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Types of dye and bond between dye and fibre in textile Chemical Processing
- 1. DYE FIBRE RELATION AND THEIR BOND FORMATION OF TEXTILE MATERIALS AND ALSO ELABORATE DYE AND PIGMENT. SUMANTA PALUI,UNIVERSITY ROLL – 11005221030, TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY 5TH SEM,GOVERNMENT COLLEGE ENGINEERING OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY,SERAMPORE PAPER CODE- PCTT503, PAPER NAME- TEXTILE CHEMICAL PROCESSING II
- 2. DYE CLASSIFICATION • Acid Dyes: Primarily used for dyeing protein fibers such as wool, silk, and nylon.Have affinity for these fibers due to the presence of amino groups.Form ionic bonds with the fibers, resulting in good wash-fastness.Widely used in fashion and textiles requiring vibrant colors. • Basic Dyes: Suitable for acrylic fibers and other synthetics.Positively charged, making them attracted to negatively charged fibers.Effective for achieving bright and intense shades.Can have limited light-fastness and wash-fastness. • Direct Dyes: Ideal for cellulose-based fibers like cotton, rayon, and linen.Form hydrogen bonds with cellulose, leading to moderate colorfastness.Simple application process and wide color range.Often used for casual clothing and home textiles. • Reactive Dyes: Form strong covalent bonds with fibers, especially cellulosic fibers.Known for their excellent colorfastness and wide shade range.Used in various dyeing methods, including exhaust and pad dyeing.Common choice for sportswear, activewear, and outdoor textiles.
- 3. DYE CLASSIFICATION • Disperse Dyes: • Used for synthetic fibers like polyester and acetate.Disperse evenly in water and penetrate the fiber surface.Applied under high temperature and pressure conditions.Preferred for activewear, swimwear, and polyester blends. • Vat Dyes: • Employed for cellulosic fibers and certain blends.Require a reduction step to become soluble before dyeing. Known for their excellent light-fastness and wash-fastness.Used in denim and workwear textiles. • Sulfur Dyes: • Primarily used for dyeing cellulosic fibers.Applied under alkaline conditions and require a reducing agent.Known for their deep and rich colors, especially dark shades.Commonly used for denim and casual wear.
- 4. STAGES OF DYEING PROCESS: • Pre-treatment: Removal of impurities, waxes, and natural oils from fibers to improve dye absorption. • Dyeing: Application of dyes to fibers, allowing them to penetrate and attach to the fiber surface. • After-treatment: Ensuring fixation of dyes through chemical treatments, enhancing color fastness and wash resistance.
- 5. DYE-FIBER INTERACTIONS • Electrostatic Interactions:Attraction between charged groups on dyes and oppositely charged groups on fibers.pH levels influence the degree of ion exchange and, consequently, dye adsorption. • Hydrogen Bonding:Formation of hydrogen bonds between polar groups on dyes and fibers.Fiber structure and availability of hydrogen bond sites impact the strength of these interactions. • Van der Waals Forces:Explanation of dispersion forces aiding dye adsorption onto fiber surfaces.The role of dye size, shape, and hydrophobicity in determining the strength of van der Waals interactions.
- 6. TYPES OF DYE-FIBER BONDS • Ionic Bonds: Result from the attraction between positively and negatively charged groups.Commonly observed between acid dyes and protein fibers (e.g., wool, silk).Relatively weaker compared to covalent bonds, leading to moderate colorfastness. • Covalent Bonds: Involve the sharing of electrons between dye molecules and fiber molecules.Formed through chemical reactions, resulting in strong and permanent attachment.Reactive dyes are notable for their covalent bonds, offering excellent colorfastness. • Hydrogen Bonds: Occur due to the interaction between hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen).Contribute to coloration in dye-fiber systems, especially with cellulose fibers.Weaker than covalent bonds, influencing wash- fastness and light-fastness. • Van der Waals Bonds: Arise from temporary fluctuations in electron density, creating temporary dipoles.Found in various dye-fiber interactions, contributing to overall adhesion.Weakest type of bond, affecting dye retention and color intensity.
