1

Bu notlar benim 1984-1985 yllar arasnda T Yabanc Diller

Okulunda yksek lisans yabanc dil hazrlk snfnda teknik ngilizce
dersinde tuttum. Blmmzde bu alanda grd(m eksiklik zerine
notlarm bilgisayar ortamnda yazmaya karar verdim.Bu teklifim
2004-2005 yl mezun (rencilerim tarafndan uygun bulundu ve
notlarm aslna sadk kalnarak word ortamnda yazld. Bu notlarn
bilgisayar ortamna geirilmesinde en byk deste(i veren ba.ta tez
dan.manl(n yapti(m Ahmet Kl-Hlya oruhli olmak zere
Elektrik-Elektronik Mh.Bl. 2004-2005 yl mezun (rencilerime ok
te.ekkr ederim.

Notlarn okuyuculara faydal olmas temennilerimle

Prof.Dr.U(ur Arifo(lu

Sakarya nv.Mh.Fak.
Elk-Eln.Bl.(r.yesi

2
TEKNK NGLZCE

Mathematics;
Aritmetic
Algebra (Cebir)
Geometry
Trigonometri

deal with:konusu olmak,ilgilenmek
What does geometry deal with?
It deals with the properties of lines (do&ru),surfaces (yzey) and solids (cisim)

x=a point

= a line
= a straight (dz) line

= a vertical (dikey) straight line

= a horizontal straight line (yatay dz izgi)

= a diagonal line (e&ik dz izgi)

= a wavy line (e&ri izgi) ; a horizontal wavy line (yatay e&ri izgi)

= a curved line

= an angle

That (-u), This (bu) demektir soru ise cevapta It olarak cevap verilir.
It is a wavy line,too. too:de,daki
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

= a square

= a triangle

= a rectangle

= a circle

= a semi-circle

= an ellipse

=a cube

= a prism

3
= a pyramid
= a cone

= a sphere

= a hemi-sphere

= a cylinder

= an acute angle

= a right angle

= an obtuse angle

= a plane angle

= a reflex angle (an external angle)

What kind (sort) of angle is this: it is an acute angle
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> less than ; greater than >
an acute angle is less than 90 (ninety deegres)
a obtuse angle is >90
a plane angle is 180
an external angle is >180
An obtuse angle is less than 180 but it is greater than 90

AININ SYLEN?@?
a) it is an acute angle of 30 (thirty deegres)
b)it is a 30 (a thirty deegres angle)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
These (Those) are 3 parallel straight lines

Four spheres

Some acute angles
three upright (B) cones

four inverted (C) cones (ba- a-a&D)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
Singular Plural
1) s some students
a student two students
an angle
2) ____ss;______x____________ch;_________________sh;______ o
Exp. a glass two glasses
a box four boxes
a watch (Kol saati) some wathces
a brush some brushes
a negro (zenci) two negroes
a hero (kahraman) four heroes
3) ________y ________ies
Exp. a baby two babies
a lady some ladies
a city two cities
but
a day two days
a key four keys
4) ____fe or ___f ____ues
Exp. a leaf (yaprak) some leaues
a knife two knifues
but
a roof (atD) some roofs (istisna)

5) a man two man
a woman (wumDn) two women (wimin)
a child four children
a foot two feet
a tooth six teeth
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soru: Who are you? C:I am U&ur Arifo&lu
What are you? (Sen nesin?) ;Mhendis,&retmen,etc. C:I am an engineer

am , is , are } present tense of verb to be
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:A square has four equal sides

:A triangle has three sides

:A cube has six faces

:A circle does not have any (hi) angles

A square has 4 sides
Does a square have 4 sides?
Yes, it does
5
(Yes, it has 4 sides)
Does a square have 3 sides?
No, it does not
(No, it doesnt have 3 sides)
Does a triangle have 3 or 4 sides
it has four sides
Does a square have any acute angles?
No, it does not
No, it doesnt have any acute angles
How many right angles does it have?
it has four right angles

Not:
A circle doesnt have any acute angle = A circle has no acute angles

Squares (plural subject) have four equal sides

Circles have curved sides

Cubes have six faces

Triangles have three sides

Squares have four 4 equal sides

-Do squares have four sides?
Yes, they do,(Yes, They have four equal sides)
-Do squares have three sides?
No, they do not (No, they do not have 3 sides)
-Do squares have 3 or 4 sides?
They have 4 sides
-Do squares have any acute angles? (No,they do not)
They do not have any acute angles = Thet have no acute angles
-How many right angles do squares have?
They have four right angles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(de, da) also - but (fakat, ama)
A square has 4 sides ; a rectangle has four sides, too.(de, deki)
A square has 4 sides ; a rectangle has also 4 sides
A triangle has straight sides but (ama, fakat) a circle has curved sides
A cube has six faces but a square pyramid has five faces

6
DIMENSIONS (BOYUTLAR):
A match-box has three dimensions
Length-heght-width
A point has no dimensions
A line has one dimensions length
A surface has two dimensions length and width
A solid has three dimensions length height and width
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SHAPES
1. Plane Shapes
They have two dimensions =
They are two dimensional
shapes
a) Reetilinear ( )
They have straight sides and
angles
b) Curvilinear ( )
They have curved sides and
They hane no angles
2. Solid Shapesn ( )
They have three dimensions = They
are three dimensional shapes

A square is reetilinear plane , it has a rectilinear (dzlemsel) shape
A circle is a curvilinear plane shape (e&risel dzlemsel -ekil / dir.)
it has a curvilinear shape (E&risel -ekle sahiptir.)

I.SHAPES (Kitap)
dev:Sayfa 3. Exercise 1,2,3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A cylinder has curved sides
A cylinder does not have straight sides
Does a cylinder have curved sides
Plural:
Cylinders have curved sides Yap"ya dikkat ediniz.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- A Xit is the letter (harf) A
- to describe:TanDtmak
A triangle is a plane shape ; it has has 3 sides.
A square and rectangle are reetilinear shapes ; They have two dimensions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
adj.
long (uzun)
wide (geni-)
high (yksek)
deep (derin)
noun
length (uzunluk)
width (geni-lik)
height (ykseklik)
depth (derinlik)

1. How long is it? Xit is 5 cm long
How wide is it? Xit is 4 cm wide
How high is it? Xit is 8 cm high
2. What is the length o it?
a) Tlength of it is 5 cm.
b) it has a length of five cm.
c) It is 5 cm in length.

of-..(nDn), ..(nin)
The door of the room. XOdann kapDsD
1 2 2 1
Exp.
The windows of the room , the sides of the square
The flat faces of the cube
The cone Anyden sonra gelen o&ul olmal"
The angles of the triangles.
The roof of the house
The length of the line
The hight of the mountain
The bases of the cylinder
Exp. Turkish: Bir krenin hi dz yz yoktur.
English: A sphere does not have any flate faces
A sphere has no flat faces

There is var Z sahip olmak
There are
TX+Bir kpn yzeyleri e-ittir.
EXThe faces a cube are equal.
TXOdanDn yksekli&i 3 mdir.
EXThe height of the room is 3m. The same=Ayn"
TXodanDn sDcaklD&D ve uzunlu&u e-ittir(aynDdDr).
EXThe length and the width of the room are the same.

8
PREPOSITIONS
On
Over The letter B is over the letter A.

Above The letter C above the letter A.
Under The letter E is under the letter D but the letter F is below D.
Below
Beside (yanDnda)
=
Next to (biti-i&inde)

Between (iki -ey arasDnda) Exp. B is between A and C. / A B C
Among (ikiden ok -ey arasDnda) Capital Letter
a b c d E f g h
There is only one capital letter among these letters.
Behind (ArkasDnda): The black board is behind me.
In front of (nnde): I am in front of the black board.

Where is the cone : it is on the
cylinder
The hemi-sphere is near the
cylinder
What is on the cylinder? The cone is (KDsa cevap verilir.)
(Silindirin zerindeki nedir?)

Which shapes have only two dimensions?
Long Answer:
Plane shapes have two dimensions
Short Answer:
Plane shapes do.
Which shapes are three dimensional?
Long Answer:
Solid shapes are three dimensional.
Short Answer:
Solid shapes are.

X(a right-angled triangle)

9
KAREYE GRE OLAN KONUMLARI

The square is in the middle of the sphere.

The ellipse is in the bottom left-hand corner of the square.

1) In the top right-hand corner (of): sa( st k.e
2) In the top left-hand corner (of): sol st k.e
3) In the bottom right-hand corner (of): alt sa( k.e
4) In the top left-hand corner (of): alt sol k.e
-The right (hand) side of
-In the left (hand) side of
-to the right of (kareye gre sa& taraf) (rectangular)
-to the left of (kareye gre sol taraf)

There are
=vardr
There is
There are not
=yoktur
There is not
x
In the middle of
outside
Corner
At the bottom
Inside
At (on) the top
L
e
f
t
(
h
a
n
d
)
s
i
d
e
R
i
g
h
t
(
h
a
n
d
)
s
i
d
e
?inde sa& taraf
10
Is there a circle or acute angle in the middle of the square?
SoruXWhat is there in the middle of the aquare?
Short Answer (KDsa cevap): There is a circle

How many circles are there in the square?
Short Answer:There is only-one
Are there any points in the square? o&ul olarak sormalDsDn (hi soruldu&u iin)
Yes, there is one point in the square.
No, There are not any = There are no
NOT: ne var der iken what is there
Hi var mD derken o&ul there are any.

NOT: a + countable singular noun
An

a student
a square
an exercise

a one dimensional shape (okunu-unda one (van) olarak okundu&u iin van kelimeside sessiz harf ile
ba-ladD&Dndan an one de&il a one okunur)

an hour
a university (okunu-larDndan dolayD)
countable plural
the + or or
uncountable singular

NOT: The belirli bir -eyden nce gelir. The book(belirli bir kitap) , a book (herhangi bir kitap)

PHYSCCAL DESCRBTONS

To describe=tanDmlamak

a coin=madeni para a protractor(iletki)
a banknote=ka&Dt para a chess boorol(santra tahtasD)
a set square=gnye a lump of sugar=kp -eker
What shape is..? cross section=kesit(enine)
are...? longitudinal section=boyuna kesit

What shape is a coin? It is circular in shape

noun adj
a circle circular
a rectangle rectangular
a triangle triangular
11
a semi circle semi circular
a square square
an elipse elliptical
a sphere spherical
a cone conical
a cube cubic
a cylinder cylindrical
a pyramid pyramidal
a prism prism

the cross section of the cube is squarein shape
What shape is the cross section of the cube?

What shape is the surface of the table?

This is a solid cylindrical block.(ii dolu silindir blok)
This is a hollow cylindrical block.(ii bo- silindir blok)

This is the radies of the circle. (emberin yarDapD)
This is the diameter of the circle. (emberin apD)
DESCRBE THS OBJECT

It is a rectangular prism block of length 10 cm, and width 6 cm and of height 4 cm.

It is solid cylinndrical block of height 9 cm and the diameter 4 cm.

What is a ..made of?
What aremade of? (neden yapDlDr)

Wood=tahta glass=cam alloy=ala-Dm steal=elik lead=kur-un
What is acoin made of? -It is made of an alloy

What are coins made of? - They are made of an alloy
12
What is a .used for?
What are ..used for? (ne iin kullanDlDr)

What is a knife used for? - It is used for cutting things

a thermometer - to measure temparature
What is a thermometer used for? - It is used for measuring temparature

a barometer - to measure a athmospheric pressure
a barometer is used for measuring athmospheric pressure

a set sqare - to drow angle
it is used for drawing angles

a prDtector -to measure angle
it is used for measuring angles

a T square - to drow straight lines and angles

to contain (iermek)

what does a ..contain?
what do contain?

What does a thermometer contain?
It contains some mercury

To consist of (den meydana gelmek)

what does a ..consist of?
what do consist of?

what does it consist of?
It consist of a glass-tube and a glass bulb and some mercury

+ = plus(addition sign)
- = minus (subtraction sign)
/ =division sign
X =multiplication sign

The block is made of wood.
It is a wooden block.

To weigh (ed) (a&DrlD&Dnda olmak)
How much does it weigh? - It weighs 50 gr

Adj noun
thick (kalDn) thichness (kalDnlDk)
thin (ince) thinness (incelik)

13
1) The lengths of these two lines are the same
2) they have the same lenght

The lengths of these two lines are different
They are different size.

BOTH
AB and CD are short line.
AB is a short line
CD is short line ,too.
CD is also short line.
Both of this lines are short.
These lines are both short.

A square has 4 sides.
A rectangle has 4 sides, too.
A rectangle also has 4 sides.
Botha a square and a rectangle have 4 sides.
A rectangle and a square both have four sides.

*
- light gas
- a balon contains some light gas.

The side of there squares are equal.
Their sides are equal.

14
SMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Formation
1) verb to be

Positive negative

I am

I am not
You
We
they

are
You
We
they

Are not
It
She
he

is

It
She
he
?s not
Who is an engineer? Ali is.

2) other verbs to have / to work

Positive negative

I
We
You
they

Work
have

I
We
You
they

Do not

Work
have
He
She
It

Works
has

He
She
It

Does not

Work
has
questions

a) Does a square have four right auptes?
Yes it does
Do the students work in the lab in the afternoons?
No they dont

b) What boils at 100
o
C?
- water does
Who works in the lab afternoons?
- John does
- the students do
Which element freezes at 0
o
C?
- water does

Do
I
We
You
they
Work?
Have?
Does
He
She
It
Work?
Has?
15
Which elementns have a high melting point?
- tungten and iron do.

BUT (yani buradaki cmle trlerinde kDsaltma yapDlamaz)

a) does a thermometer contain mercury or iron?
- it contains mercury

Do triangle have curved or straight side?
They have straight sides.

b) what do you have on your desk?
- I have some boks on my desk.

Where does he work in the afternoons?
- he works in the lab in the afternoons.

When do the students work in the lab?
They work in the lab in the afternoon

Who do the students help in the lab?
The students help the proffessorin the lab.

Which acids do they use in the lab?
At what degree does water boil? =hangi derecede
?t boils at 100
o
C
At what degree? (ka derecede)
At what time? (ne zaman)

At what time do you get up?
I get up at 7:30

1) -ss
-sh
-ch + es
-x

Exp:

to pass passes
to compress compresses
to push pushes
to wash washes
to watch watches
to reach reaches

16
2).. cousanont + y + ies

to try tries
to fly flies
to magnify magnifies
to solidify solidifies

ACTIVE VOICE (in the present tense)

1) it is used for general statements;

Oxygen is a gas (de&i-meyen hakikatleri ifade etmek iin)
A square has four sides
An elipse and circle are plane shapes
The earth moves round the sun
Light travels in waves

2) it is used for habitual actions

The prep class students study english 26 hours a week
You never come to school on Sundays
We always have our chemistry lessons the lab

3)it is used for observations and descriptions of experiments.

The liquid in this test-tube weighs 40 gr
The temparature rises until it reaches 100
o
C
III . MATTER
** Matter ( uncauntable ) no plural NOT:
a subtance (cauntable) has plural form I weigh sixty-hiles
Ex: jron and steel are substances 0 C if ziro degrec C
1 C if one degrec C
** to change from (A) to (B) halden di&erine gemek

exp Change
-- de&i-mek
Can you change a book to a cat ? -- de&i-iklik
-- de&i-tirmek
Wind : rzgar -- de&i-meli
-- bozuk para
-- para bozdurmak
17
The wind cahanges from the north to the east [ de&i-mek anlamDnda ]
[ Rzgar kuzeyden do&uya ( evrilir)]
Water changes from liquid state to solid state below 0 C [De&i-ir]

** to change into : Ex = The magician changed the book in to a cat
Water changes in to steam above 100 C / [su 100 C nin stnde buhara dn-r
]
NOT : for example = for instance = rne&in
Ex = Water changes in to ice at 0 C / At 100 C water changes in to a qas /

Noun adj
Liquid liquid ( sDvD halde )
Gas(gos) gaseous ( gaz halde ) ( gases )
Salid solid ( katD halde )
(katD)
Ex : Water is a liquid , meccury is liquid at room to peratuve
( suyun hali nedir ? ) What is gaseous form( -ekil ) of water ? staam is
What is the solid form of water ? ice ise.
NOT:
----- to cool ( ed ) X to heat ( ed ) DsDtmak a bave +4 C
----- to bail ( ed ) X to freeze ( fraze , frazen ) ( donmak ,dondurmak ) 0 C
below -4 C

A squave and a triangle have srraight sides and angles
?n other words, They are rectilinear plone shopen.

To change ( d ) 7 11 84 : + 4 C four degrees C bove
- 4 C four degrees C below---- change (
n ) ( de&i-iklik )
you are tried : you need a change (de&i-iklik) / [ yorgunsun,bir de&i-ikli&e ihtiya var]

There is a change in the programme / programda bir de&i-iklik var.

------- to depend on -----------
onunla ba&lD olmak ---- a ) The value of a book does not depond on its thichness
bu iki -ey birbirine ba&lD------The velocity(hDz) of an object(cisim) deponds on its mass(hutle)
yardDmcD olmak----- b) We depend on other comtries for oil(petrol) --- get help
Children depend on their parents for their living

Gvenmek------- c ) I depend on that old man ? ( trust = gvenmek )

NOT :
Solid X hollow ( 1 )
Solid ( katD ) liquid ( 2 )
Solid ( katD ) state ( hal ) ( 3 )
Solid ( ii dolu ) shope ( 4 )
------- A differs from B in ----- ( size )
18
A , B den ( size ) ynnden farklDdDr.

When

a ) When do you get up ?
Water bails at 100 C

b ) Water boils / when we heat it .
A picces of watter expends / when we heat it .
When an atom gains electrons it becomen a negative ion ( iyon )

To gain = kazanmak X to loose ( kaybetmek )
When ise combine , H2 and O , they from water.
Form : ( n ) : -ekil to form : olu-turmak
Combine : birle-tirmek to produre

When an atom looses an election , it becomes a pozitive ( change ) ion
When we drop(d-rmek) a picese of glass ok to floor , it breaks

To drop : d-rmek
To berak : kDrDlmak

Mater

Elements Compounds Mixtures
Gold H
2
SO
4
air
Merevy (a) HCI (b) soil (c)
Oxygen steel conere
Witrogen NaCI

(a)=have a chemical form are the scwe(?) everywhere
(b)=chemical combinations of two or more elements confaim different hinds of atom have a chemical formule their
composition do not change from plare toplace
(c)=mimixtures of two a more element or compouds have different hinds of atoms have no chemical form their
composition change from place to place
Type-sort-hivd=cins,tip
Na+CI NaCI Na and CI combine checmically and they from NaCI
Not:
Chemistry=kimya
Chemist=kimyager,eczacD
Chemical= *the chemical symbol of sodium is na
*Na,CI,Pb ,are chemicals(kimyasal madde)
2)page 13

To divide(d) A into B ;AyD Bye blmek
Composition;(?)
To combine(d) ;(?)
Combination;(birlesme) water is a combination of H and O
Both=(?) both AB and CD are short
Both.and.=(?) both air and concrete are mixtures
19
Not:from auhera do ?zmir
Other(not this)
This book is wine, the other book is vam
Another
a)different
I have this book ;give another one(book)
b)one more;(bir daha)
she has eaten thia piece of cake give her another one
D want to drink another cup of coffee (bir tane daha)
c)one more of the same kind;other
Pb is an elements Cu is another element

What cis the differance between an element and compund?
How does an element differ from a compound?
How is an element different from a compound?
Page 15
3)
The mass of proton isthe save as the mass of a nevtran
Thry have the save mass to be close to:yakDn olmak
Close for from to be for from: uzak olmak
Im close to the blackboard__ for from
I m not far from the blackboard
Orbit=yrnge
Nucleus_nuclei
Describe the following:
1)A B 2) 50
o
130
o
3) A
12 4)
B 30 C 15 wood

6) 8) (flot)

1)AB is a stright horicountd(?) the of hpught 22cm
2) It!s anacute amples of fifty dapness.
3)ABC is a right angled triange of leng th 30 cm and high 12 cm
4)it is a wooden ccold of leants 15 cm
It is a wooden . Of lought 15 cm/Dt is rounded at one end and pointer in the other
6)it is a land rectenpuler prism of leught 45 cm of depth 34 cm and
Thicness 8 cm
It is a copper hollow a hundrical block of extemal diameter 15 cm and intermel
Diameter 25 cm
It is an aliminium arved solid plate of weight 500 gr and of thicenens
3 cm
8)Dt is a flat solitgram reet angular prism blade of high 6 cm and with.of weigh 5kg

Describe;

20
(?)
(What position is cylinder in)
It is a vertical postion
Whick side of the cube is the sphere on?

Molecules in motion;
Naun madifers/ to modify nitelemak
1)adgectives(sDfat)
This is asmall pieceof chalk
This piece of chalk is smol
Steal is hard and strong (aynD ismi niteliyor)
Stael is both hart and strong

With each other=with one another
To each other mary and yahn give presents to each other on(to one another)

Tey have changed their coats with one another
Not:
Others
Others boks
----------------------------------------
(2) PREPOS?T?ONAL PHARESE
(kendinden nceki -ey hakkDnda daha cok bilgi verir)
The piece of chalk is in my hand
The plece of of chalk in my hand is gren (sDfat gibi grev yapDyor
Where is the piece of chlk /it is in your hand
Whick plece of chalk is gren?/the plece of chath inyour nond is gren

The book on the table
The book on the table is an english book
Where is the english book?/it is on the table
Whick book is english book / thebook on the table is english book
The triample is on the blackboard
The toangle on the blackboard is right anpled triauple

The liquid is in the test tube
The liquid is in the test tube is HCI
The pacticles are elektrons
The pacticles in the oubits are elektrons
The pacticles in the orbits arounds thenudeus are elektrons
Nudeusun =etrafDndakiyrngelerdeki parcacDklar elektronudur
The letter isB
?t is between A and C
The letter between A and C is B
The geometri figne is a cone
?t is belide the cube
The geometrical figure benide the cube is a cone
Devide the staright line into the two ports
?t is on the blackbord
Devide thestaright line into the two ports
?t is on the blackboard
21
Devide the straight line on the blackbord in to two ports
Molecules move rapiolly
They are in a gas
Molecules in a gas move rapiolly
The geometrical shipe hass two dinemens
?t is in figure..
The geotremical shope in figure . Has two dinemens
Every partche on the earth attracts every other porticle of matter
How ever (contras)
Example=he is very rice however(ancak) he does not speud much Money
They are very clever students however it rust easily
There dore_(bu yzden)=so
I do not have enaugh Money there fore I cant buy this flat
?t is raining heavily there fore we cant walk home

A triangle has two dimensions therefore its a plane shape.

