Kitap Els İnside and Out

UNIT 1 THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PRESENT TIME ...............................
117
THE VERB "BE' 7 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS ........................... 118
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................................ 8 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PAST TIME ........................................ 119
USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE .............................. 9 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS ................................... 120
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ..................................................... 10 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in FUTURE TIME ................................. 121
USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ......................................... 10 ADVANCED NOTES ON MODALS ................................................... 122
THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS ............. 13 PREFERENCE ................................................................................. 125
NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS ............................................................ 14 HABITUAL PAST: USED TO and WOULD.......................................... 128
NONPROGRESSIVE or PROGRESSIVE .......................................... 15 TEST YOURSELF 2 ......................................................................... 131
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE .............................................................. 17 FORMING THE PASSIVE ................................................................. 144
USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE ............................................... 18 POSITION OF TIME ADVERBIALS IN THE PASSIVE ...................... 145
CONFUSING VERBS ........................................................................21 USING "BYPHRASE' ....................................................................... 147
EMPHATIC "DO".............................................................................. 26 USING PASSIVE IN INTERROGATES .............................................. 148
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ................................................. 27 INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS ................................. 152
USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..................................... 27 THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS .................................................. 155
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ....................................................32 STATIVE PASSIVE .......................................................................... 156
USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ..................................... 32 STATIVE PASSIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS ....................................... 157
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................39 THE PASSIVE WITH "GET" .............................................................. 159
USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ......................... 39 "BY PHRASE" OR ANOTHER PREPOSITION.................................... 161
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS .............................. 40 IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS in the PASSIVE ..................................... 162
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE .........................................................46 PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS-INFINITIVES ......................................... 163
USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE ITS SAID THAT.../HE IS SAID TO... ete.............................................. 164
PRESENT PERFECT or PAST PERFECT ...................................... 47 TEST YOURSELF 3 ......................................................................... 173
SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT in TIME CLAUSES ....................49 UNIT 4 "IF" and "WISH" CLAUSES ............................................ 187
THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ................................. 55 IF CLAUSES .................................................................................... 187
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS or PAST CONTINUOUS ................. 56 TYPE 1: TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE ............................... 188
FUTURE TIME (WILL/SHALL or BE GOING TO) ............................... 60 TYPE 1 “IF CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER .......................... 188
USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES ...................................................... 60 TYPE 2: UNTRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE ........................... 190
FUTURE TENSE in TIME CLAUSES ................................................ 62 TYPE 2 "If' CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER ............................ 191
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ...............................................64 TYPE 3: UNTRUE IN THE PAST ...................................................... 193
USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE ................................. 64 TYPE 3 "IF1 CLAUSE ile KULLANILAN TENSE'LER ....................... 193
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE .................................................... 66 OTHER TENSE COMBINATIONS IN "/F CLAUSES .......................... 196
USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE ........................................ 66 OTHER CONDITIONALS ................................................................ 202
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................. 67 "MIXED TIME" IF CLAUSES ........................................................... 207
USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS ............................ 67 OMITTING "IF'.................................................................................. 209
TENSE AGREEMENT in TIME CLAUSES ......................................... 69 IMPLIED CONDITIONS ................................................................... 211
TEST YOURSELF 1.......................................................................... 81 WISH CLAUSES ............................................................................ 213
UNIT 2 MODALS and SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS AS IF/AS THOUGH ......................................................................... 218
REQUESTS ...................................................................................... 95 TEST YOURSELF 4 ......................................................................... 221
POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT T ........................................ 95 UNIT 5 NOUN CLAUSES and REPORTED SPEECH 234
POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "YOU1................................. 96 NOUN CLAUSES WITH A QUESTION WORD ............................... 235
POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND'................................. 97 NOUN CLAUSES WITH "WHETHER OR NOT' .................................. 239
POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES .......................................... 99 NOUN CLAUSES WITH "THAT' ....................................................... 242
NECESSITY and PROHIBITION ........................................................ 100 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES ........................................ 246
NECESSITY: MUST; HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO ............................... 100 NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION ...................... 248
PROHIBITION: MUSTN'T ................................................................. 102 NOUN CLAUSES AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ............................... 249
LACK OF NECESSITY IN THE PAST ............................................... 103 TENSE RELATIONS IN NOUN CLAUSES.......................................... 249
ADVISABILITY ................................................................................. 105 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT NOUN CLAUSES ................... 251
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER .............................................. 105 QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED by INFINITIVES ............................ 252
SHOULD NOT, OUGHT NOT TO, HAD BETTER NOT ....................... 106 EXCLAMATIONS ............................................................................. 253
SHOULD/SHOULDN'T BE DOING SPECIAL EMPHASIS WITH QUESTION WORDS + ON EARTH /IN
OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO BE DOING .......................................... 107 THE WORLD..................................................................................... 254
SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE DONE "-EVER” WORDS in NOUN CLAUSES ............................................ 255
OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE DONE ....................................... 107 TEST YOURSELF 5 (PART ONE) .................................................... 258
SHOULD/SHOULDN'T HAVE BEEN DOING REPORTED SPEECH ..................................................................... 270
OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO HAVE BEEN DOING ........................... 108 REPORTING STATEMENTS .......................................................... 270
EXPECTATIONS: BE TO and BE SUPPOSED TO ............................ 109 REPORTING QUESTIONS ............................................................... 275
ABILITY: CAN and BE ABLE TO ....................................................... 111 REPORTING IMPERATIVES ........................................................... 277
MAKING SUGGESTIONS ................................................................ 115 REPORTED SPEECH (MIXED TYPES) ............................................. 279
EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY ...................................... 117 AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS........................................ 281
1
TOO and EITHER ............................................................................ 281 8-8 USING "WHY1 .......................................................................... 431
SO and NEITHER/NOR .................................................................... 281 8-9 USING RELATIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS ............ 433
AUXILIARY VERBS in SHORT QUESTIONS ..................................... 284 8-10 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ..................................... 434
"SO" and "WOT" REPRESENTING a THAT-CLAUSE ......................... 285 8-11 SUBJECT POSITION ............................................................... 435
QUESTION TAGS ............................................................................. 287 8-12 OBJECT POSITION ................................................................. 435
TEST YOURSELF 5 (PART TWO) .................................................. 291 8-13 POSSESSIVE .......................................................................... 435
UNIT 6 GERUNDS and INFINITIVES ......................................... 303 8-14 "WHERE' IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES .................. 436
GERUNDS ........................................................................................ 303 8-15 "WHEN' IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES .................... 438
GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE , .............. .- ..................... 303 8-16 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN RELATIVE CLAUSES .......... 438
GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ......................................... 304 8-17 USING "WHICH' TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE ................ 439
GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT ......................................................... 305 8-18 RELATIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.. 440
GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION ............................ 306 8-19 REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES .................................... 443
6-6 EXPRESSIONS + GERUND .................................................... 314 8-20 CLEFT SENTENCES ............................................................... 451
6-7 THE PERFECT GERUND ....................................................... 317 TEST YOURSELF 8 .......................................................................... 457
6-8 THE PASSIVE GERUND .......................................................... 317 UNIT 9 NOUNS, PRONOUNS, ARTICLES and
6-9 INFINITIVES ........................................................................... 319 QUANTIFIERS ............................................................
6-10 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE ....................... 319 9-1 NOUNS ................................................................................... 470
6-11 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT ............................... 322 9-2 COUNTABLE NOUNS ............................................................ 470
6-12 INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT .......................................... 323 9-3 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS .......................................................... 473
6-13 GERUND or INFINITIVE ........................................................... 327 9-4 COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE ........................................... 474
6-14 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS ..................................... 332 9-5 POSSESSIVE NOUNS .............................................................. 476
6-15 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES .......................... 332 9-6 INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A/AN ...................................................... 478
6-16 PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND PAST INFINITIVE ........................ 334 9-7 DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE ........................................................... 480
6-17 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO ............................. 336 9-8 QUANTIFIERS ........................................................................... 484
6-18 INFINITIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH ..................................... 337 9-9 ANY, MANY, MUCH, SOME, A LOT OF/LOTS OF, NO ............... 484
6-19 VERBS OF PERCEPTION ....................................................... 339 9-10 FEW/A FEW, LITTLE/A LITTLE ................................................ 487
6-20 INFINITIVE WITHOUT"TO"AFTER"LET" AND"HELP"................ 341 9-11 MOST, SEVERAL, PLENTY OF, ENOUGH ............................... 488
6-21 CERTAIN VERBS + NOUN/PRONOUN + INFINITIVE ............. 342 9-12 ALL, WHOLE, NONE, HALF ...................................................... 489
6-22 INFINITIVE AFTER QUESTION WORDS ............................... 343 9-13 BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER ....................................................... 492
6-23 CAUSATIVES ........................................................................ 343 9-14 QUANTIFIERS USED WITH SINGULAR NOUNS: ONE,
TEST YOURSELF 6.......................................................................... 348 EACH, EVERY ................................................................................. 495
UNIT 7 ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS. 9-15 OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY .................................... 497
7-1 ADJECTIVES ........................................................................ 360 9-16 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE WITH QUANTIFIERS ...... 498
7-2 THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES .............................................. 362 9-17 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ......................................................... 500
7-3 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES .......... 363 9-18 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ......................................................... 502
7-4 ADVERBS ............................................................................... 367 9-19 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ................................................ 504
7-5 FORMING ADVERBS WITH -LY ............................................. 367 9-20 BASIC SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT ..................................... 505
7-6 USE OF ADVERBS ................................................................ 367 9-21 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH EXPRESSIONS OF
7-7 IRREGULAR ADVERBS ......................................................... 368 QUANTITY ....................................................................................... 505
7-8 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE ............................. 371 9-22 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH THERE IS / THERE ARE 5Q6
7-9 ADVERBS OF DEGREE .......................................................... 372 9-23 COLLECTIVE NOUNS .............................................................. 507
7-10 SENTENCE ADVERBS ............................................................ 382 9-24 NOUNS THAT ARE ALWAYS PLURAL ..................................... 507
7-11 FOCUSING ADVERBS ........................................................... 384 9-25 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH SOME IRREGULARITIES 507
7-12 ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB STRUCTURES ............................. 385 9-26 PRONOUN AGREEMENT ......................................................... 509
7-13 TOO AND ENOUGH ............................................................... 385 9-27 FORMS of "OTHER" ................................................................. 510
7-14 SO... THAT, SUCH... THAT .................................................... 386 TEST YOURSELF 9 ......................................................................... 516
7-15 COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ....................... 390 UNIT 10 CONJUNCTIONS and TRANSITIONS ..
7-16 COMPARISON WITH AS.... AS/THE SAME.... AS .................... 396 10-1 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS .......................................... 528
7-17 SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ....... 402 10-2 CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.............................................. 530
7-18 'TO + INFINITIVE' AFTER ADJECTIVE STRUCTURES ............. 406 10-3 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS ........................................ 534
7-19 LIKE, AS, SUCH AS ................................................................ 407 10-4 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME ............................................... 534
TEST YOURSELF 7 ......................................................................... 411 10-5 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT
UNIT 8 RELATIVE CLAUSES ... RELATIONSHIPS .............................................................................. 538
8-1 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES............................................. 424 10-6 EXPRESSING PURPOSE .......................................................... 545
8-2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OF THE CLAUSE .......... 424 10-7 CONCESSION AND CONTRAST .............................................. 548
8-3 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB ............. 426 10-8 REDUCTION of ADVERBIAL CLAUSES to MODIFYING
8-4 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION .. 427 PHRASES ......................................................................................... 561
8-5 USING "WHOSE" AND "OF WHICH' ......................................... 428 10-9 CONTINUING THE SAME IDEA ................................................ 566
8-6 USING "WHERE' ...................................................................... 429 10-10 INVERSION ............................................................................. 568
8-7 USING "WHEN' ......................................................................... 430 TEST YOURSELF 10 ........................................................................ 575
2
UNIT 11 PREPOSITIONS
11-1 PREPOSITIONS WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS ........................... 588
11-2 AT, ON, IN ............................................................................... 588
11-3 PREPOSITIONS USED WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS ................ 592
11-4 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE and MOVEMENT .......................... 594
11-5 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS............................................... 598
11-6 NOUN + PREPOSITION ........................................................... 598
11-7 PREPOSITION + NOUN ........................................................... 601
11-8 PREPOSITION + NOUN + PREPOSITION ................................. 608
11-9 ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION ................................................... 609
11-10 VERB + PREPOSITION ............................................................ 610
11-11 VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION ......................................... 611
11-12 VERB + NOUN + PREPOSITION ............................................ 612
TEST YOURSELF 11 (PART ONE) ................................................... 621
TEST YOURSELF 11 (PARTTWO) ................................................... 632
UNIT 12 PHRASAL VERBS ........................

12-1 PHRASAL VERBS: TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE................. 643
12-2 TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS ................................................ 643
12-3 INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS ............................................ 644
TEST YOURSELF 12......................................................................... 660
APPENDIX 1 ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION ....................................... 671
APPENDIX 2 VERB + PREPOSITION ................................................ 675
APPENDIX 3 VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION ............................... 676
APPENDIX 4 COMMON PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ....................... 677
APPENDIX 5 MINI PHRASAL VERB DICTIONARY............................. 679
3
UNIT1
The English Verb Tenses
INTRODUCTION
WORD ORDER IN AN ENGLISH SENTENCE
(İngilizce bir cümlede sözcük dizimi)
İngilizce sözcük dizimi, Türkçe sözcük diziminden farklıdır. Türkçe bir cümlede yüklem
cümlenin sonunda yer alır ve özneyi de içinde barındırır.
Ben İngilizce çalışırım.

Özne Nesne Yüklem
Subject Object Verb
cümlesini, "İngilizce çalışırım." biçiminde de ifade edebiliriz ve ikinci cümlede özneyi açık
olarak göremediğimiz halde, öznenin 1. tekil şahıs olduğunu yüklemdeki -m takısından
anlarız.Bu durum İngilizce için geçerli değildir. Yani İngilizce bir cümlede yüklem özneyi belli
etmez.Bu yüzden, cümleye özne ile başlamak zorundayız. Formüle edilmiş olarak İngilizce
cümle düzeni şöyledir:
Subject + Verb + Object

Özne Yüklem Nesne
"İngilizce çalışırım." cümlesini İngilizcede "I study English." biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.
1-1 THE VERB'BE"

Sözcükleri rastgele bir araya getirerek cümle kuramayız. Cümle kurabilmemiz için mutlaka bir
fiile ihtiyacımız vardır. "Be fiili, "come, go, study, eat, become" vb. gibi asıl fiilimiz olmadığı
zaman cümle kurmamızı sağlar. "Be" fiilinin şimdiki zaman ve geniş zaman biçimi aynıdır ve
bu tense'lerle "am, is, are" biçiminde kullanılır.
Singular Subject Pronouns Plural Subject Pronouns
I am W e a r e You are
You are The y ar e
He/She/It is
I am always nervous before an exam, (general)
I am nervous now, because I'm taking an exam in half an hour, (present)
a) "Be" fiilini asıl fiil olarak kullanabileceğimiz başlıca üç kalıp vardır:
a) be + noun b) be + adjective c) be + prepositional phrase
I am a teacher. He is tall. They are at home. Jane
They are students. The world is round. is from England. She is
She is a Turk. They are intelligent. at the bus-stop. We are
Today is Tuesday. It's very hot today. in the classroom.
ELS Q 7
4
b) "Be", yardımcı fiil olarak sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle de kullanılır.
I am writing now.
She is reading the newspaper.
They are listening to music.
1 -2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORM
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I am writing now. You are I am not writing now. You are Am I writing now? Are you
reading a book. He/She/It not reading a book. He/She/It is reading a book? Is he/she/it
is eating lunch. not eating lunch. eating lunch?
We are listening to music. We are not listening to music. Are we listening to music?
You are working hard. You are not working hard. They Are you working hard? Are
They are discussing their are not discussing their financial they discussing their
financial problems. problems. financial problems?
Olumsuz soruyu iki şekilde sorabiliriz.

Am I not trying to help you? or Aren't I trying to help you?
Are you not helping your mother? or Aren't you helping your mother?
Is she not studying English? or Isn't she studying English?
Are we not leaving for class now? or Aren't we leaving for class now?
Are you not watching the film? or Aren't you watching the film?
Are they not having breakfast? or Aren't they having breakfast?
SPELLING OF –ING
Sonu -e ile biten fuller write writing shave shaving Sonu -e ile bilen fiillere
admire admiring amaze amazing -ing takısı eklenirken -e
hope hoping dine dining düşer. *
hide hiding ride riding
Sonu bir sesli harf +bir TEK HECELİ FİİLLER Bu gruba giren tek
sessiz harfle biten fiiller stop stopping run running heceli fiillerde. sondaki
beg begging rub rubbing sessiz harf çift yazılır.
sit sitting set setting
İKİ HECELİ FİİLLER Vurgu l.hecedeyse
a) listen listening open opening sondaki sessiz harf tek
happen happening ripen ripening yazılır;2.hecedeyse çift
b) prefer preferring begin beginning yazılır.
refer referring control controlling
Sonu -y ile biten fiiller study studying play playing -y ile biten fiillere -ing
reply replying buy buying takısı eklenirken
try trying enjoy enjoying yazımda değişiklik
olmaz.
Sonu -ie ile biten fiiller die dying -ie -y' ye dönüşür ve
lie lying -ing eklenir.
tie tying
Sonu iki sessiz harfle stand standing start starting İki sessizle biten
biten fiiller hold holding find finding fiillere -ing
spend spending bend bending eklenirken yazımda
değişiklik olmaz.
* Sonu -ee biçiminde biten fiiller -Ing takısı alırken -e düşmez: see-seeing, agree-agreeing, free-freeing
8 a ELS
5
l -3 USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
a) Bu tense ile temel olarak içinde bulunduğumuz anda yapmakta olduğumuz eylemleri
anlatırız. Zamanı pekiştirmek için ise now, right now, at the moment, at present, still
gibi zaman zarflan kullanırız.
Mother is in the kitchen now. She is cooking dinner.
- Where is your sister?
- I think she is writing a letter in her room.
Listen! They are talking about us. Can you hear what they are saying?
b) Konuşmanın geçtiği sırada eylemi yapıyor olmasak bile, o sıralarda yapmakta
olduğumuz işleri de bu tense ile anlatırız ve nowadays, these days, this term, this year,
this month, this semester, at the moment ("şu sıralar" anlamında) gibi zaman zarfları
kullanırız.
- How many courses are you taking this term?
- I'm taking five courses.
- I haven't seen Peter recently. Have you?
- No, but I talked to him on the phone last Saturday. He is very busy these
days. He is redecorating his house by himself.
c) Değişmekte olan durumları, olayları bu tense ile anlatırız.
"Everything is expensive. (Her şey pahalı.)" cümlesi, fiyatların o anki durumunu anlatır. Fakat,
"Everything is getting more and more expensive. (Her şey gittikçe pahalılaşıyor.)" ifadesi,
fiyatların sürekli değiştiğini, yükseldiğini gösterir.
It is cold. (Hava soğuk.)
It is getting colder. (Hava gittikçe soğuyor.)
The economic situation in Turkey is very bad. (Türkiye'nin ekonomik durumu
çok kötü.) The economic situation in Turkey is getting worse. (Türkiye'nin
ekonomik durumu gittikçe kötüleşiyor.)
d) Bu tense'i, "always" ve aynı anlamı veren benzer zarflarla (perpetually, repeatedly,
continually, forever, constantly) kullanarak, tekrarlanan eylemleri vurgulayabilir, ya da
yakınma ve hoşnutsuzluk ifade edebiliriz.
I'm a/ways hearing strange things about him.
You're a/ways making mistakes. Be more careful.
You're constantly smoking at the dinner table. Can't you go somewhere else?
e) Bu tense'i, tomorrow, next week, next year, next summer gibi gelecek zaman
zarflarıyla, gelecekte yapmayı planladığımız eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanırız.
I'm meeting Ann next Saturday. They are giving a party next month. She is
leaving Istanbul in two days.
Örneklerde görüldüğü gibi, cümle yapı olarak şimdiki zamana, anlam olarak ise gelecek zamana
aittir. Aynı kullanım Türkçe'de de vardır ve bu cümleleri Türkçe'ye, gelecek zaman ya da şimdiki
zaman yapısında çevirmemiz mümkündür. Son örneği şu şekilde çevirebiliriz:
İki gün sonra İstanbul'dan ayrılıyor. (İki gün sonra İstanbul'dan ayrılacak.)
ELS Q 9
6
l -4 THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
FORM
I get up early. I don't get up early. Do I get up early?

You go on holiday every year. You don't go on holiday every year. Do you go on holiday every year?
He studies hard. He doesn't study hard. Does he study hard?
She cleans the house herself. She doesn't clean the house herself. Does she clean the house herself?
It stands in the corner. It doesn't stand in the corner. Does it stand in the corner?
We keep our promises. We don't keep our promises. Do we keep our promise?
You like animals. You don't like animals. Do you like animals?
They help people around. They don't help people around. Do they help people around?
Üçüncü tekil şahıs için (he/she/it) fiil, olumlu cümlede -s takısı alır.
He reads a lot.
She buys a newspaper regularly.
The cat drinks only milk in the morning.
Olumsuz cümlede ve soruda, yani "does" ya da "doesn't' bulunan cümlelerde fiil daima
yalındır.
He doesn't read a lot.
She doesn't buy a newspaper every day.
Does the cat drink milk in the morning?
"have" fiilinin üçüncü şahıs biçimi "has" dir. Ancak, soruda ve olumsuz cümlede fiilin yalın
hali "have" kullanılır.
- Do you have a bath every day?
- Yes, I do. (I have a bath every day.)
- Does your son have a bath every day?
- Yes, he does. (He has a bath every day.)
- Does your father have breakfast in the morning?
- No, he doesn't. (He doesn't have breakfast in the morning.)
1 -5 USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

a) Bu tense ile, genelde yaptığımız işleri, alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız ve always, sometimes,
never, often vb. sıklık bildiren zarfların yanı sıra, every day, every month, every year,
every summer gibi zaman zarflarını sıkça kullanırız.
- What time do you usually get up?
- I usually get up at seven o'clock.
- Does she always get up early?
- Not a/ways. She sometimes gets up very late.
- How often do you go to the cinema?

- I go to the cinema every weekend/once a week/three times a year, etc.
- How often does your brother write to you?
- He writes to me very often.
10 a ELS
7
b) Frequency Adverbs (Sıklık bildiren zaman zarflan)
always........................................................... all the time (hep, her zaman)
almost always/nearly always........................ almost/nearly all the time, (hemen her zaman)
very often ..................................................... (çok sık)
usually/generally ........................................ (genellikle)
often/frequently .......................................... (sık sık)
sometimes/occasionally .............................. from lime to time (bazen, ara sıra)
rarely/seldom............................................... (ender, nadiren, seyrek)
hardly ever/scarcely ever/almost never ........ (hemen hemen hiç)
never .......................................................... (hiç, hiç bir zaman, asla)
Yardımcı fiil bulunmayan olumlu cümlelerde bu zarflar asıl fiilden önce, yani özne ile yüklem
arasında yer alır.
She a/ways sings in English. . .

I sometimes feel depressed. They seldom go to the theatre.
Bu zarflar "am, Is, are" dan sonra gelir.

I sometimes go to work late./I am sometimes late for work.
Sıklık bildiren zarfların olumsuz cümledeki yeri değişiktir. Always daima olumsuzluk eki "not"
dan sonra gelir.
I don't always get up early.
She doesn't a/ways study very hard.
They aren't always late for class.
frequently, sometimes ve occasionally olumsuzluk ekinden önce gelir.

I sometimes don't want to be with people.
She frequently doesn't want to do her homework.
They sometimes aren't ready on time.
She occasionally isn't polite to the people around her.
NOT€ ..........................................................................................................
Birinci tekil şahıs için bu kural geçerli değildir. Zarf, yardımcı fiil "am" ile "not"
arasında yer alır.
I'm sometimes not patient enough with children.
usually, generally ve often her iki durumda da kullanılır.

They usually don't go out on Sundays./They don't usually go out on Sundays.
We often don't watch TV./We don't often watch TV.
They generally aren't awake till 1 la.m./They aren't generally awake till 1 la.m.
rarely, seldom, hardly ever, almost never ve never olumsuz cümlede kullanılmaz. Bu zarflar
sadece olumlu cümlede kullanılır, ancak olumsuz bir anlam taşır.
I hardly ever go to the theatre. (Tiyatroya hemen hemen hiç gitmem.)
I'm hardly ever nervous before an exam.
(Bir sınav öncesinde neredeyse hiç heyecanlanmam.)
She never comes to her classes on time.
She is never on time for her classes. (Derslerine asla/hiç vaktinde gelmez.)
ELS Q II
8
Olumlu anlam taşıyan sıklık zarflarını (usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes,
occasionally) dilbilgisi kurallarına uygun bu kullanımlarının yanı sıra, cümlede vurguyu
artırmak için, cümlenin başında da kullanabiliriz. Özellikle sometimes bu şekilde çok sık
kullanılır.
Sometimes I get angry easily. Occasionally I don't need to get up early. Usually
they spend too much money on luxuries.
Occasionally ve sometimes, cümle sonunda da yer alabilir.
I go to the theatre occasionally. He is a bit lazy sometimes.
Often, özellikle quite ve very ile birlikte kullanıldığında cümle sonunda da yer alabilir.
We come to this restaurant quite often.
Do you catch colds often?
I don't watch television very often.
Rarely ve seldom, özellikle only, very ve quite ile birlikte kullanıldığında, cümle sonunda yer
alabilir.
I eat meat very seldom.
She smokes cigars quite rarefy.
NOTE: Always bu şekilde cümle başında ya da sonunda yer almaz.Olumsuz

anlam taşıyan sıklık zarflan (rarely, seldom, hardly ever, scarcely ever, never]
cümlenin başına geldiği zaman cümle devrik olur.
I never eat fish .................................... Never do I eat fish.
He rarely smokes ................................. Rarely does he smoke.
You seldom make mistakes ................... Seldom do you make mistakes.
She scarcely ever visits us .................... Scarcely ever does she visit us.
Ever olumlu veya olumsuz soruda kullanılır ve hiç anlamını verir. Olumsuz cümlede hiç demek
için do not ever yerine never kullanılır.
- Do you ever smoke?
- No, I never smoke.
- Don't you ever help your mother?
- Yes, I help her when I have time.
c) Doğa kanunlarını, her zaman geçerliliği olan doğruları ve genellemeleri bu tense ile
ifade ederiz.
A diamond is a precious stone. Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. The
Earth revolves round the Sun. Plants need water in order to grow. Water boils
at 100 degrees centigrade. Wood floats in water but iron sinks.
d) "What do you do?" sorusu kişinin neyle uğraştığını, işini sorar. Yani "Wfoar is your
job/occupation?" sorusu ile aynı anlamdadır.
- What do you do? - What does your father do?
- I'm a teacher. - He is an accountant.
12 Q ELS
9
"What do you do?" sorusunu bir zaman zarfıyla kullanırsak, "sözü edilen zamanda ne yaparsın"
anlamına gelir.
- What do you do at the weekends?

- I usually meet friends.
- What does your father do in the evening's?
- He reads his newspaper or watches television.
e) "Why don't ..... ?" kalıbı birine öneri getirirken kullanılır.

- I have a headache.
- Why don't you take an aspirin?
- We have nothing to eat at home.
- Why don't we go out for dinner?
f) Sinema, tiy
uçak, tren, otobüs tarifelerini belirtirken, geniş zamanı gelecek zaman anlamıyla
kullanabiliriz.
The buses start at 6 a.m. and stop at 12 a.m. every day. (simple present) The
train to Ankara leaves at 9 a.m. tomorrow and arrives there at 6 p.m. (future)
Our classes usually begin at 9 and finish at 12. (simple present) . My class
begins at 9 tomorrow and finishes at 12. (future)
ğ) Gazete manşetlerinde, normalde past tense ile aktarılması gereken (olmuş, gerçekleşmiş)
olaylar. Simple Present Tense ile aktarılır.
A live bomb blows up a shopping centre in Israel.(=blew up)
A coach collides with a train in India: hundreds killed and hundreds more
wounded. (=collided)
1-6 THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Şimdi bu iki tense'i karşılaştıralım.
a) Konuşmanın geçtiği anda ya da o sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz işleri Present

Continuous ile (I am doing); genelde yaptığımız işleri, alışkanlıklarımızı ise Simple
Present ile (/ do) ifade ettiğimizi belirtmiştik.
Father is in his room now. He is resting, (now)

Father always rests in his room in the afternoon, (simple present)
I want to concentrate on my studies, so I'm not playing volleyball this year. I
usually play volleyball at the weekend. I don't play on weekdays.
ELS Q 13
10
b) Live ve work fiilleri ile sürekli oturduğumuz/çalıştığımız yeri ifade ediyorsak, geniş
zaman kullanılır.
- Where do you five? - Where does your father work?
- I live in Istanbul. - He works for a construction company.
Ancak, geçici olarak ikamet ettiğimiz/çalıştığımız yeri şimdiki zamanla belirtiriz.
I moved to istanbul last week, and I'm living with a friend for the time being.
His company sent him abroad for a month, and now he is working in Kuwait.
c) Bazı fuller sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle (/ am doing, I was doing, I have been doing, etc.)
kullanılmazlar. Bu fuller, konuşma sırasında bizzat yapılmakta olan bir eylem (action)
bildirmezler, durum ifade ederler.
"I'm writing now." ifadesinde, write fiili bir eylem bildirir. Yani benim şu anda yapmakta
olduğum bir işi ifade eder.
"/ know English." ifadesinde ise know fiili bir eylem bildirmez. Yani, kişinin yapmakta olduğu bir
işi değil, statik bir durum bildirir.
Durum bildiren fiillerin Simple Present ve Present Continuous için kullanımları aynıdır.
When I get up in the morning, I want to drink coffee, (simple present) I'm very
thirsty. I want to drink something, (now)
People need money in order to live, (simple present) I need some money. Can
you lend me some? (now)
1 -7 PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE'LERLE KULLANILMAYAN FİİLLER
ı. DÜŞÜNMEYE İLİŞKİN FULLER (MENTAL STATE) forget mean want

think * realize understand need prefer
suppose notice feel believe
recognize doubt imagine know
remember
2. DUYGU BELİKTEN FULLER (EMOTIONAL STATE) mind wish care
love dislike loathe hate forgive desire
appreciate fear like detest
envy
3. SAHİPLİK BİLDİREN FiiLLER (POSSESSION) belong

possess have * own
4. DUYU FİİLLERİ (SENSE PERCEPTIONS) taste * feel *

see * hear smell*
5. DİĞER DURUM BİLDİREN FULLER promise consist of

look * owe be * refuse include
seem cost exist contain sound
appear* weigh * advise
* Yanında yıldız olan fiiller, farklı bir anlam taşıdıkları zaman, sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılabilirler.
14 Q ELS
11
1-8 NONPROGRESSIVE or PROGRESSIVE
NONPROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE
think "sanmak, zannetmek' think "düşünmek"
I think she is a student. I'm thinking about going abroad next year. She is
I think they will visit us next week. thinking about her family.
see "görmek' see "görüşmek"
Right now, I'm looking out of the window, and I see The doctor is seeing his patient now. The manager
lots of people in the street. is seeing the applicant now.
smell "kokmak" smell "koklamak'
This perfume smells very nice. These flowers smell Look! Mother is smelling the flowers. Why are you
awful. smelling the milk?
taste (bir nesnenin tadından söz ediyorsak) taste "tadına bakmak'
This soup tastes awful. I can't eat it. (Çorbanın tadı Look! The judges are tasting my dish right now. I
berbat.) The dinner looks bad but tastes delicious. can't wait to hear the result.
(Yemeğin görüntüsü kötü ama tadı güzel.)
feel (bir nesnenin bize verdiği duyguyu ifade
ederken; "sezinlemek, ummak" anlamında) feel "hissetmek"
This pillow feels very hard. (This pillow is very

hard./Bu yastık çok sert.) I feel (that) something bad 1 feel better now./I'm feeling better now. (Şimdi
will happen. (Kötü bir şeylerin olacağını kendimi daha iyi hissediyorum.)
hissediyorum.)
look "gibi görünmek'
look "bakmak'
You look ill. You'd better go home.
That ladder doesn't look safe. Why are you looking out of the window?
appear "gibi görünmek"
appear "(ortaya) çıkmak'
The teacher appears to be in a bad mood today. She
appears to be bored with the film. The comedian is appearing nightly at the Broken
Door club.
weigh (bir nesnenin ağırlığını söylerken)
weigh "tartmak"
The baby weighs six kilograms. '
The butcher is weighing the meat now.
be (genel bir durum ifade ederken am, is, are)
be (konuşma anında bir değişimi ifade ederken
am/is/are being)
You are very rude. (Çok kabasın.)
(Kişinin genelde kaba biri olduğunu belirtir.) You are being rude. (Kabalaşıyorsun.) (Kişinin
konuşma sırasında kaba davrandığını belirtir.
"Kabalık" kişinin genel bir özelliği olmayabilir.)
have (sahiplik bildiriyorsa) have (eylem bildiriyorsa)
I don't have much money now. She has two She is having breakfast now.
brothers. Father can't come to the phone. He is having
a shower right now.
Sahiplik bildiren "have/has"

"have got/has gol" biçiminde de kullanılır .
I have two sisters. = I have got two sisters.
I don't have any brothers. = I haven't got any brothers.
She has a car. = She has got a car
She doesn't have a bike. = She hasn't got a bike.
Do you have any nephews?= Have you got any nephews?
Yes, I have.
Yes, I do. No, I haven't.
No, I don't. Has she got a boat?
Does she have a boat? = Yes, she has.
Yes, she does. = No, she hasn't.
No, she doesn't. =
ELS Q IS
12
EXERCISE 1: Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive of the verbs given In
parentheses.
1. A: What ................... you (do) ..................... here in the kitchen?
B: I (taste) ................................. the soup to see if it (have) ....................................
enough salt.
2. A: ..................... you (know) .......................... the woman who (talk) ............................ to
Peter over there?
B: No, I (not recognize) ................................. her, but I (suppose)
................................ that she is his guest from Germany.
3. A: Hi! How are you?
B: Fine! Why .................... you (whisper) ....................................... ?
A: The baby (sleep) ................................. and I (try) ................................... not to wake
her.
B: Oh. Which room .............. she (s7eep) .......................... in?
A: Upstairs, in my bedroom.
B: Well, I (not think) .................................we (be) ................................... close
enough to disturb her, anyway.
4. A: Why .............. you (take) ...................your umbrella? It (not, rain) ............................
B: I (always, take) .................................. it. Just in case!
A: But it (never, rain) ................................. here in July.
B: Oh, well. You (never, know) ................................... Today might be different!
5. Nearly everybody in this town (work) .................................. at the local car factory. In
fact, the company (rely) ................................. on the townspeople for its workforce,
so, to stop them looking elsewhere, it (pay) ................................. really well and
(provide) ................................. lots of extra facilities. Currently, it (build)
................................ a play-centre for the children of the working mothers.
6. I (7ook) .................................. like our mother and my sister (take)
................................ after our father, but our brother (not resemble)
................................ either of them.
7. Prices (rise) ................................. so quickly nowadays that we (even, consider)
................................ selling our car just to keep up.
8. Mum (weigh) ..................................herself again because she (try)
................................ to lose weight in time for her holiday next month.
9. My brother (weigh) ...................................... about 70 kg, but he (seem)
................................ heavier because he (a/ways, wear) ................................... such
bulky clothes.
10. These cultivated roses (look) ..................................so beautiful, but they (not smell)
................................ at all.
11. Our guests (arrive) .................................. shortly, and Sarah (still, wrap)
................................ the presents.
12. Jack is lucky. He (listen) ...................................to Brahms's music live at the Albert
Hall at this very moment while we (sit) .................................. here in the office
listening to the BBC orchestra on the radio.
13. This powdered pudding is strawberry flavour, but actually, it (not taste)
................................. fruity at all.
14. The Earth (get) ................................. warmer and warmer, which (raise)
................................ the sea-level.
15. What lovely quality this baby outfit is! It (feel] ................................. nice and thick.
16. A: You (look) ................................... very worried. I (hope) ...................................
nothing bad has happened!
B: Well, I've broken Grandma's favourite mug, and now I (think)
................................. about how to explain it to her.
17. Don't worry about your dog. The vet (feel) ................................. his legs to check that
nothing is broken.
16 Q ELS
13
18. A: Why................. you (sniff] ........................ like that?
B: I (try) ................................. to decide what perfume you (wear)
................................. at the moment.
A: Oh, it's Givenchy - lan's present for Christmas.
B: It (smell\ .................................. wonderful.
19. A snake's skin (look) ................................... slimy, but it (not, fee/)
................................ slimy at all.
20. The conditions these Afghan refugees (endure) .......................................... in these
troubled times are appalling.
21. At the moment, the judge (see) ................................. both the Defendant's lawyer
and the Claimant's lawyer privately in his chamber.
22. A: ................... you (think) ........................ you (have) ...................................any chance
of winning this chess match?
B: Yes, I (see) .................................. a number of good moves that I can make from
this position.
1-9 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
FORM

I studied English. I didn't study English. Did I study English?
You worked hard. You didn't work hard. Did you work hard?
He/She came lale. He/She didn't come late. Did he/she come late?
It rained hard yesterday. It didn't rain hard yesterday. Did it rain hard yesterday?
We enjoyed the party. We didn't enjoy the party. Did we enjoy the party?
You helped a lot. You didn't help a lot. Did you help a lot?
They got up early. They didn't get up early. Did they get up early?
Olumlu cümlede, fiillerin past tense biçimi, olumsuz cümlede ve soruda ise fiillerin yalın hali
kullanılır.
l lived in İzmir for five years.

She didn't study hard enough to pass the exam.
Did you stay home yesterday?
Kısa cevapta did ve didn't kullanılır.
Did you go to the cinema last week?

Yes, we did. (Yes, we went to the cinema last week.)
Did you visit your friends yesterday?

No, I didn't. (I didn't visit my friends yesterday.)
ELS a 17
14
1-10 USE OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Bu tense'i geçmişte yaptığımız eylemleri, olaylan ve durumlan anlatırken kullanırız. Yesterday,

last night, last week, last summer, halfan hour ago, ten days ago, two years ago vb. bu tense
ile sıkça kullanılan zaman zarflarıdır.
I became a teacher eight years ago.

Where did you go on holiday last summer?
He didn't play football last Sunday because he was ill.
She left the country a few months ago.
a) Düzenli (regular) fiillerin past biçimi, fiilin yalın haline -ed eklenerek elde edilir.
Present: want stay study shave

Past: wanted stayed studied shaved
b) "Be" fiilinin past biçimi "was, were" biçimindedir.
I lived in a village when I was a child.

She was late for work yesterday, so her boss was angry with her.
We weren't at home last night.
c) Düzenli fiillerin -ed takısını almasıyla ilgili yazım kurallan şöyledir:
I) Çoğu düzenli fiil -ed alır.
talk - talked govern - governed roar - roared

walk - walked seem - seemed roam - roamed
ü) Bir sessiz + bir sesli + bir sessiz harften oluşan kısa fiillerde, sondaki sessiz harf
çift yazılır.
grab - grabbed stop - stopped beg - begged

ban - banned slim - slimmed rob - robbed
ü!) Sonu -e ile bitenler sadece -d takısı alır.
gaze - gazed stare - stared like - liked
smile - smiled hate - hated save - saved
IV) Sonu bir sessiz harf + y ile bitenlerde -y, -l olur, ondan sonra -ed eklenir.
try - tried cry - cried apply - applied
dry - dried fry - fried study - studied
-y den önce bir sesli harf varsa yazımda değişiklik olmaz.
play - played delay - delayed betray - betrayed

pray - prayed decay - decayed spray - sprayed
18 Q ELS
15
d) Düzensiz (irregular) fiillerin past biçimi ise tabloda görüldüğü gibidir.
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
arise arose arisen fling flung flung

be was, were been fly flew flown
bear bore borne /born forbid forbade/forbid forbidden
beat beat beaten/beat forecast forecast forecast
become became become forget forgot forgotten
begin began begun forgive forgave forgiven
bend bent bent forsake forsook forsaken
bet bet bet* freeze froze frozen
bid bid bid get got gotten *
bind bound bound give gave given
bite bit bitten/bit go went gone
bleed bled bled grind ground ground
blow blew blown grow grew grown
break broke broken hang hung hung
breed bred bred have had had
bring brought brought hear heard heard
broadcast broadcast broadcast hide hid hidden
build built built hit hit hit
burst burst burst hold held held
buy bought bought hurt hurt hurt
cast cast cast keep kept kept
catch caught caught know knew known
choose chose chosen lay laid laid
cling clung clung lead led led
come came come leave left left
cost cost cost lend lent lent
creep crept crept let let let
cut cut cut lie lay lain
deal dealt dealt light lit/lighted lit/lighted
dig dug dug lose lost lost
do did done make made made
draw drew drawn mean meant meant
eat ate eaten meet met met
fall fell fallen mislay mislaid mislaid
feed fed fed mistake mistook mistaken
feel felt felt pay paid paid
fight fought fought put put put
find found found quit quit quit *
fit fit fit* read read read
flee fled fled rid rid rid
ELS G 19
16
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
ride rode ridden stand stood stood

ring rang rung steal stole stolen
rise rose risen stick stuck stuck
run ran run sung stung stung
say said said stink stank/stunk stunk
see saw seen strive strove striven
seek sought sought strike struck struck/ stricken
sell sold sold string strung strung
send sent sent swear swore sworn
set set set sweep swept swept
shake shook shaken swim swam swum
shed shed shed swing swung swung
shine shone /shined shone/shined take took taken
shoot shot shot teach taught taught
show showed shown/showed tear tore torn
shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk tell told told
shut shut shut think thought thought
sing sang sung throw threw thrown
sit sat sat thrust thrust thrust
sleep slept slept understand understood understood
slide slid slid undertake undertook undertaken
slit slit slit upset upset upset
speak spoke spoken wear wore worn
speed sped /speeded sped/speeded weave wove woven
spend spent spent weep wept wept
spin spun/span spun win won won
spit spit/ spat spit/ spat wind wound wound
split split split withdraw withdrew withdrawn
spread spread spread wring wrung wrung
spring sprang/sprung sprung write wrote written
* Bu fiiller için American English ve British English arasındaki farklılıklara dikkat ediniz.
American British
bet - bet - bet bet - bet - bet ör bet - betted - betted
fit - fit - fit fit - fitted - fitted
get - got - gotten get - got - got
quit - quit - quit quit - quitted - quitted
American'English'de düzenli olan bazı fiiller British English'de düzensizdir.
American: burn-burned, dream-dreamed, kneel-kneeled, lean-leaned, smell-smelled, spill-spilled,

etc. British: bum-burnt, dream-dreamt, kneel-knelt, lean-leant, smell-smell, spill-spilt
ZO Q ELS
17
d) Düzensiz (irregular] fiillerin past biçimi ise tabloda görüldüğü gibidir.
AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM PAST PARTICIPL
E
arise arose arisen fling flung flung

be was, were been fly flew flown
bear bore borne/born forbid forbade/forbid forbidden
beat beat beaten/beat forecast forecast forecast
become became become forget forgot forgotten
begin began begun forgive forgave forgiven
bend bent bent forsake forsook forsaken
bet bet bet * freeze froze frozen
bid bid bid get got gotten *
bind bound bound give gave given
bite bit bitten/bit go went gone
bleed bled bled grind ground ground
blow blew blown grow grew grown
break broke broken hang hung hung
breed bred bred have had had
bring . brought brought hear heard heard
broadcast broadcast broadcast hide hid hidden
build built built hit hit hit
burst burst burst hold held held
buy bought bought hurt hurt hurt
cast cast cast keep kept kept
catch caught caught know knew known
choose chose chosen lay laid laid
cling clung clung lead led led
come came come leave left left
cost cost cost lend lent lent
creep crept crept let let let
cut cut cut lie lay lain
deal dealt dealt light lit/lighted lit/lighted
dig dug dug lose lost lost
do did done make made made
draw drew drawn mean meant meant
eat ate eaten meet met met
fall fell fallen mislay mislaid , mislaid
feed fed fed mistake mistook mistaken
feel * ' fell felt pay paid paid
fight . fought fought put put put
find found found quit quit quit *
fit fit fit* read read read
flee fled fled rid rid rid
ELS G 19
18
1-11 CONFUSING VERBS
a) raise, raised, raised (transitive) b) rise, rose, risen (intransitive)
The supermarket raised its prices twice last

week. Prices rose three times last week.
c) arouse, aroused, aroused (transitive) d) arise, arose, arisen (intransitive)
The man's peculiar behaviour aroused the police's Their suspicion arose because of the man's
suspicion. peculiar behaviour.
e) set, set, set (transitive) f) sit, sat, sat (intransitive)

We set the chair at the head of the table. My father sat at the head of the table.
ğ) lay, laid, laid (transitive) h) lie,* lay, lain (intransitive)

We laid the carpet after we'd painted I lay on the sofa after dinner and went to
the walls. sleep.
1) bind, bound, bound (tie up) J) bound, bounded, bounded (1. border 2. jump)
Luxembourg is bounded by Belgium, Germany
and France.
He bound the dog to the fence with a long rope. The dog was bounding across the field.
k) find, found, found 1) found, founded, founded (establish)

Mao Tse-Tung founded the People's Republic of
I found your pen on top of the fridge. China.
m) grind, ground, ground (crush into powder) n) ground, grounded, grounded (compli to stay
on the ground)
In the past people ground wheat into flour using The authorities grounded the plane for safety
large stones. checks.
o) wind, wound, wound (twist, turn) He wound the p) wound, wounded, wounded (injure) The gun
string into a tight ball. shots wounded several people.
q) fall, fell, fallen r) fell, felled, felled (cut down)
They felled the tree because it was getting too

She fell as she was getting off the bus. big.
s) see, saw, seen t) saw, sawed, sawed/sawn (cut with a saw)
They saw an accident while driving to work. He sawed the wood into equal lengths.
u) hang, hung, hung (suspend something) v) hang, banged, hanged (kill someone by
hanging)
They hung a flag from the window for
Republic Day. The leader of the Pakistani military coup,
General Zia ul-Huq, hanged President Bhutto
in 1979.
' Lie "yalan söylemek' anlamındaysa, düzenli bir fiildir: She fled to us about her coming late.
ELS Q XI
19
EXERCISE 2; Choose the correct word in parentheses.
1. He (bound/bounded) the package with string so that it wouldn't come undone in

the post.
2. Fewer difficulties than expected (arose/aroused) during the meeting.
3. Siddhartha Gautama, who came to be known as Buddha, (found/founded)
Buddhism, one of the major religions of Asia.
4. Obviously not many of the students understood the teacher's question, because
only a few (raised/rose) their hands to answer.
5. The nurses (laid/lay) the patient gently on the bed so the doctor could examine
him.
6. After the ship (ground/grounded] itself on the rocks, the crew had to abandon it.
7. Because of her conscientious attitude, she has (raised/risen) rapidly to a senior
managerial position.
8. You've (seen/sawn) more off one leg than the others, so now the table won't stand
up properly.
9. The silly girl (wound/wounded] her scarf round her neck so tightly that she nearly
strangled herself.
10. The townspeople were so outraged that they (hung/hanged) the accused man before
he had even had a proper trial.
11. Look, your daughter's crying! I think she's just (fallen/felled) off her bicycle.
12. After cutting and polishing the sapphire, the jeweller (set/sat) it in a gold necklace.
13. He accidentally (wound/wounded) his leg while chopping wood.
14. The doorman took Robert's coat and (hanged/hung) it on the coat stand by the
reception desk.
15. At yesterday's race, one rider was thrown from his horse when it bolted at the
second jump, and the animal (bound/bounded) around the rest of the track without
a jockey.
16. Marie (grounded/ground) some almonds, then added sugar and eggs to prepare the
marzipan paste for the wedding cake.
17. In February 1998, they ceremoniously (laid/lay) the foundations of the new airport
in Istanbul.
18. On our last summer holiday, we (laid/lay) in the sun most of the time and only
(saw/sawed) a few of the tourist attractions.
19. The butcher (rose/raised) his eyebrows in surprise when he heard the news.
20. Sir Isaac Newton came up with his ideas about gravity after an apple (fell/felled]
from a tree onto his head.
21. As he had not written the directions clearly, Mark only (found/founded) the craft
shop after almost an hour of walking around.
22. The genuine 16th-century Ottoman tiles (arose/aroused) the interest of several
buyers in the auction room.
23. As the chairman (rose/raised) to speak, the room immediately became silent.
24. The drummer (sat/set) at the back of the stage behind the rest of the group.
25. Doubts (aroused/arose) about the man's real identity because of his strange accent
and his nervous behaviour.
22 Q ELS
20
EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the Irregular verbs In
the list. Use each verb only once.
arise fall slide

creep feel forgive
dig spring keep
hold forbid lay
feed hide lie
1. As a child, I ............................... caged birds, but now I don't, as I no longer like

seeing them in captivity.
2. The meeting should have been quite short, but the question of finance
.............................. , so it took longer than expected.
3. I ...............................into the house really quietly last night in the hope that my
parents wouldn't notice how late I was.
4. I ...............................him for borrowing the car without my permission, but not for
lying about it when I first asked.
5. I'm sorry I didn't turn up last night, but I ............................... down on my bed for
a few minutes' rest and accidentally went to sleep!
6. They ............................... the party at a friend's house because theirs wasn't big
enough.
7. His father................................ him from listening to rock music in the house as he
insisted on playing it so loudly.
8. She ............................... the table for ten people, but in fact, only six of the invited
guests came.
9. I was late for work this morning because my daughter ................................ my car
keys from me and then couldn't remember where they were.
10. He................................ badly when he was playing football and fractured his ankle.
11. My neighbour was furious when our dog ............................... a big hole in his
flowerbed.
12. It's not surprising that he ............................... so ill this morning. He drank far too
much wine last night.
13. She must have been waiting for an important call, because the minute she heard
the phone ringing, she ............................... to her feet and rushed to answer it.
14. My wife was so angry with me for being late that she ................................ my
dinner to the dog!
15. As he .............................. slowly off his chair and collapsed into a heap on the
floor, I realized he was drunk.
ELS Q »3
21
EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the irregular verbs in
the list Use each verb only once.
bear fight seek

bet freeze shed
bind grow tear
deal leave throw
eat ride wind
1. My brother and I ............................... like cat and dog when we were children, but
now we get on quite well.
2. The children are upset because they accidentally ................................ their ball over
the neighbour's wall and they won't be able to get it back until he comes home.
3. I can't believe that the first time you ............................... a bike was when you were
twenty!
4. The kidnappers ............................... his arms and legs to a chair so that he
couldn't move.
5. It was so cold last night that the locks on my car literally ..................................
6. I've only ever been to the horse races once; I ................................ on three horses
and they all won!
7. Unfortunately, I ................................ my shirt on a nail when I was trying to put up
some shelves.
8. My grandmother used to live in a little cottage with a beautiful, flowering, climbing
plant which ............................... up the walls and round the windows.
9. Unable to find sufficient investors, the company ................................the cost of the
expansion itself.
10. During the first month of her diet, she ................................ over three kilos.
11. When he ............................... school, he chose to start working immediately rather
than continue his studies.
12. You ............................... all the bread at breakfast, so if you want a sandwich now,
you'll have to buy some more.
13. You ............................... the cards without shuffling the pack, so you'll have to
start again.
14. As a child, whenever she was unhappy, she ................................ comfort from her
grandmother.
15. I'm certain I................................ the clock last night, so I have no idea why the
alarm didn't go off.
the list Use each verb only once.
bend forecast lead

burst draw light
choose flee mistake
cost fly mislay
broadcast grind shake
1. The weathermen ............................... a sunny day this morning, but so far it's done
nothing but rain.
2. He................................ his key, so he had to break a window to get in.
3. We ............................... to Antalya because it was faster, but came back by bus
because of the price.
4. The little girl had only had her balloon for five minutes when it ................................
so her mother had to buy her a new one.
22
5. It............................... more than expected to redecorate the house, but fortunately,
we had some money saved.
6. In order that we'd have no problems finding the house, he ................................ a
map for us.
7. Even though I................................ him several times, he wouldn't wake up.
8. The rebels ............................... over the border as the government's troops
approached.
9. Television companies from all around the world ................................ the unique
event.
10. I walked up to a complete stranger yesterday, and said, "Hello," because I
.............................. him for a friend of mine.
11. We ............................... the blue fabric, as the brown wouldn't go with anything in
our house.
12. In the village we visited, the people ............................... wheat to make flour using
the traditional method.
13. Because he didn't have any matches, he ................................his cigarette using the
electric stove.
14. The plumber ............................... the pipe to fit into the space under the sink.
15. Five minutes before the end of the match, our team ................................ by 3 goals
to 2 and looked certain to win, but the other side equalized just before the final
whistle.
the list. Use each verb only once.
shrink lose spin

bite ring undertake
forget rise wear
hang sell weave
hurt shine withdraw
1. The telephone ............................... about fifteen times before it was answered.

2. Can you remember where you were when you ................................ your purse?
3. For the interview, she ............................... a grey suit and matching shoes.
4. He................................ his leg badly and had to take a few days off work.
5. The minute I ............................... the washing out, it started to rain.
6. The company ............................... its support when they heard the news of the
scandal.
7. I was really upset when my new jumper ............................... after only the first
wash.
8. Because the sun ............................... in my eyes so strongly, I found it impossible
to see anything.
9. In the past, people ............................... wool by hand.
10. As he ............................... to his feet, we could clearly see his look of anger.
11. It's not my fault that we ................................ the camera - you didn't think about it
either.
12. When the dog ............................... her, you should have taken her straight to the
doctor.
13. They ............................... the car because they needed the money for their
business.
14. The skill with which the women ................................ the carpets was incredible.
15. Because of the unreliability of the post, he ............................... to deliver the
package himself.
ELS Q 25
23
EXERCISE 7: Complete the sentences with the Simple Past forms of the verbs In the list.
Some of the verbs are regular and some are irregular. Use each verb only
once.
bleed fall sweep
play swear saw
buy fell slip
climb see miss
strike attend split
1. After we ................................. to the top, we were able to appreciate just how

spectacular the view was.
2. I .................................. Mary in town yesterday, but it was so crowded that I don't
think she noticed me.
3. When he .................................. for the second time, I warned him not to use such
bad language.
4. I only .................................. the dress because I thought I could wear it to work.
5. He................................... football professionally when he was younger.
6. I enjoyed living and working overseas immensely, but the only problem was that I
................................ my family and friends so much that I always wanted to go
home.
7. At least three people ................................. on the ice as they walked down the road.
8. The contractors .................................. over half of the trees to make way for the new
road.
9. The wound looked very serious but can't have been, as it hardly
................................. at all.
10. During the tennis match, he ................................... the ball so hard that it went right
out of the court.
11. You should have measured the space before you ..................................the wood as,
now, the shelves aren't big enough.
12. I only ...................................the balcony ten minutes ago, but now it's covered in
leaves again.
13. Fortunately, he wasn't injured when he ................................... off the ladder.
14. As my father's job involved a lot of travelling, I .................................. several different
schools.
15. He................................... the seam of his trousers today, so he can't wear them for
the moment.
1-12 EMPHATIC "DO"

Simple Present ve Simple Past tense'lerle, normalde, olumlu cümlede "do/does, did'
kullanılmaz. Ancak vurguyu artırmak için bu yardımcı fiilleri olumlu cümlede kullanabiliriz. Bu
durumda, her iki tense ile de asıl fiil yalın haliyle kullandır.
- Your brother doesn't like fish, does he?

- Yes, he does like fish.
- You don't help your mother with the housework, do you?

- Yes, I do help my mother whenever I have time.
- You didn't go to school yesterday, did you?

- Yes, I did go to school yesterday.
26 Q ELS
24
1-13 THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
I was working. You were I wasn't working. You weren't Was I working? Were you
studying. He/She/It was studying. He/She/It wasn't studying? Was he/she/it
eating lunch eating lunch. eating lunch?
We were laughing. You We weren't laughing. You Were we laughing? Were you
were talking. They were weren't talking. They weren't talking? Were they arguing?
arguing. arguing.
- Where were you living this time last year?

-1 was living in İzmir.
- What were you doing at 9 p.m. last night?
- I was watching television.
1-14 USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

a) Bu tense'i, geçmişte belli bir noktada yapmakta olduğumuz eylemleri anlatırken
kullanırız. This time last year, this time last winter, at this hour yesterday, yesterday
at 3 o'clock etc. bu tense ile sık kullanılan zarflardır.
This time last summer, I was lying on the beach in Göcek, but now I'm working
hard to finish this book.
What were you doing at around noon last Saturday?
I was playing football with friends.
b) Geçmişte bir eylemi, başlangıç ve bitiş zamanını belirterek anlatıyorsak, Past
Continuous Tense kullanırız. (Bu tür cümlelerde Simple Past Tense kullanmak da
mümkündür.)
I was watching a film on television from nine until eleven last night. He was
working as an accountant from 1985 to 1989.
ELS a 27
25
c) Past Continuous (/ was doing) ile Past Tense (/ did) arasındaki kullanım farkına
dikkat ediniz.
Eğer, geçmişte tamamladığımız bir eylemden söz ediyorsak Simple Past Tense kullanırız.
(Önemli olan belli bir zamanda 'We yapıyordum?" değil, "Ne yaptım?"dır.)
- What did you do last night?
- I watched television first, then I studied English.
Eğer, geçmişte tamamladığımız bir eylemi değil de, sözü edilen zamanda yapmakta olduğumuz
işi anlatıyorsak, Past Continuous Tense kullandır. (Önemli olan "Ne yaptım?" değil, "Ne
yapıyordum?" dur.)
- What were your parents doing when you got home last night?
- They were waiting for me to eat dinner with them.
d) Sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılmayan fiiller (non-progressive verbs), Past
Continuous Tense ile de kullanılmaz.
I already knew the news about him.
(Ben onunla ilgili haberi zaten biliyordum.)
She thought that I would go to the party as well.
(Partiye benim de gideceğimi zannediyordu.)
The flowers looked nice yesterday, but now they are fading.
(Çiçekler dün güzel görünüyordu, ama şimdi soluyorlar.)
e) Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı ya da sık sık yaptığımız eylemleri Simple Past Tense ile
anlatırız.
I went to the cinema very often when I was at university.
Yukarıdaki cümleyi Türkçe'ye iki şekilde çevirebiliriz. " Üniversitedeyken sinemaya çok sık
giderdim." ya da "Üniversitedeyken sinemaya çok sık gidiyordum." Bu cümledeki "gidiyordum"
Sadesi ilk anda Past Continuous Tense gibi görünse de, geçmişte belli bir noktada devam
etmekte olan bir eylemi değil de, genelde olan bir eylemi anlattığı için Simple Past Tense
kullanmamız gerekir.
When he was young, he played football in the school team, (general in the past) When I
saw him yesterday, he was playing football, (a specific point in the past)
f) WHEN and WHILE SENTENCES
Past Continuous Tense "when" ve "while" cümlelerinde çok sık kullanılan bir tense'dir.
Geçmişte devam etmekte olan bir eylem sırasında bir başka eylem olmuşsa, bu durumu şu
cümlelerle ifade ederiz.
I was eating dinner when the guests arrived. (Konuklar geldiğinde yemek yiyordum.) I
hurt my leg while I was playing football. (Futbol oynarken bacağımı incittim.)
WHEN
I. "When" ile kurulmuş bir zarf cümleciği (adverbial clause), genellikle temel cümledeki
(main clause) eylemin devam etmekte olduğu zamanı açıklar. "Bir eylem olduğunda bir
başka eylem oluyordu" biçiminde bir anlam taşır. Bu nedenle "when" in bağlı
bulunduğu cümlede Simple Past, temel cümlede ise Past Continuous kullanılır.
ı
He came in.
I was studying.
28 Q ELS
26
When he came in. I was studying. (O içeri girdiğinde, ben ders çalışıyordum.)
adverbial main
clause clause
4 I was reading1 when he came in. (O geldiğinde, ben kitap okuyordum.)
When I went out, it was raining. (Dışarı çıktığımda yağmur yağıyordu.) They
were arguing when I entered the room. (Odaya girdiğimde, tartışıyorlardı.)
When + Simple Past, Past Continuous
II. "When" arka arkaya yapılmış eylemleri anlatmak için de kullandır. Bu durumda her iki
cümlenin de tense'i Simple Past'dır.
When he arrived, we went into the cinema. (First he came. Then we entered the
cinema.) (O gelince, sinemaya girdik.)
When he left work, he got on a bus and went home.

When the teacher asked a question, I raised my hand to answer it.
fir
'When + Simple Past, Simple Past
WHILE
I. "While" cümleciği genellikle, temel cümledeki eylem sırasında devam etmekte olan bir
başka eylemi anlatmak için kullanılır. Bu nedenle, "while" in bağlı bulunduğu cümle
Past Continuous, temel cümle ise Simple Past'dır.
He came in.
While I was studying, he came in. (Ben ders çalışırken o geldi.)
adverbial main
clause clause
I left home while my parents were sleeping.

I took a photograph while you weren't looking.
While + Past Continuous, Simple Past
NOTE
Bu tür cümlelerde "while" yerine "when" kullanmak da mümkündür, ancak
"while" kullanımı daha yaygındır.
When/While I was walking home from work, I bumped into an old friend
on the street.
Very often, stray dogs and cats are hit by cars when/while they are
crossing the street.
Yesterday, a stray dog was nearly hit by a car when/while it
was crossing the street.
27
II. "While" cümleciği, temel cümledeki eylemle aynı anda olan bir eylemi anlatmak için de
kullanılır. Bu durumda her iki cümle de Simple Past Tense ile kurulur.
I sang while I washed the dishes. (Bulaşıkları yıkarken şarkı söyledim.) She
watched me while I made the cake. (Ben kek yaparken o beni izledi.) I watted
outside while she had an interview. (O görüşme yaparken ben dışarıda
bekledim.)
While + Simple Past, Simple Past
III. "While" birbirine paralel devam eden iki eylemi anlatmak için de kullanılır. Bu
durumda her iki cümlede de Past Continuous Tense kullanılır. "While"ın bu biçimde
kullanımıyla genellikle yakınma, içerleme gibi duygular ifade edilir.
While the teacher was lecturing, the students were talking among themselves.
(Öğretmen ders anlatırken öğrenciler kendi aralarında konuşuyorlardı.}
I was studying while everybody at home was sleeping. (Evde herkes uyurken ben
ders çalışıyordum.)
While + Past continuous, Past
IV. "While" ile aynı anlamı veren bir diğer bağlaç "as" dir.
While/As I was coming here, I ran into an old friend.

I had a look at the old magazines while/as I waited at the doctor's.
"Just as", daha vurgulu bir anlatımdır.
The postman came Just as I was leaving home. (Tam ben evden çıkarken,
postacı geldi.)
Just as I sat down at the table, the phone rang. (Tam masaya oturdum ki telefon
çaldı.)
g) Past Continuous Tense, "always, continually, forever, etc." gibi zarflarla, (Present
Continuous Tense'de olduğu gibi) sürekli tekrarlanan eylemleri ya da yakınma ifade
etmek için de kullanılır.
You were forever reading books when you were a child.
I was always making mistakes when I was in primary school.
h) Resmi ortamlarda nazik bir biçimde soru sorarken ya da ricada bulunurken, özellikle
"hope" ve "wonder" ile Past Continuous Tense çok sık kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde past
bir yapı kullanılmasına rağmen, anlam present1 tır.
- I was wondering if you could help me fill in this form.

- Certainly, Madam. Which section do you have difficulty understanding?
- I was hoping you could give me a lift to the airport.

- Of course. One of our representatives will drive you there after the meeting.
30 o ELS
28
EXERCISE 8: Use either the Simple Past or the Past Continuous of the verbs In
parentheses.
1. When 1 (leave) .................................. work yesterday, it (rain) ...................................
heavily.
2. It (continue) .................................. to rain while 1 (drive) ................................... home.
3. When I (arrive) .................................. home, it (still, rain) ......................................
4. When I (go) .................................. round the bend, I (see) ................................... a van
in my lane. It (overtake) ................................. another van and (come) .........................
right at my car. I (step) ................................. on the brakes heavily and (swerve)
.................................to the right. 1 (barely, avoid) ................................... the accident.
5. 1 (have) .................................. breakfast when she (phone) ................................... me.
6. While I (have) .................................. breakfast, she (phone) ....................................me.
7. When my sister (be) .................................. a child, she (have) ..................................
poor eyesight, so she (wear) ................................. glasses.
8. While I (try) .................................. to concentrate on my studies, my friend (play)
................................. her music very loudly in the next room.
9. He (jog) .................................. regularly every day until he (get) ....................................
too old.
10. He (jog)................................... vigorously when I (meet) ................................... him the
other day.
11. When she (see) .................................. me, she (stop) ................................... the car and
(get out) .................................. of it to talk to me.
12. When I (see) .................................. her, she (drive) ................................... down the
road.
13. You (drive) ................................... too fast at the time, so it's not surprising that you
(hit) ..................................that other car.
14. A: Why ................... you (turn) ................................ the television off?
B: Because it (distract) ................................ me from my work.
15. Just as the plane (take) ................................. off, one of the engines (burst)
................................. into flames, so the pilot (have to) .................................... make an
emergency landing.
16. When 1 (hear) .................................. them, they (come) ................................... down the
driveway, so I (know) ................................. I (have) .................................. less than a
minute to hide their birthday presents, which I had been wrapping.
17. I (still, hide) .................................. their presents when they (ring)
................................. the door bell, so it (take) ................................... me some time to
finish my job and then answer the door.
18. When the robber (shoot) .................................. the man, he (shake)
................................. convulsively for a while before he (fall) ................................... to
the ground.
19. Just as we (sit) ..................................down for a snack in the airport restaurant,
they (announce) ................................. our flight.
20. Margaret (seem) .................................. really happy at the party last night, but Peter
(tell) ................................. her something just as they (leave) ....................................
and then she (sulk) .................................... I wonder what the problem was!
21. As she (pour) ................................. the tea out, she (spill) ................................... some
on the table.
22. Only this time on Saturday, we (look) .................................. in the window of the
travel agent's. Now we are looking right at the Pyramids.
THE RHINO'S ADMIRER
A guy elephant took his girlfriend - an avid movie fan - to a film (opening.
While she waited in the lobby, he went off to buy a couple of bags of popcorn.
An aggressive rhinoceros approached the pretty elephant and introduced
himself. "Hi," he said smoothly. "My name is Neal." The elephant trumpeted
loudly and fainted. In the confusion, the rhino fled. The guy elephant rushed
to his girlfriend. "What happened?" he asked. She batted her eyelids and
answered, "I just met Rhino Neal!"
(by Mike Savage, from Reader's Digest)
ELS Q l
29
1-15 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
FORM
I have watched that film. I have not watched that film. Have I watched that film?
You have seen him twice. You have not seen him twice. Have you seen him twice?
He/She/It has eaten lunch. He/She/It has not eaten lunch. Has he/she/it eaten lunch?
We have invited her. You We have not invited her. You Have we invited her? Have
have worked hard. They have not worked hard. They you worked hard? Have
have visited us. have not visited us. they visited us?
Bu tense'i oluşturmak için have/has + past participle (fiillerin üçüncü hali kullanılır.
Have/has ve have not/has not genellikle kısaltılmış olarak kullanılır.
I've seen that film before./You haven't seen that film.
He's seen that film twice before./She hasn't seen that film yet.
Olumsuz soruyu iki şekilde sorabiliriz. I. Kısaltma yapmadan:
Have you not seen that film yet?/Has she not seen that film before? II.
Kısaltma yaparak:
Haven't you seen that film yet?Hasn't she seen that film before?
1-16 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

a) Geçmişte yaptığımız eylemleri zaman vermeden anlatıyorsak, bu tense'i kullanırız.
She has removed all the furniture in the house. They have painted their
house.
Ancak, aynı eylemleri zamanı belirterek ifade edersek, Simple Past kullanmamız gerekir.
She removed all the furniture in the house last weekend. They painted their
house a few weeks ago.
Geçmişte yaptığımız eylem için zaman zarfı kullanmasak bile, eğer zamanı ima ediyorsak, yine
Simple Past kullanırız.
"/ saw that film when I was in Ankara." cümlesinde kesin olarak bir zaman vermesek
de, "when I was in Ankara" geçmişte belli bir dönemi ifade etmektedir.
I went shopping after work, ("after work' belli bir zamanı belirtmektedir.)
I met him in İzmir. ("in İzmir" ifadesi yer belirtmesine karşın, "İzmir'de
bulunduğum dönemde" anlamını ima etmektedir.)
32 Q ELS
30
Present Perfect Tense ile sorulan sorulara yanıt verirken, yine bu kurallara dikkat etmeliyiz.
- Have you met his girlfriend?

-Yes, I have, (or No, I haven't)
- Have you met his girlfriend?

- Yes, I met her last week, (or I met her at Alice's party.)
- Have you seen my glasses?

- Yes, I have. ( or No, 1 haven't.)
- Have you seen my glasses?

- Yes, I saw them on the kitchen table a few minutes ago.
b) Yakın geçmişte olup sonuçlan ya da etkileri içinde bulunduğumuz anda devam eden
eylemler için bu tense'i kullanırız.
I have burnt myself. (I'm in pain now. - Şu anda acı çekiyorum.) I've cleaned the
house. (It's clean now. )
(meeting a friend in the street)

- You've cut your hair!
- Yes, I went to the barber's last week.
c) Today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, this century vb., henüz.
tamamlanmamış bir dönem ifade eden zarflarla bu tense kullanılır.
I've been to the cinema twice this week. I havent been able to go on holiday this
year.
Technology has advanced greatly this century.
"This morning', "this afternoon" ve "this evening' ifadelerini kullanırken, saat kavramına dikkat
etmemiz gerekir.
Genellikle saat 13:00'e kadar olan süre sabah (morning), 17:00'ye kadar öğleden sonra
(afternoon), 17:00-20:00 arası ise akşam (evening) saatlerini bildirir. Bu durumda:
I haven't heard the alarm this morning.
ifadesini, sabah diliminin henüz bitmemiş olduğu bir saatte, örneğin saat 11-12 gibi
söyleyebiliriz. Eğer öğleden sonraki bir saatte, örneğin saat 2'de bu sözü söylüyorsak, artık
"sabah" dilimi tamamlanıp yeni bir döneme geçilmiş olduğu için, o eylem geçmişte kalmıştır ve
Simple Past Tense kullanmayı gerektirir.
I haven't heard the alarm this morning. (It's 11 a.m. now.) I didn't hear the
alarm this morning. (It's 2 p.m. now.) I've seen Tom this afternoon. (It's 3 p.m.
now.) I saw Tom this afternoon. (It's 6 p.m. now.)
This year, this month, this century gibi kullanımlarda, eğer sözü edilen zaman dilimi
tamamlanmışsa, "this" yerine "last" kullanılır.
I have worked hard this week. (The week hasn't finished yet.)
I worked hard last week.
They have phoned me twice this month.
They phoned me twice last month.
ELS Q 33
31
d) Lately, recently ile kullanımı:
"Son zamanlarda, son günlerde" anlamına gelen lately ve recently, Present Perfect ile
kullanıldığında, yine kesin bir zaman belirtmeden, yaptığımız işleri anlatır. Bu zarflar özellikle,
haber niteliği olan son gelişmeleri ifade ederken çok sık kullanılır.
There has been great progress in the science of medicine recently. There have
been some changes in my house lately. Have you seen your parents recently?
"Recently", özellikle only, quite, just ve very ile birlikte, Simple Past Tense ile de kullanılır ve "a
short time ago" anlamını verir.
They came quite recently. (They came quite a short time ago.)
She passed her exam only recently. (She passed her exam only a short time
ago.)
e) Already, Just ve yet ile kullanımı:

"Yet" soruda ve olumsuz cümlede kullanılır ve normal olarak cümlenin sonunda yer alır.
- Have you finished your homework yet?
- No, I haven't finished it yet.
- Is your father at home?
- No, he hasn't come yet
"Just", olumlu cümlede kullanılır ve "only recently" (henüz, şimdi, yenice) anlamını verir.
Eylemin yapılmasından sonra geçen sürenin kısalığı ile ilgili vurguyu artırmak için, "only Just"
kullanılır. "Just" cümlede, yardımcı fiille asıl fiil arasında yer alır.
- Is the manager in?
- No, he has Just gone out.
- Have you finished your homework?
- Yes, I've Just finished it. (I've only recently finished it.)
I have only Just completed the translation.
"Already", olumlu cümlede kullanılır ve "zaten, çoktan" anlamına gelir. Bir eylemin umulandan
daha önce bir zamanda yapılmış olduğunu vurgular. Cümle içindeki yeri normalde yardımcı fiil
ile asıl fiil arasındadır, ancak cümle sonunda da kullanılır.
- Shall we go to see the film "The Lord of the Rings"?
- Not a good idea! I have already seen it.
Manager: Don't forget to mail the invitations in time. Secretary: I've already
posted them.
Mother: Wash your hands before you sit at the table. Son: I've washed them
already.
f) Ever, never, all my life, in his life, always, occasionally, often, several times, once,
twice, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanımı:
Daha önce, sıklık bildiren zarfların (ever, never, always, often, etc.) Simple Present ile
kullanımını görmüştük. Aynı zarflar, anlamda biraz bir değişiklikle, Present Perfect Tense ile de
kullanılır.
34 Q ELS
32
I always get up early. (Simple Present - Ben her zaman erken kalkarım.
"Bugüne kadar hep erken kalktım.Bundan sonra da
büyük bir olasılıkla erken kalkacağım. Bu benim
alışkanlığım." anlamını verir.)
I have always got up early. (Present Perfect - "Ben her zaman erken
kalkmışımdır." ifadesi, yaşamımın sadece şu ana
kadar olan bölümünü kapsar.)
My father has always lived in his hometown. (He has lived in his hometown all
his life.)
I've never seen such a pretty dog in my life.
Have you ever ridden on an elephant?
No, I've ridden on a camel once, but I've never ridden on an elephant.
Once, twice, three times, several times, many times (bir kez, iki kez, üç kez, bir kaç kez, pek çok
kez) gibi zarflarla, bir eylemi yaşamımız boyunca kaç kez yaptığımızı ifade etmek için Present
Perfect Tense kullanırız.
- Have you ever been abroad?
- Yes, I've been to Germany several times.
She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any spare
time.
I've seen her parents only once.
NOT€
Bu zarfların Simple Past Tense ile kullanımına dikkat ediniz.
"She has invited me to her house many times, but I've never had any
spare time." cümlesini, geçmişte zamanı belirterek verirsek. Simple Past
She invited me to her house many times during my stay in Germany,
but I never had any spare time.
"My father has lived in his hometown all his life."
cümlesinden, babamın hayatta olduğu anlamını çıkarıyoruz. Artık hayatta
olmayan birinin yaptığı işlerden söz ediyorsak, Simple Past Tense
My grandfather lived in his hometown all his life. (He is dead now.)
I have never .flown in an aeroplane.
My grandmother never flew in an aeroplane. (She isn't alive any more.)
I have ridden on a camel twice. It is very exciting.
When I was in Egypt, I rode on a camel twice. It was very exciting
g) So far (up to now, until now] ile kullanımı:

"So far", "şu ana kadar" anlamına gelir ve genellikle, so far today, so far this month, so far this
semester, so far this summer, etc. gibi zarflarla birlikte kullanılır.
It hasn't snowed so far this winter.
I got many bad grades last semester, but I haven't had any low grades so far
this term.
We haven't eaten anything so far today.
So far this summer, I have swum in the sea only once.
ELS a 35
33
h) For ve Since ile kullanımı:
"For", geçmişte belli bir noktadan içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden bir süreç
bildirir, (for two years, for a month, for five minutes, for a long time, etc.) "Since",
eylemin geçmişte başlangıç noktasını belirtir, (since yesterday, since 1987, since March,
since the Middle Ages, etc.)
EXAMPLES:
She bought her house three years ago, so she has had it for three years. I last
saw him in September. I haven't seen him since then. We first met at my
cousin's 15th birthday party, so we have known each other for almost five
years.
She has been afraid of thunder since her childhood/since she was a child. . I
haven't been to Germany since I got married. They haven't had the opportunity
to have a long holiday for years. We haven't heard from him since he phoned
us a month ago. He has read fifty pages of the book since I gave it to him. We
have lived in four different houses since we moved to Istanbul seven years ago.
There have been great price rises in the last six months, (son altı ay içinde)
The housing problem has got worse in the past few years, (son birkaç yıl içinde)
i) It Is/It has been + a period of time + since + Simple Past/Present Perfect

It is/has been three months since I last went to the cinema. It is/has been
three months since I have been to the cinema.
Her iki cümleyi de Türkçe'ye şöyle çevirebiliriz:
Sinemaya gitmeyeli üç ay oluyor, ya da
En son sinemaya gittiğimden beri üç ay geçti.
Bu cümlelerin eş anlamlısı olarak, "Üç aydır sinemaya gitmiyorum." ya da "Sinemaya en son
üç ay önce gittim." gibi ifadeler de kullanabiliriz.
I haven't been to the cinema for three months. I last went to the cinema three
months ago.
It is/It's been ten days since she has been off work because she is ill. (She has
been ill in bed for ten days.)
It is/It's been eight years since I graduated from university. (I graduated from
university eight years ago.)
It is/It's been just two weeks since they got married. (They got married just two
weeks ago. or (They have been married for just two weeks.)
36 Q ELi
34
j) This is the first/second, etc. time (that) + Present Perfect
I'm very excited now, because this is the first time (that) I've driven a car. This is
the second time (that) he has played tennis, so he isn't good at it. This is the
third exam (that) we have taken so far this term.
You shouldn't drink so much coffee. It's bad for you.

This is the fifth cup of coffee (that) you have drunk in the last two hours.
k) This is + Superlative (that) + Present"Perfect

This is the most boring book (that) I have ever read. (Bu hayatımda okuduğum
en sıkıcı kitap.)
This is the most difficult situation (that) I have ever been in.
He is the most talkative person (that) I have met in my whole life.
1) gone or been
"go" fiilini Perfect Tense ile iki şekilde kullanabiliriz:
Eğer kişi, sözü edilen yerde ise, ya da sözü edilen yere gitmek üzere yola çıkmışsa, göne
kullanılır.
- I'd like to talk to your mother. Is she at home?
- No, she has gone shopping.
- Can I speak to Mr. Jones, please?

- Sorry. He has gone out of town and hasn't come back yet.
Eğer kişi, sözü edilen yerde daha önce bulunduğunu ifade ediyorsa, yani konuşma sırasında
başka bir mekanda ise been kullanılır.
- Have you ever been abroad? (The speakers are now not in Germany.)
- Yes, I've been to Germany several times.
- I want to do some shopping, but I'm afraid I haven't got enough money.
- Don't worry. I've been to the bank today. I can lend you some.
EXERCISE 9: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Simple Past -
1. I don't know why he's offering to drive some of the way. He (not, pass)
................................. his driving test yet.
2. She (follow) ................................. him to work this morning because she (not,
believe) .................................. that was where he was actually going.
3. He (speak) ................................. several times to the manager about moving to
another branch, but he (not, have) .................................. an answer yet.
4. Before she (start) ................................. university, I (worry) .................................... a lot
about her living away from home, but she (make) ................................. so many new
friends that now my fears (subside) ....................................
5. The weather (be) ................................. glorious so far this summer, unlike last year,
when it (rain) ................................. every day.
6. He (not, get) .................................. used to living in Britain yet. He can never
remember from which side of the road the cars will come and he (not, start)
................................ drinking tea with milk yet.
ELS Q 37
35
7. I (read) ..................................most of his novels when I (be) ................................... at
school; however, as they (be) ................................. compulsory books, I (never, take)
................................. much interest in them and (not, really, appreciate)
................................. what a wonderful writer he is.
8. Oh no! I (break) ................................. a glass - can you pass me the broom please?
9. I'm sorry, I know we (meet) ................................. two days ago but I (forget)
................................ your name already!
10. I (learn) ................................... how to windsurf on holiday last year, but I (not, have)
................................ the opportunity to do it since.
11. A: This is the third time you (be) .................................late this week, and you (bej
................................ late twice the previous week. Well, what reason will you give
on this occasion?
B: I'm really sorry. I (not, hear) ................................. my alarm clock and I (Just,
oversleep) ....................................
12. I (often, dream) .................................. of running my own company, but I doubt that
I ever will.
13. The two companies (merge) .................................. a couple of months ago, and since
then, they (show) ................................. a considerable increase in profits.
14. I don't know my way around because I (not, be) ..................................in this part of
the city before.
15. Because he (have) ................................. an important exam the next day, James
(not, come) .................................. to the practice session on Thursday night.
16. I (see) .................................. that film twice already, but still would enjoy seeing it
again.
17. He (do) .................................. nothing but argue with the boss ever since he (get)
................................ here. I (never, meet) .................................. anyone who argues
as much as he does.
18. Although I (have) ................................. a car for just two weeks now, I (get)
................................ completely used to it. I wonder how I (endure)
................................ travelling by public transport before I (buy) :
................................ it.
19. Ever since they (open) ................................. a university in our town, we (observe)
................................ a number of changes. First of all, the population (almost,
double) .................... , which is both good and bad - good because the shop-
owners can now earn more, bad because having so many people (cause)
................................ crowded public transport and high rents.
20. Except for the few spells of extreme temperatures, this summer (be)
................................ quite cool, unlike last summer, when the temperatures (be)
................................ above 40 degrees centigrade most of the time.
21. I'm afraid I can't make a comparison between Turkish and Indian cuisine because I
(never, try) ..................................the latter.
22. They (sell) ................................... an antique chest for one million pounds on Friday.
That's the highest price that a piece of furniture (ever, raise) .................................. at
auction.
23. Yesterday, disabled tennis players (take) .................................. part in the Australian
Open and they are continuing today. This is the first time disabled players (appear)
.................................in a major tournament.
24. Although Martina Hingis (beat) ..................................Capriati five times so far in
tennis competitions, Capriati (beat) .................................. Hingis in the French Open
in 2000.
25. Colin (believe) .................................. Greg's lies on many occasions, but this time, he
(know) ................................. he was lying the moment Greg (finish)
................................. his story.
38 Q ELS
36
1-17 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
I have been working. You I haven't been working. You Have I been working? Have
have been working. He/She/It haven't been working. you been working? Has
has been working. He/She/It hasn't been working. he/she/it been working?
We have been working. You We haven't been working. You Have we been working? Have
have been working. They haven't been working. They you been working? Have they
have been working. haven't been working. been working?
They have been living in this country since last year.

You've been studying for exactly three hours.
She lias been learning English since she was in secondary school.
1-18 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

a) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala
devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatır ve for, since, all day, all week, all year gibi zaman
zarflarıyla çok sık kullanılır.
I started to read this book two hours ago, and I'm still reading it. I have been
reading this book for two hours.
It started to rain yesterday morning, and it is still raining. It has been raining since
yesterday morning.
You have been working very hard all week. You should take some time to relax at
the weekend.
The discussion has been going on for two hours, but they haven't taken a decision
yet.
ELS 39
37
b) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlamış, içinde bulunduğumuz anda
henüz bitmiş, ancak belirtileri devam eden eylemler için, ya da özellikle, yakınma,
hoşnutsuzluk ve kuşku gibi duygulan ifade ederken de kullanılır.
- Is that child crying?
- No, but his eyes are watery. He has been crying.
- Your hands are covered in oil. What have you been doing?
- I have been fixing the car.
- You look very tired.
- Yes, I have been working hard today.
- Sorry, I'm late. Have you been waiting long?
- No, I've only just arrived.
You look guilty. You've been doing something bad, haven't you?
c) 'Since" ve "for" ile belirtilen zamanlan "how long' soru sözcüğü ile sorabiliriz. Present
Perfect Simple ve Continuous tense'ler, geçmişten günümüze bir süreç belirttiği için,
kesin bir zaman isteyen "when" soru sözcüğünü bu tense'lerle kullanamayız.
- When did you move to this city?
- I moved here seven years ago.
- How long have you been living in this city?
- I have been living here for seven years.
- When did you become a teacher? (Ne zaman öğretmen oldunuz?)
- I became a teacher in 1986.
- How long have you been a teacher? (Ne zamandan beri öğretmensiniz?)
- I have been a teacher since 1986.
1-19 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

a) Geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan, ya da henüz
bitmiş olan bir eylemi anlatan bazı fiiller, her iki tense ile de kullanılır ve aynı anlamı
verir. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
expect lie rain snow study want hope live sleep
s t a n d t e a c h w o r k le arn look s it stay wa it
How long have you lived in this city? How long have you been living in this
city?
She has worked for that firm for the last two years.
She has been working for that firm for the last two years.
Bu iki tense, birbirinin yerine kullanılabilse de, (Present Continuous Tense'te olduğu gibi)
geçici durundan ifade etmek için Present Perfect Continuous tercih edilir.
My niece lias been living with us for two years, but she is moving to her
own flat next month.
b) Continuous Tense'lerle (I am doing, I was doing) kullanılmayan diğer fiiller (non-
progressive verbs) Present Perfect Continuous ile de kullanılmazlar. Ancak, "want' ve
"wish" bu kuralın dışındadır.
Look at that lovely shirt in the shop window! I've been wanting one like that
for some time.
I've been wishing to visit your mother since I heard that she was ill.
4O ELS
38
Diğer non-progressive fiiller ise Present Perfect Simple ile kullanılır.
- What a lovely watch! How long have you bad it?

- For over a year.
- I see that you are very close friends. Have you known each other for long?
- Since we were children.
- What a nice old couple! They seem to be very fond of each other. How long
have they been married?
- For almost fifty years. They'll celebrate their golden wedding anniversary
next year.
- Hello, I have been looking everywhere for you. How long have you been in
this remote part of the park?
- Well, I have been thinking over my problems, and I lost track of time.
En son diyalogda "been" sözünün kullanımına dikkat ediniz. "How long have you been in this
remote part .... " ifadesinde "been", "be" fiilinin past participle biçimidir ve asıl fiil olarak
kullanılmıştır.
She Is still a student. She has been a student for over six years. They are
married now. They have been married for three months.
"I have been thinking over my problems." cümlesinde ise "been" yardımcı fiil olarak
kullanılmıştır. r
She has been working on her graduation thesis recently.
I have been helping her with her English assignments since the beginning of
the term.
c) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, always, never, sometimes gibi sıklık bildiren
zarflarla, once, twice, several times gibi eylemin kaç kez yapıldığını bildiren yapılarla, ya
da just, already, yet gibi eylemin bittiğini, tamamlandığını ifade eden yapılarla
kullanılmaz.
I have always lived here./ I have lived here all my life. I have been living here
since I was born.
I've been reading this book since this morning, and I've read a hundred pages so
far.
(Okuma eylemi devam ettiği için "have been reading', yüz sayfalık bölümü tamamlanmış olduğu
için "have read')
We've been trying to answer a number of questions since the beginning of the
class, and we've answered half of them already.
He's been writing letters since breakfast time. He's Just written the fourth one,
and he has two more letters to write.
The door bell has rung twice in the last half hour, and each time, it has been a
visitor for my roommate.
The door bell has been ringing for the last minute. Why doesn't someone open
the door?
ELS Q 41
39
EXERCISE 10: Use either the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the
verbs In parentheses.
1. Jim: Look! It's snowing. How nice!

Jack: Yes, I know. It (snow) ..................................for almost ten minutes ................
you (just, notice) .............................. it?
Jim: It's very exciting, really. I (never, see) ..................... snow in my life. This is
the first time I (see) .................................. it.
2. We (drive) .................................. since 8 o'clock this morning, and I think we (drive)
............... half of the way so far.
3. I don't think he'll refuse this position. He (always, want) .................................. to
work independently, and this job suits his purpose exactly.
4. Hurry up! You (work) ................................. on this job for two days, and you (only,
paint) ................................. two rooms so far.
5. This is the first prize she (receive) ................................. in her career, so she is very
excited about it.
6. The government (work) .................................. on a new tax system recently. They
(already, change) .................................. it twice, and each time there (be)
................................ a public outcry. I wonder what will happen this time.
7. We have to send for a plumber. The faucet (leak) ................................... since last
week and we (not, be able to) ..................................have a bath since.
8. You can have a bath. The plumber (just, fix) .................................. the leak. There
isn't any problem now.
9. The people in Africa (suffer) .................................. from hunger for as long as I can
remember, and I'm afraid they'll have the same problem forever if they aren't given
the right kind of help.
10 .......................... you (work) ............................. on the car? You're covered in oil.
11. I (repair) .................................. the car, so you won't have any more problems now.
12. Israelis and Palestinians (kill) .................................. each other for decades, and so
far, no peace treaty (last) .................................for long.
13. Oh no! you (shrink) ...................................my jumper and I (only, have)
................................ it for a couple of weeks!
14. We must have enough wood now. You (chop) .................................. logs all afternoon.
15. For the last four weeks, he (./earn) ..................................Japanese after work, so he
(not, have) ................................. much time for any social life recently.
16. We know that one of our competitors (offer) .................................. you an excellent
position, so we (expect) ..................................your resignation for some time.
17. I (think) .................................. about changing jobs several times, but I (work)
................................. here happily for so many years that I always decide to stay.
18. Dominic and Carl (revise) .................................. hard all month for their final exams,
and they (not, even, go) ................................. to any football matches.
19. A: What's the matter? ........................ you (cry) ............................... ?
B: Not exactly. I (peel) .................................. onions to make some soup.
20. We (run) .................................. our business since September and (gain)
................................. lots of regular customers already.
21. I (want) .................................. to buy that table in the antique shop for weeks, but up
until now, I (resist) .................................. the temptation.
22. We (receive) ...................................lots of applications for the job, and since this
morning, we (consider) ................................. which ones to put on the short list. So
far we (choose) .................................. five suitable ones.
23. I (consider) .................................. ordering a new carpet since January and my
husband (try) ..................................to persuade me not to for just as long.
24. The Australian bush fires (burn) ................................. for three days now and the
authorities are worried as the flames (reach) ..................................within a mile of a
major urban area.
25. Jasmin: Let's get a taxi home, darling.
Steve: Why?
Jasmin: It's obvious. You (drink) ....................................
Steve: I'm fine. I (only, have) .................................two cans of beer.
42 Q ELS
40
EXERCISE 11: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous, the Simple Past or Past
Continuous.
1. A: ................. you (ever, see] .................. a live tiger?

B: No, never. How about you?
A: I (see) .................................. one when I (go) .................................. to India on
business.
2. I had hidden the money in a very secret place. I don't understand how he (find]
................................ it. Perhaps he (see) ................................... me while I (hide)
................................ it.
3. The council (promise) ..................................to repair that road for months now. They
(even, send) ................................. someone to inspect it a few months ago, but so far
nothing (happen) ....................................
4. There was too much noise at our next-door neighbours' last night. I think they
(have) ................................. a party with too many people. They (move)
................................ into that apartment just three weeks ago, but (hold)
................................ three parties since.
5. This factory (manufacture) .................................. cars since the middle of the
Republic period. Just last year, it (produce) .................................. three thousand
cars and (contribute) ................................. greatly to the country's economy by
exporting half of them.
6. Five years ago, I (buy) ........................... a car, which I (now, drive) .............................
for over 40,000 kilometres and it (only, ever, break) ................................... down once.
7. She (laugh) .................................. non-stop since you (tell\ ................................... her
that joke this morning.
8. We (only, put) .................................. the advertisement in the newspaper yesterday
and we (already, have) ................................. over two hundred phone calls.
9. A: ................. you (read) ................. today's newspaper yet?
B: No, but I (do) .................................. the crossword while I (travel}
................................ to work.
10. Over the last century many young people (7eave) ................................... the Orkney
Islands, which lie off the north coast of Scotland, to work on the mainland;
therefore, the average age on the islands (increase) ................................. ever since
and the islanders' traditional way of life is in danger of dying out.
11. He (not, pay) .................................. attention when he (give) .................................. the
pharmacist a 20 million lira note instead of a 10 million lira note and he (not,
realize) .................................. until he (get) ................................... home. Since then he
(be) .................................. more careful with his money.
12. Since Lucy (start) .................................. her new job in a busy centre of the city, she
(always, prefer) ................................. to take the train instead of driving her car as
she finds the traffic frustrating, but because she (have) .................................. two
large boxes to take to work yesterday, she (drive) .................................. instead.
Unfortunately, while she (load) .................................. the boxes into the boot of her
car, she (pull} ................................. a muscle in her back and (lie)
................................. on the sofa unable to move ever since.
13. In 1929 Thomas Mann, a German writer, (win) .................................. the Nobel Prize
for Literature, primarily for his novel Buddenbrooks, which, since this award,
(become) .................................. one of the recognized classic works of contemporary
literature.
14. Billy Wilder (drink) .................................. coffee with his girlfriend in a hillside cafe
when a radio reporter (announce) ..................................that Adolf Hitler had become
chancellor. Billy (tell} .................................. his girlfriend that it was time to leave,
but she said she (still, have) .................................. some coffee left, to which he
replied, "I mean the country, not the cafe." Billy Wilder later (become)
................................. an Academy-Award-winning film director.
43
41
15. This is the only time I (see) .............................. the beautiful autumn colours of
Quebec, although I (visit) .............................. the province many times before.
16. We (see) .............................. four squirrels playing together in a tree while we
(picnic) ...............................on Sunday. Ever since, my younger son (beg)
.................................me to take him there again.
17. Last year, Mary (have) ...............................an idea for a new product. The
designers (work) ...............................on it for months now and (just, complete)
................................. the first prototype.
18. Not so long ago, most people (pay) ............................... their bills in cash, but
banking methods (change) .............................. recently; nowadays, most people
use bank transfers.
19. Only Eric (catch) .............................. a fish while we (fish) ................................on
Sunday and, ever since, he (boast) ............................... about the size of it.
20. Maggie (talk) ............................... to Gerald on the phone when 1 (come)
................................ back from the shops. 1 don't know when they (start)
................................. but 1 know they (talk) ............................... non-stop for an
hour now. It's amazing that they still have anything to discuss as this is the third
time she (phone) .............................. him today.
EXERCISE 12: Add "for" or "since" to the sentences below.

1. We haven't seen her ............... she left Istanbul.
2. There has been famine in Africa ............... as long as I can remember.
3. It has been raining steadily ............... the last two days.
4. They have been living in Ankara ............... last year.
5. Their daughter has been attending university ................ three years.
6. Their son has been looking for a job ................ he graduated last year.
7. They have had their house ............... Mr. Jones retired in 1985.
8. Mr. Brown has been the president ................ the foundation of the institution.
9. She has been talking on the phone ................ more than half an hour.
10. 1 have been expecting a letter from her ................ ages.
11. He has been trying to pass the university exam ................ at least three years.
12. I've been waiting for him ............... two hours.
13. I've been waiting for him ............... two o'clock.
14. They've been married ............... 1995.
15. I haven't eaten anything ................ yesterday morning.
16. This building has stood here ............... the Middle Ages.
17. This building has stood here ................centuries.
18. She has avoided being with people ................ she was a small child.
19. She has always liked being alone ............... her childhood.
20. I haven't seen them ................ their wedding.
EXERCISE 13: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past
Continuous, Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the
1. A: How is your brother?

B: He (seem) .............................. to be making a good recovery. His condition
(stabilize) ............................... and the doctors (think) ................................ he
will soon be able to come home.
A: Oh, that's good news. When you (see) .............................. him, send him my
regards.
2. The company (suffer) ............................... enormous losses recently and the
managers (not, understand) .............................. why. One theory is that the
previous accountant (falsify) .............................. the accounts so that the com]
(appear) ............................. to be doing much better than it really was.
42
3. They (just, finish) ................................. redecorating their house and it (look)
................................. really wonderful now. They (work) ................................... on it for
over six months, and (not, have) ................................. any professional help.
4. A: What (do) ................. she ................... for the past hour ?
B: She (familiarize) ................................. herself with the new computer system. If
she (fully, master) ................................. it by the end of the week, the manager
will put her in charge of the new project.
5. The building (collapse) .................................. while the contractors (work)
................................. on it. Someone (call) .................................... the emergency
services, but they (not, get) .................................. there quickly enough to prevent
some fatalities.
6. This time last year, I (sail) .................................. round the Caribbean, (drink)
................................. exotic drinks and generally (enjoy)
................................................ myself. I (not, think) .................................... that I have
ever had such a marvellous holiday before, and I (not, be) .................................. so
relaxed since.
7. Throughout her life she (always, resent) .................................. her parents'
interference in her life, but the situation (get) ................................. progressively
worse recently.
8. As we (get) .................................. closer to the source of the sound, it (intensify)
................................ to the point where we could hardly bear it.
9. Whenever her parents (try) .................................. to put her to bed, she (cling)
................................ to them as if she can't bear to be parted from them for a
second.
10. A: Oh, I see that you (wear) .................................. a new dress. When .................. you
(buy) ................ it?
B: Oh, I (only, have) ................................... it since this morning.
11. I (not, want) ................................... to go outside because I (just, wash)
................................ my hair and it (foe) ................................... still wet.
12. Since I (buy) .................................. my son a mobile phone, I (feel)
................................ less worried about his whereabouts because now I can contact
him wherever he (be) .....................................
13. While he (saw) .................................. wood for the new shelves, he (accidentally, cut)
................................ the end of his finger off, and it (bleed) ................................... ever
since.
14. I (just,write) .................................. over twenty postcards because last year my
friends (complain) .............................. that I (not, send) .................................. them any.
15. You (look) .................................. different .................... you (change) ................. your
hairstyle?
16. You (not, speak) ................................... a word since this morning. I (hope)
................................ you (not, worry) ................................... about tomorrow's exam.
17. A: I (not, know) .................................. you took sugar in coffee.
B: Usually I don't, but this coffee (taste) .................................. a little bitter.
18. Professor Watkins (give) ................................. a lecture at the conference centre in
the museum tomorrow ................... you (feel) .................. like going?
19. A: Could I speak to Mr. Smith please?
B: I'm sorry, he (talk) .................................. to some customers at the moment.
A: Is it possible for you to interrupt them because it's rather urgent and I (try)
................................. to contact him all day.
20. Just as the washing machine (begin) .................................. the spin cycle, the power
(go).................................. off and I (have to) .................................... wring it all out by
hand.
21. As they (not, arrive) .................................. yet, we'll have to leave without them.
22. Even though we (still, have) .................................. a week in which to finish this
project, we (attempt) .................................. to complete it today.
23. A: .................. you (still, mow) ................... the lawn? It seems to be taking you a long
time.
B: I (not, mow) ................................. the lawn the whole time since I (see)
................................. you this morning. I (take) ................................... a lunch
break at one o'clock and (not, start) ................................. again until half past
two.
A: That (explain) ................................. it then.
ELS Q 45
43
24. Mechanic: When I (raise) .............................. my hand, put your foot on the
brakes. Yes, the police officer is right. Your left brake light (not, work)
Customer: Oh dear! I wonder how long I (drive) ............................... around with
25. only one brake light. Can you repair it?
Stella (generally, play) .............................. volleyball very well and her poor
performance during today's match (be) ............................... the exception rather
than the rule. During last week's game she (sustain) ............................... an ankle
injury and it is obvious from today's match that this injury (still, trouble)
............................. her.
1-20 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
FORM

I had finished my work. I had not finished my work. Had I finished my work?
You had studied hard. You had not studied hard. Had you studied hard? Had
He/She/It had eaten lunch. He/She/It had not eaten lunch. he/she/it eaten lunch?
We had seen the film. You We had not seen the film. You Had we seen the film? Had
had helped her. They had had not helped her. They had you helped her? Had they
heard the news. not heard the news. heard the news?
46 Q ELS
44
Bu tense'i oluşturmak için had + past participle kullanılır. "/ had. We had, She had, etc.' yerine
kısaltılmış olarak "I'd, We'd, She'd, etc." yapılarını kullanabiliriz.
She had just eaten lunch.
I hadn't finished my test when the bell rang. I had already finished my work when
the guests arrived. I didn't want to go to the cinema, because I'd seen the film
before.
1-21 USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
a) Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Tense'in past biçimidir.

Present: I am not hungry. I have Just eaten.
Past: When I went home, I wasn't hungry, because I had just eaten.
Present: I have never seen a kangaroo before.
Past: When I went to Australia last year, I saw a kangaroo there. I
had never seen a kangaroo before.
Present: I don't want to see that film. I've already seen it.
Past: I didn't want to go to the cinema with my friends. 1 had
already seen the film.
Present: I can't go out with you now. My daughter hasn't come back from
school yet.
Past: I couldn't go out with them, because my daughter hadn't come
back from school yet.
b) Since, for, always, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanımı:

Since, for, always gibi zarfların, Present Perfect Tense (/ have done) ile kullanıldığını ve
geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden ya da içinde bulunduğumuz
anda da devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade ettiğini görmüştük. Since, for, always gibi zarflar,
Past Perfect Tense (I had done) ile de kullanılır. Ancak bu kez, geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte
bir noktaya kadar devam etmiş olan eylemleri anlatır.
1-22 PRESENT PERFECT or PAST PERFECT
He has been our assistant manager for three months.

Before that, he had worked for us as a clerk for a month.
ELS 47
45
MORE EXAMPLES:
We were going to meet in front of the cinema at 2 p.m. yesterday. I arrived

there at 2p.m. sharp, but she hadn't come yet. When it was 2.30 and she still
hadn't come, I gave up waiting and went into the cinema.
Yesterday, the traffic was heavy, and it took me a long time to get home. When
I arrived home, my parents bad already eaten their dinner.
Last year, he made a very bad mistake at work, but his boss couldn't dismiss
him just for that. He bad worked there for ten years and hadn't done anything
wrong before then.
Past Perfect Tense, geçmişte belli bir noktada olmuş olaylardan söz ederken, daha geçmişte
olmuş eylemi vurgulamak için de kullanılır.
When I saw her again ten years later, I found her greatly changed, both
physically and mentally. She had dyed her hair blond and had got thinner. She
had left her parents and had started to earn her own living.
When her marriage was breaking up, she remembered her father's words. He
had warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of
marriage, and he had told her that she was too young to face them. She
hadn't listened to him then and had got married. She now realized how right
he had been.
Ancak, amaç geçmişteki olayları sadece akış sırasına göre vermekse, Past Perfect kullanmak
gerekmez.
She wanted to get married when she was only eighteen. Her father objected to
it. He warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of
marriage at such an early age, but she didn't listen to him and got married.
Bazı durumlarda ise Simple Past ya da Past Perfect kullanılması anlam değişikliğine yol açar.
1. When we arrived at the farm house, I warned her to beware of the dog.
(Çiftlik evine varınca, köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyardım.)
2. When we arrived at the farm house, she was cautious. I had warned her to
beware of the dog.
(Çiftlik evine vardığımızda, tedbirliydi. Köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu
uyarmıştım.)
Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde "uyarma' eylemi çiftlik evine gelince, ikincisinde ise
gelmeden önce yapılmıştır.
When I arrived at the party, Chris left.

(First, I arrived. Then Chris left, so I saw him.)
When I arrived at the party, Chris had left. (First, he left. Then I arrived, so I
didn't see him.)
While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car had run into a cyclist. (/
didn't see the accident happen.)
While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car ran into a cyclist. (/ saw the
accident happen.)
48 ELS
46
1-23 SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT TENSES in TIME CLAUSES
Bu tense'leri zaman bağlaçlanyla kullanırken, eylemlerin geçmişteki oluş sıralarını dikkate

almamız gerekir. İki eylemden daha önce olanını Past Perfect ile, daha sonra olanını ise Simple
Past ile ifade edebiliriz.
First: She cleaned the house. Second: The guests arrived.

After she had cleaned the house, the guests arrived. Before the guests arrived,
she had cleaned the house. She had cleaned the house when the guests arrived.
a) With after
After + Past Perfect, Simple Past
Simple Past
After she had graduated from university, she went to England.

After we had travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our
journey by horse to get to the mountain village.
"After" in bağlı bulunduğu cümle, cümlenin sonunda da yer alabilir.
She felt better after she had taken an aspirin. After she had taken an aspirin,
she felt better.
"After", geçmişteki iki eylemden daha önce olanını ifade ettiği için, bağlı bulunduğu cümlede
normalde Past Perfect kullanılır. Ancak "after", eylemlerin sırasını zaten belirttiği için, Past
Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda anlam değişmez.
After she graduated from university, she went to England.
After we travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey
by horse to get to the mountain village.
b) With before:
Before + Simple Past, Past Perfect

Simple Past
"Before" un bağlı olduğu cümle, geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden, daha sonra yapılanı ifade ettiği
için, "before'lu cümlede Simple Past, temel cümlede ise Past Perfect kullanılır. Ancak
"before" da "after" gibi eylemlerin sırasını belirttiği için, temel cümlede Past Perfect yerine
Simple Past da kullanılır.
Before she came to live in this city, she had lived in İzmir. Before she came to
live in this city, she lived in İzmir.
Before she came to live in this city, she lived in İzmir
I had finished my exam paper before the bell rang. I finished my exam paper
before the bell rang.
ELS 49
47
"Before" un bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylemin tamamlanmış olduğunu vurgulamak için,
özellikle finish, complete gibi fiillerle, Past Perfect kullanmak mümkündür.
The teacher didn't let anyone out before all the students had finished the test.
The other students finished/had finished the test before I had even completed
half of it.
rnipie
I didn't interrupt him until/till he finished his speech.

had finished
I didn't speak to him until/till he spoke to me.

had spoken
"Until/till" ile Past Perfect kullanımı çok yaygın değildir. Ancak, yan cümledeki eylemin temel
cümledeki eylemden önce tamamlanmış olduğunu vurgulamak istersek, Past Perfect
kullanabiliriz. Aksi takdirde, Simple Past kullanmamız yeterlidir.
They didn't leave the office until I had completed my report. (They left after I
had completed my report.)
She didn't give up studying prepositions until she had learnt them by heart.
"Till/Until" ile kurulmuş bir cümlede, Past Perfect Tense'in never, always, once, in his life gibi
zarflarla kullanımını göz önüne alarak, temel cümlede Past Perfect kullanmak mümkündür.
Until I saw one in Australia last year, I had never seen a kangaroo.
The teacher had always been patient with us until we made her furious
yesterday.
The students hadn't ever heard of that author until I mentioned him.
d) With as soon as/once:
"As soon as", temel cümleyle yan cümlenin eylemleri arasında geçen zamanın çok kısa
olduğunu vurgular. Eylemleri oluş sırasına göre dizdiği için, Past Perfect kullanmak zorunlu
değildir. Ancak birinci eylemin tamamlandığını vurgulamak amacıyla, Simple Past yerine Past
Perfect kullanabiliriz.
50 a ELS
48
As soon as the guests left/had left, I went straight to bed.
I went to see her as soon as I heard/had heard the news.
The students burst into laughter as soon as the teacher left/had left the
classroom.
As soon as they found/had found a better house, they sold their old one.
We decided to go shopping as soon as the rain stopped/had stopped.
(Yağmur diner dinmez alışverişe çıkmaya karar verdik.)
"Once", as soon as ve after anlamı veren bir bağlaçtır ve çoğunlukla, bağlı bulunduğu cümlede
Perfect Tense'ler kullanılır.
Once I'd found out where he lived, I went to see him.
She made herself a cup of coffee once she had put away the groceries.
Once school was over, the students rushed to holiday resorts.
(Okul kapanınca/Okul kapanır kapanmaz, öğrenciler tatil beldelerine akın etti.)
"No sooner ... than" ve "hardly/barely/scarcely ... when", as soon as ile aynı anlamı veren daha
vurgulu kalıplardır. Bu kalıplar cümlenin başında yer alırsa devrik cümle yapısı kullanılır.
The young couple had no sooner left the party than people began to gossip
about them.
No sooner had the young couple left the party than people began to gossip
about them.
The executive had hardfy begun his speech when his assistant interrupted him.
Hardly had the executive begun his speech when his assistant interrupted him.
I had barely stepped into the bath when the telephone rang.
Barely had I stepped into the bath when the telephone rang.
(Henüz banyoya girmiştim ki, telefon çaldı./Ben banyoya girer girmez telefon
çaldı.)
e) With when:
"When", kullanırken dikkat edilmesi gereken bağlaçlardan biridir. Çünkü, kullandığımız tense'e
göre, eylemlerin birbirleriyle olan ilişkisi farklılık gösterir, anlam değişir.
When he left home, I was washing the dishes.
(O evden çıktığında ben bulaşık yıkıyordum.)
(I started to wash the dishes before he left, and hadn't yet finished when he
was leaving.)
When he left home, I washed the dishes.
(O evden çıkınca, bulaşıkları yıkadım.)
(I waited for him to leave home and then I started to wash the dishes.)
When he left home, I had washed the dishes.
(O evden çıktığında, ben bulaşıkları yıkamıştım.)
(I started to wash the dishes and finished them before he left home.)
Simple past, Past ContU»

Simple Past Simple Past
Simple Past, Past Perfect
She was preparing dinner when I got home.

She prepared dinner when I got home. She
had prepared dinner when I got home.
ELS a 51
49
"Already, just, yet, hardly/scarcely gibi zarflan "when" li bir cümlede kullandığımızda, temel
cümle Past Perfect Tense gerektirir.
I hadn't yet replied to their letter when they came to visit me.
She had hardly entered the classroom when the exam started.
(Sınav başladığında, o sınıfa henüz/yenice girmişti.)
When we arrived there, the film had already started.
Eğer "when" in bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylem, temel cümledeki eylemden daha önce
gerçekleşmişse, "when" li cümlede de Past Perfect kullanabiliriz.
When I had explained the subject to the class, I gave them a quiz.
(First, I explained the subject. Then I gave them a quiz.)
When the workers had finished some of their work, they sat down to eat lunch.
f) With by the time:
By the time + Simple Past, Past Perfect
By the time she came back, I had finished my work.

The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema.
We had already started to discuss the case by the time the manager came.
By the time the guests arrived, my mother had finished all the cooking.
(Konuklargelinceye kadar annem yemek pişirme işini bitirmişti.)
Konuklar geldiğinde
"By the time" in Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Yukarıdaki örneği " ...... gelinceye tadar" ya
da ".... geldiğinde" biçiminde çevirdik. Bu nedenle "by the time", "when" ile yakın bir anlama
sahiptir. "Geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda/oluncaya kadar, diğer bir eylem olmuştu." anlamını
verir.
By the time they came, I had finished cleaning.

By the time I arrived at the station, the train had left.
Many people had died of tuberculosis by the time scientists found a cure.
Eğer, "geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda, başka bir eylem zaten oluyordu" anlamını vermek
istiyorsak, temel. cümlede (already) + was/were doing kullanabiliriz.
past I left the office now future

I
It was raining .
By the time I left the office, it was already raining.

(By the time I left the office, it had already started raining.)
By the time we prepared her milk, the baby was already crying.
(By the time we prepared her milk, the baby had already started crying.)
By the time I arrived at my date, my friends were already waiting f or me.
50
52 ELS
51
Temel cümlede Simple Past kullanılmaz. Ancak, "be" fiilinin past biçimi olan "was/were"
kullanılır.
By the time I noticed the leak, the kitchen floor was already full of water. By the
time the journey was over, it was already midnight. By the time he retired from
his work, he was sixty years old.
"By the time" ile "until/till", Türkçe'ye ".... oluncaya kadar" biçiminde çevrildiği halde,
geçmişteki iki eylem arasında farklı bir ilişkiyi ifade ederler.
She came back '

- ^ ------------------------------------------- 5£------------------------- 1 ----------------->.
past X X X X now future
Her plants died
By the time she came back from holiday, all her plants at home had died.
(When she came back, she found all her plants dead.)
Yukandaki örnekte ve diğer örneklerde gördüğümüz gibi, "by the time", "ikinci eylem
olduğunda, diğer eylem olup bitmişti' anlamını vurguluyor.
She came back
"•/•'. •* ------------------------- ş ----------------- i ----------- >-
past ______________________ J now future
I watered her plants '
I watered her plants until she came back from holiday.
Bu örnekte de gördüğümüz gibi, "until/till", "birinci eylemin, ikinci eylemin olduğu noktaya
kadar devam ettiğini, tam o noktada bittiğini" vurguluyor.
By the time I got to the airport, my plane had taken off.

(The plane departed some time before my arrival, so I missed it.)
I went to the airport yesterday to see a friend of mine off. I stayed in the
waiting lounge until the plane took off.
(I saw the plane take off and then I left the airport.)
Bir noktadan diğerine sözü edilen eylemin devam ettiğini vurguladığı için "until/till", stay, wait,
talk, etc. gibi süreç bildiren fiillerle kullanılır. Finish, leave, arrive, etc. gibi, bir anda olup biten
eylemler, "until/till" ile sadece olumsuz cümlede kullanılır.
He stayed at my house until/till I came back from holiday. The teacher waited
until/till the last student left the classroom. He didn't leave me until/till I
promised to meet him after work.
"By the time", zaman açısından bir noktayı vurguladığı için, sadece finish, leave, arrive, etc. gibi,
bir anda olup biten eylemlerle, çoğunlukla da Perfect tense'lerle kullanılır.
He arrived at the station at 11 o'clock.
He watted at the station (from 11 o'clock) until/till 12 o'clock, then he left.
I didn't arrive at the station until/till 1 o'clock.
By the time I arrived at one o'clock, he had left.
ELS Q 53
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EXERCISE 14: Use the Simple Past or Past Perfect to complete the following sentences.
1. By the time the authorities (warn) ............................... the people against the
dangers of drinking the water without boiling it, many children (already, get
infected] .................................
2. He (take) .............................. his family abroad last year. The children (be)
.................................really excited, because they (never, be) .................................
abroad before.
3. There was a bad smell when I (get) .............................. home, so I (open)
.................................the windows at once to let it out.
4. When a tourist (ask) ............................... the way to the nearest post office in good
English, we (give) .............................. her the directions rather excitedly, because
we (never, have) .............................. the opportunity to use our English so freely
before.
5. When they (offer) ............................... her a minor role in a play, she (accept)
................................. it without thinking much, because she (consider]
................................ it to be a stepping stone toward much better ones.
6. Two years ago, I (have) ............................... a student in my philology group. She
(not, know] ............................... any English at all when she (start)
................................ our course, because she (study) ............................... German
in high school. Anyway, she wasn't discouraged by the hard patterns and
vocabulary of English. Slowly but patiently, she (improve) ............................... her
English throughout the year. By the time our course (end) ............................... in
June, she (learn) ............................... more vocabulary than the others. This (help)
................................. her during the exam, and she (pass) ................................ it.
Her attitude (once again, confirm) .............................. the idea that a person can
succeed if he/she wants.
7. As soon as we (see) .............................. how busy the motorway (be)
................................. , we (decide) ............................... to take the country road.
8. The supermarket (close) ............................... by the time I (get) ................................
there, so I (go) ............................... to the local shop instead.
9. Even though I (already, explain) ............................... the problem to her in great
detail, she (still, want) .............................. me to go through it with her again.
10. As the worker (never, behave) .............................. like that previously, the manager
(decide) ...............................to overlook the incident.
11. He (scarceTy, finish) ............................... typing the report when the manager
(appear) .............................. with two pages of amendments.
12. He (recognize) ............................... me straightaway even though he (not, see)
................................ me since I (be) ................................ a child.
13. As he (nor, arrive) .............................. by the arranged time, we (have to)
................................ leave without him.
14. When I (speak) ............................... to them last, they (still, not, make)
................................ their decision.
15. It was not until she (get) ............................... on the train that she (realize)
................................ that somewhere between home and the station she (lose)
..... , ....................... her train pass.
16. Joe (surprise) ............................... his uncle when he (re/use) ................................
the offer of a cigarette from him. His uncle (not, know) ............................... that he
(give up) .............................. smoking three months before.
EXERCISE 15: Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Perfect to complete the sentences.
1. She (only, know) ............................... him for two months, yet she (already, agree)
................................ to marry him and next week they are going to buy the rings.
2. Shortly after they (announce) .............................. the results of the election, it was
discovered that there (be) .............................. a number of irregularities during the
voting, so it was declared invalid. .......
54 ELS
53
3. I can't stand that girl. She (only, be) ............................... scuba-diving three times,
but to hear her talk, you would think she was an expert.
4. They (never, walk) .............................. such a long distance in one day, so they
were completely exhausted when they reached their destination.
5. His manager tried to persuade him to stay, but he (already, make up)
.............................. his mind to leave and nothing anybody said could change that.
6. As she (read) .............................. the book twice, she was well prepared for the
discussion.
7. The ship's crew (all. drown) ............................... before the helicopter crew spotted
them in the Atlantic Ocean.
8. I doubt she will be chosen for the part. She (not, act) ................................in a
serious play so far.
9. I was surprised that they chose her for the part even though she (not, act)
.............................. in a serious play until then.
10. Oh no! We (give) ............................... him the incorrect price. We had better contact
him immediately and correct the situation.
1 -24 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM

I had been working. You had I had not been working. You had Had I been working? Had
been sleeping. He/She/It had not been sleeping. He/She/It had you been sleeping? Had
been eating. not been eating. he/she/it been eating?
We had been waiting. You We had not been waiting. You Had we been waiting? Had
had been dancing. They had had not been dancing. They had you been dancing? Had they
been talking. not been talking. been talking?
He had been sleeping for two hours when suddenly a noise woke him up in
the middle of the night.
The two countries had been fighting for almost seven years when a peace
treaty was signed between them.
The party had been going on for two hours when the lights suddenly went out.
When she decided to retire, she had been working as a teacher for fifteen years.
ELS 55
54
Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, tam olarak Present Perfect
Continuous Tense'in past biçimidir. Hatırlayacağınız gibi. Present Perfect Continuous, geçmişte
başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz anda da devam eden, ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anda henüz
bitmiş ama belirtileri devam eden eylemleri ifade ediyordu. Past Perfect Continuous ise,
geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade eder.
past y (had been fighting) now future
They started to fight. |

The war ended.
They had been fighting for f our years when the war ended in 1994.
since 1990
We had been waiting for him for exactly three hours when he finally came.
His hands were covered in oil, because he had been repairing the car.
The child's eyes were watery, because he had been crying.
They were all exhausted, because they had been working hard since the morning.
(Hepsi çok yorgundu, çünkü sabahtan beri çok yoğun çalışıyorlardı.)
He had been studying English for two hours when I went to see him. (Onu
görmeye gittiğimde, iki saattir İngilizce çalışıyordu.)
•.v
l -25 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS or PAST CONTINUOUS
1. When I went home, he was studying. (Past Cont.)
(Ben eve gittiğimde o ders çalışıyordu.)
2. When I went home, he had been studying for two hours. (Past Perfect Cont.)
(Ben eve gittiğimde o iki saattir ders çalışıyordu.)
Birinci cümledeki "was studying', sadece "Ben gittiğim anda ne yapıyordu?" sorusuna yanıt
olabilir. İkinci cümledeki "had been studying' ise, "Ben gittiğimde yapmakta olduğu işi ne
zamandan beri yapıyordu?" sorusunu yanıtlar.
The other members were discussing the agenda when I got to the meeting. The
other members had been discussing the agenda for the last half hour when I
got to the meeting.
They were staying at a hotel near the sea when I met them in Bodrum. They
had been staying at a hotel for five days when I met them in Bodrum.
NOT€----------------------------------------------------------------------------- — ------ -,
"Since", Perfect Tense'lere özgü bir zarftır. Ancak, "for", diğer j
tense'lerle de kullanılır.
I'm going to Ankara for two weeks. (Şimdiki z. Gelecek z. anlamıyla kullanımı)
(İki haftalığına Ankara'ya gidiyorum.)
l have worked for this company for seven years. (Present Perfect)
(Yedi yıldır bu şirkette çalışıyorum.)
I have been living here for eight years. (Present Perfect Continuous)
(Sekiz yıldır burada yaşıyorum.)
When I resigned from my work, I had worked there for ten years. (Past Perfect)
(İşimden istifa ettiğimde, on yıldır orada çalışıyordum.)
When the guests arrived, I had been working in the kitchen for three hours.
(Past Perfect C.) (Konuklar geldiğinde, üç saattir mutfakta çalışıyordum.)
Last year, I stayed in İzmir for a month. (Simple Past)
(Geçen yıl bir ay İzmir'de kaldım.)
56 ELS
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Özellikle bağlaçlı cümlelerde "for" un bu kullanımlarına dikkat ediniz. Şimdi şu iki cümle
arasındaki farkı inceleyelim:
1. When I graduated, I lived in İzmir for five years.
(Mezun olunca beş yıl İzmir'de oturdum.)
2. When I graduated, I had been living in İzmir for five years.
(Mezun olduğumda beş yıldır İzmir'de oturuyordum.)
When I graduated in 1986, I lived in İzmir for five years.

(First, I graduated. Then I lived in İzmir.) (Mezun olduktan sonraki beş yılı ifade
ediyor.)
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

_ ^ ________ l ----------------------- 1 _____________ l ----------------------- 1 -----------------------1 -----------------------1
past I ______________________________ ^_| now future

y (had been living)
I started to live
in İzmir. I graduated.
When I graduated in 1986,1 had been living in İzmir for five years.
(First I lived in İzmir. Then I graduated.) (Mezuniyetten önceki beş yılı ifade
ediyor.)
EXERCISE 16: Use the Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs In
parentheses.
1. They (drive) ................................. for over five hours when they reached the hotel.
2. While they (travel) ................................... they passed through several historic towns.
3. I (hangi ................................. some pictures on the wall when I hit my thumb with
the hammer.
4. While we (chat) ................................... we realized that she (work)
................................ for the same company as me last year, but at a different
branch.
5. Rumours of a large pay-rise (go) ................................... round the office for weeks, so,
when it was announced to be only three percent, everyone was very disappointed.
6. They (already, take) ..................................photographs for an hour by the time they
noticed the sign forbidding the use of cameras.
7. Apparently he (stroll] .................................. aimlessly on the beach since about noon
when we spotted him.
8. While I (sew) .................................. a button onto my shirt, I pricked myself with the
needle.
9. She knew that she had better stop and fill up with petrol soon because the red
petrol warning light (Hash) ................................. on the dashboard of her car for the
last ten minutes.
10. The manager warned the staff about using the phone because, from the size of the
telephone bill, it was obvious that someone (make) ............................... long-distance
calls.
56
ELS a 57
57
EXERCISE 17: Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous, the Past
Perfect Simple or the Past Perfect Continuous.
1. You really deserve to have a promotion, Mr. Johnson. You (work)

.................................successfully for us for ten years, and you (produce)
................................. lots of remarkable projects, especially in the past five years.
2. They gave him a promotion last year, because he (work) ................................... for
them successfully for ten years, and he (produce) ................................. lots of
remarkable projects, especially in the past five years.
3. A: Hello, Pam. We (just, arrange) ................................. to have a picnic next
Saturday. Would you like to come with us?
B: Sorry, Sally. I (already, make) .................................. some other arrangements
with my folks. They'll be sorry if I change my mind.
4. He (be) ................................. out of work for the last two years. He (try)
................................. to find a new job ever since he was dismissed from his job, but
without success so far.
5. I (look) .................................. for a job for a very long time when I finally found this
one two months ago. I (be) ................................. better off financially since then, but
I still have some debts to pay off.
6. If you (really, paint) .................................. all day as you claim, why is this room not
even half-finished?
7. I (count) .................................. on their support for weeks, so when I discovered
yesterday that they (back) ................................. someone else, I was really dismayed.
8. Once they (confirm) .................................. the offer in writing, I'll let you know.
9. He could tell someone (smoke) .................................. in the shed because it was full
of smoke.
10. Their supervisor was not satisfied until they (remove) ................................... every
speck of dirt from the dormitory.
11. Oh! I'm sorry, we (just, sell) .................................. the last one, but we are expecting
another shipment soon.
12. So far I (check) .................................. the files from A to M and (update)
................................. them, so I'm about halfway through the job.
13. Last week they installed an internal e-mail system at work. Since then our manager
(work) .................................. mainly from home.
14. Scientists (monitor) .................................. the activity of Mount Etna carefully for the
past few weeks and (announce) .................................. that tourists will no longer be
allowed onto its slopes.
15. The prison governor was certain that the prisoners (plan) ................................... an
escape for some time because they (make) .................................. a rope ladder and
some makeshift knives.
EXERCISE 18: Use the Simple Present, Present Continuous, Simple Past, Past
Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect or
Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs In parentheses.
1.She (split) .................................. up with her boyfriend two days ago and (cry)
................................ virtually non-stop ever since.
2. While I (hurry) .................................. to catch the bus, I (trip) .....................................
and (twist) ................................. my ankle.
3. The woman (rush) .................................. into the doctor's surgery screaming that a
snake (Just, bite) ................................. her son.
4. I (apply) .................................. for the job over three weeks ago, but I (still, not, hear)
................................ anything.
; 5. Generally he (wear) .................................. a suit to work, but today he (wear)
................................. jeans because they (move) ................................... some furniture
into a new office.
6. The first time I (meet) ..................................him, he (work) .................................... on
his car all afternoon and was covered in oil. So the second time I (see)
................................. him, I (hardly, recognize) .................................... him!
58 ELS
58
7. The problem of pollution in the world (get) .............................. worse day by day,
but a lot of those people who (regularly, complain) ............................... about it
(not, seem) .............................. willing to do anything personally to alleviate the
situation.
8. While the doctors (operate) .............................. on their son last week, the parents
(pace) .............................. anxiously up and down in the waiting-room.
9. You (frown) ............................... all afternoon. What's on your mind?
10. That driver (go) ............................... far too fast! He'll crash if he doesn't slow down
soon.
11. As he (not, inform) .............................. me in advance of the arrangement, I wasn't
able to go.
12. He (only, just, arrive) ............................... ! Give him a chance to take his coat off
before you (start) ...............................questioning him.
13. The company (look) .............................. into ways to market the product overseas
in recent weeks, but, so far, no one (come) ............................... up with a workable
suggestion.
14. A: When ............... you (last, hear) ................ from him?
B: I (not, hear) .............................. from him for more than two months now.
15. Jerry, a six-year-old boy, is very fond of animals, so his parents (take)
................................ him to the zoo very often. The last time they (be)
................................ there, they (see)................................. the sea lions at feeding
time. Jerry was fascinated. All the time while the keepers (feed) ..............................
them, they (Jump) .............................. up out of the water. Jerry's mother (take)
................................ him to the zoo next Saturday again, and this time he (want)
................................ to spend more time at the reptile enclosure and examine the
animals there in more detail.
16. We (just, finish) ................................ our dinner and (watch) ................................ a
documentary on TV when we (hear) .............................. a scream from the flat
above. I (rush) ............................... upstairs immediately and (find)
.................................Mrs. Green, our neighbour, in tears. Everything in her flat (be)
.................................in a mess. Obviously, someone (break) ................................
into her house.
17. Just as we (enter) ............................... the church, the groom's brother (whisper}
.................................to me how nervous the groom (feel} ................................ since
breakfast time about making a speech in front of so many guests. He must have,
indeed, been nervous, because when he (rise) ............................... to make his
speech, he (just, mutter) .............................. a quick thank you to everyone and
then (sit) .............................. back down again.
18. In her white wedding gown, Judy (look) .............................. more beautiful than I
(ever, see) ............................... her before, or (ever, see) ................................. her
since the wedding.
19. Three days after they (drop) ............................... an atom bomb on Hiroshima, the
Americans (drop) .............................. another one on Nagasaki. These two bombs
(cause) ...............................one of the biggest massacres the world (witness)
................................. up to that time.
20. I don't think they (find) ................................ the cause of the problem yet. The last
time I (check) ..............................., they (still, test) ............................... the system.
ELS 59
59
1-26 FUTURE TIME (will/shall or be going to)
FORM
I will help you. I will not help you. Will I help you?
I am going to help you. I am not going to help you. Am I going to help you?
You will come early. You will not come early. Will you come early?
You are going to come early. You are not going to come early. Are you going to come early?
He/She/It will eat lunch. He/She/It will not eat lunch. Will he/she/it eat lunch?
He/She/It is going to eat lunch. He/She/It is not going to eat lunch. Is he/she/it going to eat lunch?
We will work. We will not work. Will we work?
We are going to work. We are not going to work. Are we going to work?
You will leave early. You will not leave early. Will you leave early?
You are going to leave early. You are not going to leave early. Are you going to leave early?
They will visit us. They will not visit us. Will they visit us?
They are going to visit us. They are not going to visit us. Are they going to visit us?
Bütün öznelerle "will" yardımcı fiili kullanılır. Birinci tekil şahıs "we" ve birinci çoğul şahıs "ive"
için, "will" yerine "shall" de kullanılır. Ancak "shall" in bu kullanımı artık çok eski olarak kabul
edilmektedir.
We will (shall) Invite them to the party. She will help me with my homework.
"will not" ve "shall not" kısaltılarak "won't" ve "shan't" biçiminde kullanılır.

They will not/won't come tomorrow. We shall not/shan't go to the party.
"will" ve "shall" kısaltılarak " ll" biçiminde kullanılır.

They'll visit us next week./I'II eat dinner out tonight.
1-27 USE OF THE FUTURE TENSES

a) Eğer ge leceğe yöne lik bir tahminde b ulunuyo rsak (prediction ), "will" ya da
"be going to" kullanabiliriz.
The re w ill/is go ing to be a rise in p rices a fte r the ele ctions. Acco rd in g to the
wea the r repo rt, it will/is go ing to sno w to mo rro w. He will/is going to have an
accident if he doesn't drive more carefully.
b) Önce den tasarla n mış , plan lan mış bir du ru mdan söz ed iyors ak (prior p la n ), "be go ing
to" kullanma mız ge rekir. Bu anla mıy la "be go ing to", ca nsız varlık lar iç in genellik le
kullanılmaz.
- Why hav e y ou bo ugh t th is materia l?

- I'm going to make a skirt for myself.
- Why is y ou r dog d igg in g in tha t c orne r?

- Oh , he is go in g to bu ry h is bo ne the re .
6O ELS
60
c) Henüz öğrendiğimiz bir konuda yapmaya istekli olduğumuz bir durumu (willingness),
"will" ile ifade ederiz.
- I don't have any money.
- Don't worry. I'II lend you some. (Üzülme. Ben sana veririm.)
- Some guests are coming in two hours, and nothing is ready yet.
- Don't worry, l'II wash the dishes and you can do the cooking.
(Ben bulaşıkları yıkarım, sen yemeği pişirirsin.)
- I have a headache.
- Wait here. I'll bring an aspirin for you. (Bekle sana bir aspirin getireyim.)
"will" in bu kullanımının Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi, "will
wash, will lend, will bring' ifadelerini "yıkayacağım, ödünç vereceğim, getireceğim" biçiminde
değil, "yıkarım, ödünç veririm, getireyim" biçiminde çevirdik.
d) Eğer bir olayın olacağına ilişkin belirtiler varsa, "going to" kullanılır.
The sky is black. It is going to rain.
There's a lot of blossom on the trees this spring. We're going to have a good crop.
e) Bu tense'lerle yaygın olarak kullanılan zaman zarflan, tomorrow, next week, next
month, next summer, in two days (iki gün sonra), in ten minutes (on dakika sonra),
two days from now (iki gün sonra), five years from now (beş yıl sonra), soon (az sonra,
yakında) gibi zarflardır.
We'll take an exam next week.
Tomorrow is a public holiday, so she wont go to work.
She will graduate in three years.
Two months from now, they'll move into a new flat.
Ancak, içinde bulunduğumuz ana göre gelecek zaman ifade eden pek çok zarf, bu tense'lerle
kullanılabilir.
(In the morning)
I'm going to do some shopping today. Do you need anything special?
I'm not going to have breakfast this morning.
1) "am, is, are going to" nun past biçimi olarak "was, were going to" kullanılır. Bu tense
ile, geçmişte niyet ettiğimiz, planladığımız, ama çeşitli nedenlerle yapamadığımız
eylemleri anlatırız.
I was going to visit my parents last night, but just as I was leaving home, some
guests arrived, so I couldn't.
(Dün akşam ailemi ziyaret edecektim ama ..... )
We were going to have an exam yesterday, but we couldn't finish the unit, so
the teacher postponed the exam until next week.
(Dün sınav olacaktık ama ...... )
EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences using the Simple Future (wiII) or "going to" future.
1. A: Oh, I've just read in the paper that there's a train strike today. How
................................ you (get) ................................ to work?
B: It's O.K. We heard about it yesterday and Jake (drive) .............................. me.
2. A: Have you typed that letter for me?
B: Oh no. I forgot all about it. I (do) .............................. it now.
3. A: I'm just popping out because I (buy) ................................some sugar.
B: We need coffee as well, you know.
A: O.K. I (get) ............................... that too.
ELS 61
61
4. She's very pale. She looks as if she (faint) .....................................
5. A: Can you type this letter for me, please?
B: Sure. I (do) .................................. it as soon as I've finished this report.
6. A: Dad, the kitchen tap doesn't work properly.
B: Yes, I noticed that this morning, and I brought a few tools with me from work. I
(repair) ................................. it after dinner.
7. Watch out! Those books are leaning against your vase. It (fall} ..................................
off the shelf.
8. A: We have a lot of bookings tonight! We (get) .................................. home very late
again.
B: Don't worry. I've just phoned Greg and Tony. They (come) ..................................... to
help us with clearing out the mess.
9. A: Do you like chili and rice?
B: I'm not too keen on very spicy food.
A: I (make) ................................. some with just a pinch of chili powder for you
then.
.......................................................................... B:
Thank you. ..............................................................
10. A: I don't think I (have) .................................. time to fetch Sally's birthday cake this
afternoon.
B: Don't worry. I (do) .................................. it on my way back from work.
1-28 FUTURE TENSE in TIME CLAUSES
"When, after, before, as soon as, etc." gibi zaman bağlaçlarının Past Tense ile kullanımını daha
önce görmüştük. Şimdi bu bağlaçların Future Tense ile kullanımlarını inceleyelim.
First: I will do some shopping tomorrow.

; Then: I will go to the cinema. ,
After I do some shopping tomorrow, I will go to the cinema.
First: She will talk to the teacher. .............. ,

Then: She will leave school.
,.,;> Before she leaves school tomorrow, she will talk to the teacher.
Yukarıdaki örneklerde gördüğünüz gibi, her iki eylem de gelecekte gerçekleşecek olmasına
rağmen, yan cümlede "will" ya da "going to" kullanılmaz. Yan cümlede Simple Present Tense,
temel cümlede ise "'will" ya da "going to" kullanılır.
When she comes home, we will study together.

I will wait at home until my mother comes back from shopping.
We'II leave home as soon as we finish our work.
I'll decide what to do after I receive their letter.
She is going to phone us before she comes here.
Once you .know the details of this software, you'll find it easy to use.
62 ELS
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ELS 63
63
EXERCISE 21: Complete the sentences with the Simple Present and/or Present Perfect and
Simple Future (will) of the verbs in parentheses.
1. The conference (not, commence) .............................. until all the delegates (arrive)
2. While the delegates are arriving, the authorities (close) ..................................the area
to the public.
3. We (not, reserve) ................................. the tickets until we (be) ...................................
certain how many people are coming.
4. While you're fetching her from the station, I (check) ..................................that her
room is prepared.
5. 6. 7. 8. After she (settle) ................................. in, we (take) ................................... her on a
tour of the city.
They (not, be) ................................. very happy when they (see) ...................................
9. 10. what a mess we've made.
As in all matches, the police (contain) .................................. the crowds tomorrow
while the match (be) .................................. in progress.
The doormen (not, let) .................................. us in until some people (come)
................................ out because, as a rule, they (only, allow) .................................... a
certain number of people in the tower at one time.
After the young lawyer (familiarize) ................................. himself with similar court
cases, I'm sure he (be) ................................. able to handle the case.
We (not be ab7e) .................................. to use our new kitchen before the workmen
(check) ................................. all the appliances.
1-29 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORM
I will be studying. You will I won't be studying. You won't Will I be studying? Will
be working. He/She/It will be working. He/She/It won't be you be working? Will
be eating. eating. he/she/it be eating?
We will be talking. You will We won't be talking. You won't Will we be talking? Will
be sleeping. They will be be sleeping. They won't be you be sleeping? Will they
shopping. shopping. be shopping?
1-30 USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

a) Bu tensel, gelecekte bir noktada yapıyor olacağımız eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanırız.
Don't call me tomorrow between ten and eleven. I'll be having an interview then.
At this time next year, you'll probably be attending university.
My plane departs at nine, so I'll be Qying to New York at this hour tomorrow.
b) Bu tense'i birinden bir şey rica ederken de kullanabiliriz.
- Will you be going past the post office when you go out?
- Yes. Why?
- If so, can you post this letter for me?
- Will you be using your bike tomorrow?
- No, I don't think so.
- If not, can you lend it to me for the afternoon?
c) Future Continuous, özellikle tatil ve seyahatlerle ilgili düzenlemeler hakkında
konuşurken, plan ve niyet ifade ederken sıkça kullanılır. Bu anlamda Present
Continuous da kullanılabilir.
We'lI be staying at the Mediterromaneo Hotel. (=We are staying at the
Mediterromaneo Hotel.)
64 ELS
64
EXERCISE 22: Complete the sentences with the Simple Future (will do), Future
Continuous (will be doing) or Simple Present (do/does) and/or Present
Perfect Simple (have/has done) of the verbs In parentheses. •
1. At the rate he's improving, he (play) .............................. football for the national
team by the time he's sixteen!
2. At the end of next week, you (drive) .............................. round Europe, Jane (sail)
.............................. across the Mediterranean and I (fee]} .............................. very
jealous of you both!
3. Until your grades (improve) ............................... you (have to) ..............................
stay at home every evening.
4. At the moment, you think you (never, learn) .............................. to ski, but this
time next week you (whiz) .............................. down the slopes like a professional!
5. Do you think you (see) .............................. Mike at any time over the weekend? If
so, can you give him a message?
6. I (drop) .............................. you off at the end of your road, but I (not, have)
.............................. time to accept your offer of tea, I'm afraid.
7. Contact our agency at the resort as soon as you (get) .............................. there and
they (provide) .............................. all the camping equipment you (need)
.............................. there immediately.
8. It's more than a little inconvenient, I'm afraid. I (perform) .............................. an
operation on a patient at that time, so later in the day would be better.
9. I (work) .............................. night shifts all this week, so it's quite frustrating to
think that I (work) .............................. while everybody else is sleeping.
10. After you (undergo) .............................. our expert parachute training, jumping out
of an aeroplane (not, bother) .............................. you at all.
11. The police (not, open) .............................. the road until they (clean)
.............................. all the debris from the accident away.
12. The mayor (not be able) .............................. to present the prize in person next
week because at that time, he (welcome) .............................. the German trade
minister. His wife (present) .............................. the prize on his behalf.
65
1-31 THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
FORM
I will have finished. You I won't have finished. You Will I have finished? Will
will have left home. won't have left home. you have left home? Will
He/She/It will have eaten. He/She/It won't have eaten. he/she/it have eaten? Will
We will have left work. We won't have left work. we have left work? Will
You will have bought it. You won't have bought it. you have bought it? Will
They will have gone out. They won't have gone out. they have gone out?
1-32 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

a) Gelecekte bir noktada yapmış, tamamlamış olacağımız eylemleri bu tense ile ifade
ederiz. By, before, in a week (or in a week's time), in ten days (or in ten days' time), in
three years (or in three years' time) gibi zarflar, bu tense ile çok sık kullanılan
zarflardır.
She will have graduated from university in two years.
She promises that she will have finished her report by tomorrow.
They will have completed the new school building by next year.
b) "By the time", "when" ve "before", bu tense ile sık kullanılan zaman bağlaçlarıdır.
I will have finished my homework by the time mother comes back. Before this
term is finished, we will have studied half of the units. The children will have
gone to bed when the guests arrive.
We will already have eaten dinner when he comes.

0 geldiğinde biz yemeğimizi yemiş olacağız.
c) "By" ile "by the time" arasındaki farka dikkat ediniz. "By" bir preposition olduğu için
kendinden sonra bir isim gelir, (by two o'clock, by next month, by tomorrow, by then,
etc.) "By the time" ise bir bağlaçtır. Kendinden sonra bir cümle gelir. "By the time" dan
sonra "that" kullanılabilir.
1 will have finished my work by 5 o'clock.

I will have finished my work by the time (that) you come back.
I'll call you at 2:00. I hope you'll have finished your work by then.
I'll call you at 2:00. I hope you'll have finished your work by the time (that) I
call you..
EXERCISE 23: Complete the sentences with the Simple Future (will do), Future Perfect (will
have done) or Simple Present (do/does) of the verbs In parentheses.
1. Don't spend too much at the Grand Bazaar, or you (regret) ................................. it
when you (run out) ................................. of money before the end of your holiday.
2. By the time the credit card statement with this purchase on it (arrive)
.................................. I (receive) ................................... my wages. So don't worry. «,
66 Q ELS
66
3. We (find) ..................................... Jenny either happy or very sad when we (return)
................................. because she (receive) ................................ her exam results by
then.
4. The police anticipate that the thieves (somehow, manage) ...................................... to
send a message to their accomplices and, by the time they (reach)
................................. their hideout, their accomplices (remove) .......................................
all traces of their criminal activity.
5. About fifty years from now, the Pacific Ocean (rise) ...................................... to a level
dangerous to the very existence of some inhabited islands.
6. At last I've found two tickets for the concert, but I (pretend) ...............................
that I couldn't, when my sister (ask) ............................... me.
7. If I (put) ............................... a quarter of my salary aside every month, by next
June, I (save) .............................. enough money to afford a proper holiday abroad.
8. By the time the government (bring) ............................... down inflation, a lot of
companies (a/ready, go) ............................... bankrupt.
9. We (adapt) ............................. the computer program, if necessary, once we've seen
how suitable it is in its present form.
10. In about a year's time, this system (become) ............................... obsolete, so we
ought to start thinking about changing it before too long.
11. We have decided that when the management (announce) ............................... the
new pay scales, we (say) ..................................... that we are not satisfied, no matter
what percentage they are.
12. Fortunately, when we (arrive) ................................. she (already, break)
................................ the news to him. .
1-33 THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
FORM
Affirmative: Subject + will have been doing, + will
Negative: Subject not have been doing, + subject
Interrogative: Will + have been doing?
1 -34 USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
a) Gelecekte bir eylemi ne kadar zamandır yapıyor olacağımızı bu tense ile ifade ederiz.
Yani gelecekte süreç bildiririz.
By next year, I will have been teaching English for nine years.
Tomorrow, I will start work at 9 and finish at 12, so I will have been working
for three hours by the time my last lesson is over.
will have been studying

She will start
studying at 2:00.
Her mother will come home at
5:00.
By the time her mother comes home at 5 o'clock, she will have been studying
for three hours.
ELS 67
67
She started to work for us last year.
Now, she has been working for us for a year.
By this time next year, she will have been working for us for two years.
The meeting will start at ten, and I will arrive there at eleven.
By the time I arrive there, the meeting will have been going on for an hour.
By the next elections, this government will have been running the country for
four years.
b) Bu tense ile kullanacağımız fiilleri seçerken dikkatli olmamız gerekir. Ancak work,
write, travel, watch, listen, go on, study gibi sürerlik bildiren fiilleri bu tense ile
kullanabiliriz. Finish, complete, arrive gibi bir anda olup biten eylemleri ifade eden
fiilleri kullanamayız.
"By 9 o'clock tomorrow, I'll have been arriving in Ankara for six hours." ifadesi yanlış bir ifade
olur. Çünkü insan, altı saattir bir yere varıyor olamaz. Bu cümleyi ancak şöyle doğru olarak
ifade edebiliriz:
By 9 o'clock tomorrow, I'll have arrived in Ankara. (.... varmış olacağım.)

By the time I arrive in Ankara, Til have been travelling for six hours.
( ... altı saattir yolculuk yapıyor olacağım.)
c) "By the time" yapısıyla "be" fiilinin kullanımına dikkat ediniz. Normalde "by the time",
temel cümlede Future Perfect gerektirir.
By the time they arrive, I will have eaten my dinner. Ancak "be" fiili, eğer
süreç bildirmiyorsa. Simple Future (will be) ile kullanılır.
By the time they arrive, dinner will be over.

By the time he retires from his job, he will be sixty.
By the time we come back from holiday, they will be married.
Eğer "be" fiilini, süreç bildiren bir ifadeyle birlikte kullanırsak. Future Perfect gerektirir.
By the time he retires from his job, he win have been in this city for twenty years.
By the time we come back from holiday, they will have been married for a
month.
EXERCISE 24: Complete the sentences using an appropriate Future tense: will do, will be
doing, will have done or will have been doing.
1. You can almost guarantee that by the time we get to the box-office, they (se/7)
................................. out of tickets.
2. I (drive)'.................................. past your house at about 8 o'clock tomorrow morning,
as that's the way I always go, so if you're ready, wait outside and I [give)
................................ you a lift.
3. Agent A: How ................. I (recognize) ..................him?
Agent B: Well, he (wear) ................................. grey trousers, a green jacket and a
yellow tie!
4. If you arrive at 6 o'clock, we (wait) .................................. outside the cinema, but by
quarter past, we (probably, go) .................................. inside.
5. Probably, for the first few days in your new job, you (experience) ...............................
one or two problems, but by the end of the week you (settle) ..................................in.
6. We (be) .................................. exhausted when we arrive as, by then, we (travel)
................................ for about two days in total.
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68
7. At this time tomorrow evening, we (congratulate) .................................. ourselves on
having completed an excellent piece of work!
8. Next February, you (work) .................................. for us for ten years, Mr. Wilson, and
you (qualify) ................................. for our employee pension scheme.
9. I (take) .................................. the fabric out of the dye at four o'clock because, by
then, it (soak) .................................. in the solution for two hours, and I think that
(be) ................................. enough.
10. Fire fighters are confident and believe that, by midnight tomorrow, they (extinguish)
................................. the forest fire.
11. The leader of the rescue operation (inspect) ................................. the area again at 7
p.m. this evening. By then, the task force (dig) ...................................for survivors for
three full days. After his inspection, he (make) ................................. a decision about
the likelihood of finding anyone else alive in the rubble.
12. I'm sure that by the time my daughter reaches adulthood, the world (look)
................................. very different than it does today.
EXERCISE 25: Complete the sentences using "until1 or "by the time".
1. He waited at the arranged place .................................. he realized that she wasn't
going to turn up.
2. We'll all have died of hunger .................................. you finish cooking dinner!
3. He's working late this evening, so we won't have dinner .................................... he gets
home.
4 ....................................... she was sixteen, she was already an accomplished musician.
5 ...................................... he was fourteen, he never went anywhere, apart from to
school, without his parents.
6. Jane: I'm not going to eat any cakes ................................... I've lost enough weight
to fit into these jeans.
Mary: But then, they'll have gone out of fashion ................................... you are thin
enough to wear them.
7. I'm sure she'll be sleeping .................................. we get home, because she normally
goes to bed around this time.
8. He stayed at the party .................................. the last guest had gone.
9 ....................................... the last person left, it was after three o'clock in the morning.
10. You won't make any progress .................................. you start taking your studies
more seriously.
11..................................... we get an answer from them, it'll be too late.
12..................................... I tried it myself, I'd never thought that jogging could be
enjoyable.
13. The fire was already under control ................................... the fire brigade arrived.
14. The plane won't take off .................................. the captain has completed all the
safety checks.
15. I didn't know Janice could speak fluent Japanese ................................... she told me
about her new job in Tokyo.
1-35 TENSE AGREEMENT in TIME CLAUSES

Zaman bağlaçları temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında "tense" uyuşması gerektirir. PAST TIME:
"When I got home ....... " cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar mutlaka Past
Time' a ait bir tense olmalıdır.
When I got home, I had a bath and then ate my dinner.

I slept for three hours and then studied until midnight.
my son was sleeping.
my parents had eaten their dinner.
my son had been sleeping for two hours.
ELS Q 69
69
PRESENT TIME:
"When I get home after work, ....." ifadesini, eğer genelde yaptığımız bir işi anlatmak
üzere kullanıyorsak, Present Time'a ait bir yapı ile tamamlayabiliriz.
!
When I get home after work, I usually take a rest for a while.
first of all, I play with my son for a while.
:
FUTURE TIME: :
"When I get home after work tomorrow, ..... " ifadesi ise temel cümlede mutlaka Future
bir yapı gerektirmektedir. (Yan cümlede Future tense kullanılmadığına dikkat ediniz.)
When I get home after work tomorrow, I will take a rest for a while.
my son will be sleeping.
my son will have been sleeping for two hours.
our guests will have arrived.
I am going to sleep for two hours.
'
EXER
CISE 26:
Use any
appropriat
e tense for
the verbs
in
parenthes
es.
1. The government (just, take) ................................. a number of measures to bring

inflation down and to improve the economic situation. There (be)
................................. a public outcry when they (announce) ...................................the
new tax system and other economic decisions two weeks ago. There (be)
................................. several protest demonstrations in many parts of the country
since then, and I think they (increase) ................................. in the future if the
economy doesn't improve soon.
2. Two weeks ago, we (intend] .................................. to spend a quiet weekend at home,
without hurrying to have breakfast or without worrying about the heavy traffic on
the roads, but nothing (go) ................................. as we (arrange)
................................. it before. First, I (cut) ....................................myself badly while I
(do) .................................. the dishes after breakfast. We (try) ..................................
hard to stop the bleeding and then we (put) ................................. a bandage on the
cut. In the meantime, our son (play) .................................. with his friend in his
room. Because they (both, be) ................................. very naughty children, they
(usually, hurt) ................................. each other while they (play) ...................................
together, and it happened so that day. Just as we (sit) ................................... down to
watch a good movie on television, after my unfortunate accident, we (hear)
................................. our son crying. We (hurry) ................................... to his room to
see what (happen) .................................... What we saw was terrible. The other boy
(throw} .................................. a metal toy car at our son's face, and it (hit)
................................. him just above his right eye. It was badly bruised, and a line of
blood (trickle) ................................. down his cheek. I (nearly, faint)
................................. when I (see) ................................... this scene. Anyway, we (take)
................................. him to the nearest hospital without delay, and our quiet
weekend was spent at the hospital.
3. There (be) .................................. great changes in the climates of the world in recent
years. One (not, know) ................................. what to expect from one day to another.
In the past, people (know) ................................. when spring would start, or when
summer would come, but now, all the seasons (seem) ................................... to be
mixed together. Just two days ago, we (wear) .................................. thick pullovers
because of the unexpected cold, but today, we (wear) .................................. our
short-sleeved T-shirts again. Scientists say that the hole in the ozone layer (cause)
................................. these changes. I'm afraid future generations (face)
70
................................. terrible conditions on earth.
70 Q ELS
71
4. I (a/ways, be afraid) ................................. of the idea of an earthquake since I (be)
................................ a child. When I (hear) ................................... that somewhere in
the world has been hit, I (immediately, put) ................................. myself in the
position of the people there, and then, (not, know] ................................... what to
think.
5. Turkey (experience) .................................. several great earthquakes in recent years,
and because it (be) ................................. on major earthquake fault lines, it
(experience) ................................. more earthquakes in the years to come.
6. As he (not, sleep) ................................. well for weeks, he (go) ................................... to
see the doctor, who assured him it was nothing serious.
7. He says that he (exchange) ..................................his car for a cheaper model in a
week or so, but I think he (regret) ................................. it after a few months.
8. The fire (blaze) ................................. so fiercely when the fire brigade (come)
................................ that it (take) ................................... them over two hours to put
it out, so the building was almost totally destroyed.
9. By the end of this year they (expand) .................................. the company into seven
countries.
10. It (turn) ................................... really cold today, and look how grey the sky is. I'm
certain that it (snow) .....................................
11. She (lose) ..................................weight very quickly now, so at this rate, in about a
month's time, she (Jose) ................................. over 10 kilos.
12. There are five speakers on the list, each of whom (make) ................................... an
hour-long speech, so by the end of today's session, we (sit) ................................... in
our seats for five straight hours, listening to the same topic.
13. When I (last, look) .................................. into the room, the meeting (not, yet,
commence) ....................................
14. On close inspection it was obvious that the twenty dollar bill was a forgery, so the
cashier (immediately, ring)................................... the police. By the time the man
(reach) ................................. the shopping centre entrance, three policemen (already,
wait) .................................. there for him.
15. My best friend, Lucy, (expect) .................................. a baby around the middle of
August, so by the time I (be) ................................. able to visit her in September, she
(have) .................................. the baby.
16. We (hike) .................................. for two hours now, and we (still, have)
................................. around five kilometres to go, so by the time we (join)
................................. the other group at the camp, we (walk) .................................... for
about four hours.
17. In a wine factory, normally they (store) .................................. the wine in the cellar
and, they (bottle) ................................. it after it (ferment) ................................... for
two weeks.
18. I (not ignore) .................................. his behaviour any longer. I (say)
................................. something to him tomorrow if he (treat) .................................... us
in the same way.
19. I (only, drive) .................................. for ten minutes when suddenly the brakes (fail)
................................... Worst of all, perhaps, was that I (come) ...................................
down a slope at the time. You can't imagine the difficulty I (have)
................................. until I (stop) .................................. the car!
20. Who was the man you (talk) ................................. to just now? I (not, think)
................................. I (see) ................................... him around here before.
21. Everybody in John's family (have) ................................. a cold or flu lately. First Kate
(go) .................................. down with the flu, then John (catch) ....................................
a cold and now Richard (suffer) .................................. from a cough and cold. He
(cough) ................................. continually for a week. His cough (sound)
................................. so ghastly that John and Kate doubt he (get) .............. ,
................................. better without visiting the doctor.
22. It says in today's newspaper that a man (recently, design) .................................. a car
which (run) ................................. on water and petrol. He (think) ..................................
that in ten years' time, thousands of people (drive) ................................... around in
cars using this environmentally-friendly fuel.
ELS 71
72
EXERCISE 27: Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs in
parentheses.
(Mrs. Hopkins in England is writing to her friend in France.)
It (l.be) ................................ the worst heat wave in the South of England for the
last twenty years, and it (2.not, rain) ...............................here for six months now.
Everybody (3.suffer) .................................. from the heat, and our supply of water (4.only,
last)...................................for two or three more weeks. Water (5. be) .....................................
so scarce that we (6.keep) .................................. it turned off for seventeen hours a day.
We (7.store) ................................. boiled water in bottles in case the situation gets worse.
We (8.use) .................................. the hall as storage space, because it (9.be)
................................ the coolest place in our flat. As our flat (lO.face)
................................ south, it (11.develop) ................................... temperatures like a
greenhouse. The other day, John (12.call) ................................. me from the living room.
"Look," he (I3.say) ...................................pointing out of the window, "those children
(14.have)...................................their own method of keeping cool." In the garden our
neighbour's children (I5.lie) ................................. under a tree, covered with thick layers
of wet sand and earth. Yesterday on the radio, they (16.announce) .................................. a
heavy thunderstorm for today. But(17.not, see) .................................... a sign of it yet.
You simply cannot rely on the weather forecast in spite of all the research being done with
satellites and other modern equipment.
EXERCISE 28: Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs in
parentheses.
(Professor Smith, who was kidnapped, and has now been freed by the police, is talking to
the reporters.)
I (1.arrive) .................................. home from the airport late in the evening, at about
11 o'clock. Just as I (2.open) .................................. the garden gate, a man wearing
sunglasses (S.approach) ................................. me. He (4,ask) .................................... for a
light. As I (5.light) .................................. his cigarette, the man (6.suddenly, hold)
................................ his hand over my mouth so that I couldn't call out. At the same
time, two other men from behind (7. overpower) .................................me. I (8. try)
................................ to get away, but they (9.push) ..................................... me into the car,
which (lO.drive off .................................... at once. Then they (11.give) ..................................
me an injection and I (12.1ose) ..................................consciousness. When I (I3.wake up)
..................................I (14.1ie) ....................................on a bed in a room with no windows.
They (I5.tell) ................................. me over a loudspeaker to get up and go over to the
table. On the table I (16. find) ................................. a copy of some top secret plans I
(17.work) .................................. on for quite a long time, but a very important part of them
was missing. They (18.offer) ................................. me $ 3 million if I agreed to complete
the plans for them. They (19.promise) .................................. that nothing would happen to
me if I did as they said. They (20.threaten) ................................. me, saying that if I put
in any mistakes, my wife and my children would be killed. They (21.give)
................................ me three hours to think it over. I (22. feel) ................................... too
tired and sick from the injection to answer or even to think, so I (23.just, lie)
................................ down on the bed and (24.fall) ...................................asleep again. I
can't tell you what (25.happen) .................................. after that or how long I (26.sleep)
................................... When some loud noises (27. wake) ....................................me up, I
(28.see) ................................. Inspector Johnson standing by the bed. He can tell you
more, I think .................................... you (29. excuse) ................................... me now, please?
I (30.not, feel) ................................... very well.
72 Q ELS
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EXERCISE 29: I) Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the
UHU
In 1932, a German named August Fischer (1.invent) ................................. the
world's first synthetic resin adhesive, UHU. Before then, they (2.make)
................................. glues mainly of natural materials and, unlike UHU, they
(3.not, be) .................................. waterproof. Fischer (4.name) ...................................
his sticky substance UHU, after the German name for the eagle owl, the
magnificent bird which (S.inhabit) ................................. the Black Forest near his
factory in Buhl, by Germany's border with France. He (6.design) ..........................
his glue to stick to any surface, although today UHU (7.come) ...................................
in a staggering 184 types. By the Second World War the glue (8.gain)
................................. such popularity that the firm (9. cease) ......................... the
production of other office accessories to devote more resources to UHU. UHU glue for
public use was originally mixed and filled into tubes and jars by hand, which must have
been a messy business, but the German plant is now fully automated.
It (lO.produce) .............................................five million kilos of glue a year, which
(11.be) ................................. the equivalent weight of 30 Concorde airplanes, or
1,000 elephants. UHU is the leader of the glue market not only in Britain but in
eighteen other countries. One in five tubes or jars of glue bought in Britain
(12.bear) ..................................... the UHU brand. The shelf-life is between two and
three years, providing the tube (13.not, burst) ..................................... Collectively,
Britain (14. spend) ....................................£ 102 million a year on adhesives of all
kinds.
II) Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
a) a sticky substance that usually comes
from plants .............................................................
b) glue; substance for sticking things .............................................................
c) able to stop water from passing through
it .............................................................
d) live in (a place) .............................................................
e) shocking; unbelievable .............................................................
f) stop; come or bring to an end .............................................................
g) give something so it is specially available
for a purpose .............................................................
h) factory .............................................................
i) being equal to .............................................................
J) carry; have .............................................................
k) length of time for which a product
remains usable .............................................................
1) on condition that; only if .............................................................
m) break open suddenly; explode .............................................................
n) considered as a group or a whole .............................................................
ELS
74
III) Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It's obvious from the passage that Fischer ...........
A) invented the world's first glue

B) owned a factory which was partly in Germany and partly in France
C) originally mixed the glue and filled the tubes himself
D) used to produce office equipment other than UHU
E) used to keep an eagle owl, whose name was UHU
2. The passage tells us that UHU ............
A) was used extensively during the Second World War

B) was originally made from natural materials " '
C) is able to withstand the weight of thirty Concorde aeroplanes
D) is only available in nineteen countries
E) is able to resist water
3. Over the years
A) £102 million have been spent on UHU t
B) the number of different varieties of UHU has increased

C) the shelf-life of UHU has risen to three years
D) UHU has been developed from natural materials into a synthetic adhesive .
E) UHU has been used in offices, wars and aeroplane construction '
IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B In PART ll.
1. That footballer's daily income is.................................. to my monthly salary.

2. The child was very upset when his new balloon suddenly .....................................
3. You can't wear that jacket in this rain. It isn't .....................................
4. Until she died, she ................................... her life to helping orphaned children.
5. You can watch that film on TV .................................. you finish your homework first.
74 ELS
75
DIABETES
At the beginning of the 20th century, diabetes (1. be) ................................. a rare,
virtually untreatable disease; its companion disorder, hypoglycemia, had not yet even been
identified. Over the past one hundred years, these two metabolic problems
(2.burst) ....................... upon the populations of modernized societies with all the
force of an epidemic. In the thirty-seven years from 1936 to 1973, for example,
diabetes (3.rise) ................................. from the twelfth leading cause of death to rank
seventh, where it (4.still, stand) .......................today. Together with cancer,
cardiovascular illness and other problems, diabetes (5.be) ............................ part of a
widespread degenerative trend pervading modern life. Like diabetes, most such
chronic illnesses (6.escalate) ...................................... from relative obscurity to a
frightening prominence within the 20th century. In the past several years, this
alarming trend (7.prompt) .................... a mood of sober, broad-ranging self-reflection
throughout society at large, in the public media, and particularly within the medical and
research communities. The dramatic increase of diabetes, in particular, (8.result)
................................. in the most extensive research campaigns in medical history.
Since the development of insulin injection therapy in the 1920s, they (9.make)
................................. great strides in describing what (10.actually, happen)
................................. in the course of the disease. Yet there is scarcely any better
understanding now of why diabetes (11. develop) ........................... than there was a
hundred years ago. And despite the widely heralded new era brought about by insulin
therapy and other developments, the incidence and mortality rates from this
illness (12.continue) .......................... to climb. At the rate of one death every two
minutes, diabetes (13.claim) ..................................over 340,000 lives annually -just
over half the death rate of cancer.
H) Find words or phrases In the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.
COLUMN A COLUMNS
a) almost completely
b) unable to be helped with medical care
c) something which goes, or is found, with
something else
d) become much greater; increase in extent
e) in comparison with something else
f) condition of being unknown or not
understood
g) condition of being well-known or
important
h) bring about; cause to happen
i) reaching a wide area
j) very great; sudden; as if in a theatrical
production
k) celebrated; spoken about 1) rate of occurrence; range or extent of
something's effect
ELS 75
76
m) Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It is stated In the passage that cancer
A) causes two deaths every minute

B) claims half as many lives yearly as diabetes
C) kills nearly twice as many people each year as diabetes
D) results in fifty percent fewer deaths than diabetes
E) is responsible for the death of 340,000 people annually
2. It Is clear from the passage that diabetes
A) is linked to cancer and cardiovascular illnesses

B) has become the leading cause of death in modernized societies
C) develops just because of modern eating habits
D) was known at the start of the twentieth century, but hypoglycemia was not
E) took thirty-seven years to be properly identified
3. According to the passage, insulin therapy
A) has not stopped the increase in the occurrence of and deaths from diabetes
B) has brought about a greater understanding of why diabetes develops
C) has only been available for the last two decades
D) has reduced the death rate from diabetes by half
E) came about because of an extensive medical research campaign
IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B in PART ll.
1. After his wife died, his only .................................. until his own death was his pet dog.
2. As your answers to this test are .................................. the same, I can only assume that
one of you copied the other.
3. The police are worried about the .................................. rise in burglaries recently.
4. The recent rise in the crime rate has ................................... the police to take stricter
measures.
5. For you or me, that computer seems very expensive, but when you consider how high
his salary is, for him, the .................................. cost is very low.
77
DEVOTED TO REPTILES
Nicole Viloteau, a 50-year-old conservationist, (l.feel) ......................... an
intense attraction to nature and its magic spell ever since she (2. be)
............................... a child, and time (3.create) ......................................... in her an
unshakeable and determined personality, and this (4.further, strengthen)
................................. her taste for the solitary discovery of wild nature. During
her adolescence, she (5.also, develop) .................................. a passion for the world
of reptiles and amphibians, and since then, she (6.devote) ........................... the
better part of her apparently inexhaustible energy and enthusiasm to the study and
conservation of these animals worldwide. As soon as she (7.finish)
................................. her studies, she (8.organize) .................................... a trip
across France for five years, stirring up public interest wherever she (9.go)
................................... After she (10. become) ................................... an expert on
snakes, she (11. finally, take) ................................. a major step towards achieving
her dream - and (12.begin) ..................................to travel and explore reptiles in
their natural surroundings. Since then, she (13.visit) ................................. a
number of countries in Africa, Australia and Latin America, and (14.cross)
................................. deserts and jungles in search of nature's rarest reptiles,
braving dangers and discomfort all for the satisfaction of finding an unknown species.
Ü) Find words or phrases In the passage which mean the same as the following definitions.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
a) very strong; high in degree

b) charm; power; fascination
c) firm; not able to be altered
d) more than before; to a greater extent
e) alone; without company
f) period of life between childhood and
adulthood; teenage years
g) strong feeling or interest
h) cold-blooded, egg-laying animals, e.g.
snakes and lizards 1) animals able to live on land and in
water, e.g. frogs and toads J) seemingly; according to how it appears k) unable to be used
up or finished 1) great eagerness to be involved in
something m) excite; encourage or provoke interest
ELS 77
78
1. When she was In her teens, Nicole Viloteau ..........
A) started he r five -yea r-trip ac ross France

B) be ga n to s tud y rep tiles in th e ir n a tu ra l s u rro u nd in gs
C) beca me pa rtic u la rly ke en o n rep tiles a nd a mph ibians
D) tried to get people inte rested in wild na ture
E) achieve d wh at she'd been d rea ming o f fo r years
2. Nico le Vilo teau's Interest In nature began ,
A) du rin g a trip in Fra nc e

B) in her ch ildho od
C) a fte r sh e b ec a me a n e x pe rt o n s na ke s
D) when she travelled wo rld wide
E) du rin g he r a do les cen ce
3. In her Job, Nicole Viloteau mainly deals with
A) cross-breeding new species of reptiles

B) increasing people's awareness of wildlife
C) exploring the natural habitats of wild animals
D) travelling across Africa, Australia and Latin America
E) examining and conserving reptiles
IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B In PART II.
1. The situation was already bad, but he aggravated it ................................... by refusing to

discuss his decision with anybody.
2. She lives a very .................................. life, but she seems happy with her own company.
3. Collecting vintage motor cars is his .................................. and he spends every spare ,
minute searching them out.
4. The new manager ................................... looks about forty, but actually she's over sixty.
5. The heat of the sun was so .................................. that none of us da red to venture out
in it.
78 EL S
79
verbs in parentheses.
DEVOTED TO REPTILES
Nicole Viloteau, a 50-year-old conservationist, (l.feel) ......................... an
intense attraction to nature and its magic spell ever since she (2. be)
................................a child, and time (3.create) ......................................... in her an
unshakeable and determined personality, and this (4.further, strengthen)
................................. her taste for the solitary discovery of wild nature. During
her adolescence, she (5.also, develop] .................................. a passion for the world
of reptiles and amphibians, and since then, she (6.devote) ........................... the
better part of her apparently inexhaustible energy and enthusiasm to the study and
conservation of these animals worldwide. As soon as she (7.finish)
................................. her studies, she (8.organize) ................................... a trip
across France for five years, stirring up public interest wherever she (9.go)
................................... After she (10. become) ................................... an expert on
snakes, she (11.finally, take) ................................. a major step towards achieving
her dream - and (12.begin) ................................. to travel and explore reptiles in
their natural surroundings. Since then, she (13.visit) ................................. a
number of countries in Africa, Australia and Latin America, and (14. cross)
................................. deserts and jungles in search of nature's rarest reptiles,
braving dangers and discomfort all for the satisfaction of finding an unknown species.
COLUMN A COLUMNS
a) very strong; high in degree

b) charm; power; fascination
c) firm; not able to be altered
d) more than before; to a greater extent
e) alone; without company
f) period of life between childhood and
adulthood; teenage years
g) strong feeling or interest
h) cold-blooded, egg-laying animals, e.g.
snakes and lizards i) animals able to
live on land and in
water, e.g. frogs and toads j)
seemingly; according to how it appears k)
unable to be used up or finished 1)
great eagerness to be involved in
something m) excite; encourage or
provoke interest
ELS 77
80
1. When she was In her teens, Nicole
Viloteau
A) started her five-year-trip across France

B) began to study reptiles in their natural surroundings
C) became particularly keen on reptiles and amphibians
D) tried to get people interested in wild nature
E) achieved what she'd been dreaming of for years
2. Nicole Viloteau's interest in nature began
A) during a trip in France

B) in her childhood
C) after she became an expert on snakes
D) when she travelled worldwide
E) during her adolescence
3. In her Job, Nicole Viloteau mainly deals with
A) cross-breeding new species of reptiles

B) increasing people's awareness of wildlife
C) exploring the natural habitats of wild animals
D) travelling across Africa, Australia and Latin America
E) examining and conserving reptiles
IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B in PART H.
1. The situation was already bad, but he aggravated it .................................. by refusing to

discuss his decision with anybody.
2. She lives a very .................................. life, but she seems happy with her own company.
3. Collecting vintage motor cars is his ................................... and he spends every spare
minute searching them out.
4. The new manager ................................... looks about forty, but actually she's over sixty.
5. The heat of the sun was so ..................................that none of us da red to venture out
in it.
78 ELS
81
EXERCISE 32: I) Complete the following passage using the appropriate forms of the verbs
In parentheses.
ABORIGINES
From prehistoric times to the present, there (l.be) .......................... many mass
migrations of people throughout the world. In a few isolated locations, however, certain
tribal or ethnic groups (2.live) ....................... without migrating for many thousands of years.
Such people are called aborigines, from the Latin phrase ab origine, which (3.mean)
............ "from the beginning." Because the aboriginal peoples (4.live) ................................... in
areas away from other cultures, their existence (5.become) .................................... known to
the rest of the world only when outsiders (6.intrude) .................................... upon their
territories. Some anthropologists in the 20th century (7.doubt) .................................. whether
aborigines (8. always, live) .................................. in the locations where modern explorers
(9.find) .................................. them. It is possible that some aborigines did migrate, but in a
period so remote in time that, today, there (J0.be) .................................. no record of their
migration. In the case of the American Indians, for instance, it is generally accepted that
their ancestors (11. come) ................................. to the Western Hemisphere by way of the
Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska many thousands of years ago. Apparently, the
American Indians (12.live) .................................. on the continent for millenia when the first
white men (13.set) .................................. foot on their land.
In the 20th century there (J4.be) ................................. few regions of the world where
outsiders (15.not, encroach) .................................. upon aboriginal cultures. Yet, Stone Age
cultures (16.still, exist) .................................. in the jungles of South America and on the
island of New Guinea. The Negritos, a pygmy-like people of Malaysia and the Philippines,
(17.live) .................................. in the mountainous interiors of those lands, and up to this
day, they (18. succeed) ................................. in preserving their primitive ways of life without
much interference.
On Hokkaido, the large northern island of Japan, (19.live) ................................... a people
called the Ainu, who (20. be) .................................. originally distinct physically from the
surrounding Mongoloid population. Over the centuries the processes of cultural
assimilation and intermarriage (21.almost, eliminate) .................................. their distinctive
characteristics. They (22.now, resemble) .................................. the Japanese in appearance
and (23.use) ................................. the Japanese language.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
a) involving a very large number of people or
things ......................................................................
b) separated from other people or places ......................................................................
c) the condition of being real, alive or actual ......................................................................
d) disturb people in their private places ...................................................................... '••
e) an area which a group of people regard as
belonging to themselves .....................................................................
f) far away in distance or time .....................................................................
g) people in history from whom a person is
descended ....................................
h) one half of the earth ....................................
1) clearly seems to be true although it is not
certain that it is true ....................................
J) thousands of years ....................................
K) central area farthest from the sea ....................................
1) protect something from changing or
stopping .....................................
m) of an early stage of social development, .
belonging to a society who live in a very
simple way ....................................
n) the act of trying to in flu en ce something , -
without invitation .....................................
o) recognizably different or separate ....................................
p) the process of people becoming an
accepted part of a community and losing
their own identity and individuality .....................................
q) a marriage between people from different
social, racial or religious groups ....................................
r) to remove completely ....................................
s) be similar to ....................................
ELS 79
82
1. Modern people were not aware that aboriginal peoples still existed until
A) aborigines assimilated and intermarried

B) groups from these primitive peoples migrated to civilized parts of the Western
Hemisphere
C) aborigines began to res emble the Japanese in appeara nce
D) modern men met with several attacks from natives
E) members of the civilized world went into the native habitats of aborigines
2. The general belief Is that the ancestors of the American Indians ..............
A) crossed the Bering Strait from time to time to get to Siberia

B) came to the continent across the Bering Strait
C) were already known to Westerners ,
D) had assimilated and intermarried with European Americans
E) arrived at the continent around the same time as the first white men to set foot on
America
3. It Is implied In the passage that
A) outside influence has affected almost every aboriginal group

B) the Ainu people themselves wanted to become similar to other Japanese people
C) aboriginal peoples have benefited from the interference of outsiders
D) most aboriginal peoples migrated from Siberia thousands of years ago
E) aboriginal peoples are all pygmy-like, and therefore, much shorter than outsiders
IV) Complete the sentences selecting words from Column B in PART .
1. The panda bear is indeed a member of the bear family, but it has several
.............................. features, such as its two-tone black and white fur.
2. A nectarine ............................... a peach, to which it is related, but unlike a peach, it
has a smooth skin.
3. Winnie is ethnically Chinese, but because she was so young when her family moved to
Canada, she has .............................. into Canadian life and excels in English and
French while she cannot write very well using Chinese symbols.
4. David Livingstone was one of the first explorers to venture into Africa's
............................... which many people at the time referred to as "darkest Africa".
5. The authorities are struggling to ............................... the population of wolves in
Mongolia, but angry shepherds continue to trap them.
80 ELS
83
6. Th e te mp o ra ry se c re ta ry ............. so poorly
sin ce s he s ta rte d th a t I ............. forward to
the day when Miss Cla rk' ll return.
1. Wh en the En g lish .......... to settle In A) ha s b ee n p e rfo rmin g /a m lo o k ing

Aus tralia in 178 8, o the r co un tries a lready B) will have pe rfo rmed/looked
......... ab o u t th is b ig s ou th e rn is la n d. C) perfo rmed /wou ld look
D) wa s pe rfo rming /was loo k in g
E) ha d p e rfo rme d /ha ve lo ok ed
A) b e g in /k n o w
B) h a d b e g u n / wo u ld k n o w 7. such a
C) we re b e g in n in g /h a d k n o wn This is the first time I formal letter.
D) wo u ld b eg in /ha ve k no wn
E) b e g a n /k n e w
B) had written
A) have written C) will D) write
write
2. Ever since the collapse of the Soviet E) wrote
Union, rapidly changing political 8.
b o u n da rie s in Ea s te rn Eu ro p e .......... She .......... her job three times just in the
ma p ma k e rs b u s y . last three months. I think she ought to
stick to Just one thing.
A) kept
A) wa s cha ng ing
B) were keeping B) is cha ng ing
C) will have kept C) h a d c h a n ge d
D) have b een keep ing D) h as b e en c h a n g in g
E) are keeping E) h as c h an g e d
3. Th e en tire au d ien ce ........... in a p p la us e 9. It was rev ea le d at th e tria l tha t the

the min u te th e fin a l c u rta in ............. a c c u s e d ma n .......... o u t o n th e n ig h t o f
the murder.
A) had rise n/was fa lling
A) won't have gone
B) ha s rise n /fa lls B) had n't go ne
C) was ris in g /ha d fa lle n C) doesn't go
D) rose/fell D) hasn' t g on e
E) is ris ing /h as fa llen E) wo uld n't have gon e
4. The to oth ........... me for qu ite so me time 10. I' m rea lly so rry to have b rok en you r
when , a t las t, I .......... to see my den tist. crystal vase. It........... ou t o f my ha n d a s I
......... it in to the ro o m.
A) bo th e re d /ha d re so lv ed
B) wa s bo the ring /re so lv e A) was s lip p ing /was b rin g in g
B) h a d s lip p e d /b ro u g h t
C) ha d b ee n bo th e rin g /res o lve d
C) slip ped /was b rin ging
D) ha s b ee n b o the rin g /h a ve res o lv e d D) wo u ld s lip /b ro u g h t
E) bothers/will resolve E) h as s lip p e d /a m b rin g in g
5. I hope you ...........th e ac c o u n ts b y 11. He d ro ppe d ba ck o ne se mes te r, s o b y the
midday , because the d irecto r genera l is to time h e .......... fro m school in two
arrive then. mo n ths , h is frie n ds .......... la w fo r a bou t
five months.
A) have checked
B) will have checked A) will g rad ua te /a re p ra c tis ing
B) ha s g rad u a te d /will be p rac tis in g
C) had checked C) g ra d ua te d /h a v e be e n p ra c tis in g
D) will be checking D) g ra d ua tes /will ha v e b ee n p ra c tis ing
E) have b een c heck ing E) h a d g rad u a te d /we re p ra c tis in g
ELS ü 81
84
12. Have you decided In which sector you 18. Until the disaster, no one huge that the
........ for a job when you........... ? oceanliner Titanic ...
A) loo k ed /g rad ua te d A) h a d th o u g h t / wo u ld s i n k
B) will loo k/ha ve gra dua ted B) thought/sank
C) hav e bee n loo k ing /g rad ua te C) wa s t h in k i n g /c a n s i n k
D) loo k /a re g ra d ua tin g D) h as th o u g h t/wil l s in k
E) ha d lo o ke d /wo u ld g rad u a te E) will think/has sunk - ...
13. When the po lice a rrived, the dive r .......... 19. I didn't notice as I ...........th e ca r in th e
already .......... the body ou t o f the rive r ga rag e tha t fue l ...........fro m u n d e rn e a th
an d it........... on the g rou nd . it.
A) has/pulled/lay A) hav e le ft/d rip pe d

B) is/pulling/has been lying B) was leaving /will drip
C) would/pull/were lying C) leave /is d rip ping
D) was/pulling/had lain D) left/was d ripp ing
E) had/pulled/was lying E) wo u ld lea v e /h ad d rip pe d
20. He still ca n't s leep p rop erly because o f

14. "How long ............ you .............in Ankara?" th e ba d me mo ries o f the wa r, a ltho ug h it
"For a few days only. I expect to be back ......... nearly a year since he ..........
here before the weekend." home.
A) did/sta y A) is /wo u ld re tu rn
B) we re /s ta y ing B) h a s b e e n / r e t u rn e d
C) ha ve /b ee n s ta y in g C) will b e /re tu rn s
D) d o /s ta y ' D) was/had returned
:
E) will/stay ' E) h a d b e e n / wa s re tu rn in g
15. "How long ........... you ............ fo r th at 21. The pop ula tion of the c ity ........... so
company?" rap id ly in rec e n t y ea rs th a t th e
"For more than ten years no w." municipality ......... difficulty supplying
infrastructure services for all the people.
A) will/be wo rking
B) hav e/bee n wo rking A) h as in c re as e d /is h a v in g
C) h a d /wo rk e d B) inc rea se d /will ha ve h ad
D) a re /wo rk ing C) is in c re a s i n g /h a s h a d
E) d id /wo rk D) wa s in c re a s in g / h a d
E) wo u l d h a v e in c re a s e d /h a d h a d
16. They .......... th re e mee tin gs o n this
subjec t in th e last two mo nths , bu t s till 22 . Ca n y o u h ea r wh a t Alan an d J ac k .
........ an ag re e me n t. abo u t s o in tima te ly in th at c o rn er?
A) h e ld /d o n' t re a c h A) were talking

B) h a d h e ld / d id n ' t re a c h B) ha d b ee n ta lk in g
C) will ha v e h e ld /h ad n' t rea ch e d C) have talked
D) a re ho ld ing /ca n' t rea c h D) talked
E) h a ve h e ld /h a ve n ' t re a ch e d E) are ta lking
at the 23. Afte r the acciden t, the taxi d rive r ......

17. Do you kn ow how fast he time of the the bicyclist of not looking where he
accident?
A) has been d riving A) ac c u se d /wa s g o in g

B) drove B) will ha v e a cc us ed /we n t
C) was driving C) h a d a c c us e d /wo u ld b e g o in g
D) will have driven D) wa s a c c u s in g / h a s g o n e
E) had d riven E) wo u ld ac c use /h as b ee n go in g
82 ELS
85
24. Wh en the th ie ves .......... In to ou r h ouse, 30. The children playing noisily in the garden
th ey ...........£ 5,000 and all my jewellery. .........in a few seconds when the old man
on the second floor .......... at them
A) we re b rea k ing /ha d s to len angrily.
B) b rok e /s to le
A) v a n is h e d /s h o u te d
C) are bre aking /will stea l B) will v a n is h /h a d s h o u te d
D) ha ve b ro ke n /h a ve s to le n C) h a v e v a n is h e d /s h o u ts
E) h a d b ro ke n /wo u ld s te a l D) a re v a n is h in g /h a s s h o u te d
E) h a d v a n is h e d / wa s s h o u t in g
25. I recogn ized the bo y at once, because I
........ him In ou r ne ig hb ou rh oo d sev e ra l 31. Despite the slugg ishness of world trade,
times before. the volu me o f Latin Ame rican expo rts
......... by 9 % In e ac h o f the pa st two
B) met years.
At would meet C) ha d D) have met
me t
E) meet A) will have grown
B) grows
C) has g ro wn
26. They...........something so Intently that D) used to gro w
they........... me. E) would grow
A) a re d is c u s s in g /h a d n ' t h e a rd 32. The wo rk me n ........... a valuab le old co in

B) we re d is c us s in g /d id n' t h e a r wh ile they .......... th e fou nda tio n o f the
C) d is c u s s e d /h a v e n ' t h e a rd hou se .
D) h a ve d is c us se d /wo u ld n ' t h e a r
E) wo u ld b e d is c uss in g /won ' t h ea r A) hav e fou nd /a re digg ing
B) had found/dug
C) fin d/ha ve be en d igg in g
27. Look at those children running barefoot! D) fou nd/we re d igg ing
They........... to mind that they ............ E) c o u ld fin d /h a d d u g
shoes.
33. With the memory of a painful defeat In
A) didn' t see m/we re n o t wea rin g mind, the ex-champion .......... tha t he
B) wo n ' t se e m/d o n ' t we a r ......... his revenge.
C) do n' t s ee m/a re no t we a ring
D) wouldn't seem/didn't wear A) would swear/took
E) hadn't seemed/wouldn't be wearing B) will swear/has taken
C) swore/is taking
D) has sworn/will take
28. Never drive your car before you ........... the E) had sworn/was ta king
tires.
34. You should cut down on your smoking.
A} had checked This is the sixth cigarette you ........... In
B) checked the last two hours.
C) are c heck ing
D) will check A) smoked
E) have c hecked B) have smoked
C) had smoked
D) are smoking
29. On the way to work yesterday, one of the E) will smoke
tires of the minibus burst suddenly.
Obviously, the driver........... th e m in five
properly before he ........... off. 35. It was the first time they years of
marriage.
A) didn't check/had set
B) hasn't checked/has set A) quarrelled
C) wouldn't check/was setting B) have quarrelled
D) doesn't check/has been setting C) are quarrelling
E) hadn't checked/set D) were quarrelling
E) had quarrelled
ELS Q 83
86
36. It's on ly a fo rtnig ht sin ce he ...........here, 42. The president .......... for over an hour
so he ........... muc h s igh tsee ing ye t. when we finally .......... on the television to
watch.
A) h as c o me /d id n ' t d o
B) is co ming /can' t d o A) will be sp eak ing /will tu rn
C) c a m e /h a s n ' t d o n e B) will h a v e b e e n sp e a k in g /a re tu rn in g
D) will c o me/doesn't d o C) h a s b e e n s p e a k in g /h a v e tu rn e d
D) h a d b e e n s p e a k in g / tu rn e d
E) h a d c o me /h a d n ' t d o n e
E) will h a v e s p o k en /tu rn e d
37. We .......... almost half of the book so fa r, 43. When the teacher suddenly .......... the
a n d I th in k th e o th e r h a lf ..........us topic of our term paper, we...........
another two days. material for it for days already.
A) re a d/ca n ta ke A) changes/have been compiling
B) have read/will take B) will change/will have compiled
C) wi ll re a d /h a s ta k e n C) changed/had been compiling
D) h a d re a d / wo u ld ta k e D) has changed/will be compiling
E) a re re a d in g /s h o u ld ta k e E) had changed/would have compiled
38. The professor ...........monotonously and 44. It was the first time I ........... that dish, so
most of the students ............. it ......... as delicious as I thought it
would.
A) ta lk e d /ha v e s lep t
B) us e d to ta lk /h a d b e en s le e p in g A) c o ok e d /wa s n' t ta s tin g
C) had been talking/had slept B) wa s c oo k in g /wo u ld n ' t ta s te
C) h a d c o o k e d /d id n ' t ta s te
D) was talking/were sleeping
D) wo u l d c o o k /h a d n ' t ta s te d
E) has been talking/would be sleeping E) h a ve c o o ke d /d o e s n' t ta s te
39. While we........... down the path, we 45. We ........... relatively few problems since
unexpectedly .......... a deer. we .......... over this job.
A) were cycling/saw A) h a d h a d / we re ta k in g
B) cycled/were seeing B) h a d / h a v e ta k e n
C) h a d be e n c yc lin g /h a d s ee n C) a re h a v in g /ta k e
D) had c yc le d/wou ld see D) will ha v e /a re ta k ing
E) hav e bee n cy cling /se e E) h a v e h a d /t o o k
40. Th e a ba n d o n ed s h ip .......... at sea fo r 46. So fa r In o u r d isc uss io n, I mu st c on fess ,

wee ks wh e n a pas s in g s h ip ........... it by we .......... ou r a tte n tion o n th e triv ia l
chance. problems rather than on the major ones.
A) d rifte d /h a d s p o tte d A) ha ve co n ce n tra te d

B) was d rifting /wa s s po ttin g B) co nc e n tra ted
C) h as b e en d rif tin g /s p o ts C) a re co nc e n tra tin g
D) wo u ld h a v e d rifte d /h a s sp o tte d D) con cen tra te
E) ha d b ee n d rifting /sp o tted E) h a d be e n c on c e n tra tin g
47. I .......... a day o ff to mo rro w, bu t

41. Mak e su re th at e ve rybo dy ........... the un fo rtuna te ly, I .......... my c h a n ce b y
building before you .......... the main door. coming late today.
A) leaves/locked A) a m re q u e s tin g /a m g o in g to mis s
B) has left/lock B) re q u e s te d / wa s mis s in g
C) left/had locked C) h a ve b e e n re q ue s tin g /mis s
D) was leaving/would lock D) h a d re q u e s te d /h a d b e e n m is s in g
E) is leaving/have locked E) wa s g o in g to re q u es t/m is se d
84 ELS
87
48. By the end of November, the television 54. She promised to fax me the document
company ........... this soap opera for twelve ........ she got to the office.
years.
A) at present C) no B) currently
A) has been broadcasting sooner D) the more
B) is broadcasting E) the
C) will have been broadcasting moment
D) was broadcasting
E) will be broadcasting 55. Our new partner was unwilling to sign
the agreement ......... he was completely
49. Can't you do anything about that tap in satisfied with all the conditions.
the kitchen? It ........... constantly for over B) by the time
A) because
a week and the s ound ........... me crazy. C) nevertheless D) until
E) after
A) had been dripping/will be driving
B) will be dripping/has driven 56. The director is glad he chose her for the
C) was dripping/had driven position, for the profits have been rising
D) has been dripping/is driving steadily ............she was put in charge.
E) is dripping/will have driven
A) as soon as C) even B) since
50. A friend of mine believes that they ............ though D) during
a way to stop aging before she ............ too E) by the
old. time
A) have found/got 57. The police took strict preventive measures

B) will have found/gets in order not to allow any incidents ............
the demonstration.
C) have been finding/was getting
D) were finding/has got A) while B) besides D)
E) are finding/will get C) where during
E) when
58. In Europe and America, young people

often start to live on their own ........... they
reach the age of 18.
A) so that B) while .
51. He had always been quite fond of meat C) by the time D) as if
......... he witnessed, in disgust, the E) once
slaughter of a sheep.
59 ............. I tried Indian food was on my last
B) afterwards birthday. I've been to the same restaurant
A) as soon as C) during D) when
E) until many times ..............
A) W hen/up to then
52. He has been a vegetarian ......... he B) At last/afterwards
witnessed the slaughter of a sheep. C) The first time/since
D) At first/so far '. .
A) B) since D) as E) The last time/before
after C) E) while
for 60. We had great difficulty sending magazines
53. Students usually find it really difficult to to our subscribers ............the postal
understand the grammar, but .......... workers' strike.
they've grasped the principles, they begin A) for
C) while B) as
to enjoy it. D) despite
A) once E) during
B) by the time
C) until D) hardly 61 ............. I go to that restaurant, I'll try a
E) no sooner dish I've never tasted before.
A) The last time B) Wherever

C) Besides D) The next time
E) The sooner
ELS 85
88
62. The burglars stole the old lady's most 69........... he was told about the cancellation
treasured possessions, and she became of the design, the architect was well
very distressed.......... she described them advanced on it.
to the police.
B) After
A) Hardly
A) as B) since C) As soon as D) By the time
C) owing to D) despite E) As
E) by the time
70 .......... the beginning of history, hunger
63. He had already lost confidence in himself has never been far from people's lives.
a long time ......... his wife abandoned
him. A) When B) For
C) Since D) While
A) ago B) before
C) after E) Despite
D) immediately
E) earlier
64 ........... civilization began, gold has been
regarded as a symbol of power and wealth.
A) Since B) After 71. As the plane flew across the Atlantic,
C) When D) As soon as
E) The sooner
A) the cabin c rew will serve re fresh ments
65. The student worked .......... four o'clock in B) we a re un ab le to se e v e ry muc h
the morning trying to finish the project, C) be ca us e o f th e a ir-tu rbu le nc e
but he still had to hand it in incomplete. D) a h ija cke r th rea ten ed to b lo w it u p
E) th e p ilo t has to ld us to fas ten o u r
A) until B) before seat-belts
C) during D) since
E) as long as 72. When I was sitting by the stream all
alone the other day ...........
66. My father decided to take up jogging
......... his doctor warned him that he was A) the dark shade of the trees had
terribly unfit. sheltered me from the glaring
afternoon sun
A) even if B) by the time B) the sound of the flowing water will
C) owing to D) in contrast with have taken me into the world of
E) after dreams
C) I found the deep silence really
67. It was .......... less than 500 years ago that soothing
astronomers were able to show that our D) I'm really fascinated by the scenery
world, together with the other planets, there
revolves around the Sun. E) I've been trying to be able to do it
again ever since
A) even B) only when D)
then C) not no sooner 73. He's been strictly observing the principles
until E) immediately after of a healthy diet .........
68 .......... the people of an area cut down A) so that he wou ld be a ble to reco ver
trees and turn the land over to grazing or h is go o d h ea lth to so me e x te n t
farming, they reduce the local animals' B) wh en h is do c to r wa rn e d h im a b ou t a
food supply and destroy their natural p ro b a b le he a rt a tta c k
habitat. C) after he received severe criticism from
h is do c to r a bo u t h is e a ting ha b its
A) Although C) Thus B) When D) un til he h as lo s t a s ma n y k ilo s as h is
E) By the time D) Whereas doctor adv ised
E) sin ce he wen t to see h is doc tor a bo u t
th e p a ins in h is c h es t
86 Q ELS
89
74 ............ for some time after the chairman 78. Ever since the government banned
closed the session. smoking In public places, .........
A) The members went on discussing A) there were protests every week for the
next 5 years
among themselves B) suppliers were furious and demanded
B) The decision won't have been made a change
public C) nobod y knew what the outcome for
C) He has sat in his office, reflecting on the tobacco industry would be
the outcome D) the plan for which was drawn up b y
D) We all agree that there should be the Minister of Health
another meeting E) smokers have felt that their freedom
is restricted
E) They have been informing all the
workers concerned 79. In the explosion at the mine last week,
75 ............ when the police took action to

break up the demonstration. A) the own er has decided to sack most of
the old workers
B) that might have been caused b y a
A) More and more demonstrators are
fault in the h ydraulic lift s ystem
now crowding into the area C) the trade union had alread y warned
B) The crowd began to disperse rapidly the authorities of the danger
in all directions D) being similar to past underground
C) The rioters have formed a chain disasters
around the furious crowd E) eight miners lost their lives and a lot
of machinery was damaged
D) The media is to blame for printing
provocative headlines 80 ........... , but now I realize that we couldn't
E) The uncontrollable crowd seems to be cope without it.
marching towards the city centre
A) Th e new secretary seemed rather
76. You'll certainly lose your prejudices about incomp etent at first
Mr. Jamison ............. B) I can't decide whether we really need
a burglar alarm
C) For a long time I thought electrical
A) unless you liked him immediately
appliances were unn ecessary
B) despite your previously favourable D) I was absolutely against our bu ying a
opinion second computer
C) once you've got to know him better E) I don't know how I'd survive without
D) because he's alwa ys so inconsiderate my washing-machine <
E) after you realized that he wasn't as
bad as you th ought
77. He had been riding horseback for many

hours ............
81. It's more than a couple of years since I
A) and had man y more before him until
last went there.
he reached his destination A) I have never stayed there for longer
B) otherwise, another mode of than two yea rs.
transportation would be available B) I have visited them twice over the last
C) that has been his biggest dream ever two years.
since he was a boy C) It was only after two years that I went
D) without the horse it would have taken there aga in.
da ys to come so far D) I had nev er be en th ere u ntil the yea r
before last.
E) where he could stop and have a good E) I haven't been there s ince my v isit
rest over two years ago.
ELS Q 87
90
82. I get the impression that it will take some C) All that coup le have d one since they
time for the family to overcome their grief. arrived a t this h o tel is co mp la in .
D) They've only made a couple of
A) It appears to me that the fa mily will complaints ab ou t this h otel so fa r.
take so me time be fo re they a re ab le to E) Since they go t to th is ho tel, n oth ing
cope with their sorrow. has c aus ed tha t c ou p le to co mp la in.
B) Noth ing I could say a t the time co uld
have he lped the fa mily throug h the ir 85. He never sings except when he's taking a
sorrow. shower in the morning.
C) As far as I can see, the family have
A) It is very rare to hear him sing ing ou t
been suffering now for quite so me
of the sho we r in the mo rn ing .
time.
B) He th in k s tha t s in g ing wh e n y o u tak e
D) The on ly thing that will hea l this
a shower is a very common occurrence.
family's suffering, as we can all see, is
C) Whenev er h e goes in to the ba th roo m
time.
fo r a sho we r, he sta rts to sing .
E) Apparen tly, the fa mily have taken a
D) Un less he is ta k in g a s ho we r, in th e
very long time to deal with their mo rn in g, it is imposs ib le to hea r h im
sorrow. singing.
E) In o r ou t o f the sho we r, a t an y time o f
83. In spite of the recent improvements in the day, he hard ly eve r sings.
political situation, Nigeria still has a long
way to go before it returns to full 86. It was only after she had overcome her
democracy. shyness that she started to make some
friends.
A) Although the political situation in
Nige ria has neve r ap pea red mo re A) As he r s hy nes s g ra du a lly dec reas ed ,
hopeless, the re a re still so me people more peop le wanted to be friends with
who long fo r a retu rn to fu ll her.
democracy. B) Befo re beco ming less shy, nobody had
B) Nigeria's government has changed for wan ted to be friends with he r.
the be tte r recently, bu t they s till have C) She felt much mo re co n fiden t when
a lot to do befo re complete democracy she h ad a fe w friends .
is achieved. D) Her ability to make friends he lped he r
C) Following recent developments for the to ove rc o me he r shyn ess.
better, Nigeria now looks poised for a E) Un til sh e ove rca me it, he r shy ness
re tu rn to d e mo c rac y in the n ea r h a d p rev e n te d he r fro m ma k in g
future. friends with anyone.
D) The political situation in Nigeria has 87. Since the 1960s, water pollution has
bee n so ba d rec en tly tha t a re tu rn to increased, leading to a reduction in the
fu ll de moc rac y a ppea rs to be number of fish species.
hopeless.
E) If on ly the re were a n imp rove men t in A) Desp ite sea po llu tion da ting ba ck to
Nigeria's political situation, people th e 1 96 0s , th e nu mbe r o f fis h in the
there could lo ok fo rwa rd to a retu rn to s e as ha s inc re as ed .
full democracy. B) Sea wa te r was c lea ne r an d the re we re
more varieties of fish before the
84. So far during their stay at this hotel, that 1960s.
couple have done nothing but complain. C) It was a t the beg in ning o f th e 1960 s
that fishing was limited.
A) Th rou gh ou t the ir time a t th is ho te l, D) Th e re was a sh a rp de c rea se in th e
tha t cou ple have had n o co mp la in ts . nu mbe r o f fish bec aus e o f a su dde n
B) Up un til no w, tha t cou p le haven 't ha d ris e in s ea p o llu tion in the 19 60s .
any th in g to c o mpla in ab ou t a t th is E) The d rop in the nu mbe r of fish in the
hotel. sea is d irectly c onnec te d with the
inc rease in sea p ollu tion .
88 a ELS
91
88. He allowed his garden to become overrun C) Tile-making as a craft grew in İznik
with weeds during the time that he was and Kütahya, but later it declined in
focusing on growing his business. both towns for unknown reasons.
D) While fewer and fewer craftsmen were
A) While concentrating on expanding his producing tiles in İznik, more and
company, he let his garden become more people were taking up the
overgrown with weeds. business in Kütahya.
B) His garden got flooded because he E) Both İznik and Kütahya are famous
wasn't watching what he was doing as tile-making centres, but the craft
when he was working in it. became popular in Kütahya much
C) When building a business up, it is later than in İznik.
easy to become tied down with work
and neglect domestic chores such as
weeding the garden.
D) He shouldn't have left his garden
unattended while he tried to expand
his company.
91. The French artist Rodin had an influence
E) He didn't notice that his garden on almost every sculptor who came after
needed weeding because he was too him.
busy concentrating on his business.
A) Fra ns ız s ana tç ısı Rod in' in
89. Throughout history, people have helped k e n d is in de n so n ra ge le n he me n he r
the needy, but social work didn't begin In heyke ltraş üze rinde e tk is i olmuş tu r.
an organized fashion until the 19th B) Ke nd is in den s on ra g e len bü tün
century. Fra ns ız heyke ltraş la rı üze rinde
Rodin'in etkileri vardır.
A) When people started helping the C) Ke n d is ind e n s o n ra g e len b ü tün
needy during the 19th century, social heyke ltraşlan etk ile me y i başa rmış tek
work began to be organized. Fransız sanatçıs ı Rod in'dir.
B) Since history began, the needy have D) Rodin'in en büyük özelliği
been helped by others, yet not until k e n d is in de n so n ra ye tiş en tü m
the 19th century was social work Fransız heykeltraşları etkile miş
organized. olmasıdır.
C) The beginning of organized social E) Fra n s ız s an a tç ı Rod in , k e nd in de n
sonra ge len tü m heyke ltraş la r iç in b ir
work came in the 19th century, es in k ay na ğ ı o lmuş tu r.
shortly after the rich started helping
the poor. 92. In ou r rap idly-chang ing soc iety , we see
D) Social work organizations, which help th a t o u r d epe nd en ce o n o u r tra d ition s is
look after the poor, were badly gradually decreasing .
organized before the beginning of the
19th century. A) To p lu mu mu zd a en h ız lı g e rç ek le şen
E) Historians believe that poor people değişimlerden biri de geleneklerimize
began being helped by organized olan bağlılığımızın azalmasıdır.
social workers during the 19th B) Toplu mu muz büyük b ir hız la değ işir
century. ken, geleneklerimizdeki değişimin
daha yavaş seyre ttiğ ini görüyoruz .
90. At the same time as tile-making In İznik C) To p lu mu mu zu n h ız lı b ir şe k ild e
was declining, the trade In Kütahya was değişmesiyle birlikte geleneklerimize
growing. verdiğimiz önemin de azaldığı
görülmektedir.
D) Gö rü le n o k i, to p lu mu mu zu n h ız la
A) Demand for tiles has fallen in İznik, değişmesi giderek geleneklerimize olan
but has at the same time increased in bağlılığ ımız ın aza lmas ına neden
Kütahya. olacak.
B) Once the trade of tile-making in İznik E) Hız la değ işmek te o lan top lumu muzda ,
had disappeared, some tile craftsmen geleneklerimize olan bağlılığımızın
moved to Kütahya. giderek azaldığını görmekteyiz.
ELS Q 89
92
93. It's feared that the hard economic 96. Curiosity has always been the driving
conditions In the country will increase force behind man's need to invent.
the suicide rate.
A) İnsanoğlunun icatlar yapması hep
A) Ülkenin içinde bulunduğu güç
ekonomik koşulların, intihar oranını merakı sayesinde mümkün olmuştur.
artırdığı görülmektedir. B) İnsanoğlunun icat etme ihtiyacının
B) İntihar olaylarının artmasına neden arkasında merak her zaman itici güç
olarak ülkede yaşanan zor ekonomik olmuştur.
koşullar gösterilmektedir. C) Yapısında var olan merak,
C) Ülkedeki ağır ekonomik koşulların insanoğlunu hep icatlar yapmaya
intihar oranını artırmasından
korkulmaktadır. itmiştir.
D) Ülkede yaşanan ağır ekonomik D) İnsanoğlunun yaptığı tüm icatların
koşullar devam ederse, intihar temelinde, çevresine karşı duyduğu
olaylarının artacağı tahmin merak yatmaktadır.
edilmektedir. E) İnsanoğlunun icatlar yapmasında
E) İntihar oranının artmasının ülkedeki sadece ihtiyaç değil merak da önemli
ağır ekonomik koşullarla yakından bir itici güç olmuştur.
ilgili olduğu ileri sürülmektedir.
94. Until the late 1940s, control of the entire 97. I was really glad that I'd seen and
film industry was in the hands of a few rectified my mistake before anyone
major Hollywood producers. noticed.
A) 1940'ların sonlarından itibaren, tüm A) Hiç kimse farketmeden yanlışımı
film endüstrisini yönlendiren birkaç
büyük Hollywood yapımcısı olmuştur. görüp düzelttiğim için çok
B) 1940'larda, tüm film endüstrisinin memnundum.
kontrolü hala birkaç büyük Hollywood B) Kimse farketmeden yanlışımı görüp
yapımcısının elindeydi. düzeltebilseydim çok memnun
C) 1940'ların sonlarına doğru, birkaç olurdum.
büyük Hollywood yapımcısı tüm film C) Neyseki yanlışımı önce kendim
endüstrisinin kontrolünü ele geçirdi. farkettim ve hiç kimse görmeden
D) 1940'ların sonlarına kadar, bütün film
endüstrisinin kontrolü birkaç büyük düzelttim.
Hollywood yapımcısının elindeydi. D) Hiç kimsenin yanlışımı farketmemiş
E) 1940'lardan sonra, film endüstrisinin olması çok sevindiriciydi.
kontrolünü ellerinde tutan birkaç E) Herkesten önce yanlışı benim
Hollywood yapımcısının yerini yenileri farketmiş olmama gerçekten çok
almaya başladı. sevindim.
95. Even with our current level of technology,
we still do not have the power to respond 98. Very often, the products we purchase
to every human need. don't have all of the features claimed in
the advertisements.
A) İnsanların bütün ihtiyaçlarına yanıt
verebilmesi için teknoloji şu anda A) Aldığımız ürünlerde reklamlarda
bulunduğu düzeyden çok daha ileride belirtilen özelliklerin tümünü
olmalıdır.
B) Bugün gelinen noktada teknoloji bulabileceğimizi ummamalıyız.
henüz insanoğlunun tüm ihtiyaçlarını B) Çoğunlukla reklamlar satışa sunulan
karşılayacak kadar güçlü değildir. ürünlerin özelliklerim abartırlar.
C) Şu anda sahip olduğumuz teknoloji, C) Alışveriş yaparken çoğu zaman
ne kadar gelişmiş olsa da, insanın her reklamlarda ileri sürülen iddiaların
türlü ihtiyacını karşılayacak güçte etkisinde kalırız.
değildir.
D) Bugün sahip olduğu teknolojiyle D) Çoğumuz, aldığımız ürünün
insanoğlu, her türlü ihtiyacını reklamlarda iddia edilen özelliklerin
karşılayacak güce sahip değildir. hepsine sahip olmadığını biliriz.
E) Şu anki teknoloji düzeyimizle bile, E) Çoğu zaman, aldığımız ürünler
insanın her türlü ihtiyacına yanıt reklamlarda iddia edilen özelliklerin
verecek güce sahip değiliz. tümünü taş ıma maktadır.
90 ELS
93
99. It's planned that the dam will be C) If the scientists were on the right
completed and will have started track, they would have found a
producing electricity by the end of July. solution to this problem by now.
D) Scientists are sure to find a solution
A) Plana göre baraj, temmuz sonunda once they've clearly identified the
tamamlanıp elektrik üretmeye problem.
başlayacak. E) This problem hasn't caught the
B) Baraj en geç temmuz sonunda attention of the scientists yet, but it
elektrik üretmeye başlayacak şekilde
planlandı. definitely calls for an immediate
C) Planları tamamlanan barajın, temmuz solution.
sonunda elektrik üretmeye başlaması
beklenmektedir. 102. Kuzey Kutbu'nun üzerinde uçarken,
D) Barajın temmuz sonuna kadar hepimiz aşağıda kilometrelerce uzanan
tamamlanıp elektrik üretmeye buzulların güzelliğine hayran kaldık.
başlaması planlanmaktadır.
E) Herşey planlandığı gibi giderse, baraj A) The view of the North Pole from the
temmuz sonunda elektrik üretmeye plane was spectacular owing to the
başlayacak. beauty of the glaciers spreading over
many kilometres.
100. Interest In fuel conservation In recent B) While we were flying over the North
years has stimulated the development of Pole, we were all amazed at the
modern wind machines for generating beauty of the glaciers below,
electricity. stretching for many kilometres.
C) We were flying over the North Pole,
A) Son yıllarda yakıt tasarrufuna olan admiring the beauty of the glaciers
ilgi, elektrik üretimi için modern which covered an area of many
rüzgar makinalarının geliştirilmesini
teşvik etmiştir. kilometres. '
B) Yakıt sıkıntısının baş göstermesiyle D) The sight from the plane of the North
birlikte tüm ilgi, rüzgarla çalışan Pole, with many kilometres of
modern elektrik üretme makinalannın stretching glaciers, impressed us all.
geliştirilmesine yönelmiştir. E) During our flight over the North Pole,
C) Son yıllarda yaşanan yakıt we all admired the beauty of the
sıkıntısından sonra rüzgarla çalışan glaciers stretching as far as the eye
modern elektrik üretme makinaları could see.
daha çok ilgi görmeye başlamıştır.
D) Yakıt tasarrufuna gösterilen ilgi son 103. Osmanlı Padişahları, I. Abdülmecid
yıllarda o kadar artmıştır ki elektrik devrine kadar yaklaşık dört yüzyıl
üretimi için rüzgarla çalışan boyunca Topkapı Sarayı'nda yaşadılar.
makinaların kullanılması kaçınılmaz
olmuştur. A) Except for Abdülmecid I, Topkapı
E) Elektrik üretiminde kullanılan Palace was inhabited by the Ottoman
makinalar, son yıllarda artan yakıt Sultans for more than four hundred
tasarrufu bilinci sayesinde daha da years.
modernleştirilmiştir. B) Until the reign of Abdülmecid I,
Topkapı Palace had been the regular
residence of the Ottoman Sultans for
over four centuries.
C) Until the reign of Abdülmecid I, the
Ottoman Sultans lived in Topkapı
101. Bilim adamları bu soruna henüz tam bir Palace for a period of nearly four
çözüm bulamadılar, ama doğru iz centuries.
üzerinde olduklarından eminler. D) For four hundred years, until the
reign of Abdülmecid I, Topkapı Palace
A) Although scientists have not found a had been the residence of all the
solution to this problem yet, they will Ottoman Sultans.
probably work it out in a short time. E) Topkapı Palace, which the Ottoman
B) Scientists have not yet found an exact Sultans inhabited for almost four
solution to this problem, but they are centuries, was not used during the
confident that they are on the right reign of Abdülmecid I.
track.
ELS Q 91
94
104. Turizm sektörünün gelişmesiyle, B) None of the machines that man has
bölgenin ülke ekonomisine katkısı her created works as perfectly as the
geçen gün artmaktadır. human body does.
C) No machine that man has created has
A) The more the tourism sector grows in yet reached the perfection of the
the region, the bigger its contribution human body.
to the economy of the country will be. D) Whatever man does, he cannot create
B) The growth of the tourism sector in a machine that will match the
the region has contributed greatly to perfection of his own body.
the improvement of the country's E) Of all the machines that man has
economy. created so far, none of them is as
C) After the growth of the tourism sector perfect as the human body.
there, the region was able to
contribute greatly to the country's 107. Şiddetti tipi yüzünden bölgedeki birkaç
economy. köy bir haftadır ulaşılamaz olmuştur.
D) As the tourism sector grows, the
contribution of the region to the A) Most of the villages couldn't be
economy of the country will increase reached for a week due to the severe
considerably. blizzards in the region.
E) With the growth of the tourism sector, B) It was s uch a s evere blizz ar d that
the region's contribution to the some village roads were blocked for a
economy of the country is rising with
week.
C) Owing to the severe blizzards in the
each day.
region, it took us a week to get to the
105. Araba ithaliyle ilgili yasadaki son village.
D) The severe blizzards, which have cut
değişikliklerden sonra, yeril üreticiler off several villages for a week, are still
kaliteyi yükseltmek zorunda kalacaklar. continuing.
E) Because of the severe blizzard, several
A) After the recent changes in the car villages in the region have not been
importing laws, domestic reached for a week.
manufacturers will have to improve
quality. 108. Mağaranın içine doğru biraz daha
B) The recent changes in the law have ilerleyince suyun açık havaya değil
made it easier to import cars, so içeriye doğru akmakta olduğunu
domestic manufacturers are trying to fark ettik.
produce better quality cars.
C) Domestic car manufacturers could A) It was only after we had advanced for
better cope with the recent changes in a little while in the cave that we
the laws on car imports if they were to realized the water was not flowing
produce better quality products. towards the open air, but inwards.
D) With the recent changes in the laws B) We were astonished, as we proceeded
into the cave, to see that the water
on car imports, domestic was moving in the direction of the
manufacturers have been left with no open air.
choice but to improve quality. C) To our astonishment, the water was
E) The only way for domestic car flowing from the open air into the
manufacturers to compete with cave, not vice versa as we had
imported cars is to raise quality. expected.
D) As we moved a little farther into the
106. İnsanoğlunun yarattığı hiçbir makine cave, we noticed that the water was
henüz insan vücudunun mükemmelliğine moving inwards and not towards the
ulaşamamıştır. open air.
E) We advanced a little further in the
A) No machine that man creates can be cave to see whether the water was
as perfect as the human body. flowing inwards or towards the open
air.
92 Q E LS
95
109. Eski çağlardan beri Çin übbının önemli 110. Akciğer kanserinin erken bir aşamada
bir parçasını oluşturan akupunktur tespit edilmesi çok zor çünkü genellikle
Batı'da, ancak 1970'lerden sonra ilgi belirtiler hastalık çok ilerleyene kadar
görmeye başlamıştır. görünmüyor.
A) Ac up u nc tu re , wh ic h h as fo rme d a A) The reason why lung cancer is

significan t part o f Chinese medicine difficult to notice at an early stage is
since ancient times, began to receive that the symptoms are not detectable
inte res t in th e West on ly afte r the before the disease is well-advanced.
1970s. B) Lung cancer is often detected at a
B) Although acupuncture has been very
well-advanced stage, when symptoms
important in Chinese medicine since
ancient times, it gained recognition in appear clearly; otherwise, the disease
the West only in the 1970s. is difficult to notice at an early stage.
C) Physicians in the West became C) When lung cancer is at an early stage,
interested in acupuncture, an ancient the symptoms are not apparent
Chinese medical treatment, in the enough to detect the disease with
1970s. ease.
D) An ancient Chinese method of D) The symptoms of lung cancer are not
treatment, acupuncture has been apparent until the disease is well-
receiving great interest in the West advanced, so it's not easy to detect it
since the 1970s. at an early stage.
E) In ancient times, acupuncture was of E) Lung cancer is very difficult to detect
great significance in Chinese at an early stage because the
medicine, but since the 1970s, it has symptoms often do not appear until
had an important part in the West as the disease is well-advanced.
well.
ELS a 93
96
UNIT 2
Modals and Similar
Expressions
INTRODUCTION
İngilizce'de modal yardımcı fiilleri: can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better,
may, might ve must gibi sözcüklerdir.
Modal yardımcı fiilleri, genellikle konuşmacının duygularım yansıtır. Yani, gereklilik,

zorunluluk, olasılık gibi kipleri ifade ederler. Örneğin, birine sigarayı bırakması gerektiğini
söylemek istiyorsak, bunu İngilizce'de şöyle ifade ederiz:
You should stop smoking. (Sigarayı bırakman gerekir.)
Ya da, birine bir konuda izin verdiğimizi ifade etmek istiyorsak: :
You may/can leave work early today. (Bugün işten erken çıkabilirsin.)
Bir modal, kullanılan özneye göre değişiklik göstermez. He/We/I/They should leave early.
Bir modal, kendinden sonra yalın fiil alır.
He can sing well. /We may come late. /They must phone us. "ought to" bu
kuralın dışındadır.
I ought to phone my parents./He ought to study hard.
Bir modal ile belirttiğimiz duyguyu, genellikle, benzer bir başka yapı ile de ifade edebiliriz.
He can sing very well./He is able to sing very well. We must walk faster./We
have to walk faster.
94 ;J ELS
97
a) MODAL AUXILIARIES
can I do it. do it. Bir modal'dan sonra gelen fiil yalın
could gelir.
You may -He do it. do it.
wight She will do it. You must speak slowly.
It would shall do it, do it, Sadece "ought", kendinden sonra
We should do it. gelen fiili "to do" biçiminde alır.
You ought to do it. do it, He ought to eat less. We

They .had better do it ought to walk faster.
must
b) SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
be able to do Bir modal'ın cümleye kattığı anlamı

have to do bir başka ifade ile de verebiliriz.
have got to do He can speak three languages. He Is
used to do be able to speak three languages.
to do be
supposed to do
Bir modal, birden fazla anlam ifade edebilir. Şimdi modal yardımcı fiillerinin bu anlamlarını
inceleyelim.
2-1 REQUESTS
Birinden bir şey rica ederken kullanabileceğimiz çeşitli ifade biçimleri vardır. Bunlardan yaygın
olarak kullanabileceğimiz iki yapı, özne olarak "I" ya da "you" kullanarak oluşturabileceğimiz
ifadelerdir.
Can J borrow your dictionary for a moment? (Sözlüğünü bir süre için alabilir
miyim?) Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment? (Sözlüğünü bir süre
için bana verebilir misin?)
2-2 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT "I"

MAY I May I (please) borrow your book? Could I "May I" ve "Could I" nazik bir
COULD I borrow your book (please)? isteme ifadesidir, (formal)
"Can I" daha samimi ortamlarda

CAN I Can I borrow your book? izin isterken kullanılır. (informal)
TYPICAL RESPONSES : Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course/Of course, you

may./Sure. (Informal}
Brother: Will you be using your bike tomorrow?

Sister: I don't think so. Why?
Brother: Can / borrow it for the afternoon?
Sister: What happened to yours?
Brother: Mine has a flat tyre.
Sister: Well, in that case, you can.
ELS a 95
98
(In a train compartment)
Woman: May I have a look at your newspaper?
Man: Yes, certainly. Here you are. (Tabii ki. Buyrunuz.)
(On the phone)
Man: Could/May I speak to Mr. Jones, please?
Secretary: Sorry, he is busy on the other line at the moment. Can you wait for
a moment? Man: That's alright, I'll call again later.
2-3 POLITE REQUESTS with the SUBJECT 'YOU"

COULD YOU Could you give me some information, please? "could" ve "would"
WOULD YOU Would you open the door for me, please? resmiyet /nezaket
Could you please tell me the way gerektiren ortamlarda
to the station? kullanabileceğimiz
yapılardır.
WILL YOU Will you lend me your book (please)? "will" de resmi ortam-
Will you (please) lend me your book? larda kullanılır, ancak
diğerlerine göre daha
doğrudan bir ifade
biçimidir.
Will you be quiet, please? "will", öfke /sabırsızlık
vb. gösteren ricalarda
da kullanılır.
CAN YOU Can you lend me your dictionary? "can" daha samimi
Can you open the door, please? ortamlarda kullanılır.
Eğer olumsuz yanıt
TYPICAL RESPONSES: vereceksek, yine
Yes, I'd (/ would) be happy to. nazik bir şekilde
Yes, certainly. I'd be glad to. nedenini açıklamamız
Sure. (Informal) gerekir.
(At a breakfast table)

Son: Mum, can you pass me the butter? Mother: Sure, here you are.
(At a Travel Agent's)
Customer:
Would you give us some information about your package tours, please? Travel
Agent: Certainly, Madam. I'd be happy to.
(On the street)
Stranger: Could you please direct me to the Immigration Department?
You: Sorry, I don't know where it is either.
(At work)
Jane: Could you give me a lift home after work, Jack? Jack: Sorry, I wish I
could, but my mother will be waiting for me at the doctor's, and I am going to
pick her up right after work.
NOTE: "I'd be happy to, I'd be glad to" yanıtlarını, "I" öznesi ile sorulmuş sorularda kullanamayız.
- May I take your dictionary for a moment?
- Of course, here you are./Yes, of course you may./Sorry, I'm using it myself.
- Can you lend me your dictionary for a moment?
- Yes, of course. Here you are./I'm afraid I can't. I'm using it myself.
- Yes, I'd be happy to.
(I'd be happy to lend you my dictionary. - Memnuniyetle veririm.)
96 D ELS
99
2-4 POLITE REQUESTS with "WOULD YOU MIND"
ASKING PERMISSION
Would you mind if I smoked here? Would
you mind if I opened the window? Would 'Would you mind If I +
you mind if I came a bit late tomorrow? Simple Past Tense"
Burada Past Tense
kullanılmasına ragmen,
TYPICAL RESPONSES anlam Present ya da
No. Not at all. Please do. No. Of course not. Future'dur.
Go ahead. No, that would be fine.
ASKING SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING

Would you mind opening the window?
Would you mind speaking a bit more quietly?
Would you mind posting these letters for me?
"Would you mind + doing"
TYPICAL RESPONSES
No, of course not. I'd be happy to. Not at all. I'd be glad to.
"Would you mind If I did?" , "... (benim) yapmamın sizce bir sakıncası var mı/... (benim) yapmam
sizi rahatsız eder mi?' anlamına gelir.
Böyle bir soruya yanıt verirken dikkatli olmamız gerekir. Eğer "Yes" ile yanıt verirsek, "Evet,
rahatsız eder." anlamına gelir ki bu da pek nazik bir yanıt olmaz. Bu nedenle karşımızdaki
kişiye izin vereceksek, yanıtımız "No" ile başlamalıdır.
- Would you mind if I opened the window?

- No, of course not. Please do. (Hayır, tabii ki yok. Açabilirsiniz.)
- Would you mind if I went to bed early tonight?

- Not at all. Go ahead.
- Would you mind if I wore your red sweater tomorrow?

- Of course not. Go ahead. (Tabii ki hayır. Giyebilirsin.)
Eğer bu istekleri reddedeceksek, yine nazik bir ifade biçimi kullanmamız gerekir. Reddederken
kullanabileceğimiz yanıtlar çok çeşitlidir ve konuya bağlıdır.
- Would you mind if I opened the window?

- Well, I'd rather you didn't. It's a bit cold in here.
(Açmamanızı tercih ederim. Burası biraz soğuk.)
- Would you mind if I wore your red sweater tomorrow?

- Well actually, I was thinking of wearing it myself.
(Aslında, onu yarın ben giymeyi düşünüyordum.)
- Would you mind if I had a look at your paper?

- Well, I'm reading it myself, actually.
- Would you mind if I smoked here?

- Well, I'd rather you didn't. The smoke makes me cough.
ELS a 97
100
"Would you mind doing?","... (sizin) yapmanızın sizce bir sakıncası var mı/... yapmak sizi
rahatsız eder mi?' anlamım verir.
Şu iki cümle arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. . - Would you mind if I opened the window?
(Camı açmamın sizce bir sakıncası var mı?) , - No, please do. (Camı
açacak olan kişi "ben")
- Would you mind opening the window?

(Camı açmanızın sizce bir sakıncası var mı?)
- Not at all. I'd be glad to. (Camı açacak olan kişi "siz")
- Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go out?
- No, of course not. I'd be happy to.
Eğer kişinin ricasını yerine getiremeyeceksek, yine nazik bir şekilde gerekçesini belirtmemiz
gerekir.
- Would you mind posting these letters for me when you go out?
- Well, I'm afraid I can't. I'm not going past the post office.
- Would you mind lending me your dictionary?
- I'm afraid I can't. I'm using it myself at the moment.
"Would you mind ....?" biçiminde verilen bir cümleyi tamamlarken, cümlenin devamındaki
anlama dikkat etmemiz gerekir.
EXAMPLES:
1. "I have to catch a plane early in the morning tomorrow. Would you mind (give) ..
me a lift in your car? " cümlesini,".... if I did" yapısıyla tamamlayanlayız. Çünkü
karşımızdaki kişinin bir şey yapmasını istiyoruz. O halde bu cümleyi "... doing'
şeklinde tamamlayabiliriz.
Would you mind giving me a lift in your car?
2. "I had promised to come to the cinema with you, but now I have some other very
important jobs to do. Would you mind (change) ....... my mind and (not come) .........
with you?"
Bu örnekte ise "konuşmacı kendisi bir şey yaparsa, karşısındaki rahatsız olur mu?"
anlamı olduğu için,"... if I did" yapısını kullanabiliriz.
Would you mind if I changed my mind and didn't come with you?
3. Bazı durumlarda ise her iki kalıbı da kullanabiliriz ama anlam değişir. (Yani, eylemi
yapacak kişi değişir.) "I want to listen to the news. Would you mind (turn on) ........ the
television?" cümlesinde, televizyonu konuşmacı mı açacak, yoksa karşısındaki kişinin
mi açmasını istiyor, net değil.
Would you mind if I turned on the television? turning on the television?
NOT€------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ^
"Would you mind If I did...?" resmi ortamlarda kullanılan bir kalıptır. Daha
samimi ortamlarda "Do you mind If I do (Simple Present)...?"
kullanılır.
- Do you mind if I use your computer for a few hours?
- No, of course not. Go ahead.
- Do you mind if I drop you off at the corner, since I'm in a hurry?
- Of course not. It's just five minutes' walk to the school from there.
98 O ELS
101
EXERCISE 1: Fill in the blanks with either "if I + the Simple Past' or with the "-Ing' form of
the verb. In some cases, both are possible, with a different meaning.
1. A: Is t his se at fr ee ?
B:Yes.
A: Would you mind (sit) .................... here?
B: Not at all.
2. A: Sorry, I couldn't catch the last sentence you said. Would you mind (repeat)
it? ....................
B: No, not at all. ...........
3. A: This lamp doesn't give off enough light to read by. Would you mind (switch)
.................. on the other light, too?
B: No.
4. A: I've got a bit of a headache. Would you mind (not join) ..................... you this
evening after all? B: Not at all. Shall I get you an aspirin?
5. A: Oh, I haven't got enough money for this. Would you mind (lend) ...................... me
some? I'll pay you back tomorrow. B: Sure. How much do you need?
6. A: I seem to be a bit short of cash. Would you mind (borrow) ...................... some for
a couple of days? B: Well, I'm a bit short myself actually.
7. A: Would you mind (nor, smoke) ..................... while I'm eating? The smell puts me
off my food. B: Oh, I'm sorry, I thought you had finished.
8. A: I didn't buy a newspaper this morning. Would you mind (stop) ......................the
car a minute at the corner so that I can buy one?
B: Not at all.
9. A: Would you mind (keep) .................... my coat on? It is awfully cold in here.
B: No, please do. I'm afraid our heating isn't working properly.
10. A: Would you mind (skip) .................... football practice tonight, Sir? I went hiking
with my parents yesterday and my feet have painful blisters on them. B: No, it's okay
this time, but don't forget that being a member of our school team is a privilege.
2-5 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES

Emir cümleleri de, ricada bulunurken kullanabileceğimiz yapılardan biridir. Özellikle, "please"
ile yumuşatarak, "emir" havasından çıkarıp, "rica" anlamı verebiliriz.
- Shut the door, please.
- Please try to speak a bit more quietly.
- Be on time, please.
Emir cümleleri, ikinci tekil ya da ikinci çoğul şahıslara hitaben yapılır ve doğrudan, fiilin yalın
haliyle başlar.
- Help me to lay the table, please.
- Please turn on the lights.
- Try to come on time, please.
- Please let me know immediately if you get any news.
Olumsuz emir cümleleri "don't" ile başlar.
- Don't make so much noise, children.
- Don't be late, please.
- Don't forget to call me, please.
Emi r c ümle le ri, özel li kl e, yö n t ar if e der ke n ç ok k ull a nılı r.
Stranger: Can you tell me the way to the post office?
You: Go along this street. Turn right at the traffic lights, and then take the
second turning on your left. It's there on the right.
ELS Q 99
102
EXERCISE 2: Ask polite questions In the situations given below. Use any appropriate
modal, (may, can, could, would you mind, etc.)
1. You are in a strange city. You need to go to the post office to make a phone call, but
you don't know where it is. So you stop a passerby to ask for directions:
2. Your phone is out of order, but you have to call someone urgently, so you ask to
use your next-door neighbour's phone:
3. You are in company and you want to have a cigarette, as long as no one else
objects. You say:
4. You notice that a fellow student has a book on his shelf that might be useful to you
for an essay you are writing. Wishing to borrow the book, you ask:
5. You are working in a stuffy, smoky office and you want to open the window. To get
your colleagues' consent, you say:
6. You are struggling into a bank with a pram and cannot open the door. The security
guard doesn't seem to have noticed, so you catch his attention by saying:
7. You are in the office at lunchtime and a colleague asks you for some advice on an
important project. As you have a meeting at 2 p.m., you want to eat your sandwich
while he explains, so you say:
8. You need to find a bank, but you are in a strange town without a map, so you stop
a pedestrian and say:
9. Your classmates are going on a skiing holiday and you want to join them. You ask
your father for permission:
10. You are thinking of buying a car, but want to drive it first, so you say to the
salesman:
2-6 NECESSITY and PROHIBITION

2-7 NECESSITY: must, have to, have got to
a) Form
Must, have to ve have got to, gereklilik ya da zorunluluk ifade eden yapılardır.
Students must study hard in order to pass exams. Students have to study
hard in order to pass exams. Students have got to study hard in order to pass
exams.
"have to" nun soru biçimi, "do" kullanılarak oluşturulur.
- Do you have to leave now?
- Yes, I do. (Yes.I have to leave now.)
- Does your brother have to work so hard?
-Yes, he does. (Yes, he has to work so hard.)
"must" ve "have got to" nun soru biçiminde ise, "must" ve "have" yardımcı fiil olarak kullanılır.
- Must you leave now?
- Yes, I must. fYes, I must leave now.)
- Have you got to leave now ?
- Yes, I have. (Yes, I have got to leave now.)
loo a ELS
103
EXERCISE 1: Ful In the blanks with either "if I + the Simple Past' or with the "-Ing' form of
the verb. In some cases, both are possible, with a different meaning.
' 1. A: Is this seat free?
B: Yes.
A: Would you mind (sit) .................. here?
B: Not at all.
2. A: Sorry, I couldn't catch the last sentence you said. Would you mind (repeat)
................... it?
B: No, not at all.
3. A: This lamp doesn't give off enough light to read by. Would you mind (switch)
................... on the other light, too?
B: No.
4. A: I've got a bit of a headache. Would you mind (not, join) .................... you this
evening after all? B: Not at all. Shall I get you an aspirin?
5. A: Oh, I haven't got enough money for this. Would you mind (lend} .................. me
some? I'll pay you back tomorrow. B: Sure. How much do you need?
6. A: I seem to be a bit short of cash. Would you mind (borrow) ...................some for
a couple of days? B: Well, I'm a bit short myself actually.
7. A: Would you mind (not, smoke) ...................while I'm eating? The smell puts me
off my food. B: Oh, I'm sorry, I thought you had finished.
8. A: I didn't buy a newspaper this morning. Would you mind (stop) ................... the
car a minute at the corner so that I can buy one? B: Not at all.
9. A: Would you mind (keep) .................. my coat on? It is awfully cold in here.
B: No, please do. I'm afraid our heating isn't working properly.
10. A: Would you mind (skip) .................. football practice tonight. Sir? I went hiking
with my parents yesterday and my feet have painful blisters on them. B: No, it's
okay this time, but don't forget that being a member of our school team is a privilege.
2-5 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES

Emir cümleleri de, ricada bulunurken kullanabileceğimiz yapılardan biridir. Özellikle, "please"
ile yumuşatarak, "emir" havasından çıkarıp, "rica" anlamı verebiliriz.
- Shut the door, please.
- Please try to speak a bit more quietly.
- Be on time, please.
Emir cümleleri, ikinci tekil ya da ikinci çoğul şahıslara hitaben yapılır ve doğrudan, fiilin yalın
haliyle başlar.
- Help me to lay the table, please. :
- Please turn off the lights.
- Try to come on time, please.
- Please let me know immediately if you get any news.
Olumsuz emir cümleleri "don't" ile başlar.
- Don't make so much noise, children.
- Don't be late, please.
- Don't forget to call me, please.
Emir cümleleri, özellikle, yön tarif ederken çok kullanılır.
Stranger: Can you tell me the way to the post office?
You: Go along this street. Turn right at the traffic lights, and then take the
second turning on your left. It's there on the right.
ELS Q 99
104
"Must" ve "have to" nun olumsuz biçimi, "don't have to", "don't need to" ya da "needn't" dır.
- Do you have to get up early tomorrow?
- No, it is my day off. I don't have to/don't need to/needn't get up early.
- Does your brother have to get up early tomorrow?
- No, it is his day off. He doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't get up early.
- Must a student study four hours a day?
- It depends on the student. Some students don't have to/don't need to/needn't
study so much.
- Must you get a tutor?
- No, I can understand by myself. I dont have to/don't need to/neednt get a tutor.
NOT€
"Must" m olumsuzu olarak, ilk anda akla "mustn't' geliyor. Ancak
"mustn't', zorunluluğu ortadan kaldıran değil, yasaklama getiren bir
yapıdır.
"Must I stay in bed for a swift recovery ?" (Çabuk iyileşmek için
yatmalı mıyım?)
diyen birine, "No, you mustn't." dersek, "Hayır, yatmamalısın." demiş oluruz ki, bu
da bizim ifade etmek istediğimiz düşünce değildir. Çünkü, bu soruyu soran birine
"Hayır, yatman gerekmez." demek istemişizdir. " Bunu da "needn't', "don't need to"
ya da "don't have to" ile ifade edebiliriz.
No, you don't have to/don't need to/needn't stay in bed, but don't
go out.
"Mustn't" ı ancak, "yapmamalısın" anlamında kullanabiliriz. Yani, "Bunu

yapmamalısın, çünkü yasak' ya da "Bunu yapmamalısın; eğer yaparsan, sonuç
kötü olacak." gibi düşünceleri ifade edebiliriz.
You mustn't smoke so much. You'll make yourself ill.
We mustn't sit here on the grass. The notice says it is forbidden. ]
J
"Have got to" nun olumsuz biçimi ise "haven't got to" dur.
- Have you got to meet your friend at the bus-stop?
- No, I haven't got to meet him. He knows the way, and he can come by himself.
"Must", "have to" ve "have got to" nun past biçimi "had to" dur.
It was very busy at work yesterday. I had to work until late.

When I was a child, there weren't so many toys. We had to make our own toys.
- Did you have to get up early last year?
- No, classes started at noon last year, so I didn't have to get up early.
- Did you have to wear a uniform when you were in high school?
- Yes, I did. (Yes, I had to wear a uniform.)
There weren't so many electric appliances in the past, so women had to spend
very long hours doing the housework.
ELS a 101
105
"Must" ve "have to", zaman olarak "present' ya da "future" eylemleri bildirebilir.
I must go now. (Present) / I must work hard next week. (Future)
She has to leave now. (Present) / She has to get up early tomorrow. (Future)
"Must" in present ya da future dışında başka bir kullanımı yoktur.
"Have to" kalıbını, diğer tense'lerle de kullanabiliriz.
I have to study now. (Present)
I will have to study hard next year. (Future)
I had to study hard last year. (Simple Past)
I have had to study hard for some time. (Present Perfect)
I had had to study very hard for some time, and so I became ill. (Past Perfect)
b) Use of "must" and "have to"

"must" ve "have to", her ikisi de gereklilik, zorunluluk bildirmesine karşın, "must" daha çok,
konuşmacının kendi içinden gelen bir zorunluluğu, "have to" ise dış etkenlerden kaynaklanan
bir zorunluluğu yansıtır. Ancak, günlük yaşamda, zorunluluklar arasında bu ayrımı yapmak
çok zordur. Yani zorunluluğu kişi kendi içinde mi hissediyor, yoksa bazı koşullar onu bir
şeyler yapmaya mı zorluyor? Bu aynım, tek tek cümlelerde yapamayız. Ancak, konuşmanın
akışı içerisinde zorunluluğun kaynağı netlik kazanabilir.
I must pass the university exam.
I have to pass the university exam.
Tek tek ele aldığımızda, bu iki cümle arasında pek fark yoktur. Ancak, bu cümlelerin
devamında, konuşmanın akışı şöyle olmalıdır.
I must pass the university exam. I have no other choice. If I can't pass it, I
won't get a good career and I will be unhappy.
I have to pass the university exam. My parents have spent so much money on
me. If not, I'll make them unhappy.
T
"Must" konuşmacının kendi otoritesini ifade ederken de kullanılır.

(A doctor to his patient)
You must stop smoking. Your lungs are getting worse.
(Mother to her child]
You must make your bed when you get up.
(Mother to her son)
You must brush your teeth before you go to bed.
Ancak, kendisinden istenen bu işleri ifade ederken, kişinin "have to" kullanması daha
uygundur.
(the patient) I have to stop smoking. The doctor says my lungs are getting worse.
(the child) I have to make my bed when I get up.
(the son) I have to brush my teeth before I go to bed.
2-8 PROHIBITION: mustn't

a) Yasaklama ifade eder:
You mustn't cross the street when the light is red. You mustn't speak loudly
in a hospital. You mustn't tell anyone my secret.
IOX Q ELS
106
b) Çok güçlü bir öğüt ifade eder:
You mustn't work so hard. You'll be ill.
You mustn't treat him so strictly. He will get depressed.
She mustn't come home alone at that time of night. The streets aren't safe.
2-9 LACK OF NECESSITY IN THE PAST

Zorunluluğu ya da gerekliliği ortadan kaldıran yapılar arasında (needn't, don't need to and don't
have to), anlam present ya da future iken bir fark yoktur.
She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't study hard. She is already good at
English, (present)
She won't have to/won't need to/needn't work so hard when she has paid off
the instalments on her car. (future)
Ancak bu yapıların past biçimleri olan "didn't have to", "didn't need to" ve "needn't have done",
farklı anlamlar ifade ederler.
a) Didn't have to and didn't need to
"Geçmişte bir eylemi yapmam gerekmedi/yapmak zorunda kalmadım." anlamını vermek
istiyorsak "didn't have to" ya da "didn't need to" kullanırız.
I didn't have to/didn't need to wait long for my friends. They came only ten
minutes late. (The meaning is: I didn't wait long.)
(Çok beklemek zorunda kalmadım./Çok beklemem gerekmedi.)
She didn't have to/didn't need to go shopping after work. Her husband had
already done the shopping, (so she didn't do it.)
b) Needn't have done

Geçmişte bir eylemi yapmamız gerekmediği halde yapmışsak, "needn't have done" kullanırız.
Yani "yapmam gerekmezdi/gerekmezmiş, ama yaptım." anlamını ifade eder. .
You needn't have washed the dishes by hand.
I was going to put them in the dishwasher.
(But you washed them by hand and you wasted your time and energy.)
There is plenty of food at home. You needn't have gone shopping. (It was
unnecessary for you to go shopping.)
(Alışveriş yapman gerekmezdi.)
Şu iki örneği karşılaştıralım:

My friend phoned me to say that she was getting married in two weeks. I didn't
have an outfit to wear at her wedding, so I bought an elegant dress and spent a
lot of money. Later, I learnt that she cancelled her wedding, so:
I needn't have bought that dress.
(It was unnecessary for me to buy that dress.)
(The result is: I bought the dress and wasted my money.)
My friend phoned me to say that she was getting married in two weeks. I didn't
have an outfit to wear at her wedding, so I decided to buy one, but before I
could buy a dress, she phoned again to say that she had cancelled her wedding, so:
I didn't need to buy/didn't have to buy a dress. (The result is: I didn't buy the
dress.)
ELS Q1O3
107
Örneklerde de görüldüğü gibi, "needn't have done", "işin gerekli olduğunu zannediyordum,
yüzden yaptım. Daha sonra gerekmediğini öğrendim. Aslında yapmam gerekmezmiş." anlan
"didn't need to/didn't have to" ise, "işi yapmak gerekmediğini biliyordum, bu yüzden yapmadım.
Yapmam gerekmedi/yapmak zorunda kalmadım." anlamını ifade ediyor.
We were going to have a test the next day, so I studied hard that night unti
after midnight, but when I went to school that morning, I learnt that our
teacher wasn't coming, so I needn't have studied so hard.
We were going to have a test the next morning, but that day, our teacher
suddenly became ill and was taken to hospital, and our test was cancelled, : I
didn't need to study/didn't have to study for the test that day.
EXERCISE 3: Use "mustn't or "don't have to/don't need to/needn't' In the following.
("don't have to/don't need to" and "needn't" are Interchangeable, but In some
situations, one sounds better.)
1. You...................... go on a special diet, but you ......................... overeat.
2. You ....................... break the law by speeding, or you will get into trouble.
3. She's just being spiteful. You ........................ allow her to upset you like this.
4. You ......................... iron that t-shirt. I'm going to wear it under a jumper, so no
one will see it anyway.
5. It won't be a formal occasion. You ......................... wear anything special.
6. You.......................... interrupt people while they're talking. It's very rude.
7. The hiking club provides all the equipment, so you ......................... bring your own
8. You.......................... make your bed. I am going to change all the sheets today.
9. Experts say that we ........................... sunbathe between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m., when
the sun's rays are the strongest and thus harmful for the skin.
10. You .......................... keep bleach in the bottom cupboards. The baby might be
able to reach it.
EXERCISE 4: Use "must/have to", "needn't/don't (doesn't) have to/don't (doesn't) need to"
or "mustn't In the following.
1. This month is a dead season for summer resorts. You ............................. book your
rooms in advance. There are plenty of rooms.
2. This is a very busy month for summer resorts. You .............................. book your
rooms well in advance if you don't want to face accommodation problems.
3. I want to tell you something in confidence, but you ............................. promise not
to tell anyone else.
4. Because of stricter security measures following the bombing of several buildings in
the city, I ......................... register at reception when I went to visit Mum at the
hospital yesterday.
5. We............................. plant these seeds this week; otherwise, it will be too late in
the season and they won't germinate.
6. She is so lucky. Because she finds maths very easy, she .......................... study hard
for tomorrow's exam like the rest of us. Instead, she's going to the cinema tonight.
7. All visitors to the prison .............................. undergo a security check.
8. You ................................ sit around in those wet things. You will catch a cold.
9. When you are standing in the queue at the bank, you .......................... stand too
close to the person who is being served as they may require privacy.
10. The thing she likes about being a teacher is that she .............................. work
during the school holidays and she can spend them with her daughter.
11. You ........................ wash this spinach. Look, it says on the package that it's
packed after it's been washed.
12. You................... wind the film on with this camera. It does it automatically for you.
13. Your son has a great talent for music, Mrs. Wilson, so you ...................... encourage
him to excel in it.
108
14. You........................ be an expert to enjoy mountain climbing, but you ..........................
train if you want to become part of a recognized mountain rescue organization.
15. You............................... open the camera when there is film in it; otherwise, you will
destroy all the photographs that you have taken.
EXERCISE 5: Use "needn't have done" or "didn't need to/didn't have to" in the following.
1. Fortunately, the suntan lotion I took on holiday with me lasted for the whole two
weeks, so I (buy) ................................. any more.
2. She was thinking of writing a letter to her pen pal in Canada. Just then he phoned
her to say that he was coming to Turkey for his holiday in two weeks, so she (write)
................................to him after all.
3. She (call) ................................. a taxi to take her to the airport. We would have given
her a lift there.
4. You (prepare) .............................. so much food. There are only three of us and we
won't eat all of it. It'll spoil.
5. She thought the dress would be too long for her, but when she tried it on, it was
fine, so she (alter) ............................... it.
6. Oh, look! It's just started raining. You (water) .............................. the garden, after all.
7. I was just about to water the garden when it started raining, so in the end, I (water)
................................ the garden after all.
8. In the end we (hire) ............................... a professional photographer for the wedding
because one of Susie's colleagues, who is a keen amateur photographer, took the
pictures for us.
9. You (buy) ............................... a new jacket just for one interview. I would have lent
you one of mine if you'd mentioned it to me.
10. Sonia brought me home in her car, so I (buy) ............................... a return ticket, but
how could I have known?
2-10 ADVISABILITY
2-11 Should, Ought to, Had better
a) Should, ought to ve had better öğüt bildiren yapılardır.
You should read a lot of books to improve your knowledge.

You should treat other people politely.
A student ought to study regularly in order to be successful.
You ought to stay in bed until you feel better.
We had better hurry, or we'll miss the bus.
ELS 1O5
I had better study hard tonight, or I'll fail the test.
109
"Should" ve "ought to" ".... yapmam gerekir." anlamını verir. "Had better" daha güçlü bir ifade
biçimidir ve ".... yapmam gerekir/yapsam iyi olur. Eğer yapmazsam, kötü şeyler olabilir."
anlamını verir.
"Should" ya da "ought to" kullandığımız zaman, yapmamız gereken işi erteleme olanağımız vardır.
I should/ought to study for my geography exam, but I don't feel like studying
tonight. I think I'll study for it tomorrow.
"Had better" ise, yapmamız gereken işi yapmadığımız takdirde kötü şeyler olacağını vurgular.
I had better study for my geography exam tonight. If not, I'll fail the exam
tomorrow.
I should/ought to go home early tonight. I have a lot of work to do.
I'd better go home early tonight. Otherwise, my father will get angry with me.
b) "Should" ve " ought to", bir şeyin nasıl olması gerektiğini ifade ederken de kullanılır.
You have misspelt this word. It should be "courageous".
You have brought a rather small box. It should be bigger.
Don't put the book on that shelf. It ought to go on the other one.
2-12 Should not, Ought not to, Had better not

Bu yapıları, yapılmaması gereken şeyleri öğütlerken kullanırız.
You shouldn't go to bed so late. A boy of your age should sleep at least eight
hours a day.
She ought not to (oughtn't to) treat him so unkindly.
He'd better not work so hard, or he'll make himself ill.
You shouldn't go out alone after dark.
We'd better not tell her the bad news, or she'll get depressed.
NOT€
"Shouldn't/ought not to" ile "needn't" arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
You shouldn't study so hard, or you'll lose your health.
(Bu kadar çok çalışmaman gerekir, yoksa sağlığını yitireceksin.)
You needn't study so hard. You are a good student already. (Bu
kadar çok çalışman gerekmez. Sen zaten iyi bir öğrencisin.)
"Ought not to/shouldn't do", Türkçe'ye "yapmaman gerekir" biçiminde çevrilir ve
"Bunu yapman senin için kötü sonuçlar doğurabilir" anlamını verir.
"Needn't do" Türkçe'ye "yapman gerekmez' biçiminde çevrilir ve "yapsan da olur,
yapmasan da. Ama bu işi fazladan yapıyorsun." anlamını verir, yani gereklilik
olmadığını vurgular.
NOT€
"Must" da, "should' gibi öğüt verirken kullanılır, ancak "must" daha güçlü bir
ifadedir.
You shouldn't smoke. It's bad for you.
You mustn't smoke. You are coughing a lot, and you will be ill if
you go on smoking.
He should work harder in order to be successful. He must work
harder, or he'll fall.
1O6 Q ELS
110
"Should", "ought to" ve "had better" in present ve future biçimi aynıdır.
I should leave now. (present)

I should visit my parents next week, (future)
I ought not to be so permissive with my son. (present)
I ought not to go to work tomorrow. I don't feel well enough, (future)
We had better leave now, or we'll miss the beginning of the wedding, (present)
We had better visit our parents next week, or they will be unhappy, (future)
2-13 Should be doing, Ought to be doing,

Shouldn't be doing, Oughtn't to be doing
İçinde bulunduğumuz ana ilişkin bir durum ifade etmek istiyorsak, bu yapılan kullanırız.
Why Is he sleeping now? He should be studying for his test.

Why are the children still awake at this late hour? They should be sleeping.
Look! Those children are playing in the street, but it is dangerous.
They shouldn't be playing there. They should be playing in the playground.
I'm watching TV with you now, but in fact, I ought to be studying in my room.
2-14 Should have done, Ought to have done

Shouldn't have done, Ought not to have done
"Should" ve "ought to"nun past biçimleri "should have done" ve "ought to have done" dır.
1 didn't set my alarm clock and I overslept yesterday morning, so 1 was late for
work.
I should have set my alarm clock.
He didn't study hard enough, so he failed the test. He should have studied
harder to pass it.
The authorities didn't take the necessary measures, so inflation went up. They
should have taken the necessary measures to bring it down.
Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi, "should have done/ought to have done", "Geçmişte bir eylemi
yapmadım ve sonuç kötü oldu. Onu yapmam gerekirdi." anlamını veriyor.
"Shouldn't have done/ought not to have done" ise, "Geçmişte bir şey yaptım ve sonuç kötü oldu.
Onu yapmamam gerekirdi." anlamını veriyor.
I talked to him very unkindly, so I hurt him.

