Building Skills For Proficiency by Cesur Öztürk

BUILDING
SKILLS
FOR
PROFICIENCY
A Comprehensive Workbook
for
Proficiency, KPDS, UDS and TOEFL
Cesur Oztiirk
£:
TATIN(:lllll
PELiKAN YAYINCILIK
© Cesur Oztilrk
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright
owner.
First published 1994

Twenty- seventh printing 2007
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Feryal Matbaac1hk San. ve Tic. Ltd. ~ti.
Tel: (0312) 395 22 37 - (0312) 395 22 38
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Ali <;ELiK
ISBN
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GENEL DAGITIM
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CONTENTS
Introduction XI
Acknowledgements Xlll
Abbreviations XIV
PARTl GRAMMAR 1
CHAPTER 1: Basic Sentence Structure 1

I. The Parts of a Sentence
A. The Subject I
B. The Verb 4
C. The Object 5
D. The Complement 5
E. Subject,Object and Complement - Summary 6
Test on Subject and Object Noun Phrases 7
II. Verb Patterns 8
Test on Verb Patterns 15
CHAPTER 2: Determiners, Nouns and Pronouns 17

I. Determiners 17
A. General Determiners 17
B. Illustrative Examples on the Uses of Determiners 19
C. Pre-determiners 20
D. Each and Every 21
E. Ordinal Numbers Used as Post-determiners 21
Test on Determiners 22
F. Articles with Common Nouns 24
Test on Articles 27
II. Nouns 28
III. Agreement 28
CHAPTER 3: Tenses in English 31

The Present Continuous Tense 31
The Simple Present Tense 31
The Simple Past Tense 32
The Past Continuous Tense 33
The Present Perfect Tense 33
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 34
The Past Perfect Tense 34
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 35
The Simple Future Tense 35
Going-to Future 36
Will versus Be Going To 36
Future in the Past 36
iii
The Future Continuous Tense 36
The Future Perfect Tense 36
The Future Perfect Continuous 37
Comparison of Tenses 37
TENSES - Summary 39
Sequence of Tenses 40
Test on Tenses - Set 1 43
CHAPTER 4: Functions of Modal Auxiliaries

and Related Words 51
Test on Modals 54
Perfect Infinitives/Modals Referring to Past Time 57
Test on Perfect Infinitives 58
Modals-Time Reference 59
Test on Modal Auxiliaries and Perfect Infinitives 61
CHAPTER 5: Passive and Causative Constructions 64

I. The Passive Voice 64
Test on The Passive Voice 68
II. The Causative Form 70
Test on the Causative Form 73
III. The Active Voice versus the Passive Voice and
the Causative Form 74
Test on Active, Passive and Causative Forms 75
CHAPTER 6: Gerunds and Infinitives 76

I. Gerunds 76
A. Functions of Gerunds 76
B. Time Reference in Gerunds 76
C. Verbs Followed by the Gerund 77
II. Infinitives 78
A. Uses of Infinitives 78
B. Structures That Are Followed by 'To'- Infinitive 79
C. Time Reference in Infinitives 80
D. Verbs That Take the Infinitive 82
E. Verbs That Need Special Attention 83
F. Additional Notes on Be+ 'To' Infinitive 84
Test on Gerunds and Infinitives - Set 1 85
CHAPTER 7: Adjectives 89
I. Major Adjective Patterns 89
II. Linking Verb+ Adjective 91
III. Types of Adjectives 92
IV. Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives 94
V. Constructions with Comparisons 95
VI. Modification of Comparatives 97
iv
VII. Modification of Superlatives 97
VIII. Compound adjectives of measurement: 'a five- year old child' 97
IX. Adjectives ending in '-ed' and '-ing' 98
CHAPTER 8: Adverbs 99
I. Sentential Adverbs 99
II. Adverbs of Manner 99
III. Restricting Adverbs 99
IV. Viewpoint Adverbs 99
V. Focusing Adverbs 100
VI. Adverbs of Degree/Intensifiers 100
VII. The Uses of Rather, Quite and Fairly IOI
VIII. The Position of Adverbs 102
IX. Frequency Adverbs 103
X. Additional Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases 103
XI. Constructions with Comparisons 104
Test on Adjectives and Adverbs 104
CHAPTER 9: Relative (Adjective) Clauses 107

I. Formation of Relative Clauses 108
II. Variations in Defining Clauses 11 o
III. Non- Defining Clauses 110
IV. Variations in the Use of Non-Defining Clauses 111
V. Reduction of Relative Clauses 112
VI. Additional Notes on Relative Clauses 115
Test on Relative Clauses 117
CHAPTER 10: Noun Clauses 122

I. Formation of Noun Clauses 122
A. Noun Clauses Which Begin with That 122
B. Noun Clauses Which Begin with Whether and If 122
C. Noun Clauses Which Begin with Question Words 123
II. Functions of Noun Clauses 124
A. Noun Clause as the Subject of a Sentence 124
B. Noun Clause as the Object of a Sentence 124
C. Noun Clause as Adjective Complement 124
D. Noun Clause as Subject Complement 125
E. Noun Clause as an Appositive 125
F. Noun Clause as the Object of a Preposition 125
G. Noun Clause as Indirect Object 125
III. Subordinator as The Subject of a Noun Clause 125
IV. The Position and Function of Noun Clauses 126
A. Noun Clauses withThat 126
B. Noun Clauses with Whether 127
C. Noun Clauses with What 128
V. -Ever Words in Noun Clauses 128
VI. The Subjunctive Form in Noun Clauses 128
V
VII. Reduction of Noun Clauses 129
VIII. Summary of Noun Clauses 130
Test On Noun Clauses 131
CHAPTER 11: -EVER Words and Correlative Conjunctions 134

I. - Ever Words 134
II. Correlative Conjunctions 136
Mini Test on Correlative Conjunctions 136
CHAPTER 12: Conditions and Wishes 137

I. Conditions 137
Test on Conditions 139
II. Wish Clauses 140
Test on Wishes 142
CHAPTER 13: Adverbial Clauses 143

Adverbial Clauses of Time 143
Adverbial Clauses of Place 144
Adverbial Clauses of Reason 144
Adverbial Clauses of Direct Contrast 144
Adverbial Clauses of Concessive Contrast 144
Adverbial Clauses of Result 145
Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 145
Adverbial Clauses of Manner 145
Adverbial Clauses of Degree (Proportion) 146
Adverbial Clauses of Condition 146
Adverbial Clauses of Comparison 147
Additional Notes on Adverbial Clauses 147
Adverbial Clauses - Summary 149
Test on Adverbial Clauses 150
CHAPTER 14: Participles 154

I. Actions That Take Place at the Same Time 154
A. -ING Participle For Active Constructions 154
B. Past participle I - ED Participle (For Passive Constructions) 155
II. Actions That take Place at Different Times 156
Perfect Participle :Having+V3 /Having been+V3 157
Ill. Participial Phrase with Its Own Subject 157
IV. Particip1es- Summary 158
V. Participles Used Idiomatically 159
Test on Participles 160
CHAPTER 15: Special Difficulties 164
I. Inversion 164
Test on Inversion 166
II. Structural Parallelism 167
Mini Test on Structural Parallelism 168
VI
III. Auxiliary 169
A. and ... , too and so ... 169
B. and ... , either and neither ... 169
Mini Test on Auxiliary 169
C. Tag Questions 170
Mini Test on Tag Questions 170
IV. The Subjunctive Form 171
Mini Test on the Subjunctive Form 171
CHAPTER 16: Reduction of Clauses 172

I. Finite Clauses versus Verbless(Reduced) Clauses
II. Finite versus Non-Finite (Reduced)Clauses 173
III. Passive Constructions in Finite and Non-Finite Clauses 173
IV. Active Constructions in Finite and Non-Finite Clauses 174
V. Reducing Finite Clauses with Infinitives 175
VI. Additional Notes on Finite and Non-Finite Verbs 177
Test on Finite and Non-Finite Clauses 178
CHAPTER 17: Sentence Connectors 179

Tests on Sentence Connectors 182
CHAPTER 18: Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases

and Idiomatic Expressions 186
Test on Prepositions 191
Test on Idiomatic Expressions (Intermediate - Advanced) 194
CHAPTER 19: Sentence Variety 196

I. Structures That Indicate Addition 196
II. Structures of Cause-Effect Relationship 197
III. Structures of Concessive Contrast (Denial of Expectation) 199
IV. Structures of Contrast (Direct Opposition) 200
V. Structures of Similarity 201
VI. Structures That Indicate Purpose 202
VII. Structures That Indicate Result
VIII. Structures That Indicate Time 203
IX. Structures That Indicate Condition
X. Adverbial Clauses versus Adverbial Phrases 204
XI. Sentence Variety - Summary 205
Test on Sentence Variety and Logical Relations 208
CHAPTER 20: General Grammar Tests 210

Grammar Test 1 210
Grammar Test 2 219
Grammar Test 3 228
Grammar Test 4 235
Advanced Grammar Test 1 242
vii
--- ---- ----------- -----
PART2 BASIC ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 256

Diagnostic Test 256
CHAPTER J: Recognizing Synonyms 258

I. Prepositional Phrases 258
II. Verbs 259
Test on Verbs - Set 1 263
III. Nouns 267
Test on Nouns 270
IV. Adjectives 271
Test on Adjectives 274
V. Adverbs 276
Test on Adverbs 277
General Tests on Synonyms 279
CHAPTER 2 : Usage 286

I. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 286
A. Prepositions That Follow Verbs 286
Test on Prepositions That Follow Verbs 289
B. Prepositions That Follow Adjectives 291
Test on Prepositions That Follow Adjectives 293
C. Important Prepositional Phrases 294
Test on Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 294
II. Verbs and Verbals 296
A. Verbs That Take Gerunds and Infinitives 296
Test on Gerunds or Infinitives 297
B. Verb Patterns 298
C. The Passive Voice 301
D. The Causative Form 303
E. Adjectival and Adverbial Participles 303
F. Infinitives 304
Test on Verbs 304
III. Nouns 308
Test on Nouns 312
1V. Adjectives 314
V. Adverbs 320
Test on Adverbs 320
General Vocabulary Tests 322
PART 3 ADVANCED ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 336
CHAPTER 1: Recognizing Synonyms 336

I. Advanced Verbs and Verbals 336
II. Advanced Nouns 349
Vlll
Test on Advanced Nouns 351
III. Advanced Adjectives 354
Test on Advanced Adjectives 359
IV. Advanced Adverbs 362
Test on Advanced Adverbs 363
General Tests on Synonyms 364
CHAPTER 2: Usage 373

I. Prepositions
A. Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions 373
Test on Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions 375
B. Prepositions in Passive Constructions 377
C. Advanced Adjectives Followed by Prepositions 378
Mini Test on Advanced Adjectives Followed by Prepositions 389
D. Nouns Followed by Prepositions 380
II. Advanced Verbs and Verbals 381
Test on Advanced Verbs - Set I 389
Test on Advanced Verbs - Set 2 393
III. Advanced Nouns 395
Test on Advanced Nouns - Set I 403
Test on Advanced Nouns - Set 2 406
IV. Advanced Adjectives 409
V. Advanced Adverbs 416
Advanced Usage Tests 419
CHAPTER 3: Special Difficulties 427

A. Important Phrasal Verbs 427
Test on Phrasal Verbs - Set I 434
Test on Phrasal Verbs - Set 2 435
B. Words That Are Often Confused 437
Test on Words Which Are Often Confused - Set I 442
Test on Words Which Are Often Confused - Set 2 445
C. Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases Idiomatic Expressions and
Conjunctions 448
Test on Idiomatic Expressions 458
D. Guessing Vocabulary 461
Exercises on Guessing Vocabulary 462
Test on Guessing Vocabulary 466
E. Words Used in Different Senses 467
PART4 READING COMPREHENSION 471
CHAPTER 1: Text Organization 471

I. Developmental Paragraphs 471
II. Recognizing the Topic Sentence and Generalizations 473
III. Stated Main Ideas and the Position of the Topic Sentence 474
ix
- - - - - - - - -
IV. The Structure of the Topic Sentence and the Main Idea 474
V. Choosing the Best Topic Sentence 476
VI. Recognizing Specific Details 477
VII. Level of Support 478
VIII. Kind of Support 479
CHAPTER 2: Reading Skills 480

I. Skimming 480
II. Scanning 482
III. Recognizing Paraphrases or Restatements 483
Ways of Paraphrasing I Restating Ideas 483
Tests on Restatements 490
IV. Making Inferences 496
Tests on Inferences 504
V. Identifying the Main Idea 508
A. Exercises on Explicitly Stated Main Idea 508
Tests on Explicitly Stated Main Idea 509
B. Implied Main Idea 509
Tests on Implied Main Idea 510
Additional Tests on Finding the Main Idea 511
Tests on Choosing the Best Title 517
VI. Prediction : What can logically follow? 520
.
CHAPTER 3: Organizational Skills 524
I. Unity 524
II. Coherence: Arrangement and Connection of Sentences 526
A. Types of Transitionals 526
B. Clause Formation 527
C. Reference Signals : this, that, these, those, one, ones etc. 528
D. Lexical Devices (=Words)Used to Connect Sentences 531
E. Order - The Arrangement of Sentences 532
Test on Reference Signals 533
Tests on Sentence Connection 534
Tests on Reading Comprehension 536
PARTS SAMPLE TESTS 556

Sample Proficiency Test 1 556
KPDS Practice Test 587
Appendix 1 - Prepositions 603

Appendix 2 - Markers of Basic Relations 608
Appendix 3 - Stems , Prefixes and Suffixes 610
Appendix 4 - Word Forms 615
X
Introduction
This book is intended for intermediate and advanced learners of English who
are preparing for examinations in English, such as English proficiency examinations
given by Turkish universities, KPDS (Language Proficiency Test for Government
Employees) and the TOEFL. It also covers a lot of material which is relevant to
Cambridge Proficiency Examinations. While it may be used in a classroom situation
to teach grammar, vocabulary and reading comprehension, it is basically a self study
book.
The material in it is so designed that it ensures steady progress towards mastery
of English. Its major components are grammar, vocabulary and reading.
Major grammatical patterns are dealt with thoroughly, and learners' ability to
recognize these patterns is improved through unit by unit tests aimed at reinforcing
the structures taught. While answering test questions, learners may refer to the origi-
nal examples related to the testing point by means of the page references given in
the key to tests.
Vocabulary is presented in two parts. Part 2 covers basic academic vocabulary
needed for proficiency examinations given at Turkish universities. The vocabulary
items included in this part have been selected on the basis of their frequency, range
and usefulness. These words have been arranged according to the frequency of oc-
currence as far as possible. Important words are recycled, i.e., used in different con-
texts cyclically in subsequent sections to make sure that learners remember what
they mean.
Part Three contains advanced academic vocabulary. Though the words in this
part are, on the whole, less frequent than those presented in Part Two, it is essential
to know the meanings of these words in order to understand more advanced texts.
Advanced academic words are selected from Time Magazine, CNN, the BBC, and
various kinds of academic texts. The vocabulary items presented in Part Three are
especially useful for those who are preparing for KPDS, TOEFL and Cambridge
Proficiency Examinations. The third chapter of Part Three deals with special diffi-
culties. The most commonly used phrasal verbs, words which are often confused,
prepositions, prepositional phrases and important idiomatic expressions as well as
words used in different senses are covered in the third chapter. Vocabulary guessing
is also covered in this chapter as a separate skill.
Reading comprehension i~ taught systematically by focusing on all the
important skills involved in the reading process. Great care is taken to make this
complicated process easier for learners. It is hoped that the exercises provided and
the suggestions made in the book will facilitate reading comprehension and enable
learners to understand and answer reading comprehension questions better. In some
texts, important academic words are printed in bold type to draw learners' attention
to them.
XI
It is worth noting at this stage that to derive maximum benefit from this book,
learners are strongly advised to do wide reading. Reading will reinforce not only
grammar but also vocabulary items presented in this book, making the book more
effective than it would otherwise be.
Sample tests will give learners a chance to test their linguistic competence. If
they discover that they are weak in a certain section, they can study the relevant sec-
tions more intensively.
The material in the book has been selected with utmost care and is based on a
wide range of sources including test books, grammar books, vocabulary books, dic-
tionaries, various academic course books, newspapers, magazines and two major
sources of news media, the BBC radio broadcasts and CNN International. The BBC
and CNN have been extremely useful in choosing the words to be included in the
material. The words which often occur in these two sources as well aifiine
Magazine have been given prominence in the book.
Appendixes contain useful information about words that take prepositions, tran-
sitional words, prefixes and suffixes and word forms.
A significant part of the material has been tried on students to ensure its validity
and reliability.
The book has been written in English to help learners to familiarize themselves
with the kind of language they are likely to encounter in authentic texts. It is the
author's hope that the book will contribute to English Language Teaching in
Turkey.
Thanks to the great interest shown by teachers and students alike, the sec-
ond revised edition of the book proved to be more successful than the first edition,
thus giving the author further encourgement and hope for the third edition, which
has one important advantage over the previous editions: it contains a detailed index ,
which will greatly facilitate access to a given grammatical point. The author would
like to suggest to his readers that they should examine the index carefully to famil-
iarize themselves with the kind of structures presented in the book. Once readers
have completed their survey of the material contained in the index, they will be con-
vinced that the book contains examples of more grammatical structures than any
other comparable book on the market. One major addition to the fifth and the subse-
quent editions of the book is the glossary and index, which has been added to the
key. With the Turkish equivalents of the words used in the book, the glossary and
the index will help learners to overcome the difficulties that they encounter in devel-
oping academic vocabulary. If learners examine the glossary carefully, they will see
that many important words are recycled throughout the book, making vocabulary
development easier.
xii
Acknowledgements
The idea of writing a book was first suggested to me by my dear friend Li.itfi
Yal~mkaya, to whom I owe my heartfelt thanks for encouraging me to attempt such
an enormous task.
I would like to thank Professor Sabri Ko~ for teaching me how to use a computer,
which made it possible for me to design this book and make any necessary changes
in it. I'm also grateful to several of my colleagues(namely, Joan Ozel~i, Margaret
Akta§, Aysun Velioglu, Dr. Hamil Togay and Professor Hi.isni.i Enginarlar), who
have read and commented on the linguistic and/or pedagogic aspects of certain parts
of the material.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Associate Professor Joshua Bear
at the Department of Foreign Language Education at METU, who has made a
significant contribution to this book by doing a great deal of proofreading and clari-
fying troublespots. He has also provided me with extremely useful books, from
which I got many good ideas
I am most grateful to my colleagues at the Departments of Basic English and
Modern Languages at METU for recommending the book to the students of METU
and making valuable suggestions for this revised edition.
I'm greatly indebted to Fi.isun Hepdin~, my dear friend from Hacettepe Uni-
versity, and the members of the teaching staff at the School of Foreign Languages
of Hacettepe University for recommending this book to their students and using it
in their courses.
My greatest debt is to Mehmet Ali Erkiner, who has not only made extremely
useful suggestions but also given the book a thorough proofreading. It is thanks to
his meticulous care and painstaking exactness that the book has taken its present
form. Furthermore, he has checked the grammar index with remarkable patience,
pointing out errors which might have otherwise gone unnoticed.
I wish to extend my thanks to the staff members of Gi.ilhane Military Medical
Academy who volunteered to act as a pilot group in testing the effectiveness of the
material before the publication of the book.
I must say a special thank you to Professor Ti.irker Mirata from the Department
of Civil Engineering at METU for his meticulous proofreading and excellent sug-
gestions, which enabled me to correct a great many printing errors which had gone
unnoticed in the previous editions.
My thanks also go to Nqe Aydogan for helping me with the typesetting of the
material in her spare time.
Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my wife Nuray. Without her
support and encouragement, this book would never have been completed.
xiii
Abbreviations
adj adjective
adv adverb
cf. compare
conj conjunction
N noun
NP noun phrase
p. page
pp. pages
prep preposition
pron pronoun
sb somebody
sth something
v verb
VI present form of the verb, as in go, sit, write, play etc.
V3 past participle form of the verb, as in written, seen,
stolen, gone, etc.
VI intransitive verb, as in go, come sleep, walk, swim etc.
Vt transitive verb, as in see, find, clean, paint, eat, drink,
etc.
XIV
PARTl
GRAMMAR
CHAPTER 1: Basic Sentence Structure
I. The Parts of a Sentence: A typical English sentence has three distinct
parts: Subject+ Verb+Complement/Object
A. The Subject
The subject of a sentence can have a variety of forms, but the basic element
that occupies the subject position is a noun phrase (an NP), which consists of a
noun and its modifiers, including determiners, adjectives, prepositional phrases
and adjective clauses. A typical NP can be formulated as follows:
NP----t [Determiner(Det)*]+[Adverb ]+[Adjective ]+[Noun ]+[Noun ]+Noun:
A highly influential politician [who is concerned about environmental

pollution] supports my project.
Below you will find various types of noun phrases, some of which are derived
from some transformations:
Form Example
Noun Ece is a student at METU.
Pronoun She studies management.

Det+Noun+ The management courses at METU are highly
Prep. Phrase demanding.
Gerund Phrase Acquiring managerial skills is important for her.
Infinitive Phrase To become a good manager requires a good

theoretical background as well as practical experience.
Noun Clause What she learns at the university is relevant to

her future career.
Det+Noun The courses that she takes at the university will

+Relative Clause enable her to become a good manager in the future.
Det+Noun A manager capable of making sound decisions at the

+Reduced Relative right time is certain to succeed. This is one important
Clause principle that Ece has learned so far.
Noun +Reduced Ece, a highly motivated management student, studies her
Relative Clause lessons regularlv.
*See Chapter 2 for detailed information on determiners.)

1. Structures Used in the Subject Position *
Det+Adv+Adj 1. a) This extremely interesting invitation should
+Noun please Mary.
Det+Noun b) George's invitation should please Mary.
Infinitive 2. a) To be invited by George should please Mary.

b) For George to invite her should please Mary.
Gerund 3. a) Being invited by George should please Mary.

b) George's inviting her should please Mary.
Noun Clauses 4. a) That George has invited her should please Mary.
b) The fact that George has sent her an invitation
should please Mary.
Det+Noun+ 5. a) The invitation, which is a sign of George's sincerity,

Relative should please Mary.
Clause b) The invitation, which demonstrates George's sincerity,
should please Mary.
c) The invitation, which was sent by George, should
please Mary.
d) The invitation, which is from George, should please Mary.
Det+Noun+ 6. a) The invitation, a sign of George's -'>incerity, should

Reduced please Mary.*
Relative b) The invitation, demonstrating George's sincerity,
Clause should please Mary.
c) The invitation, sent by George, should please Mary.
d) The invitation/ram George should please Mary.
-EVER 7. Whatever George says seems to please Mary.