Glass is a durable material however it breaks easily.
(dayan"kl")
Iron is a simple substance therefore its an element.

Therefore an atom always contains the some number of protons and electrons .

Its neutral.

The books are on the table = The boks are on the table are thick.

They are thick.

Mercury is a metal , its a liquid at the room temperature

However mercury at room temperature is a liquid

The car is Mr.Smiths . Its in front of the house.

The house is on the corner of the Ray Street.

The car in front of the house on the corner of the Ray Street is Mr.Smiths.

Page 18

MOLECULES IN MOTION ( Hareket halindeki molekller )

To move (d)

To move out ( evden ta6"nmak )

To move in ( eve ta6"nmak )
22
Movement
MotDon ( Hareket )

To be in motion ( Hareket halinde olmak )

To be in motion = to be motionles ( Skunette olmak )

The body is in motion.

The body is at rest.

To move at different speeds (Farkl" h"zda hareket etmek )

When a train passes the house near the railway ; roads vibrates
( demiryolu )
To vibrate ( d ) NOT: Would you please repeat the question?
Nazik bir rica v
Vibration ( Titre-im )

To move away from ; -den uzakla6mak (mesafe almak)
A-moves away from B (A-B den mesafe alarak uzakla6mak)
Definete * in definete
(Belirli,kesin)

To rust-to corrode (a6"nmak)
Rust or corration
= ADVERB =

ADVERB
1) Fiili niteler - a verb (fiili niteler)
2) Adverbi niteler modifies : - an adverb (s"fat" niteler)
3) SDfatD niteler - an adj. (ismi niteler)
Exam/ you are carrefull student
(adj)
1a) You study carefully. (fiilin nerede,ne zaman yapDldD&DnD gsterir)
(verb) (adv)
1b) You study in the library. / (WHERE?) Place
(adv)
1c) You usually study in the evening. / (WHEN?) Time
Adv (zaman)
2a) You study very carefully bir adverb di&er adverbi niteleyebilir
(adv) (adv)
Adv
3) You are very careful students. (S"fat" niteler)
Adv adj
Adj adv but adj adv
23
Slow (yava-) slowly hard(sDkD) hard
Quick (abuk,srat) quickly fast(hDzlD) fast
Rapid (abuk) rapidly late(ge) late
Easy(kolay) easily good(iyi) well
Chemical(kimyasal) chemically
Short(kDsa) shortly
Beatiful(gzel) beatifully
Bad(kt) badly
Example:
She is late.
She comes late.
?t is a fast train.
He is a hard worker. He works hard.
Adj adv

John is a good swimmer. He swims well.
Adj adv

John is a bad dancer. He dances badly.
Adj adv

NOT: zaman bildiren adverb genelde cmlenin ba-Dna yahut sonuna gelir.

Position and order of adverbs:

Adverb of the time

Yesterday i didnt see him

? didnt see him yesterday (Zaman vurgulanarak isteniyorsa ba6a gelir)
Adverbs of manner (Hal bildiren adverbler)
S + V + Obj + Adv of manner

They study carrefully. They study their lessons carefully
Adv v ob adv

E&er (adverbs of manner) tek bir kelime ise ve bunu vurgulamak istiyorsak zne ve fiil arasDna
koyabilirsiniz.

She sings that old song beatifully.
V ob adv of manner

She beatifully sings that old song. (vurgulamak istiorsak)
Adv of manner V

He speaks English well
V obj
24
He speaks well English. (well szc& ortada bulunmaz)
V obj

Adverbs of manner hibir zaman fiil ile object arasDna giremez.

We combine elements chemically. /

We chemically combine elements. / denebili

Sentences

M + P + T
Manner place time

The children play gayly in the garden on Sundays. (gayly: ne-eli bir -ekilde)
S v manner place time

How ____ gayly
Where ____ in the garden
When ____ on Sundays

@ayet vurgulamalD istersek on Sundays ba-a gelebilir.

Exp: On sundays the children gayly play in the garden.

They work hard at home on week days.

BUT: AynD cmle iinde go,come,fly,walk gibi hareket belirten fiiller varsa ve yer belirten (adverb

of place) adverb var ise sDra de&i-ir.

Exp: we go to the theatre gayly every Saturday.
Place M T
They fly to landes by Pan Am. every week-end.
P M T
He walks home in a hurry after the lessons.
P M T
?n a hurry: Acele ile

Pre-verb adverbs ( Fiilden nce gelen adverb ler)
= Frequency Adverbs =

Always Example: he usually comes late
Sometimes
Generally A molecule always moves.
Usually
Often Solid always has a definite shape.
Frequently
25
Seldom An inorganic acid never contains carbon.
Rarely
Never to be + frequency adverb
Ever
Exam: He is usually late.

He doesnt usually come late

A molecule is always in motion./ a molecules are always in motion.
V V
Solid molecules are always stable. He is not usually late.
V
XVERB+ADVERB+OBJE dHata

Put into correct order
Example:
1) He goes/ He Xgoes to the station by taxi / everyday
(by taxi- to the station-everyday)
2) she drink coffee/ she drinks coffee in a hurry a home everymorning
(every morningXat home, in a hurry)
3) Tehe teacher reads the text / the teacher slowly reads the text at the begining of each lesson in
class . (in class, slowly, at the begining of each lesson)
4) We study our lessons./ We study our lessons after the class in the library.
(in the library, after the class)
5) The students carefully repeat the previous experiment carefully in the lab every morning.
(every morning, in the lab, carefully)

Wood decomposes slowly in water
1 2 3
1) What decomposes slowly in water?
2) How does wood decomposes in water?
3) Where does wood the decomposes slowly?

Not: prefosition prease nounu niteler

Not : How offen do you doyour homework (usually)
Offen(sDk sDk) var ise cevap yes ile, e&er Never var ise cevap no olur.

Not : Water cousist of H
2
and O. [What cousists of H
2
and O]
s
John helps the professor in the lab. [Who helps the professor]
26
John helps the professor in the lab.[Who does John help in the lab ]
Gas molecules move rapidly.[ What moves rapidly]
Gas molecules move rapidly . [How do gaes molecules move]
# The piece of iron in a wet place rust easily.[which pieces of iron rust easily]
aranDlan cevap subject iinde oldu&u iin ;

The pieces of iron rust easily in a wet place wet: rutubetli
Adverbs of place

Where do pieces of iron rust easily?
The man near the window is smoking a pipe.(which man is smoking a pipe)
p.p

The man is smoking a pipe near the window[ Where is the man smoking a pipe]

DKKAT: Subject2i soran cmlelerde do, does yok

Motion of moleculees Shape Volume
Solids Vibrate rapidly
beetwen their
neighbours
Solids have a definite
shape
Solids have a definite
volume
Liquids Move slowly among
their neighbours
They dont have a
definite shape of their
conteineer
Definite
Gases Move repidly among
their neighbours
?ndefinite indefinite
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
A) a noun + withismi niteler.
(without)
Not : a) with-without ieren yapD subject iinde ise bu kDsmD soran soru cmlesi whitchtir.
Example: the girl with blue eyes is Jone
Whitch girl is Jone?
b) with-without ieren yapD Object iinde ise bu kDsmD soran soru cmlesi What kind
of-eklindedir.

Example: Crystals are particles whit a geometric shape
What kind of particles are crystals?

1) with: ile
I see with my eyes.
I hear with my ears
We can write on the blackboard with a piece of chalk
We can measure temperature with a thermometer.
Without(meksizin)
27
I can not read well without glasses
We can not drow a straight the without a ruler
We can not see very small object without a microscope.

2) with (lD, li, lu, l)
The girl- with gren eyes is Jone.
Whitch girls is Jone ? Xwith gren eyes. (Subject ile ilgili soru oldu&u iin whitch
kullanDldD.)
The man with white hair is the director.
The boy with a large suitcase in his hand is Tom.
The student with red hair answers the question accuretely. Accuretely:yanli-sDz
Without:
The book without a cover is mine
-sDz
The people without a driving- licence must not drive

The plane shape with three sides is a triaugle.
Which plane shape is a triaugle?

The plane shape with four equal sides is square.
Acids with corben ni them are organic acids
We use a coutainer without a lid for the experment
Substance without a chemical fenuvla are mixtures.
-----------------------------------------------------------
The particler without an electrical cherges are neutrons.

To taste(v)- A lemon tastes sour but sugar tastes sweet
- A lemon has a sour taste.

To produce to form
When Na and CD react they produre NaCD
Or
When na react with CD they produre NaCD
Na
2
SO
4
this is a metal salt
1) Wood is subtance it has no liquid state.
Wood without a liqiud state as a substance.
Wood is a substance without a liquid state
with no liquid state.
2) What is the substance? ?t has the chemical symbol Ca.
What is the substance with the chemical symbol Ca?
3) The nucleus of an atom coutains protons and neutrons.

Protons have positive charge; Neutrons have no charge
28
The nucleus of an atom countains protons with a positive change and neutrons without any
cherges.

Similar(Benzer)
These two solid shapes have similar dimensions
- sizes
- colours
to be similar (v)(benzer olmak) simDlar to opposite to

a) A and B are simDlar in colour
size
weight
etc.

b) A and B have simDlar colur, size, etc
c) A is simDlar to B in size, weight colour,etc.

(the) same: Ayn Not: A proton and a neutron are the same in mass.
a) A and b are the same in size (weight, height,..etc.)
b) A and B have the same length.
c) The length of A is the same as the length of B.
d) These are two lines of the same length.
e) The shape of the earth is the same as the shape of egg.

----- ------
AB CD
The length of AB is the same as the length of CD.

Differant (farklD) Not : there is a difference in temperature, so

a) A and B are different in length
size
to be different weight
shape

b) A is different from B in length
b .kknn sorusu: How is A different from B?

To differ A nad B differ in lenght. / A differs from B in length
size
weight
shape
sorusu: How does A differ from B?

XCommon: 1) yaygDn (ok bilinen )
Ex: NaOH is a common base
2)ortak
29
Ex: What are the common pruporties af gases?

QUANTTY WORDS

Beth
Some
Most + plural verb
All

Botha square and a rectangle are plane shopes

Some acids coutam carbon in them

Most metals rust easily

Ail elements have the some typ of atoms in them

one of the + plural noun
None of the + plural noun

No
Each + singular nom
Every singular verb

One of the commen bases is NaOH
None of the gases has a definite volume
No mixtures has a chemical formula
No inorganic acid contains carbon
Every element has a chemical symbol

Each angle in a squra is a right angle
Every ion has a charge

N
(do&ru)correct X incorrect (yanlD-)
organik X inorganik
expensive X inexpensive
definite X indefinite (belirsiz)
visible X invisible (grnmez)
P ve m ile ba-layan kelimelerde in yerine im kullanDlDr.
M
pure X impure (saf)
perfect X imperfect
mobile X immobile
possible X impossible
IR
regular X irregular
responsible X irresponsible
30
UN
common X uncommon
hoppy X unhoppy
countable X uncountable
(benzer)like X unlike(benzemez)
usual X unusual
stable X unstable
important X unimportant
known X unknown
equal X unequal

Page 22)

Because cmlenin ortasDnda kullan, because yerine as,since kullanDlabilir.bunlarD cmle ba-Dnda
kullanmak daha iyiydir.

A square is a plane shape because it has two dimension

CaDuse (sebep)
(*) because a square has two dimension. it is a plane shape
/ sondan sonraki cmle birinci cmleyi kapsamalD /
result(netice)

A square has two dimension so it is a plane shape
(therefore)
Not: (*) cmlesindeki gibi -ayet 1. cmle 2. cmleyi gerektiriyor ise birinci cmle because ile ba-lar.
r: son derece yksek dirence sahip oldu&u iin porselen yalDtkan olarak kullanDlDr.
Because porcelain has an exremely high resistens , it can be used as an insulator.
Not: ba-ta kullanDlan AS bazen WH?LE anlamDnada gelebilir.

A (OH) ion has a negative charge because it countains an extra electron .
Bu cmle ortasDnda because yerine as ve since pek kullanDlmaz.

A (OH) ion countains an extra electron so it has a negative charge.
(therefore)

Because a (OH) ion countains an extra electron , it has a negative charge.
Cmle ba-Dnda as ve while because yerine tercih edilebilir.

Hydrogen atom is the simplest atom because it has only one elektron.
Hydrogen atom has only one elektron therefore it is the simplest atom

The solution in the test-tube turns blue titmus paper red. Because it is an acid.

Because the solution in the test-tube is an acid, it turns blue titmus paper red.

To infiniteve(mastar -ekli)
to from
to give
to begin
1) as the subject
31
Example:
1) to learn English is not diffucult
(?ngilizce &renmek zor de&ildi.)

2) to use a slide rule is easly.
Subject srgl etvel

3) To walk is good health

2) as the object

I like to dance.
Water begins to boil at 100
o
C
3) infinitive of result

We combine two elements and they form a coupound.
We combine two elements to form a coupound.
zere

Two atoms of Hydrogen an done atoms of Oxc. combine to give water

H
2
SO
4
reacts witha metal to preduce a sulphate(salfeyt)

Noun Modifiers

1) He si a tall boy.
2) The pil near the window is my sister
3) The man with a moustache is U&ur
4) A water tank

DERS
- Asitler ne zaman metal tozlarD meydana getirirler?
- When do Acids produce metal salts?

- SabahlarD okula giderken kime rastlarsDnDz? Not;: okula giderken(on your way to school)
- Who do you meet on your way to school in the morning?

- Kim size ?ngilizce &retir?
- Who teaches english to you?

- Hangi element suda da&DlDr?
- Which element decomposes in the water?

- Hangi elementi suda kolayca ayrD-tDrDrDz?
- Which element do we dissolve easily in water?

- Hangi asitler karbon ierir?
- Which acids coutain cabon in them?

- Hangi asitler kullanDlDrlar?
32
- Which acids do they use?

- Hangi asitler deney iin kullanDlDrlDr?
- Which acids do they us efor the experiment?

- Kim kahvaltDda ay ier?
- Who drinks tea at breakfast?

- Hangi karD-DmlarDn tadD ek-idir?
- Which mixtures have a sour taste? (which mixtures taste sour?)

- Hangi bile-ikleri suda eritiriz?
- Which coupounds do we melt(dissolve) in water?

- ?yonlar elektrik ykl molekllerdir.
- ?ons are molecules with elektrical charge.

World order in a positive sentence:

S + V + Ob + complement
a) manner
adv. b) place
c) time
whybecause
timewhen

Wood floats
S yzmek
A piece of wood floats
s v
Acid/with/coutain/substances/sour taste/a
Substencas with a sour taste contain acids

Protons/neutrons/cousists/ an atom/of nucleus/ the / anol
The nucleus of an atom cousists of protons anod neutrous

Gazlar (kapalD kaptaki) btn kabD doldurmak zere gelenler
Gases inaclose coutamer expand to fill the whole coutainer.

Hibir bile-ik (bu tablodaki) yksz bir gaz olan argon iermez.
None of the compounds on the table coutains argon without a charge

Asitler bazla zDt zelli&i olan maddelerdir.
Acids are substances with opposite proportion to bases

PASSVE VOCE

ok kullanDlDr.
33
Passive (edilgen) : i-i yapan ki-i nemli de&il . netice kullanDlandDr.

S. Present tense nin passive -ekli ???????????
To be + past participle (V
3
)
S.Present
Tense
Present Cont. Past Present
Perfect
Past Perfect Future
Am Am being Was Have been Had been Will be
is ?s being Were Has been Shell be
Are Are being
Present

Past Past particible
Boil Boiled Boiled
Contain Contained Contanced
Fill Filled Filled
Work Worked Worhed
Decoupose Decomposed Decomposed
Dissolve Dissolved Dissolved
Vibrate Vibrated Vibrated
React Reacted Reacted
Heat Heated Heated
Expand Expanded Expanded
V1 V2 V3
a) Cut Cut Cut
Put Put Put
Shut

Shut Shut
b) Make Made Made
Take ??? ???
Heva Had Had
EXAMPLES place
(Active) / They heat the gas carefully in the lab.
s. v. ob. complement

(Passive) / The gas is heated carefully in the lab
s. v. complement

NOT / Passive voice da zne yapDlan i-ten etkilenir. Fiilin gsterdi&i i-i bizzat yapmaz.

A / People use the litmus paper in this experiment .

P / Litmus paper is used in this experiment.
34
Active
First I take a test-tube
I put some water in it.
Then I heat the water in the test tube to 100hC in.

Passive
First a test-tube is taken some, water is put in it.
Then the water in the test-tube is heated to 100hC.

People use a thermometer for measuring temperature.
A thermometer is wed for measuring temperature.

They combine elements to form compounds.
Elements are combined to form compounds.
(bilim)
We use mathematics in many sciences
Mathematics is used in many sciences

They cool the liquid to -5hC to cool = so&utmal"
The liquid is cooled to -5hC
People use computer for difficult calculations
Computer are used for difficult calculation.

People make boks of paper.( ?nsanlar kitab" ka&"ttan yaparlar )
Boks are made of paper.

They make these knives in Turkey.
These knives are made in Turkey.

A / to produce / a lot of cars / every year / all over the world.
A lot of carsa re produced all over the world every year.

To give / the heights / in the problem / in centimetry

The heights in the problem are given centimetres
The height are given in centimetres in the problem

To devide / substances / into / three classes
Substances are devided into three classes.

To form / ions / in / acids solutions /
Ions are formed in acids solutions / (Asit solsyonunda iyonlar olu-turulur)

NO PASSIVE

I sleep well at night / (no passive)

He runs very fast (no passive)
melt = erimek
Ice melts above 0hC.
35
We melt the piece of ice in the beaker.

The piece of ice in the beaker is melt.

Somd travels very fast.( no passive )

Iron rusts in water.( no passive )

Most metals corrode easily.( no passive )

If the verb has an object it can be put into passive form.

PASSIVE FORM WITH by + agent

kald"rmak, ykseltmek
We lift the bleck with a string
The string lifts the bleck.( zne burada nemli )
The block is lifted by the string

We use a thermostat to regulate the temperature A thermostat is used to reulate the temperature

A thermostat regulates the temperatures The temperature is regulated by a thermostat
( Subject burada nemli) bu kald"r"lmaz Petrol Petrol engines drive cars
Cars are drives by petrol engines
Air cools the volkswagen car engine.
The volkswagen car empire is cooled by air.
incelemek
Microscopes examine very small objects.
Very small objects are examined by microscope.

Vibration produced sound waves.
Sound waves are produced by vibration.

to neutralize / an acid / a base
Active : An acid neutralizes a base
Passive : A base is neutralized by an acid.

to reflect / light and heat / the surface of glass
Active : The sureface of glass reflects light and heat.
Passive : Light and heat are reflected by surface of glass.

to transmit / energy / wave motion / in nature
Active : Energy is transmitted by wave motion in nature
Passive : Wave motion transmits energy in nature

----DERS----
Dans are built on river.

Computers are used for difficult calculations by scientist
36
Some kind of computers are used for difficult calculations by scientists
by + agent

We usually cut wood with a saw.
Wood is usually cut with a saw.

*** El ile kullanDlan aletler iin genelde with kullanDlDr.

Every morning the door is opened by the teacher
Every morning the door is opened with the leg by the teacher
Paint( n ) = Boya protected = korunmak,muhafaza etmek
uygulamak
Paint is usually applied with a brush

Meatl pieces are usually protected by point. ( elle kullan"lmaz / boya ile )

YazDlD egzersizler &retmen tarafDndan kDrmDzD kalemle dzeltilir. Dzeltmek = correct (ed)
Written exercises are corrected with a red pen, by the teacher
Daire pergel ile izilir. pergel
A circle is drawn with a pair of compeses.
kiri6
Cast iran / used / for making / never / is / girders
Cast iran is never used for making girders

T-squares are used for drawing right angels ( positive )
T-squares are not used for drawing circles ( negative form )
Are T-squares used for drawing right angels? ( question )
What are T-squares used for?
What is used for drawing right angels? [ T squares are]
Dams are buit on rivers
Where are dams built?

Volume is measured in cubic centimetres ( Hacim cm
3
ile llr )
How is volume measured?

Atmospheric pressure is measured by a barometer.
How is atmospheric pressure measured?
What is atmospheric pressure measured by? (ne ile llr)
ya& seviyesi
The oil level is checked every day Check(ed) = Kontrol etmek
How often is oil level checked?

A microscope is used for examining very small objects.
What is a microscope used for?
What is used for examining very small object?

Copper is used for making electric wires because it is a good conductor.
Why is copper used for making electric wires?
37
VI. WAVE MOTION

wave (n) ; wavy(adj) wavy line

to wave (v) to wave to someone = Birine el sallamak
(-d)

unimportant X important
olay
phenomenon phenomea (pl) olaylar (Latin kkenli)
nature (neyDr) = do&a
(tabii) natural X artificial (adj)
suni
(v) to transmit (-ted) = iletmek , gtrmek (r = mesaj gtrmek)

(n) tranmission = iletim

transmitting station (verici istasyonu)

Iron transmits heat well (demir i-isi iyi iletir)

to drop (d6mek) (no passive)

to drop (d6rmek) kullan"l"r exeption (istisna)

to cover (-ed) The flor of this room is covered with a carpet
cover(n) = kapal"
central = merkezi it is a central point.
Light waves are similar to heat waves in several ways.
Light waves and heat waves are similar in several ways.

two thirds of the student is over here.

5 times per second

3
2
= two thirds
5
1
= one- fifths

3
1
= a thirt
5
3
= three - fifths

next letter (bir sonraki harf)

Copper is represented by the symbol Cu. up

Amplitude a down
frequency f
wave length i
38
to appear ----- to seem

EXERCISES
A) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
batmak
1) Pieces of wood float (float) but a pieces of iron sinks (sink)

2) Oil and water do not mix (not mix) at all.

3) Does alcohol boil (boil) above 100hC ?
4) Is (be) air a mixture of gases ?

5) Molecules of gold have (have) only one atom in them.

6) A combination of atoms is (be) a molecule.

7) A mixture of substances does not have (not have) a chemical formula.

