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Verbs
If you ignore verbs, so far we have seen about all there is to learning Turkish word morphology. However, there are many
verb forms to learn. At least they're fairly well ordered. We need to start by looking at how verbs can be formed from other
words. Then we will see how verbs can be modified — made negative, passive, and causative. Then there are the moods
and the tenses, where a lot of the complexity happens.
Infinitive
This uses -mek, and is the form found in the dictionary:
anlamak = to understand
görmek = to see
gitmek = to go
okumak = to read
Verb Formation
Verbs can be formed from "substantives" or other non-verb words. A few, not many, are formed simply by adding the
infinitive -mek to an adjective or noun.
boya = "paint", while boyamak = "to paint".
eski = "old", while eskimek = "to wear out".
gerek = "necessary", while gerekmek = "to be necessary".
There aren't many examples of this type of verb formation. Many more verbs are formed by starting with a substantive word
and then adding a suffix and the infinitive -mek. See G.L. Lewis' Turkish Grammar, chapter 14, sections 20-29.
-e-
oyun = "game", while oynamak = "to play".
yaş = "age", while yaşamak = "to live".
-le-
su = "water", while sulamak = "to irrigate".
kilit = "lock", while kilitlemek = "to lock".
kir = "dirt", while kirlemek = "to make dirty".
temiz = "clean", while temizlemek = "to make clean".
As Lewis notes, you cannot always guess the meaning of the verb from that of the starting noun or adjective.
Köpek and kuzu mean "dog" and "lamb", respectively, while köpeklemek and kuzulamak mean "to cringe" to
"to lamb", respectively. If kuzalamak means "to give birth to lambs", then why doesn't köpeklemek mean "to
:
give birth to puppies"? And why does köpeklemek mean "to cringe" when few mammals of its size are as
easily frightened as a lamb?
Notice that -le- is used for the category of words describing the sounds animals make:
hav hav = the sound a dog makes, while havlamak = "to 'woof woof' like a dog"
miyav = the sound a cat makes, while miyavlamak = "to 'meow' like a cat"
-len-
The reflexive and passive of -le-, also some verbs synonymous with the -le- form, and some verbs for which
there is no -le- form.
kir = "dirt", kirlemek = "to make dirty", kirlenmek = "to be made dirty".
temiz = "clean", temizlemek = "to make clean", temizlenmek = "to be made clean".
serin = "cool", serinlemek = "to become cool", serinlenmek = "to become cool".
Note that there are causative forms of these, appending a following -dir or -t- as discussed in the following
section on verb modification. Some make the verb causitive, some just make another synonym for the -le-
form:
can = "life", canlanmak = "to come to life", canlandırmak = "to bring to life",
kirlemek = "to make dirty", kirletmek = "to make dirty"
temiz = "clean", temizlemek = "to make clean", temizletmek = "to be made clean".
-leş-
Reciprocal of -le- or to form "to become ..."
karşılamak = "to meet", karşılaşmak = "to meet one another"
mektup = "letter", mektuplaşmak = "to correspond"
bir = "one", birleşmek = "to become united"
-el- / -l-
Added usually to adjectives, infrequently to nouns, to form "to become ..."
az = "little", while azalmak = "to diminish"
çok = "much", while çoğalmak = "to increase"
-er-
Used with color adjectives to form "to become ...", with other words to form an active verb. Note, as
described in some detail in Lewis' book, that two-syllable color words actually have their final syllable
replaced by -er-.
az = "white", ağarmak = "to become white"
gök = "blue" or "green", göğer or göver = "to become blue green"
kızıl = "red", kızarmak = "to become red" or "to be roasted"
yaş = "moisture", yaşarmak = "to become moist"
-se-
The only surviving example of the once common "to want" is susamak for "to thirst". Otherwise, a few verbs
use this to form "to regard as ..."
benim = "mine" (or "of me"), benimsemek = "to regard as one's own"
mühim = "important", mühimsemek = "to regard as important"
-imse
Used similarly to -se- to form "to regard as ..." or "to consider to be ..."
az = "little", azımsamak = "to consider inadequate"
çok = "much", çoğumsamak = "to consider excessive"
-de-
Used in onomatopoeic words which end in r or l and which can be repeated to form an adverb. For example,
cızır is "sizzling", the sound made by frying food; cızır cızır is then "sizzlingly", and cızırdamak is "to make a
sizzling sound", and just cızırtı is the noun "sizzling". There are similar sets of words for "creaking",
"growling", "snoring", "crunching", "pattering" (as in footsteps), "glittering" (seldom a noisy activity), and
"tapping" (as in ravens at doors).