Clauses
Pronoun 8. George has sent Mary an invitation. It should please her.
* Notes: I. The subject can be preceded by an adverbial expression; otherwise, it

comes first in the sentence. (See Adverbial Clauses and Phrases.)
2. 6a can also be stated as follows: A sign of George's sincerity,
the invitation should please Mary.
2
2. Identifying the Subject: Underline the subject of each of the following
sentences:
1. A highly ambitious project has been prepared to create new jobs.
2. These extremely sensitive issues must be dealt with urgently.
3. A democratically elected government is now ruling the country.
4. Many newly married couples are willing to participate in the special program.
5. An incredibly beautiful woman opened the door.
6. The woman in the car parked in front of the bank across the street is our history
teacher.
7. Most critically ill patients need intensive care.
8. No progress has been achieved in the negotiations yet.
9. Neither proposal seems to be satisfactory.
IO All the applicants have to take a qualifying examination.
11. Each student will have a dictionary.
12. Another important problem facing us is pollution.
13. Both of the suggestions which were made by him should be discussed.
14. Neither of the proposed plans is likely to work.
15. Much thought was given to the creation of a universal language.
16. Little progress has been made in the peace talks between the two rival groups
fighting in this small African country.
17. None of the students whom I talked to is willing to participate in the contest.
18. All of the people we met there were quite helpful.
19. Every conceivable means will be used to secure the release of the hostages.
20. Practically all my classmates are girls.
21. Virtually half of the students failed the examination.
22. Especially these three girls are keen to enter the competition.
23. Turkey's rapidly growing population is a major obstacle to its economic
development.
24. The scientist who made.this important discovery will give us a lecture today.
25. The collapse of the former Soviet Union has had a profound impact on world
politics.
26. What is urgently needed is a strong government which can tackle these
problems.
27. Owing to the recent floods, many people in the region are now homeless.
28. With the birth of the first child , the married couple is faced with the
responsibilities of rearing children.
29. The fact that many children suffer from this disease is due to lack of clean
drinking water.
30. In an effort to combat poverty, the government of Ruritania introduced a series
of economic measures.
31. Whether the government's new economic policy will have any significant
impact on the country's economic situation remains to be seen.
32. Whatever the objectives of the program are, reading and writing skills should
not be neglected.
3
B. The Verb
English verbs may be divided into several groups according to their characteris-
tics: linking verbs (LY),transitive verbs(Vt), and intransitive verbs(Vi). Verbs and
all the words and word groups that belong with it form verb phrases such as the
following:
~object Verb
Noun Phrase Notes
Phrase
studies management at METU. Active verbs
has been studying at METU for three years. in different
will have graduated from METU by next .July. tenses
took German 20 I as an elective course last term.
hopes to go to Germany to improve her German. V+ 'to· Inf

enjoys studying management. V+ Gerund
Ece may be offered a scholarship to study in the Passive

United States. verbs
has already been granted a scholarship to study
in France.
Causative
has had her student visa extended. form
hopes that she will be able to realize her ambition. Verb+ That
Clause
It is important to know the characteristics of each verb. To answer test

questions about verbs and verbals, the learner must pay attention to what follows
and precedes a given verb. In this perspective, it is useful to bear in mind that verbs
may be followed by some words such as the following:
a) Noun Phrase +(Preo)+Noun Phrase He lent me his dictionary.

b) Prepositional Phrase The car slid into the garage.
c) Adjective She looked disappointed.
d) 'To'-Infinitive He offered to lend me money.
CJ Ying He denied breaking the glass.
f) That Clause He told me that he was in need of money.
g) Preposition He looked at the picture.
Note: Refer to Verb Patterns,Gerunds and Infinitives.Verb+ Preposition for more

information on verbs.
4
C. The Object
Like the subject, the object of a sentence must be a noun phrase(an NP):
m.
Noun Clause I don't remember what I did.

I admit that I make mistakes.
I don't know whether I'll be able to get permission from my
parents.
You can do whatever you want.
Det+ oun+
Relative Clause I hate people who don't keep their promises.
Det+Noun+ The man kissed the woman, a well-known model.

Reduced The man kissed the woman dressed in a striped shirt.
Relative Clause The man kissed the woman sitting next to him.
D. The Complement
Structures that can function as complements are listed below with illustrative
examples:
Noun+Noun One problem we are faced with is air pollution.

Det+Noun+ The principal problem facing many developing countries is
Prep. Phrase the lack of capital to finance large-scale projects.
Adj+Noun+ The main problem confronting us today is environmental

Relative Clause deterioration, which has reached dangerous proportions.
Infinitive One of the aims of education is to train the personnel needed

by different sectors.
Gerund My hobby is collecting stamps.
Noun Clause The problem is that the available resources are

inadequate.
What is not clear is what caused the fire.
What seems uncertain now is whether he will become a
candidate.
What remains a mystery is how the spy gained access to the
secret documents.
5
E. SUBJECT, OBJECT and COMPLEMENT- Summary
SUBJECT V C
Det+N The agreement
Det+Adj+N The new agreement
Det+N+N The trade agreement
Gerund Signing the agreement

The si1minl( of the af(reement lS important.
Infinitive To sil(n the agreement
Det+N The agreement which was signed yesterday
+ Relative The agreement signed yesterday
Clause
When the agreement was signed
Noun Clause Whether the agreement was signed yesterday
That the agreement was signed yesterday
Structure s V OBJECT
Det+Noun We support the agreement.
Det+Adj+N We support the new agreement.
Det+Noun+ We support the agreement [which was] signed yesterday.

Relative I'll visit the town where the agreement was signed.
Clause I remember the day when the agreement was signed .
Infinitive We want to sign the agreement.
Gerund They avoid signing the agreement.
He remembers when the agreement was signed.

Noun He claims that the agreement was signed yesterday.
Clause I don't know whether the agreement was signed yesterday or not.
s V COMPLEMENT
Noun Phrase What is important is the agreement.
Infinitive The problem lS to sign the agreement.
Gerund The problem is signing the agreement.

Det+N+ What they oppose lS the agreement [which was] signed
Rel. Clause yesterday.
Noun The problem is that the agreement was not signed yesterday.
Clause The question is whether the agreement will be signed or not.
6
Test on Subject and Object Noun Phrases
Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.
I. ___ is probably more important than wealth.

a) How health b) That health c) Health d) Since health
2. Overexposure to the sun causes ___ health problems.

a) various b) among c) but d) of
3. ___ are found in virtually every country in the world.

a) Swamps and marshes which c) Swamps and marshes
b) When swamps and marshes d) Now that swamps and marshes
4. Try as he might, he could never manage to get an ___ balance in his

checkbook.
a) accuracy b) accurately c) accurate d) accurateness
5. ___ five million persons in this country suffer facial paralysis from disease,
injury, or faulty plastic surgery.
a) An estimated b) It is to be estimated c) The estimate of d) An estimate
6. ___ is indispensable to the economy of that region.

a) That copper mining c) It is copper mining
b) Although copper mining d) Copper mining
7. ___ told us to tum our topics in by Friday.

a) Our professor he c) Our professor who
b) Our professor d) Our professor that
8. Genetics,___ , emerged as a science at the beginning of the twentieth century.

a) which the study of heredity c) that it is the study of heredity
b) is the study of heredity d) the study of heredity
9. ___ were first viewed through a telescope by Galileo.

a) Jupiter has four moons c) Jupiter, surrounded by four moons,
b) Jupiter's four moons d) Surrounded by four moons, Jupiter
10. ___ , the sun measures about 860.000 miles in diameter.

a) That a flaming ball of hot gases . c) Since a flaming ball of hot gases
b) A flaming ball of hot gases d) It is a flaming ball of hot gases
11. ___ you haven't got these qualifications doesn't necessarily mean you won't
be able to enter the university
a) The fact that b) It's a fact that c) The fact d) The fact is that
------ ---- -
II. Verb Patterns
The verbs in English fall into different categories. Below you will find a
classification of verbs according to their functions rather thar. the1r purely syntactic
fo::ltures.
1. NP+ Linking Verb (LY)+AdjectiYe
1. The r,:sults are qui I•: sig;1ijicant.

2. Our supplies arc inadec,11,ate.
3. These figures arc not acl'urate.
4. He's unconscious. He's not aware of what\ going on arow~d h:m.
5. John is not dependable.
6. Five hundred dollars is not sufficienr for my expenses.
2. NP+LV + Predicate NP
I. Helen is a competent teacher.

2. Ali is a diligent worker.
Mr. Brown is an ambitious busine.1·s111an.
4. These are not the exact figures.
5. Ali will make a good teacher.
3. NP+LV +Adjective(Sce page 91 for the list of verbs in this patcem.)

smell The room smells smokv.
feel 1be water felt quite warm.
look He looks guilty. Cf.(Hc lookccl guiltily at cvt:-ryone in the room.)
taste The food ta.~tcs good.
turn The leaves turned yellow
grow He grew impatient.
go He's ~or,e mad.
4. NP+LV+"'Adjective/ Pr1:cli,\atc NP
,·. .,·
l. become a) .. She became very famous.
b) She be..:ame a famous author.
2. remain a) Despite the danger, she 1·emuined ca/111.

b) He remaiued a bachelor all his life.
3. prove a) Your Jectm·cs haYe proved very 11seful.

b) Mr .Tames has proved a goorl /Joss.
4. appear a) He appears quite healthy.

b) He appears a hcm'thy chiid.
5. seem a) The class seems rather restless.
b) The show seemed a great success.
6. be a) He is very rich.
b) He is a rich businessman.
5. NP+Vi +(adverb)
Verbs in this group do not take an NP as a direct object. They may take adverbs.
arrive The train has just arrived.
collapse The roof of the house has collapsed.
leave He left an hour ago.
lie He lay on the ground for hours.
live He lives in Antalya.
go They went on holiday.
rise The prices of cars are rising steadily.
work He works in an office.
6. NP+ V t+NP+ (adv)+(adv)+(adv)

The verbs in this group, namely transitive verbs(vt), take a noun phrase as a direct
object.
prove The evidence proved her innocence.
amaze Your knowledge amazes me.
hate I hate her.
see I saw Mary in our school yesterday.
help She helped me a lot.
use Some teachers use this method quite effectively.
surprise His response surprised all of us.
kill He killed all the people in the house in cold blood.
lay He laid the foundations of democracy in this country.
treat Her boss treated her well in the office today.
make Jack made no attempt to swim across the river.
Some other important verbs in this group are listed below.
accomplish admit deny maintain

achieve affect desire provide
acknowledge amaze determine reject
acquire astonish include surprise
amuse attain involve utilize
An important feature that distinguishes transitive verbs from intransitive verbs is

that the former(=transitive verbs) can be changed to the passive voice:
Active: The special task force accomplished the mission.

Passive: The mission was accomplished by the special task force.
9
7.NP+ V t+NP+Adverb
l. put I put the keys on the table.

2. send They are sending their son home.
3. place I've placed the book on the shelf.
4. lay He laid the books on the table.
The verbs in this group must take a place adverb.
8. NP+Vt+NP+Ving I 0-inf
1. hear a) I heard him cough. (once)

b) I can hear him coughing. (repeatedly)
c) I heard someone unlock the door I unlocking the door.
2. see a) I saw him cross the street. ( I saw the whole of the action.)
b) I saw him crossing the street. (I saw only part of the
action.)
c) I saw him (being) takat away by the police.
3. watch a) I watched the crowd gathering in the street.

b) I watched him cut the grass.
4. observe a) We observed them making preparations for an experiment.

b) We observed her teach a lesson.
5. listen a) I listened to him singing a song.

b) I listened to him sing a song.
6. notice a) She noticed him looking out of the window.

b) We noticed him enter the room.
7. feel a) I felt something moving on my left leg.

b) I felt someone touch my shoulder.
9. NP+Vt+NP +Ving
l. find I found the child sleeping.
2. catch The teacher caught him cheating in the exam.
3. keep He kept us waiting for a long time.
to.NP+V t+NP+Past Participle
l. He couldn't make his voice heard.
2. I want this work finished quickly.
3. I heard my name called.
4. We found the house deserted.
5. He felt himself lifted up.
6. I saw him taken away by the police.
7. The police ordered the building evacuated (=emptied).
lO
8. I'd like my stake well done.
9. I got my watch repaired.
10. He had his sight tested.
11. The police reported him killed.
Other verbs: prefer , wish, like
11. NP+ V t+NP+Adjective
I. make Believe me that I'll make you happy.

2. prefer Do you prefer your coffee black?
3. report Newspapers reported him dead.
4. drive The noise was driving us all mad.
5. declare The chainnan declared the meeting official.
12.NP+V t+NP+~-Infinitive
1. let My father doesn't let me go to the movies with my friends.
2. make You should make these boys behave themselves.
3. have The judge had the witness repeat this statement.
4. help He helped (us) (to) move the boxes.
These verbs may be contrasted with 'TO'-Infinitive verbs which have the same
meaning:
made forced
He had us carry the boxes. He got us to cany the boxes.
let allowed
Note that the verb .knm>!'.'. may also be used in this pattern:
I have never known him tell a lie.
Note also the passive forms of the verbs let,~ and~ used above:
He let it be known that he wouldn't tolerate any cheating.
We were made to carry the boxes.
He has never been known to tell a lie.
13A. NP+ Vt+NP+'TO'-Infinitive(See page 82 for the list of verbs in this pattern.)
I. permit I permitted him to use my dictionary.

2. enable The teacher enabled us to learn these important rules well.
3. allow The teacher did not allow us to go out.
4. persuade He persuaded his father to buy him a bicycle.
5. advise The teacher advised us to study regularly.
6. compel We compelled him to make a full confession.
7. encourage Our teacher constantly encouraged us to read books.
8. lead She led me to believe that she had a lot of influence.
9. urge He urged the police to take all the necessary measures.
1j
13B. NP+ V t+'TO'-lnfinitive(See page 82 for the list of verbs in this pattern.)
I. want He wants to help us if he can.

2. decide She decided to marry a rich man who proposed to her.
3. threaten One student threatened to kill the teacher.
4. deserve He deserves to be promoted.
5. promise He promised to provide financial assistance for me.
6. demand The man demanded to be allowed access to a telephone.
7. volunteer She volunteered to look after the baby.
8. pretend He pretended to have forgotten the man's name.
9 hope She hopes to go to university next year.
14.NP+Vt+Ving (See page 77 for the list of verbs in this pattern.)
I. avoid You must avoid missing any more lectures.

2. admit She admitted lying to me.
3. appreciate I appreciated his helping me with my work.
4. consider We consider making considerable changes in the program.
5. delay You mustn't delay visiting a dentist any longer.
6. deny She denied stealing the money.
7. enjoy I enjoy being here with you.
8. mind I don't mind waiting here for a while.
9. object to She objected to my using her computer.
10. postpone He postponed making a final decision about the matter.
11. recall I don't recall meeting him anywhere.
12. repent He didn't repent stealing the money.
13. resent I resented being kept waiting for half an hour.
14. risk I can't risk losing all my chances.
15. suggest The doctor suggested changing my diet.
. 15.NP1 +V t+NP2( direct object) +Prep+NP3(indirect object)
1. give: I gave a book to him.

2. tell: She told a story to the children.
3. show: I showed the pictures to my friends.
4. send: He sent the necessary documents to h_is friend.
5. lend: She lent her dictionary to me.
6. read: I read the letter to him.
7. write: I wrote a letter to her.
8. bake: She baked a birthday cake for us.
9. buy: I'll buy a camera for him.
10. reserve: I reserved a double room for them.
11. get: Could you get a chair for me?
12. cook: She cooks dinner for her family.
12
Common verbs with an indirect object or TO phrase:
bring grant offer read teach write
deny hand owe send tell
give lend promise show throw
Common verbs with an indirect object or FOR- phrase:

buy find leave order reserve spare
cook get make peel save
l6.NP1 +Vt+NP2 ( indirect object) +NP3 (direct object)
I. give She gave me a book. Cf (She gave a book to me)

2. show I showed him the error. Cf (I showed the error to him.
3. buy He bought me a pen. Cf (He bought a pen for me.)
4. make His mother made him a sweater. Cf. (His mother made a
sweater for him.)
5. ask The teacher asked me a question. Cf (The teacher asked a
question of me)
6. wish We wish all our friends a happy New Year.
17.NP1+Vt+NP2+Preposition +NP3 (Verbs which do not allow indirect

object movement)
I. introduce Let me introduce you to my wife.
2. say She said good-bye to me.
3. explain He explained the problem to us.
4. announce The teacher announced the results of the exam to the students.
5. mention He never mentioned this matter to me.
6. suggest I suggested a new system to them.
7. propose He proposed a new plan to them.
8. describe She described the house to me.
18.NP+Vt+ NP+Adjective/NP
1. keep Chris kept his marriage secret/ a secret.

2. leave The army left the building empty/a ruin.
3. think He thought me stupid! a fool.
4. consider We consider it important/an important step.
19.NP+V t+NP+Noun Complement

appoint They appointed him chairman. (He was appointed chairman.)
choose They've chosen her as the new club president.
make: They made him captain .(He was made captain.)
elect: We elected him president. (He was elected president.)
name: They named the child Tekin. (The child was named Tekin.)
13
call: They call her 'Princess'. (She is called 'Princess'.
nominate: The board nominated him as the new director.
Note the passive form in this pattern:

He was elected president.
20. There+ Verb

1. There are many factors which affect human behavior.
2. There appears to have been some confusion.
3. There exist a number of similar cases.
4. There comes a time when one must admit one's guilt.
5. There remains one most important question.
6. There stood a statue in the middle of the square.
7. There seems to be some mistake.
8. There lies a significant difference between the two approaches.
9. There occur to me a few possible explanations for his behavior.
SPECIAL NOTE
1. A subgroup of verbs in Pattern 6 which take that clauses can be reduced to infinitive
phrases as in the following:
That Clause Infinitive Phrase
We believe that it was a mistake. We believe it to have been a mistake.

We consider that money is important. We consider money( to be) important.
They have proved that they are worthy They have proved themselves( to be)worthy of
of promotion. promotion.
We know that he is highy ambitious. We know him to be highy ambitious.
Experts estimate that it cost $ 50 million. Experts estimate it to have cost$ 50 million.
Other verbs in this pattern include assume, declare, Judge, guess, and imagine.
2. Verbs may be used in different patterns. For instance, some verbs can be used both
transitively and intransitively:
lead (vi)*The increase in production led to a reduction in the prices of some
consumer goods.
lead (vt) He has been chosen to lead the cricket team.
She led me to believe that she had a lot of influence.
behave (vt) Children, please behave yourselves.
(vi) She behaved very badly towards her maid.
3. Some verbs have a passive meaning when they are used intransitively:
open The shops open at eight o' clock.
sell Umbrellas sell best in spring.
break The glass broke.
read I rewrote the last paragraph because it did not read well.
4. The verb~ can be used both as a transitive verb and a linking verb:
She will make(=be) a good wife.
She made a dress for her daughter.
14
Exercise 1: Circle the letter of the correct answer(s ). Both may be correct or both
may be wrong. Put a tick ( )before a correct answer and an X before an in correct
answer. In some cases both answers may be correct or both may be wrong.
Example: Cindy told ........... .
~a. her mother that she intended to be a working wife .
.X.b. that she intended to be a working wife.
l. The mayor acknowledged ........... .
_a. the reporters that crime was up in the city.
_b. to the reporters that crime was up in the city.
2. He told ........... .
_a. that he was hiring 20 additional policemen.
_b. to them that he was hiring 20 additional policemen.
3. He also said ........... .
a. that the current economic situation contributed to the higher crime rate.
_b. to them that the current economic situation contributed to the higher crime
rate.
4. The mayor explained ........... .
_a. them that the city would try to create some extra jobs.
_b. to them that the city would try to create some extra jobs.
5. He announced ........... .
_a. to them that the city would also receive federal money for the job program.
_b. that the city would also receive federal money for the job program.
6. The mayor told ........... .
_a. that most big cities were experiencing the same problem.
_b. them that most big cities were experiencing the same problem.
Test on Verb Patterns

1. The man made me_ __

a) anger b) to anger c) angrily d) angry
2. I saw him___ out of his car.

a) to drag b) dragging c) being dragged d) to be dragged
3. We can't afford ___ such an expensive car. We simply do not have enough
money for it.
a) buying b) to buy c) to be bought d) to have bought
4. I didn't recall him ___ any such thing.

a) to say b) having been said c) to have said d) having said
5. Stop that noise; it's driving me ___ .

a) madly b) mad c) madness d) maddening
15
--------
6. I can't imagine his ever ___ to your proposal.
a) to agree b) agreeing c) agreed d) to be agreed
7. I don't mind ___ early today.

a) you leave b) you to leave c) your leaving d) to your leaving
8. He made me ___ all the work again.

a) do b) doing c) done d) to do
9. You shouldn't let your wife ___ you.

a) dominate b) to dominate c) dominated d) dominating
10. Just as I was leaving the dormitory, I heard my name ___ .

a) was calling b) calling c) has been called d) called
11. As I was driving across the bridge last night, I saw a man ___ from the
bridge into the sea.
a) jump b) jumped c) to jump d) to have jumped
12. I'll never forget ___ my first gold medal in athletics.

a) winning b) to win c) to have won d) being won
13. Shhh. I hear someone ___ in the distance. Do you hear it, too?
a) shout b) shouting c) shouted d) to shout
14. Th~ treatment has proved ___ .

a) effect b) effective c) effectively d) effectiveness
15. Don't forget ___ us as soon as you arrive at your destination.

a) to be called b) calling c) to call d) having called
16. The police caught Tim ___ a car.

a) to steal b) stealing c) being stolen d) having stolen
17. I'll have my photograph ___ at the studio tomorrow.

a) to take b) taking c) take d)taken
18. He suggested ___ .

a) to them a new plan c) a new plan to them
b) them a new plan d) that a new plan
19. Are you sure you told me? I don't recall ___ about it.
a) having been told c) to have been told
b) having told d) to be told
20. Bill offered ___ care of my garden while I was on holiday.

a) to be taken b) taking c) to take d) to have taken
16
CHAPTER 2: Det~rminers, Nouns and Agreement
I. Determiners
Determiners form a very broad category. The following tables list the most
important determiners used in English.
A. General Determiners
1, Quantifiers: These are words that are used to indicate certain quantities:
Quantifier Type of Noun Example

all (of) the all (of) the tables
both (of) these NOUN-plural both (of) these tables
half (of) those half (of) those tables
..
several (of these) several(ofthese)teachers
few (of those) NOUN-plural few (of those) teachers
a few (of the) a few (of the) teachers
many (of the) many (of the) teachers
most (of the) most (of the) teachers
>.
neither these neither of these two teachers
each of the each of the teachers
either those NOUN-plural either of those teachers
none those none of those three teachers
both both teachers

few few teachers
a few a few teachers
many many teachers
most NOUN-plural most teachers
no no teachers
several several teachers
quite a, few quite a few(=many) students
a good many a good many (=many)students
a great many a great many (=many )sfudents
a couple the a couple of the books

a lot of these NOUN-plural a lot of ~~ese books
lots those lots of th!! books
-.
little (of the) little(of the) information
a little (of the) NOUN-noncount a little(of the) information
much (of the) much(of the) information
a good deal of NOUN-noncount a great deal of money

a great deal of a good deal of money
a great amount of a grea~ amount of tea
17
Quantifier Type of Noun Example
each each student

neither NOUN-singular count neither candidate
either either candidate
many a many a young man
no no information, no book(s)
all NOUN-noncount/NOUN-plural all teachers, all the information
most(of the) most(of the) informatioA
most(of the) students
none of the NOUN-noncount none of the information
NOUN-plural none of the students
some some books, some information
any any books, any money
plenty of NOUN-noncount/NOUN-plural plenty of books,
plenty of money
a lot of a lot of information
a lot of advantages
2. Demonstratives (this/these; that/those )

this, that NOUN- singular count this book, that chair
this, that NOUN- noncount this information, that news
these, those NOUN- plural count these books, those pencils
3. Articles
I a, an. the a pen, an apple, the sun
4. Possessive Adjectives
my, her, hts my, ner, n1s teachers
our, their our, their school
Ali's Ali's uncle
the government's the government's decision
5. Other Determiners
another NOUN-singular count another problem
another+unit of another two years
time, distance Noun-plural another five miles
or money another 50 dollars
enough NOUN-plural/NOUN-noncount enough books, enough time
every NOUN-singular count every student
every one of+the +Noun-plural every one of the students
(the)other NOUN-PLURAL (the )other teachers
the other NOUN-singular count the other teacher
18
B. Illustrative Examples on the Uses of Determiners
1. Determiners Used with Countable Nouns
a. Determiners Used with Plural Countable Nouns
most Most teachers are opposed to the new system.
most of Most of the teachers are opposed to the new system.
a good many I haven't seen him for a good many years.
a large number of A large number of students failed the exam.
a great many He wrote a great many novels.
a couple of I would like to ask you a couple of questions.
quite a few Quite a few of the employees are beginning to realize the
truth.
b. Determiners Used with Singular Forms of Countable Nouns
many a Many a man died in that battle.
2. Determiners Used with Uncountable Nouns

a vast quantity of A vast quantity of beer was sold.
a great amount of A great amount of money was wasted.
a great deal of A great deal of litter had to be cleared up after the crowds
had left.
a great deal of
He has wasted a good deal of money.
a large amount of
3. Determiners Used with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
a lot of
The library contains plenty of books.
lots of
a lot of
The library contains plenty of furniture.
lots of
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