I shouldn't have talked to him so unkindly.
Although I was ill, I went to work, and my cold got worse.
I ought not to have gone to work.
He ignored my warnings, and drove the car too fast. As a result, he had an
accident.
He shouldn't have ignored my warnings. He shouldn't have driven the car so fast.
ELS a1O7
111
2-15 Should have been doing, Ought to have been doing
Shouldn't have been doing, Oughtn't to have been doing
Geçmişte bir noktada devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilişkin konuşurken, bu yapıları kullanınz.
While I was going home yesterday, I saw some children.

They were playing in the street.
They shouldn't have been playing there.
They should have been playing in the playground.
Yesterday, Peter was sleeping between 10 and 12.

However, he shouldn't have been sleeping.
He should have been attending his classes between those hours.
EXERCISE 6: Use "shouldn't" or "needn't" in the following.

1. It's just a family reunion. You ..................... dress so elegantly.
2. You .................... wear casual clothes to such a formal meeting.
3. He .................... tease the children like that. They don't realize that he's joking.
4. Well, you .................... buy expensive sports shoes for training, but you certainly
................... wear outdoor shoes in the sports hall.
5. You .................... pay the full amount until we deliver the sofa. A small down
payment will be okay for the time being.
6. You .................... reply straightaway. The closing date for applications is in three
weeks' time.
7. You .................... get depressed so easily by the problems you encounter in life, or
you'll soon find that it is not worth living.
8. You .................... wrap it. I'm going to use it straightaway.
9. You .................... leave the Christmas tree lights on at night. It is a waste of
electricity.
10. She ..................... allow her children to watch so much violence on TV. It may have
negative effects on their psychology.
EXERCISE 7: Use a form of "should" In the following. (Present or Future, Present

Progressive, Simple Past or Past Progressive.) Some sentences may need a
negative form.
1. A: The jacket I bought yesterday doesn't fit me very well.
B: You (try) ....................................... it on before you bought it.
2. A teacher (discriminate) .............................. against his/her students. She/He (treat)
................................... them equally.
3. I see that you are reading a comic book, but as far as I know, you have an exam
tomorrow, so you (revise) ..................................now.
4. I scolded her in the presence of others, and she was deeply hurt. I (scold}
.................................. her in public.
5. They (talk) .................................... during the exam. The teacher thought they were
cheating and that's why she disqualified them.
6. You are driving at 100 k.p.h, but the traffic sign says you (drive) ..............................
at 50 k.p.h. This is because it is a residential area.
7. I don't mind you listening to such loud music all the time, but you (expect)
................................ everyone to be as tolerant as me.
8. She (let) ................................. her hair grow a bit longer. I'm sure it'll really suit her.
9. Gary (buy) ................................. a computer without first consulting an expert
because the model he bought is virtually obsolete.
1O8 Q ELS
112
10. I was surprised to see Jill still in her casual clothes, because it was only an hour
before her wedding ceremony at the church, so she (wear) .................. her wedding
gown by then.
11. It's been almost an hour since you started writing that composition. You (write)
.................. the conclusion now. How come you're still typing the introduction?
12. When you buy something on a market in Mexico, you (settle) ................... for the
first price they quote. You (bargain) .................. with them. Usually, they'll give you
a better price.
13. I admit that it was a residential area and I (drive) ................... so fast, but I was in
a hurry.
14. Why are you still in the office? You (leave) .................. for the meeting in
Manchester by now.
15. He (visit) ...................the doctor long before now. He (go) ................... to work
feeling so unwell for so long.
MARRIED
While my wife, Samantha, was at the beauty salon, I phoned and

asked the hairdresser to tell Samantha Taylor to meet me at a local
restaurant for lunch.
"Should I tell her it's her husband calling?" the woman asked. "Good
Lord!" I exclaimed before hanging up. "Do you mean she's married?"
2-16 EXPECTATIONS: be to and be supposed to

a) "Be to" ve "be supposed to", bir tarifeye, programa göre olması gereken olayları ifade
ederken kullanılır ve "be due to" ile aynı anlamı verir. "Be to", "be supposed to" ya göre
daha güçlü bir ifade biçimidir.
The film is to start at 11.30.
The film is supposed to start at 11.30.
The film is due to start at 11.30.
(Film 11.30'da başlayacak/Filmin 11.30'da başlaması gerekir.)
(I expect the film to start at 11.30. That is the schedule.)
The train is to arrive here in an hour.
The train is supposed to arrive here in an hour.
The train is due to arrive here in an hour.
(/ expect the train to arrive here in an hour. That is the schedule.)
The board of directors is to meet tomorrow.
The board of directors is supposed to meet tomorrow.
The board of directors is due to meet tomorrow.
(/ expect them to meet tomorrow. That is the arrangement.)
b) "Be to" ve "be supposed to", birinin bir başkasından beklentilerini ifade ederken de
kullanılır.
You are supposed to be on time for class. If you are late, the teacher gets angry.
(The teacher expects you to be on time for class.) (Derse vaktinde gelmeniz
gerekir.)
ELS Q 109
113
"Be supposed to", bu kullanımıyla "should" lie yakın bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak "be supposed
to" da gereklilik daima dış etkenlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. "Should" da ise gereklilik kişinin
kendisinden de kaynaklanabilir.
I am supposed to go home before it gets dark. My mother is worried if I'm late.
(My mother expects me to go home before it gets dark.)
(Hava kararmadan eve gitmem gerekir.)
I should go home before it gets dark. It is not very safe in our neighbourhood
at that time and I feel afraid.
(/ consider that it is better to go home before it gets dark.)
(Hava kararmadan eve gitmem gerekir.)
He Is supposed to attend the conference on computing. His boss wants him to
attend and learn about the new developments in computing.
He should attend the conference on computing. He can get more information
about his branch there and can learn about the recent developments.
We aren't supposed to sit on the grass. The notice says, "Keep off the grass."
(Çimenlere oturmamamız gerekir.)
We shouldn't sit on the grass. We'll crush it.
(Çimenlere oturmamamız gerekir.) .
"Be to" ise "must" ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir. Her ikisi de "be supposed to" ve "should' a göre
daha güçlü bir ifade biçimidir. "Be to", dış etkenlerden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluğu, "must" ise
kişinin kendisinden kaynaklanan bir zorunluluğu ifade eder.
I am to go to work early tomorrow. My boss ordered me to go in early and
prepare everything for the meeting before the members turn up. (Yarın işe
erken gitmeliyim.)
I must go to work early tomorrow. I want to prepare everything for the meeting
before the members turn up, and I want to be ready when they come. (Yarın
işe erken gitmeliyim.)
"Be not to", yine aralarındaki aynı farkla, "mustn't" a yakın bir anlam taşır.
(The policeman to the driver)
- You aren't to drive at 120 k.p.h. Look! The traffic sign says "90", and I'm
afraid I have to give you a ticket now.
(Wife to husband)
- You mustn't drive so fast. If something happens unexpectedly, you can't stop
the car quickly enough and we might have an accident.
c) "Be supposed to" nun past biçimi "was/were supposed to" dur. "Should have done" ile
yakın bir anlama sahiptir. Ancak yine, bir başkasının geçmişte bizden beklentisini
ifade eder.
I was supposed to go to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so my boss got
angry with me. (Result I went to work late.) (Dün işe erken gitmem gerekirdi,
ama ....)
I should have gone to work early yesterday, but I overslept, so I hadn't yet
been able to finish the preparations when the members came.
(Result I went to work late.) (Dün işe erken gitmem gerekirdi, ama ....)
You weren't supposed to drink so much alcohol. Your doctor had told you to
abstain from it.
(Result You didn't listen to your doctor's advice and drank a lot of alcohol.) (Bu
kadar çok alkol almaman gerekirdi.)
You shouldn't have drunk so much alcohol. Now, you feel terrible, and won't
be able to go to work today.
(Result You drank a lot of alcohol and it wasn't a good idea.)
(Bu kadar çok alkol almaman gerekirdi.)
110 Q ELS
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EXERCISE 8: Make sentences using the present or past forms of "be supposed to/be not
supposed to", using the verbs given in parentheses.
1. You are doing an exam, but you're trying to answer the questions without reading
the instructions first. The teacher says: (read)
You ................................................................................................................................
2. Your teacher gave you a low mark for some work which you'd obviously done
without reading the instructions. The teacher says: (read)
You ..................................................................................................................................
3. You went to the cinema with your friends after the course. Your mother got a bit
angry because she had expected you to come straight home after the course.
(come/go)
(Make two sentences: one positive, one negative]
You ..................................................................................................................................
You ...................................................................................................................................
4. Your friend is wearing make-up in school, which isn't allowed, so you say: (wear)
You ...................................................................................................................................
5. You get home and discover that your sister left the windows open when she went
out. You say to her: (shut)
You ..................................................................................................................................
6. You had arranged to call your mother before you left work in case she needed any
shopping, but you forgot. She says: (phone/leave)
(Make two sentences: one positive, one negative)
You ...................................................................................................................................
You ...................................................................................................................................
7. Your friend lights up a cigarette in a restaurant, but you notice a 'No -Smoking' sign
and say: (smoke)
You ...................................................................................................................................
8. You are at the zoo visiting the monkeys' section. You notice that a little girl is giving
some food to the animals, which is not allowed. You want to warn her, saying: (feed]
You ...................................................................................................................................
9. You held a party with some friends of yours on Friday evening, when your parents
were away from home. You made too much noise, so your neighbours complained to
your mother when she came back. She reprimands you, saying: (make noise)
You..................................................................................................................................
10. You took your medicine, which is labelled three times a day with meals, but you
took it without eating and now you're feeling dizzy. Your husband says: (take/eat}
(Make two sentences, one negative and one positive)
You..................................................................................................................................
You..................................................................................................................................
2-17 ABILITY: can and be able to

a) Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederken "can" ya da "be able to" kullanırız.
He can speak two foreign languages fluently.
He is able to speak two foreign languages fluently.
My son doesn't attend school yet, but he can/Is able to read and write already.
Olumsuz cümlede
"can't" ve "am/is/are not able to" kullanılır.
He can run very long distances, but he can't run very fast.
He is able to run very long distances, but he Isn't able to run very fast.
I can speak English, but I can't speak French.
I'm able to speak English, but I'm not able to speak French.
ELS a
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"Be able to" diğer tense'lere göre çekimlenebilir.
He Is able to speak very good English. (Present)
He has been able to speak English for ten years. (Present Perfect)
He was able to speak good English when he was a child. (Simple Past)
He will be able to speak English even better when he stays in England for
some time. (Future)
He should be able to speak English well, because he has been living in
England for six years. (With other modals)
He had been able to speak English for five years when he went to England.
(Past Perfect)
b) "Can" yapılması mümkün olan ya da potansiyel olarak gerçekleşme gücüne sahip
olayları ifade ederken de kullanılır.
I'll finish my work in an hour, so I can help you then. (It's possible for me to
help you after I finish my work.)
I'm very busy now, so I can't help you. (It's not possible for me to help you
now.)
Overexposure to the sun's rays can lead to skin cancer.
(Overexposure to the sun's rays has the potential to lead to skin cancer.)
(It is possible that Overexposure to the sun's rays will lead to skin cancer.)
If not treated properly, this injury can develop into a more serious one.
( .... it's possible that this injury will develop into a more serious one.)
c) "Can", birine bir şey yapması için izin verilirken de kullanılır. Bu kullanımıyla "can",
"may" ile aynı anlamı verir.
(The shop owner to the customer)
- You can/may leave your purchases here until you finish your shopping.
Then you can come and get them.
(Mother to her daughter)
- Because tomorrow is a holiday, you can/may stay up late tonight.
(Father to his son)
- You can/may go on your date in my car if you wish.
(The teacher to the students)
- Those who have finished answering the questions can/way leave the classroom.
d) "Can" in past biçimi "could", "be able to" nun past biçimi ise "was/were able to" dur.
I could run very fast when I was a child.
I was able to run very fast when I was a child.
Some students in my previous class could/were able to speak English almost
fluently, but they weren't so good at grammar.
"Could", geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ya da geçmişte izin verme gibi durumları ifade ederken
kullanılır. Geçmişte izin ifade eden durumlar için "was/were allowed to" da yaygın kullanılan
bir kalıptır.
Mozart could play the piano when he was only four, (ability in the past)
My grandfather was very strong. He could lift enormous boxes on his own.
(ability in the past)
It was raining heavily. We could go out only when it had stopped raining.
(permission in the past)
(= We were allowed to go out only when the rain had stopped.)
1X2OELS
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'Was/were able to" da, geçmişteki yeteneklerimizi ya da geçmişteki izin verme durumlarını ifade
ederken kullanılır. Ancak, "geçmişte zor bir durumun üstesinden gelme" anlamı (manage to do),
sadece "was/were able to" ile ifade edilir. "Could" bu anlamda kullanılmaz.
(ability in the past) ,

He was a good swimmer when he was a child.
He could/was able to swim faster than all the other children.
I had a good voice when I was younger.

I could/was able to sing very well, especially folk songs.
(permission in the past)

When their maths teacher didn't come, the students were able to/were allowed
to leave school earlier than usual.
(one specific event in the past: only "was/were able to")

The maths exam was very difficult yesterday, but I was able to get a high grade,
anyway.
(/ managed to get a high grade although the exam was difficult.)
I overslept yesterday, and missed the bus, but I was able to get to work on
time by taxi.
(/ managed to get to work on time by taxi.)
Last month, there was a huge fire in our street. Luckily, the fire brigade came
just in time to extinguish it, so everybody was able to escape unhurt.
Örneklerde gördüğünüz gibi, "was able to", "geçmişte belli bir olayın (a specific event) üstesinden
gelme" anlamını ifade ediyor. Şimdi şu iki örneği karşılaştıralım.
When I was a child, I could/was able to run very fast.

I could/was able to beat anyone who raced with me. (ability in the past)
Once, I raced with a school friend of mine. She was also a fast runner. It was a
hard race for me, but I was able to beat her in the end. (one specific event in
the past)
Olumsuz ifadelerde, her üç durum için de (ability, giving permission or one specific event in the
past), "couldn't" ya da "wasn't/weren't able to" kullanabiliriz. "Couldn't" daha yaygın kullanılır.
I couldn't/wasn't able to use a computer just three months ago, but now I can.
The students didn't want to have a test that day, but they couldn't/weren't able
to persuade the teacher to cancel it.
EXERCISE 9: Use "could" or "was/were able to" in the following, ("was/were able to" is
possible in all of these statements, but you are required to use "could' to
express "ability or permission in the past', and "was/were able to" to
express "to overcome a difficult situation".
1. He (swim) ............................... very long distances when he was a teenager, but after
years of heavy smoking, he no longer can.
2. We had been warned that our flight might be delayed this morning, but the pilot
............................... take off despite heavy fog.
3. Because she ................................ sing better than anyone in the class, she was
asked to do a solo at the graduation ball.
: ELS a 113
117
4. Some terrorists telephoned the police to warn that they had planted a bomb in the
local shopping centre. Luckily, the police ................................. evacuate the area
before it exploded.
5. We stayed at a beautiful seaside town for our summer holiday, and on a clear day,
from our hotel room, we ........................ see lots of little fishing-boats on the horizon.
6. The climber was suffering from frostbite and hypothermia, but, luckily, the rescue
team .................................. find him before he froze to death.
7. Although they had locked themselves out of their apartment, they ..............................
get in through the bathroom window.
8. My old flat was behind the Bromsgrove Rovers' football stadium, and on match
days, we (hear) ................................. the cheers of the crowd.
9. We used to live in the mountains, so in winter, we (go) ............................... skiing
whenever we liked.
10. I'm glad we .............................. persuade the teacher to put tomorrow's exam off till
next Monday. Now we'll have plenty of time to revise.
EXERCISE 10: Use any form of "can" or "be able to". (Simple Present, Present Perfect,
Simple Past, Past Perfect or Future) In some cases, both are possible, but In some,
only "be able to" is possible.
1. The baby (walk) ................... in a few days, I think. She (already, take) ......................
a few steps by herself.
2. He had an accident last month and broke his leg, so he (not, walk) .....................
since then.
3. The driver of the bus suddenly had a heart attack, and the bus began to veer from
side to side. Luckily, he (stop) .................... the bus before it crashed.
4. I (never, form) .................... a good relationship with my boss until I proved myself to
be efficient at work. We have been on excellent terms since.
5. The children (have) .................... as much fruit as they like, but please don't give
them any sweets.
6. The workers had been threatening to strike for many weeks, but, in the end, the
management (avert) .................... it.
7. If my father (not, find} .................... a job soon, I'm afraid we (not, go) .....................
on holiday this summer because we'll have used up all our savings by then.
8. My son (concentrate) .................... a lot better during his classes since he started
seeing a psychologist.
9. We (not, make) .................... any important decisions at the meeting tomorrow as
the managing director (not, attend) .................... because of his illness.
10. There aren't many people who (speak) .................... two languages fluently, let alone
five, like him.
11. In 1983, Sarah lost her sight in one eye after a fall, but fortunately, doctors (restore)
.................... her sight partially after a successful operation.
12. The ambulance men worked quickly when they arrived at the scene of the accident.
Within minutes they (free) .................... the driver, who had been trapped behind the
steering wheel of his car.
13. Come and listen to your Uncle Stan, Joe. He hasn't visited us for three years. You
(play) .................... basketball with your friends any day.
14. When I was at university, I (not, afford) .................... to wear fashionable clothes,
but after I'd started work, I (buy) .................... any clothes I wanted from all my
favourite shops.
15. While erecting some fencing on a steep bank, one worker accidentally dislodged a
large rock, which rolled down the bank towards his partner. The man shouted to
his work-mate, who, luckily, (get) .................... out of the way just in time.
NOT BAD, BUT...

A successful young businessman was showing off his new Porsche to his
grandmother. After taking her for a spin, he helped her climb out of the
expensive vehicle. "What do you think?" he asked, beaming.
"It's not bad, I suppose," she replied. "But hopefully, when your
business finally picks up, you'll be able to afford something with four doors."
y
114 Q ELS
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2-18 MAKING SUGGESTIONS -
Öneri getirirken çeşitli yapılar kullanabiliriz.
a) LETS + DO SOMETHING
It's a nice day today. Let's go out and have a walk.
A: I have a test tomorrow, but I don't understand some of the grammar patterns.
B: Let's study together. (Birlikte çalışalım.)
Let's kalıbının olumsuz biçimi "Let's not" dır.
It's a nice day today. Let's not stay home.
Let's go out for a walk. (Evde oturmayalım. Yürüyüşe çıkalım.)
"Let's" ve "Let's not", sonuna "shall we?" ya da "okay?" eklenerek soru biçimine dönüştürülebilir.
A: Let's go to the cinema after class, shall we?
(Dersten sonra sinemaya gidelim, olur mu?) B: I'm afraid I can't. I have to go
home right after class. My mother will be
waiting for me.
A: Let's buy her a silver ring for her birthday, okay? B: That's a good idea! She
likes wearing silver jewellery.
b) MAY/MIGHT (AS WELL)
"May" ve "might", öneri getirirken, olumlu veya olumsuz, düz cümlede kullanılabilir.
If you don't have any other plans, we may/might invite some friends over the
weekend. What do you think?
"May as well/might as well" olumlu cümlede "let's" anlamı verir, ancak getirilen öneri, biraz
zorunluluktan kaynaklanan, gönülsüzce yapılan bir öneridir.
Since we can't afford to go to the cinema this weekend, we may/might as well
hire a video and watch it at home.
Olumsuz cümlede "may/might as well", "needn't" anlamı verir.
Since you are not close friends with Lucy, we may/might as well not attend her
wedding next Sunday.
c) WHY DONT/DOESNT + SUBJECT....?
"Why don't...?" yapısı, soru biçiminde olmasına karşın, gerçek bir soru değildir. Öneri getirir.
- I'm getting sleepy.
- Why don't you go to bed? (Neden yatmıyorsun?)
- I think I will.
- Bill has a terrible toothache.
- Why doesn't he go to see his dentist?
- I think he is afraid of visiting the dentist.
d) SHALL WE/I....?
"Shall", özne olarak sadece "we" ve "I" ile kullanılır.
- What shall we do tonight?
- Let's go to the cinema.
. - No, let's not. It seems to be a warm night, and I don't want to be inside.
- Okay then. Why don't we go to the seaside and walk along the coast?
- That sounds like a good idea.
- We should all contribute to the picnic.
- Okay. Shall I bring some pastries? My mother can make delicious pastries.
- That would be fine.
"Shall I/we ....?" sorusu Türkçe'ye " ..... yapayım mı/yapalım mı?' biçiminde çevrilir.
Shall I help you? (Sana yardım edeyim mi?)
Shall we take a rope and a ball with us when we go on the picnic?
(Pikniğe giderken yanımıza ip ve top alalım mı?)
ELS G 115
119
e) COULD
1. "Could" da, öneri getirirken kullanabileceğimiz yapılardan biridir.
- I want to take my son somewhere tomorrow, but I can't think of anywhere
interesting. Got any suggestions?
- Well, you could take him to the theatre or cinema, or you could go to a park.
To take him to the zoo would be very exciting too, I think.
- I don't know how I can improve my English.
- Well, there are several ways. You could, for example, attend a course, or you
could study it from books by yourself, or if you can afford it, you can spend a
few months in England.
- What shall we do tomorrow?
- We could meet friends and go to the cinema.
(Arkadaşlarla buluşup sinemaya gidebiliriz.)
2. "Could" un past biçimi "could have done" dır. "Geçmişte bir şeyi yapabilirdin ama
yapmadın." anlamını verir.
Yesterday, he was broke and had to walk home from school.
In fact, he could have borrowed some money from his friends, but he didn't
want them to know that he didn't have any money.
(Aslında arkadaşlarından ödünç para alabilirdi ama...)
Yesterday, it was my day off. I could have gone somewhere, but I felt rather
lazy, and spent the whole day at home. (Bir yerlere gidebilirdim ama...)
"Couldn't have done" ise, "geçmişte bir şeyi isteseydin de yapamazdın" anlamını verir.
Yesterday, I wanted to visit my friend, but then, I changed my mind and stayed
home. Later, I found out that she wasn't at home that day, so I couldn't have
visited her even if I had wanted to. (İsteseydim de onu ziyaret edemezdim.)
Last month, I went to Ankara with friends. I had planned to stay at my sister's
house for the night, but I couldn't leave my friends, and we spent the night at
a hotel together. Later, when I returned to Istanbul, I phoned my sister and
told her about my visit there, and I found out that she wasn't in Ankara
during my stay there, so I couldn't have stayed at her house even if I had
wanted to.
- Why didn't you show up for our date yesterday?
- I wanted to, but our district manager came just as I was leaving work.
- Well, at least you could have phoned and told me that you weren't coming.
- I couldn't have phoned you, because the manager took me to the building
site, and there is no telephone there, you know.
(.... telefon edip gelmeyeceğini söyleyebilirdin.) (.... telefon edemezdim, çünkü
orada telefon yok.)
3. "Could have done" ile "was/were able to, could do" arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
I could have sent them a cheque. (But I didn't send them a cheque.) (Onlara
çek gönderebilirdim ama göndermedim.)
I was able to send them a cheque. (/ sent them a cheque.) (Onlara çek
gönderebildim.)
When I had a cheque-book, I could pay by cheque. (Çek defterim varken, çekle
ödeme yapabiliyordum.)
116 Q ELS
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2-19 EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY
Eğer bir konuda kesin olarak gerçeği bilmiyorsak, o konuda tahminlerde bulunuruz. Bu
tahminlerimizi, derecelerine göre, "must, may, might, could" gibi modal yardımcı fiilleriyle ifade
ederiz. Şimdi zamanlarına göre bu yapıları inceleyelim.
2-20 PRESENT TIME a) Positive Statements

Eğer bir gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak, modal kullanmaya gerek yoktur.
- Why is Peter at home today? Why didn't he go to work?
- He is ill. (I know that he is ill)
Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak, "must" kullanırız.
- Why is Peter at home today?
- Well, he must be ill. (Haste olmalı.)
(I saw him last night, and he wasn't feeling very well, so I'm sure that he is ill
today.)
- The baby is crying. Why?
- She must be hungry. (Aç olmalı.)
She hasn't eaten anything for three hours.
- How does he know so much about everything?
- Well, he must read a lot. (Çok okuyor olmalı.)
Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ve güçsüz bir tahminde (ya da tahminlerde) bulunuyorsak,
yani aklımıza gelen olasılıkları ifade etmek istiyorsak, "may, might, could' kullanırız.
- Well, I don't know. He may/might/'could be ill. (Hasta olabilir.)
(There may be some other possibilities, but I don't know.
Perhaps/Possibly/Maybe* he is ill. He is probably il1. It's likely that he is ill.)
"May", "might" ve "could" aynı anlama sahiptir ve Türkçe'ye ".... olabilir" biçiminde çevrilir.
- Why is the baby crying?
- I don't know. There may be several reasons. She may be hungry, or she
might need a nappy change or she could need burping.

- He is ill. (100% sure)
- He must be ill. (95% sure)
- He may/might/could be ill. (About 50% sure)
b) Negative Statements
Eğer gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak, durumu modal kullanmadan ifade ederiz.
- Why isn't Peter eating anything?
- He isn't hungry. (/ know that he is not hungry.)
* "Maybe" bitişik yazılınca bir zarftır. Cümlenin başında kullanılır: "Maybe he is ill. (Belki de hastadır.)
"Maybe", "modal+verb" kullanımıdır: He may be ill. (Hasta olabilir.)
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121
Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama bazı temellere dayanarak güçlü bir tahminde bulunmak
istiyorsak "can't" ya da "couldn't" * kullanırız. Bu yapıları Türkçe'ye ".... olamaz/.... olması
imkansız!' biçiminde çevirebiliriz.
- Tim says he is very hungry.
- No, he can't/couldn't be hungry. He ate a huge meal just half an hour ago.
(It's impossible that he is hungry.)
(Hayır, aç olamaz. Aç olması imkansız.)
- Your brother says he is broke.
- No, he can't/couldn't be broke. I gave him twenty dollars just an hour ago.
(It's impossible that he has no money.)
Yine güçlü bir tahmini ("can't' ve "couldn't' a göre daha cılız), aklımıza gelen en mantıklı
tahmini ifade etmek için "must not **" kullanırız. Bu kullanımıyla "must not" genellikle
kısaltılmaz.
- Your brother isn't eating his lunch. ;
- Well, he must not be hungry.
(Aç olmamalı. Herhalde aç değil.)
(Normally, he eats everything on his plate. If he isn't eating now, I'm almost
sure that he isn't hungry. I can't think of any other reasons.)
- Look! Peter is eating only salad. He hasn't even touched his fish.
- Well, he must not like fish.
(Balığı sevmiyor olmalı. Herhalde balığı sevmiyor.)
- Jane always gets low grades in history.
- She must not study hard enough.
(Yeterince çalışmıyor olmalı. Herhalde yeterince çalışmıyor.)
Tahminimiz güçsüz ise, sadece aklımıza gelen olasılıkları ifade ediyorsak "may not" ya da
"might not" kullanırız.
'
- Why is Peter eating only salad? He hasn't even touched his fish.
- I don't know. He may not/might not like fish.
(Balığı sevmiyor olabilir. Belki de balığı sevmiyordur.)
(Maybe/Perhaps he doesn't like fish.)
- Why does she always get low grades in history?
- I don't know. She may not study hard enough.
(Perhaps she doesn't study hard enough.) (Yeterince çalışmıyor olabilir.)
- I'm going to see the manager.
- Phone him first. He may/might not be in his room. (Odasında olmayabilir.)
He isn't in his room. (100% sure)

He can't/couldn't be in his room. (99% sure)
He must not be in his room. (95% sure)
He may not/might not be in his room, (about 50% sure)
2-21 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

Tahminde bulunurken kullandığımız modal yardımcı fiillerini, içinde bulunduğumuz anda
devam etmekte olduğunu düşündüğümüz eylemleri ifade etmek için de kullanırız.
- Where is your brother?
- He is studying in his room. (/ know that he is studying in his room.)
* Could güçsüz bir tahmin, couldn't ise çok güçlü bir tahmin bildirir.
** Tahminde bulunurken kullanılan yapılardan "must not' sadece American English'de
kullanılır. British English'de "must not' yerine "can't/couldn't kullanılır.
118 Q ELS
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- Where is your brother?
- I'm not sure, but he must be studying in his room. He has an exam tomorrow.
(I'm almost sure that he is studying in his room.)
(Odasında ders çalışıyor olmalı.)
- Look! Isn't that Elif going up Bahariye Street? Where may/might/could she
be going?
-1 don't know. She may/might/could be going to the cinema, or she
might/may/could be going shopping. (/ think she is going shopping or to the
cinema.) (Sinemaya ya da alışverişe gidiyor olabilir.)
- Don't make so much noise. Your brother is studying in the next room.
- No, he can't/couldn't be studying in the next room. I saw him in the street
playing with other children just a quarter of an hour ago.
(It's impossible that he is studying in his room.)
(Odasında ders çalışıyor olamaz. Ders çalışıyor olması imkansız.)
- Do you hear some noise from the baby's room?
- Yes, I do. She must not be sleeping.
(I'm almost sure that she isn't sleeping.) (Uyumuyor olmalı.)
-1 think your brother is studying in his room.
- Well, I don't know. He may not/might not be studying. There is music
coming from his room. (Perhaps/Maybe he isn't studying.)
(Ders çalışmıyor olabilir.)
must
may/might/could
be doing
can't/couldn't
must not
may not/might not
2-22 PAST TIME

Geçmişe ilişkin tahminlerimizi ifade ederken, aynı modal yardımcı fiillerinin "perfect" biçimlerini
kullanırız.
must
may/might/could
have done
can't/couldn't
must not
may not/might not
- I can't find my grammar book.

- Well, you must have left it in the classroom.
(I'm almost sure that you left it in the classroom.)
(Sınıfta unutmuş olmalısın. Herhalde sınıfta unuttun.)
I can't find my grammar book. I don't know where I left it.

I may/might/could have left it in the classroom or I may/might/could have left
it on the bus.
(It's possible that I left it in the classroom or on the bus.)
(Sınıfta unutmuş olabilirim ya da otobüste unutmuş olabilirim.)
ELS Q 119
123
- I think I saw Susan at a cafe the other day, but I didn't talk to her. She was
in a crowded group.
- No, you can't/couldn't have seen her there. She has been out of town for
two weeks. She left for London two weeks ago.
(It's impossible that you saw her there.)
(Onu görmüş olamazsın. Onu görmüş olman imkansız.)
- Jane is normally a good student, but she got a low grade on yesterday's test.
- Well, she must not have studied hard enough.
(I'm almost sure that she didn't study hard enough.) (Yeterince çalışmamış
olmalı. Herhalde yeterince çalışmadı.)
- Why did Jane get a low grade on the last test? She is a good student, you
know.
- Well, I don't know. She might not/may not have studied hard enough.
(Perhaps/Maybe she didn't study hard enough.)
(It's likely that she didn't study hard enough.) (She probably didn't study
hard enough.) (Yeterince çalışmamış olabilir.)
"Could have done" ve " couldn't have done" kalıplarının şu iki ]

kullanımı arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
1. a) I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema,
but I preferred to stay at home.
(Sinemaya gidebilirdim ama evde kalmayı tercih ettim.) (The result
is: I didn't go to the cinema.)
b) Last week, my husband was going to go to a match with his friends, but he
didn't go. Later we found out that the match had been cancelled, so he
couldn't have gone even if he had wanted to.
(İsteseydi bile gidemezdi.)
(The result is: He didn't go to the match.)
2. a) When I phoned her, she wasn't at home.
She could have gone to the cinema, because she had .told me that there was
a good film on at the Süreyya cinema and that she wanted to see it.
(Sinemaya gitmiş olabilir.)
(The result is: Perhaps she was at the cinema when I phoned
her.)
b) He couldn't have gone to the match yesterday, because his leg has been in
plaster since the previous match he was in.
(Dünkü maça gitmiş olamaz, çünkü .......... )
(The result is: It's impossible that he went to the match yesterday.)
Bu iki anlam arasındaki farkı ancak "context"den, yani parçanın ya da konuşmanın
bütününden çıkarabiliriz.
2-23 PAST PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS

Geçmişte bir noktada devam etmekte olduğunu düşündüğümüz eylemleri ifade etmek
istiyorsak, modal yardımcı fiillerinin "perfect progressive" biçimlerini kullanırız.
must
may/might/could
have been doing
can't/couldn't
must not
may not/might not
I2OG ELS
124
- Peter had a car accident last Saturday. He said that a child had suddenly
pushed himself in front of his car, and that he had swerved to the left so as
not to hit the child, but he couldn't avoid running into another car.
- Then, he must have been driving fast at the time of the accident.
(Kaza sırasında hızlı sürüyordu herhalde.)
When I got home late last night, the light in my brother's room was still on. 1
didn't go to see what he was doing, but he may/might/could have been
reading a book or listening to music.
(Perhaps/Maybe he was reading a book or listening to music.}
(Belki de kitap okuyor ya da müzik dinliyordu.)
He can't/couldn't have been driving very fast at the time of the accident,
because I know that he doesn't like speeding.
(It's impossible that he was driving fast at the time of the accident.) (Hızlı
sürüyor olması imkansız.)
While I was preparing to go to bed last night, I heard some noises from my
son's room. He must not have been sleeping. (I'm almost sure that he wasn't
sleeping.) (Uyumuyor olmalrydi. Herhalde uyumuyordu.)
Mother says my brother was studying in his room all yesterday afternoon,
but he may not/might not have been studying, because I heard the sound of
a stereo coming from his room.
(Perhaps/Maybe he wasn't studying.)
(Ders çalışmıyor olabilirdi. Belki de ders çalışmıyordu.)
' ' '
2-24 FUTURE TIME
Geleceğe ilişkin olaylardan sözediyorsak, "will, should/ought to, may/might/could" kullanabiliriz.

Eğer bir olayın olacağından kesin olarak eminsek, "will" kullanırız.
- He will pass his driving test. He is very good at driving.
Güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak, "should/ought to" kullanırız.
- He took plenty of driving lessons, and he drives the car very well. He
should/ought to pass the test tomorrow.
(Yeterince direksiyon dersi aldı. Yarınki sınavı geçmesi gerekir. Herhalde geçer.)
"Must" geleceğe ilişkin tahminde bulunurken kullanılmaz. Ancak, içinde bulunduğumuz anda
gelecekte bir eylemin olacağına ilişkin belirtiler varsa, "must be doing" kullanabiliriz.
Linda must be giving a huge party for her birthday next week. I saw her
buying lots of food and drink at the market today.
"Must" ve "should/ought to" nun kullanımı açısından aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyelim:
Many people went through the door and into the lecture hall. It must be very
crowded in the lecture hall, (present)
(It is completely logical to claim that the lecture hall is crowded.)
Many people showed great interest in attending my lecture tomorrow. There
should/ought to be a lot of people at my lecture tomorrow, (future) (/ expect
that there will be a lot of people at my lecture tomorrow.)
The candidate has 70% of the vote in the pre-election polls. He should/ought
to win the election, (future) (He is expected to win the election.)
ELS Q
125
Geleceğe yönelik daha güçsüz bir tahminde bulunurken, "may/mlght/could" kullanırız.
- He took some driving lessons, and isn't so bad at driving. He
may/might/could pass his driving test tomorrow, but who knows. Anything can
happen in a test. (Yarınki direksiyon sınavını geçebilir.)
"Should/ought to" nun tahmin/beklenti ifade eden bu ]

kullanımının past biçimi "should have done/ought to have done" dır. Ancak bu
anlamıyla "should have done/ought to have done" bazen gerçekleşmemiş tahmin ya da
beklenti ifade eder.
He should/ought to have won a lot of money at the horse races. (Perhaps he
has won a lot of money - this is what I expected.) (At yarışlarından çok para
kazanmış olması gerekir.)
(Bu ifadeyi kullandığında konuşmacı, kişinin ne kadar para kazandığını bilmiyor.
Sadece tahminini ifade ediyor.)
He should/ought to have won a lot of money at the horse races.
(I expected him to win a lot of money, but he didn't win a lot of money.
(At yarışlarından çok para kazanmış olması gerekirdi, ama ...)
(Bu ifadeyi kullandığında konuşmacı, kişinin ne kadar para kazandığını biliyor ve
beklendiği kadar çok kazanmadığını ifade ediyor.)
2-25 ADVANCED NOTES ON MODALS EXPRESSING DEGREES OF CERTAINTY
a) will
"Will" in gelecekte olacağından emin olduğumuz durumları ifade etmek için kullanıldığını
görmüştük. "Will", "must gibi, ama "must" tan daha güçlü bir ifade biçimi olarak, present
anlamda da kullanılabilir.
You are expecting your friends Dave and Helen to arrive at 8 o'clock; you
check your watch and it reads 8 o'clock; you hear the doorbell; you say:
That must be Dave and Helen.
(It is completely logical to claim that Dave and Helen are the people at the door.)
You are expecting your friends Dave and Helen to arrive at 8 o'clock; you
check your watch and it reads 8 o'clock; you hear the doorbell and you hear
Dave and Helen's voices coming from outside; you say:
That will be Dave and Helen.
(/ feel sure that it is Dave and Helen because I can hear their voices.)
b) would
"Would" da "will' in yukarıda belirttiğimiz anlamıyla kullanılabilir, ancak biraz daha az kesinlik
ifade eder ve daha çok soru biçiminde kullanılır.
You are at home when the doorbell rings at around 8 o'clock, and your
flatmate, to whom you've mentioned that you're expecting Dave and Helen at 8,
says:
Would that be Dave and Helen? 1Z2 Q ELS
126
c) may and might .
"May" ve "might", daha önce üzerinde durduğumuz kullanımları dışında, kabullenme, karşı
çıkma, amaç ya da sonuç ifade eden bir anlama da sahiptir.
I may/might be going to the party tonight, but that doesn't mean I'm going to
enjoy myself.
(Although I am going to the party tonight, that doesn't mean I'm going to enjoy it.)
(Result: I'm going to the party tonight.)
(Bu gece partiye gidiyor olabilirim, ama...)
They may/might be having arguments frequently, but this doesn't show that
they don't love each other.
(/ admit that they are having arguments frequently, but...)
(Sık sık kavga ediyor olabilirler, ama...)
Aynı kullanım, "may/might have done" biçiminde, past durumlar için de geçerlidir.
He may/might have fallen in love with her, but he's definitely not planning to
marry her.
(/ admit that he's fallen in love with her, but...)
(Ona aşık olmuş olabilir, ama ...)
He may/might have criticized his daughter a little too harshly, but she really
deserved it.
(/ admit he criticized his daughter a little too harshly, but..)
(Kızını biraz fazla sert bir biçimde eleştirmiş olabilir, ama ...)
EXERCISE 11: Write a form of "must' In the following. "Must do", "must be doing', "must
have done", "must have been doing'.
1. She (live) ............................ quite near us because I see her virtually every day.
2. How far is it now to the village? We (get) ............................. close as I can see some
chimneys in the distance.
3. A: A policeman stopped me on the highway the other day and gave me a ticket.
B: You (drive) ............................... fast; otherwise he wouldn't have stopped you.
4. They took off at 10 o'clock, didn't they? Well, they (fly) .............................. over the
Atlantic now.
5. All Judy's indoor plants look as if they are going to die. She (not, water)
............................... them recently.
6. If they hit the rocks, then they (sail) .................................. too close to the coast.
7. He didn't seem very surprised when we told him the news. Someone else (tell)
................................. him.
8. A: Brr ... It's rather cold today. •-!
B: Yes, and it's below the season's average. It (snow) ............................ somewhere
near here.
9. You (play) ............................... your music extremely loudly if the neighbours came
round and complained.
10. The head teacher always calls the students by their names. She (have) ...................
a good memory if she's able to keep all their names in mind.
11. A: You (be)............................ bored doing that work. You've been doing it for hours.
B: Yes, I am.
12. Something important (happen) .............................because she has never missed an
appointment before.
13. There is a lot of food left over. They (expect) .................................... more people.
14. The food was barely enough for all the guests at the party. They (not, expect)
................................ so many people to turn up.
15. We (approach) .............................. London because the surroundings are looking
more and more urban.
ELS a 1X3
127
EXERCISE 12: Use any form of must, may/might/could, can't/couldn't, must not, may
not/might not and should/ought to.
1. A: I think I hurt my ankle when I fell over.
B: Oh dear! We had better get you to the doctor's. You (not, break) ...........................
it though, because you can stand up.
2. A: Listen! Do you hear a noise like someone's shouting?
B: Yes, I sure do. The newly-married couple upstairs (quarrel) ......................... again.
A: Do they often have rows like this?
B: Nearly every day. I don't think their marriage will last long. They (get)
........................... divorced soon, but who knows. They (adapt) ................................
to their new life and get over their problems, too.
3. A: We know he is innocent and he has given an alibi, but the police are still
questioning him.
B: Well, they (not, believe) .................................. him.
4. A: The name of the previous chairman isn't on the list.
B: He (not, want) ..................................... to be re-elected then.
A: That's a shame. He has done a really good job.
5. A: My souffle hasn't risen at all. What ................. I (do) .............................. wrong? I
mixed all the ingredients according to the recipe.
B: You (set) ............................. the oven at the wrong temperature then.
6. She (be) ............................. very fit; otherwise, she wouldn't be able to cycle from her
house to work. It (be) ............................. at least ten miles.
7. A: Look! Alice is crying. She was looking at her exam paper just now, and then
started to cry. She (fail) ....................................
B: No, she (not, fail} ..................................... She is the top student in this class, you
know, but she (not, get) ...............................as high a grade as she had expected.
That (be) ............................... the reason.
8. A: Where's Anita?
B: I don't know, but she (forget) ................................. the arrangement because she
confirmed it with me just last night.
9. A: Look! Her lights are off. Let's not ring her bell. She (sleep) ............................ if she
is at home.
B: Well, she usually doesn't come back from work before 10, and it's only 9 now, so
she (sleep) ................................. She (not return) ................................... home yet.
10. A: I was too tired to answer the phone last night, but I wonder who was calling.
B: Well, it (be) .................................. Jenny, I suppose.
A: It (not be) ...................................Jenny. Her phone's out of order.
B: Well, she (call) .................................... from a phone box.
A: Oh, that's possible. I didn't think of that.
11. A: Sarah and Tim (come) ............................... to the party tomorrow.
B: How can you be so sure?
A: Because I happened to catch sight of Sarah yesterday, and she appeared to be
buying a new dress.
12. A: Look! There is an insect on your desk.
B: Disgusting! What is it?
A: Well, I'm not sure, but it (be) ................................. a cockroach.
B: No, it (not, be) ................................. a cockroach. I'd recognize one. There are a lot
in our dormitory. And they are also shorter than this. This insect has lots of
legs, so it (be) ............................... a centipede. Yes, I'm almost sure it is.
13. A: Your son's been studying quite a lot recently, hasn't he? After so much studying,
he (be able to) .................................... pass his O level examination next week
without any problems. B: I hope so.
14. A: ........................ this (be) ............................ our bus coming?
B: No, it's not. It's a delivery van.
15. A: I (get) ..................................... a rise in my salary soon.
B: What makes you think so?
A: The boss seemed very pleased with my last project, so he (award) .........................
me with a rise. I'm not sure of course, just guessing.
124 Q ELS
128
16. These wet roads will be awful if they get icy, and according to the weather forecast,
it (freeze) ............................ overnight.
17. If there is ever another earthquake, this building (withstand) .................................. it
because it was built according to the new earthquake regulations.
18. Literally, dozens of people have already called to ask about the flat, so we (sell)
............................. it with ease before we move out next month.
2-26 PREFERENCE
Tercihlerimizi ifade ederken, "would rather/would sooner", "prefer/would prefer" ve "like
something better than something" kalıplarını kullanırız.
a) would rather/would sooner
"Would rather" ve "would sooner" dan sonra gelen fiil yalındır. "Bir şeyi bir şeye tercih ederim"
demek için ise arada "than" kullanılır. "Would rather" ve "would sooner" aynı anlama gelir,
ancak "would rather" daha sık kullanılır.
I would rather read something than watch TV.
Eğer iki taraftaki fiil aynı ise, fiili sadece birinci tarafta kullanmak yeterlidir.
I'd rather/sooner drink coffee than (drink) tea.
(Çay içmektense/çay içmek yerine, kahve içmeyi tercih ederim.)
İki tarafta kullanılan preposition aynı ise, preposition'ı sadece birinci tarafta kullanmamız
yeterlidir.
She'd rather go to the theatre than (go to) the cinema.
"Would rather be doing" içinde bulunduğumuz anda yapmakta olduğumuz işten hoşnut
olmadığımızı ifade eder ve "Bunu yapıyor olmak yerine başka bir şey yapıyor olmayı tercih
ederdim." anlamını verir.
I'd rather be walking by the seaside than (be) studying now.
(Şimdi ders çalışıyor olmak yerine sahilde yürüyor olmayı tercih ederdim.)
(But I'm studying now.)
They'd rather be Irving in the country than (be Irving] in Istanbul. (But they are
living in Istanbul.)
You'd rather be listening to music now than (be listening) to the lesson.
"Would rather have done" ve "would sooner have done" geçmişte yapmayı tercih ettiğimiz ama
yapamadığımız eylemleri ifade eder.
Yd rather have stayed home than (have) gone to the cinema last night.
(But / went to the cinema.)
(Dün akşam sinemaya gitmek yerine evde kalmayı tercih ederdim.)
He studied law, because his parents wanted him to, but he'd rather have
studied engineering.
Y d rather have gone to bed early last night, but I couldn't, because some guests
arrived just as I was getting ready to go to bed.
Olumsuz cümlelerde, olumsuzluk eki "not", "rather" ve "sooner" dan sonra gelir.
I'd rather not tell him the news. It's really depressing. (Present) (Haberi ona
söylememeyi tercih ederim.)
Yd rather not be studying right now, but I am. (Present Progressive)
I'd rather not have invited her to my party. She caused us a lot of trouble by
drinking too much. (But / invited her.) (Past)
ELS Q 125
129
b) Eğer, "would rather/sooner" m öznesiyle, eylemi yapacak olan kişi farklıysa, "would
rather + subject + past tense" kalıbı kullanılır. Cümlede Past Tense kullanılmasına
rağmen, anlam present ya da future'dur.
She wants to be a nurse, but I' d rather she became a teacher.
They want to travel by train, but Id rather they travelled by car.
I want to attend a university abroad, but my parents would rather I studied

in Turkey.
(Ben yurt dışında bir üniversitede okumak istiyorum, ama ailem benim
Türkiye'de okumamı tercih ediyor.)
- Would you mind if I smoked here?
- Well, Id rather you didn't. (I'd rather you didn't smoke.}
She always asks me too many questions.
I'd rather she didn't ask me so many questions.
Bir başkasının geçmişte yapmasını tercih ettiğimiz ama gerçekleşmemiş eylemleri "would rather
+ subject + Past Perfect" ile ifade ederiz.
Id rather she had gone to Ankara by train, but she went by bus.
(Trenle gitmiş olmasını tercih ederdim, ama ......... )
Id rather they hadn't Invited me to their wedding. Now I have to go. ,

(But they invited me.) ,
(Düğünlerine beni çağırmamış olmalarını tercih ederdim.)
c) prefer and would prefer
f
prefer {doing) something to (doing) something else
prefer to do something rather than (do) something else]
"Prefer something to something" yapısıyla, fiil kullanmadan isim kullanabiliriz.

I prefer coffee to tea. /She prefers vegetables to meat. Eğer fiil kullanırsak fiil "-
Ing' takısı alır.
I prefer drinking coffee to drinking tea.
She prefers eating vegetables to eating meat.
"Prefer to do something rather than (do) something" yapısıyla sadece fiil kullanabiliriz.
I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink) tea.
She prefers to eat vegetables rather than (eat) meat.
"Would prefer", "would rather" ile aynı anlamdadır. Ancak kullanımdaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
rather do some. . .
l would prefer to dp something than/rather than something selse'
I'd rather stay at home today than go shopping with you.

I'd prefer to stay at home today than/rather than go/going shopping with you.
126 Q ELS
130
Bazı durumlarda, "would prefer...than/rather than" kalıbıyla, ikinci bölümdeki eyleme vurgu
yapmak için fiili "to do" biçiminde kullanmak mümkündür. Ancak bu kullanım çok yaygın
değildir.
I'd prefer to eat bread and cheese with my friends rather than (to) dine in a
, fancy restaurant with these boring people.
"Would rather/sooner" dan sonra doğrudan isim gelmez. 'Would prefer" den sonra isim
gelebilir. ........
- Would you prefer tea or coffee?
- Neither, please. I'd prefer a cold lemonade.
I'd rather have a cold lemonade.
Past biçimleri için de aynı kural geçerlidir.
l would rather have done something than, (have) done something else"
I would prefer to have done something rather than/than (have) done something else
Yd rather have bought our own house than (have) rented this one. I'd prefer to
have bought our own house than/rather than (have) rented this one. (Bunu
kiralamak yerine kendimize ev almış olmayı tercih ederdim.)
Birinin birşey yapmasını tercih ederken, would rather someone did something kalıbının
kullanıldığını görmüştük. Aynı anlamı "would prefer" ile vermek istersek, "object + to do"
biçiminde ifade etmemiz gerekir.
I'd rather he himself decided on this occasion.

I would prefer him to decide for himself on this occasion.
They d rather / didn't live in a separate house. They'd prefer me not to live in a
separate house.
d) like something better than something else
I like coffee better than tea.
I like walking better than running.
She likes swimming better than sunbathing on the beach.
(Yüzmeyi, plajda güneşlenmekten daha çok seviyor.)
(Plajda güneşlenmektense, yüzmeyi tercih ediyor.)
e) Eğer, geçmişte tercih ettiğimiz eylem, istediğimiz yönde gerçekleşmişse, bunu ifade
etmek için "would rather' ya da "would sooner" kullanamayız. Çünkü, her ikisi de
"geçmişte .... tercih ederdim, ama olmadı" anlamını verir. "Geçmişte şu eylemi yapmayı
tercih ederdim ve yapardım" biçimindeki bir ifadeyi "like" ve "prefer" ile verebiliriz.
When I was a child, I preferred playing in the open air to playing inside. I liked
playing in the open air better than playing inside. (Result: I played in the open
air.)
She preferred reading books to watching TV with the rest of the family. She
liked reading books better than watching TV with the rest of the family. (Result:
She read books.)
(Ailenin diğer bireyleriyle birlikte televizyon izlemek yerine, kitap okumayı tercih
ederdi.) (Result: She read books.)
ELS Q l«7
131
EXERCISE 13: Use an appropriate form of" would rather" in the following.
1. She resigned from her job last month, but she isn't looking for a new job yet, because
she'd rather (have) ............................ a rest for some time before starting a new one.
2. A: Which would you rather (do) ......................... now? Lying on the beach or skiing?
B: Neither. I'd rather (sleep) ............................. ! I'm exhausted!
3. I'd really rather (not, answer) ........................ that question. It is somewhat personal!
4. I'd rather (not raise) .......................... my voice at her, but at the time it seemed like
the only way of getting her attention.
5. Their grandmother has brought them chocolate again. We would really rather she
(give) .............................. them something healthier when she comes to see them.
6. I can't stand those people! I'd rather you (not, ask) .............................. them to the
party. Now I'll have to be polite to them all evening!
7. Of course, we would rather (not, take) ............................ the bus and boat to Cyprus,
but we didn't have enough money to fly there.
8. I'd rather you (not, tease) ........................... Jackie about her weight every time you
see her. She is quite sensitive about it.
9. The manager would rather you (not, mention) ...........................the new product. The
customer preferred to wait for it, and it won't be ready for months.
10. I'll have to spend the afternoon shopping with my mother-in-law, and to be honest,
I'd rather (do) .............................. almost anything else you can think of than (walk)
............................. around shops with her.
2-27 HABITUAL PAST: used to and would

a) "Used to", geçmişte yaptığımız, ama artık yapmadığımız ya da geçmişte sık/seyrek
yaptığımız ama şimdi az/sık yaptığımız eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.
I used to like meat a lot when I was a child. (But now I don't like it much.)
(Çocukken eti çok severdim.)
I used to go to the cinema very often when I was at university, but now I don't
have time to go so often. (Üniversitedeyken, sinemaya çok sık giderdim.)
"There was/were" yerine "there used to be" kullanabiliriz.
There used to be a cinema in our village when I was a child, but it closed
down when television became popular.
There used to be a huge plane tree near the village train station, and we, the
children of the village, used to play under its shade in the summer, but
because it was very old, it was blown over during a strong storm.
b) "Used to" nun olumsuz biçimi "used not to" ya da "didn't use to" dur. "Didn't use to"
daha çok kullanılır ve "geçmişte yapmazdım ama şimdi yapıyorum" anlamını verir.
I didn't use to/used not to eat fish when I was a child, but now I do. (Now I
eat fish.) (Çocukken balık yemezdim.)
She didn't use to have long hair when she was a student. Now she has lovely
long hair. (Öğrenciyken saçlarını uzatmazdı.)
Children didn't use to have so many toys in the past. (Eskiden çocukların bu
kadar çok oyuncakları yoktu.)
128 Q ELS
132
c) Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı Simple Past Tense ile de ifade edebiliriz. Ancak bu
durumda geçmişte bir süreç ya da dönem bildiren bir zaman zarfı kullanmamız gerekir.
Women wore very long dresses in the Middle Ages.
Women used to wear very long dresses in the Middle Ages.
(Ortaçağ'da kadınlar çok uzun elbiseler giyerdi.)
He is no longer such a famous pop star, but just three years ago, the young
adored/used to adore him.
(Artık meşhur bir pop sanatçısı değil, ama daha üç yıl önce gençler ona
tapardı.)
"Used to" geçmişte yapılmış olan bir tek olayı ifade ederken kullanılmaz.
While I was walking on the icy pavement yesterday, I fell and broke my arm.
(Burada "used to" kullanamayız.) (...düşüp kolumu birdim.)
When we lived in Erzurum, everywhere was/used to be covered with ice in the
winter, and a lot of people fell/used to fall and broke/used to break their arms
or legs. (...karla kaplı olurdu, ...birçok insan düşer kolunu bacağını kırardı.)
My sister wore a mini-skirt at her friend's wedding last week. (Kardeşim geçen
hafta arkadaşının düğününde mini etek giydi.}
My sister wore/used to wear mini-skirts when she was younger. (Kardeşim
küçükken mini etek giyerdi.)
d) Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı, sürekli yaptığımız işleri "would" ile de ifade edebiliriz

Ancak "would" sadece eylem bildiren fiillerle (action verbs) kullanılır. "Be, have, know,
understand, etc." gibi durum bildiren fiillerle kullanılmaz. "Used to" hem durum
bildiren hem de eylem bildiren fiillerle kullanılır.
I used to/would By kites in my childhood.
She used to/would sing beautiful folk songs when she was in primary school.
He used to/would run so fast in his youth that no one could ever catch him.
Durum bildiren fiillerle sadece "used to" kullanılır.
She used to be very shy when she was younger.
We used to have a house with a large garden in my childhood.
They used to live in Ankara, but now they live in Izmir.
He was a very clever boy. He used to understand even the most complex
structures easily.
NOT€-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ıî,r>\
Used to do" ile "be used to doing" arasındaki farka dikkat ediniz. "Used to do",
"geçmişte yapardım." anlamını verir. "Be used to doing something"
ise "Bir şeyi yapmaya alışkınım" anlamına gelir.
I'm used to drinking coffee as soon as I get up in the mornings.
(Sabahlan kalkar kalkmaz kahve içmeye alışkınım.)
I used to drink coffee a lot until two years ago, but now I drink
very little.
(İki yıl öncesine kadar çok kahve içerdim, ama....... ) i
jj j j ııı ııu u ııu ^^
ELS QIZ9
133
EXERCISE 14; Decide whether you can. use "used to" with the underlined verbs or not. f
Rewrite the sentence If you can. If you can't, write "No change".
1. He attended conferences more often when he started this job.
2. He attended a conference yesterday concerning the effects of the environmental

pollution on children.
3. A strange man followed me home from work three times last week.
4. In the past, women didn't have the career opportunities that they have nowadays.
5. There was a boy at our school who always laughed whenever he got anything
wrong.
6. I was about six years old when my grandmother gave me an umbrella with a handle
shaped like a parrot.
7. Many years ago there was a small cotton mill in our town, but due to competition
from larger factories, it had to close down.
8. At the rodeo, the rider made use of his spurs to urge the horse to go faster.
9. In the days of the wild frontier, spurs on boots served a useful purpose, but these
days they are usually worn only for decoration.
10. Children worked in factories, down mines, and on ships until trade associations
forced change.
130 a ELS
134
TEST YOURSELF 2
1-60. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan , 6. \vnen you .......... a product in a foreign
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi country, you........... customs and cultural
bulunuz. differences into consideration.
1. Because I had missed quite a few classes A) have marketed/might have taken
due to my Illness, I .......... very hard for B) market/have been taking
my exams In order to make up for what C) are marketing/ought to take
I'd missed. D) will market/have to take
E) were marketing/would rather take
A) used to study
B) had better study 7. Fortunately, everybody .......... their
C) had to study belongings to safety by the time the flood
D) would rather study waters ........... the whole village.
E) will have studied
A) had carried/inundated
2. "Have you decided where to go on holiday B) had to carry/have inundated
this summer?" C) used to carry/could inundate
"Not yet, but we .......... to the same place D) could have carried/had inundated
as we did last year." E) was carrying/had to inundate
A) might go . 8. You .......... so many clothes on holiday.

B) would go You only wore half of them.
C) will go
D) could have gone A) must not have taken
E) should have gone B) had better not take
C) ought not to take
3. We are all surprised at his eloquence. He D) needn't have taken
........ a speech defect when he was E) might not have taken
younger.
9. Judging from the damage to the car, she
A) could have ......... really fast at the time of the
B) used to have accident.
C) would rather have
D) has had A) would rather be driving
E) might have B) must have been driving
C) may have driven
4. Because It's your day off tomorrow, you D) is supposed to drive
.........to bed early tonight. Why don't we E) should have been driving
go to the pub together?
10. When the pain from her broken leg
A) shouldn't go became unbearable last night, the doctor
B) haven't had to go ......... her a pain-killing injection.
C) couldn't go
D) mustn't have gone A) might give B) used to give
E) needn't go C) should give D) can give
E) had to give
5. It ........... a disaster, but fortunately, he
.........fast at the time. 11. I feel terrible. Something we ate at the
res taurant .......... me sick.
A) might be/didn't drive
B) must be/won't be driving A) must have made
C) was supposed to be/hadn't driven B) would make
D) could have been/wasn't driving C) should have made
E) will be/hasn't driven D) had to make
E) might make
ELS a 131
135
12. You ......... about the offer carefully if you A) can't see
don't want to be sorry later. B) mu s tn ' t s e e
C) don't have to see
A) should have thought D) sh ou ld n' t s ee
B) had better think E) nee dn' t see
C) would think
D) had to think 19. Fortunately, we ......... for a long time to
E) must have thought get the tickets, there being only a few
people in line.
13. When my boss asked me to work
overtime, I .......... no, even though I A) we ren' t su pp ose d to wait
......... a prior arrangement for the B) sho uldn' t h ave wa ite d
evening. C) could n't have waited
D) didn' t have to wait
A) shouldn't say/was having E) needn't hav e wa ite d
B) needn't say/should have
C) couldn't say/had
D) mustn't say/have had
20. We can't hire that girl just because she's
E) haven't said/could have your friend's daughter. Any prospective
employee ......... certain requirements for
14. The decision is yours, but I'd rather you the position.
.........their offer.
A) should have fulfilled
A) wouldn't accept B) must fulfil
B) not to have accepted C) might fulfil
C) don't accept D) had to fulfil
D) not to accept E) can fulfil
E) didn't accept
21. Why did you bother so much trying to
15. I can't think why you insist on buying a change your money? You ..........It, you
big car. I'd prefer you.......... a small, know, as they accept US dollars In
economical one. Mexico.
A) bought B) buy A) cou ldn' t ha ve ch an ge d
C) having bought D) had bought B) ha ve n' t ch a ng ed
E) to buy C) ne ed n' t ha v e c ha n ge d
D) d id n' t us e to ch a ng e
16. Even light drugs ......... toxic when taken E) ca n' t c ha n ge
in excessive amounts, so you ......... the
prescribed dosage.
22. He .......... safety goggles, but he wasn't,
A) ought to be/may observe and as a result, the hot steel badly
B) can be/should observe damaged his eyes.
C) have been/used to observe
D) should have been/can observe A) could have been wearing
E) would be/would observe B) must have been wearing
C) had been wearing
17. I don't think it Is a. good idea to make D) should be wearing
arrangements for a picnic tomorrow. E) ought to have been wearing
According to the weather forecast, it
........ rain. 23. Oh no, look at the sign! We ............here.
These spaces are for doctors and
A) must B) has to emergency patients only.
C) had better D) might
E) would rather A) ne ed n' t ha v e p a rk e d
B) won' t be pa rk ing
18. In some spots, the Amazon is so wide C) hav en' t go t to p a rk
that you ......... both banks at the same D) co u ldn' t h av e p a rke d
time. E) a re n' t s u p p os e d to p a rk
Q ELS
136
24. When I was a child, collecting stamps 30. He ............ the business to go so badly;
and sticking them into an album ......... otherwise, he wouldn't have invested all his
my favourite hobby, and I still have some money in it.
of them now.
A) shouldn't have expected
A) ought to be C) has B) used to be B) had better not expect
been D) could be C) wasn't supposed to expect
E) would be D) would rather not expect
E) can't have expected
25. It's no use complaining now. You the
consequences before . 31. A: Isn't that Alice over there?
B: No, it ............her. She is out of town at
A) shou ld have co nside red the moment, and won't be ba ck until
B) could conside r Friday.
C) mus t h ave c on s ide red
A) had better not be
D) wou ld co nside r
B) can't be
E) we re ab le to co nside r C) couldn't have been
D) has n't been
26. For the last two weeks, we ......... E) may not be
overtime in order to finish the project we
........ last month. 32. I only realized that I............. going to the
interview when I saw the irritating attitude
A) h a v e h a d to wo rk /u n d e rto o k of the interviewer.
B) will ha ve to wo rk /un de rta ke
C) h a v e to wo rk /h a v e u n d e rta k e n A) must not ha ve bothered
D) h a d to w o rk /h a d u n d e rta k e n B) couldn't have bothered
E) wou ld ha ve to wo rk /we re to u nd e rtak e C) hadn't had to bother
D) needn't have bothered
27. "This student has circled the mistakes in E) didn't have to bother
the text, but he hasn't corrected them, so
he'll only get half marks." 33. You...........some money by buying a
"He......... the instructions properly." cheaper bag instead of this expensive one.
Now you'll be hard up for the rest of the
month.
A) wo u ld ra th e r no t re a d
B) ha d be tte r n o t rea d A) could have save d
C) mu s t n o t h a v e re a d B) wou ld sav e
D) sho u ld n' t ha ve re ad C) had saved
E) nee dn' t h av e rea d D) ought to save
E) must have sa ved
28. I don't really like to go shopping alone.
Because I often need advice on what to 34. " .......... I have a look at your magazine if
buy, I.......... company while shopping. you ........... it at the moment?"
A) use d to ha ve A) Will/don't read

B) sh o u ld h av e ha d B) May/won't be reading
C) hav e ha d C) Sh ould /didn 't rea d
D) wou ld ra the r ha ve D) Can/a ren't read ing
:
E) mu s t h a v e h a d E) Did/weren't reading
29. I ............ overtime, because Alice came to 35. There is something slightiy peculiar about
help me and we left the office at the usual this one hundred dollar bill. Do you think
hour. that it ............ a forgery?
A) wou ld ha ve b een
A) needn't have worked B) us ed to be
B) must not have worked C) could be
C) couldn't have worked D) nee ds to b e
D) might not have worked E) sho u ld b e
E) didn't need to work
ELS Q 133
137
36. I .......... my friends as often as I'd wish 42. The res cu e p a rty ........... six of the crew off
ever since I accepted the managerial befo re the sh ip .............
position.
A) c o u ld ta ke /wa s s in k in g
A) wo n't have met B) h a s b e e n a b le to ta k e /h a s s u n k
B) shouldn't have met C) c o u ld ha v e ta k en /wo u ld s in k
C) didn't use to meet D) wa s a b le to t a k e /s a n k
D) must not have met E) h a d be e n a b le to ta k e /wo u ld h a v e s u n k
E) haven't been able to meet
43. Look! Those people ........... it to be so cold;
37. That professor is teaching my friend's otherwise, they wouldn't be wearing such
history class this year, so she .......... yet. thin clothes.
Maybe you misunderstood her.
A) shouldn't have expected
A) shouldn't have retired B) don't have to expect
B) can't have retired C) didn't have to expect ;
C) didn't use to retire D) must not have expected
D) doesn't have to retire E) would rather not expect
E) ought not to retire
38. Today agricultural machines of great size 44. Jane: Did you tell your parents that you
and complexity, some even computerized, got an F on the test?
......... in hours what ........... people and Mary: Yes, but I .......... them anything
animals days to complete previously. about it. They got very angry.
A) will be ac c o mp lis h in g /ha s ta ke n A) must not have told

B) h a ve a cc o mp lis h e d /ta k e s B) should not tell
C) ca n a c co mp l is h /u se d to ta k e C) would rather not have told
D) a re ac co mp lish in g /s h ou ld ta k e D) couldn't have told
E) h a d a c c o mp lis h e d /wa s ta k in g E) didn't need to tell
39. In the end, she ........... her son from being 45. After driving for two hours along the
a drug addict, but she really had to unfamiliar road, we suddenly realized
sacrifice a lot of her own life to do so. that we ...........a wrong turning.
A) would rather save A) could be ta king

B) ought to save B) us e d to ta k e
C) used to save C) sh o u ld h a v e ta ke n
D) is supposed to save D) oug h t to ta ke
E) was able to save E) mu s t h a v e ta k e n
40. I'm not sure why Molly didn't come to the 46. He ........... to th e s pe ed limit a t the time o f
party, but it .......... because she knew her the a ccident. Lo ok, the ca r is in a te rrib le
ex-husband ........... there as well. state.
A) might have been/was going to be A) shouldn't have been keeping
B) will be/should have been B) isn't supposed to keep
C) was /mus t ha ve bee n C) hadn't ke pt
D) has been/will have been ' D) can't have been keeping
E) should be/has to be E) hasn't been keeping
41. Today, far more Information ........... 47. The other day, I ........... the man who
available on the Internet than anyone ......... the president's speeches before he
.........a few years ago. got fired.
A) b e c o me s /h a s i ma g in e d A) h a d me t/h a s b e e n w ri tin g
B) will b eco me /oug ht to imag ine B) h a v e me t/h a d w ri tte n
C) h a d be c o me /u s e d to ima g in e C) me e t/c o u ld h a v e writte n
D) beca me/will have ima gined D) wa s me e ti n g /h a s wr it te n
E) ha s b ec o me /c o u ld h av e imag in ed E) me t/u s e d to wri te
134 Q ELS
138
48. When I was In high school, I .......... my 54. I don't know why he's been delayed; he
leg while I ........... In a cross-country race. ......... hours ago.
A) wa s b re a k in g /h a d r u n A) mus t ha ve a rrive d
B) h a d b r o k e n / ra n B) has to a rriv e
C) b ro k e / w a s ru n n i n g C) migh t be a rriving
D) us e d to b re a k /wo u ld b e ru n n in g D) should ha ve a rrived
E) h a v e b r o k e n /a m ru n n i n g E) ough t to arrive
49. John's been outside for half an hour now. 55. They .......... their business by taking on a
He .......... trouble getting the car started few employees, but due to a lack of
because it .......... outside In the cold for finance, they had to keep it a family
most of the winter. concern.
A) mu s t b e h a v i n g /h a s b e e n s ta n d in g A) mu s t h a v e ex p a n d ed
B) will be hav ing/will have stood B) ma y h a ve e x pa n de d
C) h a s h a d / is s ta n d i n g C) hav e ex pan de d
D) s h o u ld h a v e /h a d b e e n s ta n d in g D) wo u ld ra the r ha v e e xp a nd ed
E) c o u ld ha v e h a d /wa s s ta n d in g E) are a b le to ex pa nd
50. The enemy troops .......... some of our 56. I am working on my thesis at the
ammunition during the last attack. moment, so I .......... not be disturbed
unless something urgent crops up.
A} have seized
A) would like B) wou ld rather
B) used to se ize
C) would prefer D) wou ld mind
C) may seize
D) seized . E) would have
E) would seize
57. Despite the many hardships they ..........
51. I know he ...........on the school football during the journey, the expedition to the
team, but he must be out of practice now South Pole ......... the camp safe and
as he .......... for years. sound.
A) u s e d to b e / h a s n ' t p la y e d A) encountere d/was able to reach

B) wa s /wa s n' t p la y in g B) had e ncounte re d/ought to reac h
C) mu s t h a v e be e n /d id n ' t p la y C) were encountering/reached
D) sho uld be /won' t be play in g D) enc ounte r/us ed to rea ch
E) h as b e en /d o e s n' t p la y E) might ha ve enc ountere d/reaches
58. You ........... this essay from somewhere

52. He didn't expect that she ........... when he
since I know you .......... write English this
arrived home, so he .......... the bell
well.
instead of using his key.
A) ought to have copied/should not
A) wa s s le ep ing /was rin g in g B) should copy/may not
B) wo u ld b e s le ep in g /ra n g C) have to copy/don't have to
C) ma y h a v e s le p t /h a s ru n g
D) should have copied/will not
D) us e d to s le ep /h a d to rin g E) must have c opie d/cannot
E) ha d to s le ep /c ou ld ring
59. Relatives of the victims are suing the
53. In the central plains of the country, the airline company, which they believed
corn and soy fields ......... as far as the .........the accident if it had had stricter
eye ........... safety procedures.
A) stretc h/ca n se e A) would prevent
B) are stretching/should see B) may be preventing
C) stretch/is seeing C) could have prevented
D) will be stretching/has seen D) must have prevented
E) have stretched/used to see E) will have prevented
ELS Q 135
139
60. Our new employee .......... much In his 65. Dr Johnson could never again practise
training course, judging from the way he medicine in his country............
seems unable to do anything correctly.
A) should not learn A) afte r the me dica l ass ocia tion had
B) must not have learned banned him
C) might not learn B) as his un ive rsity reco rds s ho wed h im
D) did not have to learn to b e a b rillia n t s tu de n t
E) did not use to learn
C) even tho ugh th e injured vic tim was
ta k in g h im to co u rt
D) because he wo uld try to be more
careful nex t time
E) ever since he was invo lved in the d rug
61. People with fair skin should try to stay In sca n da l a t th e h os p ita l
the shade.............
66 ............. but, a fter a while, it is possible to
A) because many of today's suntan get used to it.
lotions are extremely effective
B) for it offers no real protection from the
sun A) The tea ch e r c a n' t u n de rs ta n d wh y a ll
C) as a healthy suntan looks so th e s tu d e n ts k ee p la u g h in g a t h e r
attractive B) Wh en Sue firs t beg an h e r un ive rs ity
D) but the sun at midday is more intense course, she found things very difficu lt
E) when the sun is as hot as it is today C) Nobody wanted to eat the food wh ich
62 ............ If all sectors of society work had be en in the frid ge fo r ages
D) Ca me ls ca n tra vel fo r ma ny miles in
together towards realizing it.
th e dese rt with ou t foo d o r wa te r
A) Any plan to save the environment will E) The incessant noise fro m tra ffic is one
only be effective major problem of living in a big city
B) The atte mp ts o f env iron me nta lis t
groups will certainly fail 67 .......... as this can pollute their water and
C) Hu ma ns co u ld n't hav e p rese rve d the
environ ment prope rly cause illness.
D) The fate of all living things on earth is
un c le a r A) More and more shipping firms are
E) The re a re many threats fa cin g tightening their safety measures
hu ma n ity to d ay B) In extremely hot weather, sunbathers
should use a good quality skin
63. Private couriers are reliable and prompt
in delivering packages ............. protector
C) Owners should take care not to
A) so people would prefer to use air mail overfeed their pet goldfish
mo re often D) The council is undertaking extensive
B) but th e cos t is often ex tre mely h igh repairs on the sewage system
C) that they drive very fast to the ir E) Microbacteria are often found in slow-
des tina tio ns
D) ho w ma ny times they go back an d moving rivers
forth
E) in fact they do not always give the 68 ............. then we must be late for the
be s t res u lt meeting already.
64. The meeting was c ance lled .............
A) The chairman said not to worry about
A) th us , no bo dy h ad c o me b y the being a few minutes late
sche du le d time B) If the time by my watch is right
B) ho w mu ch work a ll the e mplo yees had C) Unless we can catch a taxi to the
done for it station
C) that an noye d ma ny peop le who too k D) The newsletter says that the
hou rs to ge t the re
D) jus t whe n the ma na g e r o u gh t to le a ve convention will begin later than usual
E) beca use th e boss dec id ed tha t it was E) The traffic doesn't seem to be getting
u n ne c es s a ry any lighter
136 Q ELS
140
69. In order to Install the new heating 73 ............ , you should check the taximeter \
system ............ carefully.
A) that will considerably reduce the bills A) Make sure that the route is definitely
this winte r the right one
B) the re wo n't be e nou gh hot wa ter to B) When the driver offered a short-cut to
ta k e a b a th you
C) wh ich the u psta irs ne igh bou rs hig hly C) Since there is no way to check petrol
levels
rec o mme n de d to u s D) Because all vehicles are equipped with
D) the bu ild e rs ha d to ma k e a nu mb e r o f modern speed devices
holes in the wa ll for the p ipes E) If you want to avoid paying more than
E) this is the coldest winter we've had for the journey really costs
years
74 .............until I actually tried them for
70 ............. or it migh t be s to len by a myself.
pickpocket.
A) I used to think the French habit of
A) Using a ha ndba g is a p ractica l wa y o f eating snails was disgusting
carrying many essen tia l ite ms B) My father accuses me of not being
adventurous
B) In c e rtain ba nk s cus to me rs a re give n C) I doubt that your jeans will be big
access to a safe ty dep osit b ox enough for me
C) Th ie ves u sed to be ha ng ed a t the D) I've always enjoyed eating dishes from
gallows until the la w was changed other countries
D) Yo u mus t be ca re fu l a bou t wh ere yo u E) On television, skiing looks easy
keep your wallet
E) Usually big depa rtment stores e mploy 75 ............, but I'd guess he must be a bout
gua rds to ca rry ou t sa fe ty c he cks sixty.
A) My h us ba n d will ph o ne the to u r
71. As the flavour of coffee deteriorates co mpan y an d ask th e p rice o f th e trip
rapidly after It is ground ............... to Egypt
B) I do n' t re me mb e r h o w mu c h th e s h op
A) th e fa rme rs sh ou ld ha ve co nsu lte d the as s is ta n t to ld u s th o s e je an s c os t
au th orities a bo ut ho w to c ultiva te the C) To m may be he av ie r tha n y ou , bu t
p la n t don' t fo rge t tha t he is a lso ta lle r
B) man y drinke rs buy who le -roaste d D) Fran k we ig he d h imse lf an d was
horrified to see he is eighty kilos
b ea n s an d g rin d th e m a t h o me E) I don't know exactly how old Tim's
C) the g rind in g mac h ine has se en father is
significan t changes since its invention
D) it no w ta kes jus t a fe w min u tes to
have a large a moun t o f coffee beans
g rou n d
E) I fou nd the taste o f the co ffee rathe r
stra nge with ou t a ny milk in it 76. She may be better paid than me, but I
can type twice as fast as she can.
72. You may find it difficult to operate the
ma c h in e ............. A) Because of my better typing ability,
my wag es sh ou ld be d ou ble he rs .
A) or it is best to leave it to someone else B) It isn't fair that I should be given less
B) no ma tte r ho w co mp lex its certa in mon ey tha n he r when I d o twic e as
muc h wo rk .
fu nc tio ns a re C) In spite of he r h igher sala ry, he r
C) even though there is a good typing is half the speed o f mine .
instruc tion boo kle t with it D) No ma tte r ho w ha rd s he ma y try , s he
D) as if you kne w which butto n to press can' t typ e as fas t a s me , ye t sh e s till
in order to s ta rt it earns mo re.
E) be s u re to co n tac t the ma n u fa c tu re r E) My ty p is t is a h u n d re d p e rce n t
immediately quick er than he rs, re gardless o f h o w
muc h mo ney s he ge ts .
ELS Q 137
141
77. He might have been Joking when he said B) As it looked totally different, he
he was planning to leave home. couldn't find his old house when he
went back to visit.
A) The idea of leaving home probably C) He found it hard to identify the house
amused him a great deal. after his long absence as it did not
B) He could have made a joke about the look the same at all.
situation when he left home. D) Because he was unfamiliar with the
C) He said he was going to leave home, area, it was difficult for him to locate
but it turned out to be only a joke. his old home.
D) l don't know if he was serious when E) When he saw the house again, it was
he expressed his intention of leaving hard for him to believe that anyone
home. lived there.
E) He didn't tell me the truth about 81. He might have forgotten the place you'd
when he left home. arranged to meet at.
78. Unless they comply with the rules, they A) You p la nn ed to me e t him a t a p lace
won't be allowed back into the club. th at he'd fo rgo tte n ab ou t.
B) He must ha ve fo rgo tten where it was
A) They can only enter the club again if that y ou met p rev ious ly.
they behave in accordance with the C) Pe rh aps h e d id n't re me mbe r wh e re
rules. you were going to meet.
B) As long as they refuse to behave, it D) He cou ldn' t re me mber whe re the
doesn't seem possible for them to be meetin g place was.
accepted into the club. E) He didn't re me mbe r meeting y ou a t
C) The club refuses to admit people who that p lace .
don't behave appropriately.
D) They can't enter the club because 82. You are certain to encounter difficulties
they have violated the rules. adapting to a new environment.
E) They can go to the club once more,
but only if they obey the rules. A) I don't think you'll find it easy to get
used to yo ur ne w e nv iro n me n t.
79. You're not obliged to sign the contract B) You ca n' t s e ttle in to a ne w
now, but a delay may mean losing the environ ment withou t having prob le ms.
position. C) Even if you're adaptable, you'll still
fin d it ha rd to ch an ge yo u r
A) The company offering the contract environ ment.
D) It's possible tha t you'll find you r ne w
would like you to think carefully env iro n men t a little stran ge fo r a
before signing the document. while.
B) The job will certainly be given to E) This ne w environ ment will require you
somebody less hesitant if you do not to make a lo t o f a djus tmen ts .
sign at once.
C) You must sign the contract now for it 83. Everybody believes that he shouldn't have
to be legal, or action will be taken trusted the people around him so much.
against you.
D) You must wait before signing a A) All th e pe ople a rou nd him used to
contract even if you feel you should hav e s o mu ch c on fid enc e in h im.
accept employment straightaway. B) Th e ge ne ra l o pin io n is tha t h e mad e a
E) You do not have to sign the contract mis ta k e b y h a v in g s o mu ch fa ith in
immediately, but the company doesn't th e pe op le a ro un d h im.
promise to reserve the job for you. C) He n o w a d mits th a t s o me o f the
people a rou nd him d idn' t d eserve to
80. When he returned home years later, with be trus ted a t a ll.
so many changes to the house, he was D) No body thinks tha t a ny of the peop le
barely able to recognize it. a ro u nd h im a re h o nes t e no u gh to b e
trus te d .
A) He completely changed the E) He was so c re du lous tha t a ll the
appearance of his house a few years peo p le a ro un d h im co u ld ea sily
after he came home. deceive him.
138 Q ELS
142
84. The government couldn't have passed this A) The expression on your face makes it
law without the support of several clear that you'll never eat Indian food
members from the opposition. again.
B) I don't think you like Indian food as
A) Only a few members from the there is a strange look on your face.
opposition supported the law, so the C) What I understand from the look on
government couldn't pass it. your face is that this won't be the last
B) I don't believe that the government time you eat Indian food.
will be able to pass this law if some D) The first time I tried Indian food, I had
members from the opposition don't the same expression on my face as
back it. you do now.
C) The government was only able to pass E) You can't have tried Indian food
this law because some members from before, as far as I can gather from the
expression on your face.
the opposition backed it.
D) No one from the opposition will back 88. Ian has no intention of coming to the
this law, so it doesn't seem possible party, so we may as well not invite him.
for the government to pass it.
E) The government managed to pass the A) As he doesn't mean to come anyway,
law even without the support of any we needn't ask Ian to the party.
members from the opposition. B) Even if he wants to come, we aren't
going to ask Ian to the party.
85. He needn't have hurried as the meeting C) Let's not invite Ian to the parry unless
didn't start until quite a while after the he promises to come.
time for which it had been planned. D) Because he never wants to come, we
never ask Ian to parties with us.
A) He had to hurry in order to arrive at E) None of us wants Ian to be at the
the meeting before the arranged time. party, so we aren't inviting him.
B) The meeting started rather later than
scheduled, so it wasn't necessary for 89. The holiday might have been cheaper, but
him to hurry. at least we were fortunate with the
C) He didn't need to hurry as he already weather.
knew that the meeting wouldn't start
as scheduled. A) We didn't realize the holiday would be
D) He wouldn't have arrived at the so cheap, and the climate was nice,
meeting on time if he hadn't hurried. too.
B) We can be thankful that the weather
E) There was no need for him to hurry was good, although the holiday was a
because he had plenty of time before little expensive.
the scheduled time of the meeting. C) The holiday should have been less
expensive as we hardly had any nice
86. I was amazed that my ordinarily weather.
humourless boss could come up with D) Due to the poor weather, the price of
such a hilarious Joke. the holiday should have been reduced.
E) Despite the favourable weather, we
A) It was so uncharacteristic of my boss still paid too much for the holiday.
to tell a really funny joke that I was
thoroughly surprised. 90. The fire must have been started on
B) My boss's jokes are usually funny, but purpose; otherwise, it couldn't have
this one was even funnier than usual. caused so much damage.
C) Since my boss has such a great sense
of humour, I was astounded to hear A) Once the blaze had begun, it spread
him tell such a bad joke. quickly and did a lot of damage.
D) If anyone can tell a good joke, then B) If someone were to start a fire there, it
my normally stern and unsmiling boss could prove highly damaging.
can, too. C) No one can say for sure how the fire
E) The surprising thing about my boss is broke out, but the harm it did is
the way he can suddenly seem to have obvious.
no sense of humour at all. D) Seeing that it destroyed so many
things, the fire can't have been
87. From the look on your face, I'm sure this accidental.
Is the first time you've eaten Indian food. E) The fire might have been very serious
if nobody had tried to prevent it.
EL S Q 139
143
A) On sekiz yıl süren bir uğraşıdan sonra
Robert E. Peary, sekizinci
denemesinde, Kuzey Kutbu'na ilk
ulaşan kişi unvanını almıştır.
B) Sekizinci denemesinde Kuzey
91. Make sure you take your identification Kutbu'na ilk giden kişi olmayı
card with you, or you won't be able to başaran Robert E. Peary, bunun için
enter the building. tam on sekiz yıl uğraşmıştır.
C) Robert E. Peary, on sekiz yıl süren bir
A) Sadece kimlik kartı yanın da olanla rın uğraşıdan sonra, sekizinci
binaya girmelerine izin veriliyor. denemesinde Kuzey Kutbu'na
B) Mu tlaka k imlik kartını yanma al, ulaşmayı başarmıştır.
yoksa binaya giremezsin . D) Kuzey Kutbu'na ilk giden kişi olan
C) Kimlik ka rtın yan ında o lsun , ç ünkü Robert E. Peary, on sekiz yılını alan
binaya girerken sorabilirler. bu amacına, ancak sekizinci
D) Binaya girebilmek için kimlik kartı denemesinde ulaşabilmiştir.
göstermek gerek tiğinden eminim. E) Robert E. Peary, Kuzey Kutbu'na
E) Eminim ka rtını yan ına almışsınd ır, giden ilk kişi olma amacına ulaşmak
çünkü g irişte k imlik yo kla mas ı için on sekiz yıl uğraşmış, ancak
yapıyorlar. bunu sekizinci denemesinde
başarabilmiştir.
92. In order no t to reg ret it later, you'd better
consult a fe w mo re peop le befo re you 95. We must all contribute to the fight
make you r decision . against erosion so as to prevent the earth
from becoming a naked planet.
A) Birk aç k iş iye dah a da nış ma dan ka ra r
verirse n, son rada n p iş man o lab ilirs in . A) Dü nyan ın çıp lak b ir geze gene
B) Kararını vermeden önce birkaç kişiye dönüş mes in i ö nle me k için hepimiz
erozy ona ka rşı mücad eley e ka tk ıda
d a h a d a n ış s a y d ın , s o n ra d a n p iş ma n bulunmalıyız.
olmazdın. B) Erozyo na ka rş ı mücade lede he rkes ye r
C) Da h a so n ra p iş ma n o l ma k alma d ıkç a dü n ya n ın ç ıp la k b ir
istemiyorsan, birkaç kişiye daha gezegene dönüşmesini önleyemeyiz.
da n ış ma da n s a k ın ka ra r ve rme . C) Hep imiz e roz yona ka rşı sü rdü rü len
D) Birka ç k işiye d anış ırsan daha iy i mü c a d e ley e k a tk ıd a b u lu n u rsa k ,
karar ve rebilirsin ve böylece son radan dünyan ın çıpla k b ir g ezegene
piş man lık d uy mazs ın . dönüşmesini önleriz.
E) Son ra da n p iş man o lma ma k iç in , D) Şunu b ilme liyiz k i düny anın ç ıp lak bir
kararın ı vermeden önce birkaç kişiye gezegene dö nüş me mes i, hep imizin
dah a da nış san iy i o lur. erozy on la müc ade le de y e r almas ın a
bağlıdır.
93. By making a much simpler explanation, E) Dünya mızı çıplak bir gezegene
you could have prevented any dön üş tü rmek üze re olan e rozy on a
misunderstanding. karşı hepimiz mücadele etmeliyiz.
A) Herhangi bir yanlış anlamaya neden 96. We h ave to ob ta in a ll the me mb e rs'

olmamak için çok daha basit bir approva l in order to be a ble to a lte r any
açıklama yapman gerekirdi. te rm in th e ag re e me nt.
B) Açıklamalarını daha basit bir dille
yaparsan, herhangi bir yanlış A) Üye le rin ta ma mının onay ın ı a lmada n
anlamayı önlersin. söz leş men in hiçb ir ma dd esin i
C) Çok daha basit bir açıklama yaparak değiştirenleyiz.
herhangi bir yanlış anlamayı B) Sözleş menin herhang i bir maddes in i
önleyebilirdin. değiş tireb ilmek iç in bü tün üye le rin
D) Daha basit açıklamalar yapsaydın bile onayını almak zo runda yız .
yanlış anlamayı önleyemeyebilirdin. C) Anca k bü tün ü ye le r o na y ve rirse
E) Herhangi bir yanlış anlamayı ancak söz leş men in he rh an gi bir mad des in de
basit bir dille açıklama yaparak değişiklik yapabiliriz.
önleyebildin. D) Sözleşme maddelerinde bir değişiklik
yap ab ilme k iç in üy ele rin he ps in in
94. Robert E. Peary, the first man to reach onayı gerekmektedir.
the North Pole, was only able to achieve E) Sözleşmenin maddelerinde değişiklik
yap ab ilme k iç in bü tün ü ye le rle
this aim, which took him eighteen years, görüş mek zo runda ka lacağ ız .
on his eighth attempt.
140 D ELS
144
97. There are so many dally activities we B) Mezun o lmadan ön ce, ka lıc ı e tk ile r
simply do through habit that we don't bırakab ilen ç ocuk has talık ları üze rine
even need to think when performing bir tez hazırla mak is tiyo ru m.
them. C) Mezun o lmak iç in haz ırlayaca ğım
tez in ko nus un u , ka lıc ı etk ile r
A) Bir gün içerisinde yap ma k z orunda bırakab ilen ç ocuk has talık ları ola ra k
oldu ğu muz o kada r çok iş va r ki, belirledim.
b u n la rın h e ps in i d ü ş ü n e rek D) Mezuniyet tezimi, kalıcı etkiler
yap ma mız mü mkü n de ğil. bırakab ilen ç ocuk has talık ları üze rine
B) Gün lü k yaş a mımız da sü rek li hazırla mak n iyetindey im.
yaptığımız, bu yüzden de alışkanlık E) Niyetim, kalıcı etkiler bırakan çocuk
halini a lmış pek çok işimizin hastalık la rını, mez un iyet tezimin
oldu ğu nu ç oğ u za man d üşü n me y iz k o n us u o la ra k k u lla n ma k .
bile.
100 . The Inspe c to rs c onc lude d tha t the fire
C) Sadece alışkanlıktan dolayı yaptığımız might have resulted from a cigarette butt
o kad a r ço k gü n lü k iş v a r k i, b un la rı th a t h a d n o t be e n e x tin g u is he d properly.
ya pa rk en d üş ün me y e b ile g e re k
duymayız. A) Mü fettişlerin tah minine gö re yang ın
D) Gü nlü k yaşa mda yap tığımız işlerin iy i sö nd ü rü lme miş b ir siga ra
çoğu, düş ün me mizi b ile iz ma ritin de n ka yna k lan d ı.
gerektirmeyen, basit, alışkanlık ha lini B) Müfettişler yangını iyice
almış işlerdir. sön dü rü lme miş b ir s iga ra iz ma ritin in
E) Yap mak z orunda o lduğ u muz gü nlü k başlattığına inanıy orla r.
işlerimiz in çoğunu , alışkan lık ha lini C) Mü fettişlerin vardığı sonuca göre,
aldık la rı iç in, hiç düş ün med en yangını iyice sön dü rülmeden atılmış
yapanz . bir s iga ra iz ma riti baş la ttı.
D) Müfettiş le r ya ng ının ta m ola rak
98. If society allows the cloning of people, it sö nd ü rü lme miş b ir s iga ra
has to bear the consequences It will izma ritinden kaynaklan mış olabileceği
produce. so nu c un a v a rd ıla r.
E) Mü fettişler yangının çıkış nedeninin
sö nd ü rü lme de n a tılmış b ir s iga ra
A) İn san la rın ko py alan mas ına iz in
olabileceğin i düşünüyo rlar.
verilirse, toplu mun kaldıra mayacağı
sonuçla r o rta ya ç ıka r.
B) İns an la rın k o py a la n mas ı, to p lu md a
çok büyük karışıklıklara yol açacaktır.
C) Kopyasının üre tilmesine izin ve ren
birinin, toplumun göstereceği tepkiye
karşı hazırlıklı olması gerekir.
D) İn san la rın ko py asın ın ü retilmesi
top lu mu n rızasıy la olmalıd ır, ç ünkü 101 . Be nde n ya z ma mı is te diğ in ra po ru n
so nu ç la rın a k a tla n ma k z o run d a o lan günle rce sü reb ilec eğinin fa rkındasın
odur. değil mi?
E) Eğer toplum insanların kopyalanmasına
izin verirse, onun doğu racağı A) Yo u're a ware that the rep ort you'v e
so nu ç la ra ka tlan ma k z o ru nd a d ır. asked me to write might take days,
aren' t yo u?
99. I Intend to prepare my graduation thesis B) Do yo u kn o w tha t th is rep o rt may
on childhood Illnesses that may leave ta ke me d ays to write?
permanent effects. C) Are you sure the report I'll write will
ta k e s o ma n y d a y s?
A) Sanırım mezuniyet tezimin konusu, D) Are n' t yo u a wa re th at th e rep o rt I'v e
been ask ed to write co uld take days?
kalıcı etk ile r bırakabilen çocuk E) You don't realize that I may have to
hastalıkları o lacak. sp en d da ys on th is re po rt, d o y o u?
ELS Q 141
145
102. Gö rüş me le rd en o lu mlu so nu ç 105. Bu uzman raporu iddialarımızın ;
çıkmayacağını bildiğimiz halde doğruluğuyla ilgili duyabileceğiniz tüm
toplantılara katılmak zorunday ız. kuşkulan ortadan kaldıracaktır.
A) We kno w that we can't get a positive A) This repo rt b y the expe rts ind icates
result fro m the negotiations, but we'll tha t yo u r d ou b ts as to whe the r o u r
still a ttend the meeting . cla ims a re true o r n o t a re to ta lly
B) The re's n o p oin t in ou r attend in g the needless.
mee ting s whe n we a ll kn o w tha t the B) We c la im th a t th is te s timo ny b y a n
outcome of the negotiations will be expert will eliminate any doubts you
negative. are likely to have abo ut ou r produc t.
C) In order to get positive results from C) This expert testimony will dispel all
the negotiations, we'll all have to the do u b ts yo u ma y h a ve ab o u t th e
atte nd the mee tin gs. truth o f ou r c laims.
D) We're going to attend the meetings in D) Th e re' s n o d o ub t th a t th is e x p e rt
th e ho pe tha t so me p os itive resu lts report is reliable enough to convince
ca n b e re ac h ed d u rin g the you o f the tru th o f o u r cla ims .
negotiations. E) After yo u've read th is expert
E) We h ave to atten d the meetings eve n testimony, you'll become convinced
thou gh we k no w tha t no positive tha t ou r c la ims a re tru e .
results will co me ou t of the
negotiations. 106. Vahşi hayvanları kapalı yerlerde izlemek
yerine kendi doğal ortamlarında izlemeyi
103. Çevrenizdeki insanlarla sürekli bir uyum tercih ederim.
içerisinde yaşamanız mümkün değildir. A) I find watchin g wild animals in the ir
A) It do esn' t see m po ss ib le to me th at na tu ral h ab ita ts fa r mo re e xc itin g
you ca n live in ha rmon y with o the rs th an wa tc h ing th e m in ca p tiv ity .
forever. B) I believe that wild an imals should be
B) You can't possib ly be in co mplete le ft in th e ir n a tu ra l h a b ita ts ra th e r
ha rmon y with th ose p eo p le a ro un d tha n k e p t in en c los u re s.
you. C) I would rathe r observe wild an ima ls in
th e ir n a tu ra l h a b ita ts th a n in
C) It's imp ossib le to ha ve ha rmonious enclosures.
relations with a ll o f the people a round D) Instead of see ing wild animals in
you. captivity , I'd like to see the m in the ir
D) It's no t p ossib le to live in c onsta nt n a tu ra l h a b ita ts .
harmo ny with the peo ple a rou nd you . E) I'd pre fe r wild a nima ls to roa m in
E) Ma in ta ining ha rmon io us re la tion s th e ir n a tu ra l h a b ita ts ra th e r th a n b e
with all of the peop le around you is kept in enc los ures .
impossible.
107. Grip salgını yüzünden büroda çok az
104. Mesleğiniz ne olursa olsun, en azından eleman olmasına rağmen, fazla mesai
kendi alanınızdaki gelişmelere ayak yaparak yeni siparişlerin hepsini
uydurabilmek için düzenli olarak karşılayabildik.
okumanız gerekmektedir.
A) Although there were fe w e mployees at
A) Regular reading is a necessity no the office due to the flu epide mic , by
matter what your profession is; work ing ove rtime , we we re able to
otherwise, you'll fall behind with the mee t a ll the ne w orders .
latest developments. B) Desp ite the flu epide mic, whic h mea nt
B) Regardless of your profession, reading fewer employees at the office, we
the new publications in your own field eventually delivered all the new orders
will enable you to catch up with the by working overtime.
latest developments. C) With th e e mp lo ye es p re se n t a t the
C) Depending on your profession, you office, we managed to send out all the
may need to follow the new new o rde rs despite th e flu ep ide mic ,
publications regularly so as to learn of but we h ad to wo rk ove rtime .
the latest developments in your field. D) While seve ral e mp loy ees we re a bsen t
D) It's necessary to read every new due to the flu ep ide mic , the re ma in ing
publication in your field if you're sta ff wo rke d ov e rtime to ens u re tha t
aiming to advance in your profession. all the ne w o rde rs we re me t.
E) Whatever your profession is, you E) Despite hav ing fewe r e mployees than
should read regularly to keep pace at no rma l a t wo rk d u e to the flu
least with the developments in your ep ide mic, th e co mpa ny wa s ab le to
own field. mee t a ll its ne w orde rs.
142 Q E LS
146
108. Büyükannem balkona serpiştirdiği B) The actor should have used a
ekmek kırıntılarını yiyen kuşları stuntman while the scenes which
izlemekten büyük zevk alırdı. required special abilities were being
shot.
A) My grandmother used to scatter bread C) The actor must have used a stuntman
crumbs on the balcony and, with while these scenes were being shot, as
great pleasure, watch the birds eating performing those actions certainly
them. requires special abilities.
B) My grandmother used to derive great D) In order to shoot these scenes, the
pleasure from watching birds eating actor had to use a stuntman with
the bread crumbs she'd scattered on special abilities to perform those
the balcony. actions.
C) Scattering bread crumbs on the E) Special abilities were needed to
balcony and watching birds eating perform some of the actions, so a
them were the things that gave my stuntman was used when certain
grandmother the greatest pleasure. scenes were being shot.
D) It was a great pleasure for my
grandmother to scatter bread crumbs 110. Biraz daha gayretle, sınavda en yüksek
on the balcony and then watch birds notu alabilirdi.
happily eating them.
E) Birds often used to come to my A) With a little more effort, she could
grandmother's balcony to eat the have got the highest mark in the
bread crumbs she'd scattered for exam.
them with great pleasure. B) She was able to achieve the highest
mark in the exam with very little
109. Bu sahneler çekilirken aktör dublör effort.
kullanmış olmalı, çünkü o hareketleri C) She could have done even better in
yapmak kesinlikle özel yetenekler the exam with a little more work.
gerektiriyor. D) If she had tried a little harder, she
would have got a higher mark in the
A) These scenes couldn't have been shot exam.
without using a stuntman with special E) She could score top marks in the
abilities to perform those actions. exam if she tried hard enough.
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INTRODUCTION
Etken bir fiili (active), edilgen (passive) bir fiile dönüştürebilmemiz için, o fiilin geçişli bir fiil
(transitive) olması gerekir. Yani, open, close, give, buy, invite, etc. gibi nesne alabilen bir fiil
olması gerekir. Happen, come, go, seem, cry gibi nesne almayan fiiller (intransitive), passive
yapılamaz.
Active: The school custodian opens the door every day. Passive:The door is
opened by the school custodian every day.
Active: An accident happens at this crossroads nearly every day. (No passive,
because there isn't an object.)
3-1 FORMING THE PASSIVE
Active fiilin nesnesi, passive cümlede özne durumuna geçer ve cümlenin tense'ine uygun
olarak be + past participle (fiilin üçüncü hali] kullanılır.
He is washing the car. object
The car Is being washed by him. subject
Mum cooked the dinner.
object
The dinner was cooked by Mum. subject
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Progressive He is washing the car. The car Is being washed by him. The
Simple Present He washes the car. car Is washed by him. The car was
Simple Past Past He washed the car. washed by him. The car was being
Progressive Present He was washing the car. washed by him. The car has been
Perfect Past He has washed the car. washed by him. The car had been
Perfect Simple He had washed the car. washed by him. The car will be
Future be going to He will wash the car. washed by him. The car Is going to be
Future Perfect He is going to wash the car. washed by him. The car will have been
He will have washed the car. washed by him.
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EXERCISE 1: Change the active to the passive.
1. The gardener is mowing the grass at the moment.

The grass ......................................... by the gardener at the moment.
2. The gardener mows the grass once a month.
The grass ......................................... by the gardener once a month.
3. The gardener mowed the grass last week.
The grass ......................................... by the gardener last week.
4. The gardener was mowing the grass.
The grass ......................................... by the gardener.
5. The gardener has mowed the grass.
6. The gardener had mowed the grass.
7. The gardener will mow the grass tomorrow.
The grass ......................................... by the gardener tomorrow.
8. The gardener is going to mow the grass in the morning.
The grass ......................................... by the gardener in the morning.
9. The gardener will have mowed the grass by noon.
The grass ........................................ by the gardener by noon.
3-2 POSITION OF TIME ADVERBIALS IN A PASSIVE SENTENCE

a) Cümlenin sonunda kullanılan zaman zarfları, "by phrase" den sonra gelir.
Active: Jack washed the car yesterday. Passive:The car was washed by Jack
yesterday.
Active: Jack will wash the car tomorrow. Passive: The car will be washed by
Jack tomorrow.
Active: Jack will have washed the car by 5 p.m. Passive:The car will have been
washed by Jack by 5 p.m.
Cümlenin sonunda kullanılan bu zarflar, vurguyu artırmak için cümle başında da ;
kullanılabilir.
Yesterday, the car was washed by Jack. Tomorrow, the car will be washed by
Jack.
b) "Always, usually, just, already, probably" gibi cümle içinde kullanılan zaman zarfları
genellikle, "be" fiilinden sonra gelir. Ancak, vurgulanan öğeye bağlı olarak bu zarflar,
cümle içinde farklı yerlerde bulunabilir.
Active: Jack usually washes the car in the afternoon.
Passive:The car Is usually washed (by Jack) in the afternoon. Usually, the car is
washed (by Jack) in the afternoon.
The car is washed (by Jack), usually in the afternoon.
The car is washed, usually by Jack, in the afternoon.
Active: Jack last washed the car two days ago. Passive:The car was last
washed by Jack two days ago.
Active: Since we bought the car, Jack has always washed it himself. Passive:
Since the car was bought, it has always been washed by Jack himself. Since the
car was bought, it has been washed always by Jack himself.
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"Probably" nln olumsuz cümledeki yerine dikkat ediniz.
Active: Jack probably won't wash the car tomorrow.
Jack will probably not wash the car tomorrow.
Passive: The car probably won't be washed by Jack tomorrow.
The car will probably not be washed by Jack tomorrow.
c) "Carefully, beautifully, deeply gibi durum bildiren zarflar (adverbs of manner) passive
cümlede genellikle "be" fiili ile asıl fiil arasında yer alır. Ancak bu zarfların asıl fiilden
sonra kullanımı da mümkündür.
Active: The horror film affected the children badly. ., i
Passive: The children were badly affected by the horror film.
The children were affected badly by the horror film.
Active: We placed the glassware carefully in the cupboard. Passive:The
glassware was carefully placed in the cupboard. The glassware was placed
carefully in the cupboard.
EXERCISE 2: Change the active to the passive. Add "by phrase" to each sentence.
1. Local people are going to plant 100,000 trees next weekend as part of the Green
City campaign.
As part of the Green City campaign, 100,000 trees ....................................................
2. When I applied for the job, the manager interviewed me.
When I applied for the job, I .............................................................
3. The vice-president will explain the new regulations at the meeting tomorrow.
The new regulations .............................................................................................
4. Some soldiers were guarding the President's house.
The President's house ................................................................................
5. In 1878 Nils Nordenskjöld, a Swede, crossed the Northeast Passage in a ship called
the Vega.
In 1878 the Northeast Passage ...............................................................................
6. The Food and Drug Administration have not approved the drug for sale yet, but
scientists have already tested it on human volunteers.
The drug............................................... yet, but it .....................................................
7. The rainstorm destroyed most of the crops last week.
Most of the crops ........................................................................................
8. The antibiotic penicillin effectively cures many infectious diseases, including some
that were once life-threatening.
Many infectious diseases, including some that were once life-threatening,
9. All year round, volunteers look after the nature reserve.
All year round, the nature reserve ............................................................................
10. I expect the school will have provided all the students with books by the end of the
week.
I expect all the students ....................................................................................
11. Despite clear notices, the campers still leave litter around the campsite.
Despite clear notices, litter ......................................................................................
12. After the customs officers have searched you, they will pass your luggage through
an X-ray machine.
After you ............................................... your luggage .............................................
through an X-ray machine.
13. Miraculously, grave robbers had not stolen the treasures from the four Egyptian
tombs.
Miraculously, the treasures in the four Egyptian tombs ..........................................
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14. At the moment, a teenage gang are plaguing a Shrewsbury youth centre.
At the moment, a Shrewsbury youth centre ..............................................
15.
The council will pay compensation to the residents of the houses which collapsed
into the old mine shaft.
The residents of the houses which collapsed into the old mine shaft
WHAT TO EAT
Before the arrival of our son, my husband and I attended birthing

classes at the hospital. One day we toured the maternity ward. The
instructor mentioned that on the last evening of our stay, we would be given a
complimentary dinner for two, and she told us what the menu selections would be.
As we continued the tour, I whispered to my husband, "Honey, I'm getting so
excited."
"Me too," he replied, "I'm going to order the lobster."
(by Katie Schneider from Reader's Digest)
3-3 USING "by phrase"

Passive bir cümlede, eylemi yapan kişiyi "by phrase" ile belirtiriz.
Active: My mother made this pullover. Passive: This pullover was made by my
mother.
Active: The President will announce the date of the meeting. Passive:The date of
the meeting will be announced by the President.
Ancak, passive bir cümlede eylemi yapan kişi, eğer eylemin kimin tarafından yapıldığı
önemliyse belirtilir. Eylemin kimin tarafından yapıldığı değil de, eylemin yapılmış olması
önemliyse, "by phrase" kullanılmaz.
Active: Einstein developed the theory of relativity. Passive: The theory of
relativity was developed by Einstein.
Yukandaki örnekte, "by Einstein" kullanarak, eylemi yapan kişiyi (agent) belirtmek zorundayız.
Çünkü "by Einstein" ifadesini kullanmazsak, "İzafiyet teorisi geliştirildi." olur ki bu da anlamlı bir
cümle olmaz. "İzafiyet teorisi Einstein tarafından geliştirildi." doğru ve tam bir cümledir.
Aşağıdaki örneklerde, eylemin kim ya da kimler tarafından yapıldığı önemli olmadığı için, "by
phrase" kullanmaya gerek yoktur
Active: People mine coal in Zonguldak.
Passive:Coal is mined in Zonguldak.
Active: The judge sentenced the murderer to life imprisonment.
Passive:The murderer was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Active: Someone made this pullover in Germany. Passive:This pullover was
made in Germany.
Active: They make paper from wood.
Passive:Paper is made from wood.
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EXERCISE 3: Change the active to the passive. Use "by phrase" only If it is necessary.
1. If someone exposes his hands and face to extreme cold, they may get frostbite.
If hands and face....................................................... they may get frostbite.
2. A private fund provides each of our students with a pair of shoes every year.
Each of our students ............................................................................
3. Some youths were vandalizing the phone box when we walked past.
The phone box .....................................................................when we walked past.
4. They are increasing the old age pension by 25 percent.
The old age pension ................................................................................................
5. George Eliot wrote the famous book "The Mill on the Floss".
The famous book "The Mill on the Floss" .................................................................
6. They sent the order special delivery.
The order ...................................................................................................
7. People across the globe loved Princess Diana.
Princess Diana ................................................................................................
8. After they have taken your order for the main course, they will bring a tray of hot
and cold starters to your table.
After your order for the main course ........................................................... a tray of
hot and cold starters ............................................................... to your table.
9. When I telephoned them, they hadn't received the package yet.
When I telephoned them, the package ...................................................................
10. Someone has loaded our baggage onto the plane.
Our baggage ................................................................................
11. Everyone watches that television programme.
That television programme ...........................................................................
12. They have destroyed dozens of shops since the beginning of the riots.
Dozens of shops ...............................................................................................
13. Smith had beaten Jones in the 100-metre race three times before.
Jones ....................................................................................................
14. The last time I checked with the bank, they hadn't agreed to our loan of £5,000, but
they hadn't rejected our application either.
The last time I checked with the bank, our loan of £5,000 ........................................
but it .................................................................. either.
15. We expect that we will have collected £3000 by the time we draw the lottery.
We expect that £3000 ........................................................... by the time the lottery
3-4 USING PASSIVE IN INTERROGATES

Active bir soruyu, passive bir soruya dönüştürürken yine aynı kurallar geçerlidir.
Active: Is Jack washing the car now? Passive: Is the car being washed by Jack
now?
Active: Does Jack wash the car every day? Passive:Is the car washed by Jack
every day?
Active: When does Jack usually wash the car? Passive: When is the car usually
washed?
"Who" ile sorulan sorularda dikkatli olunuz. Eğer "who", eylemi yapan kişiyi (agent) soruyorsa
"Who .... by?" soru biçimini kullanmamız gerekir.
Active: Who discovered America? Passive: Who was America discovered by?
(By whom was America discovered?)
Active: Who founded the Republic of Turkey? Passive: Who was the Republic of
Turkey founded by?
(By whom was the Republic of Turkey founded?)
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"Who" nesne durumundaki kişiyi soruyorsa "by" kullanılmaz. Ancak, nesneye ait bir preposition
varsa, o kullanılır.
Active: Who will you invite to your party? Passive: Who will be invited to your
party?
Active: Who did you see him with?
Passive: Who was he seen with? (With whom was he seen?)
Active: Who are you going to borrow the money from? Passive: Who is the money
going to be borrowed from?
(From whom is the money going to be borrowed?)
Active: Who did he lend his car to?
Passive: Who was his car lent to? (To whom was his car lent?)
"What" bir cümlede nesneyi sorar. Yani, "what' ile sorulmuş bir soruda, nesne yoktur. Bu
durumda, cümleyi passive yaparken, özne durumuna getirebileceğimiz bir sözcük yok demektir.
Böyle bir cümleyi şu şekilde passive yaparız:
Active: What are they doing about the case? Passive: What is being done about
the case?
Active: What did they do about the case? Passive: What was done about the
case?
Active: What have they done about the case? Passive: What has been done
about the case?
Passive cümlede "what" dan sonra gelen fiiller tekildir.
EXERCISE 4: Change the active to the passive. Use "by phrase" only if it is necessary.
1. Is anybody using that dictionary?
2. Which machines are they inspecting today?
3. How many species of monkey do they keep here?
4. Have they collected our rubbish?
5. Who did the manager interview yesterday?
6. Who interviewed the applicants yesterday?
7. What have they agreed upon?
8. Are they going to gather all the fruit today?
9. What are we going to do?
10. Who does your translation work?
11. Who did Sally influence at the meeting?
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12. Who influenced Sally's decision at the meeting?
13. Do they clean the windows regularly?
14. How much wheat do they produce annually in this region?
15. Has anybody done the crossword yet?
EXERCISE 5'. Change the following active sentences to the passive if possible. (Some of
the verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed.)
SAMUEL MORSE (1791-1872)

1. "I wish that in one instant I could tell you of my safe arrival, but we are 3,000 miles
apart and must wait four long weeks to hear from each other."
2. Samuel Morse was 20 when he wrote this sentence in a letter to his mother in
1811.
3. He was studying art in London and she was living at the family home in
Charlestown, Massachusetts.
4. His parents hadn't wanted him to be an artist.
5. However, they allowed him to go to London to study art in 1811, after Gilbert Stuart
praised his work.
6. When Samuel returned in 1815, he found that buying paintings did not interest
Americans.
7. He realized that he could earn very little money from painting portraits.
8. A chance conversation inspired Morse to invent the telegraph while he was

returning from Europe on the steamship Sully in 1832.
9. A fellow passenger told him about European experiments in electromagnetism.
10. Morse remarked, "If we can make the presence of electricity visible in any part of
the circuit, I see no reason why we cannot transmit intelligence by electricity."
11. During the rest of the voyage, he worked excitedly on drawings for his plan.
12. Morse had an inventive mind but little knowledge of electricity.
13. Thus, he required years of work and study to perfect his device.
14. People greatly admired his determination.
15. The industrialist Alfred Vail, the physicist Joseph Henry and others gave him
practical help.
16. In 1837, he applied for a patent on The American Electromagnetic Telegraph.
17. He went to England, France and Russia seeking aid for his invention but met with
failure there as at home.
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18. Finally, in 1843, the United States Congress appropriated $30,000 in order to build
a line from Washington to Baltimore.
19. In May 1844, they flashed the first message over this wire.
20. After his years of sacrifice, Morse became wealthy as a great inventor.
21. Newspapers, railroads and businesses quickly found use for the telegraph.
22. After they had founded Western Union in 1856, they soon strung wires from coast
to coast.
23. Other men of science had worked on the problem, but Morse's invention was the
basis of the land telegraph system.
24. We still know the code of dots and dashes used in sending messages as Morse code,
in honour of its inventor.
25. When Morse died in 1872, on April 2, they held public memorials across the nation.
EXERCISE 6; Change the following active sentences to the passive If possible. (Some of the
verbs are intransitive and cannot be changed.)
SILK, THE QUEEN OF FABRICS

1. For more than 4000 years, weavers have created this sensuous cloth from the
strand of a mere worm and it has reigned supreme as the queen of fabrics.
2. The cloth of emperors, silk remained China's secret for more than 2000 years - and
then it reached Japan.
3. In the sixth century, according to legend, two monks brought back a supply of
silkworms to the Emperor Justinian.
4. People have made silk cloth into many items, such as clothing, tapestries and
accessories.
5. Traditionally, silk items, such as bedcovers, formed part of a Chinese woman's
marriage dowry.
6. Silk production still provides much-needed work in several poor but labour-rich
countries.
7. More than ten million farmers raise silkworms in China today.
8. Silk fabric production employs about half a million workers.
9. Silk has always had a connection to royalty.
10. The Empress of Japan still feeds silkworms on the palace grounds each spring.
11. The Queen of Thailand sponsors silk-making lessons in her palace.
12. They even use silk for certain components of tennis-racket strings, fly fishing lines,
parachutes, and bicycle tires.
ELS Q 151
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13. Surgeons have used silk to save lives, as the fine thread easily stitches wounds.
14. Benjamin Franklin used a silk kite during his famous experiments with electricity.
15. What makes silk fabric look so spectacular?
16. Silk fibres are triangular, and so they reflect light.
17. Layers of protein build up a pearly sheen, making silk a luxurious, sensuous fabric.
18. Designers rejoice in its feel, its look and even its smell.
19. Fanners raise "Bombyx mori", the most commonly cultivated silkworm,
domestically, but only where there are mulberry trees.
20. The more than 500 species of wild silkworms fend for themselves, feasting on oak
and other leaves.
21. Wild silkworms produce a tougher, rougher silk because they are more robust than
their domesticated cousins.
22. Japan, India, Russia and South Korea also produce silk.
23. Though the Japanese have mechanized production techniques, people do many
tasks by hand in other countries.
24. In India, the craft of silk-making involves the whole family.
25. The West's hunger for silk has always encouraged an unceasing trade from East to
West.
26. At its peak from the 7th to the 10th century, the silk trade route, or "Silk Road",
linked two powerful civilizations - Rome and China.
27. Although silk is widely available today, silk gowns adorn mainly the rich and
famous.
3-5 INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS
Bazı fiiller iki nesne alır: "indirect object' ve "direct object'. Bu nesnelerin cümle içindeki yerleri
iki şekilde olabilir.
I gave him some money yesterday.

I.O. D.O.
I gave some money to him yesterday.
D.O. I.O.
I will buy her a book tomorrow.

I.O. D.O.
I will buy a book for her tomorrow. D.O. I.O.
Örneklerde gördüğünüz gibi, indirect object, yani insan olan nesne, fiilden hemen sonra
geliyorsa, diğer nesneye geçerken bir preposition kullanılmaz. Eğer fiilden hemen sonra direct
object geliyorsa, indirect object'e geçerken, fiilin gerektirdiğine göre, "to" ya da "for" kullanılır.
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Bu iki nesneli fiillerin passive biçimi de iki şekilde olur:
Active: I gave him some money yesterday.
I.O. D.O.
Passive 1: He was given some money yesterday. Passive 2: Some money was
given to him yesterday. (Ona dün biraz para verildi.)
Active: I will buy her a book tomorrow. I.O. D.O.
Passive 1: She will be bought a book tomorrow. Passive 2: A book will be bought
for her tomorrow. (Yarın ona bir kitap alınacak.)
Farklı şekillerde passive yapılabilmelerine karşın, bu cümlelerin anlamlan aynıdır. Indirect
object'in passive cümlede subject olması, daha yaygın olarak kullanılır.
EXERCISE 7: Change the active to the passive. Make two passives for each.
1. Our charity club will award ten students a scholarship this year.
Ten students .................................................... by our charity club.
A scholarship .................................................... by our charity club.
2. A waiter handed us a menu as soon as we sat at our table.
We..........................................by a waiter as soon as we sat at our table.
A menu .................................. by a waiter as soon as we sat at our table.
3. The electricity board sent him someone else's bill.
He .................................................................. by the electricity board.
Someone else's bill ................................................................... by the electricity
board.
4. The cabin crew serve the passengers light refreshments during the flight.
Light refreshments .............................................................. by the cabin crew
during the flight.
The passengers ................................................................. by the cabin crew during
the flight.
5. The mail-order company is going to send us a catalogue.
A catalogue ................................................. by the mail-order company.
We ................................................................ by the mail-order company.
6. The Red Crescent provided tents for the victims of the earthquake.
Tents ............................................................ by the Red Crescent.
The victims of the earthquake ............................................................ by the Red
Crescent.
7. The interview panel will tell you the decision on the same day.
You ......................................................... by the interview panel on the same day.
The decision............................................... by the interview panel on the same day.
8. The conman sold old people burglar alarms at incredibly high prices.
Old people................................................. by the conman at incredibly high prices.
Burglar alarms .......................................... by the conman at incredibly high prices.
EXERCISE 8: Complete the sentences with the given words. Some of the sentences are
passive and some are active. Use any appropriate tense.
1. An avalanche (report) ............................. near Hakkari late last night. It (occur)
.............................. around 11 p.m, and a passing coach (cover) ...............................
with snow. By the time the rescue team (arrive) ............................ at the spot,
some of the passengers (already, freeze) ............................ to death. The rest
(rescue) ............................. from under the snow thanks to the team's relentless
efforts.
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2. Diamonds (mine) ............................... in many parts of the world, but they (find)
.............................. in abundance especially in the Republic of South Africa.
3. The play (rehearse) ............................... meticulously every day since last week,
because it (perform) .............................. next week, and the director wants to have a
perfect opening.
4. As a child, he (think) ................................ by his teachers to be extremely bright, but
he (disappoint) ............................... all of them by making little effort and thus
achieving nothing.
5. A new species of parrot (discover) .............................. recently in the Mato Grosso
forest in Brazil, but this forest (cut down) .............................. rapidly at the moment
for ranches and timber, and scientists (fear) .............................. that the new species
(make) .............................. extinct before long.
6. One year's average rainfall (fall) ............................. in only five days' time last year in
Caracas, Venezuela. The torrential rain (lead) ............................. to deadly mud
slides. 400,000 people (make) .............................. homeless. 25,000 people (kill)
.............................. Many people (die) .............................. because their houses (not,
build) .............................. properly.
7. About 700 passengers (rescue) .............................from the "Titanic" after it (hit)
............................ an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean.
8. No film by Leni Riefenstahl (show).............................. in her native Germany since
the end of the Second World War.
9. As I was getting up to give my speech at the opening session of the conference,
something (whisper) ............................... to me by someone nearby, but I was too
excited to hear what he said. Later, I found out that he (whisper)
..................................to me that there was a split in the back of my trousers.
10. When a person (expose) ............................ continually to an antibiotic during an
illness of long duration, such as rheumatic fever, the targeted bacteria may develop
their own defense against the drug.
11. The Marathon of Sands (hold) ............................ every year in spring. The race
(start) ............................. in Ouratazate in Morocco and (last) ............................... six
days. Competitors (walk) ............................. or (run) .............................. 140 miles
across the Sahara Desert. Each person (allow) .............................. nine litres of water
a day. The race (refer) ............................. to as the toughest foot race on the Earth.
12. A: Hello, Jones & Sons.
B: Oh, I'm sorry. I think I (just, give) ............................. the wrong telephone number
by the operator, or I (dial) ............................. incorrectly,
13. The chemicals, which (discard) ................................... so carelessly, (leak)
............................... into the river and (cause) ................................. so much pollution
that the river (since, declare) .............................. unusable.
14 .................................... she (tell) ................................. the news yet? If not, someone
ought to tell her as soon as possible.
15 ................................. someone (tell) ............................ me what all this noise is about?
UNDRESSING THE EGG
During the time that the US author John Cheever and his family lived
in Rome, they had a maid who spoke very little English. Every morning she
would serve Cheever a soft-boiled egg, which had been peeled in the
kitchen and, consequently, was stone cold. After a week of this, Cheever
went to his Italian-English dictionary and constructed and memorised a
sentence to explain, in the most polite terms, his desire to shell his own eggs.
When he delivered his sentence early the next morning, however, the woman
turned bright red, slapped him and marched out of the flat.
She returned that evening, still angry. It was then that Cheever learnt
what he had really said: "Do not undress in the kitchen, you egg."
(from Reader's Digest)
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3-6 THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS
modal + be + past participle

a) The letters be posted tomorrow.
b) Tomorrow's exam be postponed to next Monday.
c) You be allowed to leave early.
d) Children be war ned against dangers.
e) Chocolate be eaten too much.
f) Tomorrow's meeting be cancelled.
ğ) She be taken to hospital.
h)He 1) We be told the news.
win infor med about the change.
can may should
ought not to had
better had to must
were supposed to be
modal + have been + past participle

j) S h e k) He shouldn't have been told the bad news.
J) This book c a nt ha v e been seen with her.
m) You must hav e been left here b y a student.
ought to have been allowed to go there.
EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses. Some of the
sentences are passive and some are active.
1. I see that your daughter has great musical ability. She should (encourage)
............................ to develop her talent.
2. My friends Betty and Mary are identical twins, so no one can (distinguish)
............................ one from the other.
3. Oh no! This computer is not working again.. It can't (repair) ..............................
properly the last time.
4. Because the Italian president couldn't (speak) .............................Japanese, his
speech had to (translate) ............................ for the Japanese audience.
5. Your tickets will (sell) ............................ to someone else if you don't collect them
at least half an hour before the performance.
6. Don't use the car until the mechanic's looked at it. I know it was only a minor
accident, but the car might (damage) ............................ in away that can't (see)
................................ without a proper examination.
7. Suitable clothing must (wear) .......................... during the hike, or it will cause
great discomfort.
8. A: I can't (find) ........................... my Cosmopolitan Magazine, and I haven't read it
yet.
B: Could it (throw] .......................... away by mistake?
A: Now that you mention it. I did leave it under my desk near the waste-paper
basket.
9. Before the fleeces of Mongolian goats can (make) .......................... into Cashmere,
the wool has to (wash) .......................... several times.
10. Normally Jeff can't (rely) ........................... upon to finish a project on time, but he
must (take) ........................... this one seriously as he handed it in punctually.
11. In my opinion, young drug addicts should (receive) ............................ immediate
treatment.
12. As a rule, foreign languages can't (learn) ........................... very quickly, but if the
new language is close to your own, it can (pick) ............................up in no time.
13. More food should (send) ........................... to Malawi; otherwise, millions of people
will starve.
14. The reporter on the spot points out that Western nations should (send)
........................... food supplies to Malawi in order to avoid a human disaster.
15. The antidote for the poison must (take) ............................within four hours in
order to be effective.
ELS Q 155
159
BAPTIZED PUPPIES
A client brought a litter of golden-retriever puppies to my

veterinary clinic for inoculations and worming. As the look-alike puppies
squirmed over and under one another in their box, I realised it would be
difficult to tell the treated ones from the rest. I turned on the water faucet, wet
my fingers and moistened each dog's head when I had finished.
After the fourth puppy, I noticed my hitherto talkative client had become
silent. As I sprinkled the last puppy's head, the woman leaned
forward and whispered, "I didn't know they had to be baptized." \
(by Nancy Coleman from Reader's Digest) y
3-7 STATIVE PASSIVE

İngilizce'de fiillerin üçüncü halleri (past participle), bazı cümlelerde sıfat
gibi işlev görür. Bu cümleler yapı olarak passive olmalarına karşın,
kullanılan past participle, eylemin nasıl yapıldığını ya da kim tarafından
yapıldığını ifade etmez. Yalnızca bir ismi tanımlar. Yani bir nesnenin ya da
kişinin durumunu ifade eder. Bir ismi tanımladığı için de bu sözcükler
sıfat görevindedir.
The window is large.
The window is white.
The window is broken.
İlk iki cümledeki "large" ve "white" sözcük türü olarak sıfattır. "Broken" ise
"break" fiilinin üçüncü halidir; ancak o da, "large" ve "white" gibi "window" sözcüğünü
tanımlamıştır. Bu tür sözcüklerin, cümlede passive eylem görevinde mi yoksa bir ismi
tanımlayan sıfat görevinde mi olduğunu cümlenin akışından çıkarabiliriz.
Yesterday, the window of the classroom was broken by one of the students.
(passive action)
(Dün sınıfın camı, bir öğrenci tarafından kırıldı.)
When I entered the classroom yesterday, the window was broken.
(stative passive)
(Dün sınıfa girdiğimde, cam kırıktı.)
The door to the school Is always locked by the caretaker after the classes are
over, (passive action)
(Dersler bittikten sonra, okulun kapısı müstahdem tarafından hep kilitlenir.)
We can't enter that room. The door Is locked, (stative passive) (O odaya
giremeyiz. Kapı kilitli.)
EXERCISE 10: Use the stative passive In the Simple Present or Simple Past with the given
verbs.
1. We can't open this box. It (lock) ............................
2. We couldn't open the box. It (lock) ...........................
3. Turkey (situate) ......................... between three seas: the Black Sea in the north, the
Aegean in the west, and the Mediterranean in the south.
4. I have to iron my shirt before going out, because it (crease) ...................................
5. Yesterday, the storm blew a huge tree down onto the country road, and the road
(block) ......................... for several hours until they removed it.
6. I didn't go to yesterday's lecture because I (not, interest) ............................. in the
subject.
7. Let's stop and have a break. I can't go any further, because I (exhaust) ..........................
156 Q ELS
160
8. The whole time I lived overseas, my parents (worry) ...................... about me.
9. At last Saturday's society wedding, the bride (dress) ........................... in a white
satin dress, which was embroidered with thousands of silver sequins.
10. My car is in quite good condition for its age, except that the passenger door (dent)
11. The train (crowd)............. so................... that one lady couldn't get off at the right
stop.
12. I don't want to take my camera with me as it (not, insure) ........................
13. The Professor (annoy) ........................... probably because half of the students
hadn't bothered to turn up for his lecture.
14. The Blue Mosque, which is among Istanbul's major tourist attractions, (decorate)
............................ very ornately. It's so called because its walls (all, cover)
............................ with blue tiles.
15. Many homes have been repaired since the earthquake, but many (still, damage)
3-8 STATIVE PASSIVE WITH PREPOSITIONS

"Stative passive" bildiren fuller çoğunlukla bir preposition ile birlikte kullanılır.
I'm Interested In music, especially in folk music.
She Is married to an American.
I'm satisfied with the progress you've made in English.
(NOTE: Exercise 11 ve 12"yl yapmadan önce, "Appendix l" deki "Adjective + preposition" listesini
inceleyiniz.)
EXERCISE 11: Stative Passive + Preposition. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.
1. A lot of the language used in advertising plans is derived .............. military terms,
such as target, tactics, strategy, etc.
2. I'm not convinced.................. the advisability of this project.
3. He wasn't satisfied ................. his salary, so he found a job with better pay.
4. She eats so much chocolate that I honestly believe that she's addicted
......................... it.
5. A: Are you annoyed ..................... me?
B: No, I'm annoyed ............................ what George just said.
6. You are most likely very tired .............. your long journey. Come in and sit down.
7. I am tired ..............writing essays and taking examinations. All I want to do now is
graduate and find a job.
8. Through the Panama Canal, the Atlantic Ocean is connected .............. the Pacific.
9. He was blessed ............. a supportive family, who helped him recover from his drug
addiction.
10. I don't understand how some people can be in favour of nuclear energy even though
they know that it can be enormously destructive. I'm opposed .................. it.
11. The flying fox is not really a fox at all and is related ............... the bat.
12. Long distance lorries are equipped ...............a tachometer, which logs distances
travelled, speed, etc.
13. Because of the cup final being held today in Cardiff, the city centre is crowded
............ football supporters.
14. He obviously didn't have an in-depth knowledge of the subject. Furthermore, he
wasn't prepared ............. the interview.
15. Immigrants in Holland are fearful that they will be discriminated ............... by the
new government.
16. He's fed up............... being a government employee and wants to work for a private
company.
17. When I was learning German, I often got the word "richtig" confused ..............the
word "wichtig" and would say one when I meant the other.
18. A barometer is an instrument which is used ................. measuring the pressure of
the atmosphere surrounding the Earth.
19. The film "Amistad" is based .............. the story of some African slaves who revolted
while being taken to America.
20. Sarah is committed ...............helping preserve the environment and is regularly
involved .............. conservation projects.
ELS a 157
161
EXERCISE 12: Staüve passive + preposition. Choose the correct answer.
Everybody Is really concerned .. ........ the 10. The police are now furnished ............ all
Increasing rate of unemployment In the the details about the smuggling syndicate.
country. They'll be able to catch the leader this time, I
A) to B) about Q for think.
D) of E) against A) to B) for C) against
1. A politician should be committed ........ D) about E) with
1 1 When you are finished ........... that
public service and hard work, not political
expediency or self-interest.
A) about B] in Q with
D) to E) for magazine, can I have a look at it?
2. His book is based ........... the experiences A) about B) from C) by
D) with E) at
12. Sometimes, on films, the sound Isn't
3. synchronized ................ the picture, so you
4. he had while travelling through India.
A) at B) on C) from
D) by E) for
I don't think he was very impressed hear the words before or after the actor
.......... our suggestion. In fact, he looked
actually says them.
A) for B) to C) into
5. D) with E) from
as if he thought we were being ridiculous. 13. We always thought James was terrified
A) with B) to C) about ................. heights, so, when he wanted to
D) for E) in climb the Eiffel Tower In Paris, we were
attitude, as I'd thought he'd be willing to
help us. surprised.
A) for B) to C) against A) from B) at C) of
D) from E) at D) with E) about
6. Youths who are addicted ........... drugs 14. Samantha has been engaged ........... Fred
should be shown great affection, not anger,

by their parents In order to help them for eight months now and their wedding is
recover. planned for September.
A) to B) with C) for A) to B) for C) from
7. D) about E) into D) with E) at
The holiday apartments are equipped 15. All the seas In the world are connected
.......... a cooker, a refrigerator ana a
................ each other by means of canals or
dishwasher.
8. A) about B) from C) at straits.
D) with E) for A) for B) to C) on
Today, macaroni is commonly associated D) from E) in
.......... Italy; however, it's believed that it
16. McGill University is best known ........ its
originated"ta China.
work in medicine and has one of the best
9. A) to
D) by E) with
Bl from C) about
medical libraries In Canada.
Marie Antoinette, the last Queen of A) from B) for C) at
France, is best remembered .......... D) to E) as
reportedly saying, "Let them eat cake," 17. Everybody looked smart, except for John,
when she was told that the peasants of who was dressed ............. Jeans and a T-
Paris were rioting because they had no shirt.
bread to eat.
Al about BJ for C) to A) for B) about C) from
D) from E)of D) in E) with
158 D ELS
162
18. Road sweepers In Turkey often use a A) on B) from
container made ........ an old olive oil can C)in D) with
to sweep the dirt Into. E) out of
A) to B) out of D)at 23.
C) on E) about As he was accustomed .......... the cold
19. This cushion is filled.......... the climate of Finland, Ellas found it difficult
to bear the strong heat in Turkey.
soft
feathers of eider ducks. A) B) to D) about
A) B) from D) for
with Q E) from
with for
E) by
C)in 24. I'm really pleased ........... the outcome of
20. Because he continually bullies her and the meeting. It was exactly what I'd hoped
threatens her, she is scared ........ her it would be.
husband and wants to leave him secretly.
A) from B) for A) for B) from D) in
C) of D) about C) E) with
E) with
21. All new customer service assistants are to 25. A: The new accountant knows a
provided ........two complete uniforms. lot about
B)fo Management Accounting, doesn't he?
A) in r D) B: I have no idea. I am not acquainted
C) with to ........... him.
E)of A) for q B) about D) with
22. The drug heroin is made ....... the seeds from E) towards
of the opium poppy, which is grown
widely in Afghanistan.
3-9 THE PASSIVE WITH "GET'

Bazı sıfatları "get" ile birlikte kullanarak, onlan durum bildiren bir yapıdan eylem bildiren bir
yapıya dönüştürebiliriz.
I couldn't wear my jeans this morning, because they were still wet ("Were wet'
kotun o anki durumunu belirtiyor.) (Bu sabah kotumu giyemedim çünkü hala
ıslaktı.)
When I stepped into a hole full of water yesterday, my jeans got wet.
('got wet' o anda olan bir olayı belirtiyor.)
(Dün su dolu bir çukura bastığım zaman, kotum ıslandı.)
"Get + past participle" da aynı şekilde kullanılır ve passive bir anlam taşır.
She didn't want to go out because she was tired. (Dışarı çıkmak istemedi çünkü
yorgundu.)
Having worked for three hours without stopping, she got tired. (Ara vermeden üç
saat çalışınca yoruldu.)
When she came home, she was very annoyed. (Eve geldiğinde çok öfkeliydi.)
She got very annoyed when she heard the news. (Haberi duyunca çok öfkelendi.)
ELS Q 159
163
"Annoy, please, surprise, frighten, etc." gibi fiilleri kullanırken dikkatli olunuz. Bu fiillerin
active biçimleri "kızdırmak, memnun etmek, şaşırtmak, korkutmak vb." biçimindedir. Eğer
bunları "kızmak, memnun olmak, şaşırmak, korkmak" anlamında kullanmak istiyorsak, "be +
past participle" ya da "get + past participle" yapısıyla, yani passive cümle yapısıyla kullanmamız
gerekir.
She disappointed me with her low grades. (Düşük notlarıyla beni hayal
kırıklığına uğrattı.)
l was disappointed with her low grades.

(Düşük notlarından dolayı hayal kırıklığına uğradan.)
He surprises us all with his strange behaviour. (Garip davranışlarıyla hepimizi

şaşırtıyor.)
We are all surprised at his strange behaviour. (Onun garip davranışlarına

hepimiz şaşırıyoruz.)
He annoyed me by coming late for his appointment. (.Randevusuna geç gelerek

beni kızdırdı.)
l got annoyed when he came late for his appointment. (.Randevusuna geç
gelince ona kızdan.)
The dog frightened me when it suddenly appeared in front of me. (Köpek
aniden önüme çıkınca, beni korkuttu.)
I got frightened when a dog suddenly appeared in front of me. (Aniden önüme
bir köpek çıkınca, korktum.)
EXERCISE 13: Use an appropriate form of "get' and the given verbs.
1. If we don't take a map with us, we (lose) ...............................

2. We couldn't make it to the meeting because we (delay) ............................. by an
accident on the road.
3. Scientists have discovered that in countries which receive very little sunlight in
winter, people (depress) ........................... more often than those in sunnier
countries.
4. They should have been back by now. I (concern) ........................... about them.
5. He works with clients from so many different countries that sometimes he (con/use)
......................... and talks to Spaniards in Italian, or to the Japanese in Russian.
6. Studies have shown that children of drug users (often, involve) .........................
with drugs themselves.
7. While I (dress) ................................. I noticed that there was a tear in my shirt, so I
had to wear a different one.
8. I'm sure John (promote) ............................ to manager when our present manager
leaves next month.
9. Mr. Wilson is a brilliant leader, so everybody in his team (always, encourage)
........................... to come up with new ideas in any project.
10. Almost all our furniture on the ground floor (damage) ............................ in the flood
last week.
11. She likes working for the charity, but she (embarrass) ..........................when she
has to appear in public on their behalf.
12. Some of the cycle route was uphill, so I (üre) .............................
13. During this holiday with your cousin, you (better, acquaint) ...........................with
him. You might find that you have a lot in common.
160 Q ELS
164
14. It's only two weeks now until we fly to Egypt for our holiday. We (both, excite)
........................... about it.
15. Jean and Neil (divorce) ........................... at the moment, but it is taking a long
time because their lawyers can't agree on the terms.
3-10 'BY PHRASE1 OR ANOTHER PREPOSITION
Bazı cümlelerde, eylemi yapan kişinin yanı sıra, eylemin hangi araçla yapıldığını da ifade etmek
isteriz.
He chopped the wood with an axe.
The wood was chopped with an axe (by him).
The burglar hit the owner on the head with a stone.
The owner was hit on the head with a stone (by the burglar.)
You must write your compositions in ink. Your compositions must be written in
ink.
Eylemi yapan kişi ya da nesneyi "by" ile ifade ederiz: by him, by the burglar, etc. gibi. Eylemi
yapmak için kullanılan aracı ise "with, in, on, etc." gibi o sözcüğün kendine özgü preposition'ı ile
ifade ederiz: with an axe, with a stone, in ink, etc. gibi. Eğer eylem kendiliğinden
gerçekleşmişse, nesneler için de "by phrase" kullanırız.
He was hit on the head with a stone by the burglar. (Vurma eylemini kişi
yapıyor.)
A stone rolled down the cliffs and he was Injured by the falling stone. (Taş
kendiliğinden düşüyor.)
EXERCISE 14: Choose the correct answer.
1. My car was hit ......... truck the other 4. The holes were dug ......... a spade.
day and it got badly dei ited. A) with B) by C) for
A) with C) in E) to D) in E) from
B)by D) on
2. The sand will be 5. The spade was skilfully used ........... the
.............. a
carried from the port to truck
the cor
A) for C) on E) into old gardener.
3. Several holes were dug A) with B) for C) by
D) from E) about
plants in the garden. istruction site. 6. Rice is eaten ............ chopsticks in
A) by C)in E) to
B) with D) from China.
............ the young A) by B) from C) of
B) with DJfor D) with E)in
7. Food cooked in non-stick pans should be
ones can cause scratches.
A) by B) from C) on
D) with E)in
ELS a 161
165
In the past, In England, most books were 12. Several people were struck ........ bullets
written either .......... French or Latin. during the riots.
A) with B) in C) by A) in B) by C) for
D) for D) on E) about
E) to 13. It appears that Mr. Smith didn't have a
8. The idea for the film 'West Side Story" was heart attack. Police think that he was
taken ......... Shakespeare's famous play struck over the head ............ a blunt object
"Romeo and Juliet". possibly a candle stick.

A) with B) for C) from
D) by E) on A) about B) on C) in
9. . The play was written ......... a French D) with E) from
14. In rural areas, chickens are usually kept
............. their eggs.
naturalistic author, Emile Zola.

A) in B) as C) from A) from B) in C) inside
D) with E)by D) for E)by
10 . The injured player was carried off the 15. There is a fierce debate in the country
field ............ a stretcher. about whether minks should be raised their
fur.
A) for B) from C) by
D) in E) on A) with B) by C) for
11 D) as E) out of
3-11 IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS In the PASSIVE
Anyone, no one, anybody, nobody, anything ve nothing gibi belgisiz zamirlerin bulunduğu
active cümleyi passive yaparken, cümlenin olumsuz anlamını bozmamaya dikkat ediniz.
Active cümledeki "nobody/nothing, etc." yerine passive cümlede "anybody/anything, etc.";

"anybody/anything, etc." yerine ise "nobody/nothing, etc." kullanılır
Active: Nobody can repair this broken vase.

(Cümlede fiil olumlu, ancak "nobody" cümleye olumsuz bir anlam veriyor.)
Passive:This broken vase can't be repaired by anybody.
Active: No one has considered the result like this.

Passive:The result hasn't been considered like this (by anyone).
Active: You can't do anything about this case. Passive: Nothing can be done
about this case.
Active: They don't allow anyone to leave early. Passive: No one is allowed to
leave early.
162 Q ELS
166
1. Nobody could have saved his life.

His life ......................................................... by.................................
2. We couldn't do anything to settle the quarrel between them.
............................................................... to settle the quarrel between them.
3. Nobody has opened that chest since my grandfather died.
That chest ................................................... by ..........................................since my
grandfather died.
4. No one could decipher the code, so they couldn't find out anything about the
enemy's plan.
The code ................................................... by ....................................... , so
................................................... about the enemy's plan.
5. None of his colleagues could dissuade him from handing in his resignation.
He ............................................................. by ............................. of his colleagues.
6. You shouldn't leave anything unattended at the airport.
................................................................................................. at the airport.
7. We shouldn't have told him anything about the case.
He should have.............................................................. about the case.
He shouldn't have ............................................................. about the case.
8. You can't achieve anything without perseverance.
......................................................................... without perseverance.
9. No one has lived in this house for years.
This house ................................................................ in for years.
10. They haven't done anything yet to relieve the clients' problems.
................................................................... to relieve the clients' problems.
3-12 PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS-INFINITIVES *

"Want, would like, enjoy, hate, like" gibi fiiller, hem nesne alarak hem de nesne almadan
kullanılabilen fiillerdir. Eğer bu fiilleri nesnesiz kullanıyorsak, passive biçime dönüştüremeyiz.
Bazıları kural olarak dönüştürülebilse de, anlam açısından bozuk cümleler elde edilir.
I want to go abroad. (No passive)
1 would like to read a book. (No passive)
I like swimming.
("Swimming is liked by me." kural olarak doğru bir cümledir. Ancak "Yüzme
benim tarafımdan sevilir." anlamsız bir cümledir.)
Everybody likes him.
He is liked by everybody.
("O herkes tarafından sevilir." cümlesi hem kural hem anlam açısından doğru
bir cümledir.)
The secretary wants to work hard. (No passive)
The company wants a hardworking secretary.
A hardworking secretary is wanted. (Çalışkan bir sekreter aranıyor.)
I hate laughing at other people. (No passive) (İnsanlara gülmekten nefret
ederim.)
I hate someone laughing at me.
I hate being laughed at.
(Bana gûlûnmesinden nefret ederim.)
I like to read for myself. I don't like someone to read to me.
I don't like to be read to.
(Bana kitap okunmasını sevmem.)
* Bu konu, Gerunds-Infiniteves konusunu işlerken daha detaylı görülecektir. Burada, çok yaygın
olarak kullanılan "want, would like, like, enjoy, hate" gibi fiiller üzerinde durulacaktır.
ELS Q 163
167
Gerund/Infinitive içeren bir cümlede özellikle fiillerden hangisinin active hangisinin passive
olduğuna dikkat ediniz. Bazen her iki fiil de passive olabilir.
They don't allow students to take books out from the library.
Passive 1: Students aren't allowed to take books out from the library.
(aren't allowed: passive, to take: active)
(Öğrencilerin kütüphaneden dışarı kitap çıkarmalarına izin verilmiyor.)
Passive 2: They don't allow books to be taken out from the library.
(don't allow, active, to be taken: passive)
(Kitapların kütüphaneden dışarı çıkarılmasına izin vermiyorlar.)
Passive 3: Books aren't allowed to be taken out from the library.
(aren't allowed: passive, to be taken: passive)
(Kitapların kütüphaneden dışarı çıkarılmasına izin verilmiyor.)
1. Everybody likes someone giving them a present.

Everybody ................................................. a present.
2. The authorities want to pull down the slums.
The authorities ............................. the slums ......................................
3. I hate anyone cheating me.
I ............................................................. by anyone.
4. The teacher expects us to hand in our homework on Monday.
The teacher .................................. the homework ..................................... in on
Monday.
We.............................................. in our homework on Monday.
5. They don't authorize anyone but the accountant to sign company cheques.
Company cheques .................................... by anyone but the accountant.
No one but the accountant ..................................................
6. As it is dark, I would prefer someone to accompany her home.
As it is dark, I ............................................................................................... home.
7. I dislike someone interrupting me while I'm working.
I ..................................................... by anyone while I'm working.
8. Car manufacturers need to produce smaller models in greater numbers for today's
consumers.
Cars in smaller models ......................................................... in greater numbers for
today's consumers.
9. They don't permit people to take food into the auditorium.
Food ................................. into the auditorium.
10. Susie asked the company to consider her for the role of Queen Victoria in the play.
Susie .............................................................for the role of Queen Victoria in the
play.
3-13 IT'S SAID THAT.../ HE IS SAID TO... etc.
"Main clause + noun clause" biçiminde kurulmuş olan cümleleri iki şekilde passive yapabiliriz.
İki cümlenin de Türkçe'ye çevirisi aynıdır.
Active: People say that he lives abroad now. Passive 1: It is said that he lives
abroad now. Passive 2: He is said to live abroad now.
(Onun şimdi yurtdışında yaşadığı söyleniyor.)
164 ü ELS
168
Active: People believe that he Is the murderer of his wife. Passive 1: It's
believed that he Is the murderer of his wife. Passive 2: He is believed to be the
murderer of his wife. (Onun, karısının katili olduğuna inanılıyor.}
Birinci tip passive cümleye "It's + past participle" ile başlanır ve "that clause" aynen eklenir.
İkinci tip passive cümleye ise, "noun clause"daki özne ile başlanır. Bu passive biçimini
tense'lere göre şu şekillerde kullanabiliriz:
a) Present "be" (am, is, are)

They say that the man upstairs is a thief. It is said that the man upstairs is a
thief. The man upstairs is said to be a thief.
b) Simple Present
We understand that he dislikes children.
It is understood that he dislikes children. He is understood to dislike children.
c) Past "be" (was, were) .
They say that he was very rich in the past.

It is said that he was very rich in the past.
He is said to have been very rich in the past.
d) Simple Past
People claim that he left the country two months ago. It is claimed that he left
the country two months ago. He is claimed to have left the country two months
ago.
e) Present Perfect
People think that he has deserted his family.

? It's thought that he has deserted his family.
He is thought to have deserted his family.
f) Present Progressive
We think that he is waiting there now.
It's thought that he is waiting there now.
He is thought to be waiting there now. -
g) Past Progressive
People say that he was working very hard. It is said that he was working very
hard. He is said to have been working very hard.
h) Future Tense (will or going to)

People expect that the rate of exchange will/is going to go down soon. It is
expected that the rate of exchange will/is going to go down soon. The rate of
exchange is expected to go/to be going down soon.
ELS G 165
169
i) Present Passive (am, is, are done)
They say that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. It is said that a
lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. A lot of electrical appliances
are said to be stolen every day.
J) Past Passive (was, were done)
They report that two people were billed in the explosion. It is reported that two
people were killed in the explosion. Two people are reported to have been billed
in the explosion.
Temel cümledeki yüklem past tense ise, passive cümlede "was, were" kullanmamız gerekir.
People believed that he had committed the crime. It was believed that he had
committed the crime. He was believed to have committed the crime.
Temel cümlenin yüklemi "present", yan cümleciğin yüklemi "past" olduğu zaman passive
cümlede "to have done" yapısının kullanıldığını gördük. Bunun nedeni, eylemler arasındaki
zaman ilişkisini vurgulamaktır.
They believe that she acted deliberately. (believe: present, acted: past) It is
believed that she acted deliberately. She is believed to have acted deliberately.
Eğer hem temel cümlenin hem de yan cümleciğin yüklemi "past" ise, iki eylem arasında zaman
farkı olmadığı için, bu ifadeyi passive yapıya "to do/to be doing' biçiminde aktarırız. Yan
cümledeki eylem daha önce gerçekleşmişse, bunu active cümlede "past perfect/past perfect
continuous" kullanarak ifade ederiz. Bu durumda, iki eylem arasındaki farkı göstermek için
passive cümlede yine "to have done/to have been doing' kullanırız.
They believed that she knew the truth.

(believed: past, knew, past)
She was believed to know the truth.
They believed that she had acted deliberately. (believed: past, had acted: past
perfect) She was believed to have acted deliberately.
They reported that the two sides had been fighting for two months. It was
reported that the two sides had been Ughting for two months. The two sides
were reported to have been fighting for two months.
Bu passive yapısıyla yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller say, claim, understand, think, suppose,
expect, report, allege, acknowledge, assume, estimate, believe, consider gibi fiillerdir.
166 a ELS
170
I. People believe that the whale possesses an intelligence comparable to man's.

It ......................................................... an intelligence comparable to man's.
The whale ............................................................ an intelligence comparable to man's.
>. 2. People long ago believed that supernatural spirits controlled the earth.
It .................................................................................................. the earth.
Supernatural spirits ......................................................................................... the earth.
3. People understood that the two men had been helped by the guard to rob the bank.
It .....................................................................by the guard to rob the bank.
The two men .................................................................... by the guard to rob the bank.
, 4. People suppose that he has left the country because of his financial problems.
It ......................................................... the country because of his financial problems.
He ........................................................ the country because of his financial problems.
5. They assume that he is living under a false name.
It .............................................................................. under a false name.
He............................................................................ under a false name.
6. People alleged that he had made his money illegally.
It ...............................................................................his money illegally.
He............................................................................. his money illegally.
7. They estimate that he lost $50,000 while gambling at casinos.
It ............................................................................. $50,000 while gambling at casinos.
He........................................................................... $50,000 while gambling at casinos.
8. People observed that the firemen were having difficulty bringing the fire under
control.
It ..................................................................... difficulty bringing the fire under control.
The firemen ................................................... difficulty bringing the fire under control.
9. People assume that the couple were arguing at the time of the accident.
It ................................................................................ at the time of the accident.
The couple ........................................................................ at the time of the accident.
10. They report that five thousand homes were destroyed in the hurricane.
It ................................................................................. in the hurricane.
Five thousand homes........................................................................... in the hurricane.
II. They expect that the company will sell twenty percent of its shares.
It.......................................................................................... twenty percent of its shares.
" The company .................................................................................. twenty percent of its
shares.
12. Critics acknowledge that his latest book is a masterpiece.
It.................................................................................................... a masterpiece.
His latest book .......................................................................................... a masterpiece.
13. They say that he was a genius.
It..................................................................................................... a genius.
He....................................................................................................... a genius.
14. We knew that he was very fond of his parents.
It............................................................................ very fond of his parents.
He.......................................................................... very fond of his parents.
ELS Q 167
171
EXERCISE 18: a) Complete the passage using the correct forms of the verbs given. Use
active or passive.
CRAZY HORSE
Crazy Horse (1. bear) ................................. on Rapid Creek, USA, in 1843. Although
he (2. be) ................................. not the son of a chief, he (3. become) ...................................
one of the greatest leaders of his people during his lifetime.
The boyhood of Crazy Horse (4.spend) ................................. in the days when
the western Sioux Indians (S.seldom, see) ................................. a white man. He (6.bring\
................................ up carefully according to the Sioux tribal customs. Crazy Horse
(7.1ove) ................................. horses, and his father (S.give) ................................... him a
pony of his own when he was very young. He (9. become) .................................. a fine
horseman and (10.accompany) ......................... his father on buffalo hunts. In those
days, the Sioux (11.have) .................................. only a few guns, and the hunting (12.do)
................................ mostly with bow and arrows.
Young Crazy Horse was twenty-one years old when all the western and plains Sioux
Indians (13.meet) ................................. in council to determine upon their future policy
toward the white settlers. They (14.reason) ................................. that the country was
wide, and that the white traders should (15.make) .................................. welcome. Up to
that time, they (IB.anticipate) ..................................no conflict. They (17.permit)
................................ the Oregon Trail, but now to their astonishment, forts (IS.build)
................................ in their territory.
After years of unrest, in 1866, the Sioux (19.decide) ................................... to defend
their rights and territory by force. Attacks (20.make) .................................. upon forts
throughout Sioux territory.
Crazy Horse (21.become) ................................. the leader of the Sioux warriors. He
(22.1ead) ................................. his men to victory on many occasions and (23.never,
defeat) .................................. in a military battle, but he (24.MI) .................................... at
only 34 years of age, on September 6, 1877. He (25.stab) ................................... in the
back by an American soldier at Fort Robinson, Nebraska, while he was under US Army
protection.
b) Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. During Crazy Horse's childhood, Sioux Indians

A) erected fo rts on their te rrito ry
B) usually hun ted with rifles
C) ra rely ca me into co ntac t with white se ttle rs
D) were figh ting con tinua lly with the US cavalry
E) never lost in ba ttles with other tribes
2. Crazy Horse .........
A) was s h o t in a b a ttle
B) was mo rta lly wo unde d wh ile b uffa lo hun ting
C) was captured when he fe ll o ff h is h orse
D) disag reed with th e o the r counc il me mbe rs
E) was killed by an Ame rican sold ier
3. The Sioux's o rig ina l reac tion to the wh ite trade rs was that the y
A) could defeat all the other Indian tribes if they joined fo rces
B) oug h t to be we lc o med an d n ot op pose d
C) wo uld de finite ly destroy their bu ffalo h untin g g ro unds
D) should be resis ted by forc e immed iately
E) cou ld no t be trus ted ev en if they s igne d a tre a ty with the m
168 Q ELS
172
EXERCISE 19; a) Complete the passage using the correct forms of the verbs given. Use
active or passive.
A PROJECT TO RETRACE THE ROUTES TAKEN BY EARLY ARAB SAILORS

It (1.generally, acknowledge) ............................. that stories about the folk hero,
Sinbad the Sailor, (2.base) .............................. on the adventures of Arab seamen during
the golden age of Arab sail between the 8th and llth centuries. During this time, Arab
sailors (3.venture) .............................. to the limits of the known world. It (4.believe)
............................. that they (S.reach) ................................ as far as China. Their boats
(6.not, nail) .............................. together. Instead, they (7.stitch) ..............................
together with a thick cord, which (8.make) .............................. from coconut husk fibres.
When Tim Severin (9.decide) .............................. to build a replica boat and attempt to
follow the old merchant shipping routes, the Omani government (10.agree)
............................. to pay for the project almost entirely. They (11.cover)
.............................the costs of building and (12.supply) .................................a crew of
experienced seamen. The boat (IS.build) .............................. in only 165 days. The wood
(14.shape) ..............................with hand tools and 20,000 holes (IS.drill)
............................... An amazing 400 miles of rope (IB.use) .................................. The
wood (17.bring) ............................. from India's Malabar coast and the keel (IS.make)
............................ from one 52-foot-long giant log. The replica boat (19.name)
............................ "Sohar" by the team, after Sinbad the Sailor's reputed birthplace. On
November 23, 1980, during the celebration of the tenth anniversary of Sultan gaboos'
rule, the boat (20.1aunch) .............................. at Sur in Oman and tribesmen from
Oman's interior, fishermen from the coastal villages and old sea captains (21.gather)
............................ to dance and sing in celebration. The crew (22. travel)
............................ first to an Indian island, then the Indian mainland and on to Sri
Lanka. After stopping at Sumatra and Singapore, they (23. set) ................................ out
across the South China Sea. In pirate-infested water in the South China Sea, they
(24,come) ............................. across a boat which (25.1oad) ................................ with
Vietnamese people who (26.sail) .............................. for Taiwan. After they (27.give)
............................ the Vietnamese people medical supplies and directions to Taiwan,
the crew (28.continue) .............................. on their journey. The Sohar (29.arrive)
............................ at her destination in China on July 11, 1981, and by then, the boat
(30-cover) .............................. a distance of 6,000 miles.

1. We learn from the passage that one special feature of Arab boats of the 8th century
was that they........
A) were paid for by the government
B) were nailed together with over 20,000 nails
C) were used solely by fishermen from coastal villages
D) were named after the captain's birthplace
E) were sown together with cord
2. The boat described In detail In the passage .........
A) had a crew of tribesmen from Oman's interior
B) WAS BOUGHT BY T IM S EVERİN FROM THE O MANI GOVERNMENT
C) was a pirate ship
D) carried Vietnamese refugees
E) was a reconstruction of an early Arab sailing boat
3. The route taken by the boat described In the passage .........
A) was from India's Malabar coast to Oman
B) was decided by Sinbad the Sailor himself
C) was believed to have been followed by early Arab seamen
D) WAS FROM VIETNAM TO T AIWAN
E) was between coastal villages in Oman
173
active or passive.
RESEARCH ON AUTISTIC CHILDREN

Autism (l.be) ............................... a severely incapacitating life-long disability.
Usually, it (2.start) ..................................... at birth, but never later than two-and-a-half
years of age. It (3.characterize) ....................................... by severe learning and
communication deficits, little interest in others, withdrawn behaviour, aggression and
even self-injurious conduct. Despite their serious mental disability, many autistic
children (4.display) ..................................... extraordinary talents in areas such as
mathematics, music or art.
Bernard Rimland's involvement with research on autistic children (5. begin)
...................................... in March 1956, with the birth of his first son, who (6-display)
................................... behavioral characteristics typical of autistic children, although he
(7.be) ....................................... then, and (8.be) ........................................ today, a perfect
physical specimen. As then little (9.know\ ................................... about autism, he
(W.decide) .......................................to investigate the condition to see what (11.can, do)
........................................ for him. After several years, he (12.begin) .....................................
to develop a theory of what autism (IS.mean) ................................ what might be its
cause, and where in the brain the disorder might reside. This (14. do) .............................
in his leisure hours, as he (IS.then, work) ..................................... full time for the
Government. In five years, he (16.complete) .................................. his book entitled
"Infantile Autism", which (17.win) .................................... the first Century Award in a
competition. Almost overnight, he (IS.become) ................................. an authority on
autistic children, his book having demonstrated that it was in fact a physiological
disorder of the nervous system, and not primarily an emotional illness as (W.previously,
think) .................................... Subsequently he (2Q.grantj .............................. a on e -ye a r
fello wship a t the Cente r o f Advanced Studies o f Behav ioral Sc iences at Stan ford
University, where he (21.further,develop) .......................................... his theo ries. The
high level of public awa reness of autism since the 1 980s (22.frequently, attribu te)
.................................. to his relentless work in this field.
b) Choose th e co rrec t ans we r acco rd ing to the passage .
1. With h is b oo k, Be rna rd Rimla nd ................
A) made autism recognized wo rld wide

B) stress ed the s ign ifica nt pa rt th e e motions p lay in au tis m
C) re vea le d the ac tua l bas is o f a u tis m
D) made it pos sib le to cu re au tis tic ch ild re n
E) beca me we ll-k no wn all a ro und the wo rld
2. Fro m the typ ical fea tures o f autistic children , we can co nclude that they .
A) can d o ph ys ica l h a rm to the mse lve s

B) can no t lea rn a ny thing a t a ll
C) ne ve r a tta c k th e p eo p le a ro un d the m
D) don't actually have any d ifficu lty lea rning the v isua l a rts
E) are extre mely e motiona l
3. Ac co rding to th e pass age , a utis m .................
A) canno t be d iagn osed un til a cons ide rab le time a fter b irth
B) doesn't occu r be fo re the age o f two a nd a ha lf
C) doesn't permit long life
D) ca nn o t be cu re d
E) ca us es d ea th a t a n e a rly ag e
I7O Q ELS
174
active or passive.
THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES

The largest palace in France (1.situate) ...........................in the city of Versailles,
about 21 kilometres southwest of Paris. It (2.build) ...........................as a result of the
envy of King Louis XIV, and when it (S.complete) .......................... , it (4.become)
............................ the object of envy of every other monarch in Europe. The Winter
Palace in St. Petersburg, Schonbrunn in Vienna, and Herrenchiemsee in Bavaria are
only three of the royal palaces which (S.build) ........................... in imitation of the
Palace of Versailles. Versailles itself (6.serve) ...................... as a royal residence for a
little more than a century, from 1682 until 1789, when the French Revolution (7.begin)
.............................. On August 17, 1661, Louis (S.see) ........................... the magnificent
palace of his superintendent of finances. He (9.outrage) ........................... that one of his
ministers should have such a home, while he did not. The superintendent (10. throw)
............................ into prison and the King (ll.hire) ............................ the men who
(12.design) .......................... and (IS.build) .......................... the superintendent's
palace to do the same for him at Versailles. About 15,000 hectares of land (14.clear)
...... , .................. to make room for tree-lined terraces and thousands of flowering
plants. There were 1,400 fountains and 400 pieces of new sculpture. The construction
of the palace, which (15.start) ........................... in 1669, went on through the next
century. More than 36,000 workers (IB.involve) ...................... in the project, and when
the building (17.complete) .......................... it (IS.can, accommodate) ......................up
to 5,000 people. Funded by two French government grants, a 70-million-dollar
restoration (W.complete) ........................... in the late 1980s. More than eighty rooms
(20.renovate) ............................ The parts of the palace that (21.damage)
............................ after the French Revolution (22.restore) ........................... to their
original design. Today the palace (23.visit) .......................... by tourists from around the
globe as one of France's finest monuments. Due to the building's immense size,
members of the public (24. only, admit) .......................... to a small portion of it. Many
of the rooms now (25.serve) .......................... as government offices.
1. The passage tells us that Ring Louis XIV of France

A) was envied by his superintendent of finances, who had a beautiful palace built
for himself
B) was, at first, opposed to building the palace in the city of Versailles
C) imitated other European royal palaces including the Winter Palace in St.
Petersburg, Schonbrunn in Vienna and Herrenchiemsee in Bavaria
D) was furious that one of his subjects owned a palace more beautiful than any
of his
E) renovated the Palace of Versailles using government funding
2. The construction of the palace was a huge project, which ...............
A) to ok o ve r a ce n tu ry to con struc t
B) over 36,000 people wo rked on
C) cost a bou t 70 million do llars to b uild
D) included g ro wing la rge fo rests aroun d the palace
E) involved 5 ,000 peop le fo r many yea rs
3. The author states that only a small part of the palace Is open to the public because
A) it's fea re d tha t the b uilding may b e da mag ed

B) the rest of the palace is needed for government officials
C) it's extremely large
D) it is one of France's finest national monuments
E) it can only accommodate five thousand people
ELS a
175
active or passive.
ROSA BONHEUR
Few women artists (I.be) ............................. so successful in their lifetimes as the
19th century French painter and sculptor Rosa Bonheur. A kindly person, she (2.devote)
............................ to animals. Her pictures of them (3.win) .............................. her fame
and fortune.
Rosa Bonheur (4.bear) .............................. in Bordeaux, France, on March 22,
1822, and was the oldest of four children. Her father, a painter and an art teacher,
(S.give) ............................. Rosa her first art lessons. Although they were poor, Rosa's
father always (G.manage) .......................... to have some pets for his children to love and
to sketch. At an early age Rosa (7.begin) ............................. sketching animals. As she
(S.grow) ........................... older, she (9.visit) ............................... butcher shops and
slaughterhouses to study animal anatomy. In 1852, she (lO.give) .............................
permission from the police prefect to wear clothes more suitable to these activities and
the outdoor life that she (11.prefer) ............................. instead of the traditional women's
clothing. Rosa (12. encourage) ............................ by the beliefs of the St. Simonions, who
(IS.believe) ............................. in equality of the sexes, and from the works of George
Sand - pen name of Aurore Dudevant, the most famous woman writer in 19th-century
Europe - to pursue her career. Rosa was only nineteen when two of her pictures
(14.accept) ............................ fo r the ann ual Pa ris ex hib itio n o f pa intin gs, the Sa lo n.
Four yea rs late r the Salon (IS .award ) .............................. he r a me da l in the na me o f Kin g
Louis Philippe. This (IG.mark) ............................. the beg inn ing o f a success fu l ca ree r,
during which she (17.receive) ............................. ma n y h o n o u rs . Sh e (IS .e v e n , ma k e )
........................... an officer o f the Legio n of Honour. Th is was the first time that a
wo man (IS.awa rd) ............................. this title. She (20.undertake ) ...............................
enormous, co mple x ca nvases s uch as The Horse Fa ir', wh ich (21.cons ider )
........................... her maste rp iece by many co nte mpo rary c ritics, and (22 .now, disp lay]
........................... at the Me tropo litan Museu m, Ne w York City. In ' Horses Threshing
Corn', ten life-size horses (23.depict) ................................ At the time of its e xecu tion, this
was the largest an imal p icture that (24 .ever, pa in t) ...............................
b) Choose th e co rrec t ans we r acco rd ing to the passage .

1. It is c le a r fro m the p assa ge tha t Ros a Bon he u r le a rn t a bou t the s truc tu re o f
animals' bod ies ............
A) from the works of George Sand
B) fro m the pe ts he r fathe r b ou gh t fo r h e r
C) afte r she was g iven pe rmissio n to dress co mfo rtab ly
D) fro m h e r fa th e r, wh o was a p a in te r an d a rt tea c he r
E) by v is itin g b u tc h e r s ho ps a nd s la ug h te rh o us es
2. Acco rd in g to the au tho r, Bon heu r fou nd the mo tivatio n to pu rsue a ca ree r p artly
with the help o f ...........
A) the wo rks o f George Sand
B) he r pe ts a t ho me
C) the Legion of Honour
D) people wo rk ing a t s laugh te rho uses
E) pain ting the la rg est pic tu re o f h orses
3. Th e eve n t tha t s ign alle d the s ta rt o f Bo nhe u r's suc cess ful c aree r was ...............
A) being given permission by the police to wear less feminine clothes
B) being given a pet as a ch ild
C) being g iven d ra wing lesso ns b y he r fa the r
D) being presented with a meda l in the na me o f King Louis Philippe
E) drawing a life -size pic ture o f ten horses
1 7 Z Q E LS
176
YOURSELF 3
A) is brought/may find
B) has brought/could find
C) were brought/would be found
D) had brought/might have found
1. It says on the packet that these tablets E) would have brought/had found
........ out of children's reach.
7. The driest place on earth is In the
A) will have kept Atamaca desert of Chile, where no rainfall
B) ought to keep at all ........... between 1570 and 1971.
C) should have kept
D) must be kept A) was recorded
E) had better keep B) has been recorded
C) were recording
2. The students .......... to write a summary D) had recorded
of approximately 300 words after they E) would have recorded
......... the story.
8. Rakı, the most famous Turkish alcoholic
A} ask/are reading beverage, ........... white when water ............
B) are asking/were read to it.
C) have been asked/will read
D) had asked/have read A) has turned/will be added
E) were asked/had read B) is turning/has added
C) was turning/added
3. hi arranged marriages, the parents . D)turns /is added
who their daughter or son .............. E) turned/had added
A} are choosing/are married 9. Scientists say that a great deal of work
B) had chosen/would have married ..........before a cure for AIDS .............
C) have chosen/married
D) chose/marry A) mus t do/ha s been found
E) choose/will marry B) has to be done/is found
C) should ha ve done/found
4. Only a small number of survivors............ D) is being done/has found
by the emergency services so far since the E) has been done/was found
building .............
A) were rescued/had collapsed 10. When I .......... at the building site, the
B) are being rescued/is collapsed central heating ............
C) have been rescued/collapsed
D) had rescued/was collapsed A) was called/installed
E) were rescuing/has collapsed B) was calling/had installed
C) called/was being installed
A lot of houses .......... In the area during D) am called/has been installed
5.
the summer months, so it's a good idea to E) have called/will have installed
double-lock your windows and doors.
11. The loan period for library books is two
A) burgled weeks, but books ............ for a second
B) are burgled time, which effectively means that you
C) were burgling ......... to keep them for one month.
D) have burgled
E) had been burgling A) can be renewed/are allowed
B) should renew/have been allowed
6. Unless this outbreak of cholera ........... C) have been renewed/have allowed
rapidly under control, we ........... D) are renewed/ought to allow
ourselves with an epidemic on our hands. E) are supposed to renew/allow
ELS Q 173
177
12. Before the Aswan High Dam ............. 18. It is hoped that the new scheme which
agriculture In Egypt ........... on the annual .......... into operation next month.............
flooding of the Nile. prisoners occupy themselves usefully.
A) had built/was depending A) puts/is going to help

B) was built/had depended B) was put/has helped
C) was being built/has depended C) is putting/is helping
D) is built/has been depending D) will be put/has helped
E) has been built/depended E) is being put/will help
13. No details .......... to the press until all the 19. As the letter ........... only yesterday, I
winners .......... of the results personally. doubt that It ...........by tomorrow evening.
A) will be g iven/have been informed A) h as b e en p o s te d /is a rriv in g

B) ha d p o s te d /wou ld ha ve a rrive d
B) wou ld hav e g ive n /ha d be en in forme d
C) h a d be e n p os tin g /h a s a rriv e d
C) have g ive n/a re in fo rme d D) wou ld be p osted /wou ld a rrive
D) had b ee n give n /in fo rmed E) wa s pos te d /will h ave a rrived
E) are given/will be informed
20. ha France, as In other European
14. Though the book ........... yet, many people countries, wine production and marketing
.......... it from the publisher already. processes ........... strictly ............. by the
government to assure consistent high
A) wasn't published/will have ordered quality.
B) won't be published/ordered
C) isn't publishing/are ordering A) are/regulated
D) hasn't been published/have ordered B) have/regulated
E) won't have published/order C) have been/regulating
D) were/regulating
15. I'm glad that our iron ........... itself off If it E) will have/regulated
......... too hot, because I very often leave
It plugged In. 21. African elephants ............ from their
Indian cousins by the size of their ears.
A) will be switched/is getting
B) switched/would get A) have distinguished
C) switches/gets B) will distinguish
D) is switching/will get C) used to distinguish
E) has switched/got D) should have distinguished
E) can be distinguished
16. I hope that by the time our rivals .........
out about this deal, we ........... all the 22. The police suspect that the burglars
contracts. ...........in while the guards ............. shift.
A) found/had been signed A) break/have changed

B) will find/are signing B) had broken/would change
C) find/will have signed C) are breaking/will change
D) have found/will be signed D) broke/were changing
E) are finding/have signed E) would break/had been changing
23. By the time the ruins of Angkor Wat

17. Recently, a number of new rules . In our .......... , there was nothing left of the great
company to encourage the employees to civilization that ........... them.
arrive punctually.
A) discovered/would have produced
A) are implementing B) were discovered/had produced
B) have been implemented C) have been discovered/was producing
C) will be implemented D) were discovering/produces
D) were being implemented E) had been discovered/has produced
E) have implemented
174 Q ELS
178
24. It was not until the 20th century that A) will see/have been evacuating
engineers ........... the principles of flight B) see/are being evacuated
that birds ........... for millions of years. C) had seen/will have evacuated
D) have seen/are evacuated
A} had understood/were using
B) understood/have been using E) saw/were being evacuated
C) have unde rstood/ha d bee n using
D) would unde rstand/a re using 31. A large portion of man-made fibre ...........
E) could understand/will be using from cellulose, which ........... from cotton,
a natural fibre.
25. The way he ........... so promptly shows he
......... that the police were on the way to A) has been produced/obtains
his hideout. B) was produc ed/has obtaine d
C) is produced/is obtained
A) escaped/ha d bee n wa rned D) will have produced/was obtained
B) was escaping/would be warned E) was producing/obtained
C) has esca ped/has wa rned
D) had escape d/was warning
E) would escape/is being warned 32. Preschool education .......... from day-care
centres in that the latter are primarily
26. Isn't it amazing that journeys that ........... places where parents .......... their
many months .......... In only a few hours children during working hours.
now?
A) differs/leave
A) have taken/will be completing B) differed/will leave
B) were taking/have completed C) had differed/were left
C) took/could have completed D) will differ/are left
D) used to take/can be completed E) has differed/were leaving
E) had taken/are completing
27. By the time the mistake ............. several 33. Admittedly, we ...........much progress at
hundred copies of the brochure ........... the moment, but by the middle of next
out. week, most of the major points...........
with.
A) had been noticed/would have sent
B) has noticed/will have sent A) haven't made/have been dealing
C) was noticed/had been se nt B) weren't making/would be dealing
D) is noticed/will send C) don't make/are going to deal
E) would be noticed/were sent D) aren't making/will have been dealt
28. My wallet .......... at the station while I E) hadn't bee n making/a re dea lt
......... for the train. 34. One theory suggests that the civilization
A) must have been stolen/was waiting
of ancient Crete.......... by an earthquake
B) should have stolen/had been waiting and volcanic eruption.
C) will be stolen/have been waiting
D) might be stealing/am waiting A) could have destroyed
E) had to steal/would be waiting B) may have been destroyed
C) could be destroying
29. The new manager ........... down very strict D) is supposed to destroy
rules as soon as he .......... over the E) must have destroyed
position.
35. Stringent laws to stop the waste and
A) had laid/would take destruction of natural resources ..........
B) has laid/is taking by the majority in order for them to be
C) will lay/took
D) laid/ha d ta ken effectively enforced.
E) is laying/will take
A) should be supporting
30. When we ........... the number of people on B) have to support
the road with all their possessions, It was C) must be supported
clear that the villages in the path of the D) will have supported
Hood ........... E) have been supporting
İLS a 175
179
36. It ap pe a rs tha t, In the fu tu re , va s t s u ms 42. Sinc e a ll the s ea ts o n th e tra in ............ , we
of money ........... In order to solve the ..........all the way here.
problem of air pollution.
A) will be oc cu pied /s ho uld ha ve s to od
A) is going to spend B) occ up ie d/will ha ve to s tan d
B) ha s b ee n s pe n d in g C) we re o c c u p ie d / h a d to s ta n d
C) ha ve be e n s pe n t
D) cou ld hav e spe n t D) h a ve o c c up ie d /we re to s ta n d
E) will have to be spent E) h a d o c c u p ie d / m u s t h a v e s to o d
37. Many of the relics of early Mesopotamia, 43. The in ju re d wo ma n ........... quite lou dly
one of the areas where civilizations first while she .......... to the ambulance.
......... , ............ fro m their sites ove r the
years , an d a re no w on dis pla y in A) s c re a me d / h a d b e e n c a rr ie d
Eu ro p e a n mu s e u ms . B) h a d s c re a me d /h a d b e e n c a r ry in g
C) h as s c rea me d /wo u ld b e c a rrie d
A) used to deve lop /we re re mo ved D) wo u l d s c re a m/h a s b e e n c a r ry in g
B) had d ev elop ed /h ave re mo ved E) wa s sc re a min g / wa s be in g c a rrie d
C) have developed/would have removed
D) developed/have been removed
E) were developing/had removed 44. No wa days, the use o f rec ycle d p ape r
.......... wh ich ............ conserve the wo rld's
38. The best grapes ........... near the diminis hin g fo res t resou rces .
Mediterranean Sea, and they........... there
for centuries. A) is inc re as ing /he lps
B) wo u ld in c re a se /h a d h e lp e d
A) a re p rod uc e d /h a ve be en g ro wn C) ha d in c reas e d /will he lp
B) a re p rod uc in g /a re g ro wn D) will inc re ase /h as he lpe d
C) p rod uc e d /h av e be en g ro wing E) h a s in c re a s e d /h e lp e d
D) ha ve p ro du ce d /a re be ing g ro wn
E) hav e bee n p ro du cing /a re g ro wing 45. Peter simp ly ........... any o f th e win te r
39. Phosphate minin g on the Pacific island o f veg etab les n o ma tte r h o w the y .............
Na u ru ........... 80 % o f the is land ba rre n
an d d e po s its ........... to ru n ou t v e ry A) wo u ld n' t ea t/ha v e c oo k ed
shortly. B) wa sn' t ea tin g/we re c oo king
C) is n' t e a tin g /h a d be e n c o o ke d
A) leaves /were ex pecte d D) wo n' t e a t/a re c o ok e d
B) left/will expect E) doesn't eat/will ha ve c ooke d
C) has left/are expected
D) is leaving/have expected 46. In th e 18 9 0s , p h ys ic ia ns ............ that
E) will leave/expect people suffering from scurvy, a vitamin
deficiency disease ............. by drinking the
40. Th e rate at which th e a ve ra ge a du lt juice of oranges or other citrus fruits.
......... wh e n u n d e r s tre s s ............ to a b o u t
100 b rea th s pe r min u te . A) we re fo u n d /s h o u l d h a v e c u re d
A) is b re a th in g /ro se B) wo u ld fin d /h a v e b e e n cu re d
B) b re a th e s / ma y ris e C) u s e d to fin d /h a d b e e n c u re d
C) is b re a th e d / h a s r is e n D) fo u n d /c o u ld be c u re d
D) h a s b re a th e d /wa s ris i n g E) we re fin d ing /wo u ld h a ve c u red
E) b re a th e d /s h o u ld ris e
47. So me of the lon gest anc ien t sea vo yages
41. Th e J a p a n e s e ........... a very healthy diet, ......... by the Po ly nes ia ns , who .............
but for the last fe w d ecades, man y y oun g fro m Ha waii to Ne w Zealand withou t any
people ........... their hea lth with Ame ric an na v iga tion a l in s tru men ts .
fast food.
A) h a d b e e n ma d e /h a v e s a ile d
A) we re ea ting /are des troy in g B) ha ve ma d e /we re s a ilin g
B) us ed to e a t/h a ve be en de s troy in g C) ma d e /h a d b e e n s a i lin g
C) ha ve be e n e a tin g /des tro ye d D) wo u l d h a v e ma d e /h a d s a ile d
D) sh ou ld ha ve ea ten /h av e d es tro ye d
E) had e aten /will be des troy in g E) we re ma d e /s a ile d
176 a ELS
180
48. Scientists .-. ........ many ways o f pred icting 54. The medicine ........... In use for many
exactly when earth quakes will hap pen , years when it ........... to ha ve a number of
b u t th e y ........... to ac tua lly pre dic t the m deleterious side-effects.
on only a few occasions.
A) will be/has declared
A) a re try in g /h a d ma n a g e d B) has been/will be declared
B) ha ve trie d /h av e ma na ge d C) was/had decla red
C) h a d trie d /a re ma n a g in g D) is going to be/declares
D) we re trying /wou ld man age E) had been/was declared
E) tried /will ha ve ma naged
55. He ........... there on the highway, but
49. Social drinking, If it.......................... to instead he ........... to follow the scenic
alcoholism. country road.
A) isn' t c on tro lle d/can le ad A) had d riven /wou ld dec ide
B) do es n' t c o n tro l/mus t lea d B) mu s t h a v e d riv e n /h a d de c id e d
C) didn' t co n tro l/mig h t le ad C) sh ou ld ha ve d rive n /de c id es
D) ha sn' t co n tro lle d /ha s le d D) cou ld hav e d rive n /de c ide d
E) was n' t c o n tro lle d /ha d le d E) was d riv in g /ha s d ec ide d
50. Te mpe ra tu re ........... b y a t h e r mo me te r, a
glass tub e In wh ic h the he igh t o f a 56. I'm afraid some of the goods while
column of me rcury or alcohol ........... with they.......... onto the lorry.
variations In te mpe ra tu re.
A) will have damaged/are loading
A) is me a s u rin g /h a s c h a n g e d B) have da mage d//have been loade d
B) me a s u r e s /h a s b e e n c h a n g e d C) were damaged/were being loaded
C) me a s u r e d /h a d c h a n g e d D) would be damaged/are being loaded
D) is me a s u re d /c h a n g e s E) had damaged/were loaded
E) h a s me a s u r e d / is c h a n g e d
57. I wonder whether the hotel ............us
51. Un der UK e qua l o ppo rtun ity laws , a n with towels or not.
employee ........... ag a in s t o n the g rou n ds
of race, religion or gender. A) will provide
B) was prov ided
A) didn' t us e to d isc rimin ate C) had p ro vided
B) sho uld n ot d is c rimina te D) is provided
C) wo n't have disc riminate d E) is being provided
D) hasn' t b een dis c rimina tin g
E) can no t be d is c rimina te d
58. Suga r-free che wing gu ms ............ In th e
52. A g reat deal of research ........... ou t In the 19 5 0s , a n d b y the 19 8 0s s e ve ra l b ra nd s
field of genetic engineering In recent ......... on the ma rk e t.
years.
A) we re in tro du c in g /we re a pp ea rin g
A) is being carried B) have been introduced/would be appearing
B) ha s b ee n c a rrie d C) h a d be e n in tro d u c e d /will a p p e a r
C) will be carrying D) wo u ld h a v e in tro d u c e d /ap p e a re d
D) will be carried E) we re in t ro d u c e d /h a d a p p e a re d
E) wo uld hav e ca rrie d
59. It's tru e th a t h a p p in e ss ............ with
53. Vandalism .......... as the wanton mon ey , bu t it' s also u nde n iab le th a t s o me
destruction of other people's property. mo ne y .......... life easier.
A) can be defined A) m u s tn ' t b e b o u g h t / m a d e

B) should define B) c a n ' t b e b o u g h t/ m a k e s
C) had better define C) s h o u ld n ' t b u y /h a s m a d e
D) is defining D) d o e s n ' t b u y /is ma k in g
E) has been defining E) h a s n ' t b e e n b o u g h t / is ma d e
ELS a 177
181
60. A dirty or stained woollen rug ........... with 64. He will never be satisfied with himself
mild soapy water. This ........... the dirt
without damaging the rug.
A) whenever his parents praise him for
A) might be washing/may remove something he's achieved
B) will have to be washed/is removed B) as he has finally got the highest mark
in class
C) will be washed/has removed C) although all the others were ready to
D) should be washed/removes leave for the trip
E) has been washing/removed D) until he has learnt to speak English
like a native speaker
E) when he found out that he didn't get
61-75. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun the job
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.
65 ............ as some of them had been held up
In rush hour traffic.
61. Just as the townspeople were celebrating
their narrow escape from the typhoon, A) The team failed to get together at the
arranged time
B) There is an urgent need for new roads
A) having caused massive destruction in the area
C) Both delegates from the trade ;.••
less than fifty miles to the north association missed the start of the
B) they know the people who live in a conference
neighbouring town are not so lucky D) Motorists often display violent
C) they were hit by a gigantic tidal wave tempers not seen when they are away
that completely destroyed the place from the wheel
D) the storm had actually caused a E) The lorry was unable to make its
significant amount of property delivery on time
damage
E) they have a point though, as it could 66 ............. so it failed because of the extreme
have caused great damage cold on the morning of the launch.
62 .............. he was fired from his job at the A) She had missed the last days of term,
grocery store. during which the teacher helped the
class revise
B) Not having any interest in
A) Ever since he was chosen the best mathematics, he decided to study
employee literature at university
B) While the economic situation seems to C) It was a great shock for the team of
be improving scientists to watch their invention
C) Though there were no positions explode in the sky
available D) We advised Tom to have the car
D) Every time he applies for a position in thoroughly serviced before he left for
a big firm his holiday
E) The moment he was caught stealing E) The equipment on the space shuttle
was not designed to work at very low
temperatures
63. When George was offered this teaching
position at the university .............. 67. Though they were brought up by the
same parents in the same way .............
A) he had always thought that he should
go back and finish high school A) Harry and George like all the same
B) he was just about to accept a job as a things
security guard B) they have the same birthday as well
C) he no longer wants to work as an C) Uncle John and my mother are very
administrator different people
D) he hasn't got a postgraduate degree D) Fred is much older than his cousin
E) he may continue to work here until Arthur
his retirement E) you would think they were exactly the
same age
178 Q ELS
182
68. Ev en tho ugh the job vaca ncy was first 72. As the weather conditions worsened and
advertised only yesterday ............... daylight began to fall..............
A) we have already received several A) the c limbe rs a re beg inn in g to wonde r
applications if they will ever reach the top
B) the sa la ry is high and the re a re g ood
benefits B) muc h ea rlie r than th e climbe rs we re
C) we can't hold the inte rvie ws until next us ed to in the ir o wn co u n try
week C) the c limbe rs began cons ide ring
D) I really hope that James will apply for possib le a lternative rou tes
the job D) then the c limbe rs wou ld hav e n o
E) there have actually been very few cho ic e bu t to co me b ack
phone calls E) the re has bee n o nly o ne a lternative
left to the climbe rs
69 ............. but one that Is teased will qu ick ly
inflict a nasty peck.
73. Even before all the votes had been
A) Vo ice training meth ods a re the sa me counted, ............
fo r a pa rrot as th ose fo r a bu dg ie
B) The ca t ha s b ee n u se d a s a pe t s in ce A) we are con fiden t tha t ou r party will
the days of anc ien t Eg ypt win
C) The size of the cage for your canary B) less than forty pe rcen t of vo te rs h ad
dep en ds up on th e ind iv idua l b ird participa ted
D) A gen tly ha ndled parro t can beco me a C) vio len ce has b ro ken ou t in so me a reas
clever and a ffectionate co mpanion D) the re h as be e n n o th in g we c an d o b u t
E) Fe w pe ts beca me pop ula r as q uic kly wait
as pa ra kee ts , a lso ca lle d bu dg ie s
E) the rival pa rty was already celebra ting
70 . Tho ug h go ve rn me nt fig u res sh o w a their victory
grad ual dec rease in the ra te of In fla tion,
74 ............. fo r h is ro le in the plot to k ill the
pres iden t.
A) it's jus t the ta rge t dete rmined by the
gove rn men t A) Th e s py was sen te nce d to de ath b y
B) this is, of course, what everyone
han g ing
wa n ts
C) few people think the targets will ever B) The nove list won a lite rary a wa rd
be reached C) An un k no wn ac to r was ch o se n in the
D) this is a p roble m fo r many o f the aud itio n
developing countries D) The ac to r was a p p la u de d
E) the fall was particularly appa rent in enthus ias tica lly b y the aud ience
food prices E) Th e fac t tha t the a llege d g un man
acted alone
71 . The u nion lea de rs a ch ie ved a
break th ro ugh In the tric ky nego tiations
with ma n a g e me n t ............. 75.............. the las t n a tive In ha b ita n ts we re
evac ua te d fro m the is lan d in 1 93 0.
A) jus t whe n it s ee me d tha t the re was no
hope A) Before the island is allowed to be
B) whe n they dec ide to d ro p the ir re po pu la te d
un re as on ab le wag e de ma nd s B) After having lived there for over 2000
C) since the last pay rise the e mploye rs yea rs
agreed to g ive to the wo rkers C) Alth ou gh n o lon ge r inh ab ite d
D) whe neve r they de vise a p lan that their D) Des p ite the th rea t o f a h u rric a ne
me mbers will accept
E) In spite of being better off on the
E) un til it ap pea re d tha t the e ntire plan
would fail ma in la n d
ELS a 179
183
A) Th e on ly re aso n tha t Aus tra lia is
civilized today is because the original
pop u la tio n has b een re mo ved .
B) The growth of civilization in Australia
76. I h ave almos t no dou bt that the ma ll will cou ldn' t ha ve be en a ch ie ved with ou t
have been delivered to us by three o'clock th e ethn ic c le ans ing o f the e n tire
this a fte rn oon . continent.
C) The existence o f Austra lia's natives
A) Th e pos t mig h t be h e re b y three was the b iggest obstacle in the effort
o'clock this afternoon, though I very to advance the mode rn way o f life.
mu ch d ou b t it.
B) Withou t doub t, the letters a re going to D) If the native Austra lia ns h ad not bee n
be posted before three o'clock today. ex te rmin ated , the re wou ld be n o
C) I'm pretty sure that we will have got civilization on the con tinent today.
the mail a t o r befo re th ree o'clock E) To allo w fo r the expansion of
today. civilization, entire groups of
D) I wa nt to mak e su re tha t the ma il is Australia's aboriginal people were
delivered today no later than 3 p.m. killed.
E) It's a little doubtful that the mail we
sent will have arrived by three o'clock 80. In England, as in Turkey, many
today. surnames are derived from the skills and
professions of ancestors.
77. Un less the p rob le m is co rrec ted
Immediately, it will only continue to get A) Most sons in Eng land , as in Tu rkey ,
worse. are na med a fte r the ir fa the r' s
A) Alth ou gh the c ris is h as be en profession.
addresse d, th in gs ha ve n ot beg un to B) Su rn a me s in mo s t c o u n trie s ,
get bette r as yet. in clud ing En glan d an d Turke y, a re
B) We're only causing more p roble ms by based o n the na mes o f fo rme r sk ills
allowing the crisis to grow and get out and professions.
of hand. C) Su rn a me s in En g la n d c an o fte n b e
C) We must fix it right away; even so, it trac ed ba c k to the sk ills a nd
migh t n ot make th e situa tion ge t an y pro fess ions of ances to rs, as is a lso the
better. case in Turkey.
D) Th e s itu a tion is b ou nd to de terio ra te D) Diffe rently than in Tu rkey, the
even more if it is not rectified without ancesto rs of man y Eng lis h p eop le
delay. we re na med a fte r the ir sk ill o r
E) The fac t tha t the p rob le m see ms to be profession.
gettin g wo rse sugges ts tha t it was E) Many skills o r professions in both
identified incorrectly. En g lan d an d Tu rke y a re n a me d a fte r
78. For an a llerg ic person , a bee-sting can be th e s u rn a me s o f th e a n c es to rs wh o
very serious, often resulting in a severe ca rried the m ou t.
reac tio n o r even dea th .
81. Although she said o therwise, I felt certa in
A) Alle rgies to bee-stings usually result th at s he'd bee n o ffen de d by my re ma rk .
in th e d ea th o f th e p e rs o n s tun g , bu t
sometimes they survive. A) I didn't feel that what I'd said was
B) Bees can cause extre me allergies in ins u ltin g , bu t sh e sa id it was .
people, some of whom may even die B) I was c on vinc ed tha t sh e'd tak en my
as a res u lt. c o mme n t a s a n in s u lt d es p ite h e r
C) Ge ttin g stun g by a bee n eed n' t be claim to the con trary.
serious, but it does affect some people C) I was su re my wo rds ha d c a use d he r
mo re tha n it d oes o the rs . no offence; otherwise, she'd have told
D) It's hardly possible for one who is me.
allergic to bees to survive a sting. D) I was in n o d oub t, be ca use o f h er
E) A person who is allergic to bees might
get very ill and can possibly die if la te r a ttitu de to me , th a t s he was
stung . ins u lted b y my c o mmen t.
E) Eve n th o u gh my re ma rk was
79. Whole populations of Australia's natives offens ive , s he ass u re d me tha t it
were wiped out in order that civilization ha d n' t b o the re d h e r.
could advance.
180 Q ELS
184
82. Due to unforeseen circumstances, our 85. No one under eighteen is allowed in the
group's scheduled visit to the museum club, and you will be no exception.
has been called off.
A) The club is only for people over
A) The trip to the museum that we'd eighteen, so you might not be allowed
planned is now cancelled because in.
something unexpected has happened. B) If you are over eighteen, then it is
B) The museum cancelled our visit, but legal for you to go into the club.
we don't yet know why. C) No one in the club is under eighteen,
C) We are no longer going to the but you are an exception.
museum because there is no time on D) The rule that those under eighteen are
our schedule. forbidden from entering the club is
D) We cannot go to see the museum at applicable to you, too.
the arranged time because it will be E) Now that you are eighteen, you will be
closed. allowed in the club.
E) Something happened at the museum,
so they cancelled our visit.
86. The link between smoking and cancer
83. The level of unemployment In this district had never been acknowledged before that
is said to be far higher than anywhere research.
else In the country.
A) The results of that research
A) This area is worse than the rest of the represented the first time anyone had
country, especially in terms of the acknowledged the link between
quality of work that gets done. smoking and cancer.
B) Compared to other places around the B) Despite extensive research, the
country, this district has much less connection between smoking and
industry. cancer hadn't yet been proved.
C) Because of its position, this region C) The connection between smoking and
has fewer jobs on offer than other cancer hasn't been acknowledged yet,
places in the country. and requires plenty of further
D) People believe that the lack of work is research.
not so keen in the rest of the country D) The aim of the research was to find
as it is in this area. whether there was a link between
E) People talk about losing their jobs smoking and cancer.
much more around here than E) No one has yet fully accepted that
elsewhere in the country. there is any connection between
smoking and cancer.
84. Native Americans have always struggled
to protect their culture from the 87. We can't speak of our economy as healthy
onslaught of Western influence. when there Is a widening gap between the
rich and the poor.
A) After the coming of Europeans to the
New World, Native Americans fled
west in order to preserve their culture. A) Our economy is improving, so there
B) It is not easy to be a Native American will be less difference between the rich
living in a westernized world that and the poor.
offers no shelter from the difficulties B) If our economy were better handled,
of modern life. there would be less of a gap between
C) American Indians have been attacking the rich and the poor.
Europeans for decades in the hopes of C) The strength of our economy is
keeping their world unchanged. reflected in the increasing equality
D) Millions of American Indians were between the rich and the poor.
slaughtered after the European D) It is possible that our economy is in
invasion which followed their good shape, but many people are still
discovery of the continent. poor.
E) It has been an ongoing fight for the E) Our economy can't be called healthy
American Indians to keep their way of as long as the rich are getting richer
life from becoming westernized. and the poor poorer.
ELS G 181
185
88. A quarter of all bird species In the world D) While industry was increasing, there
are kno wn to have beco me extinc t du ring was also a growing need for
th e pas t two h un d red yea rs . immigrants to work in the newly-
created jobs.
A) It is estima ted tha t one -fou rth of all E) The city drew in a lot of immigrants,
bird species will become extinct within although industry grew only slowly
the nex t two c enturies. and thus job vacancies were scarce.
B) It is kn o wn tha t two cen tu ries ago the
nu mbe r of b irds liv in g o n the earth
was 25 % g rea ter than it is toda y.
C) It has bee n ack no wled ged th at o ne -
fourth of all bird species have ceased
to exist o ver the last two centu ries.
D) We are likely to cause the ex tinction
of one-fourth of all bird species during 91. Industrialization, which greatly changed
th e ne xt two hu nd re d ye ars. human life, was founded through the
E) It is c le a r tha t we ris k ca using th e application of scientific discoveries in
extinction of 25% of all bird species
during the nex t two ce nturies. technology.
89. Tom Hlgdon was dismissed from his job A) İnsanlığın kaderini değiştiren
as a tea ch er in 19 11 fo r su gg es ting th at sanayileşme, bilimsel buluşların
the c hild ren o f fa rm workers sho uld be teknolojiye aktarılması sonucu
educated. mümkün olmuş tur.
B) Bilimsel buluşların teknolojide
A) Tom Higdon was fired from his uygulamaya konulması sanayileşme
teach ing job in 191 1 wh en he re fused sürecini çok hızlandırmıştır.
to educate the child ren o f agricultu ral C) Bilimsel buluşların teknolojide
workers. kullanılmasıyla kurulan sanayileşme
B) In 1911, the teacher To m Higdon was insanlığın kaderini tümüyle
fired beca use he p ro po sed th at fa rm değiştirmiştir.
wo rke rs' c hild ren be educa ted . D) İnsan yaşamını büyük ölçüde
C) Tom Higdon's suggestions in 1911 değiştiren sanayileşme, bilimsel
that the c hild ren o f fa rm workers buluşların teknolojiye uygulanmasıyla
didn't deserve to be educated led to kuruldu.
his dis missal. E) İnsan yaşamını değiştirecek bilimsel
D) In 1911, Tom Higdon was fired from buluşların teknolojide kullanılması,
his post as a teache r fo r teac hin g the sanayileşmeyi sağlamıştır.
children of farm wo rkers, who
sho uldn' t h ave bee n ed uca te d. 92. The participation and cooperation of all of
E) After being fired from his teaching the citizens is essential for achieving a
position in 1911 , To m Higdon speedy and error-free census.
suggeste d tha t the ch ild ren o f fa rm
wo rke rs ou gh t to be e du ca ted . A) Nüfus sayımının hatasız
gerçekleşebilmesi için bütün
90. As the city grew Industrially, more and vatandaşların sayıma katılmaları
more Immigrants were attracted to the gerekmektedir.
newly-created jobs. B) Bütün vatandaşların katılımıyla
gerçekleştirilen nüfus sayımı çok kısa
A) The number of citizens in the city bir sürede tamamlanır.
remained very low as long as there C) Bir ülkenin vatandaşlarıyla ilgili bilgi
was a limited amount of industrial toplamak için en seri ve hatasız bir
work available.
B) The more the city's industry grew, yöntem, nüfus sayımıdır.
making new jobs available, the more D) Bütün halkın katılımı ve katkıları
immigrants arrived to fill them. sayesinde hiçbir olayın yaşanmadığı
C) It was the immigrants who brought bir nüfus sayımı gerçekleştirildi.
new businesses and industries to the E) Hızlı ve hatasız bir nüfus sayımı
city, transforming it into an industrial yapabilmek için bütün vatandaşların
centre. katılımı ve yardımı gereklidir.
182 Q ELS
186
93. Due to having Irregular, shallow beds and D) Tartışılan konu yla ilgili h içbir somut
seasonal depth changes, most of the öneri getire mey ince ko nuş mac ı u tan ıp
rivers In Turkey are not navigable. kızardı.
E) Ge tird iğ i ö nerin in ta rtış ma kapsa mına
A) Düzensiz, sığ yatakları ve mevsimlere alın mayaca ğı söy len ince kon uş macı
göre değişen derinlikleri yüzünden, çok bozuldu.
Türkiye'deki nehirlerin çoğu ulaşıma
elverişli değildir. 96. Keep your backpack as light as possible
B) Düzensiz nehir yatakları ve so that you aren't disturbed by it during
mevsimlere göre değişen derinlikleri
the long hike.
Türkiye'deki pek çok nehirin ulaşım A) Uzun yürüyüşlerde sırta asılan
amacıyla kullanılmasını çantalar büyük kolaylık sağlar.
engellemektedir. B) Sırt çantan yeterince hafif olmazsa,
C) Türkiye'de çok az nehir ulaşım uzun yürüyüş s ıras ında raha tsız
amacıyla kullanılmaktadır, çünkü olursun.
düzensiz sığ yatakları ve sürekli C) Sırt çantan mümkün olduğu kadar
değişen derinlikleriyle nehirlerimiz hafif olsun ki bu uzun yürüyüş
buna uygun değildir. sırasında seni rahatsız etmesin.
D) Türkiye'deki nehirlerin çoğu ulaşıma D) Sırt çantanı olabildiğince hafif
elverişli değildir, çünkü derinlikleri hazırlamazsan bu uzun yürüyüş
mevsimden mevsime değiştiği için sırasında rahatsız olursun.
düzensizdirler. E) Uzun yürüyüş sırasında rahatsız
E) Türkiye'deki nehirlerin çoğunun olmamak için sırt çantanı mümkün
ulaşım için kullanılamamasının olduğu kadar hafif tut.
nedeni, sığ ve düzensiz oluşları ve
derinliklerinin mevsimden mevsime 97. Because the thieves had put a fake In
değişmesidir. place of the painting theyM stolen, the
burglary wasn't noticed for a long time.
94. Although not as common as In the past, A) Ta blon un ç alınd ığ ı u zu n s ü re so n ra
arranged marriages are still performed In fa rked ile b ild i çü nkü hırsızla r on un
our country. yerine sahte b ir tablo koy muş la rd ı.
B) Çok geç meden hırsızla r çaldık ları
A) Eskiden ülkemizde evlilikler görücü ta blon un sa h te o ld uğ un u fa rke ttile r.
usu lü y le ya p ılırdı, a ma a rtık bu C) Hırsızlığ ın uzun sü re fa rkedilme mesi
yöntem o kadar yaygın değildir. iç in s oy gu ncu la r ta blon un ye rine
B) Esk iden oldu ğu kad a r ya yg ın sahtesini ko ydu la r.
olma masına ra ğ me n, ülke mizde ha la D) Bir s ü re s o n ra , b ir ta b lo n u n s a h te
görücü usulü evlilikler yapılmaktadır. oldu ğu v e bu nu n h ırs ız la r ta ra fın dan ,
C) Eskiden çok daha yay gın o lan gö rüc ü çald ık la rı tab lo nu n ye rine ko nd uğ u
usulü evlilikler ne yazık ki ülkemizde anlaşıldı.
hala deva m etmek tedir. E) Hırsızlar çaldık ları tablon un yerine
D) Esk iden ülke mizde gö rü cü u su lü sahtesini ko yduk la rı için , hırsız lık
evlilikler çok yaygın olduğu halde uzu n sü re fa rk ed ilme d i.
gü n ü mü zd e b u yö n te m ç o k a z
kullan ılma kta dır. 98. Do gs , wh ic h ha ve a n ac u te se ns e o f
E) Ülkemizde hala görücü usulü evlilikler smell, are said to be able to recogn ize
ov e r a th ou sa n d sc e n ts .
yap ılma k tad ır, a ma bu es k ide n o ld uğ u
kadar yaygın değildir. A) Ço k g üç lü ko k u a lma d uy u la rı
sayesinde köpekler, b inden fazla
95. The speaker blushed with embarrassment kok uy u rah atlık la a y ırt
when he was told that his proposal had edebilmektedirler.
nothing to do with the topic under B) Bin in üze rinde k ok uy u ay ırt
discussion. edebildikleri söylenen köpeklerin çok
keskin b ir k oku alma du yu ları va rdır.
A) Konuş macının öfkeden k ıpkırmızı C) Güç lü kok u a lma duy ula rı k öpek le rin,
kesilmesinin nedeni getirdiği önerinin bin le rce kok uy u b irb irin de n ay ırt
tartış maya açılmamasıy dı. etmele rin i mü mk ün k ılma k tad ır.
B) Tartışılmakta olan konuyla ilgili D) Ço k ke sk in bir k ok u a lma d uy u la rı
yaptığı hiçbir öne rinin rağbet olan kö peklerin binin üze rinde
görme mesi ko nuş mac ıyı ço k kokuyu tanıyab ild ikleri
öfkelendirdi. söylenmektedir.
E) Binle rce kokuyu tanıyab ildik leri
C) Önerisinin tartışılan konuyla hiçbir söylenen köpeklerin en büyük özelliği
ilgisinin olmadığı söylenince, ke sk in ko k u a lma du y u la rıd ır.
kon uş mac ı u ta nc ın dan kıza rd ı.
ELS D 183
187
99. Sporting events a re considered to be one B) The structure of medieval thought and
of the most effective ways to promote society was thoroughly changed by
pe ac e a nd b ro the rh oo d a mo n g na tio ns . the discoveries made during the
Renaissance period.
A) Sportif e tkin likle r, u luslar arasındaki C) The medieval structure of thought and
barış ve kardeşliği geliştiren en etkili society was greatly influenced by the
yollardan biri ola rak kab ul discoveries made during the
edilmektedir. Renaissance.
B) Ulusla r arasındak i banş ve ka rdeşliğ i D) The Renaissance, with its numerous
discoveries, influenced the medieval
geliştirmede sportif etkinliklerin çok way of thinking and life a great deal.
önemli bir yeri vardır. E) The discoveries of the Renaissance
C) Uluslar arasındaki barış ve kardeşliği period significantly changed the
pekiştirmen in en güzel yolu sportif structure of medieval thought and
etkinliklerdir. society.
D) Sportif etkinliklerin uluslar arasındaki
barış ve kardeşliği geliştiren en etkili 102. İstenmeyen alışkanlıkların sona
yön te m o ld uğ u dü şü nü lme k ted ir. erdirilmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan
E) Sportif e tkin likle r, u luslar arasındaki bir yöntem, davranışın kişi bitkin düşene
barış ve kardeşliği geliştiren en etkili dek tekrarlanmasıdır.
yollardan biridir.
A) One o f the me thods used to ge t rid o f
100. For passengers travelling by plane, there u n wa n te d h ab its is to re p e a t th e
behav iou r a t certa in in te rvals .
a re res tric tio ns o n th e a mo u n t o f B) Rep ea tin g th e u n wa n te d b e ha v iou r
bag ga ge the y can ta ke with the m. until yo u fee l ex haus ted is a co mmon
wa y o f b re ak ing a ba d ha b it.
A) Uçak la seyaha t e den yo lcu lar C) The be s t wa y to b rea k un wa n te d
yanlarına be lli bir mik tardan fazla habits is to control y ourself whenever
bagaj ala mazlar. you feel like repeating the behav iour.
B) Yolcula r için uçakla seyahat etmenin D) One me thod widely use d to b reak
bir de zavan tajı, ya nla rına u n wa n te d h ab its is re p e a tin g th e
alabilecekleri bagaj miktarının kısıtlı beh av io u r un til the pe rson fa lls
olmasıdır. exh aus te d.
C) Uçak la seyaha t e den yo lcu ların E) One ca n ge t rid o f a ba d ha b it by
yanlarına alabilecekleri bagaj miktarı rep ea tin g th e b e ha v io u r so ma n y
kon us un da k ıs ıtla ma la r v a rd ır. times that one bec o mes fed up with it.
D) Yanlarına alabilecekleri bagaj 103. Birleşmiş MlUetier'ln bütün önemli
mik tarın ın kıs ıtlı o lmas ı uç akla belgeleri, kuruluşun resmi dilleri olarak
seyahat etmek isteyen yo lcular için kabul edilmiş olan altı dilde
sıkıntı yara tmak tad ır. yayınlanmaktadır.
E) Baga j s ın ırı yüzü nden , uçak la seya hat
etmek is teyen yo lcu la r yanlarına A) Only ma jor doc u men ts a re p ub lish ed
anca k be lli mik ta rd a eşy a in th e s ix la ng ua ges wh ic h ha ve b een
alabilmektedirler. officially accepted by the United
Nations.
B) The Un ited Nations has six o fficial
!
1(51-110, cümleye anlı Tor] la n g ua ge s, a nd a ll ma jo r d oc u me n ts
cümleyi bulunuz, of the o rga niza tion are trans la ted in to
these s ix la ngua ges.
C) Apart fro m the officia l languages
acce pted b y the o rgan iza tion , the
101. Rönesans dönemindeki keşifler, ortaçağ United Na tio ns pu b lishe s ma jo r
düşünce ve toplum yapısını önemli doc u me n ts in six o th e r la ng uag es .
ölçüde değiştirmiştir. D) All majo r docu ments o f the Un ited
Na tion s a re p u b lis he d in the s ix
A) The discoveries made during the langu ages ac cepted as the officia l
Renaissance period played an langu ages of the organization .
important part in the medieval way of E) All major do cu men ts of the Un ited
thinking. Nations a re translated from the o fficial
langu age of the organ ization into s ix
othe r lan guages .
184 Q ELS
188
93. Due to having Irregular, shallow beds and D) Tartışılan konuyla ilgili hiçbir somut
seasonal depth changes, most of the öneri getiremeyince konuşmacı utanıp
rivers In Turkey are not navigable. kızardı.
E) Getirdiği önerinin tartışma kapsamına
A) Düzensiz, sığ yatakları ve mevsimlere alınmayacağı söylenince konuşmacı
göre değişen derinlikleri yüzünden, çok bozuldu.
Türkiye'deki nehirlerin çoğu ulaşıma
elverişli değildir. 96. Keep your backpack as light as possible
B) Düzensiz nehir yatakları ve so that you aren't disturbed by it during
mevsimlere göre değişen derinlikleri the long hike.
Türkiye'deki pek çok nehirin ulaşım A) Uzun yürüyüşlerde sırta asılan
amacıyla kullanılmasını çantalar büyük kolaylık sağlar.
engellemektedir. B) Sırt çantan yeterince hafif olmazsa,
C) Türkiye'de çok az nehir ulaşım uzun yürüyüş s ıras ında raha tsız
amacıyla kullanılmaktadır, çünkü olursun.
düzensiz sığ yatakları ve sürekli C) Sırt çantan mümkün olduğu kadar
değişen derinlikleriyle nehirlerimiz hafif olsun ki bu uzun yürüyüş
buna uygun değildir. sırasında seni rahatsız etmesin.
D) Türkiye'deki nehirlerin çoğu ulaşıma D) Sırt çantanı olabildiğince hafif
elverişli değildir, çünkü derinlikleri hazırlamazsan bu uzun yürüyüş
mevsimden mevsime değiştiği için sırasında rahatsız olursun.
düzensizdirler. E) Uzun yürüyüş sırasında rahatsız
E) Türkiye'deki nehirlerin çoğunun olmamak için sırt çantanı mümkün
ulaşım için kullanılamamasının olduğu kadar hafif tut.
nedeni, sığ ve düzensiz oluşları ve
derinliklerinin mevsimden mevsime 97. Because the thieves had put a fake in
değişmesidir. place of the painting they'd stolen, the
burglary wasn't noticed for a long time.
94. Although not as common as In the past, A) Tablonun çalındığı uzun süre sonra
arranged marriages are still performed In farkedilebildi çünkü hırsızlar onun
our country. yerine sahte bir tablo koymuşlardı.
B) Çok geçmeden hırsızlar çaldıkları
A) Eskiden ülkemizde evlilikler görücü tablonun sahte olduğunu farkettiler.
usulüyle yapılırdı, ama artık bu C) Hırsızlığın uzun süre farkedilmemesi
yöntem o kadar yaygın değildir. için soyguncular tablonun yerine
B) Eskiden olduğu kadar yaygın sahtesini koydular.
olmamasına rağmen, ülkemizde hala D) Bir süre sonra, bir tablonun sahte
görücü usulü evlilikler yapılmaktadır. olduğu ve bunun hırsızlar tarafından,
C) Eskiden çok daha yaygın olan görücü çaldıkları tablonun yerine konduğu
usulü evlilikler ne yazık ki ülkemizde anlaşıldı.
hala devam etmektedir. E) Hırsızlar çaldıkları tablonun yerine
D) Eskiden ülkemizde görücü usulü sahtesini koydukları için, hırsızlık
evlilikler çok yaygın olduğu halde uzun süre fark edilmedi.
günümüzde bu yöntem çok az
kullanılmaktadır. 98. Dogs, which have an acute sense of
E) Ülkemizde hala görücü usulü evlilikler smell, are said to be able to recognize
over a thousand scents.
yapılmaktadır, ama bu eskiden olduğu
kadar yaygın değildir. A) Çok güçlü koku alma duyuları
sayesinde köpekler, binden fazla
95. The speaker blushed with embarrassment kokuyu rahatlıkla ayırt
when he was told that his proposal had edebilmektedirler.
nothing to do with the topic under B) Binin üzerinde kokuyu ayırt
discussion. edebildikleri söylenen köpeklerin çok
keskin bir koku alma duyuları vardır.
A) Konuşmacının öfkeden kıpkırmızı C) Güçlü koku alma duyuları köpeklerin,
kesilmesinin nedeni getirdiği önerinin binlerce kokuyu birbirinden ayırt
tartışmaya açılmamasıydı. etmelerini mümkün kılmaktadır.
B) Tartışılmakta olan konuyla ilgili D) Çok keskin bir koku alma duyuları
yaptığı hiçbir önerinin rağbet olan köpeklerin binin üzerinde
görmemesi konuşmacıyı çok kokuyu tanıyabildikleri
öfkelendirdi. söylenmektedir.
E) Binlerce kokuyu tanıyabildikleri
C) Önerisinin tartışılan konuyla hiçbir söylenen köpeklerin en büyük özelliği
ilgisinin olmadığı söylenince, keskin koku alma duyulandır.
konuşmacı utancından kızardı.
ELS Q183
189
99. Sporting events are considered to be one B) The structure of medieval thought and
of the most effective ways to promote society was thoroughly changed by
peace and brotherhood among nations. the discoveries made during the
Renaissance period.
A) Sportif etkinlikler, uluslar arasındaki C) The medieval structure of thought and
barış ve kardeşliği geliştiren en etkili society was greatly influenced by the
yollardan biri olarak kabul discoveries made during the
edilmektedir. Renaissance.
D) The Renaissance, with its numerous
B) Uluslar arasındaki barış ve kardeşliği discoveries, influenced the medieval
geliştirmede sportif etkinliklerin çok way of thinking and life a great deal.
önemli bir yeri vardır. E) The discoveries of the Renaissance
C) Uluslar arasındaki barış ve kardeşliği period significantly changed the
pekiştirmenin en güzel yolu sportif structure of medieval thought and
etkinliklerdir. society.
D) Sportif etkinliklerin uluslar arasındaki
barış ve kardeşliği geliştiren en etkili 102. istenmeyen alışkanlıkların sona
yöntem olduğu düşünülmektedir. erdirilmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan
E) Sportif etkinlikler, uluslar arasındaki bir yöntem, davranışın kişi bitkin düşene
barış ve kardeşliği geliştiren en etkili dek tekrarlanmasıdır.
yollardan biridir. A) One o f the me thods used to ge t rid o f
u n wa n te d h ab its is to re p e a t th e
100. For passengers travelling by plane, there beh av io u r at c e rta in in te rv a ls.
are restrictions on the amount of B) Rep ea tin g th e u n wa n te d b e ha v iou r
baggage they can take with them. until yo u fee l ex haus ted is a co mmon
way o f brea king a ba d ha bit.
A) Uçak la seyaha t e den yo lcu lar C) The be s t wa y to b rea k un wa n te d
yanlarına be lli bir mik tardan fazla habits is to control y ourself whenever
bagaj ala mazlar. you feel like repeating the behav iour.
B) Yolcula r için uçakla seyahat etmenin D) One me thod widely use d to b reak
bir de zavan tajı, ya nla rına u n wa n te d h ab its is re p e a tin g th e
alabilecekleri bagaj miktarının kısıtlı beh av io u r un til the pe rson fa lls
olmasıdır. exh aus te d.
C) Uçak la seyaha t e den yo lcu ların E) One ca n ge t rid o f a ba d ha b it by
rep ea tin g th e b e ha v io u r so ma n y
yanlarına a labilecekle ri baga j mik tarı times that one bec o mes fed up with it.
kon us un da k ıs ıtla ma la r v a rd ır.
D) Yanlarına alabilecekleri bagaj 103. Birleşmiş Mllletler'in bütün önemli
mik tarın ın kıs ıtlı o lmas ı uç akla belgeleri, kuruluşun resmi dilleri olarak
seyahat etmek isteyen yo lcular için kabul edilmiş olan altı dilde
sıkıntı yara tmak tad ır. yayınlanmaktadır.
E) Baga j s ın ırı yüzü nden , uçak la seya hat
etmek is teyen yo lcu la r yanlarına A) Only major documents are published
anca k be lli mik ta rd a eşy a in the six languages which have been
alabilmektedirler. officially accepted by the United
Nations.
B) The United Nations has six official
languages, and all major documents
4 en yafan l of the organization are translated into
these six languages.
CÜJL
C) Apart from the official languages
accepted by the organization, the
United Nations publishes major
101. Rönesans dönemindeki keşifler, ortaçağ documents in six other languages.
düşünce ve toplum yapısını önemli D) All major documents of the United
ölçüde değiştirmiştir. Nations are published in the six
languages accepted as the official
A) The discoveries made during the languages of the organization.
Renaissance period played an E) All major documents of the United
important part in the medieval way of Nations are translated from the official
language of the organization into six
thinking. other languages.
184 Q ELS
190
104. Yeni düzenlemeyle, müşterilerin B) We should compile data about broken
karşılaştıkları sorunların en azından bir marriages and write a report
bölümü ortadan kaldırılacaktır. afterwards.
C) We were asked to write our reports
A) The aim in putting this new regulation after we'd collected enough data about
into operation is to reduce the broken marriages.
number of problems the customers D) We've been asked to compile data and
encounter. prepare a report on broken marriages.
B) With the new regulation, at least some E) We were required to collect data about
of the problems the customers come broken marriages in order to prepare
up against will be eliminated. a report on them.
C) The new regulations have been put
into operation in order to eliminate 107. Yıllardır devam eden araştırmalara
some of the problems our customers rağmen bilim adamları henüz insan
come across. beynini tümüyle keşfetmiş değillerdir.
D) A new system could at least have been
started to eliminate the problems of A) Despite years of research, scientists
the customers, even if only in part. have not yet fully explored the human
E) After the introduction of this new brain.
system, at least half of the customers B) The human brain hasn't been entirely
will no longer encounter any major explored yet although scientists have
problems. been doing research for years.
C) In order to discover all the functions
105. Bugünün piyasasında rekabet edebilme of the human brain, scientists have
leri için üreticilerin tüketici eğilimlerini been doing research for years.
dikkate almaları gerekmektedir. D) In spite of the research that has been
carried out over the years, the human
A) Today's market economy requires brain still contains some unexplored
manufacturers to compete with each areas.
other to satisfy consumer needs E) For years, scientists have been
better. carrying out research on the human
B) Besides consumer trends, brain, yet they still haven't discovered
manufacturers have to consider other all its functions.
things as well, since the competition
in today's market is so keen. 108. Denizlerdeki petrol kirliliği bazı bakteri
C) The trend in today's economy is for türlerinin büyümesini hızlandırmaktadır.
manufacturers to consider consumer
needs very carefully. A) Due to petroleum pollution in the sea,
D) Considering the competitive nature of some types of bacteria are growing
today's market, it's important that incredibly fast.
manufacturers be aware of consumer B) Because of the pollution caused by
trends. petroleum, certain types of bacteria
E) In order to compete in today's market, have emerged in the sea.
manufacture rs must ta ke consumer C) The growth of certain bacteria types
trends into account. resistant to petroleum pollution is
becoming more and more of a threat
to sea creatures.
106. Parçalanmış evliliklerle ilgili bilgi D) Some sea-dwelling bacteria help to
toplayıp rapor yazmamız istendi. decrease petroleum pollution.
E) Petroleum pollution in the sea
A) The report we've been asked to write accelerates the growth of some types
will be on broken marriages. of bacteria.
ELS Q 185
191
109. Yazarın 1865'te yayınlanan ilk kitabı, 110. Büyük bir özenle korunması gereken
nükteli ve öğretici anlatım biçimiyle göz, en hassas organlarımızdan biridir.
büyük hayranlık uyandırdı.
A) in 1865, the author published his first A) Our eyes are such delicate organs
book, which was greatly admired for
its witty and didactic style. that they need special care.
B) When the author's first book, which B) The eye, which needs to be protected
was full of wit and didactic comments, with great care, is one of our most
came out in 1865, it received great
praise. delicate organs.
C) The author's first book, published in C) The most delicate of our organs is the
1865, evoked great admiration for its
witty and didactic manner of eye, which is why it should be well-
expression. protected.
D) The author used a witty and didactic D) We should protect our eyes with great
way of expressing himself in his first
book, which came out in 1865. care as they are our most delicate
E) It was in 1865 that the author organs.
published his first book and received
great admiration for his witty and E) The eye, one of our most delicate
didactic way of expressing himself. organs, requires special care.
IF it's NATURAl TO kill, ROW COME MEN kAVE TO
qo INTO TRAİNİNq TO IEARN kow?

JOAN BAEZ (US
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PAblo
(SpANİsh MUSİCİAN ANd COMpOSER)
192
UNIT 4 and
"WISH" Clauses
INTRODUCTION
"If clause" un Türkçe karşılığı "koşul cümlesi" dir. Koşul cümleleri iki cümlecikten oluşur: "if
clause ve temel cümle. "K" in bağlı bulunduğu cümlede koşulu, temel cümlede ise, o koşul
yerine geldiğinde olabilecek eylemi, yani sonucu ifade ederiz. Cümleye "If "clause ya da temel
cümle ile başlamak anlamı değiştirmez. Ancak, "if' clause cümle başında yer aldığında, temel
cümleye geçerken virgül kullanılır.
If he comes early. we will go out for a walk.

conditional clause main clause
We will go out for a walk if he comes early.
main clause conditional clause
4-1 "IF" CLAUSES

If clause' lan, temel olarak üç bölümde inceleyebiliriz:
a) Type 1: True In the present or future
If the weather is nice, we usually sit in the garden, (presen ft
If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will sit in the garden, (future)
b) Type 2: Untrue (contrary to fact) In the present or future
If it were our day off today, we would have a barbecue in the garden, (present)
If it were our day off tomorrow, we would have a barbecue in the garden, (future)
c) Type 3: Untrue (contrary to fact) in the past
If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have sat in the garden, (past) If
it had been our day off yesterday, we would have had a barbecue in the garden,
(past)
ELS a 187
193
4-2 TYPE 1: TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE
İçinde bulunduğumuz anda ya da gelecekte, belli bir koşul yerine geldiğinde olabilecek olayları
type l- if clause ile ifade ederiz. Temel olarak kullanabileceğimiz tense'ler, "if li cümlede Simple
Present (do/does), temel cümlede ise Simple Future (will) dır.
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.
I will visit my parents after work if I have time.
They will come to the cinema with us if they leave work early enough.
If she passes the university exam, her life will change a lot.
"If 'in bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylem gelecek zamana ait olduğunda da, Future Tense yerine
Simple Present kullanılır. Cümleye gelecek zaman anlamını, temel cümlede Future Tense
kullanarak verebiliriz.
Perhaps she will come tomorrow. Then we will study together. If she comes
tomorrow, we will study together.
Perhaps she wiUget her salary next week. Then she'll pay back what she owes me.
If she gets her salary next week, she will pay back what she owes me.
Perhaps there will be another rise in prices soon. Then everybody will suffer. If
there is another rise in prices soon, everybody will suffer.
Perhaps it won't be her day off tomorrow. Then I'll go shopping alone. If it isn't
her day off tomorrow, I'll go shopping alone.
4-3 TYPE 1 "IF" CLAUSE ile KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ TENSE'LER
"ffli cümlede Simple Present, temel cümlede Future Tense kullanımının dışında, gerek if
clause'da gerekse temel cümlede başka yapılar da kullanabiliriz.
1. TEMEL CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR
a) "WilTin varyasyonları (will be doing, will have done, will have been doing)
She applied to a computer firm last week, and she may get the job. If she is
hired, she will be working there as a sales representative next month.
If I start studying right away, I will have finished my work by the time you
come back from shopping. Then we can drink our afternoon tea together.
She has been working for us for exactly ten years now, and if everything goes
alright, she will have been working here for fifteen years by the time she retires.
b) May/Might/Could (Possibility]
If the weather continues like this, we may/might/could cancel the garden
party at the weekend.
(Perhaps we will cancel the party.)
If inflation keeps rising at its present rate, there may/might/could be another

devaluation.
(Perhaps there will be another devaluation.)
188 Q ELS
194
c) May (permission) and can (permission or ability)
If you finish the test earlier than expected, you may/can leave the classroom.
(permission)
If it stops raining soon, you can play in the garden, (permission or ability)
d) Must, have to, have got to (necessity); should, ought to, had better
(advisability) and any expression of command, request, suggestion or advice
(necessity)
If you don't want to be late for the beginning of the film, you have
.: to/must/have got to leave at once.
(Advisability)
If you want to get rid of this cold, you should/ought to follow the doctor's
instructions.
If she doesn't want to be fired, she had better be punctual.
If you want to keep fit, stop smoking and take up a sport.
If you don't want to put on weight, don't eat so much.
(Request)
If you don't have anything to do now, can you do the dishes for me?
If this report isn't urgent, could I leave a little early today?
(Preference)
If the film isn't worth seeing, I would rather have an early night.
(Suggestion)
If the weather is nice at the weekend, why don't we have a picnic?
shall we have a picnic?
let's have a picnic.
we could have a picnic.
e) The Simple Present Tense

Temel cümlede Simple Present kullanımı çok yaygın değildir. Ancak, alışkanlıklarımızdan, belli
bir koşul yerine geldiğinde genelde yaptığımız eylemlerden ve doğa olaylarından söz ediyorsak,
temel cümlede Simple Present kullanabiliriz.
If someone shouts at me when I don't deserve it, I get angry, (general)
If I get hungry before lunch time, I usually eat a few biscuits to satisfy my
hunger, (general]
If you boil water, it evaporates, ('will evaporate" de kullanılır.)
If the temperature drops below O°C, water freezes, ("water will freeze" de
mümkün.)
2. "IF'li CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR

"tf'li cümlede en çok kullanılan tense, Simple Present Tense'dir. Bunun yanı sıra
kullanabileceğimiz yapılan şöyle sıralayabiliriz:
a) Can (permission or ability)
If you can pass the university exam, you will be one of the lucky ones, (abilit If
one can speak two or more foreign languages, it is easier to find a proper job.
(ability)
.•f If you can leave work earlier tomorrow, shall we meet up and go to the cinema
(permission)
ELS n ]
195
b) Have to (necessity)
Normally, it is my off day tomorrow, but I may have to go to work to finish the
project.
If I have to go to work, I'll let you know.
She has an exam tomorrow, so she may have to prepare for it tonight.
If she has to study tonight, she won't be able to come to the cinema with us.
c) Present Continuous Tense
Eğer konuşma sırasında devam etmekte olan bir eylemi ifade ediyorsak, "if1 clause'da Present
Continuous Tense kullanabiliriz.
If you are looking for your slippers, they are under the cupboard.
- Shall I put the macaroni into the pot?
- If the water Is boiling, you can put it in.
We can tell her the good news as soon as we get home, if she Isn't sleeping.
d) Present Perfect Tense
1
"H '1i cümlede Present Perfect Tense'i, "Eğer işini bitirdiysen, tamamladıysan" gibi anlamlar
vermek için kullanabiliriz.
If you have finished reading that book, may I borrow it for a while? If you have
finished your lunch, I'll ask the waiter for the bill. If you haven't seen that film
yet, we can go to see it tomorrow.
e) Should
"If'li cümlede "should" kullanmamız, olasılığın biraz daha az olduğunu vurgular.
If you need any help, I can help you.
If you should need any help, I can help you.
Bu iki cümle arasında çok önemli bir fark yoktur. Ancak "If you should need..." ifadesinde
olasılık biraz daha azdır. Yani "Yardıma ihtiyacın olmaz ama, eğer ihtiyaç duyacak olursan..."
gibi bir anlam ifade etmektedir.
Probably you won't see him tomorrow. But if you should see him, can you give
him a message?
I don't think it will rain tomorrow. But if it should rain, we will have to cancel
the picnic.
4-4 TYPE 2: UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE

Type 2 - If clause, içinde bulunduğumuz anda ya da gelecekte olacak bir olayın tersim
düşünüp koşul ileri sürmek ve bu hayali koşulun sonucunu ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bu
nedenle, kullanabileceğimiz tense'ler, gerçeği ifade etmek için kullanacağımız tense'lerden bir
derece daha past olmalıdır. Yani, will yerine would, can yerine could, do yerine did kullanmak
gibi.
Truth: I don't have enough money now, so I can't lend you any to buy
that shirt, (present)
(Şu anda yeterli param yok. Bu yüzden, o gömleği alman için
sana para veremem.)
Conditional: If I had enough money now, I would lend you some to buy that
shirt. (Past tense kullanmamıza rağmen anlam present] (Eğer
şu anda yeterli param olsaydı, o gömleği alman için sana biraz
verirdim.)
19O Q ELS
196
Truth: I have to work tomorrow, so I can't come to the cinema with
you. (future)
(Yarın çalışmak zorundayım. Bu yüzden seninle sinemaya
gelemem.)
Conditional: If I didn't have to work tomorrow, I would come to the cinema
with you. (Past tense kullanmamıza rağmen anlam future'dır.)
(Eğer yarın çalışmak zorunda olmasaydım, seninle sinemaya
gelirdim.)

a) Would and would be doing:
I'm not rich, so I can't travel around the world. If I were rich, I would travel
around the world.
She doesn't know French, so she will have trouble on her trip to France. If she
knew French, she wouldn't have trouble on her trip to France.
You have an exam tomorrow, so you are studying hard now.
If you didn't have an exam tomorrow, you wouldn't be studying hard now.
I think the baby is hungry, because she is crying. If she weren't hungry, she
wouldn't be crying.
b) Could, would be able to, might and would have to
I don't know any French, so I can't help you with your French assignment now.
If I knew some French, I could help you with your French assignment now.
(meaning: present)
She won't have any time tomorrow, so she can't/won't be able to help me with
the cleaning.
If she had some time tomorrow, she could/would be able to help me with the
cleaning, (meaning: future)
Tomorrow is a public holiday, so we can/will be able to have a picnic together.
If tomorrow weren't a public holiday, we couldn't/wouldn't be able to have a
picnic together.
You can't get the job, because you can't speak Russian. If you could speak
Russian, you might/could get the job. (Perhaps you would get the job...)
Because the prices are very high, we can't go on holiday this summer. If the
prices weren't so high, we might/could go on holiday this summer. (Perhaps we
would go...)
She has a test tomorrow, so she has to study tonight.
If she didn't have a test tomorrow, she wouldn't have to study tonight.
Because I'm already good at maths, I don't have to study for the test now. If I
weren't good at maths, I would have to study for the test now.
2. "IF'll CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR

a) Past form of "be" (was/were)
If clause'da "be" fiili, bütün özneler için "were" biçiminde kullanılır. "/, he, she, it" için "was" da
kullanabiliriz. Ancak, bütün öznelerle "were" kullanımı daha yaygındır.
E LS Q191
197
It is wet now, so we can't go out for a walk.
If it weren't wet now, we could go out for a walk, (meaning: present]
They will be out of town next week, so we can't visit them.
If they weren't out of town next week, we would/could visit them.
(meaning: future)
Although he is treated badly at work, he still keeps working there. If I were
him, I would stop working there.
b) Past Tense
Anlam present ya da future olduğunda, if clause'da Past Tense kullanılır.
She doesn't know that I've come back from holiday, so she won't come to see
me tonight.
If she knew that I'd come back from holiday, she would come to see me tonight,
(meaning: present)
They won't come to our party tomorrow, and I'm disappointed.
If they came to our party tomorrow, I would be happy, (meaning: future)
If clause'da anlam future olduğu zaman, Simple Past yerine was to do/were to do da
kullanılabilir.
Truth: He won't resign from this job.
Conditional: If he resigned/were to resign from this job, he wouldn't find
another one so well-paid.
Truth: He won't be in the office at lunchtime, so I can't phone him
there. Conditional: If he were/were to be in the office at
lunchtime, I would
phone him.
Truth: She will help me tomorrow, so I won't have any difficulty doing
the work on my own. Conditional: If she didn't help/weren't
to help me tomorrow, I would have
some difficulty doing the work on my own.
c) Past Continuous Tense (was/were doing)
Eğer devam etmekte olan bir eylemin (am/is/are doing) tersini düşünerek koşul cümlesi
oluşturuyorsak if clause'da "was/were doing" kullanabiliriz.
I'm studying now, so I can't help you.
If I weren't studying now, I could help you.
(Eğer şu anda çalışıyor olmasaydım, sana yardım edebilirdim.)
The baby is sleeping now, so I can't go out with you.
If the baby weren't sleeping now, I would go out with you.
d) Could and had to
I can't leave work early today, so I can't meet you to go to the cinema. If I
could leave work early today, we could go to the cinema together. (Eğer bugün
işten erken çıkabilseydim, birlikte sinemaya gidebilirdik.)
The import-export company will employ her, because she can speak two
foreign languages.
If she couldn't speak two foreign languages, they wouldn't employ her.
I have to stay home tonight to look after the children, so I can't come to the
theatre.
If I didn't have to stay home to look after the children, I would come to the
theatre.
(Eğer çocuklara bakmak için evde kalmak zorunda olmasaydım, tiyatroya
gelirdim.)
192 Q ELS
198
She doesn't have to get up early tomorrow, so she doesn't have to go to bed
early tonight.
If she had to get up early tomorrow, she would have to go to bed early tonight.
e) Should
Type 2- If clause'da "should" kullanmak, aynı type l'de olduğu gibi, olasılığın daha az olduğunu
vurgular.
If there were a nuclear war, many living *hings would disappear from the
earth.
If there should be a nuclear war, many living things would disappear from the
earth.
If I were to see him tomorrow, I would give him your message. If I should see
him tomorrow, I would give him your message.
4-6 TYPE 3: UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PAST

Type 3- If clause, geçmişte olmuş olayların tersini düşünüp, bir koşul ileri sürmek ve bu koşulun
sonucunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
Truth: She didn't study hard enough, so she didn't pass the test.
Conditional: If she had studied hard enough, she would have passed the
test.
Truth: She was late for work, because she didn't hear her alarm
clock ring. Conditional: If she had heard her alarm clock
ring, she wouldn't have been
late for work.
(Eğer saatin çaldığını duysaydı/duymuş olsaydı, işe geç
kalmazdı.}
Truth: She didn't warn the child about the boiling kettle, so he burnt
himself. Conditional: If she had warned the child about the
boiling kettle, he
wouldn't have burnt himself.

a) Would have done and would have been doing
She didn't work regularly, so she didn't Unish the project in time.
If she had worked regularly, she would have Ûnished the project in time.
She didn't wear a coat, so she caught a cold.
If she had worn a coat, she wouldn't have caught a cold.
She started to work late, so she was still working at midnight.
If she had started to work earlier, she wouldn't have still been working at
midnight.
b) Would have had to and would have been able to
No one helped me with the project, so I had to work on it until midnight last
night.
If someone had helped me with the project, I wouldn't have had to work on it
until midnight last night.
ELS a 193
199
Because I knew the way to the tourist information office, I was able to direct the
tourists there.
If I hadn't known the way to the tourist information office, I wouldn't have been
able to direct them.
I ran to the bus stop, so I was able to catch the bus.
If I hadn't run to the bus stop, I wouldn't have been able to catch the bus.
c) Might have done (possibility) and could have done (permission and ability)
Because he wasn't well-qualified, he wasn't considered for the post.
If he had been well-qualified, he might have been considered for the post.
(Perhaps he would have been considered...)
He had the necessary qualifications, so he got the job.
If he hadn't had the necessary qualifications, he might not have got the job.
(Perhaps he wouldn't have gotten the job...)
Because he was extremely nervous during the driving test, he couldn't pass it.
If he hadn't been so nervous during the test, he could have passed it.
I learnt all the prepositions by heart, so I did well on the test.
If I hadn't learnt all the prepositions by heart, I couldn't have done well on the
test.
2. "IF'li CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR
a) Past Perfect Tense
There weren't enough people, so we had to cancel the meeting. If there had
been enough people, we would have held the meeting.
He didn't obey the speed limit, so he got a ticket for speeding.
If he had obeyed the speed limit, he wouldn't have got a ticket for speeding.
b) Past Perfect Continuous (had been doing}
He wasn't wearing his seat belt at the time of the accident, so he got badly
injured.
If he had been wearing his seat belt at the time of the accident, he wouldn't
have got so badly injured.
She was sleeping'when I got home, so I couldn't give her the good news right
away.
If she hadn't been sleeping when I got home, I could have given her the good
news right away.
c) Had had to and had been able to
I had to work on my project last night, so I missed my favourite programme on TV.
If I hadn't had to work on my project last night, I could have watched my
favourite programme on TV.
She couldn't get permission from her father to go to the play, so she couldn't
come with us.
If she had been able to get permission from her father to go to the play, she
would have been able to come/could have come with us.
They were able to persuade their landlady, so she paid for the burst pipe in the
bathroom.
If they hadn't been able to persuade their landlady, she wouldn't have paid for
the burst pipe in the bathroom.
194 Q ELS
200
BLOSSOMS OF WHAT?
My daughter Bonnie knew how much I loved flowers. Once, when she
was nine, she picked some branches from our neighbour's blossoming
fruit tree. Realizing she intended to please me, I didn't scold her, but
chose a different approach.
"These are lovely, Bonnie, but if you had left them on the tree,
each of these blossoms would have become a cherry."
"No, they wouldn't," she stated firmly.
"Oh yes, they would. Each of these blossoms would have grown into a
cherry."
"Well, OK," she finally conceded, "but they were plums last year!"
(by Betty Bangay from Reader's Digest)
SUMMARY TENSE COMBINATIONS IN

TYPE 1
If Clause Main Clause

do/does will
am/is/are doing will be doing, will have done
have/has done will have been doing
can, have to, must, should may/might
be to do can
must, have to, have got to
should, ought to, had better
could (possibility)
could (suggestion)
Expressions of command, request
advice or suggestion
TENSE COMBINATIONS In TYPE 2

was/were would, would be doing
did, was/were to do would be able to, would have to
was/were doing could
could might
had to
should
TENSE COMBINATIONS In TYPE 3

had done would have done would
had been doing have been doing could
had had to do have done might have done
had been able to do would have had to do
would have been able to do
ELS a 195
201
YOU NEED ONE
--- ' On my way to an appointment during a heavy rainstorm, I received a

call on my pager that required an immediate response. When I spotted a pay
phone, I parked my car and stepped out into the deluge. As I approached the
telephone, it started to ring. Water running down my face, I told the caller
that there was no one around and that I needed to make a call right away. \
"You wouldn't be standing in the rain if you had a cellular phone," the /\
man replied. "Look across the parking lot. I'm the guy in the car waving." \
He was a car-phone salesman, waiting for potential customers. \
(by E.W. Tegart from Reader's Digest) \
4-8 OTHER TENSE COMBINATIONS IN "IF" CLAUSES
a) İngilizce'de, yukarıda belirttiğimiz tense kurallarına uymayan "If1 li cümleler vardır. Bu

cümleler "If' ile kurulmasına rağmen aslında bir koşul ifade etmezler, Türkçe'de
"mademki" sözü ile ifade ettiğimiz anlamı verirler. "Uf' in bu kullanımında yaygın olarak
kullanılan kalıp,
"If + Simple Past, Simple Past/Modals" biçimindedir. Ancak, İngilizce'deki genel tense
kuralları dikkate alınarak, pek çok tense kombinasyonu mümkündür.
If you didn't want to go to the party, (then) why did you go? (You didn't want
to go to the party. So/In that case, why did you go?) (Eğer partiye gitmek
istemiyor duy san/Mademki partiye gitmek istemiyordun, öyleyse neden gittin?)
If you sent the package three days ago, (then) it should arrive at its
destination today or tomorrow.
(You sent the package three days ago. So/In that case, it should arrive at its
destination today or tomorrow.)
(Eğer paketi üç gün önce gönderdiysen/Mademki paketi üç gün önce
gönderdin, bugün ya da yarın yerine ulaşması gerekir.)
If you are going to visit your parents this weekend, (then) why did you send
their present in the mail?
(You are going to visit your parents this weekend, so why did you send their
present in the maif?)
(Eğer bu hafta sonu aileni ziyaret edeceksen/Mademki bu hafta sonu aileni
ziyaret edeceksin, neden hediyelerini posta ile gönderdin?)
If she hasn't had her reservation made by now, then she must have decided
not to come with us.
(She hasn't had her reservation made by now, so she must have decided
not to come with us.)
(Eğer şu ana kadar rezervasyonunu yaptırmadıysa/Mademki şu ana kadar
rezervasyonunu yaptırmadı, bizimle gelmemeye karar vermiş olmalı.)
b) "If... will/would' kalıbı, ricada bulunurken ya da isteklilik ifade ederken kullanılabilir.
Bu tür cümlelerde "will/would" gelecek zaman ifade etmez.
(A tourist guide in a museum)
If you will come this way, please, I'll show you the museum's most famous
painting.
If you would help me out, I'd really appreciate it. 196 Q ELS
202
RUNS for HER LIFE /
We live in a rural area and our youngest daughter, Pat, is a cross- N

country champion. Part of her training is running 60 to 70 miles a week on '},
local country roads. For safety purposes, her father follows closely behind •**)
her with his large tractor. 1
During one of his visits, my elderly grandfather watched her training >
from an upstairs window. As she turned into the lane, I commented that she \
was becoming quite fast. /-\
"Well," Grandfather replied, "I'd be very fast too if I was about to \
be run down by a tractor." \
(by Jane Metzler from Reader's Digest)
EXERCISE 1: Write the conditional sentences for the given true situations.
1. He may bring his chess set with him, so we can play a few games before dinner.
If he (bring) ............................. his chess set with him, we (can, play)
............................... a few games before dinner.
2. He won't bring his chess set with him, so we can't play a few games before dinner.
If he (bring) ................................ his chess set with him, we (can, play)
3. He didn't bring his chess set with him, so we couldn't play a few games before
dinner.
If he (bring) ................................ his chess set with him, we (can, play)
4. They may give me a rise soon. Then I won't resign from the job.
If they (give) ................................ me a rise soon, I (not, resign) ...................................
from the job.
5. They won't give me a rise, so 1 will resign from the job.
If they (give) ................................ me a rise, I (not, resign) ................................... from
the job. -- -
6. They didn't give me a rise, so I resigned from the job.
If they (give) ................................ me a rise, I (not resign) .................................. from
the job. ,. . . ,
7. He was driving very fast, so he couldn't avoid the accident.
He (can, avoid) ................................ the accident if he (not, drive) }
............................... so fast.
8. Life is easier now compared with the past because there are electricity and electric;
appliances.
If there (be) .................................no electricity and electrical appliances, life (not, be
............................... so easy now. •'%•->. -<•
9. I contribute to that charity because I consider it worthwhile.
I (not, contribute) ................................. to that charity if I (not, consider)
............................... it worthwhile.
10. They may require our help. In that case, they will contact us. *
If they (require) ................................ our help, they (contact) ...................................u
11. They are leaving the holiday resort early because they don't like the atmosphere
there.
They (not, leave) ................................. the holiday resort early if they (like)
............................... the atmosphere there.
12. He couldn't find a job straightaway, so he suffered a lot of financial problems.
If he (find) .................................a job straightaway, he (not, suffer)
............................... so many financial problems.
ELS Q
203
13. 1 don't need to include all the background information in my report because it is not
important.
I (have to)................................. include all the background information in my report
if it (be)................................. important.
14. His wife didn't learn Japanese, so she made very few friends in Kyoto.
If his wife (leam) ................................ Japanese, she (make) ...................................
more friends in Kyoto.
15. The electrical repair shop may still be open now. Then we will leave our tape
recorder with them.
If the electrical repair shop (be) ................................ still open, we (leave)
............................... our tape recorder with them.
EXERCISE 2: Write the true situations for the given conditional sentences.
1. If I liked him, I would invite him to my party.

I........................................... him, so I ............................................. him to my party.
I.......................................... him to my party because I ........................................... him.
2. If the injured child had been taken to the hospital immediately, he wouldn't have
died.
The injured child............................................ because he................................................
The injured child............................................. so he ...............................................
3. I could have found the headquarters of the company if they had given me clear
directions.
Because they ............................................ me clear directions, I........................................
the headquarters of the company.
They ........................................... me clear directions, so I .............................................
the headquarters of the company.
4. Violent crime wouldn't be on the increase if the authorities were taking stricter
measures against it.
The authorities............................................ very strict measures against violent
crime, so it ........................................... on the increase.
5. He would have been able to understand what I meant if he hadn't been talking
when I warned him.
He............................................ when I warned him, so he .............................................
what I meant.
6. If the boxer succeeds in this round, he will be through to the final.
The boxer ........................................... in this round. Then he
.......................................... through to the final.
7. I wouldn't be lying here on the sofa if my back wasn't really hurting.
I ........................................... here on the sofa because my back......................................
8. They wouldn't have swum in the sea if someone had told them about the sharks in
the area.
No one ........................................... them about the sharks in the area, so they
..........................................in the sea.
9. Of course I wouldn't be trying this leather coat on if I couldn't afford it.
I ........................................... this leather coat on, which means I
.......................................... it.
10. If I knew her surname, I could ring directory enquiries.
I ........................................... directory enquiries because I ..............................................
her surname.
EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with the verbs In parentheses.