Verb Modification
There are several ways of modifying verbs to produce related words. Some of these begin to show how complex verbs,
expressed as phrases in English, are made by combining suffixes. Presumably a large dictionary would cover these other
forms, but you often have to (de)construct your own...
Negative — -me- or infrequently -mez-
For most tenses, add -me-
görmek = "to see"
görmemek = "not to see"
:
For the general (or aorist) tense only, add -mez- in place of the characteristic aorist -(i)r- suffix, except
for the 1st person, where it is just -me-.
Ahmet yazar = Ahmet is a writer.
Ahmet yazmaz = Ahmet is not a writer.
Barişnikov dans eder. Siz, Senatör Kuğayl, siz dans etmez.
Baryshnikov is a dancer. But you, Senator Quayle, you are not a dancer.
See the aorist section below for an explanation of "aorist" and why these examples were used.
Passive — -n- or -il- or -in-
For verb stems ending in vowels, add -n-
okumak = "to read",
okunmak = "to be read"
For verb stems ending in consonants other than l, add -il-
vermek = "to give",
verilmek = "to be given"
For verb stems ending in l, add -in-
bilmek = "to know",
bilinmek = "to be known"
Causative — -dir- or -t- or -it-
Most verbs add -dir-
bilmek = "to know",
bildirmek = "to inform" or "to announce"
Verbs ending in a vowel, or l, or r, add only -t-
anlamak = "to understand",
anlatmak = "to explain"
Verbs ending in ş or ç add -ir-
içmek = "to drink",
içirmek = "to cause or make to drink"
A few monosyllable verb stems ending in k add -it-.
Doubly causative verbs are possible:
pişmek = "to cook" (intransitive, the meat cooks)
pişirmek = "to cook" (transitive, the chef cooks the meat)
pişirtmek = "to have something cooked"
ölmek = "to die"
öldürmek = "to kill"
öldürtmek = "to have someone killed"
Higher-order causation is grammatically possible, but stilted:
öldürttürmek = "to get someone to have someone killed", or to get someone else to hire a hitman.
öldürttürtmek = the same thing but one more step removed, "to get someone to get someone to have
someone killed", or to get someone else to contact an agency to have them hire the hitman.
Reflexive — -in-
giymek = "to wear clothes"
giyinmek = "to dress oneself"
giyindirmek = "to dress someone else"
giyindirilmek = "to be dressed by someone else"
giyindirildirmek = "to be forced to be dressed by someone else"
Verbs of mutual action — -iş-
görmek = "to see"
görüşmek = "to see one another" or "to converse"
görüşülmek = "to be conversed about"
görüştürmek = "to make to converse with one another"
görüştürülmek = "to be made to converse with one another"
Order for applying modification:
1. Reflexive
2. Reciprocal
3. Causative
4. Passive
For example:
acımak = "to feel pain" (simple)
acınmak = "to feel pain in oneself, to grieve" (reflexive)
acındırmak = "to cause to grieve" (causative)
:
acındırılmak = "to be made to grieve" (passive)
tanımak = "to know" (simple)
tanışmak = "to know one another" (reciprocal)
tanıştırmak = "to introduce" (causative)
tanıştırılmak = "to be introduced" (passive)
Negation, -me, plus ability, -ebil, and inability, -eme (see below) are added after these.
Present -(i)yor- Actions happening now, or started in the recent past and continuing.
I am writing. — The point is that I am writing even as I speak.
Note that the o does not undergo vowel harmony.