He has some problems. Would you like some coffee?
He has read all of these books. He drank all the milk.
He doesn't have any problems. He doesn't have any money.
Note: ~ referring to an unspecified thing or person and~ meaning it doesn't

matter which or no matter which are used with singular forms of countable nouns:
1. Any doctor can diagnose this illness easily.
2. You can refer to any dictionary.
3. Some doctor or other will be able to diagnose his illness.
19
4. He always arrives late for some reason or other.
5. Some man wants to see you at the door.
Note: Some also means "about" or "approximately". Follow the example:
6. He spent some twenty years of his life in the United States.
4. Other Determiners
another
(1) sing count noun One serious problem facing Turkey is inflation.
Another problem is rising unemployment.
(2) plural count noun The book will probably take another four years to write.
of measurement I've already walked three miles. I'll walk for another three
miles in the afternoon.
enough We have enough teachers.
C. Predeterminers
Subcategory Predeterminer Example
1 half Half the entire population was at the ceremony.
all The cat has drunk all the milk.
both Both these books are fine.
2 double They want at least double their salaries(='twice

as much as they now earn').
twice I wish I had twice his strength(= I wish I was

twice as strong as he is').
three times The alternative plan would cost three times this
amount (='three times as much as this').
3 one-third Only one-third of the students engage in sport.

two-thirds, etc. Two-thirds of the employees are women;
4 What What a nuisance! What strange customs!

such It is such a nuisance.
SPECIAL NOTE
Note that while either, neither, both refer to two things or persons, all, every, everyone,
none and any refer to three or more things or persons. Each, on the other hand, may refer
to two or more things or persons. Study the examples below.
1. Ali has two brothers, both of whom are teachers.
2. I have two books about psychology, but neither of them contains any
information about the topic I have chosen for my term paper.
3. Ali is unlike either ofqis parents. He is very different from both of them.
4. We had three cats once- none of them is/are alive now.
20
Exercise 2: Use many or much in these sentences.
I. ............ thought has been given to this subject.
2. A great ............ people wish to participate in these activities.
3. ............ depends on the outcome of the inquiry.
4. There isn't. ........... news in the newspaper today.
5. You can borrow as ............ books as you like.
6. Not ............ teachers are aware of the significance of this approach.
7. She spent twice as ............ money as I did.
8. Although the two methods differ in several respects, the results they produce are
............ the same.
Exercise 3: Use few, a few, little or a little in these sentences.

I. I'm afraid there is ............ food left in the basket.
2. We didn't think we would have such a large participation, but quite ........... .
people participated in the program.
3. If we don't hurry, we'll miss the bus. There's ............ time to spare.
4. If students do not study hard enough, there is ............ a teacher can do to help
them.
5. The problem was so complicated that ............ students were able to solve it.
6. There are very .... '. ....... students at this university who take their English
courses seriously.
7. If you've got any spare milk, could you give me ............ ?
Exercise 4: Use none of and neither of in the blanks provided.

I. We are both short of money ..................... of us has enough money to make the
trip.
2. All the students passed this course .............. ,...... of them will have to repeat it
next year.
3. Both my parents are doctors, but .................... of them encourages me to
become a doctor.
4. He's read every single one of these books, but .................... of them seems to
contain the answer to the question .
D. Each and Every

a. We often use each, like both, to refer to two people or things:
Each of the two boys was given a book as a present.
b. We can use each and every to refer to more than two things or persons:
Each child in the group had a separate role.
Every child in the world enjoys puppet shows.
c. We must use every (not*each) after nearly and not.
Nearly every student needs guidance.
Not every teacher is in favor of activities of this kind.
Note: Little, like few has a negative sense. These quantifiers indicate smaller quantities
than a little ani:l a few do.
21
d. We cannot use of after every and we cannot use every at the end of the
sentence.
Each of the teachers was given a dictionary. The teachers were given a
dictionary each.
e. We can use every with the singular forms of some countable nouns:
You've been given every opportunity to be successful.
Exercise 5: Supply each or every in the following sentences . Sometimes both are
possible.
1. My parents gave me .................... encouragement when I was a child.
2. He gave us $50 ....... :............... .
3. Nearly .................... secondary school in our country is equipped with such
devices.
4. I've phoned her twice today, but she's been out on ...... :............. occasion.
5. I've been phoning her all week, but he's been out on .................... occasion.
E. Ordinal Numbers Used as Post Determiners

Cardinal Number Ordinal Number
One problem The first problem
World War Two The Second World War
Chapter Three The third chapter
Part Five The fifth part
Test on Determiners
Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1. ___ have captured the spirit of the conquest of America as well as James
f enimore Cooper.
a) Few writers c) The few writers
b) The writers are few d) Few are the writers
2. Plane geometry is ___ kind of geometry studied in school.

a) first the b) a first c) the first d) the one first
3. ___ students are absent today.

a) A little b) Any c) None d) A few
4. There are cheese sandwiches on the table.

a) a little b)afew c)afewof d) a lot
5. American f~milies have more than five children.

a) Few of b) Few c) A little of d) A few of the
6. rpl busy. Please come back some ___ time.

a) another b) the other c) others d) other
22
7. A rich person has ___ money.
a) a lot of b) much c) a great deal d) too many
8. Is there traffic at 4:00 a.m. ?

a) a few b) much c) very d) many
9. You can have ___ box you like; they're all the same.
a) some b) what c) which d) any
10. ___ students prefer to study before examinations.

a) The most b) Most c) Most of d) The most of
11. There's cholesterol in liver.

a) very b) many c) a lot of d) most
12. There isn't ___ pollution in a small town.

a) a few b) many c) much d) very
13. It's nice to have friends.

a) many b) too many c) too much fdj
/.,.
very
14. He doesn't have ___ money.

a) some b) no c) any d) very
15. Ile's___ known as an artist. Not many people know him.

@ a little b) little c) much d) a few
16. ___ students in this class are foreigners.

a) None b) All of c) All of the d) Much
17. ___ Americans have a telephone.

a) Much b) Most of the c) Most of d) Most
18. Success in life requires ___ effort.

a) a lot c) a great many
b) a great quantity of d) a great deal of
19. I can't afford a Cadillac. It costs ___ money.

a) very b) too c) too much d) too many
20. A great___ students participated in the activities organized by the Social

Club.
a) deal b) number c)many d) sum
23
F. Articles with Common Nouns
Countable Nouns Uncountable

Reference Nouns
Singular Plural
General a/an ¢ ¢
(Nonspecific) A horse is an animal. Horses are animals. Life is interesting.
I need a book. Books are useful. Coffee grows in
Brazil.
the the the

Specific This is the horse The books on the The life of the
which won the race. shelf are mine. author is very
interesting.
The coffee which I

drank was good.
General The telephone was

for invented by Graham
inventions Bell.
or
certain The horse is
species a noble animal.
the the the

Familiar He put the car in The dogs have to be Could you pass
the garage. fed everv dav. the salt, olease?
First a/an ¢ ¢
Mention I saw a man and There are books on There is tea in the
(General) a woman. the table. bag.
Second the the the

Mention The man was old and The books are The tea was
(Specific) the woman was young. · quite new. brought by John.
1. Additional Uses of The Definite Article

1. With superlatives
She is by far the most beautiful girl in our town.
2. We often say the cinema, the theater, the bank,etc., even ifwe don't know
exactly which:
He goes to the cinema every week.
24
3. We refer to the country, the mountains, the seaside even if we don't know
exactly which.
We'll go to the seaside this afternoon.
He prefers to live in the country.
4. We use the to refer to 'one of a kind': the sun, the earth, the solar system,
the sky, the moon, the universe :
The earth revolves around the sun.
2. DEFINITE ARTICLE versus NO ARTICLE
NO ARTICLE ARTICLE
Personal names: The whole family:
Henry Smith the Smiths
Title and name: Title without name:

Queen Elizabeth the Queen, the President
President Clinton
Cities, states, countries, Places with collective, union, and
continents: plural names:
Ankara, London, Mexico, the United States, the United Arab
South America, Turkey Republic, the United Kingdom
Place names: the _ o f _ :

the Republic of China,
the District of Columbia
Mountains: Mountain ranges:

Mount Everest the Himalayas
Islands: Groups of islands:

Coney Island the British Isles; the Canary Islands
Lakes: Groups of lakes:

Lake Superior the Great Lakes
Lake Van
Beaches: Rivers, oceans, seas, canals, deserts: .

Palm Beach the Mississippi River, the Atlantic
Ocean, the Black Sea, the Suez Canal,
the KlZlhrmak, the Mojave Desert
Streets and avenues: Well-known buildings:
Madison Avenue, Wall Street the Sears Tower, the World Trade
Second Street Center, the Eiffel Tower
25
NO ARTICLE ARTICLE
Parks: 'Zoos:
Central Park, Regents Park the San Diego Zoo, the London Zoo
Directions: Sections of a country or city or a region

of the world:
north, south, east, west, the Southwest, the West Side,
southern Turkey the Middle East, the North Pole
the south of Turkey
School subjects: Unique geographical points:

history, mathematics the North Pole, the Vatican
Name + college or university: The University (College) of_:

London University, the University of Michigan
Ankara University the University of London
Magazines: Newspapers:
Time, Newsweek, Life the New York Times, the Wall Street
Journal
Months and days: Ships:
September, Monday the Titanic
Holidays: Holiday exception:

Thanksgiving, Memorial Day the Fourth of July
Diseases: Ailments:
cancer, polio a cold, the flu, a headache, a toothache
Games and sports: Musical instruments:

poker, soccer the drums, the piano
Languages.: The __ language:

French, English the English language.
Nationalities:
The English, The French
Locations that denote an activity: Location exception:
school, work, church, bed, jail, the university (AmericanEnglish)
prison, class, home, downtown,
college
Names of meals in a general sense Names of meals in a specific sense:

Dinner is my favorite meal. The dinner is delicious.
26
Test on Articles
Choose the alternative which best completes each of the sentences.
1. _ _ _ Nile is ___ longest river in Africa.

a) _ I the c) The I _
b) _ I _ d) The I the
2. ___ friend of mine used to work as a reporter in ___ Middle East.

a) _/the c)A/the
b) The/the d) A I _
3. _ _ _ south of Turkey is hotter than ___ north.

a)_/_ c)The/the
b) The/_ d)_/the
4. Tom has visited ___ most countries in ___ Western Europe.

a)_/_ c)the/_
b) the I the d) _ I the
5. _ _ _ name of the sea between Africa and Europe is ___ Mediterranean

Sea.
a)A/the c)The/_
b)The/the d) _ / _
6. cheetah is the fastest of all animals.

a) A/the c)The/_
b) The I the d)_/_
7. ___ Hilton Hotel is near ___ hotel where I'm staying.

a) _/the c)The/a
b) The/the d) _ / a
8. Jack is ___ honest man. You can fully trust him.

a) the b) a c) an d)_
9. ___ university is ___ institution of higher learning.

a)_/an b)A/an c)An/an d) The I the
10. Children sometimes get into ___ trouble if they are late for ___ school.
a) a/ the c)_/_
b) the/_ d)_/the
27
II. Nouns
Uncountable Nouns Mass Nouns Abstract
Nouns
furniture homework information honesty
luggage traffic knowledge news
money jewelry advice wealth
vocabulary scenery courage health
equipment machinery behavior education
garbage rubbish secrecy anger
weather sugar happiness confidence
Diseases Games Subjects of Study

measles checkers physics mathematics
mumps billiards politics economics
arthritis tennis history medicine
bronchitis soccer philosophy biology
Unit Nouns
a piece of furniture an item of news a block of ice a bar of chocolate
a bit of information a sheet of glass a lump of sugar a stick of chalk
a piece of information a slice of bread a bit of fun a lock of hair
a teaspoon of medicine a pint of milk a loaf of bread a length of rope
Illustrative Examples
1. Measles is a dangerous disease.
2. The news was shocking.
3. Economics is the oldest of the social sciences.
Nouns That Are Always Plural
belongings crew pajamas the police scissors
binoculars eye glasses pants premises shorts
cattle findings people savings spectacles
clothes jeans pliers scales trousers
Illustrative Examples
1. His findings are of great significance.
2. These scissors are blunt and need sharpening.
3. The cattle are in the shed.
4. The ship sank but the crew are safe.
III. Agreement
A. Subject-Verb Agreement
Singular Plural
1. The number of car owners is A number of people object to
increasing steadily. the plan.
2. Half of the money is missing. Half of the books are missing.
3. 25% of the population lives in villages. 25% of the books are paperback.
28
1s w1 e are teac ers.
8.
Note also the following prepositional phrases:

9. The Prime Minister as well as/along with/together with/in addition to some
cabinet ministers is attending the meeting.
The words majority and minority+ a countable noun are followed by the plural
form of the verb:
10. A vast majority of people are in favor of economic and political reforms.
11. Only a minority of the people interviewed are against the new measures.
(1) Indefinite Pronouns(Indefinite pronouns take the singular form of the verb.)
everyone someone anyone no one each
everybody somebody anybody nobody either
.everything something anything nothing neither
12. Every teacher and student is eligible to borrow books from the school library.
13. Everyone is waiting patiently for the President to aqive.
14. Something has to be done urgently to stop the rapid contamination of the water
supplies.
15. No one is aware of the danger threatening the city.
(2) Each/Every/Neither and Either
Each, every, neither and eithernormally take the singular form of the verb:
16. Each of the teachers is in charge of a separate committee.
17. Neither of the two books you are looking for is available at the bookstore.
18. Either of your parents is entitled to speak on your behalf.
(3) The rich, the poor, the sick, etc., are followed by the plural form:
The wounded were taken to the army hospital.
Note: The phrase a pair of+ a plural noun is followed by the singular form of the
verb:
19. This pair of scissors is very blunt.
Group Nouns
a flock of birds, goats, sheep a herd of cattle, deer, goats, elephants
a swarm of ants, bees, locusts a gang of thieves, robbers, criminals
a school of tiny glittering fish a pack of wolves, hounds
a colony of ants a pride of lions
29
- - - - --- -- - - -
Exercise 6: Use either is or are in the blanks provided

1. The teacher along with his students ___ getting ready for the ceremony
which is due to talce place shortly in the assembly hall.
2. One of the books ___ missing.
3. Ali but not his brother ___ willing to participate in our activities.
4. A large majority of teachers ___ in favor of the proposed changes.
5. Only a minority of our students ___ affected by these new regulations.
6. The police ___ on full alert for any terrorist attacks.
7. Physics___ a highly difficult subject.
8. Ten thousand dollars ___ a lot of money.
9. Ten minutes ___ not a long time.
10. There ___ a pair of trousers on the bed.
11. Some people ___ waiting at the bus stop.
12. All students are competitive but few---. really successful.
13. Not only the students but also the teacher ___ coming soon.
14. Neither the nurses nor the doctor ___ in the dining hall.
15. The news ___ too good to believe.
16. Half of the population ___ illiterate.
17. The cattle ___ grazing in the pasture.
18. The number of unemployed people ___ steadily rising.
19. The family ___ constantly quarrelling among themselves.
20. One of the factors which ___ involved in this matter ___unemployment.
21. Contrary to common belief, the English ___ quite friendly.
22. The criteria for promotion ___ quite objective.
23. All our sheep ___ in danger of being infected.
24. Despite the development of a vaccine, measles ___ still a serious danger to
adult victims.
25. The rich ___ getting richer, while the poor ___ getting poorer.
B. Pronoun Agreement
(1) Reflexive Pronouns
1. We bought ourselves a car.*
2. The President himself welcomed the visitors at the door.
3. He learned how to type by himself.
4. A friend of mine was seriously injured in an accident.
Note :* If a noun phrase is used again in a simplex sentence, the second occurrence of the
noun phrase wust be in the reflexive form.
(2) Possessive Pronouns versus Possessive Adjectives

5. That's her book. It's hers.
6. This is my umbrella. It's mine.
7. These are our books. They're ours.
8. That's their house. It's theirs.
30
CHAPTER 3: Tenses in English
The Present Continuous Tense
1. The present continuous tense indicates an action which is in progress at the time of
speaking or at the present time:
1. She is cooking lunch in the kitchen now.
2. He's working in the garden today.
2. This tense can also refer to arranged future:
3. John is starting work tomorrow.
Note also the following adverbials or markers:
Common Tense Markers

current y e or ea t rgamzat1on zs curren y
holding its annual assembly in Geneva.
a presen
for the time being
oo . man zs waving to us rom t e ot er

side of the street.
While/When 9. While you're studying, I'll go shopping.
The Simple Present Tense

1. Referring to habitual 1Oa. I get up early in the morning.
activity b. I drink milk every day.
2. Factual statements 11. The earth revolves around the sun.

or eternal truths 12. Coffee grows in Brazil.
3. Referring to arranged future 13. The examination starts at 9 o 'clock

tomorrow.
4. Formal, ceremonial 14. I name this ship Independence.
15. I pronounce you man and wife.
5. Instantaneous use I 16. John passes the ball to Bill.

Sports Commentaries 17. Michael maintains his lead over the other
athletes.
31
every ay, wee , mon ,
year etc. 18. He goes to work by car every day.
nowadays/ these days 19. We used to listen to the radio a lot but
nowadays we watch television.
In time clauses (when the verb go go to wor a ter eat re ast.
in the main clause is in the 21. We'll leave as soon as Mary gets dressed.
future or present tense)
The Simple Past Tense

1. The simple past tense indicates an action completed at a definite time in the past:
22. I met him when/ while I was in London.

ago/ yesterday/ 23 He went to Istanbul yesterday I two days ago.
last week, month, etc.
24. I saw him last Sunday.
2. The simple past tense may refer t o ~ or future time when it is used with the
following:
Wish Clauses 25. It's a pity you don't know how to type.
I wish you knew how to type.
If only 26. If only your mother were alive now.
would rather sb did sth 27. Okan drives to school every day, but I'd rather
he took a bus instead.
would just as soon sb did sth 28. My sister won't give up her present job. I'd just
as soon she did.
would sooner sb did sth 29. My father says he's going to sell our old car, but
I'd sooner he didn't.
It's time + sb did sth 30. Children! It's 12 o'clock. It's time you went to
bed.
If Clauses 31. If I had one million dollars now, I would buy

(Present Unreal Condition a brand new Mercedes.
32. If he were to invite us again, we'd be
surprised.
As if/ As though 33. We know that he is guilty, but he acts as if he

(Contrary to fact) were innocent.
32
The Past Continuous Tense
1. Referring to two actions that were happening at the same time in the past:
34. While I was watching TV, he was studying his lesson.
2. Indicating an action that began before another action in the past and probably continued
after it:
35. Just as I was getting into the house, I heard a terrible explosion.
36. When I arrived, he was reading a book.
3 7. As/When/While I was walking in the park, I saw two men fighting.
The Present Perfect Tense

1. Referring to an action which began in the past and continues up to the present time:
38. I have taught history at this university for 20 years.
39. She has always been very kind to me.
40. He has been highly successful up till now/until now.
2. Indicating an action which happened at an indefinite time in the past. When the
time is given, the simple past tense is used:
41. The teacher has checked my homework. He checked it yesterday.
3. Indicating an action which started in the past but finished recently or very close to the
moment of speaking:
42a. Mary has already typed the letter.
b. Michael has just arrived.
4. Referring to a completed action which has present relevance:

43. She has cut her finger. (It is still bleeding.)
44. Have you visited the exhibition? (It is still on.)
45. He has gone to London. (He is there now.)
46. He has been put into prison. (He is in prison now.)
since 47. He has worked here since he graduated from

the university.
for 48. She has been very busy for the last/past three
davs.
this week/month,etc. 49. I've watched TV every day this week.
this is the first time 50. This is the first time I have been to the
opera.
all my life 51. I have lived in this town all my life.
33
so far /up till now 52. So far, the work has been easy, but things
may change.
lately/ recently '.lJ. I haven t met htm lately.
54. She has read several short stories recently.*
this 1s the besUworst
etc. I/you etc. have ever ... 55. This is the best meal I've ever eaten.
5. in adverbial clauses of 56. I'll call you as soon as I have finished with
time referring to actions the report.
to be completed 57. She'll leave when she has finished her
in the future project.**
58. No names will be released until the relatives
have been told.
6. in real conditions :l'J. If you have done your homework, you can
watch TV.
Notes: I: * Recently can also be used with the simple past tense.
2. **(57) can also be stated as (60) below:
60. She'll leave when she finishes her project.
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I. It indicates an action that extends from the past to the present moment, is still in progress
and, may also continue into the future:
61. I've been hearing a lot about her during the past few days.
62. He's been working in Ankara for ten years now.
2. It may indicate an action which is no longer in progress,yet its effects can still be seen:
63. I'm tired. I've been digging all day.
The Past Perfect Tense
1. The past perfect tense is used to indicate a past action completed before another past
action:
64. By the time I returned home, he had already left.
65. When/After he had completed his project, he took his annual leave.
66. She had been married for three years when her son was born.
67. Until he went to Japan, he had never drunk rice wine.
68. She told me that she hadn't been there before.
34
2. The past perfect tense is used with the following structures when the time reference is
past:
Wish Clauses 69. It's a pity you were absent from the meeting.
I wish you had been present.
If only 70. If only he had studied his lessons instead of

wasting his time.
would rather + 71. My friend took me to the student opera.

sh had done sth I'd rather he had taken me to the theater,
instead.
If Clauses 72a. If he had studied hard last year, he could have

(Unreal Past) passed all his exams.
b. Had he studied hard last year, he could have
As if/As though passed all his exams.
referring to past time
(Contrary to fact) C. She acts as if nothing had happened yesterday.
In some time clauses

hardly/scarcely .. when 73a He had hardly reached London when he was
called back.
no sooner ..• than b. He had no sooner reached London than he was
called back.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

74. He finally arrived at 6 o'clock. I had been waiting for him since 3
o'clock.
75. Metin had been walking to school before his father bought him a
bicycle.
76. We had been planning to go to Antalya for our holiday, but changed
our minds when we found a cheap motel in Fethiye.
The Simple Future Tense

