes of course. It is not very far from here. Go straight ahead two blocks. Turn left 

and walk down about a hundred meters. You will see the station on the right. You 

can’t miss it. 

- Thank you. By the way, what time is it? 

- It is ten to five. 

- OK. That is fine. My bus leaves at ten after six. 

In the Department 

- I am sorry. I am late for the meeting. I forgot all about it until 20 minutes ago. 

- That is alright. No problem. We haven’t started yet. Please take a seat. 

- What are the items on the agenda? 

- We will discuss the new regulation for the exams and the academic calendar. 

- We want to improve the quality of education in the Department and use the exams 

as a tool for improvement. 

- It is too hot here. May I open the window for e few minutes? 

- Do you mind if I close the door? 

- Please turn the lights on. It is getting darker. 

- Please turn the lights off when you leave the room.

At the Tourism Information Office 

- Hello! 

- Hello. May I help you? 

- I hope so. 

- What can I do for you? 

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- My car broke down five kilometers away from here to the west on the way from 

Erzincan. I think there is something wrong with the carburetor. It may be clogged 

with dirt coming from the gas tank. 

- I am sorry to hear that you had a problem with your car. But I am glad that it is 

not a serious one. Please come in and have a tea, while I make a phone call for a 

tow truck to tow your car to the repair shop. Then you can have it repaired there. 

- The back left door is also broken. Can I have it repaired too? 

- O course. But you have to take the car to the body shop to have the door repaired. 

- OK. Please make your phone call as soon as possible. Because I left the car there 

unattended. I don’t want to loose the goods in the car. 

- OK. I will make the phone call right away. 

- Thank you. By the way, do you have many tourists coming to Erzurum or passing 

through the City? 

- In summer we have many tourists passing through Erzurum going to somewhere 

else. But in winter many tourists from different countries come to Erzurum to ski. 

- What are the tourist attractions in the City? 

- Erzurum is the most important city in Eastern Turkey in terms of tourist 

attractions. There are many historical places such as Double Minarets, Castle, 

Grand Mosque, Yakutiye Madrasah and Aziziye military fortification. On the 

other hand, our ski center is one of the top centers in the country. 2011 winter 

Universiade will be held there. There will be more than 4000 people coming to 

Erzurum for the Universiade. 

- It is very cold in Erzurum. Isn’t it? I am very cold indeed. 

- Yes sir. Erzurum is qute cool at this time of the year. I am also cold. That’s what 

happens when you don’t put your coat on. 

- That is very interesting. Thank you for the information.

At the Shopping Center 

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- This is one of the largest shopping centers in Istanbul. There are more than six 

hundred shops in the Center. 

- That is very good. Do they have movie theaters too? 

- Yes they do. But I don’t know how much it costs to get in. 

- I want to go to a ski shop and buy a pair of ski goggles and gloves. 

- You better come here for shopping next week. There will be discounts and sales. 

- Where are the rest rooms in this shopping center? 

- The rest rooms are on the second floor, by the elevators. 

- Do they have restaurants in this center? 

- Yes of course. You name it, they have it. They even have a skating rink here. 

- That is interesting. Don’t tell me that they have a ski slope too. 

- Not here. But I have heard that there is a ski slope in a shopping center in Dubai. 

- I would like to visit that center in the future. 

- Where are the restaurants? 

- They are on the top floor. 

- What kind of shops are there in this center? 

- As I told you before, you name it, they have it. There are jewelry shops, sports 

shops, grocery stores, shoe shops, jean shops, clothing store, pastry shops, 

barbers, tailors, shoemakers, dry cleaning and shops that sell watches, bags, 

luggages, souvenirs, furniture, dresses, coats, underwear, chinaware, glassware, 

silverware, slippers, toys, household tools, appliances, brief cases, computers, 

mobile phones, radio and televisions and many other items that I can’t remember now. 

- That is very convenient for people who want to buy everything they need and at 

the same time have fun. 

- Yes. That is right. I agree with you. 

- Let’s buy some food and go home right now. I will come back on the weekend 

when I have enough time to visit different shops and compare the prices and do 

some bargaining too. 

- OK.

An Interview 

Mr. A: CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of an international trade company 

Mr. B: A College graduate seeking employment in that company in Istanbul. 

A- Hello Gentleman. Welcome. Please come in and take a seat. 

B- Thank you sir. 

A- What is your name? 

B- My name is B. B. 

A- Where are you from Mr. B.? 

B- I am from Erzurum. 

A- Ok. Mr. B. Please tell me about yourself. 