(y)ecek-
di-past -di- Both the simple past (did) and the perfect past (have done).
Subjunctive -e- No statement of fact, things that might happen or have happened.
With non-simple moods, this expresses unfulfillable past wishes, or quotes of those
expressions.
4. Select the mood, noting that not all tense/mood combinations exist:
Mood Append Conjugation
pattern
Simple - I (mostly)
Past -idi- II
Conditional -ise- II
Inferential -imiş- I
6. Note that there are exceptions in the mapping from simple mood to conjugation pattern, and some
combinations of tense and mood do not exist. Really apply this pattern:
:
Simple Past Conditional Past Inferential Inferential
I -idi + II ise + II conditional -imiş- + I conditional
-idi- + -ise- + II -imiş- + -ise- + II
miş-past -miş + I -mişti + II -mişse + II -miş idiyse + II -miş imiş + I -miş imişse + II
-miş-
Present Dervişleri görüyorum. Dervişleri görüyordum. Dervişleri görüyorsam, ... Dervişleri Dervişleri Dervişleri
-(i)yor- I am seeing Dervishes. I was seeing Dervishes. If I am seeing Dervishes, görüyorduysam, ... görüyormuşum. görüyormuşsam, ...
... If I was seeing I am said to be seeing If, as they say, I am
Dervishes, ... Dervishes. seeing Dervishes, ...
— or —
If I am said to be seeing
Dervishes, ...
General Dervişleri görürüm. Dervişleri görürdüm. Dervişleri görürsem, ... Dervişleri görürdüysem, Dervişleri görürmüşüm. Dervişleri görürmüşsem,
(aorist) I see Dervishes. I used to see Dervishes. If I see Dervishes, ... ... I am said to see ...
-(i)r- If I used to see Dervishes. If, as they say, I see
Dervishes, ... Dervishes, ...
— or —
If I am said to see
Dervishes, ...
Future Dervişleri göreceğim. Dervişleri görecektim. Dervişleri göreceksem, Dervişleri görecektiysem, Dervişleri görecekmişim. Dervişleri
-ecek- I will see Dervishes. I was going to see ... ... I am said to see görecekmişsem, ...
Dervishes. If I am going to see If I was going to see Dervishes. If, as they say, I was
Dervishes, ... Dervishes, ... going to see Dervishes,
...
— or —
If I am said to be about to
see Dervishes, ...
miş-past Dervişleri görmüşüm. Dervişleri görmüştüm. Dervişleri görmüşsem, ... Dervişleri görmüş Dervişleri görmüş Dervişleri görmüş
-miş- I saw Dervishes. (so I had seen Dervishes. If I have seen Dervishes, idiysem, ... ümüşüm. ümüşsem, ...
they say) (so they say) ... If I had seen Dervishes, I am said to have seen If, as they say, I have
... Dervishes. seen Dervishes, ...
— or —
If I am said to have seen
Dervishes, ...
(III)
Or going to Konya — notice the d/t variation in gitmek! In a few verbs (etmek, tatmak, gitmek, etc) the final t lenites
(becomes voiced) before a vowel, but in others it doesn't:
:
Simple Past Conditional Past conditional Inferential Inferential
I -idi + II ise + II -idi- + -ise- + II -imiş- + I conditional
-imiş- + -ise- + II
Present Konya'ya gidiyorum. Konya'ya gidiyordum. Konya'ya gidiyorsam, ... Konya'ya gidiyorduysam, Konya'ya gidiyormuşum. Konya'ya
-(i)yor- I am going to Konya. I was going to Konya. If I am going to Konya, ... ... I am said to be going to gidiyormuşsam, ...
If I was going to Konya, Konya. If, as they say, I am going
... to Konya, ...
— or —
If I am said to be going to
Konya, ...
General Konya'ya giderim. Konya'ya giderdim. Konya'ya gidersem, ... Konya'ya giderdiysem, ... Konya'ya gidermişim Konya'ya gidermişsem,
(aorist) I go to Konya. I used to go to Konya. If I go to Konya, ... If I used to go to Konya, I am said to go to Konya. ...