1. If I (see) ........................................... Scott tomorrow, I (ask) ...........................................
him to recommend someone for your problem. I'm sure he'll help.
2. He (not, fail) ........................................... his examination if he (work)
.......................................... as hard as he says he did.
3. I don't believe that he was doing less than 40 k.p.h. He (not, have)
.......................................... the accident if he (drive) ............................................. that
slowly.
204
4. A: What do you think of the new assistant manager?
B: Well, she (make) ........................................... a better one if she (not, be)
.......................................... so critical of everything. She should be a bit more
tolerant, I think.
5. Her job doesn't allow her much free time to socialize. I'm sure she (attend)
.......................................... parties more often if she (not, work)
.......................................... in such a demanding job.
6. If Jeff (Join)............................................ an organized hiking tour, he (not, get)
.......................................... lost in that remote mountainous area. I'm glad that he
found his way after all.
7. If I (be)............................................ you, I (not, spend) ............................................. so
much on one coat. Why don't we see if there's anything cheaper before you decide?
8. If the weather (not, improve) ............................................ soon, we (have to)
.......................................... cancel the boat trip because it is not safe to be at sea
when the wind is blowing so strongly.
9. I'm not sure whether to rent the flat we saw today. It is in a nice area actually, but I
(like) ........................................... it better if it (have) .............................................. a
larger balcony.
10. On the whole, it was a nice holiday, but we (enjoy) .............................................it
better if we (have) ........................................... better weather.
11. I agree that Istanbul is a magnificent city, but I (like) ............................................. it
better if it (have) ........................................... a better road network and less traffic.
12. If the bank manager (not, resist) ............................................ the robbers yesterday,
they (may, not, kill) ........................................... him.
13. She preferred to sit in the front of the car, so I sat in the back. If she (not, choose)
.......................................... to sit in the front, I (sit) ............................................. there
at the time of the accident and (may, be injured) ............................................ worse.
14. If you (not, have) ............................................ time to finish that this evening, you
(can, do) ........................................... it tomorrow. There's no rush.
15. If there (be) ............................................ no insects on the earth, the world (be)
.......................................... nicer. They cause me a lot of irritation, especially when
I'm on holiday in the country.
1. If I lived closer to work, I ........ such a 4. If the richer countries......... so much on

long way every day. arms, they ........ starving people more.
A) don't have to commute A) wouldn't spend/can help
B) won't have to commute B) didn't spend/could help
C) wouldn't have to commute C) won't spend/might help
D) didn't need to commute
E) shouldn't commute D) hadn't spent/may help
E) weren't spending/helped
2. Come before lunchtime If it ........you.
5. If you ......... months ago, you ..........
A) suits B) will suit enough money by now to buy a new
C) suited D) was to suit washing machine. Now you still have to
E) had suited wash your clothes by hand.
3. I ............ the Job If only a few people have A) start/will be saving
applied for the post. B) have started/could save
C) had started/would ha ve saved
A) might get B) would get D) could start/would save
Ogot D) would have got E) sta rte d/ha d sa ve d
E) could have got
ELS a 199
205
6. Why don't we give him a surprise 13. If I ......... that decision, I ........... so
birthday party If tomorrow ......... his reasonable as him, I think.
birthday?
A) was making/was n't
A} were B) will be B) should be making/am not
C) is going to be D) is E) may be C) ought to make/ha ven't been
D) must ha ve made/w ouldn't be
7. If he ........ how serious the situation Is, E) had to make/couldn't be
he ........ around like that.
14. If we don't start to conserve fossil fuels
A) should realize/hasn't been fooling such as coal, natural gas and oil, they
B) had realized/hasn't fooled ........ In thirty years' time or so.
C) realized/wouldn't be fooling
D) could realize/wasn't fooling A) are being used up
E) realizes/wouldn't have fooled
B) would have used up
8. If the order ........... by this afternoon, we C) were us ed up
will find ourselves another supplier. D) will have been used up
E) have been used up
A} hasn't arrived
B) isn't arriving 15. We.......... to develop other energy
C) weren't arriving resources, such as solar energy, wind
D) didn't arrive power, etc., If we don't want to end up
E) hadn't arrived living like our primitive ancestors.
9. I ......... you with your project If I A) should have tried

this report right now. B) had to try
C) would have to try
A) would have helped/hadn't written D) must try
B) can help/weren't to write E) have tried
C) may help/haven't been writing
D) were to help/must not have written 16. If you ...........interrupting me for just one
E) would help/didn't have to write second, you .......... what I'm trying to
explain to you.
10. If we.........double glazing on our
windows, we ........ on our heating bills. A) could s top/might unders tand
B) had s topped/mus t ha ve unders tood
A) had/w ould sa ve C) s topped/ca n unders ta nd
B) have/are saving D) should be stopped/will understand
C) ha d ha d/s a ve E) have stopped/w ould have understood
D) are having/saved
E) will have/can save 17. If we ........... still in Portugal this week, we
....... outside in the sunshine, Instead of
11. What things .......... you ........... with you If in this gloomy weather here.
you ........ stranded on a desert island?
A) are/will be
A) might/take/ha ve been B) were/would be
B) would/take/were to be C) ha d been/ca n be
C) could/take/will be D) ha ve been/a re
D) will/have taken/were E) were/were
E) did/ta ke/could be
12. If environmental problems .......... more 18. Life ........... unbearable, I think, if
seriously, there .......... so much pollution everybody ..........the sa me kind of
on earth. personality.
A) ha d taken/w eren't A) will be/has

B) were taken/wouldn't be B) could be/had had
C) are taken/might not ha ve been C) might be/ha s ha d
D) will have taken/won't be D) ha d been/w ould ha ve
E) took/might not be E) w ould be/had
ZOO Qi ELS
206
19. He ....... the customs officers completely 25. I ......... down your number if I .......... right
If they ........ that the date on his passport now. Can you call me back in half an
had been altered. hour?
A) will fool/didn't notice A) would write/weren't driving
B) fooled/weren't noticing B) could be writing/am not driving
C) would have fooled/hadn't noticed C) were writing/wouldn't drive
D) fools/haven't noticed D) had written/haven't been driving
E) is fooling/won't have noticed E) might write/hadn't driven
20. If we ........ in the future, our children 26. If you ........ somebody drowning, ..........
........in a polluted, dangerous and you dive into the water immediately?
corrupt world.
A) have seen/did
A) haven't invested/were living B) would se e/c an
B) hadn't invested/are living C) had seen/will
C) won't invest/would have lived D) will see/do
D) don't invest/will live E) saw/would
E) aren't investing/would live
27. If everything ........ according to plan, by
21. If you ......... your dog for a walk more this time tomorrow we ........ to the
often, he ........ so frustrated all the time. airport for the beginning of our trip.
A) took/wouldn't be A) went/are going to drive

B) are taking/isn't B) goes/will be driving
C) have taken/hadn't been C) has gone/were being driven
D) will take/wasn't D) had gone/can be driving
E) had taken/won't be E) should go/would have driven
22. A lot of people ......... in the explosion if 28. She ........ the transfer to head office if
she........ after her elderly mother at the
the medical men ........ so promptly. time.
A) are being killed/don't act A) might be accepted/didn't look
B) were being killed/haven't been acting B) could accept/hasn't been looking
C) should have killed/didn't act C) could have accepted/hadn't been
D) might have been killed/hadn't acted looking
E) must be killing/aren't acting D) was going to accept/wasn't looking
E) had accepted/wouldn't have looked
23. How........ you ......... if someone phoned
you to say that you had inherited a large 29. If a replacement kidney ......... soon, the
sum of money from a distant relative? patient ..........
A) did/rea ct
A) isn't found/will die
B) have/reacte d
B) wasn't found/had died
C) would/react
C) hadn't been found/was dying
D) could/have reacted
D) wouldn't have been found/died
E) will/react
E) won't have been found/dies
24. We ........ to the concert as well if we 30. If I .........my receipt, can I exchange these
a punctured tire on the way there. jeans next week if they ........ my son?
A) went/didn't have A) am keeping/won't fit
B) were going/wouldn't have B) were keeping/haven't fit
C) will go/weren't having C) had kept/wouldn't fit
D) would go/haven't had D) kept/hadn't fit
E) would have gone/hadn't had E) keep/don't fit
ELS Q 2OX
207
4-9 OTHER CONDITIONALS
1. PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT, AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS, ONLY IF

Bu yapılar, tense kuralları açısından aynı "If' gibi kullanılırlar. Ancak "if den daha güçlü bir
koşul ifade ederler.
You can pass the exam if you study hard. (Eğer çok çalışırsan sınavı
geçebilirsin.)
You can pass the exam onfy if you study hard.
provided (that)
providing (that)
as long as
so long as (Sınavı ancak çok çalışırsan geçebilirsin.)
"Only If' cümlenin başında kullanılırsa, temel cümle devrik olur. Diğerlerinde böyle bir
değişiklik yapılmaz.
Provided (that) you study hard, you can pass the exam. Providing (that) As long
as So long as
Onfy if you study hard can you pass the exam.
I will lend him some money provided he promises to pay me back.
I would lend him some money provided he promised to pay me back.
I would have lent him some money provided he had promised to pay me back.
I can forgive her so long as she apologizes to me.
I could forgive her so long as she apologized to me.
I could have forgiven her so long as she had apologized to me.
2. UNLESS
Unless, "except on the condition that' anlamını veren bir bağlaçtır. Olumsuz bir anlama sahip
olduğu için bağlı bulunduğu cümle genellikle olumlu yapıdadır. Bu nedenle unless, bazı
cümlelerde "If.... not" yerine kullanılabilir. Unless daha çok uyarı anlamı içeren ifadelerde
kullanılır. Type 2 - if clause ile kullanımı çok kısıtlıdır.
You can't pass the exam if you don't study. You can't pass the exam unless you
study.
We can't get to the cinema in time for the beginning of the film unless we leave
immediately/if we don't leave immediately.
Unless you leave home at once, you will be late for work.
The factory will have to be closed down unless the economic situation improves.
Unless' in bağlı bulunduğu cümle genellikle olumludur ancak anlamı olumsuzdur. Unless' den
sonra olumsuz bir ifadenin kullanılması çok güçlü bir vurgu belirtir.
Don't go out in the midday sun unless/except on the condition that you realty
can't avoid it.
(Don't go out in the midday sun if you can avoid it.)
Bu iki cümle anlamca birbirine yakındır. Ama unless'li cümle güçlü bir uyan, If li cümle ise bir
öğüt ifade eder.
202 G ELS
208
"Unless" ile kurulmuş bir cümlenin "If... not" ile ifade edilmiş biçimi her zaman aynı anlamı
vermez. Özellikle Type-3 "if dause'larda bu anlam değişikliğine dikkat etmek gerekir.
"Unless" her zaman bir istisna, ya da istisnai durumlar ifade eder. Öyle ki, temel cümledeki
eylemi sadece "unless" in bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki koşul değiştirebilir. Bu nedenle, "unless"
ile kurulmuş bir cümlenin eş anlamlısı genellikle "only If' (sadece/ancak .... koşulda] ile elde
edilmektedir. "Unless" çoğunlukla, temel cümlenin olumsuz olduğu cümlelerde kullanılır.
Don't call me unless you (really) need help.
Call me only If you really need help.
Don't call me if you don't need any help.
(There is only one exception to "Don't call me", and that is your really needing
help.)
I'll be on time for the meeting if I can Ûnd a taxi.
I won't be on time for the meeting if I can't Ûnd a taxi.
I won't be on time for the meeting unless I can Ûnd a taxi.
I'll be on time for the meeting, unless I can't Ûnd a taxi.
(The only way that I will be on time for the meeting is If I can Ûnd a taxi.}
(The only way that I won't be on time for the meeting is if I can't Ûnd a taxi.)
Yukarıdaki örneklerde, "unless" ile "If... not" arasında temelde fark yoktur, ancak "unless" li
cümleler daha vurguludur.
Type-3 "if clause'larda "unless", genellikle "sonradan akla gelen bir düşünceyi" ifade etmek
biçiminde kullanılır ve " - unless, of course, ..... " (ancak tabii ki ...... olmasaydı/yapmasaydım.)
biçiminde bir anlam verir. Konuşma dilinde "unless" ile "of course" un birlikte çok sık
kullanılması, yazı dilinde ise genellikle "unless" li cümlenin temel cümleden tire ile ayrılması, bu
"sonradan akla gelen bir düşünceyi" ifade etmeyi vurgulamaktadır. Aşağıdaki örnekleri
inceleyelim.
I couldn't have got to the airport on time yesterday if I hadn't found a taxi.
(Result: I got to the airport on time because 1 found a taxi.)
I couldn't have got to the airport on time yesterday - unless, (of course), I had
found a taxi.
(Result: I didn't get to the airport on time because I didn't Ûnd a taxi.)
(The only way that I could have got to the airport on time was if I had found a
taxi.)
3. EVEN IF
"Even If, "... olsa bile/... olmasa bile" anlamını verir. Yani, istenilen koşul yerine gelmese bile,
sonuç değişmeyecek demektir. Şu iki cümleyi karşılaştıralım:
If it is cold tomorrow, we won't go on a picnic. (Eğer yarın hava soğuk olursa
pikniğe gitmeyeceğiz.)
Even if it is cold tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. (Yarın hava soğuk olsa. bile
pikniğe gideceğiz.)
I will forgive him If he apologizes to me. (Eğer benden özür dilerse onu
bağışlarım.)
I won't forgive him even If he apologizes to me. (Benden özür dilese bile onu
bağışlamayacağım.)
If clause'da kullanılan tense kuralları, "even If için de geçerlidir.
I will go to the party even if they dont invite me.
I would go to the party even if they didn't invite me.
I would have gone to the party even if they hadn't Invited me.
ELS a 2O3
209
4. WHETHER ... OR NOT
"Whether ... or not" "... olsa da, olmasa da" anlamını verir. Yani istenilen koşul yerine gelse de
gelmese de sonucu etkilemeyecek demektir.
I will go to the party whether they invite me or not. (Beni davet etseler de
etmeseler de partiye gideceğim.)
"Whether... or not" ile "even If', anlam yönünden birbirlerine benzerler.
I won't forgive him whether he apologizes to me or not. I won't forgive him even
if he apologizes to me.
You have to help him whether you like him or not. You have to help him even if
you don't like him.
You must hand in your exam papers whether you have finished writing them
or not.
You must hand in your exam papers even if you haven't finished writing them.
5. SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING fTHAT), ON fTHE) CONDITION THAT and WHAT IF

Bu kalıplar genellikle, resmiyet gerektirmeyen, samimi ortamlarda kullanılır.
Suppose (that) we miss the train, how else can we get there?
(If we miss the train, how else can we get there?)
(Farzet ki treni kaçırdık, ..... )
Supposing (that) he cheated on you, how would you react?
(If he cheated on you, how would you react?)
(Farzet ki seni aldattı...... )
I can allow you to use my car on (the) condition that you promise to drive
carefully.
(...dikkatli süreceğine söz vermen koşuluyla...)
You can take my dictionary on (the) condition that you bring it back by Friday.
(Cuma gününe kadar geri getirmen koşuluyla...)
What if you don't get your salary in time?
What will happen if you don't get your salary in time?
(Maaşını vaktinde atamazsan ne olacak?)
What if he didn't come tomorrow?
What would happen if he didn't come tomorrow?
(O yarın gelmese ne olur?)
What if you hadn't learnt the news?
What would have happened if you hadn't learnt the news?
(Haberi öğrenmemiş olsaydın ne olurdu?)
6. INCASE
a) "In case", "...olursa diye" anlamını verir. Temel cümlede yapılan eylem, "in case" li
cümledeki olabilecek, olması muhtemel bir başka eyleme karşı bir ön hazırlık ifade eder.
I will take something to eat in case I get hungry during the journey. (Yolda
acıkırsam diye yanıma yiyecek bir şeyler alacağım.)
I took an umbrella with me in case it rained. (Yağmur yağarsa diye yanıma
şemsiye aldım.)
l sent him a second letter in case he hadn't received the first one. (Birincisini
almamışsa diye ona ikinci bir mektup gönderdim.}
204 Q ELS
210
"In case", "If' ile karıştırılan bir bağlaçtır. Ancak, ikisi farklı anlamlar ifade ederler. Şu iki örneği
karşılaştıralım:
I will go to my mother's tomorrow la case she needs help with my brother's
wedding preparations.
(Kardeşimin düğün hazırlıkları için yardıma ihtiyacı olursa diye yarın annemlere
gideceğim.)
l will go to my mother's tomorrow if she needs help with my brother's wedding
preparations.
(Kardeşimin düğün hazırlıkları için yardana ihtiyacı olursa, yarın annemlere
gideceğim.}
Birinci örnekte, "Annemin yardıma ihtiyacı olabilir veya olmayabilir. Ama yardıma ihtiyacı
olduğunda ben orada hazır bulunmak istiyorum." anlamı ifade edilmektedir. İkinci örnekte ise
"Annemin yardıma ihtiyacı olursa gideceğim." ifadesi, "ihtiyacı olmazsa gitmeyeceğim." anlamına
gelmektedir.
I will take an umbrella with me when going out in case it rains.
(Yağmuryağarsa diye dışarı çıkarken yanıma şemsiye alacağım.) (Yağmur
yağabilir de, yağmayabilir de. Ama eğer yağarsa ben hazırlıklı olacağım.)
I will take an umbrella with me when going out if it rains.
(Dışarı çıkarken yağmur yağarsa yanıma şemsiye alacağım. Ama yağmazsa
almayacağım.)
b) "In case" lie kullanabileceğimiz tenseler:
Main Clause + In case + subordinate clause

Future (will or going to) Simple Present
Simple Present should
Present Continuous can, can't
Present Perfect
Main Clause + In case + subordinate clause
would Past Tense
Past Tense Past Perfect
Past Perfect should
could, couldn't
Temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında bir tense uyuşması gerekmektedir. Ancak should, temel
cümle present, future veya past olduğu zaman da kullanılır. "Should" un buradaki anlamı
gereklilik değildir. Sadece, olasılığın biraz daha az olduğunu vurgular.
I want to give you my phone number in case you need to call me/in case you
should need to call me.
I gave him my phone number in case he needed to call me/in case he should
need to call me.
He would always take (used to take) his umbrella with him in case it
rained/should rain.
Take plenty of clothes with you while going on holiday in case you cant wash
the dirty ones.
I advised her to take plenty of clothes with her while going on holiday in case
she couldn't wash the dirty ones.
I'm cooking plenty of food in case someone comes/should come for dinner. I
cooked plenty of food in case someone came/should come for dinner.
ELS Q «05
211
I've already booked a seat for you In case you decide/should decide to come to
the theatre with us.
I had already booked a seat for her in case she decided/should decide to come
to the theatre with us.
c) "In case" in cümleye verdiği anlamı başka şekillerde de ifade edebiliriz.
I always put some money aside in case I need/should need it urgently.
I always put some money aside because I may need it urgently/because it is
possible that I will need it urgently.
I always put some money aside for fear that I may need it urgently.
I wrote my name and address on the suitcase in case Host it/should lose it. I
wrote my name and address on the suitcase because I might lose it /because it
was possible that I would lose it/for fear that I would lose it.
d) In case of + a noun
"In case of dan sonra bir isim gelir ve "... durumunda/durumda" anlamını verir.
Ih case of (an) emergency, you can call this number.
(Acil durumda, bu numarayı arayabilirsiniz.)
(If there is an emergency, you can call this number.)
The flight's full, but we'll put your name on the list, in case of (a)
cancellation.
(.... in case there is a cancellation.)
(.... bir iptal olursa diye...)
EXERCISE 5: Rewrite the sentences using "unless".

1. You will never get fit if you don't exercise regularly.
2. If you don't know what you're talking about, you'd better keep quiet.
3. If you don't change your attitude, I'll stop being friends with you.
4. The angry mother warned her children that if they didn't eat their green beans, they
wouldn't be getting any dessert.
5. She couldn't have got the lead role if she hadn't impressed the judges.
6. Don't interrupt me while I'm working if it is not absolutely necessary.
EXERCISE 6: Rewrite the sentences below using "even if.

1. She will take a postgraduate course at university whether she gets a scholarship or
not.
2. He didn't write to me, but whether he had or not, I wouldn't have made an effort to
get in touch.
3. We have to pay the rent today whether it leaves us short of cash or not.
4. It is likely that they will be unable to come to the party, but we should invite them
anyway.
5. They didn't offer him a company car, but whether they had or not, he would still
have quit.
6. You may or may not apologize a thousand times, but he will never forgive you.
2O6 G ELS
212
EXERCISE 7; Complete the sentences using "if or "unless".
1 ........................ you have already passed the level-one test, you can enroll in the
elementary course.
2. You can't enroll in the elementary course .................... you have passed the level-
one test.
3. Turkey couldn't have won the Independence War ..................... every member of the
nation hadn't participated in the war in one way or another.
4. Of course I have plenty of money on me. I wouldn't offer to lend you some
................... I had none.
5. I've plugged in the vacuum cleaner, but it doesn't work. We'll have to buy a new
one ..................... it's the electric plug that's faulty.
6. There is little point in buying those trousers ..................... you have no jacket
suitable to wear with them.
7. We'll finish the meeting now .................... anybody has any more points to raise.
8. You can't go on this amusement ride ....................you are under 4 feet 6 inches
tall - that's the lowest height limit allowed.
9. You can't ride on this roller coaster .................... you are over 4 feet 6 inches tall,
which is the lowest height limit allowed.
"' 10. You had better stop gossiping and start working - ..................... of course, you
want to join the unemployment line tomorrow.
EXERCISE 8: Complete the sentences using "if or "to case".

1. He is very interested in photography. He always carries his camera with him
• .................. he catches sight of something very interesting while walking around.
2. He has a very professional camera. Before he left on vacation last summer, he had
it insured .................... something happened to it during the holiday.
3. Fortunately, he brought it back intact. He would have been very sorry ....................
something had happened to it.
4. I think I'll pack some towels .................... the hotel doesn't supply them.
5........................ we take our own towels, we won't have to worry about whether the
hotel supplies them or not.
6........................ the hotel doesn't supply towels, it can't be a very good one!
7 ....................... there is an emergency, the flight attendants always give a safety talk
at the beginning of each flight and explain what the passengers should do.
8. Trains usually have an emergency handle, which will stop the train ....................
there is an emergency.
9. Three of the staff will be in the shop on Saturday, so we needn't worry much
................... a lot of customers come.
10. They were not sure whether or not it'd be busy in the shop on Saturday, so they left
three of the staff in charge of the shop just ................... it was.
•'.••',•' . "f •
4-10 "MIXED TIME" IF CLAUSES *'
"Mixed time" if clause, temel cümledeki tense ile koşul cümlesindeki tense'in farklı type'lara ait
olduğunu ifade eder. Örneğin, koşul cümlesinde type 3 kullanırken, temel cümlede type 2
kullanabiliriz. Ya da tersi. Ancak burada, eylemlerin if clause dışında gerçek tense'lerinin ne
olduğuna çok dikkat etmeliyiz.
I spent all my money foolishly, and I am broke now.
If I hadn't spent all my money foolishly, I wouldn't be broke now.
Yukarıdaki örnekte, "/ spent all my money foolishly." cümlesi past tense ile ifade edilmiştir.
Yani bu cümleyi type 3 ile ifade edebiliriz. "I'm broke now." ise present tense'dir ve bu gerçeğin
tersini düşündüğümüzde, bunu type 2 ile ifade edebiliriz.
ELS a 3M>7
213
He Is a rude man, because he rebuked his wife in front of others at the party
last night.
If he weren't a rude man, he wouldn't have rebuked his wife in front of others at
the party last night.
Bu örnekte ise "He is a rude man" kişinin genel halini ifade etmektedir ve bunu koşul
cümlesine type 2 ile aktarabiliriz. "He rebuked his wife ..." cümlesi ise geçmişte olmuş bir olayı
ifade ettiği için, bunu da type 3 ile aktarabiliriz.
He didn't study hard enough for the test, and now he Is sorry about his score.
If he had studied hard enough for the test, he wouldn't be sorry about his
score now.
We missed the bus because of you, and now we are waiting here in the rain. If
we hadn't missed the bus because of you, we wouldn't be waiting here in the
rain now.
I couldn't get high grades in the quizzes, and now I have to study very hard for
the finals.
If I had been able to get high grades in the quizzes, I wouldn't have to study so
hard for the finals now.
EXERCISES: Write sentences using "If.

1. I have to attend tomorrow's meeting, because I didn't attend the one last week.
....................................................................................................................... > .......
2. He's very unpopular with his colleagues, so he wasn't invited on the trip to
Cappadocia. (use so instead of very]
3. They didn't treat the waste properly, and now the North Sea is heavily polluted.
4. You didn't think about your decision carefully, and now you're regretting it.
5. He makes a lot of silly mistakes, so he wasn't given the promotion he wanted, (use
so many instead of a lot of)
6. We can't have steak for dinner because we didn't take the meat out of the freezer
before leaving for work.
7. My father has worked very hard all his life, so he is able to afford a pleasant
retirement now. (use so instead of very]
8. Apparently, he has no taste. He wore a yellow shirt and a purple tie to the
interview, (use any instead of no)
9. The buyer for our house changed his mind, so we are still living here.
10. She is successful now because she didn't let anyone discourage her.
EXERCISE 10: Write the true situations for the given conditional sentences using the
words In parentheses.
1. If you hadn't handed your project in late, the teacher wouldn't be deducting five
percent from your grade now. (and now)
2. Elephants wouldn't be an endangered species if so many of them hadn't been killed
for their ivory tusks, (because)
208 O ELS
214
3. If he were a bit reasonable like his father, he wouldn't have caused the firm to
become insolvent, (so)
4. The exam wouldn't seem so difficult to me if I had studied harder for it. (and now)
5. If you weren't reprimanding your daughter for her faults all the time, she would
have developed a closer relationship with you. (so)
6. If local people hadn't campaigned for two years, cyclists wouldn't be able to use this
separate cycle path, (and now)
7. We could take a different route down into the valley if the winter snow had thawed
completely, (so)
8. Your sister wouldn't be sulking in her room now if you had allowed her to use your
computer, (and now)
9. Their son wouldn't have made rapid progress if they hadn't given him
encouragement and opportunities, (because)
10. We could take a walk along the coast if the wind wasn't blowing so strongly.
(because)
{ Lonn and I were involved in a petty argument, both of us unwilling to
___[admit we might be in error. "I'll admit I'm wrong," I told my husband in a . -> * ' ;
conciliatory attempt, "if you admit I'm right."

He agreed and, like a gentleman, insisted I go first.
Just
"I'm wrong," I said.
For I AM RI6HT
With a twinkle in his eyes, he responded, "You are right!"
Fun
(by Jeannine Buckley from Reader's Digest) 0>
«»Ite,,,,^^
4-11 OMITTING "IF"

Koşul cümlelerinde "If' kullanmadan, devrik cümle yapısını kullanarak, yani yardımcı fiili
öznenin önüne getirerek (auxiliary + subject] "If anlamı verebiliriz. Olumsuz cümlede "not"
özneden sonra gelir. Devrik cümle ikinci bölümde de yer alabilir. Ancak cümlenin başında
kullanılması daha yaygındır.
a) Type l
Type-1 "IF clause'lan devrik yapmak için Should + subject yapısı kullanılır.
If you need any help, don't hesitate to call me. Should you need any help, don't
hesitate to call me.
He can improve his English if he goes abroad next summer. He can improve his
English should he go abroad next summer.
If you don't pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble. Should you not pay
your bills in time, you may get into trouble.
ELS Q 2O9
215
b) Type 2
lype-2 "if clause'lar; "be" fiili bulunan cümleler için "were + subject", diğer fiiller için ise
"were + subject + to do" kullanarak devrik yapılır.
If I were you, I would forgive him. Were I you, I would forgive him.
I would feel happy now if he were here. I would feel happy now were he
here.
If you weren't busy right now, we could go out for a walk. Were you not
busy right now, we could go out for a walk.
I would give him your message if I saw him tomorrow. Were I to see him
tomorrow, I would give him your message.
I would probably be less stressed if I didn't live in this city. Were I not to
live in this city, I would probably be less stressed.
Passive cümleler kural olarak "Were + subject + to be done" biçiminde devrik yapılır, ancak,
özellikle Informal English'de, "Were + subject + done" kalıbı da kullanılmaktadır.
If I were transferred to a remote branch, I would resign immediately. Were
I to be transferred to a remote branch, I would resign immediately. Were I
transferred to a remote branch, I would resign immediately.
c) Type 3
Type-3 "IT clause'lari "Had + subject" biçiminde devrik yapabiliriz.
If he had been more careful, he wouldn't have had an accident. Had he been
more careful, he wouldn't have had an accident.
If he had been driving more carefully, he wouldn't be in hospital now. Had
he been driving more carefully, he wouldn't be in hospital now.
If he hadn't forgotten about the meeting, he would have gone there. Had he
not forgotten about the meeting, he would have gone there.
If he hadn't driven me crazy, I wouldn't have punished him. Had he not
driven me crazy, I wouldn't have punished him.
EXERCISE 11: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning by omitting "if.
1. I wouldn't spend so much on one thing if 1 were him.
2. If the weather weren't so cold today, we would spend the day outside.
3. If the skiers had not ignored the clearly posted avalanche warning signs, seven
members of the group would still be alive.
4. I wouldn't swap shifts with Jamie if it weren't really important for him.
210 Q ELS
216
5. If the railway authorities improved the conditions on long distance trains, more
people would travel on them.
6. You may face unpleasant side effects if you don't follow your doctor's instructions.
7. If they were more interested in their children's achievements, the children would try
harder.
8. If you want any alterations to the advertisement, please contact us before the end of
the week.
9. There wouldn't be such passionate hostility today between the Turks and the
Greeks if the ancestors of the two nations hadn't fought.
10. If the boy scouts had been given proper supervision, the accident wouldn't have
happened.
11. If he took his work more seriously, his staff might do the same.
12. I would have visited you if I had known that you were in the hospital last week.
4-12 IMPLIED CONDITIONS

Bazen ifadelerimizde koşul cümlesi kullanmadan da koşul ileri sürebiliriz. Yani, açık olarak bir
koşul cümlesi yoktur ifademizde; ancak, ima edilmiş bir koşul vardır. "Dün seni görmeye
gelecektim ama vaktim olmadı" ifadesinde bir koşul cümlesi yoktur. Ama bu cümle, koşul
cümlesi kullanarak oluşturacağımız bir başka ifadeyle eş anlamlıdır. "Eğer dün vaktim olsaydı
seni görmeye gelecektim."
İngilizce'de, but, otherwise, or else, without gibi sözcükler kullanarak, ima edilmiş koşul
cümleleri oluşturabiliriz.
a) BUT
I would have come to see you yesterday, but I didn't have time. (If I had had
time, I would have come to see you yesterday.)
I would come with you, but my father doesn't let me out alone at night. (If my
father let me out alone at night, I would come with you.)
He would be a lawyer now, but he had to quit school because of his financial
problems.
(He would be a lawyer now if he hadn't had to quit school because of his
financial problems.)
b) "OTHERWISE" or "OR (ELSE)" (Aksi takdirde, Yoksa)

You have to hurry; otherwise, you will miss the bus. (If you don't hurry, you
will miss the bus.)
You must study hard, or (else) you won't pass the exam. (If you don't study
hard, you won't pass the exam.)
ELS Q
217
She must be very happy; otherwise, she wouldn't be laughing so uproariously.
(If she weren't very happy, she wouldn't be laughing so uproariously.)
He must be studying hard, or (else) he wouldn't get such high marks. (If he
weren't studying hard, he wouldn't get such high marks.)
I must have forgotten to set my alarm clock; otherwise, it would have gone off
at 7 this morning.
(If I had set my alarm clock, it would have gone off at 7 this morning.)
She didn't tell him the truth, or (else) he would have got angry with her. (If she
had told him the truth, he would have got angry with her.)
Konuşma dilinde "or else", özellikle emir cümlelerinin sonunda kullanıldığında, tehdit anlamı
verir.
Don't open that door, or else!
Eat all the food on your plate, or else\
c) WITHOUT
I can't possibly finish this job without any help.
(I can't possibly finish this job If I don't get any help.)
We would still be living like primitives without electricity.
(If there were no electricity, we would still be living like primitives.)
Without his generous contributions, we could never have held the Charity Ball. (If he
hadn't contributed generously, we could never have held the Charity Ball.)
EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with the given verbs In parentheses. Some of the
verbs are passive.
1. Without the elevator, it (be)....................................... impossible to climb to the top of

today's forever growing taller skyscrapers.
2. Fortunately, the driver of the bus was able to step on the brakes just in time.
Otherwise, he (hit)....................................... the old lady crossing the street.
3. Were I to have a chance to go abroad, I (visit) ...................................... Japan first.
4. What if you (not, win) ...................................... all that money at the casino? How
would you have managed to pay off your debts?
5. Without their interference, we (complete) ...................................... all the
arrangements yesterday, and so we (not, run) ....................................... around so
frantically now trying to get everything finished at the last moment.
6. I (go) ...................................... to see him when I was in Paris, but I (not, have)
.................................... his address with me at the time.
7. You can play in the living room as long as you (not, make) .........................................
too much noise.
8. I wonder in what situation the Japanese would be now if Hiroshima and Nagasaki
(not, bomb) ...................................... during the Second World War.
9. Fortunately they had had the elevator mended; otherwise, the porters (refuse)
..................................... to carry my new fridge up to the fourteenth floor.
10. So long as you (finish) ...................................... filing all those documents, Miss
Carter, you (can, leave) ...................................... early today.
11. Look how crowded that supermarket is again! Prices (must, be)
.................................... quite reasonable there, or else they (not, attract)
.................................... so many customers all the time.
212 Q ELS
218
12. Perhaps there (not, be).......................................a country named Turkey on earth
today if we, the Turks, (defeat)...................................... in the Independence War.
13. What if all the countries in the world (lead) ....................................... by women? Do
you think we (have)...................................... so many wars?
14. I don't think they know about the nuclear power plant in that area; otherwise, they
(not, consider) ...................................... moving there.
15. The teacher distributed the parts in the play "The Three Musketeers", which was
performed at the end-of-term party, on the basis of the students' success in English
class, so my son (can, play) ...................................... the part of D'Artagnan, the
leading role, but he missed it by just two points.
16......................... I (know) ........................................ how much work was involved in
putting together a school play, I (not, offer) ....................................... my help. The
result was so satisfying, though.
17........................................ you (need) ....................................... any assistance, our staff
will be only too pleased to help you.
18. Imagine that you're going skiing tomorrow. What........................................ you (do)
.................................... if you (break)........................................ your leg on just the
first day?
GRATEFUL TO THE DOORS
A woman and I entered the elevator in the building where we

worked. Just as the doors were closing, a hand slipped between them,
forcing them to reopen. In stepped a man.
"It's a good thing the doors opened," the woman said, "or it
would have been painful."
"Yes," replied the man, "and embarrassing as well. I'm in charge
of elevator inspections for the state!"
(by Ronny Richardson from Reader's Digest)
4-13 WISH CLAUSES
a) WISH
"Wish" in sözcük anlamı "istemek, dilemek' tir. Bu açıdan "want' ve "would like" ile aynı anlamı
taşır. Ancak "wish" bunların içinde daha çok resmi ortamlarda kullanılanıdır. "Wish" ten sonra
bir başka fiile geçebiliriz.
Who do you wish to see, Sir? (wish to do something) I wish to see the manager.
The Prime Minister wished the Opposition to be more reasonable about the new
tax system, (wish someone to do something)
"Wish" ten sonra bir isim gelebilir. Ancak "wish" in bu kullanımı kısıtlıdır. "Want" ve "would
like" tan sonra herhangi bir ismi kullanabiliriz. "/ want/would like some coffee. I want/would
like a ticket to Ankara" gibi. "Wish"i ise, ancak "şans, mutluluk, başarı dilemek" gibi yapılarda
kullanabiliriz.
Wish me luck in the exam, (wish someone something)
I wish you a swift recovery.
I sent a card to my parents and wished them a Happy New Year.
ELS Q 213
219
"Wish" ten sonra bir cümle (that clause) gelebilir. Bu cümlenin tense'i, present ya da future
tense olamaz. Mutlaka gerçek durumu ifade eden cümledeki tense'in bir derece past biçimi
olmalıdır: do yerine did, can yerine could, did ve have/has done yerine had done gibi. ("Want" ve
"would like" tan sonra bu şekilde cümle gelmez.)
She Isn't here now. I wish she were here now. (Keşke o şimdi burada olsaydı.)
...-, . We don't have enough money. I wish we had enough money. (Keşke yeterince
paramız olsaydı.)
l can't help her. I wish I could help her. (Keşke ona yardım edebilseydim.)
b) WISH CLAUSES
1. A wish about the present

"Wish + subject + past tense", kişinin, içinde bulunduğu anda hoşuna gitmeyen olayları,
memnuniyetsizliğini ifade eder. "Be" fiili için bütün öznelerle "were" kullanılır. "Wish" ten sonra
"that" kullanabiliriz. Ancak that kullanmadan cümleye geçmek daha yaygındır.
Ali isn't as tall as his friend Ahmet.
Ali wishes (that) he were as tall as his friend Ahmet.
(Ali is sorry that he isn't as tall as his friend Ahmet.)
I am very busy now, so I can't help you.
I wish I weren't so busy now.
(It's a pity that I'm very busy now.)
I don't know where he is, so I can't contact him.
I wish I .knew where he was.
(It's a pity that I don't know where he is.)
She doesn't trust me. I wish she trusted me.
I have to stay home today. I wish I didn't have to stay home today.
I can't do anything to relieve the situation. <
I wish I could do something to relieve the situation.
He is working now. I wish he weren't working now.
It's raining heavily, so I can't go out. I wish it weren't raining so heavily.
2. A wish about the past

"Wish + subject + past perfect", geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olan olaylardan duyulan pişmanlığı ya
da o olaylardan dolayı yakınmayı ifade etmek için kullanılır.
••-•:.. He wasn't here yesterday, so he missed the party.
. I wish he had been here yesterday.
I had to work yesterday, so I couldn't go to the theatre with them. I wish I
hadn't had to work yesterday.
I couldn't get up early yesterday, so I was late for my date.
I wish I could have got up/had been able to get up early yesterday.
214 Q ELS
220
I didn't have enough money on me, so I couldn't lend him any. I wish I had had
enough money on me.
I was driving very fast at the time of the accident, so the person I hit got
seriously injured.
I wish I hadn't been driving so fast at the time of the accident. OR I wish I had
been driving more slowly at the time of the accident.
3. A wish about the future .

Wish clause'larda "would" un kullanımı belli kurallara bağlıdır. Temel cümle ile (I wish, she
wishes, etc.) yan cümlenin özneleri aynı ise (/ wish J....... She wishes she ..... ), temel cümlede
"would" kullanamayız. Çünkü "would", içinde bulunduğumuz anda ya da gelecekte memnun
olmadığımız ya da hoşumuza gitmeyen bir olayı bir başkasının değiştirmesini istediğimiz
anlamını ifade eder. Bu nedenle, iki cümlenin özneleri farklı olduğu zaman (J wish you would ....
She wishes they would...) "would" kullanabiliriz.
I'm sure it will be a wonderful picnic.
I wish you would come too. (/ want you to come.) ,?
You are driving too fast.
J wish you would slow down. (I want you to slow down.)
:
:•"• She is thinking about studying abroad, but I don't want to be away from her.
J wish she would change her mind. (/ want her to change her mind.)
It's raining heavily, and I don't want to go out in the rain.
/wish it would stop raining. (I want the rain to stop.) ,.
Eğer geleceğe yönelik bir ifade kullanmak istiyorsak ama iki cümledeki özneler aynı ise "could"
ya da simple past tense kullanabiliriz.
I have to work tomorrow. ,
I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow. ,„ :l >,
She can't come with us tomorrow, and she is disappointed about this. <•'•-• • •
She wishes she could come with us tomorrow. v
I don't think I will have spare time tomorrow to help you, but 1 wish I cou/d
help you.
c) IF ONLY
"If only" de "I wish" ile aynı anlamdadır ve aynı tense kurallarına göre kullanılır. Ancak "if only"
biraz daha dramatik (daha üzücü) olayları ifade ederken kullanılır.
If only he hadn't been so seriously injured! .
If onfy I knew where she was living now!
If only we could do something to deaden her pain!
If onfy you would drive more slowly! .
"If only" run bağlı bulunduğu cümle bir temel cümleye doğrudan bağlanabilir. Bu kullanım,
"then/in that case" gibi, bir geçiş sözcüğü olmadan "I wish" için mümkün değildir. •
If only I had known that you were in the hospital, I would have come to visit
you. , •• «. . . ,
If only you would drive more slowly, I would feel more relaxed.
(/ wish you wou/d drive more slowly; then/that way, I would feel more relaxed.)
If only I knew where she was living now, I could write to her.
(I wish I knew where she was living now. Then, I could write to her.)
ELS Q MS
221
"If only" kalıbında, "if ile "only" ayrılabilir ve "only" cümle içinde farklı yerlerde kullanılabilir.
1. "Be" fiilinden sonra:

If only he were more hard-working! Zfhe were onfyrnore hard-working!
2. "Modal" yardımcı fiillerinden sonra:
Ifonfyyou would drive more slowly! Zf you would only drive more slowly!
If only we could do something to deaden her pain! Zf we could onfy do
something to deaden her pain!
3. Asıl fiilden önce:
If only 1 knew where she was living now! Zf I only knew where she was living
now!
4. Active cümlede "had/hadn't" dan önce ya da sonra:
If only I had known that you were in the hospital, I would have come to visit you.
Zf I had only known that you were in the hospital, I would have come to visit you.
Zf I onfy had known that you were in the hospital, I would have come to visit you.
5. Passive cümlede "had/hadn't" dan önce:
If onfy he hadn't been so seriously injured! Zf he onfy hadn't been so seriously
injured!
d) WOULD RATHER
"Would rather" kullanarak "I wish" ile aynı anlamı veren cümleler elde edebiliriz. Bu anlamda
"would rather", yaygın olarak özellikle konuşmacı ile yan cümledeki özne farklı kişilerse
kullanılır.
I'd rather you were by my side at this difficult moment, (wish about the present)
I wish you were by my side at this difficult moment.
I'd rather he didn't come to the party next weekend, (wish about the future) I
wish he wouldn't come to the party next weekend.
I'd rather we hadn't stayed out so late last night, (wish about the past) I wish
we hadn't stayed out so late last night.
e) ITS (HIGH) TIME/ITS ABOUT TIME

"It's (high) time/it's about time", "... yapmanın zamanı çoktan geldi/...yapmanın zamanı geldi
de geçti bile" gibi anlamlar verdiği için, bu kalıplan kullanarak "I wish" ile aynı anlamda
cümleler üretebiliriz. Çünkü, "....yapmanın zamanı çoktan geldi." ve "Keşke artık ...yapsan."
ifadelerinin her ikisi de, bir yakınma, bir dilekte bulunma ifade etmektedir.
"It's (high) time/It's about time" dan sonra gelen cümlede sadece Simple past kullanılır ve
present ya da future bir dilek ya da istek ifade edilir. Geçmişteki bir dilek ya da isteği bu
yapılarla ifade edemeyiz. "Bir şeyin olmasının zamanı çoktan geldi." anlamından dolayı, bu
kalıplarla olumsuz yapı kullanmak da mümkün değildir.
216 Q ELS
222
;
It's (high) time she learnt how to take care of herself.
I wish she would learn how to take care of herself.
It's about time someone taught you a lesson. I wish someone would teach you a
lesson.
It's about time you could ride a bike. I wish you could ride a bike.
"It's time (for someone) to do something", "...yapma zamanı geldi" anlamını verir ve "it's (high)
time/it's about time" gibi, bir gecikme ya da yakınma ifade etmez.
I've had a lovely time tonight, but it's time (for me) to go. (The time has now
arrived for me to go.) (..., ama artık gitme zamanı geldi.)
I've had a lovely time tonight, but it's (high) time I went (I should probably have
left before this.) (..., ama çoktan gitmiş olmalıydım.)
EXERCISE 13! Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given In
parentheses. Some of the verbs are passive.
1. I wish you (can, be) ...................................at the party last night. You (really,
enjoy) ...................................yourself.
2. I quite like this flat, but I wish the people above us (not, be) ....................................
so noisy.
3. I wish you (not, take) ................................... so long to get dressed. It's half past
seven and you're only just ready. I'm sure we'll miss the beginning of the concert.
4. I really wish you (stop) ...................................whistling. It's getting on my nerves.
5. Abra, Nike and their children are refugees from Sudan. Sometimes, they wish they
(be)................................... back in their beautiful country, but most of all, they
wish that the civil war there (end) ................................... soon.
6. At this very moment, I wish I (sit) ................................... in a warm room, (drink)
........................................ tea and (watch) ...................................... an old movie on
video.
7. Oh, don't we have a class today? I wish someone (telephone) ....................................
me this morning. I have come all the way across town for nothing!
8. What a beautiful view! I wish I (bring) ................................... my camera with me.
9. I wish you (stop) ................................... pulling your sister's hair, Johnny. How
.................................... you (like) .................................... it if she (pull)
.................................... yours?
10. If only Mr. Blake (not, interrupt) .................................. the speaker all the time, the
presentation would have been enjoyable.
11. I wish you (can, see) ................................... the look on my husband's face
yesterday when he saw the colour I had painted the living room.
12. If only I (have) ................................... better eyesight. I can't read anything now
without my glasses.
13. He must now wish that he (not, reject) ................................... our offer because I've
heard that he earns less in his new job.
14. The plot of this book is very interesting, but I wish it (not, contain)
.................................... quite so many descriptive passages. They are really
distracting, and, in my opinion, totally unnecessary.
15. Isn't it bizarre? Children spend their lives wishing they (be)....................................
grown-up, and adults always wish they (can, be) .................................... young
again! '
-•''••.-- ' ..• ELS a M7
223
16. I spoke to John yesterday and though he didn't actually say anything, I think he
wishes he (come) .................................. on the trip with us next week.
17. It is a nice conference room, but I wish the tables (set) ................................... out
differently. I prefer them in a 'U' shape rather than in rows.
18. I wish you (stop) ................................... sniffing, Johnny. Go and get a
handkerchief.
4-14 AS IF/AS THOUGH ,

"As If/as though" "sanki/gibf anlamını verir. Look, seem, sound gibi fiillerle çok sık kullanılır.
Eğer as if/as though ile gerçek bir olay hakkındaki izlenimimizi ifade ediyorsak, kullanacağımız
tense, gerçeği ifade eden tense olmalıdır.
There are dark clouds in the sky. It seems as if/as though it is going to rain.
(Yağmur yağacak gibi görünüyor.}
The travel agent praised the holiday resort a lot. It sounds as if we are going to
have a nice holiday.
Look at Sue! She isn't wide awake enough today. „
She looks as if she didn't sleep well last night. (Sanki dün akşam iyi uyumamış
gibi görünüyor.)
The streets are quite clean today. It seems as if they have Just cleaned them.
You aren't in a hurry to prepare dinner. It seems as if you had eaten just
before I arrived.
We haven't told her the bad news, but she is talking as if she knows it. It's
likely that she heard about it from Sally.
This problem is rather difficult, but you seem as if you can solve it by yourself.
Look at those children in the playground. They are laughing happily. They
seem as if they are having a good time.
She didn't promise me, but it seems as if she will help me.
Eğer temel cümledeki fiil past tlme'a ait ise (She seemed .... She was talking .... It had
seemed..., etc.), "as if/as though" dan sonra gelen cümlenin tense'i present ya da future tlme'a
ait bir tense olamaz. Ancak, gerçekte kullandığımız tense'in bir derece past biçimini
kullanabiliriz: do yerine did, did ve have/has done yerine had done, will yerine would, can
yerine could, am/is/are doing yerine was/were doing gibi...
There were dark clouds in the sky. It seemed as if it was going to rain.
She wasn't wide awake enough yesterday. She looked as if she hadn't slept
well the previous night.
The streets were quite clean. It seemed as if they had Just cleaned them.
We hadn't told her the bad news, but she was talking as if she knew it.
Perhaps she had heard about it from someone else.
The problem was rather difficult, but he seemed as if he could solve it by
himself.
The children were playing and laughing happily in the playground. They
seemed as if they were having a good time.
She hadn't promised me, but it seemed as if she would help me. 218 a ELS
224
"As If/as though" ile gerçekteki izlenimimizi ifade etmiyorsak, sadece bir benzetme yapıyorsak, o
zaman gerçeği ifade eden cümlenin past biçimi kullanılır ve bu cümlelerde bir hayal
(imagine/unreal situations) ifade edildiği için, "be" fiilinin past biçimi olarak bütün öznelerle
"were" kullanımı tercih edilir.
I am not their daughter, but they treat me as if I were their daughter. (Bana
kızlanymışım gibi davranıyorlar.}
She speaks as if she knew everything. (In truth, she doesn't know everything.)
Sometimes she talks to her husband as if he were a child. (He isn't a child.)
She is always complaining as if she had no money. (In fact, she has a lot of
money in her bank account.)
*> '
I'm exhausted. I feel as if a truck had run over me. (A truck didn't run/hasn't
run over me.)
She speaks English and German as if they were her mother tongue. (English
and German aren't her mother tongue.)
Bu tür cümlelerin temel cümlesindeki fiil past tense olduğunda da, "as If/as though" lu
cümlenin tense'i değişmez.
They treated me as if I were their daughter,
î,.. She spoke as if she .knew everything.
She talked to her husband as if he were a child.
She was always complaining as if she had no money.
I was exhausted. I felt as if a truck had run over me.
She spoke English and German as if they were her mother tongue.
" ;.K- •• '\ .-'.'''•
Bazen "as If/as though" ile ifade edilen durumun "real" ya da "unreal" olması, konuşmacının o
konuda sahip olduğu bilgiye bağlıdır.
- She looks as if she is rich, (real situation)
- She is\ She's the director of a large company.
He is trying to impress people by spending more money than he should spend.
He acts as though he were rich, but I know that he only earns enough for a
modest life, (unreal situation)
- She talks about art as though she has studied it before, (real situation)
- She has\ She went to an art school for several years.
He talks about art as if he had studied it before, but he is just being -
pretentious. He doesn't really know what he is talking about, (unreal situation)
"Unreal" durumlardan söz ederken, özellikle konuşmacı kendisinin o anki duygularını ifade
ediyorsa, hem present hem de past tense'lerin kullanılması mümkündür. Dilbilgisi kuralları
açısından past tense'lerin kullanılması gerekir, ancak duygulara biraz daha dramatik bir
anlam katmak için, present tense'ler bu biçimde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.
I'm completely exhausted. I feel as if a truck had/has run over me.
I'm so happy! I feel as though I were/am floating on air!
What's the matter? Your face is all white! You look as if you had/have seen a
ghost!
ELS a 2X9
225
Informal, özellikle de American, English'de, "as if/as though" yerine "ilke" kullanımı çok
yaygındır.
I'm really tired. I feel like I've been hit by a truck. What's wrong? You look like
you've just seen a ghost!
Ancak bu kullanım, yazı dilinde doğru olarak kabul edilmemektedir. Özellikle, çoktan seçmeli
bir sınavda seçeneklerde her ikisi ile de karşılaşırsanız, dilbilgisi kurallarını uygulamanız
gerekir: "like" tan sonra bir isim, "as if/as though" dan sonra bir cümle gelir.
It looks like rain.
It looks as if/as though it's going to rain.
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs In parentheses.
Pay attention to whether the situation is real or imaginary. Some of the
verbs are passive.
1. From that delicious smell, it seems as if you (bake) ................................... a cake.

Will it be ready soon?
2. The economic situation still hasn't improved. It seems as if there (be)
.................................. another rise in prices soon.
3. He is so impudent. He is grinning as if nothing (happen) ....................................
even though the boss has just scolded him in front of others.
4. It's bitterly cold today, and look how gray the sky is! It really feels as though it
(snow) ......................................
5. A: It's so cold today! It's almost as if it (snow) ................................... !
B: In July? That'll be the day!
6. I could tell instantly that my husband had been cooking, because the kitchen
looked as though it (hit).................................... by a bomb!
7. I gave my excuse for being late but he looked as though he (not, believe)
.................................. me.
8. A: Stop giving me orders as if I (be)....................................your maid.
B: Okay, but don't act as if you (have) ................................... no responsibilities.
We are sharing this house, and you have to take responsibility for doing some of
the work.
9. Sometimes my mother still talks to me as if I (be) .................................... a child,
even though I'm married with three children.
10. After we reached the top, we were so exhausted that we felt as if we (climb)
.................................. Mount Everest and not just Ben Nevis.
11. He is boasting as if he (do) ................................... all the work himself, but his wife
did most of it.
12. It looks as though our names (be) ................................... about to be announced.
We had better get ready to go on stage.
13. After the operation on my stomach, I felt as though I (punch).....................................
in the stomach by the boxer Muhammad All.
14. Our living room looked as if an army platoon (march) ....................................
through it, but it was just my son and his friends that had left their muddy
footprints all over it.
15. At the rate Richard is working on the project, it appears as if he (not, complete)
.................................. it by the board meeting.
16. Listening to Sue, you would think as if she (choose) .................................... for a
Hollywood film, but she's really only got a minor part in the school play.
ZZO Q ELS
226
1-50. sorularda, 7. I ......... you a lift home every day provided
yerlere 'uygmijd'üşeiisözcük,,ya da If you ....... to pay for half the gas.
bulunuz.
A) used to give /a g ree d
ı. Can yo u imag ine the ch aos the re ......... if B) can g ive /ag ree
every individual in the world ......... a C) ma y h a ve g iv e n/h ad ag re ed
different language? D) ha d g iv en /wo u ld h a ve a g ree d
E) should give/will agree •
A) is g o in g to b e /h as s p o ke n
B) wo u ld b e /s po ke 8. The gangster claimed that he ........ off my
C) we re /c o u ld s pe a k finger if I ........ him less than what I owed
D) h a s b e e n / mig h t s p e a k to him.
E) will be /h ad sp o ke n
2. If nothing unexpected ......... then at this A) wa s c u ttin g /wo u ld p a y

time tomorrow, we ........ down the side of B) h a d c u t/ wo u ld h a v e p a id
a mountain. C) mig h t b e c u t tin g /h a d p a i d
D) wo u l d c u t /p a id
A) would happen/were skiing E) will ha v e c u t/h a ve pa id
B) happens/will be skiing
C) had happened/may be skiing 9. Have you ever wished you ........ this car?
D) happened/will have been skiing I mean, it's obviously causing you a lot of
E) might happen/could be skiing trouble.
3. These plants ......... as though they . A) wou ld n' t bu y
for a couple of weeks. B) aren' t bu y in g
C) h a dn ' t b o u g h t
A) are looking/aren't watered D) ha ve n' t b ou g h t
B) looked/hadn't watered E) didn' t b uy
C) have looked/weren't being watered
D) had looked/didn't water 10. I ......... fo r tha t a wfu l man e ven If he
E) look/haven't been watered
........ me ten times my current salary.
4. If you ......... your glasses, you .......... that
I'm standing next to a bull in this A) hav en' t wo rked /has o ffe red
photograph, not a cow! B) had n't wo rk ed /mig h t o ffe r
C) am no t workin g/we re o ffe red
A) are wearing/have seen D) don't work/will offer
B) would wear/were going to see E) wo uld n't work/we re to o ffer
C) were wearing/would be able to see
D) will be wearing/might have seen 11. I wish we ........ him more support, but we
E) might wear/could see were short of money at the time.
5. People who wish they ........ a different A) could have given
person will probably never be happy as B) were giving
themselves! C) have been giving
A) had been born D) should ha ve give n
B) would be born E) were able to give
C) are born
D) can be born 12. If there ......... a p e tro le u m s h o rta g e In the
E) were being born future, solar and wind power ........ a
partial solution.
6. I really wish you ........ waiters such large
tips afi the time. We are not that rich! A) would be/have provided
B) was/used to provide
A) wouldn't give B) hadn't given C) has been/had to provide
C) don't give D) haven't given D) is/could provide
E) won't give E) will be/would provide
ELS Q 221
227
13. You must be wishing you ......... 1 9 . Th e sh o p s a ro u n d he re ......... yo u a 1 5 %
tomo rrow's reception, as I kno w h ow discount If you .........In cash rather than
much you dislike such fo rmal ga therings. by credit card.
A) hav en' t be en a tten d in g A) give /pay

B) wo n't be a tte nd ing B) hav e g ive n /a re p ay in g
C) didn' t ha ve to a tte nd C) will g ive /ha d pa id
D) can' t a tten d D) will have given/will pay
E) ha d n' t b ee n a tte nd in g E) are givin g/were pay ing
14. Piercing a sponge cake with a knife will 20. If he ........ in love with her, he in
Indicate whethe r it is ready. If noth ing drugs and alcohol still.
....... to th e k n ife , it me a ns tha t the ca ke
....... th roug h. A) didn't fa ll/wou ld have in volved
B) had n't fa lle n /mig ht be inv o lve d
A) will stick/is cook ing C) doesn't fall/will involve
B) is s tick in g /ha d co ok ed D) we ren't falling /has been in vo lved
C) h a s s tu c k / wo u ld c o o k E) hasn't been falling/were to be involved
D) stic ks /has be e n c oo k ed
E) stu ck /was b ein g c o ok e d 21. She ........ much more seriously if she
........ her seatbelt at the time of the
15. I wish I ....... a flight to Iraq so long in accident.
adv anc e - n o w a wa r's b rok en o u t the re ,
and I ...... my money if I cancel my booking. A) c o u ld ha v e h u rt/wo u ld n ' t h a v e wo rn
B) h a s b e e n h u rt /d id n ' t w e a r
A) d id n' t b oo k /ha ve los t C) mig h t h a v e b e e n h u rt /h a d n ' t b e e n
B) wo u ld n' t ha v e b o ok ed /los t wea ring
C) wo u ld n' t b oo k /a m lo s ing D) will ha v e b ee n hu rt/wa sn' t we a ring
D) hav en' t bo ok ed /wou ld los e E) wa s g o in g to h u rt/h a s n' t b e e n
E) hadn't bo oked /will lose wearin g
16. He ......... at the pa rty las t n ig ht, o r I
22. If the old bridge over the river ......... last
him. spring, we ........ the 200th anniversary of
its construction next week.
A) we re n ' t to b e /h a d s e e n
B) s h o u ld n ' t h a v e b e e n /s a w A) didn't collapse/will have celebrated
C) h a s n ' t b e e n /wa s s u p p o s e d to s e e B) hasn't collapsed/are celebrating
D) h a d n ' t b e e n /o u g h t to s e e C) wouldn't collapse/were celebrating
E) co u ldn' t h av e b ee n /wo u ld h av e se e n D) hadn't collapsed/would be celebrating
17. Ideally, a country's exports ......... wo rth E) won't have collapsed/will celebrate
th e s a me as , o r s lig htly mo re th an , its
impo rts, and if th is .......... th e co un try is 23. Your belongings ......... while you're
said to have a favourable balance of swimming in the sea if you ......... the m
trade. here on the beach unattended.
A) s h o u ld b e / h a p p e n s A) could have stolen/had left

B) ha ve be e n /we re ha p pe n ing B) have been stolen/are leaving
C) will be /h ap pe n ed C) will have stolen/have left
D) mig h t b e / wo u ld h a p p e n D) are stolen/were leaving
E) ca n b e /will h a p p e n E) might be stolen/leave
18. I' m s u re y ou r h ea da c he ......... if you lie 24. You must be wishing that you ......... me
down for a while after you ......... an redecorate the living room, now that all
aspirin. your friends have gone to the cinema.
A) wo u ld h a v e d isa p p e a red /h a d ta k e n A) we ren't he lp ing

B) mig h t d is a p p e a r/to o k B) wou ld n' t he lp
C) will d is ap p ea r/ha v e ta ke n C) mu s tn ' t h e lp
D) h as d is a pp e a re d /we re ta k in g D) hav en' t be en h elp in g
E) dis ap pea rs /will ha ve take n E) aren't he lp ing
2 2 2 Q EL S
228
25. Practically all teenagers ......... w h e n 32. A pe rson ......... if there .......... a
they're trea ted as If they ..........children. continuous supply of blood to the brain.
A) are off ended/have been A) dies /we ren 't -. ..
B) will be offended/were B) died /wou ldn' t be
C) migh t offen d/wo uld be C) h a d d ie d /wo u ld n ' t h a v e b e e n
D) have been offended /will be
E) would be offended /had been D) will hav e died /won' t be
E) will d ie /isn' t
26. Have you eve r wished you ........ your jo b
after you got married? 33. She..........a much better job; however,
she preferred the one which allowed her
A) haven't quit more free time.
B) won't have to quit
C) don't have to quit A) mu s t h a ve fo u n d
D) hadn't had to quit B) had to find
E) wouldn't quit
C) ma y h av e fo un d
27. If it ......... here in the valley at this time of D) could have fou nd
year, it usually means that it ......... at the E) ought to find
top of the mountain.
34. Unless all motorists caught driving under
A) us e d to ra in /h a d b e e n s n o win g the influence of alcohol ........ immediately,
B) rained /will have sno we d little ......... to deter this dangerous habit.
C) is ra in in g /is s no wing
D) was ra in in g /wo u ld sn o w
E) h as b e en ra in in g /s n o we d A) we re b a n n ed /wo u ld h a v e d o n e
B) a re b a n n e d /c a n b e d o n e
28. If we ......... to e xp a nd in to th e Eu ro pe a n C) will b e b a n n e d /s h ou ld d o
ma rke t, we ......... ca rry ing o u t o u r ma rke t D) b a n / is d o n e
res ea rc h as so on as p oss ib le . E) ha ve ba n ne d /will d o
A) p la n ne d /wil l s ta rt
B) a re p la n n in g / o u g h t to s ta rt 35. If you encounter problems when making
C) we re p lan n in g/will be s ta rtin g a long distance phone call, you......... the
D) ha ve p la n ne d /wo u ld h av e s ta rte d code properly as you ......... an Incorrect
E) ha d p la nn e d /will h a ve s ta rted number.
29. I ..........as well as I d id withou t all the A) are c he ck in g /mig ht hav e d ia lled
coaching you gave me. B) will c heck /wou ld dia l
C) sh ou ld ch ec k /c o u ld b e d ia llin g
A) mu s tn ' t d o D) mu s t c h e c k / mu s t b e d ia lle d
B) weren't to do E) mig h t c h ec k /s ho u ld h a ve d ia lled
C) can't be d oing
D) didn' t have to do
E) could n't have do ne 36. I wish you ......... all day to mo rro w. Then
we ........ Amy and Tim for the h ike.
30. We.......... into a lot more problems if we
....... this situation sorted out soon. A) aren't wo rk ing /will be joinin g
B) wo n' t wo rk /c an jo in
A) wo u ld ru n /ma y n o t g e t C) we ren' t wo rking /cou ld join
B) should run/hadn't got D) didn' t wo rk /a re jo in ing
C) may have run/wouldn't get .* E) wouldn't work/have joined , -;
D) are going to run/don't get
E) have run/won't get
37. Ou r ne ig hb ou rs a lways h ave th eir mus ic
31. If a person ......... in more food than is on so lo ud ly tha t it s o un ds as if it .........
required to meet the body's needs, the rig ht he re in o u r o wn ho use .
excess calories ........ to fat.
A) is played
A) ta k es /a re co n ve rted B) ha d b ee n p la y ing
B) will take /have co nve rte d
C) is ta ke n /c o n v e rt C) ha s b ee n p la y in g
D) ha s ta ke n /we re co n ve rte d D) wo uld be p layed
E) wa s ta ke n /h a d c o n ve rte d E) were be ing played
ELS LJ 223
229
38. Many delays In the post ........ If people 44. From what the manager has just implied,
........ their letters and parcels correctly. it seems as if we ......... a wage increase if
we .........this project successfully.
A) migh t be a vo ided /we re to ad d ress
B) could have been avoided/have addressed A) ge t/ha ve fin ishe d
C) ca n b e a v o id ed /wo u ld h a ve ad d ress ed B) we re ge tting /are finish in g
C) will get/finished
D) will b e av oid ed/we re add ress ing
D) hav e go t/wo u ld h ave fin is hed
E) wo u ld a vo id /c o u ld a dd res s E) are go ing to ge t/fin ish
39 .......... the award .......... to someone from 45. If anyone ......... a b o u t o u r p ro d u c t ra n g e

this department, the management ........ wh ile I' m a t lunc h, ......... you please give
of favouritism. him or her a brochure?
A) Ha d /b e e n g ive n /a c c us e d A) h a d a s k e d /c o u ld
B) Sho u ld /g iv e/c ou ld be ac cu se d B) a s k s /wo u ld
C) Will/g ive /ac cus es C) h a s a s k e d / d id
D) Wo u ld /be g ive n /was a cc us e d D) is a s k in g / ma y
E) We re /to be g iv en /mig h t be ac cus ed E) a s k e d /s h o u l d
46. Th e re sc u e te a m ......... mo re v ictims of

40. Un less the miss ing bo oks ......... b y the ea rth qu ak e if the y ......... b e tte r
Wednesday morning, no further equip men t.
borrowing...........
A) c o u ld h a v e s a v e d /h a d h a d
A) re tu rn /a llo ws B) wo u ld b e sa ve d /we re h av in g
B) had b ee n re tu rne d/was a llo we d C) h a d s a v e d / mig h t h a v e
C) are re turned/will be allowed D) will ha v e sa v ed /ha d
D) we re re tu rne d /a llo wed E) hav e bee n sav ing /will hav e
E) hav e re tu rne d /is go ing to a llo w
47. Lis ten ing to the trave l a gent talk in g ab ou t
41. Isn't it good luck? If I ......... th e p la n e th a t the resort, you ........ as if it .......... a
evening, I ........ alive now. paradise.
A) wo u ld c a tc h /we re n ' t A) think/has been

B) may think/will be
B) h a d c a u g h t/ wo u ld n ' t b e C) thought/was being
C) ca ug h t/ a m n o t D) had thought/can be
D) catch/won't be E) would think/were
E) have caught/couldn't be
48. I'm glad that I ..........all my shares in that
42. He didn't go to see the apartment which company in the previous session;
John showed him in the newspaper, but otherwise, I ........ a considerable loss
he .........it anyway, as he doesn't have during the crisis.
the required deposit.
A) wa s s elling /a m s u ffe rin g
A) was n' t a b le to ren t B) have so ld /will be su ffering
B) h as n' t re n te d C) sold /wo u ld h ave s u ffe red
D) cou ld s ell/may su ffe r
C) does n' t ha ve to ren t E) am selling /will have su ffere d
D) cou ldn' t ha ve ren te d
E) nee dn' t ha ve ren ted 49. I wish I ......... you befo re you left ho me.
You wasted both time and money coming
43. I wish you ......... coming in and out of the here, as the meeting has been cancelled.
room - I'm trying to concentrate on my
homework! A) mu s t h a v e co n ta c te d
B) will have con tacted
A) would stop C) had B) have stopped C) ought to contact
stopped D) will stop D) could have contacted
E) stop E) have contacted
224 Q ELS
230
50. How I wish you ....... for such a big 57. The lecture had already started........ we
responsibility! You've been working so found out which room it was in.
hard that I fear you'll make yourself ill.
A) as soon as C) even if B) even thout
A) don't volunteer E) in case D) by the time
B) aren't volunteering
C) won't have volunteered
D) hadn't volunteered 58. The Smiths took lots of
E) haven't volunteered food with them on
holiday ........ prices were very high at the
51-65. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan resort.
yere uygun düşen sözcüğü bulunuz.
A) so that B) even if
51. Handicapped people should be taught C) in order to D) thus
how to carry out certain daily tasks for E) in case
themselves ......... they'll be dependent on
other people for everything. 59 ......... you want to go surfing and sailing,
....... just relax and sun yourself on the
A) so that B) although D) beach, Hawaii is the Ideal place for your
C) likewise nevertheless holiday.
E) or else
A) Neither/nor
52. We have to obey the rules here ........ we B) No sooner/than
approve of them or not. C) Whether/or
D) Both/as well
A) even if B) even though D) in E) Not only/but also
C) whether case
E) as if 60. The residents watched In despair .... huge
flames engulfed their building together
53 ..........you fail to be punctual when you go with all their possessions.
for your job Interview, you will definitely
not get the position. B) as if
A) while C) thus D) yet
A) Whereas C) In case B) If E) despite
E) Due to D) Unless 61 ......... his work Improves, there is no
54. You can't expect to be healthy ........ you chance of his contract being renewed at
eat a balanced diet and take regular the end of the year.
exercise.
A) Since C) B) While
A) as long as C) in B) unless However D) As if
order to D) without E) Unless
E) if only
62. You always believe that bad things can
55.......... your work meets the required only happen to other people ......... they
standard during the probationary period, happen to you.
you will be offered a two-year contract.
B) As far as A) until B) thus
A) Providing that C)
Whenever D) While C) in case D) by the time
E) Even if E) in order that
56. When in an unfamiliar city, she always 63. I was only going away for two months,
carried a street plan of the city with her but my mother cried while seeing me off,
.......she lost her way. ....... she would never see me again.
A) if B) in case A) as though B) since
C) so that D) however C) before D) even if
E) while E) despite
ELS a 225
231
64. She claims to be an expert on classical 69. It would have been more sensible to have
music .......... she doesn't even know how delayed the privatization program ............
many symphonies Beethoven wrote.
A) as if A) so the economic situation has become
C) in case B) therefore D)
yet more stable
E) despite B) thus it turned out to b e quite
successful
65. She could never have made it through C) while there is still time to reverse it
her difficult emotional period ........ the D) until public opinion favoured such a
support of her parents. move
B) due to E) unless they sincerely want it to be a
A) even though C) D) unless
without success
E) upon
70 ........... there's no way I would have made
66-80. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun such a stupid decision.
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.
A) As I've never been kno wn as the
cleverest of people
66 ......... , as long as you haven't worn the B) If I h ad k no wn th en as muc h as I
ite m and as long as you prov ide the kno w no w
original receipt.
C) Since I'm always making lots of
A) It ma y b e p ossible tha t you won' t ca re les s mis tak es
enjo y you r mea l a t the ne w res tau ran t D) I just cou ldn't decide whether I was
B) The company will give the money you doing th e righ t thing
spent o n the flig ht he re bac k to yo u E) Until you tell me everything I need to
C) You' d bette r re me mbe r to as k fo r a kn o w a bo u t th e c as e
receipt when you buy yo ur new jeans
D) It's not a good idea to go shopping
just be fo re a long ho liday 71 ............if it we ren't fo r the ex istence o f
E) Ou r s to re g lad ly ac cep ts re tu rns an d speed limits on motorways.
will re fund yo ur entire purchase p rice
A) My car can go up to three hundred
67 . Ha d the a u to mob ile no t bee n inv en te d , kilometres per hour
B) In cities in England, it's illegal to
A) we won't be able to travel so far or so exceed 25 miles per hour
quickly C) Car insurance protects against loss
B) I wonder what our lives would be like when vehicles crash
today D) Even more people would die in traffic
C) how many people wou ld have chosen accidents each year
to buy o ne E) In 1992, the state of Montana raised
D) petro l s ou rces a re ra pidly ru nn ing d ry
E) pollution will be less of a problem its maximum speed limit
worldwide
72 ............ in case you find yourself in a place
68 . I d id n' t wa nt to sh a re the ho use with he r where no one accepts credit cards.
a n ym o r e ............
A) since the day I had a terrible quarrel A) It's quite difficult to go shopping in
with her parts of Central America
B) as I had lost confidence in her B) If your card gets stolen, you must
following the last incident report it to the bank immediately
C) if she hadn't kept on treating me as if C) Some nations prefer US dollars to
I were her maid their own currency
D) unless she never picks up after D) In general, it's best to pay by cheque
herself and leaves the house in a
mess or electronic cash transfer
E) provided she didn't listen to her music E) I'd recommend that you make sure
so loudly while I was studying you've g ot some cash in hand
2 2 6 Q ELS
232
73. You should have no problem Impressing D) they cou ld neve r have bee n pe rsua ded
potential employers at job interviews to giv e so much mo ney to wa rds ou r
ca us e
E) the media also he lped re lay ou r
A) once you had decided to stop rebelling messa ges a bo ut wo rld pe ace
and wea r a tie
B) in case you fo rget to take your 78 ........... when we finally arrived, we felt it
recommendation letters with you had all been worthwhile.
C) as long as you d ress properly and
appear confident A) Thou gh we'd ha d a p leasan t flig ht
with exce llent food an d d rink
D) provided that you did not arrive late B) Even a fte r I was told tha t it takes
fo r the app oin tmen t mo re tha n twen ty ho u rs to ge t to
E) if on ly you had not wo rn that Sydney
ridiculous Mickey Mouse tie C) While I usua lly ca n't stan d wa iting in
the a rrivals loun ge
74 ........... unless, of course, you don't mind D) Alth ou gh the jo u rn ey to so u the rn
waiting for an hour, in which case I can Portu gal was lon g an d e xhaus ting
give you a lift. E) If we had trave lled by plane instead of
o n s u c h a n u nc o mfo rta b le c o ac h
A) You might as well take a bus home
B) I have no idea when I'll be finished at 79 ........... many of the world's deserts would
the doctor's still be cultivable.
C) You're lucky to have brought your
own car A) Since the growing world population
D) All of you seem to be in much more of h a s p u t s u c h p re s s u re o n th e la n d
a hurry tha n I am B) Un less so meth in g is d one to p rese rve
th e m
E) It usually takes approximately an C) Provided they are well cared for
hour to get there D) Un til the beg in nin g of the 2 0th
cen tu ry
75. Thousands of people could starve to E) If their fe rtility hadn't been destroyed ,
death in Ethiopia ........... by over-farming
A) when the rains failed for the third 80 . Ha d th e to u r g u id e n o t to ld us wh a t we
year in a row were looking at ............
B) if food aid doesn't reach them soon
C) even if they hadn't asked for food aid A) he was very good at explain ing the
D) unless the crops fail again history of the place
E) as long as the economy improves B) I d on't think I wou ld have und ers too d
half o f what we sa w
C) I agree that it was pre tty o bvious
76 .......... , travelling In once-dangerous parts no b od y was tha t in te res te d
of the world is generally quite safe now. D) we had to pay h im a lo t o f money for
his services
A) Unless you respect local customs and E) we were ab le to figu re ou t more or
traditions less everything for ourselves
B) Had you remembered to take
sufficient money
C) As long as you take a few basic
precautions en yakın oîan seçeneği tbtdutrozT
D) Since it is among the greatest of
adventures 81. There is little pleasure to be gained from a
E) Until you learn to take care of yourself gift given unwillingly.
77. Without your talent for public speaking, A) It's really difficult to give a present to
so me on e who m yo u d on' t like mu ch .
B) Presents should on ly be g iven if you
think it'll mak e the rece ive r hap py.
A) a wide-scale advertising campaign C) Unless a present is given freely, it
plays a n impo rta n t ro le wo n' t b rin g mu ch h ap p ines s .
B) first of all, people's awareness about D) You will certainly not enjoy giving a
crue lty to an ima ls sh ou ld be ra ised prese nt to a pe rso n y ou d on' t like .
C) we wouldn't now be about to g ive up E) Mo re e n jo y me n t can b e fou nd in
on the idea giving a present than in receiv ing it.
ELS Q ZVJ
233
82. Should you choose not to continue with D) There are some things I can't say ove r
your education, we will still support you. the pho ne, so I'll meet yo u a t the
cin e ma to d is cu ss the m.
A) We are p repared to stand by you even E) I'll only call to inform you if I can't
if you decide to give up your make it to the c ine ma to nigh t.
education.
B) Had you quit school early, we would 86. IVe booked a table for eight in case you
still have backed you. should change your mind and decide to
C) If yo u don't carry on with your join us.
education, we'll be unable to help you.
D) Even though you've stopped studying, A) I've reserved a table for eight because
we still have confidence in you. you should reconsider your decision
E) We would be willing to support you if and join us for dinner.
you needed he lp with you r s tu dies . B) If you change your mind and join us
for dinner, let me know as we'll have
83. Only by staying In the city for at least a to arrange a table for eight then.
week would it be possible for one to see C) You can change your mind and decide
all the sites. to join us, if you wish, as I can always
change our booking to a table for
A) It's s uch a large place that it tak es eight.
several weeks to get thro ugh it. D) So that we have a large enough table
if you decide to join us after all, I've
B) If you wanted to look at all the sites in reserved one for eight people.
the city , you wou ld need to be the re E) There'll be eight people, including you,
not less th an a week . so I should reserve a table for eight if
C) A week at the most was enough to you have decided to join us.
visit all the sites in the city.
D) You should extend y our s tay here for 87. We narrowly avoided an accident with a
another week if you wan t to see all coach by managing to stop quickly.
the sites in the city.
E) Ev en th oug h y ou ma y s tay th e re A) If the c oac h ha dn' t stop pe d so
longer, it only needs a week to see all sud den ly, we wou ldn' t ha ve h ad the
th e attra ctions . accident.
B) The ga p we h a d le ft be twe en us an d
84. In general, restaurants with a good view the c oach was too na rro w to avo id an
charge very high prices even If they don't accident.
serve good food. C) We wou ld have had a collision with a
coac h if we had n' t co me to a s top s o
A) The gene ra l v ie w is tha t res tau ran ts swiftly.
don't deserve the money they cha rge D) The accident cou ld have been avo ided
for the food they serve. by leav ing a wide r gap and sto pping
B) The vie w fro m the res tau ran t is sooner.
wonderful, but the food they serve E) It wa s s u c h a na rro w ro a d th a t we
isn't as good. nea rly h ad a n acc iden t with a co ac h.
C) People don't mind paying large bills at
sce n ic res ta u ra n ts , as th e y k n o w 88. Whether you like it or not, my aunt is
they're paying for the view as well. coming to stay for the next two weeks.
D) If a res tau ran t has a goo d vie w,
generally it is the v iew that attracts A) I wonder if you'd rn ind if my aunt
customers, not the food served there. came here to stay for the following two
E) Whether the food they serve is good or weeks.
no t, din in g at s cen ic res ta u ra nts is B) If it doesn' t bother yo u too muc h, my
usually very expensive. aun t wo u ld like to s ta y he re fo r th e
next two weeks.
85. Unless I phone and tell you otherwise, I'll C) I don't know if you'll like her or not,
be waiting at the cinema tonight. bu t my a un t is go ing to s tay for th e
next couple of weeks.
A) I'll be at the cinema tonight, but I'll D) In two weeks' time, my aun t will be
telephone you to finalize details. coining to stay and I wonde r ho w you
B) I will only be at the cinema if I tell you feel about it.
for ce rtain over the phone. E) My a unt will be staying fo r th e ne xt
C) As soon as I arrive there, I'll phone fortnight, regardless of your feelings in
fro m the cine ma and let yo u kno w. th e ma tte r.
228 Q ELS
234
89. Without the necessary equipment and D) Sandalyeye çıkıp ampule yetişmeye
expertise, rock climbing is a very çalışacağına, komşusundan yardım
dangerous activity. isteyebilirdi.
E) Ampule yetişmek için sandalyeye
A) Rock climbing is only safe if you have çıkmayı deneseydi, belki de
an expert climbing with you. komşusundan yardım istemek
B) Rock climbing is not safe unless you zorunda kalmazdı.
have the right tools and enough
knowledge. 92. If all the nations of the world don't unite
C) It is illegal to go rock climbing if you against countries that prey upon tigers,
don't know enough about the sport. these magnificent creatures will soon
D) It is obligatory to go rock climbing become extinct
with an expert.
E) Sports such as rock climbing need a A) Bütün uluslar ellerinden geleni yapıp
lot of expensive materials and kaplanları avlayan ülkelere karşı
training. birleşmeselerdi, bu muhteşem
yaratıklar kısa sürede yok olurlardı.
90. They can't have been told the news, or
B) Muhteşem yaratıklar olan kaplanların
they would have rung us immediately.
yok olmaması için bütün uluslar,
A) As they haven't called us, we can onları avlayan ülkelere karşı mücadele
assume that they don't know what's etmelidirler.
happened. C) Eğer bütün dünya ulusları, kaplanları
B) They couldn't tell us what had avlayan ülkelere karşı birlik olmazsa,
happened, although we talked on the bu muhteşem yaratıklar yakında yok
phone. olacak.
C) In spite of the fact that they phoned D) Muhteşem yaratıklar olan kaplanların
us as soon as possible, we weren't neslinin tükenmesi ancak bütün
able to give them the news. dünya uluslarının, onları avlayan
D) They probably didn't phone us ülkelere karşı birlik olmasıyla
because they didn't want to tell önlenebilir.
anyone what happened. E) Eğer bütün dünya ulusları,
E) The moment they called us, we knew kaplanların avlanmasına karşı birlik
that they hadn't heard about what oluşturmazsa, bu muhteşem
had happened. yaratıkların yakında nesli tükenecek.
91-100, sorulanda, verilen İngilizce 93. I don't agree with the idea that the crime
cümleye anlamca en yatan Türkçe rate would increase if capital punishment
cümleyi were abolished.
91. Even standing on a chair wouldn't have A) Suç oranındaki artışı azaltmak için
helped her reach the light bulb, so she ölüm cezalarının uygulanması
had to ask her neighbour for help. gerektiği düşüncesine karşıyım.
B) Ölüm cezalarının sadece ağır suç
A} Sandalyeye çıktığı halde ampule işleyenlere uygulandığına
yetişemeyince, komşusuna gidip inanmıyorum.
ondan yardım istedi. C) Ölüm cezalan uygulanırsa, suç
B) Ampule yetişmek için sandalyeye oranında düşüş olacağı görüşünü
çıkması bile işe yaramazdı, bu yüzden doğru bulmuyorum.
komşusundan yardım istemek D) Ölüm cezası kaldırılırsa suç oranının
zorunda kaldı. artacağı görüşüne katılmıyorum.
C) Ampule yetişmek için sandalyeye E) Ölüm cezasının kaldırılması suç
çıktı, ancak o da işe yaramayınca oranını etkilemez diyenlerle aynı
komşusundan yardım istemek fikirde değilim.
zorunda kaldı.
ELS D 2Z9
235
94. If they are to be looked after In a flat, B) Zaten yeterince işimiz yokmuş gibi,
small or medium-size dogs should be bir de sürekli olarak gereksiz
preferred because large dogs need telefonlarla rahatsız ediliyoruz.
considerable exercise over a large area. C) Bu gereksiz telefonlar bizim
zamanımızı boşa harcıyor, çünkü
A) Bir apartman dairesinde zaten yeterinden fazla işimiz var.
bakılacaklarsa, geniş bir alanda bir D) Sanki kendi işimiz bize yetmiyormuş
hayli egzersiz gereksinimleri olan gibi bu durmadan çalan telefonlara
büyük köpekler yerine küçük ve orta bakma işini de bize verdiler.
boy köpekler tercih edilir. E) Bu kadar işimizin arasında bu
B) Büyük köpeklerin geniş bir alanda durmak bilmeyen telefonlarla bizim
epey egzersize gereksinimleri olduğu ilgilenmemiz gerçekten çok gereksiz.
için, bir apartman dairesinde
bakacaksanız, küçük ya da orta boy 97. We couldn't have afforded a skiing
köpekleri tercih etmelisiniz. holiday in Austria even if we'd received a
C) Bir apartman dairesinde bonus of a month's salary for Christmas.
bakılacaklarsa, küçük ya da orta boy
köpekler tercih edilmelidir, çünkü A) Noe l'de bir maaş tu ta rı ik ra miye
büyük köpeklerin geniş bir alanda bir alsaydık bile Av usturya'da kayak
hayli egzersize gereksinimleri vardır. tatiline gücü müz yetmezd i.
D) Bir apartman dairesinde B) Noel'de maaşımız dışında bir ikra miye
bakacaksanız, küçük ve orta boy ala may ınca kaya k tatili iç in
köpekleri tercih edebilirsiniz; çünkü Avusturya'ya gidemedik.
büyük köpeklerin egzersiz C) Noel için a ldığımız bir maaş tu tarı
yapabilmeleri için geniş bir alana ikra miye b ile Avustu rya'da bir kayak
ihtiyaç vardır. tatiline yetmedi.
E) Bir apartman dairesinde bakmak için D) Maaşımızla birlikte ikra miye
küçük ve orta boy köpekleri seçmek almasaydık Noel'de kayak tatili için
gerekir, çünkü büyük köpeklerin Avusturya'ya gidemezdik.
geniş bir alanda bir hayli egzersiz E) Avustu rya'da kayak tatiline g itme miz
yapmaları gerekir. an ca k Noe l'd e b ir ma aş tu ta rı
ik ra miy e a lma mız la mü mk ü n
95. I could have been injured much more olabilirdi.
seriously, had my seatbelt not been
fastened at the time of the accident. 98. If applied soon after the accident, drug
treatment can reduce the risk of paralysis
A) Bu kada r ağır ya rala n ma mın neden i, in serious spinal-cord injuries.
kaza s ıras ında e mn iy e t ke me rimin
takılı olmamasıydı. A) Ka za dan h e me n so n ra u yg ulan ırsa ,
B) Kaza sırasında e mn iyet ke me rim takılı ilaç tedavisi ciddi omurilik
olsaydı, bu kadar ağır ya ralan mazdım. zedelenmelerinde felç riskini
C) Yarala rımın çok ağır o lmamasın ı, kaza azaltabiliyor.
anınd a e mniye t ke me rimin takılı B) Ciddi omurilik zedelenmelerinde ilaç
olmas ına bo rçluyu m. te d av is i a nc ak k az ad an h e men so n ra
D) Emn iyet ke me rimin takılı o lmaması, uyg u lan ırs a felç ris kin i o rtad an
kaza da ç ok a ğır y a ra la n ma ma ne de n kaldırabiliyor.
oldu. C) Ciddi omurilik zedelenmelerinde felç
E) Kaza anında e mniyet ke merim tak ılı riskinin azaltılabilmesi için kazadan
olmasay dı, ç ok daha ağır he me n so n ra ila ç teda v isin in
yaral anabilirdim. başlaması ge rekiyor.
D) Kazad an he men son ra cid di b ir ilaç
96. As if we don't have enough work already, te dav is i u yg ulan ırsa , o mu rilik
we are constantly being plagued by zedelenmelerinde felç riski
unnecessary phone calls. azaltılabilir.
E) Omurilik zedelenmelerinde felç riski
A) O kadar çok işimiz var ki bu v a rd ır, a n c a k ka z a da n h e me n s o n ra
durmadan çalan telefonlar bizi boş uygu lanan ilaç te dav isi bu risk i ço k
yere meşgul ediyor. aza indirebilir.
230 O ELS
236
99. He could never have learnt to stand on C) Provided they are discovered early
his own If I had helped him in his time of enough, many forms of cancer can
trouble. now be treated successfully.
D) Toda y, most forms of cancer can be
A) Başı dertteyken ayakta durabilmesi
successfully treated unless, of course,
için ona yardım etmek gerekirdi. they are discovered too late.
B) Başı derde girdiğinde ona hep yardım
E) The stage at which cancer is
ettiğim için, kendi başına direnmeyi discovered is very important in terms
asla öğrenemedi.
of whether it can be treated or not.
C) Başı derde girdikçe ona yardım etmek
yerine, tek başına direnmeyi
102. Salon bitkilerinizi düzenli sulamaz,
öğretebilirdim.
onlara gerekil vitaminleri vermezseniz,
D) Başı dertteyken ona yardım etseydim,
sağlıklı görünmelerini bekleyemezsiniz.
kendi başına ayakta durmayı asla
öğrenemezdi.
E) Sorunlarının üstesinden gelmesi benim A) Even if you water your indoor plants
yardımım olmadan asla mümkün regularly, you mustn't expect them to
olamazdı. look healthy if you don't give them the
necessary vitamins.
100.1 wish there were a system that would B) If you water your indoor plants
make It possible to divide the world's regularly, it is not necessary to give
food resources equally among all nations. them vitamins if you think they are
looking healthy.
A) En büyük dileğim bir gün, dünyadaki C) Unless you water your indoor plants
yiyecek ka ynaklarının bütün uluslar regularly and give them the necessary
arasında eşit olarak dağıtıldığını vitamins, you can't expect them to
görmektir. look healthy.
B) Dünyadaki sistem değişmedikçe, tüm D) Even if you water your indoor plants
ulusların yiyecek kaynaklarından eşit regularly and give them the necessary
şekilde yararlanması bana pek olası vitamins, you can still fail to make
gelmiyor. them look healthy.
C) Bütün dünya uluslarının yiyecek E) Only if you don't water your indoor
kaynaklarından eşit olarak plants regularly or forget to give them
yararlanmasını sağlayacak bir the necessary vitamins should you
sistemin olmasını çok isterdim. expect them to look unhealthy.
D) Dünyanın yiyecek kaynaklarının
bütün uluslarca eşit şekilde kullanımı 103. Yeni kaynaklar bulunup üretim
ancak yeni bir sistemin kurulmasıyla artınlmazsa, çok yakında ülkede enerji
mümkün olabilir. sıkınası baş gösterecek.
E) Keşke dünyanın yiyecek kaynaklarını
bütün uluslar a rasında eşit olarak A) To avoid the emergence of an energy
bölmeyi mümkün kılacak bir sistem shortage, either new resources must
olsaydı. be found or production must be
increased.
B) In the absence of new resources and
101-110, sorularda, verJflen Ttirkçe increased production of energy, an
cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce energy shortage will emerge in the
country.
C) We have an energy shortage in the
101. Erken teşhis edildiği takdirde pek çok country because we haven't found any
kanser türü artık başarıyla teda vi new resources, nor have we increased
edilebilmektedir. production.
A) In order for any form of cancer to be D) The finding of new resources, thus
treated successfully, it has to be increasing production, has prevented
discovered when still at an early an energy shortage in the country.
stage. E) An energy shortage will emerge in the
B) Some forms of cancer can be treated country very soon unless new
successfully if they are not discovered resources are found and production is
too late. increased.
E LS D
237
104. Eğer doğru programladıysam, videonun B) Modern artificial lighting would be
iki dakika sonra kayıt yapmaya virtually as effective as daylight if it
başlaması gerekir. weren't for the g lare.
C) Avoiding the glare of modern artificial
A) If I had programmed the video lig hting is necessa ry , but, a pa rt fro m
correctly, it would have started that, it is very effective.
recording in two minutes. D) So lon g as glare is avo ide d, mode rn
B) The video should start recording in artificial lighting is almost as effective
two minutes, providing I've as daylight.
programmed it correctly. EJ Modern artificial lighting is a lot more
C) Whether it is correct or not, I should effective than day lig ht exce pt th at it
at least try to programme the video for causes one to be d azzle d.
a period of two minutes.
D) I ought to programme the video 107. Elinizde bir harita yoksa, Paris'in
correctly as it will start recording in labirent misali metro istasyonlarında
two minutes. yolunuzu bulmanız neredeyse imkansızdır.
E) Had I k no wn th e p rinc iples o f ho w ı
progra mme a v ideo, it wou ld only A) In order to be able to find your way in
hav e ta ke n two min utes to reco rd th e co mp lica te d me tro s ta tio ns o f
that. Pa ris , mak e s u re y ou ta ke a ma p with
you.
105. Çiğ kahve uzun süre dayanır, ancak With the me tro s tations b eing s o
kavrulmuş ya da öğütülmüş kahve, complicated, you can't possibly find
havayla temas ettiği takdirde, tadır you r way in Pa ris with ou t a ma p .
güzel kokusunu hemen yitirir. C) If yo u don't ha ve a map , it is
imposs ib le n ot to be co nfused by the
A) Green coffee keeps for a long time, me tro s ta tio ns in Pa ris , as the y a re
wh ile roas ted a nd g roun d co ffee su ch a maz e.
quickly loses its flavour and aro ma if D) Th e la by rinth ine metro sta tions o f
exposed to air. Paris will re quire you to have a ma p
B) Unlike green coffee beans, which keep with you, or you'll definitely lose your
fo r a long time , roas ted and g roun d way.
coffee beans lose their flavour and E) It's nearly impossible to find your way
aroma rapidly if exposed to air. in th e maze -lik e me tro s ta tio ns o f
C) Exp os u re to a ir ma kes ro as te d an d Pa ris u n less y ou ha v e a ma p with
ground coffee quickly lose its flavour, you.
but green coffee can be kept for a long
time.
D) Once green coffee has been roasted 108. Keşke yeryüzündeki bütün kötülükleri
yok edebilecek doğaüstü güçlere sahip
and ground, it loses both its flavou .
olsaydım.
and a ro ma qu ick ly if expose d to air
but in its g reen fo rm it keeps a long A) I rea lly wish I p osses sed s upe rna tu ral
time. powers; then I could erad icate all evil
E) Green co ffee be ans ca n be ke pt for fro m the ea rth.
lo ng er th an the y ca n a fte r they hav e B) If I h ad su pe rnatural po we rs, I'd firs t
bee n roas te d an d g ro un d, when th ey erad ica te a ll the b ad th in gs fro m th e
lose their flavour and aroma quickly. earth.
C) There are so many bad things on the
106. Göz kamaştırıcı parlaklıktan kaçınıldığı earth that I can't help wishing I had
sürece, günümüzde yapay aydınlatma some supernatural powers.
hemen hemen günışığı kadar etkilidir. D) If only I had supernatural powers that
could eliminate all evil from the earth.
A) As long as one can avoid being E) I wish I could eliminate all the evil
dazzled, modern artificial lighting is things from the earth, but I need
even more effective than daylight. some supernatural powers for that.
432 Q ELS
238
109. Yetkililer çeşitli kuruluşların uyanlarını 110. Gerçekle bağınızı koparmadığınız sûrece
dikkate almış olsaydı, felaket önlenebilirdi. iyimser olmak iyi bir niteliktir.
A) The disaster was the fault of the
authorities, who hadn't listened to the A) It's a good thing that you are
warnings of the various organizations. optimistic, but try not to lose touch
B) It would be possible to prevent a with reality.
disaster if the authorities did not
ignore the warnings of various B) You shouldn't be so optimistic as to
organizations. close your eyes to reality.
C) If the authorities had listened to the C) Being optimistic is a good quality so
warnings of the various organizations,
the disaster could have been long as you don't lose touch with
prevented. reality.
D) Several organizations had warned the D) You mustn't let your optimism keep
authorities of a possible disaster and
how to prevent it, but they ignored you away from reality.
them. E) As long as you are in touch with
E) The authorities didn't listen to the reality, there is nothing wrong with
warnings of the various organizations,
so the disaster couldn't be prevented. being optimistic.
NuclEAR WAR İS İNEVİTAbU, SAys îhs pESSİMİST;
NuclEAR WAR is İMpossibU, SAys îhs OPTİMİST;

NuclEAR WAR İS İNEVİTAbU UNLESS WE M AkE İT
İMpossible, SAys ThE REALİST .
J. HARRİS
UNOVV NOT wbh whAT WEAPONS WoRld WAR III L— will bE

FotjqhT, buT WoRld WAR IV will b E FouqkT \\h\\ siicks
ANd STONES.
AlbERT EİNSTEİN
ELS n
239
UNITS
Noun Clauses
and Reported
Speech
INTRODUCTION
Noun clause bir cümlede isim gibi işlev gören cümleciktir. Yani cümlede özne ya da nesne
görevinde bulunabilir.
I don't know the answer, (object) noun

I don't know what the answer is. (object) '"
noun clause '
I don't know her address, (object) ^

noun
I don't know where she lives, (object) noun clause
Our discussion was private, (subject) noun

What we talked about was private, (subject) noun clause
Her address is unknown, (subject) ''•"••'
noun
Where she lives is unknown, (subject) noun clause
Noun clause'lan üç ayn grupta inceleyebiliriz:
1. Noun clauses beginning with a question word (what, why, who, when, etc.)
2. Noun clauses beginning with whether or not/if... or not
3. Noun clauses beginning with that
334 Q ELS
240
5-1 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH A QUESTION WORD
a) İngilizce'deki soru sözcükleri şunlardır:

who Hem özneyi, hem de nesne durumunda insanı sorar (kim, kimi/kime).
whom Sadece nesne durumunda insanı sorar (kimi/kime).
whose İnsanlar ve hayvanlar için kullanılır, (kimin)
what Normalde nesneler için kullanılır. İnsanlar için kullanımı çok kısıtlıdır.
(- / thought Mr Chandler was the school director. What is he then?
- He is the managing director.)
which Hem nesneler hem de insanlar için kullanılır. Sınırlı bir grup içinden
hangisi olduğunu sorar, (hangisi}
where (nerede)
when (ne zaman)
why (neden)
how (nasıl}
how long Süreç sorar, (ne kadar süreyle/ne zamandan beri)
how often (ne kadar sıklıkla)
how far (ne kadar uzaklıkta/ne kadar mesafede)
how much Bir nesnenin fiyatını (kaç para), ya da sayılamaz isimler için miktar
sorar (ne kadar).
how many Sayılabilir isimler için miktar sorar (kaç tane).
b) İngilizce'de soru cümlesi "yardımcı fiil + özne + yüklem" biçiminde oluşturulur. Düz
cümle ise "özne + yardımcı fiil + yüklem" düzeniyle kurulur. Soru sözcüğü ile başlayan
bir soruyu, noun clause biçimine dönüştürmek için öncelikle o cümleyi soru olmaktan
kurtarmamız gerekir. Bunun için de soru cümlesi düzenini düz cümle düzenine
dönüştürmeliyiz.
Question: Why is he coming tomorrow?
Noun clause: Why he is coming tomorrow is a secret.
Question: What time does he start work?
Noun clause: I don't know what time he starts work.
. Question: When did he leave the country?
Noun clause: When he left the country is still unknown.
Question: Where are you going on holiday?
Noun clause: Where we are going on holiday isn't certain yet.
Question: What are you going to buy for him?
Noun clause: I haven't decided yet what I am going to buy for him.
Question: When did you buy that sweater?
Noun clause: I can't remember when / bought this sweater.
Question: What have they done about this case?
Noun clause: I have no idea what they have done about this case.
Eğer bir soru sözcüğü cümlenin öznesini soruyorsa, o soru cümlesinde özne olarak bir başka
sözcük bulunmadığı için, cümleyi düz cümle biçimine dönüştüremeyiz. Bu nedenle, soru
cümlesi ile noun clause'un sözcük dizimi aynı olur.
Question: Who is coming tomorrow?

Noun Clause: I don't know who is coming tomorrow.
Question: What is happening in that country?

Noun Clause: What is happening in that country doesn't concern me.
ELS Q 235
241
Question: Whose daughter has passed the exam?
Noun Clause: I haven't heard whose daughter has passed the exam.
Question: How many students are going to take the university exam?
Noun Clause: I don't know exactly how many students are going to take the
university exam.
Simple Present Tense ve Simple Past Tense ile özneyi sorarken, "do, does" ya da "did" yardımcı
fiilleri kullanılmaz.
Question: Who comes to the office first?
Noun clause: I don't know who comes to the office first.
Question: Who came to the office first this morning?

Noun clause: I don't know who came to the office first this morning.
Question: Who locks the doors in the evening?

Noun clause: I don't know for sure who locks the doors in the evening.
Question: Who locked the doors yesterday evening?

Noun clause: J don't remember who locked the doors yesterday evening.
Question: What happens here at the weekend?

Noun clause: Please tell me what happens here at the weekend.
Question: What happened here yesterday?

Noun clause: Please tell me what happened here yesterday.
Eğer aynı soru sözcüklerini kullanarak cümlenin nesnesini soruyorsak, "do, does" ya da "did'
yardımcı fiilleri kullanılır.
Who visits him every day? ("Who" özneyi soruyor.)

(Onu her gün kim ziyaret ediyor?}
I don't know who visits him every day.
(Onu her gün kimin ziyaret ettiğini bilmiyorum.)
Cümlede nesne durumundaki insanı sorarken "who" yerine "whom" da kullanabiliriz.
Who/whom does he visit every day? ("Who/whom" nesneyi soruyor.)

(O her gün kimi ziyaret ediyor?)
I don't know who/whom he visits every day.
(Onun her gün kimi ziyaret ettiğini bilmiyorum.)
Who visited him yesterday? ('Who" özneyi auruyor.)

(Dün onu kim ziyaret eta?)
I don't know who visited him yesterday.
(Dün onu kimin ziyaret ettiğini bilmiyorum.)
Who/whom did he visit yesterday? ("Who/whom" nesneyi soruyor.)

(O dün kimi ziyaret etti?)
l don't know who/whom he visited yesterday.
(Onun dün kimi ziyaret ettiğini bilmiyorum.)
Who/whom did she go to the party with? ("Who/whom" nesneyi soruyor.)

(With whom did she go to the party?) I don't know who/whom she went to the
party with, with whom she went to the party.
236 Q ELS
242
"Who, what, whose" gibi soru sözcükleriyle sorabileceğimiz şu soru tiplerine de dikkat ediniz:
Who are those girls??
verb subject
I don't know who those girls are.
subject verb
Who te that man?

verb subject
I don't know who that man iş. subject verb
What iş this substance?
verb subject
Do you know what this substance is?
subject verb
Whose is that car?
verb subject
Do you know whose that car is? subject verb
Whose book iş this? (OR Whose iş this book?)

verb subject verb subject
I don't know whose book this iş. OR

subject verb
I don't know whose this book iş. subject verb
Soru sözcüğüyle başlayan bir noun clause oluşturabilmek için, bu sıraladığımız kuralları dikkate
alarak, örneklerde kullandığımız soru sözcüklerinin yanı sıra diğer bütün soru sözcüklerini de
kullanabiliriz.
EXERCISE l: Change the question in parentheses to a noun clause.

1. (What is the purpose of his visit?}
Nobody knows .................................................................................................
2. (Where did I leave my keys?)
I've forgotten ...............................................................................................
3. (How long have you been learning English ?]
Can you tell me ............................................................................................. ?
4. (How does she know my address?)
I have no idea ............................................................................................................
5. (Why did they choose him as the new chairman?)
....................................................................................... is open to debate.
6. (What are they talking about?)
........................................................................................ is none of your business.
7. (What can be done in this situation?)
I don't know ........................................................................................................
8. (What can you do in this situation?)
Can you tell me .......................................................................................... ?
9. (How many people have come to the party so far?)
Have you counted ................................................................................................ ?
ELSQZ37
243
10. [Who helped him to escape from jail?)
....................................................................................................is still a mystery.
11. (Who did she go on holiday with?)
I'm really curious to find out .................................................................................
12. (When will we be able to pick up our tickets?)
I'd like to know ........................................................................................................
13. (Whom did the police interview about the incident?)
Everyone is dying to know .......................................................................................
14. (Whose signature is this?)
Does anyone recognize ........................................................................................... ?
15. (Where could the customer file be?)
I can't imagine .........................................................................................................
16. (How does he cope with so many children in the class?)
I can't understand ....................................................................................................
17. (How long has this been going on?)
The engineer wants to know ....................................................................................
18. (How long did it take her to knit this cardigan?)
I wonder ....................................................................................................................
19. (When will they move into their new house?)
.................................................................... depends on the sale of their old one.
20. (Whose jacket are you wearing?)
Why won't you tell me ............................................................................................ ?
EXERCISE 2: Make a question using the given sentence. The words In parentheses
should be the answer to the question you make. Then change the question
to a noun clause.
1. She bought (a silver necklace] yesterday.
Question: What did she buy yesterday?
Noun clause: 1 wonder what she bought yesterday.
2. They require (a five hundred dollar) deposit.
Q: ...............................................................................................?
NC: Can you ask them ............................................................................................ ?
3. The longest ski run is (seven kilometres) long.
Q: ..............................................................................................?
NC: Does the brochure state ..................................................................................... ?
4. Temperature is measured with (a thermometer).
Q- ....................................................................................... ?
NC: It isn't mentioned in the text ..................................................................................
5. (2000 dollars) was raised at the school fund-raiser.
Q: .............................................................................................. ?
NC: ................................................................................... hasn't been announced yet.
6. Alice comes to the office (twice a week).
Q: ............................................................................................... ?
NC: Do you know....................................................................................... ?
7. I got your phone number (by asking Pete).
Q: ................................................................................................ ?
NC: I want to know .................................................................................................
8. They suddenly ran off (to the airport).
Q: ............................................................................................... ?
NC: I wonder ............................................................................................
9. Their holiday lasted (for a fortnight).
Q- ................................................................................................. ?
NC: I don't remember ...................................................................................
10. The man standing behind our literature teacher is (John's father).
Q: ................................................................................................ ?
NC: I wonder ............................................................................................
11. The man talking to the teacher is (Lucy's) father.
Q: ................................................................................................ ?
NC: Do you know ....................................................................................... ?
238 Q ELS
244
12. She went to the party with (A/ex).
Q: ....................................................................................... ?
NC: We're all dying to know....................................................................................
13. The foreign representatives are going to (have a rest at their hotel) after the meeting.
Q: ....................................................................................... ?
NC: I don't know.............................................................................................
14. Their golden wedding anniversary party is (on June 25th, at 7p.m.)
Q- ......................................................................................... ?
NC: They have already informed everybody about
15. She ended up buying (the green) sweater.
Q: ....................................................................................... ?
NC: I'm curious about .....................................................................................
16. She has to look after (three) people apart from her son.
Q: ........................................................................................ ?
NC: Do you know ........................................................................................... ?
17. That building is (20 metres) tall.
Q: ........................................................................................ ?
NC: Can you guess ......................................................................................... ?
18. "King Lear" was written by (William Shakespeare).
Q- ........................................................................................ ?
NC: I wish I had known before the test .................................................................
19. (This) one is the best of all.
Q: ........................................................................................ ?
NC: I can't decide .................................................................................................
20. It was (Simon's) fault that the project wasn't prepared in time.
Q: ........................................................................................ ?
NC: I don't think it matters now ...........................................................................
HOW MUCH IT LOOKS /
A butcher in a supermarket was asked by a customer if he had a 15- ^
pound turkey. "I don't think we have one that big on hand right now," he "**/•'
replied. "I could order one for you though."
"Oh, no," the woman said, "I don't want to buy it. I've been on a diet \
and I've lost 15 pounds. I just wanted to see how much that looked like in '''!
one piece." \
:
(by James Dent f rom Gazette) ^:,
/
«^
5-2 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH 'WHETHER OR NOT" or

"IF...OR NOT"
Yardımcı fiille başlayan bir soruyu noun clause'a dönüştürürken, noun clause'un başına
"whether" ya da "If' getirilir ve soru cümlesi, düz cümle biçimine çevrilir. "Or not" "whether" dan
hemen sonra gelebilir (whether or not) ya da noun clause'un sonunda yer alabilir (whether ... or
not). Ancak "or not" "if'den hemen sonra kullanılmaz. Sadece noun clause'un sonunda yer
alabilir (if...or not). Her iki cümlede de "or not" kullanmayabiliriz ve bu durumda anlam
değişmez.
- Is she coming to the party?
- I wonder whether she is coming to the party or not.
whether or not she is coming to the party. whether she is coming to
the party. if she is coming to the party ornot. If she is coming to the
party.
(Onun partiye gelip gelmeyeceğini merak ediyorum.)
.-.- •;.'.-•"- • . : ELS a »39
245
Eğer "noun clause" un başında bir preposition varsa ya da noun clause cümlede özne
durumunda ise sadece "whether" kullanılır. "If cümle başında ya da preposition'dan sonra
kullanılmaz.
Whether she is coming to the party or not isn't certain yet. Whether or not she
is coming to the party isn't certain yet. Whether she is coming to the party isn't
certain yet.
(Onun partiye gelip gelmeyeceği henüz belli değil.)
- Do we have to return our assignments by Monday?
- I don't know whether/if'we have to return our assignments by Monday.
- May I leave early today? *
- I'd like to learn whether/if I may leave early today.
- Can you help me with my English homework?
- I wonder whether/if you can help me with my English homework. ;
- Did she pass the exam?
- I'm curious about whether (or not) she passed the exam.
"Whether or not" kalıbının koşul cümlesinde ve noun clause'da

kullanımı arasındaki farklılıklara ve Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz.
1. "Whether or not", koşul cümlesinde yan cümleyi, noun clause'da ise
cümlenin öznesini ya da nesnesini oluşturur. Koşul cümlelerinde "ör not"
atılamaz; "noun clause" larda "or not" kullanmak zorunlu değildir.
I will go to the theatre whether he comes with me or not. (Conditional) (O
gelse de gelmese de, tiyatroya gideceğim.)
l don't know whether he will come to the theatre with me (or not).
(Noun Clause)
(Onun benimle tiyatroya gelip gelmeyeceğini bilmiyorum.)
2. "Whether or not" koşul cümlesinde kullanıldığı zaman bazı tense kısıtlamaları
vardır: future tense kullanılmaması gibi. "Whether or not" noun clause'da
kullanıldığı zaman tense kısıtlaması yoktur.
She would support him whether he were (was) right or not. (conditional) I don't
know whether he was right (or not).
(noun clause: "he" den sonra "were" kullanılmaz.)
The result will be the same whether we attend tomorrow's meeting or not.
(conditional: "whether" m bağlı bulunduğu cümlede future tense
kullanamayız.)
(Yarınki toplantıya katilsak da katılmasak da sonuç aynı olacak.)
I haven't decided yet whether I will attend tomorrow's meeting (or not.)
(noun clause)
(Yarınki toplantıya katihp katılmayacağıma henüz karar vermedim.)
EXERCISES: Change the question to a noun clause.

1. Can they explore the whole universe someday?
.......................................................... is something that everybody wonders about.
2. Is he enjoying his new job?
He hasn't told me anything about ....................................................................
240 o ELS
246
3. Can the shop deliver the sofa by Friday?
We need to know ....................................................................................
4. Does it get very cold there in the winter?
You can ask your aunt ..................................................................................
5. Are they going to accept the offer on the house? .... ., t
...................................................................................................................................isn't certain yet.
6. Were they given enough time to complete the project?
I don't know ..................................................................................................
7. Did he get the promotion?
.............................................................................. hasn't been announced yet.
8. Should they apply a long time in advance?
They need to find out................................................................................
9. Is he going to request a transfer?
He hasn't made up his mind yet about ................................................................
10. Did she speak to the manager today?
............................................................................ doesn't concern me at all.
EXERCISE 4ü Change the question to a noun clause. •'••^.--.-
1. What were they doing in the warehouse?

Did the manager find out ................................................................................. ?
2. Have the invitations been sent out yet?
Does anyone know ........................................................................................... ?
3. Which hospital have they taken the injured boy to?
We need to find out ............................................................................................
4. How many children does the school have in each class?
.......................................................................... is an important point to know.
5. Why did he leave the company?
........................................................................... remains a mystery to all of us.
6. Will the film version of the book be successful?
The critics aren't certain......................................................................................
7. Has he made up his mind about his major at university?
............................................................................ is a matter of interest to all of his
relatives.
8. Who did Veronica marry?
I'm not in the least interested in ..........................................................................
9. Was Sarah at work today?
I'm not sure..........................................................................................................
10. What were they talking about?
....................................................................... was the new employee's love-life.
11. Which car did they buy in the end?
I haven't asked them ...........................................................................................
12. Does he have a valid excuse for not coming to work yesterday?
The manager wants to know.................................................................................
13. Where did she pick up such silly ideas? .
I'm really wondering ............................................................................................
14. Could this be the end of their relationship?
All the viewers are waiting to see ........................................................................
15. How much money has Richard made with his new business?
......................................................................................................is not known.
ELS Q Z41
247
WHY IS NO ONE WAITING ON ME?
In one of London's most exclusive department stores, I followed

a sign to the restaurant.
Having taken a seat at a beautifully set table with gleaming silver
cutlery, crisp folded napkins and a centrepiece of artichokes and dried
gourds, I wondered why the place was not better patronized. Perhaps it
was the service or the open-plan situation under harsh spotlights.
As I inspected my surroundings, the penny suddenly dropped. I was
sitting in the window display.
~"~
5-3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH "THAT"

Düz cümleleri noun clause biçiminde kullanırken, noun clause'un başına "that" getirilir. Eğer
noun clause cümlede nesne durumundaysa, "that" kullanmayabiliriz.
Statement: She doesn't like pop music.
Noun clause: We know that she doesn't like pop music. We know she doesn't
like pop music.
(Onun pop müziğini sevmediğini biliyoruz.)
Statement: He is the best of all.
Noun clause: I'm sure that he is the best of all. I'm sure he is the best of all.
Eğer noun clause cümlede özne durumundaysa, noun clause'un başındaki "that" kaldırılamaz.
Statement: He committed the crime. Noun clause: That he committed
the crime is obvious. (Suçu onun işlediği açık.)
Statement: He can't win the election.
Noun clause: That he can't win the election is known.
(Onun seçimleri kazanamayacağı biliniyor.)
Ancak "that clause"un bu şekilde cümlenin başında özne olarak kullanılması pek yaygın
değildir. Onun yerine, cümleye "it" ile başlayıp noun clause'u ortada kullanmak daha
yaygındır.
It is obvious that he committed the crime. It is obvious he committed the
crime. (Suçu onun işlediği açık.)
It is known that he can't win the election. It is known he can't win the election.
(Onun seçimleri kazanamayacağı biliniyor.)
She will pass the exam. That she will pass the exam is certain. It is certain
that she will pass the exam. (Onun sınavı geçeceği kesin.)
242 Q ELS
248
"That clause"u yaygın olarak:
v
a) Bazı sıfatlardan sonra • •' r^nu ••
b) Bazı isimlerden sonra •;•;
c) Bazı fiillerden sonra
d) "The fact" ile kullanabiliriz. ,.
a) "That clauses" after certain adjectives:

Sorry, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, disappointed, pleased, sure, etc. gibi duygu ya da tavır
bildiren sıfatlardan sonra "that clause" kullanabiliriz.
Statement: You passed the exam.
Noun clause: I'm glad (that) you passed the exam.
Statement: I hurt his feelings.
Noun clause: I'm sorry (that) I hurt his feelings.
Statement: She couldn't get the job.
Noun clause: I'm surprised (that) she couldn't get the job.
Sonu -Ing ve -ed ile biten bazı sıfatlardan sonra "that clause" kullanımı oldukça yaygındır.
Surprised, amazed, pleased gibi sonu -ed ile bitenler, ancak bir canlının duygulannı ifade
edebileceği için "/, You, We, They, Peter, My mother" gibi öznelerle kullanılır. Surprising,
amazing, pleasing gibi sonu -Ing ile bitenler ise olayların durumunu ifade ettikleri için özne
olarak "it" gerektirir.
It is very surprising (that) she was dismissed from her job. (İşinden atılması çok
şaşırtıcı.)
I'm very surprised (that) she was dismissed from her job. (Onun işten atılmasına
çok şaşırdım.)
It's pleasing (that) you've made good progress in English. (İngilizce'de iyi bir
ilerleme kaydetmeniz memnuniyet verici.)
I'm pleased (that) you've made good progress in English. (İngilizce'de iyi bir
ilerleme kaydetmenize memnun oldum.)
True, strange, fair, unfair, unfortunate, obvious, apparent, too bad, likely, unlikely gibi sıfatlarla
da "that clause" yaygın olarak kullanılır.
It's likely (that) there will be another rise in prices soon.
It's apparent/obvious (that) some small businesses will go bankrupt after the
:
recent economic crisis.
It's unfair (that) women still don't have the same rights as men.
It's true (that) smoking gives rise to certain respiratory diseases.
b) "That clauses" after certain nouns:

Miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, a good thing, fact, belief, theory, impression gibi isimlerden
sonra "that clause" kullanabiliriz.
It's a wonder (that) she survived the accident.
It's a miracle (that) the child didn't get killed when he fell from the fifth floor.
It's a widely accepted belief (that) the two major conservative parties should be
united to come to power.
It's a great shame (that) some nations spend an enormous amount of money
on arms while others starve to death.
It's a good thing (that) your parents are being so understanding on
this occasion.
It's my opinion (that) television reduces interest in reading.
(Benim görüşüm o ki televizyon, okumaya olan ilgiyi azaltıyor.)
' * •. V
ELS a Z43
249
c) "That clauses" after certain verbs:
Bazı fiiller, kendilerinden sonra noun clause alabilirler. Bu cümlelerde noun clause, yüklemin
nesnesi durumundadır.
I know his ambition. noun
I know (thaû he will try anything to attain his ambition.
noun clause
I will prove his innocence.
noun
I will prove that he is innocent.
noun clause
(Onun masum olduğunu ispatlayacağım.)
Yaygın olarak "that clause" alan fiiller şunlardır:
acknowledge fear realize (wh)

add feel reckon (wh)
admit find out (wh) recognize
advise forget (wh) recommend
allege guess (wh) remark
announce (wh) grumble remember (wh)
answer guarantee remind
appear happen reply
argue hear (wh) report
arrange (wh) * hope request
assume imagine (wh) resolve
assure imply reveal (wh)
beg indicate say (wh)
believe (wh) inform see (wh)
claim insist seem
command know (wh) sense (be aware of)
complain learn (wh) show (wh)
confess mean state {wh)
confirm notice (wh) stipulate
consider (wh) object suggest (wh)
declare observe suppose
decide (wh) occur to + object suspect
demand order teach
demonstrate (wh) perceive tell (wh)
deny point out think (wh)
determine (wh) predict (wh) threaten
discover (wh) presume turn out
doubt (wh) pretend understand (wh)
estimate (wh) promise urge
expect propose warn
explain (wh) prove (wh) wish
wonder (wh)
* Yanında (wh) bulunan fiiller, bir soru sözcüğüyle ya da whether ile başlayan bir noun clause
da alabilirler.
244 Q ELS
250
The teacher claims (that) he cheated during the exam.
I assume (that) the meeting will have to be cancelled.
Everybody in the company thinks (that) Mr. O'Neil will make a successful
manager.
The result of the exam indicates (that) you didn't study hard enough.
He never admits (that) he has made a mistake.
She will soon realize (that) she has just lost the chance of making a career by
rejecting this post.
Appear, seem, happen, occur ve turn out fiilleri özne olarak "It" kullanmayı gerektirir.
It appears (that) we will face terrible conditions on this expedition. It seems to me
(that) this child will be an artist when he grows up. (Bana öyle geliyor ki bu çocuk
büyüyünce ressam olacak.)
It occurs to me (that) his action was deliberate.
It turned out (that) he had a number of accomplices in the robbery.
"Yapacağımız!' bir şey için söz vermek anlamına gelen "promise" ve "bir şeyin olacağını önceden
tahmin etmek' anlamına gelen "predict" fiilleri, noun clause'da future tense kullanmayı gerektirir.
She promises that she will be more careful next time.
The villagers predict that the harvest will be good this season.
Temel cümlenin yüklemi past tense ise noun clause'da "•will" in past biçimi "would" kullanılır.
She promised that she would be more careful next time. (Bir dahaki sefere daha
dikkatli olacağına söz verdi.)
The villagers predicted that the harvest would be good this season.
DEAD END
Part of my job as a commercial driving instructor is to ensure

that my foreign-born students, who are not that familiar with English,
can read and understand road signs. When we came to a sign that said
"Dead End", I asked one such student to explain what it meant. "You go
way down, come to end of street," he said. As I was about to
compliment him, he continued,"... is cemetery."
(by Edward Manjuck from Reader's Digest)
d) Noun clauses with "the fact that"

Bir "that clause" u çoğu zaman "the fact that" biçiminde kullanabiliriz. "The fact that'li cümle, özne
ya da nesne durumunda olabilir.
Statement: She couldn't pass the exam. That disappointed us. Noun clause:
The fact that she couldn't pass the exam disappointed us. (Onun sınavı geçememesi
bizi hayal kırıklığına uğrattı.)
Statement: The War of Independence was won with great difficulty. Noun clause:
Yesterday in class we discussed the fact that the War of Independence was won with
great difficulty.
Statement: She cheated in the exam. That made the teacher furious. Noun
clause: The fact that she cheated in the exam made the teacher furious.
ELS Q 245
251
Eğer "the fact that" cümlesi, son örnekte olduğu gibi, cümlenin öznesi durumundaysa, "the fact
that" yerine sadece "that" de kullanabiliriz.
That she cheated in the exam made the teacher furious.
Eğer "that clause", bir preposition'ın nesnesi durumunda ise bu noun clause yalnızca "that" il
başlatılamaz. Bu durumdaki bir "noun clause" "the fact that" kullanmayı gerektirir.
We are not worried about the fact that she comes home late from work. '
I'm not responsible for the fact that we lost the contract. I
(İşi kaybetmemizden ben sorumlu değilim.) J
5-4 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES

a) Subjunctive, yani tüm öznelerle fiilin yalın halinin kullanılması, günümüz •
İngilizce'sinde çok yaygın bir kullanım değildir. Ancak bazı fiil, sıfat ve isimlerle bu
kullanım, özellikle American English'te yaygındır. "Be" fiilinin bütün öznelerle "be"
biçiminde kullanıldığına dikkat ediniz.
It's important that we be punctual. *.
The boss insists that everybody be present at the meeting.
I demand that your son be more obedient at school.
The board of directors' advice is that the company purchase new equipment. ;
The doctor insists that I stop smoking
I suggest that you go to a doctor.
'?-,
b) Subjunctive'de olumsuzluk "not + yalın fill" biçiminde ifade edilir.
1
•?
.,j
It's important that we not be late for the meeting.
I demand that your son not be so disobedient at school.
His employer has requested that he not leave his job until the project has been
finished.
c) Temel cümledeki eylem past olduğunda da, subjunctive'de fiilin yalın hali kullanılır.
I suggested that he go to a doctor.
The headmaster demanded that my son not be so disobedient at school.
It was important that we not be late for the meeting.
The judge recommended that the murderer be given a life sentence in prison.
His employer requested that he not leave his job until the project had been
finished.
d) British English'te subjunctive yerine, temel cümledeki eylem present ise noun
clause'da Simple Present ya da "should"; temel cümledeki eylem past ise noun
clause'da Simple Past ya da "should" kullanımı daha yaygındır.
(Present) ••- • t ;?
I suggest that he goes to a doctor.
I suggest that he should go to a doctor. , , iVl :
(Doktora gitmesini öneririm.) '
"r (Past) ''-..,-• V
I suggested that he went to a doctor.
I suggested that he should go to a doctor.
• (Doktora gitmesini önerdim.) ' '
(Present) -'•-• It's important that we aren't late for the meeting.
It's important that we shouldn't be late for the meeting. (Toplantıya geç
kalmamamız çok önemli.)
246 Q ELS
252
(Past)
It was important that we weren't late for the meeting.
It was important that we shouldn't be late for the meeting.
(Toplantıya geç kalmamamız çok önemliydi.)
e) Yukarıda incelediğimiz üç kullanımın da Türkçe'ye çevirisi aynıdır.

The manager demanded that / be on time for work. The manager demanded that
/ was on time for work. The manager demanded that / should be on time for
work. (Müdür işe vaktinde gelmemi istedi.)
f) Old Englishmen günümüze değişmeden gelmiş, subjunctive içeren bazı deyimleşmiş

kalıplar vardır.
(May) God be with you. (Tanrı sizinle olsun.)
(May) (God) bless you. [Tanrı sizi korusun./Tanrı sizi kutsasın.)
Long live the Queen! (Kraliçe, çok yaşa!)
Come what may ... (= Whatever happens) (Ne olursa olsun)
If need be ... (=Ifit is necessary) (Eğer gerekirse ...)
As it were (=in a way/so to speak) (Bir bakıma/gibi bir şey/adeta)
g) Words of Urgency
Subjunctive yapıda kullanılan ya da noun clause'da "should" gerektiren sözcükler genellikle,
gereklilik, ivedilik ya da önem (urgency) ifade eden sözcüklerdir. Bu sözcüklerden yaygın olarak
kullanılanlar aşağıda verilmiştir.
1. Verbs
advise decide insist request
ask demand order resolve
beg determine propose suggest
command implore recommend urge
2. Adjectives
advisable essential necessary significant
crucial imperative obligatory urgent
desirable important ridiculous vital
3. Nouns
advice insistence order requirement
demand necessity proposal suggestion
desire obligation recommendation wish
h) Subjunctive yapıda kullanılan ya da noun clause'da "should" gerektiren sözcükler

genellikle, "to + Infinitive" ya da "gerund" ile kullanıldığında aynı anlamı verirler.
It is important that women have/should have economic freedom. It is important

for women to have economic freedom.
I insisted that he give up/gave up/should give up smoking. I insisted on him
giving up smoking.
It was my biggest desire that / be left/was left/should be left on my own. It was
my biggest desire to be left on my own.
ELS a 247
253
i) "Should" In Noun Clauses after Certain Adjectives
Olaylar karşısında duygularımızı, kişisel düşünce ya da tutumumuzu ifade eden sıfatlardan
sonra noun clause'da "should" kullanımı çok yaygındır. Ancak bu tür cümlelerde "should"
yerine subjunctive kullanılmaz. Simple Present ya da Simple Past tense'ler kullanılabilir.
It's unbelievable that such a young child should be given (is given) so much
pocket money.
I was surprised that such a young child should be given (was given) so much
pocket money.
It was a shame that he should call (called) his mother a liar.
Isn't it a shame that he should call (calls/called) his mother a liar?
It's amazing that he should think (thinks/thought) he deserved a promotion,
since we all know he is so useless.
5-5 NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
Bir preposition'dan sonra noun clause gelebilir.

She takes no notice of my warnings.
noun
She takes no notice of what I say. noun clause
Your question isn't related to this subject.
noun
Your question isn't related to what we are discussing now.
noun clause
She is very excited about the holiday resort.
noun
She is very excited about where we are going to spend our holiday.
noun clause
She hasn't told me anything about her decision. (Karan ile ilgili bana bir şey
söylemedi.)
She hasn't told me anything about whether she will come or not. ("if1 bu
şekilde bir preposition'dan sonra kullanılmaz.) (Gelip gelmeyeceği konusunda
bana bir şey söylemedi.)
She is very concerned about the arm's financial problems.
She is very concerned about whether the urm can overcome its financial
problems.
"That clause" bir preposition'dan sonra "the fact that" biçiminde kullanılır.
Statement: He was devastated by the tragic news.
Noun clause: Yesterday we talked about the fact that he was devastated by
the tragic news.
Statement: She is the author of two well-known books.
Noun clause: I'm interested in the fact that she is the author of two well-
known books.
Statement: Her boss will award her with a raise in salary.
Noun clause: She is very excited about the fact that her boss will award her
with a raise in salary.
248 G ELS
254
5-6 NOUN CLAUSES AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
Bir noun clause, özne tamamlayıcısı olarak kullanılabilir. Bu kullanımda bazen hem öznenin,
hem de tamamlayıcısının noun clause olduğuna dikkat ediniz.
This is where a bloody battle was fought.

What made us feel upset was that he didn't even thank us for our efforts.
What I'm curious about is how the prisoners dug the tunnel without being
noticed.
Our main priority is .how we'll overcome our financial difficulties.
5-7 TENSE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE MAIN VERB AND THE NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause'un tensel ile temel cümlenin tense'i arasındaki ilişkiyi iki bölümde inceleyebiliriz.
a) Temel cümlenin yüklemi Present Tense ise,

b) Temel cümlenin yüklemi Past Tense ise.
a) Noun clause as the object of a verb in Present Tense

Eğer temel cümlenin yüklemi "7 think, I have thought' gibi bir present tense ise ya da "7 will
say, I'm going to say gibi bir future tense ise, noun clause'un tense'i ile aralarında mantıklı bir
uyum olması gerekir. Yani yüklemin kısıtlayıcı bazı özellikleri yoksa eğer (örneğin suggest,
recommend, promise, predict gibi fuller belli tense'leri gerektirir), noun clause'un tense'i
present, past ya da future olabilir.
Statement: He goes abroad very often.

Noun clause: I think (that) he goes abroad very often.
Statement: He is going/is going to go/will go abroad soon.

Noun clause: I think (that) he is going/is going to go/will go abroad soon.
Statement: He has just gone abroad.

Noun clause: I think (that) he has Just gone abroad.
Statement: He went abroad last week.

Noun clause: I think (that) he went abroad last week.
Statement: He had just left the office when I got there.

Noun clause: I think (that) he had Just left when I got there.
Temel cümlenin yüklemi present olduğu zaman noun clause'da Past Perfect kullanımı, "after,
before, by the time, etc." gibi zaman bağlaçları kullanarak zamanı netleştirdiğimiz takdirde
mümkündür. Yüklem present iken noun clause'da "will" in past biçimi "would" kullanılmaz.
Ancak, "would like, would prefer, would rather" gibi anlamı present ya da future olan yapılar ve
2. ve 3. type "if clause" ile kullanılan "would" ve "would have done" kullanılabilir.
I think (that) she would succeed if she tried.
I think (that) she would have succeeded if she had tried.
I think (that) she would rather go to the theatre than to the cinema.
I think (that) she would like to be invited to the party.
I think (that) they had Just shipped the order when we called to remind them.
ELS a 249
255
Bu tense kuralları, soru sözcüğüyle ya da whether/If ile başlayan noun clause'lar için de
geçerlidir.
I don't know when she will leave Istanbul, why she left so hurriedly, if she
wants to come with us. whether she heard the news, what she
has been doing there for an hour, who left the office last
yesterday.
I have discovered why she refused our invitation,

when she will leave on holiday, how she managed to
persuade him. which countries she has been to.
She will find out what he was doing there at the time,
why he wants to resign, how long he has been living
in this city, which one he would rather choose.
whether he will attend the meeting or not. if he
completed the job he had been given.
They haven't announced yet where the party will be held.
who took over the firm, what has been going
on here, who/whom they are going to award the
prize to.
b) Noun Clause as the object of a verb in Past Tense
Temel cümlenin yüklemi "thought, had thought' gibi Simple Past ya da Past Perfect ise, noun
clause'un tense'i eylemin oluş zamanını ifade eden tense'in bir derece past biçimidir. Yani will
yerine would, can yerine could, have done yerine had done, did yerine had done gibi.
Statement: They have finished writing their report.
Noun clause: I noticed (that) they had finished writing their report.
Question: When will she come?

Noun clause: He wondered when she would come.
Question: Is she going to come with us?
Noun clause: He wanted to know whether/if she was going to come with us.
I jknow (that) he can pass the exam without much effort. (Fazla çaba
harcamadan sınavı geçebileceğini biliyorum.)
l knew (that) he could pass the exam without much effort. (Fazla çaba
harcamadan sınavı geçebileceğini biliyordum.)
I don'tlmowfor sure what she bought for you. (Sana ne aldığını kesin olarak
bilmiyorum.)
I didn't know for sure what she had bought for you. (Sana ne aldığını kesin
olarak bilmiyordum.)
I've Just learnt (that) she is coming soon. (Onun yakında geleceğini henüz
öğrendim.)
l had Just learnt (that) she was coming soon. (Onun yakında geleceğini henüz
öğrenmiştim.)
25O o ELS
256
Ancak noun clause genel bir doğruyu ya da doğa kanununu ifade ediyorsa, temel cümlenin
yüklemi past olduğunda da noun clause'un tense'i present olabilir.
After the experiment, we found out that different fluids have different boiling
points.
Should, had better, ought to, would rather, wo u Id prefer ve would like, temel cümledeki fiil past
olduğunda da aynı kalır. May, might biçiminde, have to ve must ise, present anlamdaysa had to,
future anlamdaysa had to/would have to biçiminde değiştirilir.
I think she would rather stay at home.
[Evde kalmayı tercih edeceğini zannediyorum.)
l thought she would rather stay at home. (Evde kalmayı tercih edeceğini
zannediyordum.)
I suggest that he should look for another job. (Başka bir iş aramasını
öneriyorum.)
l suggested that he should look for another job. (Başka bir iş aramasını
önerdim.)
She knows (that) she must/has to help her mother now. (Annesine şimdi
yardım etmek zorunda olduğunu biliyor.)
She knew (that) she had to help her mother. (Annesine yardım etmek zorunda
olduğunu biliyordu.)
l must remind you (that) we have to get up at dawn tomorrow.
I reminded them (that) we had to/would have to get up at dawn the next day.
5-8 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT NOUN CLAUSES

Noun clause'larda dikkat etmemiz gereken bir diğer nokta, fiillerin alabilecekleri noun clause
tipleridir. Çünkü her fiil, üç tip noun clause alamayabilir. Sadece soru tipinde (soru sözcüğüyle
ya da whether/if ile başlayan) noun clause alabilen, sadece "that clause" alabilen ya da her iki
tip noun clause ile kullanılabilen fiiller vardır.
Örneğin, "zannetmek' anlamında "think" sadece "that clause" alabilir. Çünkü bir şeyin "ne
zaman olacağını, nasıl olacağını, olup olmayacağını" zannedenleyiz. Ancak bir şeyin "olduğunu,
olacağını" (that clause) zannedebiliriz.
I think (that) she will give up her job.
I don't think (that) she will go on working under these conditions.
I thought (that) she would refuse our offer.
I didn't think (that) she would accept our offer.
Ancak "think", "I can't think' biçiminde kullanılırsa, "Bir neden düşünemiyorum, anlamıyorum"
anlamına gelir ki bu durumda soru sözcüğüyle başlayan bir noun clause alabilir.
I can't think why she refused our offer. I can't think why she won't come with
us.
Ask, want to know gibi bazı fuller ise "that clause" almazlar. Bu fiilleri ancak bir soru
sözcüğüyle ya da whether/if ile başlayan noun clause'larla kullanabiliriz. Çünkü "bir şeyin
olacağını (that clause)" soramayız. Bir şeyin "ne zaman olacağını, nasıl olacağını, nerede
olacağını," ya da bir şeyin "olup olmayacağını" sorabiliriz.
I will ask him what he will do with so much money. She's asking where we are
going to meet. I asked him whether he liked the meal. She wants to leant if I
will join them.
ELS Q 251
257
Tell, understand, explain, know, etc. gibi fuller ise üç tip noun clause ile de kullanılabilirler.
He told me (that) he couldn't understand the lesson.
I wul tell you tomorrow whether I will come with you or stay home.
He hasn't told me yet woere we are going to meet.
I know (that) she doesn't trust me.
I know when she will leave on holiday.
I don't know whether/If she will be interested in our offer.
She understood by his remarks (that) he wouldn't lend her the money.
She didn't understand why he had refused to lend her any money.
I couldn't understand whether/if she was sincere in her attitude towards me.
Bu farklı kullanımları göz önüne alarak, örneklerde kullandığımız fiiller ya da yaygın olarak
bilinenler dışındaki fiillerle karşılaştığınız zaman, fiilin alabileceği noun clause tipini
belirlemede size önerebileceğimiz yöntem, temel cümlenin yüklemi ile noun clause'daki anlam
arasında mantıksal bir bütünlük sağlamanızdır.
5-9 QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED by INFINITIVES

Soru sözcüğüyle ya da "whether" ile başlayan noun clause'lan, belli kurallar dahilinde
kısaltarak, Question word + to infinitive biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.
Kısaltma yapabilmemiz için öncelikle, temel cümlenin öznesi ile noun clause'un öznesi aynı
olmalıdır.
/don't know what /should do in this case, /don't know what to do in this
case. (Bu durumda ne yapacağımı bilmiyorum.)
Özneler farklı ise kısaltma yapamayız.
/don't know what you should do in this case, (no change) (Bu durumda
(senin) ne yapman gerektiğini (ben) bilmiyorum.)
Eğer bu cümleyi"... what to do" biçiminde kısaltırsak, "... ne yapacağımı..." anlamına gelir ki
cümlenin anlamını değiştirmiş oluruz.
Temel cümledeki yüklemin nesnesi ile (indirect object) noun clause'un öznesi aynı kişi ise yine
kısaltma yapabiliriz.
I can tell you how you can get to the station. I can tell you how to get to the
station. (İstasyona nasıl gideceğini söyleyebilirim.)
Can you show me how / can start this machine?
Can you show me how to start this machine?
(Bu makinayı nasıl çalıştıracağımı bana gösterebilir misin?)
"Whether" ile başlayan noun clause'lan da aynı kurallara göre kısaltabiliriz, ("if' bu şekilde
kısaltma için kullanılamaz.)
I can't decide whether / should stay home or come with you.
/ can't decide whether to stay home or (to) come with you.
They wondered whether they should buy an expensive present or a cheap one.
They wondered whether to buy an expensive present or a cheap one.
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Kısaltma yaparken, noun clause'da kullanılan tensel de dikkate almalıyız. Bu kısaltma her
Lense ile mümkün değildir. Genellikle will, should, must ya da can/could ile kurulmuş
cümleleri kısaltabiliriz.
She told me where I could get fresh vegetables. : > :
She told me where to get fresh vegetables.
I don't know who/whom I should invite to the party. I don't know who/whom
to invite to the party.
I think I know how I can overcome this situation. 1 think I know how to
overcome this situation.
5-10 EXCLAMATIONS
İngilizce'de ünlem cümleleri (exclamations), what, how, so ve such kullanarak kurulur. Aynı ya
da yakın anlamlı cümleler üretmelerine karşın "what" ve "how" cümlenin sözcük dizimi
açısından farklılık gösterir. Formüle edilmiş olarak bu kullanımlar aşağıda verilmiştir.
Comparative adjective ya da adverb yapılarının sadece "how much" ile kullanıldığına dikkat
ediniz.
1. EXCLAMATIONS with "WHAT"
a) what + uncountable noun/countable plural noun

What bravery! / What nonsense! What idiots! / What geniuses!
b) what + a/an + countable noun
What a surprise!/What an ego!
c) what + adjective + uncountable noun/plural countable noun
What fantastic weather!/What horrible news! What strange people! / What noisy
children!
d) what + a/an + adjective + singular countable noun
What a beautiful dress!/What an outstanding song!
e) what + (a/ah) + (adjective) + countable/uncountable noun + (subject + verb)
What fantastic weather we're having! What a beautiful dress you've got on!
What clever daughters they have!
fl what + a/an + (adjective) + singular countable noun + (for someone) + (to
infinitive)
What a kindly thing to do!/What a nice thing (for him) to say!
; What a hard decision to take!/What a grief for her to suffer!
2. EXCLAMATIONS with "HOW
a) how + adjective
- We're going to the Maldives for our holiday this summer.
- How nice! / How wonderful!
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b) how + adjective + {subject + verb)
How gorgeous she looks today!
How upset she got upon hearing the news!
c) how + adverb + subject + verb
How beautifully she plays the flute!
d) how much + comparative adjective/adverb + subject + verb
How much slimmer you've become!
How much more quickly he's running now that he's lost weight!
e) how + subject + verb
How he's matured since I last saw him!
How my nephew has grown! I can hardly believe it!
3. EXCLAMATIONS with "SO" and "SUCH"

a) so + adjective
Your niece is so cute!/They were so nice to me!
b) such + (adjective) + uncountable/plural noun
The hurricane blew with such strength!/They are such understanding people!
c) such + a/an (adjective) + singular countable coun
She is such a beautiful girl!/Their son is such a nuisance!
5-11 SPECIAL EMPHASIS WITH QUESTION WORDS + ON EARTH/IN THE WORLD

Soru sözcüklerine "on earth" ve "In the world" ekleyerek vurguyu artırabiliriz. Bu kullanım
özellikle öfke, sabırsızlık, şaşkınlık, itiraz gibi olumsuz duyguları ifade ederken yaygındır. "On
earth" ve "In the world", tek sözcükten oluşan soru sözcükleriyle kullanılır: what, who, where,
why, etc. gibi. How much, what time, what kind o/gibi, birden fazla sözcük içeren yapılarla
kullanılmaz.
What on earth are you doing?
Who in the world is Nestor Makhno?
Why on earth would you want to eat tripe soup?
How In the world did you ever manage to learn to use chopsticks?
When on earth did he get here?
Where In the world are you running off to, young man?
Where on earth have you been? (Nerede/Hangi cehennemde kaldın?}
Informal English'de "question word + the hell" kalıbı da kullanılır. Why the hell can't the bus
arrive on time?
EXERCISE 5: Complete the sentences with what, how or how much (exclamations), or a
question word + on earth/in the world.
1 ......................... happy you're looking today!
2 .......................... a big strong boy your son has become!
3 .......................... more dangerous the world seems to have become in the last fifty
years or so!
4 .......................... is he doing here? I thought he was in Ankara.
5.......................... excited I am about going to the party tonight!
6.......................... awful weather we've been having lately! Don't you agree?
7.......................... more content you seem now that you've landed that new job!
8.......................... did you get here? I thought you were going to arrive much later.
9.......................... does one set the time on this video cassette recorder?
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10.......................... nervous I was about playinğ the flute in front of so many people!
11 ......................... is that strange man sitting over there in the comer? Do you know him?
12.......................... are my glasses? Can you help me find them? ,
13.......................... an idiotic thing to do! Weren't you embarrassed?
14.......................... did you say such a terrible thing to her? I just don't understand
what the point was.
15.......................... happier she looks now that she's got married!
5-12 '-EVER' WORDS in NOUN CLAUSES

WHOEVER mean any person WHICHEVER J mean any thing
WHATEVER
WHOMEVER
WHEREVER means any place WHENEVER means any üme
HOWEVER means any way (manner)
Whoever ve whomever, "kim olursa olsun, her kim isterse" anlamına gelir. Noun clause'un
öznesi durumundaysa sadece whoever, nesnesi durumundaysa whoever ya da whomever
kullanabiliriz.
- Who should I give this book to?
- It doesn't matter to me. You can give it to whoever needs it. (Whoever noun
clause'un öznesidir.)
(Kitabı, kimin ihtiyacı varsa ona verebilirsin.)
- Who should I give this book to?
- It doesn't matter to me. You can give it to whoever/whomever you like.
(Whoever/whomever noun clause'un nesnesi durumundadır. Çünkü noun
clause'un öznesi "you"dur.)
(Kitabı, (sen) kime istersen ona ver.)
Whoever/whomever I spoke to said they didn't like the party.
Whoever took my dictionary should return it right away.
Whoever wants to come with us should make his decision now.
I think I have the freedom to talk to whoever/whomever I like. •*• * l r -f
Wherever, "neresi olursa olsun, canın nereye isterse..." anlamına gelir.

- Where should I put this vase?
- You can put it wherever you think is suitable.
- Where shall we go on holiday this summer? ' ; ;*•.
- I haven't a special place in my mind. We can go wherever you want.
- I must talk to her at once. Try to find her wherever she is. •-<.•->•«.
However, "istediğin gibi yap, nasıl istersen öyle yap" anlamına gelir. .-•••• >-
Students in high school have to wear a uniform in Turkey, but in Europe there
is no such rule. Students may dress however they please. (Öğrenciler istedikleri
gibi giyinebilirler.)
- How would you like your egg?
* ' - However you cook the egg is all right with me.
(Yumurtayı nasıl pişirirsen pişir benim için uygundur.)
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"However" in bu kullanımı ile "but" anlamındaki kullanımı arasındaki
farka dikkat ediniz.
You can furnish the house however (any way] you like. (Evi istediğin
gibi döşeyebilirsin.)
I don't want to interfere in your choice about the furniture; however
(but), I prefer modern style.
(Mobilya konusundaki seçimine karışmak istemiyorum, ama ben
modem stili tercih ederim.}
Whatever ve whichever, "ne istersen, hangisini istersen" anlamını verir. Burada önce, "what" ile
"which" arasındaki farkı netleştirmek gerekir.
"Which" sınırlı bir grup içinde tercih yaparken "hangisi" anlamını verir. "What" da ise sınır
yoktur.
- What languages can you speak?
(Bu soruyu sorarken bütün dilleri göz önüne alıyoruz.)
- Which European languages can you speak? (Avrupa dilleri ile sınırlıyoruz.)
- What should I wear to the party?
- Which of my outfits should I wear to the party?
What ile which arasındaki bu fark, whatever ve whichever için de geçerlidir.
- We shall try to do whatever is needed to make your stay an enjoyable one.
- There are three rooms left at the hotel. You can choose whichever you want.
- Here is the box of tools. You can take whichever one suits your requirement.
- Think over your words. Don't just say whatever comes into your mind.
Whenever, "ne zaman istersen, istediğin zaman" anlamını verir.
- Shall we leave now?
- It's up to you. We can leave whenever you want. "
(Ne zaman istersen/istediğin zaman gidebiliriz.)
You don't have to stay till the end of the programme. You may leave whenever
you wish.
EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences by using "-ever" words.
1. I'm old enough to choose my friends myself. I want to make friends with
....................... shares the same interests as me.
2. I don't think it is a good idea to make friends with ........................ you meet just
because they share the same interests as you.
3. Both of the jobs I've been offered are away from my present residence, so I'll have to
move house ........................ one I accept.
4. I have no doubt that she'll succeed. She will do .........................is necessary to
achieve her goals.
5 ............................ has taken this decision must not know anything about the business!
6. I don't mind ........................ of you translates the play, but I want the translations
ready two weeks before the performance.
7. She doesn't allow anyone to interfere in her life. She leads her life ........................
she likes.
8. She doesn't like to be forced to do her homework at an exact time. She wants to do
it ........................ she herself decides.
9. Don't forget to send us a postcard from ........................ you eventually end up.
10. There must be something wrong with their phone because ......................... I try it, I
get a busy signal.
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262
11. He seems to settle in quickly...................... he lives. He's arrived here only recently,
but you would think he'd been living here for years.
12. Before a prime meridian was agreed upon, map makers usually began numbering
the lines of longitude on their maps at ...................... meridian passed through the
site of their national observatory.
13........................ you give this vase to, I'm sure they will love it. It's so beautiful.
14........................ you decide to furnish your new flat, make sure you choose a dark
colour for the sofas and armchairs, because bright colours are very difficult to keep
clean.
15........................ it was that upset her, it must have been quite serious.
EXERCISE 7: Fill In the blanks In the passages below with the correct choice.
The word rom, or man, is (1) ...... gives the Surgery may be used for diagnosis; that is, to
Gypsy language its name, Romany. There are determine (6) ..... has caused the disease. It
many dialects of Romany, but (2) ...... are may also be used to treat an injury or a
based on Sanskrit, the ancient language of disorder, to cure a disease, to relieve suffering
India. (3) ..... they have lived, Gypsies have or to prolong life. (7) ..... the reasons for
absorbed many of the local words into surgery, the primary principle of the surgeon
Romany. It's known (4) ..... Gypsies have is: "(8) ...... you cannot help, do not harm." (9)
always been subject to national and local ..... the surgery is unsuccessful, the surgeon
laws, but they also enforce obedience to their is still responsible for controlling the patient's
own customs. Thus, although there are pain before, (10) ..... and after surgery and
Muslim, Roman Catholic, Orthodox and for preventing or controlling infection that
Protestant Gypsies, depending largely on (5) may result from opening the body for a
..... country they live in, they have their own
separate baptism, marriage and burial surgical procedure.
ceremonies.
6.
1.
A) which B) what D)
A} B) that D) C) where whom
which who E) how
C) how E) what
7.
2.
A) However B) Whoever
B) each D) neither C) Whatever D) Wherever
A) all C) E) the whole E) Whichever
every
8.
3.
A) Though C) B) As if
A) Wherever B) Whatever D) By the time D) Just
C) Whoever Whomever E) E)If
Whichever
4.
A) when B) where D) that A) Even if B) In case
C) what E) which C) Just as D) Whereas
E) Until
5. 10.
A) whom B) where A) when B) while

C) how D) which C) during D) the moment
E) that E) since
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"-. T3 T .-T
8. We didn't notice ...... we had strayed off

the path until we were deep in the forest.
A) how often C) how B) so far
1 do you think the weather will be like long
In the afternoon? Should I take an D) how far
E) so long
umbrella with me?
9. While trying to decide ...... road to take,
A) When C) Which B) How we made a wrong turn, and got
E) What D) Why completely lost.
2. I have asked around, but no one seems to A) which C) how B) when

E) whom D) what
know ...... the ferry leaves for Yalova.
A) how long C) how B) how far 10. Can you give us a rough estimate on ......
much D) how often we'll pay for the repairs?
E) how A) how many C) how B) how much
many long D) how often
E) how far
3. Perhaps the driver's manual says ...... air
pressure you should have In each tyre. 11. The spy was instructed to stay .......he
was until he had been given further
A) how much B) which information.
C) whether D) how often A) that B) whose D)
E) how long C) whom which
4. It's not clear ...... he is going to leave his E) where
house to in his will. 12. There are two vacancies at the company,
B) whom and the manager says he'll support
A) whose C) which D) that Harold for ...... position he applies for.
E) what B) wherever
A) whichever C) whoever D) however
5 you are going on holiday is probably E) whatever
the best place to go in Turkey at this time
of year. 13. Are you prepared to go with your
husband ...... his company sends him?
A) Why B) Which D)
C) When What A) B) wherever D)
E) Where although C) no matter
however E) whereas
6. Andrew hated his daughter's hairstyle so 14. By asking him a few questions about the
much that he said he would pay for her topic, I tried to understand ...... advanced
to go to the hairdresser ....... the cost. my son was with compiling information
7 for his term paper.
A) how else B) how much D)
C) whatever wherever B) which
A) whether C) how far D) that
E) what for E) whose
he only attended about half of the 15........ they obtained the information from
classes contributed to his poor remained secret, though the newspapers
examination results. published theories for days afterwards.
A) Why B) The fact that A) Where B) How

C) How much D) Whether C) How much D) When
E) When E) That
258 Q ELS
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16........ has spilled this Coke over my new 23. The author acknowledges ...... he got the
tablecloth will clean it up right away. idea from another writer, but he won't
agree to pay the royalties.
A) Whomever C) B) Whoever
D) Whatever A) where C) who B) when
Whenever D) why
E) Wherever E) that
17. The Turks have many traditional dishes 24. I r>"".'t know ...... longer I can stay here.
made with mlnced meat, such as köfte,
which explains ...... McDonald's A) how much " B) how D)
restaurants are overwhelmingly popular C) where how far
here. E) when
A) why B) that
C) where D) what 25. Do you know ...... coat this is that I'm
E) whether holding?
18. In order to solve the world's problems, we A) whom B) whose

need a greater understanding of the C) where D) that
human mind and ...... it works. E) when
A) that B) why 26 ....... do you think has decided to hold the

D) how annual meeting at such an expensive
C) when hotel?
E) where
A) B) Where
19 ....... you leave home, make sure that all When C) D) How
the doors and windows are properly What E) Who
secured.
B) Whomever 27. Nomadic tribes travel aimlessly and sleep

A) How long C) ..... they find themselves at nightfall.
Everywhere D) Whenever
E) Either A) whichever B) whoever
C) whenever D) wherever
20. In response to the rising problem of ...... E) whatever
to do with millions of tons of plastic
waste, the plastics Industry and 28. A government body controls ...... space Is
environmental groups are searching for to be left between construction sites in
ways to recycle plastics. built-up areas.
A) B) how A) how much C) how B) how long
when D) which many D) how often
C) what E) why E) how far
21 ........Tim made his mistake was In the 29........ one of you took my dictionary had
way he chose to remain silent instead of better give It back right now.
defending his rights In the first place.
A) Whatever B) Whoever
A) Which B) What D) C) Whichever D) Whenever
C) Where Whose E) However
E) Why
30. It seems like an easy task, but you can't
22. You can obtain the Information from the Imagine ...... time it takes to put the
police.......you like, but I want it by six newsletters Into envelopes and send them
o'clock today. out
A) B) whoever D) A) how much B) what
wherever C) whatever C) whom D) whose
however E) whichever E) how long
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31. Thousands of years ago, during the 39 ....... you give the money to must be
Neolithic period of prehistory, people someone you can trust.
learned....... to mold and bake clay to
form bricks and pottery. A) Wherever B) Whenever
C) Whomever D) However
A) what B) whom D) how E) Whatever
C) which E) when
40 ........ it was that was troubling her, she
32. It doesn't really matter now ......fault It seems to be over it now.
was, because arguing about it is not
going to help solve the problem. A) Whenever B) Whichever
C) However D) Whatever
A) which C) when B) how E) Wherever
E) whose D) that
41. Please wake me up before you leave ......
33. It rained during our entire holiday and I time it is.
did not take enough to read, so I had to
read ...... I could find at the hotel. A) whatever B) wherever
C) whichever D) whenever
A) however C) whenever B) wherever E) however
E) D) whatever
whichever 42 ........ well stay there is not certain as yet,
but it won't be more than two weeks or
34. We couldn't decide ...... it was the salary so.
or the travelling involved that Impressed
her about the job. A) How long B) How far
C) Wherever D) Whether
A) B) why E) The more
which D) whether
C) what 43. The diet on that island consists mainly of
E) how ..... the Inhabitants raise In their
gardens.
35 ........do you think you're doing? You can't A) that B) which D) what
put olive oil in that, you'll ruin it! C) how E) where
B) How on earth
A) Why D) Wherever 44. The Robinsons had no idea ...... they
C) What on earth E) were going to travel to their destination
How until last week.
A) who
36. Oh, David! ...... a lovely necklace! Are C) what B) which D)
these real emeralds? where
A) E) how
That C) B) What D) This
How E) Why 45. She didn't ask him ...... he had been the
week before as she didn't want to appear
37. The lawyer wants to know ...... your too curious.
family has owned this manor. B) who
A) where C) when D) what
A) what B) when E) that
C) where D) whom
E) how long 46. After coming back from Africa, he realized
..... difficult life was for people in poor
38. Do you know exactly ...... your family countries.
bought this manor?
A) which C) how B) how long A) what B) which
often D) what C) when D) how
E) when E) why
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266
47. It is difficult to define exactly ........space 55. It doesn't say on the Invitation ....... the
begins, because the atmosphere does not party will start, so we'd better phone and
end abruptly but simply grows thinner check.
and thinner the higher one goes.
A) B) which
A) how B) when whose D) why
C) where D) which C) what E) when
E) how long
48. I want you to follow him ........ he goes and

56 ......... a relief it was ... the plane finally
find out ....... he's meeting. landed safely!
A) however/that A) What/when C) B) Such/so D)

B) wherever/who
C) whenever/which E) Whom/while
D) whatever/whom
E) whomever/whose 57......... dreadful! I think you must all have
been petrified.
49. He proudly says he Is contented with ........ Why/because How/that
he's achieved in life.
A) How C) When B) What D)
A) B) when D) Which
which C) where E) Who
who E) what 58. Both of these paths lead to the old
fisherman'sE)house,
what so you can follow .......
50 ......... she was pleased with the conditions one you like.
or not couldn't be understood from her
face. A) however B) wherever
C) whichever D) whenever
A) B) Whether D) E) whatever
That What
Qlf E) When 59. She told him........ he was the most
51. Oh, look........... marvellous the pyramids wonderful person she had ever met.
are! I must take some photos of them.
A) who C) when B) where D)
A) how B) what D) that
C) which whose
E) where
60 ........ In the room you place that sofa, it
52. As our only witness, you'll be helping us won't go with the rest of the furniture.
greatly with our Inquiries if you describe
exactly ....... happened on the night of the
murder. A) Whenever B) Whomever
C) Whatever D) Whichever
A) when B) what D) E) Wherever
C) which where
E) how
61-80. sorularda, verilen cümleyi «ygun
53. Until the 19th century, agricultural s iamamli
education was limited to ....... practical
Information a father might hand down to 61. The main reas on for tourism is ...........
his son.
A) as most of them are young and full of
A) wherever C) B) however the energy needed for such activities
whatever D) whoever B) since people's leisure hours have
E) increased
whomever C) when it first began in the 18th
century
54. Do you know ....... deep the hotel D) however the environment is destroyed
swimming-pool Is? for the sake of earning money
E) that people feel they need a change
A) why B) how from their ordinary lives
C) what D) how long
E) how far
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62 ....... why they had cance lled the wedd in g 67 ........ why the hole in the ozone layer
at the las t mo me nt. causes global warming.
A) The marriage counsello r adv ised the m A) It is a big problem today
B) Th e re see ms to be n o ap pa re n t B) Scientists are extremely worried
proble m C) "Greenhouse gases" such as carbon
C) Everybody was extremely curious to dioxide
find out D) Using wind power is a good way to
D) The re is, o f c ou rse, an exp lana tio n combat
E) Naturally, their parents will be E) Many people have trouble
worried unde rstanding
63. We hope the results of this research will 68. Industry observers are wondering ........
Indicate .......
A) which teaching methods are best for A) whether environmentalists will force
adult learners the m to s to p op e ra tio ns
B) until we had analyzed all of the data B) whe neve r the ir p ro duct do es n ot sell
C) then appropriate measures will be very well
taken to correct the situation C) un less th ere is a no the r ba d pe rio d in
D) how long have you been experiencing th e ma rk e t
this problem D) th at prod uc tio n has bee n lo we r th is
E) whenever somebody comes into the ye a r th a n in the p rev io us ye a r
clinic for treatment E) provided that they observe the
environ mental pro tection la ws
64. As the office is in an excellent location,
we're sure ....... 69 ........ho w to rea d the s c rip t o f th e a nc ien t
Indus Valley civilization.
A) for it will require us to spend less
th an a n ho u r co mmu tin g ev ery da y A) The re is a n in te res tin g a lph a be t tha t
B) when it will be suitable for us to move n o o n e u n d e rs ta n d s
in B) We wo u ld u nd e rs tan d so much mo re
C) that it'll be worth pay ing such a high ab o u t a nc ien t h is to ry
ren t C) One o f the great a rchaeologica l
D) why don't we compa re it with those in
the city centre discoveries of the late 20th centu ry
E) whe the r or n ot it wo uld be to ou r D) The Indus Rive r is so metimes
ben efit in the lo ng ru n compared to the Nile
E) Archaeolo gists have still not found out
65. Will you please find out and let me know
70. They have n't dec ided ye t .........
A) where is the meeting go ing to be held A) th at two e mp loye es ha d bee n

B) that I'll be waiting fo r them in front of dis misse d fo r misco nd uc t
the the a tre B) and he is o ne o f th e bes t direc to rs
C) how many representa tives shall we we've had so fa r
send to the con fe rence C) no r ha ve I be en a ble to un de rs ta nd
D) who is going to meet me at the airport wha t's g oin g on
E) whe n was the fu rn itu re go ing to b e D) whe n is the nex t mee ting go ing to b e
delivered held
E) whethe r to open the office on
66 . Wh en use d fo r a co un try , the te rm Ch ris tmas Eve o r n o t
"me lting pot" imp lies .......
71. Will yo u p lease warn h er ....... ?
A) some nationalities, however, retain
their cu ltu ra l ide ntities
B) th at va riou s cu ltu res hav e b len de d A) wh y she had simply ign ore d wha t we
together to form a single society said the first time
C) so the problem of ethnic differences B) if she c an b e mo re c a re fu l ne x t time
with in a c oun try has bee n so lve d in C) th at he r p res en t a ttitu de will no t be
various ways tole ra ted for muc h lon ger
D) it can be really boring, though, when D) ho w ma ny peo p le ha s s he u pse t with
everyone is exactly the sa me h e r c o mme n ts
E) yet e th nic ity h as long bee n a cause o f E) how grateful we are for all her
rivalry, hos tility and discrimination ass ista nc e
262 Q ELS
268
72 ........ th at th e da mp in the fla t wou ld be D) sho ws wha t a g re at th re a t the
attended to . competition no w poses
E) had revea led a marked drop in bo th
A) If on ly he had had the leak in the sa le s a nd p ro du c tio n
bathtub fixed
B) Why d idn't the tena nt ask his 77. Whenever there is an international
landlady incident ..........
C) How long had the couple been waiting
for A) powerful nations try to use it to their
D) Mostly a round the windo w fra mes and advantage
the balcony B) the United Nations was not able to
E) Wha t they we re p ro mised by the solve it
landlord was C) few people have ever expected too
much of the United Nations
73. I do n' t su p po se yo u ha p pe ne d to se e .... D) athletic competitions have certainly
stimulated good-will between nations
A) how much will it cost in tota l E) it also includes such music contests
B) wha t was Jo hn a rra ng ing fo r the as Eurovision
weeke nd
C) whethe r I we re in your position o r not 78. Despite the meticulous study of
D) who h ad b een in clud ed o n the g ues t
list scientists, we can never know for sure
E) whe re d id he p u t all the mon ey
74. Wh a t h e r b o s s es a d mire mo s t a b o u t h e r A) that the e xp losion at the Che rno by l
n u c le a r p la n t c a us e d g re a t
devasta tion
A) she is so beautifully dressed at a ll B) wh y d id the d in os a u rs be co me e x tin c t
times C) wha t life was ac tua lly like a thousa nd
B) is the way she is always so o rganized years ago
C) I wish s he wo uld b oast abo ut he rself D) ho w long will the hu ma n race
less co n tinu e to in ha b it th e e a rth
D) most o f us wish we we re a bit like her E) un les s so me q u ite ad v an ce d
E) haven't prevented he r fro m co ming to techn olo gy is used in the e xpe rime nts
work late
79 . Sc ie n tists a re un ab le to p red ic t
75 . Resea rch ca rrie d ou t rec en tly s ug ges ts accura te ly .........
A) wh a t ca us e d th e d in os au rs to be c o me
A) that one or two glasses of red wine extinct
every day is go od fo r you r hea rt B) how fast are the po lar ice-caps
B) which involved many well-known melting
doc tors an d nu trition is ts C) whe n the vo lcano will e rup t nex t
C) to eat five s mall meals a day instead D) ho w mu ch of the ra in fo rests will man
of three big ones destroy in the twen ty -first cen tu ry
D) so we ca n b e su re tha t grape ju ice is E) which is directly affected by the "hole"
the be s t n u trien t fo r the b ra in in the ozo ne laye r
E) as some people do not believe there
can be any be nefit in ea ting 80 ........ re ma ins u nd ec id ed .
vegetables ra w
A) Wha t shall we do for the end -of-term
76. Th e fact that the c o mpan y has dec ide d to party
inc rease the ir ad vertisin g th is yea r .......... B) Whene ver the re was any
A) were welcomed by all the members of mis u n d e rs ta n d in g
the bo a rd C) If the re had b ee n en oug h mo ne y
B) will be fully completed by the end of raised
th e mo n th D) Who will ta ke ove r wh en the cha irman
C) hav e b ro ug ht a bo u t a rad ica l c han ge retires
in th eir a pp roac h to ma rk eting E) Th e fac t tha t the mee ting en de d in an
a rg u me n t
ELS Q 263
269
81-90, somlarda, vedlea cümleye1" '"" A) The storm continued fo r quite a while,
anlamca e» yakın oto seçeneği bulunuz. co n tra ry to wha t Ja ne t ha d ex pe c te d .
B) J a n e t h a d n ' t t h o u g h t th a t th e s t o r m
81. I'm not sure whether I can make it for the wou ld a rrive a t s uc h g rea t sp ee d, b u t
start of the meeting, so you don't have to it did.
wait for me. C) Even a fte r the storm was ove r, the
ba d wea the r c on tin ue d fo r man y
A) You had bette r hold the meeting ho u rs, as J a ne t ex pe c te d .
without me as I won't be ab le to D) Fro m wh e re Ja ne t s to o d , it se e med
atte nd it a t th a t h o u r. the s to rm wa s mu ch s tro n ge r tha n it
B) You a re not to co mmence the meeting actually was.
un til y ou a re su re as to whe the r I a m E) Fo r se ve ra l h ou rs , Ja ne t ha d to wait
coming or not. wh e re s h e was u n til th e s to r m wa s
C) Th e mee tin g ou gh t to o pe n at th e completely over.
scheduled hour regard less of my be ing
delayed. 85. It's impossible to escape from America
D) I certa inly won't be the re fo r the completely as its culture has spread to
beginning of the meeting, but I'll try to every comer of the globe.
join you later.
E) Yo u can start the mee tin g withou t me A) Many peo ple have tried to run a way
as I may no t be a ble to ge t the re for fro m Ame rica bu t find th at th ey ca n' t
the beginning of it. because the re are Ame ric ans o n e very
corner.
82. We're still hesitating about which school B) If yo u wa nt to tra vel roun d the world
and see d iffe ren t c ultu res, yo u ma y be
our son ou ght to go to . dis ap po in te d as e ve ry p lace h as
A) Choosing the most suitable school is become Americanized.
one o f a pa re nt's mos t imp o rtan t C) Whe rever you go, you will encoun ter
decisions. some aspec ts of Ame rica n c ultu re, so
B) We haven't yet decided where we the re's no way to ge t a way fro m the
sho uld sen d o u r s on to sc ho o l. country entirely.
C) We wo n't send ou r s on to any scho ol D) Though a lot o f peop le are a ttrac ted to
Ame rican c ultu re, the re a re th ose wh o
unless we a re certa in tha t it is the one wis h to esca pe fro m it, which c an' t
we want. really be done.
D) We a re no t su re whe the r we shou ld le t E) Ame ric an cu ltu re h as be en so
our son choose a school fo r himself. successfu l tha t it's sp read all o ve r the
E) We had great difficulty deciding upon wo rld an d no place c an a vo id b e in g
which sc ho o l ou r so n sh ou ld atte nd . influenced by it.
83. We weren't entirely convinced, in spite of 86. I don't understand how you could have
his explanation, that his action hadn't survived all those years in China without
been deliberate. speaking a word of the language.
A) He trie d to exp lain the exac t reaso n A) No w tha t you a re moving to China,
wh y he'd ac ted like tha t althou gh he yo u ha d b e tte r b eg in to s tud y the
knew tha t we wouldn't believe h im. language since it will be difficult to
B) He was able to convince so me o f us survive without it.
th at he ha dn' t ac te d in ten tio na lly , b ut B) It mu s t h av e ta ke n a lo t o f
not all. de te rmin ation to g o to a co un try a s
C) We we re sure tha t he'd inte nded to d o diffe ren t as Ch ina withou t speak ing
wha t he ac tua lly d id, s o his any o f th e lang uage at all.
expla nation was quite unne cessary. C) Living in China fo r so lo ng with out
D) Even after he explained, we still had learning a ny of the lan guage , as yo u
so me do u b ts ab o u t wh e the r he 'd hav e do ne , is s o me thing b ey on d my
acted uninten tionally. imagination.
E) His explanation was not sufficiently D) Chinese is so d ifficult tha t I
und e rs tan d y ou ha d to su rvive fo r a
convincing to make all of us change long time witho ut speak ing it while
ou r min d s a b ou t h is ac tion . you le arn t the ba sics.
E) Sinc e I d on' t u nd erstan d an y Ch ines e,
84. Whereas Janet had thought the storm ma yb e yo u c a n h e lp me be ca us e y o u
would be over in a short time, in fact, it hav e bee n he re fo r s o ma ny y ea rs .
went on for several hours.
364 Q ELS
270
87. Essentially, there are two ways of solving 90. Regardless of Bob's opinion in this
this problem, but the question is: which matter, I think I've done the right thing.
one will provide the ideal solution for us?
A) I've thought about Bob's vie ws on this
A) It is essential tha t we solve this issue, bu t I th in k I'll d o as I wan t.
problem one way or another, so let's B) Until Bob told me I was wrong, I
choose one way a nd s ta rt. thou gh t I was rig ht abo ut th is issue .
B) While we basically have two ways to C) I ac ted witho ut rega rd ing Bob's
solve the problem, we should decide opin io ns, as they don' t ma tter to
on the one o ffe ring a bette r result. anyone.
C) Wh ethe r th is p rob le m c an b e D) I'm su re I have acted co rrectly in this
fundamentally solved in one of the insta nce, wha teve r Bo b ma y th ink .
two available ways is questionable. E) My o p in io n tha t Bo b ha d do ne the
D) We must ques tion the so lution to th is wron g thing in th is ca se tu rne d o ut to
proble m, or we may regre t it la ter if be right.
we find we haven' t take n the righ t
step.
verile» İngilizce
E) No matter how simple it may seem, cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe
there are always two sides to every
story.
91. Whe the r h ig h b loo d p ressu re is a disease
88. What began as a pleasant hike ended up o r a s y mp to m is a mu c h d e b a te d
being a fight for survival. question.
A) Wh e n the y s ta rte d a sk in g s tra n ge rs A) Yü ksek tans iyo nun ne gibi
for lifts, they didn't realize the danger hastalıklara yol açtığı hala
th at la y ahe ad . tartış ılmaktadır.
B) Th e fig h t tha t ne arly cos t the m the ir B) Yü ks ek tan s iy o nu n b ir has ta lık mı
lives was initiated du ring a hike in the yoksa belirti mi olduğu çok tartış ılan
woods. b ir k o n ud u r.
C) They started the day hiking toge ther C) En ç o k ta rtış ıla n k o n u , y ü ks e k
and fin ished it trying to k ill one tansiyon un bir hasta lık o lu p o lmad ığ ı
another. ve belirtile rin in nele r olduğuydu.
D) Tho u gh th ey ha d p la n ne d to sp en d D) Yüks ek tans iyo nu n baz ı h as ta lık la rın
the day walking , they ended it with a belirtis i olu p olma dığ ı bir ta rtış ma
nasty fight. k o n u s u d u r.
E) It sta rted as an en joya ble walk in the E) Yüks ek tans iyo n has ta lığ ının
country , bu t resu lte d in a nea rly fa ta l ne de n le ri p ek ç ok ta rtış ma n ın k o nu su
olmaktadır.
situation .
92. Th an ks to te le v is io n, th e re see m to be
89. I've been through this kind of weather hard ly any peo ple who a re not a wa re of
before, and I think we should take wha t is going on in the world .
shelter.
A) He me n h e rkes , d ün ya d a n e le r o lup
A) The las t time I p assed th rou gh th is bittiğini televizyon sayesinde
to wn , the re was no sh elter to be öğrenebilmektedir.
found. B) Te le vizy on , b ütün ins an la rın , d ün ya da
B) I kno w tha t the weather will ge t olup biten olay ları öğren mele rin i
wo rse, an d we have no where to take sağla mak tad ır.
shelter. C) Ço k a z in sa n d ü n y ad a o lu p b ite n
C) Sinc e we can' t d o mu ch in th is olaylardan televizyon sayesinde
wea the r, we sh ou ld jus t g o back in to hab erda r o ldu ğu muz un fa rkınd ad ır.
th e ho use . D) Televizyon sayesinde, dünyada nele r
D) Exp e rien ce ha s ta ug h t me tha t in olup b ittiğ in de n hab e rda r olma yan
such weather, we had better look for a ins an h e me n he men yo k gib id ir.
safe place. E) Te le vizy ona düş kü n o lan in san la r, b u
E) Though the weather is good, we need sayede d ünya da nele r olup bittiğ inde n
a roof over o ur heads for the n ight. haberda r o ldu kla rını ile ri
sürmek ted irle r.
ELS a 265
271
93. We don't know where African art started, C) Neyin güzel olarak kabul edildiği
how it grew or how much it was tarihin her döneminde çok
influenced by other cultures. değişmiştir; bu nedenle, iyi dizaynın
evrensel ilkelerini tanımlamak çok
A) Afrika sanatının nerede başladığını, güçtür.
nasıl geliştiğin i ya da başka D) Neyin güzel olarak kabul edildiği
kültürlerden ne kadar e tkilend iğin i
bilmiyoruz. tarihin her döneminde çok fazla
B) Afrika sanatının nerede başladığı, değiştiği için, iyi dizaynı evrensel
nasıl geliştiği ve başka kültürle rden ilkelerle tanımlamak neredeyse
ne kadar etkilendiği bilinmemektedir. imkansızdır.
C) Nerede başladığı ve nasıl geliştiği E) Güzellik kavramı tarihin her
bilinmeyen Afrika sanatının, başka döneminde farklı bir anlam
kültürlerden bir hayli etkilendiği kazanmıştır ve bu, iyi dizaynın
bilinmektedir. evrensel ilkelerle açıklanmasını
D) Bildiğimiz kadarıyla, nerede başladığı zorlaştırmıştır.
ve nasıl geliştiği bilinmeyen Afrika
sa na tı baş k a k ü ltü rle rd en 96. Though I didn't personally see who was
etkilenmiştir. responsible for this mess, I think I can
E) Afrika'da baş laya n sana tın nasıl
geliştiği ya da farklı kültürlerden nasıl make a guess.
etkile nd iği ko nus un u ta m o la ra k
bilemiyoruz. A) Bu ka rış ık lığ ın so ru mlu s un u n k im
oldu ğun u kes in olara k b ilmiyo ru m
94. Luxembourg owes its high standard of a ma tah min ed eb iliyo ru m.
living, in part, to the fact that the labour B) Bu ka rış ık lık ta n k imin s o ru mlu
force makes up almost half of its olduğunu b izzat görmed iğim ha lde,
population. san ırım he men ta h min e deb ilirim.
C) Bu ka rış ık lık ta n k imin s o ru mlu
A) Lükse mburg'da, nüfusun ya ndan oldu ğun u b izza t g örme miş o lsa m d a,
fazlasını çalışan kesimin oluşturduğu san ırım b ir ta h minde b u lu nab ilirim.
bölgelerde hayat standardı son derece D) Ke sin o la ra k b ilmes e m de , b u
yüksektir. ka rışık lığ ın s oru mlusu nu n k im
B) Nüfusun neredeyse yansını çalışan o ld u ğ u ha k k ın d a b ir ta h min d e
kesimin oluşturduğu Lüksemburg'da, bulunabilirim.
özellikle bazı bölgeler yüksek yaşam E) Sanırım bir tah min de b ulunab ilirim,
standardına sahiptir. a ma b u k a rış ık lık ta n k imin s o ru mlu
C) Lüksemburg'da yaşam standardı çok
yüksektir, ç ünkü nüfus un hemen oldu ğun u b izza t g örmüş değilim.
hemen yarısı çalışan kesimden
oluşmaktadır. 97. It is vital that parents know when to
D) Yüksek yaşam standardını punish their children and when to reward
insanlarının çalışkanlığına borçlu olan them.
Lükse mburg'da, nüfusun ya ndan
fazlası çalışmaktadır. A) Ebeveynler, çocuklannı ne zaman
E) Lüksemburg, yüksek yaşam cezalandırmak ne zaman
standa rdını kısme n, nüfus unun ödüllendirmek gerektiğini çok iyi
neredeyse yarısını çalışan kesimin bilmelidirler.
oluşturmasına borçludur. B) Ebeveynler için önemli olan,
çocuklannı ne zaman cezalandırıp ne
95. What is regarded as attractive has zaman ödüllendireceklerini bilmektir.
changed so much in each period of C) Ebeveynlerin, çocuklarını ne zaman
history that this makes it difficult to cezalandınp ne zaman
define universal principles of good design. ödüllendireceklerini bilmeleri çok
önemlidir.
A) Neyin güzel olarak kabul edildiği D) Ebeveynlerin mutlaka bilmesi gereken
tarihin her döneminde o kadar çok bir konu, çocuklarını ne zaman ceza
değişti ki, bu, iyi dizaynın evrensel landınp ne zaman ödüllendirecekleridir.
ilkelerini tanımlamayı güçleştiriyor. E) Ebeveynler, çocukların ne zaman
B) İyi dizaynı tanımlamak için evrensel cezalandırılıp ne zaman
ilkeler belirlemek zordur, çünkü tarih
boyunca güzellik kavramı sürekli ödüllendirileceğinin önemini
değişmiştir. bilmelidir.
266 Q ELS
272
98. The fact that ce rtain animal species have E) Zekamız bizi diğer tüm yaratıklardan
beco me, o r a re abo ut to be co me , ex tinct üs tü n k ıl ma k ta d ır, a ma b u , o n la rı
today Is entirely man's responsibility. kendi çıkarlarımız iç in acımasızca
kullanabileceğ imiz anla mına
A) İns an o ğ lu n u n so ru ms uz lu ğu gelmemelidir.
yüzünden bazı hayvan türlerin in yok
100. A film isn't worth watching, whatever its
olduğu, bazılarının ise yok olmak subjec t, un less it en gages the v ie we r's
üzere olduğu ne yazık k i doğ rudur. min d a n d ma k e s h im th in k .
B) Şu b ir g erçe k ki in san oğ lun un
so ru msuz d av ra n ış la rı baz ı h ay van A) Ko nusu ne olu rsa o lsun, b ir filmin
türlerinin neslini tüketmiş, bazıları seyircinin zihnin i meşgul ed ip onu
nın ise varlığını tehlikeye atmıştır. düşün me ye zo rla mas ı ge rek tiğine
C) Gü nü müz de ba zı hay van tü rlerin in inanıyoru m.
B) Bir film, seyircinin zihnini meşgul
nes lin in tü ken miş ya d a tüke n me k ed ip o nu d üşü n meye z o rla mıy o rsa ,
üz e re o lmas ın da n in sa n oğ lu nu n kon us u ne o lu rsa o lsu n , s ey re tmey e
sorumlu olduğu bir ge rçektir. değmez.
D) Bug ün bazı ha yvan türle rin in nes lin in C) Ko nu su n e o lu rs a o lsu n , s e y irc in in
tük e n miş y a d a tü ke n me k ü ze re zihn in i me şg ul e d ip o nu d üşü n meye
zorlayan b ir film he r za ma n için
o lmas ınd a n ta ma me n in sa n oğ lu
seyretmeye değer.
so ru mlud u r. D) Bir filmin izlemeye değer olabilmesi
E) İn san oğ lu, b ug ün baz ı ha yv an için seyircinin zihnini meşgul etmesi
tü rle rin in ta ma me n tü k e n miş ve on u dü ş ün d ü rmes i ge re k ir.
bazıların ın ise tüken mek üzere E) Pek çok film, seyircinin zihnini meşgul
o lmas ınd a n k en d in i s o ru mlu ed ip o nu d üşü n meye z o rlay a ma d ığ ı
için seyretmeye değmeyecek filmlerdir.
tutmalıd ır.
99. Ou r in te lligence mak es us supe rior to a ll 101-1101

th e o th e r c re a tu res , b u t th is s h o u ld n' t cümleye anlamca en yakın ingilizce
mean th at we can use the m ruth less ly fo r cümleyi bulunuz.
our o wn interest.
101. Yetiştirdiği ürün için hangi gübreyi ne
kadar kullanacağı konusunda çiftçi bir
A) Zekamız bizi diğer tü m yaratıklardan uzmana danışmalıdır.
üs tü n k ıla b ilir , a ma b u n d a n , o n la n
kendi çıkarlarımız iç in acımasızca A) A fa rme r sh o u ld co ns u lt a n ex pe rt
kullanabileceğimiz anlamı ab o u t h o w mu c h a nd wh ic h ty pe o f
fertilizer to use for the crop he grows.
çıkarılmamalıdır. B) A fa rme r's de cis ion abo ut which type
B) Zekamız bizi diğer tü m canlılardan and how much fe rtilizer to use for his
üs tü n k ıls a d a , b u d u ru m, o n la rın crops is be st don e with the he lp o f
kendi çıkarlarımız için acımasızca experts.
kullanılmasını gerektirmez. C) It is o fte n n ecessary fo r a farmer to
seek the a dv ic e o f an e xp e rt a bo u t
C) Biz i diğer tü m yaratık lardan üstün
how much and which type of fertilizer
kıla n ze ka mızdır, a ma bu , on ları to use fo r his c rop.
kendi çıkarlarımız iç in acımasızca D) Ex pe rts a re c ons ulted b y fa rme rs
kullan ma mıza nede n o lma ma lıdır. wishing to kn ow h ow muc h a nd whic h
D) Zekamız bize diğer canlılar karşısında type of fertilizer to use for growing
üs tün lü k s ağ las a d a , b u nd an , o n la rın their c rops.
E) Ex pe rts he lp fa rme rs d ec id e ho w
kendi çıkarlarımız için acımasızca much and which type of fertilizer to
kullanılabileceği anlamı çıkarılamaz. use for the best y ield o f their crop.
EL S Q Z6 7
273
102. Hangi parti iktidara gelirse gelsin, köklü 105. Ferdinand de Lesseps Fransız diplomatı
değişiklikler yapılmadığı sürece ülkedeki olarak 24 yd çalıştı, ama ona dünya
huzu rsuz lu k deva m ede cek tir. çapında ün kazandıran, Süveyş
Kanalı'nın inşasmdakl başarısı oldu.
A) None of the parties can eliminate the
unrest in the cou ntry if they do n' t A) In Fe rdinand de Lesseps' 24-year-long
alter things radically. ca ree r as a Fre nc h d ip lo ma t, th e
B) It doesn' t ma tter whe th er th is o r that p ro je c t th a t b ro u g h t h im th e mo s t
party co mes to po wer, fo r none o f fa me world wide was the success ful
th e m c an ma ke rad ic a l ch an ges . comple tion o f the Suez Canal.
C) Whichever party comes to po wer, the B) Afte r hav ing wo rked as a Fre nch
unrest in the cou ntry will c on tinue , dip lo ma t fo r 24 yea rs, Fe rd inan d de
un le ss ra d ica l c ha ng es a re mad e . Lesseps built the Suez Cana l, which
D) The party which will come to powe r earned him wo rld wide fa me.
should make rad ical chan ges if the ir C) Fe rd inan d de Less eps wo rke d 2 4
a im is to s to p th e u n res t in th e yea rs as a Fren ch d iplo ma t, b ut it was
country. h is s uc ce ss in b u ild in g the Sue z
E) The un rest in the country will pe rsis t Ca na l tha t ea rned him wo rld wide
as lon g as the pa rty wh ic h co mes to fame.
power makes only sligh t a lte rations, D) Although it was the bu ild ing o f the
instead of rad ical ones. Suez Ca nal that b rou ght wo rld wid e
fa me to Fe rd ina nd de Lesse ps , this
103. Son getirilen düzenlemelerin yararlı olup wa s on ly one s ucc ess in a 2 4-ye ar-
olmayacağı konusunda kuşkularımız var. long dip lo matic ca reer in France.
E) Of a ll the projec ts Fe rdinand de
A) We are not sure if the latest Lesseps c o mp lete d in his 24 -yea r-long
regulations will bring any benefits. dip lo ma tic ca ree r in France , it was the
B) We have our doubts about whether Sue z Ca na l tha t b ro ug h t h im the mo s t
the recently implemented regulations fame.
will be beneficial or not.
C) They've recently implemented new 106. İsveçli ten isçi Bjö rn Borg'un nabzın ın
regulations, but we are doubtful of dak ikad a s ade ce 3 5 attığı b içimind ek i
their benefits. yaygın ola rak b ilinen h ikaye aba rtıd an
D) The recently-implemented regulations başka bir şey değildir.
have aroused doubts among us as to
whether they will be beneficial or not. A) Alth ou g h it is true tha t the Swe d is h
E) For many of us, it's doubtful that the tenn is p laye r Bjö rn Bo rg did ha ve a n
regulations implemented recently will extremely low pulse rate, the widely-
be of any benefit. circ ula ted fig ure o f 35 beats pe r
minu te was a n ex ag ge ra tio n.
104. Beni en çok şaşırtan, kendisine B) It was widely believed that the
yöneltilen o kadar hakaretten sonra bile Swedish tennis p layer Bjö rn Borg's
gülümsemeye devam etmesiydi. pu lse ra te was o n ly 3 5 b ea ts p e r
min u te , b u t th is a p p e a rs to b e a n
A) I was surprised that he managed to exaggeration.
keep smiling after such insulting C) The Swedish tenn is playe r Björn Bo rg
remarks. admits that the wide ly-held belie f that
B) I was so surprised to see him smiling h is p u ls e ra te wa s as lo w a s 3 5 b e a ts
despite so many insults. pe r min ute was an e xa gge ration .
C) The fact that he just smiled after so D) Th e Swe d ish te nn is p la ye r Bjö rn
many insults had been directed at Bo rg's p u lse ra te wa s so me time s a s
him was what surprised me most. lo w a s 3 5 be a ts pe r min u te a nd th is is
D) What surprised me most was that he no exaggeration.
kept smiling even after so many E) Th e wide ly -kn o wn s to ry tha t the
insults directed at him. Swedish tennis p layer Bjö rn Borg's
E) It was really surprising that he did pu lse ra te was o n ly 3 5 b ea ts p e r
nothing but smile at the insulting min u te is n o mo re th a n a n
remarks uttered about him. exaggeration.
268 a ELS
274
107. Oraya ne zaman gittiğimizi tam olarak B) Natural resources have been, and still
hatırlamıyorum, ama oldukça uzun bir are, abused to such an e xtent that it
zaman önce olduğunu biliyorum. is essential to use them carefully from
A) Though I can't recall clearly when we now on.
went there, I'm sure it has been quite C) The careful use of natural resources
a long time. will be important from now on, due to
B) I can't remember exactly when we the abuses of the past as well as
went there, but I know that it was those of the present.
quite a long time ago. D) From now on, at least, the past and
C) Because it was quite a long time ago present abuses of natural resources
that we went there, I can't recollect
will make their careful use essential.
the exact date.
D) I don't know for sure how long it has E) If natural resources are used carefully
been since we went there, but it was from now on, the abuses of the past
quite a long time ago. and the present can be compensate d
E) Although it was such a long time ago for, at least, to a certain extent.
that we went there, I can tell you the
precise date. 110. Fernand Braudel eserlerinde, coğrafya,
iklim ve kültürün bir bölgenin siyasetini
108. Yaşınız ne olursa olsun, bir şekilde
düzenli egzersiz yapmaya başlamak için etkileyen temel gerçekler olduğunu net
asla geç kalmış değilsiniz. bir şekilde göstermiştir.
A) No matter how old you are, don't A) The fact that the po litics of a regio n is
think that it is too late for you to start deeply affected by its geography,
taking regular exercise. clima te an d c u ltu re is striking ly
B) Whatever your age, it's never too late pro ved in Fe rna nd Brau del's works.
for you to start taking some form of
B) Fernand Bra udel's wo rks s uccessfully
regular exercise.
C) You can start taking regular exercise sho w th at g eo g rap hy , c lima te a nd
at any time of life as it is never too culture in flu ence the realities and
late. politics of a region significantly.
D) It's a mistake to think that you are C) In his wo rks, Fe rn and Brau del v iv idly
too old to start taking some form of de mons tra te d tha t ge og ra ph y , clima te
regular exercise. an d c u ltu re a re the u nd e rly in g
E) If you are old and have never taken
any kind of regular exercise, don't realities that influence the politics of a
waste any more time starting one. region.
D) Fe rn an d Brau de l claime d in all h is
109. Geçmişin ve hatta bugünün istismarları, wo rks tha t g eo g rap hy , c lima te a nd
doğal kaynakların, en azından bundan cu ltu re a re th e fun da men ta l rea litie s
sonra, dikkatli kullanımını zorunlu th at play the majo r ro le in sh ap in g
kılmaktadır. the politics of a region.
A) The abuses of the past, and even the E) Fernand Bra udel's wo rks have bo ld ly
present, necessitate that natural de mons tra te d tha t the p o litics o f a
resources be used carefully, at least region is closely connected to its
from now on. geog raph y, clima te an d c ultu re.
ELS Q 269
275
5-13 REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)
Indirect speech (dolaylı anlatım), birinin söylediği sözü bir başkasına aktarmak demektir.
Dolaylı anlatımda aktarılan cümle, aslında bir noun clause biçimindedir ve noun clause için
geçerli olan kurallar, (kullanılan ifadenin soru ya da düz cümle olması, asıl fiil past olduğunda
noun clause'da kullanılan tense'lerin bir derece past yapılması gibi) dolaylı anlatım için de
geçerlidir. Dolaylı anlatımın noun clause'lardan farkı, cümlede daima bir fiilin nesnesi
durumunda olması, (bir noun clause gibi, cümlede hem özne hem de nesne konumunda yer
alamaz) ve birinin söylediği bir sözü bir başkasına aktarmasıdır.
Birinin söylediği sözü iki şekilde aktarabiliriz: dolaysız (direct) ve dolaylı (indirect/reported).
Dolaysız anlatım (direct speech), kişinin ağzından çıkan ifadeyi aynen aktarmaktır. Söz iki
tırnak arasında yer alır ve "She said, she asked, etc." gibi ifadelerle aktarılır. Bu ifadeler
aktarılan sözden önce ya da sonra yer alabilir.
He said, "I don't like horror Ûlms." "I don't like horror Sims," he said.
He asked, "Do you like horror Sims?' "Do you like horror Ûlms?' he asked.
Dolaylı anlatını (indirect/reported speech), kişinin ağzından çıkan ifadeyi aktarırken bazı
değişiklikler yapmayı gerektirir (pronoun, tense, etc. changes).
George: I don't like horror films.
George said (that) he didn't like horror films.
George: Do you like horror films?
George asked me if/whether I liked horror films.
Dolaylı anlatımı, aktarılan cümlelerin yapısı açısından şu üç grupta inceleyebiliriz:
1. Reporting Statements
2. Reporting Questions
3. Reporting Imperatives
5-14 REPORTING STATEMENTS

Düz cümleleri aktarırken en çok kullanılan aktarma sözü "teli' ve "say dir. "Teli" den sonra
mutlaka sözün kime söylendiğini belirtmemiz gerekir. He has told me..., I will tell him...We told
them..., etc. "Say" den sonra hemen cümle gelir. He said (that) ..., I will say (that) ..., etc. "Say
den sonra bir zamir kullanmak istersek, "He said to me, She said to us, etc." gibi, zamirden
önce "to" kullanmak zorundayız. Ancak "say in bu kullanımı, Indirect Speech'de pek yaygın
değildir.
Eğer aktarma sözü, "She always tells us, She has just told me, She will tell us" gibi Simple
Present, Present Perfect ve Simple Future ise, aktarılan cümlenin tense'inde bir değişiklik
yapılmaz. Sadece gerekli zamir değişiklikleri yapılır.
Paul: I am not so keen to see this film.
Paul says (that) he Is not so keen to see that film.
Paul has told us (that) he Is not so keen to see that film.
Paul will tell you (that) he Is not so keen to see that film.
Eğer aktarma sözü Simple Past ya da Past Perfect ise (/ told him, he had told us, etc.), zamir
değişikliklerinin yanı sıra, tense ve zaman zarflarında da değişiklik yapılır. Direct cümlenin
zamirlerini değiştirirken, sözü kimin söylediğini ve bu sözü kimin kime aktardığını dikkate
almalıyız.
Ayşe: /will help you tomorrow.
Ayşe told me (that) she would help me the following day.
Ayşe told her sisters (that) she would help them the following day.
Ayşe told her brother (that) she would help him the following day.
Z70 Q ELS
276
a) Tense Changes In Reported Speech
Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present ................................................. Simple Past
"I never get up late," he said. He said (that) he never got up late.
Present Continuous ......................................... Past Continuous
"I'm working on my thesis," he said. He said (that) he was working on his thesis.
Present Perfect................................................ Past Perfect
"I've applied for a job," he said. He said (that) he had applied for a job.
Present Perfect Continuous ........................... Past Perfect Continuous
"I've been working for two hours," he said. He said (that) he had been working for two hours.
Simple Past ..................................................... Past Perfect
"I stayed at home last night," he said. He said (that) he had stayed at home the previous night.
Past Continuous ............................................. Past Perfect Continuous
"I was working in Ankara last year," he said. He said that he had been working in Ankara the
previous year.
am/is/are going to ..........................................was/were going to
shall/will ........................................................ should/would
should/would .................................................. should/would
can ................................................................... could/would be able to
could ............................................................... could
must, have to .................................................. had to
must, have to (future necessity) .................... must/had to/would have to
must (deduction) .............................................. must
don't have to ....................................................didn't have to
mustn't .............................................................wasn't, weren't to do/mustn't
should/ought to/had better ............................should/ought to/had better
may.................................................................. might
might ................................................................might
used to ............................................................ used to
Direct cümledeki "I/We shall', indirect cümlede "He/She/They would" olur. Ancak indirect
cümlede özne "I/We" olarak kalıyorsa "I/We should/would" kullanılır.
"I shall meet my friends tomorrow."
All told me (that) he would meet his friends the following day.
"I shall meet my friends tomorrow."
/ told my mother (that) / should/would meet my friends the following day.
Direct cümledeki would, would rather, would prefer, would like, would hate gibi yapılar, indirect
cümleye aynen aktarılır.
"I would rather stay home than go out today."
My mother said that she would rather stay home than go out that day.
"I would like to invite you to dinner one evening."
I told my friend that I would like to invite him to dinner one evening.
Type-1 If clause, indirect cümleye bir derece past yapılarak aktarılır, iype-2 ve iype-3 ise aynen
aktarılır.
"We will spend the day out if it is nice tomorrow."
She said that they would spend the day out if it was nice the following day.
"I would do the same if I were you."
She told me that she would do the same if she were me.
"I wouldn't have behaved like that if I had been in your position."
She said that she wouldn't have behaved like that if she had been in my
position.
ELS Q Z71
277
Must ve have to, present bir anlam taşıyorsa had to biçimine dönüşür.
"I must/have to get up very early on weekdays."
She said that she had to get up very early on weekdays.
Must ve have to (will have to) future bir anlam taşıyorsa genellikle would have to biçimine
dönüştürülür. Ancak sözün aktarıldığı sırada direct cümledeki gelecek zaman kavramı artık
geçmiş durumda ise would have to yerine had to da kullanılabilir. Future bir anlam taşıyan
must indirect cümleye değiştirilmeden de aktarılabilir.
"I must/have to/will have to get up very early tomorrow."
Last week, Sue left the party early, because she said she must/had to/would
have to get up very early the following day.
"I must/have to/will have to study harder next year." (spoken in 2004)
She said that she must/would have to study harder next year, (reported in 2004)
Tahmin bildirirken kullandığımız must, indirect cümleye aynen aktarılır.
"He must be stupid to refuse their offer."
She said that he must be stupid to refuse their offer.
Zaman bağlaçlarının bulunduğu cümlelerde. Past Tense ve Past Continuous Tense normalde
indirect cümleye aynen aktarılır. Ancak, Past Tense'i Past Perfect Tense biçiminde de
aktarabiliriz.
"I was studying English when you phoned me."
She told me that she was studying English when I phoned/had phoned her.
"I saw an old friend of mine while I was driving home yesterday."
He said he saw an old friend of his while he was driving home the day before.
Doğa kanunları, sürekli geçerliliği olan genel doğrular ve kurallar aktarılırken tense değişikliği
yapılmaz.
"The earth revolves round the sun."
The teacher explained to his students that the earth revolves round the sun.
b) Expressions of time and place In Reported Speech

Direct Indirect
today............................................. that day
tonight .......................................... that night
yesterday ...........................................the day before/the previous day
the day before yesterday ..................two days before/earlier
last week/month/year/night .......... the previous week/month/year/night (the week before, etc.)
yesterday morning/afternoon/evening.. the previous morning/alternoon/evening
a year/month/week ago ................ a year/month /week before, the previous year/month/week
two years/months/weeks ago ........ two years/months/weeks before/earlier
tomorrow........................................... the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow .................... in two days' time
next week/month/year .................... the following week/month/year
now................................................... then/immediately
"I'll phone you tomorrow," he said to me.

He told me that he would phone me the next day/the following day.
"I'm going to visit my relatives today," she said.
She said she was going to visit her relatives that day.
"He left home halfan hour ago," his mother said to me. His mother told me
he had left home halfan hour before.
He said, "I'm leaving Istanbul the day after tomorrow." He said he was leaving
Istanbul in two days' time.
Q ELS
278
Zaman zarflanndaki bu değişme her zaman aynı olmayabilir. Sözün aktarıldığı zamanı da
dikkate almamız gerekir. Örneğin sözün söylendiği gün ile aktarıldığı gün aynı ise "today
değişmez.
"I may come home late today."
Sue told me this morning that she might come home late today.
On Saturday Sue said, "I'm starting my new job the day after tomorrow"
(Eğer bu sözü Cumartesi günü aktarıyorsak)

Sue told me that she was starting her new job in two days' time.
(Pazar günü aktarıyorsak)

Sue told me that she was starting her new job tomorrow.
(Pazartesi günü aktarıyorsak)
Sue told me that she was starting her new job today.
Direct cümledeki this/these, indirect cümleye genellikle that/those ya da the biçiminde aktarılır.
Here ise there biçiminde ifade edilir.
c) Say and teli

Direct cümleyi aktarırken, "say", cümlenin başında ya da sonunda yer alabilir. Bu durumda
cümle devrik olabilir.
Sue said, "I didn't like the film." "I didn't like the film," Sue said. "I didn't like the
film," said Sue.
Say'den sonra sözün kime söylendiğini belirtmek istersek say + to kullanılır ve bu kullanım,
direct speech'te sadece cümlenin sonunda yer alabilir. Cümlenin başına gelmez ve devrik
yapamayız.
"I didn't like the film," Sue said to me.
Direct cümleyi aktarırken "tell" de kullanabiliriz. Ancak "teli" den sonra sözün kime söylendiğini
belirtmemiz gerekir ve teli, cümlenin sonunda yer alabilir.
"I didn't like the film," Sue told me.
Tell lies, tell stories ve tell the truth ifadelerinde, sözün kime söylendiğini belirtmek zorunlu
değildir.
She told (me) lies.
Grandma told (the children) stories.
Will you tell (me) the truth?
Indirect cümleyi aktarırken "say" ya da "tell + object" cümlenin başında kullanılır. "Say + to +
object" kullanımı da mümkündür ancak çok yaygın değildir.
Sue said (to me that) she hadn't liked the film. Sue told me (that) she hadn't
liked the film.
"Tell someone about something/about doing something", bir konuda bir şeyler anlatmak
anlamındadır. "Say bu şekilde kullanılmaz.
He told me about his trip to Alanya.
He told us about travelling around Turkey.
ELSQZ73
279
Cümleleri aktarırken "tell" ve "say" in yanı sıra başka fuller de kullanabiliriz. Bu fiiller cümleyi,
yakınma, itiraz, gözlem vb. gibi anlamlan da ilave ederek aktarmamızı sağlar. Bu şekilde
yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
add boast object remind+object
admit complain observe reply
announce deny * point out scream
answer grumble promise shout
argue inform protest whisper
assure+object murmur remark yell
* Deny fiilinden sonra gelen cümle olumsuz olamaz. Ancak direct cümle olumsuzdur.
"I didn't steal the money."
He denied that he had stolen the money.
"I can't finish all this work by lunchtime."
She protested that she couldn't finish all the work by lunchtime.
"We will get married as soon as school is over."
They announced that they would get married as soon as school was over.
"You will really feel comfortable at that hotel."
The travel agent assured us that we would really feel comfortable at that hotel.
••;.'.';~''
"I'm beginning to get bored here."
Sue whispered that she was beginning to get bored there.
EXERCISE 8: Put the following sentences Into Reported Speech. Pay attention to whether
the reporting verb Is In the Present or Past.
• **'.
1. "I got your letter just as I was getting ready to phone you."
Mrs. Adams told her son ...............................................................................
2. "You haven't got a clue what you are talking about."
His opponent screamed that ...........................................................................
3. "I'm bored and there's nothing on TV." ........................................................... . '
My sister grumbled that ................................................................................
4. "Future generations must find alternatives to fossil fuels."
One of the speakers at the conference yesterday said
5. "I stayed in Saudi Arabia for three years, so I can speak Arabic fluently."
John boasted that ...........................................................................................
6. "The incident hasn't been reported properly by the newspapers."
The politician claims that ................................................................................
7. "I left Turkey two years ago."
The young lady answered that .........................................................................
8. "I paid a fortune for this blouse and it's faded after just one wash."
She complained to the manager that ...............................................................
9. "I forgot to pick up your suit from the dry-cleaner's."
She told her husband that ...............................................................................
10. "I'm having a very enjoyable time here."
I got a letter from my daughter in a summer camp in Belgium. In it, she says
11. "I may be a bit late for the meeting tomorrow."
The assistant manager said .............................................................................
12. "You must start right away if you want to complete your term papers in time."
Our teacher reminded us .................................................................................
374 Q ELS
280
13. "We'll probably go to the beach next week."
Last week, she said that ...............................................................................................
14. "I'm going to help my mother tonight."
Sue said .........................................................................................................................
15. "It must be very difficult to live in a cold climate."
John commented ............................................................................................................
16. "I want to view the house for sale in Castle Road."
The young man entered the estate agent's and told the assistant eagerly that
17. "We expect that house to sell quickly."

The assistant remarked that ..........................................................................................
18. "In that case I must view it today if that is possible."
The young man announced that ....................................................................................
19. "You can view it tomorrow morning because the owner will have brought us the
keys by then."
The assistant informed the young man that ................................................................
20. "I will meet you outside the property with the keys at 9 a.m. if that is convenient for
you."
The assistant added that ................................................................................................
NOT TOO HEAVY
commuter plane, I was surprised that the ticket agent asked me how much I
weighed. Once airborne, the tiny ten-passenger craft was tossed around by
turbulence. I started to get nervous. Looking for reassurance, I told the man
seated behind me that I had lied about my weight.
"Oh, don't worry," he replied. "I fly this route at least three times a
week, and just to be safe, I always add ten pounds to my weight for every
woman on board."
(by Robin Sherwood from Reader's Digest)
Checking in for a flight from Boston to New Hampshire on a
5-15 REPORTING QUESTIONS
Soru cümlelerini aktarırken tense, yer ve zaman zarflarına ilişkin değişiklikler için, düz
cümleleri aktarırken kullanılan kurallar geçerlidir. Ancak, soru cümlelerini aktarırken "say" ve
"teli" yerine, ask. Inquire, wonder, want to learn, want to know gibi fuller kullanılır. Bu fiillerden
ask, nesne alabilir. Diğerleri almaz.
"Why didn't you come to the party?"
She asked (me) why I hadn't come (gone) to the party.
She Inquired/wondered/wanted to inowwhy I hadn't come (gone) to the party.
Soru sözcüğüyle başlayan sorulan aktarırken, aktarma sözünden sonra soru sözcüğü gelir ve
soru cümlesi düz cümle biçimine dönüştürülür.
"Why are you leaving so early today?"
My mother asked me why I was leaving so early that day.
"What time is it?"
A child in the street asked me what time It was.
ELS Q Z75
281
Yardımcı fiille başlayan sorulan aktanrken, aktarma sözünden sonra If ya da whether
kullanılır ve soru cümlesi düz cümle biçimine dönüştürülür.
"Are you coming with us?"
She asked me if/whether I was coming (going) with them.
"Can you speak English?"
A tourist stopped me in the street and asked if/whether I could speak English.
Eğer temel cümlenin fiili, Simple Present, Present Perfect ya da Future Tense ise soru
cümlesinin tense'i aynı kalır. Sadece gerekli zamir değişiklikleri yapılır.
"Are you coining with us?"
She is asking me if/whether I'm coming (going) with them.
"Why did you refuse my offer?"
He has asked me twice so far why I refused his offer.
EXERCISE 9: Put the following sentences Into Reported Speech. Pay attention to the tense
of the reporting verb.
1. "Did you see your teacher yesterday?"

My mother asked me .........................................................................................
2. "May I use your telephone?"
Our next door neighbour came yesterday and asked ........................................
3. "Was it raining heavily when you left for work?"
I asked Mum ....................................................................................................
4. "How many rolls would you like?"
The baker asked me .........................................................................................
5. "Have you found the book you've been looking for?"
When he came home from shopping, I asked my brother ...................................
6. "Who is responsible for organizing the meeting?"
The secretary wants to know.............................................................................,
7. "Do you have a good recipe for chocolate cake?"
I asked Mum..................................................................................................
8. "How long have you been waiting for a reply, Mrs. Evans?"
The company secretary inquired .......................................................................
9. "Who is the woman standing behind you?"
My brother asked me ........................................................................................
10. "When did you last check the oil in your car?"
The mechanic asked me ....................................................................................,
11. "Why did your wife abandon you?"
His mother wondered .......................................................................................
12. "Are you experiencing any pain?"
Grandmother, the nurse is asking you ..............................................................
13. "Could you tell me how much it costs?"
He asked the shop assistant .............................................................................
14. "Which charities are helping with the relief effort?
The reporter has just asked the Minister ...........................................................
15. "How much longer are you going to produce cars at a loss?"
The reporter asked the chairman of Rover ........................................................
Z76 Q ELS
282
LOOKING FOR OUR DOS /
When my children and I had finished unpacking in our new home, we i

noticed that our dog was missing. Concerned that she couldn't find her way ^
back in the unfamiliar surroundings, I loaded the kids into the car and went {
to look for her. We drove up and down the neighbourhood without any luck. )
Not far from our house I noticed a man sitting on his front porch. I \
asked him if he'd seen our dog. "Yes," he replied. "She's been following your '~'f
car for the past ten minutes." \
(by Lori Kitchens from Reader's Digest)
5-16 REPORTING IMPERATIVES
Emir cümlelerini aktarırken, tell, order, command, ask gibi fiiller, emrin kime verildiğini
gösteren bir zamir ile birlikte kullanılırlar. He told me, I asked him (rica etmek, istemek
anlamında). They ordered me, etc. "Say" fiilinin, bu şekilde emir cümlesi aktarırken
kullanılması çok enderdir. Olumlu emir cümleleri to + verb Infinitive, olumsuz emir cümleleri
not to + verb Infinitive biçiminde aktarılır. ., ••,*,:
Direct: "Study your lessons regularly," the teacher said to us. Indirect: The
teacher told us to study our lessons regularly.
Direct: "Dont try to cheat during the exam," she said to us. Indirect: She
told us not to try to cheat during the exam.
Eğer bir cümle emir cümlesi biçiminde başlayıp devamında bir başka cümle (clause) alıyorsa, o
cümlenin tense'ini bir derece past yapmamız gerekir. (Temel cümlenin yüklemi present ya da
future ise tense değişikliğinin yapılmadığım hatırlayınız.) , ,,,..
"Study regularly if you want to pass the exam."
• , The teacher told us to study regularly if we wanted to pass the exam.
"Dont unfasten your seatbelts until after the plane has fully landed."
, The air-hostess told the passengers not to unfasten their seatbelts until after
the plane had fulty landed.
Emir cümlesi biçiminde kurulan cümleler bazen uyan, öğüt, teşvik etme, öneri vb. gibi
anlamlar ifade edebilirler. Bu durumda bu cümleleri, cümlenin ifade ettiği anlama göre advise,
encourage, warn, beg, implore, forbid, recommend, remind, request, urge, etc. gibi fiillerle de
aktarabiliriz.
l ' "Don't play with matches." , ,
I warned my son not to play with matches.
"Speak slowly and clearly if you don't want to be misunderstood."
She advised me to speak slowly and clearly if I didn't want to be misunderstood.
"Don't use my car again."
My father ordered me not to use his car again, or
c• My father forbade me to use his car again.
F.IJ8 n
283
"Don't forget to phone Ann later today."
Sue reminded me not to forget to phone Ann later that day. or
Sue reminded me to phone Ann later that day.
"Try once more."
My friends encouraged me to try once more.
"Don't hit the children."
His wife begged/implored him not to hit the children.
"Help me, please, with this heavy suitcase."
An old lady asked/requested me to help her with the heavy suitcase.
EXERCISE 10: Put the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1. "Wait here until I come back."
I told my son ................................................................................
2. 'Wash your hands before you sit at the table."
Anna told her son .....................................................................................
3. "Put your toys away after you have finished playing with them."
The nanny instructed the children ............................................................
4. "Don't accept the job if you consider it to be unprofitable."
My friend advised me ................................................................................
5. "Don't make too much noise while the baby's sleeping."
She reminded them ...................................................................................
6. "Take good care of yourself while you are away."
My mother told me ....................................................................................
7. "Find yourself a better job."
She urged me ............................................................................................
8. "Wear sunglasses if the sun is really strong."
He advised me ...........................................................................................
9. "Don't leave with the rest of the class. Stay behind."
The teacher instructed the boys who kept talking during the lesson
....................................................... but ....................................................
10. "Don't worry. Be happy."
This song tells us .................................................. and ..............................
11. "Look in your rear view mirror before pulling out."
The driving instructor reminded him .........................................................
12. "Put all your litter in the bins."
The teacher on duty in the canteen reminded us ......................................
13. "Don't worry about making grammar mistakes during open discussions."
Our conversation class teacher encouraged us...........................................
14. "Don't expect drivers to stop at pedestrian crossings in Rome."
The tour guide advised us .........................................................................
15. "Empty the contents into a cup, add water, and stir well."
The instructions on the packet simply tell us ............................................
AMAP
As a job counsellor at a vocational training school for refugees, I
Jassist students in completing job application forms. During one session, I
instructed the class to use "ASAP" (As Soon As Possible) if the form asked
when they were available for work.
Later, while we were discussing what to write in the section
regarding desired salary, I noticed that one Vietnamese man had written
"AMAP". I asked him what it stood for. He replied, "As Much As Possible!"
278 Q ELS
284
5-17 REPORTED SPEECH (MIXED TYPES)
Aktaracağımız ifadeler bazen arka arkaya iki cümle, iki soru, iki emir cümlesi ya da bir soru + bir
düz cümle, bir soru + bir emir cümlesi vb. gibi karışık olarak bir arada bulunabilir. Bu
durumda, her bir ifadeyi kendine özgü fiillerle aktarabiliriz. Yani düz cümleler için teli, say,
remark, explain,etc., soru cümleleri için ask, want to know, inquire, wonder, etc.; emir cümleleri
için ise ask, tell, order, etc. gibi fiiller kullanabiliriz.
a) Statement + Statement
"My son hasn't returned from school yet. I have to wait at home until he comes."
She said/told me that her son hadn't returned from school yet and that she
had to wait at home until he came.
Aktarılan cümlelerin her ikisi de düz cümle olduğu için bir tane aktarma sözü yeterlidir. İki
cümle arasında "and that" kullanılır. Eğer iki cümle arasında but, so, because, as, or gibi başka
bir bağlaç varsa, o zaman and yerine cümlenin kendi bağlacı kullanılır.
"I have to study hard, or I will fail the test."
She said that she had to study hard, or she would fail the test.
"I liked the book, but I didn't like its film version much."
She said that she had liked the book, but she hadn't liked its film version much.
b) Question + Question
"Why are you still at home? Does your lesson start later today?"
My mother asked me why I was still at home and If/whether my lesson started
later that day.
c) Question + Imperative/Imperative + Question

"Why are you still waiting? Start your work without delay."
The boss asked the employees why they were still waiting and told them to
start their work without delay.
"Do it as I told you. Do you have any more questions?"
The manager told the secretary to do it as he had told her and asked if she
had any more questions.
d) Statement + Question/Question + Statement

"It's very hot in here. Can I open the window?"
I said that it was very hot in there and asked If I could open the window.
"What time is it? I don't want to miss the news programme on TV."
She wanted to know what time it was and said that she didn't want to miss
the news programme on TV.
e) Statement + Imperative/Imperative + Statement

"I'm very keen on my freedom. Don't interfere in my business."
She told her parents that she was very keen on her freedom and told them not
to Interfere in her business.
"Don't involve me in this case. I don't want to get into trouble."
He told us not to involve him in that case and said that he didn't want to get
into trouble.
ELS Q 279
285
EXERCISE 11: Put the following sentences Into Reported Speech.
1. "Stop talking! You have to show some respect for your fellow classmates."
The teacher ..................... at us ...................................... and .....................
2. "Could you post this letter? I want her to receive it by the weekend."
He me as
3.
"They will provide some drawing materials, but it's better to take your own."
The organizer .................... us ....................................... but ...................................
4. "The queue is too long. They will have sold out of tickets before we get to the
counter."
Johnny ................... me ........................................ so ............................................
5. "Don't look up lots of words. Try to guess the meaning from the context."
Our English teacher ................... us ................................. but .................................
6. "Why do you think my plant is dying? Does it need more water?"
He .................. his sister ............................................... and ...................................
7. "Your hair looks lovely. Where did you get it done?"
My aunt .................. me ............................... and ................ me ............................
8. "Don't walk about after dark! It is dangerous around this city."
I .................... my daughter .................................. because ....................................
9. "Be quiet! What are you talking about anyway?"
The teacher .................. her students .............................. and then.........................
them ...................................................
10. "Don't stick your fingers in their cages. The birds sometimes peck people's fingers.'
The warden of the exotic bird park ................... the children ..................................
because .............................................................
11. "I haven't got enough cash with me. Do you accept credit cards?"
The customer ..................... the sales assistant ......................................... and
.............................................. him ..................................................
12. "Don't withdraw too much money from our bank account. We won't be paid for
another couple of weeks."
My wife.................. me .................................. because ...........................................
13. "Are you sure your information is accurate? I've never heard of such nonsense."
My mother................... me ............................ and ................ that..........................
14. "What do you think the problem with the car is? Does it need a service?"
She ................... her husband ............................ ,. ...... and ................... , ..............
15. "This pen isn't mine. I think it's Alice's."
Sue .................. that ....................................... and ..............................................
PLAYIN6 HIDE-AND-SEEK
Our yard was a gathering spot for our five children's friends. One -Isummer
night we all played hide-and-seek and had so much fun that we lost track of time.
Unknown to me, a police officer had cruised by and noticed my 16-year-old
daughter running, then ducking into the shadows. The officer stopped her and
asked if she knew how late it was. He demanded to know where her parents
were.
"Well," she replied, "Mum is up in that tree, but I haven't found Dad yet."
28O Q ELS
286
5-l8 AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS
5-19 TOO and EITHER

a) İki olumlu cümle, bir öğeleri hariç, aynı anlamı taşıyorsa, ikinci cümlenin sonuna "too"
eklenir. "Too" cümleye "de, da" anlamı verir.
They have a pet dog at home. They have a cat too. He raises sheep on his farm.
He raises chickens too.
Bu durum iki olumsuz cümle için söz konusuysa, ikinci cümlenin sonuna "either" eklenir.
They don't keep birds at home. They don't keep fish either. He doesn't raise
cows on his farm. He doesn't raise pigs either.
b) Eğer iki cümlenin, özneleri hariç, diğer öğeleri aynı ise, ikinci cümlede tekrardan
kaçınmak için, olumlu cümlelerde "Subject + auxiliary verb + too", olumsuz cümlelerde
"Subject + auxiliary verb + either" kullanılır. Yardımcı fiil, birinci cümledeki tense'in
yardımcı fiili olmalıdır.
My parents live in Germany. My sister does too.
I understood the lesson perfectly. Other students did too.
Jill was in a hurry. Her parents were too.
I don't like fish at all. My sister doesn't either.
You are not old enough to get married. Your boyfriend isn't either.
I didn't quite understand the lesson. The others didn't either.
c) 'Too" ve "either", anlamca uyumlu olan ama farklı sözcüklerden oluşan cümlelerin
sonuna da gelebilir.
He Is very successful in his school subjects. He shows the same success in his
social life too.
She isn't very popular with her schoolmates. She isn't liked much by her
teachers either.
d) Bazen iki cümle, anlamca aynı olmasına rağmen, cümlelerin biri olumlu, diğeri
olumsuz olabilir. Bu durumda, ikinci cümle yapı olarak olumluysa "too", olumsuzsa
"either" kullanılır.
I hate martial arts, such as judo and karate. I don't like football either.
I don't like getting up early. I bate going to bed early too.
5-20 SO and NEITHER/NOR

İki cümle anlamca aynı fakat özneleri farklıysa, "de, da" anlamını, olumlu cümleler için "so",
olumsuz cümleler için "neither" ya da "nor" ile verebiliriz. Bu yapılar, kendilerinden sonra
devrik cümle alırlar:
So + auxiliary + subject Neither/Nor + auxiliary + subject
ELS Q 281
287
Kullanacağımız yardımcı fiil yine birinci cümledeki tense'in yardımcı fiilidir. Neither/nor
kendileri olumsuz olduğu için, arada kullanılan yardımcı fiil olumludur.
I like reading a lot, and so does my husband, (my husband does too.)
I went to bed quite early last night, and so did my parents. (my parents did
too.)
They don't like horror films, and neither/nor do I. (I don't either.)
I haven't finished my report yet, and neither/nor has Sue. (Sue hasn't either.)
Temel cümle + yan cümle biçimindeki cümlelerde, özellikle bir bağlaç (conjunction) varsa,
dikkate almamız gereken yan cümlenin yardımcı fiili değil, temel cümlenin yardımcı fiilidir.
- I would forgive her if she apologized to us.

- So would I. (/ would (forgive her) too.)
- As soon as we're finished with this project, I'll go on holiday.

- So will I. (I'll go on holiday as soon as we're finished with this project too.)
- I hadn't believed him when he told us that he couldn't pass the exam.
- Nor had I. (/ hadn't believed him either.)
Ancak noun clause içeren bazı cümlelerde, özellikle "so" ve "neither/nor" lu cümle
karşımızdaki kişi tarafından söyleniyorsa, yan cümledeki eylem de dikkate alınabilir.
A: I don't think we can afford such an expensive car.

B: Neither can your brother. (Kardeşinin de maddi gücü yetmez.)
(You can't afford such an expensive car, and your brother can't either.)
I don't think we can afford such an expensive car, and neither does my
husband. (Eşim de öyle düşünüyor.)
(l don't think we can afford such an expensive car, and my husband doesn't
think we can afford such an expensive car either.)
A: I thought the news bulletin was rather depressing.

B: So was the film following it. (Ondan sonraki film de öyleydi.)
(The film following the news bulletin was rather depressing too.)
A: I thought the news was rather depressing. B: So did I. (/ did too.) (Ben
de öyle düşündüm.) (I thought the news was rather depressing too.)
Eğer bizim düşüncemiz ya da durumumuz, bir başkasınmki ile aynı doğrultuda değilse, o
zaman so/neither/nor kullanamayız. Bu zıtlığa geçişi sağlamak için "but" kullanabiliriz.
I don't like fish, but my husband does.
I didn't allow him to go alone, but my father dfd.
She Isn't interested in art, but her husband is.
She has got a car, but her brother hasn't.
He has a lot of hobbies, but his wife doesn't.
They have been abroad, but I haven't.
I have to work for a living, but you don't.
28X Q ELS
288
He had to show the content of his suitcase at the customs, but others didn't
They can afford a holiday abroad, but I can't.
You must study hard for the exam, but I needn't.
don't need to. don't have to.
You needn't work for a living, but I must/have to. You don't need to work for a
living, but I do. don't have to
Bu zıtlığı though, although, even though gibi bağlaçlarla da vurgulayabiliriz.

:
"•• Although/Though/Even though 1 don't like fish, my husband does.
1
£t ' •; ı
;
' His father allowed him to go alone although/though/even though his mother
didn't.
': i *•'*'- . " '-•
''
"Though" ikinci cümlenin sonunda da kullanılabilir. "Although" ve "even though" bu şekilde

cümle sonunda kullanılmaz.
I like watching films at the cinema, but 1 can't go very often. I like watching
films at the cinema. 1 can't go very often though.
I'm interested in sightseeing, but my husband isn't.
I'm interested in sightseeing. My husband isn't though. -
EXERCISE 12: Use "so/neither/nor..." or "too, either" with an auxiliary to complete the
sentences below.
1. Our local swimming pool isn't open over the public holiday and, unfortunately,
.................... the one in the centre of town.
2. The shop assistant wasn't at all helpful, and.......................the manager.
3. I hadn't thought the job would be so hard when we took it over, and my partner
4. She has read three books since we decided to read regularly, and ....................... I.
5. That blue jumper really suits you, and the grey one .........................
6. I didn't think much of the film, and ...................... Sue.
7. Joseph hasn't been invited to the reception, and Charles .........................
8. You would be able to concentrate better if you took a break, and ...................... Tim
and I.
9. As you haven't got much money with you, and no one else ........................ we'll have
to cancel our shopping trip.
10. The Prime Minister should make sensible explanations about the economic and
social situations of the country, and ...................... the other ministers.
11. They always keep some money aside in case they need it urgently, and we
12. I hate watching football and, fortunately........................ my husband.

13. I didn't do very well in that exam and from the look on the other students' faces, I
would guess that they ....................
14. We mustn't forget to congratulate him on his success, and .......................you.
15. John may want to come with us tomorrow, and Paul ........................
16. George won't be staying late at the party tonight, and John ........................as the^
both have tests tomorrow.
";"':- ELS a a
289
17. Because of the sandals I was wearing, I couldn't walk up the hill, and
....................... some of the other tourists.
18. She is hardly ever punctual for her appointments, and......................... her husband.
19. The manager told me yesterday that the financial accountant can sign orders, and
the branch manager..........................
20. Teachers should take some responsibility for the development of children, and
....................... parents.
5-21 AUXILIARY VERBS in SHORT QUESTIONS

Biriyle sohbet ederken, karşımızdakinin söylediği sözlerle ilgilendiğimizi ifade etmek için
Türkçe'de "Gerçekten mi?" ya da "A öyle mi?' gibi sözler kullanırız. Bunlar aslında soru
değildir. Sadece konuşmanın akışını sağlayan sözlerdir. Türkçe'de, söylenen cümlenin zamanı
ne olursa olsun "öyle mi?' sözünü kullanabiliriz. İngilizce'de ise söylenen sözün tense'ini ve
cümlenin olumlu mu yoksa olumsuz mu olduğunu dikkate almak zorundayız. Eğer cümle
olumlu ise soracağımız soruda da olumlu bir yardımcı fiil, olumsuz ise soruda da olumsuz bir
yardımcı fiil kullanmamız gerekir. Sonda kullanılan özne I, you, he, they, etc. gibi bir zamir
(pronoun) olmalıdır.
- l cant go on holiday this summer.
- Oh, really? Can't you?
- 1 can cook very delicious Chinese food.
- Can you, really?
- 1 have never been abroad.
- Oh, havent you? *._-•' '•
- My son never drinks milk.
- Oh, doesn't he?
- Sue Is always talking too much? * ",- •,
;
-Oh, is she?
Eğer konuşmanın devamında, o konudaki kendi düşüncemizi ya da durumumuzu ifade etnv

istersek çeşitli yapılar kullanabiliriz.
- l like horror films very much. ,
- Do you? So do l./I do too. (Öyle mi? Ben de. [severing
:
- 1 like horror films very much. .'
- Do you? I dont. (Öyle mi? Ben sevmem.)
Yukarıdaki örnekte, "I don't" yerine "neither/nor do I" kullanamayız. Çünkü onları
kullanabilmemiz için bize söylenen cümlenin olumsuz olması ve bizim o ifade ile hemfikir
olmamız gerekir. .
- l don't like horror films at all.
- Don't you? Neither do I/Nor do I/I don't either.
l
(Öyle mi? Ben de sevmem.) "
- 1 dont like horror films at all.
.,-•>. ' - Don't you? 1 do. (Öyle mi? Ben severim.)
Yukarıdaki örnekte, "I do" yerine "so do I" kullanamayız. Çünkü onu kullanabilmemiz iciı
söylenen cümlenin olumlu olması ve bizim de o ifade ile paralel durum ya da düşüncede
olmamız gerekir.
290
5-22 "SO" and "NOT" REPRESENTING a THAT-CLAUSE
a) Believe, expect, suppose, think, hope gibi fiillerden sonra ve I'm afraid, It
seems/appears gibi yapılardan sonra bir that-clause yerine, olumlu bir anlam için "so",
olumsuz bir anlam için "not" kullanılır. "So" ve "not" m bu kullanımı cümleyi tekrar
etmekten kaçınmak içindir.
- Will that party win the election?
- I think that party will win the election.
so (/ think so.)
- Do you think the teacher will postpone the exam?
- I hope that she will postpone the exam.
so (Ihope so.)
That-clause olumlu ise onun yerine "so" getirebiliriz.
I expect so/I believe so/I'm afraid so/It seems so, etc.
That-clause olumsuz ise onun yerine "not" getirebiliriz. Fakat "think' fiili ile olumsuzluğu ancak
fiilin kendisini olumsuz yaparak vurgulayabiliriz.
- Will that party win the election?
- I don't think that party will win the election.
so (I don't think so.)
"Expect", "suppose" ve "believe" fiillerini iki şekilde kullanabiliriz.
- Has your brother found a solution?
- I don't expect/suppose/believe that he has found a solution.
so (/ don't expect so/1 don't suppose
so/1 don't believe so.)
- Has your brother found a solution?
- I expect/suppose/believe that he hasn't found a solution.
not (I expect not/1 suppose not/1 believe
not.)
"It appears/seems" yapısını "It doesn't seem/appear so" biçiminde olumsuz yapabiliriz.
- Will she be able to pass the exam?
- It doesn't seem/appear that she'll be able to pass the exam.
so (It doesn 't seem/ appear so.)
"Hope" ve "be afraid", "that-clause"un yerine "not" alır.
- Is she coming with us?
- I hope that she isn't coming with us.
not (I hope not)
- Have you been able to find tickets for the game?
- I'm afraid / haven't been able to find tickets for the game.
not (I'm afraid not)
. . . . . . . ', • . . . ELS a 285
291
b) Bu yapılan kullanarak yamt verirken bize yöneltilen sorunun yapısına dikkat etmeliyiz.
Olumlu anlam taşıyan "tag-question"a onaylayıcı yanıt vermek istersek "so", olumsuz anlam
taşıyan soruyu onaylıyorsak, "not" kullanabiliriz.
- They can lend us some money, can't they?
- 1 think so/ 1 hope so/ 1 suppose so.
- She won't be late for the appointment, will she?

- No, I don't think so/ 1 hope not/ I suppose not.
- She won't be able to come with us, will she?

- I'm afraid not.
- She inherited a large sum from her father, didn't she?

- Yes, I think so.
Bir soru sözcüğü ile başlayan sorulara bu yapıları kullanarak yanıt veremeyiz. Çünkü bu
sorular, açıklama ya da bilgi isteyen sorulardır.
- How much money did she inherit from her father?
- A large sum. '•!-:.•''
Yardımcı fulle başlayan sorulara bu yapılan kullanarak yanıt verebiliriz. Bu yanıt, vermek
istediğimiz anlama göre olumlu ya da olumsuz olabilir.
- Is she satisfied with her salary?

- I think so. (eğer memnun olduğunu düşünüyorsak)
- Is she satisfied with her salary?

- - I don't think so. (eğer memnun olmadığını düşünüyorsak)
- Do we have to return our assignments tomorrow?

- Tm afraid so. (eğer ödevlerimizi yarın teslim etmek zorundaysak)
- Will you get a raise in your salary soon?

- Tm afraid not. (eğer yakında zam almayacağımızı düşünüyorsak)
c) "So" nun bu iki kullanımı dışında (So do J, So is my husband, etc., I think so, 1 don'
think so, etc.) iki kullanımı daha vardır.
1. Eğer "do" fiili, daha önceki cümlede geçen bir fiilin yerine kullanılıyorsa, "do" nün
nesnesi olarak "so" kullanılır. !
*'• " - s !'•' '
l haven't ironed your shirt yet, but 1 will do so after breakfast.
2. So + subject + verb kalıbı, karşımızdakinin söylediği sözü onayladığımız anlamını v

- It was cold yesterday. • « ,. ,- • ,,
- So it was. (Evet, öyleydi.)
i • * *-V
- It will be hard work. '* ' , ..,- *

- So it will. (Evet, öyle olacak.J
- I hear that you have graduated from school. That means you can start
working immediately.
- So it does. I've started to look for a job already.
(Evet, öyle. İş aramaya başladım zaten.}
292
EXERCISE 13: Answer the following questions using "I think so, I hope not, etc."
1. A: Will John accept the job in Germany? (think)

B: ................................ He has been talking about how great the offer is.
2. A: You can't look after my cat while I'm away next week, can you? (be afraid}
B: ............................... I'm going away myself next week.
3. A: Do we need to have any vaccinations before we go to Tenerife? (hope)
B: ............................... I hate having injections.
4. A: Is it true that the company is going to reduce the number of employees by
offering people early retirement? (be afraid)
B: ............................... It was announced by the management this morning.
5. A: Do you think they still have half-price picture frames in that shop? (expect)
B: ................................ There were just a few left when I was there yesterday.
6. A: The primary school in Calverly isn't shutting down, is it? (appeal)
B: ............................... The local residents have organized a petition, but the
authorities still haven't changed their decision.
7. A: Do they stock the same dress in my size? (think)
B: ................................ They stock most sizes.
8. A: Has Craig collected our tickets for the concert? (expect)
B: ............................... He'd mentioned yesterday that he was going to collect
them after work.
9. A: Will I have to have any injections before I go to India? (suppose)
B: ................................There are a lot of tropical diseases you can catch there.
10. A: Do you imagine Jenny and Steve will ever get back together again? (think)
B: ............................... They don't even speak to each other now and I've heard
that Steve has a new girlfriend. .. .
11. A: You haven't lost my keys, have you? (be afraid)
B: .............................. but don't worry, I think Dad has a duplicate set.
12. A: Were they affected by the recent economic crisis? (appear)
B: ............................... They are continuing to do the same amount of business
even after the crisis.
13. A: So the factory will eventually have to close down, won't it? (seem)
B: ................................They have been losing money for years.
14. A: Will she accept the job offer with the computing firm? (think)
B: ................................There's no reason why she should refuse an offer with such
good pay.
15. A: You won't be able to attend Professor Smith's lecture tomorrow, will you?
(be afraid)
B: ................................ I'll be seeing my dentist at that hour.
5-23 QUESTION TAGS , ^ ,. ;>
a) Düz cümlenin sonuna, o cümledeki tense'in yardımcı fiili + özne getirilerek, cümle soru
cümlesine dönüştürülür. Olumlu cümlenin sonuna olumsuz yardımcı fiil; olumsuz
cümlenin sonuna ise olumlu yardımcı fiil getirilir. Yardımcı fiilden sonra cümlenin
öznesi, /, you, he gibi bir zamir (pronoun) olarak yazılır.
- Your brother la still at university, isn't he?
- Yes, he is.
- The Johnsons have been living here for a long time, haven't they?
- No, they haven't. They've only been living here for, two years.
- You don't like fish, do you? (Sen balığı sevmiyorsun değil mi?)
- No, I don't. (Hayır, sevmiyorum.)
- Your son doesn't drink milk much, does he?
- Yes, he does.
ELS UZ87
293
Olumsuz cümle yapısındaki soruya yanıt verirken, "yes" ya da "no" ile vermek istediğiniz
anlama dikkat ediniz.
- No, I didn't. (I didn't go to school.)
- Yes, I did. (I went to school yesterday.)
"There is/are" yapısıyla kurulan cümleler için yardımcı fiilden sonra yine "there" kullanılır.
- There won't be too many people at the party, will there?
- No, there won't.
- There used to be a. cinema here in the past, didn't there?
- Yes, there did.
- There Is too much traffic in Istanbul, isn't there?
- Yes, there is.
Cümlenin öznesi everyone (everybody), someone (somebody), no one (nobody), anyone
(anybody) gibi belgisiz zamir ise, question-tag bölümünde özne olarak "they" kullanılır.
- Everyone Is here, aren't they?
- Yes, they are.
- No one wants to be poor, do they?
- Of course they don't.
- I don't think anyone wUl argue against our proposal, will they?
- I don't think so.
Cümlenin öznesi everything, something, nothing gibi bir özne ise, question-tag bölümünde
özne olarak "it" kullanılır.
- Something must be done immediately, mustn't It?
- I think you're right.
- Nothing has been done yet, has If?
- I'm afraid not.
Cümlede no, none, neither, nothing, nobody, no one, scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever,
seldom, never gibi olumsuz anlam taşıyan bir sözcük varsa, cümle anlamca olumsuz olduğu
için, question-tag bölümünde yardımcı fiil olumlu olur.
You hardfy ever participate in such events, do you? Neither of your parents
approve of your marriage, do they? No student of his can answer this
question, can they? Nothing can be done in this case, can it? None of them
made a complaint, did they? Sue seldom goes to the theatre, does she? She
could answer hardfy any questions, could she? They barely spoke to us, did
they?
Olumlu ya da olumsuz emir cümlelerinde, question tag bölümünde genellikle "will you" kullanılır.
Ancak, "won't you, would you, can you, can't you, could you" gibi yapılar da kullanılır.
- Dont make any noise, will you?
- Okay, we'll try not to.
- Try to be on time for the date, will you?
- I certainly will.
- Hold on a minute, could you?
- I can call again later, if it'll take long.
"Let's" biçiminde kurulan cümlelerde question tag "shall we?" dir.
- Let's meet in front of the cinema, shall we?
- Good idea.
- Let's play a game of tennis in the afternoon, shall we?
- Why not?
288 Q ELS
294
b) Temel cümle + yan cümle biçimindeki bağlaçlı cümlelerde, temel cümleye bağlı olarak
"tag question" oluşturulur. Ancak, "think, believe, suppose, don't think/ don't believe"
gibi yapılarda özne "I" ise, genellikle yan cümle temel alınır.
/think her new Job involves plenty of travelling, doesn't it? I don't suppose that
she can handle this on her own, can she? They don't think that we'll manage to
get this contract, do they? She'll have to travel a lot if she accepts this job, won't
she? You went straight home after you'd done the shopping, didn't you?
c) Bazı cümlelerin sonunda görebileceğimiz "auxiliary + subject" kalıbı, question tag gibi
görünse de, aslında ifade ettiğimiz görüşle ilgili karşımızdaki kişiye sorduğumuz
sorunun kısaltılmış biçimidir.
I don't think she'll manage to persuade her father, do you? '• *'
(Do you think she'll manage to persuade her father?) '-.'• '
J can't think of a reason why she refused this job, can you? (Can you think of a
reason why she refused this job?)
EXERCISE 14: Put a question tag on the end of each sentence.

1. It seems to be getting rather cold in here, ........................ ?
2. Don't forget to shut the windows before you go out ......................... ?
3. Let's discuss the problem later, when I've had my lunch ......................... ?
4. I don't suppose you have learnt enough Turkish to do these translations,
........................ 9 '-•. ' •• ' i ..
5. Now that they have a baby, they hardly ever come out with us any more,
6. You have lost some weight since I last saw you, ........................ ?
7. No one minds if I smoke here, ........................ ?
8. There must be something wrong with the car, ........................ ?
9. According to what it says in the brochure, that must be our hotel over there,
........................ 9
10. I can't believe anyone would go shopping in this awful weather ......................... ?
11. I don't suppose she can do it by herself ......................... ?
12. Judging from what the boss told you yesterday, you needn't finish this report today,
9
13. Neither of the teams played very well, ........................ ?

14. Nothing was decided at the meeting really ......................... ?
15. There used to be a beach here before they built the supermarket and leisure park,
........................ 9
16. The teacher was angry when none of the students knew the answer,
........................ 9
17. From what I know of her, she never has any confidence in her own ability,
18. I don't imagine they have raised enough money ......................... ?

