Pamukkale is a natural spring located in southwestern Turkey famous for its sparking, snow-white limestone, and aquamarine thermal pools. Translating to ''cotton castle'' in Turkish, Pamukkale is characterized by the calcite-rich spring water that cascades down its cliffs, forming pearly travertine terraces as it collects into layered pools. Over many millennia, the trickling flow of the mineral water and its alabaster carbonate deposits have reshaped the mountainside, leaving behind a shimmering wonderland that resembles fluffs of cotton.
If you’re already in Turkey and would like to know how to get to Pamukkale, this guide has everything you could ask for! Highlights include the best things to do in Pamukkale as well as where to stay and eat, so search no further for everything you need to know to make the most of your time.
Attracting millions of visitors to its mesmerizing landscape annually, Pamukkale is one of Turkey’s most cherished landmarks due to its landscape’s natural beauty. The quaint town is located just a few kilometers away from Denizli in southwestern Turkey, meaning you shouldn’t skip this top tourist destination if you can help it.
Thanks to Turkey’s reliable public transport system, getting to Pamukkale is as easy as eating cotton candy, so all aboard for an adventure to the Cotton Castle. You’ll be dipping into its warm thermal waters in no time!
The Legend
According to local legend, Pamukkale’s lustrous appearance comes from the solidified cotton left outside to dry by giants centuries ago. In actuality, cotton is a staple crop grown widely across the entire region surrounding Pamukkale, which also helped it gained the moniker Cotton Castle (not surprising since Turkey is one of the biggest textile exporters in the world).
Pamukkale’s fame stretches back thousands of years to when the area was first inhabited by the Phrygian kingdom until the 7th century BC. The territory switched hands several times over the next centuries and, in the 2nd century BC, it would come under Hellenistic rule. Eventually rebranded as a spa town known as Hierapolis in 190 BC, Pamukkale was frequented by Greek nobility who would visit the local doctors for healing treatments in the thermal springs.
In 60 AD, an earthquake destroyed most of the city, but it was rebuilt and continued to thrive up until the 3rd century when it was already absorbed in the Roman Empire. Another earthquake in 1334 caused the city to be permanently abandoned, after which it fell into further ruin.
Current-day Pamukkale is a charming town located in the province of Denizli, just beside the glimmering travertine terraces for which it’s famed. The best time to visit Pamukkale is in spring or autumn when the weather is temperate and the site is less likely to be overrun with other tourists. You can also go swimming in the thermal pools open to the public so bringing a bathing suit and a towel is highly recommended. Comfortable walking shoes are also a must.
How to Get to Pamukkale
Getting to Pamukkale is a sinch if you’re already in Turkey since there are many transportation options available, depending on your starting point. Regardless of if you prefer to bus it, train it or plane it, you’ll have a wide range of price points to fit nearly any budget. However, Turkey is a massive country and Pamukkale is situated in one of its southwestern regions so travelers should keep in mind that it can take up to half a day to cross that distance, so I encourage you to take night buses where you can.
Whether you’re departing from Istanbul or Izmir or Antalya, I’ve got all the details so that your trip starts off without a single bump in the road.
From Istanbul
Istanbul, Turkey’s largest city, is perched nearly 600 km away from Pamukkale, so the most convenient way to get there would be by flying out of Istanbul’s Sabiha Gokcen International Airport (SAW) and into Denizli’s Çardak Airport. Thankfully for those with a fear of flying, there are several other earthbound options as well.
BY PLANE
Pegasus Airlines has at least one flight departing daily from SAW and if you buy your tickets in advance, they shouldn’t cost more than about 50€ round-trip, one hour each way. The most affordable way to get to SAW Airport is by taking the shuttle bus, Havalamini, from in front of Kadiköy Ferry Terminal. If coming from Beyoglu (northwestern Istanbul) or Eminonu (southwestern Istanbul), you’ll have to take the ferry across the Bosphorus Strait from either Katabaş Ferry Terminal or Eminonu Ferry Terminal, respectively.
You can pay for the ferry in cash (around 20-30 TL) and the voyage should take only around 20 minutes. When you exit the terminal on the other side, head to the left to find the bus stop on the far side of the square. The bus fare is about 25-30 TL and the ride takes around 45 minutes.
BY BUS
If you’d prefer to travel cheaper, not faster, then taking a coach bus is your best option, and there are plenty buses heading south nearly every hour. Istanbul has two main bus stations on its western side, Esenler Otogari, and Alibeyköy Otogari, which are both located outside of the city center but connected to the subway system. You'll have to take navigate your way to whichever best suits your itinerary but you should be able to arrive within a couple transfers.