-(i)r- ... If, as they say, I go to
Konya, ...
— or —
If I am said to go to
Konya, ...
Future Konya'ya gideceğim. Konya'ya gidecektim. Konya'ya gideceksem, ... Konya'ya gidecektiysem, Konya'ya gidecekmişim. Konya'ya
-ecek- I will go to Konya. I was going to go to If I am going to go to ... I am said to be going to gidecekmişsem, ...
Konya. Konya, ... If I was going to go to go to Konya. If, as they say, I am going
Konya, ... to go to Konya, ...
— or —
If I am said to be going to
go to Konya, ...
miş-past Konya'ya gitmişim. Konya'ya gitmiştim. Konya'ya gitmişsem, ... Konya'ya gitmiş idiysem, Konya'ya gitmiş imişim. Konya'ya gitmiş imişsem,
-miş- I went to Konya. (so they I had gone to Konya. (so If I have gone to Konya, ... I am said to have gone to ...
say) they say) ... If I had gone to Konya, ... Konya. If, as they say, I have
gone to Konya, ...
— or —
If I am said to have gone
to Konya, ...
di-past Konya'ya gittim. Konya'ya gittiytim. Konya'ya gittiysem. Konya'ya gitti idiysem, ... — —
-di- I went to Konya. I had gone to Konya. If I went to Konya, ... If I had gone to Konya, ...
— or — — or —
I have gone to Konya. If I have gone to Konya,
(II) ...
(III)
The above tables may be adequate for your needs. Below here are tables of examples, including negative, interrogative,
and negative interrogative forms. Also the forms of the verb to be, participles, ability-to ..., and imperatives.
-di-Past
-di-Past Simple — -di + I
I did and I have done
Things that have been finished.
-dim -dik
-din -diniz
-di -diler
:
Konya'da dervişleri gördüm. I saw dervishes in Konya.
I have seen dervishes in Konya.
Konya'da dervişleri gördü idiysem ... If I had seen dervishes in Konya ...
Konya'da dervişleri gördüm idiyse ...
miş-Past
miş-Past Simple, or Past Indefinite — -miş- + I
I have done
Events that supposedly happened in the past, but the speaker does not have adequate information to definitively report it
without question. As opposed to "He definitely went", this can render "He (apparently, allegedly, reportedly, presumably, or
ostensibly) went (but I am not sure enough of this assertion to honestly use the past definite form)." And since the first-
person singular exists, you can make unfounded allegations about yourself!
Put another (less entertaining) way, the point is that something has happened, not the activity itself. Lewis' example is kar
yağmiş, or snow has fallen, where the point is that there is snow on the ground, never mind the details of how it got there.
:
Positive Positive Interrogative
Konya'da masalarda dans etmemişim. Supposedly I did not dance on the tables in Konya.
Konya'da masalarda dans etmiş miyim? Did I supposedly dance on the tables in Konya?
Konya'da masalarda dans etmemiş miyim? Did I supposedly not dance on the tables in Konya?
Positive Negative
Konya'da dervişleri görmüş ümüşsem, ... If I am said to have seen dervishes in Konya, ...
Present
Used for actions in progress, or generally done, or anticipated.
Note that the o in the suffix -yor does not vary under vowel agreement, and so the vowels in the suffixes added onto that are
always back vowels.
Also note that the suffixed -yor is added to a verb stem ending in e or a, then that e or a "narrows" to i or ı, respectively. So, I
understand would be:
anlamak —> anla - yor - um —> anlıyorum.
The negative is indicated by -me, also subject to this rule, so I do not understand would be:
anlamak —> anla -me - yor - um —> anlamiyorum.
:
In the verbs demek ("to say" or "to name") and yemek ("to eat") just the stem e narrows before y:
denemek -> deneyecek
yenemek -> yeneyecek
but:
demek -> diyecek
yemek -> yiyecek
Positive Negative
Konya'da dervişleri her gün görüyorum. I see dervishes in Konya every day.
Positive Negative
Konya'da dervişleri her gün görüyordum. I saw dervishes in Konya every day.