19. Don't interrupt me while I'm studying ......................... ?
20. He'd rather live in a house than in a flat ......................... ?
ELS a 289
295
EXERCISE 15: Ful in the blanks in the passages below with the correct choice.
An eleven-year-old boy had the role of Joseph (6) ...... Canada is today a member of the
in the Sunday school Christmas program. His Commonwealth is (7) ...... in large measure to
costume had been provided by the school, (1) the political foresight of Robert Baldwin. He
..... the shoes. The boy was discussing with was elected to the legislature of Upper
his mother (2) ...... he should wear on his Canada in 1829, four years (8) ...... he began
feet. The mother (3) ...... sandals, but the boy the practice of law in his native town of York,
wanted to wear his cowboy boots. When his now Toronto. Baldwin became the advocate of
mother said it was unlikely that Joseph wore responsible government. He (9) ...... tha t
western boots, the son replied, "Yes, but then Canada have a system of cabinet and
he (4) ...... braces on his teeth, (5) ......... " parliamentary government like (10) ......
After this clever remark, the mother let her England, with a legislature elected entirely by
son wear the boots. popular vote. However, he had no sympathy
with the extremists who launched the ill-fated
1. rebellion of French-Canadian peasants in
1837-38.
A) rather C) B) such as
6.
except for D) even
E) just
A) Which B) What
C) Where D) Whose
2.
E) That
A) how B) what
7.
C) which D) why
E) that
A) despite B) due
C) besides D) in addition
3.
E) because
A) argued B) advised
8.
C) indicated D) informed
E) suggested A) after B) later
C)ago D) next
4. E} since
A) wasn't having 9.
B) won't have
C) doesn't have A) attained B) expected
D) didn't have C) wanted D) insisted
E) hasn't had E) predicted
10.
A) too B) neither A) B) how

C) nor D) either which D) that of
C) such
E) also E) such as
290 a ELS
296
IV------ .—
1-25, sorularda, eüı yerlere uygun 6. I know we ....... our hotel rooms earlier,
dûşeı an but I didn't think there ...... so much
demand for this resort.
1. The manager has just told me that A) should have booked/w ould be
he B) mus t ha ve booked/had been
to be Interrupted today for anything C) were booking/has been
unless It ...... absolutely necessary. D) have booked/will have been
E) booked/is going to be
A) doesn't want/is
B) won't want/were 7. Sue asked me where I ....... the dress that
C) hasn't wanted/was I ...... at Peter's party the night before.
D) wouldn't want/had been
E) didn't want/has been A) bought/ha ve w orn
B) had bought/was wea ring
2. We were told by the travel agent, who C) was buying/would be wearing
..... very hopeful, that he ........ his best to D) have bought/am w earing
find tickets for us. E) had been buying/wore
A} hasn't sounded/was doing 8. Shortly before he heard he ....... for the

B) didn't sound/would do position, he ....... about his exceptional
C) wouldn't sound/will do
talents.
D) doesn't s ound/had been doing
A) wouldn't be a ccepted/is boasting
E) hadn't sounded/does B) hadn't been accepted/had been
boasting
3. I wouldn't advise you to apply for this job, C) has n't been a ccepted/boasts
as It says here In the ad that applicants D) won't be a ccepted/has been boasting
..... at least two foreign languages E) wasn't accepted/will have boasted
fluently.
9. The headmaster ...... the parents of the
A) should be able to speak naughty student that he .......him If his
B) ought to have been speaking conduct did not improve.
C) must ha ve spoken
D) were supposed to speak A) warned/would expel
E) could be speaking B) was warned/were going to expel
C) was warning/were expelled
D) will have warned/are expelled
4. Sue said that she ....... me to the party
E) had warned/have expelled
with pleasure If she ....... a call from her
parents that night. 10. It was obvious that she .......because
there ...... tears In her eyes.
A) had accompanied/hadn't been expecting
B) were to accompany /didn't expect A) was crying/have been
C) would accompany/weren't expecting B) cried/would be
D) have accompanied/won't expect C) had been crying/were
E) might accompany/wouldn't be expecting D) would cry/had been
E) has been crying/are
5. I wonder how housewives........ with all
the housework before the machines we 11. It turned out that the house which I .......
have today ......... was for sale last week ...... the week
before.
A) had to cope/would have invented A) think/was being sold
B) should have coped/could invent B) have thought/was sold
C) have been coping/had invented C) had been thinking/is s old
D) used to cope/were invented D) was thinking/has been s old
E) would have coped/have been invented E) thought/had been s old
ELS a 291
297
12. Tills book ....... that the Earth .........by 18. The driver told the hitchhiker that he ........
aliens since ancient times. all the way to Birmingham, but that he
..... him as far as Manchester.
A) is claiming /was v isited
B) claimed /has been visiting A) wou ld n' t go /will ha ve take n
C) has c la ime d /was v is ite d B) is n' t g o in g /h a s tak e n
D) had c laimed/wou ld be v is ited C) won' t be go in g /mig ht ta ke
E) cla ims/has b ee n v isite d D) h a dn ' t g o n e /wo u ld ta k e
E) was n' t go in g /c o u ld tak e
13. Please don't worry. I'm sure everybody
..... their opinion of you once the facts 19. Astronomers stated that if the comet that
hit Jupiter in July 1994 ....... with the
Earth, It .......life on the planet.
A) c ha n g e d /h av e b e en k n o wn
B) will c ha ng e/a re kn o wn A) collides/is g oing to end
C) wa s c h a n g in g /h a d k n o wn B) wa s co llid in g/ha d en ded
D) is g oin g to chang e/will have kno wn C) cou ld hav e co llide d /en de d
E) wo u ld h av e c ha n ge d /we re k no wn D) had c o llided /wou ld hav e en ded
E) migh t be co llid ing/will have ended
14. The officer said that everyone ....... for the
day, so they ....... handle my enquiry until 20. Science fiction writers in the 1950s .......
the next day. that a permanent settlement on Mars
......a reality by the year 2000.
A) had fin is hed /wou ldn' t be a ble to
B) was fin is he d /ha d n' t b ee n ab le to A) think /will beco me
C) has fin ishe d /we re n' t ab le to B) tho u gh t/wo u ld h a ve be co me
D) is finish ing /wo n't be a ble to C) ha ve th ou g h t/is be co min g
E) wa s fin is h in g/a ren' t a ble to D) we re th ink in g /be co me s
E) h a d th o u g h t /h a s b e c o me
15. I ....... the deadline for this paper is
Friday, but there's no way I ....... it by 21. John was extremely nervous all day
then. yesterday because he ....... his girlfriend's
father for the first time in the evening.
A) kne w/hav e finishe d
B) hav e kn o wn /fin is he d A) ha s b ee n mee tin g
C) know/will have finished B) will have met
D) had k no wn /wou ld h ave fin is he d C) was go ing to mee t
E) will kno w/a m going to finish D) sh ou ld ha ve me t
E) will be meeting
16. He knew that he ....... a number of risks
by getting involved in this project, but he 22. Since David ........ his spelling before
...... on going ahead anyway. handing in his homework, the teacher
said that the work ....... again.
A) h a d b e e n ta k e n /h a d in s is te d
B) was tak in g /in s is te d A) isn't checking/should be doing
C) is tak in g /in s is ts B) won't have checked/may do
D) will take /is ins isting C) didn't check/had to be done
E) takes/will have insis ted D) hadn't chec ked/ought to have done
E) hasn't checked/will be done
17. Sebastian said that once he ....... his
military service, his father........ him a new 23. When I realized that my passport .........I
car. ..... it to the local police immediately.
A) ha d c o mp le te d /wo u ld b uy A) was stealing/had reported

B) was co mp le ted /b ou g h t B) was being stolen/was reporting
C) is co mp le ted /b uy s C) is stolen/will be reporting
D) will co mple te/is buy ing D) has stolen/have reported
E) wou ld c o mple te /was b uy ing E) had bee n stolen/reported
292 Q ELS
298
We were fortunate that we ....... the 31. None of my fa mily was eager to move
beautiful town before it ....... by the new h o u s e ......... as we'd g ot s o use d to the
dam. neigh bou rh ood .
A) had seen/has been flooded A) and I d id too
B) saw/would be flooding B) an d n o r was I
C) could have seen/had flooded C) bu t 1 ha dn' t
D) were able to see/was flooded D) but 1 did
E) have seen/will be flooded E) and neither did 1
5. To be honest, I didn't quite understand 32. Meg: I h ope it's no t true th at you'v e bee n
his plan, because he .......it to me while I tran s fe rred to th e Lon do n b ra nch !
..... on something else. Tim: .......I ha ve a lrea dy s ta rte d pa ck in g
my th in gs an d a m mov in g ne xt
A) will explain/have concentrated weekend.
B) explained/was concentrating
C) was explaining/had concentrated A) It is, I'm afraid. B) So do 1.
D) has explained/would be concentrating C) 1 have too. D) Is it really?
E) is explaining/concentrated E) You too, don't you?
33. It appears more unlikely than ever that
26-65. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan the Israelis and Palestinians will reach an
yere uygun düşen ifadeyi bulunuz. ,4 agreement,....... ?
26 . She ca n't bea r n ot to be inc lu de d in A) don't they C) will B) won't they

everything we do ........ ? they D) doesn't it
E) does it
A) is she B) does she D)
C) can't we don't we 34. The managing director didn't attend the
E) ca n s he charity ball that was sponsored by our
company ..........
27. We won't have time to call my mother
and tell her we've arrived, ....... we? A) an d n e ithe r was a ny o ne
B) an d n o on e was
A) do B) have D) C) and so d id eve ryon e
Q will haven't D) bu t so me o ne e lse wa s
E) won't E) but eve ryo ne e lse did
28 . The me a l we h ad a t th a t re s ta u ran t was 35. Jill: Is Jim picking you up this evening?
not so expensive ........ ? Meg: .............but he hasn't phoned to
confirm it yet.
A) hadn't we C) was it B) did we
E) wasn't it D) h adn't it A) So does he B) I'm afraid not
C) Neither is he D) He isn't, though
29. Eve ryb ody in the queue E) I hope so
was getting
impa tie nt as the time fo r th e film to sta rt 36. George rarely fails to visit us when he
dre w ne a re r ........ , believing they wouldn't comes to London on business ........ the
start it before everybody got in. last time he was here, due to his strict
schedule.
A) and so did 1
B) bu t I wa sn' t A) and nor does he
C) bu t I d on ' t th in k so B) and neither was he
D) and 1 wasn't either C) but he did
E) and I' m a fraid n ot D) but he doesn't
E) and he did too
30. Yo u a re no t g oin g to buy Mu m tha t fu r
coat s he wa nts for he r birthday .........? I 37. You wouldn't mind if I borrowed your
would hate to see her in it! lecture notes to study for my exam, ...... 1
A) isn't she C) don't B) d oesn't she A) did I B) would you
you D) d oes sh e C) wouldn't you D) didn't I
E) are you E) did you
ELS QZ<
299
38. Let's ask If George can go out with us. 45. Make su re you ta ke the med icine e xactly
as th e do cto r ins truc te d , ....... ?
A) won't B) can we A) will you C) didn't B) did he D)

he C) can't D) shall we you don't you
he E) don't we E) does he
46. My husband would like to live on a sma ll

39. Everybody seems to have enjoyed the fa rm in th e co un try .......... as I like the
party, ........ It could have been organized hectic life of the city.
much better.
A) and so wou ld I
A) and so hav e I B) and I wo u ldn' t e ith er
B) but I hav e C) bu t I do n't
C) and n o r d o I D) bu t I wou ld n' t
D) and ne ithe r d id I E) and 1 do too
E) bu t I didn' t
47. I n o lon ger be lieved h im a fter he had
40. The bo ok d oes n't s ay wh ethe r the se brok en h is p ro mise twice , a nd .......
anyone else in the class.
plants will flourish In indoor conditions,
A) so had B) so did D) no r
A) will it C) nor was had
B) won't they D)
C) do they E) ne ither did
does it
E) doesn't it 48. John: Will you co ntinue to wo rk on the
pro jec t whe n y ou get ho me?
41 Nobody Is going to get a day off until this Daisy: ...... alth ou gh I wo u ld ra the r go
project has been completed ............ ? straight to bed .
A) hasn't he C) isn't it B) has it A) I su ppose so

E) haven't D) are they B) So do 1
they C) Of course I a m
D) Neither will I
E) I will too
42. After they rea lized tha t they had been
chea te d , s he wou ld n' t eve n co ns ide r 49. hi general, I found their acting rather
sho pp in g a t tha t s to re ag ain ........... poor. The woman playing the leading role
was not so bad ..........
A) a n d no r wo u ld h e r h u s b an d
B) and so had her husband A) either C) though B) also
C) b u t h e r h u s b a n d d id E)but D) too
D) b u t h e r h u s b a n d wo u ld n ' t
E) a n d h e r h u s b a n d h a d n ' t e ith e r 50. Jenny: Has Julia got that job she applied
for?
43. You never believed that she would recover Bill: ....... I saw her still looking
her stolen jewellery, .......? through the Job ads in the paper
the other day.
A) would she B) wouldn't you A) So h as s he .
C) did you D) hadn't she B) Has she, really?
E) didn't you C) I d on't think s o.
D) I hope so.
44. I doubt that he'll have time to help you E) I'm afraid so.
and, I'm afraid .........
51. The re was n' t a n yo n e a rou n d whe n yo u
A) I do, too entered the office ......... ?
B) nor have I
C) so will I A) weren't they C) didn't B) did you
there D) were you
D) ne ithe r a m I
E) l wo n't eithe r E) was the re
Z9 4 Q E L S
300
52. My daughter has been feeling rather 59. Pam: Do you think you'll get the Job?
unwell since we returned from America Sam: ........ although the interview went
last week, and ........ quite well. There were so many
better-qualified applicants.
A) neither have 1
B) so have I A) I suppose so ,
C) so was I B) Neither will 1 \, ' /,
D) I did too C) I'm afraid not
E) I didn't either D) I don't either
E) So do I
53. I was deeply offended when she didn't
invite me to her wedding, and ...... was 60. Gary: I thought the play was absolute
my sister. rubbish.
A) so Linda: ..... I thought it was rather good.
C) too B) either D) nor
E) also A) Did you really?
B) Nor did I.
54. We really appreciated being picked up C) Neither was I.
from the airport, but my wife was terrified D) So did I.
by the chauffeur's awful driving and, E) Wasn't it?
frankly .........
61. Catherine isn't going to the conference
A) she did, too after all ....... , so that leaves only you and
B) so was I me to represent the company there.
C) we weren't though
D) she wasn't either A) but you will too
E) I did too B) and we shan't either
C) but the manager is
55. My mother is very worried about the D) and neither is Mary
results of the tests my father had last E) and so am 1
week .........
62. Everybody seemed to be pleased with the
A) but he didn't
B) but he hadn't outcome of the meeting ...........
C) and so am I
D) and I had too A) and nor did I
E) but she didn't either B) I hadn't though
C) and so am I
56. Tony doesn't think it's a good idea to go D) but I wasn't
to the pool on Sunday, and ....... as I E) but I did
agree that it will be too crowded.
63. Jack: Will Kate be able to afford to
A) so will it B) so does he come to that restaurant with us?
C) neither do I D) we do too Mary: ....... , although she did say that
E) I'm not either she'd received some unexpected
bills this month.
57. Reading the translated version of a book
is never as satisfying as reading it in its A) Neither will she
original language, ....... ? B) I don't expect so
C) So will she
A) don't they C) are B) didn't it D) Nor do I
they D) is it E) I hope so
E) aren't you
64. I can't believe that your father has quit
58. I see that you've changed your hairstyle smoking! He used to smoke quite a lot,
since I last saw you ....... ?
A) have B) haven't you A) wasn't he C) B) hasn't he
you C) do D) don't you didn't he D) did he
you E) did you E) can he
ELS Q 295
301
65. Terry: I don't suppose you know what's 69. He forgot to say In his letter .........
on television tonight, ....... ?
Sally: ........ I haven't even seen a paper A} what time his train would arrive
today. B) ha d th e re b ee n a n op p o rtun ity to se t
up a mee tin g
A) don't you/I suppose so C) ho w was he getting on in h is ne w
B) aren't you/I expect not position
C) isn't it/1 don't suppose so D) which was n' t a t a ll like h im
D) do you/I'm afraid not E) when I confirm it with h im by
E) is it/It appears so
telephone
70. Jeff really had a hard time when he was

asked ........
66. Shortly after the meeting, the accountant A) whe the r he is go in g to sp end his ne xt
told me confidentially ......... holiday on h is o wn o r with s o meon e
B) wh y he has been ca rrying a kn ife with
A) who was he going to back during the him
next campaign C) coming ho me so la te every n ight was
B) if any financial difficulties arose from not very normal fo r a boy of his age
the expansion D) that he might find it difficu lt to pay
C) which members of the board had such a high p ric e
planned the chairman's downfall E) to p rov e h is whe reab ou ts o n the n igh t
D) how little did he trust the head of the of th e mu rde r
sales department
E) where was the money for the takeover 71. A reporter asked the union leader .........
coming from
A) that he was hope fu l of the o utc o me of
67. Rather than have another argument, I
told them ......... the meetings
B) where is he in tending to meet fo r
A) what the point in continuing was if we negotiations
couldn't agree C) ho w long he expe cted the s trik e to last
B) whether they came round to my way D) wh o co uld he reco mme nd to ta ke ove r
of thinking or not the lead ersh ip
C) where would I be should they wish to E) the fact that he'd been involved in
apologize severa l in fa mo us inciden ts
D) how could they convince me to change
my mind 72. Her first question when we meet will
E) that I would go along with any certainly be ..........
decision they made
A) which o ne wou ld y ou ra the r d o
68. The salesman convinced us .......... B) wha t I had bee n do in g rece n tly
C) ho w is my mo the r do ing
A} that this model was the best for our D) why I loo ked so pale
needs and would be economical to
E) what my decision about her proposal is
run
B) if we wanted a medium-sized family
car or a large one 73 ........ that his dog had been poisoned by a
C) why sh ou ld we b uy th is pa rtic ula r merciless neighbour.
make instead of the one we initially
asked for A) My s on inq u ired with tea rs in his e yes
D) whether we were looking for a four- B) I wa nted to as k the little bo y
door station wagon o r a spo rts model C) Th e ne xt time I me t h im, he to ld
E) how many miles we would get to one D) As long as I live, I will always wonder
gallon of petrol if we bought this car E) The child said in a sorrowful voice
296 Q ELS
302
74. Th e do cto r assu red me .......... 78. I can't even remember how many times
I've told him.........
A) what I d id just afte r the accident to
A) how dangerous is it in that part of
stop bleeding town
B) tha t the cu t was a min o r o n e a nd B) if that sharp knife isn't handled with
therefore my anxiety was pointless extreme care
C) why I'm insistin g on hav ing an C) why shouldn't he interrupt his father
operation withou t trying during the day
D) how much work will he need to do to
che mothe rapy get through the exams
D) whethe r I'll be able to bea r the pain if E) not to leave the lights on when he
I re fuse to take a stro ng paink iller goes out
E) if I'm s trong enough to hear the
resu lts o f my tests 79. Before I could ask her opinion on the
play, she had already remarked .........
75. Nobody could understand why, after all A) what 1 myself thought of it
the time and effort he'd spent on it .......... B) why I hadn't invited her there before
C) that it was wonderful to have had the
A) Richard decided to give up his opportunity to see it
D) whether 1 would take her to the play
Spanish course again
B) Martin would be furious to see that E) that she is very fond of the style of the
his roller skates had been damaged leading actor
C) Dave had made so much progress in
his studies 80. The teacher asked us .........
D) the manager tore up all the drafts
A) to ta ke ou r e xa m pap e rs to he r tab le
E) the new secretary still hasn't learnt whe n we've fin ished ans we ring th e
the principles of the fax machine ques tio ns
B) whe the r we wo uld rather hav e the
76. When you phone the hotel, don't forget to exa m o n Mond ay or on Friday
ask the m .......... C) not to mak e too much no ise while s he
is off talk ing to the principal
D) that she would never forg ive the
A) how far is the beach from the hotel s tu de n ts c he a tin g o n th e te s t
B) do they supply towels and sheets for E) wh ich sub jects we wa nt he r to re vise
the guests befo re the ex a m
C) that we'd like to extend our stay there
for another week 81-90. sorularda, verilen cümleye LİâÜ!
D) whether the room where we'll be anlamca en yateı olan seçeneği bulunuz, l
staying has a sea view
E) is it necessary to state an exact day 81. Though he said he would be in touch, he
for our departure has neither phoned nor sent me an e-
mail.
77. The boss wanted to speak to the entire A) Fro m h is pro mise , I'd have exp ecte d a
staff .......... pho ne c all o r a n e -ma il fro m h im, b u t
I haven't got eithe r.
A) how they like their jobs after the B) Bo th the p ho ne an d the e -mail h av e
bee n ou t o f o rde r, s o he c ou ld no t
rec en t a rran ge me n t contac t me.
B) in orde r to map out some plans for C) He writes the mos t tou ch in g e -ma il
the coming yea r messa ges I ha ve ev e r read , th oug h he
C) which he called a meeting especially never ph ones .
fo r the pu rpose D) Despite mode rn techno logy like the
tele phone an d e -ma il, he p re fe rs to
D) that he was not ha ppy with the ir kee p in to uc h by pos t.
recent performance E) Noth in g in eithe r h is p ho ne mes sag es
E) until they have finished working for or his e -mails has rea lly touche d upon
th e da y th e ma in p o in t.
ELS Q 29
303
82. My mother has told me not to accept lifts D) As far as I know, he was never more
from strangers whatever the reason. courageous than when he was told
that he was terminally ill.
A) My mother criticizes me severely E) He had no choice but to be brave over
whenever I get a lift from someone I his unusually serious condition.
don't know.
B) I've been advised by my mother that I
mus t neve r get into a car d riven by 86. He had said he was only coming for a
someone I don't kno w. short visit, but by the time he left, he had
C) According to my mother, there is no been staying for six months.
reason fo r me to ask pe ople I d on't
know for lifts. A) Although he'd informed us that his
D) My mother criticized me for getting visit would be short, he ended up
in to ca rs with stran ge rs .
E) Unless I have a good reason, my staying for half a year.
mo the r sa ys I sho u ld n't d rive B) In contrast to what he had told us
any whe re with a stran ger. initially, he has been staying with us
for six months now.
83. "I'm afraid we haven't received the results C) He told us that he would not stay
of your tests yet," said the doctor to her long, but now it appears that his visit
patient. / might last as long as six months.
A) The docto r to ld her patien t no t to be D) We ended up enjoying his company so
frightened of receiving the results of much that we asked him to stay with
his tests . us for another six months.
B) The doc to r sa id s he was a fra id o f E) He's always saying he'll only stay a
receiving the results of her patient's short time, but the last time he visited
tests. us, he stayed for half a year.
C) The pa tien t u nd e rs to o d th a t th e
docto r had so me fears abo ut ge tting
th e re su lts o f h is tes ts . 87. Just which one of the two witnesses is
D) The docto r apolog ized to her pa tient telling the truth about the situation is
about n ot ye t ha vin g got the resu lts o f unclear.
his tests .
E) Th e do cto r was so rry bec aus e the A) People believe that both of the two
delay in receiving his patient's test witnesses could, in fact, be ly ing.
res u lts mea nt th e re was so me th ing to B) Bo th witnesses a re te llin g the sa me
fear. acco un t o f the e ve nt, which , so me
84. He wanted to know If there was anything believe, is not true.
he could do to help. C) It is like ly th at ne ithe r witness is
giv ing us a truth fu l accou nt o f the
A) He a ske d us wha t he sh ou ld do to situation .
assis t u s. D) Of the two witnesses, it is uncertain
B) If there were any way in which he whos e acc ou nt of th e eve n t is
could aid us, we'd tell him. truth ful.
C) He was wonde ring whe ther his E) It is ha rd to tell wh ethe r the two
assistanc e was neede d a t a ll.
D) He said he cou ld have do ne some thing witn esses a re te lling th e truth o r
if he had kn o wn we nee ded help. lying.
E) He insisted on helping us whether we
requ ired his assis tance o r not. 88. I remember Jane telling him about the
meeting, even though he says she didn't.
85. His response to being told he was
terminally 111 was the most courageous I A) He says tha t I didn't re me mbe r to te ll
have ever seen.
Ja ne a b o ut th e me e ting , b u t I d id .
A) He tried hard to appear brave as he B) I re min de d Jan e to te ll h im a bo ut th e
replied to the doctors after being told mee ting, eve n if he claims she didn't
he had a serious disease. do it.
B) I have never seen anyone react more C) I re me mb e r J ane , wh o to ld h im abo u t
bravely than him to being informed the me e tin g , bu t he sa ys he do es n' t.
that he would die because of his D) I ca n re min d J a ne to te ll h im ab o u t
illness.
C) The doctors told him to be brave the me e tin g a s h e s ay s s he wo n' t
reme mbe r.
about his terminal illness and he E) He den ies having been told abo ut the
replied that he would try to do his mee ting, b ut I recall hea rin g Jan e tell
best. him ab ou t it.
298 Q ELS
304
89. We were told that we should not travel to 92. Sh o win g the sa les man th e fla w in th e
Iran, but I'm glad we didn't listen. ch ina vase , I aske d h im to make a s ma ll
discou nt in the price .
A} We should have listened to the people
who told us not to go to Iran. A) Satıcıdan fiya tta b ira z ind irim
B) We are happy to have gone to Iran yap masını is te rken , p orse len vaz odak i
despite being advised against it. defoyu da gösterdim.
C) If only we had done as we were B) Fiya tta b iraz ind irim ya p masını ta lep
advised and not gone to Iran. etmek için, satıcıya p orselen vazodaki
D) We should not have minded the defoyu gösterdim.
advice of those who told us not to C) Porselen vazodaki defoya d ikkatini
travel to Iran. çekerek, satıcıya fiyatta indirim yapıp
E) We just ignored the people who yap may aca ğ ın ı so rdu m.
advised us against travelling to Iran. D) Satıcıya porselen vazodaki defoyu
göstererek, fiya tta b iraz indirim
90. I'd suggest that we avoid telling any scary yap masını is ted im.
stories with Janet around, since she's a E) Satıcıya p orse len vaz onun de fosu nu
bit unstable and could get hysterical. göste rip, fiya tta ne ka dar ind irim
yapabileceğini so rdu m.
A) Ja ne t is s o me wh a t men ta lly
unb a lan ced a nd migh t eas ily bec o me
uncontrollably e mo tional, so le t's not 93. The doctor told me that the first sign of
tell frightening stories in her presence. the disease would be a slight feeling of
B) Ja n e t h as tro u b le k e e p in g h e r faintness.
emotions under control, especially
when she is told frightening stories. A) Do kto r bana , bu hasta lığın en yay gın
C) Sinc e J ane t is so me wh at un ba lan ce d, be lirtis in in a n i ba yılma la r o ld uğ un u
the on ly wa y to make he r laug h is b y söyledi.
telling stories, but we should avo id B) Dok to r, b u has ta lığ ın za man za ma n
scary ones as they migh t ca use he r to bayılmalara neden olabileceğini
panic. söyledi.
D) Janet's s to ry is s o frig hte nin g tha t I C) Dokto r bana, hastalığ ın ilk belirtisinin
don't think we should tell it to anyone hafif bir baygınlık hissi olacağını
who could easily get hysterical. söyledi.
E) It is no fun to tell frightening stories D) Do kto ru n de diğin e g öre bu has talık
to Ja net, wh o is not ve ry sta ble insanda ha fif b ir ba ygınlık hiss i
men ta lly , be cau se she on ly la ug hs yaratabilirmiş.
instead of getting scared. E) Doktor, bendeki hafif baygınlık
his sin in h enü z teşh is e de me d iğ i b ir
hastalıktan kaynak landığını söyled i.
cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe 94. By not answering the journalist's
cümleyi bulunuz. question, the chairman implicitly
9 1 . Th e ma n a g e r as k e d me to p h o n e th e
admitted to the accusations.
wholesaler and find ou t why the de livery
had be en dela yed. A) Gazetecinin sorularını yanıtlamaktan
kaçındığına göre, başkan bir anlamda
A) Müdür, teslimatın gecikmesiyle ilgili suçlamaları kabul etmiş sayılır.
olarak to ptancıya telefon edip B) Gazetecinin sorularını yanıtlamaktan
etmediğimi sordu. şiddetle kaçınan başkan suçlamaları
B) Müdü r, teslima t gec ik ince ned en üstü kapalı reddetti.
toptancıya telefon etmediğimi sordu. C) Başkan, gazetecinin suçlamalara
C) Müdür, toptancıya telefon etme mi ve ilişkin yönelttiği sorularını
teslima tın ne za man yap ılacağ ın ı yanıtlamaktan şiddetle kaçındı.
sorma mı istedi. D) Suçlamalara cevap vermeyeceğini ileri
D) Müdü r, toptanc ıya tele fon ed ip süren başkan, böylece gazetecinin
teslimatın neden geciktiğin i sorularını da reddetmiş oldu.
öğrenmemi istedi. E) Gazetecinin sorusuna yanıt
E) Müdü r, top tanc ıya te le fon ettikte n vermeyerek başkan, suçlamaları
sonra bana, teslimatın gecikeceğini dolaylı olarak kabul etmiş oldu.
söyledi.
ELS Q 299
305
95. Despite so much research, precisely to 98. It's wondered in business circles how
what extent emotions are produced by much longer both companies will be able
the brain is still unknown. to bear this keen competition.
A) Bunca araştırmaya rağmen, A) Şimdi iş dünyasında merak edilen,
duyguların tam olarak ne dereceye her iki şirketin de bu keskin rekabeti
kadar beyin tarafından üretildiği hala sürdürüp sürdürmeyeceğidir.
bilinmiyor. B) İş dünyasındaki bu kıyasıya rekabete,
B) Birçok araştırma, duyguların ne bu iki şirketin dayanıp
kadarının beyin tarafından üretildiğini dayanamayacağı merak konusu.
gösteren kesin sonuçlar vermemiştir.
C) Yapılan tüm araştırmalar, duyguların C) Bu keskin rekabete her iki şirketin de
büyük ölçüde beyin tarafından daha ne kadar dayanacağı iş
üretildiğini kesin olarak söylemeye çevrelerinde merak ediliyor.
yetmiyor. D) İş çevrelerinde herkes, iki şirket
D) Duyguların ne kadarını beynin ürettiği arasındaki bu kıyasıya rekabetten
konusunda yapılan araştırmaların hangisinin galip çıkacağını merak
hiçbiri henüz kesin bir sonuca ediyor.
ulaştırılamamıştır. E) İki şirket arasındaki keskin rekabetin
E) Duyguların beyin tarafından üretilip sonucunu, tüm iş dünyas ı me rakla
üretilmediğini anlamak için pek çok bekliyor.
araştırma yapılmıştır, ama sonuç hala
kesin değildiı. 99. Did you yourself ask to be assigned
temporarily to the sales department, or
96. Doctors point out that the increase in did the management decide it?
respiratory diseases is directly related to
air pollution. A) Yönetimin seni neden satış bölümüne
atamaya karar verdiğini biliyor
A) Doktorlar, hava kirliliğinin artmasıyla mus un?
birlikte, solunum yolu hastalıklarında B) Yönetimin seni geçici olarak satış
da artış olduğunu belirtiyorlar.
B) Doktorlar, solunum yolu bölümüne atayacağını biliyor muydun?
hastalıklarmdaki artışın hava kirliliği C) Geçici olarak satış bölümüne atanma
ile doğrudan bağlantılı olduğuna talebini yönetime bildirdin mi?
dikkati çekmektedirler. D) Geçici olarak satış bölümüne
C) Doktorların özellikle dikkat çektikleri atanmayı sen kendin mi istedin,
nokta, solunum yolu hastalıklarmdaki yoksa yönetim mi karar verdi?
artışla hava kirliliği arasında çok E) Satış bölümünde geçici olarak
yakın bir bağlantı olmasıdır. çalışmak senin kararın mı, yoksa
D) Doktorlara göre, solunum yolu yönetimin mi?
hastalıklarının artmasındaki en
önemli etken hava kirliliğidir. 100. All the workers were disappointed to be
E) Doktorlar, solunum yolu told that there would be no pay-rise
hastalıklarmdaki artışı hava kirliliğine during the next six months.
bağlıyorlar.
A) Altı aydır ücret artışını bekleyen
97. I inquired if anyone had objected to the işçiler zam yapılmayacağını öğrenince
idea of combining the two companies. çok öfkelendi.
A) İki şirketin birleştirilmesi fikrine B) Bütün işçiler, maaşlarına zam
kimler karşı çıkmıştı acaba? yapılmazsa en fazla altı ay
B) İki şirketin birleştirilmesi düşünce çalışabileceklerini söylediler.
sine kimlerin karşı çıktığı konusun C) Bütün işçiler, öfke içinde, altı aydır
da bir soruşturma yaptım. ücretlerinde hiçbir artış olmadığını
C) Her iki şirkette de, birleşme fikrine söylediler.
karşı çıkanların olduğunu öğrendim. D) Altı ayda bir maaşlarına zam
D) Kimse itiraz etmeseydi, iki şirketin yapılacağı söylenen işçiler, hayal
birleştirilmesi düşüncesi gerçekle kırıklığı içinde, verilen sözün
şirdi sanırım. tutulmadığını gördüler.
E) İki şirketin birleştirilmesi fikrine E) Altı ay boyunca ücret artışı
kimsenin karşı çıkıp çıkmadığını olmayacağı söylenince, bütün işçiler
sordum. hayal kırıklığına uğradı.
30O Q ELS
306
101-110. sorularda» , cümleye anlamca en 104. Polis, yakalanan kişilerin soygunu
vâfcm tnjfflizee cümleyi bı< bireysel amaçlarla değil, daha büyük bir
çete adına yapüklanndan kuşkulanıyor.
101. Geçen hafta gönderdiğini söylediği
mek tu bu ha la a lma d ık . A) Although the police have arrested one
man who committed the robbery, they
A) She asked if we had received the letter have not caught the other suspects,
she ha d sen t the p rev ious we ek .
who are from a large gang.
B) We still haven't received the letter she
said she mailed last week. B) The police have arrested one
C) She sa ys she pos ted the lette r last individual in connection with the
week, but we still haven't got it. robbery, but they believe he is a
D) We should by now have received the member of a larger gang.
lette r wh ich she said she had ma iled C) The individuals that the police have
last week. arrested committed the robbery on the
E) Last week, we got the le tter she had instructions of a larger gang.
sent the prev ious week. D) The police suspect that the men
arrested did not commit the robbery
102. Müfettiş tanıktan çevreye iyice for themselves but in the name of a
bakmasını ve ne gibi değişikliklerin larger gang.
yapılmış olduğunu söylemesini istedi. E) The police are suspicious that the
men they arrested for carrying out the
A) Th e inspe c to r as ked th e witn ess to
robbery were working for a large
have a go od loo k ro und and say what
ch an g es ha d b ee n ma de . criminal gang.
B) Th e inspe c to r wa nted to tak e the
witness to the spo t in orde r to lea rn o f 105. Bilimin henüz tam olarak açıklayamadığı
th e c ha n g es th a t h a d b ee n ma d e . birçok konu olduğunu kabul ediyorum,
C) The witness looked round tho roughly ama bunları doğa üstü güçlerle
and ta lk ed to the ins pec to r ab ou t the açıklamaya çalışmak doğru değil.
changes s he noticed .
D) The witness was asked to investigate A) Admittedly, there are many points
th e area tho rou gh ly an d info rm th e which science does not fully explain,
inspec to r of wha teve r c hanges had so you are justified in trying to
taken place. explain them as the result of
E) Upon hav ing a good look round , the supernatural powers.
witness exp la ined to the ins pector
B) Just because science has not fully
wh a t sh e ob se rve d ha d c h an ge d .
explained everything doesn't mean
103. Kendisinin gelemeyeceğini ama bize that it is correct to assume
yardım etmesi için birini göndereceğini supernatural powers are responsible
söyledi. for some phenomena.
C) It is admitted that the re are many
A) Wh en h e ha d no time to h elp us , he points which science cannot
sent s o meone e lse in his place. satisfactorily explain, but it doesn't
B) He could have sent so meone to help follow that explanations of these
us even if he hims elf was n't a ble to which involve supernatural powers
come. are correct.
C) He to ld me tha t h e'd a rra nge for D) I admit that the phenomena which
so me on e to he lp u s as he h imse lf science cannot yet fully explain are
wouldn't be able to co me. probably correctly assumed to have
D) He said he wou ldn't be ab le to co me superna tural ca uses.
himse lf bu t wou ld se nd s o me on e to E) I admit that the re are many points
help us.
E) He asked if he cou ld send so meone to which science cannot yet fully explain,
he lp us beca use h e h ims elf wou ld n' t but it is not right to try to explain
have time. them as the result of s upernatural
powers.
ELS Q 301
307
106. Gruptan bazdan sinemaya gitmeye pek E) They received some complaints from
istekli olmadıklarını söyleyince, ben de people sitting at the back about not
hep birlikte canlı müzik olan bir yere being able to hear the speaker very
yemeğe gitmeyi teklif ettim. well.
A) When so me o f the g roup said they 109. Sigaranın zararlarını inceleyen ortope
were no t ve ry keen on going to the distler, yol açtığı diğer hastalıkların yanı
cinema, I suggested that we go for a sıra, sigaranın, kınlan kemiklerin iyileş
meal togethe r at a place with live mesini de yavaşlattığını söylüyorlar.
music.
B) Because some o f the group we re A) Orthoped is ts say that, in add ition to
against going to the cine ma, I the ma n y o the r illn ess es c a use d by
proposed that we go ou t fo r a meal at cigarettes, one hazard o f s moking is
a res ta u ra nt whe re the re was live the s lo w hea lin g of b roke n b ones.
music. B) Orth op ed is ts s tu dy in g the ha za rd s o f
C) I was very keen to go to the cine ma, ciga re ttes sa y tha t, bes id es the o th e r
but so me of the g roup weren't, so we illnesses it leads to , s moking also
end ed u p go ing o u t fo r a mea l a t a slo ws the hea lin g o f b roke n b ones.
place with live music. C) Acco rd in g to ortho ped ists stu dying
D) Some o f the group said that they were th e haz a rds o f c iga re ttes , s mo k in g
not in te reste d in go ing to the cin e ma, leads to several illnesses, and it a lso
so in the end , we decided to go fo r a slo ws the hea lin g o f b roke n b ones.
meal at a place offering live music. D) Res ea rch e rs s tu d y in g the ha za rds o f
E) My suggestion to go to the cine ma ciga re ttes fro m th e stan dp oin t o f
together did no t receive much in terest orthope dics claim that s mok ing leads
fro m s o me of the g ro up as they to several ilnesses, includ ing the slo w
wan ted to g o fo r a mea l so me whe re healing o f bro ken bones.
with live music. E) Orth op ed is ts s tu died the haza rds o f
cig a re ttes an d fou n d th a t s mo k ing
107. "Gördüğünüzü mü resmediyorsunuz?" lea ds to ma ny illness es bes ides jus t
sorusuna Picasso, "Orada olduğunu the s lo w hea lin g of b roke n b ones.
bildiğim şeyin resmini yapıyorum,"
yanıtını vermiştir. 110. Albe rt Ca mus 1957' de No bel Edeb iya t
Ödülü'nü alınca, tipik alçakgönüllülüğüyle,
A) Although he never painted what he "Ödü lü ve ren ko mite de o lsay dım, oyu mu
saw, in his words, Picasso said "I Andre Malraux'ya verirdim," de miştir.
paint what I imagine is there."
B) When questioned as to why he didn't A) When Albert Ca mus rece ived the
paint what he saw, Picasso replied, "I Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957, he
paint what I know is there." said, with cha rac teristic modes ty ,
C) To the question, "Do you paint what "Had I been in the a wa rding
you see?" Picasso replied, "I paint the committee, I would have voted fo r
thing that I know is there." Andre Malraux."
D) When Picasso was asked, "What do B) Albert Ca mus, who received the Nobel
you paint?" he explained, "I paint the Prize for Literatu re in 1957, re marked
thing that I imagine is there." afte rwa rds , with cha rac te ris tic
E) "I paint whatever is there," replied mo desty, "Ha d I been in the a wa rd ing
Picasso to a question about whether committee, I would have selected
he painted what he saw. Andre Malraux."
C) "Had I been in the a wa rding
108. Arka sıralarda oturan izleyiciler, committee, I would have voted fo r
konuşmacıyı tam olarak duyamamaktan Andre Malraux," was what Albert
yakındılar. Ca mus sa id mo des tly , a tra it wh ic h
was ty pica l of h im, when he received
A) The complaint of the viewers sitting at the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957.
the back was that they couldn't hear D) Modesty was a typical characte ristic of
the speaker at all. Alb e rt Ca mu s , who sa id , whe n he was
B) Everyone except those in the back awarded the Nobel Prize fo r Litera ture
rows could hear the speaker perfectly in 1 95 7 , "Had I be en in the a wa rd in g
well. committee, I would have voted fo r
C) The viewers sitting in the back rows Andre Malraux."
complained that they couldn't hear E) Alb e rt Ca mu s wa s s o mo d e s t th a t
the speaker properly. when he received the No bel Prize for
D) Some people were sitting in the back Lite ratu re in 1 957 , h e sa id, "Had I
row, so they complained about not bee n in th e a wa rding c o mmittee , I
being able to hear the speaker well. would have voted for Andre Malraux."
302 Q ELS
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UNIT 6
Gerunds and Infinitives
INTRODUCTION
a) Bir gerund ya da Infinitive, cümlede isim gibi işlev gören fiildir. Cümle içinde isimlerin
kullanıldığı özne, nesne vb. durumunda kullanılır.
Gerund, bir fiil köküne "-tag" takısının eklenmesiyle elde edilir: swimming, reading,
playing football, having to get up early, etc.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
I like reading contemporary books.
Having to get up early won't bother me at all.
b) Infinitive ise fiilin başına "to" getirerek ya da fiili yalın haliyle kullanarak elde edilir: to
learn English, to climb the mountain, to be able to speak English fluently, etc.
It isn't so difficult to /earn English.

To climb to the top of the mountain won't be easy.
To be able to speak English fluently is desired by every learner.
I will let you go soon.
The film made everybody ay.
c) Gerund ile present participle arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.

Gerund "-ing" takısı ile bir fiil kökünden elde edilmiş isimdir.
Swimming can help you to lose weight.
Present participle ise fiilin, sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle çekimlenirken "-ing" takısı almasıdır.
The children are swimming in the sea.
6-1 GERUNDS
6-2 GERUND AS SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE

a) Gerund, bir cümlenin ya da bir yan cümlenin öznesi olarak kullanılabilir. Bu özne tek
bir sözcükten (simple gerund: swimming, reading, etc.) ya da bir sözcük grubundan
(gerund phrase: listening to the news, having the necessary qualifications, etc.)
oluşabilir.
ELS Q 303
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Reading is essential to broaden one's horizons.
Cooking is my mother's favourite job.
Teasing animals is cruel.
Having to work hard all the time can strain one's nerves.
Eating too much makes people fat.
I think that eating a balanced diet will help you to slim down healthily.
She soon realized that living in a foreign country was rather distressing.
b) Bir cümlenin öznesi gerund ise, yüklemi tekil bir fiilden oluşur: is, was, does, etc.
Ancak, iki gerund and ile bağlanıyorsa, o öznenin içinde birden fazla öğe bulunduğu
için, yüklem çoğul bir fiilden oluşur: are, were, do, etc.
Being interested in books is a good quality.
Giving severe punishments to children Is unfair.
Swimming and running are my favourite sports.
Ironing and washing the dishes are the most boring jobs for me.
c) İki gerund but ya da or ile bağlanıyorsa, yine tekil fiil alır.
Living in the same house but not sharing the household duties shows her
irresponsibility.
Walking but not running is advisable to those who are suffering from heart
diseases.
Reading a book for a while or listening to slow music provides relaxation after
a hard day's work.
d) Gerund'ı olumsuz yapmak için başına not getirilir.
Not being aware of the facts can't be regarded as an excuse.
His not wanting to come with us surprised us all.
The government's not taking strict measures against the increasing interest
rates will destroy our economy.
EXERCISE 1: Complete each of the following sentences with a simple gerund or gerund
phrase as subject of the sentence.
Example: Storytelling is an ancient tradition.
Cycling is more environmentally friendly than driving a car.
1 ...................................................... is one way to avoid spending a fortune on clothes.
2....................................................... seems to be difficult but, in fact, it isn't once
you've got used to it.
3 ...................................................... is what most babies do before they learn to walk.
4 ...................................................... seemed useless to me when I realized how
obstinate she was.
5 ...................................................... is the best thing about travelling.
6 ...................................................... can strain your eyes.
6-3 GERUND AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

Bir gerund be fiilinden sonra gelerek özneyi tanımlayan bir sözcük ya da sözcük grubu olabilir.
My biggest problem at work now is having to deal with too many people every
day.
Their favourite pastime is watching television.
What he is most interested in is driving at high speed.
Her biggest dream is having a more affectionate mother.
The main quality needed in this job is being polite all the time.
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EXERCISE 2: a) Answer the following questions with a gerund or gerund phrase as subject
complement.
Example: What are your fondest childhood memories?

My fondest childhood memories are playing with my friends and visiting my
grandparents.
1. What is your favourite way to relax in summer?

My favourite way to relax in summer is...................................................................
2. Suppose that you were the Minister of Education. What would your main concern
be?
My main concern would be ....................................................................................
3. What is the worst side of living in your city?
The worst side of living in my city is ......................................................................
4. What would your biggest problem(s) be if you went to work in another country?
My biggest problem(s) would be..............................................................................
b) Complete the following sentences with a gerund or gerund phrase as

subject complement.
5. In learning English, the biggest problem for students is

6. My greatest achievement so far in life has been ..............
7. The greatest challenge for Turkey today is .....................
8. The worst thing about being a very famous person is ....
6-4 GERUND AS DIRECT OBJECT
a) Bazı fuller, kendilerinden sonra gelen fiili gerund biçiminde alırlar. Gerund bu
cümlelerde nesne olarak işlev görür.
I'm afraid I have to delay going on holiday.
I enjoy walking by the sea very much.
You can go out when you've nnished doing your homework.
Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan Siller şunlardır:
admit delay involve recollect (remember)

anticipate deny keep recommend
appreciate detest mean remember
avoid discuss mention resent
can't help dislike mind resist
can't stand enjoy miss risk
complete excuse* postpone stop
consider finish practise suggest
contemplate imagine recall (remember) understand*
* Yanında yıldız olan fuller gerund'dan önce iyelik sıfatı kullanmayı gerektirir.
l will excuse his coining late.
I don't understand your leaving so early.
ELS Q 305
311
EXAMPLES:
He admitted stealing his mother's silver tray but denied selling it for drugs.
I appreciate being with friends.
He avoided looking at me while I was criticizing him.
I cant help feeling sorry for them when I see small children in the street begging for money.
I excused her taking my dress without my permission.
I miss our gathering round my grandmother and listening to her war stories.
They had to postpone giving a party because of the car accident their son had.
In order to improve your English, you should practise speaking it whenever possible.
You have to quit eating too much if you want to lose weight.
I don't recall meeting you before.
I resented not receiving an invitation to the party.
Though she is on a strict diet, she sometimes can't resist eating dessert.
You risk losing all your money in that business.
I suggest going for a walk instead of playing cards here.
My parents won't tolerate lying.
b) The Possessive + Gerund

Bir gerund'ın önünde iyelik sıfatı (possessive adjective: my, your, his, our, All's, my father's,
my sisters', etc.) kullanılır. Ancak günlük dilde possessive yerine object pronoun da kullanılır:
me, you, him, Ali, my father, my sisters, etc.
Formal: I will never forgive Jack's scolding me in public.
I will never forgive Ms scolding me in public. Informal: I will never forgive Jack
scolding me in public.
I will never forgive him scolding me in public.
Bir gerund'ın önünde possessive kullanıldığı zaman, genellikle anlamda bir değişme olur.
/ admit being guilty.
(Suçlu olduğumu kabul ediyorum.)
(Suçlu olan ve kabul eden: ben)
I admit Ms being guilty.
(Onun suçlu olduğunu kabul ediyorum.)
(Kabul eden: ben, suçlu olan: o)
/dislike interrupting people working very hard.
(Yoğun bir şekilde çalışan insanlarm işini bölmekten hoşlanmıyorum.)
I dislike your interrupting people working very hard.
(Yoğun bir şekilde çalışan insanların işini bölmenden hoşlanmıyorum.)
6-5 GERUND AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

a) Bir preposition'dan sonra isim gelir. Bu nedenle bir preposition'dan sonra gelen fiil de
gerund biçimindedir.
I'm interested in music, (noun)
I'm interested In listening to music, (gerund phrase)
She is afraid of the dark.
She is afraid of going out in the dark.
I object to his proposal.
I object to doing the Job as he proposed.
I'm looking forward to my holiday.
I'm looking forward to having my holiday soon.
306 Q ELS
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Son iki örnekte, "to" dan sonra gerund kullanımına dikkat ediniz. Bu örneklerde "to", infinitive'in
bir bölümü değil, preposition'dır ve kendisinden sonra bir gerund gelir.
1. I want a book on pollution.

I want to read a book on pollution.
2. I object to your offer.

I object to having the meeting at such a late hour.
Yukarıdaki örneklerden birincisinde, "want" in kendine ait bir preposition'ı yoktur. Bu nedenle
kendinden sonra direk nesne alır (want a newspaper, want a job, etc.) Ancak "want' tan sonra
fiile geçerken "to" ile geçilir, yani to + infinitive gelir, (want to buy, want to sleep, etc.)
İkinci örnekte ise "to" "object' fiiline bağlı bir preposition'dır. Bu nedenle, "object" ten sonra bir
nesneye geçerken de "to" kullanılır. Fiil ise gerund biçiminde gelir.
b) Preposition'ı "to" olan yapılar
be accustomed to ........................................... I'm accustomed to Turkish coffee.

I'm accustomed to drinking Turkish coffee.
be used to ....................................................... I'm not used to heavy clothes.

I'm not used to wearing heavy clothes.
look forward to ............................................... I look forward to your letter.

I look forward to receiving a letter from you.
be opposed to .................................................. I'm opposed to excessive spending on cosmetics.

I'm opposed to spending excessively on cosmetics.
object to/have an objection to........................ I have an objection to the plan.

I have an objection to carrying out the plan in this way.
prefer something to doing something .............I prefer tennis to basketball.

I prefer playing tennis to playing basketball.
in addition to .................................................. In addition to jeans, she bought lots of other things.

In addition to buying Jeans, she bought lots of other
things.
c) "Preposition + Gerund" yapısını üç bölümde inceleyebiliriz.
1. Verb + Preposition + Gerund

2. Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
3. Noun + Preposition + Gerund
1. Verb + Preposition + Gerund
Bir preposition ile birlikte kullanılan fiilleri iki gruba ayırabiliriz.
ELS a 307
313
Verb + Preposition + Gerund
abstain from He now has to abstain from drinking alcohol.
apologize for I apologized for being late.
adjust to You will have to adjust to eating English meals
when you go there.
approve/disapprove of Do you approve of her staying out so late?
argue about Last night, we argued about her staving out so late.
believe in I really believe In working hard for world
peace.
care about Do you care about being well-dressed?
comment on I don't want to comment on his solving the problem.
complain about He always complains about having too much work.
concentrate on You have to concentrate on improving your grammar.
consist of Being a good student consists of studying regularly.
deal with I want to deal with redecorating the house.
decide against Seeing the cold weather, we decided against going on a day out.
depend on (upon) Passing the exam depends on your studying hard .
dream of He has always dreamed of being a famous actor.
feel like I fee/ like having a short trip.
forget about She is trying to forget about being deceived by him.
insist on Do you still Insist on wearing that funny tie?
look forward to What are you looking forward to doing most?
object to Why do you always object to my wearing jeans?
participate in I want to participate in formulating the budget.
plan on What do you plan on doing this weekend?
refer to In his speech, the chairman referred to expanding the firm into
the Middle East.
take advantage of We should take advantage of living in a big city.
talk about Last night, we talked about economizing to keep up
with the increasing prices.
think about/of She is thinking about spending a year in
England to improve her
English.
succeed in Are you sure you'll succeed In persuading your father?
worry about Don't worry about my working so hard.
B. Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund
accuse someone of They accused the man of robbing the bank.

apologize to someone for She apologized to me for being late.
arrest someone for They arrested the guard for helping the robbers.
blame someone for I blamed her for making me late.
charge someone with They will charge him with falsifying the accounts.
complain to someone about I complained to the owner about hassling us for the rent.
congratulate someone on I congratulated him on being the top student.
deter someone from The storm deterred the climbers from going on their climb.
devote oneself to She devoted herself to bringing up her children.
discourage someone from Someone discouraged her from entering the beauty
contest.
forgive someone for I can't forgive him for lying to me.
involve someone in They didn't Involve their father In fighting their rivals.
keep someone from By speaking too
loudly, they kept me from studying.
prevent someone from What prevented him from leaving on holiday?
punish someone for You shouldn't punish him for stealing Vns candy.
stop someone from Her attitude stopped me from making friends with her.
suspect someone of They suspected him of betraying his partners.
thank someone for I want to thank them for helping me to find
some accommodation.
warn someone about/against We warned the children against going \oo near the lake.
We warned the children about playing loo near the lake.
3O8Q ELS
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Bu fiiller passive durumda çok sık kullanılır.
They accused the man of robbing the bank. The man was accused of robbing the
bank.
The doctor warned me against smoking so heavily. I was warned against
smoking so heavily.
They discouraged her from going abroad for her education. She was discouraged
from going abroad for her education.
The customers blame me for delaying their orders.
I am blamed by the customers for delaying their orders.
They suspected the man at the corner of being a thief. The man at the corner was
suspected of being a thief.
The dense fog deterred me from driving my car to work.

I was deterred by the dense fog from driving my car to work.
Everybody in the firm congratulated the manager on his being promoted to

accounts director.
The manager was congratulated by everybody in the firm on his being promoted
to accounts director.
She devoted herself to providing every possible advantage for her children. She
was devoted to providing every possible advantage for her children.
EXERCISE 3: Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition and the
gerund of the given verb.
1. He was called in for questioning because the management suspected him .............
(sell) ....................... company secrets to a rival firm.
2. We complained to the airline ........... (charge) ........................ us too much for the
excess weight.
3. Have you heard about the new proposal? It deals ............ (improve) .........................the
standard of working conditions.
4. As an animal-lover, I object........... (hunt) ........................ wild animals for sport.
5. I don't understand what deterred you .......... (invest) .........................your money in
that business. You seemed quite eager.
6. Which have you dreamed ........... (be) ........................ ? Wealthy or famous?
7. We haven't taken advantage ........... (have) ........................ a swimming pool so close
to home yet, but we plan .......... (go) ........................ there more often now that I
don't have to work at weekends.
8. Although some of the salesmen prefer wearing casual clothes, the director insists
..........them (wear) ........................ suits whenever they visit customers.
9. The ski instructor warned us .......... (ski] ........................ off the marked pistes
because the resort's emergency recovery service didn't operate outside the official area.
10. At work at the moment, we are adjusting .......... (use) .........................a new
computer system, so everything is taking a little longer than usual.
11. In their last statement, the chairman referred .......... (close) ......................... the
factory altogether.
12. You should forget .......... (leave) ........................ the house tidy and concentrate
........ (pack) ........................ your suitcase; otherwise, we'll miss our flight.
13. My sister cares .......... (look) ........................ after our planet and gets annoyed when
she reads about large companies destroying the environment.
ELS Q 309
315
14. Buddhists believe .......... (meditate) ......................every day, which means
remaining silent and calm for a period of time.
15. I am looking forward ......... (see) ...................... my newly-born niece in person next
week, when I am going to visit my brother and his wife.
16. I think you were talking.......... (not, participate) ......................in the play when I
entered the room, weren't you?
17. Being hired for that job depends heavily .......... (demonstrate) ...................... your
qualifications very well during the interview.
18. After he finished university, he devoted himself .......... (help) ...................... the
homeless people in his town.
19. I don't think we should discourage her .......... (enter) ...................... the competition.
It might destroy her confidence.
20. Why are you always complaining.......... (not, be) ..................... fortunate at all?
You are just as lucky as anyone else.
21. The child's parents emotionally thanked the policeman .......... (rescue)
...................... their son from the kidnappers.
22. You shouldn't punish your child so severely .......... (commit) ...................... such a
prank.
23. A few failures discouraged him.......... (attempt) ...................... a new business.
24. If you go on interrupting me in this way, you will keep me .......... (comp7ete)
....................... my report.
25. The Prime Minister abstained ......... (make) ...................... a declaration about the
scandal.
2. Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

a) Pek çok sıfat bir preposition ile birlikte kullanılır ve bu preposition'dan sonra bir isim
ya da gerund gelir. Sıfatlarla cümle kurarken yaygın olarak kullanabileceğimiz fiiller
şunlardır: be, seem, appear, remain, look, become, get, feel.
Your younger son seems very good at drawing.
Are you interested in taking photographs?
Though I tried to comfort her, she remained concerned about not hearing from
her son.
You are certainly capable of doing much better work.
After the resignation of the manager's secretary, Mrs. Brown became
responsible for carrying out her duties.
b) Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan sıfatlar şunlardır:

accustomed to different from/to/than feel guilty for/about sorry about
afraid of angry essential to/for be guilty of successful in suitable
at appropriate excellent at incapable of for sure of (about)
for ashamed of excited about interested in jealous surprised at terrified
aware of bored exposed to of keen on lazy of tired of (from) used
with capable of famous for about opposed to to (accustomed to)
concerned about fed up with proud of worried about happy
content with fond of responsible for about
delighted at generous about/in similar to
good at
grateful to sb. for
c) Tired of, bir şeyden bıkmak, sıkılmak anlamına gelir. (=bored with, fed up with) Tîred
from, bir işten dolayı yorulmak anlamındadır.
I'm tired of waiting for the bus to come. Let's take a taxi.
I think I'm getting old. I'm beginning to feel tired from, working so hard.
3IO Q ELS
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d) Good at kullanımına benzer şekilde bad at, hopeless at, brilliant at, quick at, slow at
gibi yapılar da kullanabiliriz.
She is quite quick at writing compositions in English but rather slow at
speaking.
You can rely on that carpenter. He is brilliant at doing his job.
e) Be/get used to doing (be/get accustomed to doing) ile geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı

ifade ettiğimiz "used to do" kalıbı arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz.
I'm used to drinking coffee as soon as I get up in the morning. (Sabah kalkar
kalkmaz kahve içmeye alışkınım)
The job seemed rather difficult to me at first, but soon I got used to working
there.
(Önceleri iş bana oldukça zor geldi ama kısa sürede orada çalışmaya alıştan.)
You will have to get used to doing your chores on your own when you leave
your family.
(Ailenizden ayrılınca işlerinizi kendi başınıza yapmaya alışmak zorunda
kalacaksınız.}
She has been used to Irving alone since her husband's death. (Kocasının
ölümünden beri yalnız yaşamaya alışkın.)
My mother used to do my chores for me when I lived with them, but after I left
my family, I had to do them by myself.
(Ailemle birlikte otururken işlerimi annem yapardı.)
I used to smoke more when I was at university, but now I smoke less.
(Üniversitedeyken daha çok sigara içerdim ama...)
She used to be quite slim before she got married. (Evlenmeden önce oldukça
zayıftı.)
EXERCISE 4: Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition and the
1. You must be very proud ........... your son's (come) ......................... top in the final
exams.
2. Gliding is similar ........... (fly) ........................ except that the craft has no engine.
3. Her parents are very concerned .......... her (travel) ......................... home alone so late
at night.
4. He always travels by land or sea because he is terrified ............ (fly) ..........................
5. Since she began to live in her own apartment, Carol has become accustomed ............
(cook) ........................ her own meals.
6. Aren't you fed up .......... (listen) ........................to the same cassette again and
again?
7. Many people think that gambling is addictive and therefore no different............ (take)
...................... drugs.
8. The people above us seem very generous .......... (help) ........................ their
neighbours.
9. It's not that he's incapable ........... (make) ......................... any progress - it's just that
he isn't making an effort.
10. I really must apologize for my son. I'm thoroughly ashamed ........... his (be)
...................... so ill-mannered.
11. The right soil and temperature are essential ........... (cultivate) ......................... any
plant.
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317
12. That book is not appropriate ......... (study) ......................on your own. Why don't
you try this one?
13. She is quite famous .............. (convince) ...................... people to do something they,
in fact, don't want to do.
14. I'm really grateful to you ............. (show] ........................ me such great hospitality
during my stay here.
15. You need to become excellent.............. (speak) ...................... in English if you want
to be a tourist guide.
16. My roommate really gets on my nerves. You see, she is rather lazy ........... (pick)
...................... up after herself, and as a result, our room is always in a mess.
17. She genuinely appears sorry .......... (shout) ...................... at you. Perhaps you
ought to forgive her.
18. She wasn't at all happy .......... (work) ...................... so many weekends, but she
didn't refuse because she was worried ......... (lose) ...................... her job.
19. She seems really excited .......... (visit) ...................... Egypt for the first time. I know
she has always wanted to see the pyramids.
20. The duty nurse is responsible ......... (monitor) ...................... the patients' progress
during her shift.
21. She felt guilty........... (not, send) ...................... her daughters to ballet school when
they were children because they were both so good ......... (dance) ........................
22. The treasurer of the club appears to be guilty ......... (neglect) ...................... his
duties, and I'm therefore opposed ......... (allow) ......................him to continue in
his position without a vote from the members.
23. I wish I didn't have to go to work now as I'm still tired ........ (cycle) ......................
along the coast yesterday.
24. When are we going to make some real money? I'm tired ........ (save) ......................
even for small items.
25. My husband isn't aware ......... his (snore) ....................... but it drives me crazy.
3. Noun + Preposition + Gerund

Bazı isimler kendilerinden sonra bir preposition + gerund yapısıyla kullanılırlar. Bazıları da
hem kendinden önce hem de kendinden sonra preposition alabilirler. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak
kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:
on account of .... yüzünden
in (the) case of ... durumunda
*difficulty in .....sıkıntı/güçlük çekmek
in addition to .... ilaveten, yanı sıra
*in charge of .... ile yükümlü
*in danger of .... tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya
in exchange for ..... karşılık olarak
excuse for .... mazereti olmak
in favour of ... lehinde olmak, taraftar olmak
for fear of .... korkusuyla
*in the habit of .... alışkanlığında olmak
in return for ... karşılık olarak
instead of ....yerine
interest in ....ilgisi olmak
in the course of .... sırasında, esnasında
in the middle of..... ortasında
need for ... olan gereksinim
reason for .... nedeni
for the sake of ... hatırı için, ....... uğruna
in spite of ....rağmen
"technique for ....run tekniği
the point of ...nm gereği, ...... nın anlamı (yok)
*on the point of ..... yapmak üzere olmak
312 Q ELS
318
a) Bu kalıplan kullanırken, gerund'un başında possessive adjective (my, your, his, etc.)
yaygın olarak kullanılır. (Başında yıldız bulunan yapılarla possessive kullanılmaz.)
I'm not in favour of your going abroad for education.
In exchange for your taking the time to help me, I want to do something for you.
I have a great interest in his singing.
b) The point of, bir şeyi yapmanın gereği, anlamı demektir ve daha çok olumsuz
biçimde kullanılır (bir gereği/anlamı yok).
The road is winding. I don't understand the point of your driving so fast. Bu yapı
there is kalıbıyla, "there is no/isn't any point in doing' biçiminde de kullanılır.
There is no point in waiting for him any more. He won't come. (Onu daha fazla
beklemenin anlamı yok.)
On the point of doing, "be about to do" (...yapmak üzere olmak) anlamındadır.
l was on the point of leaving home when the phone rang. I was about to leave
home when the phone rang.
p) Have difficulty In, preposition almadan da kullanılır ve yine, kendinden sonra gerund
alır. Difficult'm önünde no, little, less, much, more, great gibi sözcükler kullanarak,
zorluğun derecesini azaltabilir ya da çoğaltabiliriz. Have difficulty ile aynı anlamda ' have
trouble/have a hard time/have a difficult time doing something yapılarını da
kullanabiliriz.
I had great difficulty (in) finding a flat at a price I could afford.
You will have no difficulty/won't have any difficulty (in) answering the
questions about the prepositions if you learn all of them by heart.
EXAMPLES:
We were late for the concert on account of your taking too much time to get
dressed.
I can only afford to look after myself now, but in (the) case of my parents'
needing any help, I'd go short myself.
In addition to working in an office during the day, she is attending English
courses in the evenings.
You are in charge of meeting the customers and making them feel comfortable.
You are in danger of losing all your money.
In exchange for borrowing this book from you, I can lend you one of mine.
Do you have a good excuse for being late?
I'm in favour of taking strict measures against drunken driving.
We went in quietly for fear of waking the others at home.
I'm not in the habit of going to bed very late.
Will you get anything in return for helping them?
Let's watch the film on TV instead of playing cards.
She has a great interest in learning about other cultures.
There was great chaos in the course of the minister's speaking to the public.
When they heard a sound like a bomb exploding, the professor stopped
speaking right in the middle of giving his lecture.
Can you tell me what is the need for your working so hard?
The reason for his not being able to get up early is that he goes to bed very late.
Everybody must do whatever they can for the sake of realizing world peace.
She's having difficulty (in) making ends meet in spite of earning a. big salary.
If you want to improve your writing skills, you should learn the techniques for
writing good paragraphs.
I don't see the point of buying a second car. We share the present one with no
problems.
They were on the point of leaving the office when it started to rain heavily.
ELS a 313
319
--"•
•"' " ...................................."" ' „ :
TO SCARE AWAY BURGLARS /
I often play classical music at home, hoping that my children will 1

learn to appreciate it. One day I thought I had made progress when I came •-*;;
home from work and heard an opera album being played. My teenage son was
just on the point of leaving the house, and I congratulated him on his new (
musical interest. y;f
"I wasn't listening to it," he replied. "I only put it on to scare away \
burglars."
EXERCISE 5u Complete the following sentences with an appropriate preposition and the
1. He declined the offer from his company to stay on after retirement age in favour
..........(move) ......................... to the country and spending more time with his wife.
2. She is in the habit ........... [speak] ....................... too much, so she bores the people
around her.
3. There was a power cut last night right in the middle ............ our (watch)
...................... an extremely interesting documentary on TV.
4. We were just on the point ........... (park) ........................the car outside my sister's
house when we realized that we'd left her birthday present at home.
5. There can be no excuse .......... (shout) ........................ at the customers in the way
you did today.
6. That building is in danger .......... (col/apse) ......................... and should be safely
demolished as soon as possible.
7. In addition........... (work) ........................ on a construction site during the day, he
works as a nighttime security guard in a factory for the sake .......... (provide)
...................... a good education for his children.
8. In exchange .......... his (give) ......................... me a hand with my graduation thesis,
I'm taking Jeff out for a meal this evening.
9. His reason .......... (open) ........................ a new school instead ............ (work)
...................... for someone else was that he thought the town lacked one that
provided a really good service to students.
10. What's the point .......... (spend) ........................a lot of money on advertising when
we have more than enough work for the next three months?
11. They chose our service on account ........... our (offer) ........................ them free
delivery.
12. Terracing is an ancient technique ........... (grow)......................... crops on steep
hillsides.
13. In the case........... her (have) ........................ to sell her house, she could stay in our
guest room for a while.
14. Are you sure you won't have any difficulty .......... (get) ........................ to the airport
on your own?
15. I didn't visit my sister this week for fear ........... (eaten) ........................ her infection.
6-6 EXPRESSIONS + GERUND
It's no use/It's no good ... (... bir yaran yok)

It's no use trying to conceal what you have just done. I saw you.
It's no good trying to persuade my father. He won't allow me to come with you.
314 ü ELS
320
There Is no point In ... (... bir anlamı yok)
There is no point in running for the train. It must have left by now.
There was no point in waiting for him in front of the cinema after the film had
started, so I went in.
It's worth .../It's not worth ... (... yapmaya değer/... yapmaya değmez)
I don't think it's worth mending this pullover. It's already worn-out. This book
isn't worth reading. Its plot is nonsense.
A waste of time/money/energy ... (... zaman/para/enerji kaybı)

It's a waste of money buying more things than you need.
It's a waste of time trying to do all this work by yourself. You can ask for help.
Spend/waste (time, money, energy) ... (... yaparak vakit geçirmek/para, enerji harcamak/
vaktini, enerjini, parayı boşa harcamak)
Yesterday, I spent the whole day cleaning the house.
He usually spends hours trying to repair things.
You waste a lot of time watching those ridiculous series on TV.
Without doing ... (... yapmadan, ... yapmaksızın)

Don't go out without putting on your coat. It's rather cold outside. I was really
surprised when she went past me without greeting me.
By doing ... (... yaparak)

By doing, temel cümledeki eylemi nasıl yaptığımızı açıklar.
She passed the university exam by studying very hard. (Çok çalışarak sınavı
geçti.)
I'm very short of time. I can only catch the bus by running fast. Because it can't
speak, a baby makes its needs known by crying.
Go + gerund
Pek çok aktivite, özellikle sportif olaylar, için go + gerund kullanılır:

go shopping go hiking
go swimming (go for a swim) go hunting
go running (go for a run) go sightseeing
go camping go skating
go fishing go skiing
I went shopping yesterday, so I wasn't at home in the afternoon.
My husband and my son are very fond of catching fish, so they often go ashing
along the Bosphorus.
Busy doing something (birşeyi yapmakla meşgul olmak)

In this season, the peasants are very busy harvesting their crops.
Don't disturb her. She's busy compiling the information for her graduation thesis.
ELS a 315
321
Busy'den sonra direk bir isim geliyorsa, isimden önce with kullanılır.
She is busy with her homework.
They are busy with their financial problems these days.
Have fun/have a good time doing
We had fim telling each other our childhood memories.
My sister in England says in her letter that she is having a good time there
visiting interesting places and meeting people from various cultures.
Sit/stand/lie + expression of place + gerund
After the guests left, I lay in bed reading until I got sleepy.
I stood there, in front of the cinema, waiting in vain for him to come.
After breakfast, father usually sits in his armchair reading the newspaper.
THE CORRECT "TENSE" /
As an English teacher at university, I used to spend a great deal of 1

time marking grammatical errors in written work. I was never sure whether ^,
my corrections carried over into my students' spoken English until one overly /
busy day when I sat at my desk rubbing my temples. A student asked, \
"What's the matter, Mrs. Sheridan?" \
"Tense," I replied, describing my emotional state. >1
After a slight pause, the student tried again: "What was the \
matter? What has been the matter? What might have been the matter....?" \
(by Jean Sheridan from Reader's Digest) -,
EXERCISE 6: Answer the following questions using by + gerund.

Example: How did she manage to pass the exam? (She studied hard.) By studying
hard.
1. How do you satisfy your hunger between meals? (/ eat some fruit.)
2. How do birds migrate over such long distances? (They glide on currents of air and
rest from time to time.)
3. How do you manage to make ends meet with such a small salary? (/ don't spend
anything on luxury items.)
4. How did they rescue the boy? (They threw him a rope from a helicopter.)
5. How does this snake stay cool in the desert? (It buries itself in the sand.)
EXERCISE 7: Complete the following sentences using without + gerund.

Example: She answered the question. She didn't hesitate. She answered the
question without hesitating.
1. Try to do this . Don't look up any words in the dictionary.
2. You shouldn't ski in sunny weather unless you wear sunglasses.
316 o ELS
322
3. He lied to his friends. He didn't think of the consequences.
4. The doctor worked 15 hours. She didn't take a break.
5. My brother rides his bike and he doesn't hold onto the handlebars.
EXERCISE 8: Complete the sentences using busy + doing or busy + with + a noun.
1. It is only four days now before the performance, so Martha is busy .........................
her lines, (rehearse)
2. Because she forgot about it the night before, now she is very busy ............................
(her homework)
3. Most burglary cases are claimed to happen in the early evening, when most people
are in the street busy ........................... (their shopping!
4. Since they bought the old mansion, they have been busy ............................
(the restorations)
5. Our German customers are here, so the manager is busy ......................... them the
production facilities, (show)
6-7 THE PERFECT GERUND

Yüklem ile gerund'ı, gerçekleştikleri zaman açısından karşılaştırdığımızda, eğer gerund
yüklemden önce gerçekleşmişse, simple gerund (doing) yerine perfect gerund (having done)
kullanabiliriz.
The thief admitted that he had stolen the car.
[Arabayı çalmış olması (had stolen), yüklemden (admitted) daha önce
gerçekleşmiştir.]
The thief admitted stealing/having stolen the car.
At the court, the headmaster denied hitting/having hit the child.
He was accused o f embezzling/having embezzled a large sum of money into
his own account.
I appreciated your helping/having helped me.
Perfect gerund kullanımı admit ve deny fiilleri ile yaygındır. Diğer fiillerle simple gerund tercih
edilir.
6-8 THE PASSIVE GERUND

Passive'in temel kuralı be + past participle (be done) olduğu için, kendinden sonra gerund alan
fiiller, bu passive yapıyı being done biçiminde alır.
I have been invited to the party. I appreciate this. I appreciate being invited to
the party. (Partiye davet edilmek hoşuma gitti.)
Bu kullanımlarda yüklemin active, gerund'm passive olduğuna dikkat ediniz.
She insists on our telling her the truth whatever it is. She insists on being told
the truth whatever it is.
I don't enjoy being asked personal questions.
You can't go to a party without being Invited.
Being the son of a very rich man, he is in danger of being kidnapped.
He is justly proud of being elected chairman.
For fear of being attacked, she avoids going out alone after dark.
I resented not being invited to the wedding.
I can't stand being told what to do.
I don't recall being informed about this case.
ELS Q 317
323
Perfect gerund'm passive biçimi için having been done kullanılır.
The man denied being involved/having been involved in the robbery.
She went to the party without being invited/having been invited.
I don't recall being told/having been told about this case before.
She doesn't seem interested in being given/having been given a reward for her
work.
EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences using active gerund (simple or perfect) or passive
gerund (simple or perfect) of the verbs given In parentheses, and supply an
appropriate preposition where needed.
1. I'm not accustomed ........... (treat) .............................. so authoritatively as I am by

him, so I'm thinking .......... (put) .............................. an end to our friendship.
2. The rainstorm kept the planes .......... (take) ...............................off, so all the flights
were put off until further notice.
3. I don't understand his (give) .............................. so many responsibilities by his
parents. He is just a small child.
4. Fortunately, the driver of the car stepped on the brakes just in time, and the child
barely avoided (hit) .................................
5. I can't stand (tell] ...............................how to do something I know so well.
6. She will certainly resent my (promote) ...............................before her.
7. When I suspected my son ........... (involve) .............................. in (steal)
............................. fruit from our neighbour's garden, I questioned him about the
truth of the matter.
8. Will you participate ............ (organize) .............................. a school trip at the end of
the term?
9. She seemed rather angry............ (not, pay) .............................. the same as the
others.
10. On account........... (invite) .............................. too many guests to the wedding, we
couldn't cater for them properly.
11. Although he has learnt to read, my son still enjoys (read) ............................... to.
12. I couldn't have succeeded without (encourage) ............................... so strongly by my
friends.
13. Her (expose) ............................... to so many problems these days will affect her
success in the exam.
14. Who will be in charge ........... (run) ............................... the office during your
absence?
15. She insists ........... (transfer) ...............................to another department. I can't think
why she doesn't want to stay here.
16. We have been thinking for some time ......... (transfer) ............................... him to the
public relations department.
17. I never make arrangements with him because he's in the habit ........... (Jet)
............................. people down at the last minute.
18. They shouldn't have been permitted to use the machinery without (train)
.............................. first.
19. If you didn't spend so much time (gaze) ................................out of the window, you
might get more work done.
20. My father doesn't think it's worth (put) ...............................up with the discomfort of
the train just for the sake ......... (save) ............................... a few dollars.
21. Every night for ten years, that man has stood on that corner (sell)
.............................. newspapers.
22. In the end, the manager admitted .......... (involve) ............................... in the
embezzlement case.
23. Our sales manager can't bear customers (change) .............................. their minds at
the last minute.
24. I don't care ......... (not, invite) ............................... to the reception, but I object ...........
(lie) .............................. to.
25. I'm incapable .......... (lift) ............................... anything heavy at the moment as I've
strained a muscle.
318 Q ELS
324
6-9 INFINITIVES
a) Infinitive, fiilin başına "to" ekleyerek ya da fiili yalın haliyle kullanarak elde edilir. Bir
infinitive, aynı gerund gibi, cümlede özne ya da nesne durumunda kullanılabilen
isimleşmiş fiildir.
Infinitive tek bir sözcükten oluşabilir (simple infinitive: to succeed, to rest, etc.), ya da bir
sözcük grubundan oluşabilir (infinitive phrase: to talk about economy, to study medicine at
university, to drive dangerously, etc.)
She wants to study languages at university. To be a student is really difficult.

They are planning to move into another house. Her father doesn't let her go out
alone at night. His poor appearance made us feel sorry for him.
b) Infinitive'! olumsuz yapmak için başına "not" getirilir.
It's difficult for a mother not to feel concerned about her children. I agreed not
to Invite too many people to the party. She pretended not to see me.
c) Yüklemin olumsuz olmasıyla, infinitive'in olumsuz olmasının cümlenin anlamını

değiştirdiğine dikkat ediniz.
I haven't decided yet to go to the cinema with you. (Sizinle sinemaya gitmeye
henüz karar vermedim.)
l have decided not to go to the cinema with you. (Sizinle sinemaya gitmemeye
karar verdim.)
Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde, karar verme eylemi henüz gerçekleşmemiş. Bu yüzden

"decide" fiilinin kendisi olumsuz. İkinci cümlede ise karar verme eylemi gerçekleşmiş. Ancak
olumsuz yönde bir karar verilmiş. Bu nedenle olumsuzluk "go" fiiline aittir (not to go).
She didn't agree to buy a small car. (Küçük bir araba almayı kabul etmedi.)
She agreed not to buy a small car. (Küçük bir araba almamayı kabul etü.)
6-10 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

a) Simple Infinitive ya da Infinitive phrase bir cümlenin öznesi olabilir. Ancak İngilizce'de,
cümleye Infinitive ile başlamak pek yaygın değildir. Bunun yerine cümleye "it" ile
başlayıp, asıl özneyi yüklemden sonra kullanmak daha yaygındır.
To save money is impossible these days. It is impossible to save money these

days.
To chat is fun. It is fun to chat.
To chat with a close friend is fun. It is fun to chat with a close Mend.
ELS Q 319
325
Bu cümlelerde "it" anlamı etkilemez. Yani her iki cümlenin de Türkçe'ye çevirisi aynıdır.
To travel by minibus takes a lot of time. It takes a lot of time to travel by
minibus.
(Minibüsle seyahat etmek çok zaman alıyor.)
To jump out of a plane with a parachute takes courage. It takes courage to
jump out of a plane with a parachute.
To become perfect in a foreign language takes years. It takes years to become
perfect in a foreign language.
b) Daha önce bir gerund'ın da cümlenin öznesi durumunda olabildiğini görmüştük. Pek
çok cümlede, öznenin gerund ya da infinitive olması arasında bir fark yoktur. Ancak
özne genel bir durumu ifade ediyorsa gerund, özel bir durumu ifade ediyorsa infinitive
tercih edilir.
Reading is very important for children.
Knowing English enables you to communicate with foreigners.
To swim in that river isn't at all wise.
To read this book in Just three days will be difficult.
To learn English will enable you to find a good job.
Cümleye "it" ile başlıyorsak, devamındaki tamamlayıcısı genellikle infinitive olur. (Informal
English'de, "it" ile başlayan cümleler, özellikle çok yaygın kullanılan bazı ifadele'r, bazen bir
gerund ile devam etmektedir.)
It isn't at all wise to swim in that river. It is important for children to read.
Its nice to see you again. If s nice seeing you again.
Cümleye başlarken bir possessive adjective (my, your, his, All's, Jane's, my mother's etc.)
kullanıyorsak, özne olarak gerund kullanılır.
fos coming late made us angry.
Her not wanting to come with us is quite surprising.
The employees' complaining too much about the pay rise made the
management think it over.
EXERCISE 10: Rewrite the following sentences using "if as the subject of the sentence.
1. To be picked for the national team was a great surprise for him.
It...................................................................................................................
2. To have a few days off next week will be wonderful.
It .................................................................................................................
3. To get into the habit of borrowing money is unwise.
It...................................................................................................................
4. To overexert yourself when exercising can do more harm than good.
It .................................................................................................................
5. To produce something worthwhile takes time and effort.
It .......................................................... : .....................................................
3ZO Q ELS
326
c) For + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
Özne olarak bir infinitive, gerund ya da "if ile başlayan cümlelerde, eylemin kimin için zor, kolay
vs. olduğunu belirtmek için for + noun/pronoun kullanılır.
Swimming is easy forme. To swim is easy for me. It is easy for me to swim.
Driving in heavy traffic isn't difficult for an experienced driver. To drive in heavy
traffic isn't difficult for an experienced driver. It isn't difficult for an experienced
driver to drive in heavy traffic.
d) Of + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
Özne olarak "if ile başlayan cümlelerde, bazı sıfatlardan sonra of + noun/pronoun yapısı
kullanılır. Bu sıfatlar, eylemi değil de, eylemi yapan kişiyi tanımlayan sıfatlardır: polite, kind,
rude, smart, clever, etc.
It's kind of you to help me.
(Bana yardım ettiğiniz için çok naziksiniz.)
It was very rude of him to treat you like that. (Sana böyle davranması büyük
kabalıktı.)
It was careless of me to leave the key in the house. (Anahtarı evde unutmam
büyük dikkatsizlikti.)
e) Of + noun/pronoun ile for + noun/pronoun arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. For +

noun/ pronoun, "bu eylemi yapmak bu kişi için zor, kolay, vs." anlamını ifade ediyor.
Of + noun/pronoun ise, "Kişi bu eylemi yaptığı için dikkatsiz, düşünceli, kaba, nazik,
vs." anlamını ifade ediyor.
It's necessary for you to learn English very well. (İngilizce'yi çok iyi öğrenmek
sizin için gerekli.)
It's clever of him to learn both English and computing. (Onun hem İngilizce hem
de bilgisayar öğrenmesi çok akıllıca.)
EXERCISE 11: Combine the two sentences using "for + noun/pronoun + infinitive" or "of+
noun/pronoun + infinitive".
Examples: He bought the children an ice cream. It was generous.

It was generous of him to buy the children an ice cream.
He won't convince her to move to Italy. It will be impossible. It will be
impossible for him to convince her to move to Italy.
1. You will have a full medical check-up. It is necessary.

It is necessary .................................................................................................................
2. He went fishing on the lake in thick fog. It was foolish.
It was foolish ...................................................................................................................
3. You should buy holiday insurance for your trip to Egypt. It would be advisable.
It would be advisable.......................................................................................................
4. She uses a computer to correspond with her brother in Australia. It is economical
and convenient.
It is economical and convenient .....................................................................................
ELS a 321
327
5. I lay in the sun for an hour without any protection. It was stupid.
It was stupid ..........................................................................................................
6. The director reprimanded the manager in front of all the staff. It was
unprofessional.
It was unprofessional ..............................................................................................
7. The weather is awful in May. It's unusual.
It's unusual............................................................................................................
8. He didn't inform anyone about where he was going mountain-climbing on his own.
It wasn't sensible.
It wasn't sensible ...................................................................................................
9. She didn't offer to help us. It was inconsiderate.
It was inconsiderate ................................................................................................
10. They received death threats. It must have been frightening.
It must have been frightening .................................................................................
6-11 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

"Be" fiilinden sonra infinitive kullanarak özneyi tanımlayıcı ya da açıklayıcı bir ifade elde
edebiliriz.
When I was a child, my ambition was to be an architect.
A government's policy should be to do whatever is needed to improve the
standard of living.
After dinner tonight, my plan is to take a walk along the seashore.
What you need is to get some fresh air.
Daha önce gerund'ın bu kullanımını görmüştük. Ancak, gerund'ı genel ifadeler için tercih
etmek gerekir.
Her favourite sport is playing tennis, (general)
Her plan after work today is to play tennis, (specific)
A nationwide pastime is watching television, (general) What I will do after
dinner is to watch television, (specific)
EXERCISE 12: Answer the following questions using infinitive as subject complement.
1. What is your main objective in life?

My main objective in life .....................................................................................
2. As a member of the community, what should your responsibilities be?
My responsibilities .............................................................................................
3. As far as your career is concerned, what is your ambition?
My ambition .......................................................................................................
4. What is your plan for tonight?
My plan for tonight is .........................................................................................
5. What should a doctor's aim be?
A doctor's aim should be .....................................................................................
6. As far as your success at university is concerned, what do you need?
What I need to be successful at university .........................................................
32* Q ELS
328
6-l2 INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT
Kendinden sonra infinitive alan fiilleri üç gruba ayırabiliriz.

1. Verb + Infinitive
She decided to move to another city.
2. Verb + noun/pronoun + Infinitive
She persuaded me to go with her.
3. Either verb + infinitive or verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive
She expected to get home early. She expected me to get home early.
a) Kendinden sonra doğrudan Infinitive alan fiillerden yaygın olarak kullanılanlar
şunlardır:
afford consent hesitate plan seem

agree decide hope prepare struggle
appear demand learn pretend swear
arrange deserve manage proceed tend
care endeavor mean promise threaten
choose (prefer) fail offer prove volunteer
claim happen refuse wait
EXAMPLES:
They couldn't afford to go on holiday last summer.
I didn't agree to work with him.
You appear to be pale today. Is there something wrong?
We arranged to meet in front of the cinema.
I don't care to live alone.
She chose to stay home while we went out.
Don't hesitate to contact me if you need any help.
She demanded in a firm voice to talk to me.
She endeavored to finish her homework, but she couldn't.
She hopes to pass the exam with a good grade.
He never seems to succeed.
She sometimes tends to speak too much.
Some of the students volunteered to bring some food for the picnic.
He couldn't wait to see the manager.
b) Eğer prove ile prove'dan sonra gelen fiili aynı kişi yapıyorsa, reflexive pronoun +
Infinitive kullanılabilir.
The new headmaster proved to be successful.
The new headmaster proved himself to be successful.
She soon proved to be reliable.
She soon proved herself to be reliable.
Prove'dan sonra infinitive kullanmadan, doğrudan sıfat kullanabiliriz.

The new project proved useless. He soon proved successful.
ELS a 323
329
2. Verb + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
a) Bu gruptaki fiiller, kendilerinden sonra doğrudan infinitive alamazlar. Yüklem ile

infinitive arasında me, you, him, them, Jane, our teacher, my parents, etc. gibi bir
nesne (indirect object) olması gerekir.
advise convince instruct request

allow direct invite require
appoint enable motivate show... how
cause encourage oblige teach
caution forbid order tell
challenge force permit tempt
command hire persuade urge
compel implore remind warn
EXAMPLES:
I advised him to stop smoking.
Her father doesn't allow her to go out at night.
They appointed him to investigate the case.
The hard work caused me to feel depressed.
He challenged me to swim to the other side of the river.
They compelled me to tell the truth about her.
Owning a car enables you to travel without difficulty.
Last night, we hired a babysitter to look after our son.
Setting an aim motivates people to work harder.
I reminded him to buy some bread on his way back home.
My niece requested me to help her with her English assignment.
Her job requires her to travel a lot.
He told me to be there on time.
His bad companions tempted him to drink heavily.
b) Bu fuller passive durumda ise, kendilerinden sonra doğrudan infinitive gelir. Çünkü
active cümlenin nesnesi özne durumuna geçmiştir.
I was advised to stop smoking.

She isn't allowed to go out at night.
I was compelled to tell the truth about her.
He was reminded to buy some bread on his way back home.
I was told to be there on time.
He was tempted by his bad companions to drink heavily.
3. Verb + Infinitive or Verb + Noun /Pronoun + Infinitive

a) Bu gruptaki fiiller hem kendilerinden hemen sonra hem de bir dolaylı nesneden sonra
infinitive alabilirler. Ancak iki cümlenin anlamı farklıdır. Şu iki cümleyi inceleyelim.
/want to study hard. (Çok çalışmak istiyorum.) /want you to study hard. (Çok
çalışmanı istiyorum.)
324 Q ELS
330
6-12 INFINITIVE AS DIRECT OBJECT
Kendinden sonra infinitive alan fiilleri üç gruba ayırabiliriz.

1. Verb + infinitive
She decided to move to another city.
2. Verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive
She persuaded me to go with her.
3. Either verb + infinitive or verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive
She expected to get home early. She expected me to get home early.
a) Kendinden sonra doğrudan infinitive alan fiillerden yaygın olarak kullanılanlar
şunlardır:
afford consent hesitate plan seem

agree decide hope prepare struggle
appear demand learn pretend swear
arrange deserve manage proceed tend
care endeavor mean promise threaten
choose (prefer) fail offer prove volunteer
claim happen refuse wait
EXAMPLES:
They couldn't afford to go on holiday last summer.
I didn't agree to work with him.
You appear to be pale today. Is there something wrong?
We arranged to meet in front of the cinema.
I don't care to live alone.
She chose to stay home while we went out.
Don't hesitate to contact me if you need any help.
She demanded in a firm voice to talk to me.
She endeavored to Unish her homework, but she couldn't.
She hopes to pass the exam with a good grade.
He never seems to succeed.
She sometimes tends to speak too much.
Some of the students volunteered to bring some food for the picnic.
He couldn't wait to see the manager.
b) Eğer prove ile prove'dan sonra gelen fiili aynı kişi yapıyorsa, reflexive pronoun +
infinitive kullanılabilir.
The new headmaster proved to be successful.
The new headmaster proved himself to be successful.
She soon proved to be reliable.
She soon proved herself to be reliable. :
Prove'dan sonra infinitive kullanmadan, doğrudan sıfat kullanabiliriz.
The new project proved useless. He soon proved successful.
ELS a 323
331
2. Verb + Noun/Pronoun + Infinitive
a) Bu gruptaki fuller, kendilerinden sonra doğrudan infinitive alamazlar. Yüklem ile

infinitive arasında me, you, him, them, Jane, our teacher, my parents, etc. gibi bir
nesne (indirect object) olması gerekir.
advise convince instruct request

allow direct invite require
appoint enable motivate show... how
cause encourage oblige teach
caution forbid order tell
challenge force permit tempt
command hire persuade urge
compel implore remind warn
EXAMPLES:
I advised him to stop smoking.

Her father doesn't allow her to go out at night.
They appointed him to investigate the case.
The hard work caused me to feel depressed.
He challenged me to swim to the other side of the river.
They compelled me to tell the truth about her.
Owning a car enables you to travel without difficulty.
Last night, we hired a babysitter to look after our son.
Setting an aim motivates people to work harder.
I reminded him to buy some bread on his way back home.
My niece requested me to help her with her English assignment.
Her job requires her to travel a lot.
His bad companions tempted him to drink heavily.
b) Bu fiiller passive durumda ise, kendilerinden sonra doğrudan infinitive gelir. Çünkü
active cümlenin nesnesi özne durumuna geçmiştir.
I was advised to stop smoking.

She Isn't allowed to go out at night.
I was compelled to tell the truth about her.
He was reminded to buy some bread on his way back home.
I was told to be there on time.
He was tempted by his bad companions to drink heavily.
3. Verb + Infinitive or Verb + Noun /Pronoun + Infinitive

a) Bu gruptaki fiiller hem kendilerinden hemen sonra hem de bir dolaylı nesneden sonra
infinitive alabilirler. Ancak iki cümlenin anlamı farklıdır. Şu iki cümleyi inceleyelim.
/want to study hard. (Çok çalışmak istiyorum.)

I want you to study hard. (Çok çalışmanı istiyorum.)
324 Q ELS
332
Yukandaki cümlelerden birincisinde, her iki eylemi de (want, study) özne yapıyor. İkincisinde ise,
birinci eylemi (want) özne, nesne durumundaki ikinci eylemi ise (to study} dolaylı nesne yapıyor.
b) Bu gruptaki yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
ask dare prefer wish

beg expect promise would like
choose need want
c) Bu fiillerin, "promise" dışında, hepsi dolaylı nesne ile kullanıldığında, yukarıdaki

örnekte gördüğümüz anlam değişikliğine uğrar. Ancak "promise" nesne aldığında da,
eylemi yapan kişi durumunda bir değişme olmaz.
I promised to quit smoking. (Söz veren ve sigarayı bırakacak olan "ben".) I

promised my mother to quit smoking.
(Söz veren ve sigarayı bırakacak olan yine "ben", "promised my mother" sadece
sözün kime verildiğini belirtiyor.)
d) Soruda ya da olumsuz cümlede, dare fiilinden sonra infinitive "to" ile ya da yalın olarak
gelebilir.
- Would you dare do/to do a parachute jump?
- No, I wouldn't dare do/to do that.
Ancak, olumsuzluğu daren't biçiminde ifade ediyorsak, infinitive yalın olarak gelir.
I daren't do a parachute jump. Dare, kendinden sonra dolaylı nesne alıyorsa, to +
infinitive kullanılır.
My friend dared me to swim across the Bosphorus.

Do you dare me to talk back to my boss when I believe he is wrong?
EXAMPLES:
My little sister begged to come with us. My friends begged me to change my

mind.
I chose to Investigate the case.

I chose one of my colleagues to investigate the case.
I dared to go out alone in the dark.

I dared my sister to go out alone in the dark.
She needs to clean the house.

She needs someone to clean the house.
She promised not to be late.

She promised me not to be late. (Anlamda bir değişme yok.)
The client wished to see the manager.

The client wished me to inform the manager about the case.
ELS Q 325
333
EXERCISE 13: Complete the following sentences with "to do" or "doing".
1. He decided ................ it. 26. Did you consider .................. it?
2. She recalled................ it. 27. Nobody failed ................. it.
3. Did he pretend................. it? 28. I was struggling .................. it.
4. He should have trained................. it. 29. He is risking ..................it.
5. She won't tolerate ................ it. 30. They had threatened .................. it.
6. He has kept ................ it. 31. Someone happened ................. it.
7. We are waiting ............... it. 32. Would you dare me .................. it?
8. Do you deny ................ it? 33. I wish you would quit .................. it.
9. I couldn't imagine ................ it. 34. Do you agree ................. it?
10. She resisted.................it. 35. Who showed you how .................. it ?
11. Do you fancy ................ it? 36. I can't stand .................it.
12. He was not prepared .................. it. 37. What motivated you .................. it?
13. They were warned not.................. it. 38. No one could resist .................. it.
14. Will they elect him ................. it? 39. Can they afford .................. it?
15. What caused him ................. it? 40. They might postpone .................. it.
16. Why have they delayed ................. it? 41. I hired him ................. it.
17. He detests .................it. 42. She didn't hesitate .................. it.
18. I miss ................. it. 43. Please remind him .................. it.
19. I forbid you ..................it. 44. They seemed ................. it.
20. We encouraged her.................. it. 45. Did she mention ..................it?
21. They should have discussed .................. it. 46. He doesn't care ................. it.
22. He didn't anticipate .................. it. 47. He claims .................. it
23. Were you tempted ................. it? 48. Who suggested .................. it?
24. Who urged him.................. it? 49. Do you challenge me .................. it?
25. We all avoid ................. it. 50. He cautioned us not .................. it.
/,-%- ........... ,"• ... y

BACK THROUGH THE SAME WAY
My neighbour asked me to help her get into her house because her
young daughter had locked the door from the inside while she had been
outside hanging clothes on the line.
The kitchen window was unlocked but could only be reached by
ladder. When I finally climbed through, I had to clamber over a sink and the
counter covered with dishes.
While the little girl stood there wide-eyed, I made my way through
the house and opened the door.
When the mother entered, I headed for the window to close it.
"Oh," she said, "you don't have to go out in the same way."
(by Dan Epp from Reader's Digest)
>**
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences using gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs given
in parentheses.
1. Because he devoted himself to (write) ........................ novels, his wife accused him of
(neglect) ....................... the children.
2. Diana seems (get) ....................... bored easily. Does she have difficulty in
(concentrate) ....................... on her studies?
3. At our next meeting, we should discuss (hire) ........................ some more teachers
(meet) ....................... the increasing demand this year.
4. All salesmen are required (phone) ........................the secretary at certain intervals
(tell) ........................her where they are when they are out of the office.
326 Q ELS
334
5. May I suggest (stop) ....................... for a while to have a rest as my ankle appears
(be) ....................... sprained?
6. My father only allows me (borrow) ........................ his car if I promise (bring) .
...................... it back with a full tank of petrol.
7. Don't be offended, but would you mind (leave) ........................ me alone? I want
(think) ....................... over the problem without any interference.
8. They are very successful in (run) ....................... a first class hotel, and they are
considering (expand] ....................... it next year by (add) ......................... more rooms
and a conference facility.
9. His sense of loyalty to his mother compelled him (tell) ........................ the truth even
though his brother had forced him (lie) ..........................
10. The coach won't tolerate his (miss) ....................... training sessions just because he
believes himself (be) ....................... the best player in the team and irreplaceable.
11. It's best to avoid (talk) ....................... to my father when he appears (be)
...................... in a bad mood.
12. I wouldn't advise you (attend) ........................ that university because their law
department really isn't very good.
13. At the last club meeting, we discussed (hold) ....................... a fund-raising day in
University Square and I said that I would ask Simon (design) ......................... some
posters.
14. After a lengthy discussion, the committee finally agreed (assign) ......................... a
sub-committee to investigate the case.
15. I can't believe that he has admitted (know) ......................... about the crime without
first (consult) ........................a lawyer.
16. If he had really been busy (write) ....................... the report yesterday as he claimed,
he wouldn't now be frantically struggling (finish) ....................... it, would he?
17. I've always dreamt of (be) ........................famous, but I'd never dare (do)
...................... anything that would make me famous!
18. I don't recall (give) ........................ you permission to borrow my gold necklace! You'd
better take it off immediately.
19. She pretended (not, understand) ........................ what I meant, but I'm sure she did,
in fact.
20. You shouldn't start a long car journey without (have) ....................... your oil, water
and tyre pressures checked. It is also worth (take) ....................... out breakdown
insurance so that you won't need to worry about your car (break) .................... down.
21. At our family reunion last weekend, we really had fun (talk) ......................... about
the children's mischief.
22. She is expecting a baby very soon. Can you imagine her (be) ......................... a
mother? She is so young!
23. I anticipate (have) ....................... great difficulty (find) ......................... any hotels
during this season. If you ask me, I suggest (go) ........................ on a camping
holiday.
24. When the guests left, I stood in the middle of the room (wonder) ......................... how
to clean up the mess.
25. Please stop (ask) ....................... me questions one after another. You see, I'm in the
middle of (write) ....................... a letter to my folks.
6-13 GERUND or INFINITIVE

Bazı fuller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem infinitive alabilirler. Bunların bir bölümünde,
gerund ya da infinitive kullanılması anlam değişikliğine yol açmaz. Bir bölümünde ise anlam
değişir.
1. Gerund or InBnltive with no or little change In meaning

advise cannot bear encourage intend need prefer
allow continue forbid like neglect recommend
attempt dislike hate love permit start
begin dread
.• ' ; ELS Q 3*7
335
a) Bu fiillerden attempt, begin, cannot bear, continue, dislike, dread, hate, intend, like,
love, neglect ve start gerund ya da infinitive aldığında aralarında önemli bir fark
yoktur.
I attempted doing/to do the job without getting any help.
Just as I left the office, it began raining/to rain.
I can't bear listening/to listen to that sort of music.
After a brief interval, we continued working/to work.
She dislikes being told/to be told what to do.
I hate washing/to wash the dishes.
They intend moving/to move into a bigger house.
I like walking/to walk.
She loves playing/to play with children.
He neglected Informing/to Inform us about the case.
I will start studying/to study as soon as the film is over.
b) Bu fiillerin kendileri sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılmışsa, kendilerinden sonra
Infinitive alırlar.*
It was beginning to rain when I left the office.
She was still continuing to work at the same company despite many problems.
c) Bu fiillerden advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit ve recommend, kendinden sonra
indirect object (him, them, etc.) varsa Infinitive; indirect object yoksa, gerund alır.
I advise driving more slowly on this slippery road.
I advise you to drive more slowly on this slippery road.
I don't allow chewing gum during the class.
I don't allow my students to chew gum during the class.
I encourage speaking freely in the class.
I encourage my students to speak freely in the class.
The law forbids travelling without wearing a seatbelt. The law forbids us to
travel without wearing a seatbelt.
My mother doesn't permit smoking in our house. My mother doesn't permit
me to smoke in our house.
I recommended staying at an inexpensive hotel.
I recommended my brother to stay at an inexpensive hotel.
d) Bu kural (indirect object'den sonra infinitive gelmesi] sadece bu fuller için geçerlidir.
Kendinden sonra sadece gerund alan fiiller, nesne olsa bile, yine gerund alır.
I suggested going to an Italian restaurant for a change.
I suggested their going to an Italian restaurant for a change.
e) Need fiili active cümlede kendinden sonra Infinitive alır. Passive cümlede ise passive
infinitive (to be done) ya da gerund (doing) alabilir.
I need to iron my shirt, (active)
My shirt needs to be ironed/needs ironing, (passive)
You need to repair the radio, (active)
The radio needs to be repaired/needs repairing, (passive)
*Bu fiillerden sadece attempt, begin, continue ve start sürerlik bildiren tense'lerle kullanılır.
Diğerleri kullanılmaz. "Kendisi progressive bir tense ile kullanılmışsa devamında infinitive alır"
kuralı da sadece bu fiiller için geçerlidir. Eğer bir fiil kendinden sonra sadece gerund
alabiliyorsa, progressive tense'le de kullanılsa, gerund değişmez.
3X8 a ELS
336
Passive cümlenin öznesi insan ise, genellikle passive infinitive kullanılır.
You need to help her. (active) She needs to be helped, (passive)

I need to tell them the truth, (active) They need to be told the truth, (passive)
f) Prefer fiilinin gerund ya da infinitive alması, bir tercihten diğerine geçerken arada
kullandığımız geçiş sözcüğüne bağlıdır. Eğer arada "to" kullanılıyorsa gerund, "than" ya
da "rather than" kullanılıyorsa infinitive alır.
I prefer walking to running.
I prefer to walk home today rather than take the bus.
Eğer sadece tercihi belirtip cümleyi bitiriyorsak, genel anlamdaki tercihlerimiz için "prefer
doing", spesifik tercihlerimiz için "prefer to do" kullanımı daha yaygındır. Spesifik tercihlerimiz
için "would prefer to do" da kullanabiliriz.
Do ı you watch television very often?
No ı, I prefer reading. (I prefer to read.) (general}
Will you come for a walk with us?

I would prefer to stay at home, (specific)
2. Gerund or infinitive with a change in meaning

forget mean (intend) regret try (make an effort)
remember mean (result in, involve) stop try (experiment)
a) Forget ve remember, geçmişte yaptığımız bir işi daha sonra unutmak/hatırlamak

anlamındaysa gerund alır. Yapmayı planladığımız ya da düşündüğümüz bir işi yapmayı
unutmak/hatırlamak anlamındaysa infinitive alır.
- Do you remember our being stuck in the mud with the car last winter?
- Yes, I also remember very clearly your losing your temper.
- Really? What did I do?
- You kicked the car and dented its rear fender.
- Oh, I'd completely forgotten doing that.
When I met him, I suddenly remembered lending him a large sum of money the
previous month. When I asked for my money back, he said he was sorry he had
completely forgotten borrowing money from me. (Önce ona para verdim. Daha
sonra ona rastlayınca, ona para verdiğimi hatırladım. O ise benden para
aldığını unuttu.)
- Please remember (don't forget) to tell him that I will be waiting at our usual
cafe around 4 o'clock.
- Okay, I promise you. I won't forget (will remember) to give him your message.
Because I left home in a hurry, I forgot to take my purse with me. (Cüzdanımı
yanıma almayı unuttum. Yani yapmam gereken bir işi yapmadım.)
I usually forget to lock the door, but this morning I remembered to lock it/I
didn't forget to lock it.
(Kapıyı kilitlemeyi hatırladım/unutmadım. Yani yapmam gereken bir işi yaptım.)
ELS Q 3X9
337
b) Mean, eğer kastetmek, niyet etmek anlamındaysa Infinitive alır.
I dont mean to hurt you by criticizing you so severely, but it's for your own sake.
He had meant to go on a camping holiday this year, but 1 think his wife didn't
agree.
Mean, "anlamına gelmek, demek' anlamındaysa gerund alır.
Being a parent means having a lot of responsibilities.
If we can't reach an agreement soon about where to have lunch, I'm afraid it
will mean wasting our lunch break here in the office.
c) Regret, geçmişte yaptığımız ya da yapmadığımız bir işten dolayı pişmanlık duymak

anlamındaysa gerund alır. Gerund'ın ifade ettiği eylem, pişman olma eyleminden daha
önce gerçekleşmiş olduğu için doing yerine having done kullanabiliriz.
He regrets that he didn't attend university.
He regrets not attending/not having attended university.
She regretted that she hadn't listened to her mother's advice.
She regretted not listening/not having listened to her mother's advice.
She regrets that she bought an orange car.
She regrets buying/having bought an orange car.
Regret, yapmayı planladığımız bir işi yapamayacağımızı ifade ederken "I'm sorry" anlamında
kullanılıyorsa Infinitive alır. Bu anlamda regret, tell, say, inform gibi fiillerle birlikte çok sık
kullanılır.
l regret to tell you that 1 can't come with you.
(I'm sorry to tell you that ......... )
1 regret to inform you that you couldn't get a passing grade.
d) Stop doing, yapmakta olduğumuz bir işi durdurmak/bırakmak anlamında kullanılır.

When l entered the classroom, the students stopped chatting among
themselves. (They had been chatting before I came in.)
, When some guests arrived after dinner, I stopped studying.
Stop to do, bir şey yapmak için durmak anlamında kullanılır. Burada "to" amaç bildirdiği için
"stop to do" yerine "stop in order to do" da kullanabiliriz.
When the phone rang, 1 stopped my work to/in order to answer the phone.
When a loud noise was heard, everybody in the street stopped to/in order to
, see what had happened.
Bazen bu iki yapıyı bir arada kullanmamız gerekebilir:
Stop doing something to do something else
When the phone rang, I stopped studying to/In order to answer it.
When a student raised his hand, I stopped lecturing to/In order to listen to
him. ' -
e) Try, çabalamak, çalışmak anlamındaysa Infinitive alır.

I tried hard to catch the train, but I couldn't.
She tried to persuade her father to let her go to the cinema.
I tried to warn you, but you were too busy to listen to me.
338
Tıy, bir yöntemin işe yarayıp yaramayacağını anlamak için denemek anlamında kullanılıyorsa,
gerund alır.
Because it was very hot last night, I couldn't get to sleep.
I tried opening the window, but it didn't work. Then I took a cold shower. It
worked!
- Take an aspirin if you have a headache.
- I tried taking one, but it didn't help.
- Then, try having a rest. It may work.
EXERCISE 15: Complete the sentences with the gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs given
In parentheses. In some sentences both are possible.
1. Our director won't permit (drink) ........................ near the computers. We aren't even
allowed (drink) ....................... anything at our desks during our breaks.
2. His father encouraged him (start) ....................... up his own business; moreover, he
urged him (borrow) ........................ money from the bank to set it up.
3. Too easily obtainable credit cards encourage (borrow) ........................ , which can
cause people (get) ....................... into debt.
4. She recommended me (not enroll) ....................... in that school because it hasn't
got a good reputation.
5. A: I hope you didn't forget (post) ....................... the letter I gave you.
B: No, I remembered (mail) ........................ it at the last moment.
6. I'm really sorry that I couldn't remember (meet) ....................... you at a party before,
but you have changed so much!
7. I don't think I'll ever forget (roll) ........................ down from the top of a steep hill all
the way to the river below, which happened while I was hiking with some friends last
month.
8. If you can't open the lid of a jar, try (put) ........................ it upside down in hot
water.
9. I advised her (stop) ......................... (worry) ......................... about what had happened
and (try) ....................... (forget) ......................... all about it.
10. I can't help (feel) ........................anxious about the economic crisis in the country.
11. My grandmother doesn't allow (pick) .......................... flowers in her garden.
12. Teacher, will you allow us (continue) ....................... (write) ........................ for some
time after the bell?
13. A: Oh, I'm afraid we can't go out for a walk. Look! It's beginning (pour)
...................... with rain.
B: Why not? I love (walk) ........................ in the rain. Let's put on our raincoats and
go.
14. We regret (inform) ........................ you that your application for a transfer has not
been accepted.
15. She has such an authoritative voice that whenever she starts (speak)
....................... , everyone stops (listen) ....................... to her.
16. I wish he would stop (complain) .......................... He knows there is nothing we can
do to change the situation.
17. Those curtains really need (wash) ...........................They're filthy.
18. I'm afraid your ankle is broken and I regret (inform) ........................ you that you
won't be able to play basketball for a while.
19. If you intend (qualify) ........................ as a doctor, you will have to work very hard.
20. I suggested (camp) ......................... but the others insisted on (stay) .......................... in
a hotel.
21. A: Shall we have a coffee here?
B: I prefer (wait) ........................ until we get home.
22. Have you ever regretted (reject) ........................ the computing firm's offer and
(accept) ....................... your current position?
23. My broken leg continued (h urt) ........................ even after I took two painkillers.
24. I'm not sure whether to accept their offer or not because it will mean (get)
...................... up really early and (commute) ......................... long distances every
day.
25. Where would you prefer (eat) ....................... this evening - at home or at a
restaurant?
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26. I much prefer (receive) ..................... letters to (write) ....................... them, but if I
don't write any, I don't get any!
27. I didn't mean (upset) ...................... Jan, but now I feel that I need (apologize)
....................... for mentioning her personal problems.
28. After about ten miles, Frank started (worry) ..................... about (get)
....................... lost, and so we stopped (check} ....................... our location on the
map.
6-14 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS
a) Infinitive, bazı isimlerden sonra gelerek, o ismi tanımlayan bir sıfat işlevini üstlenir. Bu
şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan isimler şunlardır:
ability demand failure request

ambition desire offer right
anxiety determination plan scheme
attempt eagerness promise willingness
decision effort refusal wish
Not every person has the ability to think logically. Some people lack it totally.
Hts ambition to become the top student in the class made him ill. My
determination to go on walking even in the rain surprised them all. His
eagerness to pass the exam is at its peak these days.
b) Genellikle önlerinde bir superlative ile birlikte time ve place* gibi isimler de bu yapıyla
yaygın olarak kullanılır.
The best time to go on holiday is spring.
Tomorrow, I will have a lot of time to deal with you.
My favourite time to walk is early in the morning.
The best place to Ûsh is just under the Bosphorus Bridge.
The first, the second, the next, the last, etc. gibi sıra sayılan da Infinitive alabilir. Do you know
who the first person to climb Mount Everest was?
The last person to leave home should lock the door. (Evden en son çıkan
kişinin kapıyı kilitlemesi gerekir.)
She is always the last (person) to come.
(Her zaman en son gelen (kişi) odur.) :
6-15 INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES
Kişinin duygu ya da tavrım ifade eden sıfatlardan sonra Infinitive gelebilir.

I'm sorry to hear that your mother is ill. I'm glad to see you here.
•Bu şekilde başka pek çok isim kullanılabilir: the best restaurant to eat at, the cheapest hotel
to stay at, the most difficult method to follow, etc.
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a) Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan sıfatlar şunlardır:
content disgusted determined reluctant
delighted disturbed motivated certain
glad sad prepared likely
happy sorry ready amazed
pleased upset willing astonished
relieved proud afraid surprised
lucky ashamed careful shocked
fortunate anxious hesitant stunned
disappointed eager
She is hesitant to accept their job offer.

I'm reluctant to go with them.
I was surprised to see Jane at the party.
She was determined to have a university education.
I was relieved to get the news that they didn't get injured in the accident.
She was disappointed not to pass the exam.
She was ashamed not to be able to pass the exam after so many private lessons.
b) Bu sıfatların bir bölümünü daha önce adjective + preposition biçiminde görmüştük.
Eğer sıfattan sonra bir preposition kullanılmışsa, preposition'dan sonra gelen yapının
gerund olmasına dikkat ediniz.
She was proud to be the top student in the class. She was proud of being the
top student in the class.
She was ashamed to have made such rude remarks. She was ashamed of
having made such rude remarks.
I was surprised to see him there. I was surprised at his being there.
c) Adjective + Infinitive, daha çok bir that-clause ya da when-clause'u kısaltarak ifade
etmek biçiminde kullanılır.
She was disgusted when she saw the kitchen in such a mess. She was
disgusted to see the kitchen in such a mess. (Mutfağı pislik içinde görünce
iğrendi.)
She was disappointed that she didn't get the job. She was disappointed not to
get the job.
Bu kısaltmayı yaparken, temel cümle ile yan cümlenin öznesinin aynı olmasına dikkat ediniz.
Eğer özneler aynı değil ise, passive infinitive kullanarak yine aynı anlamı verebiliriz.
She was disappointed that they didn't give her the job. She was disappointed
not to be given the job.
She was happy that they promoted her. She was happy to be promoted.
EXERCISE 16: Change the following statements as shown in the examples.

Examples: I was relieved when I got the good news.
I was relieved to get the good news. :
She was disappointed that she couldn't pass the exam. She was
disappointed not to be able to pass the exam.
1. They were astonished when they heard about the rent their landlady was asking for.
They were astonished ................................................................................................
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2. He was disappointed when they told him that he had to work in another city.
He was disappointed ............................................................................................
3. They were shocked when they discovered that their house had been broken into.
They were shocked .............................................................................................
4. It is likely that he'll leave on a business trip next week.
He is likely .........................................................................................................
5. We were all relieved when we found out that he had been found innocent of the
charge.
We were all relieved .............................................................................................
6. It was lucky that he wasn't injured in the accident.
He was lucky.......................................................................................................
7. He was relieved when he got his wallet back intact.
He was relieved ..................................................................................................
8. They were amazed when they saw how quickly he recovered.
They were amazed ...............................................................................................
9. She was determined that she wouldn't let his sarcastic remarks hurt her.
She was determined ............................................................................................
10. We were proud that we were chosen as the best performing department.
We were proud ....................................................................................................
6-16 PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND PAST INFINITIVE
a) Infinitive'in passive biçimi to be done şeklinde ifade edilir.

I don't want you to tell me what to do. I don't want to be told what to do.
I didn't expect she would invite me to her wedding. I didn't expect to be
invited to her wedding. (Onun düğününe davet edileceğimi ummuyordum.)
b) Infinitive'in past biçimi to have done, passive past biçimi ise to have been done
şeklinde ifade edilir. Infinitive'in ifade ettiği eylem yüklemden daha önce
gerçekleşmişse, past infinitive kullanmamız gerekir.
Past infinitive özellikle seem, appear, pretend gibi fiillerle; lucky, fortunate, happy, pleased,
content, likely gibi sıfatlarla çok sık kullanılır.
I'm happy that I passed the exam.
I'm happy to have passed the exam.
(I passed the exam sometime before now, and now I'm happy.)
She is fortunate that she received a good education. She is fortunate to
have received a good education.
It seems that you have passed the exam. You seem to have passed the
exam.
It seems that they were surprised at the news. They seem to have been
surprised at the news. (Habere şaşırmış gibi görünüyorlar.)
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c) To do/to be done ile to have done/to have been done arasındaki farkı görmek için şu
cümleleri inceleyelim:
She is fortunate that she will study abroad.
She is fortunate to study abroad.
(Yurt dışında öğrenim göreceği için şanslı.)
She is fortunate that she studied abroad. She is fortunate to have studied
abroad. (Yurt dışında öğrenim gördüğü için şanslı.)
She is lucky that she will be sent abroad. She is lucky to be sent abroad.
She is lucky that she was sent abroad. She is lucky to have been sent abroad.
It's likely that she is at home now. She is likely to be at home now.
It's likely that she was at home then. She is likely to have been at home then.
It seems he is given pay rises regularly. He seems to be given pay rises regularly.
It seems he was given a pay rise last month.
He seems to have been given a pay rise last month.
d) Seem, appear ve pretend fiillerini present progressive infinitive (to be doinğl ve past
progressive infinitive (to have been doing) ile de kullanabiliriz.
It appears that they are waiting for us. They appear to be waiting for us.
It appears that they have been waiting for us for a long time. They appear to
have been waiting for us for a long time.
e) Tell, order, ask, request, etc. gibi pek çok fiilden sonra past Infinitive kullanılamaz.
Çünkü bu tür fiillerle infinitive, yüklemden sonra gerçekleşecek bir eylemi ifade eder.
I asked my friends not to make so much noise.
I told the children to be careful while crossing the street.
(Bana vaktinde orada olmamı söyledi.) (Daha sonra yapacağım bir işi söyledi.)
EXERCISE 17: Complete the sentences with simple inunitive (active or passive), past
infinitive (active or passive) or progressive infinitive.
1. Look! She is pretending (listen) .................................... to the teacher carefully, but

I'm sure she is daydreaming.
2. This envelope appears (open) ....................................by someone already.
3. Seeing today's children playing among the concrete buildings in big cities, I regard
myself as fortunate (have) ..................................... a lovely childhood playing in the
open fields of a village.
4. But, some people may argue that today's children are luckier (have)
.................................... the chance of owning such a bewildering variety of toys.
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5. The police are putting together their evidence about the suspect, who appears (spy)
.................................... for an unknown power for several years now.
6. Whenever I ask him (help) ..................................... me round the house, he pretends
(do) .................................... something else.
7. I'm sorry (sound) ..................................... a little sleepy, but I didn't expect (call)
................................... on the telephone at three o'clock in the morning!
8. I was pleased (give) ..................................... the chance to manage my own project
and also glad (accomplish) ..................................... it so successfully.
9. Oh, the work is almost finished, and you'd only just started when I left. You all
seem (work)...................................... very hard since this morning then.
10. A: Why is he looking under every desk?
B: I don't know, but he appears (lose) .................................... something.
A: And now he is smiling. He seems (find) ..................................... whatever it was
he'd lost.
6-17 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO
a) Amaç bildiren bir yapı olarak In order to do yerine sadece to do kullanabiliriz. Olumsuz
ifadelerde "In order not to do" kullanılır.
I will go shopping because I want to buy some vegetables. I will go shopping to
buy/In order to buy some vegetables.
I get up early because I don't want to be late for work. I get up early in order not
to be late for work.
I went to the bookstore because I wanted to buy a book. I went to the bookstore
to buy/in order to buy a book.
b) To do/In order to do ile for dolng'in kullanımı arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. Bir
insanın bir eylemi yapmadaki amacını ifade etmek istiyorsak to do/In order to do
kullanılır. Bir nesnenin (bir alet, makina vb.) ne işe yaradığım, ne amaçla kullanıldığını
ifade etmek istiyorsak be used for doing ya da be used to do/In order to do kullanılır.
Eğer bir nesnenin ne işe yaradığını ifade ediyor, ancak cümlede "be used'
kullanmıyorsak, sadece "for doing" kullandır.
You have to use an axe to chop/in order to chop wood. An axe is used for
chopping/to chop wood. An axe is a tool for chopping wood.
You have to use a spanner to fasten/in order to fasten bolts. A spanner is used
for fastening/to fasten bolts. A spanner is a tool for fastening bolts.
c) Ancak, belli bir olayda (specific) bir nesnenin ne amaçla kullanıldığını ifade ederken
sadece to do kullanılır.
Detergent is used for cleaning/to clean dirty things, (general) A lot of detergent
was used to clean the house, (specific)
Wax is used for polishing/to polish surfaces.
A special kind of wax was used to polish the car.
d) İnsanın bir eylemi yapmadaki amacını ifade ederken fiil değil de isim kullanıyorsak,
for + a noun kullanılır.
I went to the bookstore to buy a book. I went to the bookstore for a book.
He will go to Ankara to attend a conference. He will go to Ankara for a
conference.
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EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with "to do", "for doing" or "for + a noun" using the
words given In parentheses, hi some cases, more than one answer Is
possible.
1. A dictionary isn't read like a book. It is used ............................. up the meaning or
the spelling of a word, (look)
2. Can I have your dictionary for a moment ............................. of a word? [the
spelling!
3. One of my classmates borrowed my dictionary ............................. up the spelling of
a word, (look)
4. As soon as I get up in the morning, I open the windows ............................. some
fresh air in. (let)
5. As soon as 1 got up yesterday morning, I opened the windows ...............................
(some fresh air)
6. Don't you know that your company mobile phone should only be used
.............................. and shouldn't be used .............................. private telephone
calls? (essential company calls) (make)
7. You can use my mobile phone ............................. your parents, if you wish, (call]
8. These mobile phones are not the same as ordinary ones. You can use them
........................... to the Internet, (connect)
9. Shall I use the Internet ............................. some information on the National
Exhibition Centre? (find)
10. A duplicating machine is a device ............................. copies of a document, (make)
11. Our house is very small. I wish we had a spare room ................................ (guests)
12. This room isn't very big, but it can be used.............................. blankets and sheets
in. (keep)
6-18 INFINITIVE WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

a) Too + adjective/adverb ve adjective/adverb + enough yapılan kendilerinden sonra
infinitive alır.
This box is too heavy. Nobody can carry it.
This box is too heavy to cany.
(Bu kutu taşınamayacak kadar ağır.)
İkinci cümlenin sonunda yüklemin nesnesi durumunda olan "it" sözünün "too" lu cümlede
kullanılmadığına dikkat ediniz. Bu cümlede infinitive, passive yapıda bulunmadığı halde,
cümlenin anlamı passive'dir. Bu nedenle iki cümleyi birleştirdiğimizde, yüklemin nesnesi özne
durumuna geçmiştir (This box). Bu cümlede eylemi yapmanın kimin için zor, kolay, vb.
olduğunu ifade etmek için for + noun/pronoun kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda cümleyi Türkçe'ye
active olarak çeviririz.
This box is too heavy. I can't carry it. This box is too heavy for me to cany. (Bu
kutu benim taşıyamayacağım kadar ağır.)
b) Too + adjective/adverb kalıbı yapı olarak olumlu olmasına rağmen anlamca
olumsuzdur.
It's too late to go out. (Dışan çıkılamayacak kadar geç oldu.)
She is too young to get married. (Evlenemeyecek kadar küçük.)
He spoke too quietly to hear. (Duyulamayacak kadar yavaş konuştu.)
She is too young to understand this situation.
(Bu durumu anlayamayacak kadar küçük.)
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c) Adjective/adverb + enough, olumlu cümlede kullanıldığı zaman, eylemin
yapabileceğimiz ölçülerde olduğunu ifade eder.
This box is light. Anyone can carry it. This box is tight enough to carry. (Bu
kutu taşınabilecek kadar hafif.)
This box is light. I can carry it.
This box is tight enough for me to carry.
(Bu kutu benim taşıyabileceğim kadar hafif.)
This jug isn't big. It can't hold two litres of water. This jug isn't big enough to
hold two litres of water. (Bu sürahi iki litre su alacak kadar büyük değil.)
The speaker didn't speak clearly. We couldn't understand him. The speaker
didn't speak clearly enough for us to understand. (Konuşmacı bizim
anlayabileceğimiz kadar net konuşmadı.)
d) Too ile ifade ettiğimiz bir cümleyi, kullanılan sıfatın ya da zarfın zıt anlamlısını
kullanarak, olumsuz bir cümlede enough'la da verebiliriz.
She Is too young to get married. (Evlenemeyecek kadar küçük.) She Isn't old
enough to get married. (Evlenecek kadar büyük değil.)
The car Is too small to take five people. (Araba beş kişiyi alamayacak kadar
küçük.) The car Isn't big enough to take five people. (Araba beş kişiyi alacak
kadar büyük değil.)
e) Enough, genellikle bir sıfat ya da zarftan sonra (strong enough, rich enough, etc.) bir
isimden önce gelir: (enough strength, enough money, etc.) Enough, bir isimden sonra
da gelebilir ancak bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir.
She is not experienced enough to do this job. She doesn't have enough
experience to do this job.
I'm courageous enough to talk back to him. I have enough courage to talk back
to him.
f) Yüklemin nesnesinin kendine ait bir preposition'ı varsa, too ya da enough ile kurulmuş
cümlenin sonunda o preposition kullanılır.
This knife is blunt. We can't cut this meat with It. This knife is too blunt to cut
this meat with.
Is this chair strong? Can I stand on It?
Is this chair strong enough for me to stand on?
EXERCISE 19: Combine the two sentences using "too" or "enough".
1. Her excuse for being late is ridiculous. No one can believe it.
Her excuse for being late .........................................................
2. People in parts of Africa are poor. They can't feed themselves.
People in some parts of Africa .................................................
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3. She isn't strong. She can't get over this shock easily.
She .....................................................................................................................................
4. Our wrestler was weak. He couldn't beat his opponent.
Our wrestler ......................................................................................................................
5. She is reliable. I can share my secrets with her.
She ......................................................................................................................................
6. Are you sure he's mature? Can he be left to look after himself?
Are you sure he ................................................................................................................ ?
7. The room was noisy. I couldn't concentrate on my work.
The room.............................................................................................................................
8. This water isn't clean. We shouldn't drink it.
This water ..........................................................................................................................
9. He doesn't get a high salary. He can't afford a winter holiday. (Use "be able to" in
the answer.)
He .......................................................................................................................................
10. The situation is complicated. No one can understand it.
The situation ......................................................................................................................
EXERCISE 20: Write synonymous sentences for the given ones, using the words given.
It's too dark to see properly, (enough) It isn't light enough to see properly.
1. They are too weak to defend themselves, (enough)

They ...................................................to defend themselves.
2. The water isn't deep enough for us to dive into, (too)
The water ................................................... for us to dive into.
3. This string isn't long enough to tie the parcel up with, (too)
This string ................................................... to tie the parcel up with.
4. Your solution is too complicated to be put into practice, (enough)
Your solution ................................................... to be put into practice.
5. The reception on my mobile phone is too faint for me to hear you properly, (enough)
The reception on my mobile phone ................................................... for me to hear
you properly.
6. She is not bold enough to introduce herself to strangers, (too)
She ................................................... to introduce herself to strangers.
6-19 VERBS OF PERCEPTION

See, hear, watch, feel, etc. gibi duyu fiilleri kendilerinden sonra gelen fiili iki şekilde alır: gerund
ya da fiilin yalın hali.
a) Eğer bir eylemin oluşunu baştan sona görmüşsek, izlemişsek, fiilin yalın hali kullanılır.
Devam etmekte olan bir eylemi görmüşsek gerund kullanılır. Şimdi şu iki cümleyi
inceleyelim.
Yesterday, I took my son to the park. There, I sat on a park bench and watched
my son play with other children. (Ocumun oyun oynamasını baştan sona
izledim.)
When I looked out of the window, I saw some children playing in the street.
(Çocukların oynama eylemi devam ediyordu. Ben onları bir an gördüm.
Oynamaya başladıkları zamanı görmedim.)
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He unlocked the safe and took some money. I saw this. I saw him unlock the
safe and take some money. (Kasayı açıp biraz para aldığını gördüm.)
see someone do something -

When I entered the room, he was taking some money out of the safe. I saw this.
I saw him taking some money out of the safe. (Onu, kasadan para alırken
gördüm.)
Isee someone doing sqajeKhing^
b) Bu kullanımlar özellikle see, hear, watch, listen to, feel ve observe fiilleriyle yaygındır.
Çoğu zaman, gerund ya da fiilin yalın halini kullanmak anlamı pek etkilemez.
When I suddenly woke up in the middle of the night, I felt the ground
shake/shaking.
Yesterd a y, I sa w him r un/r un ning d own the street.
C) Smell, findve catch fiilleriyle sadece gerund kullanılır.
• When I entered the house, I could smell something burning. When I got h ome,
I found my son sleeping.
He had gi ven up s mokin g, but last ni ght, I ca ught hi m s mokin g on th e
balcony.
d) Passive cümlede gerund kullanımı aynı kalır. Ancak fiilin yalın hali, passive cümlede
to+lnflnltive biçimine dönüşür.
Someone saw the missing child walking along the river. The missing child was
seen walking along the river.
They last saw him chiving downtown late last night. He was last seen driving
downtown late last night.
Someone saw him leave the building hurriedly.
He was seen to leave the building hurriedly. '
They clearly saw him steal the watch. ;-. ' < ' '•
He was clearly seen to stea/ the watch. ;
EXERCISE 21: Supply the correct form of the verbs given In parentheses. In some
sentences, more than one answer Is possible.
1. I had clearly seen the accident (happen) ...................... , so I was summoned to the
court as a witness.
2. When our son was a small child, he was very fond of planes and we often used to
take him to the airport to watch the planes (take) ...................... off and (land)
3. When I entered the meeting room, I found everybody (wait) ....................... for me.
4. The witnesses say they noticed two suspicious-looking men (walk) .......................
hastily away from the filling station just before the explosion.
5. "Was this man seen for certain (leave) ...................... the explosives in the
dustbin?" the judge asked.
6. We could hear some people (fight) ..................... outside our window last night, so
we called the police.
7. The manager caught the cleaner (look) ...................... through some private
documents and so he fired him.
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8. The man was definitely seen (put) ..................... something in his pocket, but the
witnesses couldn't identify the object.
9. They were observed (stare) ...................... through the window of the jewellery
shop, but whether they were the ones who robbed it is not at all clear.
10. We live close to a bakery and every morning, we can smell the bread (bake)
...................... in the ovens.
11. Reports regarding the earthquake confirm that residents felt the ground (tremble)
.................... in districts as far away as two miles.
12. When I was young, I loved to get up at night if there was a wild storm and listen to
the thunder (roar] .................... and watch the lightning (strike) .......................
13. The prisoners were caught (try) .................... to escape because they were heard
(tunnel) .................... under the prison walls.
14. The great thing about spending a day on one of the islands off Istanbul is that you
can't hear any car horns (honk) ...................... You can only hear the birds (sing)
..................... and the sound of horses (trot) ..................... along the roads.
15. When the photographer entered the village, he witnessed frail children (lie)
......................... on the ground.
16. One night during our camping trip, I was woken up when I felt something (crawl)
......................... up my leg. Luckily, the creature was harmless.
WAVE
While honeymooning in Hawaii, a couple decided one morning to
take a photograph of themselves standing on a beautiful beach. Setting
their camera timer, they quickly climbed on some rocks. They faced the
camera, put their lips together and held the pose, waiting for the
camera to click.
At that moment, they heard people yelling, "Wave, wave."
Embarrassed, they stopped kissing and began waving to the camera — just as
a big wave hit them from behind and completely drenched them.
(by Una Debbini from Reader's Digest)
6-20 INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO" AFTER "LET AND "HELP1
"Let" den sonra infinitive "to" almadan gelir.
I will Jet you go when you have finished your work. They didn't let me explain
my excuse. Don't let him start smoking at such an early age. Will you let your
daughter stay out so late?
"Help" den sonra infinitive yalın haliyle ya da "to" alarak kullanılır.
Will you please help me lay/to lay the table?

I helped my mother clean/to dean the house.
Talking to a native English speaker will help you improve/to improve your English.
When I got lost in the country, a villager helped me .find/to Und my way.
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6-21 CERTAIN VERBS + NOUN/PRONOUN + INFINITIVE
a) Bu gruptaki fuller, daha çok kendilerinden sonra bir that-clause alırlar. Ancak bu
fiilleri verb + noun/pronoun + Infinitive kalıbıyla kullanmak da mümkündür. Bu
şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır:
acknowledge find believe suppose imagine
guess calculate know assume judge
consider maintain declare discover proclaim
reckon estimate take (presume) fancy prove
see understand think feel show
I believe that he is the best of you all. I believe htm to be the best of you all.
We know that he is an honest man. We know him to be an honest man.
b) Örneklerden de anlaşılacağı gibi, bu yapı ile kullanabileceğimiz infinitive genellikle "to

be" ve "to have" fiilleridir. Bu fiillerin yanı sıra, "know, like, love, etc." gibi
nonprogressive fuller de kullanılabilir.
Think, estimate ve presume fiillerinin bu biçimde kullanılmaları çok enderdir. Ancak passive
cümlede yaygın olarak kullanılırlar. (Bu konu 3. ünitede ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir.)
They think that the new secretary is very able. It is thought that the new
secretary is very able. The new secretary is thought to be very able.
They estimate that the box weighs about five kilograms. It is estimated that the
box weighs about five kilograms. The box is estimated to weigh about five
kilograms.
EXERCISE 22: Change the clause Into an infinitive phrase as shown in the example.
Examples: We consider that she is the best actress for the role. We consider her
to be the best actress for the role.
It is known that mobile phones are potentially dangerous. Mobile
phones are known to be potentially dangerous.
1. From his voice on the phone, I imagined that your brother was older.
From his voice on the phone, I imagined ...............................................................
2. People believe that the army has no power over the government.
People believe .........................................................................................................
3. I have calculated that our expenses this month will be above our income.
I have calculated ....................................................................................................
4. It is estimated that this painting is worth over £10,000.
This painting ..........................................................................................................
5. The drug was withdrawn from sale because it was proved that it had harmful side-
effects.
The drug was withdrawn from sale because it was proved
342 Q ELS
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6. The jury decided that he was not guilty of the charge.
The jury decided ...................................................................................................
7. Because of the way he spoke to everyone, I took it that he was the manager.
Because of the way he spoke to everyone, I took
8. The interview panel decided that she had too little work experience.
The interview panel decided .................................................................................
9. This model of washing machine was recalled because it was shown that it had a
serious design flaw.
This model of washing machine was recalled because it was shown
10. Many people consider that hunting with dogs is barbaric and inhumane.
Many people consider ..........................................................................................
6-22 INFINITIVE AFTER QUESTION WORDS
Soru sözcüğüyle ya da whether ile başlayan noun clause'lan, belli koşullan göz önüne alarak
question word/whether + Infinitive biçiminde kısaltabiliriz. (Bu konu 5, ünitede ayrıntıh olarak
incelenmiştir.)
She can't decide what she should do. She can't decide what to do.
Can you tell me where I can buy cheap but fresh fruit? Can you tell me where
to buy cheap but fresh fruit?
I don't know whether I should come with you or stay home. I don't know
whether to come with you or (to) stay home.
6-23 CAUSATIVES
Türkçe karşılığı ettirgen çatı olan causative, İngilizce'de have, get ve make fiilleriyle elde edilir.
Üçü de anlamca birbirine yakın olmalarına rağmen, aralarında küçük farklar vardır.
a) Have
Daha çok kişinin doğal görevi olan bir işi yaptırmak anlamında kullanılır: tamirciye araba tamir
ettirmek, terziye elbise diktirmek vb. gibi.
Yesterday, I had the mechanic repair my car. I will have the plumber Ux the
leak tomorrow. I have had my tailor make a wonderful dress. (Terzime harika bir
elbise diktirdim.)
Ancak, bu tür cümlelerde genellikle işi yapan kişi değil, işin yapılması önemlidir. Bu durumda,
işi yapan kişiyi belirtmeden sadece yapılan işi ifade edebiliriz.
Yesterday, I had my car repaired (by the mechanic.) I will have the leak Uxed
tomorrow (by the plumber.) I have had a wonderful dress made (by my tailor.)
(Harika bir elbise diktirdim.)
have something done (b^som«^|^
ELS Q 343
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b) Get
Genellikle, birini ikna ederek bir iş yaptırmak anlamını ifade eder.
My mother is a good tailor, but she doesn't sew any more. I want to get her to
make me a dress for my graduation ball.
Yesterday, I got my ûlend to write a composition for me.
She is rather lazy. She always gets her sister to clean their room. (Odalarını
her zaman kızkardeşine temizletir.)
'|j|et someb ......... ômethtog,
İşi yapan kişiyi belirtmeden, yapılan işi ifade etmek için aşağıdaki kalıbı kullanırız.
§et ,gdötte(fc.
I want to get a dress made for my graduation ball. I got a composition written
for me (by my friend.) She always gets their room cleaned by her sister.
Get something done ile have something done arasında önemli bir fark yoktur ve birbirinin
yerine kullanılabilirler. Get something done Informal English'de daha yaygın kullanılır.
c) Make
Birine zorlama ile bir iş yaptırmak anlamını ifade eder.
I made my son do his homework before he went outside to play.
(/ forced him to do....)
The film made us laugh a lot. (Film bizi çok güldürdü.)
His broken leg made him stay in bed for a month.
.make somebody do somethteg
Make'in passive biçimi, get ve have'in passive biçiminden (get/have something done) farklıdır.
Passive anlam için make'in kendisi passive'e dönüştürülür.
The film made me cry. (active)
I was made to cry by the film, (passive)
His friends made him laugh during the class, (active)
He was made to laugh by his friends during the class, (passive)
be made to do sometffl^^ffy someoiîe)
Make + noun/pronoun kalıbından sonra, fiil kullanmadan direk sıfat da gelebilir. Bu kullanım
get ve have ile mümkün değildir.
His coming late made me feel angry. His coming late made me angry.
Her strange behaviour makes everybody feel surprised.
Her strange behaviour makes everybody surprised, (surprised burada bir sıfattır.)
The good news made me feel relieved.
The good news made me relieved, (relieved burada bir sıfattır.)
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d) Have with a passive meaning
Have fiilini bazı passive cümlelerin ifade ettiği anlamı vermek için de kullanabiliriz.
He had his wallet stolen on the train on his way to Ankara. (Ankara'ya giderken
trende cüzdanını çaldırdı.)
His wallet was stolen on the train on his way to Ankara. (Ankara'ya giderken
trende cüzdanı çalındı.)
Bu iki cümle yapı olarak farklı olmalarına karşın, aynı anlamı ifade etmektedir.
They had their house broken into last week. Their house was broken into last
week.
You wight have your hair damaged while getting it permed. Your hair wight be
damaged while it is being permed.
GOT IT DONE
Our neighbour Mary was bending over in a lawn chair and
trimming the edge of her walk. While we talked, another neighbour,
Lloyd, came over and also began to watch. "Mary," he said, "you're
never going to get the trimming done sitting in a chair like that." "Oh \
yes, I am," she replied. "Mary," Lloyd repeated, "you can't get it done
that way." "Yes, I can," Mary said. Getting exasperated watching her,
Lloyd got down on his hands and knees and said, "Here, Mary, give me
those clippers," and he started with the trimming. "See," said Mary. "I
told you I would get the trimming done sitting in this chair!"
(by Pam Rhyne from Reader's Digest)
EXERCISE 23: Supply the correct form of the verb given in parentheses.
1. Don't tell me about your new car. You are making me (feel) ........................ envious.
2. You should get your leg (examine) ...................... by a doctor. It looks serious.
3. All the staff were made (s tay) ....................... behind in order to clear up the mess
made by the hooligans.
4. It's true that Cher has had her nose '(straigh ten) ........................ but she was already
an attractive woman.
5. If we put something eye-catching on display in the window, it will make passers-by
(look) ...................... at our shop.
6. We're having a cake (make) ...................... for the party. I think it's better than
trying to make one ourselves.
7. It's quite expensive to have an advertising agency (design) ....................... a brochure.
Couldn't we get the assistant (produce) ....................... something on our own
computer software?
8. I like the apartment, but the wooden floor looks dull. I will take the apartment only
if you get the floor (polish) ...................... before I move in.
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9. We were made (wait) .................... outside until the doctors thought he was ready
to receive visitors.
10. Could you get the plumber (look) ..................... at the tap in the bathroom after he's
done the one in the kitchen?
11. The gallery had a lot of valuable paintings (bum) ..................... during the fire.
12. He is really good at convincing people. He usually gets me (do) ..................... what
he wants.
13. In order to prevent them from decaying, you should have your teeth (check)
................... every six months.
14. My little brother had his arm (break) ..................... in a fight yesterday.
15. When I go away, I usually have my neighbour (keep) .................... an eye on my
house for me.
EXERCISE 24: Fill In the blanks in the passages below with the correct choice.
The modern game of field hockey, (1) ...... for One of the first modern theories of learning is
men or women, is played by two 11-member learning by association. For example, a baby
teams (2) ...... sticks with a crook at the is uncomfortable and begins (6) ......... The
striking end. The object is (3) ...... a ball into mother picks the baby up (7) ....... it. The baby
the opponent's goal. The playing field is 100 learns to associate crying with (8) ....... up and
yards long and 60 yards wide, and the most will therefore cry whenever it wants (9) ......
common playing surface is grass. (4) ........ all up even if there is no discomfort. This is
international matches are required (5) ....... on called learning by stimulus-response
artificial turf. The goals at each end are 7 feet association. The sight of the mother is called
high and 12 feet wide, and the shooting circle the stimulus, the crying is called the
is a semicircle centered on and 16 yards from response, and the act of picking the child up
the goal. The stick has one flat and one is called the reward, or the reinforcement. It
rounded side, and the ball must be hit with is the reward that makes the baby (10) ...... to
the flat side. use crying.
1. 6.
A) both B) whether A) cry B) cried
C) either D) just C) being cried D) having cried
E) even E) to cry
2. 7.
A) used B) to have used A) comforting
C) being used D) to be using B) having comforted
E) using C) comforted
D) comfort
3. E) to comfort
A) being hit B) hit 8.
C) to hit D) to be hit
A) being picked B) picking
E) having hit
C) to pick D) having picked
E) to be picked
4.
A) However B) So that 9.
C) No matter D) Although A) to have picked B) picking C) to be
E) Therefore picked D) being picked E) to pick
5.
A) to be played B) to play 10. A) B) learn D) learnt E) having
C) played D) playing learning C) learnt
E) being played
346 Q ELS
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I had finished (11) ....... some shopping, and (16) ....... haphazardly in an old tower in St.
was on my way out of the department store Gall, Switzerland, in 1416, Poggio Bracciolini,
when I noticed an extremely untidy man in a a resident of Florence, Italy, uncovered a copy
worn jacket (12) ....... towards me. Obviously, of one of the great works of ancient Rome, the
he was trying (13) ....... my attention. (14) .......... "Institutio oratorio" (The Training of an
Orator) of Quintilian. Although Quintilian was
by handout artists or talkative drunks many
mainly a teacher of Latin rhetoric - the ability
times before, I hurried on out to my car. It (17) ....... well in public - his book contains
was only after I got home that I noticed my one of the clearest and most thoughtful
wallet was missing. Three days later it arrived educational theories ever published. He
in the mail, minus a single dollar bill, and viewed schooling as character training (18)
with a note (15) ........ "I charged you $1 for ..... students for life. He advised teachers (19)
postage and snobbery." ..... their methods according to the abilities
and personalities of pupils. While (20) ......
11. competence in speaking, he wanted most of
all to produce citizens who could participate
A) to do B) done capably in public life.
C) doing D) having done
E) to be doing 16.
A) Searching
12. B) To be searching
A) to be hurrying C) to B) hurried C) Being searched
hurry D) To search
D) being hurried E) To have searched
E)
hurrying
17.
13. A) spoken B) to speak
A) attracting B) to attract C)speaking D)speak
C) attract D) attracted E) having spoken
E) being attracted 18.
A) equipped
14. B) being equipped
A) To be bothered C) equip
B) Having bothered
D) having equipped
E) to equip
C) Bothering
D) To be bothering 19.
E) Having been bothered A) to vary B) varying
C) to be varied D) vary
E) varied
15.
A) to be said C) B) said 20.
having said D) saying A) being stressed B) stressed
E) C) stressing D) to stress
being said E) to be stressing
ELS Q 347
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6
7. Dad, will you come ....... me ........ in th e
school play tomorrow evening?
l ........... an Eng lish ne wspa pe r eve ry da y Is a
sure way ....... your kno wledge of the A) wa tc h /ha v ing pe rfo rme d
language. B) to b e wa tch ing /to p e rfo rm
C) to wa tc h /p e rfo rm
A) Hav ing read /to ha ve imp rov ed D) wa tch in g /to be p e rfo rming
B) To rea d/imp rove E) wa tc h ed /pe rfo rmin g
C) Read /imp rov ing
D) To be read in g/ha ve imp ro ved 8. I wo nd er ho w s he a lwa ys ma nag es .......
E) Reading/to imp rove
her furniture so thoroughly ........
2. Only ....... ha rd wo rk ing an d de termine d
can o ne h ope ....... In the wo rld of A) k ee p in g /d u s tin g
bus in ess . B) to b e k e p t/ d u s t
C) to k e e p /d u s te d
A) fo r b ein g/su cceeded D) to b e k ee p in g /to d u s t
B) ha v ing be e n /s uc ce ed in g E) k e e p /h a v in g d u s te d
C) to h av e be en /to ha ve s u cc ee de d
D) by be ing /to s ucce ed 9. The speech the Chairman made didn't
E) on be ing /to b e suc cee ding help ...... the angry members.
3. The missing boy was last seen ...... onto a A) soothe
bus In the city centre, but no one recalls
.... him after that. B) soothing
C) to have soothed
A) hav ing g ot/to s ee D) having soothed
B) ge t/s ee in g E) to be soothing
C) to b e ge ttin g/s ee
D) ge tting /se eing 10. Although he doesn't particularly like It,
E) to g e t/to se e my brother doesn't mind ....... the table
for dinner, but he really dislikes ....... it
4. Afte r the ba nk ro bbe ry , the c riminals up afterwards.
couldn't risk ...... their hideout as they
were worried about people ...... them. A) lay/to have cleaned
A) to have le ft/recognize B) laying/cleaning
B) leaving/recognizing C) to la y/having cleaned
C) having le ft/to be recognizing D) being laid/to clean
D) leave/recognize E) to have laid/cleaned
E) to leave /to recognize
11. I don't know how we'll cope today. The
5. As we hadn't seen each othe r fo r ages, we secretary is 111 and there Is a huge pile of
spen t the firs t ho u r tog ethe r ........u p o n reports ........ and no one.......... them.
the latest g ossip.
A) to type/do
A) catching B) catch
C) having caught D) to catch B) to be typed/to do
E) to h ave c augh t C) typing/doing
D) being typed/having done
6. In den ta l ca re, it is impo rta nt ........ awa re E) having typed/to have done
of any decay as early as possible.
12. I knew without ........tha t things hadn't
A) having become B) becoming gone according to plan.
C) to become D) become
E) have become A) having told C) being B) to tell
told D) tell
E) to be told
348 Q ELS
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13. She doesn't appreciate ................ so 20. WeVe arranged for a car ....... you up from
make sure you get there on time. the airport and .......you to your hotel.
A) keeping/to wait A) to be picking/taken
B) to keep/to be waiting B) picking/having taken
C) to have kept/having waited C) being picked/take
D) being kept/waiting D) to pick/take
E) to be keeping /wa ited E) having picked/to take
14. I left him ....... at the train station as I 21. As the coach journey had taken so long,
didn't have time ....... with him. all the passengers were beginning .......
irritable and bored.
A) stand/to be waiting
B) stood/waiting A) to feel
C) feeling B) be feeling D)
C) having stood/wait having felt
D) to stand/waited E) to have felt
E) standing/to wait
15. That author, though not one of the top 22. The old man was astonished ...... himself
sellers, Is generally acknowledged ...... accused ....... the horse.
one of the best-crafted books this decade.
A) for finding/to kidnap
A) to have written B) wrote B) finding/to have kidnapped
C) writing D) to write C) to find/of kidnapping
E) having written D) in finding/to kidnapping
E) of finding/kidnapping
16. She watched the accountant ....... the
money and then made him ....... It In the 23. As I didn't want ...... obliged to speak to
safe while she was still there.
him, I avoided ...... him at the conference.
A) counting/to lock
B) to h av e c ou n te d/lock ing A) being/to meet
C) c o u n t/l o c k B) to have bee n/meet
D) co u n te d /to b e lo ck ed C) be/having met
E) to c ou n t/loc k ed D) having been/to have met
E) to be/meeting
17. I was vaguely a ware o f ....... a n o ise
during the night, but I was too sleepy 24. I'd advise you ....... your jewellery ........ in
..... anything abou t It. your room until the party Is over.
A) h e a r/d o in g A) keeping/to lock
B) h a v in g he a rd /h a v e d on e
C) h ea rd /to b e d o in g B) to have kept/locking
D) to h e a r /d o C) having kept/having locked
E) he a ring /to d o D) to keep/locked
E) on keeping/being locked
18. There are many books available ...... one
25. Yesterday I went to the head office .......
how ...... magic tricks.
my work permit.........
A) to tea ch /to p e rfo rm
B) tea ch in g /pe rfo rmin g A) to have got/confirm
C) tea ch /to h ave pe rfo rmed B) getting/to confirm
D) ta u g h t/to be pe rfo rme d C) having got/confirming
E) to b e teac hing /pe rfo rmed D) to get/confirmed
E) get/having confirmed
19. I can't wait ...... out whether my parents
have agreed to my...... away with my 26. Our generation Is fortunate ....... born In
friends this summer. an age neither too materialistic nor too
romantic.
A) finding/go
B) to have found /to go A) to have been C) to B) being
C) being fou nd/to be go ing being D) to be
D) find/hav ing gone E)be
E) to find/going
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27. I was Just beginning ...... about my 33. I saw him .......your diary out of your
daughter when she phoned ...... me her drawer, but I don't know what he did with
whereabouts. it afterwards.
A) to worry/to tell A) has taken B) taking
B) worrying/telling C) being taken D) to take
C) worried/to have told E) to have taken
D) having worried/told
E) for worrying/having told 34. Had he stopped for one minute ........at
the situation properly, he would have
28. It was very thoughtless of him not ....... realized that we were very close....... a
you a lift home at such a late hour at workable solution.
night.
A) to look/to finding
A) offering B) to offer B) to have looked/finding
C) having offered D) to be offering C) to be looking/to have found
E) to be offered D) looking/to find
E) having looked/having found
29. Don't try to dissuade me ........overseas for
a few years, as I'm determined ...... 35. With all those young hooligans ....... fights
different cultures for myself. on the terraces, I'd much prefer ....... a
football match on TV at home.
A) upon going/to seeing
B) not to go/seeing A) start/having watched
C) for not going/for seeing B) starting/to watch
D) from going/to see C) starte d/wa tching
E) having gone/to have seen D) having sta rted/watch
E) to sta rt/watched
30. Let's concentrate ....... a solution Instead
of Just ...... each other for what 36. Winter is drawing near and we still
happened.
haven't had our roof ........ We urgently
A) to find/to blame need to find someone ...... It for us.
B) finding/to be blaming
C) to have found/having blamed A) to repair/doing
D) to be found/being blamed B) repairing/having done '* _v '
E) on finding/blaming C) repair/to have done
D) repaired/to do
31. I know you'd rather .......the weekend E) be repaired/to be doing
with your friends, but this weekend you
should stay at home.......your 37. One of the biggest worries of our time is
grandparents. how ........ the earth's resources ...........
A) spending/pleased A) making/lasting :
;
B) to have spent/pleasing B) ma ke/to last
C) spend/to please C) to make /las t
D) to spend/having pleased D) to ha ve ma de/lasted
E) spent/to be pleased E) having ma de/to last
32. The wedding ceremony of the two TV 38. We regret ....... you that, due to the
celebrities Is estimated ...... around two current economic crisis, the company has
million US dollars, which I find rather no option but ....... some of the staff
difficult ........ redundant.
A) to cost/in believing A) to inform/to make
B) cost/to have believed B) to be informed/making
C) costing/having believed ; C) to have informed/to be made
D) having cost/believing D) informing/having made
E) to have cost/to believe E) being informed/make
r ı ELS
358
39. The minute I got home, I regretted....... 45. Although my lawyer has promised .......
this shirt as It didn't go with anything I with the case diligently, I still can't help
already had. ...... what the outcome will be.
B) buy
A) to buy A) having dealt/wonder
D) to be buying B) dealing/having wondered
C) have bought
E) buying C) for dealing/to wonder
D) to deal/wondering
40. Whereas modern explorers have all kinds E) to be dealing/to have wondered
of technical equipment....... them on their
journeys, early ones didn't even have any 46. I don't like ....... late at night, so please
maps ...... them the way. refrain from ...... me after eleven o'clock.
A) to have helped/showing A) hav ing d is tu rbe d/be in g ca lled

B) helping/to have shown B) to h av e d is tu rb e d /to ha v e ca lle d
C) to help/to show C) be in g distu rb ed /ca llin g
D) help/show D) to d is tu rb /h av in g ca lled
E) helped/showed E) d is tu rb in g /to ca ll
41. You won't regret ...... this car, for it's 47........ is statistically much safer than most
both economical and a pleasure ........ other forms of transport, but this fact
doesn't stop many people ...... nervous
A) buy /to be d riv ing about it.
B) to buy /be ing d riven A) To fly/feel
C) hav ing b ou gh t/d riv ing
B) To have flo wn/being fe lt
D) to h av e bo ug ht/d rive
C) Having flown/to feel
E) buying /to d rive
D) Flying/feeling
E) Being flown/to have felt
42. Although only a few of the staff were
suspected .......the accounts, others were 48. I clearly remember ...... the clock last
arrested .......their colleagues to cover the night, so I have no idea why the alarm
crime. failed...... off.
A) in falsifying/to help A) settin g /to go
B) of falsifying/for helping B) hav ing se t/g oing
C) for falsifying/in helping C) se t/be go in g
D) to be falsifying/of helping D) to h av e s e t/g o
E) to falsify/to be helping E) to se t/to go
43. I would much rather ....... about the 49. Isn't that Jack's mother ...... in the
situation than ...... in the dark, as I was. restaurant across the street? I'd like .....
her.
A) have been told/kept
B) told/kept A) to sit/greeting
C) telling/keeping B) sitting/to greet
D) to tell/to keep C) sat/having greeted
E) be told/keep D) having sat/greet
E) sits/to have greeted
44. We are extremely grateful to the doctors
..... so promptly when my son was 50. The Inuit, a people of Mongoloid origin,
suddenly taken seriously ill. are believed....... in the Arctic since their
first migration from Asia at least 10,000
A) with having acted years ago.
B) to acting
C) to be acting A) to have been living B) living
D) for having acted C) to live D) have lived
E) with acting E) having lived
ELS Q 351
359
51. The s us p ec t de n ie s ....... In to the ho use, 57. Wo u ld y ou d a re ....... out If you heard
but th ere is qu ite en oug h co nv incing so me on e In the stree t ....... for he lp at
evidence ....... him guilty. night?
A) to b rea k /p rov in g A) going/to call

B) b re a k / p r o v e n B) to go/called
C) be in g b ro ken /p ro ve C) gone/to be calling
D) break ing /to p rov e D) go/ca llin g
E) havin g gone /call
E) b rok en /h av in g p ro ve n
58. Britis h pe op le , wh o a re ac cus to me d ........
52. "Stop ........your siste r and apo logize to on the le ft side of the roa d, must fin d it
h e r ....... her no tebo ok," shou ted the difficult ...... on the rig ht In ou r c ou ntry.
mo the r a t he r s o n .
A) drivin g/to be driving
A} to tea se /to ha ve to rn B) to drive/d rive
B) teasin g/fo r tea ring C) to driving /to d rive
C) be in g te ased /te a ring D) havin g driven /d riving
D) ha v ing teas e d /a b ou t tea rin g E) driven /to hav e d rive n
E) te as e /h a v in g to rn
59 .........th a t h e r mo th e r wo u ld n ' t min d .........
53. His modesty prevents him ...... about his th e m u p , J e n n y b o ug h t th e tro u s e rs e ve n
though they we re too long .
great achievements.
A) Kn o wn /to ta ke
A) to be spe aking B) Ha v in g kn o wn /ta k e
B) to have spoke n C) Kno wing /tak ing
C) fro m speaking D) Kn e w/ha v in g tak en
D) spoken E) To k n o w/to h a v e ta k e n
E) speakin g
60. Haiti was the first na tio n In mode rn
54. We we nt to the rece ption witho ut ....... , history ...... slavery.
and s o they d idn' t ev en le t us ....... th e
hall. A) abolishing C) B) abolish
abolished D) to abolish
A) in v iting /to e nte r E) be ing
B) to in vite/en te rin g abolished
C) havin g inv ited/hav ing en tere d
D) in v ited /e nte red 61. Space pho tog ra phy pe rmits la rge are as o f
E) be in g in v ited /e n te r the Ea rth 's s u rfac e ....... at a g lance .
A) having seen B) to be see n
55. His ambition is ....... the head of a multi C) seeing D) to see
national company, and I'm sure he'll do E) to h ave see n
whatever is needed . it.
62. Judy did no t exac tly d islike do rmito ry
A) beco ming /hav ing ach ieve d life, but she missed ...... with her mother
B) to h av e bec o me /a ch ie v in g as she was used ...... In the evenings.
C) bec o me /a ch ie ve
D) havin g beco me /to ha ve ac hie ved A) ch a ttin g /to d o ing
E) to beco me /to ac hie ve B) c h a t/to h a v e d o n e
C) c ha tte d /to b e d o in g
56. I was furio us whe n I sa w rain wa te r ........ D) to c h a t /to d o
from the celling, because we'd Just had E) to b e c ha ttin g /h a v in g do ne
the roof...... .
....to
A) drippe d /to be re pa ire d
63. Nutritionists advise dieters never
diet ...... meals.
B) dripp in g /rep aired
C) drip/ha ving re pa ire d A) try /fo r s kipp ing
D) to d rip/to repa ir B) to b e tryin g /s k ip
E) hav ing d rip pe d/repa irin g C) to try /b y s k ip p ing
D) ha v ing tried /sk ip pe d
E) tried /with o u t s k ip p ing
352 Q ELS
360
64. Before ....... for a visa, you have to get 69. People used to come to this temple from
your passport ......... far and near .........
A) ap p ly /to ex te nd A) t^. listen to the wise words of the holy

B) app lying /e x ten de d ma n
C) to a pp ly /ex te nd B) because they have seen so many
D) hav ing ap p lied /e x ten d in g advertisements
E) app lie d/ha ving e x ten de d C) believing that they will be able to
learn something new
65. He doesn't hold a particularly high D) so that they can hear what the
position In the company, but he seems speaker says
..... extremely Influential when It comes E) providing there are enough spaces for
to ....... decisions. parking
A) ha v ing be e n /h av in g mad e 70. My grandmother always wants us .........

B) being/being made
C) be/be making A) not to mak e an y n oise wh ile she was
D) to be/making ta king h e r a fte rn oo n na p
E) to have been/make B) to speak a little more loudly because
she is a little dea f
C) that we should add very little salt to
66-80. sorularda, verilen cümleyi u^ fo od s due to he r h ype rte ns io n
şekilde tamamlayan İfadeyi bolunu. D) if we could tu rn the volu me o f the
television up a little more
E) whe the r we co uld d o he r shop pin g
66 ........ by lowering the risk of heart attack while we we re doin g ours
and some types of cancer.
71. During the film, he couldn't help .........
A) Eating a lot of fresh fruit and A) to be c on fide nt abo ut ho w the money
vegetables can improve a person's is sp en t
health B) th at his do g ba rk ed c on tin ua lly las t
B) Becoming a vegetarian is one of the nigh t when he go t frig hte ned by the
most healthy things a person can do fireworks
C) There is now a healthy trend toward C) ea t c u c u mb e r a n d to ma to a t b re a k fa s t
eating more fresh fruit and vegetables time bu t so o n g o t use d to it
D) Too much red meat and fatty food is D) think ing th at he s hou ld be rev is ing for
not good for you his final exa mina tions
E) As you get older, you should watch E) lis ten ing to c lassica l music to
your diet and consume less red meat wa tch ing th e soa p o peras on T V
67. She wishes her father had lived long 72. I tho ugh t It wo uld be Inte res ting ..........
enough .........
A) where the pyg mies live in Centra l
A) and she has been feeling terribly Africa
lonely ever since B) ho w fa r it is to the ne a re s t s ta r
B) despite the illness he has been C) to d o so me rese arch a bo ut Ce n tra l
suffering from for the last two years Africa
C) than her uncle, who caused her lots D) su c h a h ig h a tte n da n c e a t th e
of problems in the company conference
D) that he would be proud of his E) wh o will win the cha mpionsh ip th is
daughter's achievements year
E) to see that she had managed to save
the company from going bankrupt 73. Do yo u th in k he' d min d ........ ?
68. I can't believe that you'd rather ......... A) no t to be inc lude d in the c o mmittee
that will investigate the e mbezzle ment
A) I must help you when I have so much B) not being offered to take charge of the
to do of my own office while I'm away
B) working in the office at the moment C) whe the r we're mak ing alte rations to
than lying here on the beach the bu ild in g with ou t firs t ask ing h is
C) to reject such a good offer by one of
the biggest companies in the country opinion
D) that you can live on your own away D) wh y d idn' t we te ll h im the sec rets o f
from all of your family the pro ject
E) I wasn't doing voluntary work for the E) for n ot hav ing been invited to the
local charity club family reunion
ELS Q 353
361
74. If you see him this evening, will you 78. All of us wondered ..........
please advise him ....... ?
A) whe the r I h ave b ee n told ab ou t the
A) that he shouldn't take too long to get scandal involving the family or not
his application in B) to know if the family had overcome all
B) why he hadn't bothered to let us know the difficulties there
in advance C) th at is be cau se o f the p rob le ms he is
C) where is the best place to go for a ha v ing a t h is c u rre n t s c ho o l
camping holiday D) why the whole family had suddenly
D) how much will he spend on the mov ed to Ca nad a withou t sa y in g
beverages anyth in g
E) trying to do whatever he can to ensure E) th e fa c t tha t h is s on a c tua lly mana ge d
his interview is successful to beco me a docto r
75 ......... without reducing the amount of 79. Don't forget .........

sugar and fat in your diet.
A) pu ttin g th es e b o ok s b ac k in th e ir
A) Do not increase the risk of your usual place a fter yo u've used the m
developing heart disease B) where a re they going to meet fo r the
B) The consequences of this illness are picnic
not so se rious C) so that your boss will give you a
C) A healthy diet is one which includes a significan t rise in pay
wide ran ge of nu trie nts in it D) that he really wasn't so s tric t with y ou
D) As a qualified doctor, you should take before
my advice seriously E) what excuse will you tell you r mothe r
for being late
E) You can't expect to ge t any slimme r
76 . The sa les mana ge r a lwa ys req u ires us 80. The fog was too th ick ..........
A) th an I wo uld da re to c on tin ue d riving

B) tha t ma n y d rive rs ha d to d ra w the ir
A) if yo u co uld ad d u p a ll the c heques ca rs to the s id e a nd wa it
and e n te r the m in to the ba nk b oo k C) the fas te r h e d ro ve a rou n d th e b e nd s
B) beca use we hav e to che ck tha t the of the winding road
sig na tu re on th e che qu e ma tch es the D) as th e ra d io b ro ad ca s ts the we ath e r
o n e on th e b a n k ca rd re po rt a t ce rta in in te rva ls
C) whe the r he ha d en ou gh mon ey in the E) fo r the d riv er to see the road ahea d
ban k to co ve r the c heq ue very clearly
D) that y ou s hou ld keep you r cheq ue
boo k an d y ou r ba nk c a rd to ge the r
E) to write ou r in itia ls on the back of a 81-90. sorularda, vertlm cümleye
custo me r's c heque onc e we have anlamca e» yalan olar» seçeneği bulunuz.
checked it
81. Not even a downpour would have
77. Motor vehicles ought to be serviced prevented them from going on their hike.
regularly .........
A) It wasn't eve n p ou rin g do wn when
A) but th ey ca nno t work p ro perly they pos tpo ned the ir h ike .
otherwise B) They didn't even atte mpt to go hik ing
B) to e nsu re the best pe rfo rmance fo r as wh en it s ta rted to ra in .
long as possible C) They wouldn't have cancelled the ir
C) as ne w mode ls co me o nto the market hike even if it had rained heav ily.
every day D) They would have been prevented fro m
D) because it gradually destroys the goin g o n the ir h ike even if it hadn't
bodywork poured do wn.
E) whe n they ran out o f petro l on a E) It was only the to rren tia l ra in th at
deserted road stopped the m fro m go ing h iking .
354 Q ELS
362
82. The haircut, combined with her new style D) None of his work colleagues could
of clothing, made her look years younger. understand the actual reason for his
resignation.
A) After having her hair cut, she started E) ne surprised all of his work
to wear stylish clothes. colleagues by taking so long to resign.
B) She looked well below her age after
the change in both her hair and the 86. Apart from being conveniently located
way she dressed. near the beach, that hotel has nothing
C) Had she insisted on wearing the same about it to make me recommend it to
clothes, she would not seem so young you.
now.
D) Even though her clothes were modern, A) The hotel I've recommended to you is
she had an old-fashioned hair style very comfortable as it is near the
until recently. beach.
E) The haircut she had when she was B) As regards a hotel, nothing is more
younger was reflected in her dress. important for me than its being close
to the beach.
83. Arguing with the boss has considerably C) The beach near that hotel doesn't
reduced his chances of promotion. have anything special that I can
recommend to you.
A) The likelihood of his being promoted D) The only feature of that hotel that I
has significantly decreased because of
his arguments with the boss. can recommend to you is that it's
close to the beach.
B) Despite his argumentative nature, the
boss is considering promoting him. E) The hotel is in a convenient location,
C) His promotion was certain until he with a beach very close to it.
had a dispute with the boss.
D) He argued with the boss about why he 87. For reasons of hygiene, it's forbidden to
wasn't considered for promotion. try on the earrings in the jewellery
E) He would definitely have been department.
promoted by now if he hadn't
quarrelled with the boss. A) Because it is not hygienic, customers
in the jewellery department are not
84. It was under a fortnight before his final allowed to try on the earrings.
exams when Jim began to regret not B) Customers who care for hygiene are
having studied sufficiently. advised in the jewellery department
not to try on any earrings.
A) Jim wouldn't have regretted studying C) Earrings are considered unhygienic
for the finals for more than a fortnight and so forbidden for sale in this
if he'd passed them all. jewellery department.
B) Although he worked hard for almost D) The jewellery department accepts no
two weeks before the finals, Jim still responsibility for earrings damaged by
didn't pass them. customers.
C) Jim felt sorry because he hadn't done E) Being hygienic in the jewellery
any work until two weeks before the department is the decision of the
final exams. customer and not the management.
D) There was less than a fortnight's time
before the finals, but Jim hadn't even 88. It's no use talking to her because she'll
started studying for them. do as she pleases whatever we say.
E) Jim started to wish, less than two
weeks before he took them, that he A) It makes no difference who talks to
had done more work for his finals. her because she refuses to listen to
either of us.
85. His giving in his resignation took his B) Nothing we can say will make her
work colleagues completely by surprise. change her ways, so it's pointless for
us to say anything.
A) His work colleagues all tried to C) She only listens to you, so I don't
dissuade him from giving in his bother talking to her any more.
resignation. D) We've told her it's not important, and
B) His co-workers hadn't expected him to we don't need to say anything more
resign from his job at all. about it.
C) According to his co-workers, his E) She only cares about herself and
resigning from his job was completely never talks to either of us.
unnecessary.
ELS Q 355
363
89. Sometimes having professional assistance 92. In England, it snows very often in winter,
with your CV can increase your chances but it's quite rare for it to remain on the
of finding a Job. ground for more than a few days.
A) Having your CV professionally A) İngiltere'de kışın çok sık kar yağdığı
prepared determines whether you'll için yerleri birkaç günden fazla karsız
get the job or not. görmek pek mümkün değildir.
B) Having a professional help you with B) ingiltere'de kışın çok sık kar yağar,
your CV is a sure way to find a job. ancak karın birkaç günden fazla yerde
C) The prospects for finding employment kaldığı çok enderdir.
can poss ib ly be e nhanc ed by a C) Kışın İngiltere'ye çok sık kar
professionally-produced CV. yağmasına rağmen, yerlerde birkaç
D) You should not bother looking for a günden fazla kar göremezsiniz.
job until yo u have had p rofessional D) Kışın İngiltere'ye çok sık kar yağdığı
advice on your CV.
E) Without a professional CV, it is halde kann yerde birkaç günden fazla
impossible to find a job. kalmaması çok ilginçtir.
E) İngiltere'de kışın çok sık kar yağar,
90. She never lets her daughter participate in fakat gariptir ki kar yerde ancak
an activity unless it is under the birkaç gün kalır.
supervision of an adult.
93. in safari parks, where wild animals roam
A) He r daugh te r is neve r a ble to ge t freely, visitors are forbidden to get out of
involved in activities, even if an adult their cars.
is present.
B) As lo ng as s he he rse lf is p resen t a t A) Safari parklarında ziyaretçiler,
the a ctiv ity , s he p ermits he r daug hte r arabalarında oturup çevrede özgürce
to join in. dolaşan vahşi hayvanları izleme
C) If an o lde r p erso n is in attend ance, olanağına sahiptirler.
she usua lly a grees to her dau gh ter's B) Safari parklarında vahşi hayvanlar
participation in activities. özgürce dolaştıkları için, ziyaretçilere
D) The only activities in which she allows arabalarından inmemeleri tavsiye
he r da u g hte r to ta ke pa rt a re th os e ediliyor.
watched ove r by a gro wn -up. C) Vahşi hayvanların özgürce dolaştığı
E) She a lways ta kes he r dau gh te r to safari parklarında, ziyaretçilerin
activities which are supervised by arabalarından inmeleri yasaktır.
grown-ups. D) Vahşi hayvanların bulunduğu safari
parklarında ziyaretçilerin
91-100. sorularda, cümleye anlamca en arabalarından inip özgürce
cümleyi bulunuz. , dolaşmalarına izin verilmiyor.
E) Safari parklarında vahşi hayvanlar
91. The reason why he has been wandering vardır, bu yüzden ziyaretçilerin
around absent-minded for da ys is that he arabadan inip özgürce dolaşmaları
can't in any way decide whether to tehlikelidir.
expand the business or not.
94. Some people derive great satisfaction
A) Kafasında hep işi nasıl büyütebilir from doing things that no one has
sorusuyla günlerdir dalgın dalgın attempted before.
dolaşıyor.
B) İşi büyütmeye karar verdiği günden A) Ba zı ins an la r d aha önc e h iç k ims en in
beri dalgın dalgın dolaşması, bunu den e me diğ i şey le ri y ap mak ta n bü yü k
nasıl yapacağını tam olarak bilmemesi zevk alırlar.
yüzündendir.
C) Günlerce dalgın dalgın dolaştıktan
B) Da ha ö nce hiç de nen me miş şe y le ri
sonra nihayet işi büyütmeye karar ya p ma k b az ı ins an la rı ç o k ü rk ü tü r.
verdiğini herkese açıkladı. C) Daha ön ce h iç kimse nin de ne med iğ i
D) Nihayet işi büyütmeye karar verdiği b ir ş e y i b a ş a r ma k in s a n a b ü y ü k
halde neden hala dalgın dalgın mu tluluk ve rir.
dolaştığını kimse anlayamıyor. D) Ba z ı in s an la r mu tlu lu ğ u d a h a ö n ce
E) Günlerdir dalgın dalgın dolaşmasının hiç de nen me miş b ir şe yi
nedeni işi büyütüp büyütmeme gerçekleştirerek yakalamaya çalışırlar.
konus unda bir türlü ka ra r E) Da ha ö nce birile rin in uğ raştığ ı a ma
verememesidir. gerçekleştire med iği b ir şeyi başarmak
in sa n a b ü y ü k mu tlu lu k v e rir.
356 Q ELS
364
95. With hotel prices being too high for many A) Bugünkü görünümüyle hizmete hazır
people to afford, camping holidays are bir garsonu andıran penguenin
becoming more and more popular. milyonlarca yıl önce kanatları vardı.
B) Penguen, milyonlarca yıl önce sahip
A) Otel fiyatları çok yüksek olduğu için, olduğu kanatlarını yitirince, bugünkü
gittikçe daha çok insan kamp tatilini hizmete hazır garson görünümünü
tercih etmektedir. almıştır.
B) Kamp tatili, özellikle yüksek otel C) Milyonlarca yıl önce kanatları olan
fiyatlarını karşılayamayacak durumda penguen, şimdiki görünümüyle aynı
olan insanlar arasında çok popülerdir. garsona benzemektedir.
C) Pek çok insanın otel fiyatlarını D) Kanatlarını milyonlarca yıl önce
karşılamakta güçlük çekmesi, kamp yitirmiş olan penguen ilk bakışta,
tatilini daha popüler kılmaktadır. hizmete hazır bir garsonu
D) Kamp tatilinin gittikçe daha popüler andırmaktadır.
olması, otel fiyatlarının karşılanama E) Bugün görünüm olarak hizmete hazır
yacak kadar yüksek olmasından bir garsonu çağrıştıran penguen,
kaynaklanmaktadır. milyonlarca yıl önce kanatlarını
E) Otel fiyatları pek çok insan için yitirmiştir.
karşılanamayacak kadar yüksek
olunca, kamp tatili giderek daha 99. She deeply resents being told what to do
popüler olmaktadır. by someone in a lower position than her.
96. Some companies are trying to survive the A) Kendinden daha alt kademede olan
current economic depression by reducing kişilere emirler vermeyi çok seviyor.
the size of their workforce. B) Kendinden daha alt kademede bile
olsa, birine ne yapacağını söylemek
A) Devam etmekte olan ekonomik kriz onu rahatsız ediyor.
yüzünden bazı şirketlerin üretimi C) Alt kademede çalışanların ona
gittikçe düşmektedir. talimatlar vermesi onu çok
B) Bazı şirketler şu anki ekonomik öfkelendiriyor.
bunalımı, işçi sayısını azaltarak D) Ondan daha alt kademede biri
aşmaya çalışıyorlar. tarafından ne yapacağının
C) Bu ekonomik bunalım bazı iş söylenmesine çok içerliyor.
yerlerinde işten çıkarmalara neden E) Onu en çok öfkelendiren şey, kendinden
olmuştur. daha alt kademede olan birinin ona
D) Ekonomik krizi gerekçe olarak ne yapacağını söylemesidir.
gösteren şirketler çalıştırdıkları
işçilerin bir bölümünü işten 100. Public opinion polling alms to obtain a
çıkarmaktadır. close-to-exact analysis of the distribution
E) Şirketler çalıştırdıkları işçilerin bir of opinions on any issue within a specific
bölümünü işten çıkararak bu population.
ekonomik bunalımı aşmayı umuyorlar.
A) Belli bir topluluk içinde herhangi bir
97. Knowing how to manage one's time Is the konudaki görüşlerin dağılımını
most important asset one should possess öğrenmek için yapılan kamuoyu
today. yoklamaları genellikle tama yakın
sonuçlar verir.
A) Günümüzde herkesin mutlaka B) Herhangi bir konuda toplumdaki
öğrenmesi gereken bir şey zamanı iyi değişik görüşleri analiz etmek için
kullanmayı bilmektir. yapılan kamuoyu yoklamalarının
B) Zamanını nasıl kullanacağını bilmek amacı tama yakın sonuçlar elde
günümüzde kişinin sahip olması etmektir.
gereken en önemli özelliktir. C) Bir konuda toplumun görüşlerini
C) Bugün bir yöneticinin sahip olması tama yakın bir şekilde belirleyebilmesi
gereken en temel özellik zamanını iyi için kamuoyu yoklamalarının
kullanabilmesidir. toplumun değişik kesimlerinde
D) Günümüzde kişi insanları nasıl idare uygulanması gerekir.
edeceğini biliyorsa mutlaka başarılı D) Kamuoyu yoklamaları, belli bir
olur. topluluk içinde, herhangi bir
E) Günümüzde kişi zamanını nasıl konudaki görüşlerin dağılımının tama
kullanacağını bilmeli ve hedeflerini yakın bir analizini elde etmeyi
önem sırasına göre dizmelidir. amaçlar.
E) Toplumun çeşitli kesimlerinde hakim
98. The penguin, which, with its present olan görüşler kamuoyu yoklamalarıyla
appearance, resembles a waiter ready to toplanıp analiz edilir ve tama yakın
serve, had wings millions of years ago. bir sonuca ulaşılır.
ELS Q 357
365
i; 101-110» somlarda, verflert l^kçe C) People can sometimes do unwanted
''veüjnleye anlatnca en yakut İngilizce things when circumstances are
cümleyi l beyond their control.
D) Even if he doesn't want to, sometimes
101. Bu kadar çok gelişmiş cihaz olmasına a person may have to do things just
rağmen keşif, bilinmeyen yerlerle ilgili because conditions force him to.
bilgi toplamada hala en iyi yöntemdir. E) A person is sometimes forced by
circumstances to do things he doesn't
A) Although there are so many advanced want to.
devices available, exploration is still
the best way of getting information 104. Yeni hazırlanan projeler, şehrimlzdeki
about unknown places. çarpık yapılaşmanın çözümü konusunda
B) Though the devices available can tell önemli ilerlemeler sağlayacak gibi
us a lot, exploration cannot be görünüyor.
improved upon as the best way to
gain information about previously A) The ne wly -p repa red p ro jec ts see m to
offe r re ma rkab le prog ress to wa rds a
unexplored territories. so lu tio n to the imp ro pe r c on struc tion
C) There are a number of advanced in our city.
instruments available to scientists, B) It se e ms c e rta in th a t the imp ro pe r
but the advantages of physically construction in ou r c ity will be
exploring unknown areas cannot be resolved to a co nsiderab le ex tent with
equalled. the he lp o f these ne w p ro jec ts.
D) When explorers are getting C) With the introd uc tion o f these ne w
information about unknown places, pro jec ts , a so lu tion to the imp rope r
there are a number of advanced cons truc tio n in o u r c ity may b e
devices available to help them. achieved.
E) Even though we can find out a lot D) It se e ms tha t the rec en tly -p re pa re d
from the many advanced devices pro jec ts will p ro vide a ce rta in a moun t
available, physical exploration of of p rogress in the p roble m of imp roper
unknown places is still necessary. constru ction in the c ity .
E) The recently-prepared projects will
102. Onun sağ salim yerine vardığını enable us to improve the imp ro pe r
öğreninceye kadar endişelenmeden construction of the city noticeably.
edemedim.
105. Çok sıcak iklimlere giden turistlere,
A) I kept worrying till I'd heard about his sıcak çarpmasını önlemek için yeterli
safe arrival at his destination. miktarda sıvı almaya özen göstermeleri
B) It was only when I learnt that he'd tavsiye edilmektedir.
arrived there safely that I felt relaxed.
A) To u ris ts a re ad vised tha t the y sh ou ld
C) I was able to relax only after I heard be exceptionally careful to drink a lot
from him that he'd arrived there of fluids while travelling in very hot
safely. climates.
D) I couldn't stop worrying, as I hadn't B) In o rd e r no t to su ffe r fro m h ea t
learnt yet whether he'd arrived at his exhaus tion , it's ad visa ble fo r tou ris ts
destination safe and sound. who are travelling in very hot climates
E) I couldn't help worrying until I learnt to drink plenty of fluids.
that he'd arrived at his destination C) Tourists travelling to very hot climates
safe and sound. a re a dv ise d to ta k e c a re to d rin k
adequate quantities of fluid to preven t
103. Bazen koşullar insanı istemediği şeyleri he a t e x ha us tio n .
yapmaya zorlayabiliyor. D) To u ris ts in v e ry ho t c lima tes ma y
exp e rien ce h ea t ex ha us tio n if they
A) Depending on the circumstances, a don't d rink ade qua te a moun ts o f flu id .
person sometimes has to do things he E) In ve ry ho t c lima tes , to u ris ts a re
doesn't want to. su b je c t to he a t e x ha us tio n un les s th e
B) Sometimes circumstances can make a amo un t of fluid the y d rin k is
person do things he doesn't want to. sufficient.
358 Q E LS
366
106. Hayatin güzel şeylerine ilgi duymak D) It must be the government 's obligati on
zenginlik ya da sosyal statü değil, zeka t o pr ote ct the publi c, as far as
ve duyarlılık meselesidir. possible, from the wily arts of the
insidious advertiser.
A) Being intelligent and sensitive rather E) The govern ment has an obli gati on,
than being wealthy and influential b ut onl y whe n p ossi ble, t o alert the
plays a great role in leading an general population to the wily arts of
interesting life. the insidious advertiser.
B) The beauties of life interest the person
who is intelligent and sensitive, not 109. Eski bir Sovyet jimnastikçisi olan Olga
rich and famous. Korbut, Chernobyl faciasından sonra,
C) To be interested in the finer things in nükleer tehlike bilincini yükseltme ve
life is not a question of wealth or kazazedelere yardım etme konusunda
social standing, but of intelligence aktif rol almıştır.
and sensitivity.
D) Not only wealth or social status but A) Following the Chernobyl disaster, a
also intelligence and sensitivity are former Soviet gymnast, Olga Korbut,
required in order to be interested in decided to use her high profile to raise
the beauties of life. awareness of nuclear dangers and the
E) An intelligent and sensitive person as fate of victims.
well as a wealthy or influential one B) After the Chernobyl disaster, Olga
has the right to have an interest in Korbut, a former Soviet gymnast, took
the finer things of life. an active part in raising awareness of
nuclear danger and helping victims.
107. Amerikalı fotoğrafçı Ansel Adams, C) It was the Chernobyl disaster that
kariyeri boyunca, fotoğrafçılığın güzel inspired Olga Korbut, a former Soviet
sanatların bir kolu olarak kabulünü gymnast, to become actively involved
sağlamak için çalışmıştır. in raising awareness of nuclear
danger and helping victims.
A) It was the American photographer D) Following the Chernobyl disaster,
Ansel Adams who, during his career, Olga Korbut, famous as a Soviet
worked to increase public acceptance gymnast, played an active role in
of photography as a fine art. raising awareness of nuclear dangers
B) The American photographer Ansel and the plight of the victims.
Adams dedicated his career to E) After the Chernobyl disaster, Olga
promoting the acceptance of Korbut, a. former Soviet gymnast, gave
photography as a fine art. up sport to take an active part in
C) During his career, the American raising awareness of nuclear danger
photographer Ansel Adams tried to and helping victims.
persuade people to accept
photography as one of the fine arts. 110. Argo deyimler genellikle bir sözcük
D) The photographic work of the oyunu içerdiği için bunları, orijinalinin
American Ansel Adams helped to tadını yitirmeden başka bir dile çevirmek
increase the acceptance of zordur.
photography as a branch of the fine
arts. A) Slang expressions, which often involve
E) Throughout his career, the American a. play on words, are difficult to
photographer Ansel Adams worked to translate because they lose the flavour
promote the acceptance of of the original when translated.
photography as a branch of the fine B) There's no way to translate slang
arts. expressions into another language
108. Halkı, sinsi reklamcının kurnaz without losing the flavour of the
kandırmacalanndan mümkün olduğunca original, since they include a play on
korumak, devletin görevi olmalıdır. words.
C) Because slang expressions often
A) People can 't expect the government to
involve a play on words, they are •
protect the public from the wily arts of
difficult to translate into another
the insidious advertiser, since it is
language without losing the flavour of
impossible.
the original.
D) If a slang expression involves a play
B) The govern ment has a dut y, as far as on words, it's difficult to translate into
it is able, t o sa fe guard consu mers another language because it often
from the wily arts of the insidious loses the original flavour.
advertiser. E) Translating a slang expression into
C) People have a right to expect the another language without spoiling the
govern ment, as far as possible, to original flavour poses great difficulty if
protect them from the wily arts of the it contains a play on words.
insidious advertiser.
ELS Q 359
367
UNIT?
Adjectives and Adverbs
INTRODUCTION
Bir ismi tanımlayan sözcüğe sıfat (adjective) denir: a pretty girl, rainy weather, hardworking
students, a difficult question, etc.
Zarf (adverb) ise öncelikle bir fiili tanımlayan sözcüktür: speak ûuentfy, walk slowly, cook well,
play badfy, etc.
Bir zarf bir sıfatı ya da başka bir zarfı da niteleyebilir: very hot weather, an extremely difficult
question, very fluently, unusually quickly, etc.
Zarflar genellikle sıfatın sonuna "-fy" ekinin getirilmesiyle oluşur: serious/seriously, bad/badly,
extreme/extremely, etc. Ancak, sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynı olan sözcükler de vardır: fast, hard,
late, early, etc.
Sonu "-ly" ile biten her sözcük zarf olmayabilir. Friendly, lovely, elderly gibi sözcükler, sonu "ty"
ile bittiği halde sıfattır: an elderly woman, a lovely day, a friendly voice, etc.
Sıfat ve zarfın cümle içindeki görevi, kullanımları ve çeşitli sıfat ve zarf yapılan, bu ünitemizin
konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Şimdi bunları inceleyelim.
7-1 ADJECTIVES
a) Sıfat, bir sıfat tamlamasında (adjective + a noun), ismin önünde yer alır ve sayılabilir
tekil isimlerle tamlamanın başında a/an kullanılır. Eğer sıfat sayılamayan bir ismi
(water, weather, work, etc.) ya da sayılabilir çoğul bir ismi (days, girls, students, etc.)
tanımlıyorsa a/an kullanılmaz.
He is a good cook. / She has a round face.
This is hard work. / I don't like to swim in cold water.
Those are nice shoes. / Our neighbours are really friendly people.
b) Sıfatlar yaygın olarak be, become ve get fiilleri ile kullanılır. Seem, appear, look, feel,
taste, smell ve sound gibi duyu fiilleriyle de sıfat kullanılır. Çünkü bu fiiller bir eylem
bildirmezler. Bir nesnenin durumunu ifade etmemizi sağlarlar.
360 Q ELS
368
be + adjective:
She was rather plump last year, but now she is sum. The wages are rather low.
become/get + adjective:
She got/became happy when she learnt that she had passed the exam. I'll
get/become angry if she doesn't invite me.
seem/appear/look + adjective:
You look/seem/appear tired. Did you work hard in the office? She
looks/seems/appears pale. Is something wrong with her?
Seem ve appear"dan sonra to be + adjective de kullanabiliriz. LooKdan sonra to + infinitive
gelmez.
Don't try to speak to her. She seems/appears to be angry.
He seemed/appeared to be ill.
feel + adjective:
I felt sad when I got the bad news.
Do you still feel tired? (=Are you still tired?)
taste + adjective:
The dinner tasted delicious. (=The dinner was delicious.) This soup tastes awful.
(=This soup is awful.)
smell + adjective:
The room smells awful. (= There is an awful smell in the room.) The rose smells
nice. (= The rose has a nice smell.)
sound + adjective:
Gördüğümüz bir durumu ifade ederken look/seem/appear kullanılır. Duyduğumuz bir durumu
ifade ederken ise sound kullanılır.
The music sounds a bit loud.
I talked to her on the phone. She sounded ill.
The teacher in the next classroom sounds rather angry.
c) Look, feel, taste, smell ve sound, "like" ile birlikte kullanılırsa, devamında bir isim gelir.
Look like + a noun (resemWe), "benzemek, ...gibi görünmek" •• -

She looks like (resembles) her mother. "
That man looks like a plainclothes detective.
Feel like + a noun "...gibi hissetmek, ... gibi durmak'
She still feels like a child. (Kendini hala bir çocuk gibi hissediyor.) This material
feels like wool. (Bu kumaş yün gibi duruyor.)
Taste like + a noun "tadı ...ya benziyor"
I didn't like the wine at the feast. It tasted like vinegar.
This coffee tastes like hot water. Did you forget to put any coffee granules in it?
ELS a 361
369
Smell like + a noun "... gibi kokuyor"
1 didn't like the smell of the perfume. It smelt like soap.
Sound like + a noun "(kulağa) ... gibi geliyoı"

We heard a loud noise in the middle of the night. It sounded like a car crash.
d) Look, taste ve smell eylem bildiriyorsa zarf kullanılır.
She looked angry, ("angry", "She"yi tanımlıyor.)
She looked at me angrily, ("angrlty", "looked' eylemini tanımlıyor.)
The soup tasted delicious, ("delicious", "The soup" ismini tanımlıyor.)
She tasted the soup suspiciously.
("suspiciously", "taste" eyleminin nasıl yapıldığını ifade ediyor.)
The flowers smelt wonderful, ("wonderful', "the flowers" ismini tanımlıyor.) She
smelt the flowers happily, ("happlfy", "smell' eylemini tanımlıyor.)
e) Turn (turn out) ve grow fiillerinden sonra bir nesnenin durumundaki değişikliği ifade
etmek için sıfat kullanabiliriz.
Her hair has turned grey now. (...has become grey)
The day started sunny, but later it turned out wet.
Everybody had considered her to be guilty, but she turned out (to be)
Innocent, (...proved innocent)
We began to walk home when it grew dark, (became/got dark) My father grows
angry if I go home late, (gets/becomes angry)
Turn ve grow fiilleri eylem bildiriyorsa, zarf kullanılır.
Children grow quickly.
The car turned round the corner dangerously.
She turned the pages of the book quickly, looking for some information.
f) Keep ve remain fiilleri de, bir nesnenin durumunu ifade ederken sıfatlarla
kullanılabilen fiillerdir.
Although I shouted at her, she remained silent. Nothing remains unchanged.
Although things were going badly, he kept calm. Keep quiet, please. I can't
concentrate on my work.
7-2 THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

a) Bazen bir ismi birden fazla sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz. Bu durumda sıfatlan belli bir
düzene göre sıralamamız gerekir. Bu konuda çeşitli kullanımlar bulunmasına rağmen,
dilde yerleşmiş biçimiyle en yaygın kullanılan dizim şöyledir:
a) size (big, large, small, tall, short, long, etc.)
b) age (young, old, etc.)
c) shape (round, square, fat, slim, etc.)
d) colour (white, black, green, etc.)
e) material (plastic, cotton, wooden, woollen, etc.)
f) origin (French, Russian, Turkish, etc.)
a small round table a new woollen sweater
an old wooden house an expensive Swiss watch
a tall thin man a tall young man
362 Q ELS
370
b) Eğer bu sıfatların dışında, beautiful, nice, lovely, fine gibi duygularımızı ifade eden
sıfatlar varsa, bunlar sıralamanın en başında yer alır.
a lovely small wooden house a nice old Turkish song
a clever little boy an intelligent young Russian scientist
c) Pretty, bir başka sıfatın önünde yer alıyorsa ve aralarında virgül yoksa, "çok, oldukça"
(quite, very) anlamına gelir.
Their daughter is a pretty tall girl, (quite/very tall girl} Eğer pretty "hoş, güzel' anlamındaysa iki
sıfat arasında virgül kullanılır. Their daughter is a pretty, tall girl/a tall, pretty girl.
d) Sıfatların bu dizimi, bir sıfat tamlaması içerisinde önemlidir. Eğer sıfatları,
tanımladıkları isimden sonra kullanıyorsak, bu sıra o kadar önemli değildir ve iki sıfat
arasında "and" kullanmak gerekir.
istanbul is big and noisy. istanbul is big, noisy and crowded. She is tall and thin.
Their son is clever and obedient.
e) Eğer bu sıfatlar, aynı nesnenin birbiriyle çelişen yönlerini tanımlıyorlarsa, arada "but"
istanbul is nice but polluted. Their son is clever but disobedient. She is very
pretty but a little short.
7-3 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

Present ve past participle, bir fiil kökünden türeyip cümle içinde sıfat görevinde bulunan
sözcüklerdir: running water, an exciting story, stolen money, baked potato, etc.
Present participle, fiil köküne "-Ing" takısının eklenmesiyle oluşturulur: developing countries, an
increasing demand, a tiring job, a moving car, etc.
Past participle, düzenli fiillere "-ed" eklenerek, düzensiz fiillerin ise üçüncü halini kullanarak
elde edilir: a damaged car, excited children, grilled chops, an unseen hand, a half-eaten apple,
the recently found solution, etc.
a) Bir ismin "-ing" li bir sıfatla mı yoksa "-ed" li bir sıfatla mı tanımlanacağı öncelikle o
ismin etkileyen (active) ya da etkilenen (passive) taraf olmasına bağlıdır. Eğer
tanımladığımız isim, o eylemin olmasına neden oluyorsa yani etkiliyorsa, o ismi "-ing" li
bir sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz. Eğer tanımladığımız isim o eylemden etkileniyorsa, onu "-ed"
li bir sıfatla tanımlayabiliriz.
His job bores him. ("bore" cümlenin yüklemidir.)
His job is boring. (Onun işi sıkıcıdır.)
("sıkma" eylemine neden olan, yani etkileyen taraf "hisJob"dur.)
He is bored with his job. (O işinden sıkılıyor.)
("bored" "he"yi, yani "sıkma" eyleminden etkilenen tarafı tanımlıyor.)
Science fiction films Interest her a lot.
She finds science fiction films interesting.
, She is interested in science fiction films.
The explanation confused her.
The explanation was confusing.
She was confused by the explanation.
ELS Q 363
371
b) Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan sıfatlar şunlardır:
Verb Present Participle Past Participle
admire admiring admired
amaze amazing amazed
amuse amusing amused
annoy annoying annoyed
astonish astonishing astonished
bewilder bewildering bewildered
bore boring bored
charm charming charmed
confuse confusing confused
depress depressing depressed
disappoint disappoin ting disappointed
discourage discouraging discouraged
disgust disgusting disgusted
embarrass embarrassing embarrassed
encourage encouraging encouraged
excite exciting excited
exhaust exhausting exhausted
fascinate fascinating fascinated
frighten frightening frightened
frustrate frustrating frustrated
horrify horrifying horrified
interest interesting interested
irritate irritating irritated
please pleasing pleased
satisfy satisfying satisfied
shock shocking shocked
startle startling startled
stimulate stimulating stimulated
surprise surprising surprised
terrify tire terrifying terrified
(out) thrill tiring tired
irry thrilling thrilled
worrying worried
c) Bir ismin, "-Ing" li ya da "-ed" li bir sıfatla tanımlanması eylemin, devam etmekte olan
bir eylem mi yoksa tamamlanmış bir eylem mi olduğuna da bağlıdır.
Turkey is among the developing countries, ('develop" eylemi devam ediyor.)

(Türkiye gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındadır.)
The U.Ş.A., England and Germany are among the developed countries. (ABD,
İngiltere ve Almanya gelişmiş ülkeler arasındadır.)
l need some boiled water to make coffee.
(Kahve yapmak için kaynamış suya ihtiyacım var.)
You should put macaroni into boiling water.
(Makarnayı kaynayan (kaynamakta olan) suya atmalısın.)
The plumber will come tomorrow to repair the leaking pipe. He will also repair
the dripping tap in the kitchen, (sızınu yapan boru, damlatan musluk)
You should rinse the dishes thoroughly in running water. (.......akan su)
My cousin played for the winning team. (.... kazanan takım)
364 Q ELS
372
d) "-Ing" li ve "-ed" li sıfatların en yaygın kullanımı active-passive noktasında yoğunlaşır.
The hurricane damaged a large area.
Because of the damaging hurricane, a lot of people are homeless now.
(hasara neden olan "hurricane", active)
Many people will have to live in tents until the damaged houses are repaired.
(hasar gören "the houses", passive)
They stole a large sum of money from the bank last week, and the stolen money
hasn't been found yet. (çalınan para...)
She broke her leg in the accident, and the broken leg is in plaster now. (kink
bacak...)
Last night, the storm blew down several trees, and the road is now blocked by
the fallen trees, (yıkılmış ağaçlar)
I very much like to watch the falling snowuakes. (düşen kar taneleri}
EXERCISE l: Choose the correct one.
1. She is always complaining about something, and I'm beginning to find her
complaints rather ............
A) annoyed B) annoying
2. The scenery along the road was really wonderful. We were all ........... by it.
A) fascinated B) fascinating
3. If something isn't realized as planned, I feel ...........
A) frustrated B) frustrating
4. The 8 o'clock news last night was rather ...........
A) depressed B) depressing
5. I was ..........by the bloody war scenes from all over the world.
A) disgusted B) disgusting
6. Grandma often tells the children stories. The children find them ..............
A) amused B) amusing
7. We worked hard all day long, and we felt.......... afterwards.
A) exhausted B) exhausting
8. I stepped on a woman's foot while dancing, and I felt very .......... when she looked
at me angrily.
A) embarrassed B) embarrassing
9. I usually find it ......... to ask someone for money.
A) embarrassed B) embarrassing
ELS Q 365
373
10. I believe being given a reward Is ......... for almost all people.
A) stimulated B) stimulating
11. I noticed that the children were .......... to clean the garden after my offering them a
cake for the Job.
A) motivated B) motivating
12. The detective film on TV last night was really .............
A) thrilled B) thrilling
13. Last week, the square was ......... with people waiting to see their party leader.
A) crowded B) crowding
14. "What do they call .......... grapes in English?" "Raisins."
A) dried B) drying
15. Little Susie seemed rather .......... when I explained to her the difficulties of being a.
flight attendant.
A) discouraged B) discouraging
16. They say the Illegally ......... villas along the Bosphorus will be pulled down.
A) constructed B) constructing
17. I didn't find his explanations ......... at all.
A) convinced B) convincing
18. I don't think the police are trying hard enough to find the ...........people.
A) lost B) losing
19. I hate to be the supporter of a ......... team in a match.
A) lost B) losing
20. She urged me to try, and I found her ideas very ............
A) encouraged B) encouraging
21. I wonder what's making Kate so ......... these days.
A) depressed B) depressing
22. She has an excellent personality, which makes her a much- ......... person among
her friends.
A) admired B) admiring
23. The rabbits were .......... by the headlights of our car and ran In all directions as we
tried to avoid them.
A) startled B) startling
24. When we reached the dance hall through a dim passage, the disco lights were
A) dazzled B) dazzling
25. Keith has been driving around in a ......... car for weeks. I wonder If he ever Intends
to repair it.
A) damaged B) damaging
366 Q ELS
374
7-4 ADVERBS
Genel olarak zarflar kendi aralarında çeşitli gruplara ayrılırlar. Bu grupları şöyle sıralayabiliriz.
a) Manner: slowly, gently, carefully, frankly, bravely, etc.
b) Place: here, there, up, down, near, etc.
c) Time: now, yesterday, tomorrow, still, yet, etc.
d) Frequency: always, never, frequently, once, twice, etc.
e) Sentence: actually, really, evidently, obviously, definitely, etc.
f) Degree: very, quite, rather, fairly, hardly, scarcely, etc.
g) Focusing: just, only, simply, even, also, etc.
Bu bölümde daha çok üzerinde duracağımız zarflar, durum bildiren (adverbs of manner), derece
bildiren (adverbs of degree), cümleyi niteleyen (sentence adverbs) ve vurgulama yapan (focusing
adverbs) zarflardır.
7-5 FORMING ADVERBS WITH -LY

a) Pek çok durum ve derece zarfı, sıfatın sonuna "-ty" eklenmesiyle oluşur.
cold - coldly whole - wholly heavy - heavily
quick -quickly true -truly happy -happily
wise - wisely full - fully shy - shyly
I don't know why, but she spoke to me coldfy. ,
You should treat people gently. ',"' "•'.;
We had to eat our lunch qulckfy. This morning, I left home hurriedly.
b) Bazı sıfatların sonu "-ty" ile biter: cowardly, friendly, likely, lovely, elderly, lively, lonely,
silly, ugly.
Bu sözcükleri tek başına zarf olarak kullanamayız. Eğer bunlardan birini zarf görevinde
kullanmamız gerekiyorsa, in a lovely voice, in a friendly manner, in a cowardly way gibi bir
phrase (sözcük grubu) kullanabiliriz.
He is a cowardly person. (adjective)
He acted in a cowardly way. (adverbial phrase]
İkinci cümledeki "cowardly, "way" sözcüğünü tanımladığı için yine bir sıfattır. Ancak "in a
cowardly way bir bütün olarak "act" eylemini tanımladığı için bir zarftır.
Our neighbours are very friendly people, (adjective)
Our neighbours welcomed us in a friendly way. (adverbial phrase)
She has a lovely voice, (adjective)
She spoke to me in a lovely voice, (adverbial phrase)
7-6 USE OF ADVERBS

a) Zarflar, öncelikle, bir eylemin nasıl yapıldığını ifade eden sözcüklerdir. Yani, yükleme
"How?" sorusunu sorduğumuzda yanıt alabileceğimiz sözcüklerdir.
He is a careful driver, (adjective) She is a successful singer, (adjective)
He drives the car carefully, (adverb) She sings successfully, (adverb) ('How
does he drive?" "Carefully")
Her action was deliberate. Their visit was unexpected.
She acted deliberately. They came unexpectedly.
ELS Q 367
375
b) Zarflar, bir sıfatın ya da bir başka zarfın derecesini artırmak ya da azaltmak için de
kullanılırlar.
Adverb + adjective:
It is cold today. Her mother is ill.
It is extremely cold today. Her mother is seriously ill.
The street was quiet yesterday.
The street was unusually quiet yesterday.
Adverb + adverb:
He drove the car carelessly.
He drove the car unbelievably carelessly.
She did her homework quickly.
She did her homework Incredibly quickly.
At the party last night, he behaved foolishly.

At the party last night, he behaved terribly foolishly.
c) Preposition + a noun yapısını kullanarak bazı zarfların taşıdığı anlamı ifade edebiliriz.
She left home in a hurry/hurriedly. I broke your window by
accident/accidentally. He drove the car with great care/very carefully. She
looked at me with sorrow/sorrowfully.
7-7 IRREGULAR ADVERBS

a) Good/well: "Good" bir sıfattır ve zarf biçimi "well" dir.
My mother is a good cook. She cooks well.
Her English is very good. She speaks English well.
Well, birinin "sağlığı iyi' anlamında kullanılıyorsa bir sıfattır. "How are you?" sorusuna "I'm
very good." biçiminde yanıt veremeyiz. Çünkü bu yanıt, "Ben çok iyi biriyim." anlamına gelir.
Oysa "How....... ?" sorusu, insanlara ilişkin sorulduğunda, kişinin sağlığı hakkında bilgi ister.
- How are you today?
- I'm very well, thanks.
Eğer bir insanın nasıl biri olduğunu sormak istersek "What is he like?" sorusunu sorarız ve bu
soruya yanıt verirken good sözcüğünü kullanabiliriz.
- What is your new boss like? - What is your father like?
- I think he is a good person. - He is a good father.
Bir nesnenin nasıl olduğunu sorarken "How is it?" ya da "What is it like?" sorularını
kullanabiliriz. Ancak bu sorulara yanıt verirken "jfyi" demek istiyorsak good sözünü
kullanmalıyız. (Well, sadece canlıların sağlık durumunu ifade ederken sıfat olarak kullanılır.)
- What is your new job like?/ How is your new job?
- I'm not sure yet, but I think it is good.
- How is your new house?
- Oh, it is very good.
368 Q ELS
376
Well, past participle ile çok sık kullanılan bir zarftır: well-known, well-organized, well-dressed,
well-educated, etc.
Everybody at the party last night was very well-dressed. Haven't you heard of
him? He is quite a well-known author.
Past participle ile badly 'yi de kullanabiliriz.
Everything went wrong on our holiday. It was badly planned. The car was not
worth repairing. It was badly damaged.
b) Fast, hard, late ve early, sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynı olan sözcüklerdir.
He is a fast runner, (adj.) He is a hard worker, (adj.)
He runs fast, (adv.) He works hard, (adv.)
She travels to work on an early train, (adj.) I'll go on a late train (adj.)
The train came early, (adv.) I arrived home late, (adv.)
"Geç" anlamındaki late ile lately birbirinden farklı sözcüklerdir. Lately, recently ile aynı
anlamdadır ve "son zamanlarda, son günlerde" demektir.
- Have you been to the cinema lately/recently?
- I haven't done any shopping lately/recently.
Hard, "çok, yoğun" anlamındaysa sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynıdır. Hard sıfat olarak "zor" anlamında
da kullanılır.
The exam was very hard. (=very difficult)
This is hard work. I can't do it. (adj.)
Although I worked hard, I couldn't finish the task, (adv.)
c) Hardly, "yoğun" anlamındaki "hard" in zarf biçimi değildir. Başka bir anlama sahip bir
zarftır.
Hardly = almost not
Hardly'nin bir anlamı "hemen hemen hiç, neredeyse hiç" demektir. Olumlu cümle yapısıyla
kullanılır. Ancak anlamı olumsuzdur.
I can't tell you much about her, because I hardly know her.
(= / almost don't know her. = I know her very little. = Onu neredeyse hiç
tanımıyorum. = Onu çok az tanıyorum.)
l didn't feel very well yesterday, so I hardly studied. (= I studied very little.)
Hardly = only with great difficulty
Hardly'nin bir anlamı da "güçlükle" demektir. Bu anlamda hardly, can ve could ile çok sık
kullanılır.
Her voice is very soft. I can hardly hear her. (/ can hear her only with great
difficulty - Onu güçlükle duyabiliyorum.)
I had a terrible headache yesterday. I could hardly listen to the lesson. (/ could
only listen to the lesson with great difficulty = Dersi güçlükle dinleyebildim.)
Hardly ever = almost never
Hardly ever, sıklık bildiren bir zarf olarak "hemen hemen hiç, çok seyrek' anlamında kullanılır.
He doesn't like reading. He hardly ever/almost never reads a book. (Hemen
hemen hiç kitap okumaz.)
l can hardly ever/almost never watch TV these days. (Bugünlerde neredeyse hiç
televizyon izleyemiyorum.)
ELS a 369
377
Hardly any = almost no, very little
Hardly any, miktar belirtirken kullanılır. Bu anlamda hardly, cümle içinde iki yerde
kullanılabilir.
I hardtyhave any money. /I have hardly any money.
(/ have almost no money = Neredeyse hiç param yok,/Çok az param var.)
She feels lonely. She hardly has any friends./She has hardly any friends. (She
has almost no/very few friends = Hemen hemen hiç arkadaşı yok.)
"Hardly" yi anyone, anything, anywhere gibi sözcüklerle de kullanabiliriz.
I hardty bought anything. /I bought hardly anything.
(I bought almost nothing.)
I hardly knew anyone at the party./I knew hardly anyone at the party. (/ knew
almost no one at the party.)
I can hardly go anywhere these days./I can go hardly anywhere these days. (/
can go almost nowhere these days.)
EXERCISE 2! Choose the correct answer In parentheses.
1. The news that I had passed the exam made me feel (happy/happily).
2. She looked at me (happy/happily) when I gave her the news that she had passed
the exam.
3. Seeing that the students hadn't done their homework, the teacher grew
(angry/angrily).
4. Because the weather conditions are favourable, the fanners expect their crops to
grow (quick/quickly).
5. It's (real/really) (hard/hardly) to keep pace with our (rapid/rapidly)
(changing/changed) world.
6. I didn't like the party, because it was (bad/badly) (organized/organizing).
7. She isn't able to control herself. She is (near/nearly) always (extreme/extremely)
(excited/exciting).
8. She speaks English (fluent/fluently), and her pronunciation is very (good/well).
9. He was feeling (unwell/badly) yesterday, but he is (good/well) now.
10. He speaks (good/well} English. He can express his ideas (good/well).
11. It was a (hard/hardly) job, but by working (hard/hardly), we managed to finish it
just in time.
12. She is never (punctual/punctually). She always comes to work (late/lately).
13. The train never arrives at its destination (punctual/punctually)' It always arrives
(late/lately).
14. The soup tasted (awful/awfully). I could (hard/hardly) eat it.
15. Have you seen any (good/well) films (late/lately)? I'm very (eager/eagerly) to see one.
16. When I asked for help, she volunteered (eager/eagerly).
17. When I noticed a (suspicious/suspiciously) man on the corner, I informed the police
(imm edia te/imm edia tely).
18. This case is very important. It needs your (immediate/immediately) attention.
19. We were (hot/hotly) after our (vigorous/vigorously) game of football.
20. Because she wanted to lose weight (quick/quickly), she would jog long distances
(vigorous/vigorously).
21. The child was (violent/violently) at first, but he gave up btehaving (violent/violently)
after some time.
37O a ELS
378
22. She ate her lunch (incredible/incredibly) (quick/quickly). I couldn't believe my eyes.
23. When I listened to her story, I found it rather (incredible/incredibly).
24. It was an (incredible/incredibly) (slow/slow!^ j ırain. I arrived at my destination
(late/lately).
25. Istanbul has become (considerable/considerably) (polluting/polluted) in
(recent/recently) years.
26. A (considerable/considerably) amount of money is spent on arms by all nations.
27. The price they asked for the car was (reasonable/reasonably), so we bought it
without much thought.
28. The hotel was (reasonable/reasonably) (cheap/cheaply), so we stayed two days
longer.
29. They have bought a (new/newly) house (recent/recently), and now they are trying to
live (cheap/cheaply) to meet the instalments.
30. The (new/newly) (buying/bought) machines enable us to work fast.
31. She was driving at a very (high/highly) speed, so the accident was
(inevitable/inevitably).
32. Dolphins are considered to be (high/highly) (intelligent/intelligently) mammals.
33. It wasn't my intention to hurt you. It wasn't a (deliberate/deliberately) action. It
happened (accidental/accidentally).
34. She didn't get ready (quick/quickly) enough to be (present/presently) at the meeting
on time.
35. To maintain (good/well) health, your diet should be (good/well)
(balanced/balancing).
7-8 POSITION OF ADVERBS IN A SENTENCE
a) Durum bildiren zarflar, yüklemden sonra gelir. Eğer yüklemin nesnesi varsa, zarf
nesneden sonra yer alır.
She spoke quietly. She read the book carefulfy.
He waited hopefully. She left the country secretly.
b) Verb + preposition + object durumunda zarf, iki yerde bulunabilir.

She listened to me carefully./ She listened carefully to me.
Eğer nesne birden fazla sözcükten oluşuyorsa, zarf preposition'dan önce ya da yüklemden önce
kullanılır.
She listened carefully to the delegates from various countries.

She carefully listened to the delegates from various countries. •'.-,..
c) Yan cümlesi olan ya da gerund - infinitive bulunan cümlelerde, zarfın hangi eylemi
nitelediğine dikkat etmek gerekir.
I tried hard to make her study, ('hard', "try" eylemini tanımlıyor.) I tried to
make her study hard, ("hard', "study'yi tanımlıyor.)
I know very well that she can knit, ("very well', "know" eylemini tanımlıyor.. I
know that she can knit very well, ("very well', "knit' eylemini tanımlıyor.)
379
7-9 ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Derece bildiren zarflar, bir fiili, sıfatı ya da zarfı tanımlayabilirler. Bu zarfların görevi
tarumladıgı fiilin, sıfaün ya da zarfın sahip olduğu değeri azaltmak yaâîS
I realty enjoyed the meal. I find archeology quite interesting.

This book is rather boring. He barety avoided hitting the child.
The questions on the test were extremely difficult. He was driving very fast.
Commonly used Adverbs of Degree
, entirety, &Sy, thorou^fy,
' ''^'SN •
barely, liar<%; JfttTe, almost,
a) Sonu "-fy" ile biten pek çok zarf, derecelendirme yapmak için kullanılabilir.
He won the football pools again. He is incredibly lucky

Everything is surprisingly cheap at this market.
I was deeply hurt by his remarks.
Some of our traditions are utterly peculiar to foreigners
I greaify appreciate your helping me.
I certainly don't want to come with you.
The motorbike is becoming increasingly popular in Turkey
Everybody was very elegant at the party, but she was exceptionally elegant
The children are behaving unusuauywelZ today.
The students are remarkably quiet today.
I haven't fulty understood what you meant.
It's bitterly cold outside.
Bu grupta awfully, tenlbly ve badly "very, very much" anlammda kullamhr.
I'm terribly sorry. (= very sorry)

He was awfully/terribly upset by the news.
Badly, want ve need fiilleriyle çok sık kullamhr.
I badfy need a holiday for a few days. She badfy wants to have her own car. I
need some money badly, (or / badfy need some money.)
Pretty, bu kullammıyla ratter ve quite ile aynı anlamdadır ve "oldukça" demektir.
We had a camping holiday, and it was pretty tiring They are working pretty
hard these days.
»7Z Q ELS
380
b) Too, enough, very, very much and much Too, bir sıfatı ya da zarfı niteleyebilir.
It's too hot today, (too + adj.)
You are eating too quickly, (too + adv.)
Too bir fiili tek başına niteleyemez. Ancak too much biçiminde kullanılırsa, fiili niteleyebiliriz.
You are working too much. He smokes too much.

Too bir ismi nitelerken, ismin sayılabilir ya da sayılamaz olduğunu dikkate almalıyız. Sayılabilir
çoğul isimlerle too many/too few, sayılamaz isimlerle ise too much/too little kullanabiliriz.
I can't talk to you now. I have too little time.
I don't want to drive now. There is too much traffic at this hour.
She has too few friends, so she feels lonely.
Too, başka zarflarla nitelenebilir. Bu zarflar şunlardır; far, rather, much, a bit, a little.
This skirt is a little too big for me.

This house is much too large for only two people.
It's rather too dreary today to go out.
There were far too many people at the party.
Enough, bir sıfatı, zarfı, fiili ve ismi niteleyebilir. Enough, sıfat ve zarftan sonra, isimden önce
gelir.
This rope isn't strong enough, (adj + enough) I drove carefully enough, (adv. +
enough)
We can go out for dinner. I have enough money, (enough + uncountable noun)
We can't invite so many people. We don't have enough chairs. (enough +
countable plural noun)
Stop working now. You have worked enough for today, (verb + enough) Very, bir
sıfatı ya da zarfı tanımlayabilir.

Everything is very expensive these days, (very + adj.) Slow down, please. You
are driving very fast, (very + adv.)
Very bir fiili tanımlarken very much biçiminde kullanılır.
I like swimming very much. /I very much like swimming.
Much ve very much, appreciate, admire, regret, care, mind, enjoy, like, dislike, hope, fear gibi
derecesini ifade edebileceğimiz fiillerle kullanılır.
Much daha çok olumsuz cümlede ve soruda kullanılır. Olumlu cümlede kullanımı çok kısıtlıdır.
I don't like football much.
He used to drink a lot, but he doesn't drink much nowadays.
She doesn't much care to be in crowded places.
I much regret my foolish remarks.
I much appreciate what you have done.
ELS a 373
381
Very much daha çok olumlu cümlede kullanılır ve normalde yeri fiilden; varsa, nesneden
sonradır. Ancak, fiilden önce de gelebilir.
I very much enjoy being with friends./I enjoy being with friends very much.
She very much wants to buy a car./She wants to buy a car very much.
Very much olumsuz cümlede kullanıldığında cümlenin sonunda yer alması tercih edilir.
I don't like football very much.

I don't approve of her course of conduct very much.
c) Barely, hardly, little, scarcely

Bu zarflar olumlu cümlede kullanılır ancak cümleye verdikleri anlam olumsuzdur.
Most of the people at the reception were strangers to me.

I barefy/hardfy/scarcefy knew anybody there. (I knew very few people there.)
(Hemen hemen hiç kimseyi/neredeyse hiç kimseyi tanımıyordum.)
He barefy/hardty/scarcefy avoided the accident, (but he did avoid the accident.)

[Kazayı güçlükle/güç bela/ancak önleyebildi.)
Little, think, imagine, expect, realise gibi düşünmeye ilişkin fiilleri niteleyebilir.
I little inowwhat he has been doing since he left. I little expect him to pass the
exam.
d) Almost, nearly, practically, virtually

Bu zarflar, "hemen hemen, neredeyse" anlamındadır. Niteledikleri fiilin önünde yer alırlar.
I almost/nearly/practtcaltyhit the child. (But I didn't hit the child.) (Çocuğa

neredeyse çarpıyordum.)
She almost/nearfy/practicalfy dropped the tray. (But she didn't drop the tray.)
(Tepsiyi neredeyse düşürüyordu.}
The questions on the test were really difficult.
I almost/nearly/practicalty/vlrtually did nothing. (But / did something.)
(Neredeyse/hemen hemen hiçbir şey yapmadım.)
virtually, diğer üçünden daha güçlü bir anlama sahiptir ve "gerçekten" anlamına da gelir.
The defeat of our team was virtually a disaster. (But it wasn't a real disaster.)
(Bizim takımın yenilmesi gerçekten bir felaketti.)
Barely/hardly/scarcely'nin cümleye verdiği anlam ile almost/neart"Vt>ractically'nin verdiği

anlama dikkat ediniz.
"/ barely/hardly/scarcely passed the exam." cümlesi "Sınavı güçlükle/güçbela geçebildim.

Ancak bir geçer not alabildim." anlamını verir. Ama güçlükle de olsa "pass" eylemi
gerçekleşmiştir. Yani kişi sınavı geçmiştir.
"/ almost/nearly/practically passed the exam." cümlesi ise "Sınavı neredeyse geçiyordum.
Geçmeme ramak kalmıştı." anlamını verir. Oysa "pass" eylemi gerçekleşmemiştir. Yani kişi
sınavdan kalmıştır.
374QELS
382
e) Falrly, quite, rather
Fairly, quite ve rather, bir sıfat ya da zarfı niteleyebilir.
Rather, "considerably" ile aynı anlama sahiptir ve "oldukça, bir hayli" demektir. Rather daha çok
expensive, Jate, poor, ugly, sadly, unwisely, etc. gibi olumsuz bir özelliği ifade eden sıfat ya da
zarflan nitelemek için kullanılır.
It's rather cold today.
She behaved rather foolishly last night.
She was rather tense, so I advised her to take a few days off.
Fairly, daha çok olumlu bir özellik ifade eden sıfat ya da zarflarla kullanılır.
She is fairty tall, (not very ta/J; moderately ta/J)
It's fairly warm today, (not hot, not cold)
I'm fairty tolerant with my son. (neither too tolerant nor too strict)
Quite, iki anlama sahip bir zarftır. Birinci anlamı "fairty' ile aynıdır ve "oldukça" demektir. Quite
da fairly gibi, daha çok olumlu bir özellik ifade eden sıfat ya da zarflarla kullanılır.
It's quite warm today. Let's have a walk. I try to be quite understanding with my
son. She managed to settle the row quite cleverly.
Quite, "tamlık, bütünlük' ifade eden empty, full, ready, sure, wrong, right, unique, alone, etc.
gibi sıfatlarla ya da incredible, unexpected, amazing, extraordinary, horrible, superb,
marvellous, etc. gibi çok güçlü anlama sahip sıfatlarla kullanıldığında "completely" anlamına
gelir.
I'm not quite ready, (completely ready)
The suitcase is quite empty. (completely empty) (Valiz tamamen boş.)
You are quite right, (completely right)
Quite, bir fiili de niteleyebilir. Eğer nitelediği fiil enjoy, like, want, wish gibi derecesini
belirtebileceğimiz bir fiil ise "quite" in anlamı "oldukça" dır. Ancak agree, think, understand gibi
bütünlük ifade eden bir fiil ise "quite" in buradaki anlamı "completely" dir.
I quite liked the film. (FiJmi oldukça beğendim.)
We quite enjoyed ourselves at the party. (Partide oldukça eğlendik.)
I don't quite understand his excuse. (Onun mazeretini tam olarak anlamadım.)
We haven't quite finished the book. (Kitatu tam olarak bitirmedik.) I quite agree
with him. (Onunla tamamen aynı fikirdeyim.)
Rather da like, enjoy, dislike, object gibi fiilleri nitelemek için "oldukça" anlamında kullanılır.
I rather object to elementary school students being given too much homework.
She rather likes doing housework.
Sıfat tamlamalarında a/an, "faMy" den önce kullanılır.
She is a fairly tall girl.
It is a iairly interesting story. -
A/an, "rather" dan önce ya da sonra gelebilir. '• , /
This is a rather difficult question/rather a difficult question. This is a rather
noisy place/rather a noisy place.
A/an, "quite" dan sonra gelir.
It was quite a nice holiday.
She was quite an understanding person.
Our house is quite a long way from here.
ELS a 375
383
EXERCISES: Choose the correct answer.
1. It was ...... an old house, but I liked its 9. She sounds ...... Impressed by his work.
garden very much. She had nothing but praise for him.
A) badly
A) very B) enough C) slightly B) bitterly D)
C) fairly D) extremely severely
E) quite E) highly
2. I'm sure they didn't ...... understand what 10. They ...... won the championship despite
I meant. being nine points behind the leaders for
weeks.
A) rather B) fairly
C) quite D) very A) surprisingly C) B) completely
E) enough awfully D) seriously
E) extremely
3. Many buildings were....... destroyed In
the fire. I don't think they can be rebuilt. 11. Does she .......think she can persuade
him to agree to sell his business and
A) totally B) hardly move to Germany?
C) nearly D) slightly B) seriously
E) insignificantly A) considerably C) fully D) exceedingly
E) bitterly
4. Her boss got so angry with Janette that
he ...... dismissed her, but he decided to 12. By the time we came down to breakfast,
give her a second chance. the buffet table was ...... empty. There
was nothing left except for some bread
A) unjustly B) rightly and butter.
C) nearly D) reasonably
E) certainly A) barely B) remarkably
C) intensely D) greatly
5. Their child is ....... spoilt and is usually E) virtually
given anything he asks for.
13. We were receiving radio messages, but
A) enough B) barely they were....... audible due to
C) little D) rather interference, which made the signal
E) almost crackle.
6. I won't be able to come out with you as I A) virtually B) almost
have .......no money left. C) barely D) nearly
E) utterly
A) terribly B) practically
C) slightly D) barely 14. He was getting .......concerned because
E) remarkably she should have been home from work
three hours before.
7. Call a doctor! This man is ...... in need of
medical attention. A) too much B) too few
C) a little D) a lot
A) wrongly B) bitterly E) enough
C) badly D) scarcely
E) intensely 15. If you are not ...... satisfied with the
product, you can return it for a full
8. By the time he took the actual exam, he refund.
was ...... fed up with answering questions
on practice tests. A) extraordinarily B) slightly
C) increasingly D) decidedly
A) thoroughly B) increasingly E) entirely
C) considerately D) bitterly
E) unusually
376 Q ELS
384
16. The problem of congestion Is becoming 21. I think Bamby is ....... talented and
..... unbearable In Istanbul with each should be picked for the team.
passing day. B) exceptionally
A) completely C) fully D) badly
A) deeply B) fully E) barely
C) bitterly D) unusually
E) increasingly 22. She produces some....... intelligent
essays, but she needs to participate more
17. He was....... hurt by her spiteful remarks. in class discussions.
A) favourably C) B) highly
perfectly D) deeply A) badly B) bitterly
E) fully C) slightly D) certainly
E) exceedingly
18. Once you have learnt one foreign
23. The success of the operation has .......
language, learning a second Is ...... easy. improved his chances of making a full
recovery.
A) fully B) comparatively
C) deeply D) excessively A) violently B) greatly
E) intensely C) considerately D) virtually
19. With his long and well-prepared speech E) bitterly
he gave yesterday, our manager made our
objectives for next year ....... clear. 24. You look .......upset - at least, not as
cheerful as usual. Is everything all right?
A) perfectly C) B) deeply
enormously D) greatly A) awfully B) slightly
C) barely D) fully
E) bitterly
E) bitterly
20. Several decisions by the referee during
25. Though the condition is generally obvious
the game in favour of one team revealed
from childhood, it is also ....... common to
him to be .......biased.
contract an allergy as an adult.
A) reasonably B) barely A) B) severely D)
C) bitterly D) decidedly deeply C) highly
E) practically
E) hardly
EXERCISE 4: a) Match each adverb on the left below with its synonym on the right.
1. abruptly a) unusually
2. daringly b) suddenly
3. deliberately c) widely
4. vigorously d) intentionally
5. exceptionally e) swiftly
6. extensively f) courageously
7. hastily g) seemingly
8. rapidly h) energetically i)
9. apparently uninterruptedly J)
10. steadily hurriedly
ELS a 377
385
b) Choose the correct answer.
1.
2.
morning. I wonder when itil stop. I can no longer bear her ........ Insulting
A) widely B) hurriedly C) attitude towards me.
suddenly D) steadily E) A) seemingly B) swiftly C)
abruptly vigorously D) suddenly
When the bank clerk disappeared ....... Tf\ £»V»n ITrt'Vv
3.
soon after the robbery, the police suspected J-/J dUlULJLly
that he had been Involved In the case. 5. The bank manager was awarded for
A) deliberately B) abruptly having prevented the bank from being
robbed by standing ............. in front of the
C) uninterruptedly D) daringly E) robbers.
extensively A) hurriedly B) widely C)
If you got up a bit earlier, you wouldn't
have to leave home so ....... every day. apparently D) swiftly
A) hastily B) vigorously C) E) daringly

unusually D) apparently E)
intentionally
EXERCISE 5: a) Match each adjective on the left below with its opposite on the right.
1. compulsory a) intentional
2. constructive b) sparse
3. accidental c) narrow
4. flexible d) sharp
5. blunt e) optional
6. wide f) conceited
7. dense g) pitiless
8. modest h) destructive
9. brave i) cowardly j)
10. merciful strict

Try to criticize him in a/an ...... way; A) dense B) narrow D)
otherwise, it won't help him. C) sharp sparse
E) flexible
1.
A) optional B) conceited
C) constructive D) pitiless 4. His action wasn't ......... I'm sure he did it
E) blunt on purpose.
2. I don't think this knife is ...... enough to A) intentional C) B) accidental

pitiless D) conceited
cut this meat with. E) strict
386
A) strict B) wide D) sharp 5. You shouldn't be so set in your ways.
C) blunt E) flexible Sometimes conditions will require you to
be.......enough to adjust to them.
3.
The trees are very ....... in that part of the A) merciful B) sharp
forest, so we can't find an open area C) flexible D) strict
there for the children to play. E) optional
I 378 a ELS
387
EXERCISE 6: a) Match each adverb on the left below vrtth its synonym on the right.
1. approximately a) gently
2. customarily b) eventually
3. tenderly c) step by step
4. utterly d) roughly
5. ultimately e) uprightly
6. wisely f) exactly
7. gradually g) completely
8. formerly h) traditionally
9. honestly 1) correctly
10. splendidly j) inexplicably
11. accurately k) for the time bein£
12. mysteriously 1) cleverly
13. placidly m) previously
14. precisely n) calmly
15. temporarily o) excellently

1. He was ...... employed in an accounting 6. Usually, politicians don't state the facts
firm, but now he is working as a tourist ....... They try to conceal them from the
guide. people.
B) mysteriously
A} customarily C) D) calmly
previously A) inexplicably B) gently
E) wisely C) cleverly D) precisely
E) approximately
2.
At first, he wasn't fluent enough in 7. Don't give up hope. I'm sure you'll ......
English, but he ...... Improved and now achieve your goal.
he speaks It as if It were his native
tongue.
A) gradually C) B) temporarily A) temporarily C) B) ultimately
previously D) roughly permanently D) formerly
E) honestly E) roughly
3. Teachers at elementary schools should 8. The reason why I always read this
approach their students ......... so that newspaper is that it reports the news ... .
they
don't discourage them from learning. A) permanently B) eventually
A) C) accurately D) placidly
permanently C) B) approximately
eventually D) ultimately E) approximately
E) tenderly 9. When she disappeared ........ her parents
informed the police.
4. He admitted ...... that he had made a
mistake in calculating the figures.
A) temporarily C) B) honestly A) correctly B) customarily
customarily D) tenderly C) accurately D) precisely
E) roughly E) mysteriously
5. The children performed the play so .... 10. St. Patrick's Day is .......held on the
that their teacher congratulated them seventeenth of March every year.
each with a kiss.
A) placidly B) uprightly A) completely C) B) formerly

traditionally D) eventually
E) splendidly E) uprightly
C) eventually D) customarily
ELS Q 379
388
EXERCISE 7: Choose the synonym for the word In bold type.
9. Don't insist on your child's
1. You should really buy her latest record. eating a lot. Just give him
It's marvellous. more nourishing foods.
A) outrageous B) superb A) flourishing C) B) nutritious

C) prosperous D) absurd motionless D) proper
E) ordinary E)
diminishing
2. I was confused by what he told me.
A) upset 10. The amount of money you asked your
B) convinced father for is rather extravagant. It could
C) adored D) perplexed be much less.
E) disclosed
B) limited
A) excessive C) adequate D) feasible
3. The police have found a deserted car in E) dense
the country. It could be yours.
11.
A) affluent B) abundant
C) abandoned D) absorbed The enormous bang in the middle of the
E) adorned night made us jump out of our beds.
4. Because the seasonal conditions are A) audible B) annoying

favourable, fruit and vegetables are C) tremendous D) remote
plentiful in Turkey. E) irritating
12. I find it cruel to kill animals for sport.
A) abundant B) scarce
A) useless B) awkward D)
C) sparse D) inexpensive C) curious collapsible
E) delicious E) brutal
5. She is rather unpopular with the people 13. I need to do some shopping for the
around her, because they find her forthcoming swimming season.
arrogant
A) near B) approaching
A) clumsy B) peculiar C) close
C) awkward D) alien D) chief
E) conceited E) devastating
14. What the child was afraid of was actually
6. When I was a child, there was a huge
plane tree in our village, and we used to an imaginary monster.
play in its shade.
A) obligatory C) B) gigantic
A) tiny D) unreal
C) aged B) petty D) terrifying
gorgeous E)
E) immense disastrous
7. To be frank, I didn't think much of the 15. Her twin daughters are alike in
party. It could have been much better. appearance but quite different in
B)firm personality.
A) honest C) attractive D) dreary
E) faithful A) synonymous B) likeable
C) similar D) residential
8. Knowing how to use a computer is E) appalling
essential if one wants.tp keep pace with
the business world. 16. It would be sensible to sort through your
possessions and give away what you no
longer need before you move house.
A) eccentric C) B) evident A) wise B) sensitive

fundamental D) expedient C) useless D) diplomatic
E) futile E) miserly
38O o ELS
389
17. The school is attended entirely by 19. Profits have increased significantly over
children from wealthy families. the last six months.
A) generally C) B) constantly A) considerably C) B) gradually

exclusively D) rarely slightly D) skilfully
E) avidly E) fully
18. Everyone hopes that the negotiations will 20. I had difficulty understanding the man as
eventually lead to a peace agreement. he had a strange accent.
A) ultimately B) primarily A) relentless B) complicated

C) fortunately D) obviously C) plain D) peculiar
E) evidently E) ordinary
EXERCISE 8; Choose the opposite of the word In bold type.
1. We should get an expert in to confirm 7. After rigorous testing, this product has
that this is a genuine Van Gogh. been shown to be harmless.
B) fake
A) countless C)
invaluable D) priceless A) hazardous B) charming
E) cheap C) secure D) motionless
E) curative
2. Much of the land in this area is quite
fertile. 8. The material we are using seems to be
quite rigid.
A) uncultivated B) hostile
C) useful D) barren A) stiff B) flexible
E) germinated
C) wrinkled D) stretchy
3. When it comes to talking about his E) polished
achievements, he is the most modest
person I know. 9. The committee decided that the club had
sufficient funds to replace the old carpet
A) conceited B) humble D) in the clubhouse.
C) secretive ambitious
E) hollow A) inestimable B) unbearable
C) unnatural D) unavailable
4. I've watched him work and I must say
that I found him to be remarkably lazy. E) inadequate
A) capable B) industrious 10. When we toured the property, we realized

C) durable D) apathetic that some features of the house had been
E) strict understated.
5. Generally he is quite sensitive to the A) exaggerated B) infamous
feelings of others. C) unnecessary D) magnified
A) similar E) underestimated
C) serious B) sympathetic
D) indifferent
E) sensible 11. You can see how much work he does if
you look at his hands, which are covered
6. The water is too deep here for the in rough skin.
children to swim in.
A) narrow B) wide A) calm B) coarse

C) shallow D) high C) smooth D) raw
E) broad E) shiny
ELS Q 381
390
12. Walk to the end of this road, where you 16. The heat in that part of Spain in
will see a broad path on your right, and September is unbearable.
that leads up to the castle.
A) considerate B) inadequate
A} shallow B) deep D) C) tolerable D) barren
C) uneven E) abundant
miserly
E) narrow 17. She is quite sociable, but her sister is
just the opposite.
13. Hiring the village hall for the wedding
reception was resourceful. A) inferior B) superior
C) generous D) plain
A) annoying B) creative E) withdrawn
C) unimaginative D) predictable 18. I think the maths teacher is too lenient
E) unbearable with her students.
14. We offer a series of special workshops to A) strict B) passive
improve study skills. These are C) aggressive D) hostile
compulsory. E) harmless
A) B) reluctant D) 19. The sea is rather rough today.
fortunate C) permanent A) wavy
C) quiet B) calm D)
E) optional silent
E) envious
15. After the recent measures, walking
around the park does not seem so 20. I usually feel calm before an exam, but
dangerous. now I really am not.
A) sporty B) secure A) B) hasty

C) natural D) calming nervous D) harH-"
E) violent C) modest E) furious
7-10 SENTENCE ADVERBS

Bu zarflar bütün bir cümleyi niteler ve konuşmacının yorumunu, düşüncesini ifade eder.
a) Cümleyi niteleyen zarfların büyük bir bölümü, olasılık derecesini ifade eder. Bunlardan
yaygın olarak kullanılanlar şunlardır:
actually clearly perhaps
indeed evidently possibly
really obviously probably
in fact of course presumably
surely undoubtedly maybe
certainly doubtlessly (doubtless)
definitely
Bu zarflardan definitely, perhaps, maybe ve of course hariç diğerleri, cümlenin başında,

ortasında ya da sonunda yer alabilir.
1. Mid-position:
Bu zarflar ortada kullanıldığı zaman "be" fiilinden sonra gelir.
He is obviously innocent./They are probably at home.
382 Q ELS
391
Yardımcı fiil yoksa, özne ile asıl fiil arasında; yardımcı fiil varsa yardımcı fiille asıl fiil arasında
yer alırlar.
He obviously avoids being seen with his new girlfriend.
They probably delayed going on holiday.
He will probably come late tonight. He had obvlousfy taken the money.
Olumsuz cümlede "not" dan önce kullanılabilirler. Ancak, özneden hemen sonra kullanılması
daha yaygındır.
He will probabty not come tomorrow. /He probably won't come tomorrow. He
certainly can't do the job.
2. At the beginning or at the end of a sentence:
Certainly he has been working very hard.
He has been working very hard, certainly.
Obviously they will raise the prices again.
They will raise the prices again, obviously. ,
Deflnitely'nin cümlenin başında kullanılması çok enderdir. Daha çok cümlenin ortasında
kullanılır. Cümle sonunda da yer alabilir.
He was definitely at home at that hour.
He is trying to do his best, definitely. '
Perhaps, of course ve maybe, cümlenin sonunda da kullanılabilmelerine rağmen daha çok

cümlenin başında kullanılır. Ancak, vurguyu artırmak için ortada kullanılmaları da
mümkündür. Bu durumda iki virgül arasında kullanılırlar.
Perhaps he can lend us his car. He can lend us his car perhaps. He can,
perhaps, lend us his car.
Of course he is capable of doing that. He is capable of doing that of course. He
is, of course, capable of doing that.
Surely, daha çok cümlenin başında ya da sonunda kullanılır.

Surety he was at the demonstration! (/ feel almost sure that he was.) You're not
taking what I say seriously, surelyl
b) Bütün bir cümleyi niteleyebilen diğer zarflar:

admittedly luckily surprisingly "
annoyingly unluckily understandably
frankly honestly seriously
fortunately personally rightly
unfortunately naturally wrongly
Bu zarflar genelde cümlenin başında kullanılırlar. Ancak, cümlenin sonunda kullanılmaları da

mümkündür. Genellikle bir virgülle cümlenin devamından ayrılırlar.
Frankly, he doesn't work hard enough to succeed.
(Dürüst olmak gerekirse/Doğruyu söylemek gerekirse, başaracak kadar çok
çalışmıyor.)
•- • ' ELS Q 3»3
392
Understandably, he doesn't want to join us.
(Anlaşıldığı gibi/Anlaşıldığı üzere/Anlaşılan o ki, bize katılmak istemiyor.)
Seriously, why don't your parents move to the country? The air is cleaner there.
(Cidden/Gerçekten, ailen neden taşraya taşınmıyor?)
Rightfy or wrongly, he decided to quit school and start work. (Doğru ya da
yanlış, okulu bırakıp çalışmaya karar verdi.)
Naturalfy, everybody wants to live in better conditions, (Doğal olarak, herkes
daha iyi koşullarda yaşamak ister.)
7-11 FOCUSING ADVERBS
Bu zarflar, cümlenin bir öğesini vurgulamak için kullanılır. Cümle içindeki yerleri genelde
vurguladıkları sözcükten hemen öncedir. Bu zarflan şöyle sıralayabiliriz:
only purely exactly too
just exclusively mostly either
merely primarily especially as well
simply chiefly particularly also
solely mainly even
a) Merely, purely ve simply, hemen her zaman vurguladıkları sözcükten önce gelir.
I merely/purefy/simply wanted to warn you. I had no other intention. (Seni
sadece uyarmak istedim. Başka bir niyetim yoktu.)
b) Just, only ve even, vurguladıkları sözcükten hemen önce gelebilir. Ancak arada
kullanılan zarfların (mid-position) kullanıldığı biçimde de yer alabilirler.
I Just/ontywant to warn you.
(fiili vurguladıkları için başka bir yerde kullanılamazlar.)
(Seni sadece uyarmak istedim.)
I bought onfy/Just a sweater. / I only/Just bought a sweater. (Sadece bir kazak
aldım.)
I will eat onfy/Just a sandwich./I will onfy/Just eat a sandwich. (Sadece bir
sandviç yiyeceğim.)
She did many things yesterday. She even did some shopping. (Alışveriş bile
yaptı.)
He left without saying anything. He didn't even say goodbye.
I bought many things. I even bought a pet canary. (Bir kanarya bile aldım.)
Even ve only, özneyi vurguluyorsa, özneden önce kullanılır.
Onfy Janette objected to my suggestion. The others accepted it. (Sadece
Janette benim önerime karşı çıktı.)
.Even my father burst into tears when we got the news of his death. (Onun
ölüm haberini alınca, babam bile ağladı.)
c) Too, also, as well ve either, hepsi "de, da" anlamım veren sözcüklerdir.
Either, daima cümle sonunda ve olumsuz cümlede kullanılır.
Father didn't want to go to the cinema. He didn't want us to go either. 384 Q
ELS
393
Too ve as well olumlu cümlede ve genellikle cümle sonunda kullanılırlar. Ancak, too, özneyi
vurgularken ortada da kullanılabilir.
Everybody enjoyed the play. My parent: ^njoyed it too/as well. I, too, had
expected him to pass. (Ben de onun geçeceğini ummuştum.}
Also, ortada kullanılan bir zarftır, ancak cümle sonunda da yer alabilir. Vurguladığı öğeye bağlı
olarak cümle içindeki yeri değişebilir.
I met many old school friends at the party. I also met some of our teachers. I
also had expected him to pass./I had expected him to pass also. (Ben de ...) I
had expected also him to pass. (Onun da ...}
d) Vurgulama zarfı olarak exactly, daha çok wh- soru sözcükleriyle kullanılır.
What exactly do you mean? (Tam olarak ne demek istiyorsun"?} How exactly did
the accident happen? (Kaza tam olarak nasıl oldu?}
e) Examples with other focusing adverbs:
I think you are wrong, especially on this occasion.
The parents' duty is not exclusively to feed their children.
We should deal primarily with the housing problem.
I'm afraid I can't support you, particularly on this point.
The people at the wedding were mainfy/chleuy the bride's relatives.
Knowing a foreign language is important mainly/chiefly in jobs doing business
with foreigners.
We should primarily focus on saving the company from bankruptcy in these
difficult economic conditions. Then we can consider expansion.
7-12 ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB STRUCTURES 7-13 TOO AND ENOUGH
a) Too + adjective/adverb + to Infinitive

Too olumlu cümlede kullanılır. Ancak cümlenin anlamı olumsuzdur.
I'm too tired. I can't go out tonight.
I'm too tired to go out tonight.
(Bu akşam dışarı çıkamayacak kadar yorgunum.}
You are working too slowly. You can't finish the report by 5 o'clock. You are
working too slowly to finish the report by 5 o'clock.
This problem is too complicated. You can't solve it without help. This problem is
too complicated for you to solve without help.
b) Adjective/adverb + enough + to Infinitive
She is mature enough. She can decide for herself. She is mature enough to
decide for herself.
We are walking fast enough. We can catch the train. We are walking fast
enough to catch the train. (Trene yetişecek kadar hızlı yürüyoruz.)
She isn't reliable enough. You can't confide your secret to her. She isn't reliable
enough for you to confide your secret to. (Sırrını ona açabileceğin kadar
güvenilir değil.}
ELS 01 385
394
c) Enough, sıfat ve zarflardan sonra, isimlerden önce gelir.
We don't have enough eggs to make an omelette.

I don't think I'll have enough time tomorrow to visit them.
(Yarın onları ziyaret edecek kadar vaktimin olacağını sanmıyorum.
d) Enough ve too ile eşanlamlı cümleler üretebiliriz.
You are too tense to make a healthy decision. (Sağlıklı bir karar veremeyecek
kadar gerginsin.)
You aren't calm enough to make a healthy decision. (Sağlıklı bir karar verecek
kadar sakin değilsin.)
This dress Is too expensive for me to buy. This dress isn't cheap enough for me
to buy.
7-14 SO .... THAT, SUCH .... THAT
a) So + adjective/adverb: so warm, so beautiful, so expensive, etc.

so fast, so carefully, so quickly, etc.
Such + a/an + adjective + a singular noun: such a pretty girl, such a lovely day, such an
absurd case, etc.
Such + adjective + plural noun: such pretty girls, such happy days, such expensive shoes, etc.
Such + adjective + uncountable noun: such awful weather, such difficult vocabulary, such
strong coffee, etc.
So ve such niteledikleri sıfatın anlamını kuvvetlendirir. Such, sıfat tamlamalanyla kullanılır.

So'dan sonra bir zarf da gelebilir.
I liked the meal. It was so delicious. (It was really delicious.)

I don't want to read this book. It's so boring. (It is really boring.)
She is a good cook. She cooks such delicious meals, (really delicious meals)
I like her very much. She is such a nice person, (a really nice person)
Such'dan sonra direk bir isim de gelebilir. Bu durumda such "böyle, öyle" anlamına gelir.
Some people like money a lot. Such people don't like to spend money even on
their own needs. (Böyle insanlar ...... )
b) So ve such, sıfatın ya da zarfın derecesinin umduğumuzdan az ya da çok olduğunu

ifade ederken "bu kadar, o kadar" anlamında da kullanılır.
The play was excellent. I hadn't expected it to be so good. (Bu kadar iyi
olacağını ummamıştım.)
Don't work so hard. You'll lose your health. (Bu kadar çok çalışma.)
The exam was really difficult. I hadn't expected it to be such a difficult exam.
(Bu kadar zor bir sınav olacağını ummamıştım.)
Their house is very large. I didn't know they had such a large house. (Bu
kadar büyük bir evleri olduğunu bilmiyordum.)
386 D ELS
395
Too ve as well olumlu cümlede ve genellikle cümle sonunda kullanılırlar. Ancak, too, özneyi
vurgularken ortada da kullanılabilir.
Everybody enjoyed the play. My parents ^njoyed it too/as well. I, too, had
expected him to pass. (Ben de onun geçeceğini ummuştum.)
Also, ortada kullanılan bir zarftır, ancak cümle sonunda da yer alabilir. Vurguladığı öğeye bağlı
olarak cümle içindeki yeri değişebilir.
I met many old school friends at the party. I also met some of our teachers. I
also had expected him to pass./I had expected him to pass also. (Ben de ...) I
had expected also him to pass. (Onun da ...)
d) Vurgulama zarfı olarak exactly, daha çok wh- soru sözcükleriyle kullanılır.
What exactfy do you mean? (Tam olarak ne demek istiyorsun?] How exactty did
the accident happen? (Kaza tam olarak nasıl oldu?)
e) Examples with other focusing adverbs:
I think you are wrong, especially on this occasion.
The parents' duty is not exclusively to feed their children.
We should deal primarily with the housing problem.
I'm afraid I can't support you, particularly on this point.
The people at the wedding were mainly/chiefly the bride's relatives.
Knowing a foreign language is important mainly/chiefly in jobs doing business
with foreigners.
We should primarily focus on saving the company from bankruptcy in these
difficult economic conditions. Then we can consider expansion.
7-12 ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB STRUCTURES 7-13 TOO AND ENOUGH
a) Too + adjective/adverb + to infinitive

Too olumlu cümlede kullanılır. Ancak cümlenin anlamı olumsuzdur.
I'm too tired. I can't go out tonight.
I'm too tired to go out tonight.
(Bu akşam dışarı çıkamayacak kadar yorgunum.)
You are working too slowly. You can't finish the report by 5 o'clock. You are
working too slowly to finish the report by 5 o'clock.
This problem is too complicated. You can't solve it without help. This problem is
too complicated for you to solve without help.
b) Adjective/adverb + enough + to infinitive
She is mature enough. She can decide for herself. She is mature enough to
decide for herself.
We are walking fast enough. We can catch the train. We are walking fast
enough to catch the train. (Trene yetişecek kadar hızlı yürüyoruz.)
She isn't reliable enough. You can't confide your secret to her. She isn't reliable
enough for you to confide your secret to. (Sırrını ona açabileceğin kadar
güvenilir değil.)
ELS a 385
396
c) So ve such, süreç ve mesafe bildiren ifadelerle şu şekillerde kullanılır.
So long = such a long time
I didn't think the job would take so long/such a long time.
(İşin bu kadar uzun süreceğini sanmıyordum.)
So far = such a long way

I didn't know your house was so far/such a long way from your work. (Evinizin
işinize bu kadar uzak olduğunu bilmiyordum.)
d) Miktar bildiren sözcüklerle so da bir isimle birlikte kullanılır.
With countable nouns:
So many = such a lot of

I have so many books/such a lot of books that I don't know where to put them.
(O kadar çok kitabım var ki ....)
So few = such a few

She has so few friends/such a few friends that she feels lonely. (O kadar az
arkadaşı var ki...)
With uncountable nouns:

So much = such a lot of
They have so much furniture/such a lot of furniture at home. (Evlerinde o
kadar çok mobilya var ki.)
So little = such a little

I can't possibly finish typing all these letters in so little time/such a little time. (Bu
kadar az zamanda bütün bu mektupları yazmayı bitirmem mümkün değil.)
e) So ve such neden-sonuç ilişkisi kurarak iki cümleyi bağlayabilir.

Reason: I was very tired. Effect: I went to bed early.
I was so tired that I went to bed early. (O kadar yorgundum ki erkenden
yattım.)
Reason: There were a lot of people in the queue. Effect: I decided not to see the
film.
There were so many people/such a lot of people in the queue that I decided not
to see the film.
It was a hard job. I felt exhausted afterwards.
It was such a hard Job that I felt exhausted afterwards.
I have a lot of work to do tomorrow. I don't think I'll have time to call you. I
have such a lot of work/so much work to do tomorrow that I don't think I'll have
time to call you.
ELS Q 387
397
f) Genelde, iki cümle arasında tense uyuşması vardır. Ancak, uygun bir geçiş
sağlanıyorsa, neden ve sonuç farklı zamanlara ait tenselerle ifade edilebilir.
He is so weak that I don't think he can carry this bag. He was so weak that I didn't
think he could carry the bag. (Bu örneklerde neden ve sonuç aynı zamana aittir.)
He got so annoyed with me that I didn't think he would forgive me.

('got annoyed" ve "didn't think", her ikisi de geçmişte gerçekleşmiş eylemler.)
(Bana o kadar kızmıştı ki beni affedeceğini ummuyordum.)
He got so annoyed with me that I don't think he will forgive me.

("got annoyed" geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir eylem. Ancak "don't think he will"
present time'a ait.)
(Bana o kadar kızdı ki beni affedeceğini sanmıyorum.)
İki cümle arasındaki "that" kaldırılabilir. Anlam değişmez.
It's so humid today that I find it difficult to breathe. It's so humid today I find it
difficult to breathe.
It's such a lovely blouse that I'll certainly buy it. It's such a lovely blouse I'll certainly
buy it.
BEFORE BECOMING WORLD FAMOUS
Bunt Reynolds describes the day both he and Clint Eastwood were
sacked by Universal Studios:
I was told I couldn't act, and Clint was told he talked too slowly and
his Adam's apple was too big. As we were walking to our cars, we were quiet -
but then, it's always quiet around Clint. Finally I said, "You're in trouble,
Clint. I can take acting lessons, but you can't get a new Adam's apple." "\
V
KNOWS HIS JOB

A wealthy matron was so proud of a valuable antique vase that she decided
to have her bedroom painted the same colour as the vase. Several painters tried to
match the shade, but none came close enough to satisfy the eccentric woman.
Eventually, a painter approached, who was confident that he could mix the
proper colour. The woman was pleased with the result, and the painter became
famous.
Years later, he retired and turned the business over to his son. "Dad," said
the son, "there's something I've got to know. How did you get those walls to match
that vase so perfectly?"
"Son," the father replied, "I painted the vase."
388 Q ELS (from Reader's Digest) V
398
EXERCISE 9: Combine the two sentences using "so...that" or "such....that".
1. It was foggy. All the flights had to be cancelled.
It was .............................................................................................................
2. They were playing the music very loudly. I had to ask them to turn it down.
They were ..............................................................................................................
3. She is an ambitious person. She'll do whatever is needed to succeed.
She is .............................................................................................................
4. They gave us some terrible news. We didn't know how to break it to our parents.
They gave us............................................................................................................
5. They tried hard to persuade me. I had no choice but to accept what they wanted.
They tried ...............................................................................................................
6. The tickets for the play were in great demand. We had to wait in line for more than
three hours to get our tickets.
The tickets for the play were in
EXERCISE 10". a) Rewrite the sentences using "such" Instead of "so".

Example: The coffee is so hot that I can't drink it quickly. It's such hot coffee that I can't
drink it quickly.
1. The film lasted for so long that I had to leave the cinema before it finished.
2. The dessert is so delicious that I think I'll order another helping.
3. She earns so much money that she doesn't know how to spend it.
4. So many people are unemployed that it's becoming harder and harder to find a
proper job.
5. We were given so little time on the exam that I didn't even have a look at the last
two questions.
b) Rewrite the sentences using "so" Instead of "such".

1. There were such a few members that the meeting could not be held. ,,
2. Such a lot of students are taking the university exam that it's becoming
increasingly important to be well-prepared for it.
3. It was such a badly-organized trip that 1 returned home rather tense instead of
being relaxed.
4. Her house is such a long way from the station that I'm afraid we'll have to take a
taxi.
5. I waited for him in the cafe for such a long time that I was furious when he nevei
came.
Just
For
Fun ft KNOWS THE DIFFERENCE
A woman bought some pears at the local supermarket. At the

checkout counter, the cashier commented, "Oh, dear, I've charged you for \
plums instead of pears." <
"What is the difference?" the woman asked. -*(
"Well," the cashier said, "plums are smaller and round." \
(from Reader's Digest) \
^^-oatf" }
^ B &* »«« ™ » 3*«« ^ ^
ELS Q İ89
399
7-15 COMPARATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
a) Regular Inflection of Adjectives and Adverbs

Sıfatların karşılaştırmalı biçimini elde etmek için "-er" takısı ya da "more" sözcüğü kullanılır.
Genellikle bir heceli ya da bazı iki heceli sıfatlar sonuna "-er" takısı alır.
big-bigger long-longer tidy-tidier pretty-prettier
thin-thinner short-shorter happy-happier dear-dearer easy-easier slow-
slower quick-quicker early-earlier
Sonu -Ing, -ed ve -s ile biten sıfatlar, kısa heceli de olsa sonuna "-er" takısı alamazlar. Bu
sıfatların başına "more" getirilir.
tired-more tired bored-more bored serious-more serious
tiring-more tiring boring-more boring tedious-more tedious
Bazı iki heceli sıfatlar her iki biçimde de kullanılabilir.
simple-simpler/more simple common-commoner/more common
narrow-narrower/more narrow friendly-friendlier/more friendly
polite-politer/more polite handsome-handsomer/more handsome
Çoğu iki ve daha fazla heceli sıfatlar başına "more" alır.
modest-more modest careful-more careful comfortable-more comfortable
hostile-more hostile careless-more careless beautiful-more beautiful
certain-more certain frequent-more frequent practical-more practical
content-more content intelligent-more intelligent efficient-more efficient
Bazı bileşik sıfatlar, her iki biçimde de comparative yapılabilir. Özellikle Informal English'de,
sıfatın birinci sözcüğünü çekimlemek çok yaygındır.
My brother is more hardworking than I am. My brother is harder-working than
I am.
I am more easy-going now than I was a few years ago. I am easier-going now
than I was a few years ago.
Sonu -ty ile biten zarflar başına "more" alır.

slowly-more slowly quickly-more quickly carefully-more carefully
easily-more easily cleverly-more cleverly comfortably-more comfortably
Sonu -ly ile bitmeyen zarflardan fast, hard ve late, sonuna -er takısı alır. Ancak often, more
often biçiminde çekimlenir. Early ise, sonu -fy ile bittiği halde earlier biçiminde çekimlenir.
fast-faster often-more often
hard-harder early-earlier
late-later
b) Karşılaştırma yapabilmek için iki öğeye ihtiyacımız vardır. İki insanı, iki nesneyi, iki
yeri vs. birbiriyle karşılaştırabiliriz. Karşılaştırılan öğelerden ikincisine geçerken arada
"than" kullanılır.
istanbul is bigger than Ankara.
Ayşe is more beautiful than her sister.
Your house is larger than ours, (our house)
Her hair is longer than mine, (my hair]
She is taller than me.
He is driving more carefully than you.
I find basketball more enjoyable than volleyball.
390 Q ELS
400
Karşılaştırmayı yaparken, her iki nesnenin de tekil ya da her ikisinin de çoğul olması gerekmez.
Şu örneği inceleyelim:
istanbul is bigger than all the other cities in Turkey.
Bu örnekte, İstanbulu Türkiye'nin diğer bütün şehirleriyle karşılaştırdığımız için, yine iki taraf
vardır.
Ayşe is more hardworking than all my other students.
(Ayşe diğer bütün öğrencilerimden daha çalışkandır.)
He drives more carefully than his brothers. Some people are luckier than others.
Aynı nesnenin farklı zamanlardaki durumunu da karşılaştırabiliriz.
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
(Bugün hava dün olduğundan (dünkünden) daha sıcak.) ÖR
It was cooler yesterday than it is today. (Dün hava bugünkünden daha serindi.)
l could run longer distances when I was younger than I can now. She works
harder this year than she did last year.
Last night, they treated us more sincerely than I had expected. (Dün akşam
bize, umduğumdan daha samimi davrandılar.)
I used to go to the cinema more often when I was at university than I do now.
Comparative yapıyı, belirtili bir nesne için kullanıyorsak, önüne "the" gelir.
- Which of those two is your English teacher?
- The taller (of them) is my English teacher.
Of these two apples, can I take the bigger one? Aksi takdirde "the" kullanılmaz.
My English teacher is taller than yours. This apple is bigger than that one.
c) Irregular Inflection of Adjectives and Adverbs

Bazı sıfat ve zarfların çekimi, belirtilen kuralların dışındadır.
good (adj.)'/well (adv.) = better much = more
bad (adj.)/badly (adv.) = worse many = more
far = farther/further little = less
She is a better driver than I thought.
She drove the car better than I thought.
He is better at mathematics than his sister, but he is worse at physics.
He speaks English worse than anybody else in the classroom.
Good, bad ve well sözcüklerini "feel' ve "get' fiilleriyle kullanırken belli kısıtlamalar vardır.
"Well" in, sağlığımıza ilişkin konuşurken "iyi" anlamında bir sıfat olduğunu görmüştük.
- How are you today/How do you feel today?
- I am well/l feel well, (not "good')
ELS Q 391
401
Eğer, hasta birine "İyileşinceye kadar yatmalısın." demek istiyorsak, well ya da onun
comparative biçimi better kullanabiliriz, (good kullanamayız.)
You must stay in bed until you feel well/better.
Eğer hasta biri, "Bugün kendimi kötü/daha kötü hissediyorum." demek istiyorsa bunu şöyle
ifade edebiliriz.
I feel worse today, (not "bad') "Feel good/bad", kişinin ruh halini ifade etmek
için kullanılabilir.
I feelgood, (happy, pleased, etc.)
I feel bad. (unhappy, displeased, etc.)
Get fiilinden sonra good ve bad kullanılmaz. Bunların comparative biçimi better ve worse
kullanılır. "Get well" kullanımı da mümkündür.
She was very ill yesterday, but she is getting better.
Your English is getting better. (İngilizcen düzeliyor.)
The economic situation is getting worse. (Ekonomik durum kötüleşiyor.)
I hope you'll get well soon. (Umarım yakında iyileşirsin.)
Nicelik sıfatı olarak much ve many "more" biçiminde çekimlenir. LttÜe'ın comparative biçimi
"less" dir. Few düzenlidir. "Fewer" biçiminde çekimlenir.
You have little money, but I have less. (I have less money than you.)
I have few books, but you have fewer than me.
There were jfewer people at the demonstration yesterday than at the previous one.
(Dünkü gösteride öncekinden daha az kişi vardı.)
I think you have more money than all of us.

I guess more people will become unemployed in the days to come.
(Sanırım önümüzdeki günlerde daha çok insan işsiz kalacak.)
Zarf olarak much ve little'ın comparative biçimi yine more ve less'dir.

I drove the car more than you did. I used to read more than I do now. She
thinks very little, but her sister thinks less.
"More" gibi "less" de sıfat ve zarflan nitelemek için kullanılır.
This bed is less comfortable than the one I slept in last night. (Bu yatak, dün
akşam yattığım yataktan daha az rahat.)
Bu cümleden çıkan sonuç "yatakların ikisi de rahat, ama bu daha az rahat'Avc. Eğer bu
cümleyi "more uncomfortable" ile ifade edersek anlam biraz değişir:
This bed is more uncomfortable than the one I slept in last night. (Bu yatak,
dün akşam yattığım yataktan daha rahatsız.)
Bu cümleden çıkan sonuç ise "Yatakların her ikisi de rahatsız ama bu daha rahatsıdır.
Both a Mercedes and a BMW are expensive cars, but a BMW is less expensive
than a Mercedes.
My daughter is obviously less good at maths than my son.
392 Q ELS
402
Far iki şekilde comparative yapılır: farther ya da further. Eğer fer, "uzak" anlamında
kullanılıyorsa comparative biçimi farther ya da further olabilir.
Your house is farther/further from the city centre than ours. Further'ın bir
anlamı da "more" demektir. Bu anlamda farther kullanılmaz.
I'll let you know as soon as I get further Information, (more information)
. '\ -.--,. . - ; -:f^ v-^.
OLDER AND ELDER
İki kişinin ya da iki nesnenin yaşlarını karşılaştınyorsak "older" kullanılır. "Abla, ağabey, büyük
amca vs." gibi aile bireylerinden, daha büyük olanını ifade ediyorsak "elder" kullandır. "Than"
kullanılan cümlelerde elder kullanılmaz; çünkü "than" karşılaştırma yapar. Özellikle American
English'te, elder yerine older kullanımı çok yaygındır.
My elder sister lives in Germany. (Ablam Almanya'da oturuyor.)

Her elder brother doesn't allow her to stay out late.
(Ağabeyi, onun geç vakte kadar dışarıda kalmasına izin vermiyor.)
I have two sisters. One is older than me, and one is younger.
.:,- Are you older or younger than your brother?
Older "daha eskf anlamında da kullanılır.
;• Our apartment building is older than all the others in our street.
This car seems older than the one we tried out yesterday, and I'd prefer to buy
the newer one.
d) İki nesneyi karşılaştırırken, bazı zarflarla karşdaştırmamn derecesini azaltabilir ya da

çoğaltabiliriz. Karşdaştırmalı bir sıfat ya da zarfı niteleyebilecek zarflar şunlardır: far,
much, a little, even, hardly, scarcely, almost, nearly, any, rather, (qm'te ve fairly,
comparative yapılarla kullanılmaz.) .,..-,...
Ankara is a big city, but Istanbul is much/a lot/far bigger than Ankara.
(Istanbul Ankara'dan çok daha büyük.)
This exam is a bit/a little more difficult than the previous one. (Bu sınav
öncekinden biraz daha zor.)
You said her handwriting was better than yours, but it isn't any better. (.... ama
hiç de daha iyi değil.)
Last night, I went to bed rather earlier than usual. ^

(Dün akşam, her zamankinden oldukça erken yattım.)
e) Bir durumun sürekli değiştiğini vurgulamak için comparative adjective ya da adverb

çift kullanılabilir: more and more, faster and faster, better and better, more and more
expensive, etc. Örneklerde görüldüğü gibi, -er takısı alan sıfatların kendisi çift söylenir.
Çok hecelilerde ise more yinelenir. , ,. •
Everything is getting more and more expensive.
•; , (Her şey gittikçe pahalılaşıyor.)
It's becoming more and more Important to know a foreign language.

