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  • Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse

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    Ellen Mae Olaguer
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    DMATH Lecture Notes 1.2

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    45 views2 pages

    Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse

    Uploaded by

    Ellen Mae Olaguer

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 2

    Converse, Contrapositive, and Inverse There are some other common ways to

    express p⟷q:
    We can form some new conditional "p is necessary and sufficient for q"
    statements starting with a conditional "if p then q , and conversely"
    statement p⟶q. In particular, there are three
    related conditional statements that occur so If p = "You can take the flight."
    often that they have special names. The q = "You buy a ticket."
    proposition q⟶p is called the converse of Then p⟷q is the statement;
    p⟶q. The contrapositive of p⟶q is the "You can take the flight if and only if you buy
    proposition ¬q⟶ ¬p. The proposition a ticket."
    ¬p⟶ ¬q is called the inverse of p⟶q. We
    will see that of these three conditional Translating English Sentences into Logical
    statements formed from p⟶q, only the Expression
    contrapositive always has the same truth Example 1:
    value as p⟶q. "You can access the Internet from campus
    only if you are a computer science major or
    BICONDITIONALS you are not a freshman."
    We will use propositional variables to
    Let p and q be propositions. The bi- represent each sentence part and determine
    conditional statement p⟷q is the proposition the appropriate logical connectives between
    "p if and only if q." The bi-conditional them. In particular, we let a="You can access
    statement p⟷q is true when p and q have the the Internet from campus", c="You are a
    same truth values, and is false otherwise. Bi- computer science major", and f="You are a
    conditional statements are also called bi- freshman". Noting that "only if" is one way a
    implications. conditional statement can be expressed, this
    sentence can be represented as;
    The truth table for p⟷q is shown below. a ⟶ (c ∨ ¬f)

    Example 2:
    "You cannot ride the roller coaster if you are
    under 4 feet tall unless you are older than
    1 6 years old."
    Let q="You can ride the roller coaster",
    Note that the statement p⟷q is true when r="You are under 4 feet tall" and s="You are
    both the conditional statements p⟶q and older than 1 6 years old". Then the sentence
    q⟶p are true and is false otherwise. That is can be translated to;
    why we use the words "if and only if" to (r ∧ ¬s) ⟶ ¬q
    express this logical connective and why it is
    symbolically written by combining the
    symbols ⟶ and ⟵.
    Logical Equivalences Logical Equivalence
    Compound propositions that have the same
    truth values in all possible cases are called
    logically equivalent.
    One way to determine whether two
    compound propositions are equivalent is to
    use a truth table. In particular, the compound
    propositions p and q are equivalent if and
    only if the columns giving their truth values
    agree.

    Example 1:
    Show that ¬(p ∨ q) and ¬p ∧ ¬q are logically
    equivalent.

    Example 2:
    Show that p⟶q and ¬p ∨ q are logically Logical Equivalence Involving
    Conditional Statements
    equivalent.

    Example 3:
    Show that p ∨ (q ∧ r) and (p ∨ q) ∧ (p ∨ r) are
    logically equivalent.
    Logical Equivalence
    Involving Bi-conditional

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