Deglutition or Swallowing
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1. Deglutition, or swallowing, is the process by which food moves from the mouth to the stomach through coordinated muscular contractions. 2. It involves three stages - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. The oral stage is voluntary while the pharyngeal and esophageal stages are involuntary. 3. During the pharyngeal stage, the bolus is pushed from the oropharynx to the hypopharynx through tongue and pharyngeal muscle contractions before entering the esophagus. The esophageal stage then transports the bolus to the stomach through peristaltic waves.
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Deglutition or Swallowing
- 1. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION DefinitioN THEORIES OF DEGLUTITION COMPONENTS OF DEGLUTITIONS STAGES OF DEGLUTITION DEGLUTITION REFLEX FEATURES OF SWALLOW PHYSIOLOGY APPLIED REPRESENTED BY- DHANANJAY SINGH
- 2. INTRODUCTION:- * Deglutition or swallowing is the process by which food moves from mouth into stomach *Swallowing consist of voluntary, involuntary and reflex muscular activity. *Over a period of 24 hours swallowing occurs approximately 1000 times; which is highest while eating. *Deglutition involves co-ordinate activity of muscles of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus
- 3. DEFINITION *Complex series of voluntary and involuntary neuromuscular contraction proceeding from the mouth to stomach and is commonly divided in to oropharyngeal & esophageal stage.
- 4. THEORIES OF DEGLUTITION 1.Theory of oral expulsion:- *This theory state that, the oral expulsion arising from contraction of tongue & mylohyoid throws bolus into the stomach.
- 5. 2.Theory of integral function:- *this theory is based on myometric and electromyographic studies & considers the act of swallowing as a dynamic process. *it is most accepted theory.
- 6. COMPONENTS OF DEGLUTITION:- *Deglutition has 3 components 1.Passage of bolus from oral cavity to stomach. 2.Protection of airway. 3.Inhibition of air entry into the stomach.
- 8. STAGES OF DEGLUTITION A.Preparatory stage B.Oral stage C.Pharyngeal stage D.Esophageal stage
- 9. ORAL STAGE * This stage food moves from mouth to pharynx *This stage of deglutition is a voluntary stage. *Bolus is placed over posterodorsal surface of the tongue . it is called preparatory position.
- 10. * Anterior part of tongue is retract and depressed. *Posterior part of tongue is elevated and retracted against the hard palate. This pushes the bolus backward into the pharynx. *During this phase, airway is open and breathing continues normally. *The oral phase of deglutition takes around 0.5 seconds.
- 11. PHARYNGEAL STAGE *It is a involuntary stage. *This stage food moves from pharynx to esophagus. *The bolus is transported from the oropharynx into esophagus by a peristaltic wave caused by contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle. *Pharynx is a common passage for food and air. it divide into larynx and esophagus. *The pharyngeal phase of deglutition takes around 0.7 seconds.
- 12. *Pharynx communicates with mouth, nose, larynx and esophagus, during this stage of deglutition. *the pharyngeal phase tongue makes a rapid piston- like movement to propel the bolus through oropharynx to hypopharynx. *The glosso-pharyngeal nerve(IX) and the pharyngeal branches of the vagus (x) innervate the pharynx and larynx, and co-ordinate into swallowing centre in the brain stem.
- 14. *This stage is Involuntary stage. *In this stage food moves from esophagus to stomach. *Esophagus forms the passage for movement of bolus from pharynx to the stomach. *this phase is somewhat longer, liquids take 3 seconds whereas solid take 9 seconds. ESOPHAGEAL STAGE
- 15. *Movements of esophagus are specifically organized for this function and the movements are called peristaltic waves. *Peristalsis means a wave of contraction, followed by the wave of relaxation of muscle fibers of GIT.
- 17. *When bolus reaches the esophagus, the peristaltic wave are initiated. *usually two types of peristaltic contraction are produced in esophagus:- 1.Primary peristaltic contraction. 2.Secondary peristaltic contraction.
- 18. *The distal 2-5mm is the lower esophageal sphincter. *when bolus enters this part of esophagus, the sphincter relaxes and the contents enter into stomach. *later this sphincter contract to prevent movement of food back to esophagus.
- 19. DEGLUTITION REFLEX *Though the beginning of swallowing is a voluntary act, later it becomes involuntary and is carried out by a reflex action called deglutition reflex. *It occurs during the pharyngeal and esophageal stages.
- 20. FEATURES OF INFANTILE SWALLOW *mandible is stabilized by both tongue and facial muscles which are supplied by the 7th cranial nerve. *Because of anatomic relationship of new born pharynx and larynx, infants can swallow without interruption of breathing.
- 21. FEATURES OF ADULT SWALLOW:- *Mandible is stablized by occluding teeth and masticatory muscles which are supplied by the 5th cranial nerve. *temporary arrest of respiration is observed during swallowing.
- 22. APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 1.DYSPHAGIA:- *Difficulty in swallowing. TYPES- 1.Oropharygeal dysphagia 2.Esophageal dysphagia Causes- *Decreased movement of esophagus due to neurological disorder such as parkinsonism. *Muscular disorders leading to difficulty in swallowing.
- 23. 2.DEGLUTITION APNEA:- *Apnea refers to temporary arrest of breathing. *Deglutition apnea or swallowing apnea is the arrest of breathing during deglutition.