(=It's becoming increasingly important to....)
(Yabancı dil bilmek gittikçe daha çok önem kazanıyor.)
ELS Q 393
403
More and more students are taking the university exam. (Gittikçe daha çok
öğrenci üniversite sınavına giriyor.)
It's becoming harder and harder to find a job. They began to work more and
more slowly.
fl Karşılaştırmalı yapıyı, iki durumun birbirine bağlı olarak değiştiğini ifade etmek için de
kullanabiliriz.
The harder you work, the more successful you will be. (Ne kadar çok çalışırsan
o kadar başarılı olursun.)
The less you eat, the more quickly you'll lose weight. (Ne kadar az yersen o
kadar çabuk kilo verirsin.)
The more you earn, the more you can spend.
(Ne kadar çok kazanırsan o kadar çok harcayabilirsin.)
The harder the job became, the less interested I was. (İş zorlaştıkça ilgim
azaldı.)
The more he talked, the more annoyed I became. (O konuştukça öfkem arttı.)
Bu cümlelerdeki anlamı "as" kullanarak da verebiliriz.
As I grew older, I became more interested in music. The older I grew, the more
Interested I became in music. (Büyüdükçe müziğe olan ilgim arttı.)
As I waited there for him to come, I got more and more impatient. The longer I
waited there for him to come, the more impatient I got.
EXERCISE 111 Complete the sentences using the comparative forms of the adjectives or
adverbs given In parentheses.
1. Is there something special happening? The streets seem ..................................... today

than usual, (crowded)
2. You come to visit us very rarely. We want to see you ................................... (often)
3. You should try to find an ................................. job than your present one;
otherwise, you'll lose your health, (easy)
4. She gave me clear directions, so I found her house much .................................. than
I expected, (easily)
5. I thought driving on the highway was difficult, but it was even ..................................
to drive in the city centre, (difficult)
6. Yesterday, our team played far ................................. than ever before, (badly)
7. The other team was really bad, but ours was much ........................................ (bad)
8. I'm sure you are capable of drawing .................................. pictures than this, (good)
9. My favourite pop singer is Sezen Aksu. She sings a lot .................................. than
all the others, (well)
10. Stay a bit ................................. away from the cables. I'm afraid you'll get
electrocuted, (far)
11. If you don't have any .................................... questions, I'll change the topic, (far)
12 ...................................... money should be spent on arms, and ......................................
on feeding the hungry, (little/much)
13. We must speak a bit .....................................so that we don't wake the baby, (quietly)
14. Will you be a bit .................................... please? I'm trying to listen to the news
bulletin, (quiet)
15. Will you please wake me up at 6 tomorrow? I must be at work rather
................................... than usual, (early)
394 Q ELS
404
EXERCISE 12: Circle the correct one.
1. She came much (later/lately) to the meeting than I did.
2. She works much (harder/hardly) than you do.
3. He speaks English a lot (well/better) than you do, but he is much (worse/badly) at
grammar.
4. Is your (elder/old) brother still at school?
5. He is only thirty years old, but looks (older/elder).
6. I think this hairstyle makes me seem (young/younger) than I really am.
7. I think you can live more (cheap/cheaply) in rural areas than in big cities.
8. I haven't seen him (late/lately). Have you?
9. I'm afraid we have to accept his proposal. It's more (practical/practically) than
yours.
10. She has been taking piano lessons for (nearly/nearer) two years, but even I can play
(well/better) than her.
11. We have to get (further/farther) assistance to deal with the epidemic.
12. We must use (newly/newer) machinery in the office in order to produce (well/better)
work.
13. I don't think the (newer/newly) purchased machines are (good/better) enough to
keep up with our daily output.
14. You should try a much (simpler/more simply) way to explain if you notice that the
students are (confusing/confused).
15. She (simply/more simply) wanted to be (helpful/helpfully). Nothing else.
EXERCISE 13: Complete the sentences using the "comparative + and + comparative"
structure with the words In parentheses.
Example: She is becoming more and more nervous as the exam draws nearer, (nervous)
1. The fog is becoming ............................................. We must look for somewhere to
spend the night, (heavy)
2. I felt rather lonely when I went to live in another country, and as the days passed, it
became ........................................... to be away from my homeland, (unbearable)
3. It was a bit cloudy when I got up in the morning, and I hoped it would clear up, but
as the day went on, the weather got ............................................. (bad)
4. The world is changing so rapidly that the generation gap between parents and
children is getting ............................. '. .............. (big)
5. With practice, driving in heavy traffic seemed to get..............................................
(easy;
6. As the planes landed one after another, the arrivals lounge became
...........................................with passengers, (crowded)
7. As technology advances, women seem to do ........................................... housework.
(little)
8. As he inspected the case more closely, it seemed to get .............................................
(complicated)
9 ............................................... people are migrating to cities from rural areas in the
hope of better living conditions, (many)
10. Due to the heavy traffic, we seem to waste .......................................... time going
to and from work, (much)
EXERCISE 14: Rewrite the sentences using "The + comparative ...... the + comparative ....... "
structure.
Example: As her son grew more self-confident, she became less worried about him.
The more self-confident her son grew, the less worried she became about him.
1. As I got to know him, I became more interested in his ideas.
ELS a 395
405
2. As I carried the box further, it seemed to become heavier.
3. As he worried increasingly about his problem, he became less capable of coping
with it.
4. As they went deeper into the forest, they felt more and more frightened.
5. If we save more money now, we'll have more to spend on our summer holiday.
6. As the waves got bigger, we derived more pleasure from surfing.
7. How fast our business will expand depends on how hard we work.
8. The number of teachers required increases as we get more and more students to
enrol in our courses.
WHY ON THE DEAN'S LIST
When I received my grades from Harvard College, I was
delighted that they were higher than I had expected, and I phoned to tell
my parents. While I was on the phone with my mother, she shared the
news with my 16-year-old brother, whose experiences with school were
far different from mine. "(Suess what, Jes? Your sister is on the dean's
list!" "Wow!" he replied. "How could she get in that much trouble?"
(by Molly Schwartzburg from Reader's Digest)
7-16 COMPARISON WITH AS .... AS/THE SAME .... AS/DIFFERENT FROM
a) Sıfat ve zarflarda karşılaştırma yapabileceğimiz diğer bir yapı as ... as/so .... as
kalıbıdır. As .... as kalıbı olumlu cümlede kullanıldığında eşitlik bildirir ve iki as
arasında sıfatın ya da zarfın yalın hali kullanılır.
as + adjective/adverb + as
Ali is 16 years old. Ayşe is 16 years old too. Ali is as old as Ayşe.
Ali is 1.65 m tall. Ayşe is 1.65 m tall too. Ali is as tall as Ayşe.
Ali is 50 kg. Ayşe is 50 kg. Ali is as heavy as Ayşe.
They are driving at 100 kph. We are driving at 100 kph. They are driving
as fast as we are. (Bizim kadar hızlı sürüyorlar.}
He drives the car carefully. You drive the car carefully. He drives the car as
carefully as you. (Arabayı senin kadar dikkatli kullanıyor.)
396 Q ELS
406
Olumlu cümlede, karşılaştırılan öğeler yer değiştirdiğinde cümlenin anlamı değişmez.
Your house is as large as ours. OR Our house is as large as yours.
Ali is as taO as Ayşe. OR Ayşe is as tall as Ali.
As + adjective/adverb + as, olumsuz cümlede kullanıldığında eşitsizlik olduğunu vurgular.
Olumsuz cümlede so + adjective/adverb + as kalıbım da kullanabiliriz.
Our apartment building has three floors. Your apartment building has six floors.
Our apartment building Isn't as/so high as yours.
Living in the country isn't as/so expensive as living in big cities. (Kırsal
kesimde yaşamak büyük şehirlerde yaşamak kadar pahalı değil.)
He doesn't drive as/so carefully as you. (O senin kadar dikkatli araba
kullanmıyor.)
Olumsuz cümlede karşılaştırılan öğeler yer değiştirdiğinde cümlenin anlamı değişir. Bu
nedenle, isimleri değiştirdiğimizde kullanılan sıfat ya da zarfı da değiştirmemiz gerekir.
This exam isn't as/so difficult as the previous one. (Bu sınav önceki kadar zor
değil.)
The previous exam wasn't as/so easy as this one. (Önceki sınav bunun kadar
kolay değildi.)
As ... as ya da so ... as arasına sıfat ya da zarftan başka sözcükler de girebilir. Karşılaştırılan
öğelerden birincisine ait olan sözcükler ikinci as'a kadar yazılır. İkinci as'den sonra yazılanlar
ikinci öğeye aittir.
It isn't as/so cold today as it was yesterday.
I'm not as/so optimistic about the economic situation in Turkey as you are.
(Türkiye'deki ekonomik durum konusunda senin kadar iyimser değilim.)
She wasn't as/so self-conÛdent before she found a decent Job as she is now.
(Saygın bir iş bulmadan önce, şimdi olduğu kadar kendine güvenli değildi.)
You don't seem as/so keen on playing football nowadays as you were before.
Sıfat tamlamalarında so/as + adjective + a/an singular noun kalıbı kullanılabilir. Bu yapı
çoğul isimlerle ve sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılmaz.
4
Have you ever seen as keen a boy as him?
(Hiç onun kadar hevesli bir çocuk gördün mü?) •-.
I want to buy Just as big an apartment as yours. (Aynı/Tam seninki kadar
büyük bir daire almak istiyorum.)
I hadn't expected our team to get as high a score as they did.
So/as + adj + a singular noun kalıbı çok fazla kullanılmaz. Bunun yerine such .... as kalıbı
tercih edilir. Bu kalıp tekil, çoğul ve sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılabilir.
I have never seen such a beautiful girl as her. (...as beautiful a girl as her.)
(Hiç onun kadar güzel bir kız görmedim.)
I have never drunk such delicious coffee as this. (Hiç bunun kadar lezzetli
kahve içmedim.)
I don't think you can find such cheap shoes as these. (Bunlar kadar ucuz
ayakkabı bulabileceğini sanmıyorum.)
ELS Q 39
407
So + adjective/adverb + as to do ve such + adjective + noun + as to do kalıpları"... yapacak
kadar" anlamını verir.
I admit he is rather disrespectful, but he is not so disrespectful as to shout at
his mother.
(Annesine bağıracak kadar saygısız değil.)
He is not such a disrespectful boy as to shout at his mother. (Annesine
bağıracak kadar saygısız bir çocuk değil.)
She isn't so beautiful as to win the beauty contest. (Güzellik yarışmasını
kazanacak kadar güzel değil.)
She isn't such a beautiful girl as to win the beauty contest. (Güzellik
yarışmasını kazanacak kadar güzel bir kız değil.)
As ... as kalıbını, just, nearly, almost gibi zarflarla niteleyebiliriz.
Her dog is nearly/almost as clever as a human. (Onun köpeği neredeyse
insanlar kadar akıllı.)
I thought you were considerate, but you are just as rude as the others. (Senin
düşünceli olduğunu zannetmiştim ama sen de aynı/tam diğerleri kadar
kabasın.)
As/so ... as kalıbını miktar sıfatları many, few, much ve little ile as/so + many/few/much/little
+ noun + as biçiminde kullanabiliriz.
I don't have as/so many books as you do. (Benim, senin kadar çok kitabım
yok.)
We intend to invite as few people to the wedding as possible. (Düğüne,
mümkün olduğu kadar az kişi davet etmek niyetindeyiz.}
You won't need as much money in the mountains as that. (Dağda bu kadar
çok paraya ihtiyaç duymazsın.)
For the trip, I'll take as little luggage as possible. (Seyahat için mümkün olduğu
kadar az eşya alacağını.)
As much as yapısını fiilleri tanımlarken de kullanabiliriz.
You don't like swimming as much as I do. (Sen yüzmeyi benim kadar
sevmiyorsun.)
She doesn't smoke as much as she used to. (Eskiden olduğu kadar çok sigara
içmiyor.)
Half as ... as, twice as ... as gibi yapılarla, karşılaştırdığımız özelliğin kaç kat olduğunu ifade
edebiliriz.
He eats very little. He doesn't eat even half as much as his sister. (Kardeşinin
yediğinin yarısını bile yemiyor.)
Her salary is twice as much as mine. (Onun maaşı benimkinin iki katıdır.)
Turkey is almost seven times as big as Bulgaria.
(Türkiye, Bulgaristan'ın yaklaşık yedi katı büyüklüğündedir.)
398 Q ELS
408
b) The same ... as
The same ... as, karşılaştırılan iki öğenin "aynı" olduğunu ifade eden bir yapıdır. Ancak the same
... as, isimlerle kullanılır.
Ali is as old as Ayşe. (as + adj + as)
Ali is the same age as Ayşe. (the same + noun + as)
(Ali Ayşe ile aynı yaşta.)
Ali is as heavy as Ayşe.
Ali is the same weight as Ayşe.
Your hair is as dark as mine.

Your hair is the same colour as mine.
I usually arrive home at the same time as my father. The same as yan yana
kullanılabilir.
My needs are the same as yours.
Her eye colour is the same as her mother's.
Your English teacher is the same as ours.
Eğer karşılaştırılan iki öğeyi, cümlenin başında özne olarak kullanıyorsak, as kullanılmaz.
Last night, I arrived home at the same time as my father. Last night, my father
and I arrived home at the same time.
She still lives in the same house as her parents. Her parents and she still live in
the same house.
c) Similar to/different from
Benzerlikleri similar to, farklılıktan different from ile ifade ederiz. (American English genellikle
different from/than, British English ise different from/to kullanır.)
Your pronunciation is quite different from/than/to mine. (Senin telaffuzun
benimkinden çok farklı.)
The layout of your house is similar to ours, but yours is a bit larger. (Sizin evin
planı bizimkine benziyor.)
Benzeyen ya da farklı olan noktayı In that + a sentence biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.
My job is similar to yours in that we meet a good many people throughout the
. day.
(Benim işim, gün boyu pek çok insanla karşılaşmak bakımından seninkine
benziyor.)
My point of view is different from/than/to yours in that I'm more optimistic
about the situation.
(Benim görüşüm, bu konuda daha iyimser olmam bakanından seninkinden farkb.)
d) Pronouns/nouns after "than", "from" and "as"

Than ve as' den sonra fiil subject + verb biçiminde kullanılabilir. Eğer fiil kullanılmıyorsa,
object pronoun/noun (me, him, you, Ayşe. etc.) kullanılır. From ve to' dan sonra subject + verb
yapısı kullanılmaz. Noun/pronoun kullanılır.
ELS a 399
409
You are taller than me. /You are taller than / am.
She can sing better than you. /She can sing better than you can.
I'm not as tall as him. /I'm not as tall as he is.
You can't sing as well as her. /You can't sing as well as she can.
Her tastes in clothes are different from/than/to mine.
His brother is very different from/than/to Jeff, (from/than/to him)
Eğer baştaki özne iyelik bildiriyorsa than ve as den sonra possessive noun/pronoun kullanılır.
Your parents aren't so strict as mine, (as my parents/as my parents are) My
hair is longer than hens, (than her hair/than her hair is)
SPEAKING VOLUMES
The music for the wedding reception of my wife's nephew was being \
furnished by a young group, who obviously believed that loud is good. At one point,
I was standing at the far end of the room, where the grandmother of the groom
/
was trying unsuccessfully to carry on a conversation with another woman. Finally,
in desperation, she caught the eye of the bandleader and beckoned him over.
Shouting at the top of her voice, she asked, "CAN'T SOMETHING BE DONE
ABOUT THE VOLUME?"
With an apologetic smile, he shouted back, "I'M SORRY, MISSIS.
WE CAN'T DO ANYTHING MORE. IT'S TURNED UP AS HIGH AS IT WILL
GO!" • .
(by Adin Green from Reader's Digest)
EXERCISE 15u Rewrite the sentences using "as/so ... as", or "such ... as" where possible.
Example: My son is a more obedient child than my daughter.

My daughter is not such an obedient child as my son.
1. Some students worked less than I wanted them to.

Some students ......................................................................................................
2. It took us longer to get home last night than usual.
Usually, it doesn't..................................................................................................
3. They are now doing a larger volume of business than they used to.
They didn't ..............................................................................................................
4. They offered him a lower wage than he had expected, (use high)
They......................................................................................................................
5. They now have a bigger house than they used to.
They didn't ..............................................................................................................
6. Tonight's audience was more enthusiastic about the play than last night's.
Last night, the audience ........................................................................................
4OO Q ELS
410
EXERCISE 16: Complete the sentences using "half as ... as, twice as ... as, etc." pattern.
Example: It took Sandra half an hour to anıyor the questions, while the other
students spent an hour.
It took the other students twice as long to answer the questions as it
did Sandra.
1. This book has a hundred pages and that book has three hundred pages.
That book is .......................................................................................................................
2. The old stadium seated 30,000 spectators. The new stadium seats 60,000
spectators.
The old stadium.................................................................................................................
The new stadium ...............................................................................................................
3. Usually I take a four-kilometre walk in the morning, but yesterday I walked only
two kilometres.
I usually walk ....................................................................................................................
Yesterday I walked ...........................................................................................................
4. Mary spent £100 on the curtains for her new house, but Sonia spent £1000 for the
same purpose.
Sonia spent........................................................................................................................
5. A normal washing machine washes 5 kg of clothing. The new Dyson washes almost
10 kg of clothing.
The new Dyson washes almost .........................................................................................
A normal washing machine washes about .......................................................................
6. The kitchen is 20 feet square and the living room is 60.
The living room is ..............................................................................................................
EXERCISE 17: Choose the correct one.
1. My house is the same (far/distance) from work (to/as) yours, but it usually takes
me (long/longer) to get home (than/as) you, because my route has (heavier/more
heavily) traffic.
2. I also need a box just as (large/larger) as this one to put my books in.
3. The dress in the other shop costs the same (expensive/price) as this, but it is
(much/less) attractive than this one.
4. No one can really sing this piece as (worse/badly) as him.
5. I don't usually smoke as (many/much) cigarettes as I am smoking these days.
6. He came rather (lately/later) than he had promised us.
7. I don't think driving a car is (as/such) (dangerous/dangerously) (as/than) riding a
motorcycle.
8. The traffic is (a lot/more) (heavier/heavily) today than it (usual/usually) is.
9. I have never seen (so/such) (eager/eagerly) (studying/studied) students (that/as)
they are.
10. We could have spent a (much/more) (well/better) holiday (that/than) we actually
did.
11. Their summer house is twice (so/as) (far/farther) from the sea (than/as) ours.
12. He used to go to the theatre very (more often/often), but now he has very
(little/less) time to spare.
13. Everybody at the party was (such/so) (good/well) (dressing/dressed) (as/that) she
felt ashamed of her shabby jeans.
14. He drove at (so/such) a (high/higher) speed (that/as) we arrived at our destination
two hours (early/earlier) than the (expecting/expected) time.
15. The grades the students got were below my expectations. I hadn't expected them to
get (so/such) (low/lower) grades.
ELS a 401
411
16. He is (so/such a) sociable child that he has twice (as/so) (many/more) friends
(than/as) his twin.
17. It was snowing (more/so) (heavily/heavy) yesterday (that/than) we couldn't go out.
18. I can (hard/hardly) talk to him because he has (so/such) an (irritating/irritated)
manner.
19. I'm not feeling too (better/well). I think I'll go and lie down for a (few/little) hours.
20. She wouldn't have been (so/such) (upset/upsetting) if you hadn't spoken (so/such)
(sarcastic/sarcastically) to her.
7-17 SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
a) Sıfat ve zarflarda en üstünlük derecesi "-est" takısı ve "most" sözcüğüyle ifade edilir.
"-est" ve "most" un kullanımıyla ilgili kurallar "-er" ve "more" için belirttiğimiz kurallarla
aynıdır.
pretty-prettier-prettiest expensive-more expensive-most expensive
big-bigger-biggest frequent-more frequent-most frequent
clever-cleverer-cleverest pleased-more pleased-most pleased
carefully-more carefully-most carefully easily-more easily-most easily
significantly-more significantly-most significantly
Sıfat ve zarf biçimi aynı olan sözcüklerin çekimi şöyledir:

hard-harder-hardest late-later-latest
fast-faster-fastest early-earlier-earliest
Late'in comparative ve superlative biçimi iki şekildedir:
la te-la ter-la tes t late-la tter-las t
"Geç-daha geç-en geç" anlamında "late-later-latest" kullanılır.

I usually get up late. My son gets up later than me and my husband gets up
the latest, (adverb)
He usually gets home on a late train, (adj.)
Can we travel on a later train today? (adj.)
The latest train we can get direct to Adapazarı is the 10.30. (adj.)
Latest, "son moda, en son" anlamında "most recent, up-to-date" ile eşanlamlı olarak da
kullanılır.
Everybody at the party was dressed in the latest fashion. (Partideki herkes son
moda giyinmişti.)
Have you read his latest book? (Onun en son kitabını okudun mu?)
Latter sadece sıfat olarak kullanılır ve arka arkaya sözü edilen iki şeyden "ikincisi, sonuncusu"
anlamındadır. İki şeyden "birincisi, önceki' anlamında "former"* ile birlikte sık kullanılır.
- There are two films on at the same time. One is a thriller and the other is a
romance.
- I'd prefer to watch the latter. I'd find the former too nerve-racking.
(Ben ikincisini izlemeyi tercih ederim. Birincisini fazla sinir bozucu buluyorum.)
401 Q ELS
412
Bu cümlede "latter" söyleniş sırasına göre ikinci sırada yer alan "romance" yerine, "former" ise
birinci sırada yer alan "thriller" yerine kullanılmıştır, (former = first, latter = second)
Last, sıfat ve zarf olarak kullanılır ve "first" ile zıt anlamlıdır.
I first went to Germany in 1973, and I last went there in 1986. (adv.)
(Almanya'ya ilk olarak 1973'te, en son (son olarak) 1986'da gittim.)
I will be the last person to leave the office. Who will be the first? (adj.) (Bürodan
en son ayrılan kişi ben olacağım. Birinci/ilk ayrılan kim olacak?)
Former"ın bir anlamı da "eskf demektir: in former times (eski zamanlarda), our former teacher
(eski öğretmenimiz/önceki öğretmenimiz). "Former" bir comparative değildir, "-er", sözcüğün
yapısında vardır. "Formerly" bir zarftır ve "eskiden, önceleri' anlamındadır.
I formerly worked as a secretary.
(Eskiden/'Önceleri bir sekreter olarak çalışıyordum.)
Düzensiz sıfat ve zarflar ise şu şekilde çekimlenir:

good/well-better-best much-more-most
bad/badly-worse-worst little-less-least
far-farther/further-farthest/furthest few-fewer-fewest (düzenlidir)
b) Sıfat ve zarfların superlative biçimi, bir kişi ya da nesnenin, belirtilen özelliğe belli bir
grubun içerisinde en üst ya da en alt düzeyde sahip olduğunu ifade eder.
Superlative'in önünde "the" kullanılır.
She is the most hardworking student in the classroom.
Istanbul is the biggest city in Turkey.
Our apartment building is the tallest in our street.
She has the most money among us.
Ayşe has the least courage of them all. ' • '
She has the fewest friends in the class.
This problem is the least important (one) of all. •''. -• •"
He is the best player in the team.
He drives the most carefully of all the drivers I know.
She speaks English the best of the three.
(Üçünün içinde İngilizceyi en iyi o konuşuyor.) ..' •'-...-.
c) Tanımladığımız öğenin hangi ortamda en iyi, en kötü vs. olduğunu belirtirken, eğer bu
ortam bir yer ise in kullanılır: in the world, in Turkey, in our street, etc. Zaman ya da
bir grup ifade eden sözcük ise of kullanılır: the happiest time of my life, the shortest
month of the year, the most hardworking one of all my students, the most intelligent of
us all, the most famous of all the Turkish writers, etc. Grup ifade eden yapılarla among
da kullanabiliriz: the cleverest among us, the laziest among my students, etc.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. ' ' -vi
February is the shortest month of the year.
Hande is the tallest of all my students. .:
Of all the contemporary writers, I like him best.
d) Superlative kullanabilmemiz için tanımlayacağımız nesnenin ait olduğu grubun en az

üç öğeden oluşması gerekir. Eğer grup iki öğeden oluşuyorsa comparative kullanılır.
They have two daughters, and Ayşe is the cleverer of the two. They have three
sons, and Ali is the most intelligent of the three.
ELS Q 403
413
Bazı durumlarda comparative ile superlative kullanımını ayırt etmek güç olabilir. Şu iki örneği
inceleyelim.
She is more hardworking than all the other students in the classroom. (O
sınıftaki diğer bütün öğrencilerden daha çalışkandır.)
She is the most hardworking of all the students in the classroom. (O sınıftaki
bütün öğrencilerin içinde en çalışkanıdır.)
Bu örneklerden birincisinde, "she", sınıftaki diğer öğrencilerin dışında tutulmuştur. Yani bir
tarafta "she", bir tarafta "diğer öğrenciler" göz önüne alındığında, iki öğeden oluşan bir
karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. İkinci örnekte ise "she" grubun bir üyesidir ve o grubun içinde "en
çalışkan" olduğu ifade edilmiştir.
istanbul is bigger than all the other cities in Turkey. Istanbul is the biggest
city in Turkey.
I consider his latest book to be more successful than all his others. I consider
his latest book to be the most successful of all his books.
e) More, most ve least, fiilleri nitelemek için de kullanılır.
She most fears that she may lose her job some day. (En çok bir gün işini
kaybetmekten korkuyor.)
l more prefer tea to coffee.

(Kahveyi çaya daha çok tercih ederim.)
She usually comes when I least need her and doesn't when I need her most.
(Genellikle ona en az ihtiyaç duyduğum zamanlarda gelir, en çok ihtiyaç
duyduğumda ise gelmez.)
Like, enjoy gibi beğeni ifade eden fiillerle "daha çok, en çok" anlamında better ve best de
kullanabiliriz.
Of the two shirts, I liked the checked one better. (=more) (İki gömlekten,
kareli olanını daha çok beğendim.)
l like coffee better than tea. (=more than) (Kahveyi çaydan daha çok severim.)
Of all the Turkish pop singers, I like Sezen Aksu best. (=most) (Türk pop
sanatçıları içinde en çok Sezen Aksu'yu severim.)
Hate, dread gibi olumsuz anlam taşıyan fiillerle better ve best kullanamayız. Bu tür fullerle
more ve most kullanabiliriz.
Among the martial arts I hate karate most.

(Dövüş sporları içinde en çok karateden nefret ederim.)
fl Bir superlative'in önünde, normalde "the" kullanıldığını görmüştük. Ancak, "his, my,
this, that' gibi başka bir sözcük kullanılıyorsa "the" kalkar.
His best book is his latest.

She is one of my most hardworking students.
4O4 O ELS
414
g) Oldest-eldest
Oldest ve eldest arasındaki fark, older ve elder arasındaki fark ile aynıdır. Eğer bir kişi ya da
nesnenin yaşça en büyük olduğunu ifade ediyorsak oldest, aile bireylerinden en büyük olanını
ifade ediyorsak eldest kullanılır.
Who is the oldest student in this classroom? The oldest representative came
from China.
My eldest uncle is a lawyer.

My eldest brother is getting married next week.
h) Most + adjective , önünde "the" olmadan kullanıldığı zaman "very" anlamını verir.
A most strange thing happened the other day. (a very strange tiling) (Geçen gün
çok garip bir şey oldu.}
You shouldn't miss that film. It's most interesting, (very interesting)
GOT HIS REVENGE
">
John Paul Getty, reputed to have been the richest man in the world, ^>.
once bought some goods from a very expensive Neiman-Marcus store, but /
refused to pay the delivery charges. "So," reports the store's founder, )
Stanley Marcus, "when I was in California some time later, I bought petrol
at ^>
a Getty station, but refused to pay the tax. Instead, I gave the attendant 1
my business card and told him to charge the tax to Getty personally. 'Tell \
Getty that Stanley Marcus has got even,' I said." v
4î8$83!SK*^§8te&ra«s&SSS8^^

1. She seems to be the (wiser/wisest) of the three.
2. Of the two pullovers, I bought the (cheaper/cheapest) one.
3. She drives the car (worse/badly), far (worse/worst) than me.
4. My son is the (oldest/eldest) among his classmates.
5. Both eating less and taking exercise help you lose weight, but I find the
(later/latter) a (healthier/healthy) way than the (formerly/former).
6. This is (more boring/the most boring) film I've ever seen.
7. I've never seen (so/such) a (more boring/boring) film (as/than) this.
8. His grades weren't (so/such) (remarkable/remarkably) at first, but by studying very
(hard/hardly), he has become (the best/well) in the classroom.
9. Have you ever met (so/such) a forgetful man (as/that) to forget his own name?
10. Being (the less/the least) popular student in the classroom soon made her feel
(depressing/depressed).
11. I guess (fewer/less) people will attend this demonstration, the weather being
(so/such) (awful/awfully).
12. She made the (fewer/fewest) mistakes of all the students taking the exam.
13. She has got even (fewer/fewest) mistakes (than/of) the (better/best) student in the
class.
14. Has anybody told you the (latest/last) gossip about Peter and Mary yet?
15. They make a very strange couple, but he seems to be the (less/least) eccentric of
the two.
ELS Q 4O5
415
16. He seems to be the (least/fewest) outgoing member of his family.
17. The (last/latest) person to leave should lock the doors.
18. He hasn't done (as/such) (well/good) in life (as/that) his sister because he's been
given (fewer/less) opportunities.
19. Have you ever felt (so/such) (frightened/a frightening) (as/that) this before?
20. I don't know why we have to study Heidegger because, of all the German
philosophers, he seems to be the (less/least) significant.
7-18 "TO + INFINITIVE" AFTER ADJECTIVE STRUCTURES
Sıfat yapılarında "to + infinitive" kullanımını daha önce "too" ve "enough" ile görmüştük. "Too +
infinitive" kullanımı, özellikle "so", "such" ve superlative ile de mümkündür. Ancak "too +
infinitive" in bu yapılarda kullanılış biçimi ve cümleye kattığı anlam farklıdır.
a) "Too" ve "enough" ile kullanıldığında, "to + infinitive" "...yapacak kadar" anlamım verir
ve neden-sonuç ilişkisinde sonucu ifade eder. "Too" ve "enough" dan sonra sonucu
ifade etmek için that-clause kullanamayız.
Reason: This text is too long. Effect: I can't translate it in just two days.
This text is too long (for me) to translate in just two days. (Bu metin, sadece iki
günde çeviremeyeceğim kadar uzun.)
Reason: This text isn't short enough. Effect: I can't translate it in just two days.
This text isn't short enough (for me) to translate in just two days. (Bu metin,
sadece iki günde çevirebileceğim kadar kısa değil.)
b) "So", "such" ve superlative ile "to + infinitive" kullanımında neden-sonuç ilişkisi

kurulmaz. Sadece, tanımlanan isme bir nitelik eklenir. Bu yapılarda kullanılan "to +
infinitive" aslında, daha önce 6. ünitede incelediğimiz, "noun + to infinitive"
kullanımıdır.
(a nice person to work with)

She is such a nice person to work wlthl
(an interesting topic to work on)

This is such an Interesting topic to work on\
(a suitable person to do the job)

She was the most suitable person to do the Job.
(O, işi yapacak en uygun kişiydi.)
(a good solution to overcome the problem)

The manager's proposal was the best solution to overcome the problem.
(Müdürün teklifi, sorunun üstesinden gelmek için en iyi çözümdü.)
Daha önce de gördüğümüz gibi, "so" ve "such" da neden-sonuç ilişkisinde sonuç that-clause ile
J
*ade edilir.
She is such a nice person to work with that everybody wants to work with her
In the same project.
This is such an interesting topic to work on that Pll choose It as my term project.
4O6 Q ELS
416
7-19 LIKE, AS, SUCH AS
a) Like, "similar to, for example, the same as" anlamını veren bir preposition'dır. Bu
nedenle kendinden sonra bir isim, zamir ya da gerund gelebilir.
She is very beautiful indeed, like an angel, (melek gibi]
Work hard like your father. (Baban gibi)
This bed is too tough. Sleeping in it is tike sleeping on the floor.
(Bu yatakta yatmak yerde yatmak gibi.)
Do you have any other books like this? (Bunun gibi başka kitapların var mı?)
My son wants to be a teacher like me. (Benim gibi)
Llke'dan sonra gerund'ı, like someone/something doing biçiminde de kullanabiliriz.
We heard a loud noise last night. It sounded like a bomb exploding. (Bomba
patlaması gibi geldi.)
- Do you hear a noise in the kitchen?
- Yes, it sounds like the tap dripping.
Ltke'm bu "gibi" anlamını as ile de verebiliriz. Ancak as'den sonra subject + verb kullanılır.
Work hard like your father, (baban gibi...)
Work hard as your father does, (babanın yaptığı gibi...)
My son wants to be a teacher like me/as I am.
Try to do it like this/as I show you.
b) As + subject + verb kalıbı farklı anlamlarda da kullanılabilir.
She passed the exam with a high grade, as we expected. (We were expecting this
already.)
As we all know, we'll face terrible conditions on this expedition. (Hepimizin
bildiği gibi,...)
She did exactly as she was told. (She did what she was told.) (Aynen kendisine
söylendiği gibi yaptı.)
As I said before (daha önce söylediğim gibi), as we stated before (daha önce belirttiğimiz gibi], as
(Is) known (bilindiği gibi), as (was) expected (beklenildiği gibi), ete. bu şekilde yaygın olarak
kullanılan ifadelerdir.
Passive ifadeleri kısaltarak as + past participle ya da as + verb be + past participle biçiminde
kullanabiliriz.
As is known very well = As known very well (çok iyi bilindiği gibi)
As was mentioned before = as mentioned before (daha önce değinildiği gibi)
As has been illustrated above = As illustrated above
(yakandaki örnekte görüldüğü gibi)
c) As'den sonra bir isim kullanılabilir: as an accountant, as a study, as a hospital, etc.
Bu kullanımıyla as "..... olarak' anlamına gelir ve bir benzetme yapmaz, gerçek
durumu yansıtır.
He works as an accountant in a big firm. (Büyük bir şirkette muhasebeci olarak
çalışıyor.)
She has been working as a teacher for nearly ten years.
The news that she had passed the exam came as a great surprise to me. (It
really was a surprise.)
I've always regarded you as my closest friend.
(Seni her zaman en yakın arkadaşım olarak görmüşümdür.)
ELS a 407
417
Like + a noun ile as + a noun arasındaki farkı şu örneklerde inceleyelim:
As your mother, I want you to be successful. LUce your mother, I want you to
be successful.
Bu cümlelerden birincisinde "as your mother", "Ben senin annenim ve annen olarak ..... "
anlamına gelmektedir. İkincisinde ise "ilke your mother ..... ", "Annen senin başarılı olmanı
istiyor. Annen gibi, ben de senin başardı olmanı istiyorum." anlamım verir.
Yesterday, my son invited his classmates to our house to study together, and
our living room was like a classroom, (...sınıf gibfl (Oturma odası aslında sınıf
olmadı. Sadece sınıfa benzedi.)
When there were more students than they had expected, they used the
teachers' room as a classroom, (...sınıf olarak]
(Öğretmenler odası sınıfa dönüştürüldü ve gerçekten sınıf amacıyla kullanıldı.)
d) Such as + noun, "for example" anlamında kullanılır. Bu anlamda ilke da kullanabiliriz.
I like summer fruits, such as peaches, melons and watermelons.
, like peaches, melons and watermelons. (Ben, şeftali,
kavun, karpuz gibi yaz meyvelerini severim.)
Such as ve ilke bu anlamıyla, kullanılan genel bir ifadeyi örneklendirir. (Yaz meyvelerinin
ömeklendirilmesi gibi.) Vereceğimiz örnek bir tane ya da birden fazla olabilir.
Such ... as, birbirinden ayrılabilir ve araya genellediğimiz isim girebilir. Şu örnekleri
inceleyelim: ,
Some countries, such as Turkey, are still dependent on agriculture economically.
Countries such as Turkey are still dependent on agriculture economically.
Such countries as Turkey are still dependent on agriculture economically.
J
I like to give presents such as books and records. ,
I like to give such presents as books and records.
• I find some sports, such as car racing and climbing, really dangerous.
I find sports such as car racing and climbing really dangerous. I find such
sports as car racing and climbing really dangerous.
EXERCISE 19 : Complete the sentences with "like", "as" or "such as". There may be more
than one answer for some.
1. This child is really above his age. He is just ten years old, but he can already think
........................ an adult.
2 ........................... arranged with your purchasing department, we will deliver your
order on Friday.
3. We are in a hurry now. Leave the kitchen ...................... it is. We'll clear it up
when we return.
4 ........................... expected for a long time, they are increasing the taxes again.
5. I think films........................ horror films and thrillers have a tremendous effect on
children.
6. Some businesses ........................ restaurants, hotels and supermarkets, employ a
lot of students ....................... part-time employees.
7. After school, she spent two years in London to improve her English, and now she
can speak it very well; in fact .........................a native speaker.
408 Q ELS
418
8. Working....................... a tour operator seems ......................... an attractive job to
many youths, but it has its own difficulties.
9. If we had bought a cheaper model ....................... I suggested, we wouldn't be
having trouble meeting the payments every month.
10. I'm using the CD that the Internet company sent me........................ a promotion.
11. It sounds ....................... someone shouting for help. Let's go and see what the
problem is.
12. This meat is so tough it's ...................... trying to eat a piece of leather.
13. I don't think sports ....................... karate, fencing and boxing should be Olympic
sports.
14. I enjoy such outdoor activities....................... hiking, climbing and canoeing.
15. He plans to go to medical school ....................... his brother.
EXERCISE 20: FUl In the blanks In the passages below with the correct choice.
In the English literature of the 20th century, It is (6) ..... easier to establish a research
few writers have been (1) ..... original or base in the Arctic regions than in Antarctica.
controversial....... D.H. Lawrence. He was a In summer, locations close to the North Pole
man almost at war with the conventions, can be reached by ship and overland travel is
moral constraints and technology of modern possible. In Antarctica, (7) ...... , the land is
civilization. Much of his life was spent in the surrounded by ice-choked seas, and except
search for an ideal community of people in for a few months in summer, the storms are
which (2) ........ It was a search that failed in just (8) ..... to allow a safe passage, so ships
spite of his pilgrimages to such places (3) ..... can reach it only during the summer. As a
Italy, Ceylon - now Sri Lanka - Australia and result, (9) ..... usually have to stay there from
New Mexico. The oddities of his personality, one summer through to the (10) ........
his wandering way of life and his desire (4)
..... the depths of human relationships (5) 6.
..... originality to his novels and poems. A) most B) rather
C) so D) quite
1. E) more
A) so... that C) much... B) too... as D)
than more... like 7.
E) as... as A) although B) instead
C) however D) therefore
2. B) having lived E) despite
A) lived C) live D) to live
E) living 8.
A) too strong B) stronger
3. C) strong enough D) as strong
A) E) the strongest
like B) where D) just
C) as E) that
9.
4. A) speculations B) expansions
A) exploring B) to explore C) expeditions D) capabilities
C) explored D) being explored E) obstacles
E) to be explored
10.
5. A) later B) previous
A) brought B) took C) next D) former
C) created D) fetched E) latter
E) derived
ELS Q 409
419
(11) ...... as a student, Anton Chekhov, an The football coach, hearing that his star
accomplished dramatist, prolific letter writer player had just been declared ineligible
and one of (12) ......short-story writers of all because of cheating, dashed into the office of
time, was writing comic sketches. His early the dean. "Do you have any proof to (16) ......
ones have been lost, but many written during those charges?" he fumed. "We do," said the
his Moscow period were published and have dean. "Novak sat next to (17) .......student in
thus survived. Chekhov provides a the class. And he answered the first four
remarkably accurate picture of the Russia of questions exactly (18) ..... she did." "Isn't it
his day. It's been said that his works are (13) possible that Novak studied just (19) ...... she
..... accurate in detail ........ they could be did?" asked the coach. "Take a look at the
used as a source for sociological study. He last question," said the dean. "The girl
created moods and explored the depths of answered, "I don't know," and Novak wrote,
human emotion in (14) ...... subtle way that it "Me (20) ........ "
is uncertain (15) ...... he is presenting comedy
...... tragedy. 16.
A) turn down B) put on
11. C) back up D) break in
A) Though C) When B) While E) get off
E) Such D) Even
17.
12. A) as well B) better
A) so B) as great D) such great E) C) so good D) the best
great C) the greatest E) well enough
greater 18.
13.
A) as...as A) just B) like
B) so...that C) so D) such
C) more...than D) such...that
E) such...as E) as
14. 19.
B) a more A) so hard that B) as hard as
A) such a C) just as D) so
E) too C) harder than D) hard enough
E) how hard
15. 20.
A) so...as B) more...than A) nor B) neither
C) such...that D) that...when C) either D) too
E) whether...or E) also
GREAT EXPECTATIONS
My roommate was interested in a young man in her English

literature class, but she was too shy to let him know. One day she
overheard him say he was on his way to the library for a certain book. She
rushed to the library, found the book and stuck in it a letter from her
mother.
"Why would he want to read a letter from your mother?" I asked.
"He wouldn't, but if he is any kind of gentleman, he'll return it to me."
Her dorm and room number were on the envelope, of course.
The next day, he appeared with the letter and asked my roommate
out on a date. "Couldn't fail," she later told me. "The book was Great
Expectations."
(by Ginger Johnson from Reader's Digest)
410 a ELS
420
I-6Ü îsorularda, cümlede beş biratala» 7. There are few things ........ for a teacher
yerlere uygun düsen sözcük va da ....... seeing the majority of his/her
bulunuz. students pass their exams.
1. Today, most people prefer to wear clothes A) as satisfied/as
made of natural materials .......... cotton, B) so satisfying/that
wool or silk. C) the most satisfied/as
D) too satisfying/as
A) either C) like B)as E) more satisfying/than
E) such D) both
8. The unbearable heat of the midday sun
2. Of the two rooms offered us In the hotel, was ....... of the many things he was
we decided to choose ......... one because it trying to get accustomed to in India.
had a balcony. A) as B) the worst
B) too small bad C) D)too bad
A) the smallest C) worse
small enough D) the smaller E) so bad
E) so small
9.
3. I don't remember having ever watched In almost all countries, life expectancy is
.........game ........ the one we went to ..... for women ....... it is for men.
yesterday.
A) higher/than B) the highest/as
A) a more excited/than C) too high/for D) such high/as
B) as exciting/as E) so high/that
C) such an exciting/as you,
D) so exciting/that
10. Mrs. Smith is almost ...... age
E) too excited/that but you look much younger.
B) as/as
4. Business was going ......... that the A) more/than C) the
same/as D) similar/to
company went bankrupt only a few
months after it opened. E) so/like
A) worse C) the worst B) so badly 11. Her account of the accident was rather
E) too badly D) as bad
exaggerated, so it led us to think that it
was ...... it actually was.
5. At the seaside resort where we had our A) so bad B) the worst of
holiday last summer, the food prices were that C) as bad D) too bad for
..... more expensive than we had as E) worse than
expected.
A) fairly 12. The survivors reported that it had been
C) quite B) very D) rather ..... ordeal they had ever been through.
E) greatly
A) such a terrified
6. Of the two films recommended in the TV B) the most terrifying
Guide, one Is a love story and the other is C) a lot more terrified
a horror movie. Shall we watch...... as D) far too terrified
you know I hate violence? E) so terrifying
13. Because of the treacherous conditions,

the captain decided that it was ....... to
make the crossing.
A) the former C) lately B) formerly A) such risky C) riskier B) so risky D)

E) the latter D) the latest E) too risky the riskiest
ELS a 411
421
14. Josephine soon realized that starting 22. She had washed her new dress in hot
one's own business was not ......easy water because she didn't realize ......
...... it might seem. delicate the fabric was.
A) so/that B) the most/for A) how C) such B)

C) so/as D)too/so E) what as D)
more
E) more/than
15. Sally's new flat is very ...... ours, but her 23. The doctor says that if
the patient's
bathroom and kitchen are a little larger. condition gets any....... he'll have no
choice but to operate.
A) similar to B) different from
C) far more than D) rather than A) bad B) so badly
E) the same as D) worse
C) the worst
16. Often when a snake bites in self-defense, E) badly
it injects ...... venom........ when it attacks
its prey. 24. He was qualified for business
administration, but the company
A) much/that C) B) less/than employed him ...... a marketing
little/as D) as/as representative.
E) most/for
A) as B) like
17. Do you think she will attain the same C) such as D) just
success with her new film ...... she did
with her previous one? E) for
25. Would you like some of these vegetables,
A) just B) such as I seem to have bought ...... than I
C) like D) as actually need?
E) much
18. The swimming season in Turkey becomes A) too much C) so many B) far more
.... the further north you go. E) such a D) the most
lot
A) shorter B) shortest
C) too short 26. Of the many treasures excavated in
D) short enough
E) so short Egypt, the limestone head of Queen
Nefertiti is one of ........
19. They'd made....... radical changes to the
scheme ...... it scarcely resembled the A) a finer B) fine enough
original concept. C) the finest D) too fine
E) as fine as
A) more/than B) the most/than
C) so/as D) such/that 27. British author Graham Greene wrote .....
E) too/that extensively...... once he forgot about a
novel he wrote in 1944. Rediscovered in
20. My aunt carries her jewellery with her 1984, "The Tenth Man" was published a
wherever she goes, as she thinks it's ...... year later.
leaving it at home.
A) more/than C) B) as/as
A) too safe for B) just as safe so/that D) such/that
C) safer than D) the safest E) too/than
E) safe enough
21. I found parachute-jumping ...... 28.
experience.......I don't think I'll ever try it When you begin Job-hunting, it is
again. important to remember that ...... the
salary, the more responsibility the Job is
A) as frigh te ne d /a s likely to entail, and that may include
B) su ch a frigh ten in g /th a t working longer hours.
C) mo re frigh te n in g/than
D) so frig h ten ing /th at A) so high B) the highest
E) the mo s t frigh ten e d /as C) high enough D) such high
E) the higher
412 Q ELS
422
29. The problem of erosion has grown to ....... 37. Jane and Fay are identical twins, but
bewildering proportions....... it can only because Fay is noticeably....... , it is easy
be corrected by coordinated government to distinguish between them.
policies.
A) the thinnest B) thinner
A) the most/as B) such/that C) too thin D) thin enough
C) too/that D) so/as
E) more/than E) as thin as
30. Dentists regard pulling a tooth ....... a last 38. Though some people prefer visiting Nepal
resort in dental care. during the monsoon season, when there
are few tourists, at that time there is.......
A) as rain to make trekking in the mountains
C) like B) just D) even
EJyet enjoyable at all.
31. Though I tried .......I could, I was only A) the most C) many B) such a lot of
able to come second in the race. more D) too much
E) far more
A) as hard B) so hard that

D) harder than 39. Bioengineers have been striving to create
as C) too an artificial heart that functions ....... a
hard E) hard enough
natural one.
32. Considering how little they've got in
common, it's amazing that they get on A) so efficiently that
B) more efficient than
C) as efficiently as
A) the least B) too badly D) efficient enough
C) as good D) much less E) the most efficient
E) so well
40. Satellites revolving around the planets
33. I find the weather today simply....... to follow ...... laws of orbital motion ....... do
play tennis - let's go swimming instead. the planets.
A) the hottest C) too hot B) so hot as
E) hotter D) as hot A) not only/but also C) B) either/or
than both/and D) such/that
E) the same/as
34. My sister and I couldn't decide which film
to see since the love story was ...... 41. Starring ...... actors in the country didn't
appealing to her ...... the action film was prevent the film from being a iailure.
to me.
A) so
A) the same/as B) such/that well C) B) as good D) too
C) similar/with D) as/as well
E) much/than E) the best
35. Among ...... brilliantly coloured of all 42. He doesn't try .......to develop a close
birds, macaws can be distinguished by
their pointed wings and exceptionally relationship with his students.
long tails. B) such a hard
A) so hard D) harder than
A) the most C) too much B) far more C) hard enough
E) such a D) so much E) as hard
lot
43. I thought I was ....... person working here,
36. If we finish this job soon, we can get but now IVe learnt that Cltve is even . . . .
home ...... to catch the beginning of the
match. A) the oldest/older
B) so old/too old
A) earlier B) so early D) C) too old/as old
C) early enough the earliest D) very old/so old
E) too E) the older/oldest
early
ELS a 4X3
423
44. The Sino-Tibetan family has many groups 52. If, tomorrow morning, it's ...... it is now,
of languages. Of these ........ widely our flight will probably be cancelled.
spoken Is the group called Chinese.
A) A) so foggy that C) B) too foggy
B) such foggy enough D) as foggy as
more C) D) too much
so E) less
E) the most foggy
45. Because the main slopes face northward, 53. Peter's not bad at maths, but he's not
Mount Tremblant Is.......colder ....... other ..... his brother, who's a scientific genius.
ski resorts In Canada.
A) as/as B) less/that A) so well that B) the best of
C) more/than D) much/than C) well enough D) as good as
E) so/that E) rather good
46. You're quite fast, but not ......to expect to 54. If Frank gets any ....... I'm afraid he won't
represent your country in the Olympics. be able to fit through the door. He already
weighs 180 kilos!
A) as fast B) so fast that A) fattest
C) faster than D) the fastest B) fatter
C) so fat D) fat enough
E) fast enough
E) too fat
47. The castle was ....... heavily fortified .......
the enemy even to consider attacking it. 55. We were treated with ...... kindness at
that small fish restaurant ...... we would
A) so/that C) as/as B) very/so really like to go back again.
E) too/for D) so/as
A) B) so/as
48........ building in Seville, Spain, is the enough/that C) D) much/than
Alcazar, a castle built by the Moors in the same/as
1181 for King Abu Yakub. E) such/that
A) As old B) The oldest D) 56. We were not pleased to discover that our
C) So old The older hotel was ...... from the beach ........ the
E) Too old travel agent had told us.
49. We'll have to get a taxi. These bags are A) farther/than

just ...... heavy for us to carry all the way B) so far/that
to the station. C) too far/like
D) the farthest/as
A) much C) very B) so E) too far/that
D) as
E) too
57......... witnesses that come forward to help
50. Still having a sore throat and a terrible the police, ....... the Investigation will
cough, Lorna was barely ...... to get out of progress.
bed, but she managed to make it to work.
A) So few/the slowest
A) as good B) well enough B) As less/too slowly
C) too good D) the best C) The fewest/so slow
E) so well that D) The fewer/the more slowly
E) The least/rather slower
51. Over half the farmers in the world Irrigate
their crops because they need...... water 58. Unfortunately, of all the dresses I tried
for their crops ...... is available from on, the one that suited me ....... was ........
rainfall. for me to buy.
A) most/that B) much/as A) better/so expensive
C) a lot of/as D) so much/that B) so well/more expensive
E) more/than C) the best/too expensive
D) as good/the most expensive
E) good/expensive enough
414 Q ELS
424
59. My uncle has done .......different jobs In
his life ....... he now has a veiy diverse
range of skills.
A) too much/as 66........ that only the most experienced
B) such a lot of/for
C) too little/so applicants can be considered.
D) so many/that
E) more/than A) There is a wide range of adhesive
p rod uc ts o n the ma rke t
60. IVe been to both "EuroDlsney" In Paris B) The resp onse to the job ad vert has
and "Disney World" In Florida, and been so g rea t
though they are very similar, of the two, C) Th e bus iness world no w has man y to p
..... Is........ better. man age men t pos itions ope n to wo men
A) th e la t te r /s o mu c h D) Even if people pass all three initiative
B) th e la tes t/mo re tests
C) la te ly /mu c h E) The govern men t is expected to beg in a
D) la te r/fa r mo re new job trainin g sc he me
E) la te /a lo t
67. The best salads are made from fresh
61. When he was young, my son had an produce .........
Imaginary friend, who seemed ....... to him
......anyone else. A) beca use o fte n ma gg ots atta ck the
roots of the vegetables if left untreated
A) very real/such as B) as vege tab les a re at their tas ties t jus t
B) as real/as after they've been picked
C) real/that C) for it p rovides nourishmen t fo r p lant
D) more real/like growth
E) so real/than D) when th e re mig ht be a sh o rtag e o f
62. He played his role ....... the other actors In la n d in th e fu tu re
E) sin ce the re hav e bee n n o po ta toes
the film, don't you think? cultivated in this area fo r ten years
A) the most convincing of
B) more convincingly than 68........ that the river is in danger of
C) so convincingly that flooding.
D) as convincing as
E) too convincing for A) The rec en t ra in h as ca us ed the wa te r
to rise to s uch a leve l
63. Watching him trying to mend the plug B) The winte r snow had melted so swiftly
was very frustrating because I could have tha t ye a r
done it twice ...... myself. C) It was too late to d o an ythin g b y the
A) too quickly B) far quicker D) time we realized
C) the quickest quick enough D) It is due to the re cen t d rou gh t in th is
a rea
E) as quickly E) The villagers all regretted ignoring the
wa rn in g
64. I was ...... out of place in my clothes at
the party ...... I felt as if I came from 69 ......... we Ve h a d s in ce we sta rted th is
another planet.
business.
A) as/as B) more/than
D) so/that A) She is by far the most e fficient
C) such/that
secretary
E) the most/for B) Th e man age r wis hes e ve ry on e to
65. It was ...... likely that she would be atte nd th is a fternoon's sta ff mee ting
accepted at the academy than not; C) We see m, as ye t, una ble to find a
nevertheless, she was anxious to receive solution
confirmation of her place. D) Bo th the va lue a nd the q ua ntity o f the
orde rs
A) so B) much D) E) We o ugh t to invest in so me be tter
C) most rather eq u ip men t
E) more
ELS Q 415
425
70. Apparently, the firm's advertising D) Not being in direct sunlight is also as
campaign didn't reach a wide enough beneficial
area......... E) As well as pay ing attention to the ty pe
of the so il you use
A) consequently, production has been
stepped up to meet the increased 75. The goldfish have seemed a lot happier
demand
B) for it was seen by families across the
nation A) while we we re putting the m into their
C) and the images it portrayed had a ne w a qu a riu m
profound impact on many people B) sin ce we c lea ne d the tan k an d
D) to carry their sales to the desired level cha nge d the wa te r
E) though the rate at which new orders C) before we bough t it at a fa ir in London
have come in has been disappointing D) when they we re fed some wo rms th is
mo rn in g
71 ........ as the ones I bought at the sales last E) than it did whe n it was o n its o wn in
year. th e ta n k
A) These shoes seem as if they won't be 76. She'd been given such a detailed
so du rab le description of the American
B) The shops are offering some amazing representative ........
discou nts
C) Your new cups are ve ry similar A) that she had no difficulty recognizing
D) Sale prices this year aren't nea rly as h im a mo ng the c ro wd a t the a irp o rt
cheap B) as he'd been travelling for mo re than
E) I can't find anything I like in the fo u rtee n ho u rs to ge t to the
sh op s th is y ea r conference
C) bu t she didn' t find him as a ttrac tive
72 ......... the less likely It Is to fall. as th e o the r se c re ta ries c la imed
D) she ca ug ht a glimpse o f him jus t as
A) As the y ne eded to p ut in mo re and she was a bo ut to lea ve the a irpo rt
more effort E) and , a t the en d o f the c on fe renc e,
B) The more ca refully thought-out the everybody seemed pleased with the
plan is outcome
C) Having closely inspected even the
smallest of details 77. Th e mos t In te re sting th in g ab ou t the
D) The deepe r he fo und himself in deb t twins was .........
E) Fra nkly, so much atten tion was pa id
at ea ch s tag e A) the mo re I fo und it hard to te ll the m
ap a rt
73. His op inions are qu ite s imila r to min e .... B) wh o wo re ide ntica l c lo thes in
accordance with the ir mothe r's wishes
A) just as we we re o n the po in t o f C) you ca n eas ily see it when the y talk
s ta rtin g a n a rg u me n t together
B) that mak es u p fo r the d iffe rences in D) only after we've seen them together for
ou r b ac k g ro u nd s a certain pe riod of time
C) and we rarely find anything which we E) ho w they alwa ys see me d to kno w each
agree on o th e r' s th o ug h ts
D) in tha t we a re both de eply c once rned
ab o u t e nv iro n me n ta l is su es 78 ......... like th e on e yo u pu rchas ed In Sp ain .
E) fo r us to be ab le to ha ve a d iscussion
without falling ou t A) My mother bought me so me very nice
sh oe s, wh ic h s he s a ys a re g e nu in e
74 ....... as It doesn't thrive In very damp lea the r
conditions. B) I've been saving up for quite some
time n o w to b uy a p ain ting
A) Considering its preference for growing C) I'm try ing to get info rmed about the
in th e s ha de historical sites in different countries
B) You should have given nutritive D) I really wish I could find a similar
fertilizers to your indoor plants necklace
C) It's imp ortan t no t to wa te r th is p lan t E) The skates I bo ught for my son on ly
too frequently co s t h a lf as mu c h
416 D ELS
426
79. Fortunately, the storm hadn't caused as D) The machines were making such a
much damage to the house ......... loud noise that we couldn't hear each
other.
A) than the people who lived across the E) We tried hard to hear each other
road above the deafening machines .
B) that we were forced to move out
during the repairs
C) as we first feared when we saw all the 83. There was far too much evidence to the
mess contrary for the judge to believe his story.
D) at that time, we weren't insured
against it A) The judge believed his story because
E) so we managed to get it mended quite ^= presented so much information in
cheaply his own favour.
B) The proof against him was not
80. The longer she puts off going to the sufficient for the judge to convict him.
dentist ........... C) The judge pronounced him guilty,
A) though I admit she had a bad though there were few facts to
experience as a child support this decision.
B) the more money she had to pay for all D) While the judge wanted to believe his
the fillings story, there was just not enough
C) the worse the condition of her teeth evidence to support it.
will become E) The facts presented against him were
D) it has eventually started to cause her so overwhelming that the judge
more discomfort discounted his story.
E) because her teeth have grown a lot
more sensitive 84. Not all societies share the same ideas on
family life and the correct way to raise
81-90, sorul anlamca en children.
81. Considering this shop is the most A) Attitudes towards family life and
expensive in town, the quality of its children's education vary according to
products is of a very low standard. the society one is in.
B) Societies have different attitudes
A) The products of this shop are about family life and how children
considered to be very low quality, yet
it is among the most expensive shops should be brought up.
in town. C) The role of the family and methods of
B) It's not surprising that the prices in bringing up children are changing in
this shop are very low because its society.
products are not good quality. D) The accepted ideas in one society
C) Among the town's most expensive about raising children may be
ones, this shop is renowned for the unacceptable in another.
high standard of its products. E) There are cultural differences
D) Because of the high standard of its concerning how families should
products, this shop is the one with discipline their children.
the highest prices in town.
E) One would expect higher quality
products from this shop as it is more 85. The price of the blouse was too tempting
expensive than all the others in town. for me to resist buying it.
82. The sound of our voices was completely A) I couldn't resist buying the blouse
drowned by the roar of the machinery. despite the fact that it was too
expensive.
A) We could only just hear each other B) I had enough money on me to buy the
above the loud noise of the blouse, so I decided to get it.
machinery. C) I bought the blouse because it was
B) We knew that the machines would
drown out our conversation, so we just what I was looking for.
didn't try to speak. D) I'd have bought the blouse if the price
C) Because the machines were so hadn't been so high.
deafening, our voices seemed rather E) I ended up buying the blouse as it
faint. was such a bargain.
ELS a 417
427
86. istanbul is undeniably an old city, yet A) The fact that meat causes weight gain
when Istanbul was founded, Jerusalem is dangerous to an individual's well-
was as old as Istanbul is now. being.
B) Eating meat may promote health in
A) Since Jerusalem is a very ancient city, some ways, but harms it in many
Istanbul doesn't really seem so old more.
when you compare them. C) Consuming animal flesh can harm
B) Jerusalem and Istanbul are both you, but it's still an essential source
ancient cities, and have both been of nutrition.
around for a very long time. D) In order to be healthy, it's important
C) It's undeniable that Jerusalem is a to eat meat despite potential health
very ancient city, but it's only about risks.
half as old as the city of Istanbul. E) Though meat can be unhealthy, it's
D) Both Istanbul and Jerusalem are even more unhealthy to avoid eating
rather old, and they've existed for it.
more or less the same time.
E) Istanbul is indeed an ancient city; 90. I must admit this is the most spectacular
however, the city of Jerusalem is view IVe ever seen during my extensive
about twice as old as Istanbul is. travels.
87. The more I hear about him, the less I A) So far on this journey, we've seen a
want to meet him. lot of beautiful places, but this one is
by far the most attractive.
A) Each time I'm told something else B) I can't help but re mark that the
about that man, my desire to meet reason why I travel so extensively is
him decreases. not to miss such marvellous places as
B) People keep telling me things about this one.
him, and so I've decided never to meet C) I've travelled quite a lot in my life, and
him. admittedly, have never seen such a
C) I don't know why people talk about breathtaking view as this.
that man so much, as I've met him D) I'm really excited about the prospect
and have little to say about him. that we may encounter many more
D) I've never really wanted to know him, such spectacular views on our travels.
but now, I've got a strong feeling that E) I don't think we'll ever encounter a
I really should. more beautiful view in our lives than
E) I had wanted to meet the man, but this, since it is so breathtaking.
now I know so much about him that I
don't think it's necessary. 91-100,
88. Although London is far from being an cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe
" > "jŞ ','jtt S *: r , 4. - " H* . - ' "„, * ' •
unpolluted city, the problem isn't as bad

as it used to be.
A) Compared to its situation in the past, 91. It's an undeniable fact that tree-planting
these days there is hardly any is the most effective means in the fight
pollution in London. against erosion.
B) London is undoubtedly still polluted, A) Erozyona karşı mücadelede
but it's less of a problem because ağaçlandırmanın en etkili yöntem
people are accustomed to it now.
C) In the past, London's pollution spread olduğu inkar edilemez bir gerçektir.
even to faraway cities, but that is no B) Ağaçların erozyonu önlemede en etkili
longer a big problem. yöntem olduğunu hiç kimse inkar
D) While the problem definitely hasn't edemez.
disappeared, there is less pollution in C) Erozyonla mücadele etmek için ağaç
London nowadays. dikmekten daha etkili yöntemler
E) London isn't as polluted as it was in bulmak zorunda olduğumuzu kabul
the past; in fact, the pollution etmeliyiz.
problem has been solved. D) Daha çok ağaç dikilmediği sürece
erozyona karşı verilen mücadelenin
89. Any health benefits gained by eating meat etkili olamayacağı açıktır.
are far outweighed by the hazards of E) Erozyona karşı mücadelede en yaygın
doing so.
olarak kullanılan yöntem
ağaçlandırmadır.
418 Q ELS
428
92. Va rious s tud ies have sho wn that wo me n 95. Though they show great varie ty in
suffer depression mo re often, ye t the appearance, all ca rs basically have the
suicide ra te is h ig her a mo ng men. same tec hn ical features .
A) Çeşitli araş tırma la r, kad ın la rın da ha A) Gö rü nüş o la rak bü yük çeşitlilik

sık depresyona girdiğ ini a ma intihar gö s te rme le rine ka rş ın b ü tü n a ra ba la r
oran ın ın e rke k le rd e da ha y ükse k temelde aynı teknik özelliklere sahiptir.
oldu ğun u g öste rmiştir. B) Ara ba la rın h ac mi b ü yü d ük çe
B) Ka d ın la rın dah a sık de p res yo na gö rü nüş lerin in ya n ı sıra s ah ip
girdiği bilindiği halde, intihar oranının oldukları teknik özellikler de önemli
erkek lerde d ah a yü kse k o ldu ğu ölçüde değişmektedir.
görülmektedir. C) İlk bak ışta arabala r b irbirle rinden çok
C) Bu a ra ş tırma d a n , k a d ın la r a ra s ın d a farklıy mış gibi gö rünse de, aslında
depresyonun çok yaygın olduğ u, a ma tekn ik açıdan heps i ay nıd ır.
in tih a r o ran ının e rk ek le rde da ha D) Öne mli o lan a raba ların bü yük lüğ ü ya
yüksek olduğ u an laş ılma kta dır. da gö rü n üş ü d e ğ il, te kn ik b a k ımda n
D) Kadınlar daha sık depresyona girdiği taşıdıkları özelliklerdir.
ha lde ned en in tiha r o ran ın ın E) Teknik açıdan temelde aynı özellikleri
erkek lerde d ah a yü kse k o ldu ğu taşıd ık la rı ha lde ara bala r büy ük lük ve
ko n us u nd a ç eş itli a raş tırma la r görünüş bakımından çeşitlilik gösterir.
yapılmıştır.
E) Ka d ın la r d aha s ık de presy on a 96. On e o f the ea rlies t k no wn h u man
girerken , in tiha r oran ının e rkekle rde dis ease s, mala ria is a wid esp re ad a nd
dah a yü kse k o lmas ının ne de nle ri often fatal disease.
araştırılmaktadır.
A) Çok eski za manla rdan beri b ilinen bir
93. As we advanced into the forest, the trees ha s ta lık o lan s ıtma p e k ç ok ins an ın
became almost so dense as to hinder our ölümüne yol açmıştır.
walk. B) Biline n en es ki in san has ta lık la rın da n
biri olan sıtma, yayg ın ve çoğu za man
A) Ormanın iç kesimlerinde ağaçlar o ölü mc ül b ir has talık tır.
kadar sıktı ki güç lük le C) Eskiden çok yay gın o lan sıtma, en
yürüyebiliyorduk. , ölü mcü l insan has talık ların dan
B) Ormanın içine doğru ilerledikçe, biriydi.
ağaçla r neredeyse yü rü me miz i D) Eskiden genellikle ö lü mle sonuç lanan
engelleyecek kadar sıklaştı. sıtma , hala en yaygın ve tehlikeli
C) Orman ın iç kes imle rinde ağaç la r ço k ins an h as ta lık la rın dan biridir.
sık old uğu iç in o ta ra fa d oğ ru
yürüyebilme miz neredeyse imkansızdı. E) Es k i insa n la rın e n ç ok k o rk tu k la rı
D) Ağaçların çok sık olması ormanın has ta lık la rd an b iri o la n sıtma, ç ok
içlerine doğru ilerlememizi çabuk yayılan ö lü mcül b ir hastalıktır.
engelliyordu.
E) Orman ın iç kes imle rine doğ ru 97. It is fe lt a t on ce tha t the a utho r h as use d
ilerleyince, ağaçların yürümemizi a diffe ren t lang uage in h is lates t book
engelleyecek kadar sık olduğunu fro m in h is o the rs.
farkettik.
A) Yazar son k itabın da, diğe r eserlerinde
94. The greate r the da ma ge to an antiq ue o ld u ğu n da n da ha d uy g u lu b ir d il
ite m, the more it d imin ishes in value. kullan mıştır.
B) Ya za rın s on k ita bına b ak ın ca he men
A) Antika bir eşyanın değe ri hasarın hissedilen bir şey, fark lı b ir dil
büyüklüğüne bağ lıdır. kullan mış o lmasıd ır.
B) An tika bir eş yada hasa r b üyükse o C) Yazarın önceki eserlerinde kullandığı
parça değer kaybeder. dil so n k itab ında ku llan d ığ ın da n
C) Bir an tika pa rçan ın değ er oldukça farklıdır.
kaybe tme mesi için hasa rın ç ok büy ük D) Yazarın, son kitabında, diğerlerinde
olmaması gerekiyor. olduğundan farklı bir d il k ulland ığı
D) Bir antika eşya hasarlı bile olsa yine hemen hissed ilmek ted ir.
de değerlidir. E) Yaza r ilk kez so n k itab ında
E) Antika b ir pa rçan ın has an ne kad a r diğerlerinde olduğundan farklı bir dil
büyükse de ğeri o k ada r d üşer. kullan mıştır.
ELS G 419
429
98. As it is the means of transport least E) Şirket yeni bir şube açmak için henüz
damaging to the environment, people yeterince güç lü değ ildi, a ma üç saatlik
should be encouraged to use the train b ir ta rtış ma d a n so n ra , aç ılma s ına
more. karar verildi.
A) Tren çevreye en az zarar veren ulaşım 101-110, sorularda, f verilen Türkçe

cümleye anlamca '— —*n-~~ cümleyi
aracı olduğu halde nedense insanlar bulunuz
onu pek tercih etmemektedir.
B) İnsanların treni daha çok kullanmaya 101. Genellikle insanlar, gerektiği kadar
teşvik edilmelerinin nedeni, trenin başaramadıkları duygusuna kapılınca
çevreye daha az zarar veren bir ulaşım kendilerini baskı altında hissederler.
aracı olmasıdır.
C) İnsanların, tren gibi, çevreye fazla A) Generally speaking, not achieving as
zarar vermeyen ulaşım araçlarını daha mu ch as on e s h ou ld ma kes o ne fee l
çok kullanmaları sağlanmalıdır. un d e r p res su re .
D) İnsanların çok fazla tercih etmedikleri B) In general, people begin to feel
tren, aslında çevreye en az zarar veren stress ed when th ey b eco me a wa re
ulaşım aracıdır. th at th ey a re n o t ach iev in g as mu ch
E) Çevreye en az zarar veren ulaşım as th ey us ed to .
C) People who generally feel stressed
aracı olduğu için insanlar treni daha don't ach ieve as mu ch as they shou ld .
çok kullanmaya teşvik edilmelidir. D) People feel that they don't achieve as
muc h whe n they a re fee ling un de r
99. Few inventions in recent times have p re ss u re as the y d o wh en the y a re
influenced daily life so profoundly as the not.
electronic calculator. E) People generally feel under pressure
whe n they have the fee ling tha t the y
A) So n za man la rın e n ön e mli b irka ç a re no t ac h ie v in g as mu c h as the y
bu luş un da n b iri o lan e le ktron ik hesa p should.
mak in ala rın ın e tk is i g ün lük y aşa mın 102. Rüşvet olay larına o kadar alıştık k i, b ir
her ala nın da hissed ilmek tedir. ye n is in i d u y du ğ u muz d a a rtık h iç
B) Son za ma n la rd a , g ü n lü k yaş a mı yadırgamıyoruz.
doğ rud an e tk ile miş ç ok a z bu luş tan
biri de elektronik hesap makinala rıdır. A) Hea ring of a b ribe ry case is no th ing
C) So n za ma n la rın e n b ü y ü k b u lu ş u , ne w to us as we a re so us ed to the m.
gün lük y aşa mın he r a la nına iş le miş B) Be ing ac cus to me d to hea ring o f
olan elektronik hesap mak inalarıdır. bribery cases all the time, we we re not
D) Son za man la rda yap ıla n ço k az bu luş aston is hed a t th is o ne a t all.
gün lük y aşa mı e le k tron ik hes ap C) We've go t so accusto med to bribery
ma k in a la rı k ad a r de rin de n cases th at we n o lon ger fin d it stran ge
etkilemiştir. to h ea r ab ou t a n e w on e.
D) As b ribe ry c ases a re s o co mmo n
E) Ço k az b u luş , e le ktron ik hesa p no wadays , we've le arnt no t to be
ma k in a la rın ın s o n za ma n la rda k i surp ris ed upon hea ring o f a ne w one .
du ru mu g ib i g ü n lü k ya şa mın he r E) Since we've been exposed to so many
alanına işle miştir. bribe ry cases, it's no t s urprising tha t
we don' t find the m s tra nge .
100. At the end o f a th ree -h ou r d iscuss ion , it
was de c id e d th a t th e c o mp an y was no t 103. Burayı bu çevrenin en çok tercih edilen
yet s trong en ough to open ne w branches . restoranı yapan kesinlikle personelinin
içtenliğidir.
A) Üç s aa tlik ta rtış man ın so nu nda , A) Th e s ta ff o f th is res ta u ra n t a re s o
şirke tin he nü z ye n i ş ube le r aç aca k since re th a t it has bec o me the mos t
kadar güçlü olmadığına karar verildi. p re fe rre d re s ta u ra n t in the a rea .
B) Şirketin yeni şubeler açabilecek güçte B) Th is res ta u ra n t is p re fe rred mo re th an
olup o lma d ığ ı ko nus un da ç ıka n a ll th e o th e rs in th e a rea be c au se o f
ta r tış ma ta m ü ç s a a t s ü rd ü . its sincere staff.
C) Üç s aa t s ü ren b ir ta rtış ma n ın C) The since rity o f its sta ff makes th is
son un da ş irke tte n , y en i b ir şu be re s tau ran t on e o f th e mo s t p re fe rre d
açabilecek kadar güçlü olmadıkları in the a rea .
kararı çıktı. D) Wh a t ma k e s th is th e mo s t p re fe rre d
D) Ta r tış ma ü ç s a a t s ü rd ü v e s o n u n d a re s tau ran t in th is a rea is ce rta in ly the
şirke tin ka ra rı, y en i ş ube le r aç mak sincerity of its staff.
E) Th e s ta ff in o th e r res tau ran ts a re no t
için henüz yeterince güçlenmedikleri as s ince re , so peo ple prefer th is one
biçimindeydi. mo re th a n th e o th e rs .
4ZO Q ELS
430
104. Esas olarak ürünlerin dağıtımı A) Like all great inventors, the inventor
sorununu çözmek için yaratılmış olan of the locomotive improved it by
fuarlar, bugün de aynı amaca hizmet accu mu lating da ta fro m diffe ren t
etmektedir. inventions.
B) Once the loc o motive ha d bee n
A) Fairs, which were originally created to invented, like all great inventions, it
solve th e p ro ble m o f the d istribu tio n was imp ro ved by a se ries o f la ter
inventors.
of goods, s till serve the same purpose C) Like all grea t inven tions, the
today. locomo tive g re w th rough the
B) The original problem of the fair accu mu lation o f imp ro ve men ts ma de
distrib ution of goods, which was by different inventors.
crea ted on pu rpose , is s till the sa me D) The mode rn loco mo tive was un
today. invention wh ich g rew out o f an
C) Fairs, which originally provided the accu mu lation o f imp ro ve men ts ma de
solu tio n to the p ro ble m o f the by a great invento r.
distribution of goods, still have the E) After the invention of the locomotive,
sa me p u rp ose tod ay . as with a ll g rea t inv entions , it was
D) The problem of the distribution of imp ro ve d up o n b y a n u mbe r o f
different inventors.
goods, which fairs were originally
created to solve, still exists today. 107. Ayrıntılara yeterli özen gösterilerek
E) Fairs, wh ich c rea ted and so lved the hazırlan madığ ı iç in gezi sırasında b ir
problem of the distribution of goods, hayli karışıklık yaşadık.
still have a pu rpose today , a ll the
same. A) Th e co nfus io n d uring the trip was
b ec a us e s o me d e ta ils ha d b e e n
105. Havalandırma, k imyasal işle m fabrikaları overlooked when it was being
ve boya dükkanla rı g ibi zeh irli ya da organized.
yanıcı gazların birikebileceği yerlerde B) Not eve ry deta il had been considered
be fo re th e trip , so th e cha os we
zaruridir.
experienced was inevitable.
C) It wo uldn' t h ave b ee n s o ch ao tic
A} The accumulation of combustible or during the trip , had it b een organ ized
po iso no us ga ses in ch e mica l with mo re a tten tio n to de ta il.
p ro c es s in g p lan ts a n d p a in t sh o p s D) The trip didn't go very well because
makes good ven tila tion essentia l. the o rga n iz e rs ha d n' t p la nn e d it
B) Ventilatio n is essential in such p laces ca re fu lly e no ug h as rega rds a ll the
as c he mic a l p ro ce ss ing p lan ts a nd details.
pa in t s ho p s, wh e re p o is o no us o r E) As it ha dn' t be en o rgan iz ed with
co mb us tib le g as es c an ac c u mu la te . en o ug h a tte n tio n to d e ta il, we h a d
C) Su c h p lac es a s p a in t sh o p s o r quite a lot o f mix -u ps du ring the trip .
che mic a l p roc ess in g p lan ts s ho uld 108. Rakiplerimizin ileri sürdüğü koşullar
have ventilation; othe rwise, poisonous kabul edemeyeceğimiz kadar katiydi.
or co mbustib le gases will accumu late.
D) Po is on ous a nd c o mb us tib le g ases A) Our rivals put forward such heavy
accu mu late in che mica l processing terms that we didn't accept them.
p la n ts a n d p a in t s h op s , c re a tin g a B) We'd have accepted the terms stated
need for ventilation. by our rivals, had they not been so
E) If a ventilation system is not fitted in strict.
such places as c he mica l p ro cess in g C) The terms stated by our rivals were so
p la n ts o r pa in t s ho ps , p o is on o us o r unacceptable that we had to reject
them.
co mbus tib le gases may ac cu mu la te . D) None of the terms that our rivals set
were reasonable enough for us to
106. Bütün büyük ica tlar gibi, lo ko motif de accept.
fa rklı muc itler tara fında n ya pılan E) The terms our rivals put forward were
düzeltmelerin bir a raya gelmesiyle too strict for us to accept.
gelişmiştir.
ELS Q 421
431
109. Çağdaş edebiyatta anlam eski yazılarda 110. İngiliz filozof Herbert Spencer, Darwin'in
olduğundan daha derin ve karmaşıktır, "güçlünün ayakta kalması" teorisinin,
çünkü yaşamın kendisi çok karmaşık bir biyolojik dünyada olduğu kadar toplumda
hal almıştır. da geçerli olduğuna inanıyordu.
A) Meaning in modern literature is deep A) The English philosopher Herbert

Spencer took Darwin's theory of "the
and complex, which reflects the survival of the fittest" and applied it to
intricate nature of modern society society, in addition to the biological
compared with earlier eras. world.
B) Meaning in modern literature is B) The English philosopher Herbert
deeper and more complex than in Spencer developed Darwin's theory of
earlier writing because life itself has "the survival of the fittest", believing it
become exceedingly complex. was valid both in the biological world
C) The reason for the complexity of and in society as a whole.
modern literature when compared C) The English philosopher Herbert
with earlier styles is that society itself Spencer argued that Darwin's theory
of "the survival of the fittest" was valid
has developed into an exceedingly not only in the biological world but in
complex framework. society as well.
D) As life itself becomes more and more D) The English philosopher Herbert
complicated, this is reflected in Spencer believed that Darwin's theory
literary meaning, which has steadily of "the survival of the fittest" was valid
become deeper and more complex. in society as well as in the biological
E) Although modern life has become world.
more complicated than earlier times, E) The English philosopher Herbert
meaning in literature has always been Spencer didn't believe that Darwin's
deep and complex. theory of "the survival of the fittest"
was limited to the biological world,
and so he extended it to include society.
4X2 Q ELS
432
UNITS
Relative Clauses
INTRODUCTION
Relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayan cümledir. Ancak tek basma kullanılamaz. Bir temel
cümleye bağlı olarak tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir. Bir ismi tanımladığı için relative clause
"adjective clause" biçiminde de isimlendirilebilir.
Sıfat tanımladığı isimden önce gelir. Relative clause ise tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir.
The student who is the beştin the classroom is Ayşe. (relative clause) The best
student in the classroom is Ayşe. (adjective)
The money which was stolen from the bank hasn't been found yet.
(relative clause)
The stolen money hasn't been found yet. (adjective)
Relative clause, tanımlayan (defining) ve tanımlamayan (non-defining} biçiminde ikiye ayrılır.
Defining relative clause, bir ismi tanımlayarak diğerlerinden ayırt etmemizi sağlar. "The man"
dediğimiz zaman karşımızdaki kişi hangi adamdan söz ettiğimizi anlayamaz. Ancak, "the man
who is standing at the corner" (köşede duran adam) ifadesinde "the man" artık belli bir kişi
durumuna geçmiştir.
Non-deflnlng relative clause, zaten tanımlanmış bir isimden sonra gelir. "My father" dediğimiz
zaman, karşımızdaki kişi kimden söz edeceğimizi zaten anlamış durumdadır. Eğer biz bu ismi
bir daha tanımlıyorsak bu non-defining relative clause'dur. Yani o isim hakkında fazladan bilgi
veren bir cümleciktir: "my father, who lives in Germany,.." (Almanya'da oturan babam,...)
The man who will come to see you tomorrow wants to do business with you.
(Defining)
(Yarın seni görmeye gelecek olan adam seninle iş yapmak istiyor.)
Mr. Jones, who will come to see you tomorrow, wants to do business with you.
(Non-defining)
(Yarın seni görmeye gelecek olan Mr. Jones seninle iş yapmak istiyor.)
ELS G 423
433
8-1 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
8-2 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS SUBJECT OF THE CLAUSE
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede özne durumundaysa, onun yerine kullanabileceğimiz

sözcükler who, that ve whlch'dir. Who, sadece insanlar için, which bütün cansız varlıklar ve
hayvanlar için, that ise hepsi için kullanılabilir.
I congratulated the student. She got the highest mark.
I congratulated the student who got the highest mark.
that got the highest mark.
Can you repair the chair? It is in the study room.
Can you repair the chair which is in the study room?
that is in the study room?
"Crowd, audience, class" gibi grup isimleri, insanlardan oluşmalarına rağmen, eğer kurumu
kastediyorsak, tekil bir fiille that ya da which kullanmayı gerektirir. Ancak bu kurumu
oluşturan bireyleri kastediyorsak, çoğul bir fiille who kullanılır ki bu kullanım defining relative
clause için pek yaygın değildir.
A staff is inevitably inefficient. It is not well-trained.
A staff which/that is not well-trained is inevitably inefficient.
The staff are calling for a strike. They are dissatisfied with their conditions.
The staff, who are dissatisfied with their conditions, are calling for a strike.
Relative clause tanımladığı isimden sonra gelir. Bu nedenle, tanımlayacağımız isim temel
cümlenin öznesi ise, relative clause özne ile yüklemin arasında yer alır.
The student is happy. She got the highest mark on the test.
The student who got the highest mark on the test is happy. that got the
highest mark on the test
The chair is broken. It is in the study room.
The chair which Is in the study room is broken. that is in the study room
Bazen tanımladığımız isme ait başka sözcükler olabilir. Bu durumda relative clause, bu
sözcüklerden sonra gelir.
There is someone at the door. He wants to see you. There is someone at the
door who wants to see you. (Kapıda sizinle görüşmek isteyen biri var.)
Who, that ve which'den sonra gelen fiilin tekil ya da çoğul olması tanımladığı isme bağlıdır.
Eğer isim tekil ya da sayılamaz ise tekil bir fiil; çoğul bir isim ise çoğul bir fiil kullanılır.
The person who lives next door is an engineer. The people who live next door
are very friendly. The plate which is on the counter is dirty. The plates which
are on the counter are dirty. The milk which is in the bottle is for the baby.
4*4 Q ELS
434
Relative clause ile temel cümlenin tense'i farklı zamanlara ait olabilir.
The man who was run over by a truck yesterday is in the intensive care unit now. I
don't think the chair which was broken yesterday can be repaired.
Ancak, bazı durumlarda, tense uyuşması gerekebilir. Örneğin "7 congratulated the student.... "
ifadesini "who gets the highest mark' biçiminde tamamlayanlayız. Çünkü "kutladım"
diyebilmemiz için tanımladığımız ismin bir şey yapmış olması gerekir. Yani o da past ttaıe'a
aittir.
I congratulated the student who got the highest mark.
I helped the woman who had difficulty carrying the heavy shopping bags.
They will give a prize to the person who wins the competition. They gave a prize
to the person who won the competition.
EXERCISE 1: Combine the two sentences using the second sentence as a relative clause.
Example: I can't find the book. It is about pollution.
I can't find the book which is about pollution.
1. I want to see the person. He deals with customer complaints.
2. I can't think of a remedy. It will soothe your nerves.
3. The reporter was reluctant to go. He had been given an assignment in a trouble
spot in Africa.
4. She couldn't pick the apples. They were beyond reach.
5. The church is visible from miles around. It stands on top of the hill.
6. I'm sure I've met the lady somewhere before. She is getting out of that car over
there.
7. I dislike people. They undermine the work of others.
8. Why did you buy a car? It is older than your previous one.
STIRRING THE PETROL
My grandmother, who had always lived on a farm which is in the
middle of nowhere, had never been in a car. The first time I managed to
persuade her to take a trip in mine, the poor woman was absolutely
terrified.
After watching me change gears for a while, she said, "Listen,
you just keep your hands on the wheel and forget about that stick -1
can stir the petrol for you while you drive."
k *tS8TO»'~ ' - , ... /•' ... __ ^ , „«, , 5,4, ,^vgK ,ty>^~âfftmsmf^m!i!im'î!*f''''«^<^^
ELS Q 4Z5
435
8-3 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise insanlar için who, whom,
that; cansız varlıklar, hayvanlar ve grup isimleri için which, that kullandır.
The applicant is suitable for the job. We interviewed her yesterday.
The applicant who we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job. whom we
interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job. that we
Interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job.
The book is very interesting. I bought it last week.
The book which I bought last week is very interesting. that I bought last week
is very interesting.
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede nesne durumunda ise, bir relative pronoun (who,
whom, that, which) kullanmadan da aynı anlamı verebiliriz.
The applicant we interviewed yesterday is suitable for the job. The book I
bought last week is very interesting.
The man was a sales representative. We met him yesterday.
The man who we met yesterday was a sales representative. whom we met
yesterday was a sales representative. that we met yesterday was a
sales representative. 0 we met yesterday was a sales
representative.
The flat should have at least three rooms. I'll rent it.
The flat that 111 rent should have at least three rooms. which Fil rent should
have at least three rooms. 0 111 rent should have at least three rooms.
1. I wonder what happened to the child. A cyclist ran over him in the park this
morning.
2. Some of the guests didn't turn up. We'd invited them to the party.
3. The epidemic has spread all over the area. They have been trying to bring it under
control for months.
4. I wrote to the French couple. I met them on holiday.
5. The house is no longer for sale. We were hoping to buy it.
6. The film wasn't suitable for children. I didn't let my son watch it.
7. Have you met the person? They appointed him to head of the department.
8. I don't like the music. Our neighbours play it very loudly all day long.
426 Q ELS
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8-4 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede bir preposition'ın nesnesi durumunda ise, bu
preposition relative clause'da da kullanılır.
The man wasn't satisfied with the deal. I bought this car from him.
The man who I bought this car from wasn't satisfied with the deal. whom I
bought this car from wasn't satisfied with the deal. that I bought this
car from wasn't satisfied with the deal. 0 I bought this car from
wasn't satisfied with the deal.
The case is very important. I have told you about it.
The case which I told you about is very important. that I told you about is very
important. 0 / told you about is very important.
Tanımladığımız isme ait preposition'ı, relative sözcüğünden önce kullanırsak, insanlar için
sadece "whom", nesneler için ise sadece "which" kullanılır.
The man from whom I bought this car wasn't satisfied with the deal. The case
about which I told you is very important.
The girl is very messy. I'm sharing the flat with her.
The girl who I'm sharing the Uat with is very messy. whom I'm sharing the
Uat with is very messy. that I'm sharing the Uat with is very messy. 0
I'm sharing the Uat with is very messy.
The girl with whom I'm sharing the Uat is very messy.
The chair doesn't look safe. You are sitting on It.

The chair which you are sitting on doesn't look safe. that you are sitting on
doesn't look safe. 0 you are sitting on doesn't look safe.
The chair on which you are sitting doesn't look safe.
Give all the possible patterns.
1. The picture had already been sold. Sally was very interested in it.
2. I want to introduce you to the woman. I'm thinking of doing business with her.
3. The candidate was elected. I voted for her.
4. The theory didn't seem very sound. He based his argument on it.
5. The woman was extremely wealthy. This dress was designed for her.
6. The waitress is always getting in trouble. The manager shouted at her.
7. The illness seems to be very serious. Our boss is suffering from it.
8. The period was marked by conflict between Vikings and Christians. This church
dates from it.
ELS Q 427
437
8-5 USING 'WHOSE" AND 'OF WHICH"
Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede iyelik bildiriyorsa, hem insanlar hem de nesneler için
"whose" kullanılır.
Do you know the man? His car was stolen. Do you know the man whose car
was stolen?
The man is our next-door neighbour. I want to buy his car. The man whose car
I want to buy is our next-door neighbour.
Can you repair the chair? Its legs are broken.
!
Can you repair the chair whose legs are broken?
The book was my friend's. I accidentally tore its cover. The book whose cover I
accidentally tore was my friend's.
Nesneler için "whose" yerine "of which" de kullanabiliriz. Ancak "of which" in defining relative
c7ause'larda kullanımı çok enderdir. Daha çok non-defining relative cjause'larda kullanılır.
This is the machine. I described its properties. .
This is the machine whose properties I described. This is the machine the
properties of which I described.
Eğer tanımladığımız iyelik bildiren ismin kendine ait bir preposition'ı varsa, bu preposition'ı
relative clause'un sonunda veya "whose" un önünde kullanabiliriz.
This is the man. Jake is going out with his daughter.
This is the man whose daughter Jake is going out with, with whose daughter
Jake is going out.
Do you remember the man? I told you about his love affairs. Do you remember
the man whose love affairs I told you about?
about whose love affairs I told you?
"Of which" li yapıda preposition, "of un önündeki isimden önce yer alır.
The mountain is a part of the Bozdağ mountain range. You can see snow on Its top.
The mountain on the top of which/on whose top you can see snow is a part of
.•'••.: - the Bozdağ mountain range.
EXERCISE 4: Combine the sentences using "whose".
1. This is the man. I took you to the hospital in his car.
2. You should have apologized to the woman. You stepped on her foot while dancing.
3. A company is likely to suffer in the current economic climate. Its financial backing
isn't secure.
4. He is the author. I most admire his work.
5. These are the birds. Their habitat is threatened by the development of the new
shopping centre.
428 D ELS
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6. Do you know if this is the hotel? Its swimming pool is open to non-guests.
7. What's the name of the mythological figure? His touch turned things to gold.
............................................................................................................................... 9
8. The candidate won by a small margin. I am strongly opposed to his ideas.
8-6 USING'WHERE"
Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede yer bildiriyorsa (dolaylı tümleç ise) relative sözcüğü
olarak "where" kullanabiliriz.
l liked the seaside resort. We spent our holiday there (in that resort) last summer.
I liked the seaside resort where we spent our holiday last summer.
Don't clean the room. My son is studying in that room. Don't clean the room
where my son is studying.
Yer bildiren bir ismi tanımlarken which ve that kullanabiliriz ya da hiçbir relative sözcüğü
kullanmadan, relative clause getirebiliriz. Ancak, which ve that kullandığımızda ya da boş
bıraktığımızda, o isme ait preposition'ı mutlaka kullanmak zorundayız.
I liked the seaside resort which we spent our holiday in last summer.
that we spent our holiday In last summer. 0 we
spent our holiday In last summer. in which we spent
our holiday last summer.
Don't clean the room which my son is studying in. -• '•;
that my son is studying in. •
0 my son is studying in. in which my son is studying.
This is the restaurant. I usually eat lunch there (at this restaurant.)
This is the restaurant which 1 usually eat lunch at. that I usually eat lunch at. 0
I usually eat lunch at. at which I usually eat lunch.
This is the restaurant where I usually eat lunch.
Bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa, onu tanımlarken "where"
kullanamayız. "Where" kullanabilmemiz için o ismin, "at the cinema, on the table, in the
country, etc." gibi yer belirtmesi gerekir.
I like the house. It has a large garden. (It - subject)
I like the house which has a large garden. that has a large garden.
I liked the house. We saw it yesterday, (it - object)
I liked the house which we saw yesterday.
, that we saw yesterday.
. 0 we saw yesterday.
I like the house. I was born there, (in that house - adverb of place)
I like the house where I was born.
which I was born in. that 1 was born in. 0 I was born in. in
which I was born.
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439
EXERCISE 5: Combine the two sentences, using the second sentence as a relative clause
and giving all the possible patterns.
1. This is the hall. The conference will be held in this hall.
2. Is that a photograph of the church? You got married there.

...............................................................................................................................?
3. I can't remember the name of it, but we went to that area. The early Christians dug
underground cities there.
4. This is the very spot. A big explosion occurred on this spot yesterday.
5. I know a small restaurant. You can have a nice dinner there enjoying the
magnificent Bosphorus view.
6. Istanbul is a city. You can meet people from all over Turkey in Istanbul.
\ Tııc-f ..._........ _..;,. ff... ........... ...
__j I accompanied a friend to the hospital, where she was admitted for
surgery. After she had settled in her room, a nurse came in with some
questions. Asked if there was a family history of heart trouble, my friend
said, "No." When the nurse left, I suggested that she had given out
misleading information. "What do you mean?" she asked. "Didn't both your
parents die of heart attacks?" "Well, yes," she admitted, "but they just had
a heart attack and died - it wasn't any trouble."
For 1 NO TROUBLE /
^ ^Fun
M
8-7 USING "WHEN"

Tanımladığımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede "on that day, in that year, at that hour, etc."
biçiminde bir zaman belirtiyorsa, when, which, that kullanabilir ya da bir relative sözcüğü
kullanmadan relative clause getirebiliriz. Bunlardan sadece which, preposition kullanmayı
gerektirir. Preposition whlch'in önünde kullanılır: on which, at which, etc.
1923 is the year. The Republic of Turkey was founded then, (in that year]
1923 is the year when the Republic of Turkey was founded. that the Republic
of Turkey was founded. 0 the Republic of Turkey was
founded. In which the Republic of Turkey was founded.
(1923, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurulduğu yıldır.)
Saturday is the day. We usually go shopping then, (on that day)
Saturday is the day when we usually go shopping. that we usually go
shopping. 0 we usually go shopping. on which we
usually go shopping.
43O Q ELS
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EXERCISE 6: Combine the two sentences giving all the possible patterns.
1. 1980 is the year. The last military coup in Turkey took place then, (in that year)
2. They haven't yet fixed the date. They'll get married then, (on that date)
3. I forgot the time. Her plane would land then, (at that time)
4. 6th August 1945 is the date. An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima then, (on
that date)
5. Half past four is the hour. The caretaker always collects the rubbish then, (at that
hour)
6. llth September 2001 is the date. Terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center, (on
that date)
8-8 USING "WHY"

"Reason" sözcüğünden sonra neden ifade eden bir cümle getiriyorsak, why, that ya da for which
kullanabiliriz. Ya da hiçbirini kullanmadan direk relative clause getirebiliriz.
The reason why we are holding this meeting is to seek solutions to our problems.
• that we are holding this meeting
0 we are holding this meeting for which we are holding this meeting
Reason, explanation gibi sözcükleri, "... ileri sürdüğü neden, ... yaptığı açıklama" gibi ifadeler için
kullanıyorsak, "why" kullanamayız. Bu anlamda onlan diğer cansız varlıklar gibi düşünüp which, that
kullanabilir ya da her ikisini de kaldırabiliriz.
The reason that he gave us for the delay frustrated us all. which he gave us for the
delay 0 he gave us for the delay
The explanations that the teacher made on the subject confused us. which the
teacher made on the subject 0 the teacher made on the subject
WHAT SHE NEEDS

Hoping to lose some weight, a wife told her husband that she wanted
to get an exercise bicycle. He reminded her that she had a very nice
and rather expensive bike in the garage. She explained that she
wanted a stationary one. "Your bicycle has been stationary," the
husband remarked. "That is the reason why you need to lose ten to
fifteen pounds."
(by Jim White from Reader's Digest) \>
ELS a 431
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ı A person fame is nationwide is 9. The painting at ........ you are looking right
difficult to contact. now is an original Picasso.

A) who B) whom C) whose A) that B) -C) which
D) where E) when D) whom E) whose
2 Spring and autumn are the seasons . . I 10. Can you give me an explanation ........ you
like best. don't want to take part in the play?

A) when B) that C) in which A) where B) which C) whom
D) where E) whose D) why E) when
3 The only person who didn't seem to be 11. The explanations ........ the Prime Minister
enjoying the party was the girl for ........ it made after the scandal didn't help to
was organized. settle the Opposition's outcry.

A) that B) which C) who A) whom B) when C) where
D) whom E) where D) why E) that
4 This is the time of year everyone 12. The reason ........ he was dismissed from
seems vulnerable to catching coughs and the job is still unknown.
colds. A) when B) where C) whom
A) which B) where C) that D) why E) which
D) why E) whom 13. The reason ........ he stated for his being
5 A country ........ volume of exports is dismissed from the job wasn't found at all
smaller than her imports can't be said to be credible by anybody.
in a good situation economically. A) why B) that C) whom
A) when B) that C) - D) when E) of which
D) where E) whose 14 The questions ........ were raised at the
R The person ........ I want you to see will be meeting were mostly irrelevant.
waiting for you in his office. A) who B) -
A) for whom B) about whose C) C) which D) whose E) where
that D) when E) where 15. The person ........ your question was
7 This is the time of year ........ most people addressed does not appear to be listening
8. are crowding into the coastal regions. to you.
A) when B) which C) whom A) to whom B) where C) why
D) where E) whose D) that E ) -
The diet ........ my doctor suggested is so 16. The people ........ we were talking to
strict that it is hardly possible to follow. yesterday have completely ignored us
A) - B) whom C) whose today.
D) when E) where A) which B) where C) that
D) when E) with whom
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17. "flic area ...... they've settled In is rather 19. The suitcase the contents ....... have been
remote. spilt everywhere hasn't been claimed yet.
A) which
C) where B) when D) A) of which B) whose
whose C) - D) that
E) why E) to whom
18. We should take the car to the garage ...... 20. I must tell you that the woman ....... you
we had it repaired before. were arguing just now is the wife of our
boss.
A}- B) when
C) where D) why A) with whom B) about which
E) that C) for that D) of whose
E)
-
8-9 USING RELATIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS

Bir relative clause everybody, someone, anybody, etc. gibi belgisiz zamirleri tanımlayabilir. Eğer
tanımladığımız zamir, tanımlayan cümlede özne durumundaysa who ya da that kullanılır.
Nesne durumundaysa, who, whom ya da that kullanabiliriz, ama genellikle relative sözcüğü
kullanılmaz.
Everybody who came to the party was elegantly dressed. that came to the party
Everybody whom I met said that he was dishonest. who I met that I met 0
I met
There is someone whom I want you to meet. who I want you to meet. that 1 want
you to meet. 0 I wa nt you to meet.
Anything, something, nothing gibi sözcükleri tanımlarken which çok ender kullanılır. Onun
yerine that tercih edilir. Eğer tanımlanan sözcük nesne durumundaysa relative sözcüğü
kullanmamak daha yaygındır.
Everything that was said at the debate was true.
Everything that he said at the debate was true. 0 he said at the debate was
true.
Anything that has been found can be helpful to prove his innocence.
Anything that you have found can be helpful to prove his innocence. 0 you have
found can be helpful to prove his innocence.
Those sözcüğünü tanımlarken insanlar için daha çok who, nesneler için ise which kullanılır,
ancak her ikisi için that de kullanabiliriz.
Only the people who/that are members can enter the club. Only those who/that
are members can enter the club.
Bu iki cümlenin Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Birinci cümleyi "Kulübe, sadece üye olan
kişiler girebilir." ; ikinci cümleyi ise "Kulübe, sadece üye olanlar girebilir." biçiminde
çevirebiliriz.
ELS a 433
443
The students who/that want to come on the picnic should inform me well in
advance.
Those who/that want to come on the picnic should inform me well in advance.
(Pikniğe gelmek isteyen öğrenciler ........ , Pikniğe gelmek isteyenler. .... )
- Shall I bring all the books?
- No, I need only those which/that are on the top shelf.
8-10 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Zaten tanımlanmış, bilinen bir ismi niteleyen cümleye non-defining relative clause denir. Bu
isimleri şu şekilde gruplandırabiliriz.
a) Proper nouns (özel isimlet)
The person who lives above us is an engineer, (defining) Mr. Smith, who lives
above us, is an engineer, (non-defining)
A country which Is by the sea is usually a tourist attraction, (defining) Turkey,
which Is surrounded by the sea on three sides, is of strategic importance, (non-
defining)
b) Nouns with preceding modifiers (Başka niteleme sözcükleriyle tanımlanmış

isimler)
A mother who Is very permissive with her children doesn't necessarily make
her a good mother, (defining)
My mother, who lives In Germany now, was moderately permissive with us.
(non-defining)
Any bus which comes here already full doesn't stop at this bus-stop, (defining)
This bus, which usually comes here already full, goes directly to Kadıköy.
(non-defining)
The book which Is on the table belongs to me. (defining)
That green book, which Is on the table, belongs to me. (non-defining)
Bir isim kendinden sonra gelen bazı sözcüklerle de tanımlanmış olabilir.
The man who was working at the shop was friendly, (defining)
The man at the shop, who gave my son a sweet, was friendly, (non-defining)
The table which Is in the kitchen needs repairing, (defining)
The table in the kitchen, which we usually have our breakfast on, needs
repairing, (non-defining)
c) Coal, rice, milk, flower, etc. gibi isimler genel anlamda kullanıldığı zaman, zaten
herkesçe bilinen isimler olduğu için, non-deflnlng relative clause alır.
Flowers, which almost everybody likes, need special care to grow.
(general - non-defining)
The flowers which are sold at that florist's are usually fresh, (specific - defining)
Milk, which Is essential for people of all ages, should be boiled well.
(general - non-defining)
The milk which we get from that dairy is really delicious, (specific - defining)
434 Q ELS
444
Non-defining relative clause ile that hiçbir durumda kullanılmaz. Diğer relative sözcükleri who,
whom, which, whose, where ve when kullanılır. Non-defining relative clause, eğer araya
giriyorsa iki virgülle, cümlenin sonunda yer alıyorsa bir virgülle temel cümleden ayrılır.
Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me, is very fond of children. I
can rely on Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me.
8-11 SUBJECT POSITION
Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece who, nesneler için sadece which kullanabiliriz.
My father lives in Germany. He is over sixty now. My father, who is over sixty
now, lives in Germany.
Our television set has become erratic. It was bought eight years ago. Our
television set, which was bought eight years ago, has become erratic.
8-12 OBJECT POSITION

Nesne durumunda, insanlar için who ya da whom, cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için which
kullanabiliriz. Who, whom ve which sözcüklerini atamayız. Mutlaka kullanmamız gerekir.
My father lives in Germany. You met him yesterday. My father, whom you met
yesterday, lives in Germany. , who you met yesterday,
Our television set has become erratic. We bought it eight years ago. Our
television set, which we bought eight years ago, has become erratic.
Eğer isim, bir preposition'ın nesnesi durumunda ise, preposition relative clause'un sonunda yer
alırsa who ya da whom, başında yer alırsa sadece whom kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için ise yine
which kullanılır.
ıvır. Smith is an honest person. I've been working with him for five years. Mr.
Smith, whom I've been working with for five years, is an honest person.
, who I've been working with for five years, is an honest person.
, with whom I've been working for five years, is an honest person.
My car is beginning to cause trouble. I had saved up for it for two years. My
car, which I had saved up for for two years, is beginning to cause trouble. , for
which I had saved up for two years,
8-13 POSSESSIVE
Bütün isimler için whose kullanabiliriz. Cansız varlıklar için "of which" de kullanabiliriz, ancak
bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir.
My classmate Susan doesn't want to be a doctor. Her parents are both doctors.
My classmate Susan, whose parents are both doctors, doesn't want to be a doctor.
Their house cost them too much money. They painted its exterior pink. Their
house, whose exterior they painted pink, cost them too much money. , toe
exterior of which they painted pink,
ELS Q 435
445
Possessive durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition'ı whose'un önünde ya da
relative clause'un sonunda kullanabiliriz.
Mr. Clark is leaving hospital. The doctor had some doubts about his recovery.
Mr. Clark, whose recovery the doctor had some doubts about is leaving hospital.
, about whose recovery the doctor had some doubts,
Uludağ is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow on its top. Uludağ,
whose top you can always see snow on, is a famous ski resort.
, on whose top you can always see snow,
, on the top of which you can always see snow,
8-14 'WHERE' IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Yer bildiren sözcükler için, non-defining relative clause'larda da where kullanabiliriz.
Istanbul has many problems to solve. More than ten million people live there.
(in Istanbul)
Istanbul, where more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve.
, which more than ten million people live In,
, in which more than ten million people live,
Eğer bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayız.
Sadece which kullanabiliriz.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is my hometown. (It - Subject)
Salihli, which is my hometown, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I like it very much, (it - object) Salihli,
which I like very much, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I was born there, (in Salihli - adverb of
place)
Salihli, where I was born, is located in the west of Turkey.
, which I was born in,
, in which I was born,
1. Just about everyone ...... went on the 3. Japan .........technology has grown
boat trip was seasick. tremendously in recent years, is really a
fascinating country.
A) - B) who A) which C) whom B) when
C) whom D) which E) that D) where
E) whose
4. The passengers on the coach, ...... were
2. The secretary in our office......... outlook afraid of the driver's reckless driving,
on life Is rather pessimistic, is rarely seen were relieved when they reached their
smiling. destination safe and sound.
A) that B) who A) which C) whom B) that
C) whom D) whose E) when D) who
E) where
436 a ELS
446
r
Non-defining relative clause ile that hiçbir durumda kullanılmaz. Diğer relative sözcükleri who,
whom, which, whose, where ve when kullanılır. Non-defining relative clause, eğer araya
giriyorsa iki virgülle, cümlenin sonunda yer alıyorsa bir virgülle temel cümleden ayrılır.
Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me, is very fond of children. I
can rely on Mr. Smith, who works at the same company as me.
8-11 SUBJECT POSITION
Özne durumunda, insanlar için sadece who, nesneler için sadece which kullanabiliriz.
My father lives in Germany. He is over sixty now. My father, who is over sixty
now, lives in Germany.
Our television set has become erratic. It was bought eight years ago. Our
television set, which was bought eight years ago, has become erratic.
8-12 OBJECT POSITION
Nesne durumunda, insanlar için who ya da whom, cansız varlıklar ve hayvanlar için which
kullanabiliriz. Who, whom ve which sözcüklerini atamayız. Mutlaka kullanmamız gerekir.
My father lives in Germany. You met him yesterday. My father, whom you met
yesterday, lives in Germany. , who you met yesterday,
Our television set has become erratic. We bought it eight years ago. Our
television set, which we bought eight years ago, has become erratic.
Eğer isim, bir preposition'ın nesnesi durumunda ise, preposition relative clause'un sonunda yer
alırsa who ya da whom, başında yer alırsa sadece whom kullanabiliriz. Nesneler için ise yine
which kullanılır.
ıvır. smith is an honest person. I've been working with him for five years. Mr.
Smith, whom I've been working With for five years, is an honest person.
, who I've been working wftfa for five years, is an honest person.
, with whom I've been working for five years, is an honest person.
My car is beginning to cause trouble. I had saved up for it for two years. My
car, which I had saved up for for two years, is beginning to cause trouble. , for
which I had saved up for two years,
8-13 POSSESSIVE
Bütün isimler için whose kullanabiliriz. Cansız varlıklar için "of which" de kullanabiliriz, ancak
bu kullanım pek yaygın değildir.
My classmate Susan doesn't want to be a doctor. Her parents are both doctors.
My classmate Susan, whose parents are both doctors, doesn't want to be a doctor.
Their house cost them too much money. They painted its exterior pink. Their
house, whose exterior they painted pink, cost them too much money. , the
exterior of which they painted pink,
ELS a 435
447
Possessive durumdaki isme ait bir preposition varsa, bu preposition'ı whose'un önünde ya da
relative clause'un sonunda kullanabiliriz.
Mr. Clark is leaving hospital. The doctor had some doubts about his recovery.
Mr. Clark, whose recovery the doctor had some doubts about, is leaving hospital. ,
about whose recovery the doctor had some doubts,
Uludağ is a famous ski resort. You can always see snow on its top. Uludağ,
whose top you can always see snow on, is a famous ski resort.
, on whose top you can always see snow,
, on the top of which you can always see snow,
8-14 "WHERE1 IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Yer bildiren sözcükler için, non-defining relative clause'larda da where kullanabiliriz.
Istanbul has many problems to solve. More than ten million people live there.
(in Istanbul}
Istanbul, where more than ten million people live, has many problems to solve.
, which more than ten million people live in,
, in which more than ten million people live,
Eğer bir yer ismi, tanımlayan cümlede özne ya da nesne durumundaysa where kullanamayız.
Sadece which kullanabiliriz.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. It is my hometown. (It - Subject) Salihli,
which is my hometown, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I like ît very much. (It - object) Salihli,
which I like very much, is located in the west of Turkey.
Salihli is located in the west of Turkey. I was born there, (in Salihli - adverb of
place)
Salihli, where I was born, is located in the west of Turkey.
, which I was born in,
, in which I was born,
1. Just about everyone ...... went on the 3. Japan,.........technology has grown

boat trip was seasick. tremendously in recent years, Is really a
fascinating country.
A) - B) who B) when
C) whom D) which A) which C) whom
E) that D) where
E) whose
4. The passengers on the coach ....... were
2. The secretary In our office ........ outlook afraid of the driver's reckless driving,
on life Is rather pessimistic, Is rarely seen were relieved when they reached their
smiling. destination safe and sound.
A) that B) who A) which C) whom B) that
C) whom D) whose E) when D) who
E) where
436 Q ELS
448
I have left the letter a copy . has been 13. Charlie Chaplin ......... starred in "The Gold
put In the file, on your desk. Rush", "City Lights" and "Modem Times", also
A) whose B) -C) that produced and directed films.
D) of which E) where A) who B) whose C) whom
Her children, for ...... sake she had given D) which E) that
5. 14. A manager under ........ command so many
up her job, didn't appreciate this sacrifice.

A) whom B) which C) that people are employed should behave more
D) who E) whose responsibly.
I very clearly remember the day ...... we A) whom B) whose C) which
6. D) where E) that
15. My aunt's son, ....... she was devoted,
visited Niagara falls.

A) whose B) which C) where stole all her money and ran off to Spain.
D) -E) why A) to whom B) who C) of which
7. You really need a good plumber for a job D) -E) when
like this, .......... seems to require a great 16. Up until the Bali bombing .......... killed
many tourists from Australia, Australians had

deal of expertise. felt safe from the threat of terrorism due to the
isolation of their country.
8. A) which B) where C) when A) that B) when C) which
D) of which E) that D) whose E) who
9. The headmaster, ....... promise to increase 17. Black cumin oil, ........ healing properties
the number of teachers at the school was

never fulfilled, is retiring at the end of this
month. have been known since ancient times, is now
10. A) who B) when C) whose available in capsules.
D) that E) which A) when B) that C) whom
D) whose E) what
The car park ....... I used to park my car 18. You can take this book ......... you can find
11. on weekdays now costs £8 per day. valuable information for your homework, with
A) where B) when C) which you.
D) that E) - A) whom B) in which C) that
12. While spending time with my children,
D) -E) when
my mother tries to find activities ...... are 19. The scissors ........ you are going to cut
both fun and educational.

A) why B) whose C) - this material with should be very sharp.
D) that E) where A) - B) who C) where
Charlie Chaplin ........ unique style of D) whom E) how
20. The director ......... signature is required
on
humour endeared him to millions, was not
only a film star, but also a director and this contract, won't be back in his office
producer. until 2 p.m. Can you wait?
A) which B) that C) who A) who B) whom C) whose
D) whose E) whom D) -E) that
ELS Q 437
449
8-15 "WHEN" IN NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non-defining relative clause'larda, zaman ifade eden sözcükler için when ya da preposition +
which kullanabiliriz.
One of the most important dates in Turkish history is 29 October, 1923. The
Republic was founded then, (on that date)
One of the most important dates in Turkish history is 29 October, 1923,
when/on which the Republic was founded.
My favourite season is spring. Nature awakens with all its lively colours then,
(in spring)
My favourite season is spring, when/in which nature awakens with all its lively
colours.
Süreç bildiren bir zaman zarfını tanımlayan relative clause'larda preposition + which time
kullanılır. Bu tür cümlelerde preposition + which time yerine when kullanamayız.
The guests arrived at 7 p.m. I had finished all the preparations by then.
The guests arrived at 7 p.m., by which time I had finished all the preparations.
1. It's such a pity that you're working the night shift on Friday evening. We'll all be at
Tony's then celebrating his graduation.
2. The time I hate most on weekdays is 6 a.m. I have to wake up then to get my son
ready for school.
3. Mozart died in Vienna on December 5, 1791. By then he had composed a huge

amount of works in every form popular in his time.
4. My husband's conference in Paris continued from Monday to Wednesday. During

that time, I did a lot of sightseeing in the city.
5. Peter and Mary got married on Valentine's Day. They thought it'd be interesting and
romantic to do so on that day.
8-16 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN RELATIVE CLAUSES

a) One of, all of, most of, none of, etc. gibi ifadeleri, hem insanları hem de nesneleri
tanımlarken kullanabiliriz. Bu ifadeleri relative clause'da insanlar için one of whom,
some of whom, most of whom, etc. biçiminde, nesneler için ise one of which, some of
which, most of which, etc. biçiminde kullanırız. Eğer tanımladığımız isim possessive
durumdaysa, one of whose, some of whose, etc. gibi ifadeler kullanabiliriz.
Sally has two very close Mends. Both of them are interested in music like her.
Sally has two very close friends, both of whom are interested in music like her.
Sally has very nice parents. I like both of them very much. Sally has very nice
parents, both of whom I like very much.
I want to introduce you to my friend Salty. One of her biggest interests is
classical music.
I want to introduce you to my friend Sally, one of whose biggest Interests is
classical music.
438 ü ELS
450
She bought many things at the store. Only a few of them were necessary. She
bought many things at the store, ontya few of which were necessary.
There are many Sims on this week. I'm quite interested in two of them. There
are many films on this week, two of which I'm quite interested in.
I watched a film on TV last night. Some of its scenes were disgusting. I watched
a film on TV last night, some of whose scenes were disgusting.
b) Some of them, all of us, none of them, etc. gibi miktar/sayı bildiren sözcükler, virgülle
cümlenin devamından ayrılarak, relative clause ile aynı anlamı verecek biçimde
kullanılabilir. Ancak bu yapılar bir clause değildir, sözcük öbeğidir. Bu nedenle, fiiller
(yüklem) yoktur. Bu yapılar da, aynı relative clause'da olduğu gibi, tanımladığı isme
açıklık getirir.
The parade was watched by a lot of people, some of whom had their children on
their shoulders.
The parade was watched by a lot of people, some of them with their children on
their shoulders.
My father gave me a chest full of books, most of which were rather old. My
father gave me a chest full of books, most of them rather old.
I have two antique vases, both of which have been in my family's possession
for over a century.
I have two antique vases, both of them in my family's possession for over a
century.
EXERCISE 10: Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as a relative clause.
1. You'll face many problems in England. One of them will be finding accommodation.
2. Yaşar Kemal is one of the most distinguished authors of our contemporary
literature. Most of his books have been translated into many languages.
3. He bought two jumpers. Neither of them really suited him.
4. At the casino, he won about £1,000. He then gambled nearly all of it away again.
5. He has two assistant managers. Both of them are efficient in their work.
6. For one class at university, we had to read a book on strategy. Some of its chapters
were extremely boring.
8-17 USING "WHICH" TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE

Bazen bir relative clause tek bir sözcüğü değil de bütün bir cümleyi tanımlayabilir. Bu
durumda relative sözcüğü olarak sadece which kullanılır. Relative clause temel cümlenin
sonuna eklenir ve bir virgülle cümleden ayrılır.
She got a rather low grade on the test. That surprised me. She got a rather low
grade on the test, which surprised me. (Testten çok düşük bir not aldı ki bu da
beni şaşırttı.)
It's impossible for us to catch the train. This is too bad. It's impossible for us
to catch the train, which is too bad. (Tirene yetişmemiz imkansız ki bu da çok
kötü oldu.)
Bu örneklerde that ve this, birinci cümlenin yerine kullanılmıştır. Birinci cümlenin yerine
kullandığımız this ya da that, bazen ikinci cümlenin ortalarında yer alabilir. Bunu relative
clause'a çevirirken which virgülden hemen sonra gelmek durumundadır.
They invited me to their wedding. I appreciated that very much. They invited
me to their wedding, which I appreciated very much. (Beni düğünlerine davet
ettiler ki bu da çok hoşuma gitti.)
ELS Q 459
451
Bu yapıyla ifade ettiğimiz cümleleri genellikle başka biçimlerde de ifade edebiliriz.
He helped me. That was kind of him.
He helped me, which was kind of him. (=lt was kind of him to help me.)
They lent me a large sum. That was generous of them. They lent me a large
sum, which was generous of them. (=It was generous of them to lend me a
large sum.}
EXERCISE 11: Combine the two sentences.

1. He is rather bad-tempered. This makes him a difficult person to work with.
2. He broke two glasses while he was washing up. That was very careless of him.
3. I'm having a few days off next week. I'm really looking forward to that.
4. He hasn't been eating much lately. I am really concerned about that.
5. He didn't offer to help his parents. That was a little selfish of him.
6. She handed in her resignation after her quarrel with the manager. That didn't
surprise me at all.
8-18 RELATIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Relative clause'larda kullandığımız that, which, who, when, where gibi sözcükleri noun clause
ve adverb clause ile de kullanabiliriz. Aradaki farkı şu örneklerle inceleyelim.
I don't know the city where he lives. (noun) (relative clause)
I don't know where he lives. (verb) (noun clause)
Örneklerde de gördüğümüz gibi, relative clause daima bir isimden sonra, noun clause ise bir
fiilden sonra gelir. Örnekteki relative clause'u başka biçimlerde de ifade edebiliriz.
I don't know the city where he lives.
that he lives in.
which he lives in.
0 he lives in.
In which he lives.
Noun clause'u bir tek biçimde ifade edebiliriz. I don't know where he lives.
Adverbial clause, noun clause ve relative clause arasındaki farklılıklar için aşağıdaki örnekleri
inceleyiniz.
They got married on a day when I was abroad.
(noun) (relative clause) V
(Benim yurt dışında olduğum bir günde evlendiler.) ,
They got married when I was abroad.
(verb) (adverbial clause)
(Ben yurt dışındayken evlendiler.)
I don't remember when they got married. .'.,..'
(verb) (noun clause)
(Ne zaman evlendiklerini hatırlamıyorum.)
I want to know the students who/that are coming with us.
(noun) (relative clause)
(Bizimle gelecek öğrencileri öğrenmek istiyorum.)
I want to know who are fiş) coming with us.
(verb) (noun clause) •• '•
(Bizimle kimlerin geleceğini öğrenmek istiyorum.)
440 a ELS
452
What bir isimden sonra gelmez. Genellikle bir fiilden sonra gelir ya da özne durumundaki bir
noun clause'un başında bulunur. What, the thing that/the things that anlamındadır. (Burada
that yerine which de kullanılabilir; ama, that kullanımı daha yaygındır.)
I don't know what he bought (Ne aldığını bilmiyorum.)

(verb) (noun clause)
I don't know the thing that he bought. (Aldığı şeyi bilmiyorum.)
(noun) (relative clause)
What he said wasn't so important. (Ne dediği o kadar önemli değildi.) (noun
clause)
The thing that he said wasn't so important. (Söylediği şey o kadar önemli değildi.)
(relative clause)

1. She refused to tell anybody ........ she had 6 ............ you handle this problem Is entirely
resigned. up to you.
A) who B) which A) What B) Who
C) whom D) why C) How D) Which
E) whose E) Whose
2. We Invited them to come In October .......... 7. The thing ........ annoys me most about
was the only month ........ we'd have any her is that she always keeps asking questions
free time. ........ make no sense.
A) where/that B) which/in which A) what/that B) which/they
C) when/- D) that/when C) who/which D) that/that

E) why /with
E) whose/which
8 ............ surprised me most was that she got
3. It Isn't clear ........ he got his Information the job In spite of her lacking the
from. necessary qualifications.
A) how B) when A) That B) What
C) that D) - C) Who D) When
E) where E) Why
4. I don't suppose you know ........ I have to 9. The country ........ I'd like to see most is
see about tills situation, do you? Japan, for I've always found it so
fascinating.
A) who B) where
C) that D) - A) where B) that
E) what C) whose D) what
E) whom
5. She Is donating half of her lottery
winnings to charity, ........ is extremely 10 .......... I like best about Japan is that it has
generous of her. an attractive architectural style.
A) that B) who A) What B) That
C) which D) why C) Which D) Where
E) what E) Whom
ELS a 441
453
1 1 Tokyo is said to be too crowded at 19. The hotel ....... we stayed on the last
any time of the day, still attracts me more than evening of our trip served really delicious food.
any other big city. A) when B) which C) that
A) where B) that C) which D) where E ) -
D) whose E) what 20. In the Middle Ages, a lot of people were
12. My mother's house ....... you can always punished for they would be awarded
find at least three to four guests, looks more for today.

like a local pub. A) which B) what C) that
A) which B) whom C) when D) when E) whom
D) that E) where 21. In medieval times, many people were
13. She Is always ready to help the people punished for things for ............. they would
around her ............. makes her very popular
probably be awarded today.

among them. A) which B) what C) that
A) whom B) who C) which D) when E) whom
D) that E) whose 22. There used to be a drive-in cinema in
14. We haven't decided yet ....... we'll spend .............. is now a"huge shopping centre
A) which B) who C) when
our holiday. D) that E) what
A) which B) where C) what 23. There used to be a drive-in cinema In the
D) that E) whom place .............. there is now a huge shopping
15. They haven't decided yet ...... they'll
spend their holiday with.
A) where B) that C) what
D) how E) whom centre.
16. The words ...... he uttered last night hurt A) which B) where C) when
D) that E) what
24. I should have bought the dress ........ I
tried on first of all as it was the most suitable

for the occasion.
me deeply. A) when B) how C) where
A) that B) what C) how D) what E)-
D) when E) whom 25. At the meeting, the committee will decide
.............. to appoint as safety officer for the
people last night hurt me deeply. club.

A) That B) What C) How A) whose B) whom C) that
D) When E) Where D) where E)-
18. Loreena McKinnett sings beautiful songs, 26. The US Captain Stephen Decatur rescued
many of .............. she has adapted from the American warship Philadelphia from
traditional folk songs and poems. called "the most daring act of the age."
A) what B) whose C) whom A) in what B) from whom C)
D) which E) that where D) that E) how
442 Q ELS
454
27. Hie US Captain Stephen Decatur rescued 29. Marriage is a universal Institution ......
the American warship Philadelphia from men and women are joined In a special
Barbary pirates In an act....... a British kind of dependence for the purpose of
admiral called the most daring of the age. founding and maintaining a family.
A) what B) whom A) for B) whose

C) where D) which what C) D) in which
E) how how E) whom
28. As versatile as Shakespeare, Chaucer did 30. She reprimanded her daughter In the
for English narrative ....... Shakespeare presence of her classmates ........ I
did for drama. thought was rather inconsiderate.
A) B) who A) how B) what

where C) D) what C) who D) whom
which E) that E) which
8-19 REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Bir relative clause'u, anlamını hiç bozmadan, cümle olmaktan çıkarıp sözcük öbeği biçiminde
kısaltabiliriz.
The boy who Is running towards us is my son.
The boy running towards us is my son.
The money which was stolen from the bank has been recovered.
The money stolen from the bank has been recovered.
Bir relative clause'u kısaltabilmemiz için, who, that, which sözcüklerinin relative clause'da özne
durumunda bulunması gerekir. Yani, relative clause'un bu sözcüklerden başka bir öznesinin
olmaması gerekir. Eğer varsa, o cümlede kısaltma yapamayız.
The boy who you met yesterday is my son. (kısaltılamağ
whom you met yesterday
that you met yesterday
0 you met yesterday
The money which /lost last week has been recovered, (kisaltilamaz)
that I lost last week
0 / lost last week
Blr relative clause'u şu şekillerde kısaltabiliriz: a) Present participle

the boy running, the people waiting for the bus, a truck carrying passengers, etc.
Eğer relative clause'un tense'i, present continuous, past continuous, simple present ya da simple
past tense ve yüklemi active ise kısaltmada present participle kullanılır.
The man who lives upstairs is making too much noise.
The man living upstairs is making too much noise.
The woman who Is talking to the teacher is my mother.
The woman talking to the teacher is my mother.
ELS a 443
455
The customers who wanted to see the manager looked very angry.
The customers wanting to see the manager looked very angry.
The children who were playing in the rain seemed very happy.
The children playing in the rain seemed very happy.
It's a school which employs both foreign and native teachers.

It's a school employing both foreign and native teachers.
The tree which blocked the road was blown down by the storm.
The tree blocking the road was blown down by the storm.
Aynı kuralları göz önüne alarak, non-defining relative clause'larda da kısaltma yapabiliriz.
Kısaltılan bölümü yine virgülle cümlenin devamından ayırmamız gerekir.
Her parents, who expect her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can't.
Her parents, expecting her to get a high grade, will be disappointed if she can't.
Mary, who wanted to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard.
Mary, wanting to make an impression on the teacher, studied very hard.
My son, who is playing with some children over there, is very sensitive.
My son, playing'with some children over there, is very sensitive.
b) Past participle
the cake divided into two, the explanations made by the Prime Minister, etc.
Relative clause'un yüklemi passive ise kısaltmada past participle kullanılır.

The child who was punished by the teacher was standing in the corner.
The child punished by the teacher was standing in the corner.
I like to listen to songs which are sung in Turkish.
I like to listen to songs sung in Turkish.
Her husband, who was promoted to a higher position, will get more money.
Her husband, promoted to a higher position, will get more money.
c) Be + adjective phrase
The girl who is happy with her exam result is smiling.
The girl happy with her exam result is smiling.
Anyone who is interested in animals can join our club.
Anyone interested in animals can join our club.
I need a box which is big enough to hold these books.
I need a box big enough to hold these books.
My car, which was much cheaper than yours, hasn't caused me any trouble.
My car, much cheaper than yours, hasn't caused me any trouble.
d) Be + prepositional phrase
The books which are on the top shelf are difficult to reach.
The books on the top shelf are difficult to reach.
444 Q ELS
456
The people who were along both sides of the road were watching the parade.
The people along both sides of the road were watching the parade.
The students who are in the canteen must not be aware of the time.
The students in the canteen must not be aware of the time.
e) To + Infinitive
The first, the second, the last, the only gibi ifadelerden sonra, bazen de super/aüve'lerden sonra
relative clause "to do" biçiminde kısaltılabilir.
Yesterday, I was the last person who left the office. Yesterday, I was the last
person to leave the office. (Dün bürodan en son ayrılan kişi bendim.)
I'm usually the first person who leaves the office. I'm usually the Ûrst person to
leave the office. (Genellikle bürodan ilk ayrılan kişi ben olurum.)
Eğer relative clause'un yüklemi passive ise, kısaltmada passive infinitive "to be done" kullanılır.
The only man that was seen there that day was Mr Smith. The onfyman to be
seen there that day was Mr Smith. (O gün orada görülen tek kişi Mr Smith idi.)
The best route that can be followed is through the woods.
The best route to be followed is through the woods.
(İzlenecek en iyi yol koruluktan geçendir.)
To + infinitive biçimindeki kısaltmayı something, anything, nothing, someone, anybody, etc. gibi
sözcüklerden sonra, zorunluluk, gereklilik ifade ederken pek çok isimden sonra ve bazı
modanarın yerine kullanabiliriz.
Would you like something that you can read? Would you like something to
read?
It's cold outside. I need something that I can put on. I need something to put
on.
There was nothing that we could eat. There was nothing to eat.
I have a lot of work that I must do. I have a lot of work to do.
Today, I will have many clients that I must deal with. Today, I will have many
clients to deal with.
We need a larger box that we can put these books in. We need a larger box to
put these books in.
The children need a playground that they can play in. The children need a
playground to play in.
ELS a 445
457
f) Reduction of Continuous Tenses in Passive Form
Relative clause'larda kısaltma yaparken, normalde "being' kullanılmaz. Ancak, continuous

tense'lerle passive eylem kullanılmışsa, eylemin sürerlik bildiren özelliğine dikkati çekmek için
"being done" kullanılabilir.
The term which is currently being discussed at the board meeting was added
to the agenda at the last moment.
The term currently being discussed at the board meeting was added to the
agenda at the last moment.
(Yönetim kurulunda şu anda tartışılmakta olan madde gündeme son anda
eklendi.)
Everybody was captured by the charm of the music which was being played so
beautifully by the orchestra.
Everybody was captured by the charm of the music being played so beautifully
by the orchestra, (...çalınmakta olan müziğin...)
ğ) Appositive Phrase
ApposltLve phrase, bir isme açıklık kazandırmak için, isimden sonra kullanılan bir isim ya da
zamir grubudur. Appositive phrase, fazladan bilgi verdiği için, virgülle cümlenin devamından
ayrılır.
Mr Jones, who is the headmaster of our school, is a very strict man. Mr Jones,
the headmaster of our school, is a very strict man.
İsmet İnönü, who was the second President of Turkey, was a contemporary of
Atatürk's.
İsmet İnönü, the second President of Turkey, was a contemporary of Atatürk's.
Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey, is better organized than Istanbul.
Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, is better organized than Istanbul.
Basketball, which is my favourite sport, attracts less interest than football.
Basketball, my favourite sport, attracts less interest than football.
h) Non-defining relative phrase, bazen tanımladığı ismin önünde ya da cümlenin sonunda

yer alabilir. Özellikle /, he, she, they gibi kişi zamirlerini tanımlıyorsa, bu zamirin
önünde yer alması yaygın bir kullanımdır.
She, who was once interested in rock music, now listens to classical. Once
interested in rock music, she now listens to classical. (Bir zamanlar rock
müziğe ilgi duyan o şimdi klasikleri dinliyor.)
Today's people, who aren't thinking of the future generations, are
inconsiderately polluting the earth.
Today's people, not thinking of the future generations, are inconsiderately
polluting the earth.
Not thinking of the future generations, today's people are inconsiderately
polluting the earth.
Today's people are inconsiderately polluting the earth, not thinking of the
future generations.
(Gelecek nesilleri düşünmeyen günümüz insanı dünyayı saygısızca kirletiyor.)
446 Q ELS
458
„, ____ ^ _ .... '-I /
TELLINÖ THE TIME

A visitor passing through the countryside stopped to ask a farmer Ifor
the time. "Just a moment," said the farmer. With that, he crouched down
beside a cow in the pasture and lifted the udder ever so gently. "Ten to one,"
was the reply.
The visitor was astounded. "How can you tell the time by feeling a
cow's udder?"
"Come here, and I'll show you," said the farmer. "If you crouch
down like this and lift the udder up, you can just see the church clock across
the valley."
EXERCISE 13: Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. The woman who is sitting at the corner table seems familiar to me.
2. The students who wanted to postpone the exam were eventually able to persuade
their teacher.
3. Only those who have their identity cards with them will be allowed into the
building.
4. "Roots", which was written by Alex Haley, is the history of one black American
family. ••..•» m
5. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
6. The fence that surrounds their house is not so high. We can jump over it.
We can jump over it.
7. The children, who were very excited about going on holiday, helped their mother
pack.
8. Mrs. Smith, who is our next door neighbour, is very much interested in what is
going on in our house.
9. We all expected to see pictures on TV that showed the pieces of the comet while it
was crashing into Jupiter, but we couldn't.
but we couldn't.
10. Mr. Jacobs will be the one who is in charge of the office during the absence of the
manager.
11. She, who was once a famous star, is now a hopeless alcoholic.
12. I have a lot of letters that I must write.
13. In some areas children, who don't know the danger, play in sewage waters.
14. His first book, which was published in 1975, didn't get so much praise as he
expected. v :, f,
ELS a 447
459
15. I prefer to buy a house which overlooks the sea rather than a large one.
16. Students who aren't interested in grammar can prepare their term paper on
literature.
17. We were all relieved to get further news which concerned the accident.
18. The villagers, who were expecting a good harvest, were all distressed upon hearing
about the approaching storm.
19. The twins, who were wearing identical bright red jackets, really stood out in the
crowd.
20. If we go away next week,'we will have to find someone who will look after our dog.

1. Compared to Britain, the prices ......... for 5................ by his Inability ..............
train tickets In Turkey are Incredibly low. commercial success In the United States,
the musician began touring Europe in the
A) charging C) to charge B) charge 1970s.
E) having D) charged
charged A) To disappoint/having achieved
B) Having disappointed/achieving
2. Manhattan Island, .................. for 25 C) Disappointed/to achieve
dollars from the Indians In 1626, is now D) To be disappointed/achieved
the centre of New York, and one of the E) Having been disappointed/achieve
3. largest and richest cities In the world.
6. The most significant feature ..............
A) buying
C) bought B) having bought this author from his contemporaries Is his
D) to have bought relatively plain language.
E) was bought
A) distinguished B) distinguishes
The student, not ......... the answer to the C) distinguish D) to be distinguished
question, really hoped that the teacher E) distinguishing
wouldn't ask him.
7. The referee ....... to make the final
4. A) knew decision was himself a former champion.
B) known
C) knowing A) has B) having
D) being known C) had D) have
E) to know E) to be having
The Peacock Restaurant .......... to me by 8. Not ....... the "no entry" sign, Sarah
Monica, was the Ideal place for a romantic walked straight Into the conference room
meal. and interrupted a confidential meeting.
A) recommending A) noticed
B) having recommended B) noticing
C) recommends C) having been noticed
D) to recommend D) to be noticed
E) recommended E) to notice
448 Q ELS
460
9. The trophy ........ to the winning team at 15. Penguins ............ like funny little men in
the award ceremony, was taken back so black and white evening clothes, live In the
that It could be engraved with the team's icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean.
name.
A) to look B) to be looking
A) presents C) having looked D) looking E) to have
B) to have presented looked
C) presented
D) to be presenting 16. The Spice Islands, now.......... as the East
E) presenting Indies, was the name .......... In the Middle
Ages to the region from which spices came.
10. On November 1, 1755, Lisbon was struck A) knowing/to give
by a tremendous earthquake, ........two B) known/given
thirds of the city. C) to know/giving
D) being known/gave
A) destroyed E) to be known/having given
B) to destroy
C) to have destroyed 17. What's the name of that new film .......
D) being destroyed Bruce Willis?
E) destroying
A) to have starred
11. It was the necessity of war that first led B) starred
women In Britain to work in technical C) to be starring
areas previously .......by men. D) starring
E) having been starred
A) to dominate B) having dominated
C) dominated D) dominating 18. Under British law, if someone ............ of a
E) to have dominated serious crime pleads Innocence, he or she
Is tried before a jury .............. of 12
12. Armadillos ........ In both North and South members of the public.
America, are nocturnal mammals with
distinctive armour-encased bodies. A) to -a cc us e /c o ns is te d
B) b e in g a c c us e d /c o ns is ts
A) finding C) find B) found C) ac c u se d /c o ns is tin g
E) having D) to find D) ac c u se s /to b e c on s is te d
E) acc u s in g /ha v in g co ns is te d
found
19. Grego ry, not ........of cigarette smoking,
13. There are many different theories ....... the always asks his guests to smoke outside
nature and development of personality on the balcony.
and the causes of personality changes.
A) to approve
A) concerning B) approved
B) concerned C) approving
C) to concern D) to have approved
D) being concerned E) being approved
E) to be concerned
20. Air France's jets,........ specially for the
14. The best person....... us some Information World Cup with designs featuring football
about Cyprus Is Ellf because she used to stars, transported the various teams
live there. around France during the event.
A) to give B) given A) to paint B) painting

D) have given C) to be painted D) painted
C) being given E) having painted
E) to be
given ELS a 449
461
21. Hawks, ....... eagles In the same bird 28. The Great Wa ll o f China ........ for 2 ,400
family, come In many different sizes. kilometres along the Mongolian plateau,
was built to prevent invasions from the
A) having rese mbled North.
B) to rese mble
C) resembled A) extended B) to extend
D) to have rese mble d C) to be extended D) have extended
E) resembling
E)
22. extending
Until the 20th century, the chief raisin
producers were Turkey, Iran and Greece. 29. The Spanish Armada was made up of 130
By mid-century, however, the United ships ........ altogether 30,493 men, of
States had taken the lead In production, whom 18,973 were soldiers.
with Australia ...... second.
A) carried B) carrying
A) ranking B) rank C) being carried D) to carry
C) to rank D) be ranked E) to have carried
E) to have ranked
30. The training program .......by all of our
23. Formerly ....... as Slam, Thailand is one of new employees will cover the areas of
the most popular tourist spots in Asia. safety, company procedure and filing.
A) to know C) knowing B) known A) undertaking

E) having D) knew B) undertook
known C) having undertaken
D) to undertake
24. The Koh-1-noor diamond,........ to have E) to be undertaken
been taken from the rajah of Malwa in
1304, measures 191 carats and is one of 31. The name of the doctor ....... with your
the most famous diamonds In the world. daughter is Dr. Bennett.
A) having believed A) dealt B) deals
B) believed
C) believing C) deal D) dealing
D) to believe E) being dealt
E) to have believed
32. The topic........at the moment concerns all
25. Students ....... a foreign language can the members closely, so we expect all of
always benefit from visiting the country you to participate In the discussion.
whose language they are trying to learn.
A) hav ing d isc usse d
A) to study B) studied B) dis cuss ing
C) studying D) to be studied C) to d isc uss
E) being studied D) be in g discu ssed
E) to b e d isc uss in g
26. The professor .......to Mrs Wilson over
there is head of the history department at 33. I'm not sure If George is the sort of
our university. person .......on with such an important
task.
A) to be talked B) talked
C) having talked D) to talk
E) talking A) relying B) to be relied
C) rely D) having relied
27. Paul ........ himself for the delay, E) to be relying
apologized to everyone....... In the project.
34. I need a large bag ....... all this stuff in.
A) blamed /involving
B) to bla me/to invo lve A) putting B) being put
C) being bla med/involve C) to put D) put
D) blaming/involved E) having put
E) blames/hav ing inv olved
45O Q ELS
462
35. Listeni The poem ....... by the narrator on A) to be reached B) having reached
TV Is by my favourite poet. C) to reach D) being reached
E) to be reaching
A) to read B) reading
C) having read D) to be reading 39. The kitchen In a modem home, unless It
E) being read Is combined with a dining area, is a
relatively small room .......with cooking
36. Whenever you need someone ....... your equipment.
problems with, I'm here to listen to you.
A) to fill
A) to share B) sharing
C) shared B) to be filling
D) being shared C) filled
E) having shared D) having filled
E) being filled
37. In the Cairo Museum, whole rooms are
given over to treasures .......from the 40. Jean Jacques Rousseau argued for
tomb of Tutankhamen. freedom in music, and he pointed to
A) to recover B) recovering Italian composers as models .........
C) having recovered D) recovered E)
have recovered A) having followed
B) following
38. Because of the hostility of the local tribes C) followed
In that area, Erie was the last of the D) to be followed
Great Lakes ...... by white men, In 1669. E) to have followed
WHERE TO GO
After voting on the election day, I stopped at a bakery. As the

cashier rang up some cinnamon rolls and doughnuts for the man standing
ahead of me, the customer joked, "Do you guarantee these don't have any
calories?"
Straight-faced, the cashier responded, "Absolutely no calories."
"You know where you'll go if you lie like that, don't you?" the man
teased.
"Yes," said the cashier, "to the Parliament."
8-20 CLEFT SENTENCES

a) Cleft sentence Türkçe'ye "bölünmüş cümle" biçiminde çevrilebilir. İngilizce'de cleft
sentence, basit ya da düz bir cümlenin bir bölümünü ya da bir öğesini vurgulamak için,
cümleyi "clause" içerecek biçimde yeniden ifade etmektir. Bu cümle yapısında genellikle
cümleye "it" ile başlanır ve devamında bir relative clause kullanılır.
Vurgulamak istediğimiz öğe insan ise, "It is/was someone who/that...."; insan dışında bir varlık
ise "It Is/was something that...." kalıbı kullanılır.
Nikola Tesla actually invented the radio, (simple statement) (Radyoyu aslında
Nikola Tesla icat etti.) It was Nikola Tesla who/that actually invented the radio.
(Radyoyu icat eden aslında Nikola Tesla idi.)
ELS Q 451
463
(= Nikola Tesla was the person who/that actually invented the radio.) (= The
person who/that actually invented the radio was Nikola Tesla.)
He gave his wife a necklace on their wedding anniversary. (Evlilik
yıldönümlerinde karısına bir gerdanlık hediye etti.)
It was a necklace that he gave his wife on their wedding anniversary. (Evlilik
yıldönümlerinde karısına hediye ettiği bir gerdanlıktı.}
(= The present that he gave his wife on their wedding anniversary was a necklace.}
b) Pseudo-cleft sentences diye adlandırılan ve cleft sentence gibi görünen yapılarda,

vurgulanan öğeye göre who, what, where gibi sözcüklerle noun clause kullanmak da
mümkündür.
Nazi Germany took Prague in March 1939.
Prague was the city that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
Prague was what Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
The city that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939 was Prague.
What Nazi Germany took in March, 1939 was Prague.
It was Prague that Nazi Germany took in March, 1939.
World War II actually began in the Far East, when Japan invaded China on
July 7, 1937.
The Far East was actually (the place) where World War II began...........
(The place) where World War II actually began was the Far East, .....
World War II actually began on July 7, 1937, when Japan invaded China.
July 7, 1937 was (the day} when/the day that World War II actually began ....
(The day] when/The day that World War II actually began was July 7, 1937 ..........
c) Cleft sentence ile fiilleri de vurgulayabiliriz.

Dogs bark.
What dogs do is (to) bark.
Samuel Beckett wrote several outstanding novels in addition to his more
famous plays.
What Samuel Beckett did was (to) write several outstanding novels in addition
to his more famous plays.
I have recently finished the introduction to my thesis.
What I have done recently is (to) finish the introduction to my thesis.
d) Cleft sentence biçiminde bütün bir cümleyi de vurgulayabiliriz.

He caused an accident with his careless driving.
What happened is (that) he caused an accident with his careless driving.
Your dad will help you if you give him a kiss.
What will happen is (that) your dad will help you if you give him a kiss.
e) Cleft sentence yapısında, vurgulanan öğe /, we, they, etc. gibi zamirler olabilir.
It was I who first made this suggestion.
that first made this suggestion, (daha çok "who" kullanılır.)
(Bu öneriyi ilk getiren bendim.)
It's they who want to cancel the meeting. that want to cancel the meeting.
(Toplantıyı iptal etmek isteyen onlar.) 452 Q ELS
464
MQTC ...............................................................................................
"It is/was ...." kalıbından sonra kural olarak subject pronoun (7, we, they, he,
she, etc.) kullanmak gerekir. Ancak Informal English'de object pronoun (me, us,
them, him, her, etc.) kullanımı daha yaygındır.
It was me who/that first made this suggestion. It's them who/that want
to cancel the meeting.
f) Diğer vurgulu cleft sentence yapılarını şöyle sıralayabiliriz.

"All (that)" ve "the (only) thing (that)" gibi yapıların da cleft sentence biçiminde kullanımı
yaygındır.
All (that) I want is a chance to prove that I am right.
(= 7 want a chance to prove that I am right and nothing else.)
AU (that) you need to do is (to) tie the two strings together. (= You need to tie
the two strings together and nothing else.) (Bütün yapman gereken, iki ipi
birbirine bağlamaktır.)
All (that) he's done is (to) ruin my life! (= He's ruined my life!)
The onfy thing (that) I can recall is making a fool of myself. The onfy thing (that)
I remember is that I made a fool of myself. (= 7 can recall/remember making a
fool of myself and nothing else.)
EXERCISE 15: Fill In the blanks with suitable relative pronouns where necessary. Give all
the possible forms for each blank.
FRANZ KAFKA
The credit for making Franz Kafka internationally famous as a writer of visionary and
imaginative fiction belongs to his friend Max Brod, (1) ................... also a novelist himself. In
Kafka's will, Brod was asked to burn all manuscripts (2) .................... hadn't yet been
published and to refrain from republishing those (3) ..................... already in print. Brod, (4)
................... didn't comply with his friend's will, instead edited the manuscripts and had
them published.
Kafka was born into a Jewish middle-class family in Prague, Bohemia, (5) ...................
now in the Czech Republic, on July 3, 1883. He attended the University of Prague, (6)
................... he received his doctorate in 1906, after (7) ..................... he spent a short time
as a legal apprentice. He then went to work for an insurance company, (8) ................... the
long hours of work prevented him from writing. Thus, he took a less demanding job with
another insurance business, (9) ................... he remained until 1922, (10) ..................... he
was forced to retire because of ill health. Soon Kafka, (11) .................... health had seriously
deteriorated, went into a tuberculosis sanatorium in Kierling, Austria, (12) .....................he
died on June 3, 1924.
Kafka was in many ways a solitary figure, (13) .................... isolated in his own mind
from any true community of friendship and (14) ....................alienated from his own Jewish
heritage. This inner turmoil, (15) .................... was expressed in his continuously popular
writings, promoted Kafka into a symbol of the anxiety and alienation (16) ....................has
pervaded much of 20th-century society.
His total work, only a fraction of (17) .................... was published in his lifetime, includes
sections from "Description of a Struggle", (18) ..................... published in German in 1909, a
chapter from his novel "Amerika" (1913), and two stories: "Metamorphosis" (1915) and "In
the Penal Colony" (1919). "The Trial" and "The Castle", (19) ................... were published
after his death, are regarded as his major novels.
ELS ü 453
465
ANTIOCH
Ancient Antioch, (1) ..................... was called the "queen of the East", is now the
modern town, Antakya, (2) ..................... is a small trading centre in the southern part of
Anatolia, (3) ..................... about 32 kilometres from the Mediterranean coast. The town, (4)
...................... chief crops are wheat, cotton, grapes, rice, olives, vegetables and fruit, has
soap and olive oil factories, cotton textile mills and other processing industries. Silk, shoes
and knives are also manufactured.
The old city, (5) .....................was founded in about 300 BC by one of Alexander the
Great's generals, later became the capital of the Seleucid kings of Syria. Soon the city drew
great wealth from the caravan trade to India, (6) .............. , ..... helped it grow into a centre
of Greek culture. Just beyond its 70-foot walls lay the grove of Daphne, (7) .....................
filled with magnificent temples (8) ...................... attracted pilgrims from many parts of the
world. Antioch, (9) ..................... the word "Christian" was first used, attracted the
reforming spirit of the Apostles even after it had passed under Roman rule. There Barnabas
and Paul - and perhaps Peter - are said to have sown the seed (10) .....................
eventually converted half the population to Christianity. The most famous of the saints of
the region was Simeon Stylites, (11) ..................... spent 30 years doing penance on top of a
high pillar (12) ..................... was located near Antioch.
Antioch, (13) ..................... suffered from many severe earthquakes, was sacked by the
Persian king Chosroes I in AD 538 and never recovered its former glory. It was taken from
the Seljuk Turks by the Crusaders after a nine-month siege in 1098, and for nearly two
centuries, it remained a Christian principality. Then it was conquered by the Muslims again,
in 1268, after great fighting (14) ......................caused much destruction and slaughter.
This last blow destroyed ancient Antioch, and in modern Antakya, (15) ..................... little
remains of the old city, a few ruins of great aqueducts and parts of the walls can be seen.
WORLDWIDE FAME with ONE BOOK
Margaret Mitchell, (1) .................... lived between the years 1900 and 1949, wrote only
one book, but it sold as many as 50,000 copies in a single day. The book, (2) ....................
inspired one of the most popular films in motion-picture history, won the Pulitzer prize.
When Margaret Mitchell, (3) .................... was a locally respected journalist, wrote "Gone
with the Wind", she went in one great leap from being an obscure journalist to an
internationally recognized novelist.
Margaret Mitchell, (4) .................... demonstrated at an early age an aptitude for
writing, primarily used as source material the American Civil War stories (5) .....................
she heard from older relatives and friends of the family. She attended Washington Seminary
in Atlanta and then Smith College in Massachusetts. In 1922, (6) the year ...................... she
took up journalism, she started to work as a writer for The Atlanta Journal, but in 1926, an
ankle injury (7) .................... kept her housebound for an extended time forced her early
retirement.
It was while recovering from the injury that Mitchell began the novel "Gone with the
Wind", (8) .....................a story of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction period (9)
...................... told from a Southern point of view. Mitchell, (10) ......................took ten years
to write the saga, carefully crafted her hero and heroine, Rhett Butler and Scarlett O'Hara.
The book, (11)..................... published in June 1936, sold a million copies in the first six
months (12) .................... followed the publication. By 1939 United States sales had
reached 2 million, and by 1949 the book had been distributed in forty countries, with total
sales of 8 million copies. Motion-picture rights were sold for $50,000, and the public eagerly
followed the producer's search for the perfect actress to play Scarlett O'Hara, for (13)
..................... Vivien Leigh was eventually selected. The film, (14) ...................... won ten
Academy awards in 1940, held the record for gross earnings for more than 20 years.
Mitchell's fame made her a tremendous asset as a Red Cross volunteer in World War II,
during (15) .................... she worked devotedly.
454 Q ELS
466
EXERCISE 16: Fill In the blanks in the passages below with the correct choice.
In September 1944, the war in Europe For years, paleontologists had speculated on
seemed all but over. British and American (6) ...... so many well-preserved fossils were
forces had dashed across France and found in the Gobi Desert. The region is
Belgium, and (1) ....... German defenses were exceptionally barren, (7) ..... made the
collapsing. One bold thrust, Allied scientists wonder (8) ...... the animals had
commanders felt, could open the way to survived in such a hostile environment. To
Berlin, Germany's capital, and end the partly explain the number and quality of
fighting. (2) ....... in high optimism, began fossils (9)....... there, researchers looked to
Operation Market-Garden, a mighty air raid their own experiences in the desert. The Gobi
(3) ..... focus was the bridge over the Lower is frequently struck by spectacular winds that
Rhine in the Dutch city of Arnhem. Although create intense storms of sand and dust. The
the battle (4) ..... followed is little known, it scientists reasoned that these storms had
was the Allies' most severe defeat, with losses probably occurred during the period (10) .....
(5) ...... greater than those of the Normandy dinosaurs roamed the Earth as well,
Invasion. overwhelming the dinosaurs and burying
them. This might have protected the bodies
from further ravaging by the elements, thus
1. producing unusually well-preserved fossils.
A) everywhere B) whichever 6.
C) wherever D) where else
E) in which A) what B) when
C) that D) why
E) which
2.
7.
A) Thus B) Just as
C) In case D) By the time A) B) what
E) Though where D) how
C) that E) which
3.
8.
A) which B) whom
C) where D) why A) how B) when
E) whose C) what D) which
E) where
4.
9.
A) B) where A) to B) finding D) having found

when C) D) that find C) E) to have found
how E) why found
10.
A) so B) more A) what B) when

C)far D) most C) whose D) which
E) quite E) where
ELS Q 455
467
Jane Hamilton wro te about the lives of small- The Atlas Mountains, (16) ...... spa n th ree
town inhabitants in her second novel, "A Map co u n trie s a nd se pa ra te the so u the rn rim o f th e
of the World" (1994), (11) ...... tells the story Me d ite rra n ea n b as in fro m the Sah a ra Desert,
of Alice and Howard Goodwin, well-educated extend fo r mo re than 1 ,900 k ilo metres across
city dwellers (12) ....... mo ve to th e ru ral Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The northern
Mid west to farm. Natives of the farming town section of the range is called the Tell Atlas,
trea t the so me what eccen tric Goo d wins as wh ich re ceiv es the most rain fa ll an d
ou ts ide rs a nd ma in ta in little c on ta ct with has moist fo rests of cork oak trees. (17 ) .......
them. The family is faced with tragedy when a there is less rainfall, light dry fo rests of green
neighbour's child dro wns on their p roperty. oak trees c ov e r the so il. In th e so uthe rn,
Alice Goodwin, (13) ....... with guilt and self- desertlike area o f th e mo un tain range , (1 8)
doub t, fa ces a secon d b lo w when a troub led
..... the Sa h a ra n Atlas , the re a re o n ly
young boy at the school (14) ...... she works
scatte red g reen oak an d jun ipe r trees. In sp ite
falsely accuses her of sexual abuse. The event
of severe winters, people still live in the
leads to the incarceration and trial of Alice
and fu rthe r wo rsens the fa mily's p reca rio us mou n ta ins . The th ic k rim o f the Atlas
position within the co mmun ity. As the to wn Moun ta in ran ge rises to fo rm a h ig h s ill,
rallies against her, Alice labours to wh ich creates a barrier (19 ) ......
understand the motiva tion o f those (15 ) ....... co mmun ica tion . Ho wev e r, the mo un ta in
her. people ha ve the ir o wn inte rn al commu nicatio n
system. Villages are linked by
11. paths (20 ) ..... follow the crest lines of the
hills.
A) who B) tha t D) where
C) how E) which 16.
12. A) B) tha t D) where

which C) E) wha t
A) when B) who
C) where D) whose
E) whom 17.
A) Where B) Which
13. C) How D) What
E) That
A) overcoming
B) to overcome 18.
C) overcome
D) being overcome
A) calling B) having called
E) having overcome
C) being called D) called
14. E) to call
A) how B) when 19.

C) that D) where
E) which A) hindered B) hindering
C) to hinder D) h in der
15. E) hav ing hin dered
A) accused 20.
B) to b e acc use d
C) accus e A) B) how
D) being accuse d where C) D) what
E) accusin g when E) tha t
4 5 6 Q EL S
468
TEST YOURSELF 8
1-65. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan, 7. Papermaking is a continuous process, an
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi unbroken line of production ...... begins
bulunuz. • - with the tree and ends with the cut sheet
ı. of paper.
Canada ....... population is only about 29
million, ranks second in terms of area In A) when B) where D) what
the world. C) that E) whose
A) where B) whose 8. One disadvantage of the hotel ........we

C) which D) that stayed at last summer was that it was
E) whom very close to a disco, and thus very noisy.
2. Rather than going to the park ....... has A) whom B) what
the swings, why don't we go to the one C) whose D) where
with the boating-lake? E) which
A) B) when 9. Manufacturers make the best quality tea

where D) whose from a variety of leaves....... are blended
C)- E) which together by experts.
3. In Haiti ...........about two-thirds of the A) who B) where D)

land C) what which
is mountainous or hilfy, many farmers can E) when
barely raise enough food even for
themselves. 10. The only American president ever .......
unanimously was George Washington, in
B) where 1789 and 1792, when, on both occasions,
A) which C) when D) what he ran unopposed.
E) whom
A) to be elected B) to elect
4. The only person ......... the 1902 eruption C) elect D) electing
of E) having elected
Mont Pelee, on the Caribbean island of
Martinique, was a prisoner ...... cell was 11. One of the penthouse flats ........the
so badly ventilated that the poisonous gas marina has just come up for sale.
didn't reach him.
A) to have overlooked
A) to s u rv iv e/who se B) to be overlooking
B) su rv iv ing /wh e re C) overlooked
C) su rv iv ed /which D) having overlooked
D) having survived /who m E) overlooking
E) su rv iv e /th a t
12. Th e su n is th e c e n tre a ro u n d ....... the
5. The ma in re as o n .......... th e ex pe rime nt earth and the eight other planets of our
solar system revolve.
didn' t wo rk is that it wasn't con ducted
with en ough atten tion to de tail. A) that
C) whose B) where D)
which
A) why B) whom D) when E) what
C) which E) where
13. Any money ....... at tonight's ball will be
6. Football,....... also called soccer in so me donated to a charity for cancer research.
countries, orig inated in England.
A) collected
A) which B) tha t D) whom B) having collected
C) where E)- C) to be collecting
D) collecting
E) to collect
ELS Q 457
469
14. It seems to be always the poorest people 21. Cotton........ provides about four-fifths of
..... homes are destroyed whenever there all natural fibres used, Is the most
Is any kind of natural disaster. Important natural fibre.
A) B) whose A) where B) when
which C) D) whom C) which D) that
where E) when E) what
15. The hot mineral waters of the Afyon 22. According to statistics, the hour ......
region ....... contain many beneficial salts, most deaths during sleep occur is four
are bottled and sold all over Turkey. o'clock in the morning.
A) who B) when A) whom B) where
C) where D) that C) when D) which
E) which E) who
16. Rest periods....... aside for snacks and 23. Childhood, during ...... the imagination is
small talk are called coffee breaks, no at its greatest, should be a time of
matter what kinds of refreshments are carefree happiness.
enjoyed.
B) to set A) B) that D) which
A) having set C) set
D) setting whose C) E) when
E) to have
set 24. The name of Sierra Leone
derives from
17. Ken has decided to be a fireman ....... has "Serra Lyoa" or "Lion Mountains", which
really upset his mother, since she dreamt a Portuguese explorer of the 15th century
of her son becoming a doctor. gave to the hills .......... the harbour In
A) what the capital.
C) who B) which D) tha t
E) why A) surrounded B) to surround
C) being surrounded D) surround E)
18. We mu s t a p p oin t s o me o ne ....... the office surrounding
while we are ou t o f the coun try .
25. An example of a desert ....... Is completely
A) having supervised uninhabitable Is the Empty Quarter of
B) supervised Saudi Arabia.
C) supervising
D) to supervise B) that
A) where C) when D)-
E) to be su pervise d E) what
19. In order to set the burglar alarm properly, 26. John Grisham's novels tell stories of
the last doors....... should be the ones on courtroom battles, ....... he understands
the ground floor. so well because of his legal background.
A) to be locked A) where
B) to be locking C) which B) whom D)
C) having locked what
D) to have locked E) when
E) locking
27. The smartest way......... situations like
20. The feelings of a mother .......she sees her this Is to speak to the manager first.
child In danger are more powerful than
any fears she may have for herself. A) to approach
B) having approached
A) who C) whom B) where C) approaching
E) when D) which D) to be approached
E) approached
458 Q ELS
470
28. Alcatraz Is the name of the prison 35 . The ma te ria l ....... we chose to cover ou r
they used to keep America's most dining room chairs with looks too bright
dangerous criminals. no w tha t they have bee n co ve red.
A) where B) why A) of which B) what
C) what D) who
E) which C) where D)-
E) when
29. The boy ............ In line behind me kept
asking silly questions,........... ra the r 36. The Tower of London ......... s o ma n y
Irritated me. impo rta nt peo p le we re a t o ne time
Imprisoned or executed. Is today visited
A) to s tand/tha t by th ou sa n ds o f to u ris ts .
B) standing/which :•-
C) stood/where A) which C) how B) tha t
D) to have stood/how D) what
E) having stood/who E) where
30. The clerk ....... last week seems to be 37. The largest city in the world, Mexico City
having difficulty coping with the task is still g ro wing at a rap id pace , with
......... he has been given. 2,00 0 ne wco me rs ....... each day .
A) h iring /wh ich A) arrived B) to arrive
B) to hire/that C) to have arrived D) arriving
C) being hired/when E) arrive
D) hired/-
E) having hired/what
38 . Lun gs, th e p rinc ipa l o rg ans o f
31. Atmosphere Is the mass of air ....... resp ira tion , a re two la rge spo ngy masses
outward from the surface of the earth Into ......in the chest.
space.
A) locate C) to locate B) located
A) extended E) having D) locating
B) havin g e xte nded located
C) to be e xten ded
D) extending
E) extend 39. Although it is Italy ...... produces the
most wine in the world, French wines
32. Ce rta in b irds , suc h as the o stric h an d the lead the world in quality.
rh e a ........ ancient relatives once flew,
have lost the power of flight and have A)
what C) B) where D)
adapted to o ther means o f living . whose
A) E) that
whose C) B) where D)
what which
E) when 40. Because of the heavy work load In the
office, my father is always rather tense,
33. The basic principle o f weaving has not ...... increases his risk of having a heart
changed since the la te Stone Age , ....... attack.
hu mans first wov e rush es an d g rass es
In to b as ke ts a nd ma ts.
A) when B) where
A) whose B) how C) which D) who
C) when D) where E) that
E) which
34. Th e Yuca tan Pe nins ula In Cen tral 41. The Empire State Building ......... by many
America ....... ab o u t 1 9 0,0 0 0 sq k m, tourists every year, is the second tallest
separates the Gulf of Mexico from the building In the United States.
Caribbean Sea.
A) visited B) having visited
A) to cover B) being covered C) to have visited D) visit
C) covered D) covering E) visiting
E) having covered
ELS Q 459
471
42. In 1978 the "Amoco Cadiz" split one 50. The suit, the jacket ........ had a couple of
million gallons of oil onto the Brittany buttons missing, was greatly reduced In the
coast ............. an ecological disaster. sale.
A) created B) creating C) to be A) to whom B) of which C) for
created D) being created E) to have whose D) that E) where
created 51. Rembrandt, ....... paintings, drawings and
gave to his question was not ....... he'd etchings made him a giant In the history of
expected to hear. art, was a master of light and shadow.
A) when/whom B) which/how C) A) how B) when C) whom
whom/that D) why /which E) D) whose E) where
that/what 52. Various games ............ soccer have been
44. The provocative statement of the ex-
chairman resulted in a long and heated
argument, most of ............. was not recorded. played for more than 2,000 years, probably
starting In China, but the modem game
developed In England.
A) which B) whom C) that A) being resembled B) resembled C) to
D) what E) whose resemble D) resemble E) resembling
45. According to statistics, among the 53. Future generations, on ........ behalf we
countries In the northern hemisphere,
Switzerland is the country ............ must strive to protect the environment, will
judge our success.
computers are the most commonly used. A) which B) whom C) what
A) that B) which C) where D) whose E) when
D) when E) whom 54. Only those ....... work meets the required
46. I'd like to spend our holiday at the resort
............ Dave was talking about the other
standard will be kept on after the probationary
period.
day. A) when B) that C) whose
A) whom B) what C) whose D) which E) whom
D) which E) where 55. The market hall had been built In the
16th century ............... it served as the social
just said about the new government? centre of the town.

A) how much B) which C) whom A) when B) what C) that
D) how E) what D) which E) whom
48. A giraffe's neck, ........ Is longer than any 56. Mont Blanc .......... claims the lives of
other animal's, has exactly the same number several climbers every year, is the highest
of bones In it as a human's. mountain in the French Alps.
A) - B) that C) which A) what B) which C) how
D) whose E) when D) when E) where
49. I don't think that the knife ...... you are 57. Gravitation, or gravity, is a force ........ all
trying to cut that meat with is sharp

enough. objects in the universe.
A) what B) where C) whom A) attracted B) to have attracted C) having
D) -E) whose attracted D) attract E) attracting
460 Q ELS
472
58. About half of all Belgians speak Flemish, A) proposed
...... written Dutch is derived. B) proposing
C) to be proposing
A) about what C) with B) for whom D) to have proposed
whom D) from which E) having proposed
E) into
which
66-80. aorulard
59. Father's Day ........ is celebrated on the
third Sunday In June, Is believed to have
originated In Spokane, Washington, In 66. The convict confessed that it was his
1910. desperate poverty .........
A) when C) where B) which A) which he has been suffering fro m for
E) that D) who as lo n g a s he c a n re me mb e r
B) as it affected his whole life
60. Only one of the hotels ....... I called this C) tha t ha d d riv e n h im to c rime
morning has any rooms vacant this D) mad e h im lea d a mise rab le life
coming weekend. E) which we re responsib le fo r h is
co mmittin g s o ma ny c rimes
A) B) whose D)
what whom 67. Most big firms have a special research
C) that and development department..........
E) when
A) just when the firm was becoming
61. During the winter months .........most of insolvent
the trees are leafless and the weather Is B) so that they would have more chance
dull most of the time, I feel rather than their rivals to make progress
pessimistic. C) whose main duty had been to improve
the quality of the products
A) whose C) that B) which D) which does the planning for future
E) when D) where products
E) that try to produce technology for
62. An astronaut, or cosmonaut in Russian better but cheaper products
usage, is a person ...... has been trained
for flight beyond the Earth's atmosphere. 68. A paragraph is coherent .........
A) whom C) when B) which A) unless the reader can easily follow

D) that and unders ta nd it
E) where B) when its sentences are logically and
clearly related to each other
63. This wooden box ........ I keep all my old C) which also serves as a link between
letters in, once belonged to my the preceding and subsequent
grandmother. paragraphs
A) D) that the writer must decide what to
which B) where D) include and what to omit
C) that whose E) thus, the opening sentence indicates
E)- the content of the whole
64. The term "The Great Depression" refers to 69. He is thinking of retiring to a country
a time in the 1930s during ....... the entire house ..........
world economy was depressed.
A) after he has travelled round the world
B) what with his wife
A) when C) whose D) where
E) which B) so that he could get over the tensions
city life had created for him over the
years
65. According to a theory first .......in the C) if he were able to save up enough
18th century, the continents are changing money to buy one
position constantly. D) before he was tempted, with a bigger
salary, to change his mind
E) where he has been growing his own
vegetables and fruit ever since
ELS Q 461
473
70. One of the oldest cereal crops In the 74 .........which will give them both spiritual
world Is wheat .......... and financial satisfaction.
A) whe re it re ma ined seco nd to co rn A) Unless job -hu n te rs s ta rt re sp on ding
until winter-hardy varieties of wheat to more job adve rtise me nts
were introduced B) Owing to the economic depression,
B) that is essen tia l to the making of man y pe op le h ave bee n mad e
b re a d , pa s try a n d p as ta re d u n d a n t
C) thus whea t p ro ducts a re valu ed fo r
their tas te and for their nu tritio nal C) In order to fee l safe, y our son needs a
benefit steady inco me
D) so Egy ptia n p ha ra ohs we re bu rie d D) No wadays many people a re having
with whea t to he lp no u rish the m on difficulty finding a job
their voyage into the afterlife E) I urged my siste r to apply for the
E) which was c u ltiva te d as ma ny as v ac a n c ies in o u r d e p a rtme n t
9,00 0 yea rs a go in th e Eup h ra tes
Valley of the Middle East 75. The burglars had gone straight to the
part of the museum .........
71. You could draw a few Illustrations ........
A) which was e xa ctly as they had
A) whose dra wing , as fa r as I kno w, is plan ned
mu c h b e tte r t h a n min e B) having apprecia ted the wonde rfu l
B) wh ich I thou ght we re dra wn b y a pa in tin gs
professional
C) th at will he lp th e s tude n ts un de rs ta nd C) whe re the Quee n's je we ls we re kep t
the ins tructio ns a lo t mo re eas ily D) whos e s che me h ad b een lea ke d to the
D) even though you we re taugh t ho w to police
prepa re the m a t u n ive rs ity E) th at th ey fo un d s o me p rice less re lics
E) wh o uses so many tec hn ical te rms too
difficu lt fo r the rea ders to u nde rsta nd 76 ......... which explains his fear of them.
72. Most people con tinue to buy a daily A) Michael g rew up in a war-torn
n e ws pa p e r ......... neigh bou rh ood in Belfas t
B) Kelly was attacked by a pack of dogs
A) if it c ost the m a b it less wh en he was a c h ild
B) despite listening to several news C) Steve has always been afraid o f being
b ro a dc a s ts e a c h da y alo ne in the da rk
C) even after so many TV channe ls D) Ch uc k's pa re n ts a re ve ry k in d a n d
appea red with more fre quen t ne ws supportive
bulletins E) Bill nearly drowned while swimming
D) whose aim was to become informed
ab o u t wh a t was ha p pe n ing in th e in th e o ce a n las t ye a r
world
E) in spite o f the inc rease in the rate of 77. It's very difficult to predic t the weathe r in
literacy in recent years Alaska,..........
73. There are religious festivals almost every A) whe re it's pe rma nently co ld with no
month in Ka thmandu ........... va ria tions fro m o ne da y to an othe r
B) since the National Weathe r Se rvice
A) where even the paving stones seem to has been d oin g a lot o f resea rch in the
be worshipped as some sort of god a re a
B) while they are some of the most C) even tho ugh th e me teo ro log ists there
interesting sights a visitor is likely to are o ften wro ng in th e fo rec asts th^ t
see the y ma ke
C) however much everyone seems to D) wh e re a s the we a th e r a t th e s o u th e rn
enjoy them tip o f Sou th America is unp redictable
D) which is held in honour of their gods E) beca use o f th e irre gu la r in te ra c tion
E) when it is the happiest time
imaginable be twee n mo un ta in winds a nd ocea n
c u rre n ts
462 O ELS
474
78. Our office boy will bring the documents 82. Su c h a ma jo r o p e ra tio n a s th is ha s
up for you ........ proved completely successful In very few
cases.
A) as s o o n as h e re tu rn s fro m th e b a n k
B) which I know is very important fo r A) Su c h a n imp o rta n t o p e ra tio n h a s
you never proved to be entirely successful
C) as I was ve ry bu sy a t th a t mo me n t so far.
D) who is a very bright boy as well as B) This case is the first on e in whic h an
very reliable imp o rtan t o pe ra tio n has b ee n
E) since he started wo rking with us two
successfully accomplished.
mo n ths a g o
C) The re a re n' t man y cas es in wh ic h a n
79 ........ that can no t be so lved with mone y impo rta nt ope ration like th is ha s bee n
alone. fully successful.
D) They have performed very successful
A) His father cannot a ffo rd to send him opera tions on seve ral occas ions in
to a private un iversity cases similar to this.
B) The new government is proposing tax E) In add ition to th is o ne, they have been
cu ts significantly successful in a few
C) With four teenage children, they need operations before.
a bigger h ouse
D) They keep tak ing the ir mo ther fro m 83. The bag you want Is more or less the
doctor to docto r same price as the one I offered you.
E) There are a nu mber of socia l p roble ms
A) The bag you offered was more
80 ....... , where wild animals used to live. expensive than the one I wanted.
B) There isn't much difference in price
A) Toda y, fa rme rs have ta ken ove r much between the bag you want and the
of the land in East Africa one I offered you.
B) Hu nting by poac he rs is on e o f the C) The bag I want will cost me less than
reas o ns tha t the e le p ha n t mus t be the one you offered.
protected D) The difference between the bag you
C) Photograph ic safaris are no w
wanted and the one I suggested was
beco ming pop ula r
just in their prices; they were
D) The once nu merous Bengal tige r is
now almost extinct otherwise almost the same.
E) The lion usua lly h un ts its prey a t E) The bag you offered is more attractive,
nigh t but the one I want costs less.
84. Naturally, a person prefers to make

81-90, sorulaıda, terilen, cümleye friends with people who accept him as he
aolamca en yakın olan seçeneği is.
A) If a person doesn't like you the way

81. It seems to me tha t his real Identity will yo u a re , the n y o u s ho u ld n' t fo rm a
always re ma in a sec re t. friendsh ip with him.
B) The selection of one's friends usually
A) Th e tru th ab ou t h im s ho uld ne ve r be co me s fro m th o se with the s a me
told to anyone. perso nalities as on e's o wn .
B) I th in k tha t he k ep t h is ge nu ine C) It's natura l for one to c hoose friends
identity hidden fro m me. from those who won't criticize the way
C) He has kep t q uie t a bou t himse lf an d one is.
will never reveal anything to me. D) It is n't natura l to cho ose frie nds fro m
D) I don't think anyone will ever know
th ose who be ha ve u nac cep ta b ly .
who he ac tually was.
E) I have never believed that he is the E) It's prefe rab le no t to try and chan ge
perso n he c laims to be . the wa y one's frien ds a re natura lly.
ELS Q 463
475
85. Although the ages at which certain 88. Despite his seeming control over nature,
capacities develop vary widely among there are still some points where man
Individuals, the order In which they remains helpless against her.
appear remains relatively constant.
A) Man is d efen ce less a ga ins t n atu re ,
A) Not a ll peop le can possess the same
abilities, for there are individual beca use h e can no t h ave a ny in fluen ce
differences resulting from their ages. on her.
B) It's true that almost all people develop B) Man believes he has co mple te control
the same ab ilities, bu t these abilities ov e r na tu re , b u t in ma n y res p ec ts ,
may come out at different ages. this isn't so.
C) The age when certain abilities develop C) Ev en th oug h ma n ca n affec t he r, in
may greatly differ from person to man y a reas n atu re s till d oes th in gs
perso n, bu t they e me rge in a lmos t the
same order. better.
D) A large variety of capacities develop D) Al th o u g h ma n h a s a n a p p a re n t
almos t a t the sa me age , tho ug h the y control over na ture, he hasn't fu lly
vary g rea tly in tha t they may ha ve a conquered her yet.
different order fro m person to person. E) In s o me parts of the world , the re a re
E) For ages, peop le have had capacities civilizations which are still dominated
simila r to th ose o f the ir a ncestors by na tu re .
despite the great individual differences
in their order.
89. A book inte resting fo r one pe rson can be
86. When you choose your career, it is neutra l o r even du ll fo r a nother.
important to match your skills with your
interests and your personality. A) Jus t bec ause I e njoy a boo k , it d oesn' t
mean tha t everyo ne will.
A) You ough t to decide on a pro fession in B) Tastes for the sa me book may differ
which y our sk ills co incide with you r
perso nality an d in terests. fro m on e pe rs on to a no th e r.
B) Your talen ts re flect you r interests and C) Some peo ple find those books which
charac te r a nd th is is o f sig nificance most readers enjo y very boring.
when decid ing on a job. D) If a book is neu tra l, then opin ions will
C) A p e rso n sho u ld th in k ab ou t p e rso na l vary fro m reade r to reade r.
po in ts an d no t jus t sk ills whe n E) It is impossible to write a b ook tha t
selecting an interesting job. everyone will find interesting.
D) It is necessary to have hob bies and
character, as well as talen ts, if you
wish to follow your ambitions. 90. The fatigue we usually feel after a long
E) You ca nn o t dec ide u po n yo u r fu tu re Journey becomes keener when we fly over
until you have assessed how well you r different time zones.
skills go with your ambition.
A) We normally experience fatigue on a
87. Of the members, half were for the long fligh t only when we cross time
proposal and half were against. zones.
A) Many members didn't agree with the B) Generally people feel exhausted when
proposal, but some did. cross in g time zo nes , bu t it is n ot a
B) The number of members who favoured serious a ilmen t.
the proposal was equal to the number C) Flying over different time zones
who opposed it. usua lly c aus es ce rta in a ilme n ts wh ic h
C) None of the members could agree may take a long time to recover fro m.
whether to accept or reject the D) The exhaustion felt after a long flight
proposal. th rou gh d iffe re n t time zo nes ca n be
D) Half of the members were chosen for
the project, but those who weren't dangerous if it lasts too long .
objected to it. E) Crossing time zones increases fatig ue,
E) Most members were in favour of about which is a no rma l ex pe rie nce o n a
half of the proposal. long flight.
464 Q ELS
476
91-100. sorularda, C) El tezgahında başına gelen bir kaza,
cümleye anlamca en yakın Terkçe James Hargreaves'i iplik eğirme
cümleyi bulunuz. makinesi icat etmeye yöneltmiştir.
D) James Hargreaves, el tezgahında
91. A curious blend of reality and fantasy başına gelen bir kazadan sonra, iplik
characterized both the life and works of eğirme makinesi yapmaya karar
the Spanish artist Salvador Dali. vermiştir.
A) Gerçekle fantezinin tuhaf bir karışımı, E) .james Hargreaves'e iplik eğirme
İspanyol ressam Salvador Dali'nin makinesi yapma fikrim veren, el
hem yaşamını hem de eserlerini tezgahında başına gelen bir kazaydı.
karakterize etmiştir.
B) İspanyol ressam Salvador Dali'nin 94. In music circles, the "Three B's" is a
hem yaşamının hem de çalışmalarının phrase used to define the great
karakteristiği, gerçekle fantezinin composers Bach, Beethoven and Brahms.
tuhaf bir karışımından ibarettir.
C) İspanyol ressam Salvador Dali, hem A) Müzik çevreleri, büyük besteciler
yaşamında hem de eserlerinde Bach, Beethoven ve Brahms'ı
gerçekle fantezinin tuhaf bir nitelemek için "Üç B'ler" kavramını
karışımım yansıtmıştır. kullanmaktadır.
D) Gerçekle fantezinin garip karışımından, B) Müzik çevrelerinde "Üç B'ler" deyimi,
İspanyol ressam Salvador Dali'nin büyük besteciler Bach, Beethoven ve
hem yaşamının hem de eserlerinin Brahms'ı nitelemek için kullanılır.
karakteristiği doğmuştur. C) Büyük besteciler Bach, Beethoven ve
E) İspanyol ressam Salvador Dali'nin Brahms, müzik çevrelerinde "Üç B'ler"
yaşamının karakteristiği olan gerçekle nitelemesiyle anılmaktadır.
fantezinin tuhaf karışımı, onun D) Müzik çevrelerinde, büyük besteciler
eserlerinde de hissedilir. Bach, Beethoven ve Brahms "Üç B'ler"
olarak nitelenmiştir.
92. The aging process, an Inevitable stage of E) Müzik çevrelerinde "Üç B'ler", büyük
life, should not be regarded as a period besteciler Bach, Beethoven ve
during which we'll lead an inactive life. Brahms'ı nitelemek için kullanılan bir
deyimdir.
A) Yaşlılık süreci, yaşamın pasif olarak
yaşanması gereken kaçınılmaz bir 95. Anyone interested in the sport of
evresi olarak algılanmamalıdır. mountaineering should have the strength
B) Tam bir hareketsizlik olarak and stamina necessary to walk long
algılanmasa da, yaşamın bir evresi distances without tiring.
olan yaşlılık kaçınılmazdır.
C) Yaşamın kaçınılmaz bir evresi olan A) Kişi dağcılık sporuyla ilgilenmek
yaşlılık süreci, hareketsiz bir yaşam istiyorsa, yeterince kuvvetli ve
süreceğimiz bir dönem olarak
dayanıklı olmalı ki uzun mesafeleri
görülmemelidir.
D) Yaşamımızın doğal bir evresi olan yorulmadan yürüyebilsin.
yaşlılık sürecini, hareketsiz bir dönem B) Dağcılık sporuna ilgi duyan biri, bu iş
olarak düşünmemeliyiz. için gerekli kuvvet ve dayanıklılığa
E) Yaşlılık, yaşamımızın kaçınılmaz bir sahip olursa, uzun mesafeleri
evresidir; ancak bu, tam bir yorulmadan katedebilir.
hareketsizlik anlamına gelmemelidir. C) Kişinin dağcılık sporuyla
ilgilenebilmesi, uzun mesafeleri
93. It was an accident with his hand spinning yorulmadan yürüyebilecek kuvvet ve
wheel which gave James Hargreaves the dayanıklılığa sahip olup olmadığına
Idea of making a spinning machine. bağlıdır.
D) Dağcılık sporuna ilgi duyan biri, uzun
A) El tezgahında karşılaşılan kazalara mesafeleri yorulmadan yürüyebilmesi
karşı, James Hargreaves, iplik eğirme için gerekli kuvvet ve dayanıklılığa
makinesini geliştirmiştir. sahip olmalıdır.
B) James Hargreaves iplik eğirme E) Kişi uzun mesafeli yürüyüşlerde
makinesini icat ederken esinini, el yorulmadığı takdirde, dağcılık sporu
tezgahında başına gelen bir kazadan için gerekli kuvvet ve dayanıklılığa
almıştır. sahip demektir.
ELS Q 465
477
96. On March 27, 1964, southern Alaska was C) Robert Lawson'un farklılığı, çocuk
struck by the most Intense earthquake edebiyatında verilen en büyük iki
ever recorded In North America. ödülü, Caldecott ve Newbery
madalyalarım kazanan ilk yazar
A) Gelmiş geçmiş en şiddetli deprem, 27 olmasıdır.
Mart 1964'te Kuzey Amerika'da, D) Robert Lawson, çocuk edebiyatında
Alaska'nın güneyinde meydana verilen iki büyük ödülü, hem
gelmiştir. Caldecott hem de Newbery
B) 27 Mart 1964'te güney Alaska'yı madalyalarını kazanarak farklı biri
olduğunu kanıtlamıştır.
sarsan deprem, Kuzey Amerika'da E) Çocuk edebiyatında verilen en büyük
kaydedilmiş gelmiş geçmiş en şiddetli ödüller olan Caldecott ve Newbery
depremdi. madalyalarının ikisini birden alan
C) Alaska'nın güneyini vuran ve tüm Robert Lawson, bu başarıyı gösteren
Kuzey Amerika'yı sarsan 27 Mart ilk yazar olmuştur.
1964 depremi, kayıtlara göre tüm
zamanların en şiddetli depremiydi. 99. Because of the aridity, there are few
D) 27 Mart 1964'te güney Alaska, Kuzey major rivers in the Middle East, and
Amerika'da kaydedilmiş tüm those that exist are vital sources of water.
zamanların en şiddetli depremiyle
sarsıldı. A) Kuraklık yüzünden Orta Doğu çok az
E) 27 Mart 1964'te güney Alaska'yı büyük nehre sahip olduğu için, var
sarsan gelmiş geçmiş en şiddetli olan su kaynaklarının önemi
deprem, tüm Kuzey Amerika'da büyüktür.
hissedilmişti. B) Orta Doğu'daki kuraklık ve az
sayıdaki büyük nehir, var olan su
97. A leg Injury Is the worst thing for the kaynaklarını hayati derecede önemli
cheetah, which relies on its speed for kılmaktadır.
survival in the wild. C) Kuraklık yüzünden Orta Doğu'da çok
az büyük nehir vardır ve olanlar da
hayati derecede önemli su
A) Vahşi doğada hayatta kalmak için kaynaklandır.
hızına güvenen çita için bacak yarası D) Orta Doğu'nun çok az sayıda büyük
en kötü şeydir. nehre sahip olması kuraklık
B) Çita için bacak yarasından daha kötü yüzündendir ve bu su kaynaklan son
bir şey yoktur; çünkü o, vahşi doğada derece önemlidir.
hayatta kalmak için hızına güvenir. E) Kuraklık nedeniyle çok az büyük
C) Çita vahşi doğada hayatta kalabilmek nehrin bulunduğu Orta Doğu'da var
için hızına güvenir, bu nedenle ona en olan su kaynakları hayati öneme
çok zarar verebilecek yara, bacak sahiptir.
yarasıdır.
D) Bir çitanın başına gelebilecek en kötü 100. Having realized that their invention was
şey, vahşi doğada hayatta kalmak için important, the Wright Brothers tried to
hızına güvendiği bacaklarının seU it, first to the USA, and later to other
yaralanmasıdır. countries and manufacturers.
E) Vahşi doğada hayatta kalma
mücadelesi veren çita için hızına A) Wright kardeşlerin önemli bir buluş
yaptıklannı önce ABD, daha sonra
güvendiği bacaklarının yaralanması diğer ülkeler ve üreticiler fark etti ve
çok kötüdür. onu satın almak için uğraştı.
B) Önemli bir buluş yaptıklarını fark
98. Robert Lawson holds the distinction of eden Wright kardeşler, onu önce
being the first author to win both the ABD'ye sonra da diğer ülke ve
Caldecott and Newbery medals, two of the üreticilere sattılar.
top prizes awarded in children's C) Buluşlarının önemli olduğunu fark
literature. eden Wright kardeşler, onu önce
ABD'ye, daha sonra diğer ülke ve
A) Robert Lawson, Caldecott ve Newbery üreticilere satmaya çalıştılar.
madalyalarını alarak çocuk D) Wright kardeşlerin bu önemli
edebiyatının en büyük iki ödülünü buluşunu önce ABD almaya çalıştı,
kazanan ilk yazar olmuştur. daha sonra da diğer ülke ve üreticiler
B) Robert Lawson, çocuk edebiyatında aynı çaba içine girdi.
verilen en büyük ödüllerden ikisini, E) Buluşlannın önemli olduğunun
bilincinde olan Wright kardeşler, onu
hem Caldecott hem de Newbery önce ABD'ye satmaya çalıştılar ama
madalyalarını kazanan ilk yazar olma başaramayınca, diğer ülkelerdeki
ayrıcalığına sahiptir. üreticilere yöneldiler.
466 Q ELS
478
103. Orta Çağ'da Avrupa'nın Asya'ya olan
ilgisi başlangıçta sadece meraktandı,
ama bu giderek, bu kıtanın zenginliklerini
ye anlamca cümleyi bulunuz. sömürme arzusuna dönüştü.
101. Sonbaharın aşın kurak geçtiği Hong
Kong'da ilkbahar tehlikeli toprak A) The firs t Eu ro pean exp lo re rs v isiting
kaymalan ve sellere yol açacak kadar Asia in the Middle Ages were
çok yağışlıdır. inte res ted pu re ly out o f cu rios ity, bu t
they we re g radually joined by th ose
A) Autu mn is always extreme ly d ry in
Ho ng Kong , b ut in sp ring , d ue to wishing to exploit its wealth.
inte nse ra ins, dan ge rous lan dslides B) The Eu ro pean desire to ex ploit the
and floods a re co mmonplace. wealth of Asia in the Middle Ages grew
B) In Hong Kon g, whe re a utu mn is out of an initial curiosity.
extre mely d ry, sp ring is so in tensely
we t as to c aus e dan ge rous la nds lide s C) Initially, European activities in Asia in
and floods. the Middle Ages were driven by
A) In Hong Kong, there is an acute curiosity , but slo wly these turned in to
d ro u g h t in a u tu mn , wh e re a s in systems fo r the exploitatio n of this
spring, the city is threatened by continent.
severe landslides and floods.
B) While d roug ht poses a grea t dang er in D) At first, the European interest in Asia
autu mn in Hong Kon g, in sp ring, in the Midd le Ages was just ou t o f
th e re a re s u c h h ea v y ra in s th a t th e curiosity , but it g radua lly tu rned to a
result is landslides and floods. desire to exp loit the wealth o f th is
E) Hong Kong, which is extremely dry continent.
th rou g ho u t the a u tu mn , rec e iv es s uc h
a lo t of p rec ip ita tion in sp rin g tha t E) The firs t Eu ro pe a ns to ta ke a n
dange rous la ndslides and flo ods interest in Asia in the Middle Ages did
occur. so ou t o f c u rios ity , bu t the y so on
developed a desire to exp loit the
102. Diğer uluslardan etkilenmiş, hatta bazen ric hes o f th is con tinent.
işgal edilmiş de olsa, Etiyopya, Afrika ve
Asya'nın hiçbir zaman gerçek anlamda
sömürgeleştirilememiş birkaç ülkesinden 104. Yaygın inamsın aksine, goriller saldırgan,
biridir. kana susamış canavarlar değil, oldukça
sakin otoburdurlar.
A) Although it's never been colonized and
is one of the few countries in Africa
and As ia th at hav e no t, Ethiop ia has A) Contrary to common belief, gorillas
been influenced and occasionally are no t ag gress ive , b lo odthirsty
occupied by othe r nations. mo n s te rs , b u t ra th e r p e a ce fu l
B) One of the few countries in Africa and vegetarians.
Asia tha t have neve r been fully
colonized, Ethio pia has still been B) Far from being vegetarians, gorillas
in flue nced by o the r n ations who have are a gg ressive an ima ls, wh ich, on
occupied it on occasion. occasion, may even be bloodthirsty.
C) Though only truly colonized by a few C) It's commonly believed that gorillas
countries of Asia and Africa, Ethiopia are aggressive, or even bloodthirsty,
has been in flue nced occas iona lly by
othe r nations who ha ve oc cup ied it bu t in fac t, th ey a re qu ite pe ace ful
temporarily. an d e a t p la n ts .
D) Being one of the few countries of D) Although they are be lieved to be
Africa and Asia that never colonized aggressive, blood thirsty monste rs,
othe rs, Eth iop ia has been little
influenced by other countries, except gorillas are actua lly peacefu l anima ls
those which occupied it. which ea t vegetation.
E) Thou gh in fluence d a nd e ven E) Gorillas may sometimes be aggressive,
occasionally occupied by other bloo dthirsty mo nste rs, b ut mos t o f the
nations, Ethiopia is one of the few time , the y a re ra the r p eac e fu l
countries in Africa and Asia never
truly colonized. vegetarians.
ELS a 467
479
105. Kırmızı dışında, insanların gördüğü tüm B) It is a mystery why the Old Mayan
renkleri görebilen anlar, insanların Empire declined and its cities were
göremediği ultraviyoleyl de görürler. covered by forest until they were
A) Bees, which can see all the colours rediscovered in the 19th century.
humans do except red, also see C) Until the 19th century, when they
ultraviolet, which humans cannot. were rediscovered, the cities of the Old
B) Like humans, bees can see all colours Mayan Empire were hidden in deep
other than red, and they also see forest, but no one is sure why they
ultraviolet, which humans can't. declined.
C) Apart from red, bees can see all the
D) No one knows why the Old Mayan
colours that humans do; moreover,
they see ultraviolet, which humans Empire declined and how its cities
cannot. remained covered by forest until
D) Although bees can see all the colours rediscovery in the 19th century.
that humans do except for red, E) For reasons unknown today, the cities
humans cannot see ultraviolet, which of the Old Mayan Empire declined and
bees can.
they were covered by the forest until
E) While humans cannot see ultraviolet,
bees can, and they also see all the rediscovery in the 19th century.
colours that humans do, apart from
red.
108. Çoğu zaman, sosyal ya da duygusal
106. Ghana'nin başkenti Accra'da, modern ve yönden sorunlu bir öğrenciyi ilk fark edip
geleneksel Batı Afrika mimarisi çarpıcı aileyi çocuklarının rahatsızlığı konusunda
bir tezat oluşturmaktadır. uyaran okuldaki yetkililerdir.
A) The modern architectural style of
A) Parents o f a socially o r e motio nally
Accra, the capital city of Ghana,
contrasts strikingly with traditional troub led child o fte n a le rt the sch oo l
West African designs. autho rities when the y firs t n otice the
B) The West African architecture of handicap.
Ghana's capital, Accra, makes a B) Schoo l autho rities a re often th e firs t
striking contrast to modern designs. to notice a socially or emotionally
C) In Accra, the capital city of Ghana, d is tu rb e d s tu d e n t, a n d th e y us u a lly
modern and traditional West African
architecture form a striking contrast. in fo rm the pa ren ts ab ou t the ir ch ild's
D) A striking contrast is formed by the disorder.
mix of modern and traditional West C) Sinc e s ch oo l au tho rities a re us ua lly
African architecture in the Ghanaian the firs t to sp o t a s tu de n t with a
capital of Accra. social o r e mo tio nal han dica p, they
E) In Ghana's capital, Accra, the sho uld a le rt the ch ild's pa re nts to the
architecture is, for the most part,
modern, though there are also disorder.
examples of the West African style. D) Sch oo l a utho rities a re s o me time s the
first people to spot a social o r
107. Eski Maya İmparatorluğu'nun neden e mo tio n a l h a n d ic a p in a s tu d e n t, a n d
çöktüğünü ve şehirlerinin, 19. yüzyılda th en the y b rin g this to th e atten tio n o f
yeniden keşfedilene dek, nasıl ormanla the c hild's parents .
örtülü kaldığını kimse bilmiyor.
E) Very often, it is school authorities who
A) No one is sure how the Old Mayan are the first to recognize a socially or
Empire declined and the cities were e mo tio na lly trou b led s tu de n t and to
hidden by the forest until rediscovery ale rt the pa re nts to th eir c h ild's
in the 19th century. disorder.
468 a E LS
480
109. Karen Ackennariın "Şarkı ve Dans Adamı", 110. Brahms, eserleri sağlığında tümüyle
torunlarıyla, vodvil günlerini yad eden tanınan oldukça az besteciden biriydi.
bir büyükbabanın öyküsünü anlatır.
A) From the stories a grandfather told A) Brahms was one of the relatively few
his grandchildren about his vaudeville
days, Karen Ackerman was inspired to composers whose works were fully
write her book "Song and Dance recognized during their lifetimes.
Man". B) Few composers, with the exception of
B) In "Song and Dance Man", Karen
Ackerman wrote about a grandfather Brahms, were recognized to a
telling his grandchildren stories from considerable extent during their
his vaudeville days. lifetimes.
C) Karen Ackerman's "Song and Dance
Man" tells the story of a grandfather C) Only a few of the works composed by
reminiscing with his grandchildren Brahms were fully recognized during
about his vaudeville days.
D) Karen Ackerman often reminisces his own lifetime.
with her grandchildren about her time D) There were not many composers who
as a vaudeville star, which is were fully appreciated during their
described in the book "Song and
Dance Man". lifetimes, but Brahms was among
E) The subject of Karen Ackerman's those who were.
"Song and Dance Man" is an old man E) Brahms was among the fortunate few
who reminisces with his
grandchildren about being a composers whose talent was fully
vaudeville star. appreciated in their lifetimes.
iNTElliqENT Fool CAN MftliE rhJNqs biqqER,

MORE CO MpUx, ANd MORE VİoleNT. IT TAkES A TOUch O F qENIUS -' ANd
A loT oF CO URAqE " TO M O VE İN T (|E OppOSİTE dİRECTİON.
AlbERT EİNSTEİN
ELS Q 469
481
UNIT 9
Nouns, Pronouns,
Articles and Quantifiers
9-1 NOUNS
İngilizce'de isimler sayılabilir (countable) ve sayılamaz (uncountable) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır.
Sayılabilir isimler rakamlarla ifade edebileceğimiz, çoğul yapabileceğimiz isimlerdir: a house,
two students, only one problem, another day, three years, etc. Sayılamaz isimler, rakamlarla
ifade edemeyeceğimiz, genellikle kütle halinde katı maddeleri, sıvı, gaz ya da toz halindeki
maddeleri ve soyut kavramları karşılayan isimlerdir: cheese, meat, water, milk, pollution, air,
salt, sugar, happiness, luck, etc.
9-2 COUNTABLE NOUNS

Sayılabilir isimler, tekil (singular) ya da çoğul (plural) biçimde kullanılır. Düzenli isimlerin
çoğul biçimi, sözcüğün sonuna "-s" takısının eklenmesiyle elde edilir: a book-books, a door-
doors, a baby-babies, a course-courses, etc.
a) The spelling of "-s" In Regular Plural Nouns
chair-chairs Pek çok isim çoğul yapılırken
ruler-rulers sonuna sadece -s takısı alır.
girl-girls
bush-bushes -sh, -eh, -s, -z ve -x ile biten isimler

clutch-clutches çoğul yapılırken, -es eklenir.
address-addresses
quiz-quizzes -z ile biten sözcüklere -s eklenirken
box-boxes z çift yazılır.
boy-boys Sonu -y ile biten isimlerde, -y'den önce

play-plays bir sesli harf varsa, sadece -s eklenir.
tray-trays
enemy-enemies -y'den önce bir sessiz harf varsa, -y,
discovery-discoveries i'ye dönüşür ve -es eklenir.
cry-cries
470 Q ELS
482
EXERCISE 1: Change the sentences Into the plural.
Example: A tulip is a flower. Tulips are flowers.
1. A pearl forms in an oyster ................................................................................

2. A puppy likes to sleep in a basket .....................................................................
3. A ball is more popular with a boy than it is with a girl.
4. Obstinate and slow, the ass is a symbol of stubborn stupidity.
5. A device operated by electricity or gas and found in the home is called a home
appliance.
6. A dentist works in a surgery .............................................................................

7. A gas can be poisonous ....................................................................................
8. A dress made by a designer is usually very expensive.
9. A factory shouldn't be located near a residential area.
10. An orange is a rich source of vitamins ..............................................................
EXERCISE 2: Add "-s", "-es" or "-ies" to the nouns gtven to form the plural.
1. ash .......... ................. 11. suffix ......................

2. face ........ .................. 12. prize ........................
3. flash . . .................. 13. edge ......................
4 catch 14. comb ......................
5. tray 15. talk
6. pie . 16. speech ..........................
7. glorv 17. tax ........................
8. class .................. 18. taxi ........................
9 branch . ................. 19. spice .......................
10. voice 20. SDV
İ
Just 1
"u;" ........
„ '•-•"....... - . y "'
For I/"' AN UNFORTUNATE MISTAKE
b Fun f] P and his wife didn't see each other for several dc
different schedules.
When Mike arrived home late from the office on their wedding anniversary, he
found a card and a present for him on the table. Before he left for work later that day,
he made a long banner on his computer and hung it on the kitchen door, where his
wife could see it when she came in.
Unexpectedly, she arrived at his office rather upset. He had made an unfortunate
spelling mistake. The banner read:
"Happy Anniversary To The Women I Love."
ELS a 471
483
b) Irregular Plural Nouns
Bazı isimlerin çoğul biçimini oluştururken, sözcükteki sesli harf değişikliğe uğrar.
man-men mouse-mice foot-feet
woman-women die-dice tooth-teeth
Child ve ox, sonuna -en takısı alır.

child-children ox-oxen
Sonu -o ile biten sözcükleri üç gruba ayırabiliriz.
a) Sadece -s alanlar:
kilo-kilos piano-pianos solo-solos zoo-zoos
photo-photos radio-radios studio-studios tattoo-tattoos
b) -es alanlar:
potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes negro-negroes
c) Hem -s hem -es alanlar:
zero-zeroes/zeros volcano-volcanoes/volcanos
tornado-tornadoes/tornados mosquito-mosquitoes/mosquitos
Sonu -f ya da -fe biçiminde biten isimler çoğul yapılırken, önce -f, -v'ye dönüşür.
Ondan sonra -es eklenir.
knife-knives half-halves leaf-leaves shelf-shelves
wife-wives loaf-loaves life-lives thief-thieves
Sonu -f ile biten bazı isimlerde -f değişmez. Sadece -s eklenir.
roof-roofs cliff-cliffs sniff-sniffs belief-beliefs chief-chiefs
Bazı isimlerin tekil ve çoğul biçimleri aynıdır, deer fish sheep series
means species
Özellikle Latince kökenli olan isimlerin çoğul biçimleri farklı kurallara göre elde edilir.
a) criterion-criteria b) analysis-analyses c) bacterium-bacteria
phenomenon-phenomena thesis-theses basis- datum-data
bases crisis-crises medium-media
oasis-oases
Explanations:
Tekil ve çoğul biçimi aynı olan isimler, tekil anlamda kullanıldığı zaman tekil fiil, çoğul
anlamda kullanıldığı zaman çoğul fiille kullanılır.
There is a sheep in the meadow. There are some sheep in the meadow.
The telephone Is a means of communication.
The telephone and the telegram are means of communication.
47* Q ELS
484
EXERCISE 3: Write the plural forms of the given words.
1. self ...................................... 11. belief .........
2. phenomenon ......................... 12. leaf ...........
3. child.................................... 13. wolf..........
4. policeman........................... 14. coat...........
5. deer .................................. 15. cow ...........
6. goose................................. 16. piano.........
7. roof ................................... 17. boot ..........
8. tattoo ............................... 18. housewife
9. foot ................................. 19. city............
10. fish ............................... 20. oasis .........
9-3 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Sayılamaz isimler, rakamlarla ifade edemeyeceğimiz, sayamayacağımız isimlerdir. Bu isimlerin
çoğul biçimi yoktur ve tekil fiil ile kullanılırlar. A/an, öne gibi sözcükleri bu isimlerle
kullanamayız.
This money is yours.
Our furniture is rather old.
The scenery along the Bosphorus la magnificent.
Uncountable isimleri şu şekilde gruplandırablliriz:
a) Nouns denoting whole groups made up of similar items

baggage/luggage, clothing, food, fruit, furniture, jewellery, junk, equipment, machinery, postage,
scenery, traffic, money, ammunition.weaponry, etc.
Bu gruptaki isimler, birbirine benzer nesnelerden oluşan grup isimleridir. Genellikle, bütün
grubu ifade eden isim uncountable, grubu oluşturan tek tek parçalar ise countable olur.
Examples:
furniture - uncountable
chair, armchair, sofa, table, etc. - countable
fruit - uncountable
apple, orange, pear, peach, apricot, etc. - countable
Jewellery - uncountable
ring, bracelet, necklace, earrings, etc. - countable
weaponry - uncountable pistol, rifle, gun, etc. - countable

b) Substances
Solids: meat, cheese, butter, bread, ice, glass, iron, silver, gold, etc.
Fluids: water, milk, beer, wine, soup, blood, oil, etc.
Gases: pollution, air, steam, oxygen, etc.
Particles: salt, sugar, pepper, rice, wheat, com, flour, dirt, dust, sand, etc.
ELS a 473
485
c) Abstract nouns
Pek çok soyut isim uncountable olarak kabul edilir.
advice, anger, assistance, behaviour, conduct, courage, education, employment,
evidence, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence,
information, knowledge, justice, laughter, luck, music, patience, peace, poetry, pride,
progress, significance, truth, violence, wealth, work, homework, time, energy, news,
vocabulary, etc.
d) Gerunds: swimming, diving, running, cooking, etc.
e) Recreation: chess, tennis, football, etc.
f) Fields of study: history, literature, psychology, chemistry, etc.
[es: Turkish, English, German, Portuguese, etc.
Natural Phenomena: dew, fog, fiail, heat, humidity, lightning, rain, snow, thunder,
weather, wind, sunshine, gravity, etc.
EXERCISE 4: Plurallze the nouns in bold type If possible.

Example: Put all of the fork and spoon away. Put all of the forks and spoons
away. Put all of the cut/cry away, (no change)
1. I got two letter, three postcard, three brochure and two package in the post today.
It's nice to receive such a lot of mail on the same day.
2. Although I really hate ironing and cleaning, I have to iron a pile of creased shirt and
dust lots of furniture every other day.
3. Not everything intended for reading is classified as literature. Such thing as
cookbook, diet and travel booklet or advertisement in magazine are all meant to be
read but are not regarded as literary work.
4. If we aim to improve education in our country, we need to have more teacher,
classroom, modern equipment, computer and book.
5. They caught the gang smuggling weaponry across the border. The three border
patrolman discovered ten box of gun, grenade and landmine.
6. His many joke, story and trick were so funny that laughter filled the room.
7. All the lake, rolling hill and wooded valley make the scenery in this area truly
breathtaking.
8. When my sister and I were child, during the winter storm, we used to sit by the
window to watch the lightning and listen to the thunder.
9. The old saying that money can't buy happiness is true, but many essential like food
and clothing, and such luxury as television, car and holiday, which make life more
enjoyable, cannot be bought if you don't have plenty of money.
10. The urban area of most industrialized nation are clogged with road traffic. In such
large city as Rome, Cairo, New York City, Los Angeles and Tokyo, car seem to
outnumber person.
11. When we moved into our new flat, we needed some screw and naU, so I went to the
shop and bought some hardware.
12. The bowl is full of unit. There are grape, peach, apricot, plum and strawberry.
9-4 COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE
Bazı isimler, hem countable hem de uncountable olarak kullanılabilirler. Ancak farklı bir anlam
ifade ederler.
iron: This cupboard is too heavy, because it's made of iron, (iron = demir, uncountable)
It's easier to get creases out with steam Irons, (irons = ütüler, countable)
474 Q ELS
486
glass: There may be some glass on the floor, because the window got broken, (glass =
cam, uncountable] We need some more glasses for the party, (glass = bardak,
countable)
paper: She wastes a lot of paper while writing compositions, (paper = kağıt,
uncountable)
We always buy two papers at the weekend, (two papers (newspapers) = iki gazete,
countable)
experience: It's difficult to get a job without experience, (experience = deneyim, uncountable)
We had some wonderful experiences on our trip, (experience = olay, countable)
work: • It's really difficult to find work after the recent economic crisis, (work = iş,
uncountable) / Have you read all the works of that author? (work = eser,
countable)
noise: Noise is a kind of pollution too. (noise = gürültü, uncountable)
We heard a loud noise down the river, (noise = ses, countable)
Bu şekilde kullanabileceğimiz diğer bazı isimler şunlardır:

light (gün ışığı - uncountable) light (elektrik, ışık - countable)
lamb (kuzu eti - uncountable) lamb (kuzu - countable)
chicken (tavuk eti - uncountable) chicken (tavuk - countable)
country (kır,taşra - uncountable) country (ülke - countable)
time (zaman - uncountable) time (kez, kere - countable)
(Time uncountable olmasına rağmen "have a nice time, have a good time" gibi deyimlerde a/an
ahr.)
Birden fazla çeşit, tür ifade ederken, sayılamaz isimleri çoğul olarak kullanabiliriz.
We have no food at home, (uncountable) Grains and vegetables are useful foods.
There is some fruit in the bowl, (uncountable] Oranges and apples are winter
fruits.
Cheese is a rich source of calcium, (uncountable) They sell twenty different
cheeses in their shop.
," - .* • . . • " ' , • < • 'İl.' 1 -,' * - T - l(t .' -' il - '
EXERCISE 5: Phiralize the nouns in bold type if possible. - i

1. Hard cheese contain not more than 39 percent moisture, while semi-soft variety
normally contain up to 50 percent.
2. My son doesn't eat anything at breakfast other than some cheese and butter on two
thin sflce of bread.
3. I don't know how many time I've told him not to make those strange noise.
4. I never have enough tone to complete all my work.
5. Do you know anybody who has read all the work of Shakespeare?
6. The photocopier has run out of paper.
7. I never believe anything I read in any of the paper.
8. I love driving in the country in spring and seeing all the Iamb grazing in the fields.
9. They served Iamb and rice for dinner, but I'd prefer to have had some chicken
instead.
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10. He raises chicken in his back yard and so gets fresh egg every day.
11. I think you've spilt some egg on your tie.
12. Neither of us ever drinks tea, so we'll have two coffee, please.
13. The constant noise in big city can make people neurotic.
14. Cotton and linen are similar material, but the latter creases much more easily.
15. Yesterday I made a skirt for myself, and I've got just enough material left to make a
belt.
9-5 POSSESSIVE NOUNS
a) İngilizce'de iyelik bildirmek için apostrophe s ('s) ve "of kullanılır. Genellikle '"s" canlı
varlıklar için, "of ise cansız varlıklar için kullanılır.
Mr. Brown's office my sister's room
the manager's opinion the cat's tail
Jack's sisters the dog's ears
die legs of the table the end of the film
the handle of the door the effect of the pollution
b) Apostrophe "*s" bazen cansız varlıklar için de kullanılır. Özellikle, government,

company, institute gibi organizasyon isimleriyle ya da city, town, world, Turkey,
England gibi sözcüklerle hem '"s" hem de "of kullanabiliriz.
the company's financial situation = the financial situation of the company
the world's population = the population of the world
Turkey's foreign investments = the foreign investments of Turkey
the city's biggest problem = the biggest problem of the city
c) Düzenli (sonu -s ile biten) çoğul isimler için çoğul takısı -s den sonra sadece
apostrophe (') kullanılır. Sonu -s ile bitmeyen düzensiz çoğullarda ise apostrophe "s" fs)
kullanılır.
singular plural
my son's room (oğlumun odası) my sons' room (oğullarımın odası)
Mr. Brown's car the Browns' car
the baby's cot the babies' cots
a housewife's duties housewives'duties
a child's story children's stories
a deer's horns deer's horns
a woman's purse women's purses
Bazı uzun tanımlamalarda insanlar için de of kullanılabilir.

Do you know that woman's house?
Do you know the house of that woman who is talking to your mother?
d) 'Apostrophe "'s" zaman sözcükleriyle de kullanılır: today's paper, tomorrow's meeting,

next week's programme, etc.
This year's conference will be held in Ankara. Can you remember Monday's
classes?
A week's holiday, two weeks' holiday, three hours' rest, etc. gibi süreç bildiren yapılan
apostrophe "s" ile belirtiriz.
Two hours' sleep will do me good, (iki saatlik uyku...)
Our work is nearly one hour's drive from here, (arabayla bir saatlik yol...)
47 f» Q ELS
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My, your, his, our, etc. gibi sözcükler iyelik sıfatlandır (possessive adjectives) ve bir
isimle birlikte kullanılırlar: my mother, his opinion, your ideas, etc. Mine, yours, his, ours
gibi sözcükler iyelik zamirleridir (possessive pronouns) ve tek başlarına kullanılırlar.
Subject Pronouns Possessive adjectives Possessive Pronouns

I my mine
you he your his yours his
she her hers
it its (possessive pronoun olarak kullanılmaz)
we our ours
you they your their yours theirs
- Whose book is this?

- It's my book. OR It's mine.
- Is that Jack's car?

- Yes, it is his car. OR It is his.
- Are these your books?

OR They are ours.
- Yes, they are our books.
Özel isim ya da diğer isimler, kendilerinden sonra başka bir isim olmadan '"s" ya da apostrophe
(') ile bitebilir.
- Whose bag is this?
- It's Ayşe's bag. OR It's Ayşe's.
These are the children's books. OR These books are the children's.
This is my sisters' room. OR This room is my sisters'.
Possessive adjective ile isim arasında, vurguyu artırmak için, own kullanabiliriz.
Is this your own book or did you borrow it? It's my own book, (or It's my own.)
(Benim kendi kitabım.)
Don't do what others say. You should have your own ideas. (Senin kendi
düşüncelerin olmalı.)
Own, of ile de kullanılabilir.
She doesn't want to share her room with her brother. She wants her own room.
= She wants a room of her own.
She has very nice ideas of her own. (Kendisinin çok güzel düşünceleri var.)
EXERCISE 6: Use apostrophe "s" Cs), apostrophe (') or "of to show the possessive case
of the nouns. In some cases more than one use is possible.
1. the bottom/the stairs .....
2. the football match/today
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3. the fifth floor/the building...............................
4. the name/your father.....................................
5. the names/your brothers ...............................
6. the front page/the newspaper/today ..............
7. the crops/this year .........................................
8. twenty minutes/walk .....................................
9. the economic policy/the government ..............
10. the name/the film ..........................................
11. the name/the man who came yesterday.........
12. the keys/my father/car .................................
13. the department/the children..........................
14. Jack/brother/wife ..........................................
15. the career/the person talking to the manager
16. the horse/the saddle .....................................
17. the horses/the saddles ...................................
18. the committee/the decision ...........................
19. my sister/son/birthday ..................................
20. eight hours/journey.......................................
9-6 INDEFINITE ARTICLE: a/an
a) Belirtisiz article a/an, sadece sayılabilir tekil isimlerle kullanılır. Çoğul ya da sayılamaz
isimlerle bu article'ı kullanamayız.
Sessiz harfle başlayan isimler "a", sesli harfle başlayanlar ise "an" alır: a teacher, a table, a
suggestion, an application form, an engineer, an eraser, etc.
"h" harfi bazı sözcüklerde "a" biçiminde okunur, "u" harfi ise bazı sözcüklerde "yu" biçiminde
telaffuz edilir. Bu durumda harfin yazılışı değil, okunuşu temel alınır.
an honest man a university student
an hour a European country
an honorable person a universal fact
b) A/an genellikle bir nesnenin ne olduğunu ifade ederken ya da kişilerin mesleğini

söylerken kullanılır.
I am a teacher. It's an awful day today.
His father is an accountant at a big firm. A sparrow is a bird.
Nigeria is a country in Africa. Would you like an orange?
c) Sayılabilir tekil isimleri bu şekilde belirtisiz nesne biçiminde kullanırken, tek başlarına
kullanamayız. Mutlaka a/an ile kullanmamız gerekir. Sayılabilir çoğul isimler ve
sayılamaz isimler ise genel anlamda kullanıldıklarında, tek başlanna kullanılırlar.
My sister and I are teachers.
His parents are accountants at a big firm.
Nigeria and Zambia are countries in Africa.
I like oranges.
She is very fond of animals.
People of all ages should drink milk.
Money can't be a solution to every problem.
Paper has become rather expensive after the recent rises in prices.
Most women like to wear jewellery.
478 Q ELS
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d) Sayılabilir çoğul bir ismi ya da sayılamaz bir ismi genelin içinde bir grup, bir miktar
ifade edecek şekilde kullanırken, her ikisi için de some kullanabiliriz. Some + plural noun,
çoğul bir fiil, some + uncountable noun tekil bir fiil gerektirir.
Some people like money excessively. ; , ; I need to buy some clothes.
There are some apples in the fridge. Will you bring them? . . . .,-...
There is some milk in the fridge.
I need to borrow some money to buy that car. You should have some experience
for this job.
EXERCISE 7: Add "a" or "an" where necessary.

1 ...........elephant is ........ animal with ........ very long nose, known as ......... trunk.
2 ........... intelligent person isn't necessarily ......... happy person.
3 ........... intelligence is ......... characteristic that many people admire.
4. She's gone out for ....... stroll, but she'll be back in ......... minute.
5. She wears ....... make-up but she rarely wears ........ nail polish.
6 ........... insurance is .........necessity for anyone who owns ....... car or .........house.
7. I saw ....... accident involving ......... car and .........cyclist when I was on my way to ........
work.
8. In....... summer, we usually spend at least ......... week at......... seaside resort.
9. We had to wait ....... hour as ........ heavy fog had prevented our plane from taking off
on....... time.
10. With new ones being added every year, there is now......... university, or......... branch
of ...... university, in most of our towns.
11. She had........ assistance from ........ interior designer; otherwise, she couldn't have
furnished the house so harmoniously.
12 ......... energy conservation saves ......... money, as anyone who receives ......... electricity
bill will know.
13. Running ....... mile every evening will build up......... strength in your legs.
14. At first glance, badminton might seem like ....... easy game, but it requires players to
maintain ....... great concentration and make split-second decisions when making
......shot.
15. My brother used to be ....... shy, but now he is ........ very sociable person.
16. He was known as ....... honest man, so everybody was shocked when he was
involved in ....... embezzlement.
EXERCISE 8: Add "a/an" or "some" where necessary. More than one use is possible in some.
1. I've bought........... very nice clothes today.

2. He has ......... very large feet, so he has difficulty finding ............. shoes to fit them.
3 .............. parents should be understanding to their children, especially when they are
at .......... awkward age.
4 .............. parents are too permissive with their children.
5. Jane has .......... very nice parents.
6 .............. bread is thought to make ........... people fat, but it contains ............ very useful
vitamins, and every person should consume ........... certain amount of............ bread
each day.
7. Mum, can you give me........... bread?
8. I like to read .......... book before I fall asleep.
9. I like .......... music very much, and I find it soothing, so I usually listen to ...........
music before I go to bed.
10. I need ........... change so that I can make ............. telephone call.
11. There's ......... carton of orange juice in the fridge.
ELS a 479
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12. If you put ......... lemon juice into the mixture, it will help to counteract the
sweetness.
13............ people are too rude to know how to behave in public.
14. Generally speaking, I don't like ......... poetry, but there are .......... poems which I
find quite moving.
15. It's very stuffy in here. Why don't you open ..........window and let ........... fresh air
in?
16 ........... days, I just feel like throwing .......... clothes into ........... suitcase, jumping on
........ plane and heading off to the sun.
9-7 DEFINITE ARTICLE "the"

a) Belli bir nesneden söz ediyorsak the kullanılır. The sayılabilir tekil ya da çoğul ve
sayılamaz isimlerin hepsiyle kullanılır.
Yesterday, I bought a blouse and a skirt. The blouse was reasonably cheap, but
the skirt was rather expensive.
Yukarıdaki örnekte, blouse ve skirt isimlerinden ilk kez söz ederken a kullandık. Ancak, aynı
nesnelerden ikinci kez söz ederken the kullandık. Çünkü artık hangi etek ve bluzdan söz
ettiğimiz bellidir.
A newly married couple moved into the flat next to ours last week. The man
looks over fifty, but the woman can't be more than twenty-five.
She served us meat and rice at the dinner last night. The rice was really
delicious, but the meat wasn't very well-cooked.
b) Kullandığımız ifadede dinleyici için net olmayan, bilinmeyen bir nesne ya da kişiden
söz ediyorsak a/an kullanılır. Ancak hangi nesne ya da kişiden söz ettiğimiz ifademizde
belli oluyorsa the kullanılır.
She was reading a book when I went to see her.
She was reading the book I'd given her when I went to see her.
Are you still looking for a job?
Do you think you'll get the job you applied for last week?
Can you give me an apple out of the bowl? [herhangi bir elma)
Can you give me the apple just at the top? (en üstteki elma, belli bir elma)
c) Konuşmanın geçtiği ortamdaki nesnelerden söz ederken the kullanılır.
Don't forget to turn off the light before you go to bed. (the light in this room)
Can you close the door please ? (the door to this room )
Can you give me a lift to the airport? (the airport of this town)
The ceiling leaks on rainy days, (the ceiling of this house)
d) Dünyada ya da belli bir ortamda tek olan şeyler için the kullanılır.
What is the highest mountain in the world? (dünyada bir tane "en yüksek dağ"
vardır.)
The only person she can trust is her mother.
The earth is becoming hotter because of the hole in the ozone layer. The Prime
Minister is going to make a speech on TV. Oslo is the capital of Norway.
480 Q ELS
492
e) Breakfast, lunch ve dinner ile normalde article kullanılmaz.
I usually eat lunch at 2 o'clock. What shall we eat for dinner?
Ancak bu sözcükleri bir sıfat tamlamasında kullanıyorsak a/an, specific olarak kullanıyorsak
the kullanılır.
We had a wonderful dinner together.
I left home after a hasty breakfast.
The breakfast we had at that hotel was awful.
Meal ile a kullanılır. Ancak specific anlamda the kullanımı da mümkündür.
After the meeting, we went to a restaurant, and had a meal together. I haven't
seen him since the meal we had with his friends.
f) Cinema, theatre ve radio ile the kullanılır.
Shall we go to the cinema tonight? I haven't been to the theatre recently. I
listened to the news on the radio.
Televizyondaki programlardan söz ediyorsak, television ile the kullanılmaz. Ancak cihaz olarak
televizyondan söz ediyorsak the kullanılır.
I can't watch television very often.
I remember watching this film on television before.
Will you please turn down the television? Let's turn off the television and have a
chat.
g) Sea, sky, ground, country/countryside (taşra, kır anlamında) sözcükleriyle the
kullanılır.
My son dropped his ball from the balcony and it fell to the ground.
There are black clouds in the sky. I think it's going to rain.
He bought a house in the country after his retirement, and is now living there.
I'd like to own a house by the sea.
The children are swimming in the sea.
Ancak, denizde yolculuk ifade ederken be at sea yapısıyla the kullanılmaz.
The sailors were bored because they had been at sea for months.
Space "uzay anlamındaysa the ile kullanılmaz. "Boş yer, boşluk' anlamındaysa the ile
kullanılır. •
People are very interested in what is going on in space.
I'm not a good driver, so I can't park the car if the space isn't big enough.
h) Sayılabilir tekil bir ismi the ile, bütün bir türü ifade edecek şekilde kullanabiliriz.
The whale is the largest mammal. The nightingale sings beautifully. The willow is
my favourite tree.
Bu sözcükleri, the kullanmadan, çoğul biçimde kullandığımızda da anlam aynı olur.
Whales are the largest mammals.
Nightingales sing beautifully.
Willows are my favourite trees. • 1
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493
Müzik aletlerinden, çeşitli icatlardan ya da aletlerden söz ederken the + singular noun
kullanılır.
The aeroplane is the fastest means of transport.
Thanks to the telephone, the world seems to have become smaller.
He knows how to play the guitar.
The computer is the most important invention of our age.
Bu örneklerde gördüğünüz gibi, the aeroplane, the telephone gibi ifadeler genel olarak uçak,
telefon anlamını vermektedir. Belli bir uçak, telefon, gitar, vs. den söz ederken the, herhangi bir
uçak, gitar vs. den söz ederken a/an de kullanabiliriz.
The plane /rom Berlin has just landed, (a specific plane) A plane crashed in the
storm last night.
Can you bring me the guitar? (konuşmanın geçtiği ortamda belli bir gitar) I
want to buy a guitar, (herhangi bir gitar)
İ) Bazı sıfatlar, isim kullanmadan, the ile kullanıldığında, bir grubu ifade eden çoğul bir
anlam kazanır. Bu yapı ile daima çoğul fiil kullanılır.
The old should be respected. (Yaşlılara saygı gösterilmeli.)

The poor have become poorer since the recent crisis. (Yoksullar . . . )
Special schools must be founded for the disabled. (Engelliler ...)
Bu anlamı, sıfattan sonra çoğul bir isim kullanarak da verebiliriz.
Old people are usually looked after by their children in our country. (The old are..)
Unemployed people have no social security. {The unemployed have ...... )
Bu yapıyı tekil bir anlam ifade etmek için kullanamayız. Eğer tekil bir anlamda kullanmak
istiyorsak sıfatı, man, woman, child, person, etc. gibi bir isimle tamamlamamız gerekir.
An old woman is living in the flat next to ours,

The old man living upstairs is rather bad-tempered.
I couldn't help feeling sorry when I saw a blind child begging.
j) Ulus isimlerini the ile kullanarak, bütün bir ulusu ifade eden çoğul bir anlam
verebiliriz.
The Japanese are very industrious people. (Japanese people are ....) The
English are thought to be cold. The French are interested in art.
Bu sözcükler o ülkenin dilini ifade ediyorsa, the kullanılmaz ve tekil fiil alır.
Japanese is said to be easy to learn. (Japonca...... )
English is becoming a world language.
.Rrench is no longer so attractive as it used to be.
Turk, American, German, Russian, etc. gibi bir ülkenin insanını ifade eden sözcükler çoğul
kullanıldıkları zaman sonuna -a takısı alır.
Turks are still thought of as barbarians by some Europeans.
k) Coğrafi yer isimleriyle "the" run kullanımı

Kıta isimleri the ile kullanılmaz.
Asia Africa Europe North America
482 Q ELS
494
Tek ülke isimleri the almaz. Ancak ülke adıyla birlikte union, republic, kingdom, etc. gibi
sözcükler varsa the kullanılır.
Turkey France Bulgaria China Russia
the Republic of Turkey the United Kingdom
the United States of America 'he Soviet Union
East, west, north gibi yön bildiren sözcüklerle bölgeleri belirtirken the kullanılır. Ancak bunların
sıfat biçimleri ile (eastern, western, northern, etc.) the kullanılmaz.
the Middle East the Far East
the east of Turkey (eastern Turkey} the south of Italy (southern Italy)
Tek tek ada ve dağ isimleriyle the kullanılmaz. Ancak takımadalar ve sıradağlar çoğul bir isimle
the alır.
Mount Everest Sicily
Mount Ağrı Bermuda
the Andes the Canaries
the Alps the Canary Islands
Göl isimleri the almaz. Ancak okyanus, deniz, nehir ve kanal isimleri the ile kullanılır.
Lake Superior Lake Van
the Nile the Mediterranean Sea the Suez Canal
the Kızılırmak the Black Sea the Panama Canal
the Mississippi the Pacific Ocean
the Indian Ocean
EXERCISE 9: Add "a/an", "the" or "some" where necessary. In some cases more than one
answer is possible.
1 ............ students from ........... class are going on ......... outing to .......... theatre
tomorrow night, but ......... majority have opted to go ice-skating.
2. Don't put that plant on ......... television; otherwise, ........... leaves will hang down in
front of ........ screen.
3. Can I take ......... time off work, please? I have .......... problems at .......... home that
I need to sort out.
4. I've just looked in ......... newspaper and there doesn't appear to be anything good
on ......... television this evening, so why don't we have ......... game of .......... cards.
5. That was ......... most ridiculous story I've ever heard. He must either be ...........
compulsive liar, or he has ........ extremely overactive imagination.
6............. man and .......... woman were waiting at .......... bus-stop when I got there,
and I asked ........ woman if she knew which bus went to Mecidiyeköy.
7. The soldiers had to leave ......... dead behind while they were retreating after the
battle, and they had great difficulty in carrying ......... wounded.
8. I really enjoy ......... cigarette with .......... cup of coffee after ......... breakfast.
9 ............ Mount Everest, which is situated in ........... Himalayas, is ......... highest point
in ......... world.
10. Apparently .......... Italian is .......... easier language to learn than ........... French.
ELS Q 483
495
11. I would love to go to ......... Maldives, .......... group of islands in .......... Indian
Ocean, just off ......... coasts of .......... India and ........... Sri Lanka.
12........... membership of this club is restricted to ......... very rich or ...........very
influential.
13. There was ......... terrible storm last night, which blew down several trees and
caused ........ chimney on our house to collapse.
14. Could you give me ......... lift to .......... airport tomorrow, please?
15. When ......... astronomers observe.......... object at .......... great distance in...........
universe, they see it as it looked long ago, because it takes time for .......... light to
travel. Thus .......... galaxy viewed at .......... distance of two billion light-years is
seen as it was two billion years ago.
16. Because of ......... dry weather we've had lately, I've had to water .......... garden
every day, so I bought ..........hose to make .......... job easier.
17. She gets home from ......... work so late that by the time she has finished eating
.........dinner, it's almost time to go to .......... bed.
18. About ten centimetres of ......... snow fell last night, a lot of which has been blown
against ......... front door, preventing us from opening it.
19. At last I found.......... remote control. It had fallen down........... back of .......... sofa.
20. Apparently, there are ........ similarities between .......... Welsh and .......... language
spoken by .........people on ...........island of Minorca.
9-8 QUANTIFIERS
One, many, much, some, etc. gibi sözcükler nicelik ifade eder. Nicelik bildiren sözcüklerin
bazıları sadece sayılabilir isimlerle, bazıları sayılamaz isimlerle, bazıları ise her ikisiyle de
kullanılabilir.
9-9 ANY, MANY, MUCH, SOME, A LOT OF/LOTS OF, NO

a) Any, some, a lot of/lots of, hem sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle hem de sayılamaz isimlerle
kullanılır. Many sadece çoğul isimlerle, much ise sadece sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılır.
Any daha çok soruda ve olumsuz cümlede kullanılır. Sayılabilir isimlerle kullanıldığında çoğul
isim ve çoğul fiil, sayılamaz isimlerle kullanıldığında tekil fiil gerektirir.
- Are there any wild animals in this forest?
- No, there aren't any. (There aren't any wild animals in this forest.)
- Is there any milk at home?
- No, there isn't any. (There isn't any milk at home.)
b) Olumsuz cümlede not any yerine no kullanabiliriz. Ancak no sayılabilir tekil isimlerle
de kullanılır. No kullanıldığında fiilin olumlu olduğuna dikkat ediniz.
There are no wild animals in this forest. There is no milk at home.
There was no bus at that hour, so we took a taxi. (There wasn't a bus at that
hour.)
c) Any olumlu cümlede kullanıldığında, herhangi bir, istediğin ... anlamını verir. Bu
kullanımda any'den sonra sayılabilir tekil isim de gelebilir.
- Which dress should I wear to the party?
- You can wear any dress you like. (İstediğin elbiseyi giyebilirsin.)
- Which bus should I take to Kadıköy from here?
- You can take any bus. All the buses from here go to Kadıköy.
- When shall I come to see you?
- It doesn't matter. Any day suits me. You can come any day you like.
(Her gün/herhangi bir gün bana uyar. İstediğin bir gün gelebilirsin.)
484 QELS
496
d) Some, sayılabilir çoğul ve sayılamaz isimlerle olumlu cümlede kullanılır. Sayılabilir
isimlerle kullanıldığında birkaç, sayılamaz isimlerle kullanıldığında biraz anlamını
verir.
There are some people waiting at the bus-stop. ( ... birkaç insan var.) There is
some milk in the fridge. ( ... biraz süt var.)
Some, sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle bazı anlamında da kullanılır.
Some people are not so optimistic as others. (Bazı insanlar...) Some cars are
convertibles. (Bazı arabalar ....}
Some, ikramda bulunurken ya da bir şey isterken soruda kullanılabilir.
Would you like some cake?
Can you lend me some money?
May I take some days off?
Can you send me some postcards from there for my collection?
e) A lot of/lots of, sayılabilir çoğul ve sayılamaz isimlerle genellikle olumlu cümlede çok
anlamında kullanılır. Olumsuz cümlede ya da soruda çok demek için sayılabilir
isimlerle many, sayılamaz isimlerle much kullanılır. Many' nin olumlu cümlede de
kullanımı mümkündür. Ancak much' m bu şekilde olumlu cümlede kullanımı çok
enderdir.
- Were there many people in the queue? ( .... çok insan var mıydı?)
- Yes, there were a lot of/lots of/many people in the queue.
(No, there weren't many people in the queue.)
- Was there much traffic on the way to work yesterday?
- Yes, there was a lot of/lots of traffic on the way to work yesterday.
(No, there wasn't much traffic on the way to work.)
f) Many + a singular noun (many a person, many a scientist, many a folk song, etc.)
kalıbı Türkçe'ye "birçok/pek çok insan, birçok/pek çok bilim adamı, birçok/pek çok
halk türküsü" biçiminde çevrilir. Çoğul bir anlam ifade etmesine karşın, tekil bir fiille
kullanılır.
Many a horror movie is based on a vampire or ghost legend. (Birçok korku
filmi, bir vampir ya da hayalet efsanesine dayanır.)
Unfortunately, many a. child grows up devoid of affection. (Ne yazık ki, birçok
çocuk sevgiden yoksun büyümektedir.)
g) Too many ve too much aşırılık bildirir ve olumlu cümlede kullanılır.
There is too much noise in big cities. There were too many people at the party.
How many ve how much miktar sorarken kullanılır.
- How many people were there at the party?
- There were a lot.
- How much money do we have?
- We don't have much.
h) Some, any, many ve much sözcüklerini "of lu bir tamlamada kullanırken, ismin
önünde my, your, the, these, those, etc. gibi bir sözcük kullanmamız gerekir. Bunun
nedeni belli bir grubun içinden bazıları, çoğu, vb. ifadelerini vermek içindir.
Some students don't attend classes regularly, (general)
Some of the students in this class don't attend classes regularly, (specific)
ELS Q 485
497
Many children suffer from loneliness in big cities, (general]
Many of the children in our street are older than my son. (specific)
I don't think any elderly people can bear these conditions, (general)
I don't think any of these elderly people can bear these conditions, (specific)
Many people can't spend much money on clothing, (general] Much of mis money
will be spent on food, (specific)
A lot/lots'dan sonra bir isim geliyorsa, arada mutlaka of kullanılır. Bu isim general ya da
specific olabilir.
A lot/lots of people have become unemployed because of the recession, (general) A
lot/lots of the people at the demonstration were those who had lost their jobs
during the recent economic crisis, (specific)
1) "Of' lu tamlamada çoğul isimlerin yerine zamir (pronoun) olarak us, you, them, these
ve those; sayılamaz isimler için ise it, that ve this kullanabiliriz.
Some of us don't want to go there. (Bazılarımız..... )
Many of them were involved in the case. (Onların çoğu ..... )
Are any of you coming with us? Some of these are yours.
- What did you spend the money on?
- Much of it was spent on advertisement.
EXERCISE 10: Use "many" or "much" with the following words, making the words plural if
necessary.
Example: car - many cars milk - much milk
1. accommodation ......................... 16. scenery ..........................
2. machine ......................... 17. case ..........................
3. machinery ......................... 18. situation ..........................
4. sheep ......................... 19. bush ...........................
5. luck ........................ 20. grass ..........................
6. tooth ......................... 21. equipment ..........................
7. homework ......................... 22. advice ..........................
8. assignment ......................... 23. suggestion ..........................
9. progress ......................... 24. poetry ..........................
10. deterioration ......................... 25. poem..........................
11. individual ......................... 26. poet .........................
12. person ......................... 27. literature ..........................
13. word ......................... 28. novel ..........................
14. vocabulary......................... 29. mail .........................
15. view ........................ 30. letter ..........................
EXERCISE 11: Add "of where necessary.

1. Some ...... customers are so difficult to please that I feel sorry for the shopkeepers
who must serve them.
2. Many....... goods are now available online.
3. Many....... the goods we use today are imported from abroad.
4. We will get some ...... information about the case when he comes back.
5. I found some ...... the information he'd provided to be unreliable.
6. Much ...... the advice he'd given proved very useful for me.
7. There was a lot ...... chaos after the Prime Minister's speech.
8. You can take a lot ...... these books home with you to prepare your assignment. I
won't need them for some ..... time.
9. There don't appear to be any ......glasses in the cupboard.
10. Many....... excuses were made, but I didn't believe any ....... them.
11. Much ...... his time these days is taken up with charitable work.
12. Don't tell any ...... your friends what I've just told you.
486 a ELS
498
9-10 FEW/A FEW, LITTLE/A LITTLE
Few/a few sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle kullanılır ve birkaç, az anlamım verir. Little/a little ise
sayılamaz isimlerle biraz, az anlamında kullanılır.
a) A few olumlu bir anlam taşır. Sözünü ettiğimiz nesnenin sayıca az ama yeterli
olduğunu ifade eder. Few ise olumsuz bir anlam taşır. Sözünü ettiğimiz nesnenin
sayıca çok az olduğunu, yeterli olmadığını ifade eder. Only a few ve very few, few ile
aynı anlamdadır.
I have a few close friends in Istanbul, and we have a very good time together.
(birkaç tane ama yeterli)
l have .few friends in Istanbul, so I feel lonely from time to time. (very few/only a
few friends - çok az arkadaş, yeterli değil)
b) A few ile few arasındaki fark a little ve little için de geçerlidir.
We have a llttie milk. Let's make a pudding, (biraz süt, amacımız için yeterli)
We have littie milk. We can't make a pudding.
(very little/only a little milk - çok az süt, amacımız için yeterli değil)
c) Bu sözcükleri, ismin önünde the, my, his, this, these, etc. gibi bir sözcük kullanarak
"of lu bir tamlamada kullanabiliriz.
Few people are aware of the dangers of pollution, (general)
Few of the people IMng in big cities try to do anything about pollution, (specific)
Onfy a little of the vocabulary in this text is above your level, (specific) You will
have to learn only a little vocabulary for this test, (general)
d) Few/a few of ile us, them, you, these, those; little/a little of ile it, that, this
kullanabiliriz.
Few of us can be frank in certain situations. (Çok azımız...) Very few of them
were able to pass the exam. (Onların çok azı...) I can give you only a little of
this, (bunun çok azını...)
e) Too/so little ve too/so few, sahip olunan nesnenin çok az olduğunu ifade eder.
After the war, people had too little money/so little money, (çok az para ...) You
can't prepare your term paper. There are too few materials/so few materials,
(çok az materyal...)
EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with "few", "a few", "little" or "a little".
1. The only thing necessary for him to start his own business is .......... courage.
2. If a person has .......... patience with children, he/she can't make a good teacher.
3. He moved to the country.......... years ago.
4. We have only ......... days ahead of us to complete the project.
5. The teacher's explanations weren't clear enough, so ........ students understood the
lesson well.
6. I couldn't go to the cinema with the others, for I had ........ money on me.
7. I hate driving in heavy traffic, but it is quite enjoyable when there is ........... traffic.
8. She is really a good typist. She can type very fast and makes .......... mistakes.
9. Although there were ......... grammatical mistakes in your composition, I found your
explanation of the topic very impressive.
ELS Q 487
499
10. Can î have ......... more potato salad, please?
11. Every person has at least ..........problems in life, but you must learn to live with
them.
12. If you can't finish writing your composition in an hour, I can give you .......... more
minutes.
13. Will you give us ......... more time if we can't finish our compositions in an hour?
14. Although people have been studying the universe for quite a long time now...........
is known as of yet.
15. It's a promising sign that there has been at least .......... progress in the treatment of
cancer in recent years.
9-11 MOST, SEVERAL, PLENTY OF, ENOUGH

Most, plenty of ve enough, hem sayılabilir çoğul hem de sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılır.
a) Most, pek çok, çoğu anlamındadır. "Of lu tamlamada kullanıldığı zaman ismin önünde
the, my, his, these, that, this, it, etc. gibi bir sözcük kullanmak gerekir.
Most people are dissatisfied with the life they are leading, (general)
Most of the people in Istanbul are those who migrated from Anatolia, [specific]
Most of the information in that book is inaccurate. Most of the food we bought
last week has gone bad.
Much ve many'nin superlative biçimi most ile (en çok) miktar sıfatı most arasındaki kullanım
farkına dikkat ediniz. Superlative most başına daima the alır ve isim ile most arasında of
kullanılmaz.
Out of all the students in the class, Sally has the most books, (en çok kitap...)
Of the three brothers, George has the most money, (en çok para...)
b) Plenty'den sonra isim geliyorsa arada of kullanılır. Plenty of yeterinden fazla, bol bol
anlamını verir.
Let's drink some coffee before the film starts. We have plenty of time.
There were plenty of vegetables at home, so I didn't buy any when I went shopping.
c) Enough'dan sonra normalde of kullanılmaz. Ancak specific bir isim kullanılmışsa
enough ile ismin arasına of gelir.
We have enough money to eat out today.
Take just enough of this milk as necessary, because I'll need the rest for the cake.
d) Several, birkaç, bazı anlamını verir ve sadece sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle kullanılır. Eğer
specific bir isim kullanılırsa, several'dan sonra of gelir.
There were several houses in the valley. (Vadide birkaç ev vardı.}
He failed for several reasons.
(Bazı nedenlerden dolayı/birkaç nedenden dolayı başaramadı.)
He borrowed several of my books. (Benim kitaplarımdan birkaçını/bazılarını...}
Several of the houses in the slum area were pulled down the other day.
EXERCISE 13: Add W where necessary.

1. Most....... the items sold at the auction dated from the eighteenth century.
2. A German woman, whose name was kept secret, bought the most ...... items at
yesterday's auction.
488 Q ELS
500
3. For several ...... months now, they've been trying to solve the problem.
4. Plenty ...... people have applied for the post we advertised.
5. There were plenty....... applications before mine, but they chose me for the job.
6. I've already read several ..... the books referred to by our literature teacher.
7. There are several...... books on this subject. You can read some........ them to
improve your knowledge.
8. Most ...... students in high schools have difficulty deciding upon a major at
university, because there aren't enough ...... advisory bodies in schools.
9. A lot....... suggestions were made about how to solve the problem, but only a few
..... them seemed reasonable to me.
10. Several.......friends of ours are coming to our house tomorrow evening to celebrate
our son's success in the university entrance exam. I expect you already know some
.... them.
11. We have plenty ...... time before deciding upon which school to send our son to.
Don't worry about it now.
12. They'll send some ...... the employees abroad for in-job training. 1 don't know
whether or not I'll be chosen, though.
13. A lot....... the questions the authorities were asked during the press conference
were considered rather provocative.
14. The Prime Minister was asked a lot .......questions, none of which he answered
clearly.
15. Many ...... European tourists prefer Turkey because of its warm weather and
different culture.
9-12 ALL, WHOLE, NONE, HALF

a) All, sayılabilir tekil ve çoğul ve sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılır. Sayılabilir çoğul isimler
genel anlamda kullanıldığı zaman direk ali 'dan sonra gelebilir.
AJ1 people are equal by law. All nations want to be independent. * All students
are afraid of exams.
b) Specific bir isimle kullanıldığında all'dan sonra of kullanabiliriz. Ancak of kullanmadan
da specific bir isim kullanmak mümkündür. Özellikle sayılabilir tekil isimlerle
kullanıldığında of genellikle kaldırılır.
all of my students = all my students
all of this money = all this money
all of the information I was given = all the information I was given
all of the people in the world = all the people in the world
all of the houses in our neighbourhood = all the houses in our neighbourhood
all of these = all these
all of this = all this
all my life, all the book, all the house, etc. All, us, you. them ve it ile
kullanıldığında of kaldırılamaz.
AH of us want to live in comfort.
AÜ of them were in favour of eating dinner out. •
All of it was spent thoughtlessly. ,
Ancak, personal pronoun + all yapısıyla of kullanılmaz.
alJofus = we all (subject), us all (object) ;
all of you = you all
all of them = they all (subject), them all (object) 't
•î/ nf n = it all .... . .-X
501
Bu yapıda all cümlenin öznesiyle kullanıldığında, yardımcı fiil yoksa, özne ile yüklem arasında,
yardımcı fiil varsa, yardımcı fiille yüklem arasında kullanılır.
All of them objected to our proposal. They all objected to our proposal.
All of them were bought by a German. They were all bought by a German.
She ate all of it = She ate It all.
I wanted to see all of them. = I wanted to see them all.
She invited all of us. = She invited us all.
Yardımcı fiille biten kısa cevaplarda all, özne ile yardımcı fiil arasında yer alır.
We are all willing to help you.
- Who is willing to help me?
-We all are. ( Hepimiz.)
c) Whole daha çok sayılabilir tekil isimlerle kullanılır ve tüm/bütün anlamındadır. The,
my, his, this gibi sözcükler all'dan sonra, whole'dan ise önce gelir.
the whole house = all the house my whole life = all my life
the whole book = all the book this whole chapter = all this chapter
He spent his whole life/all his life in the village. (Bütün yaşamını....) I read the
whole book/all the book in just two days. (Bütün kitabı...)
"A whole ..." yapısını "bütün bir ..." anlamında kullanabiliriz.
He ate a whole chicken on his own.
(a complete chicken = Bütün bir pilici tek başına yedi.)
d) AU ve whole'un zaman sözcükleriyle kullanımı da farklıdır. Ali zaman sözcükleriyle
kullanıldığında the almaz: all day, all year, all night, etc.
Whole ise önüne the alır: the whole day, the whole year, the whole night, etc.
Yesterday, I spent the whole day/all day working at home.
She'll spend the whole year/all year preparing for the university exam.
All, bazı cümlelerde everything ve the only thing anlamını verir.
All (that) I want is a little peace and quiet.
The onfy thing (that) I want is a little peace and quiet.
(Bütün istediğim....... )
All I've eaten today is a piece of bread.
The only thing I've eaten today is a piece of bread.
(Bugün bütün yediğim ...... )
All you say is true. Everything you say is true. (Söylediklerinin hepsi.... )
e) None, hiçbiri, hiç demektir; sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle ve sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılır.
None kısa cevaplarda tek başına kullanılır. Ancak kendinden sonra isim
kullanılacaksa, specific bir isim of ile gelir.
- How much money do you have? - None. (No money.)
- How many applicants are there? - None. (No applicants.)
None of these books are (is) suitable for a child.
None of the students were (was) keen on having an exam that day.
JVone of this money belongs to you.
49O a ELS
502
None of us/you/them/those/these/lt/thls/that kullanımı mümkündür.
There were a lot of applicants, but none of them were suitable for the job.
None of these can be eaten.
~ None of It belongs to you.
None of kendisi olumsuz olduğu için cümlenin yüklemi olumlu olur ancak cümle olumsuz bir
anlam taşır. Sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle kullanıldığında fiil tekil ya da çoğul olabilir. Sayılamaz
isimlerle kullanıldığında fiil daima tekildir.
None of these books are/is mine.

None of his relatives were/was helpful enough.
None of this information is accurate. None of the fruit was washed.

f) Half, yarısı anlamındadır ve sayılabilir tekil ve çoğul ve sayılamaz isimlerle kullanılır.
Half dan sonra specific bir isim kullanılır. Half ile isim arasında of kullanabiliriz. Ama
genellikle of kaldırılır. Us, them, you, it, gibi zamirlerle of kaldırılmaz.
half of the students = half the students = half of them half of the money =
half the money = half of it half of the book = half the book = half of
it
Half sayılabilir tekil ve sayılamaz isimlerle kullanıldığında tekil fiil; çoğul isimlerle kullanıldığında
çoğul fiil alır.
Half (of) this money is yours.

Half (of) the work has been completed.
Half (of) the film was censored.
Half (of) the students were against taking the exam that day. Half (of) these
books are my friend's.
Not all the books here are mine. Half of them belong to my friend.
Half (of) the money was spent on clothing, and half of it was spent on food.
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences with "aff* or "whole".
1. How did you manage to spend the ............ week doing virtually nothing?
2. I can't believe that you have used up a/an ..............tin of paint for just one wall!
3. I was hoping to finish this composition by today, but the telephone hasn't stopped
ringing, so ............. I've managed to do so far is the introduction.
4. The ..............university was buzzing with activity on the day the new term started.
5. I don't want to spend ............. evening just watching TV. Let's do something else.
6. I think there was something wrong with her husband. He didn't say a word the
............ evening.
7.................. possibilities must be considered before any action is taken.
8. We worked hard .............week, and we were exhausted afterwards.
9. The villagers searched the .............. valley for the missing child, but there was no
sign of him.
10. He wasted a/an.............. kilo of butter because he left it out in the hot weather and
it went off.
11. Almost .............. families now own a television set.
12. The Smiths, who live in the flat next to ours, are very interested in sports. The
............ family plays tennis.
ELS Q 491
503
13. Although I've been living here for almost eight years, I can't say I know the ...........
town very well.
14............... Turkish coastal towns, especially in the west and south, are crowded with
both domestic and foreign tourists during the summer months.
15. There must be some truth behind ...........these rumours that are going round.
EXERCISE 15: In some of the following sentences, "of is necessary. It is not possible In
some, and optional in some others.
Examples: All .... X......living things require food to survive, (ofis not possible here)
All ....(of).... the plants in my living room need to be watered today, (of is optional)
All .... of..... them must be watered today, (ofis necessary)
1. You needn't ask me. You can take all.............. these if you need them.
2. I have heard all .............. this nonsense before.
3. All...............animals are ruled by their instincts.
4. Half .............. you will clean inside while the other half ....... you tidy up outside,
and we won't stop until the whole .............. place is spotlessly clean.
5. Do you know all.............. the people in your apartment building?
6. I was hoping to visit all .............. my relatives during the holidays, but I didn't have
enough time.
7. I wish I had half .............. the courage he has.
8. I had only cleaned half ............. the house when I suddenly felt dizzy and fainted.
9. I tried on several skirts, but none .............. them fitted me very well.
10. Almost all .............. people like money, but not all ............... them are greedy.
11. I don't have much money on me, but I can lend you half .............. it.
12. As women are becoming increasingly interested in football, perhaps one day half
............ the spectators at a football stadium will be women.
13. None.............. the ideas he put forward in his book received as much interest as he
had expected.
14. She spent all ............. year trying to save up for a car, but she couldn't buy one
because of the sharp increase in prices.
15. All...............nations must be united in order to eliminate, or at least reduce,
pollution.
] LOSING YOUR MEMORY
Tim was a pre-med student at the State University of New York at
Albany. Since his parents were both physicians, he had grown
accustomed to people asking him for medical advice. One day while he
was reading a newspaper, a friend asked, "How can I tell if I'm losing my
memory?"
Without looking up from his paper, Tim teased, "bon't you
remember? I explained that to you just yesterday."
(from Reader's bigest)
9-13 BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER
Both, either ve neither daima iki şeyden söz ederken kullanılır. Both, her ikisi; either, ikiden ya
biri ya diğeri; neither ise ikiden hiçbiri anlamını verir. Üçü de yalnızca sayılabilir isimlerle
kullanılır.
492 O ELS
504
a) Both, çoğul bir isim ve çoğul bir fiille kullanılır. Both tek başına kullanılabilir,
kendinden hemen sonra isim de alabilir.
There were two girls in the classroom.
Both were reading something. = Both girls were reading something.
Both ile isim arasında the, my, these, etc. gibi bir sözcük varsa of kullanabiliriz.
Both of my parents/Both my parents are in Germany. I have met both of your
brothers/both your brothers.
Both of us/you/them yapısıyla of mutlaka kullanılır. Bu anlamı personal pronoun + both
biçiminde de verebiliriz.
both of us = we both (subject) - us both (object)
both of you = you both
both of them = they both (subject) - them both (object)
Cümlenin öznesi ile bu şekilde kullanıldığında both'un cümle içindeki yeri, eğer yardımcı fiil
yoksa özne ile yüklem arasında; yardımcı fiil varsa yardımcı fiille yüklem arasındadır.
Both of us want to help you = We both want to help you.
Both of them were injured = They were both injured.
Both of you can help him = You can both help him.
- Which of these pullovers would you like to buy?
- I'll buy both of them/I'll buy them both.
She invited both of us/She invited us both. Yardımcı fiille biten kısa
cevaplarda both, özne ile yardımcı fiil arasında yer alır.
- Which of you can speak English?

- We can both speak English. OR We both can.
b) Either ve neither tek başına kullanılabilir ya da kendilerinden sonra sayılabilir tekil

isim alabilirler. Bu durumda fiil daima tekildir.
- Which of these apples would you like?
- 1 can take either/either apple. (It doesn't matter this or that apple.)
- Which of those two girls is your friend?