8) A pieces of iron rusts (rust) easily in air.

9) Dams provide (provide) water for the turbines. (provide = sa&lamak, temin etm.)
yaymak
10) Radium gives (give) out rays.

11) When an electric current passes (pass) through the wire it becomes__ (become)
hot.

B) However
1) Right angles are 90h. But Acute angles are less than 90h.
2) Some molecules are small For Example A gold molecule has only one atom in it.

3) Neutrons have no charge .Therfore They are neutral .

4) Molecules in a gas are always in motion .Therfore A gas does not have definite surface.
5) The weight of an object changes from, place to place Because it depend on gravity.
6) Gases in a closed container expand and they fill the whole container
7) When we heat water above 100hC , it begins to boil.
C)

1) Liquids are electralytes. They have ions in them.
Liquids with ions in them are electrolytes.
2) Water evaporates slowly. It is in an open container.
39
Water in an open container evaporates slowly.

D)

vibrate / molecules / solid / rapidly / between / in / their neigbours / a
Molecules in a solid vibrate rapidly between their neigbours.

are / around / orbits / planets / the sun / in /
The Planets are around the sun in orbits.
Faithful = SadDk
Patient = SabDrlD, hasta
Quality = Kalite

Countable noun

Singular Plural
Indefinite
a)A dog is a faithful animal.
(All dogs)
herhangi bir kpek
b)There is a dog in the garden

Dogs are faithful animals

some
There are two dogs in the
garden. A few
Definite
a)The dog is a faithful animal
(All dogs)
b)The dog in the garden is mine.
Dogs are faithful animals

The dogs in the garden are
mine.
Uncountable noun

Singular Plural
Indefinite Honey is sweet
Water is necessary for life

X
Definite
The honey in this jar is of
good quality

The water in this glass is
dirty.
X
I can see a teacher in the classroom opposite overs.

40
The teacher is explaining the meanings of the new words.

There are ( two / some / a few ) teachers in the teachers room.

The teacher in the teachers room are very busy.
to effect (ed) = etkilemek
Exercises
Put the verbs in brachets into correct form (passive or active)

1) Copper conducts (conduct) electricity well.

2) Electricity is generated (generate) in power stations.

3) When acids are (be) in water, positively charget it ious are formed (form)
4) A gas in a closed container expands (expand) and fills (fill) the hall container.
5) The results are given (give) in degrees of centigrade.
6) Every element has (have) a chemical symbol.

7) Does friction generate (generate) heat ?

8) Matter is not transmitted (not transmit) by wave motion.

VII ENGINEERING METERIAL

Quantid words

a few Birka + plural countable noun
many Birok

a little biraz + uncountable noun
much ok

There are a few test-tubes in the rack
There are not many test-tubes in the rack

There is a little water in the beaker.
There is not much water in the beaker.

a few There are a few test-tubes in the rack
a little (+) There is a little water in the beaker

few There are few test-tubes here
little (-) There is little water in the bottle

I have a few friends in Ankara (Ankara da birka arkada6"m var)
I have few friends in ?stanbul (hemen hemen hi arkada6"m yok)
I have a little Money in my pocket
adet
miktar
41
I have little Money in my pocket (hemen hemen hi param yok)

MODALS

[(can, may, might, could, should, ought to, must (etc))]
Fluid = AkD-kan
I can solve this problem. (+) to solve = Problem zmek
I cant solve this problem (-) to distill = arDtmak
Can I solve this problem (?)

I must solve this problem (+)
I must not solve this problem (-)
Must I solve this problem (?)

1) Can, may 2) Should - must
could, might

Active = Modal+V1 Passive = Model+be+V3

They can solve this equation. This equation can be solved.
They must solve this equation. This equation must be solved.
They should solve this problem. This problem should be solved.
They (could) (could be)

1-- a) possibility b) probablity

a
1
) A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas.
We can divide metals into two groups. imkan
You can distill fresh water from sea-water.

a
2
) A liquid or a gas can been a fluid.
Fresh water can be distilled .

Can , May, Could, Might (Burada ihtimal)
b) Probability (ihtimal bildirmek iin)

-ebilir They can finish the work. %20-40 (ihtimal daha d6k)
-ebilir They may finish %5-20 (ihtimal daha da d6k)
-ebilir They ( could / might ) finish.
Past tense anlamas"nda de&il
present tense anlam"ndad"r
He may answer all the questions (biraz d6k)
He could(might) answer all the questions (sorulara cevap verme ihtimali ok ok d6ktr)
2-- Should and Must
42
Daha az mecburiyet Uyulmas" zorunlu kurallar" gstermek
daha ziyade tavsiye Gereklilik mecburiyet belirtmek iin kullan"l"r
You must smoke cigarettes

SHOULD in written warnings and intructions
MUST

The tube should be placed into the countainer vertically.
The sample should be weighed before the experiment (Tart"lmal")
You must wear rubber gloves when you work with electricity.

You must cutt of the electricity in the house before you change the bulb.

Giving examples such as .. (gibi) such = byle ,bunun gibi , bunlar gibi
such .. as ..

Some metal conduct electricty well. Copper, Aluminium conduct electricity well.
Some metals such as copper and aluminium conduct electricity well.

Such metals as copper and aluminium conduct electricity well

Copper and aluminium conduct electricity well such metals are called conductors.

Bunun gibi,
byle,bunlar gibi

-A triangle,a square,a rectangle are plane shapes
-They are rectilinear plane shapes

1.) suchplane shapes as a triangle,a square,a rectangle are rectilinear plane shapes.
2.) A triangle,a square.. are plane shapes such plane shapes are rectilinear plane shapes.
alt" izili kelimeler s"fat tamlamalar"ndaki ismi tekrarlamak iin kullan"l"r.
ONE-ONES
This is straight line; that is curved line
alt" izili line yerine one kullan"l"r(say"labilen tekil ismi tekrarlamak iin ONE kullan"l"r)

HCl and H2SO4 are inorganic acids but citric and acedic acids are organic acids
alt" izili acids yerine ONES kullan"l"r(say"labilen o&ul isimler iin)
rectilinear shapes have a straight lines ,but curvilinear shapes do not have straight lines
alt" izili shapes yerine ones kullan"l"r(s"fat tamlamalar"ndaki ismi tekrarlamak iin ONE-ONES kullan"l"r)
Steel is hard metal but rubber is a soft metal
alt" izili metal yerine one kullan"l"r
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
43
TYPE 1:
Possible or probable
TIME ALWAYS
a)if the sun shines it is warmit is warm if the sun shines
if the sun shines------if clause
it is warm-----main clause

if water boils steam risessteam rises if water boils
if water boils ----if clause
steam rises----main clause

b)we shall go for picnic if it is fine tomorrow
we shall go for picnic----main clause
if it is fine tomorrow----if clause
if she comes the party I will her the book.
if she comes the party----if clause
i will look her the book----main clause

c)if you are cold put on a warm coat
if you are cold----if clause
put on a warm coat----main clause

OBJE ?LE ?LG?L?
***Quantity word + a countable noun

large number of + a countable pl. noun + singular verb
large numbergreat considerable

There is a large number of broken test tubes in the lab.

No
Few
A few
Some + a countable pl. Noun + plural verb
Many
A lot of
Plenty of

There are (no,few) test tubes here.

(any)There are a lot of any test tubes here.
Are there any test tubes here?

How many test tubes are there here?

ANY + singular countable noun
Give me a book; any book!(booktekil olmal")
44
***Quantity word + an uncountable noun

a large amount of + an uncountable noun + single verb.

There is a large amount of fuel oil in the tank.

No
Little
A little
Some + an uncountable + singular verb
A lot of
Plenty of

There is (no,little) fuel oil in the tank

(much,any)there is not much fuel oil in the tank
is there much fuel oil in the tank?

How much fuel oil is there in the tank.
ANY + uncountable noun

Any uel oil can be burnt in this shove

SUBJE ?LE ?LG?L?.
No no compound has argon in it
Either neither equation is correct
+ a countable singular noun + singular verb
Each,every (each and every) substance
an atomic weight

Both both
Many many
+ a countable plural noun + pl. Verb metals tust easily
Most most
All all

One ofthis..+the one
Neither of+ +a countable plural noun+single verb+ neither of these alloys has
None of+..+the none iron in it

Both both
Few few
A few a few
45
Some of..+a countable plural noun + plural verb some of alloys have iron in
Most most them
Many many
All all

TYPE 1

?f clause main clause
s.present
Present future
?mperative

(*)if clause you can not use the future tense..

Type 1
Possible probable

a)if water boils steam rises(steam rises if water boils)
if you heat pieces of iron they expend
if a plane shape has four equal sides it is a square

unless water boils steam does not rise..

b)if the results are not satisfactory
we shall repeat the experiment next monday..
if ice is heated 100 C it does not melt

unless kullan"l"nca not ayn" cmlede kullan"lmaz
c)if solutions boils turn off the gas.
Dont touch the equipment if you dont know how to use it..

?mprobable
?f the temperature falls the steam in the pipes

should the temperative fall the steam in the pipes condenses
if the work can not be finished by march,the contract will be cancelled
(should)the work net be finished by march the contract will be cancelled

metaliron,copper,lead
materialwe need some off materials for this purpose.

To call(ed):what do we call this?
We call it a duster
To want: a)I want a glass of cold water
b)I want to drink a glass of water
c)I want you to fetch me glass of water.

To be known as:olarak bilinecek

46
A is known a s B(A,B olarak bilinir)
A is defined as B(A,B olarak tarif edilir)
A is called B(A,B olarak isimlendiriliyor)
A is referred to B(A dan B ye bahsedilir)

To use(v) use(n)

We use copper for making wires
The use of copper is common electric industry

NUMBERS
Cardinal Ordinal
1,2,3..20 1st-first 4th:fourth
100:a hundred 2nd-second 12th:twelvth
1000:a thousand 3rd-third

fraction
1
2
=one over two(a half)
1
3
=one over three(a third)
1
4
=one over four(a quarter)
3
4
=three over four(three quarters)
1
5
=one over five(one fifth)
3
42
4
=fourty two and three quarters

decimal fraction:ondalDk kesir

1.258=decimal fraction=one point two-five-eight
0.001=nought point,oh oh one
22.258=twenty two point two five eight

2
x = x squared
3
x =x cubed
4
x =x to power of 4=x to the four
n
x =x to the power of n=x to the n
1 n
x

=x to the power of n minus 1=x to the n minus one
n
x

=x to the power of minus n

x =the square root of x
3
x =the third root of x

47
IMPERSONAL IT
To get up early in the morning is difficult
Getting up early in the morning is difficult

To get up=kalkmak
Getting up=kalkma

?t is difficult the get up early in the morning.

Example: 1)to see you is nice
2)seeing you is nice 1=2=3
3)it is nice to see you

Example:1)to produce compounds is ieasy
2)forming compounds is easy
3)it is easy to form compounds

it+Verb+adjective+to infinite+

example:it was impossible to make vacuum in the past
it seems impossible for him to climb that tree

possible*impossible
neccessary*unnecessary
easy*difficult
useful*useless
common*uncommon
desirable*undesirable
advisable*unadvisable
advantage*disadvantage
practicable*impracticable

bu a&Dr bloklarD kaldDrmak iin bir vin kullanmak gerekli grnmyor.

To lift these heavy blocks seems necessary
?t seems necessary to use a crane tolift these heavy block
Using a crane to lift heavy blocks seems necessary.

Maddelerin kimyasal zelliklerini bilmek elzemdir..
1)to know the chemical properties of materials is essential
2)knowing the properties of materials is essential
3)it is assential to know properties of materials

UNLIKE

Gold is very expensive but brass is not
Unlike gold,brass is not expensive
48
Acids have a sour taste but bases have a bitter taste
Unlike acids bases have a bitter taste
Acids unlike bases have sour taste

rnek:genin aksine karenin 4 kenarD vardDr
Unlike triangle a square has four sides

Bye+verb(+ing) (erek,arak)
Without+verb(+ing) (makszn)

Metaller DsDtalarak eritilir.
Metals are melted by heating

This equation can be solved by using a computer
This equation can not be solved without using a computer
Metals can not be melted without heating

Example:

(+)it is easy to stretch an elastic material
(-)it is not difficult to stretch an elastic material.
(?)it is easy to stretch an elastic material.

Do you think it is easy to stretch an elastic material----yes i do

plastics and silicon are commonly used in electrical engineering
plastics and silicon have much use in electrical engineering

IMPORTANT
My mother gives me a present on my birthday
a)A present is given to me by mother on my birthday
b)I am given a present by my mother on my birthday

We can give these materials a new shape easily
a)a new shape is given to these materials easily
b)these materials are given a new shape easily

ADJECTIVE

Positive Comparative Superlative
New Newer The Newest
Old Older The Oldest
Long Longer The Longest
Short Shorter The Shortest
Deep Deeper The Deepest
High Higher The Highest
49
Low Lower The Lowest
Soft Softer The Softest
Hard Harder The Hardest
Strong Stronger The Strongest
Weak Weaker The Weakest
Dense Denser The Densest
Thick Thicker The Thickest
Large Larger The Largest
Wide Wider The Widest
Simple Simpler The Simplest
Big Bigger The Biggest
Thin Thinner The Thinnest
Heavy Heavier The Heaviest
Dirty Dirtier The Dirtiest
Easy Easier The Easiest
Common More Common The Most Common
Useful More Useful The Most Useful
Expensive More Expensive The Most Expensive
Abundant More Abundant The Most Abundant
Economical More Economical The Most Economical
Interesting More Interesting The Most Interesting
Ductile More Ductile The Most Ductile
Malleable More Malleable The Most Malleable
Elastic More Elastic The Most Elastic
Transparent More Transparent The Most Transparent
Accurate More Accurate The Most Accurate
Opaque More Opaque The Most Opaque
Flexible More Flexible The Most Flexible
Right More Right The Most Right
Efficient More Efficient The Most Efficient
Good Better The best
Bad Worse The worst
Many-much More The most
Little Less The least
Some materials can be stretched into wire easily
To stretch into wire == Tel halinde ekmek (germek)
Copper is expensive , Gold is more expensive , Platinum is the most expensive

Comparison of equality
as + positive degree + as
50
AB is as long as CD

4) Aluminum is as useful as copper

5) Al is as useful a metal as copper

6) Al is as good a conductor as Cu Al , Cu kadar iyi bir iletkendir
7) Platinum is as expensive a metal as gold. Platin altn kadar pahal bir metaldir

Not+so(as)+positive+as
Gold is not so(as) ; useful as copper

Example : // Substances with aluminum in them are not so expensive as the ones with gold in them

Comparison of inequality
a) (comparative degree)+than
People
Things Two
Groups
OP is as longer than MN

A B
C D
M N
O P
3) Bottle A contains as much water as as the bottle B
A B
F M
1) The physics book is as thick as the chemistry book
2) A rectangular has as many sides as asquare
a n"n yeri nemlidir
51
7) Al is not so expensive as Pt Al, Platin kadar pahal deildi
8) Al is not more expensive than Pt Al, Platin kadar pahal deildi
9) Pt is not less expensive then Al Platin Alminyumdan daha ucuz deildi

b) The+(superlative degree)+
(of)
in
People
Things
Three or more
than three
Groups
TU is the shortest of these (three) lines
XY is the longest of these lines

Pt is the most expensive metal
Cu is the least expensive metal
Cu is the cheapest metal

T U
W Z
X Y
6) Bottle B contains more water than bottle A
A B
5) Bottle A contains less water than bottle B
A B
4) A triangle has fewer sides than square
3) A pentagon has more sides than square
F
M
2) The mathematics book is more expensive than physics book
F
M
1) The mathematics book is thicker than physics book
52
Qualified Comparative Statements

Copper is extremely ductile
Some plastics are almost as strong as metals
O P
M N
OP is not so long as MN
OP shorter than MN
The length of OP and MN are different
The length of OP differs from the length of MN
OP is different from MN in length
OP differs from MN in length
Bottle C has the most water
Bottle A has the least water.
A B C
The pentagon has the most sides
The triangle has the fewest sides
Few
Many
Countable
Nouns
Few----Fewer---The fewest / Countable
Little---Less-----The least /Uncountable
Little
Much
uncountable
Nouns
Few
Many
More --- The Most
A B
C D
AB is as long as CD
AB and CD have the same length
AB is the same as CD in length
AB and CD are the same in length
The length of AB is the same as the length of CD
The length of AB and CD are the same

Extremely : Son derece
Almost : hemen hemen
53
How much longer is CD and AB ?
How much older is Ahmet than Ay-e
How many cm longer is CD than AB

CD is twice as long as AB
AB is half as long as CD /.. Bross is a slightly better conductor than zinc
CD is 10 cm longer than AB /.. There is not much iron as aluminum
How much older am I than gakko

Soyut Niteleme Kelimeler

1) Extremely
Glass is extremely brittle

2) Very
Rubber is very tough

3) Fairly/quite
Wood is fairly strong

Not very ----
Paper is not very strong

Not ..at all--- (Hi)
Cust irons not elastic at all
Somut Niteleme Kelimeler

1) The same as -- ayn
2) Slightly (or a little)- hemen hemen
3) Some what -- birazck
4) Rather olduka
5) Considerably hatr saylr
6) Much considerably ok ok
/// How much diye sorulur ///
7) By far (= easily)
kyaslanmayacak kadar byk

Not: // Yukar"daki kelimelerden sonra gelen
muhakkak adj.in II . hali olmal"d"r. Bazen that
kullan"lmasa da bu durum yine de geerlidir.
Dolay"s"yla niteleme kelimeleri adj. II. Halini
niteler
A B
is the same size as
is slightly/a little larger than
is some what larger than
is rather larger than
is much/considerably larger than
is the much considerably larger than
A B C
10cm 20cm 30cm
D E F
54
How much larger do you think is that classroom than our classroom?
Not // Do you think it is right (soru kelimesi olmadD&D iin byle yazDlDr)

This classroom is almost three times larger than ours
This classroom is three times as large as ours (Bu sDnDf bizimkinin katDna )
Our classroom is almost one third as large as this one.(Bizim sDnDf hemen hemen bunun 1/3 kadardDr )
Steel does not have as much elasticity as rubber
Steel is not elastic as rubber

How much expensive tin than copper
Tin is six times as expensive as copper

Compare the amount of water in those bottles.

A bottle has one third as much water as bottle C
Bottle C has three times as much water as bottle A
Bottle B contains twice as much water as bottle A
Bottle C contains three more liters than bottle B ( litre daha fazla)

VIII METALS

The + superlative + to infinitive
a) active b) passive
To use active infinitive
To be use passive infinitive
Example :/

John was the first (guest) to come to the party
Edison is the first man to make an electric bulb
Wright brother were the first men to fly in a plane
He is the last person to do such a thing

Passive ///
A B C
3lt 6lt 9lt
55
Iron is the first metal to be used by man

ADklama : Bu cmlede zne i-i yapmDyor yani kullanDlan (to be use)

Those were the newest methods to be used in agriculture in the 19
th
century

Bronze is one of the oldest alloys to be made

Integrated circuits are the newest components to be used for making computers in electronical industry
in our century

// up to now // -imdiye kadar

The work study is the cheapest method to be used for increasing production and determining the salaries
at modern factories.

// ,- analizi , retim artrmnda ve cret saptanmasnda kullanlan en ucuz methoddur.

Coat of tarnish oksitlenme tabakasD
HOMEWORK

1) Elementler ekirdekte ayn sayda protonlar bulunan atomlardan oluur
Elements consist of atoms with the same number of protons in the nucleus
2) Radyo ve k dalgalar gibi enerji dalgalar bir ortam olmadan iletilir
Energy waves such as radio and light waves can be transmitted without a medium
Such energy waves as light or radio waves can be transmitted without a medium
3) Bir elementin atom numarasn onun protonlarnn says saptar.
The atoming number of an element is determined by the number of its protons.
The number of protons of an element determines its atoming number
4) Tabiatta enerjiyi bir noktadan di(erine dalga hareketi ile iletmek mmkn mdr?
Is it possible to transmit energy from one point to another by wave motion in the nature
5) Cam tahta beton gibi malzemeler inaat mhendisli(inde yaygn olarak kullanlr m?
Are materials such as glass,wood and concrete commonly used in civil engineering?
6) E(er dalga boyu ile hz bilinirse bir dalgann frekans hesaplanabilir.
If the wave length and velocity are known the frequency of a wave can be easily calculated.
7) Dkme demir pek az esnekli(i oldu(u iin kiri yapmnda kullanlmamaktadr.
56
(As)Because of cust iron has little elasticity it wasnt be used in making beams
8) Kurun ve dkme demirin aksine altn ve bakr dvlebilir malzemeler olarak bilinirler
Unlike lead and cast iron , gold and copper are known as malleable material
9) Yay ve kiriler ne eit malzemelerden yaplmaldr?
What kind of materials should spring and beams be made of
10) E(er bir malzeme krlmakszn ince tel haline gelebiliyor ise o snek bir malzeme olarak tarif
edilebilir.
If a material can be stretched into thin wire without breaking it is defined as ductile material.

EXERCISES
Make sentences using the following notes.
1) to be / light rays / wave length / X rays (much - long)
Light rays are much longer than X rays in wave length
The wave length of light rays is much longer than x rays

2) to have / mercury / boiling point / water (considerably- low)
Mercury has a considerably lower boiling point than water

3) to contain / wrought iron / carbon / in it / other ferrous metals (little)
Wrought iron contains the least carbon in it among the other ferrous metals

4) to be / copper / metals / conductor (good)
Copper is the best conductor of metals

5) to be / a steam engine / a diesel engine (50% efficient)
A steam engine is fifty-percent as efficient as diesel engine

6) to be / hydrogen / gases (light)

Hydrogen is the lightest of the gases
EXERCISES

1) Tungsen endstride kullanlan en eski metallerden biri de(ildir.
Tungsten is one of the oldest materials to be used in industry

2) Mhendisler demirli metallerden daha az demirsiz metalleri kullanrlar.
Engineers use fewer ferrous metals than ferrous metals.

3) Wolfarm, tungsteni simgeler nk eskiden ona Wolfram denirdi.
Wolfarm represents tungsten because it used to be called Wolfarm

4) H
2
SO
4
en pahal asitleden biri de(ildir.
H
2
SO
4
is not one of the most expensive acids.