Just make sure to book tickets in advance as they tend to run out during peak tourist season. The bus journey takes about 10-12 hours depending on which company you travel with (I would strongly suggest Pamukkale Bus for their impeccable service alone!).
BY CAR
Renting a car and driving it 600 km across Turkey sure makes for an exciting road trip and there are several car rental agencies located in downtown Istanbul. Nevertheless, driving takes about 6-8 hours via the highway and you’ll have to return the car to Istanbul unless you arrange to pay an extra service charge to leave it in Pamukkale.
Unless you’re truly invested in taking a road trip, taking the bus would be better for your wallet while flying would save you much more time and probably more money.
From Izmir
Izmir is a popular transportation hub in Turkey and well-connected to other cities around the country. Since Izmir’s not as far as Istanbul, getting to Pamukkale is much quicker.
BY TRAIN
There’s a direct train from Izmir to Denizli with multiple departures a day that takes around 5 hours and only costs 30-40 TL. To catch the train, head to Izmir’s Basmane Train Station and buy a ticket directly at the ticket booth from the agent.
Train tickets can run out, especially during summer, so head to the station the day before to buy them if necessary (you can check the timetable here). Trains in Turkey are usually air-conditioned and clean with spacious seats, making for a comfy journey with great scenery.
BY BUS
If time is of the essence, taking the bus is your best bet as it’s faster than the train by at least an hour and departs much more frequently (nearly every hour). Several companies sell tickets from Izmir’s otogari (bus station), Şehirlerarası Otobüs Terminali, so you should have no trouble snaggle a last-minute seat just minutes before your bus leaves (60-100 TL).
However, the public transportation to the bus station can be a little wonky from the city center so don’t feel bad about splurging on a taxi to the otogari (a 15-minute ride for around 30-40 TL) rather getting lost.
From Antalya
While Antalya isn’t nearly as far from Pamukkale as Istanbul, it’s still almost 300 km away. Depending on your time constraints/budget, you can either fly or bus to Denizli as each option has its perks and disadvantages.
BY PLANE
If you choose to fly out of Antalya Airport, just 13 km north of the city, it’s well-connected via the tram, an easy journey of around 25 minutes. However, there are no direct flights from Antalya to Denizli so you will probably have to transfer planes in Istanbul, which can make your journey balloon up to 8-10 hours. If you prefer to sacrifice time for more legroom, flying is the way to go and the tickets aren't too expensive if bought in advance (about 40€, one-way).
BY BUS
Arguably, the most opportune way to get from Antalya to Pamukkale is by the direct bus to Denizli since the ride is only around 3-4 hours for a fraction of what it costs to fly (60-80 TL). Thanks to public transportation being so excellent in Antalya, you can take the tram right to Antalya Otogari and buy your tickets at the counter 15 minutes before the bus departs.
Plenty of bus agencies sell tickets almost around the clock so you should be able to find a bus that fits your itinerary without much preamble.
From Denizli
Denizli makes a great base for those wishing to visit Pamukkale without having to stay in the smaller town. The main train station and bus station are right across the street from each other, allowing for convenient communication around the area. Either way, it’s super easy to get from Denizli to Pamukkale since the cities are only about 17 km apart.
BY MINIBUS
Head over to Denizli’s Otogari where you can catch a minibus to Pamukkale from the station’s subterranean level. Head downstairs to the lower platform (bypassing the hoards of random vendors jockeying around for customers in front of the ticket booths) via the escalator to the left and look for the minibus heading out of town (around Gate 76).
You can pay your fare directly to the driver (about 5TL) and the minibus should take off as soon as it’s full enough (around every 15-20 minutes). The ride takes about 20-30 minutes and the bus makes several stops within Pamukkale so simply alert the driver whenever you would like to get off. The bus also stops at Pamukkale’s North Gate for those not planning to stay in the smaller town.
BY TAXI
The quickest and most reliable way to get from Denizli to Pamukkale is via taxi. The ride takes less than 10 minutes and is reasonably priced (about 5€). Still, you should try to take the minibus if you would like to experience traveling like a local.
What to See in Pamukkale
Obviously, the most alluring sight in Pamukkale is the crystalline travertine terraces that shining bright and white above the town. Nevertheless, Pamukkale is also situated next to the ancient spa town of Hierapolis, settled in the 2nd century BC by the Greeks. Along with the thermal pools, there are several ruins to visit, some of which have been rebuilt to resemble their original structures, as well as a famous swimming pool.