Positive Negative
Konya'da dervişleri her gün görüyorsam ... If I see dervishes in Konya every day ...
Positive Negative
Positive Negative
Konya'da dervişleri her gün görüyormuşum. I am said to see dervishes in Konya every day.
Positive Negative
Konya'da dervişleri her gün görüyormuşsam, ... If I am, as they say, seeing dervishes in Konya every day, ...
Konya'da dervişleri her gün görüyor imişsem, ...
Konya'ya dervişler gidiyormuşsalar, ... If dervishes, as they say, are going to Konya, ...
Konya'ya dervişler gidiyor imişseler, ...
General / Aorist
About things always true and hence timeless, denoting continuing activity:
I am painting would use the Present Simple.
I am a painter or I paint would be Aorist.
This term, borrowed from Greek grammar, means 'unbounded' and well describes what the Turks call geniş zaman 'the
broad sense', which denotes continuing activity.
The aorist denotes continuing activity, but to equate, for example, yapar-ım with 'I do' and yapıyor-um with 'I am doing' is
a misleading oversimplification. Fundamentally, yaparım means 'I am a doer' and according to context it may represent
'I habitually do';
'by and large I am the sort of person who does';
'I am ready, willing, and able to do';
'I shall do'.
yapıyorum means
'I have undertaken, and am now engaged in, the job of doing';
'I am doing now';
'I am doing in the future';
i.e., 'I have the job in hand'. yazarım and yazıyorum may both be translated 'I write'. But more specifically: yazarım 'I am
a writer; in principle I write (although I may not yet have put pen to paper)'. yazıyorum 'I am writing now'; 'as a matter of
:
fact I do write'; 'I write, for example, for four hours every morning' — her sabah dört saat yazıyorum — where the broad
yazarım would be incongruous with the precise expression of time. For 'I love you' the Turk says seni seviyorum; if he
said seni severim that would sound far too vague and without immediacy, corresponding rather to 'I like you'. '
In proverbs: It ürür, kervan geçer. The dogs howl, the caravan moves on.
The negative is formed unusually: -mez is used where the -(i)r is used in the positive (and just -em is used in the first
person. See the below tables for examples.
Positive Negative
Positive Negative
Positive Negative
Indiyana'da dervişler dans etmezseler ... If dervishes do not dance in Indiana ...
-(i)rdiyse -(i)rdiyseler
-(i)r idiyse -(i)r idiyseler
Indiyana'da dervişleri görmediysem ... If I did not see dervishes in Indiana ...
Indiyana'da dervişler dans etmezdiyseler ... If dervishes did not dance in Indiana ...
Positive Negative
Indiyana'da dervişler dans etmezmişler. Dervishes are said not to dance in Indiana.
Positive Negative
-(i)rmişse -(i)rmişseler
-(i)r imişse -(i)r imişseler
Konya'da dervişleri görürmüşsem ... If, as they say, I see dervishes in Konya ...
Konya'da dervişleri görür imişsem ...
Indiyana'da dervişleri görmemişsem ... If, as they say, I do not see dervishes in Indiana ...
Konya'da dervişler dans edermişseler ... If, as they say, dervishes dance in Konya ...
Konya'da dervişler dans eder imişseler ...
Indiyana'da dervişler dans etmezmişseler ... If, as they say, dervishes do not dance in Indiana ...
Future
Future Simple, or Future General
Future Past (G.L. Lewis pg 113 sec 22b) — Things that were in the future in the past.
I was going to ... (but since I do not say that it happened, then probably it did not work out)
-(y)ecektim -(y)ecektik
-(y)ecektin -(y)ecektiniz
-(y)ecekti -(y)eceklerdi
Future Conditional
If I am about to ...
-(y)eceksem -(y)eceksek
-(y)eceksen -(y)ecekseniz
-(y)ecekse -(y)eceklerse
-(y)ecekseler
Konya'da dervişleri görecek idiysem, ... If I was going to have seen dervishes in Konya, ...
Konya'da dervişleri görecektiysem ...
Konya'da dervişleri görecektimse ...