72 

B- OK. I was born in Hasankale in 1980. Hasankale is a town in Erzurum Province, 

37 kilometers to the east of the City of Erzurum. I went to elementary school in 

Hasankale, secondary school in Erzurum and University in Ankara. I graduated 

from the Department of Agricultural Economics in the College of Agriculture at 

Ankara University in 2004. I have completed my military service in Bornova, 

Izmir. I have worked in the Ministry of Agriculture in Ankara for two years. I 

have been working for a consultancy firm in the field of plant protection products 

for the past 6 months in Ankara. Now I am here trying move to Istanbul and work 

for your company. 

A- Thank you Mr. B. for the information you gave. But we need some additional 

information. Please tell us why you want to work with us and how you can help 

us do our job better. 

B- OK sir. There are several reasons why I want to work with your Company. First 

of all I decided to seek employment in Istanbul because I wanted to move to 

Istanbul from Ankara for family reasons. That is why I was looking for a proper 

position in Istanbul, reading advertisements on the newspapers. I read your 

advertisement on the paper and saw that my qualifications are in line with your 

requirements. I have had an experience in foreign trade while I was working in the 

Ministry. I am an expert on export import formalities. Your company is engaged 

in importing agricultural products. I am an agricultural engineer and I have dealt 

with these products for over two years. On the other hand, I am fluent in English; 

I can use several computer and accounting programs efficiently; I don’t mind 

traveling; I am willing to work long hours; I am a team worker. I have been 

known to be a man of integrity and intelligence. You can check all this 

information with the General Director of the Externally Financed Projects 

Department in the Ministry. Because of all these reasons, I want to work with 

you. If my qualifications had not been in line with your requirements, I would not 

have attempted at all to apply for this position. 

A- Thank you for your information. You seem to be a good candidate for the 

position. We will evaluate all candidates and then let you know if you will work 

with us or not. 

B- Thank you. I am looking forward to hearing from you.

A Talk on Smoking 

A- Do you smoke? 

B- No. I don’t smoke now. 

A- Did you used to smoke? 

B- Yes. I used to smoke. 

A- When did you used to smoke? 

B- I used to smoke when I was abroad. 

73 

A- Did you stop smoking when you came from abroad? 

B- Yes. I stopped smoking just before I boarded the plane to come back home. I was 

a heavy smoker. In fact I was a chain smoker. I smoked my last cigarette in the 

waiting lounge and threw away my remaining cigarettes before boarding. Since 

then, my life has been free of that addiction. 

A- Is smoking an addiction? 

B- Yes of course, it is an addiction. Cigarette contains a very strong addictive 

substance, namely nicotine. It makes you get addicted. When you inhale the 

smoke of a cigarette a few times, you get strongly hooked on it. 

A- That is very bad habit. Isn’t it? 

B- Yes it is. It is really a very bad habit. I am very sorry to have had that habit. I had a 

very hard time to kick the habit and quit smoking. 

A- I have never smoked. But I know that it is harmful for the smokers as well as the 

people around. 

B- Yes you are right. It is very harmful. I have watched a program on TV. about 

smoking when I was abroad and decided to quit smoking right then. On that 

program it was mentioned that there are more than 3000 harmful substances in 

the smoke of a cigarette. These substances cause serious illnesses including 

cancer. 

A- I understand. That is why there is a warning on the cigarette packs indicating that 

it is hazardous to health. By the way, how long had you been smoking when you 

quit? 

B- I had been smoking for 10 years when I quit. It has been 5 years since then. 

I would have been smoking for 15 years now, if I had not stopped smoking 5 years ago.

ODDS AND ENDS 

A True Story 

74 

In the summer of 1973, on one Sunday, a black guy was speaking at the Speaker’s 

Corner to a group of listeners in Hyde Park in London. This author happened to be there. 

The black guy had been angered by the bad treatment that black people face in Britain. He 

was saying: “You Britons are very unfair and ruthless. You discriminate against us. Some of 

you are questioning why we are here. We are here, because you were there. If you had not gone 

to Africa and colonized our land there, we would not have come here and bother you”. 

A white guy among the audience intervened: “Hey you, stupid! You come here 

every Sunday and say the same thing over and over again”. 

The black guy smiled and pointed his finger at the heckler and said: “You are 

stupid, not me! If you had not been a stupid, you would not have come here every 

Sunday and listened to the same thing over and over again” 

The audience laughed and applauded strongly. 