Common tense markers
soon , before Ion~ 77. John is out, but he'll be back soon.
shortly 78. Could you wait for a while? I'll be with you
shortlv.
next week, month 79. He will go to Poland next week.
year , summer etc. 80. It seems to me that there will be a serious
conflict before long.
35
Going-to Future
'Going -to-future' is used in the following situations:
1. To make predictions, especially when we can see something is about to happen:
81. Watch out! That box is going to fall on you.
82. She's pregnant. She's going to have a baby soon.
83. Look at those black clouds in the sky. It's going to rain.
84. John and Helen have been engaged for two years now. They're going
to be married in May.
2. To indicate planned actions:

85. I've made reservations for our summer holiday. We're going to spend
our holiday in Marmaris.
Will versus Be Going To

We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking :
86. I'm afraid we're lost. I'll stop and ask the way.
We use he }:Oin}I to for premeditated or planned actions:

87. I've bought a new camera. I'm going to take pictures during our trip.
Future in the Past

88. He told me that he would resign from his post before long.
89. She was going to come to your party, but she got sick.
The Future Continuous Tense

This tense is used to show an action which will be in progress at some definite time in
the future:
90. "Is it all right if I come at about 8 o'clock?"
"No, don't come then./'[[ be doing my homework."
91. I'm going to watch television from IO o'clock to 12 o'clock tonight.
This means that I'll be watching television at 11 o'clock.
92. This time tomorrow, I'll be driving to Bodrum.
The Future Perfect Tense

We use the future perfect tense to show an action which will already have happened
before a certain time in the future:
93a. I'll have retired by the year 2020.
93b. I'll have retired by the time my son graduates from the university.
94. In fifty years' time, the population of Turkey will have risen to JOO
million.
SPECIAL NOTE
The future perfect tense may also be used with by now to make a prediction:
95. He will have arrived home by now.
36
The Future Perfect Continuous
The future perfect continuous tense is used to emphasize the continuous nature
of an activity. It is used in the same way and with the same time expressions as
the future perfect tense:
96. By the time John retires, he'll have been working here for 30 years.*
97. By the time we get to Marmaris, we'll have been driving for ten
hours.
Note: (96) can also be stated in the future perfect tense with no significant change
in meaning. See (98) below:
98. By the time John retires, he'll have worked here for 30 years.
Comparison of Tenses
The Present Perfect (Continuous) Tense versus The Simple Past Tense and
The Past Perfect(Continuous) Tense
99a. John has lived/ has been living in London for eight years now. ( He is
still Ii ving there)
b. John lived in London for eight years- from 1980 to 1988. (He no
longer lives there)
c. John had lived in London for eight years before he moved to
Manchester.
The Present Perfect Tense versus The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
100a. Mary has washed the dishes.(The job is finished.)
b. Mary has been washing the dishes. ( She hasn't finished the washing
up yet.)
c. I have visited him three times this year. ( The present perfect
continuous tense is not possible for repeated actions.)
d. I can smell alcohol, Ali! You've been drinking.
The Past Continuous versus The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

10 I When ou called { he was studying '"!lathematics. .
· Y ' he had been studying mathematics for an hour.
Adverbials Used with Different Tenses
Just 102.a. He has just gone out.

b. He had just gone out when you called.
for 103a. He has been working in our firm for 30 years now.
b. He had been working in our firm for 30 years when he decided to
retire.
yet 104a. She hasn't returned to school yet.
b. She hadn't returned to school yet when I left.
37
105a. Ali has already left, and Onur intends to leave, too.
already b. Ali had already left when you called.
c. Onur will have already left by the time you return from
Istanbul.
The Future Continuous versus The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
This time tomorrow/ 106a. This time next week she will be working
next week/ month etc. on her project.
By the end of next week/ b. She will have been working on her project
month/year etc. for three months by the end of next week.
The Future Perfect Tense versus The Past Perfect Tense
107. By the time John arrives, we'll have finished all our work.
108. By the time John arrived, we had finished all our work.
By+ a point of time and By the time + Sentence referring to past time
109.She started writing her thesis in June 1990. She worked so hard that by
February 1991 , she had completed the first three chapters. By the time
the Spring Semester ended, she had finished the whole thesis.
By+ a point of time and By the time+ Sentence referring to future time
110. Ali has been saving money for three years now. By the end of this
year, he will have saved enough money to buy a small car.
111. Ali has been saving money for three years now. By the end of this
year, he will have been saving money for four years.
'
112. I'm still doing my homework, but I'm confident that I'll have
finished with it by the time our school opens again next Monday.
113. By June, I'll have been living here for five years.
38
TENSES - Summary
Tense Examples
The Present He is writing the report now/ at the moment.

Continuous
The Past He was writing the report when I left the office.
Continuous He was writing the report while you were sleeping.
The Simple Present He writes a report every week.
The Simple Past He wrote a report last Friday/three days ago.

He wrote a report before he left the office.
The Present He has already written two reports of this kind.

Perfect He hasn't written the report yet.
He has written two reports since he started to work here.
He has written three reports so far I until now.
He hasn't written a report for a long time.
This is the first time he has written a report.
He has written several reports recently/ lately.
The Past He had already written the report when I left.

Perfect He had just finished the report when you called.
He had finished the report by the time you called.
The Present He has been writing this report for the last
Perfect Continuous three days/since last Monday.
The Past Perfect He had been writing a report for an hour when
Continuous you called.
The Future He will write a report tomorrow.

He is going to write a report tomorrow.
The Future This time tomorrow he will be writing his report.

Continuous
The Future Perfect He will have written several reports by next October.
The Future He will have been writing the report for two years
Perfect Continuous by next October.
39
Sequence of Tenses
I. Adverbial Clauses
A. Adverbial Clauses of Time
Tenses used in time clauses and related main clauses can be grouped into two
major categories:
Main Clause Adverbial Clause of Time
Present I Future Present
Past Past
There are variations of these two major combinations of tenses, allowing

different kinds of present , past and future tenses to occur together. The only
exception is the adverbial clauses of time formed by since. Follow the examples:
1. I haven't visited her since she moved into her new flat.
2. I haven't visited her since she has·been in hospital. (She is still in hospital.)
3. I've been living at the same address ever since I came to Ankara.
The following sentences illustrate other possibilities involving adverbial clauses of

time.
1. Main Clause Adverbial Clause of Time

The Simple Present The Simple Present
I
I. I brush my teeth before I go to bed.
2. Every time I go to KIZ1lay, I run into some of my friends.
3. I do my assignments after I watch my favorite TV program.
4. No sooner do I come home in the evening than I switch on the television.
5. Whenever she comes, she brings a friend.
6. Once he makes up his mind, he never changes it.
2. Main Clause Adverbial Clause of Time

The Simple Future The Simple Present/ Present
Perfect
1. I'll brush my teeth before I go to bed.
2. Once you've tasted real champagne, you'll never be satisfied with the imitation
stuff. ·
3. Mr. Smith will write to you after he has considered your proposal.
4. He will remain a bachelor until he dies.
5. Students will not be admitted until they have enrolled and paid the appropriate
fee.
40
6. Once she arrives, we can start.
7. As soon as we have been contacted, we'll let you know.
8. We'll leave when they have served tea.
3. Main Clause Adverbial Clause
1. As soon as the investigator discovered his error, he made necessary corrections

to his data.
2. I did my assignments after I watched my favorite TV program.
3. He began to study his lessons as soon as he got home.
4. The President drew his loudes! applause when he discussed foreign affairs .
5. I watched her as she combed her :1air.
6. He consulted his top national security advisers before he made the decision.
7. He turned pale the moment he saw us.
8. Directly I saw it, I recognized it.

The Simple Past The Past Continuous Tense
1. The telephone rang just as we were leaving the house.

2. I met him while I was going to school.
3. A lorry crashed into a car just as we were turning into a side street.
4. It began to rain while/when/ as he was watering the plants.

The Past Continuous The Past Continuous
1. While I was reading a book yesterday evening, he was watching television.

2. She was typing while he was reading a book.
6. Main Clause : The Present Perfect/The Present Perfect Continuous

Adverbial Clause : The Simple Past
1. I haven't seen her since she graduated from university.

2. He hasn't spoken to her since they quarrelled.
3. He has been working hard since·he was promoted.
1. She had just gone out when you called.

2. I had never seen snow until I came to Turkey.
3. Television had not been invented yet when I was born.
- 41
4. The lecture had ended by the time we got to the assembly hall.
5. She had been in hospital for about ten days when she was told that she had
cancer.
6. Hardly had she said it when she realized her mistake.
7. We had no sooner gone to bed than the phone rang.
8. No sooner had she said it than she realized her mistake.

The Simple Past The Past Perfect
1. When he had saved enough money, he decided to buy a car.

2. After I (had) had lunch, I left the house.
3. As soon as he had completed his project , he showed it to his supervisor.
9. Main Clause : The Past Perfect Continuousffhe Past Perfect

Adverbial Clause: The Simple Past
1. He had been working I had worked at the bank for 10 years when he decided to
look for another job.
2. She had been teaching I had taught English at high school for two years when
she got married.
3. She had been studying I had studied hard until she fell in love with that boy.
10. Main Clause : The Future Perfect/fhe Future Perfect Continuous

Adverbial Clause : The Simple Present
1. I'll already have finished typing your thesis by the time you get back.
2. He'll have been working on his dissertation for four years by the time the new
academic year begins.
B. Adverbial Clauses of Result
4. a. He is so tired that he can't walk any further. (Present/Present)

b. He was so tired that he couldn't walk any further. (Past/Past)
5. a. He is such a popular singer that everybody knows him. (Present/Present)
b. He was such a popular singer that everybody knew him. (Past/Past)
C. Adverbial Clauses of Purpose
6. a. I work hard so that I can make enough money to buy a car.

b. I worked hard so that I could make enough money to buy a car.
7. a. I'll take my umbrella in case it rains. (Future/Present)
b. I took my umbrella in case it rained. (Past/Past)
C. I 'll take I took my umbrella in case it should rain.
42
D. Adverbial Clauses of Condition
8 a. If I go to Istanbul again, I'll visit the Topkap1 museum.

b. If I went to Istanbul again, I'd visit the Topkap1 museum.
c. If I had gone to Istanbul again, I would have visited the Topkap1 museum.
II. Noun Clauses

9. a He says he'll sell his car.
b. He said he would sell his car.
10. a. I know that you'll be successful.

b. I knew that I would be successful.
11. a. It's reported that ten people have been arrested in connection with the
incident.
b. It was reported that ten people had been arrested in connection with the
incident.
Special Note: This chapter summarizes the most important markers of tenses. It
should be pointed out at this stage that some of the markers may be used with
different tenses. Therefore, you must make use of all the available clues to
determine the correct tense.
Test on Tenses • Set 1

1. The teacher attendance when I arrived.

a) was taken b) was taking c) has taken d) were taking
2. Jane is a fashion designer, but currently she ___ shoes.

a) sold b) is selling c) was selling d) will sell
3. She prefers a place of her own ; for the time being, however, she ___ with
her aunt.
a) stayed b) has stayed c) was staying d) is staying
4. No wonder Mary is cross with you. You ___ to her for quite a long time.
a) hadn't written b) didn't write c) haven't written d) aren't writing
5. I became concerned when he ___ home by midnight.

a) wasn't coming b) hasn't come c) hadn't come d) doesn't come
6. I hope you _ _ the elections to be held soon.

a) are winning b) will win c) have won d) won
43
7. The moment he ___ this message, he must call me.
a) received b) will receive c) receives d) is receiving
8. Alice _ _ in musical shows hundreds of times up till now.

a) has danced b) has been dancing c) had danced d) danced
9. It's the first time I___ Brazilian food.

a) eat b) have eaten c) am eating d) ate
10. He _ _ me twice since he went to England.

a) has called b) has been calling c) has been called d) called
11. When I went to London, I stayed at the same hotel where I ___ five years
earlier.
a) had stayed b) have been staying c) have stayed d) stayed
12. He _ _ to me several times this year.

a) wrote b) has been writing c) had written d) has written
13. I___ Brazilian food up till now.

a) never ate b) have never eaten c) had never eaten d) never eat
14. When you ___ your work, you can go out.

a) finished b) have finished c) will finish d) had finished
15. Tell him I ___ anything with him until I've spoken with my wife.
a) don't discuss b) haven't discussed c) won't discuss d) didn't discuss
16. I'll start cooking after I ___ a rest.

a) had b) will have c) have had d) am having
17. When the war broke out, Mary ___ in Berlin for 6 years.
a) lived b) had been living c) has been living d) was living
18. The system ___ surprisingly well up till now.

a) works b) worked c) has worked d) is working
19. He television before he went to bed.

a) has been watching c) watched
b) was watching d) has watched
20. They ___ for ten days when they ran into a terrible storm
a) sailed b) had been sailing c) have sailed d) were sailing
21. Eray ___ hard for the last three days.

a) worked b) has been working c) is working d) was working
44
22. He___ three children so far.
a) has b) had had c) has had d) had
23. Once you ___ the examination, you'll be able to relax.

a) have taken b) have been taken c) took d) will have taken
24. He's a very good player. He_ _ consistently well recently.

a) is playing b) has been playing c) was playing d) had played
25. By May, I _ _ this car for five years.

a) will have b) will have had c) will be having d) have had
26. When you arrived home, we _ _ lunch. If you had come a bit earlier, we
could have had lunch together.
a)justhad b)havejusthad c)hadjusthad d)hadjust
27. Mary _ _ the dishes at the moment.

a) washes b) was washing c) is washing d) has washed
28. You are making a lot of noise. I wish you _ _ quiet for a while.
a) will keep b) would keep c) keep d) have kept
29. Mr. Brown _ _ a capable, dedicated doctor, and his patients have missed him
ever since his death.
a) is b) has been c) was d) was being
30. If you _ _ me earlier, I could have helped you.

a) told b) would have told c) have told d) had told
31. If only _ _ enough money, he would have bought that house.

a) he has had b) had he had c) he didn't have d) he had had
32. "How long have you been with the company?"

"I ___ there two years by January.
a) will work b) will have worked c) will be working d) have worked
33. Your hair is too long. It's time___a haircut.

a) you have b) you should have c) you had d) for your
34. Since calculators were first introduced, they _ _ to be useful tools for people
weak in mathematics.
a) proved b) have proved c) will prove d) are proving
35. As soon as he _ _ , tell him that I want to see him.

a) arrived b) is arriving c) arrives d) will arrive
45
36. The commissioner has assured the crowd that the problem _ _ care of as
soon as possible.
a) will take b) has been taken c) had been taken d) will be taken
37. When he saw the crowd, he regretted that he _ _ his ticket earlier.
a) can't have bought c) hadn't bought
b) hasn't bought d) wasn't buying
38. They _ _ for seven hours when they arrived at the border.
a) are driving c) had been driving
b) have been driving d) drove
39. She complains that she _ _ headaches.

a) has frequently c) frequently has
b) has had frequently d) have frequent
40. Whenever the safety commission _ _ its regulations, there are complaints.
a) is enforcing b) enforce c) will enforce d) enforces
41. Oh dear, I don't feel very well. I think

a) I'll faint b) I'm going to faint c) I'm fainting d) I've fainted
42 Unfortunately the train ___ by the time I reached the platform.

a) left b) leaves c) had left d) has left
43. Don't forget that ___ to our new office by the time you get back
from holiday.
a) I move b) I'll have moved c) I'll move d) I'll be moving
44. I'm afraid I didn't hear the doorbell when you rang. I ___ in the garden at the
time.
a) worked b) have been working c) have worked d) was working
45. It was 4 o'clock when the ambulance finally arrived, by then the severely
injured man ___ .
a) had died b) died c) has died d) dies
46
Test on Tenses - Set 2
I. The girls seem to be fully satisfied with their English course. So far, they _ _
even a single class.
a) don't miss b) haven't missed c) didn't miss d) won't miss
2. For the past few nights he _ _ on the floor.

a) sleeps b) is sleeping c) slept d) has slept
3. Jimmy is still doing his homework. He will come out to play when he_ _ his
homework.
a) did b) will do c) will have done d) has done
4. This is the best steak I

a) had ever tasted b) have ever tasted c) ever taste d) ever tasted
5. Ayhan _ _ in London for five years-from 1985 to 1990.

a) lived b) has lived c) was living d) would live
6. Last semester, we ___ beginning grammar.

a) study b) studied c) were studied d) have studied
7. There ___ a lot of cowboys in America a hundred years ago.

a) was b) did c) were d) have been
8. When I finish this course, I ___ to the next level.

a) have gone c) went
b) will go d) will have been going
9. The teacher was writing on the blackboard when he ___ the chalk.
a) was dropping b) was dropped c) is dropping d) dropped
10. The telephone rang just as I _ _ the door.

a) has been unlocking c) was unlocking
b) will be unlocking d) have unlocked
11. I _ _ German when I was at high school.

a) have studied c) studied
b) was studied d) have been studying
12. How long ago _ _ her?

a) were you met b) have you met c) you met d) did you meet
13. She _ _ working at the bank for three years now.

a) is b) has been c) was d) had been
47
14. "I have a highly reliable watch."
"How long _ _ it?"
a) did you have b) you have had c) have you had d) have you got
15. We _ _ for a long time. I don't know how she looks now.
a) didn't meet b) haven't met c) don't meet d) hadn't met
16. She _ _ her lessons while I was watching television.

a) has studied b) is studying c) was studying d) studies
17. You must wait here until your parents _ _ back.

a) came b) come c) will come d) are coming
18. As soon as we _ _ home tomorrow, we'll call you.

a) got b) get c) will get d) are going to
19. The exam at 9:00 tomorrow.

a) starts b) which will start c) starting d) to start
20 I _ _ her while I was going to school.

a) meet b) was meeting c) met_ d) have met
21. She _ _ to go there tomorrow, but now she finds that she can't go.
a) is planning b) was planning c) will plan d) plans
22. I didn't quite appreciate the opera we saw last week as I _ _ to the opera
before.
a) hadn't been b) haven't been c) didn't go d) wasn't going
23. The teacher usually _ _ to class on time.

a) comes b) is coming c) coming d) come
24. We a test now.

a) take b) took c) are taking d) are being taken
25. Columbus America in 1492.

a) discovers b) discovered c) was discovering d) was discovered
26. The little boy burst into tears when he saw that his brother _ _ his jigsaw
puzzle apart.
a) was broken c) had been broken
b) has broken d) had broken
48
27. A:" Have you cleaned your room yet?"
B:"I _ _ it a while ago. but I didn't have time.
a) cleaned c) was going to clean
b) would clean d) would be cleaning
28. The Soviet Union _ _ with spacecraft for several years when the United
States began its space program.
a) was experimenting c) has been experimenting
b) experimented d) had been experimenting
29. Martin Luther King _ _ for civil rights for more than a decade when he
received the Noble Peace Prize in 1964.
a) worked c) has been working
b) had been working d) was working
30. She _ _ in Ankara for several years before she moved to Istanbul.
a) was living b) has lived c) had lived d) has been living
31. All right, Johnny, it's time you _ _ to bed.

a) went b) would go c) will be going d) going to go
32. A: "How are you feeling?"

B: "I've been feeling better since _ _ ."
a) the doctor has came c) the doctor had come
b) the doctor will come d) the doctor came
33. By the time we ___ from our holiday, we _ _ about three thousand
kilometers.
a) will return I will have been doing c) return I will have done
b) returned I will have done d) are returning I will do
34. "Have you received the books you ordered last month?"
"No, but it's possible that they _ _ in a few days."
a) will arrive b) arrive c) are arriving d) have arrived
35. This is a secret. I'd rather you ___ anything to anybody about it.
a) shouldn't say b) don't say c) haven't told d) didn't tell
36. Some students ___ graduate next .June.

a) are b) are going to c) arc going to be d) are going
37. What a lovely night! The moon ___ brightly.

a) shines b) is shining c) shined d) was shining
49
38. Before anyone could photograph the strange-looking bird, ___ .
a) it was flying away c) it flew away
b) it has flown away d) it had been flying away
39. Barbara: It's curious that Roy can't ski better.

Jane: I know. By the end of the month, he ___ lessons for a full month.
a) will have c) has been having
b) will be having d) will have been having
40. Rex: It's already half-past six.

Hal: Good heavens, so it is! It's time we ___ .
a) are gone b) are going c) were gone d) shalT go
41. Bob: I shan't be more than five or ten minutes now.

Alfred: All right. I'll wait over there until ___ ready.
a) you will be c) you were
b) you are d) you're going to be
42. Ali ___ English , but he doesn't any more.

a) used to studying c) used to study
b) was used to study d) was used to studying
43. The class begins when the teacher _ _ .

a) arrived b) will arrive c) arrives d) is arriving
44. I'll get a better job when I _ _ more English.

a) know b) will know c) knew d) knowing
45. When the class _ _ over, the students will leave.

a) was b) is c) will be d) will
46. He _ _ you to his party last week, but he did not have your address .
a) would invite b) would have invited c) might invite d) was inviting
47. This time tomorrow, with any luck, we _ _ through France, enjoying
the first day of our holiday.
a) drive b) shall have driven c) shall drive d) shall be
driving
48. When you called, I _ _ breakfast yet.
a) haven't had b) didn't have c) hadn't had d) wasn't having
49. I to the same barber since 1980.

a) am going b) have been going c) go d) was going
50. He has been in London since June, but he _ _ even a single letter to me yet.
a) didn't write b) hasn't written c) doesn't write d) isn't writing
50
CHAPTER 4: Functions of Modal Auxiliaries
and Related Words
Function Modal Example
ABILITY can 1. Because of her artistic talent, she

Present can design very well.
am/is/are able to 2. She is able to swim well.
Past could 3. He could play the violin when

(action repeated he was five years old.
over a period of was/were able to 4. He was able to play the violin
time) when he was five years old.
(a particular was/were able to 5. He was able to play the violin

past event) beautifully last night.
(negative couldn't 6. He couldn't play/ wasn't able to

statements) wasn't/weren't play the piano as well as he
able to expected to.
POSSIBILITY
Present can, be able to 7. The florist can deliver the bouquet
early.
Past was /were able to 8. Ali and Helen were able to work
out their cultural differences and
got married .
Future
. may/might 9. Necla may get married this
summer if she decides she's ready
to settle down.
could 10. We could get married by next

will be able to year.
may/might 11. We might go to Hawaii for our
holiday.
POLITE can/could/may/ 12. Could I get a price list, please?

REQUEST might /would 13. Can I have a lager, please?
will 14. Would you mind opening the
door?
15. Would you drop off the flowers?
16. Will you help me, please?
51
PERMISSION may/can/could 17. May I attend only the reception?
18. You can leave class early.
OFFERS may/can/could 19. May I drive you home?
OBLIGATION have to 20. Ali and Aynur have to move.

Present have got to 21. We've got to decide by tomorrow.
must 22. You must have a blood test.
Past had to 23. We had to wait for our test

results.
might/can/could 24. You might try another store.