Future Inferential
I am/was said to be about to ...
Konya'da dervişleri görecek imişsem, ... If, as they say, I will see dervishes in Konya, ...
Konya'da dervişleri görecekmişsem, ...
To Be
Some forms are suffixes added to nouns or adjectives only, some forms are independent words following the noun or
adjective, sometimes (as in the past tense) you have a choice.
Past
-(y)dim -(y)dik idim idik değildim değildik değil idim değil idik
-(y)din -(y)diniz idin idiniz değildin değildiniz değil idin değil idiniz
-(y)di -(y)diler idi idiler değildi değildiler değil idi değil idiler
miydim? miydik? mi idim? mi idik? değil miydim? değil miydik? değil mi idim? değil mi idik?
miydin? miydiniz? mi idin? mi idiniz? değil miydin? değil miydiniz? değil mi idin? değil mi idiniz?
miydi? miydiler? mi idi? mi idiler? değil miydi? değil miydiler? değil mi idi? değil mi idiler?
Past Conditional
Positive
:
Suffixed Suffixed Independent
Negative
Positive
Suffixed Independent
Negative
Enclitic Independent
Positive
Suffixed Independent
Negative
Enclitic Independent
Derviş değil imişse ... I gather that if he was not a dervish ...
Present
Note that -dir is not generally used in informal speech or writing. For a copula, or "A = B" sentence, The girl's name is
Fatma:
It is also used informally to indicate emphasis or a supposition. To answer the question Dervişler nerede?, or Where are the
dervishes?
Also, -dir may be suffixed to verbs, where it weakens rather than emphasizes the verb.
Finally, the particle mi turns the preceding word into a question. It is a separate word but follows vowel harmony.
Evdeyim. I am at home.
Dervişim. I am a dervish.
Var / Yok
There take the place of there are and there are not, respectively:
Bu evde çok kedi var! There are many cats in this house!
Yeni Meksiko'da uçan daire var mı? Are there flying saucers in New Mexico?
Ama, "Alan Elli Bir'de" çok var. However, there are many at Area 51.
Necessity
Simple necessity
I must, I ought to
Positive Negative
Past necessity
I had to do, I should have done
Positive Negative
Inferential necessity
They say I must, they say I ought to
:
Positive Negative
Konya'ya gitmeliymişim, ... They say that I should have gone to Konya
Dervişler fırıl fırıl dönmemelimişler. They say that dervishes should not whirl.
Dervişler fırıl fırıl dönmemelilermiş.
Conditional
Conditional simple
This expresses remote conditions: If I were to ...
and wishes: If only I were to ...
Positive Negative
Dervişler Indiana'ya gitseler, beni görüyorler. If dervishes were to go to Indiana, they would see me.
Conditional past
This expresses unfulfilled conditions: If I had ...
and hopeless wishes relating to the past: If only I had ...
Positive Negative
Dervişler Indiana'ya gitmeseydiler! If only the dervishes had not gone to Indiana!
Dervişler Indiana'ya gitmeselerdi!
Conditional inferential
This quotes remote conditions and wishes:
They say that if I were to ...
They say "If only I were to ..."
Positive Negative
Dervişler Indiana'ya gitmeseymişler, ... They say that if the dervishes had not gone to Indiana, ...
Dervişler Indiana'ya gitmeselermiş, ...
Subjunctive
:
Subjunctive simple
As per Lewis, this "expresses concepts envisaged by the subject or the speaker; it makes no statement about facts, except
that the first singular is used colloquially with future meaning:
Yarın geleyim. Let me come tomorrow -> I may come tomorrow -> I'll come tomorrow"
The second persons are used in formal speech to relay requests and commands:
Babam dedi ki, yarın bize gelesiniz.
My father said that you-should-come to us tomorrow.
The third singular is used colloquially to ask cautious questions:
Evde mi ola? Might he be at home?
The endings do not follow a consistent pattern used by other verbs, history indicates that this ending is a hybrid.
Positive Negative
Subjunctive past
Used to express unfulfillable past wishes. Lewis' example is:
Bileydim buraya kadar gelmezdim. Had I known, I would not have come this far.