5) Dnyada en yaygn svy biliyormusunuz?
Do you know the most common liquid in the world

6) Mhendisler demirden daha az platin kullanrlar.
Engineers use less platinum than iron

Dikkat: Mukayese edilen iki 6ey de tmle taraf"nda
57
IMPERATIVE

Infinitive (mastarlar) Positive(+) 2
nd
person singular and plural
Come here please
Take your bag with you
Leave it there
Go back to your place please
Put it on my desk
Use black letter
Sign here
NEGATIVE

a) Do not (Dont) Dont sit there
Do not touch on electric wire
Do not cross here

b) Never Never be late for lecture
Never taste an acid

LET

Let 1
st
, 3
rd
Singular and Plural

Positive (+)

LET +
Noun or object pronoun
+ infinitive without to
(me, you ,him, her, it , us , you ,them)
Negative (-)

Dont let me read it.
Dont let them write it
To come
To take
To leave
To go back
To put
Let me open the door. AayDm
Let him open the door.
her open the door. AsDn
It open the door.

Let us open the door. AalDm (LETS)
Let them open the door. AsDnlar
58
Newer let a lady open the door.

IMPERATIVE

To solve / the equations

Let me/her/him/them solve this equations
Dont let me/her/him/them solve this equations

To write down / these results

Write down the results
Dont let him write down the results
Never let us write down the results

IN SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH IMPERATIVE
Can be divided into two groups
1) DIRECT INSTRUCTIONS (Imperative)
A) Experimental instructions
B) Calculation
C) Hypothess

2) INDIRECT INSTRUCTIONS (Should)

Example:/
a)

b) x
2
+y
2
+2 = 0 Calculate this equation
Calculate the amount of steam in the boiler

c) Consider a function in the form of

Ax
2
+Bx=y
Positive

1) Let me go Gideyim
2) Go Git
3) Let him/her/it go Gitsin
4) Let us go Gidelim
5) Let them go Gitsinler
Negative

1) Do not let me go
2) Do not go
3) Do not let him/her/it go
4) Do not let us go
5) Do not let them go
Pour the liquid a beaker A into the beaker B
Observe the reaction
59
Let A(x) and B(x) be two polynominals with degree(n) and (w) respectively
A(x) ve B(x) srasyla n ve w dereceden polinom olsun
Let t denote temperature
t scakl ifade etsin
Let us denote any complex number by z
Herhangi bir kompleks sayy z ile gsterelim

Not : Direct instruction emir
Indirect instruction gereklilik

These machine parts should be handled with care.

To handle: ellemek

Safety precoutions should be observed all the time .
(gvenlik ikazlarD daima gzlenmeli)

The result should be shown on a graph.
All the time: her zaman
To need = D need to barameter to measure the atmosphere pressure.

Neccesity(ihtiya)= the necessary instrument for mesuring the atmosphere pressure is a
barameter.
The height of the column mercury of the mercury above the level of the mercury in the container
is measured.
TO ?NF?N?T?VE
1) as the subject

To measure temperature changes is possible.

To stretch an elestic metarial is casy.

2) as the object

An engineer wants to choose the best metarial

The solution begins to boil at 96 cantigrade.

3) to show result ( zere)

H2 and O combine to form water.

Pour the liquid a beaker A into the beaker B --------------------Dk
The liquid in beaker A should be poured into the beaker B ---Dklmeli
60
Acids and bases react to form metal salt.

4) to show purpose (gaye)

We heat metals to make alloy.

People use hydro electric power to generate electricity.

Machines use energy to do work

Not : daha nce anlat"lan because, so,since de belirtilen gaye buradaki gaye tan"m"ndan farkl"d"r.
DERS
Exercise
?nfinitive of purpose

To use /to weight / chemists / balance /substances

Chemists use a balance to weight substances

To use / to clean / metals / ands / industry /acids

Acids are used to clean metals in industry.

To clean metals acids are used in industry.

A thermostat is used at regulates temerature.

A thermostat is used to regulates temerature.

?norder to regulates temerature.

So as to regulates temerature.

?norder to regulates temerature a thermostat is used.

Water or steam is needed , water or steam turns a turbine.

Water or steam is needed to turns a turbine.

Water or steam is needed inorder to turns a turbine.

Water or steam is needed so as to turns a turbine.

to turns a turbine water or steam is needed
61
5) asuperlative +infinitive (active or passive)

Copper was the first metal to be used by men.

What is one of the newent methods to be used in mining engineer.

Faraday was the first scienfist to generate deelcity.

Electricity by means of a magnetic field.

Noun clause ( isim yan cmleci(i)

As object

We know her age _ that she is 20 years old.

What do we know ? _ object_ her age

We(s) know(v) that she(s) is(v) twenty years old.

I know his adres.

I know that he lives in ADAPAZARI.

We know the Formula.

We know the chemical of water.

That water is a coupound of H .
(NOUN CLAUSE)

Scientists observed the planet.

the planet turn around the sun.
aliminyum is a non-ferros metals..
paralel lines dont meet
machina parts should be lDubricated regularly
We know that it is necessary for engineer to choose
if we heat metal pices they expend to choose
the best metarial.
copper is as good a conduct as all.
most copper are formal in chile..

DERS

Bearing reduce friction. We lerned this

62
We learned that bearing reduced friction.

Mocules are always in motion scientes observed this.

Scientis observed that molecules are always in motion.

There are two different kins of electrical charge.

Electrical charges have two types

Electrical charger are of two kinds (kalDp)
Acids are of twp kinds.To realize (v) = anlamak (ara-tDrma sonucu anlamak)
E&er silikon ,plastik gibi metal olmayan malzemelerin zellikleri bilinirse
1) kullan"mlar"n" saptamak kolayd"r.
2) Onlar"n kullan"mlar" saptanabilir.
Non-metalic such as slicon plastic is known

To join to to .; bir yere ba&lamak

Let y be equal tothe amplutude

A+B is equal to C

Let the cuurent flow trough the wire

The cuurent should be let(v) flow(v) trough the wire. (flowun passive -ekli yoktur)
(akDm telin iinden geirilmeli)

E-it olrak = (to be equal to , to equal)

The cuurent is let flow trough the wire.

GENERATOR AND FARADAY

Electricity(n) (to light _ lit_lit = D-DklandDrma,aydDnlatma)

Electric(adj),electrical(adj)

fire (ark)
An electric stove (fDrDn)
oven (fDrn)
train

steel does not have as much elasticity as

steel isnot as elastic as rubber

steel is less elastic than rubber

63
we notice that steel is less elastic than rubber

power plant = power station

by means of = yardDmD ile, vasDtasD ile

thoughts are expressed by means of words.

Teh direction of a force is shown by mean of a fire with an arrow_....

What caused this failure?

Either .. or .. (ya. yada )

Either john or mary helps mr. harun.

Either Harun or Ahmet is absent today.

Both Harun and kristy help mr. Ahmet.

Both Harun and kristy are absend taday.

Either copper or aluminyum is used as a conductor.

Either falling water or steam turns the turbine.
(d-en su yada buhar trubini dndrr.)

Either a cork stopper or a metallic lid is uesd to cover the container.

NOUN MODFER

To give off = ne-retmek , dD-arD vermek

Participles used as an adj

Present (v + ing _ daima aktif anlamD vardDr)
Past (v3 passive anlamD vardDr )
The boiiling solution is HCL. (daima active anlamD var)

Pour the boiled solution into the beher.(passive anlamD var)

The inreasing temperature melts the metal pieces.(active)

The increased temperature melts the metal pieces.( passive)

Melting metal become soft

Cast the melted metal into the mould

64
To connect(ed)

to connect (ed) A to B

to connect (ed) A with B

the trangle is attached to the rectangle.

Aplication

1) De&en yzeylerin muntazam ya&lanmasD gerekti&ini &rendik.

We learned that touching surfaces shoul be lubricated regularly.

2) Dnen makine paralarDnDn hDzla a-DdD&DnD fark ettiler.

They noticed that turning machine companents ware out rapidly.(ware out = a-DdD&DnD)
3) Eriyi&i damDtDlmD- su ilave etmeksizin kaynatmayDn.
Do not boil the solution without adding distilled water.

4) SDkD-tDrDlmD- hava e-itli gayeler iin kullanDlabilir.

Compressed air can be used for various aims.

5) Endstride metallerli temizlemek iin ne gereklidir?

What is need to cleean metals in industry ?

DERS
Exercises

Combine the following sentences by using participles. (presen tor past)

1) Wheather conditions change. Wheather conditions affect the metarials .

Chaning weather conditions affect metarials.

2) The machine were taken to the factory.the machines were repaired.

The repaired machines were taken to the factory.

3) The carsa re cheaper than the new ones. The cars were used.

The used carsa re cheaper than the new ones.

4) You need some subtances fort he experiment. These subtances neutralize.

You need some neutralizing substances fort he experinent.
65
DERS

Answer the questions by reading the party

1) What are our homes lit by?
Our homes ar elit by electricity.

1) Where is electricity produced ?

Electricity is produced in powerplants.

2) what is electricity produced by in power stations ?

electricity is produced by means of okunmuyor
3) How many parts does a generate have ?

A generates consists of two basic parts

5) What shape is the stator ?

The stator is a u shape.

4) where is the rotor ?

teh rotor is the between the North and South poles ofthe stator

5) What is it made of ?

?t is made of a coil.

6) Write some properties of the stator ?

7) Write some properties of the rotor ?

9) What happen when the rotor is turned ?

When the rotor is turned, the electric current is provided.

10) What does the emf force couse in a closed circuit ?

The emf couses a flew of eletricity in a closed circuit.

11) What turns the rotor ?

The trubune turns the rotor.

12) What is the turbine turned by ?

The turbine turned by follows motor and steam.
66
PAST PASSVE

Was
Were + V
3
Mme Curie discoverd radium in the 19 th C.

Radium was discoverd by Mme CruDe in the 19 st C.

Radium was nor discovered .

Was radium .. ?

NOUN MOD?F?ER

Mr smith. The director of hte school, is on old man.

Advanced calculus an important subject for engineering is boring.
(to be boring: sDkDcD olmak)

I hate adnaced calculus, an important subject for engineering.
( to convert into dn-trmek)

1) we can centigrade scale into to fahreheit scale.

2) Mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.
(to be related to : ilgili olmak,ili-kisi olamk)

Tehese equetions are not related to any theorem.
( to menage to + to infinitive : glklede olsa bir i-i ba-armak)

1) The sea waasnot calm, there were big wawes but he managed to swim to the shore.

2) We managed to persuade him to lend them the Money.

3) I am sure maged, he will manage to succed in his driving-test.

ANSWER THE QUEST?ONS BY READ?NG THE PARTS
1) Could electricity be produced before 18 th C. How do you know this ?

No, is colld not be produced before 18 th C. Because the first experiants in electricity were
done 18th-19th C.
67
2) What nationalitiy is Volta ?

Wolta is italian.

3) Who was the first battery made by ?

First battery was made by Volta.

4) What did Volta use make his battery ?

Volta used two diffrent metal electrods, a salt solution to make his battery.

5) How did Volta generate electricity in a battery ?

He was generate electricity in a battery by placing two diffrent metal electrodes in a salt
solutions and tahn by . Them to a closed circuits.

6) How the batteries generate the electricity ?

They generate electricity by converting the chemical energy of solution into electrical energy.

7) What happens if an electric cuurent is let flow though a wire ?

?f electric current is let flow thought a wire, a wire in the compass moves.

8) What does this show us ?

This show us that the flow of electricity thought a wire causes magnetism around the wire.

9) Who was the first person to invent to first generators ?

Faraday is the first person to invrnt to firdt generator.

10) What did faraday want to produce electricity by ?

Faraday wanted to produce electricity by means of a magnetude field.

11) How did faraday produce electricity mechanically ?


COMPRAR?SON OF ADVERBS

68
A gas molecule moves rapidly.

little less the least

Liquid expond more than solids.
Adv.

Exsup :
Buradaki more ,much adverb nn 2. halidir.

1) Stell streches less than rubber.
Little
2) Silver conduct electricity as well as aluminyum.
iyi
3) Silver conduct electricity better than coper.
2. hali
Gm- elektri&i bakDrdan daha iyi iletir.

4) A&Dr cisimler hafif cisimlerden daha hDzlD d-er.

Heavy objects fall faster then light ones in air.

5) Generatrler elektri&i bataryadan daha ucuza retir.

Generators produce electricity more economicaly then bataries.

6) elik mhendislikte ok kullanDlan(yaygDn) bir ala-DmdDr.

Steel is a more commonly used alloy in engineering.

7) elik mhendislikte yaygDn bi -ekilde kullanDlDr.

NOT:
69
by + noun by using kullanlabilinir
by means of + noun fakat by means of using Byle
with thehelp of + noun with the help of using . Kulanm
yok.!!!!

__DERS__
Page 52
3. READING TEXT to lead to
= to couse = sebep olmak ,yolamak
to give rise to
Examp:
These experiments will lead to the development of some new methods in
give rise to civil engineering.
couse

In adequate lubrication led to a loss in speed.
gave rise to
coused 80

conversion(konvr-Dn)(n) = dn-m to compore with = kar-Dlamak

1) Who discovered the phenomena of electromagnetic induction?

Faraday discovered the phenomena of electromagnetic induction.

2) What is the principle of electromagnetic induction?

The principle of electromagnetic induction is the conversion of the mechanical energy
of a turning coil (or a moving concluctor) into electrical energy.

3) Why was this discovery important for the electrical industry?

Because , it led to the development of electrical devices.

4) How to generators compare with batteries?**** KALIP
A B
Compare batteries with generators/generators are wore economical and efficout than
batteries. adj. adj.
or
Generators produced electricity much
more efficiently and economicaly.
Adv. Adv.

5) What type of electricity is needed in transmission lines?

A.C. is need in transmission lines.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ HOCA_ _ _ _

6) What indvuces a current in a wire ?

Changing the magnetie field induces a current in away.
70
7) Can electricity be produced mechanically , how?

Yes, electricity can be produced mechanically , it can be produced.

8) When were electrical devides such as transformer,generators (etc) devolept.?

After the discovery of e.m.f .

TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH
__ to be in equlibrium : dengede olmak

1- Cisim dengededir.
The object is in equlibrium.
2- Cismin dengede oldu&unu biliyoruz. 81
We know that the object is in equlibrium
3- E&er bir cisme dengeleyici kuvvetler etki ederse o cisim dengededir.

__ to act on : etki etmek
__ to balance : dengede olmak

If the balancing forces act the object , it is in equlibrium.

If a body is acted on by some balancingforces , it is in equlibrium.

4- accelerated bodys : ivmelendirilmi- cisimler

__ to accelerate : ivmelendirmek
?vmelendirilmi- cisimlerin hDzD : the velecity of accelarated bodys

?vmelendirilmi- cisimlerin hDzD bu forml kullanarak hesaplanabilir.
The velocity of accelared bodies can be canculated by using this equation.

Bu forml kullanDlarak ivmelenmi- cisimlerin hDzDnD bulmak mmkndr.
It is possible to calculated the velocity of accalared bodies by using the
equation.

5- Volta elektri&i kimyasal olarak retir.
Volta produced electricity chemically.

DERS
FORCE
Relative Clouses(adjectival clauses) (sfat yan cmleci(i)

Noun Modifies Learned so far :
1) adj + noun
2) noun + preositional phase
3) noun + noun
4) noun +with(without) phrase @u ana kadar &renilenler..
5) noun + , ,
71
6) the superlative + noun + to infinitive (active or passive)
7) present participle + noun
8) past participle + noun

9) noun + relative clause
which. @imdi &renilecek olan
(that)
who.
(that)
.
.
NOT: Hem main clause hem de relative clause ayrD ayrD iki cmledir(which(subject)).
82
Examples:

1) An elastic metal stretches easily.

2) Metals in the above table are all malleable metals.

3) Metal surfaces should be protected carefully.

4) Metals with iron in them are ferrovs metals.

5) Steel , a commen alloy contains carbon and iron.

6) The first metals to be used by man are copper and iron.

7) Melting metal become soft.

8) Melting metals can be cost easily.

RELATIVE CLAUSES:
A) Active:
1) Metals which have a cause crystalline structure are ductile.
Relative clause

2) Metals which (that) are used in making electric wires should be ductile.

3) The workers who use machine must be carefully.

Examples: which (that)
72
1) Copper is a good convector.
Copper is a good conductor which (that) has a very low resistance.
2) The test tube which contains HC1 is in the rack.
Relative clause

Main clause
83
He is wearing ring which (that) is made of gold on his little finger.

==

He is wearing a ring on his little finger which (that) is made of gold.
3) Substances which (that) attrect iron and steed are magnets.

4) Pure iron is a soft metal which (that) has a crystalline structure.
5) A dam is a structure which (that) holds back the water of river.
B) Passive:
1) Substances consist of particles which are known as molecules.
2) Wires which are insulated with a hind of plastic covering are used to carry.

3) A microphone is an instrument which is used for transmitting or recording sound.
4) An engine which is used at max. speed for along time overheats.

__ to run an engine : motor alD-tDrmak
__ to over heat : fazla DsDnmak
The firt generator which (that) was inverted by Faraday was note very efficient.

1. The force which (that)holds the solar system together is called gravitation.
Relative clause
2. The temperatures which (that) are shown on the graph are given in degrees of
Relative clause
contigrade.
3. One of the chief things which (that) a computer, does is to save time.
Relative clause

__ is to save time : vakit kazanmak

4. Afuel is asubstance that is burnt to supply heat or power.
73
which (that) who (that)

for things or animal for people

84
The workers who operate a lathe must obey the safety rules.

___to obey : uymak

An atomic physicist is a scientist who (that) studies the atom.

CAUSATIVE FORM

We laugh .. : biz gleriz
Present:
His funny stories always make us laugh.

Who laughs?_____we laugh

What muvhs us laught ? _____ his funny stories
Past:
He made his secretary type the letters .

Who typed the letters?_______ the secretary

Who made the secretary type the letters? ( ettirdi )

Example : 1) ?-iler ka&DdD imzaladDlar. (to sign: imzalamak)
The wokers signed the papers.
2) Patron i-ilere ka&DdD imzalattD.
The boss made the workers sign the papers.
3) The boss let the workers sign the papers.
4) The boss makes the workers sign the papers. } (present)
5) The boss lets the workers sign the papers. }
6) The boss is going to make the workers sign the papers. (yapt"racak)
7) The boss is going to let the workers sign the papers. (msaade edecek)
8) The boss dosent make the workers sign the papers. (-)
9) Did the boss make the workers sign the papers?
10) Is the boss going to make the workers sign the papers?
Subject + make (let) + (noun or pronoun) + infinitive (without to)
B
TENSE
74
11) &retmen ne zaman talebelerin sDnDftan DkmalarDna msaade edecek?
(When) The teacher is going to let the students go out of the classroom?
BddddddC (to leave)
12) A force makes a body move. (what moves Ma body moves)
(Bir kuvvet bir cismi hareket ettirir.)
13) The great heat made the metal in the blast furnace melt.
(Yksek "s" f"r"ndaki metali eritti)
14) The valve lets the spent gases escape from the cylinder.
(Vana kullan"lm"6 gazlar"n silindirden "kmas"n" sa&lar.)
15) We can made the machine do the work.
(Bu i6i makineye yapt"rabiliriz.)

FORCE

to make soft (softer) = safla-tDrmak
hard (harder) = sertle-tirmek = to harden
strong (stronger) = sa&lamla-tDrmak = to strenghten
weak = to weaken
long = to longten (wide, deep, easy, different)
short = to shorten

ACT?VE
1) Heating makes a metal rod longer. (daha uzatDr)
2) Steel bars make concrete stronger. (elik ubuklar betonu sa&lamla-tDrDr)
3) We must make the oil wells deeper. (daha derinle-tirmeliyiz)

DERS

If the pressure an a body is great, the temperature of it is high.

a)
1) to be proportional to : orantDlD olmak
2) to be (directly) proportional to : do&ru orantDlD olmak
3) to be (inversly) proportional to :ters orantDlD olmak
b) The temperature of a body is proportional to the pressure on it.
c) The temparature of a body depends on the pressure on it. (ba&l"d"r)
d) The temperature of a body is detemined by the pressure on it. (saptar)
e) The greater the pressure the higher the temperature is.
(Adj) (Bas"n ne kadar bykse, s"cakl"k o kadar yksektir
Bas"n art"ka s"cakl"k ykselir.)
Example :
The mass of a body is inversly propotional to the accelaration.
The smaller the mass (of a body) the faster the accelaration is.
(greator) (less)
The valve of a body depends on the pressure on it. =
the comparative (adj). + the comparative (adj) + (was / is)
make + adj.
75
That is = The valve of a body is inversly proportional to. =
The greator pressure the less the valve is.

1) Who discovered the lows of motion.
Newton discovered the lows of motion.
2) What did Newton deal with?
Newton dealt with the forces of motion.
3) What happenes if no force acts on a body?
The body either stays at a rest or remains in constant velocity in a straight line.
4) What is the Newtons first low called?
It is called the low of inertia.
5) State the low of inertia.
6) What is Newtons second low about?
(The relationship is about between force and accelaration)
It deals with force, body mass and accelaration.
7) What is the force which acts on a body equal to?
It is equal to mass times accelaration.
8) Which equation can the accelaration of a body be calculated by?
It is calculated by accelaration equals F over to.
9) What does the accelaration of body depend on?
It depens on its mass and force which acts on its.
10) How is the accelaration propotional to mass?
It is directly propotional to mass.
11) How is force measured?
Force is measured in (by) Newtons.
12) Who is the unit of force named for (or after) ?

_ to slow down : yava-lamak
_ to stop : durmak, durdurmak
Frenler bir vasDtayD yava-latDr ya da durdurur.
Brakes make a vehicle either slow down or stop. (*)
Frenlerin bir vasDtayD yava-lattD&DnD ya da durdurdu&unu biliyoruz.
We know that ( * )

Example : Frenleri kullanarak bir vasDtayD yava-latmak ya da durdurmak mmkndr.
It is possible to slow down or stop by using brakes. (or)
It is possible to make a vehicle either slow down or stop by using brakes.

Bir vasDtayD yava-latan ya da durduran frenler zamanla eskir.
Brakes which (or that) make a vehicle either slow down or stop wear out in time.

The Present Continuous Tense (ACTIVE OR PASSIVE)

ACTIVE
76
Simple Present Tense : People build dams over some rivers.
Simple Past Tense : Egyptions built a very large dam over the Nile some years ago.