25. We could have dinner.
should 26. You should give him a chance.
SUGGESTION ought to 27. You ought to marry him.
te,\z\1' had better 28. You'd better think Very carefully.
QIH,Y\ have to/must 29. You must meet him!
should 30. You should get a call from him

EXPECTATION soon.
~:ek...le-t11h ought to 31. The divorce rate ought to go
down.
CONCLUSION lllltSt
32. He's been working for eight hours
without a rest. He must be very
tired now.
HABITUAL be used to 33. Many women are used to

ACTIVITY balancing a career and a family at
Present the same time.
be accustomed to 34. He's accustomed to hot weather.
Past used to 35. He used to smoke, but he doesn't

(discontinued any more.
past action) 36. I used to like him , but I don't n0w.
(repeated past would 37. When I was in Bursa, we used to

action) used to work in the same office and we
would often play cards together.
52
ADVICE should 38. A: "I have a terrible headache."
had better B: " You should/had better
take an aspirin."
DESCRIPTION should 39. You should see his eyes. They're

(+ see, hear, your favorite color.
taste) 40. You should see their wedding
rings. They're beautiful!
DISBELIEF can't 41. You can't mean that! You must be

kidding!
INAPPROPRIACYI 42. You can't wear that dress! It's

INACCURACY can't indecent.
43. You can't really call this a gun.
FRUSTRATION have to 44. You had to be late, didn't you?

ANNOYANCE must 45. Must the media exaggerate?
would 46. You would show up at this party!
would prefer 47. I'd prefer to take the subway.

would rather 48. I'd rather make the decision later.
PREFERENCE would just as 49. I'd just as soon get married now.
soon 50 I would sooner not go to the party.
would sooner 51. Will you tell him, or would you
sooner I did?
52. You mustn't smoke in the
PROHIBITION mustn't classroom. It's strictly prohibited.
needn't 53. You needn't walk to the Post

LACK OF Office to mail your letter. You can
NECESSITY doesn't have to put it into the mail-box here.
don't have to 54. You don't have to go there if
you don't want to.
SPECIAL NOTE
Can and could showing ability are commonly used with certain structures:
55. I would help you if I could.
56. Picasso could draw before he could speak.
57. I'll do all I can to get rid of him.
Note also special uses of may and might as well showing that in the
circumstances, no harm will come from doing something:
58. Since nobody wants the job, we may !might as well let him have it.
53
---~ - - - ~ - --
Test on Modals
Choose the alternative that best completes each sentence.
1. When I was younger, I ___ five kilometers every day, but now I have to
take frequent rests when I try to do the same thing.
a) could run c) have got to
b) should be able to run d) can run
2. Whenever Mary's parents went out in the evening, she ___ the job of talcing
care of her younger sister.
a) should get b) must have gotten c) would get d) had better get
3. Ali has a new sports car now. He ___ it for a good price. He paid twenty
percent less than the regular retail cost.
a) was able to buy c) was supposed to buy
b) could buy d) had to buy
4. There ___ a movie theater next to the drugstore, but it was demolished and
a ten-story office building was built in its place.
a) was used to being c) used to being
b) used to be d) was used to be
5. Since we have to be there before 9 o'clock, we ___ take a taxi. Otherwise,

we'll be late.
a) are able to b)may c) had better d) would
6. 'Why are you in a hurry? You ___ be in your office before half past eight.'
a) might not b) aren't supposed to c) had better not d) couldn't
7. She hasn't eaten anything since yesterday. She ___ be really hungry now!
a) can b) would c) must d) might
8. "Ayla, you ___ put the meat in the refrigerator before it spoils."
"You're right. I didn't know it was still in the shopping bag."
a) had better b) would rather c) may d) had to
9. "___ you close the door, please?"

"Certainly."
a)May b) Shall c) Do d) Will
10. I would live in Antalya ifl _ __

a) had b) would c) could d) should
54
11. "Why are you late?"
"I ___ my uncle to the bus terminal. There was so much traffic that it took
me much longer than it usually does."
a) had to take c) have got to take
b) must have taken d) should have taken
.
12. "The cold weather doesn't seem to bother you."
"Before I came to Ankara, I ___ in Kars, which is one of the coldest places
in Turkey."
a) used to live b) would rather live c) would live d) ought to live
13. "Do you think the teacher will give us a pop quiz today?"
"He ___ , but I don't really think so."
a) will b) might c) would d) should
14. "I've been having problems with my eyes.

"Why don't you see an eye doctor? You ___ need glasses.
a) can b) might c) would rather d) had better
15. You ___ watch television as long as you like.

a) could b) would c) might d) can
16. The sign on the lawn says clearly that people ___ not walk on the grass.
a) will b) might c) have d) may
17. If you don't want to get wet, then you had better ___ this umbrella with
you.
a) take b) for taking c) to take d)taken
18. I don't think I'll succeed but I ___ as well try.

a) can b) may c) should d) must
19. They sacrificed their lives so that we ___ .

a) lived b) are living c) might live d) can live
20. We must all work hard so that our' country ___ be prosperous.
a) may b) should c) must d) had better
21. You ___ drive fast. There is a speed limit here.

a) wouldn't b) are unable to c) mustn't d) couldn't
22. All high school graduates in Turkey ___ take the University Entrance Exam
to be admitted to a university.
a) had better b) should c) have to d) ought to
55
----------
23. I'll do all I ___ to help you out.
a) must b) may c) would d) can
24. When a tyre is punctured, the driver ___ change the wheel so that he can go
on driving.
a) has to b) had to c) would d) should
25. I got lost and ___ as~ a policeman the way.

a) ought to b) should c) had to d) have to
26. The milkman looks like a snowman. It _ _ _ heavily outside.

a) will be snowing c) must be snowing
b) may be snowing d) should be snowing
27. A: "I've been having problems with my eyes."

B: You ___ see an optician. You might need glasses."
a) had better b) would rather c) would d) had to
28. Ali _ _ _ on the project with Okan but he's in the recreation room, _ __
ping pong.
a) will be working I plays c) must be working I and playing
b) should be working/playing d) should work I is playing
29. Father to son, "I can't support you any longer. You ___ earn your own
living from now on."
a) must b) would c) may d) had to
30. "Do I have to take that Math Course?"

"No,you _ __
a) haven't b) don't have c) mustn't d) needn't
56
Perfect Infinitives/ Modals Referring to Past Time
unfulfilled I. They ought to I should have done something about the

obligation problem before it got worse but they didn't.
2. I got a bad cold. I shouldn't have gone out without a coat but I
did.
slight or weak 3. He didn't come to work yesterday. He may I might have been ill.
probability ( 1) 4. She was absent yesterday. She may /might have had a problem at
home.
5. "Jill sounded a little bit angry when I called her last night."
"She might have been sleeping. "
slight or weak 6. He could have been wrong in his decision, but I doubt it.
probability ( 2) 7. Why didn't they get the letter? I could have sent the letter to the
wrong address, but I don't think so.
strong probability 8. All the lights in their house are off. They must have gone to bed.
(conclusion) 9. Since he was dismissed from the school, he must have failed
his exams again.
10. John looks very tired today. He mustn't have slept well last night.
11. He couldn't answer the teacher's question because he was too bus)
staring out the window when the teacher called on him.
He must have been daydreaming.
past opportunity 12. We could have gone to Spain for our holiday last year,
not realized but we didn't want to go. We went to Bodrum instead.
impossibility 13. Ali couldn't have cheated on his final exam. He's so honest.
14. I've known George for quite a long time. He can't have
stolen the missing money . It's impossible. Somebody else must
have done it.
lack of 15. "I went to Kmlay to get these books."

necessity "You needn't have gone there to get them. You could have .
bought them at the bookstore next to the high school."
SPECIAL NOTE
Note the use of might have+past participle in the following examples:
16. If he had tried harder, he might have been successful.
17. We waited for John for more than an hour. He might at least have phoned to let us know
that he wouldn't be able to come.(The speaker expresses his resentment at John's
behavior)
57
Test on Perfect Infinitives
1. You ___ her for what she did. She was offended that you didn't.
a) should have thanked c) may have thanked
b) must have thanked d) would have thanked
2. "He said that he watered the plants every day."

"He ___ them. Ifhe had, they wouldn't have died."
a) can't have watered c) might not have watered
b) shouldn't have watered d) needn't have watered
3. Since the door is locked, they ___ out.

a) can have gone c) should have gone
b) would have gone d) must have gone
4. You ___ wine. We've got plenty.

a) couldn't have bought c) wouldn't have bought
b) needn't have bought d) mustn't have bought
5. "I didn't go to class last night because my car broke down."

"You ___ mine . I wasn't using it."
a) were able to borrow c) could have borrowed
b) may have borrowed d) could borrow
6. "I saw your father in KlZllay yesterday."

"You ___ him in KIZ1lay yesterday because he was at home all day
yesterday." ·
a) needn't have seen c) shouldn't have seen
b) couldn't have seen d) wouldn't have seen
7. "I know she was at home because I heard her singing a song."
"She the bell."
a) might not have heard c) ought not to have heard
b) should not have heard d) would not have heard
8. He ___ have lost his way. He knows the city so well!

a) wouldn't b) might c) mustn't d) can't
9. You ___ have been delighted when you won the competition.
a) can b) must c) may d) could
10. "Why are you so mad ?"

"You ___ me you weren't coming to dinner. I waited for you for two hours.
a) should tell b) should have told c) must have told d) may have told
58
Modals - Time Reference
Present/ Future Time Past Time (Definite or Indefinite)
must+ Vi You must study " Ali passed all his exams."
before the exam. " He must have studied hard."
Tm Bob Jones. You must must have+V 3
be the new teacher.' " Ed fainted last night"
You mustn't enter this " He must have been ill."
room. It is forbidden.
may+ Vi If Mary doesn't hurry , " It's already 5 o' clock, but
she may miss the train. may have+ v3 Mary hasn't arrived yet."
" She may have missed the
train."
should +Vi If Ed wants to pass " Ed failed his exams again."

his exams, he should should have+ V 3 " He should have studied
study a bit harder. for his exams instead of
going on holiday."
might+ v1 You mustn't go out 'Why did you go out during

during the day. You the day? You might have
might be recognized. been recognized
by a policeman. by a policeman. '
might have+ V 3
The train might be "The 8:30 train was ten
delayed because of the minutes late this morning."
accident. " It might have been delayed
because of the accident."
needn't+ v 1 We needn't hurry . needn't have+ V3 We needn't have hurried.

We have plenty of time. The meeting started much
later than scheduled.'
can+ v 1 "He says he will resign" " Bob has told me that he
will resign."
"He can't be serious. can't have+ V 3 " He can't have been
He must be joking." serious. He must have
been joking."
would+ v1 She would help us would have+ V 3 She would have helped us,
if she were here now. but she got ill.
would+ v 1 My grandmother would tell
(=used to) us stories whenever she
came to visit us.
could+ Vi You must listen to the could have+V 3 You could have improved
radio regularly. your English considerably
You could improve if you had tried hard.
your English if you did
so.
59
You could play the could+ v 1 Mozart could play the
could+ VI violin better if you (= was able to) violin when he was only a
practiced regularly. four-year old child.
could+ V1 Since I was sitting in the

(with verbs balcony then, I could see
of perception) everything clearly
couldn't have+ V3 " Mrs. Brown said her five-

year old son drew this
. picture."
" A five-year old child
couldn't have drawn such a
beautiful picture."
would rather I would rather stay would rather The film we saw at the
+ Vi at home than go have+v 3 cinema was terrible.
to the cinema. I would rather have stayed
at home and watched
television instead.
would rather My son intends to take would rather My son took German as an
sh did sth German as an elective sh had done sth elective course last term,
course, but I'd rather but I'd rather he had taken
he took French instead. French instead.
be going to I'm going to visit him be going to I was going to visit him
+ V1 tomorrow. + Vi yesterday, but I did not have
time to do so.
be able to I'm able to to walk be able to I was able to walk a mile

+ Vi faster now. ( a single event) yesterday.*
(past ability ) I was able to read and write

before I went to school.
( = I could read and write
before I went to school.)
usedto+V1 I used to smoke a lot when I

was young, but I don't any
more.
be supposed He's supposed to be be supposed He was supposed to be at

to+ V1 at work now. to+ V1 work all day yesterday.
have to+ V 1 I have to go to school had to +V1 I had to go to school

every day. yesterday.
* Notes: 1. !.&1iliJ. is not possible here. When we refer to a particular event, we must use
was/ were able to .
2. Would sooner and would just as soon can often be used instead of would
rather.
60
Test on Modal Auxiliaries and Perfect Infinitives

1. "My car was towed away from the academic parking lot yesterday."
"You ___ have parked there. You know that students are not allowed to park
there."
a) might not b) mustn't c) shouldn't d) may not
2. He was a very patient cat; he ___ sit for hours beside a mouse hole.
a) might b) would c) should d) ought to
3. Some of the milk turned sour before reaching the market and___ away.
a) must throw b) had to be thrown c) must be thrown d) had to throw
4. ___ you mind opening the window?

a) Would b) Might c) Should d) Could
5. When you buy something on the installment system, you _ __

pay the whole price at once.
a) couldn't b) did not c) needn't d) would not
6. The police were suspicious of me at first but eventually I _ __

convince them that I was innocent.
a) could b) had to c) was able to d) might
7. Before his death last year, Professor Taylor decided that he ___ leave
$200,000 to his university.
a) can b) would c) may d) shall
8. There is no definite plan, but the university the tuition next year.
a) might raise c) might be raised
b) will have been raised d) will raise
9. I didn't go to see my parents in August. I could _ _ _ them during the next

vacation.
a) have visited b) have been visiting c) visit d) be visited
10. ___ you be so kind as to deliver this message to my roommate?

a) Should b) Would c) Can d) Might
11. You a two-year old child at home alone. Anything can happen.
a) didn't leave c) don't have to leave
b) mustn't leave d) needn't leave
61
- - - - - - - -
12. The letter is supposed ___ today.

a) to deliver b) that it is delivered c) delivering d) to be delivered
13. He worked hard yesterday, so he _ _ _ the project.

a) could finish c) might finish
b) would have finished d) was able to finish
14. It's only a little way to the station, so we _ _ _ as well walk.

a) can b) will c) should d) might
15. If only I _ _ _ play the guitar as well as you!

a) could b) should c) might d) would
16. "What will you do after school is over?"

"I work for a year, but I haven't decided yet."
a) might b) will c) should d) can
17. "Did Alper go to the movies last night?"

"Yes, but he have stayed at home all evening and studied his lessons."
a) may b) should c) must d) can
18. He was a good swimmer and _ _ _ swim to the river bank when the boat
sank.
a) could b) might be able to c) might d) was able to
19. I _ _ _ rather go to Antal ya than Istanbul for my holiday.

a) would b) could c) had d) should
20. You _ _ _ to eat it if you don't feel like it.

a) needn't b) don't have c) mustn't d) haven't
21. Hello Mary! I can't be sure I'll be home in time for dinner. I · be late, so
don't wait for me.
a) may b) will c) should d) must
22. Climbing boots and helmets were provided, so we _ _ _ bring our own.
a) didn't need to b) needn't have c) need not d) not needed
23. Hurry up! It's a quarter past. We really _ _ _ be late.

a) mustn't b) needn't c) don't have to d) may not
24. You be an Englishman to understand Shakespeare.

a) may not b) don't have to c) mustn't d) won't
25. "Do you think it was Ali we saw earlier?

"It but I'm not sure."
a) would be b) may have been c) might be d) must have
62
26. "Ali has pictures of Michael Jackson, the famous pop singer, all over his walls."
"He like the singer very much."
a) must b) can c) will d) may
27. "There were some candies on the table, but they're all gone. I wonder what
happened to them."
"I don't know. My younger brother ___ them."
a) had to eat c) ought to have eaten
b) may have eaten d) might eat
28. ___ you like to come or ___ you rather stay here?
a) Should I would c) Would I would
b) Would I had d) Do I would
29. I'm absolutely sure that the money wasn't stolen by John. Such an honest
person as John such a disgraceful thing in any way.
a) shouldn't have done c) couldn't have done
b) may not have done d) could not do
30. You shouldn't have walked about the city alone. You ___ .
a) might get lost c) might have gotten lost
b) would have gotten lost d) could get lost
31. When I was young, I ___ a sports magazine regularly, but I don't anymore.
a) used to buy c) was used to buy
b) used to buying d) had been used to buying
32. You ___me because I didn't really mean that.

a) must misunderstand c) might misu11derstand
b) must have misunderstood d) had to misunderstand
33. "Ali got the highest grade in his history exam."

"He ___very hard before the exam."
a) should have studied c) must have studied
b) ought to have studied d) might study
34. "Jack walked past me without speaking."

"He ___ you. He is very shortsighted."
a) can't have recognized c) might not have recognized
b) should not have recognized d) might not recognize
35. "Did you hear me come in last night?"

"No, I ___ asleep."
a) must have been c) should have been
b) may have been d) might have been
63
CHAPTER 5: Passive and Causative Constructions
I. The Passive Voice
Passive constructions are derived from active constructions. Follow the examples:
(The Active Active Subject Active Verb Active Object

1
Voice Ali killed the bear. )
( The Passive Passive Subject To Be+ V3 Optional Agent J
Voice The bear was killed by Ali. )
Tense The Active Voice The Passive Voice

p"he Simple
resent He paints the house every year. The house is painted every year.
The Simple
Past He painted the house last year. The house was painted last year.
The Simple He will paint the house next year. The house will be painted next year.
Future and He can paint the house next year. The house can be painted next year.
Modals He may paint the house next year. The house may be painted next year.
The Present He is painting the house now. The house is being painted now.
Continuous
The Past He was painting the house all last The house was being painted all ,.
Continuous week. last week.
The Present He has (just)painted the house. The house has (just) been painted.
Perfect •.
The Past The house looked good because The house looked good because it
Perfect he had just painted it. had just been painted.
The Future He will have painted the house The house will have been painted
Perfect by next week. by next week.
Perfect He should have painted The house should have been painted
Infinitives the house last year. last year.
He could have painted The house could have been painted
the house last year. last year.
Does he paint the house every year? Is the house painted every year?
Questions Did he paint the house last year? Was the house painted last year?
Who painted the house? Who was the house painted by?
When did he paint the house? When was the house painted?
64
Form The Active Voice The Passive Voice
Negative He hasn't painted the house yet. The house hasn't been painted yet.
Reduced When they paint the house, When (it is) painted, the house
Clauses it looks beautiful. looks beautiful.
The house (which) he painted The house (which was) painted last
last year looked beautiful. year looked beautiful.
The They demand that he paint They demand that the house
Subjunctive the house. be painted.
Form
a. Passive of the Gerund

(1) He dislikes being called by his first name.
(2) Film stars enjoy being admired.
(3) He was afraid of being recognized.
(4) She acknowledged having been offered a bribe.
(5) He remembers having been invited to Jane's birthday party.
b. Passive of the Infinitive

(6) He wants us to finish the work today. ---? He wants the work (to be)
finished today.
(7) She expects to be selected for the scholarship.
(8) He claims to have been tortured.
(9) He deserves to be punished.
c. Passive of Participles
( 10) I saw three men beating him. ---? I saw him being beaten by three men.
( 11) The policeman simply watched the cars being turned upside down.
d. Passive of the verbs which take ~-'Infinitive'

(12a) They made him clean the house.
(12b) He was made to clean the house.
(13a) We saw him enter the building.

(13b) He was seen to enter the building.
(14a) The teacher let us know that he wouldn't tolerate any misbehavior.
(14b) The teacher let it be known that he wouldn't tolerate any misbehavior.
e. Passive of the verbs that take two objects

(15a) They gave him a lot of presents.
( 15b) He was given a lot of presents.
(15c) A lot of presents were given to him.
65
f. Verbs that have two passive forms
The following verbs, which take that clauses, have two passive forms:
acknowledge believe declare fear know report suspect

allege claim estimate feel project say think
assume consider expect find prove suppose understand
Examples
16. People say that he is very rich.

a. It is said that he is very rich.
b. He is said to be very rich.
17. People believe that he is innocent.

a. It is believed that he is innocent.
b. He is believed to be innocent.
18. People believed that he was innocent.

a. It was believed that he was innocent.
b. He was believed to be innocent.
19. People expect that the ruling Labor Party will win the elections.
a. It is expected that the ruling Labor Party will win the elections.
b. The ruling Labor Party is expected to win the elections.
20. Newspapers report that fierce fighting is continuing along the southern front.
a. It i~ reported that fierce fighting is continuing along the southern front.
b. Fierce fighting is reported to be continuing along the southern front.
21. Newspapers report that more than one hundred people were killed in the violent
clashes between the two rival groups.
a. It is reported that more than one hundred people were killed in the violent
clashes between the two rival groups.
b. More than one hundred people are reported to have been killed in the
violent clashes between the two rival groups.
22. People say that he was very rich before he went bankrupt.
a. It is said that he was very rich before he went bankrupt.
b. He is said to have been very rich before he went bankrupt.
Important Note : The present infinitive used after these verbs refers to an action or event
occurring at the same time as that of the main verb, or later (16-20 above). On the
other hand, the perfect infinitive refers to an action or event which is earlier in time than that
of the main verb(21-22 above).
66
g. Passive of the Subjunctive(See Chapter 15 for the subjunctive form.)
(23) It is vital that the natural resources of the country be conserved.
(24) It is crucial that the endangered species of animals and plants be preserved.
(25) The guerrillas demand that their friends be released.
h. Passive of BE+'TO' -INFINITIVE(See Chapter 6.)

(26) The new cabinet is to be announced today.
(27) He was to have been invited but they lost his address.
(28) He was nowhere to be found.
(29) An immediate by-pass operation is essential if the patient's life is to be
saved.
i. Passive Voice in Reduced Clauses(See Chapter 16.)
(30) The doctor involved was nowhere to be found.
(31) The man accused of murder and robbery denied the charges.
(32) Although supported by some influential politicians, he wasn't elected.
j. Passive Constructions with GET

Get + past participle passive may be used instead of be+past participle
with some event verbs:
(33) Several people got injured in an accident yesterday.
(34) He got burned in the fire that broke out in the hotel.
(35) The little boy got lost in the park.
SPECIAL NOTE
Verbs, such as decide, agree, and plan are often used with it in the passive voice:
(36) It was decided to close down the factory.
(37) It was planned to build an extension to the school.
Exercise 7:Change the following sentences as in the examples.

1. It is considered that he is an expert on birds.
He is considered to be an expert on birds.
2. It is known that John Lennon was interested in oriental religions.
John Lennon is known to have been interested in oriental religions.
3. It is acknowledged that Pablo Picasso was a phenomenal artist.
4. It was expected that a majority of the MP's would vote in favor of the proposal.
5. It was reported that two of the missing sailors had been rescued.
6. It was said that he was against any changes whatsoever.
7. It is believed that economic stability is necessary for political stability.
Exercise 8 : Change to the passive voice.