- 7. PIGMENTS IN TEXTILES • Definition and Properties: - Pigments are insoluble color particles that adhere to the surface of textile fibers. - Unlike dyes, pigments do not form chemical bonds with fibers. - They are known for their excellent light-fastness and resistance to fading. • Advantages of Pigments: - Superior colorfastness, making pigments suitable for applications exposed to sunlight and harsh environmental conditions. - Versatility in applications ranging from apparel to outdoor textiles and home furnishings. - Ability to achieve a wide range of colors, including intense and deep shades. • Limitations of Pigments: - Limited affinity for fibers compared to dyes, leading to a potential for color fading over time. - Less suitable for fabrics that require high levels of softness and flexibility.
- 8. DYE VS. PIGMENT: KEY DIFFERENCES • - Solubility: Dyes are soluble in water and require an aqueous medium for application. - Bond Formation: Dyes form chemical bonds with fibers, leading to strong adhesion and good colorfastness. - Application: Dyeing involves immersing the fabric in a dye solution, allowing for deep penetration and uniform color distribution. - Color Intensity: Dyes often produce vibrant and intense colors, enhancing the visual appeal of textiles. - Fading: Some dyes may be prone to fading over time due to exposure to light, washing, and environmental factors. - Fiber Compatibility: Dye selection is crucial for achieving desired color on specific fiber types. DYES: PIGMENTS: • - Solubility: Pigments are insoluble in water and require binders or resins for adhesion to fibers. - Bond Formation: Pigments do not form chemical bonds with fibers but adhere mechanically to the surface. - Application: Pigments are applied through techniques like printing or coating, forming a layer on the fabric's surface. - Color Intensity: Pigments provide excellent colorfastness and resistance to fading, maintaining their vibrancy over time. - Fading: Pigments are less susceptible to fading, making them suitable for outdoor applications and products exposed to sunlight. - Fiber Compatibility: Pigments can be used on various fiber types without significant variation in color appearance.
- 9. FUTURE TRENDS 1. Eco-Friendly Dyes: - Increasing focus on sustainable practices is driving the development of eco-friendly dyes derived from natural sources. - Plant-based dyes, bioengineered pigments, and waste-derived colorants are gaining popularity for reduced environmental impact. 2. Digital Printing Revolution: - Digital printing technology enables precise color application, minimizing waste and water consumption. - On-demand customization and intricate designs are achievable, transforming the way textiles are colored. 3. Nanotechnology Applications: - Nanoparticles are being used to enhance dye-fiber interactions, improving color retention and durability. - Nanotechnology-enabled textiles offer features like UV protection, antimicrobial properties, and stain resistance. 4. Sustainable Practices: - Closed-loop dyeing systems, waterless dyeing, and minimal-resource processes are gaining traction. - Manufacturers are adopting greener practices to reduce water usage, energy consumption, and chemical waste.
- 10. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the intricate relationship between dyes, fibers, and the bonds they form is a cornerstone of textile coloration. Understanding these concepts is vital for achieving vibrant, durable, and sustainable textiles. Key takeaways include: - Dye-fiber bonds determine colorfastness, washability, and overall performance of dyed fabrics. - Dye classification allows for tailored coloration based on fiber type and intended use. - Dye vs. pigment differences influence color intensity, application methods, and longevity. - Future trends focus on sustainability, digital innovation, nanotechnology, and natural colorants. By staying informed about these principles and trends, textile professionals can drive positive change in the industry, creating textiles that not only captivate the eye but also align with ecological and technological advancements.
- 11. REFERENCES 1. Smith, W. H. F., & Sheng, D. (2013). Bond formation and rupture in dye- fiber complexes. Textile Research Journal, 83(1), 65-77. 2. Lewis, D. M. (Ed.). (2017). The Science of Color. John Wiley & Sons. 3. Muthu, S. S. (Ed.). (2019). Innovations in Textiles for Sustainable Development. Woodhead Publishing. 4. Shore, J. (2008). The Science of Color and Dyeing. Royal Society of Chemistry. 5. Gibson, P. (2014). Textile Coloration and Finishing. Woodhead Publishing. Thank You