PASSIVE
Simple Present Tense : Damsa re built over some rivers.
Simple Past Tense : A very large dam was built over some rivers.

(Active) They are a huge dam over the FDrat River.
(Passive) A huge dam is being built over the FDrat River.

passive (in P. Continuous T.)

Recently devolped generators are being used in powerplants today.

Scientists are experimenting on plastics with greator strength. (Active)
Plastics with greator strength are being experimentined on. (Passive)

Engineers are using new building materials such as light-weight concrete. (Active)
New buildings materials such as light-weight concrete are being used. (Passive)

Electricity for homes and industry is being provived by atomic energy.

Exercises:
1) Concretes of various strenghts are being tested all the time
2) New concrete technology is continually being developed.
3) Energy is always being changed from one from to another.
4) Heat is contiunally being transfered from one body to another.
5) The upper part of beam is being pushed by compression stresses.
6) The dam which is being built over the Eupharates River will be one of the largest in the
world.

NOTE : How do A and B differ from each other?

1) Microscopes magnify small objects. They are optical intruments.
Microscopes which areoptical instruments magnify small objects. (X)
Microscopes that magnify small objects are optical instruments.
Microscopes are optical instruments which magnify small objects.

2) Rays pass trough a lense.They either converge or diverge.
Rays which pass trough the lense either converge or diverge.

3) Pieces of iron were left in rain. They because rustly.
Pieces of iron which were left in rain because rustly.

4) Students have been given schoolarship. They should study harder.
is being
XV
3
are being
77
Students who have been given schoolarship should study harder.

5) There is a single nail. It joins these teo parts.
There is a single nail which joins these two parts.

6) Carbon is an elemant. It has an atomic weigth of 12.01
Carbon which has been atomic weight of 12.01 is an elemant. (wrong)
Carbon is an elemant which has been atomic weight of 12.01. (right)
Carbon which is an elemant with an atomic weigth of 12.01.

XII. FRICTION
When whenever (her ne zaman)
What Xemphatic formsa re X whatever (her ne)
Who X whoever (her kim)
Where whereever (her nerede) = where so ever

Whenever I meet him he greets me.
Whenever I meet him he complains of his wife.
He ate whatever he found.
Ill give the book whoever comes.
We see matter whereever we look at.

That X used to replace a noun to avoid repetition.
Those X
The boiling oint of water is 100 C but the boiling of alcohol is 78 C.
The chemical symbol of iron is Fe and the chemical symbol of sodium Na.
The angles of square are all equal but the angles of trapesium are not.
The molecules of gas move rapidly but the molecules of solid do not.
The molecules in a hot object are moving faster than the molecules in a cool.

(perpendicularly)
A tangent is a straight line which touches a .B one point.

LESSON
1) The engineers designed the motorway. They had many problems to overcome.
The engineers who designed the motorway had many problems to overcome.

2) Power which is required for driving, the machine It is produced by a small generator.
Power which is produced by a small generator is required for driving the machine.

1) Yeni makinesinin beygir gc eskisinkinden ok daha byktr.
The horse power of new machine is much greator than that of old machine.

78
2) Bir metal blok her ne zaman DsDtDlDrsa genle-ir.
Whenever a metal block is heated it is expands.

FRICTION

1) When and where does friction occur?
Friction occurs between the surface of the two bodies.
When a surface of body moves over that of another body.
2) defined friction
Friction is a force which resizd the movement when one body move another
3) how does pressure difer from friction
Unlike pressure friction acts tangentially to the surface
4) how many kinds of friction are there?
There are two kinds of friction
5)which kinds of friction occures before movement?
Static friction accures before movement
7) is static friction less than kinetic friction?
No it isnt
8) is it easier to slide objects than it is to roll than
no it isnt easierf to slide objects than it is to roll than

REDUCTION OF THE RELATIVE CLAUSE(DEVAM)

Type 1:

A)
which (that)
Noun + who +verb(active)

a)
1) The cables which supply (carry) electricity are out of order
(6ayet supply -> present tense ise k"saltma 6yle yap"l"r : verb ing)
The cables carrying (supplying) electricity are out of order

2) The liquid that is flowing through the pipe is crude
The liquid flowing through the pipe is crude oil
3) The force which acts on the body at the paint of centre of gravity is gravitation
The force acting on the body at the paint of centre of gravity is gravitation
4) The students who operate these machine in the lab should wear overalls
The students operate these machine in the lab should wear overalls

79
Which (that)
Noun + who +verb(active) +words..

=
Noun +verb ing+ words.

*NOT: can will. Present tense de&ildir

rnek: Rapid cooling which produces irregular coustractions wekens the metal
Rapid cooling producing irregular coustractions wekens the metal
(iki cmlenin anlam"da ayn")
b)
1) The temperature which increases fractures the metal.
The increasing temperature fracture the metal.

2) Newtons third low is about the bodies that fall
Newtons third low is about the falling bodies

3) Metals which melt become soft
Melting metals become soft

Which (that)
Noun + who +verb(active) +words..

=
Verb(ing) + noun

c) (k"salt"ld"ktan sonra tan"may" sa&layan ifade adv + verb ing)

1) The third low of Newton is about the bodies that fall freely
The third low of Newton is about the freely falling badies
2) You need a drug which acts quickly
You need a quickly acting drug
3) This is river that flow fast
This is fast flowing river

d)
Which
That + to be + adjective
1) In any right angled triangle the side which is opposite the right angle is called hypotennes.
In any right angled triangle the side opposite the right angle is called hypotennes.
2) The earts contains a large number of metals which are useful to man
The earts contains a large number of metals useful to man
80
B)
a)
Which(that)
Noun + who + verb (passive) + words
1) Pieces of iron which are left in rain become rusty
Pieces of iron left in rain become rusty
2) Engineers usually use alloys which are composed of two or more metals
Engineers usually use alloys composed of two or more metals

Which(that)
Noun + who + verb (passive) + words
Noun +past particible+ words
b)
Which(that)
Noun + who + verb (passive)
Air which is compressed can be used for many purposes
Compressed air can be used for many purposes

Not: kesinlikle ba6a gelmesi kurl" yoktur. Fakat baz" kelimelerde olur

Which(that)
Noun + who + verb (passive)
=
Verb (III) + noun

c)
Which(that)
Noun + who + verb (passive) +adv
1) This is a bridge which is designed badly
This is a badly designed bridge
2) In most power stations generators which have been developed recently are used
In most power stations recently developed generators are used

d)
1) That is a pump which is a driven by wind
That is a wind driven pump
2) We are going to use steel which is plated with chronium
We are going to use chronium plated steel

81
1) Bu -ekilde denenen makinalar tehlikesizce kullanDlabilirdi.
The machines which were tested in this way could be used safetty
2) All liquids contract when they solidify expect for water.
(bzlmek) (kat"la6mak)
Su hari btn sDvDlar katDla-tDklarD zaman bzlrler.
3) Civa hari sDvDlarDn genle-me katsayDlarD DsD derecesi ile de&i-ir.
Expect for mercury,coefficient of expansion of liquids varys with temperatures.
(en sona da gelebilir)
!(coefficient of expansion(n):genle6me katsay"s" ; to vary:de&i6mek,(with) ile de&i6mek,bir 6eye uygun olarak de&i6mek)!
DERS

Many experiments show than when two solid bodies with smooth,dry surface are in contact the force of
S V OB
friction can be found by(-erek,-arak) multiplying the normal force by(ile) the coefficent of friction the first
generator was developed by(taraf"ndan) Faraday.
!(by:ile
by:yak"n"nda
by:by the end of the week:nundan nce)!
RELATIVE CLAUSE (GENEL TEKRAR)

Example:
1) We have seen that current (which is asl"nda bu var k"salt"lm"6 6ekli bu) generated in the wire loops rotating
S V (retilen) (tel halka)
in a magnatic field flowed first in one direction and then in the other.
V
Magnetik alan iinde dnen halkada retilen akDmDn nce bir yne sonrada di&er yne aktD&DnD
grdk.
2) We have noted(belirtmek,dikkat etmek) that most electricity is generated by powerful electro magnetic
devices turned by turbines that use water or steam as a source power.
o&u elektri&in, g kayna&D olarak buhar veya su kullanDlan trbinler tarafDndan dndrlen gl
elektromagnetik aletler tarafDndan retildi&ini belirttik.

NOT: 1) Verb + that.. We know that mercury is a metal.
Noun clause (Neyi biliyoruz?CivanDn metal oldu&unu.)
2) Noun + that . The metal that is a liquid at room temperature.
Relative clause

NOT: I have bought a new car. (Hala bu araba var)
a) I bought a new car.
b) I have stil a car. *Gemi6te yap"lm"6 olan i6ten 6imdi bahsediyorsak i6 hala sz konusu

(3)
(*) noun + noun + of which { of which for things
whose for people&things
(ki onun)
noun + of which + noun =noun + whose + noun
1) The plane shape the sides of which are all equal is a square.
(of which the sides)
82
Btn kenarlarD e-it olan dzlem -ekil karedir.
2) The substance the chemical symbol of which is Fe is iron.
(of which the chemical symbol)
Kimyasal sembol Fe olan madde demirdir.

3) A generator the rotor of which is turned by a turbine generates electricity economically.
(of which the rotor is turned)
Rotoru bir trbin tarafDndan dndrlen generatr elektiri&i ekonomik olarak retir.
4) Bases are substances.Their proporties are opposite to those of acids.
Combine these sentence.
a) Bases are substances the propoties of which are opposite to those of acids.
(of which the proporties)
b) Bases are substances of which the propoties are opposite to those of acids.
c) Bases are substances whose propoties are opposite to those of acids.
5) Toricelli used a long glass tube.Its bottom was blosed.
a) Toricelli used a long glass tube the bottom of which was closed.
b) Toricelli used a long glass tube of which the buttom was closed.
c) Toricelli used a long glass tube whose bottom was closed.
DEV:COMBNE SENTENCES
1) Draw a line.Its length is 10 cm.
Draw a line of which the lenght is 10 cm.
2) Mild steel is used for making chains.Its carbon content is less than cost iron.
Mild steel of which carbon content is less than cost iron is used for making chains.
3) The plane shape is either square or a rectangle.Its angles are all right angles.
The plane shape of which angles are all right angles is either square or a rectangle.
4) Sound travels in waves.Its velocity depend on the medium.
5) Tugstem is used for making flamants.Its melting point is very high.
?NTO TURK?SH
Some liquids which act as conductors of electricity decompose with an electric current is passed
through them.Such liquids accually solutions of certain chemicals in water one known as electrolytes
The process by which they are decomposed is called electrolysis in electrolysis two wire or pieces of
metal connected to a battery or cell are placed in a container containing an electrolyle.These are called
electrodes the electrode connected to negative terminal of the batary is called the cathode and that which
is connected to the positive terminal is called the anode.

DERS
1) The architect is very famous.His project won the first price.
The architect whose project won the first price is very famous.
Projesi birincilik dl kazanan mimar ok me-hurdu.
2) Faraday was an English scientist.His discovery was very important for electrical industry.
Faraday whose discovery was very important for electrical industry was an English scientist.
3) A generator is very economical.Its efficiency (n:verimlilik/efficient:s"fat,adj) is much greater than a
battery.
A generator of which efficiency is much greater than baterry is very economical.
efficiency which of
whose efficiency
***TH?S KIND OF RELATIVE CLAUSE CAN NOT BE REDUCED
(4) preposition + which(that)
by
in
83
with
by means of
at
etc.
***THIS KIND OF RELATIVE CLAUSE CAN NOT BE REDUCED.(k"salt"lamaz)
1) A drill is an instrument with which holes are made
Matkap delik atD&DmDz bir alettir.(deliklerin aDldD&D bir alettir.)
2) The glass of which test tubes are made must be fire proof.(ate6e dayan"kl")
Test tplerinin yapDldD&D cam,ate-e dayanDklD olmalDdDr.
3) Laboratories are rooms in which experiments are conducted.
Laboratuarlar iinde deneylerin yapDldD&D odadDr.
4) Airports are places at which planes land and take off.
HavaalanD uaklarDn inip kalktD&D yerlerdir.
NOT : at which
in which place where
*e&er yer belirtiyorsa

5) The temperature at which water boils is called the boiling point of water
(yer,mekan bildirmiyor.Burada at which yerine where kullanamay"z)
6) There are two ways in which an electromagnets can be made stronger.
ElektromDknatDslarDn daha gl yapDlabilece&i iki yol vardDr.
7) ?s this computer with which you can calculate all these equations?
Btn bu denklemleri hesaplayabilece&iniz komputer bu mudur?
8) A fuse box is a device by means of which excessive loads can be stopped.
(sigorta kutusu) (whereby,ki onun vas"tas" ile) (fazla yk)
9) A telescope is an instrument.We can observe the planets trough it.
(iinden,aras"ndan)
A telescope is an instrument trough which we can observe the planets.
Teleskop gezegenleri gzledi&imiz alettir.
10) Acoustics is a branch of physics.The properties of sound are studied in it.
Acoustics in which the properties of sound are studied is a branch of physics.
Acoustics is a branch of physics in which the properties of sound are studied.
Sesin zelliklerinin incelendi&i akustik,fizi&in bir dalDdDr.
11) The process is called electrolize.Some liquids are decomposed by the process.
The process by which some liquids are decomposed is called electrolize.
BazD sDvDlarDn ayrD-tDrDldD&D i-lem elektroliz olarak adlandDrDlDr.
12) The air passes to aircompresser.It is compressed in it.
The air passes to an compresser in which it is compressed.
Hava sDkD-tDrDldD&D kompresre geer.
13) Radiation is a way.Heat can travel in it.
Radiation is a way in which heat can travel.
Radyasyon DsDnDn yayDlabildi&i bir yoldur.
14) This is the rubber tubing.The device can be atteched to the gas supply.
(lastik boru)
This is the rubber tubing by means of which the device/ by means of this rubber tubing can be
atteched to the gas supply.
Bu,aletin gaz tesisatDna ba&landD&D lastik borudur.
84
INTO TURKISH

Elektrik iletkeni olarak davranan sDvDlar ilerinden elektrik akDmD geirildi&inde ayrD-Drlar.Genellikle
belirli bazD kimyasal maddelerin sudaki eriyikleri olan bu tip sDvDlar elektrolit olarak bilinirler.
OnlarDn ayrD-tDrDldDklarD i-lem elektroliz olarak adlandDrDlDr.Elektroliz i-leminde bir bataryaya ya da bir
pile ba&lanan iki metal parasD elektrolit ieren bir kaba yerle-tirilir.
BataryanDn negatif ucuna ba&lanmD- olan elektrot katot olarak adlandDrDlDr,pozitif uca ba&lD elektror anot
olarak adlandDrDlDr.

FRICTION 2

YAPI : is (are) known
was(were) + shown + to infinitive +
can be though
believed
proved
found
said

-We know that this device is very economical-.
Bu aletin ok ekonomik oldu&unu biliyoruz.
This device is known to be very economical.
Bu alet ok ekonomik olarak bilinir.
-We know that Mr.Manson is a very famous doctor.
Mr.Manson is known to be a very famous doctor.
(said)
(believed)
-ok me-hur bir doktor oldu&u inanDlan Mr.Mansonu grece&im
I am going to see Mr.Manson who is believed to be a very famous doctor.
-They believe that certain substances have radioctivity.
Certain substances are believed to have radioctivity.
Belirli maddelerin radyoaktiviteye sahip oldu&una inanDlDr.
-Radyoaktiviteye sahip oldu&una inanDlan bazD maddeler kullanDlDr.
Some substances which are believed to have radioctivity are used.
-They found that the sample contained urainum.
The sample was found to contain urainum.
rne&in uranyum ierdi&i saptandD.
-Uranyum ierdi&i saptanan (rnek) numune deney tpne kondu.
The sample which was found to containe uranium has been put into the test tube.
85
FRICTION 3

-We can make steel harder. (active)
Steel can be made harder. (passive)

!( to take many months:aylarca devam etmek)!

RELATIVE CLAUSE 3E DEVAM

-Venus is a planet the surface temperature of which is through to be at least 200
0
C.
Venus is a planet of which the surface temperature is through to be at least 200
0
C.
Venus is a planet whose the surface temperature is through to be at least 200
0
C.

RELATIVE CLAUSE 4E DEVAM
-Gravitation the effects of which can be observed easily is proportional to mass.
Etkisi kolaylDkla grlen yer ekimi gravite ile do&ru orantDlDdDr.
-The rod on the banch with which you can stir the solution in the beaker.
(kar"6t"rmak) (is made of a special alloy)
-Materials through which light can not pass is referred to as opaque.
I-D&Dn iinden gemedi&i maddelerden opak maddeler olarak bahsedilir.
-The point on a object at which the entire weight is through to be concentrated is known as the center of
gravity.
Bir cisim zerinde tm a&DrlD&Dn yo&unla-mD- olarak d-nld& nokta yerekimi(a&DrlDk) merkezi
olarak bilinir.

DER RNEKLER

-The first generator which was developed by Faraday was a very simple device
-Here is a diagram which shows the principle of operation of an electric bell.
-The square of a number is the value which is obtained by multiplying the number by itself.
-Makine aksamD paralarD zerinde a-Dnmaya sebep olan srtnme azaltDlmalDdDr.
(to cause) (to reduce)
Friction which causes wear on machinery can be reduced.
(causing) (on parts of machine) (should be)
Wear on the machine parts which is caused by friction makes lifetime of machine shorter.
(reduces lifetime of machine)
Makine paralarD zerinde srtnmenin sebep oldu&u a-Dnma makinenin mrn kDsaltDr.

! wear on(n) : a6"nmak
wear out(v) a6"nmak
-Carelessness causes accidenty.
(dikkatsizlik)
!It is so: yle mi?
To deal with : onlar" konu almak incelemek
Durgun: at rest
Example:
86
Durgun elektri&in zelliklerini inceleyen (onlardan bahseden) fizik dalD elektrostatik olarak adlandDrDlDr..
Branch of physics which deals with the properties electricity at rest is called electrostatic.
Example:
A diesel engine is a machine producing power by burning oil in air compressed to a high pressure by a
piston moving in a closed cylinder.
A diesel engine is which produce power by burning oil in which is compressed to a high pressure by a
piston which moves in a which is closed cylinder.
KapalD bir silindir iinde hareket eden piston tarafDndan yksek basDnta sDkD-tDrDlan hava
iinde(benzinin)petroln yakarak g reten bir makinedir.
Example:
lkenin gney kDsmDnDn zengin bakDr yataklarD ierdi&i d-nlyor.
The southern part of the country is thought to consist rich copper deposits.

MTHAN

1) Bir gaz sDkD-tDrDldD&D zaman basDn ne kadar bykse hacim o kadar klr.
Whan a gas is compressed the greater the pressure the less the volumeis.
2) Dnen makine paralarD yapmak iin kullanDlan malzemeler d-k srtnme katsayDsDna
sahiptir.
Materials which are used to make turning machine components should have a low
coefficient of friction.
3) Slfrn kaynama noktasDnDn suyunkinden hemen hemen 4 kat yksek oldu&unu
biliyoruz.
We know that the boiling point of sulphire is four times as high as that of water.
4) AltDn hari btn bile-ik moleklleri iki ya da daha fazla atom ierir.
Expect for gold all of the molecules of compounds consist of two or more atom.
5) IsD enerjisini mekanik enerjiye dn-tren makineler genellikle ok verimli de&ildir.
The machines which convert heat energy into mechanical energy do not have very
efficient.
! much ile coup adj. Gelir.
(much prether/easier)
They do not usually have a high efficiency/A diesel engine is efficient
They are not usually very efficient.
A number of:several,some(birka)
To illustrate :anlamak, izah etmek
Co Planar force:ayn" dzlemde olan kuvvetler
RNEK: In figure 3 the two forces acting in the same direction,we can see that the motion caused by
these forces will be the same as the motion caused by a single force which is equal to the addition at the
magnitudes of the forces acting in the same direction.
AynD ynde etkiyen iki kuvvetin gsterildi&i (-ekil 3) bu kuvvetlerin sebep oldu&u hareketin aynD ynde
etkiyen iki kuvvetin byklkleri toplamDna e-it olan tek bir kuvvetin sebep oldu&u kuvvetle aynDdDr.

CONCRETE

building material a material which builds(wrong)
calculating machinea machine used for calculations
magnifying glassa glass which magnifies

to be made up of
87
to consist =den mte-ekkil olmak
to be composed of
to comprise

to mix:karD-mak,karD-tDrmak
Ex.:Oil does not mix with water.
mixture:karD-Dm
enough:sufficient
to take care:zen gstermek,dikkat etmek

NOUN MODIFIERS

NOUN + ?NF?N?T?VE

1) materials to use : kullanDlacak materyal
2) I want an interesting book to read on the train : Trende okunacak kitap istiyorum.(active)
3) Error(mistake) to be corrected: dzeltilecek yanlD-lar(passive)

II.CONCRETE

To provide with(or for)

His family provides him with a lot of Money for his school expenses(masraf).
Ailesi onun okul masraflarDnD sa&lar.

to expand : expansion(n)
to contract : contraction
to set in : ynelmek
to set off(out) : yolculu&a ba-lamak :to set forth
to set up : olu-turmak,meydana getirmek

III.CONCRETE

moreover (bunun yanDnda,buna ilaveten) stelikle
furthermore and (anlam olarak biraz daha kuvvetli
besides also
in addition

-Copper is an extremely ductile material besides it is a good conductor of electricity.
(furthermore
more over
in addition)
-They are learning English in school furthermore they take a course in French every summer.
-Jeneratrler bataryalardan ok daha fazla elektrik retir stelik retilen elektrik ok daha fazla voltajlD
olur.
Generators produce much more electricity then batteries besides the produced electricity has much
higher voltage.
88
The former(ilki) .. the latter(sonuncusu) (iki -ey iin kullanDlDr.)
- Na, Pb these are two chemical symbols;the former belongs to sodium,the latter belongs to lead.
- John and David are my friends:the former is an engineer;the latter is a doctor.
- H
2
SO
4
and HNO
3
are both non-organic acids.The former is much more corrosive than the latter.
-The former is taler than the latter.
!in the former:birincisinde
corrosive(adj) :a6"nd"r"c"
corrosion(n):a6"nma
to corrode(v):a6"nmak
Compared with(to) A(=in comparison with(to) A ) :Aya kDyasla
in compared with(to) A
when compared with(to) A
-Gold is much more expensive compared with copper.
(when compared
if compared with)
-Compared with copper gold is much more expensive.
-A battary is less efficient compared with a dynamo.
-Land areas / heat up /quickly /sea
Compare with sea land areas heat up quickly.
(when compare with
if compared with
in comparison with)

* to heat up : tamamen "s"nmak
Adj + to infinitive (active)
easy(difficult)
difficult genelde bunlarla kullanDlDr.
possible(impossible)

-Bu denklemlerin zm ok zordur.
These equations are very difficult to solve.