1. The experts will assess the damage which the flooding caused.
2. The University Council is likely to extend the academic calendar.
3. The police cannot maintain law and order without the cooperation of all citizens.
4. We must preserve biodiversity.
5. How can we achieve these objectives?
67
Test on the Passive Voice
Choose the word or phrase ihat best completes each sentence.
1. All aspects of man's behavior ___ by social factors.
a) are affecting b) is being affected c) are affected d) have affected
2. Great care should ___ when attempting to interpret the meaning and
significance of a correlation.
a) observe b) have observed c) be observed d) be observing
3. Glass ___ extensively in many modem buildings.

a) being used b) is used c) uses d) used
4. The needs of the learner must ___when specifying relevant goals.

a) be considered b) have considered c) be considering d) considered
5. Adolescence ___as a transition from childhood to adulthood.

a) views b) is viewing c) is viewed d) viewed
6. Many demonstrations ___ in recent years in protest against the level

of pollution.
a) are held b) have held c) have been held d) held
7. What_ _ _ behind from the ancient civilizations must be preserved carefully.

a) left b) was left c) had left d) it was left
8. Christopher Columbus, a famous Italian navigator, ___ until recently

considered to be the first European to sail to the New World.
a) has b) who has been c) was d) that was
9. He ___ to withdraw his resignation.

a) persuaded b) had persuaded c) was persuading d) was persuaded
10. We were made the boxes.

a) to carry b) carrying c) to be carried d) being carried
11. An important distinction ___between short-term memory and long-term

memory.
a) to be made b) being made c) makes d) can be made
12. Many divorce laws require that one mate must ___at fault for the divorce
to be obtained.
a) find b) have been found c) be finding d) be found
13. Teaching ___as the facilitation of learning.

a) defines b) has been defined c) is defining d) can define
68
14. Schools ___ the responsibility for teaching the predominant societal norms
and values.
a) have given b) are giving c) are given d) given
15. Galileo ___to as the father of modern science.

a) often refers c) often referred
b) has often referred d) is often referred
16. The task of science, as we know, is to discover facts; but a haphazard collection
of facts cannot a science.
a) say that it constitutes c) be said that it constitutes
b) be said to constitute d) have said what constitutes
17. Crime must be defined before the criminal ___ .

a) can identify c) can be identified
b) will be identified d) was identified
18. It ___ that the skin is not uniformly sensitive, even within a small area.
a) has long known c) has long been known
b) has been known long d) has known long
19. Leisure time ___ for self-betterment through such activities as education and
cultural pursuits.
a) is increasingly utilized c) has increasingly utilized
b) increasingly utilizes d) increasingly utilized
20. Knowledge ___ as basic to all the other ends or purposes of education.
a) quite frequently regards c) is quite frequently regarded
b) has quite frequently regarded d) quite frequently regarded
21. The uniqueness of man ___ in terms of his being able to talk.
a) has sometimes explained c) is sometimes explained
b) sometimes explains d) sometimes it is explained
22. Spoilage of foods ___ by bacterial growth.

a) usually caused c) has usually caused
b) being usually caused d) is usually caused
23. Helium ___to be the major constituent of the stars.

a) is believed c) believes
b) is believed that d) that it is believed
24. He works as an apprentice in a garage. Since he doesn't go to school any longer,

he___ from his school because of his lack of attendance.
a) must expel c) must have been expelled
b) must have expelled d) would have been expelled
69
--~---~--
25. Judgements of other people ___ by first impressions, but these are subject
to many kinds of errors.
a) often greatly influence c) are often greatly influenced
b) is often greatly influenced d) who are often greatly influenced
26. Professor Brown hates___ when he is lecturing.

a) having interrupted c) to interrupt
b) being interrupted d) interrupting
27. Behaviorists believe that personality ___in terms of stimuli, responses and
reinforcement.
a) can be an explanation of c) can explain
b) can be explained d) can be
explaining
28. He must ___ for his bravery.
a) reward b) have rewarded e) be rewarded d) be rewarding
29. They demanded that the work ___ .

a) stopped b) has been stopped c) be stopped d) stops
30. He is thought ___ a chief proponent of the communicative approach.

a) that he is b) to be c) being d) as being
II. The Causative Form

There are two major patterns used to form causative constructions in English :
I. Subject Auxiliary Direct Object* -t Past Participle [+by+Indirect Obj]
A. He will have his car repaired bv the mechanic.

I.H. He will get his car repaired by the mechanic.
II. Subject !Auxiliary Indirect Object (to) Infinitive Direct Object*
A. He will have the mechanic repair his car.

B. He will get the mechanic to repair his car.
These two patterns can be stated in the following formulas:

I. A. have something done by somebody
B. get something done by somebody
II. A. have somebody do something
B. get somebody to do something
*BUT The direct object can be human as well as non-human:
He h a d ~ killed.
She will have her daui:;hter examined by the doctor.
70
The Causative Form
Tense Subject Auxiliary Direct Past Remainder of
Object Participle the Sentence
The Simple He has his car serviced every month.

Present
The Simple He had his car serviced last month.

Past
The Present He is having his car serviced now.
Continuous
The Past He was having his car serviced when I arrived.
Continuous
The Present He hasn't had his car serviced yet.

Perfect
The Past He had had his car serviced before he started
Perfect the journey.
The Future will have

Tense He may have his car serviced tomorrow.
and Modals should have
should have had

Perfect could have had
Infinitives He might have had his car serviced yesterday.
may have had
must have had
Directions: Rewrite the sentences in the diagram above, using the patterns have
somebody do something and get somebody to do something. Follow the
examples:
1. He has his car serviced every month.

a) He has the mechanic service his car every month.
b) He gets the mechanic to service his car every month.
2. He had his car serviced last month.

a) He had the mechanic service his car last month.
b) He got the mechanic to service his car last month.
71
Exercise 9: Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs from the list given below. Use
the verbs in one of these two patterns : have something done or
get something done.
install extend paint pull out print do X- ray
1. The doctor says that I have to have my lungs X-rczyed,
2. I had to wait for a couple of weeks to get my phone _ _ __
3. I'd like to get my apartment a different color.
4. My visa expires tomorrow, so I must have it _ _ __
5. Having a tooth isn't a pleasant experience.
6 Getting that job cost me a small fortune.
7. I'd like to have this film developed and _ _ __
Exercise 10: Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs from the list given below. Use
the v~rbs in one of these two patterns : have somebody do something or
get somebody to do something.
clean type shine install check repair erase rewrite

1. Mr. Smith had one of the secretaries the letter. •
2. My mother has our maid the house regularly.
3. I will get the shoe shining boy my shoes.
4. The teacher got Jack his composition.
5. I had the phone man the extension in the kitchen.
6. You've got to have your lawyer this contract before you sign it.
7. We'd better have the plumber the leak in the kitchen.
8. The teacher had one of the students the board.
The verbs to make and to let, which are regarded as causative verbs, are used
according to the following formulas:
Active l'ass1ve
1. make somebody do something.
He made us work all day long. We were made to work all day.
2. let somebody do something

Let them do the work Let the work be done immediately.
immediately.
The verb to cause must take an object + 'to' infinitive :
3. He caused us to lose the game.

The verbs to walk and to work may also be used causatively:
4. She walks her dog every morning.

5. Don't work your employees to death.
72
Test on the Causative Form
1. She never has her hair . She does it herself.

a) do b) doing c) to do d) done
2. I'm afraid I'm going to have a tooth - - · - out.

a) to pull b) pulled c) pull d) pulling
3. I'm very lucky. I've never had to have my TV ___ .

a) repaired b) repair c) to repair d) get repaired
4. Her dress was too long, so she had it ___ .

a) shorten b) get shortened c) to shorten d) shortened
5. She had to have her phone number ___ because she was receiving obscene
calls from some stranger.
a) change b) changed c) to be changed d) to change
6. How did you get your lawyer ___ care of the problem so quickly?
a) to take b) take c) taken d) to be taken
7. What's the best way to get a stubborn child ___ all of his dinner?
a) eat b) to eat c) eaten d) in order to eat
8. Before the wedding ceremony, the bride and the bride groom went to the
photographer's to have their photograph _ __
a) to take b) taking c) taken d) to take
9. I was very busy yesterday, so I had my mother_ _ _ my shirt.

a) iron b) ironing c) ironed d) to iron
10. The conjuror made the rabbit ___ .

a) vanished b) to vanish c) vanishing d) vanish
11. I know my hair looks dreadful but I will have it ___ after I come back from
work.
a) set b) had set c) to set d) be set
12. You'd better have the plumber ___ the leak in the bathroom.
a) repair b) to repair c) repaired d) to be repaired
13. How did you get your Dad ___ you this car?
a) bought b) to buy c) to get bought d) to be bought
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14. Our composition teacher had us ___ five essays last month.
a) write b) to write c) written d) to be written
15. The hall was so dark that last year we ___ a window put in.
a) have had b) were having c) had d) could have
III. The Active Voice versus the Passive Voice and the
Causative Form
Exercise 11: Transform the following sentences as shown in the examples. The first
one is done for you.
1. The judge dissolved their marriage.

a) Their marriage was dissolved.
b) They had their marriage dissolved. I They got their marriage dissolved.
2. The workers painted our house.

a) Our house ..................................................... .
b) We ..................................................... .
3. The optician tested my eyes.
a) My eyes ..................................................... .
b) 1........................................................ .
4. The mechanic will repair my car tomorrow.
a) My car ................................................... .
b) I ..................................................... .
5. The teacher has checked Ali's assignment.
a) Ali's assignment ..................................................... .
b) Ali has .................................................... .
6. The maid is cleaning my room.
a) My room ..................................................... .
b) 1. ............................... :.................... .
7. The teacher has already checked my term paper.
a) My term paper ................................................... .
b) I ................................................... .
8. The technician installed our computer.
a) The computer ................................................... .
b) We ................................................... .
9. The dentist is going to pull out my bad tooth.
a) My bad tooth ................................................... .
b) I'm ................................................... .
10. The photographer took my photograph.
a) My ................................................... .
b) I .................................................... .
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Test on Active, Passive and Causative Forms
I. John to be offered a scholarship.

a) was surprising b) surprised c) was surprised d) had surprised
2. He has the most interesting collection of coins we _ __

a) ever see b) have ever been seen c) had ever seen d) have ever seen
3. " Did you install your new computer yourself?"

"No,I _ __
a) had installed it b) have it installed c) had it installed d) was installed
4. He took the bus. He the train.

a) didn't take b) hasn't been taken c) wasn't taken d) doesn't take
5. I'd like you _ _ _ a little harder in school.

a) studied b) study c) to study d) to be studied
6. I got the mechanic my car yesterday.

a) repair b) to have repaired c) repaired d) to repair
7. News ____ to all parts of the world thanks to highly developed

means of communication.
a) instantly transmits c) is instantly transmitting
b) has instantly been transmitting d) is instantly transmitted
8. The child for playing with matches.

a) may severely punish c) may be severely punished
b) may have severely punished d) may have punished severely
9. The U. N. relief operation ____ because of the fighting.

a) was disrupted b) disrupted c) was to disrupt d) was disrupting
10. The damage _ _ _ at $2billion.

a) estimates b) which is estimated c) estimated d) is estimated
11. We"ll have a highly sophisticated computer system____ in our computer

center.
a) install b) installed c) to install d) be installed
12. My friends ____ to hear that I had passed all my exams.

a) astonished c) were astonished
b) who were astonished d) being astonished
75
---------
CHAPTER 6 : Gerunds and Infinitives

I. Gerunds
Gerunds are verbal nouns. They may be used like nouns or adjectives. Study
the examples below.
A. Functions of Gerunds
1. Used like a Noun
r -...
Subject 1. Teaching English is enjoyable.
Object 2.
.He enjoys teaching English.
Complement 3. His job is teaching English.
Appositive 4. He enjoys his job, teaching English.

(Explanatory)
Object of 5. He is interested in teaching English.

a preposition He is capable of teaching English effectively.
\.
Note that we use gerunds after possessive forms:
r
6. I can't understand his insisting on such an unimportant"'
detail.
7. He criticized the government's handling of the
oolitical crisis.
2. Used like an adjective
8. a)
b)
C
Time Reference in Gerunds

1. Two actions that occur at the same time
•
a. The Active Voice
(1) He avoided spending his money on unnecessary things.
(2) She considers buying a car.
b. The Passive Voice

(3) He avoided being seen with his girl friend.
(4) Professor Smith hates being interrupted while he is lecturing.
76
2. Two actions that occur at different times
a. The Active Voice

(5) I recall having sent them an invitation.(=! recall that I sent them an
invitation.)
(6) He acknowledged having made a mistake. (=He acknowledged that he had
made a mistake.)
(7) He denies having ever met her. (=He denies that he has ever met her.)
b. The Passive Voice

(8) He is suspected of having been involved in a series of bomb attacks last
year. (=It is suspected that he was involved in a series of bomb attacks last
year.)
(9) I remember having been warned of the danger involved.(=! remember that I
was warned of the danger involved.)
Note: We may use either the present form or the perfect form of a gerund after
certain verbs to refer to actions at different times without any significant change in
meaning. The verbs in this group include recall, remember, deny and admit:
1. The maid denied that she had stolen the money.
a) The maid denied stealing the money.
b) The maid denied having stolen the money.
2. The boy admitted that he had stolen the bicycle.
a) The boy admitted stealing the bicycle.
b) The boy ~mitted having stolen the bicycle.
C. Verbs followed by the gerund

acknowledge dislike finish miss report
admit detest foresee necessitate resent
advocate discuss forgive pardon resist
anticipate dispute imagine postpone resume
appreciate endanger include practice risk
avoid enjoy involve prevent stop*
consider envisage justify prohibit suffer
contemplate escape keep propose* suggest
defer excuse mean* recall
delay fancy mention recollect
deny favor mind repent
Note: The verbs printed in italics are advanced verbs. The verbs marked by an asterisk(*)
can also take an infinitive with a different meaning.
Idiomatic expressions listed below are followed by geruqds:

it's no use · be used to · be accustomed to
it's no good get used to get accustomed to
it's worth there is no point in look forward to
can't help feel like --------
77
1. The film is worth seeing.
2. I'm used to getting up early.
3. It's no use waiting here any longer.
4. I look forward to seeing you again.
5. He is so funny that I can't help laughing.
6. She is accustomed to sitting up late.
7. At first I had some problems, but later I got used to living in London.
II. Infinitives
r
"
Type of Active Passive
Infinitive
Present to write to be written
Present to be writing
Progressive
Perfect to have written to have been written
Perfect
Progressive to have been writing
~
r 'I
Active I decided to write a story.
I want you to write to her.
He seems to be writing a letter.
She is known to have written several novels.
She is known to have been writing a novel for a long time.
Passive I want this assignment to be written in ink.

\... The letter is believed to have been written by her. ~
A. Uses of Infinitives
1. Used like a Noun
Specific Examples
IPnndinn
Subject To learn English well is important.

Object He wants to learn English well.
Complement His aim is to learn English well.
Appositive One of his greatest ambitions in life, to learn English well,
(Explanatory) takes up a great deal of his time.
78
2. Used like an Adjective
the first Neil Armstrong is the first man to set foot on the moon.
the next The next train to arrive was from London.
the last Ali was the last athlete to finish the race.
the only The pilot was the only person to survive the air'-I"ash.
the superlative The best man to see for your eye trouble is Professor Brown.
degree Mr. Taylor is the highest ranking U.S. diplomat to visit
Ruritania since the civil war ended.
The cheapest place to eat at is the cafeteria.
to replace This is an important point to bear in mind(= ... which we should

modals bear in mind)
I have a lot of letters to write( = ... which I must write)
3. Used like an Adverb (Infinitive of Purpose)

To learn English well, he must study hard.
He studies English to learn it.
B. Structures That Are Followed by 'To'- Infinitive

1. too I enough He is too old to work any more.
She is beautiful enough to win a beauty contest.
2. adjective+ infinitive They are likely to postpone the meeting.

It's necessary to make some changes.
It's impossible to implement these measures.
3. noun+ infinitive His desire to learn English is very strong.
4. some idiomatic expressions
a. be+'to'-infinitive
(1) arranged future (la) The Prime Minister is to go to Paris next week.
(=The Prime Minister will go to Paris next week.)
(lb) Fresh elections are to be held in October.

(=Fresh elections will be held in October.
(2) obligation (2a) You are to obey the captain's orders.

(=You must obey the captain's orders.)
(3) prohibition (2b) These cakes are not to be eaten until they are ready.
(=These cakes must not be eaten until they are
ready.)
79
b. be able to I was able to finish my project yesterday.
c. be supposed to We are supposed to conform to these regulations.
(=We ought to conform to these regulations.)
d. be going to I'm going to give a party tomorrow.
e. used to I used to smoke a lot, but I don't anymore.
f. be about to He is about to finish his work.
5. in some passive constructions

a. some verbs taking He has never been known to give any money
~ infinitives: to a charity organization.
He was made to work all day long.
She was seen to leave the building
They were heard to sing a song in chorus.
b. some verbs having It is acknowledged that he is an expert on birds.

two passive forms He is acknowledged to be an expert on birds.
6. used to replace some noun clauses

I don't know what to do.
(=I don't know what I should do.)
He can't decide where to go for his holiday.

(=He can't decide where he should go for his holiday.)
C. Time Referenee in Infinitives

1. Active Infinitives
a. Present Infinitive/Present Progressive(Referring to an action or event
occurring at the same time as that of the main verb, ~ :
Present I. a) It is known that he takes his medicine regularly.

Infinitive b) He is known to take his medicine regularly.
2. a) It was known that he took his medicine regularly.

b) He was known to take his medicine regularly.
Present 3. a) It seems that he is enjoying himself.

Progressive b) He seems to be enjoying himself.
4. a) It appeared that he was gaining support among

people.
b) He appeared to be gaining support among people.
Present 5. a) It is expected that he will win the elections.

Infinitive b) He is expected to win the elections.
(Referring to future)
80
b. Perfect Infinitive/Perfect Progressive (Referring to an action or event
earlier in time th;m that of the main verb):
(1) Perfect 6. a) It is estimated that the factory(has)cost $5 million.
Infinitive b) The factory is estimated to have cost $5 million.
7. a) It is reported that he has resigned from his post.

b) He is reported to have resigned from his post.
8. a) It was reported that he had killed his wife.

b) He was reported to have killed his wife.
(2) Perfect (Referring to an action that began in the past but continues
Progressive up to the present time or an action that had been in progress
before a past action ):
9. a) lt·is known that he has been taking medicine

for a long time.
b) He is known to have been taking medicine
for a long time.
10. a) It was known that he had been taking medicine for a

long time.
b) He was known to have been taking medicine for a
long time.
2. Passive Infinitives
a. Present Infinitive (Referring to an action or event occurring at the same time
as that of the main verb, QL}ater):
11. a) It is said that he is treated well by his neighbors.
b) He is said to be treated well by his neighbors.
12. a) John expects that he will be promoted.

b) John expects to be promoted.
b. Perfect Infinitive (Referring to an action or event earljer in time than that of
the main verb):
13. a) It is suspected that he was involved in many
incidents.
b) He is suspected to have been involved in many

iµcid;ents.
14. a) He claims that he has been discriminated against.

b) He claims to have been discriminated against.
15. a) We believed that he ho,d been wrongly accused by

them.
b) We believed him to 1.Jqve been wrongly accused
by them. · ·
81
D. Verbs That Take the Infinitive
(Group I) (Group II) .
(NP+V+'TO' -Infinitive) (NP+V+NP+ 'TO'+lnfinitive)
agree know(how) allow* advise*

aim manage believe notify
appear offer cause oblige
arrange plan challenge order
bother pledge command permit*
can afford prepare compel recommend*
care pretend dare remind
claim proceed drive require
consent promise enable select
decide refuse encourage teach
demand resolve find tell
deserve seek force tempt
endeavor seem hire trouble
fail tend invite trust
happen threaten urge
hesitate undertake warn
hope venture
learn(how) volunteer
Verbs That Take Mixed Group (Groups I and II)

~- Infinitive (NP+V+'(NP)+TO' -Infinitive)
(=Infinitive without to) ask help
make help beg intend
have let choose request
desire want
expect wish
Notes:
a. Verbs printed in italics are advanced verbs.
b. Verbs in Group I are followed by infinitives:

(l) He has decided to sell his car.
(2) He failed to finish his project.
c. Verbs in Group II are followed by Object+ Infinitive:

(3) I warned him to pay more attention to his work.
(4) The cold weather caused the plants to die.
d. Verbs in tire Mixed Group (Groups I and II)are followed by (Object) +Infinitive:
(5) She wants (us) to go to the party.
e. Verbs marked by an asterisk take a gerund if they are not followed by an object:
(6) The doctor advised me to rest. Compare: The doctor advised resting.
82
E. Verbs That Need Special Attention
a. Verbs Followed by Either Gerunds or Infinitives with a Difference in Meaning
After the verbs forget, remember, and regret, the gerund refers to an action or
event earlier in time than that of the main verb:
la. forget I'll never forget telephoning Jill for the first time.
(i.e. I first telephoned Jill a long time ago, but I'll never forget this
event.)
2a. remember I remembered posting (or having posted) the letter.

(= I remembered that I had posted the letter at some time earlier.)
3a. regret I regret telling you that your father is ill.

(=I regret that I've told you that your father is ill.)
The infinitive after these verbs refers to an action or event occurring at the same
~ as that of the main verb or l!Uer:
lb. forget I forgot to telephone Jill yesterday, so I couldn't give her the
news.(I didn't phone Jill yesterday)
Don't forget to lock the door before you leave.
2b. remember I remembered to post the letter. (=I did not forget to post it.)
Don't worry. I'll remember to invite Jane to the party.
3b. regret I regret to tell you that your father is ill.

(=I'm sorry to tell you that your father is ill.)
The meanings of the other verbs are explained below:
4a. stop She stopped smoking on the doctor's advice.

( She didn't smoke any longer.)
b. She stopped to smoke a cigarette.
(=She stopped whatever she was doing in order to smoke a
cigarette.)
5a. mean I didn't mean to hurt you.(=I didn't intend to hurt you.)
b. This new order means working overtime.
(This new order necessitates working overtime.)
6a. propose I propose to start work tomorrow.(=! plan to start work)

b. I propose starting work tomorrow. (=I suggest starting work
tomorrow.)
83
7. try Try to sleep in spite of the noise.
Try sleeping. It might relax you.
b. Some verbs take infinitives if they take an object but a gerund if they don't.
The verbs in this group include allow, permit, recommend, and advise:
8. a) My parents do not allow me to watch horror films.

b) My parents do not allow watching horror films.
9. a) The rules of the club do not permit anybody to smoke in the assembly hall.
b) The rules of the club do not permit smoking in the assembly hall.
c. Some verbs which take both gerunds and infinitives must take the infinitive if
they are used in continuous tenses. The verbs in this group include continue,
start, begin and cease.
10. He started learning English. He started to learn English.
11. but He's continuing to learn English.
d. The verb blame often takes a 'to' infinitive form after the verb to be.
12. Which driver was to blame for the accident?
e. The verbs hope and expect may be followed by perfect infinitives:

l3. He expects to have finished his project by June.
f. Finally, pay considerable attention to the use of the verb need:

14. a) I need to drink water.
14 b) The floor needs cleaning(=needs to be cleaned).
F. Additional Notes on Be+To-Infinitive

a. Note how the perfect infinitive is used in the following example:
15. The Pope was to have visited Mexico last year but he had to postpone his trip because of
his illness.
b. Note how was/were+ 'to' infinitive and be supposed to+infinitive could be used to refer to
past events:
16a. The officer was to report the incident to his commander.(=We don't know whether the
officer actually reported the incident to his commander or not.)
16b. The officer was supposed to report the incident to his commander.(We don't know
whether he reported it to him or not.)
16c. The officer was to have reported the incident to his commander, but he was unable to
contact him. (We know that he didn't report it to him.)
16d. The officer was supposed to have reported the incident to his officer, but he didn't
report it to him.
17. Years later, this young man was to become the leader of the country.
c. Be+ 'To'-Infinitive may be used after ifto indicate purpose:
18. A realistic assessment of students' needs is essential if a better syllabus is to be
designed.
84
Test on Gerunds and Infinitives - Set 1
Choose the alternative best best completes each sentence.