- Neither/Neither girl is my friend.
c) Either of ve neither of dan sonra specific çoğul bir isim gelir. Bu durumda fiil tekil ya
da çoğul olabilir. Either of ve neither of dan sonra us, you, them, these, those gibi
pronoun'lar kullanabiliriz.
Either of those dresses Is (are) suitable for the party. Neither of my parents
approves (approve) of my smoking.
Neither of them knew the way to our house.
We both know English. Either of us can translate the letter for you.
l
I think neither of them is (are) married. " s
d) Either, olumsuz bir cümlenin öznesi durumunda kullanılamaz. Ancak olumlu bir
cümlenin ya da soru cümlesinin öznesi olarak kullanılabilir.
Either of these solutions will work. Can either of you speak English?
ELS a 49:
505
Elther, olumsuz bir cümlenin nesnesi durumunda kullanılabilir. Bu durumda olumsuz bir 011 +
either ile olumlu bir fill + neither aynı anlamı verir.
I will invite neither of them. = I won't invite either of them.

I have read neither of those books. = I haven't read either of those books.
NOT€ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
Both ve neither ile all ve none arasındaki aynma dikkat ediniz. Both ve neither
daima iki şeyden söz ederken kullanılır. All ve none ise, sayılabilir isimlerle
kullanıldığında, en az üç ya da daha fazla öğeden oluşan bir gruptan söz eder.
They have two daughters. Both of them are attending university.

Neither of them is (are) a graduate yet.
They have three daughters. All of them are single. None of them is
(are) married yet.
EXERCISE 16: Complete the sentences with "both", "either', "neither", "alT or "none".
1. Because there were cars parked on ................. side of the road, it was very difficult
for two cars to pass each other.
2. Our literature teacher referred to several books by contemporary American writers,
but because I hadn't read anything from American literature .................... of them
sounded familiar to me.
3. Although they have always tried to cultivate a taste for art in their son and
daughter .................. seems to be really interested in it.
4. The first two rules are ................ very important: you can't ignore .....................
5 ..................... our rooms have air conditioning, bathrooms and balconies, and the more
expensive rooms have other facilities in addition to these.
6. Her parents are ................. retired teachers.
7 ..................... of her parents is understanding enough to help her.
8 ..................... children seemed quite pleased when I gave them some candy.
9 ..................... children, whatever their age, like to listen to the stories told by their
grandparents, especially the stories about their grandparents' own experiences.
10 ................... team played particularly well in last night's football match, did they?
11 ................... of the players on ................... team seemed to be putting much effort into
the football match, did they?
12. There was thick mud on ................. sides of the river, so we couldn't moor the boat.
13. We couldn't moor the boat on ................. side of the river because there was so
much mud.
14. I have so many cousins that I don't know the names of them .....................
15. I'm short-sighted in ................. eyes, but the left is much worse than the right.
16. We were given two prices for the flight to Thailand: economy and business.
Unfortunately .................. price was within our budget.
17. There were about eight patients in the ward, but Deirdre felt lonely because
................ the others were much older than her.
18. The old couple seemed rather disappointed when they learnt that the house was
going to be sold ................... knew what to say.
494 ü ELS
506
1
NO "T /
When I introduced my friend Wes to the proprietor of my favourite \
Chinese restaurant, the owner greeted him enthusiastically, saying, I
"Welcome, West." Wes shook his hand and smiled despite the mispronounced -**','
name. \
All through the meal, the proprietor checked to make sure "West" )
was pleased. Finally, Wes corrected him. "It's Wes, not West." "}
"West, not West?" asked the confused man. j
Wes smiled patiently and nodded. "Yes," he said. "Wes, no 't'." \
"Ah," said the proprietor and walked away with our teapot.
(by Michael Wortman from Reader's Digest) >
9-14 QUANTIFIERS USED WITH SINGULAR NOUNS: ONE, EACH, EVERY
One, each ve every sayılabilir tekil isimlerle kullanılan sözcüklerdir.
a) One/only one, sözünü ettiğimiz ismi sayı açısından vurgulamak istediğimiz zaman
kullanılır. Şu iki örneği inceleyelim:
There is a man at the corner. I think he is waiting for someone. (herhangi bir
adam, birisi)
You said two men would be waiting for me, but there is one man (only one
man) at the corner, (bir tane adam, bir kişi)
Give me an apple, (herhangi bir elma)
Give me one apple, (bir tane elma, iki ya da daha fazla değil\
One zamir olarak kişi, insan anlamında da kullanılır.

Naturally, one faces difficulties when adapting to a foreign culture.
(Doğal olarak insan yabancı bir kültüre uyum sağlamada zorluklarla karşılaşır.)
b) Each, hem sıfat hem de zamir olarak kullanılır. Every ise sadece sıfattır ve kendinden
sonra mutlaka bir isim gelmelidir. Each iki ya da daha fazla öğeden oluşan gruplar,
every ise üç ya da daha fazla öğeden oluşan gruplar için kullanılır.
Each student has to prepare a term paper. Every student has to prepare a term
paper.
We talked about the picnic with the students. Each will bring something to eat.
Each, her biri anlamını verir ve sözünü ettiğimiz gruptaki her bir öğeyi tek tek düşündüğümüzü
ifade eder. Every de buna yakın bir anlam ifade eder ancak every, öğeleri tek tek değil, bir
bütün olarak düşündüğümüzü vurgular. Bu açıdan every, all (hepsi) anlamına daha yakındır.
Each student was given a part in the school play. (Her bir öğrenci, tek tek)
Every student took part in the school play. (Her öğrenci, hepsi)
ELS Q 495
507
"Hepsi, tümü" anlamım verdiği için every, "almost, nearly, practically" gibi sözcüklerle
kullanılabilir. Each bu biçimde kullanılmaz.
With his brilliant scores in the exams, he caught the attention of almost every
teacher at the school, (...almost all the teachers at the school)
c) One/only one, each ve every specific bir isimle "of lu tamlamada kullanılabilir. Bir
grubun içinden biri, her biri ifade edildiği için bu isim mutlaka sayılabilir çoğul bir
isimdir. Ancak fiil yine tekildir.
One of the students was late today.
Only one of my students got a low grade in the exam.
Each one of the children is going to be given a prize. (Each of the children is)
Every one of the students has to take this exam.
Bitişik yazılan everyone ile every one of + plural noun arasındaki ayrıma dikkat
ediniz.
Everyone, herkes anlamına gelen belgisiz zamirdir.
Everyone wants to live in comfort. (Herkes rahat yaşamak ister.)
Every one of ise bir grubun içindeki öğelerin her biri anlamında kullanılır.
Every one of the exam papers was checked carefully. (Sınav
kağıtlarının her biri dikkatle kontrol edildi.)
d) One/only one, each (one) ve every one sözcüklerini of + us, them, you, these, those
biçiminde kullanabiliriz.
There are many contestants. One of them is going to be the winner. Each
(one) of you is responsible for the situation. Every one of us must help him.
Each of us/you/them yerine we/you/they each kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda fiil çoğul
e) olur. Yardımcı fiil yoksa each, özne ile yüklem arasında; yardımcı fiil varsa, yardımcı
fiil ile yüklem arasında yer alır.
Each of us has a duty. Each of = We each have a duty. = You
you has a duty. Each of them has each have a duty. = They each
a duty. Each of them has received have a duty. = They have each
a prize. received a prize.
f) Every zaman sözcükleriyle de kullanılır: every day, every year, every summer, etc.
Most people buy a newspaper every day. We try to go to the cinema every week.
Zaman sözcükleriyle each de kullanılır, ancak each sadece "günden güne (her gün) yıldan yıla
(her yıl)" gibi, değişen ya da tekrarlanan durumları ifade ederken kullanılır.
A great number of people are added to Istanbul's already big population every
day/each day.
We go to the same seaside resort every summer/each summer.
Her iki saatte bir, dört yılda bir gibi ifadeler için sadece every kullanılır: every two hours, every
four years, etc.
Elections are held every four years in Turkey, (her dört yılda bir...) These
tablets should be taken every six hours, (her altı saatte bir...)
496 D ELS
508
EXERCISE 17: Choose the correct one of the words given in parentheses.
1. You'll (each/every) read a text of the same length, and the one who makes the
fewest mistakes will be presented with a book.
2. (Each/Every) of them (was/were) about the same size.
3. They (was/were) (each/every) about the same size.
4. Every (member/members) (is/are) going to participate in the preparations for the
conference.
5. One of my (student/students) (want/wants) to go abroad for a few months to
improve her English.
6. Every (machine/machinery) in the office (have/has) to be checked (every/each)
three months.
7. The police caught one of the (thief/thieves) while he was trying to sell the goods
they had stolen.
8. (Each/Every) (have/has) written a three-hundred-word composition.
9. (Each/Every) of us (want/wants) to be given a more sensible explanation.
10. (Do/Does) we (each/every) (have/has) to bring a map?
11. You'll need to come in for further injections (every/each) other week for the next
three months.
12. She gave the same amount of attention to (every/all) of the (student/students)
regardless of their ability.
9-15 OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY a) With countable plural nouns

a number of quite a few
a great/large/small number of numbers (two, three, etc.)
a great/good many
A number of (a group ofi, bir grup ... anlamındadır. Great, large, small gibi sözcüklerle bu
grubun büyüklüğünü ifade edebiliriz.
A number of students are waiting to see you. (Bir grup öğrenci...}
A small number of people live in luxury in Turkey. (Az sayıda insan ...)
A large/great number of people live in poverty. (Çok sayıda insan ...)
A great many/a good many, bir hayli, oldukça çok anlamındadır.
A great/good many people are in danger of being infected by the bacteria in the
polluted water.
They have spent a great/good many years abroad, and now they have difficulty
adapting to the customs here.
Quite a few, "oldukça çok sayıda, epeyce sayıda" anlamını verir. Belirtilen sayı çok fazla
olmayabilir, ancak konuşmacının ifade etmek istediği "normalin, beklenilenin üzerinde bir sayı"
dır.
We encountered quite a few Turkish people during our tour in Italy.
Quite a few students have shown interest in taking part in organizing the event.
Quite a few ve a great/good many, bazen of + plural noun ile kullanılabilir.
Quite a few of my old university friends have moved to different countries since
graduating.
İki ve ikiden büyük rakamların hepsini sayılabilir çoğul isimlerle kullanabiliriz. Eğer specific bir
isim kullanıyorsak, rakamdan sonra of gelir.
Three students were late for the class this morning. Three of my students were
late for the class this morning.
ELS a 497
509
b) With uncountable nouns
a large/a great/a small amount of a large/a small quantity of a good/a great
deal of
A large (great) amount of/a large quantity of, çok miktarda; a small amount of/a small
quantity of, az miktarda anlamında kullanılır. A good/great deal of ise bir hayli, oldukça çok
anlamını ifade eder.
Try to put a small amount of money aside every month for the future. A great
amount of money is being spent on arms.
To start a new business in these economic situations takes a great/good deal

of courage.
c) With both countable plural and uncountable nouns

Hardly any ve almost no "hemen hemen hiç" anlamına gelir.
There were hardly any/almost no objections to our proposal.
She had hardly any/almost no money on her, so she couldn't eat lunch out.
d) A friend of mine, some relatives of hers, etc. gibi yapılarda, of dan sonra possessive
noun/pronoun (mine, yours, hers, ours, his, Ayşe's, my father's, my sisters', etc.)
kullanılır.
a friend of mine = one of my friends
two relatives of hers = two of her relatives
some friends of my sister's = some of my sister's Mends a friend of my
brothers' = one of my brothers' friends
An old friend of mine is coming to see me tomorrow. (Eski bir arkadaşım...)

Some students of .hers are very clever. (Onun bazı öğrencileri...)
Many friends of his are living abroad. (Onun pek çok arkadaşı...) A friend of
my brothers' is helping them in the shop. (Kardeşlerimin bir arkadaşı...)
9-16 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE WITH QUANTIFIERS
a) Much ve many'nin comparative biçimi more, superlative biçimi most'dur. Few

düzenlidir ve fewer, fewest biçiminde çekimlenir. Little ise less ve least biçiminde
çekimlenir.
The government should spend more money on the housing problem. I expect
more members will be present at this meeting than were at the previous one.
Fewer tourists are expected this year because of the terrorist attacks in the
seaside resorts.
Of all my students, Filiz made the fewest mistakes in the exam.
There would be less pollution if the government imposed some regulations on

the factories.
498 Q ELS
510
b) Daha önce, sıfat ve zarflarda karşılaştırma yaparken, karşılaştırmanın derecesini
artırmak için much, azaltmak için a little kullanıldığını görmüştük.
She is more hardworking than me.

She is a little more hardworking/much more hardworking than me.
(Benden biraz daha çalışkan/benden çok daha fazla çalışkan...)
Bu derecelendirmeyi isimlere ilişkin yaparken, ismin sayılabilir ya da sayılamaz olduğuna dikkat

etmemiz gerekir. Sayılabilir isimlerle a few more/many more; sayılamaz isimlerle a little
more/much more kullanabiliriz.
I have bought some books on this subject, but I need a few more (books), (birkaç
kitaba daha...)
Some people have become unemployed since the economic crisis, but we fear
that many more people will lose their jobs if the situation doesn't improve.
(daha pek çok insan ...)
I don't think this money will be enough to buy that shirt. I need a little more
money, (biraz daha para...)
There will be much more pollution if we continue to be indifferent to the

problem, (çok daha fazla kirlilik...)
c) Any more, some more, no more gibi sözcüklerin kullanımına dikkat ediniz. Şu
örnekleri inceleyelim:
Can I have some rice, please? (sofrada ilk kez pilav isterken)
Can I have some more rice, please? (tekrar isterken: biraz daha pilav)
We don't have any money, (hiç yok)

We don't have any more money. = We have no more money. ,
(Daha fazla paramız yok. Vardı, bitti.)
Do you have any books on this subject? (Hiç var mı?)

Do you have any more books on this subject other than these?
(Bunların dışında, daha var mı?)
d) Any more'un bir anlamı da "arak" demektir. Bir eylemi geçmişte yaptığımızı ama artık
yapmadığımızı ifade etmek için any longer ile aynı anlamda kullanabiliriz. Her ikisi de
olumsuz cümlede kullanılır.
She used to be interested in football, but she isn't interested in it any more/any
longer.
They used to live in Ankara, but they don't live there any more/any longer.
e) Olumsuz fill + any longer yerine olumlu fill + no longer kullanabiliriz. (No more, bu
şekilde fiillerle kullanılmaz; isimlerle kullanılır: no more tears, no more food, etc.)
She used to smoke a lot, but she doesn't smoke any more/any longer. She no
longer smokes. (Artık sigara içmiyor.)
f) No longer, yardımcı fiil bulunan cümlelerde, yardımcı fiilden sonra gelir.
She isn't interested in music any more/any longer. She is no longer interested
in music.
ELS a 499
511
9-17 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Person Thing Place

someone somebody something somewhere
anyone anybody no anything anywhere
one nobody everyone nothing nowhere
everybody everything everywhere
a) -one ve -body ile biten sözcükler arasında anlam farkı yoktur. Her iki grup da insanlar
için kullanılır, -thing ile biten sözcükler cansız varlıklar için kullanılır. Özne olarak
kullanıldıklarında bu sözcüklerin hepsi tekil fiil alır.
Everybody needs love. Everything is in order. I think something is wrong with
him.
b) Some ve any'nin kullanımıyla ilgili kurallar someone, anybody, something, etc. gibi
sözcükler için de geçerlidir.
We need someone/somebody to help us. (affirmative)
Does anybody/anyone here speak French? (interrogative)
She doesn't want anyone/anybody to learn her secret, (negative)
Something must be done without delay, (affirmative) Has anything been done
about it? (interrogative) I don't want to hear anything about it. (negative)
c) İkramda ya da ricada bulunurken ya da yanıtın büyük bir olasılıkla "evet' olacağını

tahmin ettiğimiz sorularda something/someone kullanabiliriz.
Why are you looking in my purse? Are you looking for something? (Bir şey mi
arıyorsun?)
- Would you like something to drink?
- No, thanks. I don't want to drink anything.
Can you give me something to read?
d) No ile başlayan sözcükler olumlu fiille kullanılır. Ancak cümlenin anlamı olumsuzdur.
She didn't tell me anything. = She told me nothing.

I didn't see anyone/anybody there. = I saw no one/nobody there.
e) Anyone/anybody ve anything olumsuz cümlede özne olarak kullanılmaz. Bunun yerine
no one/nobody ve nothing ile olumlu bir fiil tercih edilir.
Nobody/no one wants to be in his position. Nothing has been done so far.
f) Anyone/anybody ve anything olumlu cümlede kullanıldığı zaman herhangi biri, herkes,
herhangi bir şey, her şey anlamım verir.
Anyone/anybody can do that. (Onu herkes/herhangi bir insan yapabilir.)

- What shall I buy for him?
- Well, it doesn't matter. You can buy anything. (Herhangi bir şey alabilirsin.)
5OO a ELS
512
g) Somewhere, anywhere, nowhere ve everywhere gibi zarflan da bu grupta inceleyebiliriz.
I can't find my glasses. I put them somewhere, but I don't remember where,
(affirmative)
Have you seen my glasses anywhere? (interrogative) I don't want to go anywhere

tonight, (negative)
You can't find such a cheap restaurant anywhere. You can find such a cheap
restaurant nowhere.
Hand-made rugs are found in abundance in Turkey. You can find them
everywhere.
-where ile biten sözcüklerin özne olarak kullanılması kısıtlıdır. Anywhere ve nowhere özne
durumunda daha sık kullanılır.
Nowhere in the world is safe from terrorism.
. - Where do you want to go for your holiday?

- Anywhere is alright with me, as long as there is a nice sea and plenty of
sunshine.
h) Nobody, nothing vb. olumsuz bir özneyle başlayan bir cümlenin devamında any,
anybody, anything vb. bir sözcük kullanabiliriz. Nobody, nothing gibi sözcükler
kullanamayız. Çünkü, özne cümleyi olumsuz yapmıştır ve bir cümlede iki tane
olumsuzluk kullanılmaz.
Nobody did anything, (nothing kullanamayız.) Nothing was given to anyone, (no
one kullanamayız) Nobody wants to go anywhere, (nowhere kullanamayız.) No
one had any money, (no money kullanamayız.)
Without da olumsuz bir anlam taşıdığı için kendinden sonra gelen sözcük olumsuz olamaz.
He must have entered the house without anybody seeing him. He left home
without saying anything.
i) Something, nothing, someone, everyone, nowhere, etc. gibi sözcükleri "else" ile birlikte
kullanabiliriz.
I don't think Alice can help us. We must find someone else. (Başka birini
bulmalıyız.)
We didn't like the place where we spent our holiday last year. We want to go
somewhere else this year. (Başka bir yere...)
She only said she was going. Nothing else.
EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with someone, anyone, anything, nothing,
anywhere, etc.
1. You have done an excellent job .......................... could have done it better.
2. Did she tell you ....................... about the accident?
3. I think she lives ........................ near the airport, but I'm not sure exactly where.
ELS a 501
513
4. Is ........................ wrong with Janette? She keeps crying in her room.
5. I don't mind what you wear to the party. You can wear ......................... you like, just
be quick about it.
6. There is ......................... at the door wanting to talk to you.
7. You can't live on your own ..........................needs ........................ to be friends with.
8. We have tried every possible way, and I believe we have done .......................... that
we
9. can to help him .......................... else can be done.
I'm not very fond of that restaurant. Can we go ......................... else, if you don't
mind?
10. I was really surprised when I found my hometown exactly the same after so many
years ....................... had changed.
11. She feels rather disappointed, because she had expected to be very popular with the
kids here, but ...................... has invited her ........................ since we moved to this
neighbourhood.
12. You must list ........................... you worked during the past ten years on the
application form.
13. Only you can help yourself. ........................... else can do ....................... for you.
14. I'm bored. There is ........................... interesting to go in this town, I've got
............................ to do and I just phoned my friends and ....................... was home.
15. I believe you've met........................... here, so I won't need to introduce you to
16........................ appears to be wrong with the television. Whenever I adjust the
volume button........................happens; it just stays the same.
17. I doubt that we will find a parking space ...................... in town today because it's
market day.
18. Jack told me about a book which covers ...................... you need to know about
growing your own vegetables, but I haven't been able to find ....................... that
sells it.
9-18 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Singular Plural
/ myself We ... .. ourselves
you .. ...yourself You .. ..yourselves ..
he . himself They . themselves
she. . . ... herself .. itself
it ......
indefinite pronoun one ... .. oneself
a) Bir yüklemin öznesi ile nesnesi aynı ise, yani eylemi yapanla, eylemden etkilenen kişi
aynı ise reflexive pronoun kullanılır. Tekil you için yourself, çoğul you için yourselves
kullanıldığına dikkat ediniz.
Janette cut the bread. (Janette, subject; the bread, object) Janette cut herself.
(Janette, subject; herself, object; the same)
We enjoyed ourselves very much at the party. I blamed myself for the fight.
b) Reflexive pronoun bir preposition'dan sonra gelebilir.
Look at that woman over there.
She is talking to herself. (Kendi kendine konuşuyor.)
Take good care of yourselves. (Kendinize iyi bakın.)
502 Q ELS
514
Ancak preposition, öznenin eylemden etkilenmesini değil de yer ifade ediyorsa, object pronoun
(me, you, him, etc.) kullanılır.
She must take plenty of money with her.
We'll keep it as a secret between us.
I don't think he has enough money on him.
c) Feel ve relax fiillerini Türkçe'ye kendini (iyi) hissetmek, kendini rahatlatmak biçiminde
çeviriyoruz. Ancak bu fiiller İngilizce'de genellikle reflexive pronoun ile kullanılmazlar.
I felt better after I took some medicine.
(İlaç aldıktan sonra kendimi daha iyi hissettim.)
You must know how to relax. (Kendini rahatlatmasını bilmelisin.)
Wash, dress ve shave (yıkanmak, giyinmek, traş olmak) fiilleri normalde reflexive pronoun ile
kullanılmaz. Ancak dry (kurulanmak) reflexive pronoun ile kullanılır.
I washed and dressed quickly. (Çabucak yıkanıp giyindim.) Dry yourself
thoroughly before you put on your clothes. (Giysilerini giymeden önce iyice
kurulan.)
d) Reflexive pronoun, özneyi ya da nesneyi vurgulamak için de kullanılır. Özneyi
vurgularken, reflexive pronoun özneden hemen sonra ya da fiilden sonra (eğer varsa
nesneden sonra) gelebilir.
She herself told me the news. = She told me the news herself. (Haberi bana
kendisi verdi.)
Jack himself came. = Jack came himself. (Jack kendisi geldi.)
Reflexive pronoun nesneyi vurgularken nesneden hemen sonra gelir.
I spoke to Jack himself'. (Jack'in kendisiyle konuştum.) She demanded to see the
manageress herself. (Yöneticinin kendisini görmek istedi.)
Nesneyi ya da özneyi vurgularken reflexive pronoun'un yerine dikkat ediniz. Çünkü anlam
değişikliğine yol açar. Şu örnekleri inceleyelim.
I spoke to Jack himself. (Jack'in kendisiyle konuştum.) I myself spoke to Jack.
(Jack ile kendim konuştum.)
Yukarıdaki cümlelerde "myself' ve "himself1 yerine "In person" kullanmak, da mümkündür.
Ancak "In person" kullanıldığında anlam o kadar net olmayabilir. Çünkü İngilizce cümledeki "In
person", "Jack'le bizzat ben konuştum./Bizzat Jack'le konuştum." anlamlarını net olarak
vermemektedir. Yine de bu kullanım ingilizce'de çok yaygındır.
I spoke to Jack himself/in person.
She demanded to see the manageress herself/in person.
e) By myself, by herself, etc. "kendi başına, tek başına, yardımsız" anlamını verir. Şu iki
cümle arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz:
/ myself cleaned the house. = / cleaned the house myself. (Evi kendim
temizledim.) (Not someone else; bir başkası değü.)
/cleaned the house by myself.
(Evi tek başıma/yalnız temizledim.) (I cleaned the house alone/without help.)
f) By myself, by herself, etc. anlamında on my own, on her own, etc. kullanabiliriz.
He lost his wife last year and he has been living
by himself/on his own/alone since.
(O zamandan beri tek başına/yalnız yaşıyor.)
I was sitting by myself/on my own/alone in a corner. (Bir köşede tek
başıma/yalnız oturuyordum.)
ELS ü 5O3
515
EXERCISE 19: Complete the sentences with myself, himself, ourselves, etc. or with my own,
his own, our own, etc.
1. Some students like to study on ...................... , but some prefer to study in groups.
2. She doesn't buy anything ready-made. She makes ...................... dresses.
3. In the past, most women used to make their dresses .........................because there
weren't so many alternatives as today.
4. She admits that failing the exam was ...................... fault, and so she has promised
...................... to work harder this year.
5. The house ...................... isn't very good, but it has a wonderful sea view.
6. When someone kills ....................... the case is called "suicide".
7. Do you think I should introduce ...................... to her?
8. He never trusts anyone, and drives the car ........................
9. He didn't want to take my car. He preferred to drive ..........................
10. It'll be a long time before we have saved enough to buy a house of ..........................
11. You did a really good job, children. You can be proud of .........................
12. You ought to be more honest with ....................... Sue; otherwise, you may start
having some psychological problems.
13. Although we have a car, which my husband and I use alternately, I would like to
have a car of ...................... so that I can use it more freely.
14. She has become rather old now, and she can no longer cook....................... food.
15. She never eats anything that is cooked by someone else. She only eats the food
cooked by........................
16. According to Alfred Adler, the founder of individual psychology, one's opinion of
..................... and of the world influences all one's psychological processes.
,.._,„
KID SENSE
Two little girls from our neighbourhood stopped by with a wagon-load
of rocks and asked me if I'd like to buy one. They were so excited about
earning their own money that I purchased a few. As they were leaving, I
heard one say to the other, "See, I told you. People will buy anything."
9-19 SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT

Bir cümlenin öznesiyle yüklemi arasında, tekillik-çoğulluk açısından bir uyum olması gerek-
mektedir. Temel olarak, tekil özne tekil bir fiil, çoğul özne çoğul bir fiille kullanılır.
The child was very excited about going to the zoo. (singular) The children were
very excited about going to the zoo. (plural]
5O4 a ELS
516
9-20 BASIC SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT
a) Özne, and ile bağlanmış isimlerden oluşuyorsa, çoğul fiil alır.

All Is coming with us.
All and Ayşe are coining with us.
Water Is vital for humans.
Water and bread are vital for humans.
Or ile bağlanmış öznelerde, yükleme yakın olan isim temel alınır.
His sister or his parents are going to help him. His parents or his sister is going
to help him.
Özneden sonra iki virgül arasında gelen açıklamalar özneyi etkilemez.
The president, with two of his guards, has now entered the room.
The Smiths, without their naughty son, are coming to our place tonight.
b) Özne sözcük öbeğinden oluşuyorsa, bu öbekteki temel isim yüklemi belirler.
The students in the canteen seem to have forgotten the time. The results of the
research are going to be published soon.
Your method of solving problems is quite different from mine.
The article about the increase in violent crimes was written by a well-known
writer.
The use of computers has increased rapidly in recent years.
c) Özne gerund ise tekil fiil alır. Ancak iki gerund and ile bağlanıyorsa, çoğul fiil alır.
Swimming and running are my favourite sports.
Washing vegetables with this polluted water is dangerous.
Bazen bir gerund'dan sonra and ile bağlanmış iki isim gelebilir. Bu durumda gerund tek olduğu
için fiil yine tekildir.
Making1 pies and cakes is my mother's hobby.
Putting his toys and stuff away was my son's responsibility.
d) Someone, something, nothing, anybody, etc. gibi özneler tekil fiille kullanılır.
Has anybody applied for the job? Nothing has been done yet.
9-21 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

a) Sayılabilir çoğul ve sayılamaz isimler için ortak kullanılan some, any, a lot of, etc. gibi
sözcüklerle, sayılabilir çoğul bir isim çoğul fiil, sayılamaz isim ise tekil fiil gerektirir.
A lot of money was spent on this project.
A lot of people have become unemployed." j^ •'.."'.•...,
Bu sözcükler "of lu tamlamada kullanıldığında da aynı kural geçerlidir.
Some of this money is yours.
Some of my students are working in part-time jobs.
All (of) the fruit was eaten.
All (of) the students were waiting excitedly for the results of the university exam.
ELS Q 505
517
None of + sayılamaz isim tekil fiille, none of + sayılabilir çoğul isim tekil ya da çoğul fiille
kullanılır.
None of this information is accurate.
None of the students is/are eager to have an exam today.
b) Every, each, either ve neither kendinden sonra sayılabilir tekil isim ve tekil fiil alır.
Every student has to write a composition. Each child was given a present.
Either method is suitable.
Neither method was suitable for our aim.
Either of ve neither of dan sonra çoğul isim gelir. Fiil tekil ya da çoğul olabilir.
Either of the methods is/are suitable.
Neither of the methods was/were suitable for our objective.
Every one of ve each (one) of dan sonra da çoğul isim gelir. Ancak fiil tekildir.
Every one of the students has to write a composition. Each (one) of the
children was given a present.
Each ve every içeren özneler, and ile bağlanmış birden fazla isimden de oluşsa, yine tekil fiil
alır.
Each chair and table in the cafe was counted carefully.
Almost every businessman and employee was affected by the economic crisis.
c) One-third (üçte biri), two-thirds (üçte ikisi), fifty percent (yüzde ellisft, etc. gibi ifadeler
çoğul isimle kullanıldığında çoğul fiil, sayılabilir tekil ya da sayılamaz isimle
kullanıldığında ise tekil fiil alır.
Almost one-third of the students have passed the exam. Two-thirds of the
earth's surface is covered with water. Three-fourths (three-quarters) of the
money was wasted thoughtlessly.
About forty percent of the students have passed the exam.
More than fifty percent of the world's population is living in terrible conditions.
d) The number "sayı" anlamındadır ve tekil fiille kullanılır.

A number "bir grup, çok sayıda" anlamındadır ve çoğul fiil gerektirir.
The number of students taking the university exam Is increasing with each
year. (Üniversite sınavına giren öğrencilerin sayısı her yıl artmaktadır.)
A number of students want to see you. (Bir grup öğrenci sizi görmek istiyor.)
9-22 SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT WITH THERE IS / THERE ARE

Sayılabilir tekil ve sayılamaz isimlerle there Is/was/has been, çoğul isimlerle there
are/were/have been kullanılır.
Tlıere have been many advances in computer technology recently. There has
been great progress in computer technology recently. Tliere was a little boy at
the corner crying.
506 Q ELS
518
"There" den sonra birden fazla isim varsa ve bu isimler tekil bile olsa, kural olarak çoğul fiil
kullanmak gerekir. Ancak, Informal English'te "there" den sonra gelen ilk ismi dikkate almak
daha yaygındır, (tekil bir isimse tekil fiü, çoğul bir isimse çoğul fiil gibi.)
There were a young woman and a small child in the car. (formal) There was a
young woman and a small child in the car. (informal}
9-23 COLLECTIVE NOUNS (TOPLULUK İSİMLERİ)
Common collective nouns:

cast class crew crowd gang jury public school
committee family government staff team
group audience
a) Topluluk isimleri, topluluk bir bütün olarak düşünüldüğünde tekil fiil; topluluğu
oluşturan bireyler düşünüldüğünde ise çoğul fiil alır. Ancak American English bu
anlamda da daha çok tekil fiil kullanır.
A football team consists of eleven players. The team seems/seem happy with the
result. (Takımdaki oyuncular düşünülüyor.)
The class is too large. We have to divide it into two.

Our class Is/are going on a picnic next week. (Sınıftaki öğrenciler kastediliyor.)
b) People, police ve cattle daima çoğul fiille kullanılır.

Those people are waiting to see the manager.
The police are trying to catch the leader of the gang.
Those cattle belong to my grandfather.
9-24 NOUNS THAT ARE ALWAYS PLURAL
Glasses, pants, pyjamas, jeans, shorts, tights, trousers, scissors, tweezers, tongs gibi sözcükler
daima çoğul olarak kullanılır ve çoğul fiil gerektirir.
My Jeans have worn out. I need a new pair. Those trousers are really nice.
Bu isimleri a pair ile kullandığımızda tekil fiil gerekir.
A pair of Jeans costs almost half of my salary.
9-25 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH SOME IRREGULARITIES
a) Bazı isimler, sonunda -s olmasına karşın, tek bir nesneyi ifade ettikleri için tekil fiille
kullanılır.
The United States Is a very attractive place for some people. The United
Nations hasn't done much to help the Bosnians. Mathematics was my favourite
subject in high school.
ELS Q 507
519
News sonunda -s olmasına karşın, sayılamaz bir isimdir ve tekil bir fiille kullanılır. The news
was rather disappointing.
b) Zaman, para miktarı ve mesafe bildiren sözcükler özne olarak kullanıldıklarında

genellikle tekil fiü alırlar.
Five hundred dollars Is too much for that house.
Four hours of study is enough for one day.
Six hundred kilometres is too far to drive without stopping.
c) Ulus ismi ve lisan biçimi aynı olan isimler the ile kullanıldığında ulusu ifade eder ve
çoğul bir fiille kullanılır. Lisan isimleri ise the almaz ve tekil fiille kullanılır.
Japanese is becoming popular in Turkey. (Japonca ...) The Japanese are warm
people. (Japonlar...)
d) Bazı sıfatlar başına the alarak, çoğul bir anlam kazanır ve o özelliği taşıyan bütün bir
grubu ifade eder: the poor, the rich, the disabled, the handicapped, etc. Bu sözcükler
özne olduğunda çoğul fiil gerektirir.
The poor don't have any social security in Turkey.
The old usually fail to tolerate the young. (Yaşlılar ... gençler ...)
EXERCISE 20: Use "is" or "are" for the given subjects. Both are possible with some.
1. The news about the children ............ 26. My husband's hobbies ............
2. None of the girls............ 27. Every man and woman............
3. None of this wine............. 28. Only one of the stores ............
4. Physics............. 29. The team ............
5. Everybody living in the suburbs .......... 30. His pyjamas ............
6. The deaf and mute ............ 31. Thirty dollars............
7. The Portuguese ............ 32. The clothes in this shop ............
8. Portuguese ............ 33. The indifference of the political parties..
9. A number of employees ............ 34. Most of the land in those areas ..........
10. The number of employees ............. 35. The teacher or the students ............
11. One-fifth of this land ............. 36. The boys or their father ............
12. One-fifth of the cities ............ 37. My sister and brother ...........
13. Two-thirds of the city ............ 38. My sister's daughter ............
14. Their aim ............ 39. Neither boy ...........
15. Her aims ............ 40. Every one of the applicants ............
16. Each of the guests ............. 41. My son's toys ............
17. Neither of my parents ............. 42. Her brothers' store ............
18. Either of your sisters............. 43. Jack's grandparents ............
19. One of my favourite authors ............. 44. The causes of inflation ............
20. The ideas stated in his last book .......... 45. The representative of the minorities ...
21. The style in most of his books ............ 46. The maj ority of the peasants ............
22. Over fifty percent of Turkish people....... 47. A huge number of pedestrians ...........
23. Two hours............. 48. Sue, with her two colleagues .............
24. Half of the population ............ 49. Sue and Tom, with their son .............
25. Half of the people here ............ 50. A great deal of progress ............
5O8Q ELS
520
TOO MUCH EXTRA WORK /
Edith and Norbert had an unceasing battle over his inability to earn (^
a better living. She told him he wasn't forceful enough in asking the boss i,
for a raise. -*;/
"Tell him," she yelled, "that you have seven children. You also have a (
sick mother, you have to sit up many nights, and you have to clean the house /
because you can't afford a maid." )
A
Several days later, Norbert came from work, stood before his wife "'I
and calmly announced that the boss had fired him. "Why?" asked Edith. \
"He says I have too many outside activities." \x
(from Reader's Digest) ^>
EXERCISE 21: Choose the correct answer In parentheses.

1. Her attitude towards my efforts to get better grades (was/were) discouraging.
2. Three and a half hours (is/are) the maximum length of time allowed for the exam.
3. The number of people who (has/have) applied for the job so far (is/are) much higher
than we expected.
4. All the rooms in the hotel (is/are) cleaned every day.
5. There (is/are) a lot of sheep on his farm.
6. There (has/have) been several attempts to prevent the redundancies, but all
(has/have) failed.
7. Reading and writing (was/were) not difficult subjects for me when I (was/were) at
university.
8. The police (has/have) been criticized about being too harsh during the demonstration.
9. Every one of the passengers (was/were) asked to show his identity card at customs.
10. The feeling we had while we were watching our sons perform their roles (was/were)
unforgettable.
11. At least half of that book on contemporary Turkish writers (is/are) about those who
lived in the early years of the Republic period.
12. A number of residents who (live/lives) in the area (have/has) been trying to see the
Mayor for days.
13. Of all the people I asked the question to, nobody (was/were) able to give a
satisfactory answer.
14. Everyone in the surrounding villages (was/were) asked to take part in the search for
the missing child.
15. My eldest brother, like my parents, (do/does) not approve of my staying out late.
16. He mentioned several people, only one of whom I thought (was/were) suitable for
the job.
17. Nearly half of the goods stolen from our store (has/have) been recovered, but the
rest (is/are) still lost.
18. One of them (was/were) persuaded to contribute to our charity club.
19. Less than two-thirds of the fruit (have/has) been sold and the rest (is/are) here.
20. A few of his other attributes, and not only his courage, (have/has) contributed
greatly to his success.
9-26 PRONOUN AGREEMENT

Bir cümlenin öznesiyle devamındaki zamirler arasında bir uyum olması gerekir.
Ayşe brought her book.
AO brought his book.
Ali and Ayşe brought their books.
ELS Q 509
521
a) Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra object pronoun (me, him, etc.) alır.
I saw All./I saw him.
She promised her parents she'd pass the exam. /She promised them
she'd pass the exam.
Bu fiillerin öznesiyle nesnesi aynı kişi olduğunda, nesne için reflexive pronoun (myself, herself,
etc.) kullanılır.
She promised herself she'd pass the exam. '
b) Bir preposition'dan sonra normalde object pronoun kullanılır. Ancak özne-nesne aynı
ise reflexive pronoun kullanılır.
I looked at the children. /I looked at them. , .
/looked at myself in the mirror.
I was talking to my brother. /I was talking to him. /was talking to myself.
Preposition yer bildiriyorsa, özne-nesne aynı bile olsa, object pronoun kullanılır. 'y- ;• .>
He looked around him, a bit surprised.
I haven't got enough money on me. , •'
Comparative yapılarda than ve as'den sonra, object pronoun (me, them, us, etc.) ya da subject
+ verb (/ am, you do, he was, etc.) kullanılır. Karşılaştırmanın birinci bölümünde iyelik ifade
ediliyorsa, possessive pronoun kullanılır.
My sister is shorter than me.
My sister is shorter than I am. (I, ikinci cümlenin öznesi durumunda)
I like children as much as him.
•• "•-.,. - I like children as much as he does. ;
'•• ' •.'.; • -•>''
Her son is three months older than mine, (than my son)
c) Someone, nobody, etc. gibi sözcükler tekil kabul edilir ve daima tekil fiille kullanılır.
Ancak devamındaki pronoun tekil ya da çoğul olabilir.
Everybody has bis own ideas/their own ideas.
Someone has forgotten his/their wallet. , • V
Bu sözcükler tag question yapısıyla kullanıldığında question tag bölümünde they kullanılır.
Ancak, something, nothing gibi sözcükler için tag bölümünde It kullanılır.
*
Someone is going to help you, aren't they?
Nobody has done the homework, have they? : ^
Something is wrong with him, isn't it? ;, . .
Nothing has been done yet, has It? .,•; V '
9-27 FORMS of'OTHER"

Other, "başka, diğeı" anlamına gelir. , •'""•
a) With singular nouns

Another, sıfat ya da zamir olarak, belirtisiz nesne durumundaki tekil isimler için kullanılır ve
"herhangi bir başka, bir diğeri' anlamını verir.
51O a ELS
522
Tomorrow is not suitable for me.
Come another day please, (başka bir gün ....)
This sweater is a bit too big.

Can you show me another (one) please? (başka (bir tane) ....)
The other, belirtili nesne durumundaki tekil isimler için sıfat ya da zamir olarak kullanılır.
There are two books on the table. One is mine, and the other book is yours.
(Geriye bir kitap, belli bir kitap kaldı.) (Diğer kitap senin.)
Do you see those three girls at the corner?

Two of them are from England. The other is German. (Diğeri Alman.)
Adjective Pronoun
another book the another
other book the other
b) With plural nouns
Belirtisiz nesne durumundaki çoğul isimlerle other sıfat, others zamir olarak kullanılır. Belirtili
nesneler içinse the other sıfat, the others zamir olarak kullanılır.
Antalya and Alanya are attractive summer resorts in the south. Other summer
resorts in the south are Kemer and Kaş.
Sayısı belli bir grubun içinde geri kalan bütün öğeleri sayıyorsak, the other + plural noun ya da
the others kullanılır.
She has visited five European countries. One is Germany. Another is England
and the other countries/the others are Italy, France and Switzerland.
Adjective Pronoun
other books the others the

other books others
c) With words like some, any, many, ete.

This book on women's liberation is very good.
Do you have any other books/any others on this subject?
(Bu konuda başka kitapların var mı?)
Besides this financial problem, we have many other problems/many others. In

addition to this, we have to consider some other factors.
d) Each other and one another

Each other and one another, "birbirimize, birbirinize" anlamını verir.
523
When we met on the street, we greeted each other/one another. (Birbirimizi
selamladık.)
They are a happily married couple. They love each other/one another.
(Birbirlerini seviyorlar.)
Günümüz İngilizce'sinde each other ile one another arasında bir fark bulunmamaktadır. Ancak
çok genel ifadeler için one another; daha spesifik durumlar için each other tercih edilebilir.
Nowadays, people have no respect for one another, (general]

That couple is arguing fiercely all the time. I don't think they have any respect
for each other, (specific)
e) "Every other + a singular noun .

Every other, periyodik olan bir şeyin bir atlayarak devam ettiğini ifade eder: every other day
(gün aşın), every other line (bir satır atlayarak), every other week (iki haftada bir), ete.
I wash my hair every other day. (= every two days)

He comes to Istanbul every other month. (= every two months)
This meeting is held every other year. (= every two years)
Q Another + money/distance/time expressions

Zaman, mesafe ve para miktarı bildiren sözcükler another ile kullanılır ve bu sözcükler çoğul
olabilir: another ten minutes (bir on dakika daha), another ten kilometres (bir on kilometre
daha), another ten dollars (bir on dolar daha).
I haven't finished writing my report yet. I need another half hour.
This money is not enough for a pair of jeans. You should give me another nfly
dollars.
I'm not feeling tired. I can walk another two miles.
EXERCISE 22: Complete the sentences with a form of "other".
1. There were six foreign representatives at the meeting. Two of them seemed satisfied
with the firm's progress, but ....................... had a more negative reaction.
2. People have different characteristics, both physically and mentally. For instance,
some people are optimistic, while ....................... people are pessimistic. Some people
are selfish; ...................... like to share. Some are tall; ......................... are short.
3. I have to leave in ten minutes. Can we discuss the situation ........................ time, if
you don't mind?
4. If the teacher had given us........................ten minutes, I could have written a better
composition.
5. This apple is rotten. Can you give me ....................... one from those in the bowl?
6. Students have different study habits. Some students like to study regularly every
day ........................ prefer to study just before the exams.
512 Q ELS
524
7. Although I'd eaten a helping of chicken with salad, I was still hungry, so I ordered
.................... one.
8. The secretary you'd recommended to us didn't accept the job. Can you recommend
any...................... with the same qualifications?
9. Do you think you'll be able to recognize ......................after so many years? You
must both have changed a lot.
10. You'll get exhausted if you go on playing football every day. You could, at least, play
every ..................... day or so.
11. These shoes are a bit too small. Do you have any ..................... similar to these that
I can try on?
12. I've brought one of the boxes in, but ...................... was too heavy for me to carry.
13. Mum, can you lend me ..................... £10 so that I can buy those ......................
boots that I told you about?
14. Among many..................... , pollution is one modern problem which we can solve
through careful planning and consideration for the planet we live on.
15. We ended up renting the house in Kadıköy primarily because ..................... one I
told you about was too expensive.
16. It's not just the swimming pool which makes this hotel superior to all .....................
in this area. There are some ..................... facilities as well, such as a sauna and
tennis courts.
17. Some plants, such as deadly nightshade, are so poisonous that they can kill you,
whereas .....................such as poppies, are used to make life-saving medicines.
18. I didn't go on the trip with ..................... but now that I'm sitting here all by
myself, I really wish that I had.
19. When none of the class were able to finish the task in the time allowed by the
teacher, they asked him for an extension of ..................... two days.
20. The two divers relied completely on ....................... If one's air tank failed,
..................... would have to share his.
BETTER THAN A NATIVE SPEAKER

As I was enjoying the view at an overlook in the Great Smoky
Mountains, a family of tourists pulled in. Speaking Chinese excitedly, they
started taking snapshots of one another.
I thought they might want a group picture, so I approached one
woman. "Excuse me," I began and then, speaking slowly in my Southern accent
and using gestures, continued. "Would you (pointing to her) like me (pointing
to myself) to take a picture (miming holding a camera) of all of you (sweeping
my arm to indicate her family)?
She smiled, handed me her camera and said to the others in perfect
English, "This nice hillbilly woman is going to take a picture of us!"
ELS a 513
525
EXERCISE 23 : Fill In the b la nks In the pas sag es be lo w with the c o rrec t c ho ice .
Can a da an d th e Un ite d Sta tes ha v e ma n y The Ea rth, man's ho me , is a p lane t. It moves

major geographic features in common. They a ro u nd the su n in a reg u la r o rb it, a s d o the
share th e Rock y Mou nta ins, the In te rior eight (6) ....... plane ts in the s o la r sys te m.
Plains, four of the Grea t Lakes, the Each of the solar planets (7) ....... special
Appalachian Highlands and (1 ) ...... rivers. It characteristics, some of (8) ...... well-known to
is ha rd ly su rp ris ing , the re fo re, that the stories bo th sc ie n tists a nd th e pu b lic in ge ne ra l.
of the exploration and settlement of (2) Sa tu rn, fo r e xa mp le , is s u rro un ded b y a se t o f
..... nations are closely inte rwoven . The rin gs , and J up ite r is fa mo us as (9 ) ....... plan e t
comple te histo ry o f neither Canada no r the in th e s o la r sys te m. Th e Ea rth also h as (10 )
United Sta tes can be stud ied witho u t ..... spec ia l c ha rac te ris tics , an d thes e are
reference to the history of (3) ......... They are impo rtant to man. It is the o nly p lane t k no wn
today indep enden t natio ns. (4 ) ......... however, to h av e the righ t te mp e ra tu re a nd the rig h t
has gained (5) ....... in de pen de nce b y a atmos phe re to s up po rt the k ind o f life ma n
comple tely d ifferent path - Canada by g radual knows.
cons titu tio na l ch an ge sp re ad o ve r ma ny years,
the Un ited States by a single g reat War of 6.
Independence.
A) other B) an other
1. C) the others D) others
E) the othe r
A) plenty C) less B) any
E) many D) much 7.
A) is having
2. B) h a s
C) ha ve ha d
A) B) each D) are having
either C) D) every E) have
both E) all
A) which B) whose
A) a n o the r C) theirs D) tha t
B) other E) them
C) th e o the r
D) the others 9.
E) others
A) so large
4. B) large enough
C) the la rges t
A) Every B) All D) too large
C) Both D) Each E)la rg e r
E) A few
10.
5.
A) itself B) every
A) its B) itself C) their D) its own
C) them D) theirs E) an othe r
E) themselves
514 Q ELS
526
Perhaps (11) ...... common of all contracts is The plane (16) ....... three passengers - a Boy
the institution of marriage. Although (12) ...... Scout, a bishop and a brilliant statesman -
the obligations that are involved are not when the pilot warned of an impending crash.
specifically set out in the wedding ceremony "Unfortunately," the pilot said, "we have only
(13) ......... they are part of the law of (14) ......... three parachutes. I must take one so that I
nation. Hence, when a marriage is dissolved, can report (17) ...... accident." "(18) ......... " said
the divorce is, (15) .........the cancelling of a the brilliant statesman, "because I have a
contract. great contribution to make for mankind." He
jumped out after the pilot. The bishop turned
to the Scout. "My son," he said, "I've had a
11. long life. (19) ....... lies ahead. Take the last
parachute, and good luck." "Don't worry, Your
A) such B)s o Grace," said the Scout. "We've got two
C) more D) the most parachutes. The brilliant statesman took (20)
E) too .......rucksack."
12. 16.
AS some B) each A) will be carrying

C) all D) the whole B) had carried
E) both C) has been carrying
D) would carry
13. E) was carrying
A) theirs B) them 17.

C) its own D) their own
E) itself A) an B) any
C) some D)-
14. E) the
A) some B)all 18.

C) a few D) every
E) whole A) Me neither C) I B) I hope so
expect not D) So must I
15. E) I am too
A) by way of 19.
B) in a way
C) all the way A) You B) Mine
D) by the way C) Yours D) Myself
E) a good way E) Yourself
20.
A) my B) mine
C) himself D) itself
E) theirs
ELS Q 515
527
TEST YOÜRSEtP 9
1-75, sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan 8. My father requested a transfer weeks ago,
yerlere uygun düşeö sözcük ya but .......manager still hasn't given ........
an answer.
1. Nearly .......contemporary Latin American A) herself/them C) B) he r/hers D)

writer uses magical realism, but ....... ours/us
uses it In an Individual way. him/himself
E) his/him
A) none/all B) muc h/none
C) most/many D) all/some 9.
E) every/each The annual prize won't be awarded this
year as ....... of the candidates ........ a high
2. Next weekend, some relatives of ...... are enough standard.
coming to visit .........
A) one/have reached
A) us/ourselves B) them/theirs B) some/were reached
C) hers/they D) himself/her C) few/is reaching
E) mine/us D) none/has reac he d
3........... of the players ........ contributed to the E) muc h/re ac he d
victory In his own way. 10. He'd made .......a mess of the form that
A) One /have he had to get another one.
B) All/were B) even
C) Each/has A) enough C) too
D) such
D) Every/will have E)s o
E) A few/will be
11. My mother won't allow ...... to have a dog
4........... English are not as reserved as people unless we have a garden to put ....... in.
of ...... countries often believe.
A) B) us /it
A) Some/others B) The/other our/itself C)
C) Another/the D) All/whole D) me/myself
E) An/some E) it/them
5. The hotel won't supply any towels, so 12......... more people came by car than we
you'll have to bring.......... had expected, so there weren't enough
parking spaces.
A) your B) themselves D)
own C) your their A) Such B) A little D)
E) itself C) Quite Many
6........... number of people using public E) So
transport is steadily declining, and this,
in turn, will almost certainly lead to ....... 13. There were a lot of people on .......sides of
rise in fares. the road waiting to welcome the Prime
Minister.
A) A/the A) both
B) A grea t/a nother B) whole D)
C) More/some C) none
either
D) The /a E) neither
E) A s ma ll/muc h
7 ...........applicants performed well at the 14. Since only a few of us are in the mood to
Interviews even though they'd .......sent in see this film now, shall we go and see it
excellent CVs. ...... time?
A) B) Either/both A) other B) whenever

C) what else D) what
E) None/each E) another
Every/none C) D) Some/neither
Few/all
516 a ELS
528
15. The teacher told the twins that she didn't 22. Since ....... people are smoking now than
want .......of them In the same class as it a couple of decades ago, one would expect
would be difficult to tell them apart. a corresponding drop In the rate of cancer
and heart disease, but unfortunately, this
A) B) neither D) is not the case.
either C) some B) a little D)
E) every A) much more C) fewer not many
E) the least
16. We had thought we would have....... time
before the train left, but we were wrong, 23. We spent hours looking for ....... hotel tha t
as we barely caught It. wasn't fully booked, and finally ended up
at ....... Royal.
A) very little B) plenty of D)
C) hardly any many more A) the/- B) any/some D)
E) quite a bit C) some/- the/the
E) a/the
17. Although Alice and Janice are twins, they
don't look a bit like .........
24. My sister's shoes aren't big enough for
A) theirs C) oneself B) the other ......, so I can't borrow .........
E) D) each other
themselves A) mine/hers C) B) I/their
my/theirs D) me/them
18. Why are you trying to do everything by E) my self/her
..... instead of asking for ....... help?
25........ item is carefully checked before
A) yourself/others' , : dispatch, and ...... with even the slightest
B) y o u /th e o th e rs defect are put aside. . «..
C) y o u r o wn /a n o th e r
D) y o u rs /s o me o n e ' s A) All/the other -,•• - „ ;_,
E) yo u rse lve s /a ny o ne B) The whole/the ones '/j. "
C) Either/none
19. I'm a fraid I won't be able to say ....... as D) Eac h/some
I've got .......opinion on the matter. E) Every/any ' ... "
A) nothing/some B) anything/no 26. Ron wants to get ...... car because his old
C) someone/none D) any one/any one keeps breaking down.
E) everything/few
A) another C) other B) every
20. Are you sure you can carry all this E) some D) each
luggage ....... ?
A) yours C) yourself B) itself 27. I can't believe that you ate ....... loaf of
E) D) them bread all by yourself!
themselves
A) every B) a whole D)
21. He is one of my favourite authors C) plenty most
because, although he has written ....... E) either
books........ of them leaves a different
Impression on you. 28. The belief that ...... dead can return to
haunt and even hurt the living has long
A) so many/e ach been ...... element of fiction.
B) a lot of/all
C) too many/some A) a/the B) the/an D)
D) many more/every C) -/the a/an
E) plenty of/both E) the/the
ELS Q Si:
529
29. It Is difficult to decide which of those 36. Although as deputy chairman It was .....
language schools to attend, because ...... Job to argue In favour of the company's
have a good reputation, and ...... is policy, he realty didn't agree with it ......
cheaper than the other.
A) theirs/itself
A) all/either B) most/some B) him/the m
C) both/neither D) none/all C) mine /him
E) neither/one D) your/yourselves
E) his/himself
30. I have seen Monet's painting "Sunrise"
reproduced on cards and posters many 37. I can't stand just sitting here In the
times, but when I saw the painting .......I shade reading ...... day! Let's go
was astonished at .......beauty. somewhere.
A) myself/him C) B) him/his A) all C) B) some

his/itself D) himself/mine whole D) a few
E) itself/its E) much
31. Though there were about a dozen of us 38 ....... of my children Is very keen on their
with cameras and binoculars ........ of us school subjects. They are ...... more
actually managed to photograph the Interested In social or sporting activities.
whales.
A) Both/all B) Neither/both
B) neither C) Some/neither D) One/either
A) whoever C) anyone D) none
E) nobody E) All/none
32. There are ...... new films showing at the 39. A: Would you like your steak well-done or
new cinema complex, but ...... appeals to medium?
B:....... way is fine for me. I really don't
me. mind.
A) several/none C) B) both/either A) Both B) All
no/all D) few/neither C) None D) Neither
E) E) Either
much/one
40. hi the rehearsal process, the actor thinks
33. Today almost ...... places In the world are of ....... as the character ......... is to play.
connected to ...... by communications
networks. A) them/himself
B) it/itself
A) whole /the rest C) himself/he
B) all/one another D) him/his own
C) every/anywhere E) theirs /it
D) each/elsewhere
E) many/some whe re 41. My brother is earning quite a lot as a
stockbroker, but he says he can't do this
34. Fm really Interested In ........ archaeology. job for ....... another two years, since it's
Do you have ...... other books on the so stressful.
subject that I can borrow?
A)the/one B) the/some D) A) any more B) so long
C)-/any an/the C) longer than D) long enough
E) -/much E) the longest
35. There weren't ...... people to make up two 42 ........ research papers were due last week,
complete teams, so we played football but Jane still hasn't handed In ........yet.
with nine players on ...... side.
A) Theirs/it
A) any/all B) such/any D) B) Our/he rs
C) many/every enough/each C) Our own/he r
E) no/both D) Ourselves/its
E) Her/herself
518 G ELS
530
43. Nell doesn't resemble ....... of his parents 50. My brother, who has always been jealous
at all. He looks completely different than of....... is saving to buy a car just like
.....of them.
A) either/both B) ne ith e r/a n y A) me/mine B) mine/my D)
C) none/all D) a ny /so me C) my/me myself/I
E) bo th/e ithe r E) I/myself
44. From a young age, children should be 51. The Scandinavian countries are .....
allowed to make some of ...... decisions admired all over the world for their
for ..... so that they may grow up to be enlightened social policies.
self-confident.
A) too B) mu ch D)
A) the ms e lv es /the irs C) such
B) the ir/the ms e lves enough
C) the irs /itse lf E) either
D) it/them
E) its/himself 52. It is widely believed that, despite
disadvantages such as pollution and
45. With so many changes both in the town overcrowding, cities nonetheless provide
..... and in people's attitude in general, people with ...... opportunities than they
my hometown was ...... how I would have in the country.
remembered it.
A) the B) much more
A) its o wn /n o mo re least C) D )l e s s
B) its /a n y mo re E) a lot more
C) itse lf/n o long er
D) th e mse lves /a ny lon ge r 53. The exhibition received ...... of attention
E) of th eir o wn /s o me mo re in the press, for the paintings were by the
most famous artists of the 19th century.
46. I have decided to subscribe to that
magazine so that 111 be sure of receiving A) much more
..... edition as soon as it's published. B) a large number
C) a g oo d ma ny
A) all B) whole D) each D) a g reat dea l
C) both E) either E) the whole
47. Since you're the first person here, you 54. Advertisers discovered years ago that all
can choose....... of the rooms you want of us love to get ...... for......... so an
advertisement which begins with the
A) anywhere B) everywhere D) magic word "free" can rarely go
C) anyone wherever unnoticed.
E) whichever
A) everything/something
48 ........ problems arose during the B) n o th in g /a n y th in g
conference that by the end of it, the C) an y th in g /e v e ry th in g
organizers had exhausted ....... just trying D) n o th in g /n o th in g
to put them in order. E) so me th in g /n o th in g
A) Su c h a lo t /t h e m 55. Please concentrate on .......driving and
B) Th e mo s t/th e ir don't allow anything to distract ........
C) So ma n y /the mse lv es
D) Too much /they A) your/you B) yourself/me
E) Mu c h mo re /th e irs D) him/yours
C) mine/yourself
49. When the United States first invaded E) our/mine
Vietnam, few people expected........ a long,
drawn-out war. 56. Even if it Is a little more expensive, I
think we will go by train since we live
..... closer to the station.
A) very B) so D) A) enough B) too
C) much such C) so much
E) too D) the most
E) much more
ELS Q 519
531
57. If the English language had exactly 26 64. Through unwise investment, he lost .......
sounds, one for ...... letter of the that he had accumulated over the years.
alphabet, there would be ...... spelling B) whole D)
problems. A) all anything
C) whichever
A) more/many B) each/no E) each
C) all/fewer D) every/less
E) either/much 65. The hotel, which was at the top of a hill,
had fabulous views on ...... sides.
58. She had planned to read six books during A) each
her holiday, but having been tempted by B) all
C) every D) neither
her friends to go out frequently, she
couldn't finish ........ E) either
66. Don't forget to look in ...... directions
A) more than C) enough B) so much before crossing the road.
E) that D) plenty of
many A) every C) both B) most
E) either D) each
59. My son does not like to eat the peach
......but he likes ....... juice. 67. I believe that ...... person holding a
driving licence should have his driving
A) its/them B) itself/its ability retested once .......five years.
C) its own/its own D) himself/their
E) his own/itself A) every/every
B) any/all
C) all/eac h
60 ........ research needs to be done before the D) some/whole
product can be launched onto the E) each/several
market.
68. I must have looked very sad yesterday
A) B) A good many because, although there was ...... wrong,
Fewer C) D) More ..... kept asking me what the problem
Many E) Any more was.
61. My daughter can write with....... hands A) no one/something

equally well, but she usually prefers her B) nothing/everybody
left. Q nowhe re /some one
D) somebody/nobody
A) both E) any thing/no one
C) some B) neither D) all
E) either
69. A: Would you like us to order the hardback
62. Do not undervalue or others will do or the paperback version of that book,
Madam?
the same to ........ B:....... will be fine, but, as I need it for
my course, I would prefer whichever
A) him/he B) us/ours will arrive earlier.
C) yourself/you D) theirs/they
E) myself/mine B) Both
A) None C) Neither D) All
E) Either
63. It gets on my nerves that Jenny always
approves of what ..... say, as if she has 70. She was prepared to do the job for $200
no ideas of ........ per week, so she was pleasantly surprised
when they offered her twice ..........
A) anothe r/herse lf
B) wheneve r/hers A) so many B) many more D)
C) a nyone /he r C) enough as much
D) whoever/hers E) the most
E) othe rs/he r own
5XO Q ELS
532
71. Her background was nothing like ......... so C) My father always instructs me to
we found ........with very little to talk consider how people want to be
about. treated and behave accordingly.
D) I have always behaved towards people
A) my/us B) us/hers elf
C) mine/ourselves D) our/ours as I wish to be treated myself,
E) our own/myself because this is what my father taught
me.
72. Epic poetry has been used by peoples In E) It's my father's belief that you ought
..... parts of the world to transmit their to behave towards other people the
traditions from one generation to .......... way you want them to behave towards
you.
A) ever y/the other
B) a ll/another 77. The committee rejected his application for
C) ea ch/other a fund for his project on the grounds that
D) either/any other
his research wouldn't benefit people
E) whole/the others
much.
73. With.......place to expand but upwards,
Hong Kong has ...... of the world's tallest A) The committee considered his project
buildings, outside New York City. totally useless, particularly because
the majority of people wouldn't profit
A) no/some B) every/several from his research.
C) neither/a few D) each/many
B) As his research wouldn't help people
E) none/most in a practical way, it was not
surprising that the committee
74. I had wanted to go to Australia last declined his application.
summer, but the plane ticket was too C) The committee was not very interested
expensive, so I had to go ...... closer to in his project because they believed
home. his research had no scientific value.
A) D) He believes his project to be very
B) where else D)
whenever somewhere important, but the committee has
C) anything E) anyone decided that his research is only
useful to a few people.
75. If a runner does not pace himself and E) Stating that his research would be of
uses up ...... his energy in the early part little use to people, the committee
of a race, he will have....... left for the refused to provide him with a fund.
final sprint.
78. The museum is visited mainly by those
A) mos t/a n y who are interested in the Impressionist
B) more of/plenty painters.
C) a ll/none
D) half/a few A) Most of the visitors to the museum
E) any of/some
have an interest in artists from the
era of Impressionism.
B) The museum, which displays mainly
Impressionist art, attracts visitors
with a serious interest in art.
C) A lot of visitors to the museum who
76. My father says that you should treat are interested in Impressionism buy
people how you wish to be treated paintings.
yourself. D) The museum, which displays only
Impressionist paintings, receives lots
A) If you had listened to my father, you of visitors.
would always treat others with the
consideration you expect from them E) The museum, which attra cts large
towards yourself. numbers of visitors, has a particularly
B) My father told me that you deserved interesting display of Impressionist
to be treated how you had treated paintings.
others previously.
ELS Q 521
533
79. Some countries require tourists to receive 82. There was no occasion on which their son
certain vaccinations before entry, while called them and didn't request money.
others do not.
A) Their son rang them many times to
A) Vacc ina tions a re given to tou ris ts a t ask for money.
the bo rde r by s o me c oun tries, b ut no t
by all. B) Occasionally their son needed money
B) Many countries vaccinate tourists and so contacted them by telephone.
afte r they have entere d, whe reas C) Sometimes they rang their son in case
man y o the rs do n't. he needed money.
C) While many tou ris ts g et vacc ina ted D) Their son's requests for money were
upon en try to s o me c oun tries , ma ny always made by phone.
othe rs do no t. E) Whenever their son phoned them, he
D) Tourists need not be vaccinated to asked for money.
en te r ce rta in c ou n tries, bu t o th er
na tio ns ma y d e man d th is .
E) Othe r co un tries req uire vacc ina tio ns
83. It's nearly impossible to voice your
for tourists befo re they enter, but ours opinion on this matter without offending
doesn't. someone.
80. Though I had known about it well in A) You will most likely make someone
advance, I pretended to be surprised at upse t if yo u say wha t yo u th in k ab ou t
having a birthday party. this issue.
B) Wh ethe r y ou s ta te the m o r n ot, y ou r
A) Despite only pretending to be feelings on this sub ject are probab ly
surp ris ed a t the b irth day party , I had upsetting.
actually been co mp letely u nawa re of
C) The re's n o wa y tha t an y on e c an
it.
B) I was quite su rprised at their th rowing possibly be upset by your simply
me a b irthd ay p arty, th ou gh I co u ld saying wha t you th in k.
have found out about it well before. D) Though not everyone will be pleased
C) I acted surprised abou t being given a with wh a t y o u sa y , y o u s ho u ld s ay
b irthd ay pa rty , b u t I h ad k no wn wha t yo u th in k.
about it a long time before. E) It should be possible fo r you to solve
D) I k ne w a bo ut th e b irthda y pa rty a this pro ble m without mak ing everyone
long time before, yet I wasn't angry.
pretending when I ac ted surp rised.
E) Ev en th oug h the y ha d th ro wn me
birthday parties before, I was still 84. There are few truly natural places left In
quite su rp rised any way . the world, and most of them are
practically inaccessible.
81. Despite not being widely known In her
own tune, Jane Austen had a small band A) It's hardly possible to gain access to
of dedicated followers. most of the few re maining genuinely
na tu ral p lac es on th is p la ne t.
A) Even du ring he r o wn life time, Ja ne B) There's no way to ge t to most o f the
Aus ten had ga the red a s izeab le band wo rld's n a tu re s po ts , a n d so , the y
of devoted admirers.
re ma in a lmos t intac t.
B) Until a fter her dea th, no t many peop le
wh o read Jane Auste n's wo rk liked it. C) It's true th at th e n u mbe r of o ffic ial
C) Despite the quality o f he r work , Jane na tu re a re as is dec lin ing , bu t y ou c an
Aus ten didn't bec o me popu la r with visit them with some effort.
re ade rs un til a fte r h e r dea th. D) It isn't very p ractical to try to go to
D) A s mall devoted g roup ad mired Jane na tu ral p lac es a n y mo re as the re a re
Austen's wo rk, in spite of her simply too few left.
obscurity during her lifetime. E) Most of the world's easily accessible
E) Ev e r s ince h e r dea th, Ja ne Austen green places have already been badly
has had a s mall but ded ica ted circ le
of readers. spoilt.
5X2 Q ELS
534
85. I was hardly upset that she did not want 88. The only criticism I can put forward
to see me again since the feeling was about the film is that it could have been a
entirely mutual. little shorter.
A) Having once loved her, I found it hard A} The film is great, although some
to tell her that I no longer wished her people may find it a little too long.
to be part of my life. B) I'm sure the film will receive a lot of
B) I was glad when she broke off our criticism because of how long it lasts.
relationship, as I was thinking of C) Apart from the fact that it was a little
doing the same but finding it hard to too long, I can't say anything bad
tell her. about the film.
C) It was hard on me when she said she D) The film is a little boring because it is
never wanted to see me again, in spite too long; otherwise, it is worth seeing.
of our mutual affection. E) Even though it was such a long film, I
don't think it really deserves any
D) As I didn't want to see her any more
criticism.
than she wanted to see me, I didn't
mind much when she told me so. 89. Had it not been for the timely
E) Because of the feelings we had once intervention of a helpful passer-by, he
shared, I was terribly upset to hear would have been robbed of all his money.
that she no longer wished to see me.
A) He was save d fro m hav ing all his
86. I have visited almost all of the countries mon ey s to le n whe n a pe rs on who
In Europe, and Portugal Is my favourite. happened to be go ing by inte rvened
just in time.
A) Portugal is the country that I have B) A helpful passe r-by in te rvene d jus t
always wanted to see most in Europe. whe n a thie f was try in g to ro b h im o f
B) Having visited practically every all h is mo ney , b ut he fa ile d to sto p
country in Europe, I find that Portugal him.
is the one I enjoy most. C) Had it not been for so meone who g ot
C) Although there are few countries that in the way while trying to be helpful,
I have not visited in Europe, Portugal he wou ld have recove re d h is money .
is one of them. D) All his money was sto len by a passer
D) I have visited many countries, but I by, who p rete nded to be he lp ing h im.
have enjoyed few as much as the E) The burg lar wou ld have go t a way with
European country of Portugal. all h is mo ne y if the re ha d no t b een a
E) I feel that Portugal is the most time ly kn ock on the do or by a helpful
interesting country in Europe. neighbour.
87. Any cough that persists for more than a 90. The part of the day when one person
week should be looked at by a doctor. works most effectively may not be the
same for another.
A) Some coughs may continue for weeks,
whe the r or n ot a d octor is seen . A) Nobody can possibly work very
effectively throughout the day.
B) If yo u have a weak cough, you
B) The time of day wh ich is best fo r
probably don't really need to visit a
working varies from individual to
doctor. individual.
C) You ought to see a doctor if you have C) You may be able to work efficiently at
a c ou gh tha t d oes n' t s top with in a any time o f day, but no t everybody is
week. so.
D) Cou ghs tha t have las ted for mo re D) It is important to d iscover at wha t
th an a wee k ma y be a n un de rly ing time o f day you can wo rk most
sympto m of a mo re serious condition. effectively.
E) You don't have to go to a doctor if you E) People who do their best wo rk in the
think you r cough will stop within the mo rning a lso tend to do well at othe r
week. times.
ELS Q 523
535
91-100» sorutoî^ ^ cümleye anlamca B) Tıp alanındaki gelişmeler,
eti yakın Türkçe cümleyib yaşlanmanın getirdiği sorunlardan
bazılarının geciktirilebileceğini
91. Besides being a sport In Itself, hiking is göstermektedir.
basic to several sporting activities, such C) Tıp yaşlanmayı durduracak kesin bir
as mountaineering and hunting. çözüm bulamamıştır, ama en azından,
geciktirmeyi başarmıştır.
A) Avcılık ve dağcılığın temelini D) Yaşlılığın getirdiği bazı tıbbi sorunlara
oluşturan hiking, aslında kendisi de karşı büyük ilerlemelerin olduğu
bir spor dalıdır. gözlenmektedir.
B) Hiking, kendisi de bir spor olmasına E) Tıp alanındaki bunca ilerlemeye
rağmen, daha çok dağcılık ve avcılık rağmen yaşlılıkta hala pek çok
gibi sportif etkinliklerin temelim sorunla karşılaşılmaktadır.
oluşturur.
C) Dağcılık ve avcılık gibi bazı sportif 94. It's an undeniable fact that the gap
etkinlikler için temel olan hiking, between the rich and the poor In our
bunun yanı sıra kendisi de bir spor country is becoming wider.
dalıdır.
D) Kendisi de bir spor olmasının yanı A) Şu bir gerçek ki, ülkemizde yoksullar
sıra hiking, dağcılık ve avcılık gibi bazı giderek daha çok yoksullaşmakta,
sportif etkinlikler için de temeldir. zenginler ise daha da
E) Hiking, kendisi de bir spor olsa da, zenginleşmektedir. .
esas olarak dağcılık ve avcılık gibi bazı B) Ülkemizde zenginlerle yoksullar
sportif etkinliklerin temelidir.
arasındaki uçurumun gide rek
92. No library, no matter how large, can büyüdüğünü herkes ka bul
possess every book, so libraries, through etmektedir.
borrowing and lending, share materials C) Ülkemizde zenginlerle yoksullar
with one another. arasında çok büyük bir uçurum
olduğu çok iyi bilinmektedir.
A) Ne k a da r b üy ü k o lu rs a o ls un b ir D) Ne yazık ki ülkemiz zenginleri,
k ü tü p h a n e n i n b ü t ü n k ita p la ra s a h ip yoksulların giderek daha da
olmas ı mü mkün o lmad ığ ı için, yoksullaştıkları gerçeğini inkar
kü tü pha ne le r mate rya l ö dü nç a lma ve ediyorlar.
verme yöntemini geliştirmişlerdir. E) Ülkemizde zenginlerle yoksullar
B) Kü tüp hane ler, ödü nç a lma ve verme arasındaki uçurumun gide rek
yöntemiyle materyalleri paylaşırlar, derinleştiği inkar edilemez bir
çün kü ç ok b üy ük b ile ols a b ir gerçektir.
k ü tü p ha n e n in b ü tü n k ita p la ra sa h ip
olması imkansızdır. 95. Adolescents are taught to be honest In
C) Ne k a da r b üy ü k o lu rs a o ls un h iç b ir their relations with other people, yet they
kü tü ph a ne he r k ita b a sa h ip o la maz ; often see deceit In adult relationships.
bu y üz de n kü tü ph a ne le r, ö d ün ç a lma
ve verme yoluyla, materyalleri A) Genç le re diğ er insanlarla ola n
paylaşırlar. ilişkilerinde dürüst olmala rı ge rektiği
D) En b ü y ü k k ü tü p ha n e le r b ile h e r öğretilirken, on lar ye tişkinle rin
kita ba sa hip o la may aca ğınd an , ilişkilerinde aldatmacayla tanışıyorlar.
kü tü pha ne le r k en di a rala rınd a öd ün ç B) Genç le re diğ er insanlarla ola n
kitap alıp vere rek mate ryalle ri ilişkile rinde dü rüs t o lma la rı
paylaşırlar. öğretiliyor, ama onlar yetişkinlerin
E) Kü tüp hane lerin öd ünç alma ve ve rme ilişkilerinde çoğunluk la aldatmaca
yoluyla materyallerini paylaşmalarının görüyorlar.
nedeni, çok büyü k bile olsa hiçb ir C) Yetişkinlerin ilişkilerinde aldatmaca
k ü tü p h a n e n i n b ü t ü n k ita p la ra s a h ip görme le rine rağ men genç ler, kend i
olamayacağıdır. ilişkile rinde dü rüs t o lmay ı
öğreniyorlar.
93. Progress In the area of medicine Indicates D) Yetişkinlerin ilişkilerinde gördükleri
that some of the problems produced by alda tma cay a rağ men g enç le r, d iğe r
aging can be delayed. ins an la rla o la n iliş kile rinde dü rüst
A) Yaşlanmayı durdurmak tıbben olmaya zorlanıyorlar.
mümkün olmasa da, onun getirdiği E) Yetişkinler kendi ilişkilerinde
sorunlardan bazılarını geciktirme yaşa dık la rı alda tmaca ya rağ me n
konusunda ilerleme kaydedilmiştir. gençle re , d iğe r insa nla rla o lan
ilişkile rinde dü rüs t o lmay ı
öğütlüyorlar.
524 Q ELS
536
96. The science of psychology has come a C) Çok az insanın severek yediği
long way since the days when severe karnabahar aslında çok yararlı bir
mental Illnesses were hidden from sebzedir.
society. D) Pek çok insan karnabaharın
yararlarını bildiği halde bu sebzeyi
A) Psikoloji bilimi, ağır akıl hastalarının çok az yemektedir.
toplumdan gizlendiği günlerde E) Karnabaharın çok besleyici bir sebze
gelişmeye başlamıştır. olduğu bilindiği halde, çok az insan
B) Psikoloji bilimi, ağır akıl onu severek yer.
hastalıklarının toplumdan
gizlenmesine rağmen büyük gelişme 99. As even the skilled workers are being
göstermiştir. made redundant in this economic crisis,
C) Eskiden ağır akıl hastalıklarının it seems really hopeless for the unskilled
to find employment.
toplumdan gizlenmesine rağmen
psikoloji bilimi ilerleme kaydetmiştir.
A) Bu ekonomik kriz sadece vasıfsız
D) Psikoloji bilimi, ağır akıl
işçilerin değil vasıflı olanların da iş
hastalıklarının toplumdan gizlendiği
bulma ümidini hemen hemen ortadan
günlerden bu yana çok yol kaldırmıştır.
katetmiştir. B) Bu ekonomik krizde vasıflı işçilerin
E) Ağır akıl hastalarının toplumdan bile iş bulması zorken vasıfsız olanlar
dışlandığı günlerden bu yana psikoloji için durum gerçekten çok
bilimi çok büyük değişime uğramıştır. umutsuzdur.
C) Bu ekonomik krizde vasıflı işçiler bile
97. A certain amount of the total sum should işten çıkarılırken vasıfsız olanların iş
be paid when the initial application is bulması gerçekten ümitsiz görünüyor.
made. D) Bazıları bu ekonomik krizi, vasıflı
işçileri işten çıkarıp yerlerine daha
A) İlk başvuru yapıldığında, toplam ucuz olan vasıfsız işçiler alarak
miktarın belli bir bölümünün aşmaya çalışıyorlar.
ödenmesi gerekmektedir. E) Görünen o ki, bu ekonomik kriz
B) Başvuru sırasında, toplam miktarın vasıfsız işçilerin iş bulmasını imkansız
bir bölümünü ödemeniz gerekir. kılarken vasıflı olanları da işlerini
C) Toplam miktarın önemli bir kaybetme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya
bölümünün başvurudan hemen sonra bırakmıştır.
ödenmesi gerekir.
D) Başvurudan önce, toplam ödemenin 100. The most important feature you must
belli bir miktarını yatırmanız possess In order to succeed in anything is
gerekecek. perseverance.
E) Başvuru için öncelikle, önemli bir
A) Azimli olamadığınız sürece hiçbir
miktar ödeme yapılması gerekir.
şeyde önemli bir basan elde
edemezsiniz.
98. Although the cauliflower is known to be a B) Azimle çabalamadıkça herhangi bir
very nutritious vegetable, few people eat it şeyde başarılı olmayı bekleyemezsiniz.
with pleasure. C) Hangi alanda olursa olsun, başarmak
için mutlaka azimli olmanız gerekir.
A) Bazı insanlar karnabaharı, sevdikleri D) Herhangi bir şeyde başarılı olmak için
için değil besleyici bir sebze olduğu sahip olmanız gereken en önemli
için yer. özellik azimdir.
B) Ne kadar besleyici bir sebze olduğunu E) Azim, herhangi bir alanda başarıyı
bilselerdi, herhalde çok az insan yakalamak için gerekli olan en önemli
karnabahar yemeyi reddederdi. özelliktir.
ELS Q 525
537
C) The same unit of currency is now
being shared by several countries,
CUUucyj. uOlUj.li. which had never been seen in history
before the Euro was introduced.
101. 1996'da bilim adamları, dünyanın D) Since the historic moment of the
çekirdeğinin kendisinden daha hızlı introduction of the Euro, several
döndüğünü gösteren kanıtlar bulduklarını countries have been using the same
duyurdular. unit of currency.
A) According to evidence discovered by E) The introduction of the Euro is a
scientists, the Earth's inner core spun historic event because it is the first
faster than the Earth itself in 1996. time that several countries have
B) In 1996, scientists announced that shared the same unit of currency.
they had discovered evidence
indicating that the Earth's inner core 104. Yardım kuruluşu, kendisine bağışlanan
was spinning faster than the Earth tüm paranın üçte ikisini, kendi yönetimi
itself. için harcamaktadır.
C) It was announced that in 1996
scientists had found evidence that A) The ch a rity sp en d s th re e times as
showed the Earth itself spins faster mu ch o n in te rn a l a d min is tra tio n as it
than its inner core.
D) In 1996, a scientist announced that does on the ne edy .
he had uncovered evidence that the B) Two -th irds of the money donated to
Earth's core was spinning faster than the c ha rity is s pe n t o n in te rna l
the Earth itself. admin is tratio n.
E) A 1996 announcement by scientists C) The charity spends two-thirds o f a ll
confirms that the core of the Earth is th e mo ne y do na te d to it on its o wn
spinning faster than the planet itself. admin is tratio n.
D) Th ree q ua rte rs o f the mon ey d on a ted
102. İngiltere'de parfüm satışları, Noel'den to the c ha rity mee ts the ex penses fo r
önceki alü hafta içinde yıllık toplam its o wn ad min is tratio n.
miktarm neredeyse yansını bulmaktadır. E) It cos ts two-th irds o f the mo ney
A) Perfume sales in England in the six rece ived in don ations to ad min iste r
weeks before Christmas amount to the charity's services.
almost half of the yearly total.
B) More than half of the perfume 105. Acemi sürücülerin ilk kazalarını
purchases in England are made in the genellikle, kendilerine olan aşın güven
six weeks before Christmas. yüzünden yapüklan söylenir.
C) Nearly half of the people who buy
perfume in England do so in the six A) Inexperienced d rive rs often do n't have
weeks leading up to Christmas. enoug h co n fidence in the mse lv es,
D) Almost half the perfume sold in wh ich ca n res u lt in the ir firs t
England is sold in the six weeks accident.
leading up to Christmas. B) Usually it is the overconfidence they
E) Perfume sales in England are
concentrated in the weeks around h a v e in th e ms e lv e s th a t c a u s es
Christmas time, which amounts to inex pe rie nced d rive rs to hav e the ir
nearly half the yearly total. first accidents.
C) It is believed that lack of experience,
103. Euro'nun kullanıma girmesiyle birlikte, combined with overco nfidence in
tarihte ilk kez, birkaç ülke ortak bir para themselves, very often leads drivers to
birimi kullanmaya başladı. hav e an a cc id en t.
D) Inexperienced d rive rs often say that it
^ With the introduction of the Euro, for was the ir lack o f con fidence in
the first time in history, several the mse lves tha t led to the ir fi rs t
countries began to use one common accident.
unit of currency. E) It's sa id that inex pe rie nced d rive rs
B) Before the introduction of the Euro, usually ha ve the ir first acc ide nts du e
never before in history had several to the overcon fidence they have in
countries shared the same unit of
currency. themselves.
526 D ELS
538
106. Kendilerini nehir ya da okyanuslar B) By using colloquial language in his
kadar hızlı bir biçimde temizleyemedikleri books with great mastery, Mark Twain
için göller kirliliğe karşı özellikle created a unique style in American
savunmasızdırlar. literature.
C) Mark Twain, who encouraged the
A} Unlike rivers or oceans, which can creation of a typical American
cleanse themselves quickly, lakes are literature, was a master of employing
more or less defenseless against colloquial language in his books.
contamination. D) Mark Twain, who was a master of
B) Defenseless against pollution, lakes using colloquial language in his
are more prone to contamination than books, created a style typical of him
rivers or oceans, which can cleanse in American literature.
themselves more rapidly. E) Using colloquial language in his books
C) Lakes, which cannot cleanse with great mastery gained Mark Twain
themselves in the same way that a distinctive place in American
rivers or oceans can, are particularly literature.
susceptible to pollution.
D) Because lakes are defenseless against 109. Sihirbazların, Melerini gerçekleştirme
pollution, they become unclean more lerine yardımcı olmak için tasarlanmış
rapidly than rivers or oceans, which pek çok alet vardır.
are self-cleaning.
E) Since they cannot cleanse themselves A) Magicians have specially designed
as rapidly as rivers or oceans, lakes equipment to help them perform their
are especially defenseless against tricks.
pollution. B) Magicians use a great deal of
equipment to be able to perform their
107. Sıcak yaz günlerinde, yolun her iki tricks.
tarafındaki uzun ağaçlar, yürüyüşçüler C) A great amount of equipment has
için serin bir ortam oluşturuyor. been designed to assist magicians in
performing their tricks.
D) Magicians have at their command lots
A) The road bordered with tall trees
of equipment designed exclusively for
along both sides is used by walkers
their performances.
on hot summer days because of the
E) There is a great amount of equipment
cool environment. designed to help magicians perform
B) On hot summer days, the tall trees their tricks.
along both sides of the road provide a
cool environment for walkers. 110. Atalarının hemen hepsi çiftçi ya da
C) During the hot days of summer, the çoban olan Azerbaycanlıların bugün
tall trees of the avenue provide a cool, yandan fazlası şehirlerde yaşamaktadır.
shady walk.
D) The cool environment there, which A) By tradition, Azerbaijanis are farmers
walkers take advantage of on summer and herders, although today over half
days, is created by the tall trees which of them live in cities.
line the road. B) Nearly all Azerbaijanis used to be
E) On hot summer days, walkers cool farmers or herders, but today the
down under the tall trees along each majority of the people live in cities.
side of the road. C) More than half of the Azerbaijanis,
almost all of whose ancestors used to
108. Kitaplarında gündelik dill kullanma be farmers or herders, live in cities
konusunda usta olan Mark Twain, today.
Amerikan edebiyatında kendine özgü bir D) The Azerbaijanis are farmers and
tarz yaratmışür. herders by tradition, with less than
half of the population living in cities.
A) Mark Twain created his own style in E) The ancestors of the Azerbaijanis used
American literature through his skilful to be farmers or herders, although
use of colloquial language in his more than half of the population lives
books. in cities today.
ELS Q 527
539
UNIT 10
Conjunctions and Transitions
INTRODUCTION
Conjunctions (bağlaçlar), aynı gramer yapıya sahip (iki isim, iki sıfat, iki zarfgibfl sözcük ya da
sözcük öbeklerini ve cümleleri bağlayan sözcüklerdir. Bunlar so, and, once gibi tek bir
sözcükten oluşabilir ya da in order that, so that, as long as gibi bir sözcük öbeği de olabilirler.
Although she studied hard, she couldn't pass the exam.
Transitions ya da connectors diye isimlendirilen however, therefore, nevertheless gibi sözcükler
ise sadece iki cümleyi bağlayan, bir düşünceden diğer bir düşünceye geçişi sağlayan cümle
bağlaçlarıdır.
She studied hard; nevertheless, she couldn't pass the exam.
Bağlaçları üç grupta inceleyebiliriz:

1. Coordinating conjunctions
2. Correlative conjunctions
3. Subordinating conjunctions
10-1 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Bu bağlaçlar şunlardır: and, or, but, nor, so, for, yet
a) AND, OR, BUT, YET

' • "*»"*-
Bu bağlaçlar sözcükleri ya da cümleleri bağlamak için kullanılır.
"And" aynı doğrultuda anlama sahip sözcükleri birleştirir (her ikisi de olumlu ya da her ikisi de
olumsuz): beautiful and clever, sunny and warm, crowded and noisy, etc.
"But" ve "yet" "fakat, ama" anlamına gelir ve zıtlık vurgulayan, çelişen sözcükleri birleştirir:
beautiful but/yet stupid, cheap but/yet good, warm but/yet windy, etc.
528 Q ELS
540
"Or" seçenek sunarken "ya da" anlamında kullanılır: sooner or later, my parents or my sister, etc.
noun + and/but/or + noun
Bu kullanımda but' tan sonra gelen bölüm, özellikle uzun bir sözcük öbeği ise, genellikle virgülle
cümlenin devamından ayrılır.
The dog, but not the cat, is known to HP faithful.
The president, but not the woman he married, is quite a conservative person.
Cats and dogs don't get along well.
A toy or a game makes a good present for children.
adjective/adverb + and/but/yet/or + adjective/adverb
He drove the car slowly and carefully. He drove the car fast but/yet carefully. He
is sleepy or bored.
infinitive/gerund + and/but/or + infinitive/gerund
I'd like to watch TV or (to) listen to some music. I've decided to quit school and
(to) find a job. I like walking but not running.
verb + and/but/yet/or + verb
Aynı özne birden fazla eylem gerçekleştiriyorsa, bu eylemleri, özneyi yinelemeden, bağlaçları
kullanarak birleştirebiliriz. Eğer bağlaçtan sonraki eylemin yardımcı fiili ilk eyleminkiyle aynı ise
yardımcı fiili tekrar kullanmayabiliriz. Ancak yardımcı fiil değişiyorsa kullanmak zorundayız.
She opened her purse, took out some change and paid for the ticket.
She has a lot of qualifications and is very talented.
I looked everywhere for my glasses but couldn't find them.
She knows a lot about the job but isn't very keen to work.
She will stay in a dormitory or rent a house with friends.
b) And, but, yet (fakat), or, nor, so (bu yüzden) ve for (çünkü) iki bağımsız cümleyi
bağlayabilir.
İki tam cümleyi araya virgül koyarak arka arkaya ifade etmek mümkün değildir. Ancak birinci
cümleyi noktalayıp ikinci cümleye geçebiliriz ya da arada bjr bağlaç kullanırız. Bu bağlaçlar
ikinci cümlenin başına gelir ve genellikle kendilerinden önce virgül kullanılır.
And, but ve ör büyük harfle cümle başlatabilir. Bu durumda yine kendinden önceki cümleyle
bağlantılıdır. Ancak bu kullanım formal English'de pek tercih edilmemektedir.
The children were playing. The parents were chatting. The children were
playing and the parents were chatting. The children were playing, and the
parents were chatting. The children were playing. And the parents were
chatting.
Yet, so ve for bağlaç olarak kullanıldıklarında kendilerinden önce virgül gelir.
She didn't feel well, so she didn't go to work. (Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu, bu
yüzden işe gitmedi.)
She didn't go to work, for she didn't feel well. (İşe gitmedi çünkü kendini iyi
hissetmiyordu.)
She didn't feel well, yet she still went to work. (Kendini iyi hissetmiyordu, ama
yine de işe gitti.)
ELS Q 529
541
Nor bu şekilde bağlaç olarak kullanıldığında birinci cümle olumsuz olur ya da refuse, deny
gibi olumsuz anlama sahip bir fiil içerir. Nor'un bağlı bulunduğu ikinci cümle ise devrik olur.
Cümleyi devrik yapmak için yardımcı fiil + özne + yüklem dizimi kullanılır.
He doesn't like meat, nor does he like fish. (Eti sevmediği gibi, balığı da
sevmez.)
She herself didn't watch the film, nor did she let us watch it. (Fifmi kendisi
izlemediği gibi, bizim izlememize de izin vermedi.)
He refuses to take exercise, nor does he try to eat less. (Egzersiz yapmayı
reddettiği gibi, az yemeye de çalışmıyor.)
10-2 CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Bu gruptaki bağlaçlar ikili olarak kullanılır: both... and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but
also.
Bu bağlaçlar iki özne, nesne, sıfat, zarf ve fiili, sözcük öbeğini (phrase) ya da cümleciği (dause)
bağlayabilir.
İki ayrı cümleyi bağlaçlı tek bir cümleye dönüştürürken dikkat etmemiz gereken noktalar
şunlardır:
a) Önce cümlelerin ortak ve farklı olan öğeleri belirlenir. Farklı olan öğelerden birinin
başına bağlacın birinci bölümü, diğerinin başına ikinci bölümü getirilir.
Ali will come with us. Ayşe will come with us.
v
Yukarıdaki örnekte farklı olan öğeler öznelerdir. Bu durumda kullanacağımız bağlaç bu iki
sözcüğü birleştirecektir.
Both Ali and Ayşe will come with us.
ATot only Ali but also Ayşe will come with us.
She is beautiful. She is clever. She is both beautiful and clever.
She isn't tall. She isn't short. : ;;,••
She is neither tall nor short.
b) Bağlaçla elde ettiğimiz yapının cümle içindeki yeri bağladığı öğenin yeriyle aynıdır. Yan
iki özneyi bağladıysa cümlenin başında, iki nesneyi bağladıysa yüklemden sonra yer
alır.
All will help me, or Ayşe will help me. (subject + subject) Either Ali or Ayşe
will help me.
I didn't buy a shirt. I didn't buy a sldrt. (object + object) I bought neither a
shirt nor a skirt.
The film was too long. The film was boring, (adj. + adj.) The film was both too
long and boring.
She wants to learn whether tiiejob is well-paid.
She wants to learn whether she will have any opportunity for promotion.
(noun cJause + noun clause)
She wants to learn not only whether the job is well-paid but also whether sr
will have any opportunity for promotion.
542
c) Both ... and iki özneyi bağlıyorsa fiil daima çoğuldur. Diğer bağlaçlarla yükleme yakın
olan özne, yani ikinci özne temel alınır. Eğer ikinci özne tekilse tekil bir fiil, çoğulsa
çoğul bir fiil kullanılır.
Both my parents and my sister are coming tomorrow. Both Ali and Ayşe were
absent from class yesterday.
Not only my parents but also my sister 1& coming tomorrow. Not only my sister
but also nay parents are coming tomorrow. Not only Ali but also Ayşe was absent
from class yesterday.
Neither the manager nor my colleagues approve of the plan. Neither my
colleagues nor the manager approves of the plan.
Either the teacher or the students have made a mistake. Either the students or
the teacher has made a mistake.
d) Both ... and Türkçe'ye hem ... hem de biçiminde çevrilir ve olumlu cümlelerde
kullanılır.
Both the driver and the passengers were badly injured. (Hem sürücü hem de
yolcular ağır yaralandı.)
Yesterday I both visited an art exhibition and went to the cinema. (Dün hem bir
resim sergisini gezdim hem de sinemaya gittim.)
Not only ... but also da olumlu cümlelerle kullanılır. Both ... and den daha vurgulu bir ifadedir.
Not only the driver but also the passengers were injured. (Sadece sürücü değil
yolcular da yaralandı.)
l not onfy visited an art exhibition but also went to the cinema. (Sadece bir
resim sergisini gezmekle kalmadım, sinemaya da gittim.)
Neither ... nor Türkçe'ye ne ... ne de biçiminde çevrilir. Kendisi olumsuz bir yapı olduğu için
olumlu fiille kullanılır, ancak cümlenin anlamı olumsuzdur.
Ali doesn't like fish. Ayşe doesn't like fish.
Neither Ali nor Ayşe likes fish. (Ne Ali ne de Ayşe balığı sever.)
She didn't study. She didn't watch TV.
She neither studied nor watched TV. (Ne ders çalıştı ne de televizyon izledi.)
Either ... or, ya ...ya da anlamındadır. Genellikle olumlu cümlede kullanılır. Olumsuz cümlede
kullanıldığı zaman neither ... nor ile aynı anlamı verir, ama bu kullanım çok yaygın değildir.
Olumsuz cümlede either kullanmadan sadece "ör" kullanmak daha yaygındır.
Either my sister or my friend must have taken my book. (Kitabımı ya kardeşim
ya da arkadaşım almış olmalı.)
She has either fallen asleep or gone somewhere. (Ya uyuyakaldı ya da bir yere
gitti.)
She has been paralyzed since that shocking incident.
She can't (either) speak or walk. (She can neither speak nor walk.)
(Ne konuşabiliyor ne de yürüyebiliyor.)
ELS Q 531
543
e) Not only ... but also iki cümleyi bağlıyorsa, not only'nin bağlı bulunduğu cümle devrik,
ikinci cümle düz olur.
The hotel was marvellous. The hotel was cheap.
The hotel was not only marvellous but also cheap.
Not only was the hotel marvellous, but it was also cheap.
Not only ... but also iki cümleyi bağlarken, ikinci cümlenin de kendi öznesi ve yüklemi olmak
zorundadır. Bu durumda also cümle içindeki normal yerinde kullanılır. Not only ... but also
kalıbı also kaldırılarak da kullanılabilir.
He shouted at the child. He also hit him.
He not only shouted at the child but also hit him.
Not only did he shout at the child, but he (also) hit him. (Çocuğa sadece
bağırmakla kalmadı, onu dövdü de.)
Pollution does harm to people today. It also endangers the survival of human
beings in the future.
Pollution not only does harm to people today but also endangers the survival
of human beings in the future.
Not only does pollution do harm to people today, but it (a/so) endangers the
survival of human beings in the future.
NOT€ ......................................................................................................,
Not only ... but also iki özneyi bağlarken de cümlenin başında yer alır. Ancak
bu durumda cümle devrik olmaz.
Not only humans but also other living things are gravely affected by pollution.
EXERCISE 1: Combine the following sentences using the correlative conjunctions. Use
both ... and.
1. The country has been suffering from political unrest. The country has been
suffering from an economic crisis, too.
2. Body sprays are effective against mosquitoes. Electrical devices are effective against
mosquitoes as well.
3. Leonardo da Vinci lived during the Italian Renaissance, a period known for its
creative activity. Michelangelo lived during the Italian Renaissance, too.
4. The building we choose for our cafe must be close to the shopping area. It must
also be reasonably priced.
Use not only... but also.

5. Cutting down large areas of tropical rain forest destroys the habitat of wild animals.
It also destroys the homeland of native Indian tribes.
6. Honey is delicious on its own. It is also delicious when added to puddings.
532 Q ELS
544
7. The protection of the environment is essential for people today. The protection of
the environment is also essential for future generations.
8. She inherited a vast fortune upon her father's death. She also became the sole
authority to run her father's companies upon his death.
Use neither... nor.

9. She wasn't efficient enough to take charge of the office. She wasn't keen enough to
take charge of the office either.
10. The solution didn't satisfy the management. The solution didn't satisfy the union.
11. The actors weren't good enough to hold the audience's attention. The play itself
wasn't good enough to hold the audience's attention either.
12. This football player doesn't panic under pressure; nor does he argue with the
referee.
Use either... or.

13. The manager must employ a new assistant, or he must train one of the existing
staff for the position.
14. I will lend you my car for the day, or I will drive you to the conference myself.
15. I'll meet you at the airport myself, or I'll send someone, if I can't make it.
16. I might have left my umbrella at work, or I might have left it on the bus.
EXERCISE 2u Choose the correct one in parentheses.

1. Not only the young but also the old (was/were) interested in the fashion show.
2. Both developed and developing countries (have/has) some common problems.
3. Either one of the members or the chairman (is/are) going to declare the items of the
agenda.
4. Both skill and patience (is/are) needed for good teaching.
5. Not only smoking but also drinking alcohol (is/are) claimed to cause cancer.
6. Either the ignorance or the carelessness of parents (causes/cause) a good many
household accidents to children.
7. Neither diseases nor natural disasters (does/do) as much harm to man as man does
to himself.
8. Not only his parents but also his brother (is/are) sure of his success.
9. Not only his brother but also his parents (is/are) sure that he will succeed.
10. Not only his sister but also his brother (knows/know) that he is capable of doing
better work.
11. Neither the passengers nor the driver (was/were) injured in the accident.
12. Neither the driver nor the passengers really (knows/know] how the accident
happened.
13. Not only the painting but also the sketches (was/were) bought by an unknown
dealer at the auction.
14. Either you or someone else from the department (is/are) going to have to attend the
meeting to represent the company.
15. Both great courage and patience (has/have) helped Michael achieve his aims so far
in life.
ELS Q 533
545
10-3 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bir yan cümleyi temel cümleye bağlayan when, before, because, although gibi sözcükler
subordinating conjunctions diye isimlendirilir. Bağlacın bulunduğu cümle (adverbial clause]
temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir. Adverbial clause temel cümlenin önünde yer alırsa
iki cümle arasında virgül kullanılır. Temel cümleden sonra geliyorsa genellikle virgül
kullanılmaz.
Although it was raining, she went out for a walk. She went out for a walk
although it was raining.
Because she was tired, she went straight to bed. She went straight to bed
because she was tired.
After she (had) made a phone call, she left home. She left home after she (had)
made a phone call.
If she were a bit more reasonable, she wouldn't be in this mess. She wouldn't
be in this mess If she were a bit more reasonable.
Bu bağlaçları, cümleler arasında kurduğu ilişki bakımından gruplandırarak şöyle sıralayabiliriz:
Time after, before, by the time (that), until, till, since, as long as/so long as*, while,
as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, immediately, the moment, now (that)
Place where, wherever, as far as
Manner as, as if, as though, how
Cause because, as, since, seeing that, seeing as, for, as/so long as, inasmuch as
Purpose so that/in order that, for the purpose that, for fear that, lest
Concession although, though, even though, while, whereas, much as, and Contrast
however + adj./adv., no matter + question word
Condition if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), provided (that),
in case, as/so long as, suppose (that), supposing (that), assuming (that)
Result so + adj./adv. that, such (a/an) + adj. + noun + that
""So long as" in bir zaman bağlacı olarak kullanımı çok yaygın değildir. Bu anlamda daha çok "as long as"
kullanılır.
10-4 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME after

After I finish/have finished this report, I will go out for lunch. After I
finished/had finished the report, I went out for lunch.
before
Before I go out for lunch, I will finish this report.
Before I went out for lunch, I finished/had finished the report.
534 Q ELS
546
when
When I got home, they were eating dinner.
When I got home, they ate dinner.
When I got home, they had eaten dinner.
When I get home, they will be eating dinner.
When I get home, they will eat dinner.
When I get home, they will have eaten dinner.
When I finish/have finished this report, I will go out for lunch.
When I finished/had finished the report, I went out for lunch.
When I see him tomorrow, I will give him your message.
When I saw him yesterday, I gave him your message.
while, as
While/As I was walking up the street, I ran into an old friend. While/As I was
taking the cake out of the oven, I burnt myself. While/As I cooked dinner, my
son sat in the kitchen and watched me. My friend looked after my plants while I
was on holiday. My friend will look after my plants while I am on holiday. They
were playing cards while I was working hard on my thesis.
by the time
By the time he comes back, we will have finished our work. By the time he
comes back, it will be too late. By the time he came back, we had finished our
work. By the time he came back, it was too late.
until, till
She will wait for me until/till I finish/have finished my work. She waited for me
until/till I finished/had finished my work. I had never heard of that author
until/till you told me about her.
since
I am very happy to see him. We haven't seen each other since we left school. I
was very happy to see him, because we hadn't seen each other since we left
school.
as soon as, once, the moment, Immediately
As soon as/Once/The moment/Immediately I saw him, I understood that
something was wrong.
As soon as I finished/had finished my work, I went out.
As soon as I finish/have finished my work, I will go out.
as long as (so long as)

I won't forgive him as long as/so long as I live.
I never bought anything from that shop as long as/so long as I lived there.
whenever, every time

I greet him wfaenever/eveiy time I see him.
I greeted (used to greet) him whenever/every tune I saw him.
ELS a 535
547
the first time, the second time, the next time, the last time, etc.
The Ûrst time I went to Ankara, I stayed at a three-star hotel. The next time I
go there, I won't stay at the same hotel. The last time I went there, I visited
many friends. The last time I saw him, he was working for a computing firm.
now (that)
Now that we have finished our work, we can go out for a walk. Now that
school is over, he can start to look for a job.
no sooner ... than, hardly/scarcely/barely ... when
I had no sooner received his letter than he himself arrived.
I had scarcety/hardfy received his letter when he himself arrived.
NOTES:
a) Zaman bağlaçları, eylemler arasında zaman açısından ilişki kurduğu için iki cümle
arasında tense uyuşması olmak zorundadır. (Yukarıda verilen örnekleri dikkatle
inceleyiniz.)
b) Zaman bağlacının bulunduğu cümlede (adverbial clause) Future tense (be going to,
will} kullanılmaz. Eylem gelecekte yapılacak bile olsa, Simple Present tense (do/does)
ya da eylemin gelecekte tamamlanmış olacağını vurgulamak için Present Perfect tense
(have/has done) kullanılır.
Bir zaman bağlacı olarak when için de bu kural geçerlidir. Ancak when bir noun clause ya da
relative clause ile kullanıldığında, bağlı bulunduğu cümlenin tense'i Future tense olabilir. Ya
da temel cümle ile tense uyuşması olmayabilir.
When he came, I was studying, (adverbial clause of time) When he comes, we
will study together.
I don't know when he will come, (noun clause) I don't know when he came.
Do you remember the day when the meeting will be held? (relative clause) Do
you remember the day when the meeting was held? (relative clause)
c) Now (that) past tense'lerle kullanılmaz. Now (that) in bağlı bulunduğu cümlede Simple
Present ya da Present Perfect tense kullanılır.
Now that you are eighteen, you can get a driving licence. Now that we have
finished our work, we can drink coffee.
d) After, before, when, as soon as ve as ile "just" kullanarak eylemler arasındaki ilişkiye
tezlik kazandırabiliriz.
Just as we sat down to eat, the phone rang. (Tam yemeğe oturduk ki telefon
çaldı.)
Just after you left the office, a client of yours came. (Sen bürodan çıktıktan
hemen sonra bir müşterin geldi.)
Just before he came, we had eaten our dinner. (O gelmeden hemen önce biz
yemeğimizi yemiştik.)
Just when I got to the office, they were signing the contract. (Tam ben büroya
gittiğimde kontratı imzalıyorlardı.)
536 Q ELS
548
e) Hardly/scarcely/barely ... when ile no sooner ... than kalıplan genellikle devrik cümle
yapısıyla kullanılır. Bu kalıplar iki eylem arasında geçen sürenin çok kısa olduğunu
vurgular ve as soon as ile aynı anlamı ifade ederler.
She had hardly gone to bed when the phone rang. Hardly had she gone to bed
when the phone rang.
She had no sooner gone to bed than the phone rang. No sooner had she gone to
bed than the phone rang. (Henüz yatmıştı ki telefon çaldı.)
f} After ile afterwards arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. After bağlaç olarak kendisinden
sonra cümle; preposition olarak da isim alır: after the class, after the meeting, etc.
Afterwards bir zarftır ve "later, after that' anlamını verir.
After she came, we went out.
We went out after she came. (O geldikten sonra dışarı çıktık.)
She came. Afterwards, we went out.

She came. We went out afterwards. (O geldi. Ondan sonra dışarı çıktık.}
LUGGAGE WITHOUT THE OWNER
Mark arrived at the airport just as his plane was scheduled to
take off. The ticket agent checked his luggage and assured him he could
make the flight if he hurried.
Mark ran to the gate, where he found an attendant closing the
door to the ramp. Mark pleaded with the woman to let him board, but
she explained that the airline was promoting its "On Time" schedule and
she couldn't allow any late passengers.
Mark watched sullenly as the plane began to back up. After moving
about a hundred yards, it stopped. A small vehicle approached, and the
plane's side hatch opened. Mark looked on in disbelief as his luggage was
loaded on board.
EXERCISE 3*. Complete the sentences with the correct verb form. Pay attention to whether
the verb Is active or passive.
1. They got down to business as soon as they (introduce)................................ to each

other.
2. When I (meet) .............................. him about three months ago, he (not, yet, get)
............................. his degree.
3. By the time school (be)............................... over next June, I (save) ................................
up enough money to buy a bike.
4. Last year, I (save) .............................. up enough money to buy a bike by the time
school (be)............................... over in June.
5. Hardly (the race, start)............................... when one of the cars (crash)
............................. into the barriers.
ELS Q 537
549
6. As he (lock) .............................. the door, he suddenly realized that he (leave)
............................. his wallet inside.
7. No sooner (they, buy) .................................... a house in the country than old
Mr. Johnson (die) .....................................
8. While I (look) .............................. through the drawers, I (find) ................................. a
letter which I (put) .............................. there years before.
9. Scarcely (she, finish) ............................... preparing the meal when her friends
(telephone) .............................. to say they (not, be able to) ................................ come.
10. By the time the conference (reach) ................................its conclusion next week, over
fifty topics (discuss) .................................
11. A: Now that you (obtain) ............................... your law degree, I expect you (start)
............................ your own firm soon?
B: Well, actually not. I (plan)............................... to take a master's degree and stay
at the university for a few more years before I (set up) ................................ my own
business.
12. How can you remember so clearly the first time you (take).................................. to a
fun fair by your uncle when you (be) ................................... only four, even though it
(happen)............................... more than thirty years ago?
13. No sooner (she, join) .............................. the company than it (buy)
............................. by a larger company.
14. Just as I (get)............................... on the bus, a friend of mine (get)
............................. off, so we (hardly, have).................................time to say hello to
each other.
15. The manager of the company has informed me that they (not. confirm)
............................. their offer of employment until I (undergo) ................................. the
compulsory medical examination, so I'm not a hundred percent sure whether I
(employ) .............................. or not.
A HISTORICAL FACT
In an examination a history teacher set on the First World War,

only one student answered his bonus question: "The Belgian Foreign Minister
who received the German ultimatum in 1914 was..............."
He was delighted that someone remembered the Belgian's name -until
he looked more closely.
There, in the blank, was written: "terrified."
(from Reader's Digest) •\V
10-5 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren bağlaçlar şunlardır:
because seeing that

as as/so long as
since inasmuch as
538 Q ELS
550
Bu bağlaçlar nedeni ifade eden cümlenin başında kullanılır. Temel cümle ise sonucu ifade eder.
Adverbial clause temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Cause: I was ill. Effect: I didn't go to work.
Because I was ill, I didn't go to work. I didn't go to work because I was ill.
Since she wants to lose weight quickly, she is on a strict diet. (Çabuk kilo
vermek istediği için sıkı bir perhiz yapıyor.)
As/so long as it is raining heavily, I think we can't go out for a walk.
As it was very cold in the garden, we decided to eat inside the restaurant.
Seeing that the traffic was rather heavy, we decided to take the back roads to
work.
Seeing as you've got lots of money, you can pay for the drinks.
NOTES: a)
Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren cümlelerde temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında tense
uyuşması zorunlu değildir. Ancak yine de eylemlerin zaman bakımından ilişkisine
dikkat etmek gerekir. Örneğin, "Because the grocery bag was heavy" ifadesini "/ can't
carry it." biçiminde tamamlayanlayız. Çünkü çantanın ağır olması geçmiş zamana aitse,
onu taşıyamama eylemi de geçmiş zamanla ifade edilmelidir. Bu nedenle, bu cümle şu
biçimde tamamlanabilir:
.,„ ,„ ., Because the grocery bag was heavy, I couldn't carry it.
Şimdi şu örnekleri inceleyelim:

! Î. ' '
Because he drank too much last night, he feels terrible now.

Because he drank too much last night, I drove the car back from the party.
Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde "drink" eylemi geçmişte gerçekleşmiştir. "Fee/' eylemi ise
konuşmanın geçtiği anı ifade etmektedir. Bu yüzden "drink" Past Tense ile "fee/1 Present
Tense ile ifade edilmiştir. İkinci cümlede ise "drink' eylemi ile onu takip eden "drive" aynı
zamana ait eylemlerdir. Bu yüzden her ikisi de Past Tense ile ifade edilmiştir.
b) Neden-sonuç ilişkisi, bağlaçların yanı sıra başka yapılarla da ifade edilebilir: because
of, on account of, thanks to, owing to, due to. Bu yapılar kendilerinden sonra isim, zamir
ya da isim-fiil (gerund) alır.
Because
Since
As
As/so long as a clause, main clause.
Inasmuch as
Seeing that. Seeing as
Because of
On account of
Thanks to noun/pronoun/gerund, main clause.
Owing to Due
to
ELS a 539
551
Cause: She was ill. Effect: She couldn't go to school.
Because she was ill, she couldn't go to school. (Hasta olduğu için okula
gidemedi.)
Because o/her illness, she couldn't go to school. (Hastalığı yüzünden okula
gidemedi.)
I was late for work yesterday because the traffic was heavy. I was late for work
yesterday because of the heavy traffic.
As prices are rising dramatically, it's difficult to make ends meet. Owing to
dramatically rising prices, it's difficult to make ends meet.
Since employment is limited in rural areas, many people are moving to big
cities.
Due to the limited employment in rural areas, many people are moving to big
cities.
Bazen isim kalabalık bir sözcük öbeğinden oluşabilir. Bu durumda isim ile cümle arasındaki
ayrımı yaparken dikkatli olunuz. İngilizce'de Subject + verb diziminin bir cümle oluşturduğunu
anımsayınız.
Because she bought me a very expensive present for my birthday,
I now feel obliged to buy her an expensive one too. (Subject + verb, a clause)
Because of the very expensive present she bought me for my birthday, I now
feel obliged to buy her an expensive one too. (noun + relative clause) ('doğum
günümde bana aldığı çok pahalı hediye" yine isimdir.)
Because there has been construction work on the highway going on for some
time now, we have been taking another road to work.
On account of the construction work on the highway going on for some time
now, we have been taking another road to work.
c) Because of, on account of, due to ve owing to yapılarından sonra the fact that
kullanırsak devamında isim değil, cümle gelir.
Due to her negligence of the children, they became disobedient.
Due to the fact that she neglected the children, they became disobedient.
Owing to her not studying regularly, she failed the exam.
Owing to the fact that she didn't study regularly, she failed the exam.
d) Therefore, consequently ve as a result, neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren transition'lardır.

Transition, bir düşünceden başka bir düşünceye geçişi sağlayan sözcük ya da sözcük
grubudur. Transition ikinci cümlenin, yani sonuç cümlesinin başına gelir ve iki cümle
yer değiştiremez. Birinci cümleden sonra nokta yerine noktalı virgül koyup ikinci
cümleye geçebiliriz. Bu durumda cümleye küçük harfle başlanır.
Cause: It's raining heavily. Effect: We can't go out.
Because it's raining heavily, we can't go out. (conjunction) We can't go out

because it's raining heavily.
It's raining heavily. Therefore, we can't go out. (transition)

Consequently, we can't go out. As a result, we can't go
out.
NOTE: Yukarıdaki tablodaki cümleler aynı anlamı ifade etmektedir. Ancak kullanım farkları vardır.
54O a ELS
552
Bir transition, cümle içinde üç yerde bulunabilir: cümlenin başında, özneden sonra (yardımcı fiil
varsa, yardımcı fiille yüklem arasında) ve cümlenin sonunda. Genellikle transition virgülle
cümlenin devamından ayrılır.
It's raining heavily, so we can't go out. (conjunction)
She didn't feel well. Therefore, she left the office early, (transition) She didn't feel
well. She, therefore, left the office early. She didn't feel well. She left the office
early, therefore.
Because, as, since gibi bağlaçlar bir yan cümleyi temel cümleye bağlayan sözcüklerdir. Yan cümle
temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Therefore, consequently ve as a result "fau yüzden, bu nedenle" anlamını veren geçiş sözcükleridir
ve ikinci cümlede kullanılırlar.
So, iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştiren bir bağlaçtır ve o da therefore vb. gibi sonuç cümlesinde
kullanılır. Ancak so cümle içinde transition'lar gibi yer değiştiremez ve genellikle kendinden önce
bir virgül gelir.
e) As a result of ve as a consequence of, "because of anlamındadır ve kendilerinden

sonra noun/pronoun alarak nedeni ifade eden cümlede kullanılırlar.
He came late. Consequently, we missed the bus.

We missed the bus as a consequence of his coming late.
(Onun geç gelmesi yüzünden otobüsü kaçırdık.)
•••>> She was busy. As a result, she couldn't help me.

As a result of her being busy, she couldn't help me.
İ) So ... that ve such ... that bağlaçları da neden-sonuç ilişkisi ifade eder.
Cause: It was too windy. Effect: We couldn't go sailing.

It was so windy that we couldn't go sailing.
Cause: It was a wonderful film. Effect: I watched it again. It was such a

wonderful film that I watched it again.
So ... that ve such ... that kalıpları yerine, özellikle Informal English'de, so ... as ve such ... as
kalıpları da kullanılabilir. Bu kalıplarda anlatım daha vurguludur. Aşağıdaki cümleleri dikkatle
inceleyiniz.
so + adjective/adverb + as + to infinitive
His music at last night's performance was so emotional as to make even his
harshest critics admit to his talent.
His music at last night's performance was so emotional that It made even his
harshest critics admit to his talent.
The garbage truck moved so slowty as to cause a traffic jam several kilometres
long.
The garbage truck moved so slowly that it caused a traffic jam several
kilometres long.
- ELS Q 541
553
Her iki kalıp da (so ... that/so ... as), vurguyu artırmak için devrik cümle yapısıyla kullanılabilir.
So emotionally did he play the piano that even his harshest critics wept.
So emotionally did he play the piano as to make even his harshest critics weep.
Such ... as kalıbının vurgulu ifade biçimleri için örnekleri inceleyiniz.
It was such a powerful film that I left the cinema with tears in my eyes. The
power of the film was such that I left the cinema with tears in my eyes. The
power of the film was such as to make me leave the cinema with tears in my
eyes.
Such was the power of the film that I left the cinema with tears in my eyes.
Such was the power of the film as to make me leave the cinema with tears in
my eyes.
ğ) For "because" ile aynı anlamı verir ancak kullanımı daha kısıtlıdır.
For, nedeni belirten cümlenin başında kullanılır, ancak bağlı bulunduğu cümle ikinci bölümde
yer alır.
He finished his meal quickly, for he hadn't eaten anything since the morning.
He finished his meal quickly because he hadn't eaten anything since the morning.
Because he hadn't eaten anything since the morning, he finished his meal quickly.
For, "not... but' gibi başka bağlaçlarla birlikte kullanılmaz. Because bu şekilde kullanılabilir.
I got annoyed, not because he came late but because he didn't inform me that
he was going to be late.
(Geç kaldığı için değil, geç kalacağını bana bildirmediği için kızdım.)
Because, bir soruya yanıt olarak kullanılabilir ancak for, as ve since bu biçimde kullanılmaz.
- Why were you late for work?

- Because I missed the bus.
h) İki cümle arasında neden-sonuç ilişkisi, incelediğimiz bu bağlaç ve kalıpların dışında

başka sözcük ya da yapılarla da ifade edilebilir. Aşağıdaki cümleleri dikkatle
inceleyiniz.
Cause Effect
Man hunts whales in large numbers; therefore, they face extinction.

as a result, as a result of this, consequently, as a
consequence of this, because of this, thus, hence,
accordingly.
542 Q ELS
554
Cause Effect
Man hunts whales in large numbers, so they face extinction.
Cause Effect
Man hunts whales in Man such large numbers that so they face extinction, they
hunts many whales that face extinction.
Cause Effect
Because As man hunts whales in large numbers, they face extinction.
Since
Due to the fact that
Owing to the fact that
Cause Effect
Because of On account man's hunting whales in large numbers, they face extinction.
of
Due to
Owing to Thanks to
As a result of
As a consequence of
Cause Effect
Man's hunting whales in large numbers causes the danger of their

becoming extinct. results in
is the reason for

Is responsible for '•• ' ' leads to
Effect Cause
Whales' facing extinction is a result of man's hunting them in large numbers. Is a
consequence of results from
is due to
Effect Cause
Whales face extinction, for man hunts them in large numbers.
EXERCISE 4: Using the given words, combine the following Ideas. 1. There were strong
currents In the river. I decided not to swim.
a) (since) .........
b) (therefore) ...
c) (so...that) ....
d) (such...that)
e) (for) ..............
ELS Q 543
555
f) (due to) .........................
g) (so) ...................................
h) (as a consequence of\..
1) [consequently] ..............
j) (owing to the fact that)
2. He drove too fast. He had an accident.

a) (so ... that) .......
b) (result in) .........
c) (result from) ......
d) (as a result ofl..
e) (therefore) ........
f) (on account oft..
g) (the reason for).
h) (because) .........
Ü (as) ......................
j) (be a result o/J...
EXERCISE 5: Choose the correct completion.
1. (Because/Because of\ his many hours of practice every day, he is now quite good at
skiing.
2. (Because/Because of) he practised regularly every day, he became quite good at
skiing.
3. She started to play the piano at a very early age, (so/for) she is an accomplished
pianist now.
4. (Due to/Due to the fact that) the huge crowd waiting to see the President, the police
took very strict security measures in the square.
5. (Owing to/Owing to the fact that) a huge crowd was waiting to see the President,
the policemen were all on alert.
6. All her attempts to convince her father to let her go on holiday alone (resulted
in/resulted from) failure.
7. The country suffered a serious economic crisis a few months ago; (therefore /for)
there has been considerable unemployment ever since.
8. Unemployment is getting bigger, (therefore/because) the economic crisis that
started a few months ago is still going on.
9. Many creative thinkers and scientists throughout history were put on trial
(because/because ofl their ideas, (therefore/for) they were courageous enough to
express them in public.
10. (For/As) the weather has been favourable since the beginning of the season, the
villagers are expecting good crops.
11. She rejected the job, not (because/for) the pay was low, but (because/since) the
working hours were very long.
12. The company is now on the verge of going bankrupt (as a consequence
of/consequently) having tried to expand too quickly.
13. All the residents of our street rushed to their windows or balconies last night to see
what was happening, (as a result/for) there was a tremendous noise just in the
middle of the night.
14. According to the statistics, a great percentage of traffic accidents (result in/result
from) speeding.
15. Life is now much more complicated compared with the past; (thus/owing to) people
have to learn a good many things to keep pace with it.
544 Q ELS
556
MORE THAN PUNCTUAL
Because of favourable winds, the flight from Seattle to Kansas City

landed twenty minutes early. As the plane taxied toward the terminal, the
head flight attendant made the usual announcement. "Thank you for flying
with us," she said. Then she added, "When flying this airline in the future,
should you encounter any delays, just remember - you owe us 20 minutes."
(by Laura Lind from Reader's Digest)
10-6 EXPRESSING PURPOSE

Amaç bildiren yapılar şunlardır:
so that so as to/so as not to
in order that in order to/in order not to
lest to + infinitive
for fear that for fear of
for the purpose that for the purpose of
a) So that ve In order that aynı anlama sahiptir ve kullanım kuralları da aynıdır. So that ve
In order that' in bağlı bulunduğu cümle, temel cümledeki eylemin yapılış amacını ifade
eder.
She is learning computing. She wants to find a better job.
She is learning computing because she wants to find a better job.
She is learning computing so that/in order that she can find a better job.
I got up early because I didn't want to be late for my interview.
I got up early so that/in order that I wouldn't be late for my interview.
So that/In order that temel cümle ile yan cümle arasında tense uyuşması gerektirir. Bağlı
bulundukları cümle genellikle ikinci bölümde yer alır ancak cümlenin başında da bulunabilir.
Temel cümle ile yan cümlede kullanabileceğimiz tense ve modal' lar şunlardır:
Present/Future
Main clause Subordinate Clause

am/is/are doing + so that + do/does am/is/are can
do/does be going to do will do will will be able to
have/has done
may
Past
did + so that + would
had done could
would be able to
might
ELS Q 545
557
She is studying very hard this year so that she can pass the university exam.
I want to finish all the work today so that I will be free tomorrow.
They have bought a bigger house so that the children can each get their own
room.
I closed the door so that the noise in the next room wouldn't bother me so much.
She went to İzmir so that she could see her friends.
So that/In order that Türkçe'ye üç şekilde çevrilebilir:

I withdrew some money from the bank so that I would have plenty on me while
shopping.
1. Alışveriş yaparken yanımda fazla para olsun dtye bankadan biraz para çektim.
2. Alışveriş yaparken yanımda fazla para olması için bankadan biraz para çektim.
3. Bankadan biraz para çektim lef böylece alışveriş yaparken yanımda fazla para olacaktı.
b) For the purpose that, so that ile aynı anlamı verir.

She is now attending a conversation club for the purpose that/so that she can
practise speaking English.
Lest "for fear that, in case, so that... not' anlamındadır ve genellikle should ya da subjunctive
(bütün öznelerle fiilin yalın hali) ile kullanılır. Temel cümlenin tense' ine uygun olarak Simple
Present ve Simple Past da kullanılabilir. Lest Türkçe'ye olumsuz olarak çevrilir.
We all spoke in quiet voices lest we wake/woke/should wake the baby.
(Bebeği uyandırmayalım dtye hepimiz alçak sesle konuştuk.)
We all spoke in quiet voices for fear that we might wake the baby. (Bebeği
uyandırırız korkusuyla hepimiz alçak sesle konuştuk.)
c) For the purpose of ve for fear of kendinden sonra gerund alır.

She went to her husband's office for the purpose of seeing him. We all spoke in
quiet voices for fear of waking the baby.
d) Amaç bildirmek için to/in order to/so as to + infinitive de kullanabiliriz.

She lay on the sofa because she wanted to rest for a while. She lay on the sofa
so that she could rest for a while.
She lay on the sofa to rest for a while.
In order to rest for a while. so as to rest for a while.
Olumsuz cümlede In order not to, so as not to kullanılır.
We kept the news secret because we didn't want to upset her. We kept the
news secret so that we wouldn't upset her.
We kept the news secret In order not to upset her.
so as not to upset her.
To, In order to ve so as to cümlenin başında da kullanılabilir.
To be successful, you should work harder.
hi order to be successful, you should work harder.
So as to be successful, you should work harder.
546 Q ELS
558
e) So that ile In case arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. In case' in, bir eylemin
gerçekleşmesi olasılığına karşı önceden hazırlanmayı ifade ettiğini daha önce
görmüştük. So that ise bir eylemin gerçekleşmesi için yapılan hazırlığı ifade eder. Şu
iki örneği karşılaştıralım:
I will take my umbrella with me in case it rains/should rain.
I will take my umbrella with me so that 1 don't get wet in the rain.
Birinci cümleyi Türkçe'ye "Yağmur yağarsa diye şemsiyemi yanıma alacağım." biçiminde
çevirebiliriz. Yani yağmurun yağması olasılığına karşı hazırlıklı olmak istiyoruz. İkinci cümleyi
ise "Yağmurda ıslanmayayım diye (ıslanmamak için) şemsiyemi yanıma alacağım." biçiminde
çevirebiliriz. Buradan çıkaracağımız anlam "Yağmur yağıyor ve ben ıslanmak istemiyorum. Bu
yüzden şemsiyemi yanıma alacağım." olabilir.
Ancak so that' li cümleyi biraz değiştirerek yazarsak, In case' li cümlenin anlamını elde
edebiliriz.
I will take my umbrella with me so that I don't get wet If ü rains.
(Yağmur yağarsa ıslanmayayım diye (ıslanmamak için) şemsiyemi yanıma
alacağım.)
l want to do some shopping in case my parents come at the weekend.
(Hafta sonunda annemler gelirse diye biraz alışveriş yapmak istiyorum.)
I want to do some shopping so that I will have plenty of food at home if my

parents come at the weekend.
(Hafta sonunda annemler gelirse evde bolca yiyecek olsun diye biraz alışveriş
yapmak istiyorum.)
f) Amaç bildiren so that ile sonuç bildiren so bazen karışıklık yaratabiliyor. Çünkü sonuç
bildiren so, çok yaygın olmamakla birlikte, so that biçiminde de kullanılabiliyor.
Bunlann ayrımını yaparken şu noktalara dikkat etmeliyiz:
1. Sonuç bildiren so (that) ikinci cümlenin başında kullanılır ve genellikle kendinden önce
bir virgül gelir.
She studied very little, so (that) she got a rather low grade.
;
(Çok az çalıştı, bu yüzden çok düşük bir not aldı.) •
Amaç bildiren so that cümlenin başında da yer alabilir. **
She studied very hard so that she could pass the exam.
So that she could pass the exam, she studied very hard.
(Sınavı geçebilmek için çok çalıştı.) «
2. Amaç bildiren so that' den sonra Simple Past Tense kullanılmaz. Sonuç bildiren so
that' den sonra ise Simple Past Tense yaygın olarak kullanılır.
They bought a large house, so that the children had their own rooms, (result)
(Büyük bir ev aldılar. Böylece çocukların kendi odaları oldu.)
They bought a large house so that the children would have their own rooms.
(purpose)
(Çocukların kendi odaları olsun diye büyük bir ev aldılar.)
ELS Q 547
559
3. Could, couldn't, would be able to, wouldn't be able to amaç bildiren so that ile çok sık
kullanılır. Ancak bu bağlaçla was/were able to kullanılmaz. Was/were able to, sonuç
bildiren so (that) ile kullanılabilir.
She studied hard, so that she was able to pass the exam. (Çok çalıştı, böylece
sınavı geçebildi.) (result)
She studied hard so that she could pass the exam. (Sınavı geçebilmek için çok
çalıştı.) (purpose)
Ancak couldn't her iki yapıyla da kullanılır. Bu durumda so that' in amaç mı yoksa sonuç mu
bildirdiğini parçanın bütününden ya da konuşmanın akışından anlayabiliriz.
They locked the door so that he couldn't go out.
Bu cümleden şu iki anlamı çıkarabiliriz:

They locked the door, so that he wasn't able to go out. (Kapıyı kilitlediler, bu
yüzden dışan çıkamadı.) (result)
They locked the door so that he wouldn't be able to go out. (O dışan çıkamasın
diye kapıyı kilitlediler.) (purpose)
EXERCISE 6: Combine the ideas using so that, expressing purpose.

Example: I turned on the TV because I wanted to listen to the news. I turned on
the TV so that I could listen to the news,
1. We should book our rooms well in advance because I want to make sure we won't
, have any difficulty when we get there.
2. We had our car checked before we left on vacation because we wanted to make sure
it wouldn't cause us any trouble on the way.
3. They're taking out a special insurance policy. They want their possessions to be
covered while they are overseas.
4. They took out a special insurance policy. They wanted their possessions to be
covered while they were overseas.
5. He disconnected his telephone because he didn't want to be disturbed during the

film. ;,
6. The professor has taken a break from lecturing this term. She wants to do some
research for her book.
10-7 CONCESSION AND CONTRAST

Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar şunlardır:
although while much as however + adjective/adverb

though whereas as no matter + question word
even though
Bu bağlaçlar, belirtilen bir durumdan beklenmeyen bir sonucun çıktığını ifade etmemizi sağlar.
Although I was ill, I went to work.
She took a walk even though it was raining heavily.
548 Q ELS --•'
560
Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren because, as, since gibi bağlaçların beklenilen bir sonuç ifade
ettiğini görmüştük. Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar ise beklenmeyen bir sonuç ifade ederler. Şu iki
örneği inceleyelim:
Because she studied hard, she passed the exam, (expected result) Although she
studied hard, she didn't pass the exam, (unexpected result)
Karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar, neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren bağlaçlarda da olduğu gibi, tense
uyuşması gerektirmez. Ancak yine de iki eylemin zaman yönünden ilişkisine dikkat etmek gerekir.
Although it was cold yesterday, I took my regular walk. (Eylemlerin her ikisi de
dün gerçekleşti.)
Although it was cold yesterday, it is quite warm today.
Although it has been quite mild for some time, snow Is expected in the coming
days.
Although she has been learning English for over four years, she still can't speak
it properly.
Although she had been learning English for over four years, she still couldn't
speak it properly.
a) Although, though, even though

Bu bağlaçların üçü de aynı anlamı verir. Even though biraz daha vurgulu bir anlatımdır.
Bağlacın bağlı bulunduğu cümle temel cümleden önce ya da sonra gelebilir.
Although she is quite good at music, she doesn't want to be a musician.
Though
Even though
She doesn't want to be a musician although she is quite good at music.
though even though
(Müzikte çok iyi olduğu halde/olmasına rağmen, müzisyen olmak istemiyor.)
Though iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştirmek için de kullanılabilir. Bu kullanımıyla though, "but,
yet' anlamını verir ve genellikle ikinci cümlenin sonunda kullanılır, ama ikinci cümlenin
başında da yer alabilir.
I didn't like the film, though I liked its background music. I didn't like the film;
I liked its background music, though.
I didn't like the film, but/yet I liked its background music. (Filmi beğenmedim,
ama fon müziğini beğendim.)
b) In spite of ve despite, "although" anlamını veren preposition'lardır. In spite of ve

despite' dan sonra bir cümle değil, isim, zamir ya da isim-ûil gelir.
Although/Hıough/Even though + a clause, main clause. Although it was rainy,

they went on a picnic.
hi spite of/Despite + noun/pronoun/gerund, main clause. In spite of the rain,

they went on a picnic.
ELS a 549
561
Though she was inexperienced, she got the job.
Despite her inexperience/her being inexperienced, she got the job.
Even though the food we were offered at the party looked wonderful, it tasted
awful.
In spite of the wonderful look of the food we were offered at the party, it tasted
awful.
Sue rejected the job with the accounting firm even though she was offered a
big salary.
(Kendisine yüksek bir maaş önerildiği halde Sue muhasebe şirketindeki işi
reddetti.)
Sue rejected the job with the accounting firm despite the big salary she was
offered.
(Kendisine önerilen yüksek maaşa rağmen Sue muhasebe şirketindeki işi
reddetti.)
Despite ve in spite of dan sonra "the fact that" kullanırsak, devamında bir clause gelir.
Despite her old age, she still takes long walks every day.
Despite the fact that she is old, she still takes long walks every day.
hi spite of practising every day, she is still bad at driving.
In spite of the fact that she practises every day, she is still bad at driving.
EXERCISE 7: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the word(s) in
parentheses.
1. Although this material is cheap, I won't buy it because it doesn't look good enough.
(despite)
2. She failed to give up smoking though she attempted repeatedly, (in spite ofi
3. In spite of some bad qualities she has, she is quite popular with her friends.
(even though)
4. Despite my offer to help him, he insisted on doing the job on his own. (although)
5. Although the road was rough, he kept on driving fast, (despite)
6. Though he performed unsuccessfully, the audience applauded him eagerly,

(in spite ofl
7. I believe television has many beneficial advantages despite the claims that it
diminishes creativity, (though)
8. Although she has been warned twice before, she still keeps coining to work late.
(in spite ofi
9. The villagers are expecting good crops this year despite the unfavourable weather
conditions continuing for some time, (although)
10. Although the library has an enormous number of books, Keith couldn't find the
book he needed, (despite)
550 a ELS
562
EXERCISE 8: Choose the correct completion.
1. (Despite/Although) the drought and famine that Africans have been suffering from
for years, their population is still increasing.
2. In my opinion, she was the most attractive of all the contestants.
(Despite/Although) this, she wasn't chosen Miss World.
3. (Although/In spite of\ her mother's attitude was a bit discouraging, she decided to
take the job anyway.
4. A good many people just continue smoking, (though/despite) it's known to cause
cancer.
5. (Even though/In spite ofi the fact that technology adva^0^ considerably rapidly in
Turkey, traditions seem to change very slowly.
6. (In spite of/Though) its many disadvantages, such as noise, pollution and housing
problems, many people are coining to Istanbul in the hope of better living
conditions.
7. Most of the students didn't understand the subject very well (despite/even though)
the teacher's clear explanations.
8. (Despite/Although) the teacher explained it quite clearly, only a few of the students
understood the subject well.
9. (In spite of/Even though) the many good suggestions his friends had given him
about how to improve his job, he stuck to his own guns and failed miserably.
10. (Despite/Although) the fact that his friends had given him several good suggestions,
he took no notice of them and followed his heart.
11. I think the accident was entirely his fault; I do feel sorry for him, (though, despite)
12. (Despite/Although) his real name was Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov, the extreme
poverty and arduous labour of his early life led the Russian writer to choose the
name Gorki, meaning "bitter", as his professional name.
13. (Even though/Despite) the long journey to the nearest beach, Daniel goes water-
skiing every weekend.
14. (Even though/In spite ofi there was a stiff breeze blowing across the beach, sitting
outside was still pleasurable.
15. Less money was raised at this year's school fund-raiser than at last year's; I don't
think we did badly considering the awful weather, (though/although).
d) As, much as
Much as "although" anlamını verir ve kendinden sonra bir clause gelir.
Much as I like sports, I dislike football. Although I like sports, I dislike football.
(Sporu sevmeme rağmen futbolu sevmem.)
Much as he tried, he couldn't persuade his father.
Although he tried hard, he couldn't persuade his father.
(Çok uğraştığı halde babasını ikna edemedi.) - ,f
As, karşıtlık bildiren bir bağlaç olarak, bir sıfat ya da zarftan sonra kullanılır ve devamında bir
cümle gelir. Aynı yapıda though da kullanılır.
Adjective/Adverb + as/though + subject + verb
Hard as I try, my cooking is not so good as yours. Hard though I try, my
cooking is not so good as yours. Though/Although I try hard, my cooking is not
so good as yours. (Çok uğraştığım halde benim yemeklerim seninkiler kadar iyi
olmuyor.)
ELS a 551
563
Patient though/as he is, he couldn't bear the noise the children were making
in the street.
Although he is patient, he couldn't bear the noise the children were making in
the street.
(Sabırlı olduğu halde sokakta çocukların yaptığı gürültüye katlanamadı.)
Quickly though/as they worked, they failed to finish the task in time. Although
they worked quickly, they failed to finish the task in time. (Hızlı çalıştıkları
halde işi vaktinde bitiremediler.)
e) However + adjective/adverb, no matter + question word

However ve no matter karşıtlık bildiren bağlaçlar olarak aynı anlamı taşırlar. Her ikisi de
"although" nun ifade ettiği anlamı verir, ancak daha vurguludurlar.
However + adjective/adverb + subject + verb, main clause No matter +

question word + subject + verb, main clause
However ve no matter'm bağlı bulunduğu cümle, temel cümleden önce ya da sonra yer alabilir.
No matter'dan sonra daima bir soru sözcüğü kullanılır.
However late it is, you can call me for help.
No matter how late it is, you can call me for help.
(Ne kadar geç olursa olsun, yardım için beni arayabilirsin.)
However hard I tried, I couldn't succeed.
Wo matter how hard I tried, I couldn't succeed.
(Ne kadar uğraştıysam da başaramadım.)
You must know how to stand alone however many friends you have.
You must know how to stand alone no matter how many Mends you have.
(Ne kadar çok arkadaşın olursa olsun kendi başına ayakta durmayı bilmelisin.)
No matter + question word yapısının verdiği anlamı wherever, whatever, whoever gibi
sözcüklerle, ya da "regardless of + noun/noun clause" kalıbıyla da verebiliriz.
No matter what you do, don't join a street gang. Regardless of what you do,
don't join a street gang. Whatever you do, don't join a street gang.
(JVe yaparsan yap, ama bir sokak çetesine karışma.)
No matter where you go, keep some money in reserve. Regardless of where you
go, keep some money in reserve. Wherever you go, keep some money in reserve.
(Nereye gidersen git, kenarda biraz para bulundur.)
The greatest of the Islamic mystic poets Jalal ad-Din ar-Rumi, better known as
Mevlana, said, "No matter who you are, come and join us."
, "Regardless of who you are, come and join us."
, "Whoever you are, come and join us."
( .... "Kim olursan ol, gel")
552 Q ELS
564
EXERCISE 9: Write sentences with the same meaning using the word(s) In parentheses.
1. However famous the actor is, the film's plot was rather poor, (no matter)
2. She is a very difficult person to please: regardless of what you buy for her, she
never shows any sign of appreciation, (whatever)
3. No matter how many hours we work, we never seem to get everything done.
(however]
4. However fast we run, we won't be able to catch the train, (no matter)
5. Although the case was very important, no one dealt with it seriously enough, (no
matter)
6. It is still cheaper to go by coach no matter how much discount the airlines may be
offering, (however)
7 . 1 won't change my mind, no matter who tries to persuade me. (whoever)
8. No matter which subject you choose to study at university, you'll have to work
hard, (whichever)
9. The sofa will seem ugly in this room wherever you place it. (regardless of)
10. Regardless of when I call on my father, he is always busy in the garden, (whenever)
J"st ı.... 7,,,...... - ............... - v

T0 PUT OUT THE
For [ ' ı Fun M BURNING HELL
A Texas oilman died and went to heaven. After a few days, his
"bragging was getting on St. Peter's nerves. No matter what part of
paradise he was shown, the oilman claimed it failed to measure up to Texas. '"/'
Finally, St. Peter took him to the edge of heaven in order that he could look \
straight into hell. "Have you got anything like that in Texas?" the saint (
demanded. />>.
"No," the oilman replied. "But I know some old boys down in Houston \
who can put it out." \
(from Reader's Digest) A
f) However, nevertheless, nonetheless

Bu sözcükler karşıtlık bildiren geçiş sözcükleridir (transitions). İkinci cümlede, yani sonucu
ifade eden cümlede kullanılırlar ve cümleler yer değiştiremez. Even so, all the same ve
notwithstanding aynı anlamı veren diğer yapılardır.
Although it was cold, she went out for a walk.

ELS Q 553
565
It was cold. However, she went out for a walk. Nevertheless, Nonetheless,
Even so, All the same, Notwithstanding,
(Hava soğuktu. Buna rağmen/Yine de yürüyüşe çıktı.]
She studied hard; however, she couldn't pass the exam.

nevertheless, nonetheless, even so, all the
same, notwithstanding,
(Çok çalıştı, ama yine de sınavı geçemedi.)
EXERCISE 10: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the word(s) In
parentheses.
1. In spite of his being punished several times before, he keeps doing the same
naughty thing again and again, (nevertheless)
2. Despite rehearsing for weeks, they were all extremely nervous on the opening night,
(nonetheless)
3. She has a responsible job with a high salary; even so, she feels discontented, (in
spite ot\
4. He is intelligent and has a. good sense of humour; all the same, he has very little
self-confidence, (despite)
5. He has a speech impediment; even so, he sings beautifully, (even though)
ğ) But.. .anyway, but.. .still, yet.. .still, still

Bu bağlaçlar iki tam cümleyi birleştirir. İkinci cümlenin başında kullanılırlar ve kendilerinden
önce bir virgül gelir ya da birinci cümleyi noktalayıp, büyük harfle ikinci cümleyi
başlatabilirler. Bu bağlaçların hepsi "ama j'ine de" anlamını verir.
It was cold, but she went out for a walk anyway. It was cold, but she still went
out for a walk. It was cold, yet she still went out for a walk. It was cold. Still,
she went out for a walk.
(Hava soğuktu, ama yine de yürüyüşe çıktı.) 554 Q ELS
566
EXERCISE 11: Combine the Ideas In the two sentences, using the given words. Pay attention
to correct punctuation.
1. They cultivated the land very well. They couldn't get good crops.
a) (though) ....................................................................................................................
b) (despite) ...................................................................................................................
c) (but... anyway) ..........................................................................................................
d) (howevei) ................................................................................................................
e) (in spite of the fact that) .......................................................................................
f) (yet...stilD ...............................................................................................................
g) (even so) .................................................................................................................
2. He is talented. He has never become a success.

a) (as) ...................
b) (much as) ......
c) (although) .....
d) (nevertheless)
e) (in spite oft ....
f) (but..still} .....
g) (all the same)
h) Showing Direct Opposition

Tam bir karşıtlık ifade eden yapılar şunlardır: :
while on the other hand

whereas in contrast
but/yet on the contrary
however quite the contrary
Bu yapılar, iki nesneyi karşılaş tınrken, birinin diğerinin tam tersi olduğunu ifade etmemizi
sağlar.
Ayşe is hardworking. Her brother is lazy.
Ayşe is hardworking, but/yet her brother is lazy.
Ayşe is hardworking, while her brother is lazy.
Whereas Ayşe is hardworking, her brother is lazy.
Ayşe is hardworking; however, her brother is lazy.
Ayşe is hardworking. Her brother, on the other hand, is lazy.
Whereas ve while bağlaçtır ve bağlı bulundukları cümle birinci ya da ikinci sırada yer alabilir.
'. y : ,. Whereas/while some countries are rich, others are poor. ...
Some countries are rich, whereas/while others are poor. .,-
(Bazı ülkeler zenginken, bazıları fakirdir.)
But/yet iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştiren bağlaçlardır. İkinci cümlenin başında yer alırlar. Some
countries are rich, but/yet others are poor.
However ve on the other hand, "oysa, ise" anlamlarını veren geçiş sözcükleridir. On the other
hand genellikle ikinci cümlenin öznesinden sonra kullanılır.
Some countries are rich. However, others are poor. (Bazı ülkeler zengindir.
Fakat/Oysa bazıları fakirdir.)
Some countries are rich. Others, on the other hand, are poor.
- (Bazı ülkeler zengindir. Bazdan ise fakirdir.)
ELS a 555
567
NOT€ ------------------------------------------------------------------------
"On the one hand ... On the other hand" bir olayın çelişen iki yönünü ifade
ederken kullanılır.
She has a dilemma and she doesn't know what to do.
On the one hand, she very much wants to go abroad for her university
education.
On the other hand, she knows that her family will have difficulty affording it.
(Çok müşkül bir durumda ve ne yapacağını bilemiyor. Bir yandan, yurt dışında
okumayı çok istiyor. Öte yandan, ailesinin bunu karşılamak için zorlanacağını
biliyor.)
In contrast, iki nesneyi karşılaştırırken kullanılır ve tam bir karşıtlık ifade eder.
Southern Turkey has hot, humid summers. Northern Turkey, In contrast, has
summers which are cool and windy.
In contrast to/with, prepositional phrase'dir. Kendinden sonra isim gelir.
In contrast to his sister, Jack is a very tidy boy. (Kızkardeşinin aksine, Jack
çok düzenli bir çocuktur.)
On the contrary de bu grupta yer alır ancak kullanımı çok kısıtlıdır. On the contrary, söylenen
bir ifadenin doğru olmadığını, tam tersi bir durumun söz konusu olduğunu ifade eder.
Özellikle on the other hand ile on the contrary birbirine karıştırılır. Aradaki ayrımı şu
örneklerle inceleyelim:
You say she is very beautiful. I, on the contrary, find her rather ugly.
(Onun çok güzel olduğunu söylüyorsun. Aksine ben onu çok çirkin buluyorum.)
I don't find her particularly beautiful. On the other hand, she is not ugly either.
(Onu çok güzel bulmuyorum, ama çirkin de değil.)
Sue: It's very cold today.

Jack: No, it isn't very cold today. On the contrary, it's quite warm today.
(Bugün hava çok soğuk değil. Aksine oldukça ılık.)
Sue: It's very cold today.
Jack: It's not very cold today. On the other hand, it is not warm either.
(Bugün hava çok soğuk değil, ama ılık da değil.)
Quite the contrary, "on the contrary" ile aynı anlamı verir, ancak kullanılış biçimi açısından
farklılıklar vardır.
Quite the contrary iki biçimde kullanılabilir:
1. Olumlu ya da olumsuz bir ifadeyle kesinlikle hemfikir olmadığını belirtirken,
2. Olumsuz bir ifadeyle tamamen hemfikir olduğunu belirtirken
- He's pretty clever, (disagree with a positive statement)
- Oh, quite the contrary, he's really rather dim.
- He's not very clever, (disagree with a negative statement)
- Oh no, quite the contrary, he's really quite intelligent.
- He's not clever at all, is he? (agree with a negative statement)
- Quite the contrary, he's rather clueless really.
556 a ELS
568
EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences, using the opposite of the words In bold type.
1. Whereas Ayşe is very sensitive to social problems, her brother seems rather
2. The currents are very strong in this part of the river, while they are
............................... further ahead.
3. Some fruits, such as peaches, apricots and apples, are abundant in Turkey, while
others, such as bananas, kiwis and pineapples, are...................................
4. While the bread sold at the corner shop is sometimes a bit stale, the bread from the
baker's is always very ..................................
5. Whereas the owners of the building claim the fire started accidentally, the fire
inspector is certain that the furniture was set alight ...................................
6. Grey squirrels are common in England, whereas the larger red squirrel is
EXERCISE 13: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the word(s) In
parentheses.
1. Whereas some people live in extravagant affluence in some parts of the world, in
other parts, some starve to death, (however)
2. The accommodation at the hotel was awful, whereas the service was superb,
(on the other hand)
3. Some people have an optimistic view of life, while others are rather pessimistic.
(however)
4. Whereas sea fishing requires a boat, which is expensive even to rent, fishing from
the riverbank costs very little, (on the other hand)
5. Scuba diving requires some very expensive equipment, but snorkeling, which is just
as enjoyable, requires only a snorkel and some flippers, (on the other hand]
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences with "on the other hand" or "on the contrary".
1. Many people argue that television does harm to the child's intellectual development.
................................ I believe it makes the child aware of a vast amount of
knowledge which he can't be taught through books or any other method.
2. Living in the centre of town would be extremely expensive ..................................... it
would provide easy access to my workplace as well as to leisure facilities.
3. I don't agree with her parents when they say she is slow ................................... ,1 find
her quick-witted and capable of picking up even the most complex ideas.
4. Many people consider that author to be exceptionally talented. I,
................................ think he writes without perception or depth and shows no skill
in crafting his plots.
5. Cars cause a great deal of damage to the environment ..................................... they
bring freedom to many people whose lives would be quite restricted without them.
6. The new factory will cause some pollution and look unsightly ....................................
it will provide over one hundred jobs.
, >• • ... • • .. ' "'-/. .; ELS a 557
569
1. ...... physical exertion can be dangerous 6. Beautiful ....... she is, she has very little
for high blood pressure, those with this chance of winning the beauty contest.
condition should consult their doctors B) because
before taking up any kind of sport. A) although C) as D) still
E) so
A) Owing to B) As Reading Is not a habit possessed from
C) Consequently D) For 7. birth, as some people say in order to
E) Whereas conceal their lack of this habit ......... it is
something that is acquired in the early
8. years of life and gradually turns Into a
2. It's really strange to realize that brothers habit.
and sisters may have considerable
differences in appearance, personality A) Although B) Despite
C) Therefore D) Consequently
3. and attitude ....... they have the same
parents. E) On the contrary
A) because B) therefore D) ..... your brother........ your cousin
C) in spite of phoned last night, but I'm not sure which
nevertheless of them it was.
9.
E) even though
A) Not only/but also
..... where the meeting will be held ........ B) Neither/nor
C) Whether/or
when it will be held is known yet, so I'm D) Both/and
afraid I can't help you with that. E) Either/or
A) Neither/nor C) B) Both/and Amber has been used for jewellery and

Either/or D) Whether/or ornaments....... prehistoric times.
E) Merely/or
A) even before C) more B) so long as
than D) just as
4. ..... the economic crisis the country has E) ever
been suffering from ....... the extravagant since
spending of the partners has led to the
firm's bankruptcy, but they don't seem 10. After you wash the dishes, be sure to
frank enough to admit this. rinse them thoroughly ....... they don't
have a soapy taste.
A) Both/and A) much as C) so that B) since
B) Neither/nor E) otherwise D) besides
C) Despite/as well as
D) Not only/but also 11 ........he has always preferred going to bed
E) Because of/and early and getting up early, his wife is Just
the opposite.
5. Individual skills and interests ....... the A) Whereas B) However D)

profitability of the job must be taken into C) Unlike Therefore
account ....... you are deciding upon your E) In contrast
profession. 12. Due to Nepal's increasing political
instability and violent civil war, many
A) as well as/while Westerners are cancelling their holidays
B) both/by the time there ...... risk their lives.
C) but not/ because
D) nor/however A) in case of B) so as not to
C) in contrast to D) if not E) instead
E) like/nevertheless of
558 Q ELS
570
13 ........ where you go in the world, you can 20. I thought you were going to wash the
usually find someone who speaks at least shirt you borrowed ....... you gave it back
a little English. to me.
A) Even if B) No matter A) once B) how
C) Provided D) Moreover C) before D) until
E) While E) unless
14........ both developing and developed 21. It was ....... hilarious film ........ it made us
countries recognize the need to preserve roll around In fits of laughter.
natural resources, almost none of them
behave accordingly. A) so much/as B) hardly/when
C) more/than D) s uch a/that
A} As much C) B) Since D) E) both/and
Nevertheless Although
E) Despite 22. A diplomat's most demanding activity is
probabfy negotiation, which requires ......
15. The French author Jules Verne's novels skill....... patience as well as knowledge.
'Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the
Sea" and "Around the World In Eighty A) either/or B) whether/or
Days" seemed fantastic to readers of his C) both/and D) neither/nor
time; ........ Verne's dreams of undersea
and air travel later became reality. E) muc h/tha n
A) in contrast C) B) therefore 23. IVe spotted a number of errors in your

however D) just as essay; some are major ones, ....... some
E) otherwise are Just spelling mistakes.
A) B) besides D)
16 ........ much you try to be nice to some while therefore
people, they just do not respond. C) until E) despite
A) As if C) B) Regardless of 24 ........ he wrote of a society of

However D) In spite of sophistication and culture, Henry James
E) Owing to was accused of being a snobbish writer.
17. Nowadays, the traffic In Istanbul Is so A) Owing to C)For B) Just as

bad that there Is almost always E) Since D) In case
congestion In major centres .........what
time of day It is. 25. I found it strange that there seemed to be
A) even if a permanent smile stuck on her face ......
C) in case B) regardless of things went terribly wrong.
D) however
E) nevertheless A) as though C) even B) no matter
when D) whereas
18. Turkey has a large manufacturing sector E) on the
with many factories producing textiles contrary
and cars, which are....... used for the
domestic market ........ exported. 26. The launch of the rocket was delayed for
a month ...... a technical problem that
A) no s ooner/than arose at the last moment.
B) much more/than
C) neither/nor A) so
that C) B) on account of D)
D) whether/or in addition to
E) not only/but also unlike
E) just as
19 ........ numerous warnings from the
lifeguard, the boys continued to surf 27. Even though he hadn't seen this town
dangerously close to the pier. before, it was so familiar to him that it
seemed ...... he had known it all his life.
A) In spite of C) B) Besides A) other than C) much B) as though
According to D) However like D) such as
E) E) as much
Regardless
ELS Q 559
571
28. It Is a general rule that you can hardly 35. Smoke ala rms can p rov ide th ose vital
expect good quality ...... the price of a extra sec onds neede d to escape fro m a
product Is low. fire; ......... the y c an ' t a lwa ys be trus ted to
work properly.
A) B) whether D)
so how A) even though B) otherwise
Qif E) just q however D) therefore
E) a s mu c h a s
29. She spoke to the manager of the
department, who said he'd personally 36. Yo ur h igh -hee led shoes may Indeed be
deal with the problem; ....... she sent a the latest fashion and extre me ly stylish,
letter of complaint to the head office.
..... th ey a re n o t the leas t b it s u itab le fo r
A) otherwise B) similarly a ten-mile hike.
C) all the same D) therefore A) yet
E) even though B) such D) as
q so EJfor
30. It was just my luck that ...... had I hung
the washing out to dry ...... It started to 37........ the fact that the journey
rain. took over
seven hours, the tourists were all keen to
A) th e mo re /th e le s s explore the minute they arrived.
B) n o t o n ly /b u t a ls o
C) n o s o o n e r /t h a n A) While B) Because D)
D) n e i th e r/ n o r q During
E) if on ly /when Until
E) Despite
31. It ca me to light a fter the last ca mpaign
that a la rge p rop ortion o f the cha rity's 38. Perched high in the mountains, the city
mo ne y ha d be en mis us ed ; .........th e of Flagstaff, Arizona, is quite cold all year,
public are now reluctant to make any ..... Phoenix - only 150 miles to the
further donations. south - can get as hot as 50 degrees
centigrade in the summer.
A) consequently B) despite
C) otherwise D) however A) B) therefore D)
E) on the contrary whereas q so that
32. We stopped to shelter under some trees, besides E) otherwise
......the heat of the sun had become
unbearable. 39 ....... the Prime Minister stepped off the
plane, the reporters bombarded him with
A) B) despite questions.
provided q D) by the time
for A) By the time q The B) As long as
E) until D) Even though
moment
33. Our chance of success Is very small E) However
Indeed; ....... I suggest that we shouldn't
even try. 40. Experts define a good bed as one that is
...... too hard ....... too soft.
A) on account q B) even then
nevertheless D) therefore A) neither/nor B) whether/or
E) in contrast q such/that D) both/and
E) not only/but also
34 ....... had the city recovered from the
effects of the earthquake ...... a hurricane 41. In my opinion, dentists have the wor^t
struck It. job in the world ....... how much they
A) No lon g e r/a s earn.
B) Ha rd ly / wh e n B) as though
q N o t o n l y /b u t a ls o A) even if
q nevertheless D) no matter
D) Ne ith e r/n o r
E) B o t h /a n d E) moreover
56O D ELS
572
42 ........offering a good salary, the Job 44 ........ the light can be seen from all
provides a number of benefits, such as a directions, the lantern In a lighthouse
company car and full health Insurance. rotates at a controlled speed.
A) B) Since D) A) So B) In case D)
Besides Whereas that C) Whether
C) Despite E) Moreover Only if E) Not only
43. I know you have a lot on your mind these 45 ....... the considerable gap between the
days, but ....... I think you could be a money he's earned and the money he's
little more careful about your work. spent, he Is now in debt.
A) as though C) B) no matter A) Because B) Just as

therefore D) furthermore C) In spite of D) As a result of
E) even so E) Instead of
10-8 REDUCTION of ADVERBIAL CLAUSES to MODIFYING PHRASES

Bir zarf tümceciğini sözcük öbeği biçiminde kısaltabiliriz. Kısaltma yapabilmenin temel koşulu,
yan cümle ile temel cümledeki öznenin aynı olmasıdır. Özneler farklı ise kısaltma yapamayız.
Ancak, "considering, following, taking into account, seeing that" gibi yapılarla ve çok genel
ifadeler içerdiği zaman when + doing yapısıyla öznelerin aynı olması gerekmez.
Considering the actors' performances, the film was below my expectations.
Following the headmaster's speech, the students will be allowed into the
classrooms.
When travelling in a foreign country, it's best to carry traveller's cheques
rather than cash.
Kısaltma yapabileceğimiz bağlaçlar ve kısaltma biçimleri soviet-a) After, before, while
Active: While I was reading a book last night, I fell asleep. While reading a book
last night, I fell asleep. Reading a boot last night, I fell asleep.
Passive: While it was being carried, the table got broken. While being carried, the
table got broken.
I did a lot of sightseeing while I was on holiday In Antalya. I did a lot of
sightseeing while on holiday in Antafya.
Active: After we ate/had eaten dinner, we went out for a walk.
After eating/ After having eaten dinner, we went out for a walk. Having
eaten dinner, we went out for a walk.
Passive: After he was/had been promoted, he became more interested in his job.
After being/having been promoted, he became more interested in his job.
Having been promoted, he became more interested in his job.
Active: Before she came to this city, she lived in the country. Before coming to
this city, she lived in the country.
Passive: Before she was elected Prime Minister, she worked as a university
teacher. Before being elected Prime Minister, she worked as a university
teacher.
(Note: Kısaltma yaparken "before" atılamaz.)
ELS Q 561
573
b) When
When, arka arkaya yapılmış eylemleri ifade eden iki cümleyi bağlıyorsa; active cümlede when +
clause yerine on/upon + doing kullanılır.
When she finished her report, she left the office. On/upon finishing her report,
she left the office.
Passive cümlede ya da "be" fiilinin asıl fiil olduğu cümlede, özne ve "be" fiili atılır; when + past
parüciple/a noun/adjective kullanılır.
When he was a young man, he was very ambitious. When a young man/When
young, he was very ambitious.
When they are used too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction. When used
too often, sedative drugs may cause addiction.
When, bazı cümlelerde "while" anlamında kullanılır. Yani temel cümle ile yan cümledeki
eylemler aynı zamanlıdır. Bu durumda kısaltma, when + doing biçiminde yapılır.
When you are travelling abroad, make sure you have traveller's cheques with you.
When travelling abroad, make sure you have traveller's cheques with you.
c) Until, since
Until, active cümlede de kısaltılabilir, ancak passive cümlelerde kısaltma daha yaygındır.
Until I went to Australia, I had never seen a kangaroo. Until going to Australia,
I had never seen a kangaroo.
Prepositions must be studied until they are learnt by heart. Prepositions must
be studied until learnt by heart.
Since, "...den beri" anlamındaysa since + doing/being done biçiminde kısaltılır.
Since I came to this city, I have lived in the same house. Since coming to this
city, I have lived in the same house.
Since it was occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse. Since
being occupied by the USA, Iraq has gone from bad to worse.
d) Because, as, since

Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren clause'larda as, since, because gibi bağlaçlar atılarak doing -being
done/having done - having been done kullanılır.
Because she is married now, she has more responsibilities. Being married
now, she has more responsibilities.
Since she was tired, she went to bed early. Being tired, she went to bed early.
Eğer adverbial clause'daki eylem temel cümledeki eylemden önce gerçekleşmişse, having
done/having been done kullanılır.
Because I sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty walking. Having
sprained my ankle yesterday, I now have difficulty walking.
Because I had sprained my ankle, I could hardly walk. Having sprained my
ankle, I could hardly walk.
Because he had been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned. Having
been transferred to a remote branch, he resigned.
562 Q ELS
574
Perfect Participial phrase (having done/having been done), Türkçe'ye, because, after, when ve
bazen de relative clause yapısında çevrilebilir.
1. First, the students finally graduated from university.

2. Then, the students had a big party to celebrate their graduation.
3. Then, the students woke up quite late the following morning.
Yukarıdaki cümleler, aynı özneler tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş eylemleri ifade etmektedir.
Vurguladığımız öğeye göre bu üç cümleyi birkaç şekilde bağlayabiliriz.
After/When the students had finally graduated from university, they had a big
party to celebrate their graduation; and after they had had the party, they
woke up late the following morning.
Because the students had finally graduated from university, they had a big
party to celebrate their graduation; and because they had had a big party, they
woke up late the following morning.
The students, who had finally graduated from university and (had) had a big
party to celebrate their graduation, woke up late the following morning.
Bu cümlelerin hepsini, perfect participial phrase kullanarak aynı biçimde kısaltabiliriz. Phrase
cümlenin başında, özneden sonra, ya da cümlenin sonunda yer alabilir.
Having BnaJfy graduated from university and (having) had a big party to
celebrate their graduation, the students woke up late.
The students, having Ûnalfy graduated from university and (having) had a big
party to celebrate their graduation, woke up late.
The students woke up late, having Ûnalfy graduated from university and
(having) had a big party to celebrate their graduation.
(Sonunda üniversiteden mezun olunca/mezun olan/mezun oldukları için ...)
Having travelled more than eight hours, the passengers felt exhausted. (Sekiz
saatten fazla yolculuk yapmış olan/yaptiklan Için/yaptiktan sonra/yapınca
yolcular bitkin düştüler.)
Adverbial clause'da be + adjective kullanılmışsa, bu yapıyı being + adjective ya da sadece

adjective biçiminde kısaltabiliriz.
Because she Is responsible for opening the office, she has to be there early.
Being responsible for opening the office, she has to be there early. Responsible
for opening the office, she has to be there early.
Olumsuz cümlelerde not doing/not having done kullanılır.

Because I don't know her phone number, I can't call her. Not knowing her phone
number, I can't call her.
Because she hadn't slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning. Not
having slept well the night before, she felt tired in the morning.
Neden-sonuç ilişkisi bildiren cümlelerde, temel cümleyle yan cümlenin özneleri farklıyken de
kısaltma yapmak mümkündür. Ancak kısaltmada her iki cümlenin de öznesini belirtmek
gerekir. Örnekleri inceleyiniz:
ELS Q 563
575
Because our car is broken down, we have been travelling to work by bus since
last week.
Our car being broken down, we have been travelling to work by bus since last
week.
As the weather was cold, we had to cancel the picnic. The weather being cold,
we had to cancel the picnic.
As the manager has gone abroad for a conference, the assistant manager will
preside over the meeting.
The manager having gone abroad, the assistant manager will preside over the
meeting.
Because there was a serious accident on the highway, we had to wait for a
long time.
Hiere being a serious accident on the highway, we had to wait for a long time.
e) If, unless, as If, whether ... or not

Koşul cümlesi oluşturan bağlaçlardan If, unless, as If ve whether...or not kısaltılmış yapıyla
kullanılabilir.
If they were collected together, his poems would fill a volume. If collected
together, his poems would fill a volume.
Unless this case is explained properly, it will continue to confuse people. Unless
explained properly, this case will continue to confuse people.
She was speaking strangely, as if she was trying to conceal something from us.
..,-. She was speaking strangely, as if trying to conceal something from us.
As if he was unknown to everyone there, he came to the party and left
immediately, without saying a word.
As if unknown to everyone there, he came to the party and left immediately,
without saying a word.
Whether they are cooked in the oven or deep-fried, aubergines are my favourite
vegetables in summer.
Whether cooked in the oven or deep-filed, aubergines are my favourite
vegetables in summer.
f) Although, though
Although ve though da kısaltılmış yapıyla kullanılabilir.
Although/though their products are not as good as ours, they are more
expensive.
Although/though not as good as ours, their products are more expensive.
(Bizimkiler kadar iyi olmadığı halde onların ürünleri daha pahalı.)
Although/though it was constructed many years ago, the building is still in
good condition.
Although/though constructed many years ago, the building is still in good
condition.
Although/though my grandmother is in her late seventies, she still does all the
housework herself.
Although/though in her late seventies, my grandmother still does all the
housework herself.
564 Q ELS .
576
EXERCISE 16: Change the adverbial clauses to modifying phrases.
1. Because I haven't read the report myself, I am unable to comment on it.
2. When you are loading these boxes, make sure that they remain in an upright
position.
3. If this disease is detected early enough, it can easily be cured.
4. Before she sealed the envelope, she checked the contents of the letter once more.
5. She fell asleep while she was listening to the lecture.
6. When he opened his wallet, he realized he didn't have enough money to pay the bill.
7. You should write your name at the top of the page before you answer any of the
questions.
8. Because he had driven through a red light, he wasn't at all surprised when the
police stopped him.
9. As there were no seats left on the flight, we were obliged to travel by train.
10. Since he started his own business two years ago, he has been doing remarkably
well.
11. Although stamp collecting isn't so popular as it used to be, it is still a favourite
hobby of many youngsters.
12. Because the children had never seen an elephant before, they were really excited
when they saw one at the zoo.
13. As they are amphibians, frogs can live both in water and on land.
14. If this flood is not brought under control, it could destroy the homes of thousands
of people.
15. When you receive a new credit card, you should always check the expiry date.
16. As there was heavy congestion at that time of day, we decided to walk rather than
drive.
17. Unless they are supported after treatment, alcoholics often suffer relapses.
18. Until wearing a seatbelt was made compulsory by law, it had often been ignored by
drivers.
19. When he was asked who the job had been given to, the manager refused to
comment.
20. Although my sister's job is much less stressful than mine, it provides her with a
higher salary.
EXERCISE 17: In the sentences below, there Is something odd In meaning. Rewrite them so
that the Intended meaning is clear.
Example: While cooking dinner, a saucepan boiled over and scalded him.
While he was cooking dinner, a saucepan boiled over and scalded him.
1. Being expired, I was unable to use my credit card.
2. On reaching the top of the hill, the view completely overwhelmed them.
ELS Q 565
577
3. Being terribly drunk, the car went out of control and hit a lamp-post.
4. Never having looked after his teeth properly, more than half of them are already
decayed.
5. Having opened the oven door too often, the cake I was baking sank in the middle.
6. While stroking his neighbours' dog, it bit him.
7. Having examined the pattern carefully, the dress seemed easy enough for me to
make.
8. While explaining the future perfect continuous, the janitor came in and asked me
what time the class finished.
9. Having greedily eaten everything in the fridge, there was nothing left for his
flatmate.
10. After reporting her car stolen, the train seemed the best option for her journey
home.
HOW TO COMMUNICATE
manager instructed that in future all communication with him must be in

writing.
The following morning, he met an elderly member of staff, who
silently produced from his waistcoat pocket a small card and presented it to
him. On it, in copperplate handwriting, were two words:
"Good Morning."
Shortly after being promoted, our over-zealous young production
10-9 CONTINUING THE SAME IDEA

Herhangi bir konuda belirttiğimiz bir görüşe ilave yaparken "also" anlamında moreover, what Is
more, furthermore, In addition ve besides kullanırız. Bu sözcükler "ayrıca, yanı sıra, ilaveten"
anlamlarını verir. Bu yapıları kullanırken dikkat etmemiz gereken nokta, önce belirttiğimiz
ifade ile çelişmeyen görüşler ilave etmemizdir. Yani bir şeyin iyi bir özelliğini belirtmişsek, bir
başka iyi özelliğini ekleyebiliriz.
I want to rent that house. It's very large, with four rooms.
Moreover, it has a wonderful sea view.
What is more.
Furthermore,
hi addition.
Besides, ,
Running a big car has certain disadvantages.

First of all, it's expensive to run because it uses more petrol than the smaller
models; moreover, it's difficult to park.
what Is more,
furthermore, ,.,
in addition,
besides,
566 a ELS
578
In addition to ve besides, preposition olarak kullanılır ve kendilerinden sonra isim gelir. In
addition to/Besides her beauty, she has intelligence and charm.
A well-balanced diet should contain other nutrients in addition to/besides
vitamins and proteins.
In addition to/Besides working in an office during the day, she is attending
evening classes to improve her secretarial skills.
NOT€---------------------------------------------------------------------------------^
Beside ve besides arasındaki aynına dikkat ediniz. l
Beside, "next to" anlamında bir preposition'dır.
Their house is beside the sea. (Onların evi deniz kenarında.) j
She sat beside me at the meeting. (O, toplantıda benim yanımda oturdu.) \
Besides, "ilaveten, yanı sıra" anlamını veren bir preposition'dır.
istanbul (also) has lots of natural attractions besides its historical places. j
(Tarihi yerlerin yanı sıra İstanbul'un pek çok doğal güzellikleri de vardır.) \
NOT€.......................................................................................
"Besides" bazen "except (for)" ve "apart from" ile karıştırılmaktadır. Aralarındaki anlam
ve kullanım farkları için örnekleri inceleyiniz.
Yukarıda da değindiğimiz gibi, besides, belirtilen bir özelliğe aynı doğrultuda bilgi ilave etmek
için kullanılır: olumlu bir özelliğe olumlu; olumsuz bir özelliğe olumsuz ilave yapmak gibi.
Bu nedenle, "de, da" anlamını veren "also" ile birlikte çok sık kullanılır.
Besides Spanish, she (also) speaks Portuguese and Catalan.

(= She speaks Spanish; she also speaks Portuguese and Catalan.) -.,.
(İspanyolca'nın yanı sıra, Portekizce ve Katalanca da konuşuyor.)
Except (for) "hariç, dışında" anlamını verir ve sözü edilen öğeyi dışında tutar.
She's amazing! She speaks all of the Romance languages except (for) French. (= She
doesn't speak French, but she speaks all the other Romance languages.)
Yukarıdaki cümleyi Türkçe'ye, "Fransızca hariç/dışında, bütün Roman dillerini

konuşabiliyor." biçiminde çevirebiliriz. Ancak Türkçe'de "dışında" ifadesi çok net değildir ve !
bazen "yanı sıra" anlamına da gelmektedir. Fakat, İngilizce'de "except (for)" "belirtilen öğe \
dahil degif anlamını verir.
Apart, from "dışında/hariç", "dışında/yanı sıra" anlamlarının her ikisini de vermektedir. Sözü
edilen öğenin "dahif mi yoksa "hariç" mi olduğu genellikle konuşmanın akışından çıkarılır.
Apart from English, she (also) speaks German and French. (= She speaks English;
she also speaks German and French.)
(İngilizce dışında/İngilizce'nin yanı sıra, Almanca ve Fransızca da konuşuyor.)
"No/nothing/nobody" gibi olumsuz anlam taşıyan sözcüklerle kullanıldığında, "besides,

except for, apart from", üçü de aynı anlamı verebilir.
Nobody besides/except (for)/apart from Dave actually came yesterday. He is
579
interested in almost nothing besides/except (for)/apart from his job. (İşi
dışında/İşinden başka, neredeyse hiçbir şeyle ilgilenmiyor.)
ELS Q 567
580
l O-10 INVERSION
Inversion "cümle içinde bir sözcüğün yerini değiştirmek' anlamına gelir. İngilizce'de bu yer
değiştirme genellikle cümlenin öznesini ve yüklemini etkiler ve elde edilen cümle "devrik
cümle" olur.
Inversion çeşitli biçimlerde yapılabilir. Yaygın kullanımları şöyle sıralayabiliriz.
1. Negative Exclamations
Olumsuz soru biçimindeki bazı cümleler aslında soru değil, ünlem cümlesidir ve devrik
yapıdadır.
Hasn't your little boy grown since I last saw him!
Doesn 't she have beautiful eyes!
.Aren't you selfish! ; ,
2. Short Answer Agreement with "so/neither/nor"
Kısa cevaplarda kullanılan "so", "neither" ve "nor", sadece yardımcı fiil kullanılarak yapılan
devrik cümle yapısıdır.
- I think Pele was a better player than Maradona.
- So do I.
- I can't stand cold coffee.
- Neither can I.
"Nor", bağımsız iki olumsuz cümleyi bağlarken de devrik cümle yapısı kullanılır.
She didn't have any money, and she didn't know anyone she could borrow
some from.
She didn't have any money, nor did she know anyone she could borrow some
from.
Aynı kullanım "neither" ile de mümkündür, ancak "neither" dan önce "and" kullanmak gerekir.
My wife and I can't stand opera, and none of our friends can either. My wife
and I can't stand opera, and neither can any of our friends.
Bağımsız iki olumlu cümleyi bağlarken "so" kullanılır, ancak "neither" da olduğu gibi, "so" dan
önce "and" kullanmak gerekir.
He was born in Hull, and his father was too
He was born in Hull, and so was his father. ;
3. Wishes with "May"
İngilizce'de dilek, ilenme vb. duygulan ifade eden ve "may" ile başlayan bazı deyimler aslında
devrik cümle yapısındadır
May you always be happy!
May the road rise to meet you! (Irish toast)
May God bless you!
4. ResWctive/Luniting/Negative Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases

Aşağıdaki yapıların hepsi, kısıtlama, sınırlama bildiren ya da olumsuz anlam taşıyan yapılardır.
Bu yapılar cümlenin başında yer aldığı zaman cümle devrik olur.
a) hardly ever/scarcely ever/barely ever/seldom/rarely
Bu sözcüklerin hepsi temelde aynı anlama sahiptir. Ancak "barely ever" devrik cümle yapısında
pek kullanılmaz.
568 a ELS
581
He hardly ever talks to me. Hardly ever does he talk to me.
I scarcely ever actually use my mobile phone. Scarcely ever do I actually use my
mobile phone.
We seldom went on holiday when I was a child. Seldom/Rarefy did we go on
holiday when I was a child.
b) hardly ... when/scarcely ... when/barely ... when/no sooner ... than
Bu kalıpların hepsi hemen hemen aynı anlamı verir. Past Perfect/Past Simple kombinasyonu en
yaygın kullanımdır, ancak diğer tense'lerle de kullanılabilirler. "Barely ... when" kalıbının devrik
cümlede kullanımı pek yaygın değildir.
They had hardfy/scarcefy entered the building when the fire alarm went off.
Hardly/Scarcely had they entered the building when the fire alarm went off.
He had no sooner broken up with Linda than he fell in love with another girl. No
sooner had he broken up with Linda than he fell in love with another girl.
c) on no account, In/under no circumstances (in/under any circumstances)
"In/under any circumstances" devrik cümle yapısıyla kullanılmaz. Olumsuz bir fiille düz cümle
biçiminde kullanılır. Devrik cümle yapmak için "In/under no circumstances" kullanılır.
You should not, under any circumstances, place your finger into an electrical
socket.
Under no circumstances should you place your finger into an electrical socket.
You are on no account to open any of these presents until Christmas morning.
On no account are you to open any of these presents until Christmas morning.
d) Expressions beginning with "only"
1) only by + verb/only with + noun
You can improve your language skills onfy by practising. Onfy by practising can
you improve your language skills.
He onfy managed to open the jar with his wife's help. Onfy with his wife's help
did he manage to open the jar.
U) only In this way/only like this/only thus, etc.
Robert Mugabe won re-election by manipulating the vote; as he is despised by
so many voters, it was possible for him to win onfy in this way.
....as he is despised by so many, onfy in this way was it possible for him to win.
Hi) only then/once/etc.
My husband and I work at the same company, but we normally see each other
only once a day - at lunchtime.
My husband and I work at the same company, but onfy once do we normally
see each other a day - at lunchtime.
Hitler was appointed chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg in 1933; it
was onfy then that he became able to seize total power for himself. Hitler was
appointed chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg in 1933; onfy then did
he become able to seize total power for himself.
tv) onfy when (after/before)
"Only when (after, before)" ile başlayan cümlelerde, "onfy" ile başlayan cümlelerden farklı olarak,
yan cümle değil, temel cümle devrik yapılır.
Bart Simpson was allowed to go home onfy when he had written "Nitric acid is
not a toy," on the board 100 times.
Onfy when he'd written "Nitric acid is not a toy," on the board 100 times was
Bart Simpson allowed to go home.
ELS a 569
582
v) only If
"Only If', "only when (after, before)" gibi, temel cümlede devrik yapı gerektirir.
I'll lend you the money, but only if you agree to pay it back within two weeks.
Only if you agree to pay it back within two weeks will I lend you the money.
e) so + adjective ... that/such (a) + noun ... that
I was so hungry that I would have eaten almost anything. So hungry was I that
I would have eaten almost anything.
Miranda is such a gullible person that she believes whatever she is told. Such
a gullible person is Miranda that she believes whatever she is told.
f) never (again, before, etc.)
I'H never set foot in that restaurant again; it's a terrible place! .Never again
will I set foot in that restaurant; it's a terrible place!
He'd never done such a foolish thing before. Never before had he done such a
foolish thing.
I have never seen such awful behaviour! Never have I seen such awful
behaviour!
g) not till/until
"Not till/until" de temel cümlede devrik yapı gerektiren bir kalıptır.
We can't leave until we've turned off all the computers. Not until we have
turned off all the computers can we leave.
h) not only
Bu kalıpta devrik cümle yapısı, "not only" nin bağlı bulunduğu yan cümlededir.
The king believed not only in his divine right to rule, but also that he himself
was infallible.
Not only did the king believe in his divine right to rule, but he also believed that
he himself was infallible.
i) not + object
She hasn't said a single word since she arrived. Not a single word has she said
since she arrived.
j) nowhere
The tango Is appreciated nowhere more than in the land of its birth, Argentina.
Nowhere is the tango appreciated more than in the land of its birth, Argentina.
5. With "As" and "Than"
Karşılaştırma yapan kalıplarda "as" ve "than" den sonra devrik cümle yapısı kullanılabilir.
The Cambodian leader Pol Pot was a murderous dictator, as was his Ugandan
contemporary idi Amin.
She is a much better swimmer than is her brother.
"Than" ile yapılan karşılaştırmalarda, düz cümle kullanmak da mümkündür. Cümlenin yüklemi
"be" fiili ise genellikle ikinci tarafta fiil kullanılmaz.
I'm a lot more patient with children than my sister is. I'm a lot more patient
with children than is my sister. I'm a lot more patient with children than my
sister.
"Than" ile karşılaştırma yaparken, devrik cümle kullanımı, ancak iki taraftaki özneler farklıysa
mümkündür.
I play the flute much better now than I did five years ago.
("/ play the uute much better now than did I five years ago." yanlış bir ifade olur.)
57O Q ELS
583
6. After Adverbial/Prepositional Expressions of Place
Eğer yer bildiren bir zarf vurguyu artırmak için cümlenin başına getiriliyorsa, genellikle devrik
cümle yapısı kullanılır.
Out comes the sword from its sheath.
Through harbours and ports pass cargoes and travellers.
Under the bush lay the body of Jimmy Hoffa.
Down the road came the soldiers.
Up the stairs ran the children.
Here comes John now. There goes the train.
Birbirini takip eden olayları anlatırken kullanılan "flrst/second/then" gibi ifadelerle devrik cümle
yapısı kullanılabilir.
Many historians believe that the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations
emerged first then came the Indus River Valley and Minoan civilizations, and
finally the Chinese civilization centered on the Huang He River Valley.
7. Inversion with Conditionals

a) Type-1 Conditionals with "should"
If you see her, say hello.
If you should see her, say hello.
Should you see her, say hello.
If we arrive early, we'll be able to have a coffee before the film starts.
If we should arrive early, we'll be able to have a coffee before the film starts.
Should we arrive early, we'll be able to have a coffee before the film starts.
If I don't get there on time, go ahead and start without me. . Should I not get
there on time, go ahead and start without me. (Note: Düz cümlede "If... should
not" kullanımı mümkün değildir.)
b) Type-2 Conditionals with "were"

If I were a. rich man, I would not necessarily be any happier than I am now.
Were I a rich man, I would not necessarily be any happier than I am now.
If he were to be elected president, there might finally be some changes. Were he
to be elected president, there might finally be some changes.
If she weren't so depressed, maybe she'd come out with us tonight. Were she
not so depressed, maybe she would come out with us tonight.
c) Type-3 Conditionals with "had"
If the assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler on July 20, 1944 had succeeded,
history might have turned out quite differently.
Had the assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler on July 20, 1944 succeeded,
history might have turned out quite differently.
If I had known that you weren't going to come, I probably wouldn't have gone
either.
Had I known that you weren't going to come, I probably wouldn't have gone
either.
If he hadn't fallen so deeply in love with her, perhaps he would be a happier
person now.
Had he not fallen so deeply in love with her, perhaps he would be a happier
person now.
ELS Q 571
584
EXERCISE 18; Rewrite the following sentences using Inversion. Use the patterns given In
parentheses.
1. I don't like the way you are acting, and I will not tolerate it any longer. ( ...... nor ...)
2. Civilization couldn't really begin to develop until farming had been discovered,
about 10,000 years ago. (Not until]
3. She told her son that he must not, under any circumstances, give chocolate to his
baby sister, as she was severely allergic to it. (Under no circumstances)
4. I certainly wouldn't want to live in a big metropolitan city if I were given the choice,
(without "if)
5. She'll only be able to come to the party if she can find someone to give her a lift
back home. (Only ifl
6. The destruction of books ordered by the Chinese emperor Shih Huang Ti in the 3rd
century BC was so complete that almost nothing remained. (So... that]
7. You haven't lifted one finger to help me around the house since we got married! (Not.)
I
8. They've hardly ever come to any of the events we've invited them to. (Hardly ever)
9. If we hadn't gone to the party last night, we certainly wouldn't have had as much
fun as we ended up having, (without "if)
10. The police tank came down the street menacingly, and the protestors ran away,
(two inversions: Down..., and away...)
11. She claims that she has drunk alcohol only once in her life, but I know for a fact
that she's lying. (Only once)
12. The orchestra had barely begun their performance of the Beethoven symphony
when someone in the audience sneezed quite loudly. (Barely...when)
13. If you get to the meeting early tomorrow, could you please inform Mr. Wiles that I'll
be about ten or fifteen minutes late? (without "if)
.................................................................................................................................. ?
14. There is a greater diversity of languages nowhere in the world more than on the
island of New Guinea, which is half the size of Turkey but contains at least 700
different languages. (Nowhere ...; do not use "more")
15. It was such an embarrassment last night that I will never be able to show my face
at their house again, (two inversions: Such...that never again...)
16. I was able to get the stereo working only after I had read the instruction manual
thoroughly. (Only after)
17. Irish author James Joyce left Ireland forever in the early 20th century; his
compatriot and friend, Samuel Beckett, did the same about 30 years later. (...,
as...) (Do not use "the same".)
18. Mr. Loman had no sooner stepped in the door than his wife slapped him across the
face. (No sooner...than)
19. One seldom gets the chance to see two legendary musicians performing together on
the same stage. (Seldom ...)
20. My mother and father have never been out of the United States, and none of their
friends have either. (..., and neither...)
57* Q ELS
585
EXERCISE 19: FUl In the blanks in the passages below with the correct choice.
Considered the most influential architect of The American author Upton Sinclair wrote (6)
his time, Frank Lloyd Wright designed about
..... 90 novels, but he is best remembered for
1,000 structures. (1) ......a pioneer (2) .......
ideas were well ahead of his time, Wright (3) "The Jungle", (7) ...... he describes the bad
...... for acceptance of every new design. sanitary and working conditions in the meat-
Although Wright's work was always packing industry in Chicago. Publication of
controversial, he was recognized in Europe as
the novel placed Sinclair in the ranks of the
early as 1910, with the publication of his
drawings in Germany. In 1925, the Dutch early 20th-century muckraking writers who
architectural magazine Wendingen produced used their pens (8) ...... corruption and social
a book of his life's work, and Architectural injustice. (9) ......intended to arouse
Forum devoted entire issues to his work in
sympathy for the conditions of the workers,
1938 and again in 1949. He (4) ...... the gold
medal of the Royal Institute of British the novel (10) .......led to the passage of the
Architects in 1941, but it was not (5) ....... first food inspection laws in the United States.
1949 that he received a similar medal from
the American Institute of Architects.
6.
1. A) as much as B) the most
A) Even B)So
C) so many D) more than
C) As D) Such
E) Rather E) much more
2. 7.
A) where B) whose A) when B) whose
C) which D) that C) in which D) how
E) whom
E) for what
A) will be fighting
B) ought to fight A) exposed B) to expose
C) has fought C) being exposed D) exposing
D) had to fight
E) may be fighting E) expose
4. 9.
A) has been awarded A) Since B) Although
B) used to be awarded C) No matter D) Just as
C) could have awarded
E) However
D) had awarded
E) was awarded
10.
5. A) instead B) despite
A) until B) by the time C) thus D) otherwise
C) when D) while
E) since E) though
ELS a 573
586
Several kinds of bacteria get into milk during They told her to quit. She answered, "What
milking, processing and bottling, and multiply for?" Nineteen-year-old Gertrude Ederle was on
rapidly (11) ...... great care is taken to keep her way to becoming the first woman (16)
...... the English Channel, and (17) .........the
the cows' udders, milking machines and
pleas of her coach ....... a storm that closed
bottling equipment clean. (12) ..... , dairy the channel to normal shipping would stop
cows are inspected at regular intervals to her. She completed the crossing in record
make sure they are not carrying diseases (13) time. In 1925 she (18) .......her first,
..... tuberculosis, which can be transmitted unsuccessful, attempt to swim the English
Channel. Her successful effort - on August 6,
to humans through milk. Fresh milk requires
1926 - took only 14 hours and 31 minutes,
refrigeration and will keep up to a week if it which broke the men's record by 1 hour, 59
(14) ..... in a dark, cool place. When (15) ....... minutes, (19) ...... the fact that rough seas
for even a short time in a warm environment, forced her to swim 56 kilometres to cover the
milk loses its fresh taste and much of its 34-kilometre distance. She was an overnight
celebrity and toured for some time giving
vitamin content and quickly turns sour.
swimming exhibitions. (20) ....... a spinal
injury in 1933, she had to wear body casts for
11. nearly four years, but she recovered and
A) in B)if again swam for the public.
case C) D) as long as
16.
E) whereas B) swim
A) having swum C)
swum D) to swim
12. E) swam
A) B) Otherwise D) No matter E)
Since Even though 17.
A) whether...or
B) either...or
13. C) neither...nor
A) just B) such as D) both...and
C) rather than D) moreover E) not only...but also
E) much as
18.
A) had made
14.
B) used to make
A) has stored C) was making
B) were stored D) has ma de
C) will have stored E) should have made
D) is storing
19.
E) is stored
A) although C) even if B) owing to
E) despite D) however
15.
20.
A) is left B) to be left
A) B) Due to
C) has left D) left Besides C) D) When
Since
E) having left E) Instead of
574 Q ELS
587
TEST YOURSELF 10
1-35. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan 7. Recently, new conservation methods .......
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da İfadeyi and it is hoped that these ...... to prevent
bulunuz. further erosion of the soil.
1. He ...... so fast that he ........ the tractor on A) dev elop ed /ma y ha ve h elpe d
the road ahead until It was too late. B) we re deve lope d/we re helpin g
C) have b een deve lope d/will help
A) has d riv en /d oes n't no tice D) will be deve loping /have helped
B) had d riven /wasn' t n oticing E) are dev e lo ping /a re he lp ing
C) was driv ing /d idn' t notice
D) dro ve/wo n't have no ticed 8. I was relieved when, after ....... fo r a n
E) drives/isn' t n oticing hou r, I ....... in s ta rtin g the c a r.
2. If ou r travel plans ....... unc ha nge d, we A) be in g trie d /wo u ld s u cc ee d
..... on the b eac h In Cu ba th is time ne xt B) try ing /ha v e s ucc ee d ed
mo nth. C) to b e tryin g /c o u ld su cc ee d
D) to h a ve trie d /h a d s u c ce e d ed
A) remain/will be lying
B) have re ma ined /a re ly ing E) ha v ing tried /su cc ee d ed
C) are re ma in ing /h ave la in
D) will re main/will have lain 9 ........... in a "n o -p ark in g " zo ne , th e bo ss's ca r
E) had re ma ine d /we re ly ing was to wed a way.
3. Though I ....... with h is ideas at first, b y A) To be parked

the e nd o f the meeting , he ....... me t h a t B) Parking
he was correct. C) To park
D) Hav ing bee n pa rk ed
A) won't ag ree/wo uld conv ince E) To be parkin g
B) didn' t ag ree /h ad co nv ince d
C) wo uld n't ag ree/c onv inced 10 ....... by the doctor, my father was
D) haven't ag reed /was c onv inc ing prescribed some tablets and told to eat
E) don't ag ree/wou ld have conv ince d foods containing little or no fat.
4. Now that she ...... to a higher position,
A) Hav in g been exa mine d
she ...... more satisfied with her Job. B) To exa mine
C) To be exa mined
A) wa s p ro mo te d /wou ld b e
B) will b e p ro mo te d /h a d b ee n D) Exa min ing
C) had p ro mo ted /was E) Having examined
D) p ro mo te d /h a s b e e n
E) has been p romo ted /will be 11 ........ the requ ire d sc o re in the q ua lify in g
round, the forme r cha mp ion will no t be
5. It's high ly p ro bab le that, un less ....... with competing in the final.
grea t ca re , this g lass wa re ....... d u rin g th e
move. A) Not to reach
B) No t hav in g rea ched
A) h a n d ling /mig h t b re a k C) No t hav in g been reach ed
B) han d le d /will b re ak D) Not being reached
C) to h a n d le /b re a k s E) Not to be reachin g
D) to ha nd ling /is b ro ke n
E) h a n d le / h a s b ro k e n 12 ........ o f the da nge rs ma ny time s b y h is
mother, Cameron never swam in the river.
6 ......... for over an hour, the lifeboat men
finally spotted the small rubber boat ...... A) To wa rn
up and down in the rough sea. B) To be wa rning
A) Having searched /bobb ing C) To have wa rne d
B) Sea rch ing /to be b obb ing D) Having wa rned
C) Being searched/having bobbed E) Hav in g been wa rned
D) To have sea rc hed /bo bbed
E) To be sea rche d/to b ob ELS a 575
588
13 ........ by the Roman, Byzantine and 19 .........there for years, the curator of the
Ottoman civilizations, Syria has some museum was very Informative about all
striking architecture which ...... the the exhibits.
influence of all the three.
A) To be working
A) To be occupied/reflected B) Having been worked
B) Occupying/has reflected C) To have worked
C) To be occupying/will reflect D) Having worked
D) Having occupied/is reflecting E) Worked
E) Having been occupied/reflects
20. Although Patrick O'Brian ....... writing
14. When you ....... here for a few more weeks, until he was over 60, he ...... more than
you ...... how to behave In every situation. 20 novels up to now.
A) are living/know A) hasn't started/has been writing

B) lived/will have known B) couldn't start/writes
C) will have lived/know C) hadn't started/was writing
D) have lived/will know D) wasn't starting/is writing
E) live/have known E) didn't start/has written
15......... to a house closer to our office, now 21 ......... of affection during his childhood,
we....... a long way to work every day. that boy has difficulty forming proper
relationships with his classmates.
A) Having moved/don't have to travel
B) Moving/can't have travelled A) Depriving
C) To move/ought not to travel B) To be deprived
D) To be moved/haven't travelled C) Having deprived
E) To be moving/didn't use to travel D) To deprive
E) Having been deprived
16......... all our options, the board has
decided that expansion Into the European 22. Seeing that the horses ....... heavily, I
market would not be feasible at this time. thought they ....... for a considerable
distance.
A) To consider
B) Considered A) have sweated/will be galloping
C) Having considered B) were sweating/had been galloping
D) To have considered C) have been sweating/are galloping
E) Being considered D) had sweated/will have galloped
E) sweat/have galloped
17. Traffic ....... to the adjacent street while
the natural gas pipes ....... In our street. 23. According to the police report, the
robbery....... place about one hour after
A) has been diverted/are laying the gallery.........
B) will be diverted/are being laid
C) diverted/were laid A) has ta ken/c los ed
D) was diverted/laid B) would take/has closed
E) had diverted/were being laid C) took/had closed
D) is taking/will close
18. I don't know whether she .......the E) had taken/would close
demonstration or not, but certainly no
one....... seeing her there. 24 ........ this opponent on two previous
occasions, the player Is quite confident of
A) attends/is reporting victory tomorrow.
B) attended/reported
C) had attended/will have reported A) Having beaten B) To beat
D) is attending/was reporting C) Beating D) Beaten
E) will have attended/reports E) To have beaten
57* Q ELS
589
25. Just as I ...... the comer shop the other 31. Their boat ...... in the rough sea as they
day, I...... Mary, an old friend of mine ...... it to a nearby port to get it repaired.
from high school.
A) ha d c ap s iz ed /wo u ld be ta k ing
A) h a d e n te re d /wa s e n co u n te rin g B) wa s c a p s iz in g /h a d ta k e n
B) wa s e n te rin g /e n c o u n te re d C) wo u ld ca ps ize /h av e b ee n ta k ing
C) h a ve e n te re d /wo u ld e n c o u n te r D) caps iz ed /we re ta k ing
D) e n te re d /h a d e n c o u n te re d El h a s ca p s ize d /h a v e ta ke n
E) wo u ld e n te r/c o u ld e n c o un te r
32. Bec au se s h e h as ne ve r mo v e d h o use
26. While our host ...... our drinks, we ....... since she ...... married, my mother........
an Incredible amount of junk over the
out on to the terrace to watch the sunset. years.
A) has poured/were wandering A) g o t /h a s a c c u m u la te d
B) had been pouring/have wandered B) ha d g o t/will ac c u mu la te
C) was pouring/wandered C) wa s g e ttin g /a cc u mu la te s
D) will be pouring/wander D) wo u ld g e t/wou ld a cc u mu la te
E) is pouring/had wandered E) h a s g o t /a c c u m u la te d
27 ........ his proposal to the board of 33. Their house ...... a magnificent sea view
directors, the young manager stood In before those tall buildings ........
front of them awaiting their reaction to it.
A) us ed to h a ve /we re e rec ted
A) To have p resented B) wa s h av in g /e re c te d
B) Presented C) h a s h a d /a re e re c te d
C) To present D) h a d h a d / h a d e re c t e d
D) Having presented E) sh o u ld h a v e /ha v e b e en e re c te d
E) Being p resented 34 ......... th ree best selle rs, he fee ls it is no w
safe ...... his job and live on the Income
28. Fortunately, everyone ..... from the from his writing.
building before the bomb
A) To h av e written /qu itting
A) ha d b ee n ev ac ua te d /e x plo de d B) Ha v in g be en writte n /q u it
B) evacuates/will explode C) Ha v in g writte n/to qu it
C) has been evac uate d /exp lo des D) Writing /to h ave qu it
D) will be evacuated /is explo ding E) To be writing /hav in g q uit
E) was ev ac ua tin g /has ex p lo de d
35........ in India, the spinning wheel reached
29 ....... the ir dau gh ter bec ause o f the ir Europe via the Middle East sometime
obsession with their careers, the parents during the Middle Ages.
are responsible for her bad behaviour. A) To have invented
B) Having invented
A) Neglected C) To be invented
B) Having been neglected D) Having been invented
C) Having neglected E) Inventing
D) To be neglected
E) To neglect
36-60. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan
30. Do you know whether someone from the ygun düşen sözcüğü bulunuz.
main office ...... at the airport when we
36. There were no Instructions Included with
the computer, ....... was there a phone
A) wa its /h ave a rrived number for a helpline.
B) waited /had a rrived
A) for C) such B) so
C) will be waiting/arrive
D) has been wa iting /a re a rrivin g E) nor D) yet
E) will have waited /arrived
ELS a 577
590
37. It's a good idea to keep water in your car 44. Mine ra ls a lways h ave th e sa me
when you drive through the desert ...... co mp os itio n a n d s truc tu re ....... th ey a re
your car breaks down and you get fou nd ........ro c ks a re u s ua lly ma d e u p o f
stranded. a mixtu re o f mine ra ls tha t is de pen de nt on
their locations.
A) in case B) instead of D)
C) so that however A) ho weve r/s ince
B) whe reve r/wh ile
E) whereas C) even if/despite
D) h o w/ u n l e s s
38. Tourists are allowed to stay in the E) in c ase /the refo re
country for three months ....... theyVe got
enough money to live on without taking a 45. Hawa ii has ....... ra w ma te ria ls ......... a
job. ma n u fa c tu rin g in d u s try , s o it mu s t
dep en d on to u ris m an d ag ric u ltu re to keep
A) whereas B) provided that its economy afloat.
D) besides
C) even though A) no t o n ly /b u t a ls o
E) by the time B) e ith e r/o r
C) n e ith e r /n o r
39. The airline only allows 20 kilos of D) wh e th e r /o r
baggage per person, so you should pack E) both/and
your bags carefully ...... exceed the limit.
46. In the end, ....... reluctantly, he admitted
A) as much as B) unless that he had been wrong all along.
C) no longer D) in order to
E) so as not to A) such B) despite D)
C) in case though
40. Today's cameras have automatic devices E) as well as
that relieve the picture taker of any
thoughts ...... concentrating on his or her 47. Having finished making her ghost
subject. costume for the party, she put it on to
test ...... she would feel comfortable in it
A) no matter C) in case B) whereas all night.
E) other than D) however
A) as if B) because D) thus E)if
C) since
41. Everybody knew that the experiment 48 ........ a great deal more
failed....... poor planning by the team that information about
had carried out the research. Mars has been obtained will it be possible
A) due to to plan a manned trip to this planet.
C) until B) just as D)
instead of A) Even though B) Ever since
E) while C) Only when D) Provided
E) Hardly ever
42. Elvin drove through the rough mountain
path ...... he was driving on a smooth 49.
paved road. ...... a tunnel has been built through the
mountains, the Great St Bernard Pass, in
A) provided that C) as B) whereas the Swiss Alps, is much less dangerous
D) in case than before.
though
B) However
E) just when A) No matter C) Now D) Therefore
that
43 ....... the risk an insurance company E) Due to
takes ........the premium you will have to
pay. 50. The Czech novelist Milan Kundera's novel
"The Unbearable Lightness of Being", first
A) No s o o n e r/ th a n published In 1984, was banned in
B) Th e mo s t/ th e le a s t Czechoslovakia ...... 1989.
C) W h a te v e r /t h a t A) since B) until D)
D) W h e th e r /o r C) while unless
E) Th e b ig ge r/the h ighe r E) when
578 ü ELS
591
51 ........ how large the enemy may be, from a 58. Let's go and have a quick game of tennis
hawk to a human, the parent birds will ..... there's still enough light.
try to drive the enemy away from their
chicks. A) yet C) before B) after
E) otherwise D) while
A) B) No matter D)
Whereas Rather than 59. It'» really quite easy to program videos,
E) Except that ..... complicated the instructions may
seem at first.
52 .......... the match was about to start, there
A) however B) in spite of
was an announcement instructing
everyone to evacuate the stadium. C) nevertheless D) even if
E) though
AS Just as B) Instead of D)
C) Besides 60. The road to the top of the hill looked
Despite
extremely steep and winding; ........ we
E) Until decided to go ahead with our plan to
cycle up It.
53 ......... increase sales, the company is
launching a major new advertising A) otherwise C) B) furthermore
campaign next week. nevertheless D) even though
E) while
A) B) Owing to D)
Whereas In order to
E) In view of
61*80. sorularda» verflea cümleyi uygun
54 ........ reading a book on the train, I looked sekflde tanas?—1 ----------««*•*—*
up and suddenly realized that I was
sitting next to a famous pop star. 61. For a thousand years after Hagia Sophia
was completed ...........
A) As B) Although D)
C) Even if Unless A) it was the largest enclosed space in
E) While the world
B) it still attracts tourists from all over
55. Joanna is a strict vegetarian, so she the world
never eats ...... meat ........ fish. C) the plans for which had been drawn
up by Anthemius of Tralles, a noted
A) whether/or C) B) neither/nor mathematician
hardly/when D) both/also D) countlesö numbers of visitors have
E) either/or been filled with awe at its
magnificence
56. Jason refuses to stop riding his E) there has been nothing to rival it ever
motorcycle,........having already had three since
serious accidents.
62. The hairdresser left me sitting in the
A) B) however chair .........
although C) D) consequently
despite A) where I had never seen so many
E) though customers before
B) if only one of her assistants had
57. The shop-owner left the couple on their washed my hair in the meantime
own ...... they could decide privately C) to go and talk to the customers who
whether to buy the refrigerator or not. are waiting for their turns
D) while she checked another customer's
A) as soon as C) so as B) so that hair
to D) due to E) because she sa ys she has to deal with
E) in order her other customers
to
ELS a 579
592
63 ........ until the Inspector let them go. D) the mo re the cu rre nt see med to p ull
h e r o u t to s ea
A) Everybody who has witnessed the E) but no one was a ware o f he r frantic
mu rder will have to stay here efforts
B) No one was allowed to leave the scene
of the crime 68 ......... but by late afternoon, most of it had
C) It's difficult for the children to stand melted.
still
D) Obviously, you can't expect all these A) I got very wet during the
people to follow your instructions th u n d e rs t o r m
E) The police have de manded that B) Nearly a foot of snow fell overnight
everyone stay in their offices C) I treate d eac h o f th e ch ild ren to an
ice-cream
64. As a conseq uence o f its widesp read use, D) We left the cola in the fridge all day
E) It was absolutely freezing this
mo rn in g
A) English is a required language for
those wo rking in bus iness 69 ........ ; nonetheless, the two recognized
B) many people are forced to work longer each other the instant they met.
hou rs th an b e fo re
C) compute rs are beco ming more and A) Th e twin b ro th e rs ha d bee n se pa ra te d
mo re n ecess a ry to ind us try at birth, nearly fifty years earlier
D) profits are generally increasing B) Thou gh the y n eve r ma naged to find
E) rob ots are rep lacing manua l labo ur in one a no th e r at th e co n fe re nce
factories C) Stan ley spen t the en tire day try ing to
find one of his friends a t the festiva l
D) To m an d Sh e ila ha d bee n da tin g eac h
65 .......... and this is causing a lot of othe r fo r se ve ra l mo n ths a lre ad y
resentment, especially among those who E) Ge rry a nd Leo n, who had neve r spen t
are older than him. a who le day a pa rt in their lives
A) The new superviso r is the youngest 70 .......... fo r y ou may lose co ncen tra tion
pe rso n on the s ta ff when reading too slowly.
B) The boss had pro mised to g ive
ev e ryo ne a b o nu s a n d a ra ise A) Wh en the y a re lea rning to rea d ,
C) All of the employees at the company I children find silen t read ing rather
now wo rk fo r a re really co mpeten t difficult
D) The whole staff have decided not to B) Despite the prevalence of TV, there
work overtime th is week are still people for who m reading is
E) Ne w gradua tes have a lot o f th e g rea tes t p le asu re
theoretical knowledge but no practical C) To keep pace with ou r rap id ly
experience changing world, reading is essential
D) Try to d o as much re ad in g as p oss ib le
66. Having been In a really bad mood in th e la ng ua ge yo u' re lea rning
recently, .......... E) To get mo re ou t o f th e p rinted page ,
fas t rea d in g is rec o mmen de d by man y
A) all his colleagues try to stay away experts
fro m J o n a th a n
B) the reas on was neve r und ers too d b y 71. As well as being cheap to manufacture
any of his family and providing many years of protection,
C) he has become too irritating to talk to
D) it was the sa me a ttitu de as th at of th e
othe rs on the p ro ject A) the u mb re lla ind us try was
E) not only his colleagues but a lso his experiencing a sharp rise in pro fits
wife is d isturbed B) bu ild e rs ha ve to wea r ha rd ha ts whe n
work ing
C) the vaccine produced re markably few
67. The harder she tried to swim back to side-effects in those injected
shore .......... D) the inc rea se in s k in ca n ce r
encou raged man y p eop le to buy the
A) th e co ld e r th e wa te r ha s bec o me n e w s u n c re a m
B) the waves grew bigger and bigger E) the popula rity of the wate r-p roof paint
C) she go t e ven mo re tire d an d pa nic ky ha s b ee n in c reas in g
58 O Q ELS
593
72. Co mpletely una ware o f the chaos they D) Passenge rs ma y like to tak e ad van tage
we re cau sing .......... of the duty-free prices
E) Not all of the candidates we interview
A) the wo rkers' strike won't end until can be offe red e mploy men t
next week
B) th e au th o rities hav e o rd e red n e w 77 ......... un til h e ca ug ht a b oy us ing it.
dra ins to be la id in the to wn cen tre
C) the football fans usually delay the
tra ffic fo r ma ny hou rs A) Pe te r ha s always ta ken his luck y pe n
D) the group have obvio usly been into e xa ms with h im
drink in g fa r too muc h B) The police searched everywhere for
E) the elderly couple continued to the miss ing dia mond
wa nd e r a c ross the b us y ro a d C) Ma tthe w didn' t k no w wha t ha d
hap pe ned to h is pen cil sh a rpe ne r
73. Having not eaten or drunk anything for D) The man had expec ted to reco ver h is
three days, ......... stole n p ossessio ns
E) No matter ho w much we looked fo r
A) the travellers were relieved to see th e ne ig hb ou r's c at
camp fires in the distance
B) the cooks prepared a really fantastic
meal for the starving climbers 78. Prepositions are one area which students
C) there was not even a drop of water in of English find quite hard, ........
their flasks
D) her diet was very strict as she wanted A) ano the r be in g to ga in an
to fit into her new dress quickly understanding of a rtic les
E) crossing the desert seemed almost B) because native speake rs find the m
impossible in the circumstances very easy to use
C) as the rules for the m a re so log ical
74 .......... we expect loyalty and commitment and c le a r
from them In return. D) once they have memorized all of them
by he a rt
A) In addition to having a very intelligent E) yet they have neve r really understood
and motivated workforce th e m
B) Even though the manager works quite
short hours for high wages
C) Since we cannot hire more employees 79 ........ ca n th ey re ally un d e rs tan d ho w
than we actually need dread fu l the d isease is.
D) As we treat our employees well and
pay high salaries A) By ta kin g b lo od tests and u rine
E) However difficult it is to find the right sa mp les
people for the job B) Patien ts enc oun te ring s ickness at first
hand
75. Should you have any further difficulties C) Although scientists work ing on a cure
with the product .......... for AIDS are optimistic
A) you ough t to hav e th ro wn it a wa y an d D) Not until people have suffered from
got a n e w o ne cancer the mselves
B) let us kno w and we will be happy to E) People who have personally
help yo u experienc ed the v irus
C) you didn' t re me mbe r tha t it was
und e r gu a ran te e fo r two ye a rs 80 ........ beca use th e c liffs it's s itu ated o n a re
D) it wouldn't be very easy to fix it, slowly cru mbling Into the sea.
tho u gh
E) you mig ht have bo ugh t a be tte r one
ins te ad A) The ligh tho use o n the po int is n ow
u n d e r th re a t
76 ....... so as to avoid any problems with the B) Many species of wildlife are
cargo. end an ge re d
C) Th e s wimme rs s crea med a nd tried to
A) The child ren's pa ren ts told the m to ru n a wa y
lock their bed roo m doo r D) Mo re money needs to be raised to
B) The truck carrying che micals was fight erosion
secured an d p ro perly chec ked E) Th e s ea is po llu te d an d the b eac hes
C) The huge ocean liner hit an iceberg are a d isg race
with a tre me n d o u s c ras h
ELS a 581
594
84. It was nearly dark when our bus finally
arrived, after what seemed like an endless
Journey.
81. It's only with his last novel that he's
attained any notice In the literary world. A) It was a long, dark journey through
the night, which made us quite
A) The literary world has proclaimed his impatient.
most recent novel his best, B) Though the bus trip took a long time,
B) His most recent novel is also his most since we arrived before dark, it did
successful so far and has made him a not seem that long.
very well-known author. C) Our bus trip seemed to take forever,
C) His latest book is so outstanding that but finally ended at dusk.
it has even impressed the literary
world. D) Though it was not far, the darkness
D) Only his latest novel has achieved the made the trip seem much longer than
honour of being praised by all the it actually was.
literary world. E) There is nothing quite so depressing
E) Until the publication of his last book, as arriving at your destination just as
he hadn't been acknowledged in the it gets dark.
literary world.
85. The moment Samantha felt the need for a
82. No sooner had we signed the contract change In her life, the first thing she did
than we began to feel It was a mistake. was quit her Job.
A) It quickly turned out that we'd made a A) Since Samantha was not at all happy
mistake by signing the contract. with her job, she was sure that
B) It didn't take us long to become aware anything else would make her
of the mistake in the contract. happier.
C) We discovered a mistake in the B) As soon as Samantha realized that
contract as soon as we'd signed it. she needed to change her life, she
D) Immediately after we'd done it, we gave up her job first thing.
started to think that we shouldn't
have signed the contract. C) Now that she has lost her job, the first
E) We thought there was an error in the thing Samantha should do is to make
contract, so we didn't sign it until a radical change in her life.
later. D) Samantha resigned from her position
because she felt it demanded a
83. Not having realized that Frances, cycling change in her lifestyle.
behind, had lost track of him. Peter E) Samantha's job was so tedious that
continued travelling without stopping at she wanted to look for something
the comer. active.
A) Peter waited until Frances appeared 86. Workers are expected to dress
around the corner cycling, and then appropriately, as described In the
continued travelling. company rules, while on the premises.
B) Peter wouldn't have stopped at the
corner if he'd realized that Frances A) Employees need to wear their official
was following him at a close distance uniforms only when in company-
behind. owned buildings.
O) As he was under the impression that B) All jobholders are asked to get dressed
Frances was following him on her in the correct place while at the
bike, Peter did not stop to wait at the factory.
corner. C) It is preferred that workers wear their
D) Peter forgot what he'd arranged with best clothes when they visit the office.
Frances, and cycled past the corner D) It is better if workers put on their
without checking whether she was
following or not. uniforms before they get to work, as
E) Peter and Frances had arranged that this is more appropriate.
the one who had got to the corner first E) When at the workplace, employees
would wait for the other. must wear clothing in accordance
with company regulations.
58ZU ELS
595
87. I write to my friends overseas on a B) Not only are the standards of
regular basis so that we don't lose touch. education good in this school, but it
has maintained those standards over
A) In order to maintain contact with my the years.
friends abroad, I correspond with C) It may be typical that the school has
them regularly. set itself such a high average for this
B) It is important for me to send letters year, but it certainly isn't proper.
to my friends abroad to keep them up D) It isn't fair to deny that this school is
to date on events in my life. successful, as it has had the same
C) I keep in touch with my friends in high standards for many years now.
foreign countries by writing to them E) The standard of education is not high
from time to time. in this school, but at least all the
D) My friends struggle not to lose contact students are at the same level.
with me by writing very often.
E) I normally lose touch with my friends
when they move overseas. ;0Ş-İOO; sorularda, verâeaîngifizce
\.şcttoıleye anlamca,e
88. She may have made an apology, yet it
was far from being a sincere one.
91. Grape ju ice que nches th irst p ro mp tly,
A) She made by far the most sincere ev en wh e n ta ke n in s ma ll a mo u n ts .
apology I've ever heard.
B) It is unlikely that any apology she A) Az mik ta rd a iç ilen üz ü m s uy u nu n
makes will be genuine. susuzluğu bastırd ığı b ilinmek tedir.
C) She sounded as if she was really sorry B) Çok az mik ta rlarda a lınsa b ile üz ü m
for what happened. su yu su su z luğ a y o l a ç ma k ta d ır.
D) Although it's true she said she was C) Eğe r az mikta rd a içilirse , üz ü m s uyu
sorry, she wasn't sincere at all. susu zluğ a ne den o lmaz .
E) She could at least have apologized, D) Çok az miktarlarda içildiğinde bile
even if unsincerely, for what she did. ü z ü m s u y u s u s u z lu ğ u d e rh a l
gidermektedir.
89. There had been prior warning of the E) Ço k a z mik ta rda ü zü m s uy u b ile
flood; nevertheless, it came as a shock to susu zluğ u he men s ön dü rmek iç in
the people living in remote villages. yeterlidir.
A) There had been warnings about the 92. I can't bear people who try to conceal
flood, so the people in isolated villages
their own shortcomings but very much
enjoy revealing others'.
must not have been surprised by it.
B) Even though the flood had been A) Bazı insanlar kendi kusurlarını
predicted, inhabitants of isolated görmezler ama başkalarının hatalarını
villages were taken by surprise by it. yüzüne vurmayı çok severler.
C) The flood had been predicted, so even B) Kendi kusurlarını görmeyip,
those people living in isolated villages başkalarının kusurlarını açığa
were prepared for it. çıkarmaya çalışan insanları hiç
D) The flood had been predicted, yet the çekemiyorum.
people in isolated villages were struck C) Kendi kusurlarını gizlemeye çalışan
before they received the warnings. ama başkalannınkini açığa
E) The inhabitants of the isolated villages çıkarmaktan büyük zevk duyan
found it hard to believe that their insanlara katlanamıyorum.
villages could be affected by floods. D) Bazı insanlar, kendi kusurlarını
gizlemek için ellerinden geleni
90. It isn't just that the level of education of yaparlar fakat başkalannınkini açığa
this school is high, it's that it's also been çıkarmaktan büyük mutluluk
consistent for years. duyarlar.
E) Benim katlanamadığını şey,
A) The level of education in this school, başkalarının kusurlarıyla uğraşan ve
which is usually quite high, shows only bunları açığa çıkarmaktan büyük zevk
slight variations from year to year. „,„„ * ------ ]ardır
—
596
87. I write to my Mends overseas on a B) Not only are the standards of
regular basis so that we don't lose touch. education good in this school, but it
has maintained those standards over
A) In order to maintain contact with my the years.
friends abroad, I correspond with C) It may be typical that the school has
them regularly. set itself such a high average for this
B) It is important for me to send letters year, but it certainly isn't proper.
to my friends abroad to keep them up D) It isn't fair to deny that this school is
to date on events in my life. successful, as it has had the same
C) I keep in touch with my friends in high standards for many years now.
foreign countries by writing to them E) The standard of education is not high
from time to time. in this school, but at least all the
D) My friends struggle not to lose contact students are at the same level.
with me by writing very often.
E) I normally lose touch with my friends
when they move overseas. ;
:Ö3i yalan'Türkçe
88. She may have made an apology, yet it
was far from being a sincere one. 91. Grape juice quenches thirst promptly,
A) She made by far the most sincere
even when taken in small amounts.
apology I've ever heard. A) Az mik ta rd a iç ilen üz ü m s uy u nu n
B) It is unlikely that any apology she susuzluğu bastırd ığı b ilinmek tedir.
makes will be genuine. B) Çok az mik ta rlarda a lınsa b ile üz ü m
C) She sounded as if she was really sorry su yu su su z luğ a y o l a ç ma k ta d ır.
for what happened. C) Eğe r az mikta rd a içilirse , üz ü m s uyu
D) Although it's true she said she was susu zluğ a ne den o lmaz .
sorry, she wasn't sincere at all. D) Çok az miktarlarda içildiğinde bile
E) She could at least have apologized, ü z ü m s u y u s u s u z lu ğ u d e rh a l
even if unsincerely, for what she did. gidermektedir.
E) Ço k a z mik ta rda ü zü m s uy u b ile
89. There had been prior warning of the susu zluğ u he men s ön dü rmek iç in
flood; nevertheless, It came as a shock to yeterlidir.
the people living In remote villages.
92. I can't bear people who try to conceal
A) There had been warnings about the their own shortcomings but very much
flood, so the people in isolated villages enjoy revealing others'.
must not have been surprised by it.
B) Even though the flood had been A) Bazı insanlar kendi kusurlarını
predicted, inhabitants of isolated görmezler ama başkalarının hatalarını
villages were taken by surprise by it. yüzüne vurmayı çok severler.
C) The flood had been predicted, so even B) Kendi kusurlarını görmeyip,
those people living in isolated villages başkalarının kusurlarını açığa
were prepared for it. çıkarmaya çalışan insanları hiç
D) The flood had been predicted, yet the çekemiyorum.
people in isolated villages were struck C) Kendi kusurlarını gizlemeye çalışan
before they received the warnings. ama başkalarmınkini açığa
E) The inhabitants of the isolated villages çıkarmaktan büyük zevk duyan
found it hard to believe that their insanlara katlanamıyorum.
villages could be affected by floods. D) Bazı insanlar, kendi kusurlarını
gizlemek için ellerinden geleni
90. It Isn't Just that the level of education of yaparlar fakat başkalannınkini açığa
this school Is high, it's that it's also been çıkarmaktan büyük mutluluk
consistent for years. duyarlar.
E) Benim katlanamadığını şey,
A) The level of education in this school, başkalarının kusurlarıyla uğraşan ve
which is usually quite high, shows only bunları açığa çıkarmaktan büyük zevk
slight variations from year to year. alan insanlardır.
ELS a 583
597
93. Before you set out to look for ways to C) Yiyeceğinin yaklaşık yüzde doksanını
eliminate a problem, you need to find its diğer eyaletlerden ithal eden
source. Alaska'nın topraklarının çok azı
tanma elverişlidir.
A) Bir so ru n un ka y na ğ ın ı b u lma da n o n u D) Topraklarının neredeyse yüzde
orta da n ka ld ırmay a ça lış ma nın pe k doksanı tanma uygun olmayan
yararı olmaz. Alaska, yiyecek gereksiniminin büyük
B) Bi r s o ru n u ta ma me n o r ta d a n bir bölümünü diğer eyaletlerden
karşılar.
kaldırab ilmeniz için önce so runun E) Topraklan tarıma pek elverişli
kaynağını bulmanız gerekir. olmayan Alaska'nın diğer eyaletlerden
C) Bir so ru nu n ka yn ağ ın ı b u lma da n, o ithalatının neredeyse yüzde doksanı
sorun u ortada n ka ld ıracak yön te mle ri yiyecek maddesidir.
belirleyemezsiniz.
D) Bir so runu o rta dan ka ldırma k için en 96. In contrast with the speed of
iyi yö nte m, önce so runu n kayna ğın ı technological changes, changes In
bu lma k , s on ra on u yo k e tme n in traditions take a considerable amount of
yollarını aramaktır. time.
E) Bir so ru n u o rtad a n k a ld ırma n ın
yolların ı a ra maya koyu lma dan önce A) Gelenekler, teknolojinin değiştiği
sorunun kaynağın ı bulman ız gerek ir. kadar hızlı bir şekilde
değişmemektedir.
B) Teknolojik gelişmelerdeki hızın aksine,
94. The cost o f scientific research can be geleneklerin değiş mesi bir hay li
extremely high, especially if it involves za ma n a lma k ta d ır.
the use of expensive equip ment. C) Teknoloji hızla değiştiği halde,
geleneklerin değiş mesi oldu kça uzun
A) Bilimsel araştırmala rın ma liyetinin sürmek ted ir.
çok yüksek olmasının başlıca nedeni D) Ge lenek le rin de ğiş mes i uzun za man
pahalı e kip man ku lla nılmasıdır. alırken, teknolojik değiş meler büyük
B) Özellikle pahalı ekip man kullan ılması bir sü ra tle ge rçek leş mek ted ir.
zorunlu o lan bilimsel a raştırma lar çok E) Teknolojinin hızla ilerlemesi
pahalıya mal o lmak tad ır. geleneklerin de büyük ölçüde
C) Bilimsel araştırma, çok pahalıya mal değ iş mes ine ned en o lmuş tu r.
olsa da, özellikle paha lı ekipman
kullan mayı ge rektirmekted ir.
97. Unlike many other cities, Canberra, the
capital of Australia, was first planned and
D) Bilimsel a raştırmada çok paha lı then established.
ekip ma n k ullan ılması ge rek iyo rsa
doğal olarak maliyet de çok yüksek A) Avus tra lya'n ın baş ken ti Can be rra ,
olur. ö n ce p la n la n mış , s o n ra k u ru lmu ş
E) Özellikle pahalı ekipman kullanmayı oldu ğun dan diğ er b irç ok şe hirde n ç ok
gerektiriyorsa, bilimsel araştırmanın farklıdır.
maliyeti çok yüksek olabiliyor. B) Diğe r birçok şehrin aksine,
Av ustralya'nın baş ken ti Canbe rra
95. Since very little of Its land is suitable for k u ru lma d a n ö n c e p la n la n mış b ir
farming, Alaska imports about 90 percent şehirdir.
of its food from the other states. C) Av ustralya'nın baş ken ti Canbe rra'nın
diğer b irçok şehirden fark ı, önce
p la n la n mış , s o n ra k u ru l mu ş
A) Topraklarının çok azı tarıma elverişli olmasıdır.
olduğu için Alaska yiyeceğinin D) Avus tra lya'n ın baş ken ti Can be rra ,
yaklaşık yüzde doksanını diğer diğer b irçok şehirden fark lı o larak,
eyaletlerden ithal eder. ön ce p la n lan mış , s o n ra k u ru lmuş tu r.
B) Tarıma elverişli topraklan çok az olan E) Avus tra lya'n ın baş ken ti Can be rra ,
Alaska'nın yiyecek gereksiniminin k u ru lu ş u n d a n ö n c e p la n la n m ış
hemen hemen yüzde doksanı diğer olmasıyla diğer birçok şehirden farklı
eyaletlerden ithal edilmektedir. bir özelliğe sahiptir.
584 Q ELS
598
98. Much of the progress In the natural D) İnsan işinde ne kadar deneyimliyse,
sciences during the 18th century was due tek başına çözemeyeceği bir sorunla
to the work of the Swedish botanist Carl karşılaşma olasılığı o kadar azdır.
von Llnne. E) Kişi işinde ne kadar deneyimli olursa
olsun bazen tek başına üstesinden
A) Tabii bilimler alanında en hızlı gelemeyeceği bir sorunla
gelişine, 18. yüzyılda İsveçli botanikçi karşılaşabilir.
Carl von Linne'nin çalışmaları
sayesinde olmuştur.
B) 18. yüzyılda, İsveçli botanikçi Carl von
Linne'nin çalışmaları sonucu tabii cümleye anlamca en yakın ingilizce W-
bilimler alanında çok büyük
ilerlemeler olmuştur.
C) 18. yüzyılda tabii bilimlerdeki 101. Edgar Allan Poe, Amerikan karakterler,
gelişmelerin çoğu, İsveçli botanikçi temalar ve mekanlar yerine, belli bir
Carl von Linne'nin çalışmaları zamanı olmayan yerler ve insanlar
sayesinde olmuştur. hakkında yakmıştır.
D) İsveçli botanikçi Carl von Linne'nin
çalışmaları sonucu 18. yüzyılda tabii A) Rather than placing his characters in
bilimler çok büyük gelişme American settings and using
göstermiştir. American themes, Edgar Allan Poe
E) isveçli botanikçi Carl von Linne'nin chose to write about timeless places
çalışmalarının, 18. yüzyılda tabii and people.
bilimlerdeki gelişmelerin çoğuna B) Instead of American characters,
katkısı olmuştur. themes and settings, Edgar Allan Poe
wrote of timeless places and people.
99. A sure sign that you are absorbing the C) The places and people Edgar Allan
language you are studying Is when you Poe wrote about are not typically
begin to dream In it. American; rather, they are timeless.
D) Although he himself was American,
A) Öğrenmekte olduğunuz dili the characters, themes and settings
özümsediğinizin kesin bir işareti o that Edgar Allan Poe wrote about were
dilde rüya görmeye başladığınız timeless.
zamandır. E) Instead of writing about his
B) Ne zaman ki öğrenmekte olduğunuz contemporary Americans, Edgar Allan
dilde rüya görmeye başlayacaksınız, Poe chose his characters, settings and
işte o zaman o dili özümsediğiniz themes from the American past.
söylenebilir.
C) Bir dili tam olarak özümsediğinizin 102. Asit yağmuru sadece kaynağının
kesin işareti, rüyalarınızı bile o dilde bulunduğu bölgeyi tehdit etmekle
görmeye başlamanızdır. kalmaz, çünkü rüzgar kimyasal
D) Eğer öğrendiğiniz dilde rüya görmeye maddeleri dünyanın her yerine taşır.
başlamışsanız, bu o dili tam olarak A) The area is under the threat of acid
özümsediğinizi gösterir.
E) Ancak öğrenmekte olduğunuz dilde rain, which has been transported by
the wind from its source on the other
rüya görmeye başlarsanız, o dili side of the globe.
özümsediniz demektir. B) Acid rain does not threaten only the
area around its source, for the wind
100. However experienced a person Is In his transports the pollutants around the
Job, he may sometimes be confronted by globe.
a problem he cannot handle on his own. C) The pollutants in acid rain are
transported around the world from
A) Kişinin işiyle ilgili deneyimi arttıkça, the source, thus threatening even
tek başına üstesinden gelemeyeceği distant places.
problemlerin sayısı giderek azalır. D) Acid rain is a threat throughout the
B) Kişi işinde çok deneyimli bile olsa, world because pollutants are
zaman zaman çözemeyeceği transported from the source to other
sorunlarla karşılaşabilir. areas by the wind.
C) İnsan bazen işinde problemlerle E) Acid rain threatens not only the areas
karşılaşabilir, ancak tek başına around its source but also distant
bunların üstesinden gelmek kişinin places where the pollutants are
deneyimine bağlıdır. carried by the wind.
ELS o 585
599
103. isveç'in tarafsızlık politikası ve huzurlu C) The career of the prominent 20th-
bir ülke görüntüsüne karşın, silahlı century photojournalist Robert Capa
kuvvetleri son model silahlarla was suddenly ended when he was
donatılmıştır. fatally wounded by a land mine
during the Vietnam War.
A) Even with a military equipped with D) The tragic death of Robert Capa after
the latest arms, Sweden manages to detonating a land mine in the
keep its policy of neutrality and its Vietnam War brought an abrupt end
image as a peaceful country. to the career of one of the most
B) In spite of having an armed forces promising photojournalists of the 20th
equipped with modern weapons, century.
Sweden is a neutral country with a E) The sudden death of Robert Capa
peaceful image. after stepping on a land mine in the
C) Despite Sweden's policy of neutrality Vietnam War ended the career of one
and its image as a peaceful country, of the ablest photojournalists of the
its armed forces are equipped with the 20th century.
latest arms.
D) The image of Sweden is of a peaceful 106. Bir zamanlar Orta Doğu'nun en güzel
country with a policy of neutrality; şehirlerinden biri olan Beyrut, 1975'ten
nevertheless, its armed forces use the 1991'e kadar devam eden iç savaş
latest military equipment. sırasında harabeye döndü.
E) The peaceful and politically neutral
country of Sweden has an armed A) Now one of the most beautiful cities in
forces which uses some of the latest the Middle East, Beirut had been
equipment. devastated during the civil war that
continued fiercely from 1975 until
104. Dikkatli koleksiyoncular, nem ya da kir 1991.
ile zarar vermekten kaçınmak için B) A civil war that lasted from 1975 until
pullara parmaklarıyla dokunmazlar. 1991 reduced Beirut, a once very
attractive city in the Middle East, to
A) Collectors should be careful not to ruins.
handle stamps with their fingers in C) Once one of the most attractive cities
order to avoid damaging them with in the Middle East, Beirut was
moisture or grime. reduced to ruins during the civil war
B) Careful collectors advise people not to that raged from 1975 until 1991.
handle stamps with bare fingers so as D) Beirut was the most beautiful city in
not to cause any damage through the Middle East, but between 1975
moisture or grime. and 1991, most of the city was
C) Stamp collections can be damaged by reduced to ruins by civil unrest.
moisture or grime from fingers, so E) Beirut had been the most attractive
care is required when handling them. city in the Middle East until it was
D) Careful collectors do not handle destroyed in the civil war, which
stamps with their fingers in order to lasted from 1975 until 1991.
avoid damaging them with moisture or
grime. 107. Takım sporlarında, bireysel yeteneklerin
E) Serious collectors are careful not to yanı sıra oyuncuların birbirleriyle uyumu
touch stamps with damp or dirty da çok önemlidir.
fingers, which can ruin them.
A) In team sports, success depends not
105. Robert Capa'nm, Vietnam Savaşı only on the individual talents of the
sırasında bir kara mayınına basmasıyla players but also on the harmony
gelen ani ölümü, 20. yüzyılın en between them.
yetenekli foto muhabirlerinden birinin B) In team sports, besides the individual
kariyerine son verdi. talents, the harmony between the
players is also of great importance.
A) The death of Robert Çapa, caused by C) Harmony is very important in team
a land mine during the Vietnam War, sports no matter how talented the
brought a sudden end to the career of players are individually.
one of the most famous D) The harmony between the players of a
photojournalists of the 20th century. team is as important as their
B) The unexpected death of Robert Capa individual talents.
after stepping on a land mine during E) The harmony between the players, as
the Vietnam War ended the life of the well as their individual talents, is
most talented photojournalist of the important in order for a team to be
20th century. successful.
586 Q ELS
600
108. Tahıl ve süt birlikte yendiği zaman, bazı D) When the psychologist Bruno
önemli besinler bakımından birbirlerini Bettelheim was imprisoned by the
tamamlarlar. Nazis, he personally observed the
effects of terrorism on concentration
A) Cereal and milk, when eaten together, camp inmates.
complement one another in several E) The psychologist Bruno Bettelheim
important nutrients. observed the effects of terrorism on
B) When cereal is eaten with milk, it has concentration camp inmates who had
several additional nutrients. been imprisoned by the Nazis.
C) When cereal and milk are served
together, they complement one 110. Günlük olaylarda mizah görebilme ve
another and provide very important bunları başkalarını eğlendirecek biçimde
nutrients. anlatabilme yeteneği, iyi bir konuşmacı
D) Cereal is often eaten with milk, which obuanın temel gereğidir.
complements it by providing several
important nutrients. A) A good conversationalist is someone
E) Cereal with milk makes an ideal who has the ability to spot the
combination, supplying several humorous sides of everyda y events
important nutrients. and to talk about them in a wa y
which keeps an audience amused.
109. Psikolog Bruno Bettelhelm Naziler B) The ability to see humour in everyday
tarafından hapse atılınca, terörün incidents and to talk about them in a
toplama kampındaki insanlar üzerindeki wa y that amus es others is a basic
etkisini bizzat gözlemlemiş oldu. requirement of being a good
conversationalist.
A) Bruno Bettelheim used his time of C) In order to be a good
imprisonment in a Nazi concentration conversationalist, one must have the
camp to study the effects of terrorism ability to see the humorous side of
on his fellow prisoners. everyda y incidents and to be able to
B) When the Nazis imprisoned him, the talk about them in such a ma nner
psychologist Bruno Bettelheim that listeners are amused.
experienced the effects of terrorism on D) The ability to spot humour in
concentration camp inmates for
everyda y incidents and to describe
himself.
them in an amusing way is the mark
C) After he was imprisoned by the Nazis,
Bruno Bettelheim was observed by a of a truly good conversationalist.
psychologist studying the effects of E) Humorous aspects of everyday events
terrorism on concentration camp retold in a ma nner tha t a mus es
prisoners. others are an essential element of
good conversation.
"ÜNE CANNOT sİMuLrANEously PREPARE FOR WAR ANCİ

CREATE pEACE.
ANONYMOUS
ELS a 587
601
UNIT 11
Prepositions
Prepositional Phrases
INTRODUCTION
İngilizce'de "preposition" çok geniş kapsamlı bir sözcük grubudur. Cümle içindeki başlıca
işlevi, cümlenin diğer öğeleri arasında, özellikle de isimler arasında bağlantı kurmaktır. Bir
preposition' dan sonra noun, pronoun, gerund ve noun clause gelebilir.
She is going to the cinema with the children, (preposition + noun)

They are very kind to us. (preposition + pronoun)
He is quite interested In reading, (preposition + gerund)
I don't approve of what you did. (preposition + noun clause)
a) Preposition' dan sonra gelen isimler yalın halde olabilir: to James, on the table, with
my parents, etc.
b) Ya da iyelik bildirebilir: with Jane's (brother), in Peter's (car), etc.
c) Pronoun ise object pronoun biçiminde kullanılabilir: to him, on it, with them, etc.
d) Ya da possessive pronoun olabilir: with mine, from hers, etc.
e) Preposition'dan sonra reflexive pronoun da kullanılabilir: about ourselves, by himself, etc.
11-1 PREPOSITIONS WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS 11-2 AT, ON, IN
a) AT
Saatlerle at kullanılır.
Our classes start at 9 and finish at 12. Yesterday, I left work at 6 o'clock sharp.
What time ...... ? ile sorulan sorularda ve bu sorulara verilen kısa yanıtlarda at genellikle
kullanılmaz.
- (Af] what time does the meeting start?
- (Aft 9 o'clock in the morning.
;88 Q ELS
602
Zamanda bir nokta belirten ifadelerle at kullanılır. Bu ifadeleri şöyle gruplandırabiliriz:
Meal times: at tea time, at lunchtime, at dinner time at Christmas, at

Festivals: Easter at 17, at the age of 17
Age:
Other points at dawn, at midday, at midnight, at night, at noon, at the
of time: weekend, at the moment, at present, at the beginning of the
year, at the end of the month at that time, at the same
time, at this time
at + time:
(Note: American English'de Christmas için genellikle "at Christmastime", Easter için ise, "on
Easter' kullanılır.)
We are planning to set off at dawn. (Şafakta ...)
Most people were living in great poverty at that time. [O zamanlar ...)
He left home at the age of 15. (15yaşında ...)

They are working on a new project at the moment/at present. (Şu anda ...)
Weekend ile British English at, American English on kullanır.

We usually go to the cinema at the weekend/on the weekend.
At the end ile In the end arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. In the end, finally anlamındadır ve
kendinden sonra başka bir isim gelmez. At the end ise, bir şeyin/bir sürenin sonunda anlamını
verir: at the end of the month, at the end of the week, at the end of the term, etc.
He had been out of work for months, but in the end, he found a good job. I will
be paid at the end of the month. Then I can pay you back.
b) ON
Günlerle ve tarihlerle on kullanılır.
on Monday on on (one's) birthday on on Monday morning on

Sunday(s) on Christmas Day on that date on (one's)
weekdays 12th October wedding day
He plays football on Saturdays. I last saw him on his birthday. This book will
come out on August the 15th.
c) IN
Daha uzun zaman dilimleri bildiren ifadelerle in kullanılır.
Months: in January, in December

Years: in 1988, in the mid-1920s, in the 1960s
Seasons: in (the) summer, in (the) spring
Centuries
and Ages: in the 20th century, in the Middle Ages
Others: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
in the middle of the night
ELS a 589
603
Morning, afternoon, evening ifadeleriyle normalde In kullanılır. Ancak bu ifadeleri bir gün
ismiyle birlikte kullandığımızda preposition on olur.
She usually does the shopping in the mornings. She usually does the
shopping on Monday morni igs.
The meeting will be held to the evening. The meeting will be held on Friday
evening.
Aylar ve yıllarla In kullanılır. Ancak bir ifadede günü de belirtiye sak on kullanılır.
He was born in 1988.
He was born in May.
He was born in May, 1988.
He was born on 8th May, 1988.
He was born on 8th May.
Birinin yaşını ifade ederken at the age of kullanılır. Ancak, kişinin yaşını kesin olarak
bilmiyorsak, In her/his thirties gibi ifadeler kullanırız. In her early thirties (otuzlu yaşların
başlarında). In her mid-thirties (otuzbeş yaşlarında). ta her late thirties (otuzlu yaşların
sonlarında) gibi ifadeler tahminimize daha bir kesinlik kazandırır.
I don't think she is as old as she looks. She must be in her mld-Ufties.
Next, last ve this, zaman zarflanyla kullanıldığında In, on, at kullanılmaz.
They moved to Ankara last year.
We are going on holiday next month.
We will meet again next Saturday.
She stayed in İzmir for two weeks last winter.
We haven't decided yet where to go on holiday this summer.
d) IN + A PERIOD OF TIME
In two days, In a few hours, In three years. In a week, etc. gibi ifadeler gelecekte bir zaman
belirtir. Bu ifadeleri In two days' tüne, ta three years' time, ta a week's time biçiminde de
kullanabiliriz.
We are moving into our new apartment in two weeks/in two weeks' time.
(İki hafta sonra ...)
They are going to get married in three months/in three months' time.
(Üç ay sonra ...)
I expect we'll have arrived in the town in an hour/in an hour's time.
(Bir saat sonra ...)
In + a period of time ifadesini, bir işin ne kadar zamanda yapıldığını belirtirken de

kullanabiliriz. Bu anlamda ta yerine within de kullanılabilir.
Normally, in the first grade of elementary school, they teach children to read
in (within) two or three months. (... iki-üç ayda/iki-üç ay içinde ...)
He usually does his homework in (within) an hour. (= Usually it takes him an
hour to do his homework.)
Most of the students finished the examination in (within) an hour and a half.
(= It took them an hour and a half to finish the examination.)
59O Q ELS
604
In + a period of time ifadesi bu anlamda " "apostrophe + time" biçiminde kullanılmaz. Şu iki
örneği karşılaştıralım:
You will have to eat lunch in (within) halfan hour.

(Yemeğini yarım saatte/yarım saat içinde yemek zorunda kalacaksın.)
You will have to eat lunch in halfan hour/in halfan hour's time.
(Yemeğiniyarım saat sonra yemek zorunda kalacaksın.)
EXERCISE 1: Complete the sentences with at, on, in.
1. It was really a nice coincidence that my son was born .......... Mother's Day .......
1988.
2. Wait here! I will be back.......... just a moment.
3. I think they've moved away, but I don't know where they're living ......... the
moment.
4. The meeting will start.......... noon, so I think I must cancel the game of tennis we
were going to play ......... the afternoon.
5. The teacher has said she'll give us a quiz .......... Friday morning.
6. Almost all students seem very excited ......... the first day of school.
7. He last came here ......... March. It must have been .......... the twentieth or so, as
far as I can remember.
8. It's inconsiderate of them to listen to their music so loudly .......... night.
9. I don't know where they'll be .......... Christmas.
10. His death ......... the age of forty caused a widespread feeling of loss among his
friends and acquaintances.
11. She looks far too young to be ......... her thirties.
12. Shops and stores are filled with people ......... New Year's Eve trying to buy gifts for
their relatives.
13. The assignment was really difficult. However, by working together, we were able to
finish it ......... three hours.
14. So many things went wrong ..........their wedding day that we all couldn't help
feeling sorry for them.
15. Do you usually give a party ......... your birthday?
16. A: What are you doing ......... Saturday night?
B: I'm not sure. Why?
A: I have two tickets for the theatre. Perhaps we can go together!
B: Why not, if it doesn't start ......... a late hour.
17. The in-job training is starting ......... the beginning of next month and ending...........
the fifteenth.
18. Do you want to take the exam ......... the beginning of the week or ........... the end?
19. Since she lost her job last winter, they did everything they could to keep their
home, but ......... the end, they were forced to sell it.
20 ........... the morning of 10th December, I want you all to be on time, ready to meet
the foreign representatives.
ELS Q 591
605
l1 -3 OTHER PREPOSITIONS USED WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS
for ( süreç bildirir) I'll be out of the country for a month on business.
for two days
for a few hours Let's go to the cinema. I haven't seen a good film
for centuries for ages.
during (... sırasında) He fell asleep during the lesson because it was so
boring.
during the film
during the war They heard a loud noise during the night.
during my stay there
from ... to/tlU/untU The shop is open every Sunday from half past
ten until one o'clock.
from Monday to Friday
from 1980 to 1985 from The Second World War ran from 1939 to 1945.
February to March from
9 to/until/till 6
between... and There are no buses between midnight and S o'clock

in the morning.
between 1975 and 1980
between 9 and 6 Most people take their holidays sometime between
between Monday and Friday May and September.
toward(s) (... e doğru) Towards the end of the day, she started to feel very
tired.
towards the end of the month
towards 7 o'clock towards The snowstorm started towards 9 o'clock.
midnight
throughout (.... boyunca) If you had studied more throughout the term, you
wouldn't be so worried about the exams now.
throughout the year
throughout the day I drink several cups of coffee throughout the day.
throughout the week
after
after 1990 after 2 If you arrive after ten o'clock, call me.
o'clock after the After today, our work should get easier.
weekend
before Please bring the books back before the weekend.

before 1996
before 2 o'clock If you arrive before ten o'clock, you'll be able to get
before Friday a bus to my house.
since I haven't eaten anything since 8 o'clock this morning

since Monday
since 1980 He's worked there since 1991.
since 5 o'clock
till/until (not before ...)
Ull/until Friday The manager will be out of the office until 2 o'clock.
till/until 6 o'clock We won't be able to pay you until the end of the month
till/until 1992
by (.... at the latest) by Please be at the station by 11:20 because the train
Tuesday by 5 leaves at 11:25.
o'clock by the The delivery should have arrived by Friday.
year 2015
592 Q ELS
606
NOTES:
a) During ile while aynı anlamı ifade edecek şekilde kullanılabilir. Ancak during' den
sonra bir isim, while' den sonra bir clause (subject + verb} gelir.
Suddenly, I began to feel unwell during the lesson. Suddenly, I began to feel
unwell while I was teaching.
I visited lots of places during my stay abroad. I visited lots of places while I was
abroad.
b) Until ve by, Türkçe'ye ".... e kadaı" biçiminde çevrildiği halde farklı anlamlar ifade
ederler.
Until, eylemin sözü edilen zamana kadar devam ettiğini ve o noktada bittiğini ifade eder.
Last night, I studied until midnight
(= Last night I stopped studying at midnight.)
By ise eylemin en geç sözü edilen zamanda gerçekleşeceğini ya da sözü edilen zamana kadar
gerçekleşmiş olduğunu ifade eder. Yani eylem, belirtilen zamandan daha önce bitmiş olabilir.
I had finished all my work by midnight
(= When midnight came, I had no work to do.)
EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences with "during" or "wMe".

1. There were a few extremists among the crowd, and they caused a great deal of
trouble .................... the demonstration.
2. I'll ask my next door neighbour to look after my plants .................... I'm away on a
business trip next week.
3. I was so nervous .................... the interview that I could hardly speak.
4. I've received about ten phone calls ................... the last hour.
5. A fire broke out last night at the Swan Theatre.................... the play "King Lear" was
being performed.
6. The fire at the Swan Theatre broke out .................... last night's performance of
"King Lear".
7. It was very rude of him to leave his mobile phone switched on .................... he was
in class.
8 ........................ his interrogation was being broadcast on television, the Chairman was
speaking at an international conference.
EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with "until" or "by".

1. Can you hold this dress for me .................... 5 o'clock? I'll bring the money then.
2. If you haven't brought the money .................... 5 o'clock, I'll have to put the dress
back on sale.
3. We must be there ....................7.45 as the dinner will be served at 8.00 o'clock
sharp.
4. They didn't arrive ................... 8.15, so they missed the starters, which had been
served at 8.00.
5. There wasn't a cloud in the sky ....................lunchtime, when the sky suddenly
became overcast.
6. We hope to have finished the project ................... the end of the month.
7. We won't know the result of the campaign ....................Monday.
8. We'll know the result of the campaign ................... Monday.
ELS Q 593
607
EXERCISE 41 Complete the sentences with the prepositions explained In parts 11-2 and
11-3. In some sentences, more than one answer Is possible.
About one week .................. his birthday, he reminded everybody of the date, but
.................. the day, he himself forgot!
2 ...................... the day, the heat is unbearable, but it gets a little cooler ...................
night.
3. I don't think I'll arrive home.................. seven o'clock, so please call me
.................. that.
4. The museum is open every day .................. April.................... October and costs
four pounds fifty pence, except .................. Wednesdays, when the entrance fee is
only two pounds.
5. They hope they will have found a suitable house ................... the end of the month
because it is costing them a fortune to stay in the hotel, where they have been
living.................. the beginning of the month.
6. The manager will be interviewing candidates for the positions advertized .................
2.00 p.m ................... 5.00 p.m. this afternoon, so can you put his telephone calls
through to his assistant ..................those three hours?
7 ..................... the term, you've done nothing but idle about and now, just ....................
the final exams, you're studying day and night!
8. We had planned to have all the costumes ready one week .................. the
performance, but, as usual, we were still finishing some of them ................... the
day of the concert.
9...................... most of the 1990s, governments and analysts debated whether or not
the Euro would ever come into existence, but it has been in use ................... the
year 2000.
10. He had been working in a factory.................. a month ago, but I think he is out of
work ................. the moment.
ı.
11 -4 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE and MOVEMENT
in in a city, in the east of Turkey,

(... de, ... da, içinde in a room, in a park, in the water,
anlamını verir.) in the sea, in a line, in a queue,
in a row, in a book, in a newspaper,
in the sky, in an armchair, in bed,
in the world, in the sun, in the rain, etc.
at at home, at school, at work (without "the")
(bir nokta ifade eder) at the cinema, at the theatre, at the parly,
608
at the station, at the (voyage) at the beginning of the street, at
meeting, airport, at the front, the end of the street, etc.
at the at the back, at sea
on on the floor, on the wall, on the ceiling,

(üzerinde, yüzeyinde on the chair, on the bed, on the table, on
anlamını verir.) the shelf, on the cover, on page (7), on
the front page of the newspaper, on the
back page of the newspaper, on an
island, on a river, on the ground, on
earth, on her face, on my nose, on the
West coast of Turkey, etc.
to to work, to school (without "the")

(yönelme bildirir.) to the station, to London, to the airport,
from from work, from school (without "the")
(bir yerden ayrılma ifade eder.) from the station, from London, from the
airport
594 Q ELS
609
Into walk into the cinema, get into the car,
(bir şeyin "içine doğru" pour (water) into the glass, etc.
hareket bildirir.)
out of come out of the cinema, get out of the car,

(bir yerden "dışan çıkma" anlamını verir.) drink (tea) out of a cup, etc.
round/around live round the corner,

(çevresinde, köşede anlamım verir.) have a hedge round the garden
beyond beyond the river, beyond the beach

(ötede, ilerisinde anlamlarını verir.)
by by the sea, by the lake

(yanında anlamını verir.)
past past the post office, past the police station

(geçince anlamını verir.)
through through the tunnel, through customs,

(bir şeyin içinden geçerek through the woods, through the town,
anlamını verir.)
throughout throughout the country (= all over the

country)
(bütün bir alanı kaplama
anlamını verir.) throughout the world (= all over the world)
across across the river, across the street,

(bir uçtan diğer uca, bir taraftan diğer across the field, across the path
tarafa anlamını verir.) .
along along the river, along the road,

(.... boyunca anlamını verir.) along the corridor, etc.
among among the crowd, among the trees,

(ikiden fazla öğeden oluşan among the people, etc.
bir grubun içinde)
between between you and me

(iki ya da daha fazla öğeden oluşan düzenli between the teacher and the students
bir grubun arasında anlamını verir.) a treaty between the European countries,
up up the hill, up the road, up the wall, etc.

