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Different Levels of Stylistics Analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphological level 3.Grammatical level Language of newspaper headlines 4.Pragmatics level 5.Conversation or discourse analysis
- 1. LEVELS OF STYLISTICS Presented by Ata ul ghafer & shoiba sabir Department of Applied linguistics GCUF
- 2. OUTLINE • Introduction • Levels of stylistics analysis 1.Phonological level 2.Graphological level 3.Grammatical level • Language of newspaper headlines 4.Pragmatics level 5.Conversation or discourse analysis
- 3. WHAT IS STYLISTICS • Stylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective. • The preferred object of stylistic studies is literature, but not exclusively "high literature" but also other forms of written texts such as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion. • Other features of stylistics include the use of dialogue, including regional accents and people’s dialects, descriptive language, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution.
- 4. LEVELS OF STYLISTICS ANALYSIS 1.Phonological level It is the study of sound system of a language and also describes formal rules of pronunciation. • Onomatopoeia • Sound Symbolism • Assimilation • Assonance • Alliteration • Allusion • Anaphora • Antithesis • Hyperbole • Stress • Rhythm • Intonation • Pause • Tempo • Elision • Hypophora • Metaphor • Parallelism • Personification • Rhetorical Question • Simile • Understatement • Metonymy
- 5. 1.PHONOLOGICAL LEVEL • Onomatopoeia (The pronunciation of the word imitates a sound)Ex. The lion roared. • Sound Symbolism(Sounds felt to be in some way appropriate to the meanings expressed)Ex. crash smash. • Assimilation (change of one sound into another at word boundaries)Ex.This shoes ,this shop. • Assonance (repeating a vowel sound throughout) Ex. Feel feet sweep by sleeping geeks. • Alliteration (repetition of initial consonant sound) Ex. Greet good of … • Allusion (indirect reference to a person or event) Ex. white house declared the war. • Anaphora (successive clauses or sentences start with the same word(s) Ex. Every child.. Every person.. • Antithesis (contrasting relationship between two ideas) Ex. I am happy .I am unhappy. • Hyperbole (Deliberate exaggeration) Ex.Quatta phir Lahu. Lahu. • Elision (omission of sounds as in o'er, heav'n) Ex. cam(e)ra • Hypophora (Question raised and answer by the author /speaker) Ex. Muje kuin nikala? Nawaz shreef • Metaphor (compare two different things in a figurative sense) Ex. The world is stage. • Simile (Direct comparison with like and as ) Ex. His face is like moon.
- 6. CONTI… • Parallelism(Successive clauses or sentences are similarly structured.Ex Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. • Personification(attribution of human to animals, animate objects or abstractions.The water is cruel. • Rhetorical Question(Question without a direct answer)Ex.what is the meaning of life? • Understatement (weaken or soften a statement) Ex. I think we have slightly different opinion … • Stress( stress can refers to words, part of words, or even one word in a group of words that receives the most emphasis.Ex The “girl’ gave the money to his father. The girl gave the “money” to his father. • Intonation(how the „music‟ of a language rises and falls over a speech) Ex. I have to go on Sunday. • Tempo(Tempo of speech is the relative speed or slowness of utterance which is measured by the rate of syllable succession/movement, the number, and duration of pauses in a sentence. Ex. I have much money • Metonymy (The figurative expression is not a physical part of the subject )Ex. The White House declared … (White House = US government / President) The land belongs to the crown. • Rhythm (Rhythm is defined as continuous, recurrent, or organized movement)Ex A sunshiny shower wont last an hours.
- 7. 2.GRAPHOLOGICAL LEVEL • It is the study of hand writing. For example as a way of learning more about somebody's character through his writing: contracted forms, commas, stops, question marks etc. • Unusual capitalization • Fonts(Bold colourful Itlaic) • Rhyme scheme • Contractions/ contracted forms • Punctuations • Spelling
- 10. RHYME SCHEME AND SPELLING • Spelling :In graphological level we see spellings in shorten form Ex .PTI govt’s performance • Rhyme: repetition of similar sounding words, occurring at the end of a poem. It’s a tool for bringing rhythm in a poem. It differentiates poetry from prose. • Rhyme scheme: It is the pattern of rhyme that comes at the end of each verse or line in poetry. It is described using letters of the alphabet such as A B C D. Poets use it as like their choice. We record rhyming lines with letters. The 1st two lines that rhyme the same would be A, the next rhyming two would be B and so on. Example • Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? A • Thou art more lovely and more temperate B • Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May A • And summer’s lease hath all too short a date B
- 11. CONTRACTIONS AND PUNCTUATIONS • A contraction is one word that is made by putting together two separate words and shortening them. Ex.I am I’m • Punctuations: Punctuation is the system of symbols (. , ! - : etc) that we use to separate sentences and parts of sentences, and to make their meaning clear. • period (Full Stop):end of a sentence(.) • Question Mark: To show that a direct question(?) • Exclamation Mark: an expression of anger, joy(!) • Comma: use To separate phrases and clauses(,) • Semicolon ( ; ) used to connect independent clauses and show a closer relationship typically when they are related to or contrast with one another. • Colon (:) used for an explanation • Dash (—) used after an independent clause or to set off words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentence. • Hyphen ( - ) used between the parts of a compound word or name or between the syllables of a word when divided at the end of a line. • Parentheses() usually give extra information. • Apostrophe (s) for possession • Quotation Marks (‘’)for direct statement • Ellipses (…) omission of text
- 12. 3.GRAMMATICAL LEVEL • Parts of speech (noun pronoun …etc.) • Abbreviations (PTI,PM ect.) • Compound word (Mineworkers) • Dependent and independent clauses • Language of newspaper headlines • Noun phrases ( Headlines often contain a noun phrase with no verb Ex. A philosopher par excellence • Noun string (a string of three, four or more nouns together) Ex. Blast at WWI ceremony in Jeddaha • Various Verb Changes • Simple tenses: used instead of continuous or perfect forms. • Infinitive form (refers to the future. Ex.Maryam fears rigging GB elections • Auxiliary verbs (Are dropped in the passive form) .Ex.Minority community members killed in Peshawar • Drop Articles (Articles are drop in the headlines) Ex. The girl kidnapped.