Positive Negative
Subjunctive inferential Infrequently used, this quotes the simple and past subjunctive:
People say "would that I had ...
Positive Negative
görmek to see
Negative ability
Append -(y)eme to the verb root and conjugate:
:
Konya'ya gitmedim. I did not go to Konya.
Imperative
Second-person form is like a command. Third-person form is used when the command is about someone, e.g., "Let them
eat cake." Second-person singular form is informal or harsh, and an alternative form is the verb stem with no suffix at all.
The second-person form is like a command. The third-person form is used when the command is about someone, e.g., "Let
them eat cake." The second-person singular form is informal or harsh, and an alternative form is the verb stem with no suffix
at all.
— —
-(y)in -(y)iniz
-sin -sinler
To be strict, it might be better to use participle to refer to the verbal adjective forms, e.g., "talking people", and substantive
to refer to the forms functioning as nouns, e.g., "those who talk". I have labeled the below tables simply as "participles" when
each table really includes both participles and substantives.
Köpekler koşırler. Dogs run. Bu insanlar konuşmıyırlar. These people do not talk
koşır köpekler dogs who run konuşmıyır insanlar people who do not talk
Köpekler koşacaklar. Dogs will run. Bu insanlar konuşmayacaklar. These people will not talk
movie-words.com
koşacak köpekler dogs who will run konuşmayacak insanlar people who will not talk
OPEN
MovieWords
koşacaklar those who will run konuşmayacaklar those who will not talk
Köpekler Dogs have run, Bu insanlar These people have not talked, it
koşmuşlar. apparently. konuşmamışlar. seems.
koşmuş köpekler dogs who ran konuşmamış insanlar people who did not talk
koşmuşlar those who ran konuşmamışlar those who did not talk
görmek to see
görülmek to be seen
görülmemek to be unseen
Köpekler koşdılar. Dogs ran. Bu insanlar konuşmadılar. These people did not talk.
koşdık köpekler dogs who were running konuşmadık insanlar people who were not talking
koşdıklar those who were running konuşmadıklar those who were not talking
Personal Participles
Add a suffix of possession to mean:
Characterized-by-my/your/his/etc-verbing
bilmek to know
Yiyeceğim kebap çok iyi görünir. The kebab I am going to eat looks very good.
Characterized-by-my-future-eating kebab very good is-seen.
İstanbul'a geldiği otobüs dolmuşdan büyük. The bus in which he came to Istanbul was bigger than a dolmuş.
To-Istanbul pertaining-to-his-having-come bus from-a-dolmuş bigger is.
Bana bir diyeceğiniz var mı? Do you have anything to say to me?
To-me one-thing-of-your-future-saying exists does-it?
Combine -eceği gel- to form it feels like or the time is coming phrases:
Verbal Nouns
:
Infinitive -mek
This takes endings to form the various cases, except for genitives and possessives:
Absolute
As subject:
Türkçe öğrenmek çok zor. To learn Turkish is very difficult.
As object of istemek and bilmek (to want and to know):
Türkçe anlamak istiyorum. I want to understand Turkish.
Kebabı almak istiyorum. I want to buy a kebab.
Accusative as object of other verbs:
Kebabı almağı unuttum. I forgot to buy a kebab.
Dative:
Kebabı almağa başladım. I began to buy a kebab.
Kebabı almağa gittim. I have gone to buy a kebab.
Locative:
Kebabı almakta tehlikeyi görmiyorum. I see no danger in buying a kebab.
Ablative:
Kebabı almaktan kendimi alamamışım. Apparently I was unable to prevent myself from buying a kebab.
Gerund
These are adverbal words formed from nouns.
-e — Repeated or continuing activity simultaneous with the main verb:
geçe, from geçmek, to pass, indicating the time at which something happens:
Saat dörde on geçe gellerdi.
They came at ten past four.
Literally: Hour from-four ten passing they-came.
deye, from demek, to say, meaning saying:
TEHLİKE diye bir levha
A sign saying DANGER
Literally: DANGER saying one sign.
rasgele, from rasgelmek, to meet by chance, meaning haphazardly or randomly.