Examples

1) Elastic materials are easy to stretch. It is easy to stretch elastic materials.
2) ok a&Dr cisimlerin hareket etmesi zordur.
Very heavy objects are difficult to move.,
3) Birinci metnin anla-DlmasD ikinciden ok daha zordu.
The first text was much more difficult to understand than the second text.
4) elik bir ubu&un el ile bklmesi imkansDzdDr.
Steel rod is impossible to bend with hand.

* pre_ : nce
Examples:
1) pre_historie :tarih ncesi
2) pre_war years :sava- ncesi yDllar
3) pre_arrenged :nceden dzenlenmi-
4) pre_formed :nceden -ekil verilmi-
5) pre_heated :nceden DsDtDlmD-
NOT : of
89
Example
1) These are two lines of the same length.(aynD uzunluktaki do&rular.)
2) Building of unusual shape.(alD-DlmamD- -ekilde binalar)
3) Mold of the desired shape.(istenen -ekildeki kalDp)

NO REDUCTION

1)prep. + relative clause
Labaroties are places in which experiments are conducted.
2)may,should,will,can,must
This is the list of the boks we will read this year.
3)of which,whose
The book the title of which is the the future shockis very interesting.
The book of which the title is .
The book whose title is ..

ALTOUGH-THOUGH

Altough (though) mercury is a metal it is liquid at room temperature

Altough glass is durable material it breaks easilly

Friction can be usefull though it is commanly considered to be undesirable

* KatD molekllerin belirli bir yerde sabit olmalarDna ra&men hareketsiz de&illerdir
The moleculles in a solid are not motionless altough they are fixed

* Her nekadar dkme demir elik kadar muhavim de&ilsede ba-ka birka iyi zelli&e sahiptir
cost iron has some other good properties altough it is not so (as) strong as steel

* Bir ok sDvDlarDn donunca bzlmesine ra&men su genle-ir
Water exponds altough most liquids contract when they freze

*Hem Al hem Cu iyi iletkenler olmalarDna ra&men Al daha hafif oldu&u iin iletim hatlarDnda kullanDlDr
because Al is much lighter it is used in transmissions lines , both Al and Cu are good conductors.

SELF PRONOUNS

Myself -> ourselves
Yourself ->yourselves
Himself
Herself themselves
Itself

USES:
1) REFLEXIVELY
The poor old man killed Tom (intihar etti)
The poor old man killed Tom

90
2)EMPHAT?CALLY
*I myself have seen the accident (ben bizzat kendim grdm)
I have seen the accident myself (vurgulama az)
* The director himself is going to give the price(mdr hediyeyi bizzat kendisi verecek)

3)IDIOMAT?CALLY

by + self pronoun = alone

mr x always does his homework by himself

*ya-lD adam bu byk evde tek ba-Dna oturur
The old man lives in this large house by himself

NOTE:
I have never seen such a beatiful girl
Never have i seen such a beatiful girl =

ZITLIK GSTEREN YAPILAR
A)
altough
though
in spite of(the fact that) + tam cmle
despite(the fact that)

NOT:
?n spite of
Despite + noun

In spite of the fact that the weather conditions are very bad all the olanes have taken off

* Ya-lD oldu&u halde mr x ok enerjiktir
altough mr x is old he is veryenergetic

*Ya-Dna ra&men Mr X ok enerjiktir
Dn spite of his age mr x is very energetic

B)
But
Where as
While
Howewer =oysa + coplete sentence
Whilst
On the other hands
Never theless

* H2SO4 is an inorganic acid whereas/while/whilst asetic acid an organic one
*The traffic density on the roads is very high during pick haves whilst it is very low after midnight

91
TYPE II:

which
who + noun/ pronoun + verb
that
1)the concrete whivh they tested in the lab yesterday is of good quality
the concrete they tested in the lab yesterday is of good quality
2) The instrument that the proffesor uses in the experiments is out of order
The instrument the proffesor uses in the experiments is out of order
3) Bir bilgisayarDn yapmD- oldu&Du en nemli i-vakit tasarrufudur
the most important thing that the computers does is to save time

RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING(tanDmlayan)

A material which can be streched is elastic
The man who operates this lathe is a shilled worker

NONDEFINING(tanDmlamayan)

Rubber, which can be streched easily, is elastic
*genelde iki virgl arasDnda kullanDlDr ve that hibir zaman kullanDlmaz

mr smith, who operates the lathe, is ashilled worker

CONNECTIVE (ba&layDcD)
I gave my sister a present, which pleased her very much
Mr smith has three sons, who Work in the same Office
He is not on the telephone, which makes itdifficult to get in touch with him

Adj + enough + to infinive
1) Diamond is hard. It can cut metals
diamond is hard enough to cut metals

2) The boiler is very large. It can supply the amount of steam we need
The boiler is large enough to supply the amount of steam we need
3) The force is great. It can make the mollecules come close together
The force is great enough to make the mollecules come close together
4) Frenler vasDtayD aniden durduracak kadar gl
the brakes are strong enough to make the vehicle stop immediately

Too + adj (adv) +to infinive
1) They are old. They cannot work hard.
They are too old to work hard.
92
2)this battery is very weak, it can not last 48 hours
this battery is too weak to last 48 hours

3)the temperature is too low to melt the metal
DsD dercesi metali eritemeyacek kadr d-kt
4)Some substance burn too quality to be used as fuels
5)the equations are very dificult; we can not solve them
the equations are too dificult solve them
6)Talimatlar &rencilerin anlayamyaca&D kadar karD-DktDr
The instructions are too complex for the students to understand

7)The crystal in a metals are very small. As a result they can be seen with a microscope
The crystal in a metals are too small to be seen without a microscope

So + (adj)adv + that + a complete sentence

1)He is so rich that he can buy this expensive car
they are so young that they can work hard
2)This battery is very strong; it can last 48 hours
This battery is so strong that it last 48 hours
3)This battery is week. It cannot last 48 hours
This battery is so week that It cannot last 48 hours
4)The temprature is so law that it cannot melt the metal
The temprature is so high that it can melt the metal
5)Some substance burn so slowly that can be used as fuels
Some substance burn so quickly that cannot be used as fuels

Such + (a) (adj) + noun +that +..

1)It was such a large current that it could not be controlled
2)She is so beatiful that can win a beatuty contest
She is such beatiful that she can win a beatuty contest
3)elik okadar elastiktirki elik yapDmDnda kullanDlDr
The steal is so elastic that it used for making beams
4)Bu denklemler o kadr zordurki hi kimsezemedi
These equations were so diffucult that no bady could solve them

No matter how + adj
(adv)
1) He is determined to buy this car no watter how expensive it is.
ba6a da gelebilir
2) Well wait for them no matter how late they come.
(Ne kadar ge gelirlerse gelsin bekleyece&iz.)
93
3) They cant win the game no matter how well they play from now on.
(Su andan itibaren ne kadar iyi oynarlarsa oynas"nlar ma" kazanamayacaklar.)
4) He is clever enough to solve any problem no matter how difficult it is.
(Herhangi bir problem ne kadar g olacak olursa olsun onu zecek kadar ak"ll"d"r.)
5) Oil and water do not mix no matter how vigorously they are stirred.
(Ne kadar h"zl" kar"6t"r"l"rsa kar"6t"r"ls"n ya& ve su kar"6maz)
6) No matter how expensive coal is , it is cheaper than fuel-oil.

7) No matter how high voltage is insulator resists it.
An insulator resists the voltage no matter high it is.
(Voltaj ne kadar yksek olursa olsun bir yal"tkan ona direnir.)
8) No matter strong the concrete is it can be pulled-apport.
Concrete can be pulled-apport no matter how strong it is.
(Ne kadar sa&lam olursa olsun , beton ekilip ayr"labilir.)
9) Some students always come on time no matter how early the lessons start.

Not...............
..
Stil
1) He is stil slepping. (hal)
2) Woods stil being used in packing industry. (yinede)
3) Molecules are small ; atoms are stil smaller. (daha da)

No matter +
Question_word
WHEN
WHERE
WHY
WHAT
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
+ complete sentence
1) The police will soon find the murderer no matter where he isi
(Nerede olursa olsun polis katili bulacakt"r.)
2) No matter what we say he dosnt care
(Ne sylersek syleyelim ald"rmaz.)
3) Its absolutely wrong no matter who has told you that.
(Kim size bunu sylemi6 olursa olsun o tamamen yanl"6t"r.)
4) We can see mater in motion no matter where we look at.
(Nereye bakarsak bakal"m, maddeyi maddeyi hareket halinde gryoruz.)
5) The mass of any object remains the same no matter where it is.
(Nerede olursa olsun bir cismin ktlesi hep ayn"d"r.)
6) Mathematics is the most important subject for an engineer no matter what his field of
specialization is.
(?htisas sahas" ne olursa olsun matematik bir mhendis iin en nemli konudur.

94
SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS AND COLLOIDS_(I)
to appear : (grnmek) _ When we reached the top of mountain a small town appeared down below.
(epiyr) (iyice a6a&"da)
appearance (n) : (grn6) _ His appearance shows as that he is very poor.
(epiry"ns) _ Apearance of the solution.
to separate : (ay"rmak)
(sep"reyt)
separate (adj) : (ayr"lm"6, ayr") _ They are sitting separate tablet.
(sepr"t)
to settle (somewhere): (bir yere yerle6mek)
to settle (out): (ayr"larak kmek)
sediment : (kelti)
(sed"m"nt)
1) What do the terms suspentions, suspendions and colloids refer to ?
They refer to various types of mixtures.
2) How many beakers are taken for the demonstration ?
Three beakers are taken for the demonstration.
3) What do all of them beakers contain ?
They all contain some water.
4) What else is added into the water respectively ?
(s"ras" ile)
a bit of sugar < a small quantity of sugar
Is the mixture clear enough to see through it ?
(iinden grmek)
after a while :(bir sre sonra)
just after :(hemen sonra)

Why does the clay mixture become clear again after a while ?
Is it possible to dissolve clay particles by heating ?

What do you think makes clay particles settle at the bottom of the beaker ?
Can clay particles be seen with naked eye ?
("plak gzle)
How does the starch mixture appear ? It appears cloudy.
When does starch mixture become clear again ?

to leave standing : (bir kenera b"rakmak)

What does a clay formed ?

TIME PATTERNS
a) time expressions (phrases)
- at 11 oclock , at night , at moon
- in the morning (afternoon)
- in summer (winter)
- in June (July)
- in tee early 14
th
C (14. as"r"n ba6"nda)
95
- in the late 20
th
C (20. as"r"n sonunda)
ago
yesterday
the day before yesterday

to day
at present
at the moment
nowadays
tommorrow
next week (month , year)

etc

b) time clause
When , while , as ,after , before , by the time , by the when , untill (till) , as soon as , as (so) long as , once
, since

Water boils at 100C / Water boils when we heated it to 100C
Time clouse ( zaman yan cmleci&i )
Not: while ve as bir i-te sreklilik oldu&u zaman kullanDlDr
Last night the lights went out / while we are watching tv.

( While ) As the vapour rise up the tower they are coded

Before the steam leaves the boiler it is passed throught a superheater

The steam enters the turbine after it leaves the boiler
?-ini bitirdikten sonra eve gitti
He went home after he finished his work
Eve gitmeden i-ini bitirdi
Before he went home he finished his work

By the time the new bridge is finished there will be more vehicles on the road

Future ve future perfect tense lerde kullanDlDr.

Turn off the burner as soon as the solution boils (kaynar kaynamaz)

The new machines must not used until they are tested

-ye kadar

The iron rod is magnet as long as an current flows through the coil.

- geti&i srece

Once the switch is turned on a current flows through the wire
96
ADlDr aDlmaz

The Planets have been observed easily since the time, the telescopewas invited
INFINITIVES

We have learned two kinds of infinitives

a) Active infinitive (present)to use

It is necessary to use soft metals for making these components.

b) Passive infinitives to be used

These breakers are too warm to be used (kullanDlamayacak kadar eskimi-)
A-DnmD-
He is known to keep his word (szn tuttu&u bilinir)

Perfect infinitives
To have + V
3
(active)
To have been +V
3
(passive)

The old man is said to have died years ago ( yDllar nce lr fakat hala bahsediliyor.)
perfect
These pots are known to have been used in prehistoric times (bu kaplarDn tarih ncesi yDllarda
kullanDldD&D biliniyor)

He is said to have returned from England ( ?ngiltereden dnd& syleniyor ).

The text can be said to have been completely studied its exercises have been done ( egzersizleri de
yaptDktan sonra metinin tamamen bitirildi&i sylenebilir. )

A small quantity of starch is added to the mixture after it has boiled for a few minutes
Present past

Yesterday a small quantity of starch was added to the mixture after it had boiled for a few minutes

NOT: Bir olayD anlatDrken iki hareket aynD cmlelerle anlatDlmak istendi&inde;

I) 1. Present olan cmle ( can, may de olabilir)
2. Birinci maddedekinden nce yapDlan i-lem anlatDldD&Dndan present perfect olur.

rn: yzm yDkamadan nce kahvaltD ederim ( srekli yapDlan eylemlerde kullanDldD&D
grlyor )

97
II) @ayet iki eylem mevcut ise ve her ikiside past (gemi-te yapDlmD-) ise nce
yapDlan eylem iin past perfect tense kullanDlDr. Sonraki iin past tense
kullanDlDr.

USES OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1) Just ;

The research team has just published the results of their scientific investigation.
The machines have just been repaired(+)
The machines have not been repaired yet(-)
Have the machines been repaired yet ?

2) Today, this morning, this year, this month(hala bu zaman iinde bulunuyor isek)

They have tested all machines this week
The fuse has blown twice today
3) Recently, lately, for, since

Medicine has made great progress recently.
This fact has been known for many years
The air conditioning system has not worked properly since it was installed two
months ago

4) Man has been the to the moon (when?) is not important
nemli olan -u andaki neticesi(zaman nemli de&il) ayD tanDyor insalar.

Ive meet him
They have completed a series of experiments.
Ive finished my homework.
The plan has been approved by the commitee
The new type of fuel has been developed
You can observe that nothing remains on the filter paper after the solution has passed
through it

NOT: the first action, the second actionher ikisi de present fakat biri di&erinden az nce yapDlmD-.
(After) the oil-well has been used (for along time) the pomp may be necessary to get the
oil.

YAPI Dt + takes/took/will take/have taken +time+to be infinitive

It takes me only five minutes to come to the school from Taksim
It took Mrs. Brown half an hour to type this letter yesterday.
It takes the particles a long time to settle out
98
It takes the harden steel along time to be magnetize
How long did it take you solve this problem

YAPI (when/while/once)/(before/after) + V
3
Concrete has greater strength when being reinforced
After the model plane has been tested it is put into production

NOT: Ba-ka yapD before/after/on/during + noun

Before production some changes were made in the design
On examination the substance was found to be highly radioactive
During storage the packing were damaged
Once full the oil tank can supply oil for along time

NOT ONLY..................BUT ALSO
NOT ONLY...................BUT..................AS WELL
BOTH..............................AND................

He is both rich and generous
He is not only nice but also generous
Steel is not only hard but also strong
Dams not only prevent floods but also supply water for irrigation
Dams not only prevent floods but supply water for irrigation as well

?........does not have only...........

CONTRACTED T?ME CLAUSES

to expand= genle-mek
expansion(u)

to contract= bzlmek
contraction(n)
When a current passes trougt the coil, the iron rod becames a magnet
(if)
Before a small amount of acid is added to solition. ?t appaares clear.

Before the metals welt they become soft.

To be reduced.

Before we add some acids to the solition, it appears clear.
99
1) IF THE SUBJECTS OF THE SAME CLAUSE ?S THE SAME SUBJECT OF THE SAME
CLAUSE, EW CAN REDUCE
2) IF SUBJECT OF THE SAME CLAUSE PERSONAL PRONOUN, WE CAN REDUCE

How does it reduce? (we have two ways) EXERC?SE (PAGE 132)

I) IF THE VERB IN THE SAME CLAUSE IS ACTIVE

before
after(on)
(in)while
(once)when
+ verb(.... ing)

1) before metals melt, they become soft
=
before melting metals become soft
2) after they have passed though the boiler, the gases get very hot
=
after pasing though the boiler the gases get very hot.
(on)
3) while the rivet cools it contacts
in cooling the rivet contacts
(while)
4) when we use sulphric acid great care must be taken
= (kullanDldD&D zaman)
when using sulphric acid great care must be taken=(kalDp=ok dikkat edilmedi)
5) while you are welding two pieces they must be though be clean
=
while welding the two pieces they must be though clean
1) Modern jeneratrler yalnDz do&ru de&il alternatif akDmda retir.

The modern generators do not produce direct currunt but also alternative current

2) Bir mDknatDs etrafDnda yalnDz magnetik alan retmez aynD zamanda devrede bir akDmda endkler

A magnet does not only produce magnetik field a round it but also it induces currunt inthe
curcuit.

100
PURPOSE PATTERNS

gaye

goal
object
aim
purpose
a) What is your
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
object
aim
purpose
in life?
b) What is
|
|
.
|

\
|
goal
aim
of these language course?
c) It is to enable the studuts to read and understand techinac text on their own subject
1) The

goal
object
aim
pupose
of

noun verbal
or
noun

a) The purpose of research is develop new technology
b) The purpose of experiment is to find out the specific .......
c) The aim of the lubricaion is to reduce friction
d) The aim of using a spring here is to absorb vibrations

2)
)
`

of purpuse for
of aim with the
+ verbal noun ile gayesi :
1-)Makinalar srtnmeyi azaltmak amacDyla yapDlDr.

Machines are lubricated with the main aim of (for the purpose) reducin friction

With the aim of the aim of reducing friction ,machines are lubricated.

2-) Tavlama metalleri yumu-atma iin yapDlDr.

Anealling is done with the aim of softing metals

3-) Bilgisayar vakit kazamak amacDyla kullanDlDr.

A computer is used with the aim of saving time
3) to (cmele ba-Dna gelebilir)
in order to +verb(V
1
) (cmele ba-Dna gelebilir)
so as to (cmele ba-Dna gelemez)

a) Springs are used

absorb to as so
vibration absorb to
absorb order to in
ile gayesi :
1) To remove impurities the solitions is filtered (in order to move)

2) Instructions shoul be written in red ink to to attract attension.

101
4)
)
`

order that in
that so
+ a complate (clause) sentence( yan cmlecik)
(
(
(
(

might - may
should - shall
would - will
could - can

a) Machines are lubricated
(

order that in
that so
they will not rust.
Makinalar paslanmamasD iin ya&lanDr.

b) Before entering the turbinesteam is passed though a superheater so that can (may)
extremely try.

RNEK: Atmosfer basDncDnD lmekiin barometre kullanDlDr.

The aim of usinga barometer is to measure the atmosphere pressure

A barometer is used the aim of measuring atmosphere pressure

In order to mesure te atmosphere pressure a barometer used.

A barometer is used so that

used canbe pressure atmosphere

pressure atmosphere measure can it
PRELIMINARY WORK IN THE CONSTURT"ON OF DAMS

to construc-construction(structure,a building) to get across(..........)
1) Whats meant of by a dam
2) Whats meant of by a dam
it is a big (....)... behind a dam
3) What are the function of a dam
They are the function of dam is a suplly drinking water.

NOUN CLOUSES
1)Newton stated the law of gravitation.

2)Newton stated that any two masses attract each other.

3)We can demostrate that the particles in a collaid do not setle out no matter how long mixture is left
standing.

102
4)?lim admlarD yanmanDn hem DsD hem D-Dk meydana getiren bir hDzlD oksidasyon reaksiyonu oldu&unu
ispatladDlar.
Scientists have proved that combustion is rapid oxidation reaction that produces both heat and light.
Rapid oxidation reaction=h"zl" oks. reak.

5) that electricity produces heat (
why electricity produces heat (elektri&ini niin "s" retti&ini bil..)
We know when electricity produces heat (elektri&ini ne zaman "s" retti&ini bil..)
How electricity produces heat (elektri&ini nas"l "s" retti&ini bil..)
:
-We want to know/if whether)/electricity produces heat. (elektri&in "s" retip retmedi&ini bilmek
isteriz)

1)OBJECT;
where
why
Scientists have demanstrated that friction reduces velocity
When
How much

Scientist have demonstrated if friction reduces velocity
Wheather

(srtnmenin h"z" azalt"p azaltmad"&"n" gsterdiler)

2)SUBJECT;
That friction reduces velocity has been demonstrated. (srtnmenin h"z" azaltt"&"n" gsterdiler)
When friction reduces velocity can be demonstrated. (srtnmenin h"z" ne zaman azaltt"&"n" gsterdiler)
Why friction reduces velocity can be explained.
If friction reduces velocity will be explained later. (srtnmenin h"z" azalt"p azaltmayaca&" sonra anlat"lacak)
NOT:
That friction reduces velocity ha been demonstrated.
The fact that friction reduces velocity ha been demonstrated. (srtnmenin h"z" azaltt"&" gere&i gsterdiler)

That these calculations are all inacurate is obvius. (btn bu hesaplar"n do&ru olmad"&" a6ikard"r)
The fact that these calculations are all inacurate is obvius. (btn bu hesaplar"n dakik olmad"&" gere&i
a6ikard"r)
NOT:
We know that an atom can be devined (alt" izili=noun clause)
An atom that loses an electron becomes a positive ion. (alt" izili=adjective clause)

##
1)Ne kadar yakDta ihtiyacDmDz oldu&unu hesaplamalDyDz.
We must calculate how much fuel is needed

2)Ne kadar yakDta ihtiyacDmDz oldu&u bilinmiyor.
How much fuel is needed is not known.