(yukarı doğru anlamını verir.)
down down the hill, down the road.down the river

(aşağı doğru anlamını verir.)
above (= higher) above sea level, above the clouds,

(düzey olarak üzerinde, daha yüksekte the people above us, above (the) average,
anlamını verir. Nesneler birbirine değmez.) above zero
below (= lower) below the surface of the sea,

(düzey olarak allında, daha aşağıda the people below us, below the clouds,
anlamını verir.) below (the) average, below zero
ELS a 595
610
over jump over the wall, a plane Hying over the
(bir nesnenin diğer bir nesnenin üzerinde olduğunu town, a bridge over the river, over 50 years of
ifade eder. Nesneler birbirine değebilir.) age, a plaster over his eye (covering it)
under under the table, under the bridge, under the
(bir nesnenin diğer bir nesnenin altında olduğunu bed, under 50 years of age, under water, etc.
ifade eder. Nesneler birbirine değebilir.)
against put something against the wall, lean against

(bir şeye dayamak, dayanmak anlamını verir.) the chair
opposite (facing) (karşısında anlamını verir.) the cinema opposite our house, sit opposite
me
in front of the people in front of us, in front of the

(bir nesnenin diğer bir nesnenin önünde olduğunu cinema, in front of the tree, etc.
belirtir.) the people behind us, behind the tree, a
behind garden behind the house
(bir nesnenin diğer bir nesnenin arkasında olduğunu
ifade eder.)
beside (= next to) (yanında, yanına anlamlarını verir.) sit beside me, the restaurant beside our
house
inside inside the house, inside the cave, inside the

(içinde, içeride anlamlarını verir.) shop, etc.
outside the house, outside the cave, outside
outside
the shop, etc.
(dışarıda, dışında anlamlarını verir.)
NOTES:
a) Opposite yerine American English'de across from kullanılır.
There's a small restaurant opposite/across from our house.
b) Birinin hala yatmakta olduğunu ifade etmek için in bed kullanılır. Ancak yatağın
üzerindeki bir nesneyi on (the) bed biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.
It's already past 10 o'clock but he is still in bed. Don't put your jeans on my
bed.
c) "Denizde olmak, yüzmek..." anlamlarında in the sea, "denizde yolculukta olmak'
anlamında ise at sea kullanılır.
I like swimming in the sea rather than in a pool.
The sailors were bored, because they had been at sea for months.
d) "Nehirde yüzmek' anlamında in the river kullanılır. Ancak nehirdeki sandal, gemi, vb.
taşıtlann durumunu ve bir nehir üzerine kurulmuş yerleşim merkezinin konumunu on
the river biçiminde ifade edebiliriz.
It is not safe to swim In this river because of the currents.
Paris is on the river Seine.
There were a few boats on the river.
596 Q ELS
611
e) Ayrı ayrı iki nesnenin birbirlerinin önünde/ardasında olduğunu in front of/behind ile
ifade ederiz. Ancak aynı zemin üzerinde önde/arkada derken at the front/at the back
kullanılır. Örneğin sınıfın önünde (ön tarafında) demek için at the front of the
classroom, sınıfın arkasında (arka tarafında] demek için ise at the back of the
classroom ifadelerini kullanmamız gerekir.
We were sitting at the front of the cinema.
Some students prefer to sit at the back of the classroom.
Ancak, gazetenin ön sayfasında/arka sayfasında derken on the front/on the back page of the
newspaper; ön sırada/arka sırada derken In the front row/in the back row kullanılır. Taxi/car
için, (arabanın içinde) önde/arkada derken In the front/In the back of the car/taxi; diğer
taşıtlar içinse on the front/on the back of the bus, etc. kullanılır.
fj Go, get, fly, drive gibi fiiller yönelme bildiren preposition "to" ile kullanılır.
He is going/flying/driving to Ankara tomorrow.
When I got to work, I found everybody in a deep silence.
Arrive fiili, village, town, city, country gibi bir yerleşim merkezine varmak anlammdaysa in;
station, school, work, meeting, etc. gibi bir noktaya ya da aktiviteye varmak anlammdaysa at ile
kullanılır.
We arrived ta Ankara at dawn.
I arrived at my destination rather early.
Bu fiiller, home, abroad, here ve there ile kullanıldığında preposition almaz.

When will you come here again?
I've heard that you're going abroad next week.
When I got/arrtved/went/came home, I was really tired.
Don't forget to call me as soon as you get there.
g) "Varmak, ulaşmak' anlamında reach fiili preposition almadan kullanılır.
When I reached the hotel, I went straight to bed.
"Bir şeye yetişmek/bir şeyi almak için uzanmak' anlamında reach fiili for ile kullanılır.
Why don't you ask me to pass you the butter instead of reaching for it yourself?
EXERCISE 5: Complete the sentences with the prepositions of place.

1. The problem I have with dieting is that, every day on my way ................. and
.............. work, I walk ..................a shop which sells Belgian chocolates.
2. 3. 4. Don't wrap the bandage too tightly ................ your leg, or you'll stop the circulation.
5. The bird wouldn't have got ................ its cage if you had shut the door properly.
It's a lovely day. Let's go for a walk ................ the seashore.
6. 7. The weather forecast said that the temperature would drop .................. freezing
today.
8. 9. I can't stand living .................that factory. Every morning I look .................. the
window and see it directly ................ the road from me.
When I arrived ................ the hotel, I went straight ...................my room, put my
suitcase ................ the bed and unpacked.
The boy scouts sat in a circle .................the fire and sang songs.
My father used to enjoy his job as a gardener, but he got fed up with working
...............in all kinds of weather and decided to get a job in which he could work
10. Be careful! Don't lean anything that dividing wall. It's a temporary
partition and not very strong.
ELS a 597
612
11. Victoria Falls, one of the world's mightiest waterfalls, is ................ the Zambezi River
............... east-central Africa................. the border ................ Zambia and
Zimbabwe.
12. Only relatively close stars can be seen with the naked eye. To see the stars that lie
.............. them, we must use devices such as telescopes.
13. One of the smallest countries in the world, the Maldives is a chain of nearly 1,200
small coral islands ............... the Indian Ocean. Situated southwest of India, the
islands extend more than 764 kilometres ............... north ................ south and 130
kilometres ............... an east-west direction. All of the islands are low-lying - none
rises to more than 1.8 metres ............. sea level.
14. The famous river that George Washington and his troops went ................ on a
stormy Christmas night in 1776 was the Delaware, which flows ................ the rich
and densely populated Middle Atlantic region of the United States.
15. Don't forget to put your lights on when you drive ................ the tunnel.
STAY INSIDE
Flying home from a visit to my daughter, we encountered a lot of

turbulence. The pilot, reassuring us that we would shortly fly above the rough
weather, reminded us to keep our seat belts fastened and remain in our
seats. Soon after, he got back on the intercom, lifted the restrictions and
said, "If you wish, you may now unfasten your seat belts and walk around a bit
- but stay inside.
(From Reader's Digest)
11-5 PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS 11-6 NOUN + PREPOSITION
a cause of something
The cause o/the air crash is believed to be engine failure. a reason for
something
Tonight's football match isn't a good reason for not doing your homework.
a cheque for (a sum of money) > • i
After they'd repaired his car, he gave the garage a cheque for £ 50.
a demand/a need for something •
The traffic problems clearly show the need for better roads.
an advantage/a disadvantage of something
there Is an advantage/a disadvantage In/to doing something
Clean air is just one of the advantages of living in the country. There is an
advantage in/to living in the country: clean air.
598 Q ELS
613
a rise/an Increase/a fall/a decrease/a reduction In something
There has been a sharp rise in inflation recently, but also a slight decrease in
unemployment.
a picture/a photograph of someone/something
Would you like to see the photographs of my holiday? a solution to a
problem/an answer to a question/a reply to a letter
It seems that no one is able to find a solution to the problems in the Middle
East.
I haven't had a reply to any of my letters of application yet.
a reaction to something
His reaction to my proposal took me completely by surprise. damage to
something
The strong winds did a lot of damage to the crops. an Invitation to a party/a
wedding etc.
Have you sent David an Invitation to the party yet? an attitude to/towards
someone/something
The Japanese's attitude towards teachers is different from many other
nationalities'.
a relationship/a connection/contact with someone/something
You should try to have a good relationship with your friends.
Their names are the same, but this company has no connection with the one
in Ankara.
a relationship/a connection/contact/a difference between two things
Their names are the same, but there Is no connection between this company
and the one in Ankara.
a novel/a painting/a play by someone •?
"Sunflowers" is one of the most famous paintings by Van Gogh. a fight/struggle
for/against something/someone
Eğer bir şeyi kazanmak, elde etmek için savaşım veriliyorsa "for", bir şeye karşı savaşım
veriliyorsa "against" kullanılır.
In the 1920s, British women had a hard Ught for the right to vote.
Nelson Mandela's struggle against apartheid in South Africa finally resulted in
his being elected president.
a noun + to Infinitive >,. •"
Pek çok isimden sonra "to + Infinitive" kullanılır.
People, when arrested by the police, have the right to remain silent. When she
was very young, her ability to play the piano was soon noticed.
ELS a 599
614
11-7 PREPOSITION + NOUN a) PHRASES WITH "IN"
EXERCISE 7; Complete each sentence with one of the phrases from the list below. Use each
phrase only once.
a) in error g? in public m) in turn
b) in ink h) in short n) in particular
c) in pain Q in silence o) in time
d) in tears J) in captivity p) in a moment
e) in vain Icf in fashion q) in practice
ft in trouble I) in tune ij in person
1. I don't know how people can walk in the really high platform shoes that are
............... at the moment.
2. The doctors tried for hours to save the patient's life, but it was all .................
because, at 3 o'clock this morning, he died.
3. Each answer should be started on a separate page and written ..................
preferably black.
4. The professor said that the book had first been published in 1941, but he was
................ because I know for a fact that it came out in 1939.
5. If you are going to see that film, take plenty of tissues with you because, I
guarantee, you'll be................ by the end of it.
6. The two skiers knew that they were ................ as they were lost somewhere off the
marked runs, and it was getting dark and very cold.
7. According to the company rules, the marketing manager is supposed to authorize
all discounts personally; however, ................ he leaves the majority of decisions up
to the salesmen.
8. The two aid workers were taken as hostages and kept ................ in a small room
with no lighting or ventilation for two months.
9. Of all the places I want to visit in Turkey, I am ................... interested in visiting
Mount Nemrut.
10. Haven't you heard the latest gossip? Well, I don't have much time at the moment to
tell you all of it, but ................. it's about the affair between head of the public
relations and a client.
11. I'm sorry, we can't make exceptions for anyone, madam. To be fair to everyone, each
patient is seen...................
12. The actress is so famous that when she goes out .................. she has to disguise
herself; otherwise, she is mobbed by her admirers and the press.
13. The professor was trying to start an open discussion on the subject, but the
students just looked at each other ................ , so the professor had to ask them
more direct questions.
14. There were too many wounded soldiers for the doctors to attend to them
immediately, so many of them had to lie there ................ while they were waiting to
be seen.
15. My father has been to a party at Buckingham Palace recently, which makes him the
only member of our family ever to have met the Queen ..................
16. If you wouldn't mind taking a seat here, your table will be ready .................... The
waiter is just laying it for you.
17. Whether or not they can sing ................. every child will take part in the musical
we are preparing for the end-of-term party.
18. At first, the news that he wouldn't be able to walk again came as a shock to
everyone in the family, but ................ , they all got used to it.
ELS Q 6OI
615
EXERCISE 8: Complete the sentences with one of the phrases from the list below. Use
each phrase only once.
ai) in the circumstances f) in pieces k) in conclusion

b) in cash gl in the suburbs 1) in demand
c) in order h) in a hurry m) in general
d) in danger 1} in sight n) in common
e) in debt J) in advance o) in progress
1. Please slow down a little. I know that we are ................. but I would rather get
there alive and late than dead and not at all.
2. The man who owns the hot dog stand on the main road went over to the auto lot
yesterday and paid for a new car .................. He must be earning really well!
3. We apologize for any inconvenience we are causing to the residents while the
renovations are...................
4. He is fifty years old and now unemployed because the factory has closed down. You
would think .................. he'd be demoralized, but he isn't. In fact, he is quite
enthusiastic about the future.
5. They have so many interests ................ that everybody thought they would get
along great, but it turns out that they don't like each other at all.
6. We complete a customer card and then place the card in this box. You'll see that
the cards are ................ alphabetically.
7. It is quieter and cleaner ................. but I miss the nightlife and shopping facilities
of the city centre.
8. There are still some areas of the economy that need attention, but .................. the
government's measures are working.
9. It's a good idea to train as a translator because they are ................. these days, so
you won't have any problems finding a job.
10. If you are coming to Istanbul, let me know ................ and I will arrange some
interesting things for you to do.
11. I think we have discussed all the items on today's agenda ................... I'd like to
remind you that our next meeting will be on March 10th, so I hope to see you all
there.
12. She likes hiking in remote areas, where there is neither a house, a road, nor any
other sign of civilization ..................
13. When he came back into the room only to find his mobile phone................. on the
floor, he realized that he shouldn't have taken his eyes off the youngster for even a
minute.
14. He has quite a well-paid job, but he spends more than he earns, so it's no wonder
he is always...................
15. If they are still out at sea in this storm, then their lives are seriously ...................
6OZ Q ELS
616
b) PHRASES WTTH "ON"
EXERCISE 9: Complete the sentences with one of the phrases from the list below. Use each
phrase only once.
a) on average J) on the increase s) on loan
b) on board k) on (one's) own t) on purpose
c) on fire J) on the phone u) on holiday
d) on foot w) on the hour v) on a trip
e) on guard n) on television w) on a tour
f) on sale o) on a diet 1$ on a cruise
ğ) on strike p) on (one's) way y) on an expedition
h) on occasion q) on the whole i) on (that) date r) on the outskirts
1. I received a postcard this morning from my mother and father, who are.................
at a summer resort in Spain at the moment.
2. The workers who were ................ stood at the gates of the factory holding banners.
3. The soldiers who stand ................ outside Buckingham Palace wear the traditional
uniform of the Queen's own regiment.
4. Since it was confirmed that he is suffering from diabetes, he has been ..................
which was specially designed for him by his doctor and excludes most sweet foods.
5. As a receptionist, she spends a lot of her time ................ talking to customers and
explaining the service.
6. In Cappadocia we went ................ which included an underground city, some rock
churches, and an old stopping place on the Silk Road.
7. If we don't have time to visit the duty-free shop at the airport, we can buy cigarettes
............... the plane.
8. A: Why is there a big red star here on your calendar?
B: Because my mother's birthday is ...................
9. I'm afraid he's................. to France at the moment to inspect the new factory, but
he will be back in the office on Friday.
10. A lot of the people who have moved into Istanbul lately have chosen to live
............... because the houses are cheaper there.
11. Two scientists were killed ................ which was organized to photograph one of
Japan's active volcanoes.
12. The electricity does go off out here ................. but it normally comes back on within
the hour.
13. The vegetables were a little over-cooked for our taste, but .................. it was a
delicious meal.
14. My parents are going ................ around the Pacific Ocean on a luxury liner, which
has its own swimming pool, casino and ballroom.
15 .................. , 70% of the human body consists of water.
16. The USA has the highest divorce rate in the world; moreover, divorces are.................
with a higher rate from one year to another.
17. This famous Picasso painting is on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum, but
it does not belong to them. It is ................ from a rich businessman.
18. At the height of the blaze that swept through the Amazon rain forest, an area
equivalent to the size of France was ..................
19. You shouldn't help him with his homework every time he asks as he has to learn to
do it ..................
20. I'm sure that she didn't leave your name off the list ................... She has probably
just forgotten that you said you wanted to go.
21. The match will be shown live ................ at 8.30 p.m. Do you want to watch it at
our house?
22. The double-decker bus from here to the centre leaves every hour..................
throughout the day.
23. She likes the clothes at that shop; however, she can only afford to buy something
when it is ................ because their prices are so high.
24. When the river became too dangerous to navigate, the two explorers had to continue
their journey through the thick jungle ..................
25. Jake was going to revise for his history exam this morning, but he met Gill
............... to the library and they went to the coffee bar instead.
ELS Q 603
617
NOTES:
a) on time/In time
"On time", "punctual' anlamındadır ve kararlaştırılmış bir saatten söz ederken "vaktinde,
dakik' anlamını verir.
She never comes to class late. She is always on time.
The meeting will start at 2 p.m. and I have to be there on time.
"In time" da Türkçe'ye "vaktinde" biçiminde çevrilir. Ancak kararlaştırılmış bir saat söz konusu
değildir. "Bir işi yapmak için uygun bir vakitte" anlamındadır. "In time for something/in time
to do something' biçiminde de kullanılabilir.
I got home in time for my favourite programme. I got home in time to have
dinner with my parents.
They are having the house painted for the wedding. I hope the painters finish
their job In time. (Umarım boyacılar işlerini vaktinde bitirirler.)
Son örnekte, boya işinin bitmesi için kararlaştırılmış bir saat olamaz. Bu nedenle "vaktinde"
sözü, konuşmacının kendine göre "uygun bir zamanı" ifade etmektedir.
"Just In time" "tam zamanında" anlamını verir.
Someone had spilt coke on the chair, but Sue didn't notice it and was going
to sit on the chair. Fortunately, I warned her Just in time to prevent her from
sitting there. (Onu tam zamanında uyardım...)
b) on holiday/for a holiday (American English: on vacation/for a vacation)
"Be/go on holiday/vacation" ifadesi, eğer "holiday/vacation" m önünde the, a, my, your, etc.
gibi bir sözcük varsa "go for a/the/my holiday/vacation" biçiminde kullanılır.
Let's not talk about business now.
We are on holiday/vacation.
We usually go to Bodrum for our holidays/vacations.
EXERCISE 10: Complete the sentences with "in" or "on".

1. I was surprised that the train departed .......... time, because normally it's delayed.
2. She got there just .......... time to find her seat before the concert started.
3. We won't be .......... time for the news report if we don't hurry up.
4. If you think that the show will start exactly .......... time, we'd better get there about
fifteen minutes early to find good seats.
5. I hope we arrive........... time to have a meal before the meeting starts.
6. The lesson didn't finish .......... time, so I missed the bus I normally catch.
EXERCISE 11: Complete the sentences with "on" or "for".

1. A temporary secretary is starting on Monday and working for two weeks because
our normal secretary is going .......... holiday.
2. The Smiths have been going to Blackpool .......... their holidays for as long as I can
remember.
3. Are you going away anywhere ........... your next holiday?
4. Shall we go .......... vacation in September this year because it really gets too hot in
Antalya in August?
5. I'm planning to go to Singapore ........... my vacation next year.
6. We had only been .......... holiday for five days when we received the terrible news.
6O4 D ELS
618
c) PHRASES WITH "OUT OF"
EXERCISE 12: Complete the sentences with a phrase from the list below. Use each phrase
only once.
a) out of luck ğ) out of reach to) out of print
b) out of order b) out of tune n) out of season
c) out of practice 1} out of work o) out of breath
d) out of the question J) out of sight p) out of control
e) out of danger Is) out of fashion q) out of date
f) out of debt 1) out of place r) out of doors
1. A lot of men have been ................ in the region since the coal mine closed down
last winter.
2. Your going to a discotheque in the city at your age is .................. You absolutely
cannot go.
3. The carriage became disconnected from the engine of the train and sped .................
back down the mountain until it crashed at the bottom.
4. The lace-up leather shoes made by this shoemaker have never been ..................
They are as popular with businessmen today as they were in the thirties, when the
company started making them.
5. Because he borrowed so much money while he was a student, it will be some time
before he is...................
6. You don't have to stay in bed any longer, but you must keep warm and not go
................ for another week because the slightest breeze may cause the illness to
recur.
7. I thought the shop might still have some fresh bread left, but I was ................ and
we had to manage without any.
8. Why is it that the juiciest blackberries, which look so delicious, are always just
............... ? Look, at those on the top, they look so nice!
9. The edition you want is ................ now because they have published a second
edition.
10. Radar is an electronic system which allows a ship's crew to detect vessels which are
............... and thus can be seen neither through binoculars nor on telescope.
11. I wouldn't eat that yoghurt if I were you. Look at the stamp on the lid. It is
12. This automatic vending machine must be ................. because it took my money but
hasn't given me my drink.
13. Well, I can give you a game of tennis if you like, but I'm really ................... I haven't
played for over two years.
14. I believe that brutal "sports" such as cockfighting, bullfighting, and hunting are
............... in a civilized society.
15. The headmistress wants her niece to sing the solo in the school musical. How can
we tell her without hurting her feelings that the girl sings completely ................. ?
16. If we go away ............................ prices will be cheaper but not all of the facilities for
tourists will be open.
17. I climb up four flights of stairs to my office in the morning, so when I reach the top,
I'm ................ and have to struggle just to say good morning to my colleagues.
18. Once the explorers had successfully negotiated the dangerous currents, they were
............... and they navigated the rest of the river easily.
ELS Q 60S
619
d) OTHER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
EXERCISE 13: Complete each phrase below by using the following prepositions.
at for from by under without
a) .......... control f)........... least k) ........... the influence

b).......... far g)........... mistake 1)............ time to time
c) ......... first h) .......... last m) .......... length
d) ......... guarantee 1)........... fail n) .......... the time being
e) ......... delay J) .......... most o) ........... no means
EXERCISE 14: Complete the sentences with a phrase from the list above. Use each phrase
only once.
1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, whose output was enormous especially in view of his
short life, was ....................... the most productive composer of all time.
2. If you ever turn up for work....................... of alcohol again, you will be dismissed
instantly.
3. One reason, but ....................... the only reason, that British Prime Minister has
become so unpopular is that he gave the pensioners such a small rise in their
pensions.
4. It has taken the European Union a long time to agree on policy towards climate
change. I'm glad they have taken some positive action .........................
5. They have disinfected the farm from which the disease originated and destroyed all
the livestock. The authorities now claim that the situation is ..........................
6. We only have seven hundred pounds....................... to spend during the holiday,
though it'll be better if we don't spend all of it.
7. Julie doesn't work here any more, but she calls in ........................to see how we ar
all doing.
8. Every day, ........................ he went out for a walk, even when the weather was
awful.
9. Could you please send a workman to inspect our drains ........................ ? They need
urgent attention.
10 ........................ , I thought she was rude, but once I had got used to her direct
manner, I grew to like her.
11. He described ....................... how he was captured and tortured by the Japanese
during the Second World War, and I felt obliged to listen to him till the end in order
not to appear rude.
12. It will cost....................... one hundred pounds to repair your car and I must warn
you that it could be far more than that.
13. Fortunately, my computer was still ........................ so I didn't have to pay anything
for the repairs.
14. We'll use an extension lead ........................ although we should have an extra
electric socket fitted as soon as possible.
15. I bought the wrong printer cartridge ......................... The shop refunded my
money, though, which was nice.
606 Q ELS
620
EXERCISE 15: Complete each phrase below by using the following prepositions.
at for from by under without
a).......... accident f) ........... times k) ........... the impression

b) ......... age g) ........... any rate 1) ........... warning
c) .......... pressure h) ........... all means m) ........... random
d) .......... now on 1) ........... doubt n) ........... a change
e) .......... instance j) .......... short o) ........... heart
EXERCISE 16: Complete the sentences with a phrase from the list above. Use each phrase
only once.
1. My son is so nervous at the moment because school is opening tomorrow and he is
going to have to say a thirty-line poem, which he has had to learn ...........................
He is afraid that he may not remember all his lines.
2. I'm sorry. I've burnt an iron mark onto your shirt ............................
3. Because bingo is a game of pure chance, in which winning relies on numbered balls
drawn ........... some people claim that it is a form of gambling.
4. Being a chef can be stressful ..........................but generally, he finds it an
enjoyable occupation.
5. We all thought, or ..................... John and I both thought, that the whole day had
been a waste of time.
6. She is...........................from her parents to get married and settle down, but she
enjoys the single life and doesn't want to give it up.
7. There have been a number of people thrown out of the bar for ..........................
drinking recently - some of them were not even thirteen years old yet.
8. It is ......................... the most stupid proposal he has suggested so far.
9. Some of her friends call her Judy......................... , although she prefers to be called
Judith.
10. I was driving to work this morning when ........................... a cyclist pulled out in
front of me and forced me to make an emergency stop.
11. We usually go fishing on Sunday afternoons, but this week, we decided to rent a
film on video ...........................
12. We should do something towards helping the environment. We could,
......................... take our bottles and cans to the recycling centre.
13. From reading the article in my newspaper, I was ........................... that she had
actually shot these policemen herself, but it appears that her partner was the
murderer and not her.
14. Up until now, all car owners have had to pay the same amount of road tax, but
......................... owners of small cars will pay a reduced rate.
15. If you prefer to study the contract at home ........................... do so. We can hold the
car for you until tomorrow.
ELS Q 607
621
11-8 PREPOSITION + NOUN + PREPOSITION
EXERCISE 17: Complete the sentences with one of the phrases from the list below. Use
each phrase only once.
a) on the tip of f) in danger of kj on the point of

b) in touch with ğ on the strength of I) in love with
c) in charge of h) in return for m) on behalf of
d) in favour of i) at the age of n) in the habit of
e) on good terms with J) for the sake of o) in common with
1. I wonder who will be put ................ the office while the manager is away next week.
2. The crow and the raven have much ................each other, but ravens differ in that
they are slightly larger and much less social than crows.
3 ................... my giving you a lift to work this morning, can you get a few things from
the shops for me while you're there?
4. Just as we were ................ closing the shop for the day, a customer rushed in and
demanded to be served.
5. If you are not ................ her, why do you keep sending her flowers?
6. Having retired from work ................ 68, she decided to buy a caravan and travel
round the world.
7. I'm not ................ using animals for testing cosmetics on; consequently, I'm always
very careful about the products I buy.
8. I'm not ................ gossiping about my friends, so you can stop trying to pry stuff
about their personal lives out of me.
9. Because of the cancellation of several orders recently, the company is .................
going into liquidation.
10. They had been considering divorce, but decided to stay together ................. the
children.
11. I think we should get ................ Tony and tell him about the changes to our
schedule.
12. As Sarah isn't ................ Alan, I can't really invite both of them to come with us,
can I?
13. Are you sure we should go ahead just ................ this report? Shouldn't we do some
more research first?
14 ................. all your friends and colleagues here, I would like to congratulate you on
your new appointment.
15. I'm sure I know the answer to this question. It's right .................my tongue!
608 G ELS
622
11-9 ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION
NOTE: Bu bölümdeki alıştırmaları yapmadan önce, "APPENDIX l" deki Adjective + Preposition
listesini inceleyiniz.
EXERCISE 18: Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.

1. I don't know why she thinks she can make a career as a singer. She's quite devoid
.............. talent.
2. We're much obliged ............... you for all the trouble you've taken to help us.
3. She was thrilled ............... the present her parents gave her for her birthday.
4. Your new bag is quite similar ............... your old one, isn't it?
5. We weren't satisfied ............... the explanation they made.
6. I feel sorry ............... her because she finds it so difficult to make friends.
7. Entry to the course will be limited ............... those who got over 70% in the exam.
8. A surprisingly large number of people are allergic ............... dairy products.
9. Since her accident she has been subject ................ violent mood swings.
10. I was aware ............... the changes to the schedule, but Mary wasn't, so she wasted
her time going to the office on Saturday for the meeting, which had already been
cancelled.
11. If you had been more polite ............... him, he might not have gotten so angry with
you.
12. That restaurant is notorious ................ overcharging its customers.
13. His latest novel is vastly superior ............... his previous work.
14. He became used ............... getting his own way all the time.
15. I'm hopeless ............... maths, so I always carry a pocket calculator.
16. It isn't good ............... you to have to handle so much stress.
17. I'm curious ............... why she decided not to come with us.
18. The film was only loosely based............... the book.
19. I hope you aren't annoyed .............. me................. forgetting to bring your scarf
back.
20. You shouldn't be jealous ............... her. You're much prettier than she is.
21. He's mad ............... cricket and never misses a match.
22. I'm grateful................you ................ getting the information to me so quickly.
23. We're running short ............... sugar, so I'm just going out to get some more.
24. That remark was just typical ............... his whole attitude.
25. The soil in our garden is rich ............... nutrients, so everything grows really well.
WORRIED ABOUT THE NEIGHBOUR
My husband, Jerry, and I had a neighbour who worked evenings.

Without fail, his car's piercing headlights would illuminate our bedroom
precisely at 12:20 a.m. as he turned into his driveway. My husband would
awaken immediately and deliver a tirade about inconsiderate people.
One night, I was awakened by Jerry's tossing and turning. "Are you
ill?" I whispered.
"No," he said. "But it's nearly 2 a.m., and that guy hasn't come home
yet. I'm worried about him."
ELS a 609
623
11-10 VERB + PREPOSITION
NOTE: Bu bölümdeki alıştırmaları yapmadan önce, "APPENDIX 2" deki Verb + Preposition listesini
inceleyiniz.
1. I don't feel ............... cooking tonight, so I'm sending out for some Chinese food.
2. You don't seriously believe .............. ghosts, do you?
3. Did you hear ............... the debate in parliament today?
4. What's happened ............... your hair? It looks terrible!
5. Which area of medicine do you intend to specialize................ ?
6. I would never vote ............... that terrible man, even if someone paid me to.
7. I'm not prepared to comment................ the situation until I've studied the report.
8. We could all benefit ............... an early night tonight as it'll be a hard day
tomorrow.
9. You haven't been quarrelling ............... your sister again, have you?
10. She found it hard to adjust ............... living alone after her husband died.
11. That man was so rude that I'm definitely going to complain ................ the manager
.............. him.
12. If dinner isn't ready soon, we'll probably all die ............... hunger!
13. You wouldn't have driven .............. the tree if you'd been paying proper attention.
14. Although he's resigning ...............the board, he will still remain as a director of the
firm.
15. You must have heard .............. him. His records are on the radio all the time these
days.
16. While you were looking ............... your address book, you didn't happen to see my
cheque book, did you?
17. He suffers ............... quite a bad stammer, especially when he's nervous.
18. I'm going to vote ............... his proposal because I believe it would be damaging for
the company.
19. We were hoping ............... good weather today, so we laid the tables out in the
garden, and now it's raining!
20. Their house is hidden ............... the road by a large hedge.
21. I'm not looking ................ your answers; I'm trying to read your terrible handwriting!
22. Please don't touch those. They don't belong ................me.
23. I hope he's forgotten ............... the dreadful argument we had last week.
24. Have you applied ............... that company ................. the accountancy position yet?
25. I don't approve ............... buying products from that country because of their
terrible political system.
61OQ ELS
624
11-11 VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION
NOTE: Bu bölümdeki alıştırmaları yapmadan önce, "APPENDIX 3" teki Verb + Object + Proposition
listesini inceleyiniz.
1. You needn't have kept the bad news ................ me, you know.
2. He left his wife ................. a woman he met on a business trip.
3. That book has been translated ................ about 17 languages so far.
4. Divide the cake ................. equal slices; otherwise, the children will accuse me
............... giving more to one than the other.
5. Many people regard this play ................. his finest.
6. Both men were sentenced ................ life imprisonment.
7. Please don't involve me ................ this case. It really has nothing to do with me.
8. When he pointed the gun ................ me, his hand shook so much that I knew he'd
never fire it.
9. The piece of music was dedicated ................ the composer's husband.
10. He was sent out of the lesson for throwing things ................. the other students.
11. Excuse me .................interrupting, but you have a phone call.
12. You can't blame the dog................. eating the meat. You should have put it in the
fridge!
13. That story reminds me ................a situation I once found myself in.
<»
14. Why don't we ask the travel agent................. more information?
15. The police suspected him ................. helping the thieves to escape.
16. The bad weather deterred a lot of supporters..................going to the match.
17. Fortunately, all the passengers were rescued ..................the ship before it finally
sank.
18. If you had spent a little more time.................. your homework, you would certainly
;
have got a better grade. ' '•"' '
19. How do you distinguish a male budgie ................. a female? They all look the same
to me! . " ; -
20. The organization is devoted ................ providing housing for those in need.
21. I'm always being mistaken ................. my sister because we look so similar.
22. The crowd shouted so much abuse ................ the minister that he had to abandon
his speech.
23. Will you remind him ................. the money he owes me when you next see him?
24. Everybody complimented her ................. the beautiful dress she was wearing.
25. For this recipe, the meat needs to be cut ................. thin slices.
ELS D 611
625
11-12 VERB + NOUN + PREPOSITION
EXERCISE 21: Match each phrase on the left below with its definition on the right.
1. take part in a) benefit when you have the opportunity
2. make sense of b) enjoy
3. play a trick on c) watch or listen carefully to
4. put pressure on d) believe in someone's ability
5. take advantage of e) urge or force
6. pay attention to f) participate in
7. take pleasure in g) watch or check from time to time
8. take charge of h) deceive, often for a joke
9. keep an eye on 1) forget how many
10. have confidence in J) see suddenly or for a short time
11. ca tch sigh t of k) understand
12. lose count of 1) become responsible for
EXERCISE 22? Complete the following sentences using the phrases on the left above. Use
each only once with the correct form of the verb.
1. I've..................................... the number of tickets I've sold. I'll have to check them
again.
2. I think somebody must be .................................... us. Look! The laces on
everyone's shoes have all been tied together.
3. He always appears just as we are about to eat, so obviously we invite him to join
us, but I think he's .................................... our hospitality.
4. I can't ..................................... this contract. I'll have to ask my lawyer to explain it.
5. Are all of the class ..................................... the school play at the weekend?
6. I ................... so little ................... his ability to drive us there safely that I think I'd
rather catch the train.
7. Can you ..................................... this saucepan and make sure it doesn't burn
while I make a quick telephone call?
8 ........................................ the route we're taking because next time you'll have to
drive here on your own.
9. Don't ................... any more .................... them! They're working hard enough as it
is.
10. Who will .................................... the shop while the manager is away?
11. I hope nobody .................................... us just now as we were coming in here;
otherwise, they might tell our parents and then we'll be in real trouble.
12. I don't understand how she can .................. so much ..................... her job. Mine's
nearly the same as hers and I don't enjoy it at all. . -..•-.•.
[STILL FAMILIAR
\
After the birth of her baby boy, Ellen got the name of a pediatrician v
from her mother. "This is the doctor who took care of you when you were a
',.' baby," her mother said. "/And I think he is still in practice."
Ellen got into contact with the doctor, and during his examination of the ,,>
baby, she remarked, "You were my pediatrician when I was a newborn." '"* i
"/Ah," replied the doctor, "I thought you looked familiar to me!"
(From Reader's Digest) v
612 n KI-«
626
EXERCISE 23: Match each phrase on the left below with Its definition on the right.
1. take no notice of a) give praise to

2. make room for b) turn one's attention away from
3. have an effect on c) start something burning
4. pay a compliment to d) ignore
5. take pride in e) influence
6. set fire to f) allow or prepare space for
7. catch a glimpse of ğ) get over
8. have a look at h) look after
9. take one's mind off 1) see briefly
10. take care of j) get in touch with
11. make a recovery from k) be proud of
12. make contact with 1) take time to see
EXERCISE 24: Complete the following sentences using the phrases on the left above. Use
I. I think the doctor should......................................... that cut. It seems quite serious to

me.
2 ............................................ anything he says! He really doesn't know what he's talking
about.
3. She..................... great.......................her children's successes and gives them lots of
support and encouragement.
4. I only ........................................ them when you pointed them out to me, so I doubt
that I'd be able to recognize them again.
5. Children should be encouraged to ......................................... their teeth from a young
age so as to avoid dental problems later in life.
6. While he was trying to light the barbecue, he accidentally..........................................
one of the trees in the garden.
7. The doctor says she's ..................... an excellent....................... her illness and will be
back at work soon.
8. My husband has only ever ......................................... me once - and that was about
my cooking, not my appearance!
9. While I was away, I......................................... a number of people who seemed very
interested in our organization.
10. Nothing we say .................... any ..................... her. She just continues to do exactly
as she wants.
II. Perhaps an evening out somewhere will help you ........................................ your
problems at work.
12. Yes, of course you can bring your friend with you. We can easily .................................
another person in our cottage.
ELS Q 613
627
1. Many people live ......... of large cities A) For instance B) Under control
because It's cheaper to live there than in C) In a moment D) From now on
the city centre. E) In particular
A) out of doors B) in sight 8. Though they may be less happy, animals

generally live longer ....... than in the wild
C) on the outskirts D) on their own because they don't have to worry about
E) on average struggling for survival on a daily basis.
2. They give weather reports ......... from 7 A) on their own C) out B) in captivity
p.m. to midnight, and I find it really of reach D) at length
annoying to hear the same things every E) in danger
sixty minutes.
9. When the two gangs started fighting,
A) on B) on the hour everyone involved was........ of alcohol and
time C) in D) at random didn't realty know what they were doing.
E) without warning A) out of practice
B) at any rate
3. C) on the increase
Karl got tired of living with his parents D) for a change
and went to live ...... in a small flat in E) under the influence
town.
10. No one was expecting an attack that day,
A) in a hurry B) for the moment but ....... enemy troops appeared from
C) out of doors D) out of place nowhere, and their victory was quick and
complete.
E) on his own
A) by accident
4. Carmen studied her lines until she knew B) for instance
them ...... and could say them without C) all of a sudden
stopping. D) under the impression
E) for the time being
A) on the whole C) at B) without delay
least D) by heart 11. The train sped ........along the track until
E) at once it eventually derailed and killed dozens of
passengers.
5. A) without delay B) at length
Henry's new Persian carpet looked C) out of control D) in time
beautiful in the shop, but in his E) in contrast
ultramodern apartment, it looked a bit
...... so he decided to sell it. 12. Arnold had been wanting to visit the Iraqi
capital, Baghdad, during his holiday, but
A) by mistake B) all the same since he had an American passport, and
C) out of place the two countries were at war, that was
D) as a whole
E) in fashion
A) in great trouble B) for the time being
6. After their huge row, they continued their C) far from any risk D) on the whole E)
dinner .......... since they couldn't think of out of the question
anything else to say.
13. It's true that, ........women live longer
A) on the whole C) out B) on guard than men, but there are many men who
of order D) in silence do outlive their wives.
E) for once A) without fail B) in the circumstanc'-"
C) at random D) from time to tim
7. They've changed the payday........... , we'll E) on average
get paid on the fifteenth, not on the first
of the month.
6X4 Q ELS
628
EXERCISE 23: Match each phrase on the left below with Its definition on the right.
1. take no notice of a) give praise to

2. make room for b) turn one's attention away from
3. have an effect on c) start something burning
4. pay a compliment to d) ignore
5. take pride in e) influence
6. set fire to Q allow or prepare space for
7. catch a glimpse of ğ) get over
8. have a look at h) look after
9. take one's mind off 1) see briefly
10. take care of J) get in touch with
11. make a recovery from k) be proud of
12. make contact with 1) take time to see
EXERCISE 24: Complete the following sentences using the phrases on the left above. Use
I. I think the doctor should ....................................... that cut. It seems quite serious to
me.
2 ............................................ anything he says! He really doesn't know what he's talking
about.
3. She..................... great.......................her children's successes and gives them lots of
support and encouragement.
4. I only ........................................ them when you pointed them out to me, so I doubt
that I'd be able to recognize them again.
5. Children should be encouraged to ........................................ their teeth from a young
age so as to avoid dental problems later in life.
6. While he was trying to light the barbecue, he accidentally.........................................
one of the trees in the garden.
7. The doctor says she's ..................... an excellent ..................... her illness and will be
back at work soon.
8. My husband has only ever......................................... me once - and that was about
my cooking, not my appearance!
9. While I was away, I ........................................ a number of people who seemed very
interested in our organization.
10. Nothing we say .................... any..................... her. She just continues to do exactly
as she wants.
II. Perhaps an evening out somewhere will help you..........................................your
problems at work.
12. Yes, of course you can bring your friend with you. We can easily ................................
another person in our cottage.
ELS Q 613
629
14. I prefer to buy my clothes ....... because. 23. Jeremy is ....... the most successful player
In this way, I save quite a lot of money. the team has had in the last few years.
A) in debt B) out of doors A) without doubt B) under control
C) under guarantee D) on sale E) out of C) at random D) in common
luck E) on the increase
15. David is so deeply ....... Julia that he can't
24. There must have been ...... two hundred
really imagine life without her. people at that party last night. It was
A) in the habit of B) on the point of packedl
C) in love with D) on behalf of
E) in return for A) for instance C) on B) in vain D)
purpose by chance
16. The car was running smoothly, when E) at least
...... , the engine exploded.
25........ the music, which was wonderful, I
A) in particular B) on time thought it was an absolutely awful film.
C) for a while D) all at once
E) by no means A) Rather than C) In B) Apart from
addition to D) For instance
17........ their need for water and lumber for
pulp, paper mills are often located on the E) Instead
banks of rivers, in remote forest areas. of
A) On account of C) In B) In addition to 26. I didn't like our next-door neighbours
spite of D) Even though
E) In case ....... but eventually we became good
friends.
18. Many recreational outdoor sports-angling A) by no means C) in B) out of doors
advance
and rowing ...............- are very popular but D) in common
get very poor coverage ı ; on TV. E) at first
A) by no means B) for instance 27. We could tell ....... that someone had been
C) all at once D) on occasion
E) in the least trying to force the door open.
19. The secretary attended the monthly A) by heart B) on purpose

meeting ...... her boss, as he was away on C) under repair D) at a glance
holiday. E) on occasion
A) in place B) in addition to 28. If the men ...... had been doing their jobs
of C) in spite D) in return for properly, the break-in would never have
of E) in case of occurred.
20. The new government has to change many A) by force C) on guard B) off duty
things, but ...... , it should concentrate on D) in debt
the economic situation. E) under
suspicion
A) first of all B) on average D)
C) all at once at the rate 29. I sincerely hope that she Isn't ......
E) in return treating customers so discourteously.
21. Susie lent Jim her book, and .... he let
her borrow his computer game. A) on behalf of B) in common with
C) for the sake of D) in the habit of E)
A) on B) at least on good terms with
average C) in
return D) for instance
30. I'm glad you managed to ...... his speech
E) out of luck because I had absolutely no idea what he
22. Hers is ....... a difficult Job. She just meant.
answers the phone and takes down notes
- that's all. A) play a trick on
B) make contact with
A) first of all B) all at once C) make sense of
C) at any rate D) by no means D) pay a compliment to
E) without doubt E) lose count of
ELS Q 615
630
31. The British Broadcasting Corporation, or 39. Is there anything ...... you want to talk to
the BBC ....... , is renowned ........ the Jim about, or are you phoning just for a
wildlife programmes It produces. chat?
A) for short/for A) on occasion B) on the whole
B) at first/to C) in particular D) by chance
C) on occasion/of E) in progress
D) from now on/about
E) at length/with 40. I'm staying at a friend's house ........until
32. Although his condition has Improved the re-decoration of mine is finished.
considerably, the doctor says he isn't yet
A) from time to time
B) out o f the ques tio n
A) u n de r g u a ra n te e C) at a ny ra te
B) without fail D) for the time being
C) on the in c re as e E) all at once
D) in tu ne
E) out o f da nge r 41. The food was disgusting, the people were
bo rin g, th e mus ic wa s irrita ting a nd th e
33. She has always been an excellent pianist wea th e r wa s h o rrib le - ........ it was a
and, even though she is ...... now, I'm terrible evening.
certain she can still play better than most A) at last
people. B) b y chance
C) on average D) o n the con trary
A) at any rate B) at last E) in sh ort
C) out of practice D) out of order
E) without doubt 42. I d on' t see Aliso n mu ch a ny mo re , bu t
......, we mee t up a nd ha v e a mea l
34. "See you at the party on Friday then. Oh, together.
...... , could you bring some CDs?"
A) in time B) o n p urpose
A) at all costs B) by the way C) by the way D) on occasion
C) at any rate D) in no way E) without delay
E) on the way
43. There's a very annoying child who keeps
35. Swan's Is a very popular restaurant and phoning us - it seems he just picked our
almost always packed, so you should number ...... out of the phone book. What
book a table ......... a pity he chose ours out of all the
millions of numbers listed there.
A) with ease B) in advance
C) by accident D) at random A) at random C) in B) in order
E) under pressure demand D) at once
36. Are you sure she spilt the coffee ...... ? It E) on
seemed to me as if it was an accident. average
A) by no means B) at present 44 ........ I find television programmes quite

C) without warning D) in advance useless; there are only a few programmes
E) on purpose which I think are reaUy worth watching.
37. He was....... that he was going to get a A) All at once B) On the whole
promotion, so he was really disappointed C) Rather than D) At first
when he didn't. E) In progress
A) on g ood te rms 45. When his prototype car failed to start,
B) out of control Professor Tumpy realized that all his
C) un d e r th e imp ress io n efforts had been ........
D) on the inc rease
E) in th e c ircu ms ta nc es A) in silence C) in public B) in vain
E) in D) in debt
38. The directors knew that the real reason
for the fall in productivity was that most common
of the factory equipment was ........
46. I explained the concept to him ........
A) in vain B) without delay illustrating it by concrete examples, but
C) for a change D) out of date he still didn't understand what it really
E) on the increase meant.
A) for short B) on average D)
C) at least at length
E) by far
616 Q ELS
631
47. Rice consumption varies widely from 54. I don't think the demonstration received
country to country. The United Arab as much interest as they'd thought. There
Emirates' usage rate ....... , Is 447 pounds must have been five hundred people.......
annually compared to The Netherlands' 8
pounds. A) at least B) out of sight
C) in appearance D) at random
A) at least B) at first
D) for once E) at the most
C) for instance
E) at any rate 55. He is such an avid reader that he reads
whatever he can find,....... the wide
48 ........ being England's capital city, London differences in quality or theme.
Is also the cultural centre of the country,
with many theatres, museums and A) in addition to
galleries. B) without regard to
C) on the strength of
A) In touch with B) For the sake of D) for the sake of
C) In addition to D) In return for E) in comparison with
E) In spite of
56 ......... the most important of all the recent
49 ........ I'm concerned, the new regulations technological advances is the continuing
In the factory will Increase the production development of computer applications.
capacity.
A) On the way B) By far
A) At the most C) At B) As for D) C) As far as D) At last
least The more E) With any luck
E) As far as
57. As for the possibility of extending our
50. The company tried hard to overcome its holiday a few days more, I'm afraid it's
financial problems but, ....... it had to ....... We're almost completely out of
declare bankruptcy. money.
A) after B) at least D) by A) in other words
all C) at the time B) in any case
most E) in the end C) on the one hand
D) out of the question
51. It's very difficult to keep the trains E) under any circumstances
running ...... schedule in the winter.
58. He'll give up the presidency if he fails to
A) up to date B) in order to have his project adopted ........ that's what
C) according to D) as far as he told me.
E) on account of
A) Regardless of B) At a guess
52. How are we going to carry all this C) At any rate D) Irrespective of
shopping up to tenth floor if the lift is E) By all means
59. I found this beautiful picture quite ........

A) on purpose as I only went into the shop to shelter
B) under control from the rain.
C) in the circumstances
D) by mistake A) on purpose B) by chance
E) out of order C) out of luck D) at random
E) without hesitation
53. I don't usually drink alcohol, but I think
I'll have some ....... 60. The project is agreeable ........ but there
are some points that I think should be
A) for the time being thought over.
B) by no means
C) out of the question A) in particular B) in progress
D) on this occasion C) by far D) on the whole
E) in my opinion E) on occasion
ELS Q 617
632
EXERCISE 26: Fill In the blanks In the passages below with the correct choice.
One of the most notable directors of action and science fiction motion pictures, James
Cameron wrote and directed the movie "Titanic", an epic film that, despite its running time of
three hours, became one of the biggest-grossing films in American film history. "Titanic" was
Cameron's first attempt (1) ...... making a historical drama. He spent three years (2) ....... the
film; researching, writing, producing, directing and editing it. His complete involvement (3) ........
the filmmaking process and his insistence (4) ..... maintaining historical accuracy down to
even the minutest detail reinforced his reputation (5) ....... being a perfectionist. He even had a
detailed model of the ship built almost to scale. Such expenditures contributed (6) ..... making
"Titanic", (7) ..... a final production cost of more than 200 million dollars, the most expensive
motion picture made (8) ..... that point. After months of bad publicity generated by the large
budget and several postponed release dates, the film opened to record sales and critical
acclaim (9) ..... December 1997. One month later, Cameron won the Golden Globe award (10)
..... best director.
1. 6.
A) for B) to D)
A) to C) B)at D) C)in from
from on E) about
E) with 7.
2.
A) B) around
about C) D) with
A) with B) to
from E) towards
C) for D) on
E) through
8.
3.
A) since B) during
A) in BJfor C) while D) upon
Qat D) on E) up to
E) round
9.
A) with A) since B) on
C) on B) into C)in D)by
D) along E)at
E) to
10.
5.
A) with B)through A) B) to
Q for D) around about D)for
E) from Owith E) among
6X8 Q ELS
633
(11) ...... the 1930s the Tennessee River was virtually uncontrollable. In dry seasons it shrank
(12) ...... a mere trickle, and (13)......... heavy rainfall, it flooded lowlands and washed away
fertile soils. Croplands were continually eroded, and very little effort was made (14) ....... soil
conservation. Although the Tennessee Valley was rich (15) ...... natural resources, its
inhabitants remained poor, and the area was almost totally devoid (16) ....... industrial
development. To help lift the region (17) ....... poverty, a corporation named the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA) was created by the United States government (18) .......May 18, 1933.
Its chief purpose was to harness the Tennessee River and its tributaries for flood control and
navigation. A second purpose was to bring electrification to the area. (19) ....... the last few
decades, TVA has been successful (20) ....... both, but the secondary purpose - electrification -
soon assumed primary significance. In bringing electricity to the seven-state area it serves, the
TVA is now the largest utility firm in the United States.
11. 16.
A) Until B) Since A) of B) with

C) With D) When Qin D) from
E) Upon EJfor
12. 17.
A) to C) BJfor A) into B) out of

from D) with C) within D) about
E )i n
E) through
13.
18.
A) at the time
B) for the time being
A) since B) till
C) at a time
C)in D) on
D) from time to time
E) at
E) in time of
14. 19.
A) over B) toward A) Over B) Below

C) into D) within C) Above D) Until
E) along E) Since
15. 20.
A) with B)for A) for B)at D)

C)in D) about C)in along
E) from E) with
ELS Q 619
634
A mythological king of Phrygia, Midas has become a symbol of foolish greed. He once did a
favour (21) ..... the god Dionysus, and Dionysus promised to grant him anything he wanted.
According to the story, Midas asked that everything he touched might turn (22) ...... gold. The
request was granted, but the king soon regretted it when he found that this applied even (23)
..... his food. Thus he had to ask Dionysus to take the gift (24) .........
(25) ..... another occasion, Midas judged a musical contest (26) ....... Pan and Apollo. He
awarded the prize to Pan, and in revenge, Apollo gave him a pair of ass's ears. Midas hid his
ass's ears (27) ..... a cap, but his barber discovered the secret. The barber longed to tell but
was afraid (28) ..... the king. Finally he dug a hole in the ground and whispered (29) ...... it:
"King Midas has ass's ears." A reed grew from this hole, and when the wind blew, the reed
whispered the secret (30) ......everyone.
21. 26.
A) of B) from A) B) between
Qfor D) with along Q D) upon
over
E) about E) among
22. 27.
A) in B) up A) onto B) over
Q off D) to Q under D) below
E) out E) down
23. 28.
A) with B)to D) A) from B) with

Qfor in Q about D) out of
E) over E) of
24. 29.
A) back B) on A) across B)
Q up D) around Q below beneath
D) into
E) over E) upon
25. 30.
A) With B)By A) with B) to D)

Q From D)In Qfor from
E)0 n E) through
635
TEST YOURSELF 1 1 / PART ONE
8. The entire plot of his book came to the
1-80, sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan author .............. a moment ..... Inspiration.
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi
bulunuz. A) for /at B) at /with C) with/for
There was a great shortage ........ food ...... D) in/of E) from/about
9 I gained so much weight . my summer
the Second World War.
.. - • . j; ;
A) with /in B) of /during C) for
1. /through D) about/ since E) in/for
holiday that I can't get ........ my clothes
I've been looking ........ the want ads ....... a
any more.
A) at/through B) for/on C) since/in
D) over/into E) in/off
10. The police arrested two more people ........
2. suitable Job, but I can't find anything.
A) in/at B) for/with C) at/of
D) through/for E) around /about
I'm really fond the song that was lust the company In connection ......... the
playing ........ the radio. bribery case.
A) of/on B) with/by C) A) in/about B) around/for C) of/to
to/over D) for/from E) D) for/from E) from/with
3. about/with
I'm afraid you have to take the 11. The Shetlands, a group of islands ........
application form to the company yourself
because It says here that applicants are
requested to apply ..........
the coast of Scotland, are famous ........
woollen sweaters made there.
4. A) for once B) on behalf C) in A) on/with B) from/in C) off/for
return D) at times E) in person
At a time when little freedom was gtven to D) along/about E) over /from
students to talk In class, his 12. Here is your notebook. I picked it up ........
"conversational" method of teaching was yesterday, thinking it was mine.
far ......... of his time. A) in vain B) at random C) by
A) on occasion B) in public C) in
advance D) by mistake E) at once heart D) by mistake E) in turn
Bill took Nancy out for Ice cream, and 13. The police have arrested a suspect ........
5. ........ , we hurriedly prepared the birthday thp arpniints nf two pw»-w1tn»»'a<5p.«
cake to s urprise her with when they

re tu rne d. A) in charge o f
A) for the reco rd B) on the s tre n g th o f
B) in th e mea n time C) on the po int o f
C) for the time being D) in dange r o f
D) by the way E) on the tip of
E) at the moment ;
7. 14. It is ................................................................................. that she w
The fire man b ravely went ....... th e be ca us e s he ha sn' t d on e a n y wo rk
burnin g b uild ing In order to rescue the
ch ild re n tra ppe d ......... th rou gh ou t the wh o le se mes te r.
A) into /inside B) in/betwee n A) in demand
C) ab ou t/with in D) to /th rou g h C) by heart
E) along/over
E) out of the question
ELS Q 621
636
15. The results ...... your tests will be ready 23. There were many complaints ...... the
..... aweek. factory which was polluting the area ......
its chemical waste.
A) for/since B) from/at
C) about/during D) in/throughout A) over/in C) B) through/away
E) of/in about/with D) with/up
E) for/over
16. Please deal ...... this matter........ delay as
It Is extremely urgent. 24. Steve has a lot of experience.......
teaching young children; moreover, he
A) about/out of B) on/from has considerable patience ....... them.
C) with/without D) over/about
E) from/among A) at/from C) to/about B) for/for
E) D) in/with
17. The rope bridge didn't look very safe and
they wondered If they'd manage to get with/towards
...... the river using It with no mishaps.
25. It was a fantastic parly - .......the guests
A) under B) along D) were some of the country's most famous
C) beside across people.
E) above
A) across B) among
18. Today, the world's economic system relies C) between D) along
almost entirety ...... trade ........ countries. E) from
A) on/between C) B) to/among
for/upon 26. The company director was unavailable for
D) in/with comment as he was ....... a business trip
E) at/from
..... the time.
19. Ted Is leaving ...... a conference ........
Friday afternoon. A) on/at B) for/in
C) to/for D) about/from
A) at/in
C) on/by B) to/at D) E) at/about
from/to
E) for/on 27. The land ....... the village is rocky, so it is
not very suitable ....... farming.
20. When I first....... her, she was so
beautiful that I didn't know what to say. A) in/about B) towards/on
C) around/for D) along/to
A) kept an eye on E) over/about
B) got on with
C) grew out of
D) set eyes on 28. The article in the business magazine was
E) put up with ......when It listed Simon as the sales
manager, as he Is actually the finance
21. Phil doesn't realty smoke, but he does manager.
enjoy a cigarette ......... B) out of place
A) on account C) in D) on the whole
A) for instance B) by no means fashion
C) at the time D) on the hour E) in error
E) from time to time
29. Douglas didn't want to .......his mother's
22. Since she looked so young, the guard at good nature by asking her to help out
the door thought she was ...... and didn't minding the children, as she had already
want to let her Into the disco.
babysat for her granddaughter the night
A) under the influence before.
B) under age
C) for short A) take advantage of B) play a trick on
D) out of sight C) take charge of D) take part in
E) in progress E) make sense of
622 Q ELS
637
30. There are many children all over the 37........ her description, the victim said that
world who are.......adoption because her attacker had a small, red scar ......
their parents were unable to provide his chin.
adequately for their needs.
A) In/on B) For/with
A) in touch with C) During/in D) By/through
B) in need of E) Upon/at
C) on behalf of 38........ , everybody likes to be on their own
D) in return for
E) for the sake of in order to relax.
A) In touch C) For short B) At times
31. Mother Teresa Is Internationally respected D) By heart
...... her work to relieve the suffering........ E) At once
the poor and dying. 39. The police believe that the street gang
B) towards/from ...... other youths in the area to join them.
A) by/about C) D) for/of
about/with A) catches sight of
E) on/in B) takes pleasure in
C) makes sense of
32. Cheetahs are capable....... running at a D) keeps pace with
speed equivalent ...... that of a car. E) puts pressure on
A) of/to B) with/about D) 40. The common assumption .......scientists

C) at/for is that the energy crisis will deepen .......
in/from the next few decades.
E) for/with
A) from/on B) for/by
33. I rely ......Stephanie to tell me ........ the C) among/during D) to/since
best concerts to go to. E) between/until
A) for/on B) against/for D) 41. I don't approve ....... punishing an

C) to/with adolescent ....... cutting his or her pocket
towards/to money.
E) on/about
A) of/by B) on/with D)
34. When Mrs. Hemingway first arrived .... C) about/for for/without
Japan, she found It difficult to adapt.. the E) with/from
very different way of life there.
42. I recommend that you take no notice ...
A) B) at/against D) him as he generally doesn't know what
into/with C) from/with he's talking ........
in/to E) at/for
A) by/of B) of/about
35. I'm sure I won't get any sleep tonight C) from/over
because I have to hand In this report D) to/with
E) about/to
tomorrow .........
43. They had expected a large crowd at their
A) in demand party, but ........their disappointment,
B) out of luck only a few people turned ........
C) under guarantee
D) without fail A) at/down B) with/out D)
E) at length C) in/off to/up
E) among/on
36. About half of Alaska Is covered....... 44. Those going ................................. the
tundra vegetation, which consists mainly provided .....
..... small plants and some high brush. equipment. expedition will be
all the necessary
A) in/from C) B) about/on A) to/of B) for/by
for/around D) along/with C) at/from D) in/to
E) with/of E) on/with
ELS Q 623
638
45. As we d rove ....... th e che ck po in t a t the 52. Althou gh he was sk illed ....... us in g
border, we we re a wa re ...... the gu a rds' co mpu te rs , he wasn' t fa milia r ....... th e
hostility. make a nd mod el use d in his ne w jo b.
A) ac ross /for C) B) into/from A) a t/with C) B) in/fo r

th rou gh /o f D) u n d e r /a t fo r/a bou t D) from/along
E) over/by E) on /fro m
46. Su rprisingly, Mark looks ve ry o ld ...... a 53 . The ma n stan ding in fro n t o f the sh op ,
man wh o is on ly ....... his mid-thirties. ..... the red a no ra k, wa s s ittin g ......... us
at the cinema.
A) with/a t B) for/in
C) a t/o n D) to /a ro u n d A) on/beside B) over/above
E) like/of C) from/next to D) in/behind
E) out of/below
47 . The wo rd was jus t ....... my tong ue, bu t I
54 ........ the invention of movable type,
could not quite re me mber it. publishing involved the laborious and
time-consuming task of making copies of
A) in tou ch with books ...... hand.
B) fo r the sake of
C) on behalf of A) Since /a t C) For/with B) With /in
D) in c o mmo n with E) D) By/from
E) on the tip of
Before/by
48 ........ he r ex pe rime n ts as an a rch itec t,
Catherina benefited g reatly fro m the 55.
experience of her father, who was also a A rive r tha t is both b ene fic ial an d
pro mine nt architec t. de s tru c tive , the Brah ma p u tra d ep os its
large amounts of fertile alluvial soil while
A) On the p oin t o f ..... ca u s in g d isa s tro u s a nd fre q u e n t
B) In c on tra st with floods.
C) In th e c o u rs e o f
D) In re tu rn fo r A) at th e sa me time
E) In co mmo n with B) in favour of
C) for the time being
49. Th e fa c t th a t Ta s ma n ia h as b e e n D) on the s tre n g th o f
overlooked for so long ....... mo re obvious E) in c o mmo n with
Aus tra lian a ttrac tio ns ad ds to its a pp ea l.
56. So me p lan ts th a t a re p o is o n ou s .......
A) in the event of B) on occasion hu mans have little e ffect ....... anima ls.
C) in favour of D) at least
E) witho ut do ubt A) to/on
B) at/among
50. The beaches In Tas man ia, pa rtic ula rly on C) with/over
the eas t c oas t ne a r the Frey c ln e t D) about/through
Pe n ins u la , a re s tu n n in g , a nd a ls o E) for/about
deserted ........ by Britis h an d
Me d ite rra n ea n s ta n da rd s. 57. Yesterday, Frank made an appointment
...... his lawyer ........ three o'clock on
A) at least B) by far D) at Tuesday.
C) at most times
E) on average A) from/around C) B) with/for
by/at D) to/by
51. "Blade Runner" Is an exciting science E) about/on
fiction film based ....... a novel ........ Philip
K. Dick. 58. Bill never heard .......Kris again .. the
big argument they had in public.
A) fo r/abou t C) B) o n /b y A) of/until B) with/against

with/fro m D) u po n /with
E) fro m/of E) about/since
C) for/about D) from/after
624 Q ELS
639
59. It was Just ...... curiosity that I asked her 66. I really hope Janice is not serious ......
......the meeting. I didn't have any bad leaving her Job, as I believe we'll never be
Intentions or anything. able to cope ...... her in the office.
A) with/through C) B) out of/about A) for/with B) from/alon-
for/into D) from/for D) with/uprn
E) off/out C) about/without
E)
60. The Increasing availability of guns and at/through
poisons is largely responsible ...... the
extermination ...... many species. 67. When the train went ......the tunnel,
many of the passengers experienced a
popping sensation ...... their ears.
A) B) over/for
with/in C) D) about/with A) near/from B) down/near
for/of E) at/among C) around/with D) through/in
E) about/at
61. Since airplanes and automobiles became
common, trains have not been ........ 68. She looked almost exactly ...... someone I
knew from university, but I doubt there is
A) by all means C) on B) at random a relation ...... them.
loan D) in error
E) in A) at/through B) after/among
demand C) for/from D) over/towards
E) like/between
62. We seem to be proceeding very slowly.
...... we'll only get half of the 69. As he lay on the ground with a broken
preparations completed by the end of the leg, he watched his friend until she was
week. ..... , hoping she would return with help
A) All at once C) shortly.
On average E) B) For the time being
From then on D) At this rate
A) out of sight B) in touch
63. The manager has C) by heart D) out of control
said that we have got to E) under pressure
..... the new sales representative here
inside the office, but just where he is 70. The hiking team had to cross the stream
going to sit, we don't know yet. ...... a log as they didn't have their canoe
with them.
A) make sense of
B) pay attention to A) in danger of B) by means of
C) make room for C) in touch with D) on behalf of
D) take advantage of E) on the strength of
E) take part in
71........ knocking out his opponent in the
64. According to statistics, the most frequent
cause of deafness in persons ...... the first round, the reigning champion
ages of 20 and 50 is long exposure ...... retained his title ...... ease.
loud noise. B) Upon/about
A) For/towards C) D) Through/to
A) between/to B) about/over By/with
C) at/from D) from/for E) Into/for
E) during/with
72. Rich ...... iron ores and forest resources,
65. Fortunately, our dishwasher was still ...... Sweden is an advanced Industrial nation
guarantee when it broke down, so we ..... a high standard of living.
didn't have to pay anything ...... the
repairs.
A) under/for C) B) with/into A) for/of B) with/beside
in/about D) towards/on C) from/for D) about/towards
E) on/with E) in/with
ELS Q 625
640
73. Although she has a rare gift....... music, 80. Thanks to the Internet, It's now easy to
the only career she's ever really been keep ........old friends.
Interested ...... Is nursing.
A) in return for
A) for/in B) about/by B) for the sake of
C) at/with D) towards/from C) in common with
D) in touch with
E) into/about E) in favour of
74. We started off sailing ...... the lighthouse
but, because of the unfavourable wind,
we ended up going.......a different
direction.
A) away/on B) above/to 81. In Japan, as in Turkey, it is unthinkable
D) towards/in to enter a house wearing shoes.
C) around/across
E) inside/at A) The Japanes e and Turks a re
culturally very similar, an example of
75. In some equatorial countries, people sleep which is not wearing shoes inside.
..... nets to protect themselves ........ B) The Japanese often enter Turkish
mosquitoes. houses without thinking about taking
off their shoes.
A) from/across B) above/through C) What the Turks appreciate about the
C) under/from D) in/beyond Japanese is that, like them, they too
E) without/beside don't like wearing shoes in the house.
D) Japan and Turkey are exactly the
76. Everybody noticed the anger ...... the same, even to the point that shoes are
manager's voice, but no one commented not worn in the house.
..... it. E) Nobody even considers going into a
home w ith shoes on in Japan, and
A) at/to C) from/by B) in/on this custom is the same in Turkey.
E) of/about D) for/at
82. Taking photographs inside the museum
77. My friend sent me a Bavarian porcelain is strictly forbidden.
tea set from Munich, but, unfortunately,
it arrived all ........ A) The re a re no ph o to g ra p hs s h o wing
wha t the museu m loo ks like inside.
A) in turn B) on the hour B) It's not adv isable to try to brin g a
C) without delay D) in conclusion ca me ra in to th e mu s e u m.
E) in C) No one has eve r take n a pho to inside
pieces th e mu s e u m.
D) People are no t allo wed to photog raph
78. Bureaucrats are sometimes recruited for th e inte rio r o f the muse u m.
a job not ...... qualifications such as E) We we re only able to take p hotos o f
education or experience, but rather th e mus eu m's e x te rio r.
through their influential relations. 83. None of his classmates can compete with
A) on the basis of him as regards his mathematical genius.
B) on behalf of
A) He is in co mpetitio n with h is
C) in charge of class mates fo r the pos ition o f
D) on the point of mathe ma tica l ge nius .
E) in common with B) In c o mp e titio ns , he us ua lly be a ts the
othe rs in h is c lass whe n the su bjec t is
79. The increased diversity of flowering plants ma th s .
is closely related ........ the increased C) Nobody in h is class considers him to
diversity of insects, which carry pollen b e a g e n iu s a t ma th s .
...... flower to flower and thus ensure D) In ma the ma tics , he is by fa r the bes t
reproduction. stu de n t in h is c la ss .
E) Most o f the o the rs in his class are
A) B) at/between D) only just level with h im in
in/with C) with/over ma the ma tics .
E) to/from
626 a ELS
641
84. Of the people Interviewed, all were In C) She wasn't responsible for the
favour of the government proposal. accident since it took place after she'd
stopped.
A) The government's proposal wasn't D) The car accident at the station was
unfavourably criticized by anyone. definitely not her fault.
B) They only interviewed people who E) She was too slow at stopping the car
were positive about the government's in time to avoid the accident.
proposal.
C) Everyone who was interviewed 88. Quite apart from the fact that he Is
thought that the government's unattractive, Ben just doesn't have a very
proposal was a good idea. likeable personality.
D) Only the people who weren't
interviewed were against the A) Although he's fairly handsome, the
government's proposal. fact is that Ben has an unpleasant
E) No one was interviewed unless they character.
thought the government's proposal B) Not only does Ben not like other
was advantageous.
people, he also looks ugly.
85. As opposed to being beneficial, too much C) Although it's not a very pleasant thing
sleep can actually lower a person's to say, Ben just isn't nice at all.
performance. D) Besides not being very good-looking,
Ben just isn't a nice person.
A) Sleeping a little more than necessary E) It's just because he looks ugly that
can greatly improve one's health. people don't like Ben.
B) An excess of sleep may be worse for a
person rather than better. 89. Ideally, the meal should be accompanied
C) People who are very active feel the by wine, but it is by no means essential.
benefit of rest more than those who
aren't. A) Without wine, the food can never be
D) When a person is under-performing, perfect.
he may benefit from more sleep. B) To get the most out of the food, serve
E) If a person is really tired, it is better it with wine, though it is still good
for him to sleep a little more than he without it.
really needs. C) It is best to prepare the food using
wine as this enhances the flavour.
86. So far, thanks to the fine weather, the D) One of the basic ingredients of the
project has gone according to schedule. meal is wine, in one form or another.
E) Wine on its own is perfectly good; it
A) There hasn't yet been any bad doesn't have to be with a meal.
weather to cause a change in the
project's schedule.
B) Unless the weather turns in our 90. The way a person decorates his house
favour, trying to keep to the schedule usually reflects something of his
is far from being realistic. personality.
C) Regardless of the bad weather we've
had up to now, the scheme has gone A) Everybody wants the furniture in their
as planned. house to be different from others'.
D) The project can only proceed as B) It's the personal belongings someone
scheduled if the climate permits. has used to decora te his hous e that
E) The plans could not have gone ahead give us some idea about his
so quickly if they hadn't been helped personality.
by good weather. C) Nothing reveals more about one's
personality than the way one's house
87. The accident wasn't her fault because her has been decorated.
car was stationary at the time. D) People like to decorate their houses
differently because, in this way, they
A) As her car wasn't moving when the can reveal their individual tastes.
accident happened, she wasn't to E) You can get some clues about a
blame for it. person's personality by looking at how
B) You can't blame her for not moving he's decorated his house.
when the accident occurred.
ELS Q 6*7
642
D) Çocuğun insanla ra ka rşı tutumunu
cöıîfleye belirleyen ilk toplumsal deneyimler
cümleyi bültuı aile yapısı içinde gerçekleşir.
E) Çoc uğun insa nla ra karş ı tutumunu
belirleyen ilk toplumsal deneyimlerin
91. The body changes the calories In foods başansı aile yapısına bağlıdır.
Into energy, which Is necessary for every
movement we make, from blinking an eye 94. Some drugs, tranquilizers In particular,
to running. can result In death when taken with
alcohol.
A) Vücut yiyeceklerdeki kaloriyi, göz A) Bazı sakinleştirici ilaçlar, özellikle
kırpmaktan koşmaya, yaptığımız her alkolle birlikte alındığı zaman ölüme
hareket için gerekli olan enerjiye yol açmaktadır.
dönüştürür. B) Sakinleştirici ilaçların alkolle birlikte
B) Yiyeceklerdeki kalori, vücudumuz alınması ölümle sonuçlanabilir.
tarafından enerjiye dönüştürülür ve C) İlaçlardan, özellikle de
bu enerji, göz kırpmak ve koşmak gibi sakinleştiricilerden kaynaklanan
pek çok hareket için kullanılır. ölümler, genellikle alkolle birlikte
C) Göz kırpmaktan koşmaya, yaptığımız alınmaları sonucu gerçekleşmiştir.
D) Bazı ilaçlar, özellikle sakinleştiriciler,
her hareket için gerekli olan enerji, alkolle birlikte alındığında ölüme
yediğimiz yiyeceklerden sağlanır. neden olabilmektedir.
D) Vücudun, göz kırpmak ve koşmak gibi E) Alkolle birlikte sakinleştirici ilaç
hareketleri yaparken kullandığı almanın sonu genellikle ölümdür.
enerjiyi, yiyeceklerin içerdiği kaloriler
sağlar. 95. By many critics, Mozart is acknowledged
E) Göz kırpmak ve koşmak gibi as the greatest musical genius of all time.
hareketleri yapabilmemiz için enerjiye
ihtiyaç vardır ve vücudumuz bu A) Moza rt, p ek ç ok eleş tirmen tara fında n
enerjiyi yiyeceklerden elde eder. tü m z a ma n la r ın e n b ü y ü k mü z ik
deh ası ola rak kab u l ed ilme k ted ir.
B) Gene l ola rak e leştirmen ler, Moza rt'ın
92. By nature, man doesn't much value the ge lmiş ge ç miş en b üy ük müz ik deh as ı
things that he's attained easily. o ld u ğu n u k a bu l ed e rle r.
C) Moz a rt' ın ço k bü yü k b ir mü zik de has ı
A} Kolayca elde edilen şeylere değer o ld u ğ u k o nu s u n da e le ş tirme n le r
vermemek insanın yaradılışında arasında fikir ayrılığı vardır.
vardır. D) Pek çok eleştirmen, Mozart'ın ,
B) Kolayca elde ettiği şeylerin, doğal za ma n ın ın e n b ü y ü k mü z ik d e h a s ı
olarak, kişi için hiçbir değeri yoktur. o ld u ğu k on us u n da he mfik ird ir.
C) Doğası gereği insan, kolayca elde ettiği E) Çoğu eleştirmenin de kabul ettiği g ibi,
şeylerin değerini pek bilmez. Mo z a rt d ö n e min in e n b ü y ü k mü z ik
D) Doğal olarak insan, hep kendisi için dehala rında n b iriy di.
değerli olan şeylere ulaşmak için 96. Th roug hou t his to ry, pe ople ha ve p aid
çabalar. little a tte n tion to no t d is tu rb in g the
E) Kendisi için değerli olan şeyleri qua lity o f the ir n atu ra l en v iro n me nt.
kolayca elde etmek istemesi insanın
doğasında vardır. A) Ta rih b oy un ca ço k az ins an y aşad ığ ı
doğal çevreyi bozmamak için özel bir
93. The success of early social experiences, çaba g öste rmiştir.
which determine the child's attitude B) insan lık tarih ine bak ıldığın da, do ğal
çevreyi boz ma mak için gösterilen
towards people, depends on the family ça b a n ın ç o k a z o ld u ğ u n u
structure. görülmektedir.
A) Aile içindeki ilk toplumsal C) Ta rih b oy u nc a in sa n la r, d oğ a l
çevrelerin in n iteliğini boz mama
deneyimlerin başansı çocuğun konusu na ç ok az öze n g öste rmişle rd ir.
insanlara karşı tutumunu belirleyen D) Ta rih b oy un ca , yaş ad ık la rı d oğ al
bir etkendir. çevre ye iy i ba k mayan insan lar,
B) Çocuğun insanlarla başarılı ilişkiler son un da o nun tü m n ite liğ in i b oz may ı
kurabilmesi aile içindeki ilk toplumsal başa rmış la rd ır.
deneyimlere bağlıdır. E) Ta rih b oy un ca insa n la r, yaşa d ık la rı
C) Çocuğun insan ilişkilerinde başarılı doğal o rta mı çok d ikka tsizce
olmasını aile içinde yaşanan ilk kullan mış, böy lece on un niteliğ in i
toplumsal deneyimler belirler. boz muş lardır.
628 Q ELS
643
97. Louisa May Alcott, the author of the book 99. With its s mo king volcanoes and frozen
Little Women, took an active part In the tund ra , Its g laciers and v irgin fo rests ,
fight for woman's suffrage. Alaska Is a land o f sp ectac ula r con trasts.
A) Küçük Kadınlar kitabında Louisa May A) Du ma n tü te n v o lka n la r ve b uz tu tmuş

Alcott, kendisinin de aktif olarak yer tun d u ra , b uz u lla r v e b ak ir o rma n la r
gib i te za tla rın b ir a ra da bu lun du ğu
aldığı, kadınlara oy kullanma hakkının
Alaska, görülmeye değer bir ülkedir.
verilmesi mücadelesini anlatmıştır.
B) Bir tezatla r ü lkesi olan Alaska'da,
J) Küçük Kadınlar kitabının yazarı du ma n tü te n vo lka n la r v e b u z tu tmu ş
Louisa May Alcott, kadınlara oy tun d u ra , b uz u lla r v e b ak ir o rma n la r
kullanma hakkının verilmesi için bir a rada dır.
mücadelede aktif rol almıştır. C) Alas ka' da , du man tü te n v olka nla r ve
C) Küçük Kadınlar kitabıyla tanınan b u z tu t mu ş tu n d u ra , b u z u l la r v e
yazar Louisa May Alcott, kadınlara oy ba k ir o rma nla r ha rik u la de b ir tez a t
kullanma hakkının verilmesi için çok oluş tu rur.
mücadele etmiştir. D) Du ma n tü te n v o lka n la rı ve b uz
D) Kadınlara oy kullanma hakkının tu tmu ş tu n d u ra s ı, b u z u lla rı v e b a k ir
verilmesi mücadelesini anlatan Küçük ormanlarıyla Alaska, görülmeye değer
Kadınlar, Louisa May Alcott bir tezatlar ülkesidir.
tarafından yazılmıştır. E) Alas ka 'd a , d u ma n tü ten v o lk a n la r ve
E) Kadınlara oy kullanma hakkının b u z tu t mu ş tu n d u ra , b u z u l la r v e
verilmesi için aktif olarak mücadele bakir ormanlar g ibi tezatla rı b ir a rada
g ö r me k mü mk ü n d ü r .
eden Louisa May Alcott, aynı zamanda
Küçük Kadınlar adlı kitabın da
100. Ap pare ntly , I was no t the on ly pe rson
yazandır. un ac c us to med to the c ity' s c ha n ge ab le
wea the r, for the re we re ple nty o f othe r
98. The use of sedatives Is common among people In the stree t no t d ressed su itab ly
Individuals who suffer serious problems for the weather.
In their social relationships and career.
A) Belli k i şe hrin değ işke n ha vasına
A) Çok yaygın olan sakinleştirici alışkın olmayan yalnızca ben değildim,
kullanımı, aslında bireyin sosyal ç ü n k ü s o k a k ta h a v a y a u y g u n
ilişkilerini ve mesleğini de ciddi giy in me miş b ir ha y li başk a insa nla r
biçimde zedelemektedir. da vardı.
B) Sakinleştiricilere bağımlılık, sosyal B) Sokak ta hava ya u ygun g iy in me miş bir
ilişkilerinde ve mesleğinde bireye ciddi sü rü in s a n g ö rü n c e , ş e h rin d e ğ iş ke n
ha va s ın a a lışa ma ya n te k k iş in in b en
sorun la r yaratır.
olmadığıma sevindim.
C) Sakinleştirici kullanımın ın en yayg ın C) Ben im gib i, şeh rin değ işken havas ına
olduğu kesim, sosyal ilişkilerinde ve alışa ma mış ins an la r s o ka k ta , ha va y a
mes leğ inde cidd i so ru nla rla ka rş ılaşa n uygun olmayan g iysileriyle hemen
kişilerdir. belli oluyordu.
D) Çok fazla sakinleştiric i almak D) Ga lib a şeh rin değ işken havas ına
alışkanlık yaptığı gibi, bireyin sosyal alışamayan b ir tek ben değ ild im,
ilişkilerinde ve mesleğinde de sorunlar çünkü sokak havaya uygun
ya ra tma k tad ır. giy in me miş insan la rla d olu ydu .
E) Sosyal ilişkilerinde ve mesleğinde E) Şeh rin de ğişke n ha vas ın a alış k ın
cidd i so ru nla r yaşaya n b irey ler olmadığım her halimden belliydi,
ç ü n k ü s o k a k ta , h a v a y a u y g u n
arasında sakinleş tirici ku llanımı
g iy in me miş be nd e n b aş ka k imse
yaygındır.
yoktu.
ELS Q 629
644
lı
B) It's not always possible to get some
cümleye anlamca «a, yakın ingilizce idea about the content of a book just
cümleyi bulunuz. by looking at its title.
C) Trying to guess the content of a book
101. Şatoya giden dik yokuşu tırmanınca, from its title may sometimes mislead
genç yaşlı bütün turistler nefes nefese you.
kaldı. D) From the title of a book, you can't
always get a good idea of its content.
A) Not only the old but also the young E) The method of getting an idea about a
tourists were breathless after the book's content from its title does not
steep ascent to the castle. always lead you to the right
B) The path to the castle was so steep conclusion.
that it left all the tourists, old and
young alike, out of breath. 104. Nedense, normalde çok sakin olarak
C) Having climbed the steep hill leading bilinen insanlar bile direksiyon başında
to the castle, all the tourists, old and saldırgan bir tutum sergilemektedirler.
young, were out of breath.
A) For some reason, even people with a
D) The young tourists as well as the old
quiet nature become aggressive as
found the path to the castle too steep soon as they take their place behind
to climb. the wheel.
E) After they'd climbed the steep hill to B) Being behind the wheel can make
the castle, both the young and the old people act aggressively even if they are
tourists were trying to catch their normally very quiet.
breath. C) When behind the wheel, anyone ma y
go into an aggressive attitude,
102. Televizyonda yapılan uyanlar, sürücülere however quiet they may normally be.
emniyet kemeri takma alışkanlığı D) It's amazing that someone who is
kazandırmada çok etkili olmuştur. known to be very quiet in his normal
life can act so aggressively behind the
A) It was because of warnings on wheel.
television that drivers first got E) Somehow, even people who are
accustomed to the idea of wearing normally known to be very quiet
seatbelts. display an aggressive attitude behind
B) Thanks to the warnings made on the wheel.
television, wearing a seatbelt has
become a habit for most drivers.
105. Bence bu yeni sistemin en büyük
C) The warnings made on television have
sakıncası, çalışanlar arasında şiddetli bir
proved very effective in getting drivers
rekabet başlatacak olmasıdır.
into the habit of wearing a seatbelt.
A) As far as I'm concerned, the ruthless
D) Television's greatest contribution to competition between the workers was
drivers is that it reminds them to caused by this new system.
wear their seatbelts all the time. B) I believe that this new system is not
E) The aim of certain warnings made on advantageous as it causes an intense
television is to make drivers get into competition between the employees.
the habit of wearing their seatbelts all C) In my opinion, this ruthless
the time. competition between the workers
started after the introduction of the
103. Sadece adına bakarak bir kitabın içeriği new system.
hakkında fikir edinmek her zaman D) I'm not in favour of this new system
mümkün değildir. as it'll certainly start a competition
between the employees.
A) It isn't possible to get an idea about E) I think the major drawback of this
the content of a book by looking at its new system is that it'll start a fierce
title. competition between the employees.
630 G ELS
645
106. Kutlamalar, şehrin her yerinden görünen D) The number of beings on other
muhteşem bir havai fişek gösterisiyle planets who are waiting for us to
sona erdi. contact them might be quite high.
E) A large number of people believe that
A) The magnificent fireworks display at there is life on other planets which
the end of the celebrations could be can be contacted.
seen from everywhere in the city.
B) There were magnificent fireworks
displays everywhere in the city during 109. Britanya ile Fransa'yı Manş DenM'nin
the celebrations. altından birbirine bağlayan Channel
C) The fireworks displays all over the city Tunnel, tahmin edilenden 6 milyar dolar
at the end of the celebrations were daha fazlaya mal olmuştur.
breathtaking.
D) The celebrations concluded with a A) It is es tima ted tha t the Ch an n e l
spectacular fireworks display that Tu nn el, wh ic h co nn ec ts Brita in to
could be seen across the city. Fran ce u nde r th e Eng lish Ch an ne l,
E) At the end of the celebrations, the cost more than 6 billio n d olla rs to
fireworks displays all over the city build.
were worth seeing. B) Cos tin g 6 b illion do lla rs mo re than
th e o rig ina l es timate, th e Cha nne l
107. İngiltere'nin önde gelen 19. yüzyıl Tunn el, wh ich lies unde r the Eng lish
yazarlarından biri olan Mary Ann Evans,
bir erkek ismi olan George Eliot takma Chan nel, c onnec ts Brita in to Franc e.
adıyla yazmıştır. C) Th e Cha nne l Tu nne l, co nn ec ting
Brita in a nd Franc e un de r the En g lis h
A) George Eliot was the masculine Chan nel, c ost 6 billio n d olla rs mo re
pseudonym of the writer Mary Ann th an es tima te d .
Evans, who was among the foremost D) Brita in a nd Franc e a re co nn ec ted by
novelists of the 19th century. th e Ch a n ne l Tu n n e l, wh ic h ru n s
B) During the 19th century, Mary Ann u n de r th e En g lis h Ch a n n e l a n d c os t
Evans wrote using the name of George an estima ted 6 billio n d ollars ov er
Eliot, who was one of England's budget to build .
prominent novelists at the time.
C) Mary Ann Evans, England's most E) Th e tun ne l wh ich c on ne cts Brita in to
prominent 19th century writer, used Fran ce u nd e r th e Eng lish Ch an ne l,
the masculine pen name of George and wh ich cos t 6 b illion do lla rs to
Eliot. bu ild , is kn o wn as the Cha n ne l
D) Writing under the masculine Tunnel.
pseudonym of George Eliot, Mary Ann
Evans became one of the most 110. Yeni alınan koltuklara yer açmak için
prominent writers of the 19th century. birkaç parça eşyayı eskiciye satmaya
E) One of England's foremost novelists of karar verdiler.
the 19th century, Mary Ann Evans
wrote under the masculine pen name
of George Eliot. A) If they were to buy some new
armchairs, they would have to sell
108. Diğer gezegenlerde, bizim kendileriyle some items to the junk shop to make
irtibat kurmamızı bekleyen canlıların room for them.
bulunduğuna inanan insanların sayısı B) In order to make room for the newly-
oldukça fazladır. bought armchairs, they decided to sell
a few items to the junk shop.
A) The number of people who believe C) The newly-bought armchairs took up
that there are beings on other planets so much space that they decided to
waiting for us to contact them is quite sell some items to the junk shop to
high.
B) The belief that there are beings on make room for them.
other planets who are trying to D) Selling a few items to the junk shop
contact us is held by a large number made room for the new armchairs
of people. that they had decided to buy.
C) A number of people are waiting to be E) They decided to sell their old
contacted by beings which they armchairs to the junk shop to make
believe live on other planets. room for some new ones.
ELS Q 631
646
TEST YOURSELF il /FART TWO
1-80. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan 8. I am dissatisfied ...... the service I have
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da liadeyi received ...... your company.
A) B) about/in D)
ı. Dogs have been living side by side ..........
for/with C) with /from
humans.......... prehistoric times. by/for E) from/by
A) around/until B) for/at 9. The Central Intelligence Agency - known
C) with/since D) from/in
E) beside/during as the CIA ....... - plays an unfortunately
major role In third world politics.
2. Their house is ..........the end of the road
..... the right-hand side. A) at least B) by all means
C) from now on D) at length
A} from/at E) for short
C) at/on B) to/in D)
by/near
E) on/by 10. He had lived ...... primitive peoples for so
long that he had trouble re-adjusting ......
3. Western values when he returned.
As more and more hopeful people are
drawn to the city ...... work, the slums on A) about/with B) from/for
the outskirts of the city grow. C) to/from D) in/about
E) among/to
A) on the point of B) in search of
C) on the tip of D) on behalf of
E) in common with 11. He was in Australia ...... a business tour
..... the time of his father's death.
4. Most travellers find the Chinese cold and
unfriendly........the people of A) in/on B) on/at D)
neighbouring Tibet, who are so affable. C) at/for for/since
E) with/to
A) in favour of B) in the habit of
C) in place of D) on the contrary
E) as opposed to 12. Mushrooms spring up ...... an amazing
speed ...... moist or rainy periods.
5.
There was no possibility of finding seats A) at/during C) B) to/around
available ...... a flight to Paris since so through/in D) on/over
many people were going there ...... the E) in/across
holiday.
B) in/with 13. Instead of including this subject In
A) on/for D) upon/on
C) with/about today's agenda, I suggest that we discuss
E) by/with it ...... In another meeting, as it is
apparently a matter of great significance.
6.
My nephew bought the best computer A) in sight B) out of order
...... the market........ a very reasonable C) at length D) by far
price. E) without warning
A) for/of B) with/on
C) to/around D) on/at 14. The area ...... the Bosphorus was once all
E) during/into countryside, but now it Is full ......
concrete buildings.
7. The amusement park requires all children
......... the age of 10 to be accompanied ........
an adult.
A) of/to B) below/with D) A) B) along/of
in/from C) D) at/for
E) beneath/from of/with E) about/in
C) under/by from/alongside
63X O ELS
647
15. London is linked...... most parts of the 23. I don't quite agree ....... the notion that
country ...... roads and railroads. international sporting competitions
encourage friendship ...... different
A) on/of countries.
C) in/off B) to/by
D) with/under
E) for/at
A) with/between B) about/to
C) to/from D) for/about
16. Hoping to find something valuable....... E) along/around
all the worthless Items, we spent hours 24. I hope to meet them ....... lunchtime if
searching ...... his belongings. nothing unexpected happens....... the way
A) inside/between B) about/with there.
C) of/about D) through/into
E) among/through A) in/through B) until/by
C) on/along D) at/on
17 ........ all the students I have ever met, he E) around/to
is the worst one ...... maths. 25 ........ captivity, dolphins are more willing
to cooperate ...... the trainer than are
A) About/to C) From/in B) With/for most other mammals.
E) D) Of/at
For/about A) With/from C) B) In/with
During/for D) For/along
18. It was a very important document and I E) From/to
would have been ...... if I hadn't found it.
A) in trouble C) out of B) out of sight 26. Sitting outside and sketching the
order D) in vain surroundings seemed to be the only thing
E) on my that was able to ...... the financial
way difficulties she was in.
19. Although we arrived ....... the city at A) keep an eye on
around 8 a.m., we didn't arrive ....... the B) make a recovery from
hotel until 10, because we had got stuck C) take her mind off
in the rush hour traffic. D) catch a glimpse of
E) have an effect on
A) to/for C) over/to B) in/at
E) from/in D) by/on 27. Their current advertising campaign Is
misleading people ...... thinking that they
20. Everyone on board the are going to get the service .......free.
ship congratulated
the captain...... his success ....... getting B) from/at
A) through/in C) D) out/with
the ship out of the storm safe and sound. down/from
B) to/from E) into/for
A) for/with C) over/on D) on/in
E) in/for 28. Some people are so superstitious, or
perhaps paranoid, that they find a hidden
21. A woman Jogging ...... the river bank fell meaning ...... virtually everything .......
..... the water when she tripped over a them.
stone.
A) around/out B) across/off A) in/around C) from/to B) about/in

C) over/upon D) under/down E) D) with/for
E) along/into for/without
22. Larry's not very good at music, and 29. Several attempts were made to stop the
moreover, his piano is ....... so when he epidemic ...... spreading, but all ........
starts playing it, his wife usually decides success, and now the problem is getting
it's time to go for a walk. close to being a crisis.
A) by no means B) by mistake A) in to/for B) for/with
E) on its own E) without/in
C) out of tune D) in trouble C) against/from D) from/without
ELS Q 633
648
30. You must have heard...... her. She's the 37. This is Just another example ...... his
woman who was ...... the front page of incompetence. I doubt that he's ever done
the newspapers all last week. anything properly ...... his whole life.
A) to/in B) up/down B) on/upon
A) of/in D) at/to
C) from/during D) of/on C) without/since
E) round/over E) to/for
31. Bill can't come on the picnic because he's 38. I'd prefer to travel ...... day because you
..... a lot of ....... at work and has to can't see anything ...... night.
finish an Important project by Monday
morning. A) in/by B) by/at
AS under...pressure B) out of...luck C) at/on D) to/to
C) in...debt D) without...delay E) during/during
E) in...pieces
39. Because I am fair-skinned, I can lie on
32. Before opening the door, I looked ....... the the beach on a sunny day for half an
keyhole and saw a middle-aged woman hour...... ; otherwise, I end up with
..... a fur coat sitting all by herself. sunburn.
A) at/with B) for/on A) out of doors C) at B) at least D)

C) after/into D) out/round most by mistake
E) through/in E) by far
33. My hotel room, rectangular in shape ...... 40. He must be upset....... something,
a white ceiling and green walls, was ...... because his behaviour today has been
the second floor. totally ...... character.
A) in/at B) on/to A) about/out of C) in/in B) for/to
C) below/onto D) with/on E) D) over/for
E) over/for
at/around
34. I can't tell the difference ...... cheap wine
and expensive, so don't waste your money 41. Everybody, ...... the exception ....... Claire,
..... an expensive bottle. who is ill, will be attending the conference
tomorrow.
A) among/about C) B) of/for
between/on D) over/to A) B) without...for
E) at...on C) D) with...of
from/with to...by E) on...about
35. She's no different ...... us. She just thinks 42. I think that ....... the circumstances, the
she's special because her father owns a company should offer to repair the
house ...... a large garden and a machine free ...... charge.
swimming pool.
A) among/in B) throughout/near B) under/of D)
D) from/with A) at/to
C) within/by C) on/without during/from
E) between/at
E) in/off
36. Her main complaint, but ...... her only
one, was that the airline refused to 43. If you are not entirely satisfied ...... your
deliver her suitcases to her hotel after purchase, bring it back and we will
they had found them. refund your money ...... full.
A) by no means C) out B) in common A) by/at B) about/for

of reach D) at random C) over/to D) from/by
E) on a trip E) with/in
634 Q ELS
649
44. It was....... him to leave ....... thanking us. 51 ......... his colleagues, he Is regarded ........
There must have been something wrong. the only person reliable enough to be
given such a responsibility.
A) unlike/without B) against/by A) Out of/to
C) among/for D) beside/out
B) Among/as D)
C) From/like Between/at
E) opposite/from
E) Beyond/for
45. Since we had our car fitted ...... an alarm, 52. You cannot continue to blame everyone
our insurance premiums have fallen ..... else ...... your misfortunes. You must
20%. learn to take responsibility ...... your own
A) to/at actions.
B) of/off
C) with/by D) at/around A) for/for B) with/with D)
E) for/between C) at/over about/of
E) from/to
46. Sssshh... We should keep our voices ......
until we are quite certain that the others 53. When it comes to cooking, Maureen's Is
are ...... earshot. greatl She's ...... the best cook I know.
A) off/from B) under/through A) under guarantee B) at last

C) below/off C) on average D) by far
D) down/out of
E) past/beyond
E) for short
54. He is known ...... the business world ......
47. In many countries, basketball is normally
played in a sports hall, not ...... as it a man whose word can be trusted.
often is here in Turkey. A) of/by B) in/for
C) during/like D) with/by
A) in the suburbs B) on an expedition E) throughout/as
C) at times D) out of reach
E) out of doors 55. He was deterred ...... accepting the post
due to the amount ...... overtime it would
48. I wouldn't be so envious ...... her entail.
promotion if she didn't keep boasting ...... A)
it. off/in B) against/on D)
C) by/at without/to
A) from/in C) of/about B) to/up E) from/of
E) D) for/of
about/out of 56 ....... my whole family, I would like to wish
you many happy years together.
49. Perhaps a few days away ...... home will
enable you to take your mind ...... your A) On behalf of B) In love with
problems. C) For the sake of D) In favour of
E) On the point of
A) B) at/in
from/off 57. After her leg has been operated ....... she
D) around/up should be able to walk ...... a limp.
C) to/with
E) beside/from
B) on/without
A) in/at D) against/on
50. The children were ...... giving up hope C) over/above
when someone phoned to say their dog E) by/to
had been found.
58. I always associate the scent ...... roses
A) in the habit of ..... my grandmother's house, where we
B) on the point of used to spend our summer holidays.
C) in return for
D) for the sake of A) at/of B) for/to
E) in exchange for
C) from/by D) off/for
E) of/with
ELS Q 635
650
59. After running halfway across town to 67. These watermelons were expensive, but
meet his girlfriend, Jim was so ...... that that's because they are ...... here and so
he could not speak for a few minutes had to be imported from Iran.
when he arrived.
A) without control C) on B) at random A) out of doors B) out of fashion

occasion D) out of breath C) out of luck D) out of season
E) on his E) out of debt
way
68. If you constantly translate ...... the
60. The horse must have escaped ....... language you are learning ...... your
jumping ...... the fence. native tongue, you'll never make any
progress.
A) from/ about C) B) to/under
by/over D) with/up A) to/about B) from/into D)
E) C) for/with in/for
for/above E) about/from
61. The cyclist was obviously ...... control as 69. Please wait ...... silence ........ my office
he hurtled headlong...... the hill. until I'm ready to see you.
A) without/with B) in/at A) B) in/outside
C) under/above D) from/up for/on C) D) at/opposite
E) out of/down E) with/near
62. I was filled ...... admiration when I
realized how much he'd achieved ......
such a short time.
A) at/for B) about/until 70. Just.......you and me, I don't think Sarah
C) from/during D) by/at is very enthusiastic ...... the chairman's
E) with/in decision.
63. The kitchens are in an awful state this A) among/to B) about/from

morning. I want to speak to whoever was C) from/with D) over/at
......last night's restaurant staff E) between/about
immediately.
A) under control B) in charge of 71. The two leaders agreed to put their
C) for the sake of D) in touch with differences aside for the meeting and
E) on good terms with concentrate on what they had ...... -
namely, a desire for peace in the area.
64. He walked up the road ...... a determined
look ...... his face. A) on time B) for short D) in
C) in order common
A) with/on C) in/in B) by/at E) for once
E) D) to/after
through/for 72. Are you acquainted ...... that tall man
standing ...... Angela?
65. Do you know whom the bicycle leaning
.... the wall belongs ........? A) to/beside B) with/next to D)
B) from/on C) for/among over/in front of
A) against/to C) D) at/by
to/with E) about/on
E) on/for
73. His reaction...... my suggestion was clear
66. Several boats in the area responded ....... when he said nothing, but simply walked
the calls ...... help from the captain of the ..... the meeting.
damaged yacht.
A) for/over B) towards/with A) to/out of C) B) with/into
C) to/for D) with/about by/through D) of/from
E) on/to E) at/over
636 a ELS
651
74. As he heard more and more ...... his 81-90. sorularda, verile» cümleye
brother's successes, while he himself anlamca.
continued to achieve nothing, he
gradually became consumed ...... jealousy 81. This supermarket sells products at prices
and hatred. suitable for people from all walks of life.
A) Those from the lower class, in
A) from/over B) of/to particular, shop at this supermarket
C) at/by D) about/with because of its reasonable prices.
E) for/up B) The products sold at this supermarket
are desired by people of all social
75. The superiority.......the latest model ....... classes.
C) Only those who can't afford the prices
the previous one is Immediately evident. elsewhere prefer to shop at this
supermarket.
A) for/from B) to/by D) Except for those from the upper class,
C) of/over D) about/at everybody likes to do their shopping
E) with/on at this supermarket.
E) People from any social class can
afford the prices at this supermarket.
76. I wish the people who design
supermarkets would make an effort to 82. Despite efforts being made to contain it,
put all products ...... the reach........ short the forest fire continues to spread
people, such as me. uncontrollably.
A) out of/to C) B) within/of A) Although people tried to stop the

D) at/for forest fire initially, the blaze soon grew
beyond/with out of control.
E) B) As it was not possible to penetrate
among/by into the forest, the fire increased in
size until it was unstoppable.
C) The forest fire still shows no sign of
77. As soon as the meeting is .......progress, slowing down, regardless of attempts
no latecomers will be allowed ........ to get it under control.
D) Owing to the failure of the firemen to
A) under/among C) B) at/to arrest it early on, the forest fire went
out of control.
by/for D) within/at E) The fire is getting bigger so quickly
E) in/in that no one can possibly prevent it.
78. Knowing the dangers, she kept all her 83. Far more devastating for the author than
cleaning materials, such as bleach and the loss of his house to flre was the
disinfectant, well ...... of her children. destruction of the sole copy of his latest
novel.
A) out of reach B) in tears A) In his latest book, the author tells of
C) in danger D) on purpose the pain he suffered when he lost his
E) In public home in a devastating fire.
B) Even more difficult for the author
79. He might be known ...... his good sense than writing his only book was seeing
..... humour, but personally, I've always it destroyed when his house burnt
down.
found him to be miserable and C) The only thing the author was able to
unpleasantly sarcastic. rescue from the flames which
A) as/for destroyed his home was the sole copy
C) with/in B) to/by D) of his latest book.
like/with D) Even the destruction of his home in
the fire was not as hard for the author
E) for/of to bear as the burning of the only
manuscript of his new novel.
80. The area is subject ...... earthquakes, so E) The author was devastated to find his
local people are always ......the alert. house burnt down with everything in
it, among which was the only
manuscript of his latest novel.
A) by/for C) with/with B) for/at
E) D) to/on
of/under
ELS a 637
652
84. I'm sure it was not by accident that she 88. The test is designed so that the questions
embarrassed him in the presence of get progressively harder.
others.
A) The test has been set up to be more
A) Her embarrassment in front of us was difficult in order to test with precision
because of something he did the progress of those taking it.
intentionally. B) Though the exam may seem very
B) I feel no doubt that she deliberately challenging at first glance, if you've
caused him embarrassment in public. made progress, you can do it well.
C) I think that embarrassing him in C) Although this test looks difficult,
public was an accident on her part. you've made so much progress that
D) He was certainly embarrassed by the I'm sure you'll pass it easily.
mistake she made in front of D) The format of the exam is such that it
everyone. starts with easier questions and
E) Everyone who was present knew that continues by gradually increasing in
she'd embarrassed him on purpose. difficulty.
E) This test has been formatted in such
85. Scarcely had he returned from abroad, a way that only the most progressive
when he had to go on another extended students can do it.
business trip.
A) His business trip abroad was 89. For the companies which just want
extended because people like him profits, the morality of what they do is
were scarce. not so important to them.
B) Business abroad was so good that he
could scarcely finish everything on A) Although there are companies which
one trip. do care about morality, the concern of
C) After returning from abroad, he had most of them is just to make money.
hardly any work to do until he went B) Some companies don't care much
on another business trip. about whether what they do is right or
D) Since business was scarce, his time wrong because they only concentrate
abroad could not be extended. on making money.
E) As soon as he got back, business took C) Since big corporations often donate
him overseas again for a long time. huge amounts of money to charity,
they can be considered moral
86. She never eats cake except when she organizations.
celebrates her birthday. D) Wanting to make profits is quite
natural, but companies should also
A) Until her birthday, she will never taste consider the rights and wrongs of
even a small piece of cake. what they do.
B) At last, on her last birthday, she tried E) There are, unfortunately, companies
a piece of her birthday cake. which do lots of immoral things just
C) Although she celebrates her birthday for the sake of making profits, though
every year, she never eats any of her their number is not so high.
birthday cake.
D) The only occasion on which she eats 90. The only thing I really need at this very
cake is on her own birthday. moment is to be on my own for a while.
E) She has decided that, for the first
time in her life, she will try eating A) I'd really rather be by myself at the
cake on her birthday. moment than be among such a big
crowd.
87. It wasn't the best film rve ever seen, but B) At the moment, nothing would help
it was definitely above average. me feel better than spending some
time by myself.
A) The film was better than most, though C) While I know I need to be alone at the
I have seen better ones. moment, I don't think it seems
B) I can only recall ever seeing one film possible.
better than that one. D) I don't know what to do about this
C) I've never seen such a good film in situation, so I suppose I'll think about
such an ordinary cinema. it alone for some time.
D) I've seen a lot of dull films, but that E) I'm not feeling very well at the
one is worse than most. moment, and I think it's because I've
E) Though the film was wonderful, it been on my own for so long.
lasted a bit longer than normal.
638 Q ELS
653
sorularda, C) Taş Devri kültürleri Güney
Amerika'nın cangıllarında ve Yeni
91. The effects of acid rain can be devastating Gine adasında hiç bozulmamış olarak
to many forms of life. Including human varlığını sürdürmektedir.
life. D) Bugün hemen hiç bozulmamış Taş
Devri kültürleri, sadece Güney
A) Asit yağmurlarının etkileri, insan Amerika'nın cangıllarında ve Yeni
yaşamı dahil, pek çok canlı türü için Gine adasında bulunmaktadır.
çok zararlı olabilmektedir. E) Güney Amerika'nın cangıllarında ve
B) Pek çok canlı türü için çok zararlı Yeni Gine adasında Taş Devri
olan asit yağmurları, insan yaşamını kültürleri neredeyse hiç bozulmamış
da etkileyebilmektedir.
C) Asit yağmurlarının zararlarından, biçimiyle hala vardır.
insan yaşamı dahil, pek çok canlı
türü etkilenmektedir. 94. Our speed, which was a little above the
D) Asit yağmurlarının etkileri, sadece Hmit, combined with the sudden stop of
insan yaşamı için değil, pek çok canlı the car in front of us, made the crash
türü için zararlıdır. unavoidable.
E) Asit yağmurlarının, insan yaşamı
dahil, pek çok canlı türü üzerinde A) Hızımız biraz limitin üzerindeydi ve
zararlı etkileri görülebilir. önümüzdeki ara ba da a niden
durunca, çarpışmayı önlemek
92. Man must have got the Inspiration for the imkansızdı.
Invention of the wheel from using logs as B) Çarpışmayı kaçınılmaz yapan bizim
rollers to move heavy objects. hızımızın limitin biraz üzerinde olması
A) Ağır nesneleri taşımak için kütüklerin değil, önümüzdeki arabanın aniden
silindir gibi kullanılmasından durmasıydı.
esinlenen insanoğlu tekerleği icat C) Hızımız limitin biraz üzerindeydi, ama
etmiştir. önümüzdeki a raba aniden
B) Tekerleğin icadında insanoğlunun durmasaydı, çarpışmayı kesinlikle
esin kaynağı, ağır nesneleri taşımak önleyebilirdik.
için kütüklerin silindir gibi D) Çarpışmayı önleyemezdik, çünkü biz
kullanılması olabilir. biraz limitin üzerinde bir hızla
C) İnsanoğlu tekerleğin icadı için ilhamı, gidiyorduk ve önümüzdeki araba çok
ağır nesneleri taşımak için kütüklerin ani durdu.
silindir gibi kullanılmasından almış E) Limitin biraz üzerinde olan hızımız,
olmalı. önümüzdeki arabanın aniden durması
D) Tekerleğin icadında insanoğluna, ile birleşince, çarpışmayı âçınılmaz
kütüklerin silindir gibi kullanılarak kıldı.
ağır nesnelerin taşınması ilham
yermiştir.
E) İnsanoğlu tekerleğin icadında esinini, 95. Practically every culture has its own
ağır nesnelerin taşınmasında traditional ceremonies related to birth
kullandığı silindir biçimindeki and death.
kütüklerden almıştır.
A) Bazı kültürlerde doğum ve ölüm
93. In tbjC jungles of South America and on törenleriyle ilgili çok ilginç adetler
the island of New Guinea, Stone Age vardır.
cultures still exist in almost unspoilt B) Hemen hemen bütün kültürlerde,
form. doğum ve ölüm olaylarında, yakınların
katıldığı törenler yapılır.
A) Güney Amerika'nın cangıllarında ve C) Bazı kültürlerin doğum ve ölüme
Yeni Gine adasında varlığını sürdüren ilişkin geleneksel törenleri çok
Taş Devri kültürleri, neredeyse hiç pratiktir.
değişim yaşamamışlardır. D) Hemen her kültürün doğum ve ölüme
B) Güney Amerika'nın cangıllarında ve ilişkin kendi geleneksel törenleri
Yeni Gine adasında bugün hala hiç
değişime uğramamış Taş Devri vardır.
kültürleri bulmak mümkündür. E) Doğal olarak her kültür, doğum ve
ölüm törenlerinde kendi adetlerini
uygular.
ELS Q 639
654
96. Viewed as a whole, the country's economy D) Pazarlamacılığın süratle yayılan bir
has deteriorated noticeably over the past kolu da, ürünlerin televizyon ve bilgi
decade. sayar yoluyla alıcıya ulaştırılmasıdır.
E) Pazarlamacılığın yeni bir alanı olan
A) Genel olarak bakıldığında, ülke televizyon ve bilgisayar aracılığıyla
ekonomisi son on yılda hissedilir alışveriş yönteminde teslimat süratli
ölçüde kötüleşti. bir biçimde yapılmaktadır.
B) Son on yılda ekonomideki kötüleşme
ülken in tü mün de h issed ilmektedir. 99. One significant benefit of travel to foreign
C) Tüm ülke gene linde, ekono minin son places is learning how customs differ
yıllarda giderek kötüleştiği from country to country.
gözlenmektedir.
D) Ekono minin son yıllarda bir hayli A) Yu rtdış ına seyaha t etme k, ülkele r
kötü leş tiğ i kon usunda ge nel olara k arasınd ak i k ültü r fark ın ı g ö rme k
bir görüş birliği var. açısından çok yara rlıd ır.
E) Ülk en in ge ne l d u ru mu n a B) Yu rtd ış ın da bu lu n ma nın en ö ne mli
bakıld ığında , ek ono min in son on yaran, çeşitli ülkelerin geleneklerini ve
yıldak i d u ru mu o ld uk ça k ötüd ü r. bu n la r a ras ınd a k i fa rk la rı
öğrenmektir.
97. Caught In the villagers' trap, the fox C) Ülkeden ü lkeye gelenekle rin nasıl
struggled in vain for hours to free itself. değiş tiğin i gö rmek bak ımında n
yu rtd ış ın a s ey aha t e tme k so n de re ce
A) Tilk i k öylüle rin ku rdu ğu tuza kta n yararlıdır.
a nc a k sa a tle rc e sü re n b ir D) Bir ülkeden diğerine gelenekler o
müca de le de n s on ra ku rtu la b ild i. kad ar fa rk lı ki, b un la r a nca k ço k
B) Köylülerin tuzağına yakalanan tilki seyahat ederek öğrenilebilir.
ku rtu lmak iç in b oş ye re s aa tle rce E) Yu rtdış ına seyaha t etme nin ö ne mli bir
uğraştı. yara rı, ülkeden ü lkeye ge lenek le rin
C) Saatle rce köy lülerin ku rdu ğu nasıl değiştiğini öğrenmektir.
tu zak ta n k urtu lma ya ça lışa n tilk in in
tü m çab ala rı boş una yd ı. 100. Before a city plan was adopted in 1889,
D) Köylüler tilkiyi tuzağa düşürmek için Sao Paulo looked more like a capital city
saatlerce boş yere uğ raştılar. of colonial times.
E) Tilk iyi tuzağa düşürmek için saatle rce
uğraşan köylüle rin çabalan boşa gitti. A) Sao Pa ulo , s ö mü rge dö ne min in b ir
b a ş k e n ti n i a n d ı ra n g ö r ü n ü m ü n d e n
1889'da , şeh rin yen iden p lan lan ma -
98. Shopping by means of television and sıyla ku rtu ldu .
computers is a recent but rapidly B) 18 8 9'a k ad a r s ö mü rge d ön e min in
expanding development in the area of başkenti olma özelliğ ini sü rdüren Sao
marketing. Paulo, o döne mde plan lı şehirleş meye
başlamıştır.
A) Yakın zamanda çıkmış olan televizyon C) 1889'da bir şehir planı benimsenmeden
ve bilgisayar aracılığıyla ürün pazarla ön ce , Sao Pau lo da ha ço k s ö mü rg e
ma yöntemi hızla yayılmaktadır. döne minin bir başken ti g ib i
B) Pazarlamacılık alanında son bir gelişme gö rü nü yo rdu .
de, alıcıyla televizyon ve bilgisayar D) 1889'da p lanlı geliş mey e baş la mad an
yoluyla irtibat kurarak satış önc e Sa o Pa u lo , ay n ı s ö mü rge dö ne
yapılmasıdır. min d e b ir b a ş k e n t g ö rü n ü mü n d e y d i.
C) Televizyon ve bilgisayar aracılığıyla E) Sö mü rge dö ne minde başken t ola n Sao
alışveriş, pazarlamacılık alanında yeni Paulo, 1889'da şehir p lanı çiz ilene dek
ama hızla yayılan bir gelişmedir. çok d üzens iz b ir şe kilde ken tleş mişti.
64O ü ELS
655
' C) Before printing was invented, official
cümleye anlamca en, yakm ingilizce sources gave the public whatever
cümleyi bulunuz. information they thought was suitable
to release.
101. Kendi özgür iradeleriyle olmasa da, zenci D) It was only after the invention of
köleler, Amerika'nın ekonomik printing that the public began to
temellerinin atılmasında önemli bir rol obtain satisfactory information from
oynamışlardır. ?fficial sources.
E) When printing was invented, it
became possible for the public to get
A) The foundation of the American satisfactory information from sources
economy was a role played largely by other than officials.
black slaves, though against their
desires. 104. Panik yaratmamak için yetkililer, tehlike
B) Though not of their own free will, tamamen geçinceye kadar halka hiçbir
black slaves played a major role in şey duyurmadılar.
laying the economic foundations of
America. A) The danger was completely over by
C) Although not of their own free will, it the time the authorities publicized
was the black slaves who laid the everything, so they didn't cause a
foundations of the American economy. panic.
D) They didn't actually desire to do so, B) The danger not being completely over,
but many of the black slaves played the authorities publicized nothing
important roles in laying the which could cause a panic.
foundation of America's economy. C) In order not to cause panic, the
E) The most important role in the laying authorities didn't publicize anything
of the foundations of the American until the danger was completely over.
economy was played by black slaves, D) The authorities chose not to announce
despite their reluctance. anything until the danger had
completely passed, in order not to
102. Araştırmalar, başarılı insanların sahip create panic.
olduğu ortak bir özelliğin azim olduğunu E) Nothing was announced until after the
göstermektedir. danger had completely passed
because the authorities didn't want to
A) If people want to be successful in
cause panic.
their research, they must persevere 105. Binalarının neredeyse tümü çevreden
and not give up. çıkarılan granitten yapılmış olduğu için,
B) Whether or not perseverance is iskoç şehri Aberdeen'e, Granit Şehri de
common to all successful people is denir.
still being researched.
C) According to the results of the A) Virtually all of the buildings in the
research, perseverance is one point in Scottish city of Aberdeen, also known
common among successful people. as the Granite City, were constructed
D) Research indicates that one quality using the granite which was quarried
successful people have in common is nearby.
perseverance. B) The granite out of which most of the
E) Researchers state that those who Scottish city of Aberdeen's buildings
want to be successful have to be are built and which gives the city its
persistent. other name, Granite City, is quarried
nearby.
103. Matbaa icat edilene kadar halk, resmi C) Since nearly all of its buildings are
kaynaklar kendisine ne bilgi veriyorsa constructed from the granite quarried
onunla yetinmek zorundaydı. nearby, the Scottish city of Aberdeen
is also called the Granite City.
A) Until the invention of printing, the D) Virtually all of the granite which is
public had to be satisfied with quarried close to the Scottish city of
whatever information official sources
Aberdeen, also named the Granite
gave it.
City, has been used to construct the
buildings there.
B) The only source of news the public E) The Scottish city of Aberdeen is called
had until the invention of printing the Granite City because all of its
was the information it received from buildings are constructed from the
officials. granite which can be found close by.
ELS Q 641
656
106. Sakarinin güvenil olup olmadığı B) We'll probably never know what
1970lerden beri tartışma konusu olsa happened to the old man, who
da, hala pek çok kişi şeker yerine onu vanished into thin air quite
ImlIanmalftaHır. unexpectedly.
C) The old man's disappearance without
A) There has been some controversy as a trace, which was quite unexpected,
to whether saccharin, which has been has left us wondering what happened
used since the 1970s as a substitute to him.
for sugar, is safe or not. D) Having disappeared into thin air quite
B) Many people still debate whether or unexpectedly, the old man will
not saccharin should be used as a probably never be heard of again.
substitute for sugar even though it E) We don't know what happened to the
was shown to be unsafe in the 1970s. old man because he vanished into
C) While the controversy, which started thin air quite unexpectedly.
in the 1970s, about whether or not
saccharin is safe goes on, lots of 109. Ülkenin ekonomisi esas olarak tanma
people still use it as a substitute for
sugar. dayanır, ama el sanatları, turizm ve
D) The controversy, which started in the balıkçılık da önemli unsurlardır.
1970s, about whether or not
saccharin is safe has led a lot of A) The country's economy relies most
people to abandon its use as a heavily on agriculture, supplemented
substitute for sugar. by handicrafts, tourism and fishing.
E) Although whether or not saccharin is B) In addition to agriculture, the
safe has been the subject of country's primary source of revenue,
controversy since the 1970s, many handicrafts, tourism and fishing are
people still use it as a substitute for also important to the economy.
sugar. C) The country's economy is based
primarily on agriculture, but
107. Mutlak doğruluğu lie bilinen John handicrafts, tourism and fishing are
Stuart Mill, kendlslnlnkllerle karşıt olan also notable components.
görüşleri sadece hoş karşılamakla D) Handicrafts, tourism and fishing are
kalmaz, ikna olursa, benimserdi de. notable industries in the otherwise
agricultural economy of the country.
A) It was for welcoming ideas opposed to E) The country has a mainly agricultural
his own and, if convinced, adopting economy, with handicrafts, tourism
them, that John Stuart Mill became and fishing also making important
known for his absolute fairness. contributions.
B) Not only did John Stuart Mill welcome
ideas in contradiction to his own, but 110. insanlar firtınalan kontrol altına
he also sometimes adopted them, alamıyorlar, ama onları önceden tahmin
which convinced everyone of his ederek, mal ve can kaybını mümkün
absolute fairness. olduğu kadar azaltabiliyorlar.
C) John Stuart Mill became known for
his absolute fairness by welcoming A) Huma ns cannot bring s torms unde r
ideas from others and, when control, but by predicting them in
convinced, adopting them. advance, they can minimize loss of life
D) Known for his absolute fairness, John and property.
Stuart Mill not only welcomed ideas B) Storms are phenomena which cannot
that opposed his own but also, if
convinced, adopted them. be controlled by mankind, but the
E) Others were convinced of John Stuart amount of damage they can inflict has
Mill's absolute fairness as he not only been minimized by early warning
welcomed ideas that were against his systems.
own but also adopted them when C) Advanced warning systems have
appropriate. enabled humans to predict storms,
and thus minimize their potential for
108. Ansızın kayıplara karışan yaşlı adama damage and injury.
ne olduğunu belki de hiçbir zaman D) Humans are unable to control the
öğrenemeyeceğiz. weather, but the amount of damage a
storm can do has been minimized by
A) Quite unexpectedly, the old man accurate weather forecasting.
disappeared without a trace, so it is E) Although unable to control storms,
likely that we will never know what mankind does reduce the loss of life
happened to him. and potential damage by predicting
them well in advance.
642 ü ELS
657
UNIT 12
Phrasal Verbs
INTRODUCTION
Phrasal verb, bir fiil köküyle bir adverbial particle'dan oluşur ve türediği fiil kökünden farklı bir
anlam taşır. Örneğin "take" fiili "almak, götürmek' anlamındadır. Ancak "take off", "uçağın
havalanması" ya da "bir giysiyi çıkarmak' anlamlarını veren farklı sözcüklerdir.
Parents should bring up (raise) their children properly, (phrasal verb)
Do you think this blouse will go with (match/suit) my checked skirt? (phrasal v.)
Prepositional verb "verb + preposition" biçiminde oluşur. Ancak, preposition eklendiği zaman
fiilin anlamı değişmez. Preposition'm buradaki görevi yönelme bildirmek ya da fiilden nesneye
geçişi sağlamaktır.
She is watting for her boyfriend, (prepositional verb)
He listened to the news very carefully, (prepositional verb)
Bazı phrasal verb'lerde (transitive phrasal verbs), fiil kökü ile particle arasına nesne girebilir.
Prepositional verb'lerde ise, fiil ile preposition in arasına nesne giremez. Ancak, briefly, angrily,
suspiciously, etc. gibi durum bildiren zarflar girebilir.
Parents should bring their children up properly, (phrasal verb)
I looked at the timetable, (prepositional verb) I looked briefly at the timetable. I
looked at the timetable brieûy.
12-1 PHRASAL VERBS: TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE
Phrasal verb'leri transitive (geçişli), yani nesne alabilen, ve Intransitive (geçişsiz), yani nesne
almayan fiiller olarak iki grupta inceleyebiliriz.
12-2 TRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS
Transitive phrasal verbs, nesne alabilen fiillerdir.

a) Geçişli fiillerin bir bölümünde nesne iki şekilde yer alabilir: verb + partide + object ya
da verb + object + partide.
She turned off the television, (transitive) She turned the television off.
They turned down my offer, (transitive) They turned my offer down.
ELS a 643
658
b) Bazı transitive phrasal verb'lerde ise fiil köküyle partide birbirinden ayrılamaz.
He got over his Illness remarkably quickly. l came across an old Mend the other
day.
c) Araya nesne alabilen phrasal verb'lerde nesne me, it, them, you, etc. gibi bir pronoun
ise, bu nesne particle'dan sonra kullanılamaz. Mutlaka fiil ile partide arasında yer
almalıdır.
She turned it off. They turned him down. I'll think them over.
d) Ancak, bölünemeyen phrasal verb'lerde, nesne bir pronoun da olsa, yeri değişmez. Yine
particle'dan sonra gelir.
He got over it remarkably quickly.
I came across him the other day in a cafe.
12-3 INTRANSITIVE PHRASAL VERBS

Intransitive phrasal verbs, nesne almayan fiillerdir.
The expedition set off at dawn to reach the area before it got too hot.
, (intransitive)
By the time we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off. (intransitive)
NOTE: Phrasal verb'lerle ilgili egzersiz ve testleri yaparken, kitabın sonunda yer alan "Mini
Phrasal Verb Dictionary" den yararlanabilirsiniz.
EXERCISE 1: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form
of the verb.
pick up take up
look up hold up take up make up
grow up show up
blow up turn up
1. As 1 don't have Sam's telephone number at the head
set up blow up
office, I'll have to ..................................................................................................................
it ........... in the directory.
2. Getting there and pitching the tents ............................. most of the first day, so we
didn't do any sightseeing until the next morning.
3. All the travellers are getting very impatient because they are being
............................... by the slow-moving security procedures at the airport.
4. You may have to ................................ the microphone for the people sitting at the
back of the hall to hear you clearly.
5. Princess Diana worked hard for a world-wide ban on landmines, devices placed
under the ground which ................................ when a person or vehicle touches th
6. It is important for children to have positive role models while they ..........................
7. Yesterday morning Dave overslept, but he .................................an elaborate story
an excuse to his manager and, surprisingly, he was believed.
8. The celebrities ................................ a charity to provide a telephone answer servi
for children in distress.
659
9. Don't forget to ............................... your suit from the dry-cleaner's on your way
back from work.
10. You shouldn't choose green for the curtains, because the walls are already green, so
the curtains won't .............................. well against them.
11. While driving to the conference, we noticed that we had a flat tire, so we stopped at
a filling station and had the tire ...............................
12. My father is planning to buy a small boat so that he can ............................... fishing
as a hobby when he has retired.
THE RIGHT TO COMPLAIN
I pick up the mail for my company at the local post office. Our
mail is supposed to be available by 8.30 a.m., but many times it hasn't
been ready. I complained to the central post office, and one morning our
local postmaster was waiting for me. He explained that I had no right to
complain, since we had not paid a "caller" fee for the privilege of
collecting our mail early rather than waiting for it to be delivered.
"Will paying the fee improve our service?" I asked. "No," he
replied. "It will give you the right to complain."
Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form
of the verb.
EXERCISE 2:
get down bring down break down

lay down turn down settle down
cut down turn down close down
knock down let down slow down
1. More and more small-scale businesses are ........................................ since they
cannot compete with the big companies.
2. The reason why he has no confidence in anyone is that he has been
...................................... so many times in his life.
3. There is an old lady standing at the pedestrian crossing over there. Would you
please ........................................ to allow some time for her to get across the street?
4. The army controlled the angry crowd as their houses, which had been illegally built
too close to a national water supply, were ..........................................
5. Known as a radical character in her early life, she eventually married a wealthy
banker and .........................................
6. Can you ask Jake to ................................ the sound on his computer? All those
gunfire and explosion sounds will wake the baby.
7. When trying to lose weight, you shouldn't totally exclude carbohydrates from your
diet because a diet devoid of such foods is not healthy, but you should, of course,
...................................... on your intake of fatty and sugary foods.
8. The government has recently ........................................ new regulations regarding
the sale of drinking water, which must now be delivered in sealed containers.
9. If you could speak English, that company wouldn't have.......................... you
............... when you applied there for a job.
10. Of all the governments in Turkey so far, none has succeeded in ...............................
inflation remarkably, though it is not as bad as it used to be.
11. Living and working alone is beginning to.......................... Michelle ................... She
will have to make an effort to make new friends.
12. Damon Hill had been leading the GP Formula One race for several lap<= nelore ^-
car ........................................ within three laps of the finish line.
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EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form of
the verb.
run out set out work out

leave out come out go out
make out put out wear out
break out let out pick out
1. Once we.............................. the best way to resolve the situation with the
information available, we will write a plan.
2. The fire had spread to the neighbouring house before the fire brigade managed to
................... it..............
3. I'm absolutely .............................. ! All I want to do now is put my feet up and have
a cup of tea.
4. Before we.............................. , let's just check that we have everything we need for
the trip.
5. The news that war had .............................. in the region caused many citizens to
flee the area.
6. He was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment, but was .............................. after
five years for good behaviour.
7. Your summary is quite good, but you've............................... a couple of points
which ought to have been included.
8. Because of the dense fog, I could barely .............................. the number of the bus
approaching.
9. So many people were shopping in panic during the fuel shortage that basic food
items like milk, bread and sugar ............................... at the supermarkets.
10. Mount Spil in Manisa is extremely beautiful when the wild tulips ..............................
in spring.
11. It is hard to .............................. the most beautiful girl in a beauty contest because
they all look so attractive.
12. When the lights .............................. last night, my son had to do his homework by
the light of several candles.
EXERCISE 4: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form
of the verb.
call off flood in take in
come across see off take off
put through put away put on
pass away try on look down on
1. All his friends were at the station in order to ......................... him ....................... as
he left to do his military service.
2. I bought these trousers without ......................... them ................ first, and, not
surprisingly, they don't fit!
3. The avant-garde music we were listening to last night was interesting, but it was
also so complicated and difficult that I had trouble ......................... it ..................
4. The plane ........................................ twenty minutes late because of an engine
problem, so I missed my connection to Paris.
5. Hello! Could you ......................... me ................ to the sales department, please?
6. If you happen to ............ r .......................... any unusual carvings on your travels,
can you buy me one?
7. When you've finished with those scissors, can you ......................... them .................
please? I don't want the children to find them.
8. I forgot to.......................... my watch................. this morning and now I feel really
lost without it.
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9. He........................................ most of his colleagues at work just because he went
to private school and they didn't.
10. The hiking trip has been ....................................... due to lack of interest.
Apparently, only six people were interested in going on it.
11. Since the situation was shown on television, donations to the charity have
absolutely .........................................
12. This outstanding creative poet tragically ....................................... at the age of
twenty-nine, leaving two works unfinished.
GENEROUS TIPPER
I've always considered myself a generous tipper, but I didn't know

to what extent until one day my boss called me into his office.
I had just put in my first expenses claim for a business lunch. Looking
up from the form, he said, "The next time you take someone to lunch, tell
me in advance. I want to wait on your table."
EXERCISE 5î Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form of
the verb.
catch up on give away pull over

count against hand down set back
get through die out put stand up for
do away with across tell apart
1. I know this greatcoat is old and a bit worn, but please don't give it away to charity
as it was ........................................ to me by my grandfather.
2. The extinction of the dinosaurs is more famous, but a much more massive
extinction had occurred long before - about 350 million years ago - when, for
unknown reasons, about 90% of the Earth's sea creatures .......................................
3. My sister must have a very heavy foot when she's driving, because she has
.......................................... by the police at least a dozen times for speeding in the
last two years alone.
4. The professor has said that the quizzes we've had this semester are for us only, so
the scores won't ........................................ us on our final grades.
5. I find it difficult to ......................... the music of most classical composers
............... ; it all seems so similar to me.
6. Of course you don't want to lose your job, but if your boss really is treating you so
badly, you've got to ........................................ yourself; after all, he has no right to
treat you like a child.
7. We were hoping to keep the news of our engagement a secret until we could find the
right time to announce it to everyone, but when my fiance got drunk one night and
started talking, he ......................... everything ............................
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8. I've been so busy with work lately that I haven't had time to ....................................
all the reading I wanted to do, so I guess I'll just have to wait till my vacation to get it
all done.
9. Although the feudal system was gradually ....................................... in most of
Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, it survived in Russia until the year 1861,
when the Russian serfs were freed by Czar Alexander II.
10. The complex mathematics behind Einstein's theory of relativity is so difficult that,
in order to ........................ the ideas of the theory ................ to the normal person,
imaginary, science fiction-like stories must be told.
11. The standards at my university were not all that high, so I didn't really have any
problems to .........................................
12. Because of personal problems at home requiring her to take time off work for a few
weeks, the professor has ........................................ the due date of the midterm
essay to the end of October.
EXERCISE 6: Complete the sentences using the words given below. Use the correct form of
the verb.
touch down think back on wipe out

wait on shut off lay off
see through put up kick out
put forth make for hang over
1. After the meeting, while we were all relaxing at the pub round the corner, everyone
.......................................... a few more, unofficial, ideas for the new advertising
campaign.
2. Whenever he........................................ how badly he treated his ex-wife during
their marriage, he feels deeply ashamed of himself.
3. We sat down in the restaurant, but for about fifteen minutes, nobody
...........................................us, so we ended up just walking out and getting some
fast food instead.
4. Owing to the severe financial difficulties the company is going through at the
moment, we are unfortunately going to have to ......................................... about half
of our workers.
5. The peaceful Arawak Indians - the first encountered by Columbus in 1492 -
....................................... completely by the Europeans within 100 years.
6. With all my money problems lately, it always feels like something terrible
....................................... me.
7. When I first came to live in Istanbul, I had no money for a hotel, but luckily some
friends were kind enough to ........................ me .......................... for a couple of
weeks until I'd found my own apartment.
8. As soon as he realized that his mother had seen the vase he'd broken, the little boy
....................................... the door.
9. She was trying to tell me that she'd had to work late, but I .......................................
her immediately - I knew it was a lie.
10. A drunken man started causing trouble during the speech, so he .............................
by the security guards.
11. After having flown through heavy turbulence, all the passengers sighed in relief
when the plane ........................................ safely.
12. After her surgery, the woman - who had no family and very few friends - felt very
....................................... from the world while she lay in hospital for weeks.
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EXERCISE 7 : Fill In the b la nks In th e pass ag es be lo w with the c o rrec t c ho ice .
(1) ....... a major hurricane, trees were (2) ....... In a s teady strea m o f Sun day tra ffic, a s mall
rain seeped (3) ...... roofs, and fo r days there sedan stopped (6) .......wa rn ing . Screech ing
was no electricity. Then, above the howling brakes testified to the ale rtness o f a dozen
wind, we heard the doorbell. Groping our way drivers who (7) ....... averted a "cha in
to the do or, we found our paperboy, who accident". The driver of the car (8) ...... the
comes at regula r in tervals to collect ou r used o ffe n de r ju mp e d o u t a n d d e man d ed an
papers, smiling (4) ...... us. "Isn' t this a
explanation. The offender was obviously taken
terrible time to be collecting?" my mother
(9) ...... surp ris e. "We did n't mean to cause
asked. "Oh, no," he replied. "(5) ...... , it is the
any trouble," he explained anxiously. "My wife
best time of all, because everyone is at home."
and I were just (10) ...... our sa fety be lts to
1. see if they will work in an emergency."
A) In s ea rc h o f 6.
B) With regards to
C) In to uch with A) out of B) from D)
D) In the co urse o f C)th ro u g h without
E) On the s tre ng th of E) above
2. 7.
A) put out
A) commonly C) B) nearly
B) brou gh t a bo ut
narrowly D) widely
C) cu t ac ros s
D) flooded in E)
constantly
E) blown down
8.
3.
A) over B) behind
A) B) along C) across D) above
through C) D) across E) a roun d
out of E) among
9.
4.
A) with B) from
A) at C) B) to D) D) into
C)fo r
for about
E) by
E) from
5. 10.
A) in addition A) trying out

B) on the c on tra ry B) breaking down
C) in re tu rn C) putting off
D) for instance D) taking over
E) on the o the r ha n d E) wearing out
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A flat refusal to get help is absolutely typical In former years inventors worked (16) .......
of most troubled men. They are (11) ....... of often secretly. They used their own money
telling their troubles to a marriage counsellor, and told no one of their work until it was
psychologist, or family doctor. A man will protected by patent. The individual inventive
consult a mechanic about his car, or get effort of past years has now largely been (17)
advice from a neighbour about his lawn, but ..... by organized research. Large
when it comes to the things at the absolute corporations employ their own scientists and
centre of his existence, like his mental and
spend as much as 5-6% of their income (18)
emotional health, four times (12) ....... five he
..... research. Many of them (19) ...... general
will refuse to seek expert help. As a result,
- or fundamental - research, and try to find
uncountable millions of men are muddling
along unhappily in jobs they don't like; living new scientific facts (20) ..... work on
in cold, distant marriages; losing contact with problems that will yield immediate money-
their children - (13) ....... (14) ........ with making devices.
problems that could often be solved (15) ......
professional assistance. 16.
11. A) by the way

B) on their own
A) eager B) fond D) C) in advance
C) excited envious
D) out of order
E) scared
E) by any means
12.
17.
A) over B) through
C) out of D) along A) lined up C) taken B) broken in
E) above over D) laid down
E) put on
13.
18.
A) on guard C) out of B) in short
luck D) at length A) to C) B) at D)
E) at with on
random
E) out of
14.
19.
A) putting up
B) turning off
A) come across B) hand in
C) trying on
C) make up D) go with
D) looking after
E) showing off E) carry out
15. 20.
A) B) A) owing to C) other B) rather than

among C) about than D) so much
from E) around D) with E) just as
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1. Whenever she Invites me to her house, I A) forming part of

have to ....... an excuse not to go, which I B) going in for
hate doing. I wish she'd just stop inviting C) taking place in
me. D) taking care of
E) coming up against
A) take In C) make up B) run into 9. We hadn't expected him to ....... at the
E) put out D) call off
meeting as we thought he was abroad.
2. The new boss ....... very strict rules as A) get over C) pass B) put off
away D) hand in
soon as he took over the position. E) turn up
A) cut across B) got over D) 10. Everybody knows that the main idea
C) joined in looked into behind ....... the slums in certain areas is
3. E) laid down to erect new apartment blocks for the
wealthy in their places, and then pocket
We missed two of our English classes last the profits.
week because of the teacher's illness, but A) sorting out B) pulling down
we'll ....... them this week. C) calling for D) putting up
A) go down with B) come up against E) getting into
C) make up for D) go in for 11. You should make more of an effort to
4. E) get on with your classmates. You're lagging far
behind them.
An epidemic ....... in that district last
week, presumably because of the A) get on with
unhealthy drinking water there. B) catch up with
C) look down on
A) broke out C) closed B) went off D) come up against
down D) cut across E) cut down on
5. E) turned
up 12. I don't think you'll ever be able to
completely give up smoking, but you
should at least try to ..........
You should keep milk in the refrigerator,
especially on hot days like this, or it will
A) make up B) put out D)

A) blow up C) do B) go off D) C) set out cut down
without keep out E) call off
E) break in
13. I was not in a hurry, so I asked the taxi-
6. She fainted when we broke the news of driver to ....... so that I could admire the
her son's death, and only ....... after we'd view.
thrown some water on her face. A) speed up B) switch off
C) break down D) cut across
A) brought about C) B) called at E) slow down
came round D) kept off
E) went on 14. Unfortunately, we are too ....... to afford a
7.
holiday this year.
She hasn't shown her face in public ever
since her son was ....... by a bus and A) well off B) let down D)
killed. C) cut off locked in
E) hard up
A) run over C) B) passed away 15. Do you remember Greg, whom we met in
come round D) knocked out London? Well, I saw him yesterday and
8. E) fallen down he ....... you.
I was stunned to hear that she was ....... A) ran into B) thought over
the beauty contest, since she's really not C) asked after D) looked for
remarkably attractive. E) came across
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16. Peter: Do you....... tidying the house A) getting on B) running across
today? Maureen: No, not C) breaking down D) turning off
really! I'm a bit tired. E) knocking over
A) get away with B) go in for 25. The vice president had made many good
C) keep up with D) feel up to
E) fall in with judgements in the past, but this time his
good sense ........him ..........
17. When she didn't ...... her plan, no one
was surprised, because she'd very often A) tore...up B) put...across
failed to complete things before. C) picked...up D) saw...off
E) let...down
A) go through with B) get back at
C) give on to D) run up against 26. IVe always enjoyed reading this author,
E) face up to ever since I ....... one of his books in a
second-hand bookshop in London.
18. Why don't you ....... your own work
Instead of Interrupting me all the time? B) came across
A) turned over C) put D) took up
up
A) get on with B) come in for E) took off
C) brush up on D) look up to
E) go through with
27. The moment Betty ...... the candles on
19. My jeans must have shrunk quite a bit In her birthday cake in one big breath, the
the wash. I Just can't believe that I've ...... others started singing "Happy Birthday".
this much welghtl
A) taken off C) got over B) tried on A) took in B) brought up
C) went over D) blew out
E) put on D) made up
E) burnt down
20. I don't think you should ...... the park at
night. It may be quicker, but it Isn't very 28. Previously, I had always ....... this author
safe. with disdain, but after I'd actually read
and enjoyed one of his books, I began to
A) drop off C) pick up B) get into reconsider my opinion.
E) cut D)run out
across A) put away B) come across
C) caught up with D) looked down on
21. Once pilots are in the air, they may E) taken after
encounter weather conditions which quite
unexpectedly. 29. I really don't think you should go off on
holiday until you've got some of these
A) get down C) look B) carry out problems .........
after D) come on
E) go off A) tried on C) broken B) checked in
into D) laid down
22. Since he'd used a pen instead of a pencil, E) sorted
Felix couldn't ....... the wrong answer that
he'd written down. out
A) cross over C) fill in B) D)
rub out
cover up 30. Jack couldn't wait for his friends to come
E) get into by his house because he was eager to
23. It Is Important for people who lead an ..... his new bicycle.
inactive life to .......a sport like swimming A) go with B) get out of D)
or jogging. C) show off put on
E) take in
A) break down C) call B) take up 31. The Birmingham police....... the road to
off D) put out the square until they had dispersed the
E) turn into anti-war protesters.
A) turned over C) took B) blew up
24. The owner of the warehouse claimed that up D) broke out
the fire was an accident caused by his
dog ....... a gas lamp. E) blocked
off
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32. We always ....... some of the profit from 39. After....... to my hotel, I was picked up by
our shop, as we are hoping to expand a driver from the company and taken to
sometime In the future. meet the chief executive.
A) look B) throw away /V luuivmg IULU A) looking into B) setting out

after C) get C) breaking into "* * g into D) carrying out
D) cut across E) checking in
back E) put aside
40. This guide to vegetable growing explains
33. The local health service........ tough how to care for plants and what plant
resistance from local residents, who didn't diseases to ....... for in your garden.
want a drug rehabilitation hospital In B) let out
their town. A) look out C) put
through D) close down
E) get up
A) went down with
B) caught up with 41. As soon as you ....... at the airport In
C) made up for Hong Kong, you realize that you are
D) came up against somewhere unique in the world.
E) looked forward to
A) watch out C) pour B) touch down
into D) come up
34. We're all ....... our annual holiday, which
E) turn out
we'll be spending in Cyprus this year.
42. A hug from my son or daughter always
A) running out of B) looking forward to ..... me ......... , no matter how unhappy I
C) going in for D) putting up with feel.
E) making up for
A) holds...on C) B) gives...off
cheers...up D) floods...in
35. I didn't want to do the health and safety
E)
training, but unfortunately, I couldn't
find a way to ....... it. turns...out
43. Because we live in a busy town, we have

A) cut down on B) come up against decided to ....... from the noise and traffic
C) catch up with D) get out of by driving to a restful mountain resort for
E) go down with the weekend.
36. You'll never guess who I ....... yesterday as A) get back C) put B) do over
I was waiting in line to get the concert through D) get away
tickets. E) think
over
A) bumped into C) B) joined in
called at D) took off 44. The receptionist recognized the actress
E) counted
when she was ...... other hotel and asked
her for her autograph.
on
A) checking out C) B) setting out
37. The student group was........ anti-war pointing out D) carrying out
leaflets In most of the busier areas of the E) finding
city. out
A) finding out B) setting out D) 45. You wouldn't think that Dave and Steve
C) handing out are twins since they do not ....... each
carrying out other at all.
E) coming out
A) go with C) pass away B) take after
38. Once the uprising had been ....... , no E) put aside D) look after
mercy was shown to the rebels: hundreds
were shot without trial. 46. When Dad suddenly collapsed, we .......
the doctor without delay, and he came
immediately and told us that Dad was
having a heart attack.
A) looked up C) stood B) taken in A) checked in C) sent B) pulled up
out D) given off for D) came across
E) put down E) called off
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47. Sandra is so dependable: IVe never seen 54. I told my manager that I would ........his
her ....... her Mends whenever they need suggestion and tell him my decision the
help. next day.
A) put up C) let down B) pick out A) carry on C) think B) turn down

E) pass over D) turn off over D) go in for
E) call off
48. Everybody believes that
it will be a 55. Hay fever is more common among young
miracle if she ever ....... the depression people than old, and what is more, most
she went into after her husband's death.
people ....... of it by middle age.
A) turns down C) B) takes in
comes across A) find out C) grow out B) set out
D) gets over E) cross out D) pick out
E) sets off
49. 56. At the age of 28,

The school principal is planning to ....... £ Samantha suddenly ...............................................
new student organization to help Bell's palsy, a disease that causes
students deal with the near-epidemic of temporary paralysis of the face.
suicides that have broken out in the
school this year. A) made up for
B) ran out of
A) set up B) make out D) C) got on with
C) stand by send for D) went down with
E) look after E) looked down on
50. After the news anchorperson had made a 57. I knew Simon would ........: he never
terribly offensive racial remark on the misses a meeting as long as free lunch is
evening news, protest calls ........ and the involved.
channel had to broadcast an apology.
A) poured down B) ran out A) grow up B) bring up D)

C) left out D) went through C) show up pick up
E) flooded in E) take up
51. I can't believe that you buy all your 58. I can't ...... how to put this computer
clothes, and even your shoes, without desk together, even though I've read the
even ....... them ..........first. How on earth instructions twice.
do you know theyll fit you?
B) pick out
A) run out C) bring out D) work out
A) wearing...out B) letting...in E) let out
C) seeing...off D) trying...on
E) putting...down 59. An abundance of water hyacinths growing
in the area flooded by the Aswan Dam in
52. More and more people are becoming Egypt occasionally ...... some of the
pacifists as governments continue ....... irrigation canals, thus not allowing the
the threat of violence to enforce their water to flow properly.
laws.
A) counting on C) B) bringing up A) sets up C) blocks up B) brings up

blowing up D) keeping out E) holds up D) takes up
E) putting
on 60. I....... my sister's two
children when she
53. I couldn't ....... why you took that route went to New York for two weeks'
it is much longer than the other, and management training.
much less safe!
A) take off C) turn B) figure out A) threw away C) B) came across

round D) come round looked after D) passed away
E) let out E) took after
654 Q ELS
669
1. In the executive summary, I think we can 7. Hard as it may be to believe, since 1996
........ the section on background research, thirty-one people have died by watering
as I don't think the committee will be very their Christmas tree while the tree lights
Interested In that. were .................
A) run out B) catch up C) take A) turned on B) taken up C) taken
up D) leave out E) go along in D) set off E) looked up
Carrying a bomb with him onto a bus, 8. If I were you, I would do whatever I could
2. the terrorist ........ himself ..... and killed In order not to let this chance .................. You
may never have this opportunity again.

dozens of other people In the process. A) turn round B) blow up C) cross
A) blew. ..up B) took... up C) out D) see off E) go by
brought. ..up D) turned. ..up E) 9. He couldn't ........ his mind which
3. made... up
The manager has made some
amendments to the official notes of the
meeting. In fact, she has ....... the entire university he should choose, so he sought the
advice of the school counsellor.
A) find out B) get off C) lay down
D) put on E) make up
section covering the discussion on holidays. 10. Fortunately, after struggling with the
A) got off B) brought in C) waves for a while, we managed to shelter in a
called on D) crossed out E) put bay, where we waited until the wind
4. up
I bought a few kilos of oranges off a stall
in the market, but the next day they were
all so rotten that I had to ........ most of
A) took on B) died down C)
pulled up D) got in E) broke into
11. The abbreviation WHO the World
them ..........
A) get... in B) settle... down C)
5. make... up D) do... over E) throw... Health Organization, which is part of the
away United Nations.
The experienced executive was hired by A) cuts down B) makes out C)
the company to ........ the possibilities of stands for D) looks up E) shows off
12. " ....... for just one moment, please. Ill
various different export markets and
recommend suitable countries to target.
A) put off B) hold on C) connect you to the sales manager about your
problem," said the telephone operator.
6. stand out D) look into E) look up
A) Watch out B) Keep off C) Hold
Then our decision is this: we'll take a
boat trip on Saturday unless someone on D) Look up E) Let down
13. Don't come and pick us up at the hotel
........ a better idea in the meantime. too early unless you want to wait a while
A) makes room for B) takes no notice of C) as we are .................
takes pride in D) comes up with E) keeps A) coming across B) checking out C)
an eye on going off D) taking off E) pouring
down
ELS Q 655
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14. The liver is likely to suffer serious 21. The real estate agent was lying through
damage if It Is forced to...... the toxic his teeth about the terms of the contract,
effects of large amounts of alcohol. but I was able to .......him without any
trouble at all.
A) look for C) pour B) bring up
down D) cope with A) break into C) put B) see through
E) blow down E) D) go off
out run into
22. Since the new
15. In 1974, ten years after he first won the owners................................... the company,
title, the legendary boxer Muhammad All profits have risen and wages have been
regained it by .......George Foreman. increased.
A) bringing down B) knocking out A) passed away B) took over

C) blowing up D) putting off C) flooded in D) put away
E) counting on E) turned down
16. The military zone was surrounded with 23. You know how important this interview
razor wire, and every fifty metres along is, so ...... that stupid T-shirt and ....... a
the wire was a sign warning people to proper shirt and a tie!
A) pu t o f/ge t o n
A) set up B) come across B) ta k e a wa y /p u t u p
C) keep out D) bring about C) ta k e o ff/p u t on
D) get off/take on
E) look after E) p u t a wa y /t h ro w u p
17. I left home early but ended up late for 24. Th is o intme nt is me an t to ........
work anyway, as I was ...... in the heavy mosq u itoes , b u t I g uess It do esn' t wo rk
rush hour traffic.
very well, bec ause I pu t q uite a b it on last
B) broken down night and still got bitten p retty badly.
A) put through C) D) thrown away
flooded in A) make up C) wipe out B) do over
E) held up E) keep off D) run into
18. In the past, those who ...... bypass
surgery used to be hospitalized for much 25. IVe ....... this wo rd in my d iction ary th ree
longer periods. times, but I still can't remember what It
means.
A) cut down B) laid down D) A) made for
C) took up B) turned on D)
made up C) looked up sorted out
E) went through E) glimpsed at
19. As soon as we got to the spot, three of us
started to....... the tent while the rest 26. No matter how hard we try, we can never
went to gather sticks and twigs for the ......our boss's unreasonably high
fire. expectations.
A) get into B) live up to
A) set B) lay down D) D) leave out of
out C) carry on C) get along with
put up E) bring down E) take after
20. He was always ready to ...... his friends 27. Can you please ...... all the bad apples
financially, and he even spent most of his ......of the basket so they don't spoil the
money to that end, yet when he himself good ones?
lost his Job, absolutely nobody showed up
to help him out. A) hold...up B) put...off
C) take...over D) pick...out
A) hand B) back up D) go E) bring...about
in C) get in for
on E) come up
656 Q ELS
671
28. The guide .......the sights to us as we 35. After hours spent trying to persuade him,
drove through town. I finally got the boss to .......to my way of
thinking.
A) left for B) came across
A) look out C) come B) call in
C) pointed out D) stood up
round D) run out
E) looked after
E) throw
29. away
Earthquake-resistant buildings have a
very strong framework that Is just flexible 36. A friend of mine ....... school when he was
enough to bend as the earthquake shakes fourteen but has nevertheless made a
the building, thus preventing the building very successful career for himself as a
from ......... translator in Spanish.
A) setting up A) caught up with

B) laying down B) took charge of
C) taking off D) leaving out C) made up of
E) breaking apart D) dropped out of
E) looked down on
30. The boss was really angry when he
discovered that Anthony had ...... the day 37. My father said he would meet me for
..... to watch the football match on TV. lunch, but, for some reason, he didn't
...... for our date.
A) come...round C) B) passed...out
taken...off D) worked...out A) pick up B) leave out D)
E) C) get down turn up
put...away E) join in
31. Since It's such a difficult decision, why next

don't I ....... it and tell you tomorrow? 38. There is yet another new book
month that will expose all the
A) sleep on B) put up with embarrassing secrets of the British royal
C) look for D) take over family.
E) get up
. A) bringing up B) dropping off
32. How did you manage to ....... the numbe r C) coming out D) breaking in
of the bus from such a distance? Either E) laying down
you have excellent eyesight, or mine is
very poor! 39. We ....... of the negotiations because the
other side was refusing to make even the
A) stand for slightest compromise.
B) get on
C) make out D) go through A) laid B) turned up D)
E) take in down C) put pulled out
on E) took off
33. Instead of chatting here, why don't you go
to your desk and ....... work? The boss 40. When Alex got fired, the boss told him to
wants that report ready before noon, you ..... his desk and leave within two hours.
know.
A) put off B) shut down D)
A) make sense of B) get down to C) clear out come round
C) make room lor D) grow out of E) break into
E) put up with
41. We have recentiy ...... some serious
so problems which may well ruin all the
34. The left front tire of your car Is you plans we made so carefully.
should get a new one put..
A) looked forward to
A) broken down...up B) looked up to
B) worn out...on C) co me u p a ga ins t
C) broken in...off D) ru n o u t o f
D) turned off...in E) ma de u p fo r
E) blown up...down
ELS a 657
672
42. George's new haircut looked so funny 49. Could you please wait a moment while I
that we couldn't help but ...... laughter ..... your call ....... to the managing
the second we saw him. director?
A) put B) try out D) A) B) join...in D)
down C) take after get...back C) turn...down
put on E) break into do...over E) put...through
43. We need to first ...... a few 50. The fantastic skiing we had during the
final three days of our trip ........ our
misunderstandings If our negotiations are disappointment earlier In the week, when
even going to begin to be successful. there had been no snow at all.
A) put down C) look B) go with A) looked down on
out D) run into B) made up for
E) clear up C) got on with
D) went down with
44. Fortunately, the person who found my E) ran out of
wallet was honest enough to ...... it ......
at the police station Intact 51. For many years the Eiffel Tower was In
the hands of a public firm, but In 1981
A) hand...in C) B) hold...up the government of the city of Paris......
D) sort...out its management.
get...down
E) put...off A) took over B) put away
C) settled down D) flooded in
45. Although I was completely exhausted, I E) crossed out
..... a brave face because I didn't want
anyone to notice my weakness. 52. Can you .......my proposals for the new
advertising campaign before I place the
A) put on B) came across order for them to be printed?
C) wore out D) went about
E) lived on A) go through C) point B) try on D)
out take over
46. Whatever the promises of the salesmen, E) look after
every used car IVe ever bought has ......
after about a month. 53. I don't think the students had quite ......
the rules of the third conditional, as they
were all looking blankly at me by the time
A) pulled up B) turned up I'd finished my explanation.
C) passed away D) broken down
E) knocked out A) seen off C) found out B) let down
E) checked D) taken in
47. My roommate Is very messy. She never
in
..... after herself, which drives me crazy.
54. The tickets for the concert'll probably.......
A) goes away C) stands B) does over very quickly, so we'd better get to the box
out D) takes in office early.
E) picks up
A) get away C) sell out B) run into
48. Aren't you : .... watching football every E) turn off D) clear up
day? Why can't we watch a film or a
documentary for a change? 55. During Ramadan In Istanbul, the
illuminated minarets of the mosques
A) looked do wn on against the night sky.
B) fed up with
C) taken ove r A) stand out C) point B) look out
D) c o un te d u p o n out D) leave out
E) made up fo r E) come out
658 Q ELS
673
56. I used the university's computer program A) run...out B) turn...off D)
to....... the titles of all the previous C) cut...into give...up
research done In this area of psychology. E) get...down
A) close down C) make B) hold on 59. The police officer asked Joe If he could
for D) look up ..... the thief ........ of a line-up of ten men
E) carry out roughly similar in appearance.
57. Orphaned at an early age, Marco was A) set...up B) look...after D)
..... by his grandfather on a small farm C) pick...out put...down
not far from the city of Venice. E) see...off
A) put off B) handed out D) 60. It took us a while to get Into town
C) taken in brought up because we were ....... by the city's annual
E) turned down gay pride parade.
58. He really needs to take a break. Having to A) turned on C) held up B) blown off
work seven days a week Is beginning to E) handed D) set out
...... him .......... in
A ROOSTER PROUD OF HIMSELF
Two preachers were invited to dinner at the home of a farmer. The
'farmer's wife cooked a couple of chickens, and the ministers dined heartily.
Later the farmer showed his visitors around. In the barnyard, the
rooster began to crow.
"Seems mighty proud of himself!" commented one of the preachers.
"No wonder," said the farmer. "He's got two sons in the ministry!"
(From Reader's Digest)
ARTISTS IN THE SEWER
Trying to teach our three-year-old son, Perry, that his sewer-dwelling S

cartoon heroes - Teenage. Mutant Ninja Turtles - had predecessors, I hauled
out an art book and showed him an illustration of Leonardo da Vinci's "Last
Supper". Then I turned to the "Mono Lisa" and to pictures by other turtle
namesakes - Raphael, Donatella and Michelangelo.
"Do you know," I summed up, "the real Raphael, Donatella, Michelangelo and
Leonardo were artists who lived a long time ago?"
With a puzzled look, Perry said, "/And then they moved to the sewer?"
ELS Q 659
674
TEST YOURSELF 12
The manager has told me not to ...... any
calls while he is speaking with his guests.
7.
A) pass away C) put B) cut across
1. Why don't you stay here a bit longer? It's through D) do over
absolutely ...... and you'll get soaked E) hold on
walking home.
8.
A) pouring down B) flooding in It didn't take long for the other horses to
C) standing out D) getting over ...... the leader.
E) dropping off A) run out of B) grow out of
C) look down on D) go down with
2. Because all of the chemicals we use are E) catch up with
non-explosive, we are certain that this
experiment can be ...... in complete 9. It's very romantic to think that you can
safety. ...... love, but unfortunately, the reality is
that everyone needs money to survive.
A) put down B) blown up D)
C) carried out A) try on B) look into
turned down C) lay down D) live on
E) broken into E) turn off
3. In the interests of safety, all visitors were 10. The more money we ...... now, the more
requested to ...... their cigarettes before we'll have to spend in summer.
entering the exhibition.
A) look after B) put aside
A) break in B) put out D) C) come across D) work out
C) pull up E) get away
turn down
E) set off 11. Having both a full-time career and a
house to run really ...... me .......
4. The plane roared along the runway and
..... into the glorious blue sky. A) drops... off B) brings... up
C) wears . . . out D) closes ... down
B) put out E) puts... on
A) came down C) D) picked up
touched in 12. It's hard to tell how much of what he told
E) took off us was true and how much was .......
5. A) shown off C) laid B) worn out

Edward bought a really expensive down D) made up
Christmas present for his wife to ...... the E) called off
fact that he'd forgotten her birthday. 13. I haven't seen Alison and David together
since we all went out to the movies two
A) get on with months ago. Do you think that they could
B) look forward to have ...... ?
C) get out o f
D) make up fo r A) split up B) cut across D)
C) run out come off
E) grow out of
E) fallen off
6. We were relieved to see that the fire 14. After living a quite unconventional life
brigade ...... so quickly after we'd phoned throughout her twenties, Maureen
them. pleasantly surprised her parents when
she decided to ...... and have a traditional
family.
A) tu rned up B) called off A) bring B) settle down
up C) drop D) carry on
E) broke down off E) set out
C) p ut ou t D) held on
66Oa ELS
675
15. It's not unusual to ....... fossils here 23. She ....... her mother In appearance, but
because this area was once home to not at all In personality.
many dinosaurs and other prehistoric
creatures. A) shows off C) takes B) grows up
after D) brings up
A) run out of C) put out B) do over
E) come D) take after E) looks
across after
16. You didn't have to....... his mistakes quite 24. Everybody was shocked when Mary and
so tactlessly, did you? Roger....... as they always appeared to be
a happuy married couple.
A) hand in B) try on A) got down B) divided into
C) check in D) put through C) cut across D) broke up
E) point out E) turned off
17. Those bookshelves ....... far too much 25. The police officer's effort to ....... his
space In this room. Can't we move them mistake was discovered by a reporter and
somewhere else?
turned Into a national scandal.
A) put away C) make B) get out of
up for D) take up A) put away C) get out B) cover up
E) do over E) pull D) turn off
down
18. I don't think 111 ever .......the shock of
finding a. burglar In the house when I got
home. 26. I always get depressed by the long
winters here, but as soon as the first
A) get over C) come B) break in flowers of spring......... my mood makes a
round D) let down big change for the better.
E) cut
across A) hold on B) come out D)
C) go with take over
19. Certain Ingredients In salad dressings, E) break in
such as lemon juice and vinegar, do not
......well ........ wine.
27. We all wanted to go home, but the
A) break...down C) B) go...with director Insisted that we ....... practising
show...off D) lay...down the scene until It was perfect.
E) make. .up
20. Oh look! Someone's ....... that flower pot A) carry on C) break B) show up
and there's dirt everywhere. down D) take off
E) take over
A) seen off B) looked after
C) put through D) knocked over 28. We....... gas In the middle of nowhere and
E) broken into had to walk for miles to find some.
21. During the expedition, they ....... more A) ran out of
difficulties than they had anticipated. B) looked down on
C) came across with
A) looked down on B) ran out of D) went down with
C) kept up with D) made up for
E) came up against E) kept up with
22. We were not really taken by surprise 29. Heidi was very surprised to ....... that her
when the boss's wife.........as she had father wasn't actually Swiss, but
been very 111 for a long time. Albanian.
A) got over B) passed away A) get B) live on
C) went off D) wiped out down C) D) find out
E) put aside
show off E) look into
ELS Q 661
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30. Both of her parents were actors, so she 37. If Delia ever wants to get out of debt,
was virtually ...... on the stage. she'll have to .......a lot of luxuries, like
eating dinner In restaurants every night
A) asked out B) grown up and taking taxis Instead of buses home
C) brought up D) put out from work.
E) looked over
A) grow out of B) cut down on
31. If you want to slim up a bit, you'll have to C) put up with
..... your calorie Intake. D) look into
E) put aside
A) check B) live on
in C) go D) cut down on 38. The terrorists tried to....... the embassy
with but were stopped when one of them was
E) get over
caught climbing the fence Into the
32. The basic rights of all children are ...... In embassy's garden.
the United Nations' Declaration of the
Rights of the Child. A) break down B) blow up
C) wear out D) turn off
A) laid down B) counted on E) carry on
C) looked after D) taken off
E) brought out 39. It was not the look but the smell of the
33. The region known as Latin America is dish that ...... me ........ , so I just ate the
...... South America, Mexico, Central salad and a little cheese.
America and parts of the West Indies. B) gave...in
A) held...out D) took...up
A) looked down on C) turned...down
B) ru n o u t o f E) put...off
C) drop pe d ou t o f
D) ca ug h t up with 40. The publishers ...... Julian's book on the
E) ma d e u p o f grounds that it lacked excitement.
34. When walking In the Jungle, you should
......for snakes and spiders because they A) brought out B) crossed out
are often difficult to see. C) made up D) counted on
B) try on E) turned down
A) take up C) look out D) get into
E) see off 41. I'm sure that, with those funny clothes,
you'll certainly.......among all the people
35. With the growth of Industry and its at the party!
demand for coal and other minerals,
natural systems began to break down A) stand out B) come round
because they could not ...... the stresses C) see off D) count on
induced by human activities.
E) put through
A) look do wn on
B) ru n o u t o f 42. These apricots ought to be ...... as they've
C) co me u p a ga ins t started to go bad.
D) pu t u p with
E) grow out of A) broken down B) thrown away
C) moved in D) shown off
36. I was really surp rised when I ....... my
elementary school teacher on the street in E) turned around
Dubrovnlk - we were 6,000 miles and 25
years away from the last time we saw 43. When their supply of food ....... the
each other! explorers had to be satisfied with what
they could find In the forest.
A) ran into C) B) came round A) flooded in C) broke B) got off
down D) ran out
E) looked out E) turned
threw away D) called off up
662 Q ELS
677
44. At first, there didn't seem to be many 51. Peter and Kate need to ....... all of their
people around the stadium, but after the problems if they expect their marriage to
gates had been opened, they quickly last
began to .........
A) look up B) sort out D) set
A) flood in B) bump into D) C) put off down
C) look out join in E) break in
E) run away 52. She sheltered from the rain in a cafe ............
her hat and coat, and sat down at a table
45. When Sam lost his key, he was forced to by the window.
......his own house through the kitchen
window. B) put out
A) left over C) turned on D) made up
B) join in D) E) took off
A) bring down C) break pull down
into 53. After having been In a coma for three
E) take up months, my grandmother briefly....... to
say good-bye just before she died.
46. Mike didn't realty want to go out with his
co-workers, and he managed to ....... it by A) counted on B) checked in D)
saying that his parents were coming over C) saw off came round
for dinner. E) passed out
A) come down with 54. It was such a long hike that I had ........ a
B) come up with pair of boots before it was finished.
C) get out of A) gone over
D) make up for B) put on
C) lived on D) come across
E) keep up with
E) worn out
47. After fifteen years In prison, Charles was
finally....... when he had finished serving 55. The dress was much too big for me, so
his sentence. the tailor had to ...... it ........ quite a bit to
make it fit.
A) handed in C) B) passed away A) break...into C) B) put...away
taken off D) taken in take...in D) cross...out
E) let out E) pick...up
48. Apparently, almost all adolescents ... 56. Özgür speaks English fluently, but with a
phase during which they experience strong Glaswegian accent which he ......
conflicts with their parents. from his Scottish teacher.
A) take over C) go B) run out of A) picked up C) took B) brought out

through D) put forward after D) came across
E) put on E) ran into
57. To avoid serious crashes like the one in
49. Those who don't....... you in times of 1987, the New York Stock Exchange
trouble cannot be counted as real friends. automatically ....... whenever stock prices
drop by more than a certain percent.
A) stand by B) take in B) closes down
C) break into D) turn up A) picks out C) carries D) takes off
E) show off on
E) turns up
50. After being close friends for years, they
suddenly ....... over some small 58. Seeing that there was no point In
disagreement and never spoke to each resisting any longer, she ...... to the
other again. wishes of her parents and agreed to
marry the old man.
A) looked around C) B) fell out A) went against C) B) got over
gave up D) turned down found out D) took after
E) took off E) gave in
ELS Q 663
678
59. Now that your son has returned, you 66. The rebellion seemed a serious one, but it
should ring the police and tell them to was ...... by the army in a relatively short
..... the search for him. time.
A} turn down C) keep B) set out A) held on C) taken B) put down D)

up D) call off
E) start E) flooded in
over
67. Knowing that he was too busy, I didn't
60. The boss was so angry that everybody want to ...... too much of his time.
tried to ...... his way that day in order not after done over
to be reprimanded.
A) hold up C) get down B) keep out D)
A) keep out of B) put through take up
C) do with D) come across E) get in
E) catch up with 68. I can't possibly...... all this work today
unless I get some assistance.
61. My mother doesn't mind if some guests
...... unexpectedly because she always
has something set aside to offer them. A) keep on C) run B) get through
away D) use up
A) show off B) take away D) E) break in
C) turn up come across
E) run out 69. Ten years ago, there was a row of lovely
one-floor cottages in our street, but now
62. they've ...... ugly tall concrete buildings in
They'd meant to get married in June but their place.
decided to ...... it ........until September,
when the weather would be a bit cooler, A) put up C) cut B) set in
and their relatives would all be back from
the summer holidays. E) stood up
B) do...over
A) get...into C) D) put...off 70. He had had to ...... so much stress lately
set...aside that, in the end, he just collapsed right in
E) try...on the middle of a meeting.
63. I'm going to ...... the kettle ....... for a across D) pulled down
coffee. Would you like one?
A) turn...out C) B) make...up A) go in for C) B) come across
take...over D) get...down take part in D) look down on
E) put...on E) put up with
64. The huge ocean liner Titanic was ...... 71. Now that you haven't kept your promise
America when she struck an iceberg and several times, we can no longer ...... you.
sank.
A) take after C) count B) hand in
A) making for C) B) showing up on D) turn up
breaking in D) putting off E) call off
E) getting
over 72. What annoys me most about him is how
he thinks he can easily ...... everybody
65. Because of the carelessness of just a few ..... with his lies.
people who had dropped matches and
cigarettes, the whole forest .........
A) take...in C) B) put...off
A) burnt down C) B) put out turn...down
flooded in D) blew up D) put...on
E)
E) cut down cross...out
664 Q ELS
679
73. With the decline in personal spending 80. Children ....... their clothes so quickly that
power, many new newspapers have ....... it's really not very wise to buy them
recently, while the more established ones expensive outfits.
are suffering a drop in their circulations. A) put up with B) grow out of D)
A) called off C) get out of cut down on
B) closed down
C) tried on D) joined In E) run out of
E) come out
81-90, sortjJarda, ^^^^^^^^^^
74. The profession of shoe-repairing is slowly anlamca en yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz.
...... because hardly any people have their
shoes mended these days. 81. The present situation in the country calls
for a change in government policy.
A) making up C) doing B) taking off
over D) dying out A) The government is adapting its
approach to suit the national demand.
E) falling B) Many people phone members of the
down government regarding the country's
present situation.
75. It took the firemen more than two hours C) Government policy has changed as a
to...... the fire ........ because it had spread result of the massive demonstrations
to the adjoining houses. throughout the country.
D) There is a new government law which
A) check...in C) B) hold...on is likely to be met with discontent by
D) take...off the nation.
bring...down E) The government's approach needs to
E) put...out be altered because of the country's
current circumstances.
76. The bomb ....... with a tremendous noise
and caused lots of damage to the nearby 82. Seeing that the bad weather had set in,
buildings. we decided to find somewhere to spend
the night.
A) broke B) went off D)
down C) brought up A) Bad weather was approaching, so we
E) flooded in started to look for a place to stay.
B) The bad weather prevented us from
driving any further.
77. The World Health Organization was....... C) We chose to find a place for the night
in Geneva in 1948 as the health agency once the bad weather had really
of the United Nations. begun.
D) Because the climate was so severe, we
A) put B) taken off D) were worried about what we'd do at
out C) set run into night.
up E) made with E) Fortunately, we'd found a place to
stay before the weather got worse.
78. I think it's just the monotony of her job
83. His turning down the offer from the
that's ....... Jessie .........; otherwise, she has computer company surprised us all.
no major problems in her personal life.
A) None of us had expected him to reject
A) getting...down B) looking...up the job offered by the computer firm.
C) taking...off D) making...out B) We were amazed when the computer
E) putting...in firm rejected his offer.
C) No one anticipated that he wouldn't
79. You really needn't bother driving down get an offer from the computer
this narrow little street. Just ....... me ........ company.
here at the corner and I can walk the rest D) We were stunned that the computer
firm didn't make him an offer.
of the way. E) When he was turned down by the
A) computer company, we were all
B) put...away D) shocked.
bring...out C) get...out of
E) drop...off
ELS Q 665
680
84. Had the heating been turned down A) Parents have to be p repared to give up
sooner, the office wouldn't be so some th ings fo r their child ren while
Incredibly hot now. bring ing the m up.
B) Bringing u p children is not a lways a
A) As soon as the heating was switched pain less e xpe rie nce fo r pa rents .
off, the office became far too cold for C) If they are bringing u p children,
comfort. pa re n ts s ho u ld n' t b e s u rp ris ed a t h o w
B) Because it was surprisingly hot, the muc h the ir lives cha nge.
heating was quickly turned down in D) Ch ild re n ex pect their pa ren ts to make
the office. an awful lot o f sacrifices for them.
C) As the temperature of the heating E) Rais in g a child is p roba bly the most
system wasn't lowered in time, the self-sacrificing thing a person can do.
office is now extremely hot.
D) We only began to feel warm in the
office after the new heating system 88. No sooner had he recovered from the
was installed. effects of the car accident than he had a
E) It was difficult to believe that the heart attack.
office could be so warm without any
central heating. A) He h a d a he a rt a ttac k ju s t a t the time
of th e acc id en t, wh ic h mad e the
85. Out of sheer mlschlevousness, the child situa tion much wo rse .
left the water running and flooded the B) So on a fte r the c a r acc id en t, he h ad a
whole house. heart attack, making it more d ifficult
for him to recover fro m its effects.
A) The naug hty ch ild fo rg ot to turn off C) He h a d a n a cc ide n t be ca us e o f the
th e ta p , with th e resu lt tha t the e ntire he a rt a ttac k th a t s tru ck h im wh ile h e
house was flooded. was driving.
B) It was pu rely du e to the ch ild's D) He'd hardly got over the effects of the
n a u g h tin e s s t h a t h e c a u s e d th e ca r a cc id en t wh en he was struc k by a
flooding of the entire house by not hea rt a ttack .
turnin g off the tap. E) He would have recovered from the
C) The naughty child played for so long effects of the accident sooner if he
in th e run n ing wa te r th a t th e wh o le h a d n ' t h a d a h e a rt a tta c k in th e
house e nded up be ing flo oded . mea ntime.
D) It was the ch ild' s n au g h tin es s th a t
ma de h im tu rn o n a ll th e ta ps in th e 89. Lawyers often win cases by playing upon
house to see if the water would flood the emotions of the Jury, which is the
it.
E) The child , jus t in order to do
disadvantage of the jury system.
some th ing na ugh ty, left a ll the taps in
th e h o us e tu rn e d o n a n d we n t o u t. A) Th e jury sys te m is s o me times
disadva nta geous beca use, if a lawye r
86. If you happen to run into Mona, tell her gets e motio nal eno ugh in fron t o f a
to give me a ring. ju ry, h e ma y win the cas e .
B) Th e ju ry s ys te m h a s th e d ra wb a c k
A) If you are meeting Mona today, ask that frequently, a lawyer's appeal to
her to get in touch with me. the ju ry's fee lings is what wins the
B) Could you tell Mona, if you see her, case.
that I want my ring back? C) In c o un tries wh e re the ju ry s ys te m
C) If you see Mona while you're out exists , a la wye r has to a ppea l to the
running, tell her I want to talk to her. emo tions o f the ju ry in o rd er to win
D) Can you ask Mona to call me if by any the c ase.
chance you see her? D) La wye rs' us ing e mo tio ns rathe r tha n
E) Whatever happens today, please don't facts to win cases is rega rde d as one
forget to tell Mona to call me. of the b igges t dra wbacks o f the ju ry
system.
87. Parents can't expect to raise their E) In a ju ry sys te m, whe th er a la wye r
children without making any sacrifices will win the cas e o r no t is up to ho w
for them. successful he is in convincing people.
666 Q E LS
681
90. An excessive consumption of sweets leads 93. The largest living group of reptiles, lizards
to obesity unless the energy obtained is are made up of more than 3,000 species.
used up.
A) Üç binin üzerinde türü olan
A) Be s ure to d o so me e xerc ise to bu rn
off the excess energy you'll get from kertenkeleler, yaşayan en büyük
eating sweets. sürüngenler grubudur.
B) People get fat as a result of eating far B) Üç binden fazla kertenkele türü, var
too many s weets an d d oin g n othin g olan sürüngenler içinde en uzun
energetic at all. yaşayanlar grubunu oluşturmaktadır.
C) If a pe rson eats too many sweets bu t C) Kertenkelelerin, sayılan üç binin
doesn't bu rn the en ergy thus g iven , üzerinde olan en büyük türü, yaşayan
he'll become obese. en geniş sürüngenler grubudur.
D) Obes ity c o mes ab ou t be cause fa r to o
muc h su ga r is co nsu med to b e ab le to D) En geniş sürüngenler grubunu
use the e xtra e ne rgy . oluşturan kertenkelelerin, üç binden
E) The energy o btained from consuming fazla türü vardır.
sweet things is difficult for overweight E) Yaşayan en geniş sürüngenler grubu
people to use up . olan kertenkeleler, üç binden fazla
türden oluşmaktadır.
91-100, sorularda verÜesaJbgiîizce 94. Dentists want to be sure that there are
cümleye anlamca en yakın Türkçe
cümleyi fcuhmttz. no other solutions before they decide to
pull out a tooth.
91. Radical changes should be made so that
our educational system can keep pace A) Dişçile r b ir d işi çek meye kara r
with our era. verme den önce bun un tek çöz ü m olu p
olmad ığından e min olmaya ça lışırlar.
A) Eğitim siste mimiz in çağa ayak B) Dişçile r b ir d işi çek meye kara r
uydurabilmesi için köklü değişiklikler
yapılmalıdır. verme den önce başka h içb ir çözü m
B) Eğitim sistemimizin çağı kalmad ığından e min olmak isterler.
yakala yab ilmes i a ncak esaslı C) Eğer başka çözü mle r bulab iliy orla rsa,
değişikliklerle mümkün olabilir. dişçile r bir diş i çe k mey i mü mkü n
C) Köklü değişiklikler yapılmadan eğitim olduğu kadar erte lemeye çalışırlar.
sistemimizin çağa ayak uy durabilmesi D) Genellikle dişçiler, ancak başka hiçbir
neredeyse imkansızdır. çözü m kalma dığın a inan dık la rı za man
D) Ancak eğitim sistemimizde köklü bir d işi çek meye kara r verirler.
değişiklikler yaparak çağı
yakalayabiliriz. E) Bir dişi çekmeye ka rar vermeden önce
E) Eğitim sistemimizde esaslı dişçile rin, başka h içb ir çözü m
değişiklikler yapılması çağı yakalamak kalmad ığ ında n e min o lmaları gere kir.
açısından gereklidir.
95. More than half of the illegal buildings in
92. Pho tog rap hers so me times use filte rs to the area are reported to have been pulled
disting uis h co lou rs o r to make a ce rtain down in the last two months.
colou r sta nd out.
A) Çeşitli filtreler kullanarak fotoğrafçılar A) Raporda, bölgedeki kaçak yapıların
renk le rin ay rımını yapa rla r ya da b ir ya n da n fa z la s ın ın s o n ik i ay da
rengi ön plana çıka rırlar. yıkıldığı bildirilmiştir.
B) Bazı durumlarda fotoğrafçılar filtre B) Bö lgede ki kaçak ya pılann en az
kullana rak , b ir ren gin d iğe r yansın ın son iki ayda yap ıldığı
renklerden ayırt edilmesini sağlarlar. bildirilmektedir.
C) Fotoğrafçılar bazen, renklerin ayrımını C) Rapo ra gö re , b ölg edek i kaçak
yap mak ya da bir re ng in dikk at
çekmesini sağlamak için filtre yapıla rın ya ndan fa zlas ı so n ik i ay
kullanırlar. içinde yapılmıştır.
D) Renklerin ayırt edilmesinde bazen D) Son iki ayda bölgedeki kaçak yapıların
filtre kullanan fotoğrafçılar bu şekilde yandan fazlasının yık ıldığ ı
bir rengi belirginleştirirler. bildirilmektedir.
E) Bazı renkleri belirginleştirmek ya da E) Rapo rd a, bö lgede ki kaçak ya pılann en
bir renge dikka ti çek mek için az yarısının iki ay içinde yıkılacağı
fotoğrafçılar filtre kullanırlar. belirtümiştir.
ELS Q 667
682
96. He was so absorbed In his job that he D) Hin d is tan' ın b itk i ö rtüs ün dek i
didn't even realize that it was causing the değ iş me as ırla r bo yu s ü rmüş , b u da
breakup of his marriage. be rab e rind e, hay va n yaş a mın da pe k
çok değişiklik getirmiştir.
A) İşin e o lan düş kün lüğü y üzünde n e vin i E) Hind ista n'ın hay van yaşa mındak i pek
ihmal edince evliliği bozuldu, ama o çok değişiklik, asırlar boyunca bitki
buna a ld ırmad ı b ile. ö rtüs ün de g ö rü le n d e ğ iş imd en
B) Evliliğinin bozulması bile onun işine kaynak lan mıştır.
o la n d ü şk ü n lü ğ ün ü a za lta ma d ı.
C) Ken din i iş ine bu kada r kap tırmas ının 99. Analyses of the chemical composition of
sonunda evliliğini yıkacağını the blood are done by machines that can
düşünmesi ge rekirdi. carry out many tests simultaneously on a
D) Evliliğinin yıkılmasına neden olacağını single blood sample.
bile b ile işine o lan düşk ünlüğü nü
sürdürdü. A) Kan ın k imyasa l ya pıs ın ı ince le mek
E) Kendini işine o kadar kaptırmıştı ki amacıyla geliştirilmiş, bir kan örneği
bunun evliliğinin dağılmasına yol üzerinde ayn ı anda pek ço k işlev i
açmakta olduğunu bile fark etmedi. yerine getireb ilen makina lar va rdır.
B) Bileşiminde hangi kimyasal
97. Certain species of ants which live in arid ma d d e le rin b u l u n d u ğ u n u a n l a ma k
environments feed almost totally on plant için ka n, çeşitli mak inalarla yü rü tüle n
seeds. pe k ç o k tes te ta b i tu tu lma k ta d ır.
C) Kanın kimyasal bileşiminin analizleri,
A) Kurak bölgelerde yaşayan bazı kannca bir tek kan ö rne ğ i üze rinde a yn ı a nda
pe k ç o k tes t y ü rü te b ile n ma k in a la rla
türleri, neredeyse tümüyle bitki
yapılmaktadır.
tohumlarıyla beslenmektedir.
D) Kan ana liz i yapa n baz ı mak inalar,
B) Kurak bölgelerde yaşayanlar dahil,
a y n ı an d a p e k ç o k te s t y ü rü te re k
hemen hemen tüm karınca türleri ka n ın k imy as a l y a p ıs ı h a kk ın da
bitki tohumlarıyla beslenir. ayrıntılı bilgi verebilir.
C) Çeşitli bitki tohumları, kurak E) Pe k ç o k te s ti a yn ı an d a y ap a n
bölgelerde yaşayan karıncalar için mak ina la rla , bir tek ka n ö rne ği
neredeyse tek besin kaynağıdır. üz e rind e , k an ın tü m k imy asa l
D) Kurak bölgelerde yaşayan karıncaların a na liz in i y a p ma k mü mk ü n d ü r.
en temel besin kaynağı bitki
tohumlarıdır. 100. Everybody Is amazed at how they
E) Karıncaların kurak bölgelerde yaşayan manage to get on so well despite the
türleri sadece bitki tohumlarıyla huge age gap between them.
beslenmek zorundadır.
A) Ara la rında ç ok bü yü k bir yaş fa rk ı
98. The alterations in India's vegetation over olduğu halde şaşılacak derecede iy i
the centuries have brought about many anlaşıyorlar.
changes in its animal life. B) Ara la rında k i bü yü k yaş fa rk ın ın
ilişkilerini hiç etkilememesi herkesi
A) Hin d is tan' ın b itk i ö rtüs ün de o ld uğ u ha y re te dü şü rü y o r.
gib i h ayvan yaşa mın da da , asırla rd ır C) Ara la rında k i bu nca yaş fa rk ına
devam eden b ir takım değ işiklikler rağmen ilişkile rini bu kada r iy i
görülmektedir. sürdü re bilmeleri şaş ılacak şe y.
B) Asırlar b oyunca bitki ö rtüsünde b üyük D) Arala rında çok b üyük b ir yaş fa rk ın ın
değişikliklerin yaşandığı Hindistan'da, o lmas ı, a ma b un a ra ğ me n ç o k iy i
hayvan yaşa mı da d eğiş mekte dir. anlaşab iliy or o lmala rı herkesi
C) Hin d is tan' ın b itk i ö rtüs ün de as ırla r şaşırtıyor.
boyu gerçekleşen değişiklikler, hayvan E) Ara la rın d ak i bü y ü k y aş fa rk ın a
yaşamın da p ek ç ok değ işik liğe neden rağ me n na s ıl b u k a da r iy i
olmuş tu r. anlaşabildikle rine he rkes şaşıyor.
668 Q ELS
683
101-110, sorulardaTvl C) The opposition pa rties have dec ided to
cümleye anlamca en yata ingilizce;- co-o perate for the c o mmon g ood and
cümleyi bulunuz. to defeat th e ex istin g g ove rn men t as
soon as possible.
101. Yapabileceği en akıllıca şey, arabayı D) Ho pin g to de feat the p rese nt
yolu n k ena rın a çek ip sis ka lkıncaya gove rn men t as soo n as poss ib le, th e
kadar be kle me kti. opposition parties have jo ined
together to form one party.
A} He though t it would be wise to wa it on E) Acting together with this single aim,
the side of the road until the fog th e op pos itio n pa rties ma na ged to
cleared away. bring th e g ove rn men t do wn ve ry
B) Because the fog was so heavy , the quickly.
only thing he could do was to wait on
the side of the road.
C) When the fog became too dense to see 104. Maktna çağı, seri üretimi teşvik ederek,
anything, he pulled the ca r over to the geleneksel el sanatlarını neredeyse
side of the road and waited. tümüyle yok etmiştir.
D) The wisest thing he cou ld do was to
pull the car ove r to the side of the A) The mach ine age, wh ich has fos te red
road and wait till the fog cleared mass p roduc tion , h as g rea tly reduc ed
away. the de man d fo r traditiona l c ra fts .
E) It was wise of him to pull the car over B) By fosterin g mass production, the age
to the side o f th e road and wa it when of the mach ine almost en tirely d id
the fog came down. away with traditional crafts.
C) Tra ditiona l c ra fts are n o w a lmos t
102. So ru ş tu rma n ın s o nu n da , s o yg u nc u la ra entire ly don e b y mass p rodu ction ,
b ir b a n k a me mu ru ta ra fın d a n y a rd ım which h as be en e nco u rag ed b y the
edildiği ortaya çıktı. machine age.
D) Owing to the popula rity of mass
A) Towards the end of the investigation, productio n in the age o f the machine,
they foun d o ut th at an e mp loyee had
he lpe d the b an k rob be rs . traditional crafts have to tally
B) One o f the bank's own e mployees had disappe are d.
he lpe d the ro bbe r a t the e nd of th e E) As a resu lt o f mass p rodu ction in the
rob bery, as was re veale d by the mac hin e age , trad itiona l cra fts ha ve
investigation. almost entirely d ied ou t.
C) The inspecto rs eventually discovered
that the ro bbe rs we re on ly a ble to ro b 105. Yakınlarını uğurlamaya gelenler, tren
the bank with the he lp o f a me mber o f gözden kaybolana dek peronda durup el
the staff. salladılar.
D) Th e fac t tha t on e o f the ba nk's
emp lo yees h ad helped the robbe rs A) Th ose who h ad co me to see th e ir
was , in th e e n d , u nc o ve re d b y a n relatives off stood on the platform and
inspector. waved until the train was ou t of sight.
E) At the end o f the investigation , it B) The relatives of those who were going
tu rne d o u t tha t the ro bb e rs ha d be en a wa y h a d c o me to s ta n d o n th e
helped by an e mployee of the bank. platfo rm a nd wa ve u ntil the tra in
disappe are d.
103. Muhalefet partileri ortak bir amaç için C) Those who had rela tives to co me and
birlikte hareket etmeye ve en kısa see th e m o ff s too d o n the platfo rm
zamanda hükümeti düşürmeye karar with the m a nd wa ve d a t th e m as the
verdi.
train left.
A) In orde r to brin g the gove rn ment D) Those whose relatives had co me to see
do wn as ea rly as possible , a nd acting the m o ff waved a t the m, as th ey s too d
fo r a co mmon cause, the oppos itio n on the p la tfo rm, u n til the tra in wa s
parties ca me toge ther. out of sight.
B) The opposition pa rties decided to act E) Th ose who s to od o n the p la tfo rm
to ge th e r fo r a co mmo n cau se an d wa v in g un til the train d isa pp ea re d
bring the go ve rn men t d o wn a s s oo n had co me the re to see the ir rela tives
as possible. off.
ELS Q 669
684
106. Kendi işini kurarken o kadar çok C) There was a fierce fight between the
bürokratik sorunla karşılaştı ki th ree brothe rs , wh o n ormally get
neredeyse vazgeçiyordu. along well, over the distribution of
their fathe r's fortune.
A) The many bu reau cra tic p ro ble ms that
he came across while he was setting D) Th e fathe r was d is trib u ting his
up his ne w co mpany v irtua lly made fo rtune to th e th ree b rothe rs , wh o
him give up. don't get along we ll, when they sta rted
B) He gave up the idea of setting up his fighting.
own b usiness beca use o f the a wfu l E) As they we re distribu ting their fa ther's
burea uc ratic proble ms he fo rtune, a big figh t a rose be tween the
encountered. th re e b ro the rs , wh o h ad a lway s
C) He enco unte re d so many b urea ucratic seemed to get along very well.
prob le ms as h e was se tting u p h is
own b usiness that he nea rly ga ve up. 109. Çok sert bir taş olmasına rağmen granit,
D) He had expec ted to e ncoun te r s o me diğer kayalar gibi, zamanla aşınır ve
bu rea uc ra tic prob le ms wh en se ttin g
up h is o wn b usines s, b u t no t so man y parçalanır.
as to cause him to give up .
E) He was almost fed up enoug h with the A) Gra n ite is one o f th e ha rdes t ston es ;
bu re au c ra c y e nc o un te re d in th e nevertheless, like any o ther rock, over
setting-up of a new business to g ive time it will wear o ut and c ru mb le.
up. B) In spite of be ing a ve ry ha rd stone,
like o the r roc ks, g ran ite wea rs o ut
107. Konferansta ileri sürülen önerilerin and c ru mb les with time.
tümü, bölgenin sorunlarına kalıcı C) All rocks, even a very hard stone like
çözümler getirmekten çok uzaktı.
gran ite , wea r o u t an d cru mb le with
A} Not all of the solutions put forward at time.
the conference offered ways to bring a D) Being a ve ry ha rd stone, g ran ite takes
pe rma n en t en d to th e re g ion 's lon g e r to we a r o u t a n d c ru mb le , ju s t
problems. like o the r hard roc ks.
B) Th e p ro pos als pu t fo rwa rd a t the E) As time p asses , g ra n ite wea rs o u t an d
conference went some way to offering cru mbles lik e mos t o the r roc ks , eve n
pe rma ne nt s olu tion s to the reg ion's th ou gh it is a v ery ha rd ston e.
problems.
C) All the p roposals pu t fo rward a t the
conference offered a different way to 110. Çocuklarımızın çevre sorunlarına karşı
permanen tly solve the region's duyarlı olarak büyümelerini istiyorsak,
problems. önce kendimiz onlara iyi örnek olmalıyız.
D) All the p roposals pu t fo rward a t the
conference were a long way fro m A) Be fo re we can expec t ou r c hild ren to
bring ing pe rmane nt so lutions to the be as sen sitiv e to en viron men tal
region's problems. prob le ms as g ro wn -ups , we mus t be a
E) No ne o f th e p ro posals pu t fo rwa rd at good model for them.
the conference came close to bringing B) We o ugh t to be sensitive to
pe rma ne nt s olu tion s to the reg ion's
problems. en v iron me n ta l p ro b le ms s o tha t ou r
children will adop t the sa me attitu de.
108. Her zaman çok iyi anlasıyorlarmış gibi C) If we want our child ren to gro w u p to
görünen üç kardeş arasında, babalarının be sens itive to en viron mental
servetini bölüşürken büyük bir kavga problems, first of all, we ourselves
çıku. should se t a go od e xa mp le fo r the m.
D) Giv ing exa mples fro m ou r o wn
A) They we re d istribu ting the ir fa the r's exp erienc es is th e bes t wa y o f
fo rtune when the th ree b ro the rs, wh o cultivating in our children sensitivity
normally got on very well with each to e nv iron men ta l p ro ble ms .
other, began to fight.
B) Th e three b rothe rs , wh o ha d a lway s E) In orde r to brin g u p o ur ch ildre n to be
got on very well, started fighting over sensitive to en viro n men tal p rob le ms ,
the dis trib ution o f the ir father's ou r o wn a ttitu des s ho uld p ro v ide
fortune. the m with a mo del.
67 O G ELS
685
APPEND 1X1
ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS
absent from beneficial to

Taking regular exercise is beneficial to your
He has been absent from school for three days. health.
absorbed In bewildered at/about/by
He was so absorbed in reading his book that he Judy was bewildered by the complex
didn't notice me enter the room. mathematical problem.
accustomed to blessed with
I'm not accustomed to very cold climates. Katie is blessed with a family who are always
looking out for her best interests.
acquainted with boastful of
She is acquainted with our customs quite well. She is boastful of her son's achievements.
addicted to bored with
So many youths are addicted to drugs. I didn't finish reading the book, for I was bored
with the plot.
afraid of brilliant at
She is afraid of going out after dark. He is really brilliant at calculating.
allergic to
busy with
My son is allergic to penicillin. She can't come with us because she is busy
amazed at/by with her term paper.
We were all amazed at/by her unusual
behaviour.
angry at/about
capable of
We were angry at her ı behaviour. You are capable of doing better work than this.
selfish
angry with someone for something careful about
Be careful about your words even when you are
We were angry with him for his selfishness. annoyed.
annoyed at/about careful with
I was annoyed at not being invited to the party. You must be careful with money in these
economic conditions.
annoyed with someone for something careless about (not paying attention to}
They were annoyed with me for not inviting She is often careless about her clothes;
them to the parly. especially when she is depressed.
anxious about/for careless of (negligent, thoughtless)
We were anxious about his constantly high Some drivers are careless of the dangers of
temperature. driving fast.
The little boy was anxious for school to start.
appropriate for clever at
Do you think this book is appropriate for our She is quite clever at working out the most
goals? difficult problems.
committed to
ashamed of
I felt ashamed of my shabby clothes. He is committed to honest work.
You must be ashamed of yourself for treating
her so rudely. composed of
End of term parties are usually composed of
associated with students, teachers and parents.
Steven Spielberg is particularly associated with concerned about
special effects in film. People are concerned about the increasing air
astonished at/by pollution in Istanbul.
They were rather astonished at losing the game. confident of
aware of Ryan is confident of his safe driving skills.
Most people are still not aware of the extent of
environmental pollution. confused about something
Anna was confused about the grammatical
structure, so she asked the teacher to clarify it.
(get) sth/sb confused with sth/sb else
badat Since they were identical twins, the teacher
He is bad at repairing things. was always getting Jason confused with Jacob.
bad for connected with/to
A good mood is usually connected with good
Eating too much candy is bad for your teeth. health.
I think she is distantly connected with/to that
based on family.
Educational principles should be based on the
requirements of the times.
ELS Q 671
686
conscious of engaged to
A good many parents are not conscious of the She is still engaged to Jonathan, and they are
importance ofreading to their children. thinking of getting married soon.
content with enthusiastic about
The teacher seemed content with our exam Jenny is very enthusiastic about coming to the
results. concert with us.
convinced of envious of
I'm convinced of his innocence. I'm envious of people who can speak three or
more languages fluently.
coordinated with equipped with
When you are swimming, the movements of Big offices are usually equipped with a burglar
your legs should be coordinated with your arms. alarm.
covered with/in excellent at
When I looked out of the window, I noticed that
everything was covered with snow. My mother is excellent at knitting,
crowded with excited about
The children seem quite excited about going on
The city center is always crowded with people. holiday.
curious about exposed to
I'm curious about which party will win the If hands and face are exposed to extreme cold,
election. they may get frostbite.
D
dedicated to faithful to
She loves her job; in fact, she is dedicated to it. Dogs are known to be faithful to their owners.
deficient In familiar with
You should eat vegetables and fruit regularly so I'm not familiar with any of the books by that
that your diet is not deficient in vitamins. author.
delighted with/at familiar to
The child was delighted with his new toy. I'm
delighted at allyou've done! The man in the corner seems familiar to me.
dependent on/upon famous for
Because he nasn't got a proper job, he is still
dependent on his parents financially. Turkish people are famous for their hospitality.
derived from fed up with
Most words in English are derived from Latin. The teacher was fed up with the boy's
disrespectful behaviour, so she sent him to the
devoid of principal's office.
She seems to be devoid of the skills required for
this job. filled with
devoted to The room was filled with excited people.
She is devoted to her children. finished with
The waiter took my dessert dish away before I
different from/than was finished with the chocolate sauce.
Your likes and dislikes are quite different
from/than mine. fit for
disappointed with/at/by Due to his poor health, he is not fit for the race.
really disappointed with her exam fond of
She seemed really di results. I'm very fond of children.
discriminated against free of
People should not be discriminated against
because of the colour of their skin. Children under seven can travel free of charge.
divorced from free from
According to the statistics, the number of You will be free from pain soon after you've
women divorced from their husbands is taken two of these tablets.
increasing.
friendly to/with
done with
Linda was so angry at her boyfriend's She was quite friendly to me last night.
behaviour that she swore that she was done
with him. frightened of/at
dressed in I have always been frightened of heights.
She was dressed in a skirt, which was unusual full of
for her. Your composition is full of grammatical
mistakes.
E furious about
eager for She was furious about the news that she
He seems eager for a quick recovery, so he is hadn't been promoted.
doing whatever the doctor says. furious with someone for something
efficient in She was furious with the manager for not
The production manager is really efficient in his promoting her.
job. furnished with
The agents have been furnished with all the
necessary information.
67* Q ELS
687
kind to
She has always been kind to the people around
generous about/with her.
The host was a bit too generous with the raki, known for (famous for)
so we all became drunk.
Mr. Eames is known for his honesty.
good at
I'm not so good at playing cards. known as
Mr. Eames is known as an honest man.
good for
Taking regular walks is good for your heart.
grateful to someone for something
I'm grateful to you for your kind support. late for
You've been late for work twice this week.
guilty of was found guilty of the robbery.
limited to
The time given for the university entrance exam
H is limited to three and a half hours.
happy about lucky at
Tm very happy about your getting this job. He is usually lucky at cards.
happy with
1 purchased my dishwasher two years ago, and
I'm still happy with it. M
honest with mad at (angry with)
You should be honest with your clients. Don't be mad at me! I was just trying to help
you.
hopeful of/about mad about (very fond o/j
She is hopeful of passing the university
entrance exam this year. She is mad about pop music.
hopeless at made of
She is hopeless at cooking. She can't even cook
the simplest dishes properly. Tables and chairs are usually made of wood, [if
there is only physical change in the raw
hostile to material}
Since the scandal, the two families have been made from
hostile to each other. Paper is made from wood. (The raw material
changes chemically as well as physically.)
j
made out of
identical with/to It's difficult to believe that this lovely vase was
What a coincidence! Your dress is almost made out of a bottle, (if you alter an item, and
identical with mine. use it with a different purpose)
Ignorant of married to
She is ignorant of the proper thing to do in such She is married to an American.
circumstances.
Impressed with/by mindful of
We were greatly impressed with her diligence. You should be mindful of your responsibilities.
Inferior to mistaken about
I don't think your work is inferior to anybody You are mistaken about the extent of her
else's in the office. capabilities.
Indebted to
I'm indebted to my friends for the
encouragement they gave me for this job.
N
indifferent to nervous of/about
She seems quite indifferent to what is She is nervous about the job interview she will
happening around her. have this afternoon.
Innocent of notorious for
She was found innocent of the charge. She became notorious for her extravagance.
Interested In
I've always been interested in folk music. O
obliged to
Involved In I'm obliged to you for being beside me during
He has recently been involved in a bribery case. all that trouble.
opposed to
I'm opposed to giving so many responsibilities
to a small childT
jealous of
She has always been jealous of her brother's
success.
patient with
A teacher should be patient with his/her
K students.
keen on pleased about
She seems very pleased about being put in
He is very keen on football. charge.
ELS a 673
688
pleased with sorry for doing something
I'm pleased with the progress you've made. Tm sorry Tor hurting you with my rude remarks
yesterday.
polite to subject to
You should be polite to the customers. The southeast of Turkey is subject to extreme
weather conditions.
popular with
successful In
She is very popular with her students. He was successful in marketing the product to a
wide area.
prepared for
I'm buying these boots so that I'll be prepared suitable for
for the snow this winter. I don't think jeans will be suitable for such a
formal party.
proud of
She is rightly proud of her success. superior to
Do you think this job will be superior to your
provided with current one?
The young should be provided with jobs after sure of
graduation. If you are not sure of your facts, don't make
them public.
R sure about
I'm not sure about the time of the train.
ready for
Everybody seems ready for the journey. surprised at/by
I was really surprised at her treating us so
related to strangely.
Are you related to the headmaster; because suspicious of
your surnames are the same? The guard became suspicious of the youth
relevant to standing on the corner.
Your question isn't relevant to the subject we
are discussing. synchronized with
The ballet dancers were perfectly synchronized
remembered for with each other.
Audrey Hepburn is remembered for her classic
style and grace.
responsible for/to
I think air pollution in big cities is responsible terrible at
for the increase in respiratory diseases of late. She is terrible at cooking.
rich In terrified of
Vegetables and fruit are rich in vitamins. The little girl was terrified of the huge dog.
right about thankful to someone for something
I was right about her low chances of getting the I'm thankful to them for taking the time to help
job.
me.
thrilled with
The employees were thrilled with the promise of
sad about a high pay rise given by the boss.
She was sad about losing the chance of giving a
party, having failed the exam. tired of/from
I'm tired of your complaints.
satisfied with I was tired from spending the entire day at the
Are you satisfied with your present job? zoo with my son.
scared of troubled with
She was scared of the growling dog. He was deeply troubled with the situation in the
office.
shocked at/by typical of
He was such a good driver we were all shocked Do you like eating food typical of the region in
at the news that he'd had an accident. which you are travelling ?
short of U
I'm a bit short of money these days, so I can't
come with you to dine out. upset with/about
sick of She was upset about the trouble she had
caused.
I'm sick of this ceaseless rain. used to
similar to She is not used to staying at home alone.
This scheme is quite similar to the one I
prepared.
W
skilful at worried about
The Inuit people are known to be skilful at
using their harpoons. I'm worried about his being so withdrawn.
slow at wrong about
Many people were wrong about their
The new secretary is quite slow at typing. predictions for the results of the election.
sorry for someone wrong with
I feel sorry for Sue, because she hasn't been I think something is wrong with Sue. She is in
able to find a job yet. the next room crying.
. sorry ; my rude remarks yesterday.

sorry about something
674 Q ELS Tm sorry about rm
689
APPENDIX!
c VERB + D
deal with
L
lapse into
result from
retire from
revert to
PREPOSITION decide on/upon decide laugh at listen to live on run into
COMBINATIONS against/to depend (money /food) long for
on/upon
(Key: sb: somebody search for shout at/to
sth: something AmE: derive from look at/for
look over/through/into speak to/with
despair of die of specialize in submit to
American English)) look forward to
subscribe to substitute
differ from/aboul/in/with for succeed in suffer
differentiate between from supply to
distinguish between marvel at meet with sb someone supply with
abstain from adjust to dream of/ about (AmE) something
agree on/to/with drive into
apologize for something 0
apologize to someone E object to
apply to somewhere/sb
apply for something emerge from operate on oppose to
approve of talk with/to someone
escape
argue about/over sth
argue with someone excel infrom
/at P talk about something
tend to
participate in pay think of/about trade
arrive from/in/at ask F for/by perish with with sb trade in sth
about/of feel like fight for/against persist in pray for/to
B V
become of sb believe in fight over/with pray over someone vote for/against W
belong in/to benefit forget about Q
from boast of brag of wait for worry about
H quarrel with someone worry over something
C quarrel over/about sth write to someone
happen to/on
care about/for choose hear about/of/from R
between coincide with hide from yearn for
collide with comment on hope for recover from yield to
complain to someone
complain about sth/sb refer to
compliment on comply I rejoice in /at
with concentrate on inquire after/into/of rely
replyon/upon
to resign from
confess to sb/to sth insist on interfere with /in resolve on /upon
consist of contribute to respond to /with
count on/upon cover
with crash into
NOTES:
1. care about/care for
care about "önemsemek" anlamını verir.
She doesn't care about her lessons. She is more interested in having a good time.
care for iki anlama gelir. ..... •-".• . ;. •„..-,-, .
a) look after, take care of . :
We need someone to care for our son while we are at work.
b) like, would like
Would you care for something to drink? (Would you like ..... ?)
1 don't care for tea, except at oreakfast. U don't like....... )
2. fight for/fight against
Bir şeyi elde etmek için mücadele ediyorsak fight for, bir şeyden kurtulmak için mücadele ediyorsak fight
against kullanılır. Aynı kullanım struggle, vote, go on strike gibi yapılar için de geçerlidir.
The government should fight harder against inflation. The workers are going on strike for
higher wages.
3. hear from/about/of
hear from, telefon, mektup vb. yoluyla birinden "haber almak' anlamındadır. •.--.'•
I haven't heard from him since he left here.
hear about, bir olayı "duymak" anlamındadır.
Have you heard about the accident that happened on the highway late last night?
hear of, "bir şeyi duymak, öyle bir şeyin varlığından haberdar olmak" anlamında kullanılır. I badat heard
of a singer by that name until you mentioned him.
ELS Q 675
690
APPEND IX 3
VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

Bu gruptaki fiiller, kendilerinden sonra bir nesne (object) ile birlikte kullanılırlar.
They accused him of stealing the money. /She spent all her money on clothes.
(Key: sb: somebody sth: something)
A discourage sb from sth discuss
sth with sb distinguish sb/sth persuade sb of/to
accuse sb of sth adapt sth to sth from divide sth point sth at sb prevent
admire sb for sth advise sb about into/among/between sb from promote sb to
sth appoint sb as/to a post protect sb from/against
arrange sth for sb arrest sb for sth E
assign sb to a post ask sb for sth excuse sb for sth explain sth provide sb with sth
associate sb/sth with provide slh for sb
to sb punish sb for sth
betray a secret to sb blame sb for R
sth borrow sth from sb forgive sb for sth refer sb/sth to sb regard
sb as remind sb of/about
H rescue sb from rob sb of
caution sb against sth charge sb help sb with sth hide sth
with sth combine sth with sth sth from sb
compare sb/sth with/to I S
compensate sb for sth condemn identify sth with/as sth sentence sb to separate
sb/sth to/for congratulate sb on sth include sth in sth else sb/sth from spend sth on
convince sb of sth cut sth into cut inform sb of/about sth stop sb from suspect sb
sth off insure sb against slh of
invite sb to somewhere
D involve sb in sth take someone for someone else
dedicate sb/sth to deter sb from leave sth for sb
devote sb/sth to differentiate sb/sth K leave somewhere for somewhere else thank sb for sth throw sth
from let sb/sth into somewhere look at/to sb translate sth
keep
sth upsb from sth from/into
NOTES: M W
1. Provide, iki nesne alan bir fiildir. mistake sb/sth for sb/sth else warn sb about/of sth
Bu nesnelerin cümle içindeki
yerine göre with ya da for
kullanılır.
"Kimin için sağlandığını" belirtiyorsak provide something for someone, ne sağlandığını" belirtiyorsak
provide someone with something yapısı kullanılır.
They provided useful information for me. /They provided me with useful information.
2. remind about, "bir konuda hatırlatma yapmak' anlamını verir.
Don't forget to rewind me about the meeting.
remind of, "bir şeyi, birini çağrıştırmak' anlamında kullanılır.
Her voice reminded me of my closest friend in high school.
3. shout to, birine sesimizi duyurmak için "bağırmak" anlamındadır.
When I spotted Alice ahead, I shouted to her. shout at, birine öfkeyle "bağırmak"
anlamındadır.
Sorry for my shouting at you last night, but I couldn't stop myself.
4. throw something to someone, birine bir şeyi "tutması için atmak" anlamında; throw something at
someone, birine "vurmak' için bir şey atmak anlamında kullanılır.
He threw the ball to me, but I couldn't catch it. Don't throw stones at birds! It's cruel.
5. differentiate ve distinguish, from ve between ile kullanılır. Kullanılan preposiüon'a göre cümlenin sözcük
dizimi şöyledir:
As he is colour-blind, he finds it difficult to distinguish between green and blue. As he is
colour-blind, he finds it difficult to distinguish green from blue.
676 a ELS
691
.......
APPEND IX 4
COMMON PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
along with (yam sıra; ... ile birlikte) by all means (elbette)
He can speak Cantonese Chinese, along with
several other East Asian languages. - May I have a look at your newspaper, if you
are finished with it?
as for (...a gelince; ... konusunda ise) - By all means, go ahead. Here you are.
by and by (yakında; çok geçmeden)
My wife doesn't believe the new governor's
doing a good job, but as forme, I think he's Don't worry, your new business'll start making
turned out not so bad after all. a profit by and by.
as opposed to (...ya karşılık; ... ile kıyaslandığında) by and large (genel olarak)
Irish whiskey, as opposed to Scotch, is much By and large, the speech he gave was not too
smoother and less bitter-tasting. bad, although it got a bit monotonous from
time to time.
as regards (...e gelince; ... konusunda)
by any/no means (ne şekilde olursa olsun/asla, hiç
As regards your performance at the concert last bir surette)
night, I think your solos were a bit too long. The economy is by no means an entirely
at home In (somewhere) (bir konuda bilgili; (bir predictable thing: one day it can be up, while
the next day it can plummet down.
yerde) kendini rahat hisseden)
by means of (aracılığıyla; vasıtasıyla)
Henry feels quite at home in the fast-paced
world of big business. In 1947, Thor Heyerdahl crossed the Pacific
Ocean from Peru to Polynesia by means of a
at (one's) leisure (boş zamanlarında) primitive raft in order to demonstrate the
possibility of his theory that the Polynesians
I won't need the book until next semester, so may have originally come from South America.
you can take it and read it at your leisure. by/In virtue of (...den dolayı; nedeniyle)
at a loss (ne yapacağını bilmez, şaşırmış durumda) The murderer was found not guilty by virtue of
insanity.
He's completely at a loss about how to solve his
marital problems, so he's asking for any advice for (the) want of (yokluk; ....sizlik)
we might be able to give him.
For want o/just $200 more than they had, my
at any rate (her nasılsa; en azından) parents missed my wedding, not having enough
money for a plane ticket to Istanbul.
Housing prices'll pretty soon be going up
astronomically; at any rate, that's what the In compliance with (...uygun olarak; (emre) itaat
experts are predicting. ederek)
at large (serbest; başıboş) Lt. William H. Galley, who initiated the
massacre of hundreds of women and children
Having escaped from prison nearly two weeks at My Lai, Vietnam, in 1968, claimed that he
had simply been acting in compliance with
ago, the convicted rapist remains at large in the orders.
city.
In defiance of (karşı çıkarak; karşı gelerek)
at the mercy of (...ran insafına kalmış; ....nın elinde)
He joined the merchant marine in defiance of
After the city had surrendered to Genghis his parents' wishes.
Khan, it suddenly found itself at the mercy of
the Mongol horde. In light/view of (...run ışığı altında; ...yi göz önünde
tutarak)
at variance with (...tie çelişmek; ...ile ters düşmek)
hi light of your difficult financial circumstances,
One of the witnesses' stories is completely at we have decided to offer you a scholarship so
variance with the others'. that you may continue with your studies at
university.
ELS a 677
692
In/with regard/respect to (.... konusunda) on the spot (hemen; derhal)
In regard to the contract you have offered, I When his boss found out that Grant had been
have a few questions about some of the fringe stealing money from the company, he was fired
benefits. on the spot.
In respect of (...ile ilgili olarak) on no account (asla; katiyen)
In respect o/the introduction to your essay, I While your father and I are away for the
believe it should be written somewhat more weekend, you are on no account to throw any
concisely. parties at the house, do you understand?
In store for (someone) (...yi bekleyen; (yapılmayı) out of favour (with) (gözden düşmüş)
bekleyen)
The president, who was once so
As I'm moving to a new apartment next week, overwhelmingly popular, has recently fallen out
I've got a lot of packing in store for me this of favour with much of the population as a
weekend. result of the continuing war in Iraq.
In the teeth/face of (rağmen) over and above (...den başka; ...den ayn olarak)
In the teeth of fierce opposition from others in When moving to another country, there are
his own party, the minister declared that he difficulties over and above the language barrier,
would be raising the inheritance tax. such as the shock of a different culture or the
adjustment to a quite different diet.
In/out of keeping with (...ya uygun olarak/...ya
uymayan) over and over (again) (tekrar tekrar; defalarca)
He is a politician, so is it any surprise that his Because the song was so difficult and
actual policies are not at all in keeping with his complicated, we had to rehearse it over and
promises? over again before we were finally able to get it
right.
Irrespective of/regardless of (...a bakmaksızın;
...olursa olsun) with a view to (amacıyla)
İstiklal Caddesi, in İstanbul, is always crowded She has been reading lots of old Ottoman
with people regard/ess o/the time of day. literature lately, with a view to applying to the
Turkish Literature program at Bilkent
University next year.
of late (lately/recently: son zamanlarda)
Inflation's actually been going down of late, with respect to (...ile ilgili olarak)
which has really surprised me.
With respect to your loan request of the 25th of
off and on/on and off (kesintili; zaman zaman) March, we regret to inform you that your
application has been denied.
She's been doing translation work for our (...a bakmaksızın;
company off and on for the last ten years. without regard to (regardless of) ...olursa olsun)
off (one's) guard (hazırlıksız; tetikte olmayan) We should look into buying
a new printer, without regard to the cost, as this
I was caught completely off guard by his old one no longer fulfills the needs of our
sudden and unexpected insult. business.
on/In behalf of (...run adına; ...nın namına)

On behalf of my wife, who was unable to come
this evening, I would like to congratulate you
on the birth of your first child.
on the brink/point of (...yapmak üzere; ...nın

eşiğinde)
We were on the brink of cancelling our holiday
when we finally managed to sell our house, so
we were able to go to Jamaica after all.
678 o ELS
693
APPEND IX 5
MINI PHRASAL VERB DICTIONARY