1. She was made from dawn to dusk.
a) work b) working c) to work d) worked
2. Why don't you let him _ _ _to the dance?

a) go b) to go c) going d) goes
3. Ayla! Do you happen Aynur's phone number?

a) knowing b) that you know c) to know d) if you know
4. The police_ _ _ on their handling of the affair.

a) congratulate c) are congratulating
b) are to be congratulated d) are to congratulate
5. It's necessary _ _ _ the system, isn't it?

a) altered b) altering c) to alter d) to be altered
6. Don't be surprised if he leaves without _ _ _ good-bye.

a) he says b) to say c) he will say d) saying
7. He has never been known _ _ _ a lie.

a) tell b) to tell c) telling d) being told
8. The criminals are said _ _ _ in the dense forest.

a) that they are hiding c) to be hiding
b) hiding d) hidden
9. Don't let yourself _ _ _ by your failure.

a) discouraged c) being discouraged
b) to be discouraged d) be discouraged
10. He all the money he inherited from his parents.

a) is said to have been spent c) is said to have spent
b) said to have spent d) is said that he spent
11. An all night curfew _ _ _ yesterday following the violent clashes between
the rival ethnic groups .
a) is reported to have been declared c) is reported to declare
b) was reported to have declared d) is reported to be declared
12. John was assumed a Welshman because of his surname.

a) to be b) being c) that he was d) his being
85
13. The robbers are thought several banks before they were caught by the
police yesterday.
a) to rob b) to be robbed c) having robbed d) to have robbed
14. Now that I've retired, I miss _ _ _ people.

a) to meet c) meeting
b) that I can't meet d) to be able to meet
15. "Why did you close the door?"

"I'm tired to the baby crying."
a) to listen . b) of listening c) being listened d) listening
16. "What is the most useful modem invention?"

"Can you imagine without electricity?"
a) to live b) yourself to live c) living d) live
17. John is against _ _ _ the existing system.

a) to change b) changing c) change d) we change
18. "Did you sweep the floor?"

"No. It didn't need _ __
a) to clean b) to be cleaned c) cleaned d) being cleaned
19. The five-man crew of the research satellite are reported _ _ _ in good
condition.
a) being b) having been c) to be d) that they are
20. During the Middle Ages, a whole science called alchemy grew up around
efforts ___ by artificial means.
a) gold to make c) to make gold
b) to making gold d) gold to be made
21. Although the subscription department claims ___ our order, we are still
getting the magazine.
a) not receiving c) having received
b) was receiving d) not to have received
22. Bill: "Let's go and have lunch."

Ed: "I'll join you later. I mustn't stop ___ on this for another ten minutes."
a) to be working b) to have worked c) to work d) working
23. The government asked the people to be sure to avoid ___ any water which
had not been boiled.
a) drinking b) not to be drunk c) having drunk d) to drink
86
24. The sign said that unauthorized persons were prohibited ___ that restricted
area.
a) entering b) to enter c) from entering d) having entered
25. My friend said she is very eager ___ a real Hollywood star.
a) to meet c) in meeting
b) for meeting d) that she can meet
Test on Gerunds and Infinitives - Set 2

1. The lenses of this microscope need _ _ .
a) to adjust b) adjust c) adjusting d) adjusted
2. John was the first student ___ for the scholarship.

a) to apply b) in applying c) applied d) to be applied
3. I enjoy _ _ pictures.
a) to draw b) drawing c) being drawn d) that I draw
4. We are looking forward to _ _ from you.

a) hear b) being heard c) hearing d) having heard
5. We insisted _ _ by the manager.

a) to be seen b) to see c) on being seen d) on seeing
6. Would you consider _ _ that sports car?

a) to be buying b) buying c) to buy d) about buying
7. You don't object _ _ you by your first name, do you ?

a) that I call b) to my calling c) to being called d) for calling you
8. He acknowledged _ _ a serious mistake.

a) to have made b) having been made c) to make d) having made
9. They threatened _ _the kidnapped businessman unless their demands

were met.
a) to have killed b) to be killed c) killing d) to kill
10. The stewardess reminded _ _ their seatbelts on during the takeoff.

a) the passengers' keeping c) the passengers to keep·
b) to keep the passengers d) that the passengers
11. Our teacher may refuse _ _ the test.

a) postponing b) us to postpone c) to be postponed d) to postpone
87
12. The students in his classes consider an excellent teacher.
a) Dr. Brown's being c) Dr. Brown to be
b) about Dr. Brown to be d) Dr.Brown being
13. The earth was believed flat.

a) that it is b) to be c) that it was d) being
14. My friend has just come back from the United States. He seems _ _ his
English considerably during his long stay there.
a) to improve c) to have improved
b) having improved d) to have been improved
15. He offered _ _ me, which surprised me.

a) to help b) that he would help c) helping d) for helping
16. He has promised _ _ me as often as he can.

a) to visit b) visiting c) to be visited d) to have visited
17. I resent
a) to be looked down upon c) having looked down upon
b) being looked down upon d) to have looked down upon
18. It's nearly lunchtime. Why don't we stop _ _ a bite to eat?

a) that we have b) to having c) to have d) having
19. I'm not accustomed to _ _ so early.

a) get up b) to have gotten up c) I get up d) getting up
20. Would you mind _ _ that large stack of papers over there?
a) to hand to me b) handing me c) hand me d) to hand me
21. We appreciate _ _ us to the party.

a) your inviting b) for your inviting b) you to invite d) to invite
22. I remember him and his mother ___ about the problem.
a) complaining b) being complained c) to complain d) complained
23. The doctor has warned _ _ more frequently.

a) her exercising c) her to exercise
b) to exercise d) her to have exercised
24. The pilot delayed _ _ until he had spoken with the airport officials.
a) landing c) being landed
b) to land d) the plane to land
25. When I hear certain kinds of music, I can't help·_·_·'·_ my foot.

a) that ltap b) myself to tap c) to tap d) tapping
88
CHAPTER 7: Adjectives
Adjectives occur in a variety of structures. The following table summarizes the
most important structures in which we can see adjectives.
Subject+Verb adjective phrase

modifier(s) adjective modifiers/clauses
He is quite certain of success.

He's very enthusiastic about the festival.
She is much taller than you.
He is utterly devoid of common sense.
This mission is almost impossible to accomplish.
He's so popular that everybody knows him.
I'm fully confident that I will win the race.
Mary is busy typing the report.
He's too lazy to do his homework.
He's not as popular as he thinks he is.
He's not so successful as I am.
She's getting rather fat.
There are five major patterns in which adjectives are used in English. Below you
will find each of these patterns with illustrative examples. After each pattern, you
will also find a list of the adjectives which fall into this category. (Note that with a
few exceptions,such as .b.YSj'. above, all adjectives are followed by 'to'-in.finitive.)
I. Major Adjective Patterns

Pattern 1 A. He was kind to help us.
B. It was kind of him to help us.
brave foolish (im)polite silly

careless generous right/wrong thoughtful
clever good rude wicked
(in)considerate (un)kind selfish
The adjectives in this pattern can be used in either of the two ways illustrated in the
model sentences above as IA and 18.
Exercise 12. Use the adjectives in the following sentences in Pattern 18, making
any necessary changes. The first one is done for you.
1. a) Ali was foolish not to accept the offer.
b) It was foolish of Ali not to accept the offer.
2. a) He was very selfish not to contribute anything.
b) ................................................................................... .
89
3. a) She was foolish to believe him.
b)
4. a) You were very generous to contribute so much.
b)
5. a) You're very considerate to offer to help me.
b)
Pattern 2: He is eager to please.
afraid careful due free quick
anxious curious eager frightened reluctant
ashamed determined fit glad willing
These adjectives cannot be used in the pattern it is +adj+ 'to'- infinitive . Adjectives
referring to possibility and probability can also be included here:
apt bound certain
liable likely sure
l. Ali is likely to start his own business.

2. He is keen to join the club.
3. He is anxious to meet you.
4. My students are eager to learn.
5. He is reluctant to lend us money.
6. He is quite willing to make sacrifices for his family.
7. His book is due to be published in October.
8. He is bound/certain/sure to sign the contract.
9. Our teacher is apt to be forgetful.
10. He is liable to shout when he gets angry.
Pattern 3 A. He is easy to please.

B. It is easy to please him.
amusing difficult exciting impossible
boring easy hard interesting
Exercise 13. Change the adjectives from Pattern 3A to Pattern 3B, making any nec-
essary changes. The first one is done for you.
l. a) She is amusing to be with.
b) It is amusing to be with her.
2. a) Peter is interesting to talk to.
b) ................................................................................... .
3. a) His actions are impossible to justify.
b) ····················································································
4. a) These problems are hard to overcome.
b) ····················································································
5. a) She is difficult to get along with.
b) ···················································································
90
Pattern 4: It is good to be here.
A very large number of adjectives fit into this pattern. The infinitive subject is
normally replaced by it.
1. To accept the offer would be foolish. It would be foolish to accept the offer.
2. Not to accept the offer would be foolish. It would be foolish not to accept the
offer.
A number of adjectives in this pattern (those showing advice, necessity, duties,

recommendation, obligation and importance) can also be followed by that+
Subject+ (should) bare infinitive. In other words, the adjectives of this kind take the
subjunctive:
3. a) It is important for him to be on time.
b) It's important that he (should) be on time.
Note: See page 171 for adjectives that take the subjunctive form.
Exercise 14. Use the adjectives in Pattern 4 in the subjunctive form (=bare
infinitive/ fll-infinitive)making any necessary changes. The first one is done for you.
1. a) It's essential for him to study hard
b) It's essential that he (should)study hard
2. a) It's advisable for her to rest for a few days.
b) .................................................................................. ..
3. a) It's necessary for Mary to register for this course.
b) ................................................................................... .
4. a) It's important for her not to miss any lectures.
b) ................................................................................... .
5. a) It's urgent for the patient to be examined at once.
b) .................................................................................. ..
Pattern 5: He is the first to arrive.

1. She is always the first (guest) to arrive and the last to leave.
2. You're the only person to complain.
3. Dr. Smith is the best person to consult on such matters.
4. Ed was the first person to get home. The next one to arrive was Bill .
II. Linking Verb + Adjective

The following verbs are followed by adjectives when they are used as linking verbs:
appear die feel grow* look smell

be emerge get keep remain taste
become fall* go* lie seem tum*
appear He appears con]laent.
become He became famous as an artist at the age of thirty.
emerge He emerged triumphant from the power struggle.
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fall The court room fell silent .
feel This material feels soft.
get He got ill.
go The milk went sour.
grow He grew interested in the course as time went by.
keep Keep silent, please.
lie A bird lay dead in the snow.
look She looks pale, doesn't she?
remain The prices remained stable for a long time.
seem He seems quite energetic for a man of seventy.
smell This room smells terrible.
stay Bill stood motionless for at least a minute.
taste The food tastes very good indeed.
turn Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
Note: Here the verbs fall, go , grow and turn mean become.
III. Types of Adjectives

1. Adjectives which are usually or always used predicatively
ablaze alike averse devoted reconciled susceptible

accustomed alone aware fond resigned unaccustomed
adjacent ashamed conducive prone resistant
afraid attributable devoid proportional subiect
afraid She is afraid of her father.

alike Ayla and Aynur are alike in many ways.
alone Mary is alone at home now.
ashamed Aren't you ashamed of what you have done to her?
asleep The baby is asleep now.
aware I'm well aware that this is a risky investment.
attributable The fall in the price is attributable to a sharp reduction in demand.
devoid He was devoid of any talent whatsoever.
proportional The output should be proportional to the input.
prone Man is prone to error.
subject The plan is subject to the President's approval.
susceptible Men are sometimes more susceptible to flattery than women.
2. Emphasizing adjectives I Adjectives used only attributively
absolute gold µiere only sheer utter

complete inner metal outer sole
complete He made me feel like a complete idiot.

absolute Some of it was absolute rubbish.
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main This is the main reason why he refused to help me.
utter It was utter nonsense.
sheer It was sheer luck.
mere She is a mere child.
sole He is the sole representative of the firm.
3. Adjectives after and before nouns with a change of meaning
affected concerned elect late proper right

available designate involved old required tall
broad deep high present responsible suggested
involved a) The boy involved (=connected with the incident)has just left.
b) They had long, involvecl(=complex; complicated) discussions.
concerned a) The concerned (=worried/anxious) doctor rang for an ambulance.
b) The doctor concerned(=involved) is on holiday.
late a) The teacher was late for her class.
b) Mrs. Brown gave her late(=dead) husband's clothes to charity.
present a) Present employees (=those currently employed)number 3,000.
b) Employees present(those here now) should vote on the issue.
proper a) It was a proper(=correct) question.
b) The question proper(=itself) has not been answered.
4. Post Posed Adjectives

Some adjectives are always placed after the noun phrase they modify:
the president elect court martial
attorney general notary public
5. The+ Adjective Used like Noun Phrases

The following adjectives preceded by the definite article the may be used like noun
phrases:
The rich are getting richer, while the poor are getting poorer.
(=Those who are rich are getting richer... )
the aged the elderly the old the strong

the blind the evil the poor the young
the dead the handicapped the rich the weak
the deaf the living the sick the wealthy
Further Examples
the rich The rich have benefited much more than the poor.
the blind The blind and the deaf are handicapped.
the evil The evil must be punished.
the sick A nurse looks after the sick.
the dead The living should remember the dead.
the young The young should show respect to the old.
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Exercise 15A: (Adjective+Enough)Rewrite the following sentences as in the
example:
1. a) He is strong enough . He can lift this table.
b) He is strong enough to lift this table.
2. a) The pear is ripe. I can eat it.
b) ................................................................... .
3. a) She is very beautiful. She can win a beauty contest.
b) ................................................................... .
4. a) He is very clever. He can solve this problem easily.
b) ................................................................... .
5. a) She is not tall. She can't play basketball on our team.
.
b) ................................................................... .
Exercise 15B: (Too+ Adjective) Rewrite the following sentences as in the
example:
1. a) That car is too expensive. I can't buy it.
b) That car is too expensive for me to buy.
2. a) He is too old. He can't work.
b)
3. a) She's too young. She can't get married.
b)
4. a) This problem is too complicated. I can't solve it.
b)
5. a) The mountain cliff is too steep. We can't climb it.
b)
IV.Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives

The chart below states the rules for the comparative and superlative forms of
adjectives:
Rule Forms
Une-syllable aa;ectives AOJecuve Lomparatlve ;:supenat1ve
Add -er and -est to the big bigger the biggest
adjective. fat fatter the fattest
large larger the largest
1 wo-syuame aa;ectzves
1. If a two-syllable adjective happy happier the happiest
ends in y, -ple, -ble, -or ow simple simpler the simplest
use-er and -est. If the humble humbler the humblest
adjective ends in y, change narrow narrower the narrowest
y to i and add -er or -est.
2. Use either -er and -est clever cleverer/ the cleverest
and more and most if more clever the most clever
the adjective ends in
--ow, er, or- some. handsome handsomer the handsomest
more handsome the most handsome
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Rule Adjective Comparative :Superlative
3. For two-other adjectives famous more famous the most famous
except those listed below
use more and most.* severe more severe the most severe
accurate more accurate the most accurate
Adjectives with more than

two syllables
If an adjective has more interesting more interesting the most
than two syllables, use interesting
more and most.
expensive more expensive the most
expensive
Irregular Forms good better the best

bad worse the worst
little less the least
much more the most
many more the most
far farther the farthest
* Note: Some additional two-syllable adjectives which can be used like those
mentioned in Rule 2 above are lovely, pleasant, and common .
V. Constructions with Comparisons

A. The Equal Degree
We use as ••• as in the affirmative and not as/not so... as in the negative:
1. She is as intelligent as you are.
2. A Mercedes is three times as expensive as a Ford.
3. Istanbul is twice as big as Ankara.
4. He is as stubborn as a mule.
5. She is not so old as I am. (negative sentence)
or She is not as old as I am.
6. I'm not as good a cook as she is.
7. I earn three times as much as he does. Nevertheless, I can't save as much
money as he does.
8. Water is eight hundred times as dense as air.
9. Sunburn can be just as severe as heat burn.
10. I've read twice as many books as he has.
B. The Comparative Degree

With the comparative we use than:
1. More food is wasted than is eaten in this canteen.
2. She is far more pessimistic than you are.
3. He is much more tolerant of criticism than I am.
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4 . Bill is more diligent than Bob.
5. Bill is no handsomer (or not handsomer )than Jack.
6. It is estimated that no fewer than 40.000 people were present at the
demonstration.
7. She is a more capable teacher than many of her more experienced colleagues.
8. I need a strong rope. Which is the stronger of these two?
9. They have been able to devise a far more efficient system than we use.
10. She was getting older year by year, and lonelier, and more ridiculous.
11. Computers are becoming more and more complicated.
12. The more money you make, the more you spend.
13. A computer is more efficient than a fax machine is economical.
14. Michael has more daughters than Bill has sons.
C. Substitution in the Comparative Form
1. This car 1s better than that car.

that one.
2. These books are better than the books [which ] I have at home
the ones [which] I have at home.
those [which ]I have at home.
the ones I those I have at home.
B. This information is better than the information [which] we have
that [which ] we have.
that we have.
D. The Superlative Degree

Comparison of three or more people or things is expressed by the superlative
with the... in/of. The superlative form is also used before an adjectival phrase
or clause, or after one of...+ a adjectival clause:
I. Dr.Erkan is the best dentist in the city.
2. Fat is one of the most important nutrients, and it is the nutrient that
produces the highest amount of energy for bodies.
3. Linda is the most considerate of my friends.
4. China is the most populous country in the world.
5. This is the least expensive of all the cars sold here.
Of all the cars sold here, this is the least expensive.
Exercise 16: Supply the correct superlative form of the adjectives given in
parentheses.
1. August is month of the year.(hot)
2. Of all the secretaries in this department, Mary is (effi'cient)
3. Paul is person in the office. ( dependable)
4. Mary is secretary our firm has ever hired. (competent )
5. Alex is person in my family. (cheerful)
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Exercise 17. Use the correct forms of the adjectives given in parentheses.
I. He is regarded as boxer of all time. (good)
2. My daughter is than my son. (obedient)
3. The blue car is$ 10.000, while the red one is $30.000. The red car is three times
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ the blue one.(expensive)
4. This is certainly one of investments we have ever made.
(profitable)
5. Oxygen is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ element on the surface of the earth. (abundant)
6. Wheat bread is than white bread. (nutritious)
7. He is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ person I have ever met. (ambitious)
8. Gold is than silver. (valuable)
9. The first story is of the three stories. (sad)
IO. 1980 was year of my life. (bad)
VI. Modification of Comparatives

Some degree adverbs, such as much, many, far, a little, rather, somewhat,
any, all the, a lot, a great deal, considerably, significantly, even and no are
used for submodification of comparative forms:
considerably This flat is considerably larger than our last one.
much He is a much better dentist than you are.
far She is far more intelligent than I thought.
a lot You look a lot better now.
a great deal It would be a great deal easier if you came to my place.
a little She's only a little taller than her sister.
even You know I'm lazy, but she's even lazier than me.
no Some species of dinosaurs were no bigger than a chicken.
any If it will make you any happier, I'll shave off my beard.
all the When I told him the truth, he became all the more depressed.
rather The weather was rather worse than we expected.
VII. Modification of Superlatives

quite This is quite the most expensive.
much This is much the worst stretch of motorway in the country.
very I want to give my children the very best education I can afford.
by far This is by far the greatest threat this country has ever faced.
VIII. Compound adjectives of measurement: 'a five- year old child'

a. We combine numbers with nouns in the singular to form compound adjectives
with hyphens:
e.g. a two-year old child
b. Compound adjectives of this kind can refer to :
- age : a three-year old building - area : a fifty-acre farm
- volume : a three-litre container - duration : a three-hour journey
- length : a thirty-centimeter ruler - weight : a ten-kilo bag
- price : a sixty-dollar suit - time/ distance : a ten-minute walk
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~-------------- ------ - ----------
Exercise 18: Rewrite the following sentences using compound adjectives.

1. The tunnel is twenty kilometers. It's .................................................... .
2. This engine has four cylinders . It's ........................................................ .
3. The journey takes two days. It's ............................................................ .
4. My engine is forty litters. It's ............................................................... .
5. There w:ere five men on the team. It was ................................................ .
6. The boy was six years old. He was ........................................................ .
IX. Adjectives ending in '-ed' and'-ing'

a. We use some participles ending in -ed (e.g. frightened) and some present partici-
ples ending in -ing (e.g. interesting) as adjectives.
b. Generally speaking, -ing participle indicates ~ and -ed participle indicates
~:
The film bored the children.
The mm was boring for the children.
The children were bored with the film.
c. We often use -ed endings to describe people:
The article interested Bill. Bill was interested in the article.
d. We often use - ing endings to describe things, events etc. :
The article was interesting.
Exercise 19: Finish the following as in the example:

E.g. Failure frustrates us.
a) Failure is frustrating.
b) We are frustrated by failure.
1. The result surprised us. The result ........................................................... .
2. His performance impressed us. We ............................................................ .
3. His success amazed me. I ...................................................................... .
4. The result disappoints the students. The result.. .......................................... .
5. The game excited the spectators. The game ................................................. .
6. The book interests me. I. .........................................................................
7. The program entertained us. The program ................................................... .
8. His behavior astounded us. We ................................................................. .
9. Her reply upset me. 1. ............................................................................ .
10. Her father's sudden death distressed her. She ............................................... .
11. Divorce depresses people. Divorce ............................................................ .
12. Success encourages students. Students ..................................................... .
13. His response puzzled me. 1. ..................................................................... .
14. The show amused children. The show ....................................................... .
15. The news shocked everyone. Everyone ................................................. .
SPECIAL NOTE
The following adjectives are used like noun phrases in a sentence:
1. The number of dead has reached 1000.
2. There are three million unemployed in this country.
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CHAPTER 8: Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding -Iy to corresponding adjectives:
e.g. happy/happily ; clear/clearly; easy/easily etc. Adverbs can be categorized into
a number of groups according to their functions:
adverbs of time now, today, yesterday, next week, subsequently, afterwards

adverbs of place here, there, inside, outside
sentential adverbs clearly, essentially, obviously, wisely, evidently, naturally
adverbs of manner quickly, easily, clearly, accurately, precisely, slowly
restrzctmg adverbs exclus1vely, Just, merely, only, purely, simply, solely
viewpoint aaverbs econom1ca11y, psycholog1cally, sc1entit:Ically ,pol!tically
adverbs of degree quite, rather, fairly, extremely, much, a lot, highly
focusing adverbs chiefly, especially, mainly, mostly, notably, particularly,
predominantly, primarily, principally, specifically
adverbs offrequency always, usually, sometimes, ever, never, rarely, seldom
I. Sentential Adverbs
These adverbs modify the whole sentence:
wisely Wisely, he rejected the offer.(= It was wise of him to reject the offer.)
essentially Essentially, there is not any significant difference between the two
approaches.
basically Basically, I'm in favor of more radical reforms.
naturally Naturally, there is a limit to what a person can accomplish.
II. Adverbs of Manner

These adverbs modify verbs, indicating how something is done :
1. He rejected the offer wisely. (= He rejected the offer in a wise manner.)
2. She typed the letter carefully. (=She typed the letter in a careful manner.)
3. Bill drove the car slowly.
4. The author analyzes the problems quite systematically.
III. Restricting Adverbs

I. You are solely responsible for what happened.
2. Hair is found exclusively in mammals.
3. Is success simply a matter of working hard?
4. His work is purely theoretical.
IV. Viewpoint Adverbs

I. Economically and politically, Turkey is committed to Europe.
2. Scientifically, the project was far from being satisfactory.
3. Theoretically, this is possible.
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4. Psychologically (=from the psychological point of view), he was in a turmoil.
5. Politically (=from the political point of view), it's a bad decision.
V. Focusing Adverbs
1. We talked mostly about me.