3)Hangi kimyasal maddelerin reaksiyona sebeb oldu&unu bulamadDlar.
103
They couldnt find out which chemicals caused the reaction

4) Hangi kimyasal maddelerin reaksiyona sebeb oldu&unu bulunamadD.
Which chemicals caused the reaction couldnt be find out

5)Bir mhendislik maddesinin belirli bir i- iin kullanDlDp kullanDlamayaca&DnD zellikleri saptar.
The proporties of an engineering material determine if they can be used for a specific job

6)Bu malzemenin belirli bir i- iin kullanDlDp kullanDlamayaca&D deneyden sonra kararla-tDralaacak.
If the material is used for a specific-job will be decided after the experiment.

WHEATHER
A substance, wheather a gas, aliquid or a solid is made up of molecules.
The experiment will demonstrate wheather electricity and magnetism are related.
Wheather a substance is an acid can be identified by lDtmus paper.

##
1)Her ne kadar birok e-itli maddeler yanabilsede, bazDlarD yakDt olarak kullanDlamayacak kadar yava-
yanarlar.
Altough many different materials can burn, some of them burns too slowly to be used as fuels.

2)Petrol kuyusu derinle-tirilirken, kenarlarD kmesin diye iine elik borular yerle-tirilir.
As (while) an oil well is deepened steel pipes are place in it so that the sides will not collapse.

3)?yi ya&lamanDn fazla DsDtmayD nleyip nlemeyece&i ispatlanabilir.
If (wheather) good lubrication can prevent over heating can be proved

4)Da&DtDm; rnleri yapDldDklarD yerlerden alDp, kullanDldDklarD yada satDldDklarD yerlere gndermektir.
Disturbition is taking products from the places where they have been produed and sending them to the
places are going to be sold or used.

5)Bu deney bir sDvDnDn meydana getirdi&i basDncDn onun derinli&ine ba&lD olup olmadD&DnD gsterir.
This experiment shows shows wheather (if) the pressure (which is) exerted by a liquid depends on its
depth.

NOT:
thorough_completle
thoroughly_completly
A through examination of the dam site is necessary
The dam site should be examined througly

through=The Thomes flows through London
through out=You can see a lot to be used as fuels of ancient monuments
through Anotia

NOT:
1)What does irrigation mean?
2)What is the meaning of irrigation?
3)What is meant by DrrDgation?

104
CAUSE PATTERNS
The carelessness of the driver caused the accident.

1) as
since + a complete sentence
because

a) As (since)(because) copper is good conductor it is used in electrical industry.
Yksek verimli oldu&u iin bu tip trbin kulan"l"r.
b) As it has higherefficiency this type of turbine is used
it has more efficient
c) Hidroelektrik g ve kmr is not availeble, hydroelectric power and coal is stil beingusedas sources
of power.

2) because
due to + noun
owing to
an account of

All the fligts have been cancelled since/as/because the weather conditions are very bad.

EXAMPLES
a) Because
Due to
Owing to bad wheather conditions all the fligts have been cancelled.
An account of

b)Due to fricton small brakes wear out quickly

c)Kmr retimi artan ihtiya sebebi ile artDrDldD
Production of coal was increased because of the increasing need.

d)Fazla yklere nedeni ile sigorta attD.
Due to over loating the fuse burnt out.
to burn out=sigorta atmak
to ower loat=fazla ykleme
to ower heat=fazla "s"tmak

3) the reason why ....is that
this explains why
this accounts for the fact that.

a)Air is denser than hydrogen this explains why a balloon rises in the air
b)The reason why a balloon rises in the air is that air is denser than hydrogen.
c)Sound must travel through a medium this accounts for the fact that there isno sound in a vacuum.

4) in wiew of the fact that
on account of the fact that + clause
owing to the fact that

On account toof the fact that radio waves are very short they can be reflected from the atmosphere.

105
5) finaling clause
EXAMPLES:
a)Steel is used for making girders being a very elastic material
rbecause it is very elastic material.
b)Porcelain is used as an Dnsulator, having an exremely high resistance
pocelain, having an extremely hDgh resistance is used as an insulator
c)BakDr iyi bir iletken oldu&u iin telefon endstrisinde yaygDn bie -ekilde kullanDlDr.
Being a good conductor copper is used commanly in telephone industry.

EXERCISES

1)ubuk 6eklinde bir m"knat"s ne kadar kk paralara blnrse blnsn bu kk paralar yanlar"ndaki demir
paralar" ekerler.

No matter how small pieces a bar magnet is cut into,thesesmall paces attract ofher pieces of Dron
neorthem

2)Ne kadar iyi ya&lan"rsal ya&lans"nlar hareketli parac"klar aras"nda daima bir srtnme vard"r.
No matter how well the moving parts are lubricated ,there is always friction between

3)Ni6asta su ile kar"6t"r"l"nca ne erir nede ayr"l"r dibe ker.

When starch is stirred with water ,it neither dissolve or settlesout( the bottom of the coutainer)

4)Bir eriyik ve kolloid aras"ndaki fark partikllerin molekler byklkte olup olmad"&"na ba&l"d"r.
The difference betwen a solution andacolloid depends on if particullar are in\molecul size

5)Barajlar yaln"z selleri nlemez ayn" zamanda iecek suda temin eder.

Daws not only prevent floods but also supply drinking water

6)Vadi o kadar dard" ki nehir suyunu 6antiyeden uzakla6t"rmak iin evirme tnelleri kullanmaya karar verdiler.

The valey was so narrow that they decided to make divertion tunnels in order that water of the river can
be hept out

7)Baraj in6a ederken alalade gerilimler ve depremlerin sebep oldu&u gerilimler incelenebilsin diye bilgisayar kullan"l"r.

While a dum is being built ,computers are used so that orderd stressesand stresses which are coused by
earthquakes can be examined

8)Bir cisim ister hareket halinde olsun ,ister dursun daima bir a&"rl"&a sahiptir.

106
A body always has a weight ,whcather .?t is inaction or at rest

9)Yak"tlar yanarken "s" rettikleri a6ikard"r.(obvious)

While fuels burn ,?t is obvious to produce heat that they produce heat

SINAV SONULARI

1)Kk lekli modeller barajlar"n stlerindeki bas"nca dayan"p dayanamayaca&"n" gsterir.

Small scale models show wheather (if) the dams can withstand pressures on them

2)Eriyik ,6eker kristalleri daha abuk zlsn diye "s"t"lmal"d"r.
The solution should be heated in order that tsugar crystails in it can dissolve more quicly faster

3)Bir kolloiddeki parac"klar o kadar kktr ki ne kerler nede basit bir mikroskopla grlebilir.
Particles in a colloid are so small tahat they nerther settle out nor can be seen by means of by ordinary
microscupe

4)Yerel ko6ullar ne kadar de&i6ik olursa olsun barajlar benzer amalarla hizmet ederler.

No matter how diffrent the local condition are ,dams serve to the similar(similated) purposes

5)Bir m"knat"s ister ubuk m"knat"s ister U 6eklinde olsun serbeste a"l"nca belli bir yne de&i6ir.

Magnets ,whcather it also a bar magnet or a U_shaped van ,it set in a definite when it is suspended

Not;:
A third method is to make the separating by freezing ,As the ice being almost pure;
Wind power caused portly by solar heating of the uneven crust of the earth is of the shot-stroge variety

It represents the most efficient means of utilizing short-stroge of the suns enegy.
Gne- enerjisinin kDsa sreli -eklinin en verimli yol istifade edebildi&imiz alDr.

Minerals fuels being responsible for about 98 percent of the world energy neds.
Dnta enerjisinin % 98 ini kar-Dlayan mineral yakDtlar.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

I-)Type I_Possible proboble

a)?f a piece Dron is heated ,it expand\(always)

b)?f the stress is removed an elastic material will turn to its orginal shapes

107
c)Use a computer ,if the equation are too difficult.

IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Presen tence S. Present
(Present perfect,Simple present,Presen con.) Future
?mperative

?f the computer has given a wrong answer there is an error in the programme.

?f the temperature falls the steam condanses(= should the temperature fall ,the steam
condanses)

II-)Type II_Imposible Conditions

a)?mposible conditions.

?f the earth were flat ,the gravitational pull would be save everywhere.

b)Unreal present(hypothetical situotions)

?f some sugar was added to the water in a glass it would dissolve easily.(Suya biraz 6eker ilave

edilse 6eker kolayca erirdi.)

E&er bu 6art gerekle6se bu olurdu

A tin wire would melt if a very high current were passed through it.
(erirdi) (geilirse)
IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
_ [to be were\was] would
should
_ Past tense could +V1
might

III-)Type III
Unreal past
If I had got up early in the morning I would enough the first train

108
Kalksayd"m ka"rmazd"m
If I had had enough money I would have gone to Spain
.
........ summer holiday last year
Conditional perfect
( her iki cmlede gemi6te gerekle6tirilememi6 6artlar" gstermek iin kullan"l"r)
If a lubricant hat not been added the temperature woul have risen

The lequid in the container would have evoparated if the lid had not been closed.

IF CLAUSE MAN CLAUSE
Past perfect tense would
Had Could
Sould + have + V3
Might

Examples :
1)E&er voltaj" iki misline "karsak istenilen ak"m" elde edebilirdik.

If we doubled the voltage, we would tain the requared current

2)Bir elektrik ak"m" bir iletken iinden geirilirse iletken "s"n"r("s"nacakt"r.)

If an electrik curend is passed through a conductor, It ll be come hot

3)E&er deney daha dikkatli yap"lsayd" neticeler daha sa&l"kl" olurdu.

If team experimet had done were care fully the results would have been more acurately

.......................................................................................................................................................

OTHER WORDS USED TO FORM CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Sartl" yan cmle

Unless = If not
Suppose (suppozing) bu ifadeler type I-II-III 6ekillerinde kabaca if anlam"nda Sart cmlelerinde
kullan"labilir.

PROVDED THAT PROVDNG; ASSUMNG (that) ; ON CONDTON
THAT

?N CASE(halinde), AS LONG AS , bazen; WHERE
1)Suppose (supposing) we over leaded the circuit , what would happen?
109
devreyi a6"r" yklersek ne olurdu? Type II (hypotatical sitvation) Her zaman iin geerli soru
2)Sound can be transwitted provided that (providing) there is a medium.
Bir ortam olmas" 6art" ile, ses iletilebilir _Type_
3)Asuming that there is no danger of over load, the safety factor can be low
Fazla ykleme tehlikeleri yoksa, (olmad"&"n" kabul edersek), emniyet faktr d6k olabilir. Type-I-
4)Temperatures up to 700
o
C would have been acceptable on condition that special alloys had been
used.
zel ala6"mlar kullan"lmak 6art" ile 700
o
C ye kadar olan s"cakl"klar kabul edilebilirdi. _Type-III_

5)All the workers must leave the building in case fire spreads to the chemic

TypeI/ Yang"n"n btn binaya yay"lmas" durumunda, btn i6iler binay" terk etmelidir.
6)A body stays at rest as long as it is not acted on by an external force

E&er bir cisim taraf"ndan etkilenmiyorsa (etkilenmedi&i srece) skunette kalacakt"r.
7)There is noneed to call the engineer unless the red light comes on.

K"rm"z" "6"k yanmad"ka mhendisi a&"rmaya gerek yoktur.

NOT: Birinci soruyu type I-II-III hallerine gre yapalm.

1) a) what will happen if we overload the circuit? (yklesek ne olur)
2)
b) what will happen if we overloaded the circuit? (yklesek ne olurdu)
c) what would have happened if we had overload the circuit? (ykleseydik ne olurdu)
...........................................................................................................................................................

Not : yukardaki kelimelere ilaveten WHERE=(F)

1)great care must be tahen where the level of radiactivity is hight.
(if)
Radyo aktivite seviyesi ok yksekse ok dikkat edilmelidir.

2)special alloys are used where the conditions are svere
(if)

Sartlar g yada etin ise zel ala6"mlar kullan"lmal"d"r
.............................................................................................................................................................................

TypeIThere is medium Type IIIThere had been a medium

Page-101-
110
FUELS AND COMBUSTON

(tkenmek) To run out _ her children are so lazy and noughty that sometimes her patience run out(There
are times when her patience run out)

(-siz kalmak) To run out_(of)_ we have run out of typing paper

Our supply of oil will run out soon

The world will run out of oil soon (-siz kalmak)
Scarse= rare X plentiful = abount = ok miktarda
conventient suitable_Is ten oclock convenient for you ?
useful_ Nuclear fusion are not convenent as ordinary fuelds.

To split : 1) Patlayarak kk paralara ayr"lmak 2) Kk paralara ay"rmak
(v) To shield : To protect ( korumak, maddi ve manevi olarak kullanmak)
(n)koruyucu

shielding (n, adj): koruyucu

EXAM"NAT"ON

1)Referans 12 ye gre ba&"l h"z a6a&daki 6ekilde tarif edilebilir.

According to referance 12 relative speed can be defined as the follows way

2)E&er fosillerin ya6" bilirnirse kaya taban"n"n ya6 hesaplanabilir.

?d the ae focils is known, the age of lawyers of rocle can be calevlated.

3)Grafik 12de gsterildi&i gibi suyun "s" derecesi ile yo&unlu&u aras"ndaki blgeler karma6"kt"r.
As is shown in the graph 12, the relation ship between temperature and density of water is complex.

4)Yataklar ya&lanmazsa k"sa zamanda "s"nacakt"r.
?f the bearings were not lubricated, they would over head soon.

5)Elektronlar planetlerin gne6 etraf"nda dnd& gibi ekirde&in etraf"nda dnerler.

Electrons turn around the nucleus as planets turn around the sun
111
6)E&er bir jenaratr kullanlsayd", elektrik daha ekonomik ve daha verimli bir 6ekilde retilecekti.

?f a genarator had been used, electricity would have been produced both were economically efficiently.

... ING FORM
1) in continuous tenses

present (present continuous tense)

past (past continuous tense)

future (future continuous tense)

Examples:

- They are testing a new machine
-
- We were doing an experiment when he arrived
-
- the student will bee studying more difficult texts by the end of the team.

2) as a verbal noun(gerund)

Examples:

a-subject

-Cooling a gas result in a change in pressure.(to result in: meydana getirmek,sonu olarak ortaya "karmak)
b-object

we should not continue using oil at the present rate.

c- preposition +....ing
-Electricity produced by rubbing is called static electric.

(Srtme ile olu6turulan elektrik statik elektrik olarak i6lenmelidir)
-A thermostat is used for regulating temperature

-Tranformers are used in transmitting electrical power
(iletimde)
3) as an adj. equivalent
112
As an adj. equivalent (introduced-relative clauses)

-A Vibrating object sends sound waves in energy direction.

-The power unit driving the machine is an induction motor.
makinay" al"6t"ran nitesi

4) to denote

a)cause b) manner c) condition d) result

a)Cause
( Usually in the cause clause contains verb to be or to have)

-Copper is widely used in electrical industry being a good conductor.

-Having a constant coefficient of expansion, mereving is commondly used in termometers.

b)Manner (durum,hal)
-Uranium disintigrates, giving off rays.("6"nlar vererek paralan"r)
-Reducing friction, we can prevent overheating.(srtnmeyi azaltarak fazla "s"nmay" azaltabiliriz)
c)Condition
Using this formula, the chamical reaction can be explained.

d)Result
If the subject of the two clauses is the same

THUS +...ING
THERE BY
-sonu olarak
-mak zere

H
2
SO
4
reacts with water thus/there by producing great heat.
(ras a result it produces gread heat)
(-mak zere reaksiyona girer)

-The rrivet contracts as it coals thus/there by drwing the two plates together.
(as aresult it draws the .)
perin so&urken bzlr sonuta iki tabakayD birbirine do&ru eker

113
5)to replace and

in the place of and if the subject of the two clause different.

- The starter motor switched off, the engine accelerating under its own power.
-
- There are different way of finding inetia , the two most common ones being us follows.

6)in the pattern

S+V+noun or prenoun+....ing

-I saw them crossing the street on my way to school.

- Our teacher doesnt want comin late to class.(Ge gelmememizi istemiyor)
-The student watched the professor the expoinent.

-We noticed sugar dissolving faster than salt.(Sekerin sudan daha h"zl" zld&n farkettik)
HOMEWORK
1)Baz" gazlar birle6ince ne olu6tu&u geni6 bir 6ekilde izah edilmelidir.

What will be formed when some gases combine should be explained extansively
Have been combined widely

2)Bu trbin ok fazla rand"mana sahip oldu&u iin yayg"n bir 6ekilde kullan"l"r.

This turbine is commonly used having much more efficiency it has efficiency
(n)
(As it has much more efficiency) it is efficiency (verimlidir) (adj.)

3)Her nerede bulunursa bulunsun petrol ,yer kabu&unda bulunan ve milyonlarca y"l nce olu6mu6 nemli bir s"v"
yak"tt"r.
Wherever petroleum is found ,it is a very important liguied material which is found in crust of earth and
was formed millions year ago.

4)Dalga boyunun nas"l lld& bir sonraki blmde ayr"nt"lar" ile ele al"nacakt"r.

How the wave_length is measured will be studied in details in the next chapter
(in a detail way) ( in the following chapter)

5)Sekerin suda zlmesinin ne kadar srece&ini syleyebilirmisiniz?
114
Can you tell how long sugar will take to dissolve in water?

6)Is"n"n bir element olmad"&" gere&i daha sonra ke6fedildi.
The fact that heat is not an element was discovered later.

-KALIP-

Volta ilk bataryay" icat edene dek kimyasal olarak elektrik retilmedi.

?t was not until volta invented the first battery ,that electricity was produced chemically.

=SURFACE TENSION=

__IMPORSONALIT_

1)?t + v + adj. + to infinitive

is
was
has been

?t is necessary to reduce friction.

?t isadvisable to use coal in the furnaces.

Bu atm"6 sigrtay" tamir etmek imkans"z gzkyor.

?t impossible to fix this blown fuse
(repair)

2)?t + V +adj.+ that.......

That he is telling the truth is obvious(do&ruyu syledi&i a6ikard"r.)

=?t is obvious that he is talling the truth.
?t is evident that the weight of a gas varies with the temperature.
=(clear)

gaz"n a&"rl"&"n"n s"cakl"kla de&i6ti&i a6ikard"r.
?t is possible that we will not be able to use or for heating purpases soon.
115
Adj
[Possble(imposible),obvious,clear,evident,likely]

?t is likely that the workers will not accept such low wages.

Bir cisme hibir kuvvet etki etmedi&i srece onun dengede kalaca&" a6ikard"r.
?t is obvious that a body is in equilibrium if force does not act on it
(unless any force act on it)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NOT: (Konu Harici)

1)I dont know if he will come with us.
(that burada kullan"lmaz)

2)He explained how he had solved the problem.
(that burada kullan"lmaz)

3)We all know how wave length is measured
that(hatal")
4)It is obvious that how wave length is measured can be demonstrated
(that kullan"labilir)

EXAMPLE: Karbon eli&e ilave edildi&inde onu sertle6tirdi&i a6ikard"r.

It is obvious that when carbon is added into steel it hardens.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3)It + V+ that +(Complex sentence)

That the earth is not flat has been proved (yeryznn dz olmad"&" ispatlanm"6t"r)
S V
It has been proved that the earth is not flat.
=
to note _ to prove_ BUYAPIDA
notice_ decided_ etc.verb ler kullanDlDr
assume_
know_
show_

It is known that if they can be kept aport until they reach the flame they can be use safely.
116
Aleve ula6"ncaya ayr" tutulabilirse tehlikesizce gaz yak"tlar"n kullan"labilece&i bilinmektedir.

to keep aport: ayrD tutmak.

to keep up with: ayak uydurmak.

We known that when gaseous fuels blow up.

olmayacak

Gaz yak"tlar"n ne zaman infilak etti&ini biliyoruz.

We know that when gaseous fuels mix air , they blow up.

4) -EMPHATIC IT-(kuvvetlendirmek iin kullanlan it)

It is you who is wrong , not me.(Yan"lan sensin ben de&il)
It is the director who punished them.(Onlar" cezaland"ran mdrd)

It was Faraday who first developed generators.(?lk jeneratr geli-tiren FaradaydD.)
It has been since the second world war that oil replaced coal for hearting purposes.
(Ancak II. Dnya sava6"ndan bu yana petrol, "s"tma gayeleri iin kmrn yerini alm"6t"r)
It was only in the late of 19 th century that cement was available at low cost.
(Ancak 19. asr"n sonunda imento d6k maliyette temin edilebilmi6tir)
It was only yesterday that I heart the bad news.
(Kt haveri ancak dn duydum)
It was only then that I noticed I had lost my keys.
(Ancak o zaman anahtar"m" kaybetti&imi anlad"m)
RESULT PATTERNS

1) to result in: sebep olur , -yi do&urmak. to produce
- to lead to - to cause - to give rise to

enough, sufficient, adequvate: yeterli
Examples:
Inadequate lubrication results in a loss of/(in) speed
117
1 *
(Yetersiz ya&lama h"z kayb"na neden olur.)
* : natural results of 1 results in: meydana getirir, olu6turur.
Changes in temperatures give rise to changes in the leugth of a metal rod.
(Is"daki de&i6imler, metal ubu&un uzunlu&unda de&i6imler meydana getirir.)
2) infinitive of results. (we know)
(to from; to give; to make; to produce.) verb leri ile kullan"ld".
Examples:
Metals react with acids to form metal salts. to form: olu6turmak zere
Two or more metals are heated and combined to make alloys. to make: yapmak zere
*
*: so as to verb

3){so, therefore; thus; hence; as a result; consequently;}+ acomplete sentence
this is why bunun iin for this reason bunun sonunda + result

H
2
SO
4
is highly corrosive it must be stored in thick lead coutaiuers.

as a result of
as a consequence of + noun (or) ( -n"n sonucunda)
in a consequence of .....ing form

Example:
Most metal ports have melted as a result of overheating.
a6"r" "s"nma sonucunda

4) so (that) = therefere = so
with the result (that) + a complete sentence

Examples:

1*) The engine uses much fuel so that we want to change it. (that kalkabilir.)
Result (it will be replaced) (so : sonuta)
Motor ok fazla yak"t harc"yor, bu yzden onu de&i6tirmek istiyoruz.