An Anecdote 

In front of a bar, in the middle of the night, under a bright full moon; a drunk 

gentleman asked another; “Excuse me sir. Is this the sun or the moon?” The man looked 

up in the sky and said; “I am sorry. I don’t know. I am not from here sir.” 

An Anecdote from Nasrettin Hodja 

One day, Nasrettin Hodja barrows a pot from his neighbor. But his neighbor loans 

the pot unwillingly. When he is finished with the pot, he returns it with another little pot 

and says “Your pot had a baby pot. I will give you both”. The neighbor accepts them 

both and smiles. 

When he wants to barrow the pot the second time, his neighbor loans it with 

pleasure. But Hodja doesn’t return it for a long time, and his neighbor needs to ask for the 

pot. Hodja says “I am very sorry to say this. But unfortunately your pot died the 

other day”. His neighbor gets very angry with hodja for this surprise answer and asks 

loudly “Hodja! Hodja! Do you know what you are talking about? Are you crazy? 

How can a pot die? Nasrettin Hodja answers calmly “my dear neighbor, you believe 

that a pot can have a baby pot. Why don’t you believe that it can also die?”

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A story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody. 

There was an important job to be done and everybody was asked to do it. Everybody 

was sure somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but nobody did it. Somebody 

got angry asbout that, because it was Everyboy’s job. Everybody thought Anybody could 

do it but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn’t do it. It ended up that Everybody 

blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could have done. 

Tongue Twisters 

� How much wood would a woodpecker peck, if a woodpecker could peck wood. 

� Did you see Sally selling sea shells by the sea shores? 

� Will you buy a rubber baby buggy bumper? 

� Three hundred and thirty three thousand three hundred and thirty three (333.333). 

� Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper. How many packs of pickled pepper 

did Peter Piper pick? 

� Trouble trouble before trouble troubles you. 

� The more you know, the more you know how much you don't know. 

� It lasted from two to two, to two two. 

� If the sentence that had HAD had had HAD HAD, it would be correct. 

� Are you one of those whom we have not been able to Americanize? 

A Nursery Rhyme 

Eeney meeney monee moo. 

Catch a tiger by his toe, 

If he hollers let him go. 

Eeney, meeney, monee, moo. 

U.S. Presidential Oath of Office 

I, John Fitzgeral Kennedy, 

do solemnly swear 

to faithfully execute the office of 

President of the United States, 

and to the best of my ability, 

preserve, protect and defend the 

Constitution of the United States. 

So help me God.

An Old Song 

76 

I believe in my mind, I can pick a bail of cotton. 

I believe in my mind, I can pick a bail a day. 

Ooh lordy, I can pick a bail of cotton 

Ooh lordy I can pick a bail a day. 

Me and my mama, we can pick a bail of cotton. 

Me and my mama, we can pick a bail a day. 

Ooh Lordy, we can pick a bail of cotton. 

Ooh Lordy, we can pick a bail a day. 

…………………………………………… 

A Poem (from Mevlana) 

Come, come again. 

Whatever you are come again. 

Be you an idol or fire worshipper or an atheist 

Come again. 

Our way is not the way of hopelessness; 

Even if you have broken your oath or penitence a hundred times, 

Come again, 

Another Poem (from Yunus Emre) 

Whatever you wish for yourself, 

Wish the same for the others. 

That is the essence of four Books, 

If they have any meaning at all.