Pamukkale and the Hierapolis have three main entrances, the North Gate, South Gate, and Town Gate. The natural site opens at 6:30 AM but is only accessible via either the North Gate (about 5 km away) or the South Gate (around 3 km away). The Town Gate opens at 8 AM, allowing visitors to hike up the travertine terraces into the site, with admission until 8 PM in summer (April to October) and until 6 PM in winter (October to April).
Saint Philip’s Martyrium
You can buy tickets from any ticket booth right outside your gate of choice (110 TL) but each entrance has its advantages and disadvantages. Arriving by the North Gate allows you to walk along the edge of the cliffs for the best view of the travertine terraces as you make your way closer to the center of Hierapolis. Entering through the South Gate puts you closer to Hierapolis’ best ruins as well as the accessible section of the travertine terraces. The Town Gate is the most convenient to pass through since you can walk in straight from town but it opens quite later than the other two entrances.
If you would like some epic pictures of the breathtaking landscape without the droves of tourists that typically descend upon it, I’d recommend arriving as soon as the site opens. Masses of tour buses loaded with other travelers begin to arrive around 8 AM and the place is packed to the gills by mid-afternoon. Thus, at dawn make your way through the South Gate (book a taxi to pick you up from your accommodation the day before for around 3€) so you can take shots of the terraces while they’re still pristine and then mosey your way around the rest of the site.
Once you reach the North Gate at the far end, make your way back along the wooden planks to the far right of the cobbled pathway to get some stunning vistas of the scenery. When you reach the end, exit through the Town Gate to get back to Pamukkale in a jiffy.
You can follow the map above to all the sites in Hierapolis but some ruins are more well-preserved so you should definitely give them a visit:
Travertine Terraces
Once upon a time, the travertine terraces were completely open to visitors, allowing travelers to get the most picturesque views of the frosted mountainside. While this sounds amazing in theory, the practice caused considerable damage to natural formations along with erosion and water pollution.
In fact, until the terraces were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988, there were many hotels built within the ruins of Hierapolis, further deteriorating the remains. At the same time, a road was along built along the terraces, permitting motorbikes to ride up and down the slopes.
View from top of travertine terraces
Thankfully, a large effort was made to repair the damage wrought by the rampant tourism and, currently, two small sections (to the far right) are accessible to wiggle your toes in. Change into your swimsuit at any of the site's four restrooms (marked by a blue ''WC'' on the map) and then go for a dip in the thermal pools before changing back.
BONUS TIP: Shoes are not permitted while walking on the terraces so pack an extra bag to store them while you wander. Also, keep in mind that the drier the terrain, the more jagged the mineral deposits so walking on certain parts of the terraces will kill the soles of your feet. Aim for the smooth sections (stay around from the coral-like patterns!) and any section under running water.
Entrance to Cleopatra’s Pool
Cleopatra´s Antique Pool
If you still have your swimsuit on from your swim in the thermal pools, you might as well keep it on if you plan to visit Cleopatra’s Pool. This historic watering hole is an artificial pool fed into by hot springs and is said to have been gifted by Marc Anthony to Cleopatra.
For centuries, the crystal waters attracted thousands of visitors a year whether they yearned to retrace the Egyptian queen's steps or visit the Temple of Apollo which once surrounded it. A large earthquake devastated the temple in the 7th century, sending columns tumbling into the water which can still be seen there today. Swim around them or balance on them for a photo op while enjoying the pool’s warm thermal waters.
Access to the pool is not included in the general entrance for Hierapolis (it's an extra 100 TL) but the immediate area has changing rooms, restrooms, picnic tables, and (pricy) fast-food restaurants open to everyone. Pack your lunch and have a picnic to people-watch as the pool fills up to the brim by the afternoon.
Hierapolis Archeology Museum
This museum houses a vast collection of artifacts collected from the nearby ruins as well as the ancient city of Laodicea. The building was converted from 2nd-century Roman baths and gymnasium, and consists of three sections; a sarcophagus exhibition, an artifacts collection, and a hall filled with Roman statues. Marvel at the antique oil lamps, jewelry, stamps seals, and other relics, or at the impressive sculptures of Attis of Cybri, the goddess of love, or of Isis, an Egyptian goddess.
The museum can be visited at an extra cost (5-10 TL) but don't feel bad about skipping it if pressed for time unless you really need to sate your archeology obsession.