(Note: The abbreviation (t.) is for transitive, (int.) for intransitive, sb for somebody, sth for something, BritE
for British English, AmE for American English, usu. for usually and esp. for especially.)
ACT BALANCE
act on or upon (t.) balance sth against sth: compare the advantages
a. act in accordance with; follow and disadvantages of sth We should balance
If you don't act on my advice, you may regret it. the pros of restricted Internet access against
b. have an effect on; affect the cons.
The sight of a suffering child on television always
acts on the emotions of the audience. act up (int.) BEAR
bear down (int.)
a. (for machines, electronic equipment, etc.) fail to a. press or weigh down
function properly; malfunction b. strive harder; intensify one's efforts
My engine's been acting up lately. There is no way we'll be able to finish unless
b. (for people, usually children) behave willfully everyone bears down, bear down on or upon (t.)
and (usually) badly a. press or weigh down on
He was forever acting up when he was a child. This backpack is really bearing down on my
c. (for illnesses, wounds, etc.) become painful or shoulder. What have you got in here?
troublesome, esp. after a period of b. strive harder toward
improvement We've really got to bear down on this project if
Maybe I should go to the dentist - my tooth's we want to finish it on time.
acting up again. c. approach something rapidly
The car was bearing down on me, so I jumped
ADD onto the sidewalk. bear on or upon (t.) affect,
add up (int.) relate to, or have
a. make the desired, expected, or correct total connection with; be relevant to
Detective, this woman says she's got
I think the waiter's made a mistake - the bill information that might bear on the case. bear
just doesn't add up right. out (I.) substantiate; confirm
b. seem reasonable or consistent; be in harmony The evidence bears out his claim that he was
or accord not present at the scene of the crime. bear up
His story doesn't add up; I think he must be lying. (int.) endure; face hardship bravely
add up to (t.), signify; indicate He's bearing up really well after the death of
If we look at all the evidence, it can only add up his mother. bear with (t.) be patient or
to one thing - murder. forbearing with
Just bear with me a moment while I try to find
ALLOW the information you're looking for.
allow for (t.) make concession or provision for;
consider or include something when making BEAT
beat about (t./int.)
plans a. search through; scour
When the architect was designing the new Although he'd beaten about for almost an hour,
bridge, he unfortunately neglected to allow for he hadn't managed to find anything.
the possibility of an earthquake. b. beat about/around the bush, avoid coming to
the point; delay in approaching a subject
ANSWER directly
answer back (Int.) reply impertinently or rudely Only Will you please stop beating around the bush and
naughty children answer back when scolded. just tell me what you want? beat down (t.)
answer for (I.) a. bring into subjection; subdue
a. be responsible for sth, or punished for sth When the revolution fell apart, the military and
I believe that the government should answer for the police began to beat down the rebels.
the things that it has done. b. (informal) persuade (a seller) to lower the price
b. have a lot to answer for, be the main cause of of sth
sth bad which has happened We weren't happy with the price he quoted, so we
tried beating him down a bit. beat up (t.) beat
What have you done to my car? You've got a lot thoroughly in a competition or fight; thrash That
to answer for, young man. poor kid always gets beaten up at school.
ELS Q 679
694
BLOW Breaking into politics is difficult; you really need to
blow over (inf.) know all the right people. c. suddenly start
a. pass away; end; subside doing sth
If the storm doesn't blow over soon, we'll have to The crowd broke into a cheer when the goal
cancel the picnic. was scored. break off (£.) stop suddenly;
b. be forgotten discontinue
I doubt that such a big scandal will ever blow over. He suddenly broke off his speech and began to
flirt with the woman sitting next to him.
blow up breakout
a. explode (inf.) a. begin abruptly; arise (inf.)
The airplane blew up. Influenza epidemics periodically break out in
b. cause to explode (f.) different places around the world.
The rebels blew up the bridge so that the b. (of a person) manifest a skin eruption
government troops wouldn't be able to follow Now that spring is here, I'm starling to break
them. out because of my allergies.
c. exaggerate; enlarge (f.) c. take out of (storagte, concealment, etc.) for
He's always blowing up his own role in every consumption (f.)
project that comes off well. When his boss visited him for dinner, Peter
d. inflate; to fill with air ((.) broke out his best silverware.
We blew up lots of balloons for Sarah's birthday d. break out of (1.) escape from; flee
party. The prisoner broke out of prison and fled the
country. break up,
BOIL a. separate; scatter (inf.)
boll down to (I.) be simpliflable or summarizable as; The expedition broke up and each individual
lead to the conclusion that; point to went in a different direction.
All of his problems really boll down to just one b. (of a personal relationship) end (inf.)
thing - he hasn't got any money. boll over My girlfriend and I broke up several months ago.
(inf.) be unable to repress anger,
excitement, etc. BRING
He really boiled over when he found out that he bring about (f.) accomplish; cause:
had been fired from his job. He had his doubts that the revolution had
brought about any real change in the daily lives
BREAK of the majority of people.
break away from ((.) sever connections or bring around or round (f.)
allegiance, as to tradition or a political group a. convince of a belief or opinion; persuade
We can probably bring him around to our way
Dadaists such as Marcel Duchamp broke away of thinking eventually.
Horn artistic tradition and used their works to b. restore to consciousness, as after a faint
question the value of art itself. c. bring as a visitor
break down He brought some friends around last night and
a. become ineffective; cease to function (inf.) they were very nice people. bring back (t.)
The car broke down in the middle of the road. make sb think about sth from the
b. lose control; weaken (inf.) past
When he'd heard of the death of his stepfather, Seeing you again after all these years really
he broke down and cried. brings back memories. bring down (t.)
c. itemize; specify one by one (f.) a. injure, capture, or kill
Could you please break this bill down for me? Several quail were brought down on our last
It seems far too expensive for what I actually ate. hunting trip.
d. break sth down into ((.) analyze b. lessen; reduce
We can break his entire argument down Into three I absolutely refuse to buy that car unless they
basic ideas. break In (f.) bring the price down.
a. train or instruct; initiate c. cause sb in a position of power to lose their job
The team's breaking in some new young The finance scandal nearly brought down the
players. entire government.
b. begin to wear or use in order to make bring forth (f.) give rise to; introduce
comfortable Anthony brought forth a brilliant proposal for
reducing costs at yesterday's meeting.
I've got to break in these shoes before they'll bring forward (f.) change the date or time of an
really be comfortable. event so that it happens earlier than planned
break In on or upon (t.) enter with force upon or I've brought the meeting forward from next
accidentally interrupt; intrude upon Opening Monday to this Friday.
the wrong door, Mr. Loman broke in on the bring In (f.)
private meeting where his removal from office a. yield, as profits or income
was being discussed. The job may not bring much in, but at least it's
break Into ((.) enjoyable.
a. interpose; interrupt b. officially present; submit
He broke into the argument just when it was After several hours of deliberation, the jury
starting to heat up. brought in its verdict.
b. be admitted into; enter, as a business or bring off (f.) accomplish, carry out, or achieve sth
profession Paddy Considine is an actor who can bring off
lots of different roles with ease.
680 Q ELS
695
BLOW Breaking into politics is difficult; you really need to
blow over (int.) know all the right people. c. suddenly start
a. pass away; end; subside doing sth
If the storm doesn't blow over soon, we'll have to The crowd broke into a cheer when the goal
cancel the picnic. was scored. break off (t.) stop suddenly;
discontinue
b. be forgotten He suddenly broke off his speech and began to
I doubt that such a big scandal will ever blow over. flirt with the woman sitting next to him. break
blow up out
a. explode (int.) a. begin abruptly; arise (inf.)
The airplane blew up. Influenza epidemics periodically break out in
b. cause to explode (I.) different places around the world.
The rebels blew up the bridge so that the b. (of a person) manifest a skin eruption
government troops wouldn't be able to follow Now that spring is here, I'm starting to break
them. out because of my allergies.
c. exaggerate; enlarge (f.) c. take out of (storage, concealment, etc.) for
He's always blowing up his own role in every consumption (f.)
project that comes off well. When his boss visited him for dinner, Peter
d. inflate; to fill with air (t.) broke out his best silverware.
We blew up lots of balloons for Sarah's birthday d. break out of (t.) escape from; flee
party. The prisoner broke out of prison and fled the
country. break up,
BOIL a. separate; scatter (int.)
boll down to (I.) be simplifiable or summarizable as; The expedition broke up and each individual
lead to the conclusion that; point to went in a different direction.
All of his problems really boil down to just one b. (of a personal relationship) end (inf.)
thing - he hasn't got any money. boll over My girlfriend and I broke up several months ago.
(int.) be unable to repress anger,
excitement, etc. BRING
bring about (f.) accomplish; cause:
He really boiled over when he found out that he He had his doubts that the revolution had
had been fired from his job. brought about any real change in the daily lives
of the majority of people.
BREAK bring around or round (t.)
break away from (t.) sever connections or a. convince of a belief or opinion; persuade
allegiance, as to tradition or a political group We can probably bring him around to our way
Dadaists such as Marcel Duchamp broke away of thinking eventually.
from artistic tradition and used their works to b. restore to consciousness, as after a faint
question the value of art itself. c. bring as a visitor
break down He brought some friends around last night and
a. become ineffective; cease to function (int.) they were very nice people. bring back (I.)
The car broke down in the middle of the road. make sb think about sth from the
b. lose control; weaken (inf.) past
When he'd heard of the death of his stepfather, Seeing you again after all these years really
he broke down and cried. brings back memories. bringdown (t.)
c. itemize; specify one by one (I.) a. injure, capture, or kill
Could you please break this bill down for me? Several quail were brought down on our last
It seems far too expensive for what I actually ate. hunting trip.
d. break sth down into (t.) analyze b. lessen; reduce
We can break his entire argument down into three I absolutely refuse to buy that car unless they
basic ideas. break In (f.) bring the price down.
c. cause sb in a position of power to lose their job
a. train or instruct; initiate The finance scandal nearly brought down the
The team's breaking in some new young entire government.
players. bring forth (I.) give rise to; introduce
b. begin to wear or use in order to make Anthony brought forth a brilliant proposal for
comfortable reducing costs at yesterday's meeting.
I've got to break in these shoes before they'll bring forward (f.) change the date or time of an
really be comfortable. event so that it happens earlier than planned
break In on or upon (I.) enter with force upon or I've brought the meeting .forward from next
accidentally interrupt; intrude upon Opening Monday to this Friday.
the wrong door, Mr. Loman broke in on the bring in (I.)
private meeting where his removal from office a. yield, as profits or income
was being discussed. The job may not bring much in, but at least it's
break Into (t.) enjoyable.
a, interpose; interrupt b. officially present: submit
He broke into the argument just when it was After several hours of deliberation, the jury
starting to heat up. brought in its verdict.
b. be admitted into; enter, as a business or bring off (f.) accomplish, carry out, or achieve sth
profession Paddy Considine is an actor who can bring off
lots of different roles with ease.
680 Q ELS
696
bring on ((.) bum oneself out: exhaust one's energy, ideas, etc.,
a. cause sth (usu. bad) lo happen or exist; bring through overwork or intemperance If you don't
about stop working so hard, you're going to bum
The quarrel in parliament eventually brought yourself out.
on an economic crisis. burnout
b. introduce; cause to appear (esp. on stage or a. cease functioning because slh has been
during a performance) exhausted or burned up, as fuel or a filament
Then they brought on the dancing bear, and the (int.)
kids loved it. bring out This light bulb has burned out; have we got any
a. expose; reveal (int.) others?
The newspapers brought out that the president b. deprive of a place lo live, work, elc., by reason
had done quite a few suspicious things during of fire (t./int.)
his university years. They were burned out of Iheir house and had lo
b. make noticeable or conspicuous in a contrast live wilh some dislanl relatives for a while.
U.) c. wear oul; exhausl; be worn oul; become
Your dress really brings out the colour of your exhausted (t/int.)
eyes. He's feeling quile burned out because of how hard
c. publish or release, as a book, play, album, etc. he's been working lalely. bum up (L/int.) burn
bring together (I.) cause people to be friendly with complelely or utlerly In less lhan a minule, all Ihe
papers had burned up.
each other
Whatever problems the disaster may have caused, BURST
at least it brought the community together as one. burst out laughing/crying: suddenly start
bring up (I.) laughing/crying
a. care for during childhood; raise a child The second I walked in, everybody burst out
His grandfather had been brought up in laughing. burst into laughter/tears: suddenly
Ireland in the early twentieth century. slart
b. introduce or mention for attention, discussion,
action, or consideration laughing/crying
Don't bring up the subject of religion when I couldn't help bul burst Into laughter when I
you're around him; it is a very sensitive topic saw him wearing thai funny hat.
for him. BUY
c. slop or cause to slop quickly
He brought the car up at the curb, jumped out, buy into (I.) purchase a share, interest, or
and ran inside the house. membership in (also buy one's way into)
He is Irving lo buy his way Into a very
BUILD exclusive club, bul I doubl lhal Ihey will accepl
him. buy off (1.) gel rid of (a claim, opposition,
build in or into ((.) build, incorporate or include as elc.) by
part of slh else paymenl; purchase Ihe noninterference of;
An allowance for travel and food expenses is bribe
built Into the company's budget. build on (I.) Those journalists don'l seem loo objeclive - I
use a success or achievement as a Ihink Ihey've been bought off. buy out ((.)
base from which to achieve more success: secure all of (an owner or partner's)
We certainly shouldn't slop here; we need to share or inleresl in an enterprise
build on this year's successes. buildup (L/int.) Afler buying out Ihe compelilion, the company
a. develop or increase had a virtual monopoly. buy up (t.) buy as
I'm not spending much money these days; I'm much as one can of slh or as
jusl letting the interest on my bank account much as is offered for sale
build up. As soon as Ihe public lands wenl up for sale,
b. slrenglhen Ihey were bought up by properly developers.
You should resl; you need lo build up your
strength. CALL
c. prepare in stages call away U.) cause lo leave or go (often suddenly);
You need to build up a body of evidence before summon
Irying Ihis case. My wife couldn't come Ihis evening as she was
d. fill in wilh houses; develop inlo an urban area suddenly called away on business. call back
American suburbs began lo build up rapidly (int.) go back or return to a place in order
afler the invention of the automobile. lo see sb or collect sth (esp. BrilE)
e. build up sb's hopes; praise or flatter I'll call back in a few hours lo pick up my
Don't build up your hopes too much; there's Ihings. call down (t.)
still a lot of work lo do before you're finished. a. requesl or pray for; invoke
The angry preacher called down Ihe wralh ol
BUMP God on his wayward parishioners.
bump into (t.) (informal} meel by chance b. reprimand; scold
My ex-boyfriend and I bumped into each olher We gol called down by Ihe boss for being late again.
the other day. call for (t.)
a. require; demand; need
BURN This business venlure is very risky and will call
bum down (L/int.) bum to the ground for you lo be very cool under pressure.
Afler having been struck by lightning, their b. go lo a place in order lo colled sb (esp.BritE\
house burnt down. The fire slarled by Ihe I'll call for you al aboul ten, so please Iry lo be
lightning burnt Iheir house down. ready.
ELS Q 68]
697
call forth (1.) summon into action; bring into c. (informal) behave in an agitated, foolish, or
existence indiscreet manner; misbehave or be disruptive;
She had to call forth all her courage to make the act up Stop carrying on and come to eat your
move to a new job in a new country. dinner!
call off(t.) carry out (t.)
a. distract; lake away a. put into operation; execute
Call off your dog, will you? 1 can hardly talk to We just don't have enough money to carry this
you with it barking away like that. out.
b. cancel sth that had been planned for a certain b. effect or accomplish, esp. sth that you have
date said you would do or that you have been told
The concert was called off because of all the snow. to do; complete
call on or upon (t.) At the military tribunal, most of the soldiers claimed
a. ask; appeal to to have been simply carrying out orders. carry over
The president is calling on all citizens to stand ((.)
together in this time of crisis. a. hold until a later time; postpone
b. visit for a short time; We'll have to carry the meeting over till
I called on a few friends and colleagues Tuesday on account of the manager's illness.
yesterday afternoon. call out on (t) catch or b. extend from one activity, sphere of activity or
discover sb in deceit or an time to another; You shouldn't carry work over
error; point out to sb minor errors, untruths, into your personal life.
etc. (esp.AmE) carry through (I.)
After class, 1 called the teacher out on a a. accomplish; complete
number of factual mistakes he had made b. support or help through a difficult situation
during the lecture. call up (t.) My wife's constant support really carried me
a. cause to remember; evoke through after the loss of my father.
Seeing his hometown again after so many years c. continue or be prevalent in; persist
called up lots of memories for him. The impossibility of two people ever truly
b. communicate or try to communicate with by understanding one another was a theme that
telephone (esp.Am.EI carried through all his writing.
I called him up a few days ago, but he wasn't
answering the phone.
c. summon for action or service CATCH
A large number of Army reservists are going to catch at (t.) grasp at eagerly; accept readily She
be called up now that war has been officially caught at the opportunity to get free tickets to
declared. the Kerem Görsev concert.
d. find and display information on a computer catch on (int.)
screen a. become popular
Please hold on for just one moment while I call Her new song's really starting to catch on.
up your account details. b. grasp mentally; understand
I tried letting him know how badly he was
CANCEL behaving, but he just didn't catch on. catch out
cancel out (t.) stop from having any effect; (t.) catch or discover sb in deceit or an
counterbalance or compensate for one another; error (esp.BritE)
become neutralized The street seller was trying to trick me, but 1
The pros and cons of this project cancel each caught him out. catch up (t.)
other out, so you should be the one to decide a. lift or snatch suddenly
whether or not we should carry it out. The leaves that had been caught up in the wind
were swirling around madly.
CARRY b. be/get caught up in: become involved or
carry away (t.) influence greatly or unreasonably, entangled with, often without wanting to
esp. emotionally; excite; transport The How on earth did he ever get caught up in
audience was carried away by the president's
cliched appeal to their patriotism. such a terrible situation?
carry off ((.) c. catch up on; do sth that you did not have time
a. win (a prize, honor, etc.) to do earlier
The team canted off the cup quite easily this I've been working overtime this week, so this
year. weekend I think I'll catch up on some sleep.
b. succeed in doing or achieving sth difficult d. catch up on; learn or discuss the most recent
King Lear is a notoriously difficult part to play, news
but the actor managed to carry it off brilliantly. Let's meet up at the pub later - I've really got to
c. cause the death of catch up on all the latest gossip.
More than ten percent of the people were carried e. catch up on; point out to sb minor errors,
off in the smallpox epidemic that year. carry on untruths, etc.
(int.) The careless journalist was caught up on a
a, continue without stopping number of factual details.
Despite the terrible weather, search-and-rescue f. catch up with; come up to or overtake sb or sth
operations are carrying on. that is in front of you by going faster than
b. continue to live, work, etc., despite a setback them; reach
or tragedy; persevere He started the race quite slowly but eventually
She carried on with her life despite the sudden he caught up with the other runners.
and tragic death of her husband.
FJLS
698
g. catch up with: reach the same level or quality h. (informal} go to a place in order to see what it
as sb or sth else is like; go to see (t.)
After her long illness, she had to do a lot of Let's go check out that new restaurant on
extra work to catch up with the rest of the Maxwell Street. check over (t.) examine or
class. investigate, esp.
thoroughly
CHANGE
change off (int.) take turns with another, as at CHEER
doing a task cheer up (t./int.) become or make happier after
I'm tired of washing the dishes and I can see feeling sad, depressed, etc. I was feeling pretty
that you're tired of vacuuming, so why don't we bad, but going dancing really helped cheer me
change off? change around/round (t.) move up.
objects such as
furniture into different positions CLEAN clean out (t.)
Your house looks quite different since you've a. empty in order to straighten or clean; take
changed all the furniture around. change Into everything out of a room, car, container, etc.,
(int.) and clean the inside of it
a. change one's clothes I've got to clean out my bedroom sometime this
She quickly changed into her jeans and left for weekend; it's absolutely filthy!
work. b. use up; exhaust
b. become transformed or converted c. (informal) drive out by force
It was amazing to watch the caterpillar change The demonstration was going really well, but
into a butterfly. then the police came and cleaned us all out
change over (int.) stop using or having one thing d. empty or rid of occupants, contents, etc.
and start using or having sth else (esp. BritE) A storm of customers cleaned out the store on the
My brother still refuses to change over from a very first day of the sale. clean up
typewriter to a computer. a. wash or tidy up (t.)
b. rid of undesirable persons or features (t.)
CHECK Certain political parties believe that the
check In (int.) register, as at a hotel, airport, etc.; country needs cleaning up.
indicate one's arrival or presence at a place, c. (informal) make a large profit (int.)
function, etc., usu. by signing an appropriate He really cleaned up on the stock market,
form didn't he?
We've got to check in at reception first, then we
can go out and look around. CLEAR
check off (t.) put â mark next to a name or an item clear away or off
on a list to show that it is correct, or that it a. remove in order to make room (t.)
has been dealt with (in AmE; BritE uses tick Let's clear these dirty dishes off the table
off, before your parents arrive.
As you go through this list of tasks for today, b. disappear; vanish (int.)
please check/tick them off one by one. After the smoke had finally cleared away, we
check on or up on (t.) investigate, scrutinize, or saw that the palace had completely burned
inspect down.
You remember that new employee? Well, don't c. clear off, (informal) leave; escape (int.)
forget to check on his work. We have to check
up on him and make sure he's getting on okay. (esp.BrilE)
check out When the tanks came, a lot of the protesters
a. vacate and pay for one's quarters at a hotel cleared off. clear out
(int.) a. remove the contents of (t.)
b. verify or become verified; examine or Clear out the drawers.
investigate (t.) b. remove; take away (t.)
The detective decided to check out the man's Clear out your socks from the drawers.
alibi as he had been acting somewhat c. go away, esp. quickly or abruptly (int.)
suspicious. d. drive or force out (I.)
c. fulfill requirements, as by passing a test (t.) The police cleared out the striking miners by force.
Everything checked out okay, so the plane was clear up
cleared for take-off. a. make clear; explain; solve (t.)
d. make sense or be comprehensible or verifiable I would like to clear up whatever doubts you
(int.) may have on this issue.
His alibi didn't really check out, so the police b. put in order; tidy up (t.) (esp. BriiE)
decided they ought to investigate further. You're not going out until you've cleared up
e. itemize, total the cost of, and collect payment your room.
for (a purchase) (t.) c. become better or brighter, as the weather, an
The cashier was dead on her feet after having illness, etc. (int.)
checked out groceries all day long. After so many weeks of heavy rain, it is finally
f. borrow (an item) by having it listed as one's beginning to clear up a little. Antibiotics ought
temporary responsibility ((.) to help clear up the infection.
I checked out the books in your name, not in
mine.
g. (informal] depart quickly or abruptly; leave in a
hurry (Int.)
ELS Q 683
699
CLOSE d. arrive or appear at a place
close down (t.) Rain just never comes along'when you need it,
a. terminate the operation of; discontinue does it?
The government was forced to dose down e. exist; start to exist; appear
several schools because of budget cuts. I gave up smoking the very day that my first child
b. attempt to control or eliminate came along. come around or round
The mayor is really trying hard to dose down music a. recover consciousness; revive (int.)
and video piracy in this city. close In on or upon (I.) b. visit (int.)
a. approach so as to capture, attack, arrest, etc. You really ought to come around more often.
The police dosed in on the murder suspect. c. cease being angry, hurt, etc. (int.)
After their argument, he was sulking for quite a
b. surround or envelop so as to entrap while, but in the end he came round.
Claustrophobics feel that the walls of small d. (for a regularly occurring event or occasion)
spaces are dosing In on them. happen; be about to happen
close off (t.) put slh across the entrance to a place in The Christmas season has come around again,
order to slop people entering it Within minutes, and all the shops are full of people.
the police had closed off the scene of the crime. e. come around/round to (t.) change one's opinion,
close out U.) decision, etc., esp. to agree with another's
a. reduce the price of (merchandise) for quick sale If we keep pressuring him, he's bound to eventually
They're dosing out their stock of Blue Note jazz come round to our way of thinking. come back
albums. a. come back to ((.) return, esp. to one's memory
b. liquidate or dispose of finally and completely It's all starting to come back to me now that I
The company dosed out its interests after start thinking about it.
almost fifty years in the city. b. come back with (t.), talk back; retort
close up Be careful how you to talk to him; he's forever
a. come together in close array; converge coming back with sarcastic remarks. come
Closing up on the rioters from all sides, the between (t.) cause to be estranged or
army prepared to strike. antagonized
b. bring to an end; cease If only financial problems hadn't come between
The company is dosing up its domestic us, we would still be together now. come by (t.)
operations and transferring all its production to obtain; acquire, esp. for slh thai is
Mexico. unusual or difficull lo find
How did he ever come by such a nice suede
jacket? come down (int.)
COME a. become lower; fall; drop, esp. for prices
come about (int.) come to pass; happen Prices always come down right after the
How did it come about that you and he were in Christmas season.
the same building at the same time? b. lose wealth, rank, etc.; be reduced in
come across circumslances or slalus
a. (also come on/upon) find or encounter, esp. by After the scandal had erupted, the CEO really
chance (I.) came down in the social scale.
I came across this letter when I was cleaning c. be handed down by tradilion or inherilance
out the attic. This pocket-watch has come down lo me from
The hunter suddenly came upon a bear while my grandfather, and it's still in remarkably
walking through the forest. good condilion.
b. (informal) make good one's promise, as to pay a d. be relayed or passed along from a source of
debt, do what is expected, etc. (t.) higher rank or aulhorily
It took a lot of pressure, but eventually he came The general's orders will be coming down tomorrow,
across with the money he owed me. I expecl. come down on or upon ((.)
c. be understandable, convincing, or clear (int.) a. voice one's opposilion lo
His misanthropic stance comes across quite The presidenl came down hard on lax culs.
clearly in his novels, but much less so in his b. reprimand; scold
poetry. The boss really came down on me for arriving
d. (informal) make a particular impression; late to work.
comport oneself (int.) c. come down on the side of: decide thai you
My new boss comes across as a very warm and support a particular person or side in an
friendly person. come again, (used as a request argument, elc.
to repeat a Not surprisingly, the president eventually came
statement) down on the side of increased mililary spending.
"I don't think I really want to marry you." - comedown to (t.)
a. be simplifiable or summarizable as
"Come again?" come along (int.) His whole life comes down to gambling and
a. accompany sb; attend as part of a group drinking.
She prefers to stay in the city, so she didn't b. be or prove to be mostly or mainly influenced
come along on the camping trip. by one particular Ihing
b. (also come on) proceed, develop, or advance The crime problem in large cilies ullimately
sufficiently or successfully comes down to this: loo many people are forced
His musical studies are coming along quite lo live in poverty and can see no olher way of
nicely. providing for Ihemselves.
c. appear; emerge as a factor or possibility
I won't take a new job even if one comes along
- I want to just relax for a while.
684 Q ELS
700
come down with (t.) become afflicted with an illness come out with (I.)
I think I'm cowing down with a cold. a. (informal) speak, esp. to confess or reveal sth
come forward (int.) offer one's services; present They asked him where he had been last night
oneself; volunteer and what he had been doing, and all he came
When the president called for volunteers to out with was a bunch of lies.
fight in his very unpopular war, very few people b. (informal) say sth suddenly that is not expected
actually came forward. They asked their son what he'd been doing the
come In (informal) (used to describe how sb is night before, and he came straight out with the
involved in a situation, story, or plan) We need truth: he had gone to a bar with friends and
someone to distract the security guard, and got absolutely drunk.
that's where you come in. c. make available to the public; bring out
come In for (t.) receive; get; be subjected to The publisher is coming out with a revised
The prime minister's proposed tax cuts came in edition of the novel, whose first printing had
for a great deal of criticism from certain circles. contained many errors.
come Into (t.) acquire; get, esp. by inheritance come over
After coining into a large fortune at the age of a. happen to; affect, esp. in a negative way ((.)
21, he blew it all on women and wine. Why's he acting so strangely? What's come over
come Into it (informal, esp.BritE), influence a him?
situation b. change sides or positions; change one's mind
Love doesn't come into it; her marriage to that (int.)
old man is strictly a financial affair. At first, he was against the plan, but now he's
come of/out of (t.) happen as a result of sth come over.
Nothing at all came (out) of my business trip c. visit informally (int.)
this time. A few friends came over last night and we had a nice
come off (int.) (informal) long talk. come through (int.)
a. happen; occur a. endure or finish successfully
b. be given or completed; occur; result I worked very hard for a long time, and in the
Her presentation came off very well. end, I managed to come through.
c. succeed; be successful b. (informal} do as expected or hoped; perform;
The end of the novel just didn't come off as well succeed
as I'd hoped it would. We never really doubted that he'd come
d. come off with (t.) reach the end; acquit oneself through for us in the end.
He came off with very high marks. c. (for emotions, feelings, etc.) be noticeable, esp.
come off It (informal) stop being wrong, foolish, or when sb is trying to conceal an emotion or
pretentious; be truthful or honest feeling
Oh, why don't you come off it? We know you're However dispassionate he was trying to be, his anger
as unhappy as the rest of us. come on (int.) still came through when he spoke. come to
a. begin; appear a. recover consciousness (int.)
Hurry up! The show's coining on in a couple b. amount to; total (t.)
minutes! The bill comes to twenty-one million liras. come
b. (informal, used mainly in the imperative) hurry; under (t.)
begin a. fit into a category or classification
Come on, it's starting to rain! This novel comes under the heading of satirical
c. (informal) as an entreaty or attempt at social criticism.
persuasion) please b. be the province or responsibility of
Come on, join us for the movie. This issue comes under the Ministry of Foreign
d. (informal} (used to tell someone that you do not Affairs. come up (int.)
agree with them, do not believe them, etc.) a. be referred to; arise
Come on! You tried the same excuse last week Whenever he's involved in any conversation,
and we didn't believe it even then! politics is bound to come up.
e. (informal} try to make an impression or have b. be presented for action or discussion
an effect; present oneself Next Monday, the new tax bill will be coming
My new boss comes on a bit too authoritarian for up for consideration. come up against (I.) have
my taste. come out (int.) to deal with problems or
a. be published; appear difficulties
His new album is due to come out next month. After being released from prison, he came up
b. become known; be revealed against a lot of prejudice at work and in his
It eventually came out that the politician had neighborhood. come up to (t.)
held back certain important information from a. approach; near
the public. A beggar came up to us in the street and asked
c. make a debut in society, the theater, etc for some money.
d. end; terminate; emerge
The match came out badly, as both teams lost b. compare with as to quantity, excellence, etc.;
several players to injuries. come out against (t.) match; equal
publicly voice one's opposition I'm sorry to have to tell you this, but this particular
to essay hardly comes up to your usual standard of
The candidate came out strongly against the excellence. come up with (t.) produce; supply
ban on homosexual marriage. come out for (t.) Can anybody come up with a good solution for
publicly endorse or support this problem?
The normally liberal journalist quite
surprisingly came out for the reelection of the
staunchly conservative mayor.
ELS Q 685
701
COUNT cry out (int.) shout or make a loud noise because
count against (I.) make sb or sth more likely to fail you are frightened, hurt, etc.
Even though she's got all the necessary She cried out in horror when she saw what had
qualifications, her lack of experience will happened to her cat. cry up (t.) praise; extol
almost definitely count against her. (esp.BritE}
count down (int.) count backward, usually by ones, I think Michael cries up his children a bit too
from a given integer to zero. often and too much.
count in (t.) include
You're going out to the pub tonight? Well, you CUT
can count me in\ cut across (I.)
count on or upon (t.) a. precede or go beyond considerations of;
a. depend or rely on transcend
He can always be counted on to help out his The anti-war campaign cuts across narrow
friends. boundaries such as political party and religion.
b. expect sth to happen and make plans based on b. (also cut through) go from one side of an area
it to the other instead of going round it
I didn't buy very much food because I didn't We should cut across this field if we want to
count on so many people coming tonight. count save time.
out (t.) exclude By cutting through the park, I managed to get to
You're going to that party tonight, aren't you? work on time this morning. cut back (t.)
Well, you can count me out - I'm too tired to go a. shorten by cutting off the end
out tonight. count towards (t.) be part of what b. curtail or discontinue
is needed to Last quarter, wool production was severely cut
complete or achieve sth back.
Your homework will not count towards your c. cut back on, reduce the amount of money being
final grade, but 1 still suggest that you do it spent on sth
regularly, as it will help you understand the In order to be able to have the money necessary for
lesson better. hosting the Olympic Games this summer, the
government has had to cut back on many basic
COVER expenses. cut down (t.)
cover up (t.) a. (also cut down on) lessen; decrease
a. cover completely; enfold My doctor warned me that I should cut down
A favorite method of covering up a wall-safe is on my consumption of saturated fat.
to hang a picture before it. b. destroy, kill or disable
b. keep secret; conceal The barbarians cut down everything in their
The minister's staff tried very hard to cover up path.
his role in the savings and loan scandal. c. remodel, remake, or reduce in size, as a
garment
CROSS I need to get this dress cut down if I want to be able
cross over (from sth to sth else) to wear it. cut In (int.)
a. switch allegiance, as from one political party to a. move or thrust oneself, a vehicle, etc., abruptly
another between others
I'll never understand exactly why he crossed That car cut in in front of me.
over to the Conservative Party. b. (informal] to interrupt a dancing couple in
b. change successfully from one field of endeavor, order to dance with one of them
genre, etc., to another c. (also cut into) (t.) interpose; interrupt
In the mid-1960s, Bob Dylan successfully He's always cutting into other people's
crossed over from folk music to rock. cross off conversations with some snide remark or other.
(I.) remove a word or phrase from a list by cut it out, (informal) stop doing sth
drawing a line through it That's not a nice thing to say! Cut it out! cut off
Michelle has called to say that she can't come, (t.)
so be sure to cross her name off the guest list, a. intercept
will you? cross out ((.) draw a line through sth The army besieged the cave where the bandits
that you have had taken refuge and thus cut off their support
written, usually because it is wrong Cross out from outside.
this word; you've misspelled it. cross up b. interrupt
a. change arrangements made with; deceive (t.) He cut me off in the middle of my story to
We'd agreed not to tell my parents the truth, announce that he would be getting married.
but then he crossed me up. c. stop suddenly; discontinue
b. confuse (int.) (esp.BritE) The water supply was suddenly cut off as a
I got all crossed up on the way to the post result of the Water Bureau's incompetenl
office and didn't know where I was. management.
d. disinherit
CRY Despite living a life of great debauchery, the
cry down (t.) disparage; belittle (esp.BritE) young artist was never cut off by his wealthy
He's always crying down people less strong parents.
than he is.
cry off (int.) break a promise, agreement, etc. e. sever; separate
(esp.BritE) The severity of his wounds meant that the
We'd already .signed the new lease, but at the soldier's leg had to be cut off.
last second, the owner cried off and we were
left without a place to live.
686 Q ELS
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cut out (t.) b. informal, attack, work, or apply oneself
a. omit; delete; excise voraciously, vigorously, or energetically I dug
You should cut out this paragraph about the into writing the essay and had managed to
discovery of penicillin, as it is not really related finish it by morning.
to the main topic of your essay. dig out (I.)
b. not let sb share sth or be included in sth a. find by searching
I kept trying to say something, and they just In order to write a good article, I had to dig a lot
kept cutting me out. of details out of different magazines and
c. not to be cut out to be sth/not to be cut out for newspapers.
sth, not have the right qualities for a particular b. find and look at or use sth that you have not
task, endeavor, career, etc. seen or used for a long time
I finally had to admit to myself that I just wasn't Whenever my aunts and uncles come over, Mum
cut out to be a great musician. digs out my old baby photographs and shows them
around. dig up U.),
DEAL a. take something out of the ground by digging
deal In (t.) buy and sell particular goods as a The pirate greedily dug up the treasure chest.
business b. break the ground or make a hole in the ground
My grandmother ran a shop which dealt tn rare with a tool, machine, etc.
books. deal with (I.) They've dug up my street several times so far
a. take action in order to achieve sth or solve a this year.
problem c. discover in the course of digging
If the government doesn't start to deal with the While they were repairing the sewage system,
energy crisis soon, there will be loads of the workers accidentally dug up a chest
problems in the future. containing several thousand-year-old
b. be about a particular subject manuscripts.
The documentary dealt with the international d. (informal) (also dig up dirt on sb) locate; find,
spread of AIDS and its consequences. esp. in order to discover information that is
c. do business with a person or organization; secret or forgotten by searching very carefully
meet or talk to sb, esp. as part of your job "See if you can dig up any dirt on my
In my job, I often have to deal with dissatisfied opponent." - "Alright, I'll let you know as soon
customers. as I've dug something up."
DIE DO
die away (int.) (of a sound) become weaker or do away with (t.)
fainter and then cease a. put an end to; abolish
The sound of gunfire gradually died away as The candidate claimed he would be doing away
the battle came to a close. die down (int.) with wasteful spending of the taxpayers'
become calm or quiet; subside money.
After the riot, it took many hours for people's b. kill
anger to die down. die off (int.) die one after do by (t.) deal with; treat
another until the number I've always tried to do well by my friends and
is greatly reduced family, although it hasn't always been easy.
As she grew older, her friends began to die off do for, (usu. passive) cause the defeat, ruin, or
one by one. die out (int.) death of
a. cease to exist; become extinct "We're done for," whispered the general when
If we take no steps against deforestation, he saw the size of the army closing in on him
thousands of animal and plant species, some of and his soldiers.
them unknown to man, will die out. do In (t.) (informal)
b. die away; fade; subside a. kill, esp. to murder
The sound of the blades died out as the The gang leader had his rivals done in one by
helicopter flew off. one.
to die for, (informal) stunning; remarkable That skirt b. injure gravely or exhaust; wear out; ruin
is just to die fort My job is really doing me in, so I'm thinking
about quitting.
DIG c. cheat or swindle
dig In (int.) I think that car salesman did me in when he
a. dig trenches, as in order to defend a position in sold me this piece of junk. do out of (t.)
battle (informal) swindle; cheat
The soldiers dug in and waited for the enemy to That guy over there did me out of several
close in. hundred dollars a few years ago. do over (I.)
b. maintain one's opinion or position a. redecorate
I tried to argue calmly and logically with her,
but she had dug in and wasn't even listening to b. redo; do sth again because you did not do it
what I was saying. well the first time (esp.AmE)
c. (informal) start eating The teacher said I'm going to have to do my
Go ahead, dig in, there's plenty of food for assignment over because it was too messy for her
everyone. dig Into (t.) a. press or push hard to even read. do up (t.) (informal)
into sb or sth, or press sth a. wrap and tie up
hard into sb or sth b. pin up or arrange (the hair)
The cat dug its claws deep into my leg. Let me just do up my hair and then I'll be
My backpack was digging into my shoulder. ready to go.
ELS Q 687
703
c. renovate; launder; clean b. clothe oneself in; put on, esp. in a slow manner
d. wear out; tire (t.)
e. fasten (esp.BritE): She drew on her gown and walked elegantly
Don't forget to do up your coat; it's quite chilly towards the balcony.
outside. c. utilize or make use of, esp. as a source (t.)
f. dress, esp. in a fancy or funny way Many bebop tunes drew heavily on songs from
On Halloween, many children get all done up in old musicals.
funny costumes. do with (L), draw oneself up, assume an erect posture draw out
a. gain advantage or benefit from; make use of (t.)
You could definitely do with a vacation. a. pull out; remove
b. (informal, used to ask where sb put sth) b. prolong; lengthen
What did you do with my files? I can't seem to You can't draw this boring conversation out
find them anywhere. much further.
c. have to do with, be about or connected with sb c. persuade to speak
or sth She's not really quite as dull as she may seem,
I never watch those silly talk shows on television; if you make the effort to draw her out.
what do all those people's problems have to do with d. take or withdraw (money) from a place of
me? do without deposit
a. forgo; dispense with (I) He drew his money out of the bank and blew it all
He just can't do without a glass or two of beer on the horse races. draw up
after work. a. devise or formulate; draft, esp. in legal form or
b. dispense with the thing mentioned as a formal proposal
The store didn't have any milk left, so we'll have He drew up his will only a week before he passed
to do without. away.
b. put into position; arrange in order or formation
DOUBLE The captain drew up his men and ordered
double back (int.) turn and go back in the direction them to charge.
from which you have come c. bring or come to a stop; halt
Alter realizing that I'd taken the wrong turn, I The van drew up at the curb and about a dozen
had to double back. double up (int.) clowns jumped out onto the street.
a. share quarters planned for only one person or
family DREAM
Because there aren't enough rooms for all of us, dream up (t.) form a creative idea or plan in the
we'll have to double up. imagination; devise
b. suddenly bend your body forward, usu. He's always dreaming up the most outlandish
because of pain or laughter schemes for making money.
The amateur boxer doubled up in agony when the
champion punched him in the stomach. We all DRESS
doubled up with laughter when he walked in dress down,
without any clothes on. double (up) as (t.) have the a. reprimand; scold (t) (esp.BritE)
purpose of sth in addition to its original purpose A We got dressed down pretty badly for smoking
futon is essentially a bed that doubles (up) as a sofa. in church.
b. dress informally or less formally (int.)
DRAW We always dress down when we go out on Saturday
draw ahead of ((.) gradually pass sth. moving in the nights. dress up
same direction a. put on one's best or fanciest clothing; dress
The first-time auto racer slowly drew ahead of relatively formally (int.)
the reigning champion. draw away (t.) He always used to dress up for his own birthday
a. move or begin to move away parties.
He slowly drew his hand away from the fire. b. dress up in/as (t.) dress in costume or in
b. move farther ahead another person's clothes:
The Formula One driver Michael Schumacher "My sister's going to dress up in Victorian
quickly drew away from the competition. clothing for the costume party."
drawback (int.) move away from sb or sth, usu. "I think I'll dress up as Che Guevara."
because you are surprised or frightened She c. embellish or disguise, esp. in order to make
drew back in disgust when she saw the more appealing or acceptable (t.)
cockroach crawling over the kitchen counter. If you don't dress up the facts a bit, no one will
draw Into (t.) cause to take part or enter, esp. be interested in your story.
unwittingly
They somehow managed to draw him Into the DRIVE
discussion on human rights, although he had drive at (t.) attempt or intend to convey; allude to;
wanted to remain quiet. suggest
draw off (int.) move back or away I don't know exactly what it is you're driving at,
draw on but I don't think I like it. drive back (t.) (also
a. come nearer; approach (int.) drive o3\ push back; force back;
Winter is drawing on, you can feel it in the air. repel; repulse
The rebels were quickly driven back/off by the
superior numbers of the governmental forces.
drive off, leave in a car, usu. suddenly (int.)
He jumped in his Ferrari and drove off without
even saying "goodbye."
688 Q ELS
704
DROP FACE
drop behind (t.) fall short of the required pace or face down (t.) confront boldly or intimidate (an
progress: opponent, critic, etc.)
As a result of her long absence, she had The musician faced down his critics by
dropped far behind the rest of the class and claiming that they were all failed musicians
was forced to study much more in order to themselves. face up to (t.) acknowledge; admit;
keep up. drop by/In (at) (I.) visit sb for a short meet
time, usu. courageously; confront; accept that a difficult
without arranging it before situation exists
I might drop by Steve's house later and see You should face up to the facts - she doesn't
how he's been doing. drop off love vnu anymore.
a. (informal) fall asleep (int.)
I was so tired last night that I just dropped off FALL
in front of the TV. fall (all) over oneself: show unusual or excessive
b. decrease; decline (int.) enthusiasm or eagerness, esp. in the hope of
The number of students entering university being favored or rewarded
dropped off significantly last year. The young artist fell all over himself to praise
c. take sb or sth to a place, usu. by car as you his mentor's newest painting. fall apart (int.)
travel somewhere else ((.) a. break into pieces
Don't waste money on a taxi; I'm going in that My old shoes have started to fall apart.
direction myself, so I can drop you off. drop out of b. start having problems that you cannot deal
((.) with
a. withdraw from being a member or participant After she'd discovered that he'd cheated on her, she
I dropped out of the chess club because, to be fell apart. fall away (int.)
honest, it was starting to get boring. a. withdraw support or allegiance
b. stop attending school or college: As soon as it became clear that the candidate
My sister dropped out of high school at 16 and was xenophobic, many of his supporters
started working full-time. quickly fell away.
b. become lean or thin; diminish; decline
DRY According to Edward Gibbon, the power of the
dry up (int.) cease to exist; evaporate, esp. for Roman Empire began to fall away with the
supplies of sth adoption of Christianity as the state religion by
After all his money dried up, he was forced to Constantine the Great.
^sk for a loan from the bank. fall back (int.) give way; recede; retreat
After many hours of fighting, the weakened
EAT soldiers were forced to fall back.
eat away at (t.) fall back on or upon (t.)
a. (also eat Into) destroy gradually, as by erosion . a. (also, fall back to) retreat to
Centuries of rain and wind, not to mention air The exhausted soldiers fell back on the the
pollution, is eating away at many historical town and dug themselves in. •
buildings and statues. b. have recourse to; rely on
b. (for people's feelings, emotions, etc.) make sb Having no savings to fall back on when his first
feel more and more unhappy, worried, etc. child came along, he had to get a second part-time
job in order to make ends meet. fall behind
The memory of what 1 said to her is really a. lag, in pace or progress (t./int.)
eating away at me. If we don't slop arguing over the details of the
eat Into (I.) project, we're going to fall behind the others.
a. same as eat away at (a) b. fall behind in (I.) fail to pay (a debt, obligation,
b. use or take away a large part of sth valuable, etc.) at the appointed time
such as money or time Al Capone fell behind in his tax payments, and it
The wedding preparations are eating into our was for that reason that he was finally arrested. fall
savings. eat up (t.) for ((.) (informal)
a. show enthusiasm for; take pleasure in a. be deceived by
The audience just ate up the comedian's every I can't believe that you fell for such an old trick!
joke. b. fall in love with sb
b. believe without question He says that he's fallen for her. fall In with (t.)
My parents were eating up everything I said; become acquainted with and spend
they didn't even stop to think it might all be time with, esp. by chance
lies. I feu in with a strange young Australian couple
while I was visiting Sicily. fall off (int.) decrease
ENTER in number, amount, or
enter Into (t.) intensity; diminish
a. investigate; consider Profits fell off sharply last quarter due to the
The president said that he would enter into the economic crisis. ... . . . . . . . . ......
question of what should be done with the fall on or upon ((.) a. assault; attack
refugees at a later date. The cavalry suddenly fell on us from the rear.
b. form a constituent part or ingredient of
Another factor entering into our consideration
of this issue is whether or not state employees
should have their salary raised.
ELS a 689
705
b. be the obligation of FILL
The burden of choosing who is to be sacked fill in (i.)
has unfortunately fallen on me. C. a, fill In for sb; substitute for
experience; encounter James couldn't come today, so I'll be tilling In
As a result of Tom's gambling problems, his for him.
family fell on hard times. b. fill sb In on sth, (informal] supply sb with
d. chance upon; come upon information
Archimedes fell upon the idea of the principle of Could you please flfl me in on what was said at
displacement while stepping into the bath one the meeting?
day. fill out (int.) become larger, fuller, or rounder, as the
e. happen on a particular day or date figure
Easter fell on 11 April this year. She's filled out quite a bit since she got married.
fall out (int.)
a. happen; occur FIND
It fell out that I wasn't actually broke: I'd had find out (t.)
money in my pocket the whole time. a. discover or confirm the truth about sth; learn a
b. leave one's place in the ranks, as a soldier fact for the first time
After they had completed their drills, the cadets Have you found out what the problem with your
were ordered to fall out. computer screen is yet?
c. fall out over (I.) quarrel about; disagree about b. detect or expose, as a crime or offense
They fell out over whether James Joyce or W.B. The police have yet to find out who killed the
Yeats had been more important for Irish man.
c. uncover the true nature, identity, or intentions
literature. ofsb
fall over backward(s) (int.) exhibit great eagerness, The spy was found out before he could
esp. in pursuit of one's own advantage assassinate the president.
The new employee fell over backwards in
praising the manager's proposal. fall through FIRE
(int.) come to nothing; fail of realization fire away (int.) (informal) begin to talk and continue
Unfortunately, they did not agree to our offer, without slackening, esp. to ask a series of
so the deal has fallen through. fall to (l.) apply questions
oneself; begin "I've got a few questions to ask you." - "Fire
Alright, everyone, that's enough chit-chat, let's away." fire off (t.)
fall to work. fall under (t.) a. discharge (as weapons, ammunition, etc.)
a. be the concern or responsibility of The police Bred off tear gas at the picketers.
The police can't do anything to you; what b. write and send hurriedly
you've done doesn't fall under their jurisdiction. He fired off an angry letter of resignation to his boss
b. be classified as; be included within and stormed out of the the office. fire up (t.) make
His new book falls under the heading of sb excited or angry
dystopic novels. He always gets so fired up when we start talking
about politics.
FEED
feed on (t.) obtain sustenance from FTT
The koala feeds only on eucalyptus leaves; it fit In
doesn't even drink water! a. find the time to see sb or do sth (t.)
The doctor won't be able to fit you in till next
FEEL Wednesday.
feel for (t.) feel sympathy for or compassion toward; b. fit In with (t.) (for people) feel that you belong to
empathize with a particular group and are accepted by them
He's been having a lot of problems lately; I Transvestites are too often made to feel that
really feel for him. feel like (t.) (informal) have a they cannot fit in with the rest of society.
desire for; be c. fit In with (t.) (for activities or events) exist or
favourably disposed to; want (to) happen together in a way that is convenient
I just don't feel like going to a movie tonight. We're going to Şile this weekend if the
Do you feel like staying in and watching TV? weather's nice - how does that fit in with your
feel like oneself, (also feel oneselfl be in one's usual plans?
fit out or up (t.) furnish with supplies, equipment,
frame of mind or state of health
clothing, furniture, or other requisites; supply;
He hasn't been feeling dike) himself since his equip
parents passed away. feel out (t.) attempt to My brother owns a camping supply store, so he
ascertain (the nature of a can fit us out for our trip.
situation, sb's attitude, etc.) by indirect or
subtle means FIX
You should feel out his opinion before you ask fix on or upon (t.) decide on; determine (esp.BritjE)
him to support you on such a sensitive issue. We can't fix on a date for the party until we
feel up to (t.) (informal) feel or be able to; be know when everyone is going to be free.
capable of fix up (t.) (informal)
She's very tired and doesn't feel up to going out a. arrange a meeting, date, event, etc.
tonight. Let's try and fix up a time for our next meeting.
690 Q ELS
706
b. provide with; furnish b. surpass; outdo
My wife's old friend was kind enough to Sx me She never let anyone get ahead of her in her
up with this job. work as she was quite ambitious, get along
c. smooth over; solve; resolve (BritE get on)
If we don't talk like rational human beings, we'll a. get along with (t.) like each and be friendly to
never be able to Sx up our differences. one another
FLOOD He doesn't get along very well with his mother-
flood In/Into [inl./l.) arrive in great numbers, usu. in-law.
within a short period of time As soon as the b. get along in (t.) deal with a situation, esp.
film star had endorsed the company's product, successfully:
orders began flooding in. HO-— do you think Michael is getting along in his
new job? get around/round (t.)
FLY a. circumvent; outwit; find a way of dealing with
fly about/around (int.) (for ideas or remarks) be or avoiding a problem
passed quickly from one person to another and Al Capone managed to get around everything
cause excitement except income tax evasion.
Rumors about the prime minister's imminent b. get around/round to, do sth, esp. sth that you
resignation were ffying around. fly Into a have intended to do for a long time
rage/temper, suddenly become very angry I don't know when I'll have time to get around to
When I mentioned that I had broken his stereo, checking your assignment. get at ((.)
he uewinto a rage. a. reach; touch
He couldn't get at the top shelf so he asked me
FOLLOW to help.
follow out (£.) carry to a conclusion; execute b. suggest, hint at, or imply; intimate
Following out their orders to the letter, the I don't know exactly what Clive was getting at
soldiers began executing everyone in the village. when he said that, but I don't think it was
follow through (int.) good.
a. carry out fully, as a stroke of a club in golf, a c. discover; determine
racket in tennis, etc. If we want to solve the problem of
b. continue an effort, plan, proposal, policy, etc., unemployment, we have to get at the root of
to its completion the problem.
When studying a language, ôu must follow d. (informal) influence by surreptitious or illegal
through or you will never really learn, follow up means; bribe
(on) (t.) discover more about a situation or take Since the mayor had many debts in addition to
further action in connection with it Can you follow a low salary, the mafia quite easily got at him.
up (on) this report about the president's proposal to
raise taxes across the board? e. (informal) (BritE). criticize someone in an
unkind way
GAIN He's forever getting at me. get away
gain on (t.) get nearer to sb or sth that you are a. escape; flee (int.)
chasing The robbers got away in an unlicensed hearse.
The police were gaining on the fleeing bank b. get away with (t.) succeed in doing sth bad or
robbers. wrong without being punished or criticized
Their youngest son gets away with everything
GET because his mother is 'Convinced that he is an
get about (AmE get around) (int.) angel and can do no wrong.
a. move about; be active get back (I.)
He gets about quite a bit - he's quite the a. get back to, talk to sb, usually on the
traveller. telephone, to give them some information they
Ever since the accident, he can get around only have asked for or because you were not able to
with difficulty. speak to them before
b. become known; spread I'll get back to you as soon as I've found out
I wanted to keep our relationship a secret, but how much the tickets are.
somehow it got around that we were dating. get b. get back (at), (informal) be revenged on
across (I.) I'm going to get back at him someday for
a. make or become understandable; successfully embarrassing me in public like that.
communicate information to other people get behind on (t.) not have done as much work or
What I would mainly like to get across to you is paid as much money as you should by a
the importance of becoming actively involved in particular time
society. Don't get behind on your credit card payments
b. be convincing about; impress upon others or you will regret it. get by
The professor clearly got across the fact that he a. succeed in going past (t.)
would not tolerate lateness. get ahead (int.) be
successful, as in business or The protestors got by the police barricade and
society stormed the palace.
Unfortunately, it's still quite difficult, even after b. be able to live or deal with a situation with
all these years, for a woman to get ahead in difficulty, usu. by having just enough of sth
business without being resented by the men you need, such as money (int.)
around her. get ahead of (I.) a. move forward He's far from rich, but he gets by.
of, as in traveling c. evade the notice of (t.)
The champion cyclist quickly got ahead of his Not much gets by him, so be careful what you
competition. say.
ELS Q 691
707
get down b. (AmE get along) deal with a situation, esp.
a. depress; discourage; fatigue (t.) successfully ((.)
Watching the news really gets me down. How did you get on with that project of yours?
b. write sth, esp. sth that sb has said (t.) c. advance in age
He was talking so fast that his secretary Your mother's really getting on, isn't she?
couldn't get it all down. d. get on with (I.) (AmE get along with), like each
c. swallow (t.) other and be friendly to one another
My throat was so swollen that it was difficult to e. get on with (t.) continue doing sth
get the pills down. Don't just stop in the middle of your story - get
d. (informal) relax and enjoy oneself completely; on with it! get onto (t.) start talking about a
be uninhibited in one's enjoyment, esp. when subject after
dancing (int.) discussing sth else
She was really getting down at the party last We started talking about music but then we
night. somehow got onto politics. get out
e. get down to (t.) start doing sth seriously and a. go out to different places and meet people in
with a lot of attention and effort order to enjoy oneself (int.)
Okay, let's get down to business. get in My husband doesn't get out much - he prefers
a. (also get Into) enter a car or a taxi staying at home and listening to music.
You can go and get into the car. I'll be there in b. become publicly known (int.)
a minute. News of the mayor's criminal connections got
b. (also get Into) (I.) arrive; come (int.) out.
She got in on the ten-o'clock train. c. get out of: leave a car or taxi
Our plane should get into the airport about I got out of the taxi at the wrong place, and had
three o'clock. to walk ten minutes to get to the meeting place.
c. (also get into) (t.) be chosen or accepted, as for d. get out of (t.) leave:
office, membership, etc. The party was so boring that I just had to get
I was hoping to attend the University of out of there.
Chicago, but couldn't get in. My father was After years of struggling to make a profit, he
never able to get into political office, although finally decided to get out of the publishing
he tried a number of times. business.
d. (also get oneself in) become implicated in sth, e. get out of doing sth: avoid doing sth that you
usu. slh bad or negative (i.) should do, often by giving an excuse
If he keeps on borrowing money to pay off his debts, I managed to get out of dissecting the frog in
he'll only be getting himself in deeper and deeper. science class by telling the teacher that
get into (t.) dissecting anything was against the rules of my
a. become interested in an activity or subject; religion.
start being involved in an activity f. get sth out of sb, persuade or force sb to tell or
I didn't really get into literature until after I'd give you sth
graduated from high school. I could only get five dollars out of my dad.
b. what has got/gotten into sb: not understand g. get sth out of sth: enjoy sth or think that sth is
why sb is behaving differently than normal useful
He's acting very strangely these days. I wonder She felt that she'd gotten a lot out of her teaching
what's gotten into him. career, but finally decided that it was time to move
get it, (informal} on. get over ((.)
a. be punished or reprimanded a. begin to feel better after being unhappy or ill;
Stop doing that, or you're going to get iti recover from
b. understand or grasp sth It took years for Canan to finally get over her
She was talking about politics all night long, but I divorce from Ulaş.
just wasn't getting it. get off b. (informal) can't/couldn't get over sth, be very
a. leave a public vehicle shocked or surprised about sth
We'll get off the train at the next station and Now that you've dyed your hair, I just can't get
continue our journey by bus. over how different you look.
b. escape the consequences of or punishment for c. get sth over (and done) with: do and complete
one's actions (int.) sth difficult or unpleasant that must be done:
The businessman arrested for embezzling I'll be so happy to finally get this job interview
stockholders' money got off lightly in the end. over and done with.
c. help sb escape punishment (t.) get through
Considering all the evidence against him, not a. manage to reach or contact sb, esp. by
even the best lawyer in the world will be able to telephone (int.)
get him off. I called him several times last night, but I
d. (informal) have the effrontery; do sth that one couldn't get through.
has no right to do (I.) b. deal with a difficult or unpleasant experience
Where does he get off ordering me around - successfully, or to help sb do this (t.)
that's what I'd like to know. get on a. enter a Thank you so much for helping me get through
public vehicle my exams.
An old woman fell and broke her leg as she c. finish; complete (t.)
was trying to get on the bus yesterday. With his bad studying habits, I don't know how
he managed to get through college.
692 Q ELS
708
d. get through to sb: succeed in making sb e. (for machines, fuel, etc.) become used up; fail
understand or believe sth (int.)
I tried explaining why I thought so, but I just Just as we were driving through the middle of
couldn't get through to him. get to (t.) Death Valley, our fuel gave out. give over to (L),
a. get in touch or into communication with; a. put into the care of; transfer
contact After retiring, he gave over all his property to his
By the time he got to me, it was already too late. wife and ran off to Tahiti.
b. (informal) make an impression on; affect b. devote to a specified activity
Beethoven's final string quartet really gets to He gave the rest of his life over to relaxing in the
me - I cry every time I listen to it. sun. give up
c. (informal) begin a. abandon hope; despair (int.)
Don't let Tony get to telling you the story about the After the death of his beloved wife, he simply
old white-haired man in Arizona, or you'll never gave up.
hear the end of it. get up (I.) b. surrender; relinquish (int.)
a. prepare; arrange; organize (esp.BrilE) The team conceded four goals in the first ten
The museum's getting up an exhibit on the minutes and thereafter gave up.
Christian elements in Van Gogh's paintings. c. quit; stop; desist from; renounce (t.)
b. draw upon; marshal; rouse He somehow managed to completely give up
You really need to get up your courage if you're drinking after nearly 50 years of severe
going to go bungee-jumping. alcoholism.
c. get up to sth, do sth, esp. sth that other people d. slop trying to think of the answer to a joke or
think is wrong question (t.)
Look at his face! I just know he's been getting "What animal walks on 4 legs in the morning, 2
up to some sort of mischief. legs in the afternoon, and 3 legs in the
evening?" - "I give up." - "A human being." - "I
GIVE don't get it."
give away (t.) e. give up on sb: stop hoping that sb will do what
a. expose or betray sb you want them to do
The thiefs partner gave him away when the She's given up on Oğuz; she knows he will
police began to pressure him. never change.
b. reveal (a confidence or secret, hidden motives, f. give up on sth: stop hoping that sth will
true feelings, etc.), often without intending to achieve what you want it to achieve
While she was chatting away, she gave away I give up on this CD player - it's never going to
that there was going to be a surprise birthday work right.
party. g. give oneself up: allow the police or an enemy to
give In catch you
a. acknowledge defeat; concede (int.) The fugitive eventually gave himself up.
The general declared that he and his army
would never give in. GO
b. give a piece of written work or a document to
sb for them to read, judge, or deal with (t.) go about (I.)
a. occupy oneself with; perform
(AmE hand in)
We have to give our essays in on Monday. Perhaps you should stop chatting and go about
c. give In to (t.) finally agree to or accept what sb your work.
wants after a period when you refuse to agree b. start to do sth or deal with sth
The President has boldly vowed never to gtre in Can you tell me what's the best way to go about
to terrorist demands. learning a language? go after (t.)
give off (t.) put forth or produce; emit, esp. for light, a. attempt to obtain; strive for
heat, smell, gas, etc. If you don't go after her, you'll never know if she
This lamp isn't giving off much light - why loves you or not.
don't we change the bulb? give or take (t./int.) b. chase or follow sb in order to catch them
plus or minus a specified Seeing him run out of the bank with a gun in
amount; more or less his hand, the police went after him.
A new Mercedes will run you $75,000, give or go against (t.)
take. give out a. go against sth, be in conflict with or opposed to
a. send out; emit ((.) (a rule, a policy, etc.)
Stars are known to give out enormous amounts Eating meat of any kind at any time goes
of radiation. against the rules of the Jain religion.
b. make public; announce; claim (I.) b. go against sb, have the result of a vote or
The journalist gave out that the prime minister decision be the opposite of what was needed
had been concealing certain important The vote went against the incumbent senator
information. this year, and he announced his retirement
c. distribute or issue to a large number of people from politics.
(t.) (AmE hand out) go ahead
Several young political activists were giving out a. used to give permission to sb to do sth
pamphlets to anyone who would take them. "Dad, can I borrow the car tonight?" - "Go
d. (for people, parts of the body, etc.) become ahead, but be careful."
exhausted; fail (int.) b. go ahead with (t.), start to do sth
I had been carrying heavy boxes for hours, and Now that all systems have been checked out, we
then my strength gave out. can go ahead with the countdown.
ELS Q 693
709
go along. go for (t)
a. move forward; proceed; continue doing sth a. choose
(inl.) Do you know yet what kind of car you are going
Don't memorize every rule immediately - you'll to go for?
learn most of them as you go along. b. make an attempt at; try to get
b. go along to, go to a place or event, usu. without The team is going for its third straight
much planning (t.) (esp.BrilE) championship.
I may go along to the pub after work, I'm not c. (for money) sell for a certain amount of money
quite sure yet. The house went for $40,000.
c. go along with sb (also come along with sb) d. favour; like; enjoy
accompany sb (f.) I don't think I would really go for a life of travel.
Can I go along with you to the party? e. go for sb, assault; attack
d. go along with sb/sth, agree; concur (t.) The thief suddenly went for me with the knife
He doesn't go along with my ideas about how to in his hand.
make this country a better place. go around/round f. go for It, (informal) pursue a goal with
a. be sufficient or enough for everyone in a group determination; do what you must do in order to
(inl.) have or achieve sth
There are twenty students and only ten seats, If you want to be a professional musician
so there are not enough seats to go around. someday, go for it - nothing's stopping you.
b. pass or circulate, as in transmission or go In for (t.) adopt as your particular interest;
communication (int.) approve of; like
Word's going around that he finally broke up I don't really go in for most pop music - it's too
with Emma. shallow and has no real originality.
c. go around/round doing sth, spend your time go In with (I.) join in a partnership or union;
behaving badly or doing sth that is unpleasant combine with
for other people On the condition that we'd be sharing it in the
He's been going around telling everyone that future, he agreed to go in with me on the cost
Emma is a liar and that she cheated on him. of a new boat.
d. go around with (t.) be often in the company of go Into (t.)
sb a. describe, discuss, or examine sth in a detailed
These days, he's going around with Linda quite a bit. way
go at (t.) I'd really rather not go into the subject of my
a. assault; attack, either physically or verbally own personal religious beliefs.
(also, esp.BritE, have a go at) b. undertake as one's study or work
She told him that she'd fallen for someone else, She has decided to go into politics.
and he just went at her. go off
b. (informal) start doing sth with energy and a. explode, fire, or perform or begin to function
enthusiasm (esp. BriUS) abruptly (int.)
There was a lot of work to do, but we went at it The bomb went off at 10:03 a.m. precisely.
straightaway. b. leave a place and go somewhere else (int.)
c. have a go at: (informal) try doing sth (AmE) He's gone off to the pub with Rey.
Well, do you want to .have a go at (fixing) this c. (for a light, machine, etc.) stop working (int.)
TV? The electricity's gone off again.
goby d. (for slh that makes a noise) suddenly start
making a noise (inl.)
a. be disregarded or not taken advantage of; pass My alarm clock went off about 5 minutes too
(int.) early.
This offer is one-time only, so don't let it go by. e. (for food and drink) spoil; go bad (inf.) (esp.BritE)
b. be guided by or rely upon (I.) Smell this milk - I think it's gone off.
He's a compulsive liar, so you can never really go by f. go off sb/sth, stop liking sb or sth (BritE)
anything he says. go down I've gone off red meat recently.
a. suffer defeat (inl.) go on
The team lost, but at least they didn't go down a. continue (t.)
without a fight. He went on working as hard as ever despite all
b. leave university, permanently or at the end of a his personal problems.
term (inl.) (BritE) b. happen or lake place (int.)
c. (for computers) stop functioning (int.) I couldn't understand what was going on.
My computer suddenly went down and I lost all c. use a piece of information to help you discover
my files. or understand something (I.)
d. go down as (I.), be accepted or believed The detective had nothing to go on but a single
All that nonsense about why it was necessary bootprint in the blood.
to start the war went down as truth with a lot of d. go on (and on) about sth: talk in an annoying
people. way about sth for a long time
e. go down as (t.) be remembered in history or by Every time I see her, she goes on and on about
posterity how wonderful her boyfriend is.
This war may well go down as one of the e. go on to do sth: do sth else in the future
biggest mistakes this country has ever made. After defeating his rival in the semi-final, he
f. go down with sth, (informal) become ill, usu. went on to win the championship.
with a not very serious illness (esp.BritE) f. go on (with sth), start talking or doing sth
He's gone down with a cold, but he should be again after a short time
back in a few days. We took a short break and then went on with
the meeting.
694 Q ELS
710
go out go with (t.) (informal) have a romantic relationship
a. come to an end, esp. fade in popularity (int.) with; court; date (also go out with) They'd been
Video cassettes are beginning to go out now going with each other for almost ten years
that VCDs and DVDs are widely available. before they finally got married.
b. (for sth producing light or heat) cease or fail to go without (t.) not have sth that you usually have
function; stop producing light or heat; be Trapped under the collapsed building, the
extinguished (int.) survivors had to go without food and water for
As the campfire was going out, we began telling several days.
each other ghost stories.
c. go out (with sb), have a romantic relationship GROW
with sb grow Into (I.)
He's been going out with Burcu for almost a year a. grow Into sth: gradually become large enough
now. go over for
a. talk or think abouth sth in order to explain it She eventually grew Into her older sister's
or make certain that it is correct; repeat; review clothes.
(I.) b. grow Into sth: gradually become mature or
Let's go over what was said at the meeting just experienced enough for
one more time. Even if it seems very difficult at first, don't
b. examine (I.) worry, because it's the kind of job that you have
He went over my essay and found quite a few to grow Into.
problems in its argument. c. grow Into sb/sth: gradually develop or mature
c. be thought of in a particular way; be effective into a particular type of person or thing
or successful (int.) (esp.AmE) It took many years for Van Gogh to grow Into the
My presentation went over pretty badly - I think I great painter that he was. grow on or upon (t.)
need a drink. go through a. gradually increase in influence or effect
a. bear; experience, esp. a difficult or unpleasant As he walked slowly through the dense jungle, a
situation (t.) troubling feeling that he was being watched
I don't know if I'll able to go through another grew slowly upon him.
funeral so soon after the last one. b. become gradually more liked or accepted by
b. carefully examine or search the contents of sth The first time I listened to Turkish classical
or a collection of things in order to find sth (t.) music, it seemed monotonous, but eventually it
A customs officer went through all my luggage grew on me.
looking for God knows what. grow out of (t.)
c. use or spend completely; use up (t.) a. become too large or mature for; outgrow
He went through his entire salary in a week. As a child gets older, it quickly grows out o/all
d. (for laws, plans, proposals, etc.) be officially its old clothes.
accepted or approved b. stop doing sth (esp. childish habits) as you get
That new gun control law probably won't go older
through because so many people in Congress He still picks his nose, but I think he'll grow
are so conservative. out o/it soon.
e. go through with sth, persevere with sth to the c. originate in; develop from
end; bring to completion, usu. for sth One of the wonders of nature is that it is
unpleasant or difficult that you have planned sometimes possible for an entire forest to grow out
or promised to do of a. single seed fallen in the middle of an empty
He was going to ask her out on a date, but he just plain. grow up (int.)
couldn't go through with it. go together (int.) a. be or become fully grown; attain mental or
a. be appropriate or harmonious physical maturity
The curtains and wallpaper don't go together at Thelonious Monk was born in North Carolina
all. but grew up in New York City.
b. (informal) keep company; date; court b. come into existence; arise; develop or become
Ulaş and Burcu have been going together for bigger or stronger
quite a long time now. go under (Int.) be Although a close friendship had grown up
overwhelmed or ruined; fail between Gauguin and Van Gogh while living in
financially (int.) Aries, eventually their personalities clashed.
He ran a successful used book store for almost
twenty years, but after the economic crisis, his HAND
business went under. go up (int.) hand back (t.) return sth to the person who gave it
a. be in the process of construction, as a building to you (esp.AmE)
A new high-rise apartment building is going up The professor handed our exams back
on Lake Shore Drive. yesterday. hand down (t.)
b. increase in cost, value, etc. a. deliver (the decision of a court)
The price of cigarettes has gone up again. When the jury handed down a guilty verdict,
c. go to a university at the beginning of a term the defendant wept.
(BritE) b. (for heirlooms, traditions, etc.) transmit from
d. go up in flames, suddenly explode: one to another, esp. bequeath to posterity
The explosion made the building go up in The Christmas tree is not originally Christian
flames. at all, but rather something handed down from
pre-Christian religion.
ELS Q 695
711
hand in (t.) submit; present for acceptance hang out
(esp.AmE) a. lean or be suspended through an opening (t.)
I'll be handing in the first draft of my thesis She was hanging out the window when the bird
sometime in August. hand it to sb (/or slh) landed on her shoulder.
(informal) give just credit to b. (informal} loiter in public places (int.) (esp.AmE)
or pay respect to sb There wasn't anything to do Saturday
We've really got to hand It to her for managing afternoon, so we just hung out.
to finish the project on time. hand out (t.) give c. hang out in/at, (informal} frequent a particular
or distribute; pass out (esp.AmE) place, esp. in idling away one's free lime (I.)
Lots of pamphlets were handed out at the (esp.AmE)
demonstration. hand over (t.) deliver into the Ulaş spends far too much time hanging out in
custody of another cafes.
The kidnapper refused to hand the man over d. hang out with sb, (informal) consort or appear
until he'd been allowed to leave the country in public with sb (esp.AmE}
safely. She's been hanging out with some strange people
lately. hangover
HANG a. remain to be settled; be postponed (t./int.)
hang around or about (informal} Let's just let the final decision hang over a
a. spend time somewhere, usu. without doing while, there's really no rush.
very much (int.) b. be imminent or foreboding; threaten (t.)
Quite a few American teenagers spend a lot of Death hung over the city in the form of
their time hanging around in shopping malls. American bombers.
b. linger about; loiter (int.) hangup
His friends had all left the pub about ten a. cause or encounter delay; suspend or slow the
minutes before, but he was just hanging about progress of
a bit while he finished his drink. Traffic got hung up for several hours because of
c. hang around/about with sb, spend time in the construction.
certain company b. (also hang up on sb) break a telephone
connection by replacing the receiver on the
Lately, my son's been hanging around with the hook or turning the telephone off
skateboarding crowd - last month it was with the I was just about to tell her that I loved her, and
football players. hang back (int.) then she hung up on me.
a. be reluctant to proceed or move forward
When his girlfriend jumped up to the HAPPEN
dancefloor, Murat hung back out of shyness. happen on or upon sth/sb: find sth or meet sb by
b. refrain from taking action; hesitate chance or without planning to
The infantry advanced while the cavalry hung While I was tidying up my desk, I happened
back awaiting orders. hang in (there), (informal) upon some old poems I had written several
persevere (esp.AmE) years before. happen to do sth: do sth by chance
After he'd lost his job, his house, and his wife, or without
somehow he still managed to hangin there. planning to
hang in the balance: be in a precarious or critical I happened to bump into Mihraca on the street
state or condition a few days ago.
At the peace talks, the destiny of millions of
people was hanging in the balance. hang it up HAVE
(informal] quit, resign, give up, etc. have at (t.) do sth vigorously; attack
(esp.AmE) I'm going to have at my composition a bit
Because of a crippling disease, Lou Gehrig was before I go out tonight. have done with sth:
forced to hang it up after nearly twenty years of cease; finish
playing. hang on (int.) After many long years without success, it
a. continue with effort; persevere seemed as if they would never have done with
Just try to hang on for one more month, then their struggle against oppression. have had it
we'll have enough money to move into a new a. suffer defeat; fail (int.)
apartment. Their relationship, which used to be so stong,
b. hold sth tightly has had it.
Hang on, this road we're going over's pretty b. become weary of or disgusted with sth (int.)
rough. (also, esp.AmE, have had it (up to here) with
sth,) (t.)
c. be sustained to the point of danger, tedium, I've had it up to here with your lies! have (got)
etc. it coming: merit or deserve, esp. for a bad
My skin rash hung on for months. or negative consequence
d. (informal} wait briefly (often on the telephone); Most people in this country are so terribly
keep calm unhappy that I think the government's got it
Hang on a second while I put you through to him. coming to them. have it in for sb: plan or wish
hang onto (I.) to do sth unpleasant
a. hold fast or cling to sth to sb; hold a grudge against sb
Make sure you hang onto your wallet when That professor seems to have it in for anyone
you're walking down İstiklal Caddesi. who disagrees with her. have it out (int.) come
b. keep sth; not throw sth away to an understanding or
If my father had hung onto all his old baseball decision through discussion or combat
cards, my family would be rich now. I've had it with all these silly little quarrels; it's
time we had it out once and for all.
696 Q ELS
712
have (got) on (t.) hold down (t.)
a. be clothed in; be wearing a. restrain; check (also, esp.AmE, keep down)
"What did she have on at the party?" - "Her new Hold that noise down, will you!
black dress." b. keep the cost of sth at a low level
b. make sb think that sth is true, as a joke (BritE; Artificially holding down the average worker's
AmE have sb going, put sb on) wage can lead to a series of problems.
He really had me on, telling me he was going to c. (for a job, a post, a position, etc.) continue to
be getting married. hold and manage well
It's often difficult for those newly released from
HELP prison to hold down a full-time job. hold forth (t.)
help oneself to sth a. extend or offer; propose
a. serve onesell; take a portion of The old woman held forth an apple and said to
You can go ahead and help yourself to coffee or Snow White, "Here you are, my dear."
tea. b. hold forth (on sth), talk at great length:
b. take or use without asking permission; harangue
appropriate He was sitting at his usual table in the pub, and as
Those kids helped themselves to my flowers, usual holding forth on how much better things had
didn't they? There's not one left in the garden! been when he was young. hold off (l.)
a. keep at a distance; resist; repel
The soldiers fought bravely, but in the end
HIRE proved unable to hold off the enemy's superior
hire on as (t.) obtain employment as; take a job as numbers.
Hakan hired on as a barman during the b. hold off doing sth: wait before doing sth;
summer. hire oneself out (as) (t.) offer or postpone action; defer
exchange one's Until I've seen all the facts, I'm going to have to hold
services for payment off making my final decision. hold on (int.)
I'm probably going to hire myself out as a a. keep or maintain a firm grip
session musician next summer. Hold on tight; there's a sharp turn coming.
b. stop; halt (usu. used imperatively)
HIT Hold on! You've completely misunderstood me.
hit back at sb: criticize or attack sb who has c. (informal) wait briefly (often on the telephone)
criticized or attacked you Could you please hold on for a moment while I
That author is fond of hitting back hard at see if he's in the office?
those critics who call his work hold onto (t.)
incomprehensible. hit It off (informal) get along a. hold sth or sb firmly with your hands or arms
with or understand Hold onto my hand while we cross the street.
one another very well as soon as you meet sb b. keep sth that you have
Mert and Evren really hit It off, I mean, they're I've held onto this watch for over twenty years, and
both interested in the same things, so why not? I'm not going to sell it now, even if it doesn't keep
hit on or upon sth: have a good idea, esp. one good time. hold out (t.)
which solves a problem a. stretch forth; extend
While James Joyce was working on Finnegans Adam held out his hand and Eve gave him the
Wake, he hit upon the idea of writing it in apple.
several different languages. hit out b. (for supplies of sth) continue to exist; last; be
a. deal a blow aimlessly (int.) enough for a particular period of time
The boxer wasn't really fighting last night, he The money we've got in the bank won't hold out
was just hitting out. for more than two weeks at most.
b. hit out at sth, make a violent verbal attack c. refuse to yield or submit
The president's harsher critics immediately hit The rebels are still holding out behind their
out at his proposed tax reforms. barricades.
d. hold out for sth, wait until you get what you
want
HOLD When you go to the interview, don't be afraid to
hold sth against sb: like sb less because they have hold out for whatever salary you think you
done sth wrong or behaved badly I know he deserve.
said some thoughtless things, but you really e. hold out (sth on sb), withhold sth expected or
shouldn't hold It against htm. due to sb
hold back (t.) The boss owes us more money than this - I
a. restrain or check; prevent sb or sth from think he's holding out on us. hold over (t.)
moving forward or making progress remain beyond the arranged or
The police held back the angry protestors. I scheduled period
was held back by my inability to understand Due to popular demand, the Yılmaz Erdoğan
the subject. show was held over for three more
b. stop oneself from showing an emotion performances. hold up
She held back her anger, knowing that if she a. stop; halt (int.)
didn't she would regret it. Hold up! I can't walk as fast as you, you know!
c. refrain from revealing; withhold; not give b. maintain one's position or condition; endure
information to sb (int.)
The candidate tried to hold back the fact that How is he holding up after the death of his
he had refused to serve in the army during the father?
Vietnam War.
d. refrain from participating or engaging in some
activity
He held back from dancing because he was very
shy.
ELS a 697
713
c. prevent sth from falling down (L) b. prevent from going up or increasing
Can you hold this painting up while I go to get a The manager says he'd like to try keeping prices
hammer and some nails? down next quarter.
d. hinder; delay ((.) c. be able to eat or drink without vomiting
So sorry I'm late. I was held up in traffic. My stomach and intestinal infections meant
e. stop sb or enter a place by force in order to rob that I couldn't keep anything down.
them or it (L) keep (sb/sth) from doing sth: prevent sb or sth
The James gang was notorious for holding up from doing sth
banks and trains. Small children should always be kept from
f. hold sb up as sth, display sb to sb else as an playing with very small toys, as they may try to
example to be followed or admired swallow them. keep {sth) from sb: not tell sb
I would hold up Thelonious Monk as an about sth
example of an artist who always stayed true to "Do you think he's cheating on you?" - "Well, I
himself. know he's keeping something from me,
g. hold sb up to sth: present sb to notice; expose whatever it may be." keep in with sb: stay in sb's
Following a series of disastrously bad films in favor; be on good
the early 1990s. Kevin Costner was held up to terms with sb
ridicule by many. Even if you don't like him or her personally, it's
hold with ((.) be in agreement with; concur with; never a bad idea to keep in with your boss.
approve of; condone keep (sb/sth) off sth: not go onto an area, or stop
We don't hold -with the idea that a just society is sb or sth going onto an area
an impossibility. Lifting her messy son off the ground, Arzu
managed to keep him off the rug which she
IDENTIFY had just cleaned. keep sth off (sb/sth) stop sth
identify sb/sth with sb/sth: connect one person, touching or harming
thing, or idea with another sb or sth else
Some critics identify the Romantic movement In Japan, a small net in a domed steel frame is
With bourgeois complacency, while others placed over food to keep insects off. keep (on)
identify it with revolutionary social and even doing sth: continue to do sth, or do sth
political change. Identify with sb/sth: feel that again and again
you are similar to sb She kept (on) staling at me the whole time I
and can therefore understand them or their was at the bar. keep to
situation a. adhere to; conform to
Despite cultural or religious differences, poor By not keeping to the established rules of
people all over the world can identify with each tradition, many artists have been able to
other's problems. display their true genius.
b. stay in one particular area
INTRODUCE If you've got the flu, you really must keep to bed.
Introduce sb to sth: help sb experience sth for the c. do what you have promised or planned to do
first time (also, esp.AmE, stick to)
It was my father who first Introduced me to When writing an essay, it is often a good idea to
good country music. .keep to a clear outline.
d. keep sth to sth: make sure that sth does not
JUMP become larger than a particular number or
jump on (L) blame or rebuke; reprimand amount
He's always Jumping on anybody that criticizes I'm trying to keep the number of guests at the
him in the slightest way. Jump at (I.) take an wedding to one hundred or less.
opportunity to have or do sth in e. keep to oneself: remain aloof from the society
a very willing and excited way or company of others
She Jumped at the chance to play the double He's the sort of person who prefers to keep to
bass in the school jazz band. himself most of the time.
f. keep sth to oneself: keep sth secret and not tell
KEEP anyone else about it
keep at ((.) persist in; be steadfast; continue I'll tell you what he told me, but only if you promise
working hard at sth difficult to keep it to yourself. keep up U.)
If you want to really learn a language well, you a. not allow something that is at a high level to
have to keep at it. keep back fall to a lower level
a. not go near sth, or prevent sb or sth from going Keep up the good work!
past a particular place (t./inl.) b. keep up (on or with sth), stay informed about
Sandbags will only keep back the floodwaters the latest information, technology, news, etc.
for so long. I've always liked keeping up with the latest
b. not tell or refuse to tell everything you know computer technologies as they are introduced.
about a situation or event ((.)
The look on her face told me that she was c. keep up (with sb/sth), maintain an equal rate
keeping something back. of speed, activity, or progress with sb or sth
c. keep back from sth, stay away from sth else
The hungry crowd would not keep back from You were walking so fast that I couldn't keep
the barriers surrounding the bakery. up.
keep down ((.) The class was very interesting, but the
a. hold under control or at a reduced or professor was giving out so much information
acceptable level that I couldn't keep up with everything she was
Please keep your voice down a little, I'm trying saying.
to take a nap.
698 o ELS
714
d. match one's friends, neighbours, business b. knock sb/sth down: cause sb or sth to fall to
associates, etc., in success, affluence, etc. (also the ground by hitting them or it (AmE}
in AmE, keep up with the Joneses) After he knocked me down, I could barely
breathe.
KICK c. knock sth down, destroy a building or part of a
kick about/around (l./int.) (informal} building
a. pass time idly; move or wander from place to They knocked down the legendary Maxwell Street
place frequently and aimlessly Market in Chicago just to build a university parking
He and his wife kicked around a lot before lot. knock off
finally settling in New Orleans. a. (informal} cease activity, esp. work (int.)
b. remain unused, unemployed, or unnoticed (esp.BritE}
That painting had been kicking about Europe I knock off at about six every day.
for hundreds of years before anyone realized it b. stop doing something; quit (I.)
was an original Rembrandt. Knock it off, or I'll tell Mum.
kick around ((.) (informal} c. imitate, copy, or plagiarize (t.)
a. treat sb harshly or inconsiderately Lots of the clothes you can buy on the streets of
I wouldn't kick him around if I were you. Istanbul were knocked off of famous designer
b. consider, discuss, or speculate about (a labels.
proposal, project, etc.) d. knock sth off (sth) take a particular amount
At the meeting, the company executives kicked away from sth, usu. a price
around quite a few ideas about how profits might be That young salesman knocked five dollars off for
increased. kick back (Int.) her just because she was pretty and flirting with
a. recoil, esp. vigorously or unexpectedly him. knockout (I.)
Firing a rifle for the first time can be quite a. make or render sb unconscious
surprising because it kicks back rather That particular brand of cold medicine always
strongly. knocks me out.
b. (informal} relax b. make sb tired or exhausted
This weekend I'm planning to just kick back and At the end of the working day, he's generally
listen to music. kick in quite knocked out.
a. contribute one's share, esp. in money (l./int.} c. damage or destroy sth; make or render sth
If you're buying a pizza, I could kick In a inoperative
couple bucks - I'm starving. The mistake at the main power grid knocked out
b. (informal) become operational; activate; go into the electricity for several hours.
effect; start (int.) d. defeat a person or team in a competition so
Ireland's new anti-smoking law kicked In they can no longer take part
earlier this year. kick off (l./inl.) initiate (an Barcelona knocked out Real Madrid in the
undertaking, meeting, semifinal.
etc.); begin e. (informal} produce sth quickly, hurriedly, or
So, what time does the party kick off tomorrow with ease
night? kick out (informal} In the last two years of her life, Sylvia Plath
a. (for machines, electricity, etc.) fail; give out, was knocking out at least one poem a day.
esp. suddenly (int.) knock over (1.) strike sb or sth from an erect to a
The engine kicked out and the car just slid to a prone position
stop in the middle of the road. Don't play football in the house! You'll knock
b. kick (sb) out (of a place or organization), force something over! knock up (t.)
sb to leave a place or organization; oust or eject a. exhaust; weary; tire
He got kicked out o/the bar for insulting the I'm feeling pretty knocked up, so I think I'll just
other customers. stay home tonight.
His wife kicked him out of the house last night, so b. damage; mar
he had to stay with me. kick up U.) stir up trouble; While playing football in the house, the children
make or cause a disturbance, scene, etc. The knocked up their father's new desk.
factory workers, quite understandably, kicked up a c. wake up; rouse; call (BritE}
huge row after being told that they would have to The hotel manager knocked us up at ten as we
work more hours for less pay. had asked.
d. make pregnant (BritE}
KNOCK She got knocked up and had to quit school in
knock about/around (informal} order to have the baby.
a. wander aimlessly or idly; loaf (t./inl.)
Stephanie knocked about New Mexico and LAND
Arizona for a few years before moving back to land (sb) In sth: be in or cause sb to be in a difficult
Germany. situation
b. mistreat sb, esp. physically (t.) The candidate's reckless indulgence while at
If you keep on knocking him around, he's going university has landed him in a lot of trouble
to get back at you someday, trust me. knock with the media recently.
down (t.) a. knock sb down: hit sb with a vehicle land on (t.) (informal} reprimand; criticize
and injure My boss really landed on me just because I was
or kill them (BrilE} fifteen minutes late.
My brother's been knocked down three times in land sb with sth: cause sb to be in a certain
his life. situation, often a problematic situation His
gambling addiction has landed him with debts
that he may never be able to repay.
ELS Q 699
715
LAUGH lay on (t.)
laugh at (/.) a. cover with; apply
a. be scornful of; reject You should lay some butter on the fish while it's
Many jazz critics stopped laughing at the cooking.
bizarre music of Thelonious Monk when they b. strike blows; attack violently
saw more established artists, such as Duke When the striking dockworkers started chanting
Ellington, paying him deep respect. slogans, the police laid on. layout (£.)
a. spread out in order on a surface; arrange;
b. find sympathetic amusement in; regard with prepare
humor The painter laid his brushes out on the ground
It's always a good idea to laugh at your own and began to look intensely at the horizon.
little mistakes, rather than obsessing over b. explain sth clearly, usu. in writing
them. He's just laid out some ideas about how we can
laugh off (I.) laugh about sth unpleasant so that it increase the profit margin next quarter.
seems less important c. ready a corpse for burial
Chevy Chase has managed to laugh off the He had been laid out in a bed of lavender flowers.
many death threats he has received from layover ((.)
certain Greek- and Armenian-American groups a. be postponed until action may be taken
for doing the Cola Turka advertisements. We'll have to lay over our decision until all the
facts are in.
LAY b. lay over in, make a short or temporary stop, as
lay aside (L) during a trip
a. abandon; reject I laid over in New Mexico for two days while on the
He is a heartless person - he laid his girlfriend way to Arizona. lay up
a. put away for future use; store up
aside as if she was an old pair of shoes. So far I've only laid up about $200 for the trip.
b. save for use at a later time; store b. cause to be confined to bed or kept indoors;
We've got to lay some money aside every month if disable
we want to have a big wedding. lay away (I.) She was laid up for about a month last year
a. reserve for later use; save with a very bad case of the flu.
b. hold merchandise pending final payment or
request for delivery LEAD
I've laid the new bicycle away till I have the lead off (inf.) take the initiative; begin
money to actually buy it. lay back (int.) Cem will be leading off the discussion today.
(informal) relax Go ahead, Cem. lead sb on: cause or encourage
During the summer holiday, I think I'll just lay to believe something
back and do nothing. that is not true
lay by (t.) put away for future use; store; save lay He said that he loved her, but he was just
down (I.) leading her on. lead to (L) cause sth to happen
a. give up; yield or exist
The Confederate general Robert E. Lee finally Smoking can lead to numerous health
problems later in life. lead up to
laid down his arms at the Appomattox a. prepare the way for
Courthouse on April 9, 1865. Post-Impressionist and Expressionist artists,
b. assert firmly; state authoritatively; make rules such as Paul Cezanne and Emil Nolde, led up to
(also, esp.AmE, lay down the law) the explosion of abstract art in the early
Not surprisingly, Catholic schools lay down twentieth century.
very strict rules of conduct. lay In (L) store b. happen before an event
away for future use lay Into sb (informal} attack sb In the days leading up to the Thanksgiving
physically or holiday, business really starts slowing down.
criticize sb verbally c. approach (a subject, disclosure, etc.) gradually
This new mayor is rather fond of laying or evasively
viciously into anyone who disagrees with him. By the way she kept looking away from me
lay it on: exaggerate in one's speech or actions, esp. while asking how my marriage was going, I
to engage in exaggerated flattery or reproof knew she was leading up to something else.
(also lay it on thick}
He really laid it on thick when he was telling LEAN lean on (L)
her how beautiful and intelligent she was. a. use sb or sth to help you in a difficult
layoff (I.) situation; rely on
At some time in life, we all need someone to
a. dismiss an employee, esp. temporarily because lean on.
of slack business b. (informal} exert influence or pressure on sb or
The government's economic policy resulted in sth in order to gain cooperation, maintain
hundreds of thousands of workers being laid discipline, etc.
off. The candidate is really leaning on the tobacco
b. mark off; measure; plot companies to give him financial support during
The family laid off two hundred acres of prairie his campaign.
land for their farm. c. (informal} criticize, reprimand, or punish
c. get rid of or transfer (blame, responsibility, etc.) My teachers were always leaning on me in high
The boss tried to lay off the responsibility for school.
the quarter's losses on his workers.
d. (informal} cease or quit; reduce
She decided to lay off cigarettes in case she was
really pregnant.
700 Q ELS
716
LEAVE leave off (t.) let on (int.)
a. desist from; cease; stop; abandon a. reveal one's true feelings
The dentist told me that if I didn't want to lose She was very worried about her health but
all my teeth someday, I should leave off sugar, didn't let on.
or at least cut down. b. pretend
b. omit Ulaş let on that he was glad to have finally broken
Make sure you don't leave anyone's name off the up with Burcu, but 1 could tell how hurt he really
guest list. leave out (I.) was on the inside. let out
a. omit; exclude a. allow sb to leave somewhere, usu. by opening a
My professor said that I'd left some important
details out of the first draft of my thesis. locked or closed door (t.)
b. feel left out (int.) be or feel unhappy because Let the dog out, he needs to use the toilet.
you have not been included in an activity b. release from confinement, restraint, etc. ((.)
When her friends went out dancing without The prisoners are only let out for one hour
even asking her, İpek felt very left out. each day, and they must, of course, stay within
the fenced prison yard.
LEND c. enlarge (a garment, clothing, etc.) (t.)
lend Itself to sth, (formal) be suitable for a particular These pants are a bit tight. Could you let them
purpose out a little?
Even had the means been possible, the feudal d. divulge or release information; make known
system in Europe wouldn't have lent Itself to (int.)
mass production. The terrorists refused to let out the names of
lend sth to sb/sth (formal] add a quality to sth or sb their hostages.
Despite the Saudi Arabian government's clear e. terminate; be finished; end (int.)
conflict with professed American ideals, the
United States continues to lend its support to I'll be so glad when school finally lets out for the
the king. summer. letup (int.)
a. slacken; diminish; abate
LET The booming sales we've had so far this month
let down (t.) are sure to start letting up soon.
a. disappoint sb by failing to do what you agreed b. (for bad weather) cease; stop; improve
or were expected to do When the rain lets up, we can go out and play
Arzu really let her husband down when she some basketball.
started smoking again after she'd had the baby. c. let up on sb: treat less severely; be more
b. betray; desert lenient with
He was accused of letting his country down by The police, despite rumours to the contrary,
selling secret information to the enemy. have not been letting up on political prisoners
c. slacken; abate (also let down in) lately.
Despite funding problems, the prime minister
felt that he was too near success to let down in LEE
his efforts to alleviate the problem of lie around (int.)
homelessness. a. (for things) be left in an untidy way in places
d. allow to descend slowly; lower where they should not be
The rescue team was slowly let down from the
helicopter to the people still stranded in the water. My husband's always leaving his papers lying
let In (i.) around and I'm always having to clean up after
a. allow sb to enter a room or building, usu. by him.
opening a door b. (for people) (informal) spend time lying down,
Can you let the dog to, please? It's starting to relaxing, and doing very little
rain. After I retire, I'm not planning to do much
b. let sb/oneself in for sth, involve sb without his other than Ife around and watch the sun shine.
or her knowledge or permission (also be let in lie down on the Job (informal) do less than one
for. be in foi) could or should do; shirk one's obligations
He'll be let in for a surprise if he thinks she's Homer J. Simpson has always been known to
not coming to the party tonight. He didn't lie down on the job.
realize how much work he was letting himself lie In
in for when he accepted that new job. a, stay in bed in the morning later than usual
c. let sb In on sth: share a secret with sb; permit (int.)
sb to participate in sth I lay in till about noon on Saturday and
Let me let you in on a little secret: the boss is Sunday.
planning to lay a few people off this week. let off (I.) b. lie In sth: exist or be found in sth
a. free from duty or responsibility; excuse
I think we're going to be let off school tomorrow One of the secrets of creative writing lies in
because of all the snow. describing ordinary things or events in striking
b. not punish sb who has done sth wrong, or not and unusual ways.
punish them severely lie with (t.) be the duty, function, or responsibility
William Zanzinger got let off with a 6-month of
sentence for the murder of Hattie Carroll. In the end, the decision about whether or not to
go to university lies not with your parents, but
with you.
ELS Q 7O1
717
LISTEN look in (on sb/sth) visit (a person, place, etc.)
listen In on/to sth: secretly listen to a conversation, briefly, esp. to check their or its condition Look
esp. by telephone; eavesdrop She must have in on Mehmet after work, will you? He's been
been listening in on my conversation; feeling quite down lately.
otherwise, how would she know everything I look into sth: investigate; examine the facts about a
said? situation
The newspapers are looking into the candidate's
LIVE claim that he had resigned from his job with
live down (t.) live so as to allow (a mistake, disgrace, UNESCO, not been fired.
etc.) to be forgotten or forgiven I'll never live look on
down that time I said I thought she was about a. look on (at or upon sth) be a spectator; watch
50 years old. and she was really only 30. (slh) happen but not become involved
live for sth/sb: have or consider sth or sb as the Too many people simply looked on as Reginald
most important thing in your life A football Denny was dragged from his truck and beaten
fanatic is someone who lives for football. almost to death.
live it up (informal) live in an extravagant or wild b. look on sb/sth as sth, think about or regard sb
manner; pursue pleasure For many young or sth in a particular way
people all over the world, the university years The Mormons look upon everything from hard drugs
are the time to really live it up. to alcohol to caffeine as sinful, and forbid their use.
live on (int.) continue to live; survive look out (for sth)
My grandmother lived on for almost twenty a. try to notice or find sb or sth
years after the death of her husband. Can you look out for Kerem Görsev's new CD
live on sth while you're at the music shop?
a. (for money) use a certain amount of money b. used when sb is in danger
only for the things that are necessary Look out! There's a bus coming!
My grandparents had to live on less than a look out for (t.) take watchful care of; be concerned
dollar a day during the Great Depression of the about
1930s.
b. (for food) only eat a particular type of food Now that she's getting older, she should really
During his university years, my brother lived start looking out for her health. look over (t.)
on cheese sandwiches. examine, esp. briefly (also, esp.AmE,
live up to sth: live in accordance with (expectations take a look over)
or an ideal or standard); measure up to; be as Could you just look over this essay for me
good as sb hopes before I hand it in to the professor? look
How can I possibly live up to the incredibly through ((.), read or examine sth briefly (also,
high standards my father sets for me? esp.AmE, take a look through)
live with sth: accept a difficult or unpleasant I looked through your report and there seem to
situation be no major problems. look to (I.) regard with
We all must learn to live with the knowledge expectation and anticipation
that, someday, we are going to die. We look to the day when all men and women
will finally be treated as equals. look up
LOCK a. become better or more prosperous; improve
lock sb up: put sb in prison or a hospital for people (int.)
who are mentally ill These days business is starting to look up
On this date next year, he will have been quite a bit.
locked up for exactly four decades. b. search for an item of information in a reference
book, on the Internet, etc. (t.)
LOOK I looked up some biographical information on
look after (I.) take care of sb or sth by keeping them Peter Kropotkin in the library yesterday.
healthy, safe, or in a good condition c. seek out a person, esp. in order to visit them
Can you look after my bag for a second while 1 after a long time apart (t.)
run to the toilet? look at (t.) consider slh in a I looked Rey up yesterday - he's doing quite
particular way well, you know.
Well, I look at the situation differently than d. look up to sb (for sth), respect and admire sb
you. look back (on sth) (l./int.) review past (for a certain reason)
events; I've always looked up to Samuel Beckett for his
remember sth in the past integrity and absolute honesty as well as his
Looking back, 1 realize how fortunate I was
when I was growing up. look down on or upon writing talent.
sb: regard sb with scorn or
disdain; have contempt for; think that sb is LOSE
less good or important than you (also look lose out (int.), not have an advantage that sb else
down one's nose at sb) has
There are certain types of people who have a You really lost out last night - the concert was
tendency to look down on all foreigners. look amazing!
for (t.) seek; search for
I can't find my keys. Can you help me look for MAKE
them? look forward to (t.), feel happy and make away with (t.), steal
excited about The guerrilla forces broke into the camp and
sth that is going to happen made away with some weapons and
I'm really looking forward to spending our ammunition.
honeymoon in Ireland.
70* a ELS
718
make for (t.) f. make up (with sb) become friendly (with sb)
a. go toward; approach again after you have quarrelled with them Do
When I spotted Kelly down the road, I began to you know if Ulaş and Burcu have made up with
make for her through the crowd. each other yet?
b. lunge at; attack
The mugger took out a knife and made for my MARK
throat. mark down (t.) reduce the price of
c. help to promote or maintain Winter coats have been drastically marked
The ambassador's obstinacy made for an down now that it's the end of March.
extremely tense atmosphere during the mark up (t.)
settlement negotiations. make of sb/sth: have a. increase the selling price of
an opinion of or about sb or b. mar or deface with marks
sth When Burcu left Ulaş, she was so angry that
What do you make o/Kofi Annan? Do you she marked up all his favourite CDs.
believe he means well, or is he just another
selfish international politician? make off (int.) MATCH
run away; leave hastily match sb/sth up with sb/sth: choose sb or sth that
She made off before I even had a chance to say is suitable for sb or sth else
goodbye. make off with (1.}, (informal) carry These days Özden's big project is to try to
away; steal, esp.
with ease or without much difficulty match Birsen up with Ulaş. match up (int.) (for
Thieves made off with the Mona Lisa. make out information) be identical
a. be able to see, hear, or understand sth or sb (t.) The witnesses' accounts of the accident didn't
I can't make out what you wrote here at the match up at all. match up to (t.) be as good as
top of the page. sth else
b. say sth that is untrue (int.) (esp.AmE) In my opinion, the only works of Picasso which
He made out that he'd once served in the CIA. can match up to his cubist masterpieces are
c. (informal] manage; succeed; deal with sth, usu. the political paintings of the 1930s, such as
in a successful way (int.) (esp.AmE) Guernica.
He's making out pretty well in his new job.
d. make sb out to be sth, imply or suggest that sb MEASURE measure up
is sth a. be good, capable, or qualified enough (int.)
She made me out to be the bad guy in the As a president, Ulysses S. Grant couldn't really
relationship. measure up.
e. make sth out to sb, write out or complete, as a b. reach a certain standard; be as good as sb or
bill or a check sth else (t.)
Who should I make this check out to? make The songs Paul McCartney has written as a solo
over (L) artist haven't measured up to those he wrote in
a. remodel; alter collaboration with John Lennon.
She had her dress made over so that it wouldn't
go out of style. MELT
b. make sth over to sb, transfer the title of melt away (int.) disappear
(property); convey The Viet Cong forces were often impossible for
After retirement, he made his house and all of his the United States Army to attack, or even find,
belongings over to his children and moved to because they could so easily melt away into the
Bangladesh. make up (t.) jungle or the villages.
a. put in order; arrange
Make up your room before your mother gets MISS
home from work.
b. say or write sth that is not true miss out (t.), omit; leave out; not include sb or sth
"How come you weren't at school yesterday?" - You've only missed out one thing in your whole
"I made up some story about a sick relative and complaint - she doesn't really love you.
stayed home."
c. make sth up to sb: do sth good for sb because MOVE
you have done sth bad to them in the past move on (int.)
I'm sorry I said all those terrible things to you a. start doing a new activity
the other night - I hope I can make It up to you Having struggled with the same composition for
somehow. several hours, the composer decided to move
d. make up for sth: reduce the bad effect of sth, on.
or make sth bad become sth good b. move on to sth: change from one subject to
I hope this bottle of wine will make up for some another while talking or writing
of the awful things I said to her the other After discussing the economic aspects of the
night. workers' uprising in Barcelona, we moved on to
e. make up sth: form part of the whole of an the social aspects.
amount
Taken all together, so-called "minorities" - OCCUR
Blacks, Hispanics, Asian-Americans, etc. - occur to sb: suddenly think of sth
actually make up more than 50% of the It occurs to me that you haven't once
population of the United States. mentioned the name of this new girlfriend of
yours.
ELS a 7O3
719
OPEN b. fail to take notice of or consider
open up (int.) start to talk more about oneself and Because of my poor grades in high school, I was
one's feelings passed over by most of the better universities I
He never really opens up, and whenever I try had applied to.
getting him to do so, he moves on to some pass up (t.) not use an opportunity to do sth
other subject of conversation. interesting or advantageous; reject There aren't
many opportunities to see such a great
OWN musician perform, so you shouldn't pass this
own up to doing sth: admit that you have done sth up.
wrong
Even after all these years, my sister's never PAY
owned up to breaking the stereo when we were payback U.) retaliate against or punish
children. We'd gossiped quite a bit about her, so she
paid us back by spreading rumours about us.
PACK pay down (t.) pay part of the total price at the time
pack In or up (I.) relinquish or give up; quit of purchase, with the promise to pay the
After the disastrous performance at Carnegie balance in installments I paid ten percent down
Hall, the kazoo player packed up his kazoo and on my new car.
moved on to the harmonica. pay for sth: suffer or be punished for sth
pack It In: give up; abandon one's efforts Certain people who believe in reincarnation
In 1920, his grandfather packed it in and claim that, in this life, we pay for the sins we
moved from Ireland to America. have committed in a previous life.
pack off or away (1.) (informal) send away payoff
They packed the kids off to summer camp and a. pay sb everything that is due that person, esp.
went down to Bodrum to live it up for a while. to do so and discharge from one's employ
Homer Smith was never actually paid off by the
PASS nuns for whom he'd built a chapel.
pass around/round (I.) offer sth to each person in a b. pay a debt in full
group of people c. (informal) bribe
Take these papers and pass them around, Many local policemen have been paid off by the
please. pass as or for sth/sb: appear like sth/sb mafia.
Although Ajda Pekkan is around 60 years old, d. result in success or failure
she quite easily passes for 40, thanks to the It was a big risk to take, but in the end it paid
miracle of modern plastic surgery. pass away or off quite well. pay one's or its (own) way a*
on (int.) (formal) die pay one's portion of shared expenses
Atatürk passed away at exactly 9:05 in the My brother had to pay his own way through
morning. pass down (L), teach or give sth to sb law school. b. yield a return on one's
who will be investment sufficient to
alive after you have died repay one's expenses
Traditional Turkish folk music is passed down Any new business takes time to begin paying
orally from older musicians to younger ones. its way, so the entrepreneur should be patient.
pass for (I.) be accepted or considered as pay out U.)
This new synthetic material could pass for silk. a. distribute money, wages, etc.; disburse
pass sth/sb off as sth/sb: pretend that sth or sb is b. spend a lot of money on sth, or pay a lot of
different from what they really are money to sb
He thought he could pass himself off as an I paid out almost $500 to get my computer
expert, but we quickly saw through him. pass repaired.
on (t.) c. let out a rope by slackening
a. tell or give sb sth that sb else has told or given As the mountain climber was paying out his
you partner's rope, the wind picked up dangerously.
Could you pass this note on to Tom when pay up (int.), pay fully, esp. when you do not want
you've finished reading it? to
b. give a disease to another person Al Capone often threatened those who would
Contrary to popular belief, the AIDS virus not or could not pay up with violence.
cannot be passed on through mere proximity to
an AIDS patient. PICK
pass out, pick apart (t.) criticize severely or in great detail
a. (Jn/brmaJ) lose consciousness; faint (int.) My advisor really picked apart the first draft of
He nearly passed out after running five my thesis.
kilometres. pick at (t.)
b. distribute, esp. individually by hand (t.) a. find fault with unnecessarily or persistently;
The professor passed out the exams and we all nag
got to work. His wife's always picking at him.
c. pass out of sth: be exempted or promoted from b. only eat a small amount of your food because
sth of worry or illness
Because his entering essay was so well-written, He's only picking at his food; he must have
Neil passed out of freshman composition class. something on his mind.
pass over (I.), c. grasp at; touch; handle
a. disregard; ignore While picking at his father's glasses, the baby
You can pass over the first page or two of the accidentally threw them to the floor and broke
report as it's only the company's mission them.
statement.
704 Q ELS
720
d. remove small pieces of sth with your fingers n. recover one's courage, health, etc.; regain (int.)
You shouldn't pick at that scab, or else it'll Thankfully her health is starting to pick up
never heal. again. o. make progress; improve (int.)
pick off (t.) Business is finally starting to pick up again. p.
a. remove by pulling or plucking off (for wind) become stronger (int.)
b. single out and shoot The wind is really picking up; let's get inside. q.
The marksman picked his targets off one by one. pick it up, (informal) move, work, etc.. at a
pick on (I.) fc*-'-~r rate
a. single out; choose Come on, people, let's pick it up, the
The professor generally picks on Pelin to read inspector'!! be here any minute now! pick up on
the poems aloud because she's a trained sth/sb (informal)
actress and a poet herself.
b. (informal) choose sb and criticize or treat them a. become aware or cognizant of; be perceptive
unfairly about; notice
I got picked on a lot in high school because of my The United Nations didn't pick up quickly
funny clothes and strange behavior. pick out (l.) enough on the fact that what was happening in
a. remove by picking Rwanda was actually genocide.
I picked out the splinter with a pair of tweezers. b. pay special attention to; keep an eye on
b. choose; select; designate The teacher took pride in being able to pick up
Adolf Hitler had not yet picked out a successor on the troubled students very quickly.
by the time he died.
c. distinguish from that which surrounds or PLAY
accompanies; recognize play along (with sb/sth)
Even though there was a huge crowd, I was a. cooperate, concur, or go along (with sb/sth)
able to pick him out by his bright red hair. This business is ruthless, and requires that
pick over (t.) examine an assortment of items in you play along.
order to make a selection Will you please stop b. pretend to cooperate or concur
picking over those shirts and just buy one? I'll play along with him as long as it's necessary, and
We're already late! then I'll start going my own way. play around/about
pick up (informal}
a. lift or take up (t.) a. behave in a playful or silly manner; fool around
In his films, Cüneyt Arkın was able to pick up If you don't stop playing around, you'll never
boulders and throw them at his many enemies. be able to finish your homework in time.
b. collect, esp. in an orderly manner (t.)
Make sure you pick tip your toys before you go b. play around/about with sth: think about or try
to bed. different ways of doing sth
c. collect sb who is waiting for you, or collect sth I've been playing around with a few ideas for a new
that you have left somewhere (t.) song. play at
Do you think you'll be able to pick me up from a. pretend interest in
work this evening? Arzu played at enjoying football in the hopes
d. learn, esp. by experience (t.) that Mehmet would ask her on a date.
I managed to pick up a few Creole words and b. do something without seriousness
phrases while I was passing through Haiti. He was simply playing at studying political
e. claim (t.) science while his real interest was music.
1 have to go and pick up my husband from the c. be playing at sth (used as a question when you
police station again. are angry because sb is doing sth silly)
f. bring into range of reception, observation, etc.; (esp.BritE)
receive a signal (I.) What on earth does he think he's playing at?
They picked up some strange signals on the Why doesn't he just tell her that he doesn't love
radar and wondered if they might be UFOs. her? play down ((.) try to make people believe
g. notice (t.) that sth is
The smell of drugs coming from the man's less important or bad than it really is
briefcase was easily picked up by the police Although the government had tried to play
dog. h. catch or contract, as a disease (L) down the seriousness of the prime minister's
Many of the soldiers picked up dysentery. 1. illness, they proved unable to keep the truth
resume or continue after being left off (t.) hidden forever. play (sb/sth) off against sb/sth:
Well, it's time to go home, so let's pick up this set one person or
discussion tomorrow morning. J. accept, esp. thing against another, usu. for one's own gain
in order to pay (t.) or advantage
Don't worry about the price; I'll be picking up
the check this time. k. gain speed; accelerate A clever president can sometimes get his or her
The bicycle really picked up speed as it went way by playing one congressional faction off
down the hill. 1. (informal) take into custody; against another. play on sth: use sb's fears,
arrest (t.) insecurities, etc. in
Her husband got picked up this weekend for order to make that person do or believe what
drunken and disorderly conduct. m. you want
(informal) obtain; find; purchase (t.) Most dictators play on people's fears and
I picked up a few good books while I was out. prejudices in order to seize total power for
themselves.
ELS Q 7O5
721
play out (t.) (informal) (usu. passive) pull away (from sb/sth)
a. exhaust; tire; weary a. move or draw back or away from sb or sth,
I felt really played out after the basketball game often with force
yesterday. The boxer pulled away from his opponent and
b. make sth go out of fashion moved to the edge of the ring.
The 1970s fashion revival is already beginning b. move or start to move ahead
to be played out. I arrived at the bus stop just seconds after my bus
c. use up; finish had pulled away. pull down (t.)
My car's old tires are played out so I'll have to get a. destroy a building because it is not wanted any
them replaced. play up longer
a. emphasize the importance of; highlight or The municipal government has decided to pull
publicize ((.} down the old theater.
The president likes to play up his own role in b. (informal) receive as a salary; earn
implementing national policy, when his He's pulling down more than 4 billion liras a
importance is actually small in relation to that month in his new job. pull for (t.) support
of Congress. actively; encourage
b. behave badly (int.) (BrilE) We were all pulling for Barcelona, but Real
c. {for machines) not work properly (int.) (BritE) Sociedad managed to win in the last minute of
play up to (t.), (informal) attempt to impress in the match. pull In
order to gain sb's favor a. reach a place; arrive (int.) (also pull into (I.))
Because he's not too intelligent yet is expected by The train pulled in at about four o'clock.
his parents to receive excellent grades, he feels b. Informal, arrest sb (t.)
himself forced to play up to his teachers. play with He was pulled in for driving while drunk. pull off
sth: keep touching or moving sth, often when you (informal)
are bored or nervous She's always playing with her a. perform successfully, esp. something requiring
hair when she should be working and I find it very courage, daring, or shrewdness (t.)
distracting. The thieves almost pulled off the bank robbery,
but were caught at the airport before they could
POINT flee the country.
point sb/sth out: make a person notice sb or sth He b. (for vehicles) start moving (int.) (esp.BritE)
pointed his wife out and I saw that she really The motorbike pulled off down the road.
is as tall as everyone says. pull on sth: put on clothes quickly
point sth out: tell sb a fact I pulled on my jacket and ran outside to catch
He's always pointing out other people's the bus. pull oneself together: become calm and
mistakes, but he never notices his own. behave
point to/towards sth: show that sth probably exists, normally again after being angry, upset,
is happening, or is true The evidence in this depressed, etc.
case seems to point towards homicide. After Ulaş had abandoned her for Arzu, it took
Burcu a long time to pull herself together
POUR again. pull out (of sth into sth)
pour out ((.), (for feelings, emotions, etc.) talk very a. (for all vehicles) leave; depart
openly and honestly about what is making you Three ships pulled out o/the harbor in Cadiz in
feel sad, upset, etc. the autumn of 1492.
He's not the sort of person who pours out his b. (for cars, trucks, etc.) start moving onto a road
troubles, is he? or onto a different part of the road
A truck suddenly pulled out in front of me and
PRESS I had to turn sharply to avoid it.
press ahead/forward/on (with sth) continue to do c. abandon abruptly
sth in a determined way Nazi Germany pulled out of its non-aggression
Although almost all of his advisors are against pact with Soviet Russia in a rather dramatic
him, the prime minister insists on pressing way by invading on June 22, 1941.
ahead with his radical new tax reform bill. pull over (I.) direct one's automobile or other vehicle
to the curb; move out of a line of traffic The
PROVIDE taxi got pulled over by the police as it was
provide for sb: give sb the things they need, as speeding the pregnant woman to hospital.
money food, or clothes pull through (t./inl.) come safely through a crisis,
As he had a new baby to provide for, he really illness, etc.; survive
needed to get that raise in salary. Despite the severity of her injuries, the patient
finally managed to pull through.
PULL pull up
pull apart (t.) a. bring or come to a stop
a. destroy sth by tearing it to pieces A hearse pulled up outside of 10 Downing
b. analyze critically, esp. in order to point out Street and, strangely, a clown got out.
errors b. pull up a chair, stool, seat, etc.: move a chair
He thought his argument was quite good, but the nearer to sth or sb
professor easily managed to pull it apart. C. Putt up a chair and join the discussion, won't
separate two things or people you?
The teacher had to pull apart the two boys who
were fighting on the playground.
7O6 Q ELS
722
PUSH put down (I.)
push ahead/forward/on (with sth) continue doing a. write down; register; record (often for official
sth, esp. sth difficult reasons)
The soldiers pushed on into the most In some cultures, when accepting a new job, a
dangerous part of the country. push verbal contract is enough; while in others, the
around/about ((.) tell sb what to do in a rude terms of the contract must be put down in
way writing.
He's such a quiet, passive person that he gets b. enter in a list, as of subscribers or contributors
pushed around all the time. push aside (t.) I ~~-t myself down for a year's subscription to
decide to forget about or ignore sth National Geographic Magazine.
or sb c. suppress; check; squelch
She was pushed aside for the managerial The Paris Commune of 1871 was, eventually,
position largely because she is a woman. push put down quite ruthlessly.
In (informal] rudely join a line of people who d. regard or categorize
are wailing for sth by moving in front of some Although the music of Duke Ellington is
of the people who are already there (int.) (also extremely wide-ranging and diverse, most put it
push into (I.) in BritE; in AmE butt in/into; cut down simply as "jazz."
In/into) push off (int.) (informal) go away; depart e. criticize, esp. in a contemptuous manner;
I'm going to have to push off if I want to catch disparage
the last bus. push through (t.), make a plan or Although critics continue to put down the
suggestion be works of Edgar Allan Poe, those works have
officially accepted nonetheless had an enormous influence on
Most of parliament didn't fundamentally agree literature.
with the new law, but the extreme f. (informal) make sb feel stupid or unimportant
circumstances compelled them to push it by criticizing them
through anyway. push up (I.) increase the When his project for science class didn't work
amount, number, or value properly, all his classmates started putting
of sth Jimmy down all the time.
The increasing scarcity of oil will continue to g. pay as a deposit
push its price up in the coming decades. We'll need to put down at least 10% of the full
price on the new boat. h. put an animal to
PUT death humanely because it is
put about (t.) start or circulate a rumour; claim It suffering; put away
was being put about that the president had My dog Asa, who was almost 16 years old, had
been addicted to amphetamines while he was at to be put down because of numerous health
university. problems. L put (sth) down at: land an
aircraft or in an
put across (L) aircraft
a. explain or express sth clearly so that people After a 20-hour flight from Chicago, we finally
can understand it easily put down at Atatürk International Airport in
Although the ideas he deals with are quite Istanbul. J. put sth down to sth; attribute or
difficult for the non-specialist, Steven Hawking ascribe sth to
manages to put them across quite well.
b. do successfully; accomplish sth else
We really put the project across; the manager If she makes any mistakes her first week, you
was quite pleased with what we had done. can put them down to unfamiliarity with the
c. be successful in a form of deception job. put forth (L)
Even though it was quite a big lie, he managed a. bring out; bear; grow
to put it across, put aside or by (t.) store up or The Judas tree in the garden has begun to put
save sth, esp. for forth flowers.
later use b. propose; present
It's always a good idea to put a little money Since no one in his cabinet was either willing
aside every month, if you can. put away ((.) or able to put forth a viable alternative, the
a. put in the designated place for storage president decided that war was the only option.
You never put away your tools when you're c. bring to public notice; publish
finished with them. Several different ideas concerning the age of the
b. store up or save, esp. for later use universe have been put forth in the last half-
c. discard century.
If you want to succeed in the business world, d. exert; exercise
you must put away the notion that your If you want to win that creative writing prize, you'll
colleagues will always help you out. have to put forth your very best effort, because the
d. drink or eat, esp. in a large quantity; finish off competition is tough. put forward (t.)
He put away an enormous supper and then a. state an idea or opinion, or suggest a plan, so
went out for a walk. that it can be considered or discussed
e. confine in a jail or a mental institution The plan that Robinson put forward at the
Although John Clare was put away in a meeting was the best idea he'd had in months.
sanitarium for the last thirty years of his life, b. nominate, promote, or support, as for a position
he continued writing excellent poetry. Although George Washington had been
f. put an animal to death humanely because it is unanimously put forward as the best choice for
suffering; put down the first president of the United States, it was a
Our cat's developed stomach cancer, so I think post which he was extremely reluctant to
we're going to have to put her away soon. accept.
ELS a 7O7
723
put In f. exert; apply
a. put In for sth: apply for or request sth Despite putting out his best effort, Andre Agassi
He's going to put in for a transfer to a different failed to win Wimbledon again.
department, as he's had it with working in put over (t.), succeed in; accomplish
Accounts Receivable. Because of the farmers' obstinacy and
b. put time, work, effort, etc. Into sth/dolng sth: resistance to change in that part of the country,
spend a lot of time, work, etc. doing sth it'll be difficult to put over the new land reform
I had put so much hard work into that essay that I adjustments there.
was devastated when the computer virus erased it. put something over on sb: take advantage of or
put off (I.) deceive sb (also, esp.AmE, put one over on sb)
a. postpone; defer That car salesman really put one over on me.
As a result of the chairperson's illness, the put through (t.)
conference will be put off until next week. a. complete successfully; execute
b. make sb not like sb or sth, or not want want to In spite of working double and even triple time,
do sth he was still unable to put through the project.
She immediately put me off with her snobbish b. bring about; effect
attitude. The new tax laws have not yet been put
c. get rid of by delay or evasion through.
The fugitive put the police off the trail by joining c. make a telephone connection for sb
the circus and disguising himself as a clown. put on Put me through to the Mediterromaneo Hotel in
a. get dressed; to clothe oneself with an article of Istanbul.
clothing (I.) d. make a telephone connection
It was a bit cold in the room, so 1 put on a The job of telephone operator, always putting
sweater. through calls, is a monotonous one, and also is
b. pretend to have a particular feeling, or to largely thankless.
behave in a way which is not real or natural for e. make sb experience or do sth unpleasant or
you (I.) difficult
She's only putting It on, she's not really angry I don't want to put you through torture, but you
with you. really do have to meet my parents if we're planning
c. inflict; impose (t.) (often passive) to get married. put (sth) to sb
He feels really put on at work these days - a. suggest an idea or plan to sb so that they can
they're giving all the more difficult projects to consider or discuss it
him for some reason. Let me put this to .you, class: This author was
d. cause to be performed; produce; stage (t.) possibly bisexual - what do you think?
They're putting on a performance of Samuel b. ask sb a question
Beckett's "Endgame" at the Mercury Theater After two hours of reporters putting questions
next Saturday; would you like to go? to him, the Nobel Prize winner was absolutely
played out. put to It: be confronted with a
e. (informal) tease sb, esp. by pretending the problem; have
truth of something that is untrue (t.) difficulty (also, esp.AmE, hard put to it)
I know for a fact that she was born in Çorlu, not I was really put to it trying to find an answer to
Morocco, so she must be puttingyou on. the professor's question. put sth together:
f. act in a pretentious or ostentatious manner; prepare a piece of work by
pretend to be more intelligent, refined, or better collecting several ideas and suggestions and
than you actually are (int.) (also put on airs) organizing them
Pelin is always putting on airs just because We put together a plan about how we could
she's the daughter of a diplomat, an actress remodel the house. put up (t.)
and writes poems. a. construct; erect (a building, bridge, etc.)
put oneself out: take pains; go to trouble or Plans to put up a third bridge over the
expense Bosphorus have, apparently, been abandoned.
Whenever you visit her house, she puts herself b. fasten sth to a wall or ceiling
out quite a bit just to make sure that everyone I once had a job putting concert posters up all
is comfortable. put out (I.) over Chicago.
a. extinguish, as a fire, cigarette, etc. c. increase the price or value of sth (BrilE)
b. annoy sb by words or actions (often passive) They're putting the price of cigarettes up again.
She felt really put out when I missed our date, d. provide money; contribute
even though I did call her to tell her I co-ildn't If you want to go in with us on this new
come. computer business, you'll have to put up your
C. cause trouble or extra work for sb share of the money.
Please don't buy any presents for the wedding; I e. accommodate; lodge
really don't want to put you out. Don't stay at a hotel. We can put you up for a
d. publish couple nights.
Soon, a new and complete translation of f. propose sb as a candidate; nominate sb
Mikhail Bulgakov's "Master and Margarita" will She wanted to run for class treasurer, but was
be put out in Turkey. so popular that the students put her up for
e. manufacture; prepare; produce class president instead.
That factory puts out more cars than any other g. offer, esp. for public sale
in the country. The police auction occasionally puts up quite
expensive things - Rolls Royces, Rolexes, and so
on - seized from convicted drug dealers.
708 a ELS
724
put upon: take unfair advantage of; impose upon ride on (t.) succeed or fail depending on a certain
(usu. passive) situation
Many factory workers feel quite put upon, and A lot of jobs are riding on this deal. ride out (t.)
they certainly have a right to feel that way. put sustain or endure successfully
sb up to (doling) sth: provoke sb to do sth The stock market somehow rode out the
Somebody must have put him up to doing economic depression that had hit the country
something so stupid, because he's usually without collapsing completely.
quite a sensible person. put up with sb/sth:
accept unpleasant behaviour RING
or an unpleasant situation, although you do ring In (int.) indicate one's arrival at work by
not like it punching in on a time clock (BritE}
She's thinking of quitting her job; she just He says he rang in on time today. ring off (int.)
terminate or finish a telephone
can't put up with her boss's authoritarianism conversation (BritE)
any more. Without even saying goodbye, she just rang off.
ring out (int.) indicate one's departure from work by
RAIN punching out on a time clock (BritE) ring up (l.)
rain off (I.) cause, by raining, the cancellation or a. register the amount of a sale on a cash register
postponement of a sports event, performance, The cashier rang me up with a very sour look
etc. (usu. passive) (BritE: in AmE lain out) on his face.
Yesterday's match between Liverpool and b. accomplish or record
Newcastle United was rained off. Charles Mingus rang up a series of classic jazz
albums from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s.
c. telephone (BritE) (in AmE call (up))
READ Can you ring Anthony up and find out if he's
read (sth) Into sth: believe that an action, remark, coming tonight?
etc. has a certain meaning when it actually
does not RISE
You're always reading too much into everything rise above (t.) succeed in not allowing something
I say! read over/through (t.), read sth from harmful, bad, or petty to hurt, affect, or
beginning to influence you
The senator tried to rise above party politics
end, esp. in order to find mistakes and appeal to everyone. rise up (int.) try to
The professor read over my essay and wrote defeat and change a government
quite a lot of notes in the margins. read up on or an institution
(t.), learn about by reading; gather Many socialists believe that workers should
information on; research by reading immediately rise up and take control of
I've got to read up on the Age of Pericles for my production for themselves.
history exam tomorrow.
ROLL
REDUCE roll back (t) reduce the price of a commodity,
reduce sb to sth/doing sth: make sb unhappy or wages, etc. to a former level, usu. in response
cause them to be in a certain bad situation His to government action
harsh criticism of her article almost reduced As a result of the congressional decision, the
her to tears. minimum wage is being rolled back.
reduce sth to sth: destroy sth, esp. sth that has roll In (informal)
been built a. luxuriate in; abound in (t.)
The Allied bombing of Dresden on 13 and 14 Bill Gates is just rolling in money, isn't he?
February, 1945, reduced the city to rubble. b. arrive, esp. in large numbers or quantity (int.)
The wedding guests started rolling in about 4
REFLECT o'clock.
reflect on (t.) roll out
a. think about; consider, esp. in order to learn a a. spread out or flatten (t.)
lesson about sth you have done wrong The first step in making a pizza is to roll out
After reflecting on the incident, he made a the dough.
decision never to do such a terrible thing again. b. (informal) introduce; unveil (t.)
b. affect other people's opinion of sb or sth, esp. They'll start rolling out the spring fashions
in a bad way pretty soon.
The scandal reflected very badly on the c. (informal) arise from bed; get up (int.)
government. I didn't roll out of bed till about 11 o'clock this
morning.
roll up to (t.) (informal) arrive somewhere, usually
REST late
rest on (I.) (formal) depend on Murat finally rolled up about midnight, but by
The fate of the nation rested on the president's that time, most of the others had already gone
decision at that crucial moment. home.
RIDE RUN
ride down (t.) run across (t.) meet or find sth or sb accidentally
a. trample or overturn by riding upon or against I ran across Burcu in Beyoğlu the other day.
b. ride up to; overtake; capture run after (1.) a. follow; chase
No one ever managed to tide Pancho Villa down. Hundreds of police were running after Buster
Keaton.
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b. pursue or court the affections of, esp. in an t. meet sb accidentally
aggressive manner My mother was always running Into people she
Ulaş had been running after Arzu for months knew whenever we went out shopping.
before she finally agreed to go out with him. run c. amount to; total
along (Int.) leave; go on one's way The company's losses ran Into millions of dollars.
Let's run along. It's getting quite late. run d. succeed; follow
around When you work in an office, one day just seems
a. be very busy doing a lot of different things (int.) to run Into the next without much difference or
You've been running around all day, why don't change.
you lie down and rest a bit? e. experience; encounter
b. run around (on sb): be unfaithful to one's The project has run into a few problems. run off
spouse or lover a. leave quickly or unexpectedly (int.)
He's running around on his wife and she has no He ran off and forgot to take his coat.
idea. b. create or perform rapidly or easily (t.)
c. run around with sb: socialize or consort with According to rumour, Tatyos Efendi ran off
sb quite a few of his songs while drunk.
She's been running around with some strange c. drive away; expel (t.)
He's got a lot of big dogs to run. trespassers off
people lately. run away (from sth/sb) flee or his property.
escape; leave a place d. print or otherwise duplicate (t.)
of confinement or control with the intention of We need to run off 1000 copies of this by tomorrow.
never returning run off with sth/sb
My sister ran away from home several times as a. steal or borrow sth; take sth
a teenager. run away with sb/sth Somebody ran off with my eraser and I need it
a. go away with sb, esp. elope with sb back.
Romeo and Juliet apparently never thought of b. elope with sb
running away with each other. King Edward VIII ran off with a wealthy American
b. steal sth divorcee. run on
The burglars ran away with my new stereo a. continue without interruption (Int.)
speakers. The prime minister's speech seemed to run on
c. overwhelm or get the better of sb (esp. for for hours.
feelings, emotions, etc.) b. (for machines) use sth in order to function (t.)
His anger sometimes runs away with him and he These days, most calculators run on solar
starts shouting at people for no reason. run down, power.
a. strike and cause to fall or overturn, esp. when runout,
driving a vehicle into sb (t.) a. end; expire (int.)
My dog almost got run down by a truck a few Before Liverpool could score another goal, time
days ago, but luckily he wasn't hurt. ran out.
b. pursue until captured; chase (t.) b. become used up (int.)
The United States government has made a If you keep spending like this, your money'll run
decision to run down all terrorists, wherever out quickly.
and whoever they may be. c. drive out; expel (t.)
c. peruse; review (t.) Nestor Makhno got run out of Russia by the
Can you just run down this report while I go Bolsheviks and died of poverty and drink in
talk to the boss? Paris. run out of sth: exhaust a quantity or
supply of sth
d. (informal! criticize sb or sth, often unfairly (t.) We've run out of milk, could you go and pick
The students were forever running down their some up? run out on sb: withdraw one's
chemistry teacher just because of his thick support from or
glasses. abandon sb
e. search out; trace; find He ran out on his wife and kids. run over
I need to run down some information on Sultan a. hit and knock down, esp. with a vehicle
Selim the Grim. Too many animals get run over every day either
f. cease operation; stop (int.) because drivers are not cautious enough or
My watch is pretty cheap - it runs down every because they just don't care.
day. run for sth; compete in an election b. go beyond; exceed
Ralph Nader is running for president again this Despite having little real content, the prime
year-run for it (informal} hurry away or flee, minister's speech still managed to run well over
esp. to the time limit.
evade something • c. repeat; review
We'd better run for It before your parents get Let's run over that song again and try to get it
home and see what we've done to their house. right this time. run sth by sb: tell sb about sth
run in so that they can
a. visit sb casually (int.) give their opinion about it
1 might run In for a bit if I happen to be nearby. I ran the proposal by my boss quite a few
b. (informal) arrest sb; take sb to jail (t.) times, but he just wouldn't accept it. run
He got run In for arson. through sth: repeat sth in order to practise it
run into (t.) or to make sure that it is correct
a. crash into or collide with sth or sb I'm not quite ready yet - I've got to run through
I wasn't looking where I was going and I ran my speech a few more times.
Into a tree.
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run up (t.] begin a debt; cause or allow a debt to SEND send forth
grow larger a. produce; bear; yield
He ran up quite a debt by going to medical Cherry trees send forth vc v beautiful, delicate
school. run up against sth: begin to experience flowers.
problems or b. emit or discharge
difficulties Lavender flowers send forth a lovely odour,
We ran up against some problems while send up
working on the project. a, expose the flaws or foibles of through parody,
burlesque, caricature, lampoon, or other forms
SAVE of satire
save on sth: avoid using sth so that you do not have The film "The Life of Brian" hilariously sends up
to pay for it the Christian religion.
Sometimes I prefer to walk to work so that I can b. (informal) sentence or send to prison
save on transportation fares. The famous country music singer Johnny Cash
was sent up when he was younger.
SEE
see about sth/doing sth: deal with sth, or arrange SET
for slh to be done set about sth/doing sth: start doing sth, esp. sth
Before you'll be able to work in the United that takes a lot of time or energy
States, you've got to see about getting a green As soon as I get home tonight I'm <*oing to s*i
card. see after (t.) take care of; look after about washing the dishes, set against (L)
He's going to see after my dog while I'm on a. compare or contrast
vacation. see off (I.) go to the place that sb is We must set the empire's political and
leaving from in economical advantages against its social
disadvantages in order to understand why it
order to say goodbye to them ultimately fell apart.
It was very depressing when nobody came to b. be (dead) set against sth, not want to do or
the airport to see me off. see out (t.) have sth
a. take sb to the door of a room or building when Arzu's parents are dead set against her
they are leaving marrying Ulaş. set ahead or forward (L), set a
Can you please see Ms. Meissner out? watch or clock to a
b. remain with a task, project, etc. until its later time
completion In spring, clocks are set ahead one hour. set
He said he was going to see that job out even if aside (t.) put to one side; reserve
it killed him. aee sth In sb/sth: believe that sb The waiter has set aside the best table for us.
or sth has a We're setting aside one-quarter of our salaries
particular good quality each month for a new house. set back (t.)
I really wonder what it is that people see in a. make something happen more slowly or later
heavy metal music. see through (I.) than it should
a. understand that sb is trying to deceive you The mistakes he made set the project back
Arzu easily saw through Ulaş's lies. quite a bit.
b. stay with to the end or until completion; b. set a watch or clock to an earlier time
persevere In fall, clocks are set back one hour.
No matter how difficult it may be, you've got to see c. set sb back (sth) (informal) cost sb a large
it through. see to (I.) deal with; be responsible for amount of money
For our picnic, I'll see to the sandwiches if you Her new guitar set her back almost $1000. set
see to the drinks. down (t.)
a. write, copy, or record in writing or printing
SELL b. set sb/sth down as sth, consider; estimate
I'd set him down as a selfish person, and I
sell off (t.) sell, esp. at reduced prices, in order to wasn't wrong.
get rid of c. set sth down to sth, attribute; ascribe
When the executive started selling off most of In my opinion, Renoir's failure as an artist can be
his shares, his partners got worried that set down to his inability to try anything really new.
something bad was set to happen. sell out set forth
a. dispose of entirely by selling a. give an account of; state; describe (I.)
The tickets were all sold out, so we couldn't go Einstein first set forth his special theory of
to the concert. relativity in 1905.
b. betray an associate, one's country, a cause, b. begin a journey; start (int.)
etc.; turn traitor Very few of the men who had set forth with
During the 1950s, film director Ella Kazan sold out Magellan actually survived the journey,
many of his fellow directors as Communists in including Magellan himself, set forward or
order to protect himself. sell up: sell your house or ahead (t), set a watch or clock to a
company in order to go somewhere else or do sth later time set In (int.), begin to happen; arrive,
else (BritEj She sold up everything and moved to usu. for sth
Bodrum to live it up. unpleasant or unwanted
As we began our journey, darkness was
setting in.
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set off settle Into (t.), become established in
a. cause to become ignited or to explode (t.) After starting the job, Cem found it difficult to
No one can be sure exactly who set off the settle into the new routine.
bomb that caused the riot in Haymarket
Square in Chicago in 1886. SHAKE
b. intensify or improve by contrast (I.) shake off (t.)
Her dress really sets off the color of her eyes. a. get rid of an illness or sth that is causing you
c. begin a journey or trip; depart (int.) problems
We set off very early in the morning. I can't shake off the feeling that I have
set on or upon (t.), make a person or animal attack forgotten something, but I don't know what I
sb may have forgotten.
That crazy old man sets his dogs an anybody b. succeed in escaping from sb who is following
who comes near his house. set out you
a. begin a journey or course The jewel thief was unable to shake off the
The conversation grew boring, so we set out for determined detective. shake up (t.) make sb feel
home. shocked and upset
b. start doing sth when you have already decided My father was badly shaken up when his own
what you want to achieve father passed away.
Having told us what he believed, he set out to
prove that his beliefs were the right ones. SHOOT
c. give all the details of sth, or explain sth clearly, shoot down (t.) (informal) disparage, reject, or
esp. in writing expose as false or inadequate; debunk The
His newest article sets out his controversial theory that all dinosaurs have completely died
arguments very clearly and concisely. set out got shot down when it was proved that
sb/sth apart from sb/sth: cause to be noticed; birds are actually descendants of dinosaurs.
distinguish shoot for or at (t.), attempt to obtain or accomplish;
Thelonious Monk's bizarre melodies set him strive toward
apart from other jazz composers. set to: make a Although the sprinter was shooting for a gold
vigorous effort; apply oneself to medal, he was happy to win a silver.
work; begin shoot off (one's mouth) (int.)
We set to work right after lunch. setup U.) a. talk indiscreetly, esp. to reveal confidences,
a. put sb into a high or powerful position make thoughtless remarks, etc.
General Pinochet set himself up as the dictator She's always shooting off her mouth - nobody
of Chile after deposing Socialist president really trusts or likes her any more.
Salvador Ailende in 1973. b. exaggerate
b. inaugurate; establish a government, a He really enjoys shooting off about how handsome
company, a group, etc. the girls find him, doesn't he? shoot up (int.) grow
Atatürk set up the Turkish Republic on or increase rapidly or suddenly Inflation sftot up
October 29, 1923. almost 100% over the last year.
c. arrange for sth to happen
We need to set up a meeting for sometime next SHOW
week. show off
d. get all the necessary equipment ready for an a. show sth or sb you are proud of to other people
activity (I.)
Can you help me set up these amplifiers? My brother is very fond of showing off his
e. trick sb in order to make them do sth, or in collection of medieval European armour and
order to make them seem guilty of sth that weaponry.
they have or have not done b. try to make people admire your abilities or
The mafia boss, who had been set up by his achievements in a way which other people find
own son, got sent up to prison for twenty annoying (int.)
years. No one can stand him because he's always showing
off. show up
SETTLE a. come to or arrive at a place (int.)
settle down Halil did not show up at the party last night.
a. become established in some routine, esp. upon b. make sb/sth feel inferior or embarrassed (t.)
marrying, after a period of independence or He's a much better basketball player than me -
indecision (int.) he shows me up every time we play.
After almost thirty years of living it up, Rey c. be clearly visible; appear;
finally decided to settle down, and he got Are you sure this picture will show up well
married and moved to the suburbs. against the coloured wallpaper?
b. become calm or quiet (int.)
Will you kids settle down, please? Your mother SHUT
is trying to work! shut down (t./int.) (for a machine or business) stop
c. settle down to sth/doing sth, apply oneself to operating or functioning
serious work My computer suddenly shut down while I was
The office is so loud that it's difficult to settfe down in the middle of writing an important e-mail.
to work every morning. settle for (L), be satisfied shut off (t.) a. stop a machine working, or stop the
with supply of
You should never settle for less than what you sth; turn off; switch off
think you are worth. All of a sudden the lights shut off and we were
left in complete darkness.
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b. isolate; separate sit on or upon (t.) (informal) suppress; silence The
Because American Indian civilizations were minister tried to sit on the scandal, but eager
completely shut ojffTrom those of Africa, Asia, journalists managed to find it out.
and Europe, they developed in quite different sit out (t.)
ways. a. stay to the end of; sit through
shut out (t.) stop sb or sth from entering a place or Although the movie was incredibly dull, we
from being included in sth chose to sit it out.
A good pair of sunglasses will not only shut out b. not do an activity such as a game or dance
sunlight, but also the dangerous ultraviolet because you are tired or have an injury
radiation coming from the sun. The player will have to sit out the entire rest of
shut up (l./inl.) (informal) stop talking or making a the season because of his broken leg.
noise, or to make sb do this An effective c. wait for sth unpleasant to finish before you
military commander can shut his soldiers up take action
with no more than a glance. The company insists that it will sit out the strike
rather than give in to the union's unreasonable
SIGN demands. sit through (t.) stay until the end of; sit
sign away or over (t.) assign or dispose of by out.
putting one's signature on a document
Before she died, the old woman had signed her SLEEP
entire fortune over to her pet canary. sign In (or sleep In (int.) sleep longer in the morning than you
out) record or authorize one's arrival (or usually do
departure) by signing a register I think I'll sleep In this weekend. sleep off (t.)
We have to sign in before they'll let us have a sleep until you feel better, esp. after
room for the night. sign on (int.) sign a drinking too much alcohol sleep on ((.) postpone
document, a contract, etc. making a decision about for
saying that you will work for sb at least a day
I'm thinking of signing on as a salesman for my Let's not buy it immediately - let's sleep on it
brother's company. sign up for sth: enlist, as in and see what we think tomorrow. sleep over
an organization or (int.) sleep in sb else's house for a night
group; register or subscribe or two
I'm thinking about signing up for weekend My daughter's sleeping over at a friend's house
tango lessons. this weekend. sleep through (t.) continue to
sleep despite a loud
SINK noise or noises
sink In (int.) (for unpleasant or surprising facts) The baby always wakes me up with her crying
gradually begin to be believed, its effects on sb in the middle of the night, but my husband
gradually beginning to be understood After he just sleeps through it.
won the lottery, it took a while for the fact that
he was rich and would never have to work
again to sink In. SLIP
sink Into (I.) slowly move into a sitting or lying slip away (int.) depart quietly or unobtrusively;
position, in a relaxed or tired way As soon as steal off
she'd got home from work, she sank into her The prisoners slipped away in the middle of the
favorite armchair and fell asleep. night. slip Into (or out of sth or slip sth on (or
sink sth Into sth: invest/spend a large amount of ofl) quickly
money in a business or other piece of work I'd put on (or take of]) a piece of clothing slip out
sunk almost $10,000 into renovating and (int.) (for a remark, a comment, etc.) be
remodeling my house, and then the flood came said without the speaker's intention
and destroyed it all in one night. I didn't mean to tell her that you were planning
to break up with her - it just slipped out. slip
srr sth over on sb: deceive; defraud; trick (also slip
sit about/around (t./int.) spend time sitting down one over on sb)
and doing very little I think that used car salesman slipped one over
My cat Kimyon just sits around all day long on me, because the car's already broken down.
doing nothing. sit back (int.) slip up (Int.) make a mistake; fail
a. relax in a chair so that your back is against the He slipped up and sent the postcard to the
back of the chair wrong address.
Ladies and gentlemen - sit back, relax and
enjoy the show. SORT
b. wait for sth to happen without making any sort out
effort to do anything yourself a. evolve; develop; turn out (Int.)
Some students seem to think they can just sit Things sorted out pretty badly for Mehmet in
back in class and learn by osmosis. sit In for the end.
sb: take sb's part as a temporary b. successfully deal with sth, esp. a problem or
participant difficult situation (t.)
I sat in for the band's regular bassist after he How am I ever going to be able to sort out this
had sprained one of his fingers. sit In on sth: mess?
attend sth (a meeting, a class, etc.) as
a visitor sort through (t.) look at a number of things to
I decided to sit in on a few classes before organize them or to find sth I'd sorted through
choosing which ones to take. the files for hours before I finally found what I
was looking for.
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729
SPEAK stand for (t.)
speak for U.) a. represent; symbolize
a. intercede for or recommend; express or C.I.A. stands for "Central Intelligence Agency."
articulate the views of b. support a certain set of ideas
I think I speak for all of us when I wish Ulaş That candidate stands for the restriction of civil
and Arzu a happy and healthy married life. rights, so you mustn't lend him your support.
b. choose or prefer; have reserved for oneself c. (informal} tolerate; allow
I'm sorry, sir, but this table is already spoken I will not stand for such rude behaviour! stand
for. In for sb: do sth that sb else was going to do
speak out or up (int.) express one's opinion openly because they cannot be there
and without hesitation When the president came down with
A good politician should not be afraid to speak pneumonia, the Secretary of Defense stood in
out for him and gave his speech. stand off or back
(Int.) keep or stay at a distance. stand on (t.) depend
SPELL on; rest on
spell out (t.) explain sth in a very clear way with The entire case stands on the reliability of the
details only witness. stand out (int.)
a. project; protrude; stick out
I shouldn't have to spell it out for you - you Our windowsill stands out quite far from the
know exactly what I mean. glass.
b. be conspicuous or prominent
SPILL Her bright red curly hair makes her really stand
spill out (int.) (for crowds, large numbers of people, out in a crowd.
etc.) exit or leave a place, esp. all together and c. be better than other similar things or people
suddenly Her performance stood out from all the other
Once the film had ended, everyone spilled out musicians' at the concert.
of the cinema and onto the street. stand up (int.)
spill over (int.) (for bad situations, events, etc.) a. (for material, fabric, etc.) remain strong or
begin to have an unpleasant effect on another durable
situation or group of people What began as a Suede is lovely, but doesn't stand up very well.
small local conflict quickly spilled over into b. (for ideas, information, etc.) be convincing or
neighbouring countries and became a full- prove to be correct
fledged international war. Rene Descartes' arguments don't stand up very
SPIN well if you really examine them. stand up for
spin off (t.) derive from or base on something done (t.) defend the cause of; support
previously You should always stand up for your friends
Her character on the sitcom was so popular and family. stand up to (t.) meet or deal with
that they spun off another show all about her. fearlessly;
spin out (t.) make sth such as a story or an activity confront
last as long as possible I know he's your boss, but you can't let him
The minister spun his speech out for hours, treat you that way - stand up to him!
hoping to wear down the opposition.
START
SQUEEZE start over (int.) begin again (AmE)
squeeze sth/sb In: manage to do sth or see sb I made a mistake, so I had to start all over.
when you are very busy
Well, the doctor is very busy, but it's possible STAY
she can squeeze you In sometime this stay behind (int.) not leave a place when other
afternoon. people leave
I stayed behind long after everyone else had
STAND gone. stay out of sth: not become involved in an
stand back or off (int.) keep or stay at a distance argument or discussion
standby I think you should stay out of their arguments
a. continue to support sb when they are having and mind your own business, stay up (int.) go
problems (t.) to bed later than usual
Just remember, I will stand by you no matter
what happens. STICK
b. adhere to an agreement, promise, etc.; stick to suck around (int.) (informal) stay somewhere for a
(t.) period of time
The actress stood by her controversial Their party was great, but I wasn't able to stick
statements even though the media criticized around for very long. suck at (t.) (informal)
her severely. continue trying hard to do sth
c. stand ready; wait (int.) difficult
The soldier stood by and awaited his orders. Learning a language can be tough, but you
d. do nothing to prevent sth unpleasant from need to suck at it. stick by or to (t.) continue to
happening support sb when they
How can you just stand by while he treats you are having problems; stand by sb. stick out a.
like a slave? project; protrude (int.)
stand down (int.) step aside; resign; withdraw, as He's got a strangely-shaped head - it's very
from a competition round, but his ears stick out quite far.
The unhappy stockholders insisted that the
entire management should stand down.
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b. make part of your body come forward from the SWITCH
rest of your body (t.) switch off
She stuck out her hand and told me to give her a. turn off a light, television, etc. by using a
the money. switch (t.)
c. be conspicuous or prominent; stand out (int.) Switch off the computer when you're finished
suck it out (informal) continue doing sth that is using it, will you?
boring, difficult, or unpleasant b. stop giving your attention to sb or sth (int.)
The physics course is extremely difficult; Whenever he starts talking about how much he
however, it's also fascinating, so I think I'll hates his job, I just switch off.
sock It out. stick to sth or with sb/sth: continue switch on (t.) turn on a light, television, etc. by
doing, using, using a switch switch over to (t.)
or employing sb/sth and not change to a. (for television, etc.) change from one television
anything or anyone else or radio station to another (BritE)
My father gave me some advice, but 1 think I'll b. change from doing one thing to another
stick to my own way in carrying out the I've decided to switch over to tea - no more
coffee for me!
business. stick up for (I.) (informal) defend the
cause of; TAKE
support; stand up for take after (t.)
a. resemble another person, esp. an older family
STIR member, physically, temperamentally, etc.
stir up sth Michael's very bad-tempered - he takes after
a. cause arguments or bad feelings between his mother.
people, often intentionally b. follow; chase (also take off after)
He really seems to enjoy stirring up trouble. The pickpocket got my wallet and I took off
b. make sb remember events in the past after him. take apart (I.) separate sth into its
Hearing that song always stirs up memories for different parts
He took the TV apart to find the problem. take
back (L)
STOP a. cause to remember
stop by or In (at) (t./int.) visit a person or place Whenever I hear The Talking Heads, it takes me
briefly back to my childhood.
Can you remember to stop by the shop and b. (for words) retract
pick up some eggs on your way home tonight? I'll only take back my statement if you prove I'm
stop off at or over In (I.) stop briefly in the course of wrong. take down (t.)
a trip or journey a. pull apart or take apart, esp. for buildings,
edifices, etc.
On the drive to Bodrum, we stopped off in İzmir They'll be taking down the old cinema soon.
to say hello lo a couple of friends. b. write down; record
Can you take down this telephone number for
STRIKE me?
strike in (with sth) interrupt suddenly; intervene In c. diminish the pride or arrogance of; humble
the middle of our argument, Murat struck in Fatih Terim thought he was unbeatable, but
with some comment about how stupidly we his team's poor performance took him down a
were acting. bit.
strike off (I.) remove or cancel, as from a record, list, take for (t.) assume, esp. falsely, to be; mistake for
etc., by drawing a line through After my I'm always being taken for a taxi driver when I
brother's rude remarks, my wife insisted he be drive my yellow car around.
struck off the guest list for our party. take In (Into)
strike out a. permit to enter; admit
a. erase; cross out; strike off (t.) She took me Into her office and we sat down.
b. (informal) (of a person or effort) fail (AmE\ (int.) b. alter an article of clothing so as to make it
He was really hoping to get Arzu's phone narrower
number, but he struck out miserably. I need to take this dress In a little bit.
strike up (t.) start a conversation or relationship c. provide lodging for
with sb My aunt'll take us In while we're in Seattle.
He struck up a conversation with a lonely- d. include; encompass
looking guy at the end of the bar. His farm takes In almost 200 acres.
e. grasp the meaning of; comprehend
The lesson was too complex; there was just too
SWEAR much to take in.
swear by (I.) (informal) believe strongly that sth or f. deceive; trick; cheat
sb is useful or effective I got taken in by some shoeshine boy on my
My grandfather swore by the health benefits of first day in Istanbul.
a glass of Irish whiskey every evening. swear In g. (for plays, films, etc.) visit or attend; see
(t.) admit to office or service by After dinner, let's take in a movie.
administering an oath h. (for police) bring to the police station
American presidents are sworn in on the 20th The police took him in for questioning. takeoff
of January every four years. swear off (t .) a. remove (t.)
promise or resolve to give up sth, esp. Take off your hat in the classroom, please.
intoxicating beverages b. spend time away from work (I.)
No matter how much my grandmother warned I'm taking Friday oflrv-ecause of the funeral.
him, my grandfather never swore off Irish
whiskey.
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c. lead away (t.} d. begin to advocate or support; sponsor
The business magnate's son was taken offby Baroness Pannonica von Koenlgswarter took up
kidnappers. Thelonlous Monk when he was banned from
d. withdraw or remove from (I.) playing jazz clubs in New York.
He was taken off the team because of his bad e. continue; resume
attitude. Let's take up where we left off at yesterday's
e. remove by death; kill (t.) meeting.
The Black Death took off about 25% of the f. assume responsibility for; take over
population of Europe in the 14th century. I'll take up your duties for a while if you can't
f. subtract, as a discount; deduct (t.) manage it.
Because we bought so many things, the shop g. make shorter or tighter
assistant was kind enough to take off 10% of Can you take this dress up an inch or two? h.
the total price. deal with in discussion
g. (informal) achieve sudden, marked growth, After talking about Samuel Beckett's dramatic
success, etc. (int.) technique, we took up the issue of his
Tom Cruise's career really took off after the influence on Harold Pinter, i. accept, as an
1983 film "Risky Business". h. (informal) offer or challenge
He said he'd give me a ride home, and I took
depart; leave, esp. suddenly or up the offer. take sth upon oneself: voluntarily
quickly (int.) assume sth as a
When the police showed up, Stacey and 1 took responsibility or obligation
off running. He took it upon himself to teach his children
i. (for airplanes) leave the ground (int.) take on (I.) as he couldn't trust the American school
a. hire; employ system. take up with sb (informal) become
The factory has taken on a lot of new workers friendly or keep
recently. company with sb
b. accept a responsibility Neil took up With a group of communitarians
I think I took on too much when I decided to after graduating from high school.
learn makams in Turkish classical music.
c. begin to have a particular quality TALK
When the subject of his speech turned to talk around sth: consciously avoid talking about
terrorism, the president's voice took on a much sth He was talking around the issue, so I
more authoritarian tone. couldn't
d. accept as a challenge; compete or contend understand what his real opinion was. talk sb
against around {to sth) bring sb over to one's way of
I'd like to take you on at chess one of these days. thinking; persuade
take out (t.) At first, she didn't want to come along, but I
a. withdraw; remove managed to talk her around to it. talk at sb:
The robber took out his gun and threatened the talk to sb without letting them say
bank teller. anything or without listening to them
b. procure by application He was talking at me all night long and I
She took out an insurance policy on her car. couldn't get a word in edgewise. talk away U.)
c. go somewhere with sb and pay for them, esp. spend or consume time in talking
as a date We talked days away while she was lying in the
I'd like to take you out to dinner sometime. hospital with pleurisy, talk back (to sb) reply to
take over (t.) assume management or possession of a command, request, etc.,
or responsibility for in a rude or disrespectful manner
If the president proves incapable of performing Whenever I talked back to my mother, my
his or her duties, the vice-president will take father would threaten me with his bell. talk
over the office. take sth out on sb (informal] down (1.) overwhelm by force of argument or by
cause sb to suffer for loud and persistent talking; subdue by talking
I was about to go and kill the guy who'd
one's own misfortune or dissatisfaction punched me, but my friend talked me down.
I know you're angry at your boss, but you have talk down to sb: talk to someone in a way that
no right to take it out on me! take sb through shows you think they are not intelligent or not
sth: explain sth to sb important
Let me take you through the procedure. It's really unnecessary to taifc down to children;
taketo((.) moreover, they hate it. talk out (t.)
a. devote or apply oneself to; become habituated a. talk until conversation is exhausted
to After an hour of trying to explain myself, I was
She took to the flute like a fish takes to water. all talked out.
b. respond favourably to; begin to like b. attempt to reach a settlement or understanding
Arzu and Ulaş took to each other as soon as they by discussion
met. take up (l.) Many wars could be prevented if the countries
a. begin to occupy oneself with the study or involved would just talk out their
practice of disagreements and reach a compromise. talk
After his retirement, he took up playing the sb out of (doing) sth: persuade sb to do or not
piano again after almost forty years. do sth
b. occupy; cover We tried to talk him out of marrying someone
That couch would take up half the living room he didn't really love, but he wasn't hearing us.
- we shouldn't buy it. talk over (i.) a. weigh in conversation; consider;
c. consume; use up; absorb discuss
Proofreading takes up a lot of time. I should talk it over with my wife before I make
my final decision.
716 a ELS
732
b. cause sb to change an opinion; convince by think over ((.) consider an idea or plan carefully
talking before making a decision
She's very good at talking people over to her think up (t.) devise, contrive, or create by thinking
side of almost any issue, talk up I've just thought up a new chord progression
a. promote interest in; discuss enthusiastically (t.) for the song.
Until I saw that salesman on the ferry the
other day, I never knew it was possible to talk THROW
an umbrella up so much. throw away (t.)
b. speak without hesitation; speak distinctly and a. employ wastefully; squander
openly; speak up (int.) Don't threw your college years away on drinking
You should talk up now, because this may be and having a good time.
the only chance you'll have. b. fail to use; miss a chance, opportunity, etc.
She threw away a perfectly good job just
TEAR because she didn't take to the manager.
tear apart (t.) throw back (onto sth) force into dependence upon
a. make a group of people argue or fight with or necessary use of
each other (usu. passive) When all the castaways' canned food had run
Sudan has been torn apart by civil war for out, they were thrown back on their own
several decades. resources. throw In (t.) (informal)
b. destroy a. add as a bonus or gratuity
Two airplanes proved enough to tear apart the They throw In a free litre of cola with every
World Trade Center. pizza.
c. distress; afflict; tear at b. bring into a discussion, plan, etc. as an
His father's death really tore him apart for a long addition; interject
time. tear at (I.) The president's a good speaker - when he gives a
a. pluck violently at; attempt to tear speech, he's always throwing in sarcastic yet funny
The baby tore at the wallpaper but I managed to asides. throw off U.)
pull her away before she could do any real a. free oneself of; cast aside
damage. Haiti was the first modern nation to gain
b. distress; afflict; tear apart independence by throwing off the yoke of slavery.
tear sb away from sth: make sb stop doing sth that b. escape from or delay, as a pursuer
they enjoy in order to do sth else When he's The fugitive managed to throw off the police.
watching a football match, it's absolutely c. confuse; fluster
impossible to tear him away from the TV. The drunken and shouting audience threw the
tear down ((.) pull down; destroy; demolish The singer off and she forgot some of the lyrics to
Vikings tore the monastery down. the song. throw oneself Into sth/dolng sth:
engage in sth with
tear Into ((.) (informal) energy or enthusiasm
a. attack impulsively and heedlessly He threw himself into learning to play the flute.
The boxer tore into his opponent with fury. throw oneself on or upon sb: commit oneself to
b. attack verbally another's mercy, generosity, support, etc.; trust
My mum really tore into me for coming home late. in
tear up (I.) After he lost his house and life savings, he
a. tear into small shreds; tear completely threw himself on his friends for support. throw
After Arzu'd left him. Ulaş tore up all of her out (t.) eject or expel from a place or a group,
photographs. esp. forcibly
b. cancel or annul When he started shouting drunkenly and
Does he want us just to tear up his contract harassing the other customers, the bouncer
and let him leave? threw him out o/the bar. throw together
a. make in a hurried and haphazard manner
TELL It's obvious the carpenter just threw this table
tell sb/sth apart: be able to distinguish between together in a hurry.
two people or things that are very similar I can b. cause or force to associate
never tell a Picasso and a Braque apart. Throwing criminals all together in prison is not
tell off (1.) (informal) rebuke severely; scold exactly the best way to encourage their
He was trying to kiss me, but I told him off. rehabilitation, is it? throw up (t.)
a. give up; relinquish
THINK Six points behind with two difficult games
think back (on/to slh) remember sth that happened remaining, Barcelona has basically thrown up
in the past their chance for the cup.
I quite enjoy thinking back on my university b. build hastily
years. think out or through (I.) think about in If a building is just thrown up, is it any
detail until surprise when it collapses in an earthquake?
a conclusion is reached; understand or solve c. vomit
by thinking My son got seasick on the ferry and was
You should think things through before getting throwing up all the way to Bandırma.
married.
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TIE turn down
tie down (t.) limit one's activities or freedom; a. turn over; fold down
confine; curtail The last thing to do when making a bed is to
She got really tied dawn after she had a child. turn down the blanket's edge.
tie In with sth: connect or be connected; be b. lower in intensity; lessen
consistent Could you please turn the volume down? I can't
What you told me doesn't tie in with what even hear myself think.
others have said. tie up (L) c. refuse or reject a person, request, etc.
a. invest or place money in such a way as to He applied for the position but was turned down.
render unavailable for other uses turn in
His money is all tied up in the new business. a. hand in; submit (t.)
She has finally turned in her letter of
b. engage or occupy completely resignation after twenty years with the company.
I'll be really tied up with work tomorrow, so can b. inform on or deliver up (t.)
we get together this weekend instead? His own brother turned him In to the police.
c. (informal) go to bed; retire (int.)
TOUCH I'm tired; I think I'll turn in.
touch down (at) (for airplanes) come into contact turn Into (t.) be changed, transformed, or converted
with the ground; land into, or make sb or sth do this (also turn to)
Ladies and gentlemen, we'll be touching down This city is slowly turning into a much safer
at O'Hare International Airport in about ten place than it used to be.
minutes. touch off (I.) turn off
a. cause to ignite or explode a. stop the flow of water, gas, electricity, etc.;
We need someone very brave to touch off the switch off (t.)
bomb. Don't forget to turn off the gas when you leave
b. give rise to; initiate home.
Silvio Berlusconi's insensitive remarks touched off b. diverge or branch off, as a side road from a
a minor scandal. touch on or upon (L) main road (int.)
a. mention a subject briefly or casually; treat of in This road turns off just past the statue of De
passing Valera.
In his speech, the president refused to even c. drive a vehicle or walk onto a side road from a
touch on the abortion rights controversy. main road (int.)
b. relate or pertain to Don't go all the way downtown, you should turn
The gun issue touches upon the related issues of off on Maxwell Street.
crime and the limits of civil rights. touch up (I.) d. (informal} stop listening; switch off (int.)
a. make minor changes or improvements in the While she was describing her holiday, I just
appearance of turned off
turn on (t.)
Let me just touch up my hair a bit before we go. a. cause water, gas, electricity, etc. to flow; switch
b. modify or improve a painting, photograph, etc. on
by adding small strokes or making slight It's very dark in here. Why don't you turn the
changes light on?
We should get this photo touched up; it's not b. become suddenly hostile to (also turn upon)
very clear at all. We'd been close friends for years, but then he
just turned on me.
TRY turn out (t.)
try on (I.) put on an article of clothing in order to a. extinguish a light; turn off; switch off
judge its appearance and fit b. produce as the result of labour
Why don't you try this dress on? I think it'll The factory turned out very little last quarter
look good on you. try out (t.) use because the workers were extremely
experimentally; test dissatisfied and refused to work very hard.
I tried out that new restaurant this afternoon c. drive out; dismiss; discharge
and it's really quite good. try out for sth: Aristide was turned out of the presidency of the
compete for a position, membership, Haitian Republic.
etc. d. turn out (for sth): be present at; appear
He tried out for the basketball team, but Nearly 100,000 people turned out for the
unfortunately, he didn't make it. protest.
e. turn out that: be found or known; prove
I talked to her for a while and it turned out
TURN that we'd been born in the same town.
turn sb away: not allow sb to enter a place f. turn out to be sth: result; issue; come to be;
It's a very exclusive club; they turn a lot of become ultimately
people away. turnback (t.) Ronald Reagan's "trickle-down" economic policy
a. return in the direction you have come from, or turned out to be a failure in the end. turnover (t.)
to make sb do this a. consider; meditate; ponder
Lots of illegal immigrants get turned back at I turned it over and over in my mind, but I still
the border, but lots get through as well. couldn't work out why she'd left me.
b. fold a blanket, sheet of paper, etc. on itself b. change to a different television station (BritE)
I don't use bookmarks very often; I usually If you're not watching this, can I turn it over?
rum back the page instead. c. turn sth over to sb, transfer or give sth to sb
The old king, tired of ruling, turned the throne
over to his son.
718 Q ELS
734
turn to U.) walk out (int.)
a. apply to for aid; appeal to a, go on strike
As he couldn't afford the university fees If the manager doesn't answer their demands
himself, he had to turn to the government for soon, the workers are going to walk out.
loans. b. leave or resign in protest
b. change to (also turn into) The meeting was a fiasco, so Anthony just
When the sun came back out, the ice turned to walked out. walk out on sb/sth: leave
water. unceremoniously; desert;
c. find a page in a book forsake
Turn to page 221 and start reading, please. I can't believe that she walked out on her
d. start to do sth bad, esp. because you are family like that. walk sb through sth, guide or
unhappy instruct carefully one
After Arzu left hım, Ulaş got very depressed and step at a time
turned to drink and drugs. turnup If the job seems a bit complicated at first, don't
a. uncover; find (t.) worry, because I'll walk you through it.
While I was looking through the attic, 1 turned
up these old photos. WASH
b. be recovered or found (int.) wash away (t.) remove by water
Your keys should turn up eventually, don't Heavy rain has washed away most of the
topsoil here. wash down (t.) facilitate the
worry. swallowing of food or
c. intensify or increase (I.) medicine by drinking water or other liquid
Towards the end of the match, Barcelona really These pills are quite big, so you'll need a lot of
turned up the pressure, but still couldn't water to wash them down. wash out
manage to score a goal. a. remove or be removed by washing (t./int.)
d. happen; occur (int.) I tried and tried, but the blood stain just
Stop worrying so much; there's really nothing wouldn't wash out.
we can do but wait and see what turns up. b. damage or demolish by the action of water (t.)
e. (informal} appear; arrive (int.) Several houses were washed out by the heavy
He turned up at the last possible moment, so not flooding.
surprisingly, all the tickets had already been c. (informal) fail to qualify or continue; be
sold out. eliminated (tat.)
His parents had high hopes for him, but he ended
USE up washing out of law school. wash up (t.) end, esp.
use up (t.) dishonorably (usu. passive) (int.)
a. consume entirely; finish a supply of Everybody believes that he ought to retire; he's
We've used up all the gas. all washed up as a football coach.
b. exhaust of vigour or usefulness; finish (usu.
passive) WASTE
At the end of the match, he felt all used up. waste away (int.) gradually become thinner and
weaker
WATT Anorexics, if not helped, will eventually waste
walton (t.) away and die.
a. perform the duties of an attendant or servant
for WATCH watch out
The waiter who waited on our table at the a. look out (used to tell sb to be careful because
restaurant last night was very clumsy. they are in danger)
b. supply the wants of a person, as serving a meal Watch out! a car's coming!
or serving a customer in a store b. watch out for sth: be on one's guard; be
Excuse me, sir, but is anyone waiting on you cautious
yet? Watch out for that hole in the road!
watch over sb: look after sb and protect them if
WAKE necessary
wake up to sth: start to understand sth that is Don't worry; I'll be watching over you every
important step of the way.
When I was a teenager, I finally woke up to the
fact that not everyone in the world was nearly WAVE
as well off as I was. wave sth aside: refuse to consider what sb says
He just waved aside every single one of my
WALK suggestions. wave sb off: wave your hand to sb
walk off (t.) get rid of by walking as they are
"I've got a bit of a headache." - "Why don't you leaving in order to say goodbye; see sb off
go outside and try walking it off?" walk off with
sth, WEAR
a. remove illegally; steal wear (sth) away: disappear after a lot of time or use,
The bank robbers walked off with over $10,000 or make something disappear in this way The
in cash. toe of the saint's statue had been worn away by
b. win or attain, esp. easily, as in a competition the kisses of pilgrims.
That movie walked off with almost every major
award this year.
ELS a 719
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wear down (t.) b. pay or fulfill a debt, a favour, etc. by working
a. reduce or impair by long wearing Since he'd lost his wallet, he had to work off the
My sandals are all worn down. I guess 1 should restaurant bill by washing dishes for a while.
gel a new pair. work on or upon (t.) exercise influence on; persuade;
b. weary; tire affect:
Her unceasing complaints really wear me down. If you keep working' on him, he's bound to
c. prevail over by persistence; overcome change his mind eventually.
Eventually, the president's never-ending work out,
speeches wore down those who'd been opposed a. solve, as a problem (t.)
to his tax reform bill. What 1 can't work out is why Arzu married Ulaş
wear off (int.) dimmish slowly or gradually or in the first place.
diminish in effect; disappear b. arrive at by or as by calculation (t,)
When the morphine began to wear off, the Let me just work out the cost of the meal. C.
patient's pain returned. wear on (ini.) (for prove effective or successful (int.)
periods o[ time) pass, esp. slowly Despite some minor setbacks, everything
As the years wore on, she grew increasingly worked out alright in the end.
dissatisfied with her marriage. wear out (I.) d. practise, exercise, or train, esp. in order to
a. make or become unfit or useless through hard become proficient in an athletic sport (int.)
or extended use I'm going to go work out at the gym tonight; do
1 wore out all my socks because I was always you want to come?
forgetting to cut my loenails. e. work out to sth: amount to a total or specified
b. exhaust, as by continued strain; weary; wear figure; add up (to)
down The bill works out to $42.73.
All this arguing is beginning to wear me out. f. work out, understand the reasons for sb's
behaviour
WEIGH We can't work out. why she has been crying all
weigh down morning. work through sth: deal with sth
a. cause to become bowed under a weight successfully; come
After the blizzard, the heavy snow and ice was to terms with sth
really weighing down the trees. He took a long time to work through the guilt
b. lower the spirits of; burden; depress complex caused by his Catholic upbringing.
My money problems are really weighing me work up: move or stir the feelings of; excite "
down; it's such a burden. weigh on or upon sb: Although Adolf Hitler was an absolute
make sb worried or unhappy: madman, he was a genius at working up great
The collapse of her marriage is really weighing masses of people. work (one's way) up to: rise
on her these days. weigh sth against sth: judge to a higher position;
which of two things is advance
more important before making a decision Evita Peron worked her way up from an actress
The pros of starting your own business have to to the co-leadership, with her husband Juan,
be weighed against the cons. of Argentina. work up to sth: gradually prepare
yourself for sth
WIPE difficult or frightening
wipe out (t.) eliminate, destroy, or defeat completely Before 1 play music live, 1 always have to work
The Holocaust is the name given to Hitler's myself up to it first.
attempt to wipe out all Jews, Gypsies, Slavs
and homosexuals. WRITE
write off (t.)
WORK a. cancel an entry in an account, as an unpaid
work against sb: make it more difficult for sb to and uncollectable debt
achieve sth After the man had disappeared and could not
Your qualifications for that job are outstanding, be found, the bank was forced to write off his
but your lack of experience might work against debt.
you. work In or Into (t.) b. regard as worthless, lost, obsolete, etc.; decic
a. bring or put in; add, merge, or blend to forget
American novelist Thomas Pynchon worked Whatever you may have heard about her, yoi
both pop culture and advanced science into his shouldn't just write her off until after you've
1973 masterpiece, Gravity's Rainbow. actually met her.
b. arrange a time or employment for write up: put into writing, esp. in full detail and
Although she was quite busy, the dentist usu. using notes that you made earlier 1
managed to work me to in the early evening. wrote up a report about everything that'd gone
work off (t.) on at the meeting.
a. lose or dispose of, as by exercise or labour 1
needed to Work off the extra pounds I had
gained at Thanksgiving dinner, so 1 went for a
jog.
736
UNTT l
EXERCISE l
1.are...doing/am tasting/has 2.do...know/is talking/don't recognize/suppose S.are...whispering/is
sleeping/am trying/is...sleeping/don't think/are 4.are...taking/isn't raining/always take/never
rains/never know 5.works/relies/pays/provides/is building G.look/takes/doesn't resemble 7.are
rising/are even considering 8.is weighing/is trying 9.weighs/seems/always wears lO.look/don't
smell 11.are arriving/is still wrapping 12.is listening/a: ^ öitting IS.doesn't taste 14.is getting/is
raising 15-feels 16-look (are looking)/hope/am thinking 17.is feeling 18.are...sniffing/am
trying/are wearing/smells 19.looks/doesn't feel 20.are enduring 21.is seeing
22.do...think/have/see
EXERCISE 2
1.bound 2.arose S.founded 4.raised S.laid 6.grounded 7.risen S.sawn Q.wound lO.hanged
11.fallen 12.set 13.wounded 14.hung IS.bounded 16.ground 17.1aid 18.lay/saw 19-raised 20.fell
21.found 22.aroused 23.rose 24.sat 25.arose
EXERCISE 3
l.kept 2.arose S.crept 4.forgave S.lay G.held 7.forbade (forbid) S.laid 9.hid lO.fell 11.dug 12.felt
13-sprang 14.fed IS.slid
EXERCISE 4
1.fought 2.threw S.rode 4.bound S.froze 6.bet 7.tore S.grew 9.bore lO.shed ll.left 12.ate
13-dealt 14.sought IS.wound :
EXERCISE 5
1.forecast 2.mislaid 3.flew 4.burst S.cost G.drew 7.shook S.fled 9.broadcast lO.mistook ll.chose
12.ground IS.lit (lighted) 14.bent IS.led
EXERCISE 6
l.rang 2.1ost 3.wore 4.hurt S.hung 6.withdrew 7.shrank S.shone 9.spun lO.rose 11.forgot
12.bit 13.sold 14.wove IS.undertook
EXERCISE 7
1.climbed 2.saw 3.swore 4.bought S.played 6.missed 7.slipped S.felled 9.bled lO.struck
11.sawed 12.swept 13.fell 14.attended 15.F" "
EXERCISES
1.left/was raining 2. continued/was driving 3.arrived/was still raining 4.was going (went)/saw/was
overtaking/(was) coming/stepped/swerved/barely avoided S.was having/phoned 6.was
having/phoned 7.was/had/wore S.was trying/was playing 9.jogged/got lO.was jogging/met
11.saw/stopped/got out 12.saw/was driving IS.were driving/hit 14.did...turn/was distracting
IS.was taking (took)/burst/had to 16.heard/were coming/knew/had 17.was still hiding/rang/took
18.shot/shook/fell 19.were sitting (sat)/announced 20.seemed/told/were leaving/sulked 21.was
pouring/spilled 22.were looking
EXERCISE 9
1.hasn't passed 2.followed/didn't believe S.has spoken/hasn't had 4.started/worried/has
made/have subsided S.has been/rained 6.hasn't got/hasn't started 7. read/was/were/never
took/didn't really appreciate S.have broken 9.met/have forgotten lO.learnt/haven't had 11.have
been/were/didn't hear/just overslept 12.have often dreamt 13.merged/have shown 14.haven't
been IS.had/didn't come 16.have seen 17.has done/got/have never met IS.have had/have
got/endured/bought 19.opened/have observed/has almost doubled/has caused 20.has been/were
21.have never tried 22.sold/has ever raised 23.took/have appeared 24.has beaten/beat 25.has
believed/knew/finished
737
EXERCISE 10
1.has been snowing/have...just noticed/have never seen/have seen 2.have been driving/have drive.
S.has always wanted 4.have been working/have only painted S.has received 6.has been
working/have already changed/has been 7.has been leaking/haven't been able to S.has just fixed
9.have been suffering lO.Have...been working 11.have repaired 12.have been killing/has lasted
IS.have shrunk/have only had 14.have been chopping IS.has been learning/hasn't had 16.has
offered/have been expecting 17.have thought/have been working (have worked) IS.have been
revising/haven't even gone 19.Have...been crying/have been peeling 20.have been running/have
gained 21.have been wanting/have resisted 22.have received/have been considering/have chosen
23.have been considering/has been trying 24.have been burning/have reached 25.have been
drinking/have only had
EXERCISE 11
1.Have...ever seen/saw/went 2.found/saw/was hiding S.has been promising/even sent/has
happened 4.were having/moved /have held S.has been manufacturing/produced/contributed
6.bought/have now driven/has only ever broken 7.has been laughing/told S.only put/have already
had 9.Have...read/did/was travelling lO.have left (have been leaving)/has been increasing (has
increased) ll.wasn't paying/gave/didn't realize/got/has been 12. started/has always
preferred/had/drove/was loading/pulled/has been lying 13.won/has become 14.was
drinking/announced/told/still had/became IS.have seen/have visited 16.saw/were picnicking/has
been begging 17.had/have been working/have just completed IS.paid/have changed
19.caught/were fishing/has been boasting 20.was talking/came/started/have been talking/has
phoned
EXERCISE 12
1.since 2.for S.for 4.slnce S.for 6-since 7.since S.since 9.for lO.for 11.for 12.for IS.since
14.since IS.since 16.since 17.for IS.since 19.since 20.since
EXERCISE 13
1.seems/has stabilized/think/see 2.has suffered(has been suffering)/don't understand/falsified (was
falsifying)/appeared S.have just finished/looks/have been working/haven't had 4.has...been
doing/has been familiarizing/has fully mastered S.collapsed/were working/called/didn't get 6.was
sailing/(was) drinking/(was) enjoying/don't think/haven't been 7.has always resented/has been
getting S.got/intensified 9.try (are trying)/clings lO.are wearing/did...buy/have only had 11.don't
want/have just washed/is 12.bought/have been feeling/is IS.was sawing/accidentally cut/has
been bleeding 14.have just written/complained/didn't send IS.look/Have...changed 16.haven't
spoken/hope/aren't worrying 17.didn't know/tastes IS.is giving/Do...feel 19.is talking/have been
trying 20.began (was beginning)/went/had to 21.haven't arrived 22.still have/are attempting
23.Are...still mowing/haven't been mowing/saw/took/didn't start/explains 24.raise/isn't
working/have been driving 25.generally plays/is/sustained/is still troubling
EXERCISE 14
l.warned/had already got infected 2.took/were/had never been S.got/opened 4. asked/gave/had
never had S.offered/accepted/considered G.had/didn't know/started/had
studied/improved/ended/had learnt/helped/passed/once again confirmed (had once again
confirmed) 7.saw/was/decided S.had closed/got/went 9.had already explained/still wanted lO.had
never behaved/decided 11.had scarcely finished/appeared 12.recognized/hadn't seen/was IS.hadn't
arrived/had to 14.spoke/still hadn't made 15.had got (got)/realized/had lost
16.surprised/refused/didn't know/had given up
EXERCISE 15
l.has only known/has already agreed 2.had announced/had been S.has only been 4.had never
walked S.had already made up G.had read 7.had all drowned S.hasn't acted 9.hadn't acted
lO.have given
EXERCISE 16
l.had been driving 2.were travelling S.was hanging 4.were chatting/was working S.had been going
6.had already been taking 7.had been strolling S.was sewing 9.had been flashing lO.had been
making
~. I—k w*m t
738
EXERCISE 17
1.have been working/have produced 2.had been working/had produced S.have just arranged/have
already made 4.has been/has been trying S.had been looking/have been 6.have really been
painting 7.had been counting/had been backing S.have confirmed 9.had been smoking lO.had
removed 11.have just sold 12.have checked/(have) updated IS.has been working (has worked)
14.have been monitoring/have announced IS.had been planning/had made
EXERCISE 18
1.split/has been crying 2.was hurrying/tripped/twisted 3.rushed/had just bitten 4.applied/still
haven't heard 5.wears/is wearing/are moving (or wears/wore/moved (were moving)) 6.met/had been
working/saw/hardly recognized 7.is getting/regularly complain/don't seem 8.were operating/were
pacing (operated/paced) 9.have been frowning 10.1s going 11.hadn't informed (didn't inform)
12.has only just arrived/start IS.has been looking/has come 14.did...last hear/haven't heard
15.take/were/saw/were feeding/were jumping/is taking/wants 16.had just finished/were
watching/heard/rushed/found/was/had broken 17.were entering (entered)/whispered/had felt (had
been feeling)/rose/just muttered/sat 18.1ooked/had ever seen/have ever seen 19.dropped (had
dropped)/dropped/caused/had witnessed 20.have found/checked/were still testing
EXERCISE 19
1.will...get (are...going to get)/is going to drive 2.will do 3.am going to buy/will get 4.is going to faint
S.will do 6. am going to repair 7.is going to fall (will fall) 8. are going to get/are going to come 9.will
make 10.will have/will do
EXERCISE 20
I.We won't be able to use the cold tap in the kitchen until the plumber replaces (has replaced) the
leaky pipe. 2.Once he has got written confirmation of the job offer in Germany, he's going to book his
flight. S.After the board has interviewed (interviews) all the candidates, they will announce the
results. 4.When she leaves school, she's going to take a year off to go travelling. 5.You'll have to
wash your hands before you eat dinner. 6.While you're getting some more petrol, I'll quickly go to the
supermarket. 7.The bus won't leave until all the passengers have got (get) on board. S.After he has
completed (completes) his apprenticeship, he's going to set up his own business. 9.While you're
washing up (wash up), I'll telephone the cinema to see what time the film starts. 10.As soon as I
come back from holiday, I'll start a diet.
EXERCISE 21
l.will not commence/arrive (have arrived) 2.will close 3.won't reserve/are 4.will check S.settles (has
settled)/will take 6.won't be/see 7.will contain/is 8-won't let/come (have come)/only allow
9.familiarizes (has familiarized)/will be lO.won't be able/check (have checked)
EXERCISE 22
l.will be playing 2.will be driving/will be sailing/will be feeling S.have improved (improve)/will have
to 4.will never learn/will be whizzing S.will see (will be seeing) 6.will drop/don't have (won't have)
7.get (have got)/will provide/will need (need) S.will be performing 9.will be working/will be working
lO.have undergone (undergo)/won't bother ll.won't open/have cleaned (clean) 12.won't be able/will
be welcoming/will present (will be presenting)
EXERCISE 23
l.will regret/run out 2. arrives/will have received S.will find/return/will have received 4. will
somehow manage/reach/will have removed S.will have risen 6.will pretend/asks 7.put/will have
saved 8.brings/will have already gone 9.will adapt lO.will have become 11.announces/will say
12.arrive/will have already broken
EXERCISE 24
l.will have sold 2. will be driving/will give 3. will... recognize/will be wearing 4. will be waiting/will
probably have gone S.will experience/will have settled 6.will be/will have been travelling 7.will be
congratulating S.will have been working/will have qualified 9.will take/will have been soaking/will
have been lO.will have extinguished 1 l.will be inspecting/will have been digging/will makefwill be
making) 12.will look
EXERCISE 25
l.until 2.by the time S.until 4.By the time 5.Until 6.until/by the time 7.by the time 8.until 9.By
the time lO.until 11.By the time 12.Until IS.by the time 14.until IS.until
739
EXERCISE 26
l.has just taken/was/announced/have been/will increase (will be increasing) 2.were intending (had
intended)/went/had arranged/cut/was doing/tried/put/was playing/are both/usually hurt/are
playing/were sitting/heard/hurried/had happened/had thrown/had hit/was trickling/nearly fain
ted/saw/took S.have been/doesn't know/knew/seem/were wearing/are wearing/is causing(has
caused) (has been causing)/will face(are going to face) 4.have always been
afraid/was/hear/immediately put/don't know S.has experienced/is/will experiencefwill be
experiencing) G.hadn't been sleeping/went 7.is going to exchange/will regret (will be regretting/is
going to regret) S.was blazing/came/took 9.will have expanded lO.has turned/will snow(is going to
snow) 11.is losing/will have lost 12.will be makingfwill make)/will have been sitting (will have sat)
13.last looked/had not yet commenced 14.immediately rang/reached/were already waiting 15.is
expecting/am/will have had 16.have been hiking/still have/join/will have been walking
17.store/bottle/has fermented (has been fermenting) IS.will not ignorefam not going to ignore)/will
say/treats 19.had only been driving/failed/was coming/had/stopped 20.were talking/don't
think/have seen 21.has had/went/caught/is suffering/has been coughing/sounds/will get(is going
to get) 22.has recently designed/runs/thinks/will be driving
EXERCISE 27
l.has been 2.hasn't rained 3.is suffering 4.will only last (is only going to last) 5.is 6.are keeping
(keep) 7.are storing (have been storing/have stored) 8.are using 9.is 10.faces 11.has developed
(develops) 12.called 13.said 14.have IB.were lying 16.announced 17.don't see (haven't seen)
EXERCISE 28
1.arrived (had arrived) 2.was opening (opened) 3.approached 4.asked S.was lighting (lit) 6.suddenly
held 7.overpowered S.tried 9.pushed 10.drove off 11.gave 12.1ost 13.woke up 14.was lying
IS.told (were telling) 16.found 17.had been working 18.offered 19.promised 20.threatened 21.gave
22.was feeling (felt) 23.just lay 24.fell 25.happened 26.had been sleeping 27.woke 28.saw
29.W111...excuse SO.don't feel (am not feeling)
EXERCISE 29
I) 1.invented 2.made (had been making) S.weren't 4.named S.inhabited 6.designed 7.comes
8.had gained 9.ceased (had ceased) 10.produces 11.is 12.bears 13.does not burst 14.spends
Et) a)resin b)adhesive cjwaterproof d)inhabit e)staggering fjcease gjdevote h)plant êquivalent j)bear
k)shelf-life ^providing m)burst rOcollectively
IH) l.D 2.E 3.B
IV) 1.equivalent 2.burst 3-waterproof 4.devoted S.providing
EXERCISE 30
I) l.was 2.have burst 3.rose 4.still stands 5.is 6-escalated 7.has prompted (has been prompting)
S.has resulted 9.have made 10.actually happens 11.developed (has developed/develops)
12.continue (are continuing/have continued) 13-claims
ü) a)virtually b)untreatable c)companion d)escalate ejrelative flobscurity glprominence hjprompt
Ijbroad-ranging JJdramatic k^heralded IJincidence
HI) l.C 2.D 3.A
IV) 1.companion 2.virtually S.dramatic 4.prompted S.relative
EXERCISE 31
I) l.has felt 2.was 3.has created 4.has further strengthened S.also developed 6.has devoted
7.finished (had finished) S.organized 9.went lO.becamefhad become) 11.finally took 12.began
13.has visited 14.has crossed
ü) a)intense b)spell (attraction) c)unshakeable d)further e)solitary âdolescence gjpassion h)reptiles
i)amphibians jjapparently kjinexhaustible l)enthusiasm mjstir up
Di) l.C 2.B 3.E
IV) 1.further 2.solitary 3.passion 4.apparently S.intense
EXERCISE 32
I) l.have been 2.have been living (have lived) S.means 4.1ived S.became 6.intruded (had intruded)
7.doubted S.had always lived 9.had found lO.is 11.came 12.had been living (had lived) 13.set
14.were IS.had not encroached IG.still exist 17.1ive IS.have succeeded 19.live 20.were 21.have
almost eliminated 22.now resemble 23.use
ü) a)mass b)isolated c)existence d)intrude e)territory fjremote g)ancestor hjhemisphere i)apparently
j)millennia kjinterior l)preserve m)primitive njinterference o)distinct p)assimilation qjintermarriage
r) eliminate s)resemble
IH) l.E 2.B 3.A
IV) 1.distinct 2.resembles S.assimilated 4.interior S.preserve
740
UNIT 2 EXERCISE 1
1.if I sat 2.repeating 3.if I switched/switching 4.if I didn't join S.lending 6.if I borrowed 7.not
smoking 8.if I stopped/stopping 9.if I kept lO.if I skipped
EXERCISE 2 (Sample answers)

1.Could you tell me where the post office is?/Would you mind telling me the way to the post office?
2.Would you mind if I used your phone?/Could I possibly use your phone? 3.Would anyone mind if I
smoked?/May I smoke? 4.Would you mind if I borrowed that book?/Could I possibly borrow that
book? S.Could I/Can I open the window?/Would anyone mind if I opened the window? 6-Could you
possibly give me a hand?/Can you me a hand? 7.Would you mind if I ate my lunch while you
explain?/Could I keep eating while you explain? 8.1 wonder if you could tell me where the bank
is./Would it be possible for you to tell me how to find the bank? 9.Would it be okay if I went on the
skiing trip?/Do you think I could go on the skiing trip? 10.Would you mind if I drove it a little
first?/Do you think I could drive it around a little first?
EXERCISES
1.needn't/mustn't 2.mustn't S.mustn't 4.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) S.needn't (don't
have to/don't need to) 6-mustn't 7.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) S.don't have to (don't need
to/needn't) Q.mustn't lO.mustn't
EXERCISE 4
1.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) 2.must (have to) S.must (have to) 4.had to S.must (have to)
6.doesn't have to (doesn't need to/needn't) 7.have to S.mustn't Q.mustn't lO.doesn't have to
11.don't have to (don't need to/needn't) 12.don't have to IS.must 14.don't have to (don't need
to/needn't)/must (have to) IS.mustn't
EXERCISE 5
1.didn't need to buy (didn't have to buy) 2.didn't need to write (didn't have to write) S.needn't have
called 4.needn't have prepared S.didn't need to alter (didn't have to alter) 6.needn't have watered
7.didn't need to water (didn't have to water) S.didn't need to hire (didn't have to hire) Q.needn't have
bought 10.needn't have bought
EXERCISE 6
1.needn't 2.shouldn't S.shouldn't 4.needn't/shouldn't S.needn't 6.needn't 7.shouldn't S.needn't
Q.shouldn't lO.shouldn't
EXERCISE?
1.should have tried 2.shouldn't discriminate/should treat S.should be revising 4.shouldn't have
scolded S.shouldn't have been talking 6.should be driving 7.shouldn't expect S.should let
9.shouldn't have bought 10.should have been wearing 11.should be writing 12.shouldn't
settle/should bargain IS.shouldn't have been driving 14.should have left IS.should have
visited/shouldn't have been going
EXERCISES
l.You're supposed to read the instructions first. 2.You were supposed to read the instructions first.
S.You were supposed to come straight home./You weren't supposed to go to the cinema. 4.You
aren't supposed to wear (to be wearing) make-up in school. S.You were supposed to shut the
windows. 6.You were supposed to phone me./You weren't supposed to leave work without phoning
me. 7.You aren't supposed to smoke here. S.You aren't supposed to feed (to be feeding) the animals.
9.You weren't supposed to make any noise. 10.You weren't supposed to take it without eating
something first./You were supposed to eat something before taking it.
EXERCISE 9
1.could swim 2.was able to S.could 4.were able to S.could G.was able to 7.were able to S.could
hear 9.could go lO.were able to
741
EXERCISE 10
l.will be able to walk/is already able to take (can already take) 2.hasn't been able to walk 3.was able
to stop 4.had never been able to form S.can have S.was able to avert 7.can't find (isn't able to
findj/won't be able to go S.has been able to concentrate 9.won't be able to make/won't be able to
attend lO.can speak ll.were able to restore 12.were able to free 13.can play 14.couldn't
afford/was able to buy IS.was able to get
EXERCISE 11
l.must live 2.must be getting S.must have been driving 4.must be flying S.must not have been
watering (must not have watered) G.must have been sailing 7.must have told S.must be snowing
9.must have been playing lO.must have 11.must be 12.must have happened 13.must have been
expecting (must have expected) 14.must not have been expecting (must not have expected) 15.must
be approaching
EXERCISE 12
1.can't have broken 2.must be quarreling/might (may) get/may (might/could) adapt S.must not
have believed (must not believe) 4.must not want (must not have wanted) S.could
(may/might)...have done/must have set 6.must be/must be 7.must have failed/can't have
failed/must not have got/must be S.can't have forgotten Q.must be sleeping/can't be sleeping/must
not have returned 10.may (might/could) have been/couldn't (can't) have been/may (might/could)
have called (or may (might/could) have been calling) 11.must be coming 12.may (might/could)
be/can't be/must be 13.should (ought to) be able to 14.Could...be 15.may (might/could) get ( or
may (might/could) be getting)/may (might/could) award (or may (might/could) be awarding) 16.may
(might/could) be freezing 17.should (ought to) withstand IS.should (ought to) sell
EXERCISE 13
l.have 2.be doing/be sleeping S.not answer 4.not have raised S.gave 6.hadn't asked 7.not have
taken 8-didn't tease 9-hadn't mentioned lO.do (be doing)/walking (walk) >
EXERCISE 14
I.He used to attend... 2.No change 3.No change 4.1n the past, women didn't use to have... 5-There
used to be a boy...who always used to laugh whenever he used to get... 6.No change 7.Many years
ago there used to be a small cotton mill...it had to close down. 8.No change 9.1n the days of the
wild frontier, spurs on boots used to serve... 10.Children used to work ... until trade associations
forced change.
UNIT 3 EXERCISE 1
l.is being mown 2.is mown S.was mown 4.was being mown S.has been mown B.had been mown
7.will be mown 8.is going to be mown 9.will have been mown
EXERCISE 2
l.are going to be planted by local people next weekend 2.was interviewed by the manager S.will be
explained by the vice-president at the meeting tomorrow 4.was being guarded by some soldiers
S.was crossed by Nils Nordenskjöld, a Swede, in a ship called the Vega 6.has not been approved for
sale by the Food and Drug Administration/has already been tested on human volunteers by
scientists 7.were destroyed by the rainstorm last week S.are effectively cured by the antibiotic
penicillin 9.is looked after by volunteers lO.will have been provided with books by the school by the
end of the week 11.is still left around the campsite by the campers 12.have been searched by the
customs officers/will be passed IS.had not been stolen by grave robbers 14.is being plagued by a
teenage gang 15.will be paid compensation by the council
EXERCISES
l.are exposed to extreme cold 2.is provided with a pair of shoes by a private fund every year S.was
being vandalized by some youths 4.is being increased by 25 percent S.was written by George Eliot
G.was sent special delivery 7.was loved by people across the globe S.has been taken/will be brought
9.hadn't yet been received lO.has been loaded onto the plane 11.is watched by everyone 12.have
been destroyed since the beginning of the riots IS.had been beaten by Smith three times before in
the 100-metre race 14.hadn't been agreed to/hadn't been rejected IS.will have been collected/is
drawn
742
EXERCISE 4
1.Is that dictionary being used? 2.Which machines are being inspected today? S.How many species
of monkey are kept here? 4.Has our rubbish been collected? 5.Who was interviewed by the manager
yesterday? 6.By whom were the applicants interviewed yesterday? (Who/whom were the applicants
interviewed by yesterday?) 7.What has been agreed upon? 8.1s all the fruit going to be gathered
today? 9.What is going to be done? lO.By whom is your translation work done? (Who/whom is your
translation work done by?) ll.Who was influenced by Sally at the meeting? 12.By whom was Sally's
decision influenced at the meeting? (Who/whom was Sally's decision influenced by at the meeting?)
13.Are the windows cleaned regularly? 14. How much wheat is produced annually in this region?
IS.Has the crossword been done yet?
EXERCISE 5
l."I wish that in one instant you could be told of my safe arrival, but... 2.This sentence was written
by Samuel Morse in a letter to his mother in 1811, when he was 20. 3.No change 4.No change
(Cümle passive yapılabilir ama anlam doğal olmaz.) S.However, he was allowed to go to London to
study art in 1811, after his work was praised by Gilbert Stuart. 6.When Samuel returned in 1815, he
found that Americans were not interested in buying paintings. 7.He realized that very little money
could be earned from painting portraits. S.Morse was inspired to invent the telegraph by a chance
conversation while he... 9.He was told by a fellow passenger about European experiments in
electromagnetism. 10.Morse remarked, "If the presence of electricity can be made visible in any part
of the circuit, I see no reason why intelligence cannot be transmitted by electricity." 11.No change
12.No change IS.Thus, years of work and study were required for him to perfect his device. 14.His
determination was greatly admired. IS.He was given practical help by the industrialist Alfred Vail, the
physicist Joseph Henry, and others. 16.1n 1837 a patent was applied for on The American
Electromagnetic Telegraph. 17....for his invention but was met with failure there as at home.
IS.Finally, in 1843, $30,000 was appropriated by the United States Congress in order to build a
line... 19.1n May 1844, the first message was flashed over this wire. 20.No change 21.Use was
quickly found for the telegraph by newspapers, railroads, and businesses. 22.After the Western
Union had been founded in 1856, wires were soon strung from coast to coast. 23.The problem had
been worked on by other men of science, but Morse's invention was the basis of the land telegraph
system. 24.The code of dots and dashes used in sending messages is still known as Morse code, in
honour of its inventor. 25.When Morse died in 1872, on April 2, public memorials were held across
the nation.
EXERCISES
l.For more than 4000 years, this sensuous cloth has been created by weavers from the strand of a
mere worm and it has reigned supreme as the queen of fabrics. 2.No change 3.In the sixth century,
according to legend, a supply of silkworms was brought back to the emperor Justinian by two
monks. 4.Silk cloth has been made into many items, such as clothing, tapestries, and accessories.
S.Traditionally, part of a Chinese woman's marriage dowry was formed by silk items, such as
bedcovers. 6.Much-needed work is still provided by silk production in several poor but labour-rich
countries. 7.Silkworms are raised by more than 10 million farmers in China today. S.About half a
million workers are employed by(in) silk fabric production. 9.No change 10.Silkworms are still fed
by the Empress of Japan on the palace grounds each spring. 11.Silk-making lessons are sponsored
by the Queen of Thailand in her palace. 12.Silk is even used for certain components of tennis-racket
strings, fly fishing lines, parachutes, and bicycle tires. 13.Silk has been used by surgeons to save
lives, as wounds are easily stitched by the fine thread. 14.A silk kite was used by Benjamin Franklin
during his famous experiments with electricity. 15-No change 16-Silk fibres are triangular, and so
light is reflected by them. 17.A pearly sheen is built up by layers of protein, making silk a luxurious,
sensuous fabric. 18-Its feel, its look, and even its smell are rejoiced in by designers. 19."Bombyx
mori", the most commonly cultivated silkworm, is raised domestically by farmers, but only where
there are mulberry leaves. 20.No change 21.A tougher, rougher silk is produced by wild silkworms
because they are more robust than their domesticated cousins. 22.Silk is also produced in Japan...
23.Though production techniques have been mechanized by the Japanese, many tasks are done by
hand in other countries. 24.1n India, the whole family is involved in the craft of silk-making. 25.An
unceasing trade from East to West has always been encouraged by the West's hunger for silk.
26.Two powerful civilizations -Rome and China - were linked by the silk trade route... 27.Although
silk is widely available today, mainly the rich and famous are adorned by silk gowns.
743
EXERCISE?
l.will be awarded a scholarship this year/will be awarded to ten students this year 2.were handed a
menu/was handed to us 3.was sent someone else's bill/was sent to him 4.are served to the
passengers/are served light refreshments 5.is going to be sent to us/are going to be sent a catalogue
6.were provided for the victims of the earthquake/were provided (with) tents 7.will be told the
decision/will be told to you 8.were sold burglar alarms/were sold to old people
EXERCISES
l.was reported/occurred/was covered/arrived/had already frozen(had already been frozen)/were
rescued(have been rescued) 2.are mined/are found S.has been rehearsed/will (is going to) be
performed 4.was thought/disappointed S.has been discovered/is being cut down/fear/will be made
6.fell/led/were made/were killed/died/had not been built(were not built) 7.were rescued/hit(had hit)
S.has been shown 9.was whispered/had whispered lO.is exposed 11.is
held/starts/lasts/walk/run/is allowed/is referred (has been referred) 12.have just been given/have
dialled IS.had been discardedfwere discarded)/leaked/caused/has since been declared
14.Has...been told 15.Will (Can)...tell
EXERCISE 9
l.be encouraged 2.distinguish S.have been repaired 4.speak/be translated 5.be sold G.have been
damagedfbe damaged)/be seen 7.be worn 8.find/have been thrown 9.be made/be washed 10.be
relied/have taken 11.receive 12.be learned/be picked 13.be sent 14.send(be sending) 15.be taken
EXERCISE 10
l.is locked 2.was locked 3.is situated 4.is creased 5.was blocked 6.wasn't interested 7.am
exhausted 8.were worried 9.was dressed lO.is dented 11.was...crowded 12.isn't insured IS.was
annoyed 14.is decorated/are all covered IS.are still damaged
EXERCISE 11
l.from 2.of 3.with 4.to 5.with/at(about) 6.from 7.of 8.to(with) 9.with 10.to 11.to 12.with
IS.with 14.for IS.against 16.with 17.with 18-for 19.on 20.to/in (with)
EXERCISE 12
l.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.E 6.A 7.D 8.E 9.B 10.E ll.D 12.D 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.A
20.C 21.C 22.B 23.B 24.E 25.D
EXERCISE 13
l.will get lost 2.got delayed S.get depressed 4.am getting concerned S.gets confused G.often get
involved 7.was getting dressed 8.will get promoted 9.always gets encouraged lO.got damaged
ll.gets embarrassed 12.got tired 13.will get better acquainted 14.are both getting excited IS.are
getting divorced
EXERCISE 14
l.B 2.C 3-D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.E ll.E 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.C
EXERCISE 15
1. couldn't have been saved/anyone 2.Nothing could be done 3-hasn't been opened/anyone
4.couldn't be deciphered/anyone/nothing could be found out S.couldn't be dissuaded from handing
in his resignation/any 6.Nothing should be left unattended 7.been told nothing/been told anything
S.Nothing can be achieved 9.hasn't been lived lO.Nothing has been done yet
EXERCISE 16
1.likes being given 2.want/to be pulled down S.hate being cheated 4.expects/to be handed/are
expected to hand S.are not authorized to be signed/is authorized to sign company cheques 6.would
prefer her to be accompanied 7.dislike being interrupted S.need to be produced 9.is not permitted
to be taken lO.asked the company to be considered
744
EXERCISE 17
1.is believed that the whale possesses/is believed to possess 2.was believed by people long ago that
supernatural spirits controlled/were believed by people long ago to control S.was understood that
the two men had been helped/were understood to have been helped 4.is supposed that he has
left/is supposed to have left 5.is assumed that he is living/is assumed to be living 6.was alleged
that he had made/was alleged to have made 7.is estimated that he lost/is estimated to have lost
S.was observed that the firemen were having/were observed to be having 9.is assumed that the
couple were arguing/are assumed to have been arguing lO.is reported that five thousand homes
were destroyed/are reported to have been destroyed ll.it, expected that the company will sell/is
expected to sell 12.is acknowledged by critics that his latest book is/is acknowledged by critics to be
IS.fs said that he was/is said to have been 14.was known that he was/was known to be
EXERCISE 18
a) l.was born 2.was S.became 4.was spent S.seldom saw 6.was brought 7.1oved S.gave (had
given) 9.became lO.accompanied ll.had 12.was done IS.met 14.reasoned 15.be made 16.had
anticipated 17.had permitted 18.were being built IQ.decided 20.were made 21.became 22.led
23.was never defeated 24.was killed 25.was stabbed
b) l.C 2.E 3.B
EXERCISE 19
a) l.is generally acknowledged 2.were based (are based) S.ventured (were venturing) 4.is believed
S.reached 6.were not nailed 7.were stitched S.was made Q.decided lO.agreed 11.covered
12.supplied IS.was built 14.was shaped (had been shaped) IS.were drilled (had been drilled)
16.were used (had been used) 17.was brought (had been brought) IS.was made (had been made)
19.was named 20.was launched 21.gathered 22.travelled 23.set 24.came 25.was loaded 26.were
sailing 27.had given (gave) 28.continued 29.arrived SO.had covered
b) l.E 2.E 3.C
EXERCISE 20
a) l.is 2.starts 3.is characterized 4.display S.began 6.displayed 7.was 8.is 9.was known
lO.decided 11.could be done 12.began IS.means (meant) 14.was done IS.was then working
le.completed 17.won IS.became 19.had previously been thought (was previously thought) 20.was
granted 21.further developed 22.has frequently been attributed
b) l.C 2.A 3.D
EXERCISE 21
a) l.is situated 2.was built S.was completed (had been completed) 4.became S.were built 6.served
7.began 8. saw (had seen) 9.was outraged 10.was thrown 11.hired 12.had designed 13-built (had
built) 14.were cleared IS.started (was started) 16.were involved 17.was completed (had been
completed) IS.could accommodate 19.was completed 20.were renovated 21.had been damaged
(were damaged) 22.were restored 23.is visited 24.are only admitted 25.serve
b) l.D 2.B 3.C
EXERCISE 22
a) l.have been 2.was devoted 3.won 4.was born S.gave 6.managed 7.began 8-grew 9.visited
10.was given 11.preferred 12.was encouraged (had been encouraged) 13.believed 14.were accepted
IS.awarded 16.marked 17.received IS.was even made 19.had been awarded 20.undertook 21.is
considered 22.is now displayed 23.are depicted 24.had ever been painted
b) l.E 2.A 3-D
UNTT4 EXERCISE 1
1.brings/can play 2.brought/could play S.had brought/could have played 4.give/won't resign
S.gave/wouldn't resign 6.had given/wouldn't have resigned 7.could have avoided/hadn't been
driving 8. were/wouldn't be 9.wouldn't contribute/didn't consider lO.require/will contact
ll.wouldn't be leaving (wouldn't leave)/liked 12.had found/wouldn't have suffered IS.would have
to/were 14.had learnt/would have made IS.is/will leave
745
EXERCISE 2
1.don't like/won't invite/won't invite/don't like 2.died/wasn't taken to the hospital
immediately/wasn't taken to the hospital immediately/died 3-didn't give/couldn't find/didn't
give/couldn't find 4.aren't taking/is 5.was talking/wasn't able to understand G.may (might)
succeed/will be 7.am lying/is really hurting 8.told/swam 9.am trying/can afford lO.can't
ring/don't know
EXERCISE 3
1.see/will ask 2.wouldn't have failed/had worked S.wouldn't have had/had been driving 4.would
make/weren't 5.would attend/didn't work (wasn't working) 6.had joined/wouldn't have got
7.were/wouldn't spend S.doesn't improve/will have to 9.would like/had lO.would have enjoyed/had
had 11. would like/had 12.hadn't resisted/might not have killed 13.hadn't chosen/would have been
sitting/might have been injured 14.don't have/can do IS.were/would be
EXERCISE 4
l.C 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.E 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.E 19.C
20.D 21.A 22.D 23.C 24.E 25.A 26.E 27.B 28.C 29.A 30.E
EXERCISE 5
I.You will never get fit unless you exercise regularly. 2.Unless you know what you're talking about,
you'd better keep quiet. 3.Unless you change your attitude, I'll stop being friends with you. 4.The
angry mother warned her children that unless they ate their green beans, they wouldn't be getting
any dessert. S.She couldn't have got the lead role unless she had impressed the judges. 6.Don't
interrupt me while I'm working unless it is absolutely necessary.
EXERCISE 6
I.She will take a postgraduate course at university even if she doesn't get a scholarship. 2.He didn't
write to me, but even if he had, I wouldn't have made an effort to get in touch. 3.We have to pay the
rent today even if it leaves us short of cash. 4.Even if they are unable to come to the party, we
should still invite them. S.They didn't offer him a company car, but even if they had, he would still
have quit. 6.Even if you apologize a thousand times, he will never forgive you.
EXERCISE?
l.If 2.unless 3.if 4.if S.unless G.if 7.unless 8.if 9.unless lO.unless
EXERCISE 8
l.in case 2.in case 3.if 4.in case S.If 6.1f 7.1n case 8.if 9.if lO.in case
EXERCISE 9
I.I wouldn't have to attend tomorrow's meeting if I'd attended the one last week. 2.1f he wasn't so
unpopular with his colleagues, he'd have been invited on the trip to Cappadocia. 3.1f they'd treated
the waste properly, the North Sea wouldn't be so heavily polluted now. 4. If you'd thought about your
decision carefully, you wouldn't be regretting it now. S.If he didn't make so many silly mistakes, he'd
have been given the promotion he wanted. 6.1f we'd taken the meat out of the freezer before leaving
for work, we could have steak for dinner. 7.1f my father hadn't worked so hard all his life, he
wouldn't be able to afford a pleasant retirement now. S.If he had any taste, he wouldn't have worn a
yellow shirt and a purple tie to the interview. 9.If the buyer for our house hadn't changed his mind,
we wouldn't still be living here. 10.If she'd let anyone discourage her, she wouldn't be successful
now.
EXERCISE 10
1. You handed your project in late, and now the teacher is deducting five percent from your grade.
2. Elephants are an endangered species because so many of them have been killed for their ivory
tusks. S.He's not a bit reasonable like his father, so he caused the firm to become insolvent. 4.1
didn't study hard for the exam, and now it seems very difficult to me. S.You are reprimanding
(reprimand) your daughter for her faults all the time, so she didn't develop (hasn't developed) a close
relationship with you. 6.Local people campaigned for two years, and now cyclists are able to use this
separate cycle path. 7.The winter snow hasn't thawed completely, so we can't take a different route
down into the valley. S.You didn't allow your sister to use your computer, and now she's sulking in
her room. 9.Because they gave him encouragement and opportunities, their son made rapid
progress. 10.We can't take a walk along the coast because the wind is blowing very strongly.
10 Q EL»
746
EXERCISE 11
l.Were I him, I wouldn't spend so much on one thing. 2.Were the weather not so cold today, we
would spend the day outside. 3.Had the skiers not ignored the clearly posted avalanche warning
signs, seven members of the group would still be alive. 4.Were it not really important for him, I
wouldn't swap shifts with Jamie. 5.Were the railway authorities to improve the conditions on long
distance trains, more people would travel on them. 6.Should you not follow your doctor's orders, you
may face unpleasant side effects. 7.Were they more interested in their children's achievements, the
children would try harder. S.Should you want any alterations to the advertisement, please contact us
before the end of the week. 9.Had the ancestors of the f"""o nations not fought, there wouldn't be such
passionate hostility today between the Turks and the Greeks. lO.Had the boy scouts been given
proper supervision, the accident wouldn't have happened. 11.Were he to take his work more
seriously, his staff might do the same. 12.Had I known that you were in the hospital last week, I
would have visited you.
EXERCISE 12
l.would be 2.would have hit S.would visit 4.hadn't won 5. would have completed/wouldn't be
running 6.would have gone/didn't have 7.don't make S.hadn't been bombed 9.would have refused
10.finish/can leave 11.must be/wouldn't attract (wouldn't be attracting) 12.wouldn't be/had been
defeated IS.were led/would have 14.wouldn't be considering (wouldn't consider) IS.could have
played 16.Had...known/wouldn't have offered 17.(Should...need 18. would... do/broke
EXERCISE 13
1.could have been/would have really enjoyed 2.weren't S.hadn't taken (wouldn't take) 4.would stop
S.were/would end G.were (was) sittingfwas sitting)/drinking/watching 7.had telephoned S.had
brought 9.would stop/would...like/pulled lO.hadn't interrupted (hadn't been interrupting) 11.could
have seen 12.had IS.hadn't rejected 14.didn't contain 15.were/could be 16.were (was) coming
17.were set (had been set) IS.would stop
EXERCISE 14
l.are baking 2.will be (is going to be) S.had happened (has happened) 4.is going to snow 5.were
snowing 6.had been hit 7.didn't believe 8.were/had (have) 9.were lO.had climbed 11.did (has
done/had done) 12.are 13.had been punched 14.had marched (had been marching) IB.will not
have completed 16.had been chosen
UNIT 5 EXERCISE 1
l.what the purpose of his visit is 2.where I left my keys S.how long you have been learning English
4.how she knows my address 5.Why they chose him as the new chairman 6.What they are talking
about 7.what can be done in this situation S.what you can do in this situation 9.how many people
have come to the party so far lO.Who helped him to escape from jail 11.who she went on holiday
with 12.when we will be able to pick up our tickets 13. whom the police interviewed about the
incident 14.whose signature this is IS.where the customer file could be 16.how he copes with so
many children in the class 17.how long this has been going on 18.how long it took her to knit this
cardigan 19.When they will move into their new house 20.whose jacket you are wearing
EXERCISE 2
2.How much deposit do they require?/how much deposit they require S.How long is the longest ski
run?/how long the longest ski run is 4.What is temperature measured with?/what temperature is
measured with S.How much was raised at the school fund-raiser?/How much was raised at the
school fund-raiser 6.How often does Alice come to the office?/how often Alice comes to the office
7.How did you get my phone number?/how you got my phone number S.Where did they suddenly
run off to?/where they suddenly ran off to 9.How long did their holiday last?/how long their holiday
lasted 10.Who is the man standing behind our literature teacher?/who the man standing behind
our literature teacher is 11.Whose father is the man talking to the teacher?/whose father the man
talking to the teacher is 12.Whom(Who) did she go to the party with?/whom (who) she went to the
party with IS.What are the foreign representatives going to do after the meeting?/what the foreign
representatives are going to do after the meeting 14.When is their golden wedding anniversary
party?/when their golden wedding anniversary party is 15-Which sweater did she end up
buying?/which sweater she ended up buying 16.How many people does she have to look after apart
from her son?/how many people she has to look after apart from her son 17.How tall is that
building?/how tall that building is 18-By whom was "rung Lear" written? (Who/Whom was "rung
Lear" written by?)/whom (who) "King Lear" was written by 19.Which one is the best of all?/which
one is the best of all 20.Whose fault was it that the project wasn't prepared in time?/whose fault it
was that the project wasn't prepared in time
747
EXERCISE 3
1.Whether (or not) they can explore the whole universe someday (or not) 2.whether (or not) he is
enjoying his new job (or not) 3.if (whether) the shop can deliver the sofa by Friday (or not) 4.if
(whether) it gets very cold there in the winter (or not) 5. Whether (or not) they are going to accept the
offer on the house (or not) 6.if (whether) they were given enough time to complete the project (or not)
7.Whether (or not) he got the promotion (or not) S.whether (or not) they should apply a long time in
advance (or not) Q.whether (or not) he is going to request a transfer (or not) 10.Whether (or not) she
spoke to the manager today (or not)
EXERCISE 4
l.what they were doing in the warehouse 2.if (whether) the invitations have been sent out yet
S.which hospital they have taken the injured boy to 4.How many children the school has in each
class 5.Why he left the company 6.if (whether) the film version of the book will be successful
7.Whether (or not) he has made up his mind about his major at university 8.who/whom Veronica
married 9. if (whether) Sarah was at work today lO.What they were talking about 11.which car they
bought in the end 12.if (whether) he has a valid excuse for not coming to work yesterday 13.where
she picked up such silly ideas 14.if (whether) this could be the end of their relationship IS.How
much money Richard has made with his new business
EXERCISE 5
l.How 2.What S.How much 4.What on earth (What in the world) S.How 6.What 7.How much
8.When on earth (When in the world) Q.How on earth (How in the world) lO.How ll.Who on earth
(Who in the world) 12.Where on earth (Where in the world) 13.What 14.Why on earth (Why in the
world) IS.How much
EXERCISE 6
1.whoever 2.whomever (whoever) 3.whichever 4.whatever 5.Whoever 6.whichever 7.however
8.whenever G.wherever lO.whenever 11.wherever 12.whichever 13.Whomever (Whoever) 14.
However 15. Whatever
EXERCISE?
l.E 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.E 9.A 10.C
EXERCISE 8
l.(that) she had got his letter just as she was getting (had been getting) ready to phone him 2.he
didn't have a clue what he was talking about 3.she was bored and there was nothing on TV 4.{that)
future generations must find alternatives to fossil fuels 5.he had stayed in Saudi Arabia for three
years, so he could speak Arabic fluently 6.the incident hasn't been reported properly by the
newspapers 7.she had left Turkey two years before S.she had paid a fortune for that blouse and it
had faded after just one wash 9.she had forgotten to pick up his suit from the dry-cleaner's
lO.(that) she is having a very enjoyable time there 11.(that) he might be a bit late for the meeting the
next day 12. (that) -we had to (must/would have to) start right away if we wanted to complete our
term papers in time 13.they would probably go to the beach this week 14.(that) she was going to
help her mother that night IS.(that) it must be very difficult to live in a cold climate 16.he wanted
to view the house for sale in Castle Road 17.they expected that house to sell very quickly IS.in that
case, he had to (would have to/must) view it that day if that was possible 19.he could view it the
following day because the owner would have brought them the keys by then 20.he would meet him
outside the property with the keys at 9 a.m. if that was convenient for him . .
EXERCISE 9
1.if/whether I had seen my teacher the day before 2.if/whether she might use our telephone
3.if/whether it was raining (had been raining) heavily when she had left for work 4.how many rolls I
would like 5.if/whether he had found the book he had been looking for 6.who is responsible for
organizing the meeting 7.if/whether she had a good recipe for chocolate cake S.how long Mrs. Evans
had been waiting for a reply 9.who the woman standing behind me was lO.when I had last checked
the oil in my car 11.why his wife had abandoned him 12.if/whether you are experiencing any pain
13.if/whether he could tell him how much it cost 14.which charities are helping with the relief effort
15-how much longer they were going to produce cars at a loss
748
EXERCISE 10
1.to wait there until I came back 2.to wash his hands before he sat at the table 3.to put their toys
away after they had finished playing with them 4.not to accept the job if I considered it to be
unprofitable S.not to make too much noise while the baby was sleeping 6.to take good care of
myself while I was away 7.to find myself a better job 8.to wear sunglasses if the sun was really
strong 9.not to leave with the rest of the class/to stay behind lO.not to worry/(to) be happy 11.to
look in his rear view mirror before pulling out 12. to put all our litter in the bins 13.not to worry
about making grammar mistakes during open discussions 14.not to expect drivers to stop at
pedestrian crossings in Rome IS.to empty the contents into a cup, (to) add water, and (to) stir well
EXERCISE 11
1. shouted/to stop talking/said that we had to show some respect for our fellow classmates
2.asked/if (whether) I could post that letter/he wanted her to receive it by the weekend 3.told/that
they would provide some drawing materials/(that) it was better to take our own 4.told/(that) the
queue was too long/they would have sold out of tickets before we got to the counter 5.told/not to
look up lots of words/(to) try to guess the meaning from the context 6.asked/why she thought his
plant was dying/if (whether) it needed more water 7. told/(that) my hair looked lovely/asked/where I
had got it done 8.warned/not to walk about after dark/it was dangerous around the city 9.told/to
be quiet/asked/what they were talking about anyway 10.told/not to stick their fingers in the
cages/the birds sometimes pecked people's fingers ll.told/(that) he didn't have enough cash with
him/asked/if (whether) they accepted credit cards 12.told/not to withdraw too much money from
our bank account/we wouldn't be paid for another couple of weeks 13.asked/if (whether) I was sure
my information was accurate/said/she had never heard of such nonsense 14.asked/what he
thought the problem with the car was/if (whether) it needed a service 15.said/that pen wasn't
hers/that she thought it was Alice's
EXERCISE 12 (note: "neither" yerine "nor" da kullanabilirsiniz.)

1.neither is 2.neither was 3-hadn't either 4.so have S.does too 6.neither did 7.hasn't either 8.so
would 9.has either lO.so should 11.do too 12.so does IS.didn't either 14.neither must IS.may
too IG.won't either 17.neither could IS.neither is 19.can too 20.so should
EXERCISE 13
I.I think so 2.I'm afraid not 3.1 hope not 4.1'm afraid so 5.1 expect not (I don't expect so) 6.1t
appears so 7.1 think so 8.1 expect so 9.1 suppose so 10.1 don't think so 11.I'm afraid so 12.It
doesn't appear so 13.lt seems so 14.1 think so 15.1'm afraid not
EXERCISE 14
1.doesn't it 2.will you S.shall we 4.have you 5.do they 6.haven't you 7.do they S.mustn't there
9.mustn't it lO.can you (or would they) 11.can she 12.must you 13.did they 14.was it IS.didn't
there 16.wasn't she 17.does she 18-have they 19.will you 20.wouldn't he
EXERCISE 15
l.C 2.B 3.E 4.D 5.D 6.E 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.D
UNTT6
EXERCISE 1 (sample answers)
1. Buying second-hand clothes 2.Working night shifts 3. Crawling 4.Trying to change her mind 5.
Learning about different cultures 6. Reading in dim light
EXERCISE 2 (sample answers)

a) 1. sitting outside in the sun reading a book 2.maintaining education standards at a high level
S.having to learn to live without much peace and quiet 4.1earning the language and culture
b) S.learning to think in English rather than in their own language B.learning to play several
musical instruments 7. preserving traditional Turkish culture against American cultural influence
S.never really having any privacy
749
EXERCISE 3
1.of/selling 2.about/charging S.wlth/improvlng 4.to/hunting S.from/investing 6.of/being
7.of/having/on/going 8.on/wearing 9.against (about)/skiing lO.to/using 11.to/closing
12.about/leaving/on/packing 13.about/looking 14.in/meditating IS.to/seeing 16.about/not
participating 17.on (upon)/demonstrating IS.to/helping 19.from/entering 20.about/not being
21.for/rescuing 22.for/committing 23.from/attempting 24.from/completing 25.from/making
EXERCISE 4
1.of/coming 2.to/flying 3. about/travelling 4.of/flying 5.to/cooking 6. with/listening 7.from
(than)/taking 8.in (about)/helping 9.of/making lO.of/being 11.for (to)/cultivating 12.for/studying
13-for/convincing 14.for/showing IS.at/speaking IG.about/picking 17.about/shouting -., «
IS.about/working/about/losing 19.about/visiting 20. for/monitoring 21.about (for)/not
sending/at/dancing 22.of/neglecting/to/allowing 23.from/cycling 24.of/saving 25.of/snoring
EXERCISES
1.of/moving 2.of/speaking 3.of/watching 4.of/parking S.for/shouting 6.of/collapsing
7.to/working/of/providing S.for/giving 9.for/opening/of/working lO.of/spending 11.of/offering
12.for/growing IS.of/having 14.in/getting IS.of/catching
EXERCISES
l.By eating some fruit 2.By gliding on currents of air and resting from time to time 3.By not
spending anything on luxury items 4.By throwing him a rope from a helicopter 5.By burying itself
in the sand .; , , , , : . : : ;•.•..•• .
EXERCISE 7
l.Try to do this without looking up any words in the dictionary 2.You shouldn't ski in sunny weather
without wearing sunglasses 3.He lied to his friends without thinking of the consequences 4.The
doctor worked 15 hours without taking a break 5. My brother rides his bike without holding onto the
handlebars
EXERCISES
1.rehearsing 2.with her homework S.with their shopping 4.with the restorations S.showing
EXERCISE 9
1.to/being treated/of/putting 2.from/taking S.being given (having been given) 4.being hit S.being
told 6-being promoted (having been promoted) 7.of/having been involved (being involved)/stealing
8.in/organizing 9.about/not being paid (not having been paid) 10.of/inviting (having invited)
11.being read 12.being (having been) encouraged 13-being exposed 14.of/running IS.on/being
transferred 16.of/transferring 17.of/letting 18-having been trained 19.gazing 20.putting/of/saving
21.selling 22.being involved (having been involved) 23.changing 24.about/not being invited (not
having been invited)/to/being lied (having been lied) 25.of/lifting
EXERCISE 10
l.was a great surprise for him to be picked for the national team 2.will be wonderful to have a few
days off next week 3.is unwise to get into the habit of borrowing money 4.can do more harm than
good to overexert yourself when exercising 5. takes time and effort to produce something worthwhile
EXERCISE 11
l.for you to have a full medical check-up 2.of him to go fishing on the lake in thick fog S.for you to
buy holiday insurance for your trip to Egypt 4.for her to use a computer to correspond with her
brother in Australia 5.of me to lie in the sun for an hour without any protection 6.of the director to
reprimand the manager in front of all the staff 7.for the weather to be awful in May 8.of him not to
inform anyone about where he was going mountain-climbing on his own 9. of her not to offer to help
us lO.for them to receive death threats
EXERCISE 12 (sample answers) '
l.is to write, play and record music 2.should be to help those who need help as much as I can, and
to treat others always with respect 3.is to obtain a doctorate degree and teach English and American
literature 4. not to do very much at all but relax 5. to help his patients as much and in as humane a
way as he/she can 6.is to acquire good study and work habits and to try and do the best that I can
750
EXERCISE 13
l.to do 2.doing 3.to do 4.to do S.doing 6-doing 7.to do S.doing S.doing lO.doing 11.doing 12.to
do 13.to do 14.to do IS.to do IG.doing 17.doing 18-doing 19.to do 20.to do 21.doing 22.doing 23.to
do 24.to do 25.doing 26.doing 27.to do 28.to do 29.doing SO.to do 31.to do 32.to do 33.doing
34.to do 35.to do 36.doing 37.to do 38.doing 39.to do 40.doing 41.to do 42.to do 43.to do 44.to
do 45.doing 46.to do 47.to do 48.doing 49.to do SO.to do
EXERCISE 14
1.writing/neglecting 2.to get/concentrating 3.hiring/to meet 4.to phone/to tell 5.stopping/to be
6.to borrow/to bring 7.1eaving/to think 8.running/expanding/adding 9.to tell/to lie 10.missing/to
be 11.talking/to be 12.to attend 13.holding/to design 14.to assign IS.knowing/consulting (having
consulted) 16.writing/to finish 17.being/to do/do IS.giving 19.not to understand
20.having/taking/breaking 21.talking 22.being 23.having/(in) finding/going 24.wondering
25.asking/writing
EXERCISE 15
1.drinking/to drink 2.to start/to borrow 3.borrowing/to get 4.not to enroll 5.to post/to mail
6.meeting (having met) 7.rolling S.putting 9.to stop/worrying/try (to try)/to forget lO.feeling
11.picking 12.to continue/writing (to write) IS.to pour/walking (to walk) 14. to inform IS.speaking
(to speak)/to listen IG.complaining 17.washing (to be washed) IS.to inform 19.to qualify
(qualifying) 20.camping/staying 21.to wait 22.rejecting/accepting 23.hurting (to hurt)
24.getting/commuting 25.to eat 26.receivlng/writing 27.to upset/to apologize 28.worrying (to
worry)/getting/to check
EXERCISE 16
l.to hear about the rent their landlady was asking for 2.to be told that he had to work in another
city 3.to discover that their house had been broken into 4.to leave on a business trip next week 5.to
find out that he had been found innocent of the charge 6.not to be injured in the accident 7.to get
his wallet back intact 8.to see how quickly he recovered 9.not to let his sarcastic remarks hurt her
lO.to be chosen as the best performing department
EXERCISE 17
l.to be listening 2.to have been opened 3.to have had 4.to have 5.to have been spying 6.to help/to
be doing 7.to be sounding (to sound/to have sounded)/to be called 8.to be (to have been) given/to
have accomplished 9.to have been working (to have worked) lO.to have lost/to have found
EXERCISE 18
l.to look (for looking) 2.for the spelling 3.to look 4.to let S.for some fresh air 6.for essential
company calls/to make (for making) 7.to call 8.to connect (for connecting) 9.to find lO.for making
11.for guests 12.to keep (for keeping)
EXERCISE 19
l.is too ridiculous for anyone to believe 2.are too poor to feed themselves S.isn't strong enough to get
over this shock easily 4.was too weak to beat his opponent 5.is reliable enough for me to share my
secrets with 6.is mature enough to be left to look after himself 7.was too noisy for me to concentrate
on my work 8-isn't clean enough for us to drink 9.doesn't get a high enough salary to be able to
afford a winter holiday lO.is too complicated for anyone to understand
EXERCISE SO
1.aren't strong enough 2.is too shallow 3.is too short 4.isn't simple enough S.isn't loud (strong)
enough 6.is too shy (timid)
EXERCISE 21
l.happen 2.take/land (taking/landing) S.waiting 4.walking S.leaving (to leave) G.fighting
7.1ooking S.putting (to put) 9.staring lO.baking 11.tremble (trembling) 12.roar/strike
(roaring/striking) IS.trying/tunneling 14.honking (honk)/singing/trotting IS.lying lo.crawling
(crawl)
751
EXERCISE 22
1.your brother to be older 2.the army to have no power over the government S.our expenses this
month to be above our income 4.1s estimated to be worth over £10,000 5.to have harmful side-
effects 6.him to be not guilty of the charge 7.him to be the manager S.her to have too little work
experience 9.to have a serious design flaw lO.hunting with dogs to be barbaric and inhumane
EXERCISE 23
l.feel 2.examined 3.to stay 4.straightened B.look 6.made 7.design/to produce S.polished 9.to wait
10.to look ll.burnt 12.to do IS.checked 14.broken IS.keep
EXERCISE 24
l.B 2.E 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.E 7.E 8.A 9.C 10.B ll.C 12.E 13.B 14.E 15.D 16.A 17.B 18.E 19.A
20. C
UNTT7
EXERCISE 1
l.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.A 8.A 9.B 10.B ll.A 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A 19.B
20.B 21.A 22.A 23.A 24.B 25.A
EXERCISE 2
1.happy 2.happily S.angry 4.quickly 5.really/hard/rapidly/changing B.badly/organized
7.nearly/extremely/excited 8.fluently/good 9.unwell/well lO.good/well 11.hard/hard
12.punctual/late 13.punctually/late 14.awful/hardly IS.good/lately/eager 16.eagerly
17.suspicious/immediately IS.immediate 19.hot/vigorous 20. quickly/vigorously
21.violent/violently 22.incredibly/quickly 23.incredible 24.incredibly/slow/late
25.considerably/polluted/recent 26.considerable 27.reasonable 28.reasonably/cheap
29.new/recently/cheaply SO.newly/bought 31.high/inevitable 32.highly/intelligent
SS.deliberate/accidentally 34.quickly/present 35-good/well/balanced
EXERCISE 3
l.E 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.E 10.A 11.B 12.E 13.C 14.C 15.E 16.E 17.D 18.B 19.A
20.D 21.B 22.E 23.B 24.B 25.C
EXERCISE 4
a) l.b 2.f 3.d 4.h 5.a 6.c 7.j 8.e 9.g 10.1
b) l.D 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.E
EXERCISES
a) l.e 2.h 3.a 4.j 5.d 6.c 7.b 8.f 9.1 lO.g
b) l.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C
EXERCISE 6
a) l.d 2.h 3.a 4.g 5.b 6.1 7.c 8.m 9.e lO.o ll.i 12.J 13.n 14.f 15.k
b) l.C 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.E 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.E 10.C
EXERCISE 7
l.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.E 6.E 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A ll.C 12.E 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.A 19. A
20. D
EXERCISE 8
l.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.E 10.A ll.C 12.E 13.C 14.E 15.B 16.C 17.E 18.A 19.B
20.A
EXERCISE 9
l.so foggy that all the flights had to be cancelled 2.playing their music so loudly that I had to ask
them to turn it down S.such an ambitious person that she'll do whatever is needed to succeed
4.such terrible news that we didn't know how to break it to our parents 5.so hard to persuade me
that I had no choice but to accept what they wanted 6. such great demand that we had to wait in
752
line for more than three hours to get our tickets j •• v-, --İ
EXERCISE 10 ; ,^ '•*
a) I.It was such a long film that I had to leave the cinema before it finished 2.1t's such a delicious
dessert that I think I'll order another helping S.She earns such a lot of money that she doesn't know
how to spend it 4. Such a lot of people are unemployed that it's becoming harder and harder to find
a proper job 5.We were given such a little time on the exam that I didn't even get a look at the last
two questions
b) l.There were so few members that the meeting could not be held 2.So many students are taking
the university exam that it's becoming increasingly important to be well-prepared for it S.The trip
was so badly organized that I returned home rather tense instead of being relaxed 4. Her house is so
far from the station that I'm afraid we'll have to take a taxi 5.1 waited for him in the cafe for so long
that I was furious when he never came
EXERCISE 11
l.more crowded 2.more often S.easier 4.more easily S.more difficult G.worse 7.worse S.better
9.better lO.farther (further) 11.further 12.Less/more IS.more quietly 14.quieter IS.earlier
EXERCISE 12
1.later 2.harder S.better/worse 4.elder S.older 6.younger 7.cheaply S.lately 9-practical
lO.nearly/better 11.further 12.newer/better IS.newly/good 14.simpler/confused 15. simply / helpful
EXERCISE 13
1.heavier and heavier 2.more and more unbearable S.worse and worse 4.bigger and bigger S.easier
and easier G.more and more crowded T.less and less S.more and more complicated 9.More and
more lO.more and more
EXERCISE 14
l.The more I got to know him, the more interested I became in his ideas 2.The further I carried the
box, the heavier it seemed to become S.The more he worried about his problem, the less capable he
became of coping with it 4.The deeper they went into the forest, the more frightened they felt S.The
more money we save now, the more we'll have to spend on our summer holiday 6.The bigger the
waves got, the more pleasure we derived from surfing 7.The harder we work, the faster our business
will expand S.The more students we get to enrol in our courses, the more teachers will be required
EXERCISE 15
1.didn't work as much as I wanted them to 2.take us as long to get home as it did last night S.use
to do such a large volume of business as they are doing now 4.didn't offer him such a high wage as
(as high a wage as) he had expected S.use to have such a big house as (as big a house as) they do
now 6.wasn't as enthusiastic about the play as tonight's audience is
EXERCISE 16
1.three times as big as this book 2.was half as big as the new stadium is/is twice as big as the old
stadium was S.twice as far as I walked yesterda y/half as far as I usually do 4.ten times as much
money on the curtains for her new house as Mary did 5. twice as much clothing as a normal
washing machine/half as much clothing as the new Dyson does 6-three times as big as the kitchen
EXERCISE 17
l.distance/as/longer/than/heavier 2.1arge S.price/less 4.badly S.man y 6.1ater 7.as/dang erous/as
S.a lot/h ea vier/usually 9.such/ea g erly/stud yin g/as lO.much/b etter/than 11.as/far/as 12.
often/little 13.so/well/dressed/that 14.such/high/that/earlier/expected 15.such/low 16.such
a/as/many/as 17.so/heavily/that IS.hardly/such/irritating 19.well/few
20.so/upset/so/sarcastically
EXERCISE 18
l.wisest 2.cheaper S.badly/worse 4.oldest S.latter/healthier/former G.the most boring
7.such/b oring/as S.so/remarkable/hard/the best 9.such/as lO.the least/depressed
ll.fewer/so/awful 12.fewest IS.fewer/than/best 14.1atest 15-less 16.1east 17.1ast
753
18.as/well/as/fewer 19.so/frightened/as 20.1east c;
EXERCISE 19
l.like 2.As 3.as 4.As S.such as (like) G.such as (like)/as 7.1ike 8.as/llke 9.as lO.as ll.like
12.1ike IS.such as (like) 14.as IS.like . -,....,.
EXERCISE 20
l.E 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C ll.D 12.E 13.B 14.A 15.E 16.C 17.D 18.E 19.B
20.B
UNIT S EXERCISE 1
I.I want to see the person who/that deals with customer complaints 2.1 can't think of a remedy
which/that will soothe your nerves 3.The reporter who/that had been given an assignment in a
trouble spot in Africa was reluctant to go 4.She couldn't pick the apples which/that were beyond
reach S.The church which/that stands on top of the hill is visible from miles around 6.I'm sure I've
met the lady whc/that is getting out of that car over there somewhere before 7.1 dislike people
who/that undermine the work of others 8.Why did you buy a car which/that is older than your
previous one .
EXERCISE 2
I.I wonder what happened to the child who/whom/that/- a cyclist ran over in the park this morning
2.Some of the guests who/whom/that/- we'd invited to the party didn't turn up S.The epidemic
which/that/- they have been trying to bring under control for months has spread all over the area
4.1 wrote to the French couple who/whom/that/- I met on holiday S.The house which/that/- we
were hoping to buy is no longer for sale 6.The film which/that/- I didn't let my son watch was not
suitable for children 7.Have you met the person who/whom/that/- they appointed to head of the
department? 8.1 don't like the music which/that/- our neighbours play very loudly all day long
EXERCISES
l.The picture in which Sally was very interested had already been sold (which/that/- Sally was very
interested in...) 2.1 want to introduce you to the woman with whom I'm thinking of doing business
(who/whom/that/- I'm thinking of doing business with) S.The candidate for whom I voted was
elected (who/whom/that/- I voted for...) 4.The theory on which he based his argument didn't seem
very sound (which/that/- he based his argument on...) S.The woman for whom this dress was
designed was extremely wealthy (who/whom/that/- this dress was designed for...) 6.The waitress at
whom the manager shouted is always getting in trouble (who/whom/that/- the manager shouted
at...) 7.The illness from which our boss is suffering seems to be very serious (which/that/- our boss
is suffering from...) S.The period from which this church dates was marked by conflict between
Vikings and Christians (which/that/- this church dates from...)
EXERCISE 4
l.This is the man in whose car I took you to the hospital (whose car...in) 2.You should have
apologized to the woman on whose foot you stepped while dancing (whose foot you stepped on...) 3.A
company whose financial backing isn't secure is likely to suffer in the current economic climate 4. He
is the author whose work I most admire S.These are the birds whose habitat is threatened by the
development of the new shopping centre 6.Do you know if this is the hotel whose swimming pool is
open to non-guests 7.What's the name of the mythological figure whose touch turned things to gold
S.The candidate to whose ideas I am strongly opposed won by a small margin (whose ideas I am
strongly opposed to...)
EXERCISE 5
l.This is the hall where/in which the conference will be held (which/that/- the conference will be
held in) 2.1s that a photograph of the church where/in which you got married (which/that/- you got
married in) 3.1 can't remember the name of it, but we went to that area where/in which the early
Christians dug underground cities (which/that/- the early Christians dug underground cities in)
4.This is the very spot where/on which a big explosion occurred yesterday (which/that/- a big
explosion occurred on yesterday) S.I know a small restaurant where/in which you can have a nice
dinner enjoying the magnificent Bosphorus view (which/that/- you can have a nice dinner in...)
G.Istanbul is a city where/in which you can meet people from all over Turkey (which/that/- you can
754
meet people from all over Turkey In) ' • ' ,
EXERCISES
1.1980 is the year when/in which/that/- the last military coup in Turkey took place 2.They haven't
yet fixed the date when/on which/that/- they'll get married 3.1 forgot the time when/at which/that/-
her plane would land 4.6th August 1945 is the date when/on which/that/- an atomic bomb was
dropped on Hiroshima S.Half past four is the hour when/at which/that/- the caretaker always
collects the rubbish 6.11th September 2001 is the date when/on which/that/- terrorists destroyed
the World Trade Center
EXERCISE 7
l.C 2.B 3-D 4.C 5.E 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.C 10.D ll.E 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.A
20.A
EXERCISES
l.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.E 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.A ll.D 12.D 13.A 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.A
20.C
EXERCISE 9
l...on Friday evening, when/on which we'll all be at Tony's.... 2... 6 a.m., when/at which I have to
wake up... 3...on December 5, 1791, by which time he had composed... 4...from Monday to
Wednesday, during which time I did... 5...on Valentine's Day, when/on which they thought it'd be...
EXERCISE 10
l....in England, one of which will be finding accommodation 2.Yaşar Kemal, most of whose books
have been translated into many languages, is one of... 3...two jumpers, neither of which really suited
him 4....about £1,000, nearly all of which he then gambled away again 5....two assistant managers,
both of whom are efficient in their work 6... a book on strategy, some of whose chapters were
extremely boring (a book on strategy, some chapters of which were extremely boring)
EXERCISE 11
I.He is rather bad-tempered, which makes him a difficult person to work with 2.He broke two
glasses while he was washing up, which was very careless of him 3.1'm having a few days off next
week, which I'm really looking forward to 4.He hasn't been eating much lately, which I am really
concerned about 5.He didn't offer to help his parents, which was a little selfish of him 6.She
handed in her resignation after her quarrel with the manager, which didn't surprise me at all
EXERCISE 12
l.D 2.B 3.E 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.C 12.E 13.C 14.B 15.E 16.A 17.B 18.D
19.D 20.B 21.A 22.E 23.B 24.E 25.B 26.A 27.D 28.D 29.D 30.E ,,,
EXERCISE 13
l.The woman sitting at the comer table seems... 2.The students wanting to postpone the exam
were... 3.Only those having their identity cards with them will be... 4."Roots", written by Alex Haley,
is... S.Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon 6.The fence surrounding their house is
not so high 7.The children, very excited about going on holiday, helped... 8.Mrs. Smith, our next
door neighbour, is very much interested in... 9....pictures on TV showing the pieces of the comet...
lO.Mr. Jacobs will be the one in charge of the office during... 11.She, once a famous star, is now...
12.1 have a lot of letters to write 13....children, not knowing the danger, play in sewage waters 14.His
first book, published in 1975, didn't get... 15....a house overlooking the sea rather than a large one
16.Students not interested in grammar can prepare... 17.relieved to get further news concerning the
accident IS.The villagers, expecting a good harvest, were all distressed... 19.The twins, wearing
identical bright red jackets, really stood out... 20....to find someone to look after our dog
EXERCISE 14
l.D 2.C 3.C 4.E 5.C 6.E 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.E ll.C 12.B 13.A 14.A 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.C
20.D 21.E 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.E 27.D 28.E 29.B 30.E 31.D 32.D 33.B 34.C 35.E 36.A
37.D 38.A 39.C 40.D
755
EXERCISE 15
FRANZ KAFKA
1.- 2.which/that 3.- 4.who 5.- G.where 7.which S.where 9.where lO.when ll.whose 12.where
13.- 14.- 15. which 16. which/that 17.which 18.- 19. which
ANTTOCH
l.which 2.which 3.- 4.whose S.which 6-which 7.- 8.which/that 9.where lO.which/that ll.who
12.which/that 13.wh.ich 14. which/that 15. where
WORLDWIDE FAME with ONE BOOK
l.who 2.which S.who 4.who 5.which/that/- 6.when/that/- 7.which/that 8.- 9.- lO.who 11.-
12.which/that 13-which 14.which IS.which
EXERCISE 16
l.A 2.A 3.E 4.D 5.C 6.D 7.E 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.E 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.E 16.A 17.A 18.D
19.B 20.E , - -.:
UNIT 9 EXERCISE 1
1.Pearls form in oysters 2.Puppies like to sleep in baskets S.Balls are more popular with boys than
they are with girls 4.Obstinate and slow, asses are symbols of stubborn stupidity S.Devices
operated by electricity or gas and found in homes are called home appliances 6.Dentists work in
surgeries 7. Gases can be poisonous 8. Dresses made by designers are usually very expensive 9.
Factories shouldn't be located near residential areas 10. Oranges are rich sources of vitamins
EXERCISE 2
1.ashes 2.faces 3-flashes 4.catches S.trays G.pies 7.glories S.classes 9.branches lO.voices
11.suffixes 12.prizes IS.edges 14.combs IS.talks 16.speeches 17.taxes 18-taxis 19.spices 20.
spies
EXERCISE 3
1.selves 2.phenomena S.children 4.policernen S.deer G.geese 7.roofs S.tattoos 9.feet lO.fish
11.beliefs 12.1eaves IS.wolves 14.coats IS.cows 16.pianos 17.boots IS.housewives 19.cities 20.
oases
EXERCISE 4
1.letters/postcards/brochures/packages/- 2.-/-/shirts/- 3.- =
/things/cookbooks/booklets/advertisements/magazines/works 4.-/teachers/classrooms/-
/computers/books 5.-/patrolmen/boxes/guns/grenades/landmines G.jokes/stories/tricks/-
7.1akes/hills/valleys/- S.children/storms/-/- 9.-/essentials/-/-
/luxuries/televisions/cars/holidays/- 10.areas/nations/-/cities/cars/people ll.screws/nails/-
12.-/grapes/peaches/apricots/plums/strawberries
EXERCISES
1.cheeses/varieties 2.-/-/slices/- S.times/noises 4.-/- S.works 6.- 7.papers 8.-/lambs 9.-/-/-
lO.chickens/eggs 11.- 12.-/coffees 13.-/cities 14.-/-/materials 15.-
EXERCISE 6
l.the bottom of the stairs 2.today's football match S.the fifth floor of the building 4.your father's
name S.your brothers' names 6.the front page of today's newspaper 7.this year's crops S.twenty
minutes' walk 9.the government's economic policy (the economic policy of the government) lO.the
name of the film (the film's name) 11.the name of the man who came yesterday 12.the keys of my
father's car (my father's car keys) IS.the children's department 14.Jack's brother's wife 15-the
career of the person talking to the manager 16.the horse's saddle 17.the horses' saddles IS.the
committee's decision (the decision of the committee) 19.my sister's son's birthday (the birthday of
my sister's son) 20.eight hours' journey
*n ~i F.I.S
756
EXERCISE?
l.An/an/a/a 2.An/a 3.-/a 4.a/a 5.-/- 6.-/a/a/a 7.an/a/a/- 8.-/a/a 9.an/-(a)/- 10.a/a/a
3.a/- 14.an/-/a 15.-/a 16.an/-
EXERCISE8
l.some (-) 2.-/- 3.-/an 4.Some 5.- 6.-/-/some (-)/a/- 7.some 8.a 9.-/some (-) 10.some/a
11. a 12.some (-) 13. Some 14.-/some 15.a/some 16.Some/some/a/a -(
EXERCISE 9
l.Some/the/an/the/the 2.the/the/the 3.some/some(-)/- 4. the /-/a/- 5.the/a/an 6.A/a/the/the
7.the/the 8.a/a/- 9.-/the/the/the 10.-/an/- ll.the/a/the/the/-/- 12.The (-)/the/the (-)
13.a/the (a) 14.a/the 15.-/an/a/the/- (the)/a/a 16-the/the/a/the 17.-/-/- 18.-/the
19.the/the/the 20.some (-)/-/the/the/the
EXERCISE 10
l.much accommodation 2.many machines S.much machinery 4.many sheep S.much luck 6.many
teeth 7.much homework S.many assignments 9. much progress lO.much deterioration 11. many
individuals 12.many people (many persons) IS.many words 14.much vocabulary IS.many views
16.much scenery 17.many cases IS.many situations 19.many bushes 20.much grass (many
grasses) 21.much equipment 22.much advice 23.many suggestions 24.much poetry 25.many
poems 26.many poets 27.much literature 28.many novels 29.much mail SO.many letters
EXERCISE 11
1.- 2.- 3.of 4.- 5.of 6.of 7.of 8.of/- 9.- 10.-/of 11. of 12.of ;
EXERCISE 12
1. a little 2. little 3. a few 4. a few 5. few 6.1ittle 7.1ittle S.few 9. a few lO.a little 11. a few 12. a few
13.a little 14.1ittle 15.a little
EXERCISE 13
l.of 2.- 3.- 4.of 5.of 6. of 7.-/of &.-/- 9.of/of 10.-/of ll.of 12.of IS.of 14.of 15.-
EXERCISE 14
l.whole 2.whole S.all 4.whole S.all 6-whole 7.A11 8-all 9.whole lO.whole 11. all 12.whole
IS.whole 14.A11 IS.all :
EXERCISE 15
l.(of) 2. (of) 3.- 4.of/of/- 5. (of) 6. (of) 7. (of) 8. (of) 9.of 10.-/of ll.of 12. (of) IS.of 14.- 15.-
EXERCISE 16
1. either 2.none S.neither 4.both/either 5.A11 6.both 7.Neither S.Both 9.A11 lO.Neither
ll.None/either 12.both IS.either 14.all 15-both 16.neither 17.all 18.Neith.er
EXERCISE 17
l.each 2.Each/was 3.were/each 4.member/is 5. students /wants 6.machine/has/every 7.thieves
8.Each/has 9.Each/wants lO.Do/each/have 11. every 12.all/students
EXERCISE 18: (note: -one ile biten sözcüklerin yerine -body ile bitenler de kullanılabilir.)
l.No öne 2. anything 3. somewhere 4. some thing (anything) 5. anything 6. someone
7.Everyone/someone S.everything/Nothing 9.somewhere lO.Nothing ll.no one/anywhere
12.everywhere 13. No one/anything 14.nowhere/nothing/no one IS.everyone/anyone
16.Something/nothing 17.anywhere IS.everything/anywhere (anyone)
EXERCISE 19
1. their own 2.her own S.themselves 4.her own/herself S.itself 6.himself (herself/themselves) 7.myself
S.himself 9. his own lO.our own 11. yourselves 12.yourself IS.my own 14.her own 15-herself
757
EXERCISE 20
l.is 2.is (are) 3.is 4.is 5.is 6.are 7.are 8.1s 9.are 10.1s ll.is 12.are 13.is 14.is IS.are 16.is
17.is (are) 18.1s (are) 19.is 20.are 21.is 22.are 23.1s (are) 24.1s 25.are 26.are 27.1s 28.1s 29.1s
(are) SO.are 31.1s (are) 32.are 33.1s 34.1s 35.are 36.1s 37.are 38.1s 39.1s 40.is 41.are 42.1s
43.are 44.are 45.1s 46.are 47.are 48.1s 49.are 50.1s
EXERCISE 21
l.was 2.1s 3.have/is 4.are S.are 6.have/have 7.were/was 8.have 9.was lO.was ll.is
12.1ive/have 13-was 14.was IS.does 16.was 17.have/are 18.was 19.has/is 20.have
EXERCISE 22
l.the others 2.other/others/others S.another (some other) 4.another S.another 6.Others 7.another
S.others 9.each other (one another) lO.other 11.others 12.the other IS.another/other 14.others
15-the other 16.the others/other 17.others 18-the others 19.another 20.each other (one
another)/the other
EXERCISE 23
l.E 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.E 9.C 10.D ll.D 12.C 13.E 14.D 15.B 16.E 17.E 18.D 19.C
20.A
UNTT 10 EXERCISE 1
l.The country has been suffering from both political unrest and an economic crisis 2.Both body
sprays and electrical devices are effective against mosquitoes S.Both Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo lived during the Italian Renaissance, a period known for its creative activity 4.The
building we choose for our cafe must be both close to the shopping area and reasonably priced
5.Cutting down large areas of tropical rain forest destroys not only the habitat of wild animals but
also the homeland of native Indian tribes 6.Honey is delicious not only on its own but also when
added to puddings 7.The protection of the environment is essential not only for people today but
also for future generations S.Not only did she inherit a vast fortune upon her father's death, but she
also became the sole authority to run his companies (She not only inherited a vast fortune but also
became the sole authority...) 9.She was neither efficient nor keen enough to take charge of the office
lO.The solution satisfied neither the management nor the union 11.Neither the actors nor the play
itself was good enough to hold the audience's attention 12.This football player neither panics under
pressure nor argues with the referee 13.The manager must either employ a new assistant or train
one of the existing staff for the position 14.1 will either lend you my car for the day or drive you to
the conference myself 15.I'll either meet you at the airport myself or send someone, if I can't make il
16.1 might have left my umbrella either at work or on the bus
EXERCISE 2
l.were 2.have 3.is 4.are 5.is 6.causes 7.do 8.is 9.are lO.knows ll.was 12.know 13-were
14.1s IS.have
EXERCISES
l.had been introduced (were introduced) 2.met/hadn't yet got 3.is/will have saved 4.had
saved/was S.had the race started/crashed 6.was locking (locked)/had left 7.had they bought/died
8.was looking/found/had put 9.had she finished/telephoned/weren't able to (wouldn't be able to)
lO.reaches/will have been discussed ll.have obtained/are going to (will) start/am planning
(plan)/setup 12.were taken/were/happened 13.had she joined/was bought 14.was getting
(got)/was getting (got)/hardly had 15.will not confirm/have undergone (undergo)/will be employed
758
EXERCISE 4
l.aJSince there were strong currents in the river, I decided not to swim b)There were strong currents
in the river; therefore, I decided not to swim c)The currents in the river were so strong that I decided
not to swim dJThere were such strong currents in the river that I decided not to swim e)I decided not
to swim, for there were strong currents in the river fJDue to the strong currents in the river, I
decided not to swim gJThere were strong currents in the river, so I decided not to swim h)As a
consequence of the strong currents in the river, I decided not to swim l)There were strong currents
in the river; consequently, I decided not to swim j)Owing to the fact that there were strong currents
in the river, I decided not to swim
2.a)He drove so fast that he had an accident b)His driving too fast resulted in his having an accident
c)His having an accident resulted from his driving too fast d)As a result of his driving too fast, he
had an accident e)He drove too fast; therefore, he had an accident fJOn account of his driving too
fast, he had an accident g)The reason for his having an accident was his driving too fast h)He had
an accident because he drove too fast IJAs he drove (was driving) too fast, he had an accident j)His
having an accident was a result of his driving too fast
EXERCISES
1.Because of 2.Because 3.so 4.Due to S.Owing to the fact that 6-resulted in 7.therefore 8-because
9.because of/for lO.As 11.because/because 12.as a consequence of 13.for 14.result from IS.thus
EXERCISE 6
I.We should book our rooms well in advance so that we won't have any difficulty when we get there
2.We had our car checked before we left on vacation so that it wouldn't cause us any trouble on the
way S.They're taking out a special insurance policy so that their possessions will be covered while
they are overseas 4.They took out a special insurance policy so that their possessions would be
covered while they were overseas 5. He disconnected his telephone so that he wouldn't be disturbed
during the film 6.The professor has taken a break from lecturing this term so that she can do some
research for her book
EXERCISE?
1.Despite its being cheap, I won't buy this material because... 2.She failed to give up smoking in
spite of her repeated attempts S.Even though she has some bad qualities, she is... 4.Although I
offered to help him, he insisted on... S.Despite the rough road, he kept... 6.1n spite of his
unsuccessful performance, the audience applauded... 7....many beneficial advantages, though there
are claims that it diminishes creativity 8.1n spite of having been warned twice before, she still
keeps... 9....this year, although the weather conditions have been continuing to be unfavourable for
some time 10. Despite the enormous number of books the library has, Keith couldn't find...
EXERCISE 8
1.Despite 2.Despite 3-Although 4.though 5.1n spite of 6.1n spite of T.despite S.Although 9.1n spite
of lO.Despite 11.though 12.Although 13-Despite 14.Even though 15.though
EXERCISE 9
l.No matter how famous the actor is, the film's plot... 2....: whatever you buy for her, she never
shows any sign of appreciation S.However many hours we work, we never seem... 4.No matter how
fast we run, we won't... 5.No matter how important the case was, no one dealt... 6....by coach,
however much discount the airlines may be offering 7 ..... whoever tries to persuade me S.Whichever
subject you choose to study at university, you'll have to... 9.. ..in this room regardless of where you
place it 10.Whenever I call on my father, he is...
EXERCISE 10
I.He has been punished several times before; nevertheless, he keeps doing the same naughty thing
again and again 2.They had been rehearsing for weeks; nonetheless, they were all extremely nervous
on the opening night 3.1n spite of having a responsible job with a high salary, she feels discontented
4.Despite being intelligent and having a good sense of humour, he has very little self-confidence
S.Even though he has a speech impediment, he sings beautifully
759
EXERCISE 11
l.a)Though they cultivated the land very well, they couldn't get good crops b)Despite cultivating the
land very well, they couldn't get good crops c)They cultivated the land very well, but they couldn't get
good crops anyway d)They cultivated the land very well; however, they couldn't get good crops e)In
spite of the fact that they cultivated the land very well, they couldn't get good crops fJThey cultivated
the land very well, yet they still couldn't get good crops g) They cultivated the land very well; even so,
they couldn't get good crops
2.a)Talented as he is, he has never become a success b)Much as he is talented, he has never become
a success c)Although he is talented, he has never become a success d)He is talented; nevertheless,
he has never become a success e)In spite of being talented, he has never become a success f)He is
talented, but he still has never become a success ğ) He is talented; all the same, he has never
become a success
EXERCISE 12
1.indifferent 2.weak S.scarce 4.fresh 5.intentionally (on purpose) G.rare
EXERCISE 13
l.Some people live in extravagant affluence in some parts of the world; however, in other parts, some
starve to death 2.The accommodation at the hotel was awful. On the other hand, the service was
superb S.Some people have an optimistic view of life; however, others are rather pessimistic 4.Sea
fishing requires a boat, which is expensive even to rent. On the other hand, fishing from the
riverbank costs very little S.Scuba diving requires some very expensive equipment. On the other
hand, snorkeling, which is just as enjoyable, requires only a snorkel and some flippers
EXERCISE 14
l.On the contrary 2.On the other hand 3.On the contrary 4.on the other hand 5.On the other
hand 6. On the other hand r
EXERCISE 15
l.B 2.E 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.E 8.E 9.E 10.C ll.A 12.B 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.C 17.B 18.E 19.A
20.C 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.E 25.C 26.B 27.B 28.C 29.C 30.C 31.A 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.C
36.A 37.E 38.A 39.C 40.A 41.D 42.A 43.E 44.A 45.D
EXERCISE 16
l.Not having read the report myself, I am unable... 2.When loading these boxes, make sure that...
3.1f detected early enough, this disease can... 4.Before sealing the envelope, she checked... S.She fell
asleep while listening to the lecture 6.Upon opening his wallet, he realized... 7.You should write your
name at the top of the page before answering any of the questions S.Having driven through a red
light, he wasn't at all surprised... 9.No seats being left on the flight, we were obliged... lO.Since
starting his own business two years ago, he has... ll.Although not so popular as it used to be, stamp
collecting is... 12.Never having seen (Having never seen) an elephant before, the children were... 13-
Being amphibians, frogs can live... 14.1f not brought under control, this flood could destroy...
IS.When (Upon) receiving a new credit card, you should... 16.There being heavy congestion at that
time of day, we decided... 17.Unless supported after treatment, alcoholics often suffer relapses 18-
Until made compulsory by law, wearing a seatbelt had... 19.When asked who the job had been given
to, the manager... 20.Although much less stressful than mine, my sister's job provides...
EXERCISE 17
l.As it was expired, I was unable... 2.When he reached the top of the hill, the view completely
overwhelmed him 3.As the driver was terribly drunk, the car went... 4.As he has never looked after
his teeth properly, more than half of them are already decayed 5.As I had opened the oven door too
often, the cake I was baking... 6.While he was stroking his neighbours' dog, it bit him 7.After I had
examined the pattern carefully, the dress seemed... S.While I was explaining the future perfect
continuous, the janitor came in... 9.As he had greedily eaten everything in the fridge, there was
nothing left... lO.After she had reported her car stolen, the train seemed...
•9 A ı V.1JR
760
EXERCISE 18
I.I don't like the way you are acting, nor will I tolerate it any longer 2.Not until farming had been
discovered, about 10,000 years ago, could civilization really begin to develop S.She told her son that
under no circumstances must he give chocolate to his baby sister,... 4.1 certainly wouldn't want to
live in a big metropolitan city, were I (to be) given the choice S.Only if she can find someone to give
her a lift home will she be able to come to the party 6.So complete was the destruction of books
ordered by the Chinese emperor Shih Huang Ti in the 3rd century BC that almost nothing remained
7.Not one finger have you lifted to help me around the house since we got married 8-Hardly ever
have they come to any of the events we've invited them to 9.Had we not gone to the party last night,
we certainly wouldn't... lO.Down the street (menacingly) came the police tank (menacingly), and awa}
ran the protestors 11.She claims that only once in her life has she drunk alcohol, but... 12.Barely
had the orchestra begun their performance of the Beethoven symphony when someone... IS.Should
you get to the meeting early tomorrow, could you please inform... 14.Nowhere in the world is there a
greater diversity of languages than on the island of New Guinea, which is... 15-Such an
embarrassment was it last night that never again will I be able to show my face at their house
16.Only after I had read the instruction manual thoroughly was I able to get the stereo working
17.1rish author James Joyce left Ireland forever in the early 20th century, as did his compatriot and
friend, Samuel Beckett, about 30 years later IS.No sooner had Mr Loman stepped in the door than
his wife slapped him across the face 19.Seldom does one get the chance to see two legendary
musicians performing together on the same stage 20.My mother and fnther have never been out of
the United States, and neither have any of their friends
EXERCISE 19
l.C 2.B 3.D 4.E 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.B 14.E 15.D 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.E
20.B
UNTT11 EXERCISE 1
1.on/in 2.in 3.at 4.at/in 5.on 6.on 7.in/on 8.at 9.at (on) lO.at 11.in 12.on 13.in 14.on IS.on
16.on/at 17.at/on 18.at/at 19.in 20.On
EXERCISE 2
1.during 2.while S.during 4.during S.while 6.during 7.while S.While
EXERCISE 3
1.until 2.by 3.by 4.until S.until 6.by 7.until 8.by
EXERCISE 4
1.before/on 2.During/at S.until/after 4.from/to (till)(until)/on 5.by/since 6.from/to
(till)(until)/during 7.Throughout (During)/before 8.before/on 9.Throughout (During)/since
10.until/at
EXERCISE 5
1.to/from/past 2.around S.out of 4.along (by) S.below 6.opposite (near)/out of/across 7.at/to/on
S.around 9.outside (outdoors)/inside (indoors) lO.against 11.on/in/on/between 12.beyond
(behind) 13.in/from/to/in/above 14.across/through (across) 15-through
EXERCISE 6
l.between 2.to S.for 4.for 5.to 6.between 7.with 8.of 9.to lO.for 11.of 12.towards (toward)
13-in 14.for IS.to .
EXERCISE 7
l.k 2.e 3.b 4.a 5.d 6.f 7.q 8.j 9.n lO.h ll.m 12.g 13.İ 14.c 15.r 16.p 17.1 18.o
EXERCISES
l.h 2.b 3.0 4.a 5.n 6.c 7.g 8.m 9.1 lO.j 11.k 12.İ 13.f 14.e 15.d
761
EXERCISE 9
l.u 2.g 3.e 4.o 5.1 6.w 7.b 8.i 9.v lO.r ll.y 12.h 13.q 14.x 15.a 16.J 17.s 18.c 19.k 20.t
21.n 22.m 23.f 24.d 25.p . .
EXERCISE 10
l.on 2.in 3.in 4.on 5.in 6.on
. - • - . : • • , , - - - . ' '
EXERCISE 11
l.on 2.for S.for 4.on S.for 6.on
EXERCISE 12
l.i 2.d 3.p4.k5.f 6.r 7.a 8.g 9.m lO.j ll.q 12.b 13.c 14.1 15.h 16.n 17.o 18.e
EXERCISE 13
ajunder b)by c)at djunder ejwithout flat g)by h)at IJwithout j)at (at the) kjunder IJfrom m)at
n)for o)by
EXERCISE 14
l.by far 2.under the influence 3.by no means 4.at last S.under control 6.at (the) most 7.from time
to time 8.without fail 9.without delay lO.At first 11.at length 12.at least 13.under guarantee 14.for
the time being 15-by mistake
EXERCISE 15
a)by blunder cjunder d)from e)for flat g)at h)by flwithout J)for kjunder ^without m)at njfor
o)by
EXERCISE 16
l.by heart 2.by accident 3.at random 4.at times 5.at any rate 6.under pressure 7.under age
8.without doubt 9.for short 10.without warning 11.for a change 12.for instance IS.under the
impression 14.from now on IS.by all means
EXERCISE 17
l.c 2.o 3.h 4.k 5.1 6.i 7.d 8.n 9.f lO.j ll.b 12.e 13.g 14.m 15.a
EXERCISE 18
l.of 2.to S.with 4.to S.with 6.for 7.to 8.to 9.to lO.of ll.to 12.for 13-to 14.to IS.at 16-for
17.about IS.on 19.with/for 20.of 21.about 22. to/for 23.of 24.of 25.in
EXERCISE 19
l.like 2.in S.about 4.to 5.in 6.for 7.on S.from 9.with lO.to 11.to/about 12.of IS.into 14.from
IS.of 16.for 17.from IS.against 19.for 20.from 21.at 22.to 23.about 24.to/for 25.of
EXERCISE 20
l.from 2.for S.into 4.into/of 5.as 6.to 7.in 8.at 9.to lO.at ll.for 12.for IS.of 14.for IS.of 16-
from 17.from IS.on 19.from 20.to 21.for 22.at 23.about 24.on 25.into
EXERCISE 21
l.f 2.k 3.h 4.e 5.a 6.c 7.b 8.1 9.g lO.d ll.j 12.1
EXERCISE 22
l.lost count of 2.playing a trick on S.taking advantage of 4.make sense of S.taking part in (going to
take part in) 6.have...confidence in 7.keep an eye on 8.Pay attention to 9.put...pressure on lO.take
charge of 11.caught sight of 12.take...pleasure in
EXERCISE 23
l.d 2.f 3.e 4.a 5.k 6.c 7.i 8.1 9.b lO.h ll.g 12.J
762
EXERCISE 24 -
1.have a look at 2.Take no notice of S.takes...pride in 4.caught a glimpse of 5-take care of 6.set
fire to 7.making...recovery from S.paid a compliment to 9.made contact with lO.has...effect on
11.take your mind off 12.make room for *" ;
EXERCISE 25
l.C 2.B 3.E 4.D 5.C 6.D 7.D 8.B 9.E 10.C 11.C 12.E 13.E 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.B
19.A 20.A 21.C 22.D 23.A 24.E 25.B 26.E 27.D 28.C 29.D 30.C 31.A 32.E 33.C 34.B
35.B 36.E 37.C 38.D 39.C 40.D 41.E 42.D 43.A 44.B 45.B 46.D 47.C 48.C 49.E 50.E
51.C 52.E 53.D 54.E 55.B 56.B 57.D 58.C 59.B 60.D
EXERCISE 26
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C 5. C 6.B 7.D 8.E 9.C 10.D İLA 12.A 13.E 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.B 18.D 19.A
20.C 21.C 22.D 23.B 24.A 25.E 26.B 27.C 28.E 29.D 30.B
UNIT 12 ',". ; ' ', ". V,, : .' r , ^ j*"

EXERCISE l "" ....... • -~.
1.look...up 2.took up S.held up 4.turn up S.blow up 6.are growing up 7.made up 8.set up
9.pick...up lO.show up ll.blownup 12.take up _,_ , _ _ , _ „
EXERCISE 2
1.closing down 2.1et down S.slow down 4.being knocked down S.settled down G.turn down 7.cut
down 8-laid down 9.turned...down lO.bringing down 11.get...down 12.broke down
EXERCISES
l.have worked out 2.put...out S.worn out 4.set out S.broken out 6.1et out 7.1eft out S.make out
9.ran out lO.come out 11.pick out 12.went out
EXERCISE 4 \
1.see...off 2.trying...on 3.taking...in 4.took off 5.put...through 6.come across 7.put...away *
8.put...on 9.looks down on 10. called off 11.been flooding in 12.passed away
M> :
EXERCISES ' ' " ' ";': ' :
" ' " — i: w
••• ' " • '*' '
1.handed down 2.died out 3.been pulled over 4.count against 5.tell...apart 6.stand up for
7.gave...away 8-catch up on 9.done away with lO.put...across 11.get through 12.set back
EXERCISE 6
1.put forth 2.thinks back on S.waited on 4.lay off 5.were wiped out 6.is hanging over 7.put...up
S.made for 9.saw through lO.was kicked out 11.touched down 12.shut off
l
EXERCISE 7
l.D 2.E 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.E 10.A ll.E 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.D 19.E
20.B
EXERCISE 8
l.C 2.E 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.B 9.E 10.B ll.B 12.D 13.E 14.E 15.C 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.E
20.E 21.D 22.B 23.B 24.E 25.E 26.B 27.D 28.D 29.E 30.C 31.E 32.E 33.D 34.B 35.D 36.A
37.C 38.E 39.E 40.A 41.B 42.C 43.D 44.A 45.B 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.A 50.E 51.D 52.A 53.B
54.C 55.C 56.D 57.C 58.D 59.C 60.C
EXERCISE 9
l.D 2.A 3.D 4.E 5.D 6.D 7.A 8.E 9.E 10.B 11.C 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.B 16.C 17.E 18.E 19.C
20.B 21.B 22.B 23.C 24.E 25.C 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.E 30.C 31.A 32.C 33.B 34.B 35.C 36.D
37.D 38.C 39.D 40.C 41.C 42.E 43.E 44.A 45.A 46.D 47.E 48.B 49.E 50.B 51.A 52.A 53.D
54.C 55.A 56.D 57.D 58.E 59.C 60.C
763
1 A
•• »ı fiwpmtıımıııı... —
1. E 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. E 9. B 10. C
11. D 12. B 13. E 14. E 15. B 16. E 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. B
21. A 22. E 23. A 24. B 25. C 26. B 27. C 28. E 29. E 30. A
31. C 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. E 36. C 37.4 B 38. D 39. A 40. E
41. B 42. D 43. C 44. C 45. E 46. A 7. E 48. C 49. D 50. B
51. E 52. B 53. A 54. E 55. D 56. B 57. D 58. E 59. C 60. E
61. D 62. A 63. B 64. A 65. A 66. E 67. C 68. B 69. D 70. C
71. D 72. C 73. E 74. A 75. B 76. C 77. A 78. E 79. E 80. D
81. E 82. A 83. B 84. C 85. D 86. E 87. B 88. A 89. B 90. D
91. A 92. E 93. C 94. D 95. E 96. B 97. A 98. E 99. D 100. A
101. B 102. B 103. C 104. E 105. A 106. C 107. E 108. D 109. A 110. E
rr»e<iij Iff- 1)
... T YO tŞJJ^J&f
c X - J
~r4i? •••:•.•••.• 4 " ^ î
'•* •' •' ^ .. ' ••; ..
if~
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. E 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. E
11. A 12. B 13. C 14. E 15. E 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. D 20. B
21. C 22. E 23. E 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. E 30. E
31. B 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. C 36. E 37.4 B 38. C 39. E 40. A
41. E 42. D 43. D 44. C 45. E 46. D 7. E 48. C 49. A 50. D
51. A 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. D 56. B 57. A 58. E 59. C 60. B
61. E 62. A 63. B 64. E 65. A 66. E 67. C 68. B 69. D 70. D
71. B 72. C 73. E 74. A 75. E 76. C 77. D 78. A 79. E 80. C
81. C 82. B 83. B 84. C 85. B 86. A 87. E 88. A 89. B 90. D
91. B 92. E 93. C 94. D 95. A 96. B 97. C 98. E 99. D 100. D
101. A 102. E 103. D 104. E 105. C 106. C 107. A 108. B 109. C 110. A
1. D 2. E 3. E 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. C
11. A 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. C 17. B 18. E 19. E 20. A
21. E 22. D 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. C 28. A 29. D 30. E
31. C 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C 36. E 37.4 D 38. A 39. C 40. B
41. B 42. C 43. E 44. A 45. D 46. D 7. E 48. B 49. A 50. D
51. E 52. B 53. A 54. E 55. D 56. C 57. A 58. E 59. B 60. D
61. C 62. E 63. B 64. D 65. A 66. E 67. C 68. A 69. D 70. C
71. A 72. C 73. E 74. A 75. B 76. C
77. D 78. E 79. E 80. C
81. B 82. A 83. D 84. E 85. D 87. E
86. A 88. C 89. B 90. B
91. D 92. E 93. A 94. B 95. C 97. E
96. E 98. D 99. A 100. C
101. E 102. D 103. D 104. B 105. E 106. D 107. A 108. E 109. C 110. B
764
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1. B 2. B 3. E 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. E
11. A 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. E 16. E 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. B
21. C 22. D 23. E 24. A 25. B 26. D 27. C 28. B 29. E 30. D
31. A 32. E 33. D 34. B 35. C 36. C 37.4 E 38. A 39. E 40. C
41. B 42. D 43. A 44. E 45. B 46. A 7. E 48. C 49. D 50. D
51. E 52. C 53. B 54. B 55. A 56. B 57. D 58. E 59. C 60. A
61. E 62. A 63. A 64. D 65. C 66. E 67. B 68. B 69. D 70. B
71. D 72. E 73. C 74. A 75. B 76. C 77. D 78. D 79. E 80. B
81. C 82. A 83. B 84. E 85. E 86. D 87. C 88. E 89. B 90. A
91. B 92. C 93. D 94. C 95. E 96. B 97. A 98. A 99. D 100. E
101. C 102. C 103. E 104. B 105. A 106. D 107. E 108. D 109. C 110. C
r
" • - " " • '• TEST YOBR$ELF""5 (PART ONE)1- V^:: ': = - \
\, ; • ; % .... •• î ^" ^î •-.;:*,... •,•.• •,•.•. •. ^ % •• \ •l--!;" '% .. ' i
1. E 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. E 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. B
11. E 12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. C
21. C 22. C 23. E 24. A 25. B 26. E 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. A
31. D 32. E 33. D 34. D 35. C 36. B 37.4 E 38. E 39. C 40. D
41. A 42. A 43. D 44. E 45. A 46. D 7. C 48. B 49. E 50. B
51. A 52. B 53. C 54. B 55. E 56. A 57. A 58. C 59. D 60. E
61. E 62. C 63. A 64. C 65. D 66. B 67. E 68. A 69. E 70. E
71. C 72. E 73. D 74. B 75. A 76. D 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. D
81. E 82. B 83. D 84. A 85. C 86. C 87. B 88. E 89. D 90. D
91. B 92. D 93. A 94. E 95. A 96. C 97. C 98. D 99. E 100. B
101. A 102. C 103. B 104. D 105. C 106. E 107. B 108. B 109. A 110. C
.. •• ; i
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. C
11. E 12. E 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. E 19. D 20. B
21. C 22. C 23. E 24. D 25. B 26. E 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. E
31. B 32. A 33. D 34. E 35. E 36. C 37.4 B 38. D 39. E 40. D
41. D 42. A 43. C 44. E 45. A 46. D 7. E 48. A 49. C 50. C
51. E 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. C 56. C 57. D 58. B 59. C 60. A
765
61. D 62. D 63. E 64. C 65. D 66. C 67. E 68. A 69. A 70. E
71. C 72. E 73. E 74. B 75. A 76. D 77. B 78. E 79. C 80. B
81. A 82. B 83. D 84. C 85. B 86. A 87. D 88. E 89. B 90. A
91. D 92. D 93. C 94. E 95. A 96. B 97. E 98. C 99. D 100. E
101. B 102. A 103. D 104. D 105. E 106. A 107. C 108. C 109. B 110. A
766
1. E 2. D 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. B
11. B 12. C 13. D 14. E 15. A 16. C 17. E 18. A 19. E 20. D
21. A 22. C 23. E 24. D 25. D 26. A 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. E
31. C 32. E 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. D 37.4 C 38. A 39. E 40. C
41. E 42. B 43. A 44. D 45. D 46. C 7. D 48. A 49. B 50. A
51. D 52. B 53. C 54. E 55. E 56. B 57. D 58. C 59. C 60. D
61. B 62. A 63. C 64. B 65. D 66. A 67. E 68. E 69. A 70. B
71. D 72. C 73. B 74. A 75. E 76. E 77. B 78. D 79. D 80. E
81. C 82. B 83. A 84. E 85. B 86. D 87. A 88. B 89. C 90. D
91. E 92. B 93. C 94. A 95. E 96. B 97. B 98. A 99. D 100. D
101. A 102. E 103. B 104. A 105. C 106. C 107. E 108. D 109. B 110. C
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. A 7. E 8. B 9. A 10. C
11. E 12. B
13. E 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. D 20. C
21. B 22. A
23. D 24. A 25. B 26. C 27. C 28. E 29. B 30. A
31. A 32. E
33. C 34. D 35. A 36. C 37.4 B 38. D 39. C 40. E
41. E 42. C
43. A 44. E 45. D 46. E 7. E 48. B 49. E 50. B
51. E 52. D 53. D 54. B 55. E 56. A 57. D 58. C 59. D 60. A
61. B 62. B 63. E 64. D 65. E 66. B 67. B 68. A 69. A 70. D
71. A 72. B 73. D 74. C 75. B 76. A 77. E 78. B 79. C 80. C
81. E 82. D 83. E 84. B 85. E 86. E 87. A 88. D 89. B 90. C
91. A 92. A 93. B 94. E 95. A 96. B 97. D 98. E 99. D 100. A
101. E 102. C 103. D 104. A 105. B 106. C 107. E 108. E 109. B 110. D
:XV>4'v> ; ,'
10. A
1. B 2. E 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. E 7. C 8. E 9. D
11. E 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. E 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. E
21. C 22. C 23. D 24. E 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. D
31. D 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D 36. E 37.4 D 38. B 39. E 40. C
41. A 42. B 43. E 44. A 45. C 46. D 7. E 48. C 49. D 50. B
51. D 52. E 53. D 54. C 55. A 56. B 57. E 58. D 59. B 60. C
61. E 62. D 63. A 64. E 65. A 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. E
71. C 72. B 73. A 74. D 75. C 76. B 77. E 78. A 79. E 80. A
81. D 82. C 83. B 84. C 85. C 86. A 87. B 88. D 89. B 90. E
91. A 92. C 93. E 94. E 95. D 96. D 97. A 98. B 99. C 100. C
101. B 102. E 103. D 104. A 105. A 106. C 107. D 108. E 109. C 110. A
767
TEST YOURSELF 9
1. E 2. E 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. E 9. D 10. D
11. B 12. D 13. A 14. E 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. C
21. A 22. C 23. E 24. D 25. E 26. A 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. E
31. D 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. E 37.4 A 38. B 39. E 40. C
41. C 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. C 46. D 7. E 48. C 49. D 50. A
51. B 52. E 53. D 54. E 55. A 56. C 57. B 58. E 59. B 60. D
61. A 62. C 63. E 64. A 65. B 66. C 67. A 68. B 69. E 70. D
71. C 72. B 73. A 74. D 75. C 76. E 77. E 78. A 79. D 80. C
81. D 82. E 83. A 84. A 85. D 86. B 87. C 88. C 89. A 90. B
91. D 92. C 93. B 94. E 95. B 96. D 97. A 98. E 99. C 100. D
101. B 102. A 103. A 104. C 105. E 106. E 107. B 108. D 109. E 110. C
!
|Sı* -• TEST YOURSELF 10
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. E 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. E 9. D 10. A
11. B 12. E 13. E 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. D 20. E
21. E 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. B 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. C
31. D 32. A 33. A 34. C 35. D 36. E 37.4 A 38. B 39. E 40. E
41. A 42. C 43. E 44. B 45. C 46. D 7. E 48. C 49. C 50. B
51. B 52. A 53. D 54. E 55. E 56. C 57. B 58. D 59. A 60. C
61. A 62. D 63. B 64. A 65. A 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. E
71. C 72. E 73. A 74. D 75. B 76. B 77. C 78. A 79. D 80. A
81. E 82. D 83. C 84. C 85. B 86. E 87. A 88. D 89. B 90. B
91. D 92. C 93. E 94. E 95. A 96. B 97. D 98. C 99. A 100. E
101. B 102. B 103. C 104. D 105. E 106. C 107. B 108. A 109. D 110. B
;
~- i4,: ; TEST YOURSELF 11 (PART ONE)
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. E 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. E
11. C 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. E 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. E 20. D
21. E 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. A 27. C 28. E 29. A 30. B
31. D 32. A 33. E 34. C 35. D 36. E 37.4 A 38. B 39. E 40. C
41. A 42. B 43. D 44. E 45. C 46. B 7. E 48. C 49. C 50. A
51. B 52. A 53. D 54. E 55. A 56. A 57. B 58. D 59. B 60. C
61. E 62. D 63. C 64. A 65. A 66. C 67. D 68. E 69. A 70. B
71. C 72. E 73. A 74. D 75. C 76. B 77. E 78. A 79. E 80. D
81. E 82. D 83. D 84. C 85. B 86. A 87. A 88. D 89. B 90. E
91. A 92. C 93. E 94. D 95. A 96. C 97. B 98. E 99. D 100. A
101. C 102. C 103. B 104. E 105. E 106. D 107. E 108. A 109. C 110. B
768
..,«* ...«;»•
r 3. B 4. E 5. A 10. E
1. C 2. C 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. E
11. B 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. E 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. D
21. E 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. B 26. C 27. E 28. A 29. D 30. D
31. A 32. E 33. D 34. C 35. D 36. A 37.4 A 38. B 39. C 40. A
41. D 42. B 43. E 44. A 45. C 46. D 7. E 48. C 49. A 50. B
51. B 52. A 53. D 54. E 55. E 56. A 57. B 58. E 59. D 60. C
61. E 62. E 63. B 64. A 65. A 66. C 67. D 68. B 69. B 70. E
71. D 72. B 73. A 74. D 75. C 76. B 77. E 78. A 79. E 80. D
81. E 82. C 83. D 84. B 85. E 86. D 87. A 88. D 89. B 90. B
91. A 92. C 93. E 94. E 95. D 96. A 97. B 98. C 99. E 100. C
101. B 102. D 103. A 104. C 105. C 106. E 107. D 108. B 109. C 110. A
11. C 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. E 16. E 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. D
21. E 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. A 29. D 30. C
31. D 32. A 33. E 34. C 35. D 36. A 37.4 B 38. B 39. E 40. E
41. A 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. C 7. E 48. C 49. A 50. B
51. B 52. E 53. D 54. E 55. C 56. A 57. B 58. E 59. D 60. A
61. C 62. D 63. E 64. A 65. A 66. B 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. E
71. C 72. A 73. B 74. D 75. E 76. B 77. C 78. A 79. E 80. B
81. E 82. C 83. A 84. C 85. B 86. D 87. A 88. D 89. B 90. C
91. A 92. C 93. E 94. B 95. D 96. E 97. A 98. C 99. C 100. E
101. D 102. E 103. B 104. B 105. A 106. C 107. D 108. E 109. B 110. C
769

Kitap Els İnside and Out

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Kitap Els İnside and Out

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UNIT 1 THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES DEGREES OF CERTAINTY in PRESENT TIME ...............................

UNIT 12 PHRASAL VERBS ........................

Ben İngilizce çalışırım.

Subject + Verb + Object

1-1 THE VERB'BE"

1 -2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Olumsuz soruyu iki şekilde sorabiliriz.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I get up early. I don't get up early. Do I get up early?

1 -5 USE OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

- How often do you go to the cinema?

She a/ways sings in English. . .

Bu zarflar "am, Is, are" dan sonra gelir.

frequently, sometimes ve occasionally olumsuzluk ekinden önce gelir.

usually, generally ve often her iki durumda da kullanılır.

NOTE: Always bu şekilde cümle başında ya da sonunda yer almaz.Olumsuz

- What do you do at the weekends?

e) "Why don't ..... ?" kalıbı birine öneri getirirken kullanılır.

1-6 THE SIMPLE PRESENT or THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

a) Konuşmanın geçtiği anda ya da o sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz işleri Present

Father is in his room now. He is resting, (now)

Ancak, geçici olarak ikamet ettiğimiz/çalıştığımız yeri şimdiki zamanla belirtiriz.

1 -7 PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS) TENSE'LERLE KULLANILMAYAN FİİLLER

ı. DÜŞÜNMEYE İLİŞKİN FULLER (MENTAL STATE) forget mean want

3. SAHİPLİK BİLDİREN FiiLLER (POSSESSION) belong

4. DUYU FİİLLERİ (SENSE PERCEPTIONS) taste * feel *

5. DİĞER DURUM BİLDİREN FULLER promise consist of

see "görmek' see "görüşmek"

smell "kokmak" smell "koklamak'

taste (bir nesnenin tadından söz ediyorsak) taste "tadına bakmak'

This pillow feels very hard. (This pillow is very

Sahiplik bildiren "have/has"

1-9 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

l lived in İzmir for five years.

Kısa cevapta did ve didn't kullanılır.

Did you go to the cinema last week?

Did you visit your friends yesterday?

Bu tense'i geçmişte yaptığımız eylemleri, olaylan ve durumlan anlatırken kullanırız. Yesterday,

I became a teacher eight years ago.

Present: want stay study shave

b) "Be" fiilinin past biçimi "was, were" biçimindedir.

I lived in a village when I was a child.

c) Düzenli fiillerin -ed takısını almasıyla ilgili yazım kurallan şöyledir:

I) Çoğu düzenli fiil -ed alır.

talk - talked govern - governed roar - roared

grab - grabbed stop - stopped beg - begged

ü!) Sonu -e ile bitenler sadece -d takısı alır.

gaze - gazed stare - stared like - liked

smile - smiled hate - hated save - saved

try - tried cry - cried apply - applied

dry - dried fry - fried study - studied

-y den önce bir sesli harf varsa yazımda değişiklik olmaz.

play - played delay - delayed betray - betrayed

AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

arise arose arisen fling flung flung

ride rode ridden stand stood stood

American'English'de düzenli olan bazı fiiller British English'de düzensizdir.

American: burn-burned, dream-dreamed, kneel-kneeled, lean-leaned, smell-smelled, spill-spilled,

AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE SIMPLE PAST

arise arose arisen fling flung flung