77 

QUESTIONS FOR CONVERSATIONS 

1. What are the four basic skills of linguistics? 

2. What are the four basic skills of linguistics based on? 

3. When and how do you go to school? 

4. When will you be going to Istanbul? 

5. How many times have you been to Antalya in the past? 

6. How long have you been smoking? 

7. How long would you have been smoking now, if you had not stopped smoking? 

8. Are you gonna go to downtown today? 

9. Have you got to go there right now? 

10. How often did you used to go to movies when you were young? 

11. Will you not see him, if you go there? 

12. Would you have gone to Istanbul by now, if you had had enough money? 

13. Will you be able to pay 100 Dollars next year? 

14. Did you have to pay the bill yourself? 

15. How much money do you need so that you can go there? 

16. How long will it take you to go to Malatya by bus? 

17. By whom was the letter written? 

18. When would the meal be cooked? 

19. Did he say that he would see the doctor? 

20. Who asked you if I knew that Mr. X stole the car? 

21. Who advised you not to go there without a gun? 

22. Whose turn is it? Is it your turn? 

23. Whose is the car which is parked in front of the garage? 

24. Do you see what I mean? 

25. Do you understand what I am saying? 

26. When will you have your car repaired? 

27. How often do you have your hair cut? 

28. Would you like to have your picture taken with us? 

29. Did you have your picture taken at Atatürk Muslim in Ankara? 

30. Did you have any picture taken when you were there?

31. Who will make Ali study English? 

78 

32. How many people were made to believe that the World would end in one month? 

33. Which city in Turkey is as big as Erzurum? 

34. How many times is the Sun bigger than Mars? 

35. How many times more money does Mehmet spend than Ahmet does? 

36. Who is taller A. or B.? 

37. How many times more profit would you have made, if you had invested in Gold? 

38. Will they accept both Ahmet and Mehmet? 

39. Is it a boring or exciting movie? 

40. Are you familiar with and interested in political movements? 

41. Who is in charge in this Department? 

42. Do they often take you for your brother? 

43. Were there many people in the theater? 

44. Had there been many visitors to this holly site before the war? 

45. What is the mathematical formula for concept of “average”? 

46. What is the formula to calculate the volume of a sphere? 

47. How many times will the volume of a sphere increase if the radius is increased two fold? 

48. In mathematics, what is the difference between two squared numbers? 

49. Is English sometimes called a stupid language? 

50. Is there any egg in the egg plant or any ham in the hamburger? 

51. Does shoe rhyme with foe or paid with said? 

52. Do our and hour sound the same? 

53. What are the mottos of the Olympiads and the French Revolution? 

54. What are the five pillars of Islam? 

55. How many planets are there in our solar system? 

56. How long does it take for the World to rotate on its own axis and rovolve around 

the sun? 

57. What is the name of the satellite of the Earth? 

58. How many times is the surface area of the World larger than that of Turkey? 

59. How many times is the Sun bigger than Earth? 

60. When and by whom was the telephone invented? 

61. Which Country in the World has the highest per capita income?

62. What is the most important political problem in the World now? 

63. Where is Turkey located? 

64. What is the population and per capita income of Turkey? 

79 

65. Has Erzurum ever been invaded by the Russians? 

66. What does the Economy of Erzurum depend on? 

67. Has a mayor of Erzurum ever been elected twice in a row? 

68. When was Atatürk University established? 

69. What are the important peculiarities of Ataturk University that distinguishes it from 

other universities in Turkey? 

70. What is agriculture and what Departments are there in the College of Agriculture? 

71. What is photosynthesis and what is its chemical formula? 

72. What are the concepts of Economy, Inflation and the law of diminishing returns? 

73. What is Education? 

74. What is the most important factor in development? 

75. Is the Nature of Man good or bad? 

76. What is the criterion for goodness? 

77. Is it right to say that a man is as good as what he wants for others relative to what 

he wants for himself? 

78. What is the proverb related to the concept of “absolute power”? 

79. What kind of solution can bring just and lasting peace in Cyprus? 

80. Could there have been a major problem between the Armenian and Turkish 

communities at the beginning of the last Century, had it not been for intervention of 

the super powers of that time in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire? 

81. What are the reforms of Atatürk? 

82. Would Atatürk have been able to accomplish his reforms, if he had not been 

successful in Gallipoli War? 

83. What should the closing remarks of letters be? 

84. What should be the closing remarks of letters? 

85. In your opinion, when should the elections be held, in winter or summer? 

86. Have you ever waken up in the middle of the night and felt sorry for something that 

you have done or have not done the day before? 

87. Do you remember where you were when the twin towers were hit?

80 

88. Has what happened to you happened to others too? 

89. Did others too enjoy what you enjoyed? 

90. Did they kill the man and tried to make it look like an accident? 

91. Would you rather be a teacher than a lawyer? 

92. Why do these kinds of things always happen to me? 

93. What is the longest running international conflict in the World today? 

94. What is the significance of the election of a black man as the president of USA? 

95. What are you scared of? 

96. What are you disappointed with? 

97. What would she be satisfied with? 

98. Who do you think he took after? 

99. Who are discriminated againt in England? 

100. Who does he think he is? 

101. What does he think he is doing? 

102. Is there anything in the past that you are sorry to have done? 

103. Is there anything ın the past you would rather have done differently? 

104. Is there anything in the past that you think you should have done differently? 

105. How long has it been since the last time you went abroad? 

106. How have you been since the last time I saw you? 

107. Under what conditions will you be able to ski this winter? 

108. Which country in E.U. has the highest level of privatazation in Ag. Extension?

INTEGRATED ENGLISH REFERENCE NOTES - Prof. Dr. Ziya Yurttaş

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