Rasgele bir derviş fırıl fırıl dönmedi.
At random, one dervish did not whirl.
Repeated, it has an idiomatic use:
Gide gide kebabcıya mı gittin?
Going and going, was it to the kebab shop you went? meaning:
After all that travel, couldn't you find anywhere better to go than to the kebab shop?
Also see Güle güle, said to someone who is departing. Gülmek means to smile.
-erek — Single act or continued activity simultaneous with or slightly before the main verb. Often
corresponds to by doing or with doing:
bilerek = knowingly
bilmiyerek = unknowingly
Kapıyı açarak evden gitti. Opening the door, he left the house.
-ip — Used when there are two verbs with identical suffixes joined by "and", to simplify the first one. To say
We got up and we left:
:
Kalkıp gittik. (and not Kalktık gittik.)
Or, for They are sitting and talking:
Oturup konuşuyorlar. (and not Oturuyorlar konuşuyorlar.)
-ince — Action just prior to the main verb:
Otobüs gelince kalkarım. When the bus arrives, I will get up.
-inceye kadar, -inceyedek, -inceye değin — until
Otobüs gelinceye kadar, gidemedik. Until the bus arrives, we cannot go.
-ene kadar, -enedek, -ene değin — until, less formal
Otobüs gelene kadar, gidemedik. Until the bus arrives, we cannot go.
-esiye — to the point of.
Dervişler bayılasıya fırıl fırıl dönlerdi. The dervishes whirled to the point of fainting.
-eli, -eli beri, eliden beri, -diX -eli — since, with the di-past ending conjugated as needed.
All these mean Since we came to Istanbul it has not rained:
Biz İstanbul'a geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı.
Biz İstanbul'a geleli beri hiç yağmur yağmadı.
Biz İstanbul'a geleliden beri hiç yağmur yağmadı.
Biz İstanbul'a geldik geleli hiç yağmur yağmadı.
-meden, -mezden — before, without, followed by evvel or önce to mean before.
Siz gitmeden evvel beni uyandıriniz. Wake me up before you go.
-dikten sonra — after doing, the converse of -meden evvel / -meden önce
Beni uyandırdıktan sonra gitiniz. Leave after waking me.
-r -mez — used to mean as soon as, or literally, as I was between the states of doing and not-doing:
Ben oturur oturmaz telefon çaldı. As soon as I was sitting down, the telephone rang.
-dikçe — so long as or the more
"Ben fırıl fırıl döndukça, fırıl fırıl dönacağım gelir!", derviş dedi.
"The more I whirl, the more I feel like whirling!", the dervish said.
-dikten başka — apart from doing or in addition to doing
O, kapıyı açdıktan başka, evden gittim. He, in addition to opening the door, left the house.
-diği müddetçe — as long as, all the time
O çalıştığı müddetçe şarkı söyler. He sings all the time he works.
-diği halde — although or in a state of
Bağırdığım halde kimse yardıma gelmedi. Although I shouted, no one came.
Bacağı alçıda olduğu halde eve döndü. He returned home with his leg plastered.
-diği için or -diğinden — because of the verbing
Bir halı aldığı için, vergi ödemeliyim. Because of my purchasing a carpet, taxes I must pay.
-diği kadar — as much as
Istediğiniz kadar kaliniz. Stay as long as you want.
-eceğine or -ecek yerde — instead of verbing
İzmir'e yürüyeceğine, otobüsu bineceğim. Instead of walking to Izmir, I will ride a bus.
-mekle — with/by verbing
Günümü hep yazı yazırmakla geçirdim. All of my day I spent by writing.
-mektense or -mekten ise — rather than
Ankara'ya gitmektense, İstanbul'a gittim. Rather than go to Ankara, I went to Istanbul.
-meksizin — without verbing, -meden is more frequently used.
Otobüsu binmeksizin, İstanbul'a gittim. Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.
Otobüsu binmeden, İstanbul'a gittim. Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.
(Treni binden!) (I rode a train!)
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