Hierapolis Amphitheater
Amphitheater
This massive amphitheater was erected in the 2nd century under the Roman Emperor Hadrian after the area was heavily damaged in an earthquake in 60 AD. One of the best-preserved monuments in the region, the amphitheater's original structure sported 45 rows which could hold up to 15,000 spectators.
Entrance into the amphitheater is included in general admission tickets but the walk there is quite steep so make sure to bring plenty of water for the trek up. While you can't access the ground floor of the amphitheater, you can still get a great view of the theatre at its center, constructed mainly out of marble.
St. Philip’s Martyrium
Saint Philip, also known as Philip the Apostle, was a disciple of Jesus Christ who helped found one of the first Christian communities in the Aegean region. Although Philip was crucified by the Romans for his beliefs in 80 AD, this church was constructed in the 5th century in his honor to house his remains.
While St. Philip's remains are no longer in his tomb (having been moved and lost in the centuries since his death), the site is worth visiting for those who want a peek at faith in early Christianity.
Domitian Kapisi
More Activities near Pamukkale
Pamukkale’s immediate area isn’t only home to the travertine terraces and Hierapolis. There are a few more landmarks of note that are certainly worth a visit if you have some extra time to kill. Whether you’re yearning to go big or just want to stay close to home, Pamukkale has something for everyone.
denizli
The capital of Pamukkale’s province and settled only a few kilometers away, Denizli should definitely be on your radar when looking for more to do in the area. The locals are some of the friendliest in the country and the ambience reflects that with excellent shops to buy souvenirs and great restaurants to try some local cuisine. Denizli also has some lively nightlife so head into town for a bit of late-night fun.
pamukkale castle
Located on the road leading up from Pamukkale to the Hierapolis plateau, this 11th-century castle is often overlooked for the travertine towers and grand amphitheater. You’ll like have the stunning ruins to yourself so head to the castle for unbelievable views of the area far way from the usual crowds of tourists at the terraces.
Pamukkale Nature Park
Nestled at the foot of the travertine cliffs, this outdoor park features a huge lake brimming with ducks. You can rent a paddleboat to venture across the lake or grab a seat at any of the outdoor cafes to take in the sights. The park is the perfect place for a picnic during the day or for watching the sunset over the surroundings.
Hot air balloons flying over Pamukkale
Hot Air Ballooning
Want to take a hot air balloon ride in Turkey but don’t have the time to make it to Cappadoccia? Well, you’re in luck because you can do it in Pamukkale for about half the price! Several tour operators sell packages that include hotel pick-up and drop-off so it might be the perfect opportunity to check this activity off your bucket list! The experience lasts around 60-90 minutes and the balloons take off just before sunrise, flying right past the travertine terraces for incredible aerial views.
Paragliding
If you want an activity with a bit more adrenaline involved, paragliding in Pamukkale is just about the most daring thing you can do in the area! Soaring high above the town, you’ll also swoop over the travertine terraces and Hierapolis before making your descent around 20-30 minutes later. Paragliding is also a great option for budget travelers since it’s nearly half the price of a hot air balloon ride. Prepare to take off a couple hours after the hot air balloons do.
Kaklik Garasi Cave
Already visited the travertine terraces? Why not also frequent their subterranean counterpart, known as ‘’Underground Pamukkale'', around 45 km away? Wander past the shimmering stalactites and stalagmites formed by carbonite and sulfur deposits (hence, the eggy smell) until they begin to cascade into travertines. Stretching almost 200 meters long, the cave ends in a natural pool whose turquoise waters are said to have healing properties (feel free to dive in!). Water-resistant shoes or flip-flops are recommended are your feet might get wet.
Çavuşoǧlu Aquapark
Çavuşoǧlu Aquapark
This water park is situated right in the center of town and is the place to be for those trying to escape the heat. Starring several water slides, the aquapark is a family-friendly destination with both large swimming pools and kiddie pools. If you need a break from your hectic travel itinerary, this is the ideal spot for a lazy day but still with a sense of adventure.
Karahayit hot springs
Nestled a mere 5 kilometers from Pamukkale, these mineral-rich springs boil piping hot at a scalding 55 degrees Celsius on average. Thanks to an assortment of oxides in the water, the calcium deposits build up, tinged with a variety of mesmerizing hues. Below the hot springs there is a small bathing pool whose warm waters you can soak in to soothe achy muscles after an active day.
aphrodisias
Likely one of the most important historical sites in Turkey, these ruins also house the famed Temple of Aphrodite, built around 100 BC. The town was once a sanctuary for an Aphrodite cult but the Byzantines converted the pagan temple into a basilica in the 5th century. Besides the temple, make sure to visit the site’s massive stadium which was able to hold up to 30,000 spectators.