NOT: We want to change the engine so that we can save money.
Paradan tasarruf edelim diye motoru de&i6tirmek istiyoruz.
2*) The electrons and protons are balanced so that the atom itself has..buras eksik........................
bu nedenle atomun kendisinin hibir yk yoktur.
5*) Final ...........ing form
thus/thereby + ..........ing

If bulb is placed in a closed circuit it will light up; (thus) giving evidence of the current.
*
*: olmayadabilir. evidence:delil
ve ak"m"n geti&i ispatlanacakt"r (delil olacakt"r.)
If steaw is coded to its boiling point it will coudense(*), changing into water.
....................................................ve neticede su haline dn6ecektir.
118
*: thus/thereby
6*) As such

Pure copper is very soft as such it must be allayed with other metals.
*
*:(buyzden, byle oldu&u iin)
..... so +
adj (adv) + that + complete sentence before hand: nceden, daha evvel
..... such + (a) + adj + noun + that + complete sentence before time: vaktiyle, eskiden
...... so.................as to.....
..... such.............as to.....

Nuclear fuels are so radioactive that they connot be used without heavy shieldivy_
o kadar fazla radyoaktif ki
Uranium is such a highly radDoactive substance that it.........
There is such a rapid increase in population as to cause a food shortage
.....*
1
*
2
.....*
1
:netice *
2
:k"tl"k
Nfus art"6" yle h"zl" ki besin k"tl"&"na sebep olacak.
7*) In such a way(wanner) that [ rnek 4 sahife sonra 4*2=8 ]
HOMEWORK

1] E&er ayakkabDlarDmDz ile d-eme arasDnda srtnme olmasa yryemeyecektik.
If there were ne faction between our shoese anol the floor we coulol not walk.

2] Reaktr duvarlarD evre kirlenmesini nleyecek kadar kalDn ise hi tehlike olmadD&D a-ikardDr.
If the walls of a reaktor are thick enough to prevent pollution of the environment it is abvious that there is no danger.

3] Fosil yalDtkanDn en nemlisi olan petroln yakDnda DsDtma iin kullanDlamayacak kadar azalaca&D
tahmin edilmektedir.
That petroleum, the most impointant of the fossil fuels, will be too scarce to be used for heatig is estimated.

scarce: k"t, nadir bulunur.
4 ) E&er benzin buharD ve hava nceden karD-tDrDlmasaydD karD-DmD elektrik -elalesi ile tutu-turmak
mmkn olmayacaktD.
If the fuel and air mixture had not been mixed before hand it would hade been imposible to ignite the mixture by an
electric spark.

5 ) Generatrlerin elektri&i nasDl rettiklerini anlamak iin elektrik ve manyetizmayla ilgili oldu&unu
hatDrlamak gerekir.

It should be remembered.
1 ) Bina daha ucuz olsun diye ngerilimli betondan yapDldD.
119
The building was made of prestress contrete so that it would be inexpensive.
2 ) Molekller arasDndaki kohezyon gc onlarD bir arada tutar.Bylece sDvD sonsuz bir -ekilde
genle-mez.

Cohesions force among moleculers holds them together so that the liquid does not expand indefinetely.

COUSATIVE FORM

I ) make noun infinitive
+ (or) + without "to"
let pronoun

Brakes make a vehicle slow down or stop.

This valve lets the spent gases escape from the cylinder.

The spent gases are let escape from the cylinder. ( passive )
They deaf let children enter this room. ( active )
The children are not let enter this room. ( passive )
His father doesnt let her go to the party alone. ( active )
She isnt let go to the party alone.

A vehicle is made to stop by the brakes. ( passive )
Yeterli ya&lama ile de&en paralar"n daha kolay hareket etmesi sa&lan"r.
Touching surfaces are made to move easily by adequate lubricatian.

Bu devreden ak"m geirtebiliriz.

We can make current flow throught this circuit. ( active )
Current can be made to flow throught the circuit. ( passive )
II ) Make + adj

120
Carbon makes steel harden.

Steel is made harder by adding carbon.

III ) cause
allow noun
enable + (or) + to infinitive
permit pronoun

Heating couses a metal to melt.

A microscope enable us to see very small objects.

Before using we allow the piece of metal to cool slowly.

Expanding joins permit the rails to contract and expand.

IV ) noun
to prevent + or + from + . ing form
pronoun

This valve prevents the water from returning to the boiler.

The water in the glass is privented from overheating by a surface temien for a while. ( passive )
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH

1 ) Helikopterler -ehrin merkezine inmemizi mmkn kDlar.

Helicopters enable us to land in the city center.

2 ) Kapital azlD&D -irketin yeni makinalar satDn almasDnD nlyor.

Lack of capital prevents the company from buying new machines.

3 ) Karbon eli&in ekme gerilimlerinin artmasDna neden olur. (artt"r"r )
Carbon causes tensile stresses in steel to increase.

4 ) Bu vana yakDt karD-DmDnDn silindire girmesine msaade eder.

This valve permits mixture of fuel to entire the cylinder. ( active )
Mixture of fuel is permitted to entire the cylinder by this valve. ( passive )
(of )
121
if
as though + past tense
= sanki ( to be = were )

He behaves as if he were a child.
present
She spends money as if she had a large capital.( Byk bir sermaye var gibi para harc"yor )
He behaved as through he had been a child.
past
She spent money as if she had had a large capital. (- mi6 gibi para harcad" )
SURFACE TENSION

Aluminum can not be used as an ordinary fuel this is because it is too expensive.

Aluminum is very expensive for this reason it can not be used as an ordinary fuel.

1 ) Kiri- ok zayDftDr . Bu yzden bu kadar a&Dr yk ta-Dyamaz.

1' ) The beam is too weak for this reason it can not support such a heavy load.
Therefore
This is why

2 ) Kiri- bu kadar a&Dr yk ta-Dyamaz , bunun sebebi onun zayDf olmasDdDr.

2' ) Such a heavy load can not be supported became of the it is too weal.
because (as , since )
The beam can not support such a heavy load this is because it is too weal
due to the fact that

1 ) SDvD ok yo&undur , bunun iin obje onu iinde yzer.

The liquid is too dense this is why the object flows in it.

2 ) Obje sDvDnDn iinde yzer , bunun sebebi onun yo&un olmasDdDr.

The object flows in liquid this is because it is too dense.

Because + clouse oil has a high fuel valve it is widely used

Because of + noun it is high fuel valve oil is widely used

3 ) eli&i sert yapmanDn bir ba-ka yolu ona karbon ilave etmektir.

RESULT REASON
REASON
RESULT
Technical text
122
Another way of making steel harden is adding carbon to it.

The water of a river can do work when dammed.
is able to do work
has ability to do work
is capable of doing work
has the ability of doing work
has the capasity of doing work

NOT : make + someone + do + something

Another way of making water clean better is by heating.

Suyun daha iyi temizlenmesini sa&laman"n di&er yolu.. ( COUSAT?VE CLAUSE )
make + something + adj.

Another way of making water clean is.

Suyu temizlemenin bir ba6ka yolu.

LIKELY TO (+) ( istenen ) LIABLE TO ( - ) ( istenmeyen )

1 ) The new machine is likely to be a good one. 1 ) The new machine is liable to be very
expensive one.

Yeni makine iyi bir makine olabilir. Yeni makine ok pahal" olabilir.

2 ) The work on the new motor way is likely to 2 ) An explosion is liable to occur if the
start at the begening of June. pressure in the boiler continues to increase

E&er srtnme azaltDlmazsa fazla DsDnma ortaya Dkabilir.

Overheating is liable to occur if the friction can not be recuded.
ekirdek kendili&inden paralandD&Dnda daha kararlD malzemeler elde edilebilir.

When the nucleus disintegrates more stabil elements are likely to be obtained.
Tend to ----- Have a tendency of

1 ) Air tends to lift objects as water does.

Suyun yapt"&" gibi havada nesneleri kald"rmaya e&ilimlidir.

2 ) Concrete tends to crack if it is dried too quickly.

can do work =
123
Beton ok abuk kurutulursa ok abuk atlayabilir.

3) Lubrication tends to reduce wear out and prevent corrosion.

Ya&lama a6"nmay" azalt"p paslanmay" nleyebilir.

to result from : Overheading result from friction .

to result in : Friction result in overheading .
IN ADDITION TO + noun ( or ) ing ( -nDn yanDnda )

1 ) In addition to cousing a liquid to from drops , surface tension causes it to rise in thin tubes.

2 ) In addition to having potential energy , objects also have ? energy

3 ) In addition to being obtained by burning fuels head energy ? also be obtained by ? fission.

BEFORE TEXT

1 ) zerindeki sarDmlarD akDm geirdi&i srece bir demir ubu&un tabi bir mDknatDs gibi davrandD&D
kolayca gsterilebilir.

It can be is easily shown demonstrated that a iron bar acts as through it were a natural magnet , as long as the
current is passed through the coil around it.

2 ) Statik srtnme kinetik srtnmeden daha byk oldu&undan hareketi ba-latmak iin daha byk bir
kuvvet gerekti&i aDktDr.

It is obvious that greater force is necessery to start motion since static friction is greater than kinetic friction.

3 ) Petrol mhendisleri iin hangi e-it fosillerin petrol ieren kayalarda bulunabilece&ini bilmek
nemlidir.

It is important for a petroleum engineer to know which kind of fossils can be are found in rocks which contains
petroleum.

124
4)Sabunlar ve deterjanlar yzey gerilimini azaltDr. Bu sebeple kuma-a daha kolay nfus etsin diye suya
ilave edilirler.
Saubs and detergends lower the surface tension this (for this reason) is why they are added to water.

5)Reaktrn duvarlarD evre kirlenmesini nleyecek kadar kalDn yapDlmalDdDr.
The walls of the reactors must be built thich enough to present the pollution of environment.

6)E&er reaktrlerin duvarlarD evre kirlenmesini nlemeyecek kadar ince ise ok tehlikelidir.
If the walls of reactors are too thin to present the pollution of environment they are very dengerous.

--mtihan Sonular
1)Bir sDvDnDn yzeyi sanki bir dD- yzeyle evrilmi- gibi davranDr bylece zerine konulan kk bir
cisim yzebilir.
Surface of a liquid acts (behave) as if (though) it were surreonded by a skin so (that) (as a result) (thus) a
small object (which is) put on it can float.

2)Fosiller gemi-te ne e-it hayvanlarDn ya-adD&DnD gsterdikleri iin onlardan pek ok nemli gerekler
&renebiliriz.
Since fossils shows what kinds of animals existed in the past many (a lot of) important facts can be
learned from them.

3)Bir su damlasDnDn yuvarlak -ekli vardDr. Bunun sebebi molekller arasDndaki kohezyon kuvvetinin
onlarD bir arada tutacak kadar kuvvetli olmasDdDr.
A drop of liquid has a round shape this is because the chosive force (force of cohesion) between the
molecullesis strong enough to keep (hold) them together.

4)Snk malzemeler kDrDlmaksDzDn -ekillerini de&i-tirebilirler, bunun iin bakDr ince tel halinde
ekilebilir.
Dretile materials can change their shapes without foracturing this is why copper can be pulled into thin
wires.

We know that carelessness caused the accident
We know that caused the accident
We know that causedthe accident has not been found out yet.

It has been decided yet that what kind of fuel is poing to be used

*
zne+y.fiil +the result of(noun).(nounun sebebi znedir)
Result (n)
The result of the experienent are not ecurate

Sonu + to be result of / To result from + Sebep

To be result of (x)
Overheating is usually the result of friction

To result from
125
1)The decreas in the production usually results from labour disputes
zne+y.fiil+result from(noun)

2)zne+y.fiil+tend to result from+(n)

on the other hand, it is important that a decision about wheather the cracks are serious or not should be
based on the relationship between the strengthof materialand its shape and size relative to stresses
created.
Di&er taraftan atlaklarDn ciddi olup olmadD&D hakkDndaki kararDn materyalin dayanDmD -ekli ve
bykl& ve meydana gelen gerilmeler arasDndaki ilgiye ba&lanarak verilmesi nemlidir.
In these cases the amount of deflection which accurs influences the amount of cracking which results but
varies according to the load and spon of the member.

To be associated with: ili-kisi olmak

NOT:
1)Ya&lanmD- makinalar daha kolay alD-Dr bylece daha az yakDt tketimine sebep olur.
Lubricated machines operate more easily thus causing less cowsuption of fuel.
(zneler ayn" oldu&u iin thus kullan"labildi)

2) Yzey gerilmesi sDvDnDn yzeyinde bir tabaka meydana getirir. Bylece kk bcekler zerinde
kolayca yryebilir.
Surface tension occurs a skin over surface of a liquid, causing the small bugs walk on it easily.
(her iki cmlenin znesi farkl"thus yok)

3)Different kids of means of transportation have been developed recently, the hovercraft being the
strangest
.en enteresanD hower craft olmak zere.

4)Akkor flament ---------- akkor haline gelir ve bylece etrafa D-Dk saar.
(her iki zne deayn" oldu&u iin thus sonu gstermek iin kullan"labilir)
the flament of bulb becomes white hot thus giving off light.

.as well
not only ..but..as well
Stell is not only hard but it is strong and elasticas well

As well as
a)Copper conducts electricity almost as well as (comparison of adverbs) silver does

b)Dams supply water for irrigation as well as (also) for generating hydroelectric power.

EXAMPLES
1)Bir sDvDnDn kaynama derecesi DsD derecesine oldu&u kdar basDncada ba&lDdDr.
The boiling point of aliquid depends on its temparature as well as its pressure.

2)Elemants which are more complex than hydrogen contain neutrons as well as protons.
Hidrojenden daha kompleks olan elementler .
126
Page 123/Friction (sDnDf alD-masD)
1)What is friction?
Friction is a opposing force to motion which accurs two surfaces moving opposite direction.

2)What are harmfull effects of the friction?
Friction couses touching surfaces to wear out a vichly
Friction couses loss of energy and corrosion on the surfaces.

3)What couses the friction to occor between the touching surfaces of two bodies?
Between irrigulates of touching surfaces couses.

4)If two touching surfaces are very very smooth does the amount of friction between surfaces increase
or decrease? Why?
It increases because inter surface attraction between them which tevel to hole two surfaces together.

5)How does a lubricoutprevent wearing out?
Since a lubricant fills p between touching surfaces

In such a way (manner) that RESULT PATTERN

1)Without lubrication the surfaces scrope each other in such a way(manner) that ssmall pieces from each
other surface are broken off during the motion
YaplanmaksDzDn yzeyler birbirlerini o -ekilde hazDrlarki hareket esnasDnda her bir yzeyden kk
paralar kopar.

2)In an atom the number of protons and electrons are balanced in such a way that the whole atom itshelf
is electrically neutrol
.larDn sayDsD atomun kendisi elektriksel ynden ntr olacak -ekilde dengelenmi-tir.

3)Faraday bobini sabit bir mDknatDsDn kutuplarD arasDnda o -ekilde evirdiki devrede akDm olu-turuldu
(to be set up:olu6t"rmak)
faraday turned accoin between poles of a friend magnet in such a way that a current was set up in the
circuit

4)retim o -ekilde artDrDldD ki iste&i kar-Dlayabildi
production has been increased in such a way that it can meet the demant at present.

###
1)Bataryalar elektrik retecek -ekilde dzenlenirler.
Bataries are arranged in sucha way that they can produce electricity.

2)Etkileri kolaylDkla gzlenebilen yerekimi ktle ile do&ru orantDlDdDr.
Gravitation whose effects can be observed easily is directly proportional to mass.
(the effects of which)
(of which the effects)
3)Eriyi&i karD-tDrabilece&imiz ubuk zel bir e-it camdan yapDlmD-tDr.
The rod with which wwe can stirr a solution is made of a kind of glass.

4)Cismin zerinde tm a&DrlD&Dn yo&unla-tDrDldD&D nokta a&DrlDk merkezi olarak bilinir.
127
The point on the object at which the whole weight of body is consentrated is made known to be as the
center of gravity. (at which=where)
5)Radyasyon DsDnDn iletildi&i nc yoldur.
Radiation is the third way in which head can be transmitted. (in which]where)
6)Depremleri bulan, kaydeden ve len aletler seismographlar olarak bilinir.
The devices bye means of which the eartuquahes is discovered, recorded, measured are known as
seismograph.

7)Bir maddenin elektrik akDmDna diren gsterece&i dereceye resistans denir.
The degree to which a substance resist the flow of electricity is called resistance.

8)U tpn gaz tesisatDna ba&ladD&D boru ok kDsa.
The tube by which U shape tube is connected to the gas supply is too short.
The tube which U shape tube is connected to the gas supply by is too short.

For a while:bir sre iin
OTHERWSE
1)In a different way/ (the first meaning)
He thinks the man is gilty but D think otherwise

2)except; apart from/ (the second meaning)
The rent is very high but otherwise the flat is quite good.

3)if not; or else (e&er olmaz ise) / (the third meaning)
Do what you are told otherwise you will be punished.

VURGULAMA (Page 137 exercise 1)
-It was not until the concept of mass production took hold that automotive industry come of age
How can we Express the same idea?
Until the concept of mass production took hold automotive industry did not come of age.
-Volta pili yapDncaya kadar elektrik kimyasal olarak retilemedi.
It was not untill volta invented the first battery that electric could not be produced chemically
Until volta invented the first battery electricicity could not be produced chemically.

NOT:
The text explains how a diesel engine works.
How a diesel engine works will be explained in the third chapter.
Wheather a fosil fuel should be used or not depends on the furnace.
Subject

The mass of an object is the same wheather it is an the earth or an the mean.
Why this material has been chosen is not known
subject
We dont know why this material has been chosen.
Obj

WHLE
1)You must be careful while handling H
2
SO
4
because it is highlycorrosive

128
2)like polesrepel each other while poles attract each other

3)While copper and aluminum are good conductors, the latter is widely used in transmission cables
because it is less expensive.

DEV
1)ok yksek hDzda alD-tDrDlDnca motorun titreme yapmasD ihtimali vardDr.
When operated at a high speed the motor is liable to vibrate .

2)Yeri tesbitedilince ua&Dn enkazD uzmanlar tarafDndan dikkatle incelendi.
Once located the wrechage of the plane was carefully examined by the experts.

3)Denemeden sonra motor hizmete girdi.
After experimanted the motor was put into service.

4)?stenirse arzu edilirse tasarDmda bazD de&i-iklikler yapDlabilir
If Dt is wanted some modifications can be made in the motor.

5)E&er radyoaktifmalzeme dikkatle depolanmazsa evreyi kirletir.
If the radioactive material (substance) were not stored properly (carefully) if would pollute the
environment. (it would caused the environment to pollute)
NOT:
Yesteday when i arrived at the station the train had already left.
The second action / the first action

INTO ENGLISH
1)Bir cismin itilip yada ekilmedike niin hareketsiz kaldD&D atalet prensipleri ile aDklanabilir.
WRONG: It can be explained that unless a body is pushed or pulled why it stays motionless.
R?GHT: Why a body remains at rest unless it is pushed or pulled can be explained by principle of inertia.

2)Ne tip bir kitabDn gelecek sene kullanDlaca&D daha sonra kararla-tDrDlacak.
What kind of book is going to studied next year will be decided later.

3)Ne e-it kitabDn kullanDlaca&Dn nemli olmadD&D kararla-tDrldD.
It has been decided that what kind of a book is going to be used next year is not important.

NOT:
Falling water drivers the turbine (which turns) turning the rotor of the generator.
Falling water drives the turbine, (thus) generating electricity.
.and it greates electricity.

NOT:
* She entered the room . she was accoumpained by a group of her friends.
Acompained by a group of her friends she entered the room.

* The bridge had been weakened by the storm. It was no longer safe.
Weakened by the storm the bridge was no longer safe.

* The cells have been released from constraint, they expant.
129
Released from constraint , the cells expand.

INTO ENGLISH

1)Betonun takviye edilmesi atlamanDn etkilerini mmkn oldu&u kadar azaltacaktDr.

2)Topra&D stabil yapmanDn bir yolu iine imento katmaktDr.

3)FabrikanDn temel alenD iki hatta yiermi bin feet kareyi kapsar.

4)AradD&DmDz madde ok yksek sDcaklDklara dayanilbelidir.

5)?ki mili bir araya ba&larken ikisini birbiri ile aynD hizaya geldi&inden emin olunmasDna dikkat
edilmelidir.

##
1)BasDnlar tablo 5 te verilenden byk oldu&u zaman borunun patlama tehlikesi mevcuttur.
If the pressure are greater then those given in table 5, there will be a risk of explesion in the pipe

2)Trenin istasyona zamanDnda varabilmesi iin hDzDnD iki kat artDrmasD gerekir.
The speed of the train should be increased twice as much so that it
It is neccessary to duble the speed of train so that if will arrive at the stationon time.

3)FiatlarDn ykselmesi sonucunda -irketin karD artaca&Dna eksildi.
As a result of an increase the prices of the firm has decreased instead of inercasing.

4)BarajlarDn kurulmasD ve kanallarDn aDlmasD sayesinde su baskDnlarD byk lde nlenebilmi-tir.
Flats have been provented largely owing to building dawns and opening cannals

5)evre kirlili&inin fabrikalarDn sayDsD ile do&ru orantDlD olarak arttD&D bilinmektedir.
It is known that the pollution of the environmentincreases in proportion to the number of the factories.

6)Bir kg suyun sDcaklD&DnD 1
0
C ykseltmek iin gerekli DsD miktarD 1 kalori olarak tanDmlanDr.
A cabry is defined as an amount of heat which is neccessary to raise the temperature of water of 1kg
1
0
C.

7)Sabit sDcaklDkta bir telin direnci uzunlu&u ile do&ru orantDlD apD ile ters orantDlDdDr.
At coustant temperature the resistance of a wire is directly propertional to its length and inversly
proportional to the square of its diameter.

8)Kprler ok geni- aralDklar arasDna in-a edilemez. Tneller ise fazla yumu-ak ve nemli arazi zerine
in-a edilemez.
Bridges can not be built between distance that are too long and cannals can not be built where the
groundis too sof tor wet

9)Ua&Dn ?zmire zamanDnda varabilmesi iin hDzDnDn saatte 600 km den a-a&Dya d-memesi
gerekmektedir.
The speed of the plane must be at least six hundred km per hour in order that it can arrive at ?zmir on
time
The speed of the plane should not be less than 600km/h so that it can arrive at ?zmir on time

10) kahve fincanDnDn iine 11 fasulyeyi yle bir da&DtDnki her bir fincanda tek sayDda fasulye bulunsun
130
Place 11 beams in three seperate coffee cups in such a way that each cup has bean in odd number in it.