- 13. SOME EXAMPLES
- 14. SOME EXAMPLES
- 15. 4.PRAGMATICS LEVEL • Inference • Invisible meaning • Deeper meaning • Deixis • Time deixis person deixis spatial deixis • Linguistic context • Physical context • Presupposition • Speech act • Locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary
- 16. CONTI.. • Inference (speaker or writer refer someone through linguists form proper noun Pronoun article …etc Ex. Look at him • Invisible meaning (some time meanings are invisible or deeper Ex. identity search • Deixis (pointing sth via language) • Person Deixis (Any expression used to point out to a person) Ex me him etc • Time Deixis The expression used to point out to a time Ex now tomorrow etc . • Place Deixis The expression used to point out to a place Ex here there etc Linguistic :co-context one word can use two context Ex. Bank Physical context : Time and place in which we encounter Ex. I am setting Goal bazaar.
- 17. • Presupposition : What speaker assume as true or is known by hearer can described as presupposition.Ex. Farmer leader’s family has no hope for justice • Speech act : Action performed by an utterance called speech acts. Ex. You are fired. • Locutionary act :An utterance that produces literal meaning Ex. The speaker feel hot in his place. • Illocutionary act: An utterance which has social function in mind. Ex. The coffee tastes great. To invite or offer etc. • perlocutionary act: An utterance that gives an effect to do sth. Ex. If we say someone to open the door when hearer will open it, this perlocutionary.
- 18. 5.CONVERSATION OR DISCOURSE ANALYSIS • It is the study of text language and conversations. When we concentrate in linguistic description we focus on accurate representation of form and meaning within the text. • Our communication patterns change according to the situation . • i) Formal Language Usage • ii) Informal Language Usage
- 19. Example; A conversation between two friends at a playground Ali :- Hi shani ! Ali :- Hi !what's up ? Ahsen :- cool ! what about u? Ali :- Me too. Ahsen :- Do you know what's that child doing with roller ? Ali :- He is levelling the ground . Ahsen :- Ohk! ALI :- Lemme tell u about my new football club. Ahsen :- ya! sure. Ali :- it's owesom place I really enjoyed it. Ahsen :- Waoo, That's good . Ali :- Ya ! Tnx Ahsen : yaa yaaa
- 20. Conversation Between Student and Teacher About Future Teacher: What are you planning to do after passing your matric? Student: Sir, it would depend on what marks I get. Teacher: Ok, so what have you planned if you secured good marks in matric? Student: I will haunt pre-medical groups in F.S.C. Otherwise, I shall join I.C.S. Teacher: Why did you deem medical groups? Student: I think that several people die due to inadequate medical aid. They cannot afford substantial medical costs. I shall help them without exerting any charges……
- 21. THE COOPERATIVE PRICIPLE • Usually when we speak the listener expect us to say the truth and to be relevant and clear. The English philosopher, Paul Grice, suggested that in ordinary conversation, the speaker and hearer share a cooperative principle. • cooperative principle in four maxims: • quantity • quality • relevance • manner.
- 22. • The maxim of quality (“Tell the truth”) Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. • The maxim of quantity (“Say just as much as is necessary”) Ex. Mum: how was your first day at school? Sara: Fine! Here the mother asked her daughter a question, and she expected her daughter to give her more details. • The maxim of relation / relevance (“Stick to the point”) Make your contributions relevant. • The maxim of manner (“Be clear”) " it means to avoid obscurity of expression and ambivalence of formulation. Brevity and orderliness are also implied by the maxim of Manner.“ Ex. A brother asking his sister Ahmad: do you know where my phone is? Maha: your phone! Do you know that using phones alot can damage your brain. Not very much manner.
- 23. •Thank you