Where to Stay in Pamukkale
For such a small town, Pamuukale actually possesses several types of lodgings, from the ritzy to the humble. Whether you’d rather skimp on amenities or splurge on a hotel suite, you’ll find plenty of options to make sure that you’ll be sleeping comfy at the end of the day.
Best Budget Accommodation
Ozenturky Pansiyon Hotel
This quaint hotel is located on a quiet street in the town center just 100 meters away from the travertine terraces. Every morning you can sample their tasty Turkish breakfast on the rooftop terrace that doubles as a restaurant with affordable prices. The hotel offers both shared dorm rooms and single and double rooms with private balconies for solo travelers or groups.
Pamukkale Nature Park
Best Suites for Groups
Venus Suite Hotel
This sleek hotel is the place to be, especially for those traveling in large groups since they have family rooms and suites that sleep up to 5 people. Walking distance to the travertine terraces, the hotel also boasts a large garden along with two outdoor pools for you to kick back in splendor.
Classiest Hotel
Pamukkale Whiteheaven Suite Hotel
If you’re a couple looking for a romantic getaway or simply prefer staying in the lap of luxury, you can’t do better than this chic boutique hotel. Hang out by their outdoor pool or go for a swim in their indoor version to soak all your worries away.
Where to Eat in Pamukkale
Even though Pamukkale is a small town, it's packed with enough restaurants, bars, and cafes that you'll be sure to never go hungry. Some venues offer majestic views of the travertine terraces while others specialize in serving up savory dishes at rock-bottom prices. No matter your budget, there are a few places that stand out from the crowd in case you're tempted to grab a bite.
Most affordable dishes
Gurme Restaurant & Café
Located in the heart of the town right across the street from the travertine terraces, this family-run restaurant provides scenic views from its street-level terrace. They have an extensive menu with all the most popular Turkish dishes and anything you order is bound to have your tastebuds clamoring for more. Their plates are fairly priced, particularly for having such impeccable service.
Lunch at White House Restaurant & Cafe (10 euros)
Best courtyard
White House Restaurant & Cafe
If you prefer your dining experience to come with some ambiance, you can't go wrong eating at this family-run venue. The décor is chic and the restaurant also hosts an outdoor terrace that's perfect for an evening cocktail. They offer vegan and gluten-free options for travelers with dietary restrictions.
Dinner at Kayaş Wine House
Most authentic cuisine
Kayaş Wine House
Craving Turkish cuisine like only a loving grandmother could make it? There’s no better place to patron than this family-run eatery. The portion sizes are more than fair and every bite practically bursts with flavor. As stated by their name, they also serve some delectable local wines so why not order a glass or two while you’re at it?
Final Thoughts
Pamukkale is a magical place with a lot to offer travelers drawn to its natural beauty. I spent a few days and immediately fell in love with the friendly small-town feel. For instance, upon arriving, my hotel owner gave me a ride around Pamukkale on his motorbike to show me the best sites and share some interesting tidbits and recommendations. Then the next day, after taking a taxi to Pamukkale’s South Gate just before dawn, I showed up to the site 15 minutes early and the ticket agent was still nice enough to let me in (highly appreciated since I went through two outfit changes lol).
I was glad for the reprieve since an unforgettable occurrence was about to appear; huge hot air balloons taking flight in the early morning air! I hadn’t expected them to come so close or pass right over the travertine terraces but they were a welcomed sight to start an epic day. I’d recommend taking a balloon flight in Pamukkale over Cappadocia if traveling on a budget and you should wait to book a trip once in town (the online prices are often exorbitant).
If you’re as charmed by the quaint town and its breathtaking surroundings as I was, there’s quite a few other activities in the area to make sure you never get bored. Head to the local water park to cool off in summer or check out some other close-by sights like Pamukakle Castle and Kaklik Garasi Cave, open year-round. Denizili is certainly worth a visit as well as Pamukkal’s big city counterpart and has better nightlife for those seeking more entertainment.
No matter if you were only attracted for the region’s famous travertine terraces, you’re bound to be pleasantly surprised by Pamukkale and all its fascinating sites. Let me know when you get there!
May you get lost in the wonder,
M