2. Some people, notably his colleagues, had learned to ignore his moods.
3. The population of this island is predominantly black.
4. This song is popular particularly! especially among young people.
VI. Adverbs of Degree/Intensifiers

These adverbs form a very large category comprising several subcategories:
A. Emphasizers: definitely,certainly, actually, clearly, obviously

1. He will definitely reject your offer.
2. He is certainly right.
B. Amplifiers:
Set 1 absolutely, completely, entirely.extremely, fully,perfectly, quite,
thoroughly, totally, utterly,
1. I quite (=completely) forgot about her birthday.
2. We thoroughly disapprove of his methods.
3. She entirely agrees with me.
4. Their personalities are totally different.
Set 2. badly, bitterly, deeply, enormously, far, greatly, highly, immensely,

intensely, much, well, severely, a great deal, a lot, by far
1. The singer is immensely popular among young people.

2. He is enormously powerful in his country.
3. She was bitterly disappointed.
4. I deeply appreciate his contribution to our project.
5. The results far exceeded my expectations.
6. I much prefer the old methods.
C. Downtowners
Set 1 kind of, quite, fairly , rather, pretty
1. I quite enjoyed the party, but I have been to better ones.

2. He was rather late.
3. She speaks English fairly well.
4. I rather like him.
5. Her English is pretty good.
6. These two cars are pretty much the same.
100
Set 2 moderately, partially, partly, slightly, somewhat, to some extent
I. This incident somewhat influenced his later life

2. You are responsible for it to some extent.
3. The patient's condition has slightly improved.
Set 3 hardly, little, scarcely, barely
1. I hardly ever (=seldom, rarely) go to the movies.

2. She plays barely/hardly/ scarcely well enough.
3. We barely/hardly/scarcely need it at all.
4. I have hardly eaten anything(= have eaten almost nothing) at breakfast
5. There is hardly any cheerful news in the newspapers today.
6. Little did they know that we were watching them.
7. Cf I hardly did any work today. I work hard because I enjoy hard work.
Set 4 almost, nearly, practically, virtually, all but (=almost)

1. He almost fell down.
2. It is virtually impossible for her to finish her project before the term ends.
3. She has all but finished her work.
VII. The Uses of Rather, Quite and Fairly

The most important uses of some adverbs are illustrated below:
A. Rather
1. With negative adjectives: The exam was rather difficult.
It's rather cold today.
2. With some verbs: I rather like raw fish

It rather surprised me.
3. With comparative forms Bill earns rather more money than his father.
4. With some nouns It's rather a pity.
5. With would I'd rather play football than swim.
6. Used in the sense of The parents should be blamed rather than the
to a great degree children.
7. Before too These shoes are rather too big.
8. With positive adjectives Your results are rather good - better than I expected
(=Surprisingly)
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2. Quite
1. With adjectives His English is quite good.
2. With adverbs He can walk quite quickly now.
3. With nouns Mr. Smith is quite an expert.

(in a few instances) Wide labels are quite the fashion this year.
4. Before some verbs Sorry, I didn't quite catch what you said.
meaning completely I don't quite agree with you.
5. With superlative forms It's quite the worst play I have ever seen.
C. Fairly
rUsually used with The exam was fairly easy.

positive adjectives The weather is fairly warm today.
'"and adverbs She speaks Bnglishfairly well.
D. Fairly versus Rather

1. Bill is fairly clever, but Jack is rather stupid.
2. The history exam was fairly easy, but the English exam was rather difficult.
VIII.The Position of Adverbs

If there are several adverbs in a sentence, they are arranged according to some
general rules:
1. manner+place+time (This is the usual arrangement.)
e.g. He did his homework carefully in the library yesterday.
2. lace+manner+time
e.g. Bill drove home in a hurry about half an hour ago.
owntown m a e1sure y manner
3. place+manner+frequency+time
e.g. Michael gave the same concert in Paris with great success twice last year.
4. Alternative Forms
In some cases the positions of adverbs can be shifted for emphasis. Follow the
examples:
a) We waved happily from the gates as Helen got off the plane.
b) We happily waved from the gates as Helen got off the plane.
c) As Helen got off the plane,we happily waved from the gates.
d) Happily, we waved from the gates as Helen got off the plane.
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5. Long Object:
Adverbs of manner normally follow the object of the verb they modify, but if
the object is too long they precede the object:
Examples:
He could picture easily the consequences of being found by the owners.
She sang beautifully a school song the children had taught her when they were
little .
IX. Frequency Adverbs

Frequency adverbs follow the verb to be and precede all the other verbs:
always on time.
1. Ed is usually
never
2.Ed always comes on time.
usually
often
sometimes
occasionally
rarely
hardly ever
seldom
never
If there are two auxiliary verbs, they follow the first auxiliary:
3. John should never have volunteered .
X. The Position of Negative Adverbs

Negative adverbs can be moved to the initial position, in which case inversion
becomes necessary. Follow the examples:
Normal Word Order Inverted Word Order
She rarely goes to the opera. Rarely does she go to the opera.
We hardly ever eat in a restaurant. Hardly ever do we eat in a restaurant.
I will not support him under any [fnder no circumstances will I support
circumstances. him.
You should on no account let strangers in. On no account should you let strangers in.
XI.Additional Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases

1. Still He still lives in Italy.
She's still writing her report.
I still haven't heard from him.
Note also still used as a sentence connector: He is rich now. Still, he is poorly dressed.
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2. any more/ any longer She doesn't live here any more/any longer.
3. nolonger She no longer lives here.
XII. Constructions with Comparisons

The rules for comparison are the same as those used for adjectives.
A. The Equal Degree
1. He can type as accurately as you do.

2. She can do this work as efficiently as any other secretary at this office.
B. The Comparative Degree

1. She types faster than I do.
2. He works harder than you do.
3. He can walk more quickly than I do.
4. He swims more vigorously than you do.
5. He dealt with this matter more thoroughly than you did.
C. The Superlative Degree

1. Helen works the most diligently of all.
2. Betty works the least diligently of all.
3. He swims the fastest of all these young swimmers.
4. Mary played the piano the most beautifully of all the contestants.
Test on Adjectives and Adverbs
1. He's I am.
a) most ambitious c) the most ambitious
b) more ambitious d) more ambitious than
2. We were fortunate ___ from the fire before the building collapsed.
a) to have rescued c) to have been rescued
b) to rescue d) having rescued
3. I ___ enjoy looking around museums.

a) very b) quite c) a lot d)so
4. The majority of the students responded to the Dean's call for greater
participation in cultural activities ___ than expected.
a) enthusiastically c) more enthusiastically
b) the most enthusiastically d) more enthusiastic
5. The errors you have made in this composition are not___ serious _ __
those you made in the previous one.
a) so/that b) such/as c) neither/nor d) so/as
104
6. An elephant can lift ___ a ton with its tusks.
a) so much that c) most
b) as many d) as much as
7. The kilometer is as the mile.

a) shorter than c) not as long
b) the lesser length d) much shorter
8. After years of great unhappiness in her life, Mrs.Palmer one day just seemed to
go ___ .
a) mad b) madly c) madder d) madness
9. Language policy has been a subject of ___ debate in multilingual nations.

a) sharp b) sharper c) sharpest d) as sharp as
10. The plan calls for a ___ defense than the one we currently have.
a) stronger b) strongest c) stronger than d) as strong
11. Of all the amplifiers, this product with its wide range provides ___ stability
within the audible spectrum.
a) the greatest b) the greater c) greater d) greatest
12. I write English ___ he does.

a) better than b) as good as c) the best d) as well
13. I have ___ education than my husband.

a) most b) much c) more d) the more
14. We don't have ___ religion.

a) the same b) alike c) same d) the same \l~
15. He's than I am.

a) stronger c) as strong as
b) more strongly d) strongest
16. ___ powerful member of the entire cat family is the tiger.
a) Most b) The most c) More d) The more
17. Helen types ___ than all the other secretaries in our office.
a) more accurate c) the more accurately
b) more accurately d) the most accurately
105
18. Oztiirk is ___ last name in Turkey.
a) most common c) the most common
b) more common d) the more common
19. Istanbul is ___ city in Turkey

a) big b) the bigger c) biggest d) the biggest
20. A nurse should be a doctor.

a) patient as c) more patient than
b) more patient d) the most patient of
21. Men don't live women.

a) longest b) as long as c) as long d) longer
22. Ali's bicycle cost twice___ Can's.

a) more than c) as much as
b) as many as d) more as
23. There are now ___ methods for studying color vision in infants than
there once were.
a) more sophisticated than c) much sophisticated
b) much more sophisticated d) sophisticated
24. Ayla is ___ of the two girls standing over there.

a) old b) the older c) the oldest d) older
25. The ostrich is ___ of all living birds.

a) the largest b) the largest that is c) largest d) larger than
26. Drying of meats and vegetables is no longer considered one of ___ of

preserving food.
a) the ways are useful c) the ways most useful
b) the most useful ways d) most are useful ways
27. The atmosphere is denser near the surface of the earth than ___ .
a) it is farther away c) denser farther away
b) further away from it d) is farther away
28. He's about chess than I am.

a) most enthusiastic c) the most enthusiastic
b) as enthusiastic as d) more enthusiastic
29. Helen is ___ student in her class.

a) intelligent c) most intelligent
b) the most intelligent d) more intelligent
30. John is one of students in our school.
a) successful c) most successful
b) the more successful d) the most successful
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CHAPTER 9: Relative (Adjective) Clauses
We use relative clauses to combine two simple sentences in which there are
two identical noun phrases. To understand relative clauses,we must recognize
relative pronouns. Study the following table to understand the types and functions of
relative pronouns.
Function For Relative Pronouns
Defining Non -Defining
People who/that ,who ... ,

Subjective
Things or
Animals which/that .which ...
People [who(m)/that]* ,who(m) ... ,
Objective
Things or
Animals [which/that]* ,which ... ,
People whose ,whose ... ,

Possessive
Things or whose ,of which ... ,
Animals .whose ....
*Note: If the relative pronoun is the object of a defining clause, it may be omitted.
Relative Adverbs
place where+(Subject+Verb+ ... )

Relative adverb for time when +(Subject+Verb+ ... )
reason why +(Subject+Verb+ ... )
I. Defining Relative Clauses

These describe the preceding noun in such a way as to distinguish it from the
nouns of the same class. A clause of this kind is essential to the clear understanding
of the noun:
1. a) An architect is a person who designs buildings.

b) A teacher is a person who teaches.
2. a) A cinem.a is a place where we can see films.

b) A hospital is a place where people are given medical care.
In the above examples, relative clauses distinguish an architect from a teacher
and a cinema from a hospital by stating their distinguishing characteristics.
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With the exception of (2d) in the right hand column, all the examples in the
table below illustrate defining relative clauses: ·
I. Formation of Relative Clauses
Basic Sentell""" Relative Clauses

a) He kicked me. a) This is the boy who kicked me.
b) I kicked him. b) This is the boy whom I kicked.

This is the boy who I kicked.
This is the boy that I kicked.
I.This is the boy. This is the boy I kicked.
c) His brother kicked c) This is the boy whose

me. brother kicked me.
d) I kicked hisbrother. d) This is the boy whose

brother I kicked.
a) It kicked me. a) This is the horse which kicked me.

This is the horse that kicked me.
b) I kicked it. b) This is the horse which

I kicked.
2.This is the horse. This is the horse that I kicked.
This is the horse I kicked.
c) Its owner kicked me. c) This is the horse whose

owner kicked me.
d) The owner of the horse d) This is the horse, the owner

kicked me. of which kicked me.
3. I know the hospital. He works in the hospital.

which he works in.*
I know the hospital that he works in.
{ he works in.
in which he works.*
I know the hospital { where he works.
Notes*: 1. In prepositional relative clauses, the preposition is placed either at the end
of the relative clause or before the.relative pronoun.
2. Where, when or why may be used instead of preposition+relative
pronoun in order to show place, time and reason respectively.
3. A preposed preposition cannot be followed by that and who.
108
4. The hotel was very expensive. I stayed at the hotel.
which I stayed at }
The hotel { that I stayed at was very expensive.
I stayed at
The hotel { at "r\ ich I stayed } was very expensive.

wht.-e I stayed
5. I know the girl. He danced with her at the party last Saturday.
with whom he danced
whom he danced with
I know the girl who he danced with

i--~~~~~~~~---1
at the party last Saturday.
that he danced with
he danced with
6. I remember the day. He left ( on ) that day.
on which he lefi.
I remember the day when he left.
that he left.
he left.
7. I don't know the reason. He left early for that reason.
I don't know the reason { for which he left early.

why he left early.
8. The woman thanked me. I helped her daughter.

The woman whose daughter I helped thanked me.
9. The town is very beautiful. I was born there.

The town where I was born is very beautiful.
10. 1975 is the year. I was born in that year.

1975 is the year {inwhen
which I was born.
I was born.
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- - - - ~ --------
II. Variations in Defining Clauses

Defining relative clauses are often used to characterize and define, but they may
also be used in the following situations:
A. Pattern in Emphasis
The pattern it is+ noun+ relative clause is used to emphasize a point, thus
forming cleft sentences.
11. Several men have walked on the moon, but it is only the first man who is
remembered.
12. Some people think money plays a crucial role in making a family happy, but I
believe that it is love that makes a family happy.
13. George didn't receive an award in 1990. It was in 1991 that he was granted an
award.
B. Expressions
Defining relative clauses are also used in the following expressions: those who
and that which (=what).
14. We feel great admiration and respect for those who gave their lives for this
country. Our people will long remember that which they did/what they did.
15. Those who persist in violating traffic rules must be sent to prison.
III.Non- Defining Clauses

Basically, non-defining clauses give additional or extra information and are
separated from the main clause by commas(, ... ,).
16. The sun, which gives us light, is a big star.
17. a) The students, who didn't study, failed. (All the students failed.)
Cf b) The students who didn't study failed. (Only those students who didn't study
failed; the others passed.)
18. a) My uncle, who is a doctor, works in Istanbul. (I have one uncle.)
Cf. b) My uncle who is a doctor works in Istanbul. (I have more than one uncle.)
19. Ali's mother, who is a housewife, is an excellent cook.
There are various situations in which non-defining relative clauses are.used.

The following is a discussion of these situations.
A. When the Antecedent is One of a Kind

20. The moon, which is the earth's only satellite, was first explored scientifically in
1968.
B. When the Antecedent is a Proper Noun
21. Istanbul, which is the biggest city in Turkey, is faced with serious problems.
22. Neil Armstrong, who was the first man to set foot on the moon, is known by
everybody.
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IV. Variations in the Use of Non-Defining Clauses
A. Quantifiers with Relative Pronouns

A quantifier may be used with a relative pronoun to introduce an adjectival
clause. The following are examples of this pattern:
... , a little/ much/half

... , one/two/three WHOM ... ,
... , either/ neither/ both OF WHICH ... ,
... , each/some/a few/several WHOSE ... ,
... , none/all/every one/most
23. a) We have two typists. Both of them are quite efficient.

b) We have two typists, both of whom are quite efficient.
24. a) The teacher was praised by the director. Most of his students were
successful in the university entrance examination.
b) The teacher, most of whose students were successful in the university
entrance examination, was praised by the director.
25. a) He has written five novels. All of them have been translated into several
foreign languages.
b) He has written five novels, all of which have been translated into several
foreign languages.
26. a) There are 250 stars in the Milky Way. One of them is our sun.
b) There are 250 stars in the Milky Way, one of which is our sun.
27. a) Space probes send back valuable information. Much of this will require
years to analyze.
b) Space probes send back valuable information, much of which will require
years to analyze.
B. Variations with the Superlative Form

28. a) There are many lakes in Turkey. The largest of them is Lake Van.
b) There are many lakes in Turkey, the largest of which is Lake Van.
29. a) Shakespeare wrote many plays. The most famous of them is Hamlet.
b) Shakespeare wrote many plays, the most famous of which is Hamlet.
30. a) He has three daughters. The most beautiful of them is the youngest.
b) He has three daughters, the most beautiful of whom is the youngest.
11 l
C. Nouns before Relative Pronouns I Possession in Things and Animals
Non-defining clauses are often used to indicate possession in things and
animals:
The house will be repaired. The roof of the house has been damaged
a)
in the storm.
b) The house, the roof of which has been damaged in the storm, will be
repaired.
32. a) The agreement will end the long running dispute between the two countries.
The details of the agreement will be released tomorrow.
b) The agreement, the details of which will be released tomorrow. will end the
long running dispute between the two countries.
D. Coordinate Relative Clauses/ Relative Clauses Referring to a Whole Sen-
tence '
33. a) Ali passed all his exams. This surprised his friends.
h) Ali passed all his exams, which surprised his friends.
34. a) He blames me for anything. I think this is unfair.

b) He blames me for anything, which I think is unfair.
V. Reduction of Relative Clauses

A. Active Constructions:
-ing participles:
Active constructions in relative clauses are replaced by
1<011 Clauses J<educed rnrases
B5. Those who want to join the trip should Those wanting to join the trip
contact Mrs. Smith. should contact Mrs. Smith.
36. The woman who is talking to my The woman talking to my

friend is my teacher. friend is my teacher.
37. The system which had serious The system having serious
drawbacks had to be changed. drawbacks had to be changed.
38. The problems which face our country The problems facing our
are mainly due to rapid population growth. country are mainly due to rapid
population growth.
39. The rocket struck the people The rocket struck the people
who were waiting in line for water. waiting in line for water.
40. John failed his exam again, which John failed his exam again, greatly
greatly disappointed his parents. disappointing his parents.
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B. Passive Constructions
Passive constructions are reduced by· ed participles:

(1) The passive forms of the simple present/the present perfect I the simple past and
the past perfect tenses in relative clauses:
41. a) The method which is used in India...

b) The method which was used in India ...
c) The method which has been used in India.. .
d) The method which had been used in India.. .
e)I The method used in India ...
42. a) Letters which are sent by air mail cost more money.
b) Letters sent by air mail cost more money.
43. a) It was unsafe to enter the building which was damaged by the fire.
b) It was unsafe to enter the building damaged by the fire.
44. a) The points which have been raised at the meeting are quite relevant.
b) The points raised at the meeting are quite relevant.
(2) The passive forms of the present continuous and the past continuous tenses in
relative clauses are reduced as in thefollowing:
45. a) The car which is being washed ...

b) The car which was being washed ...
I
c) The car being washed ...
46. a) The patient who is being examined by the doctor is very ill.
b) The patient being examined by the doctor is very ill.
C. 'To'-lnfinitive For Active or Passive Constructions

Relative clauses containing the following structures are replaced by infinitive
phrases:
(1) ordinal numbers: the first, the second/the next, the third... the last
47.1.a) Tiirkan Akyol is the first Turkish woman who became a cabinet minister.
b) Tiirkan Akyol is the first Turkish woman to become a cabinet minister.
47 .. 2.a) The first athlete who finishes the race gets the prize.
b) The first athlete to finish the race gets the prize.
47..3 .a) Ali was the last person who arrived.

b) Ali was the last person to arrive.
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48. a) He was the.first high ranking officer who was tried at the military
tribunal.
b) He was the.first high ranking officer (to be) tried at the military tribunal.
(2) the only

49. a) Madam Curie is the only woman scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice.
b) Madam Curie is the only woman scientist to win the Nobel Prize twice.
50. a) Ali was the only civilian who was allowed access to the military camp.
b) Ali was the only civilian (to be)allowed access to the military camp.
(3) the superlative form

51. a) She was the oldest person who underwent a heart transplant operation.
b) She was the oldest person to undergo a heart transplant operation.
52. a) This is the largest ship which was built here last year.
b) This is the largest ship (to be)built here last year.
(4) relative clauses containing modal auxiliaries

53. a) He has a lot of responsibilities that he must fulfill.
b) He has a lot of responsibilities to fulfill.
54. a) There are many obstacles which must be overcome before the
campaign can start.
b) There are many obstacles to be overcome before the campaign can start.
55. a) The procedure which will/should/must be followed is simple.

b) The procedure to be followed is simple.
56. a) He is not a man who can be trusted.

b) He is not a man to be trusted.
D. Verb To Be in Relative Clauses
57. a) The man who was in the car looked suspicious to me.
b) The man in the car looked suspicious to me.
58. a) The hospital which is near our house is equipped with modern devices.
b) The hospital near our house is equipped with modern devices.
59. a) The man who is responsible for the accident must be punished.
b) The man responsible for the accident must be punished.
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E. Variations in the Reduction of Non-Defining Clauses
Different from defining clausef, non-defining clauses allow preposing the
reduced clause, as in 60c-64c below:
I
60. a) Bodrum, which is a popular holiday resort, attracts many tourists.
b) Bodrum, a popular holid~y resort, attracts many tourists.
c) A popular holiday resort, Bodrum attracts many tourists.
61. a) The Middle East Technical University, which was founded in 1956, is an
English-medium university.
b) The Middle East Technical University, founded in 1956, is an English-
medium university. 1
c) Founded in 1956, The Mi~dle East Technical University is an English-

medium university.
62. a) The book, which is availali>le in almost all major bookshops, is a best seller.
b) The book, available in almost all major bookshops, is a best seller.
c) Available in almost all mqjor bookshops, the book is a best seller.
'
63. a) Juri Gagarin, who was the first astronaut who went into space, is
regarded as one of the pioneers of the space age.
b) Juri Gagarin, the first ast11onaut to go into space, is regarded as
one of the pioneers of the space age.
c) The first astronaut to go into space, Juri Gagarin is regarded as
one of the pioneers of the space age.
64. a) The woman, who was afraid to be seen crying, hid her face with a
handkerchief.
b) The woman, afraid to be seen crying, hid her face with a handkerchief.
c) Afraid to be seen crying, the woman hid her face with a handkerchief.
VI.Additional Notes on Relative Clauses

1. The words point, position and situation are often followed by where, while the
word stage can be followed by either where or when.
65. a) I've reached a point where I'm about ready to retire.
b) Increasing poverty has led to a situation where the poor openly admit that
they cannot afford to buy even bread.
c) In time we reached a stage where we had more black readers than white
ones.
2. That is preferred to which after indefinite pronouns such as all, everything,

nothing (66a-b)etc., and after the superlative forms(67a-b). Follow the
examples:
66. a) All that glitters is not gold.
b) In a big city, you can find everything (that)you need.
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I
67. a) Hamlet is the greatest play that has ev~r been written.
b) This is the best food that I have ever etten.
3. Relative clauses containing the verb have irldicating possession may be reduced
as in (68a-b) below: I
68. a) The girl who has blue eyes is Ali's sister.
b) The girl with blue eyes is Ali's sister. ,
4. Note how relative clauses are used with sortle reporting verbs (think, say,
believe etc.): I
69. a) She met a man who she says is afrienJ of the Chairman.
b) The man who I believe has stolen the money is standing over there.
c) This is the medicine which I think she ts looking for.
d) A boy who doctors predicted would die in a few months owes his life to his
parents' persistence.
5. It is obligatory to prepose( i.e. use before a relative pronoun) some prepositions

or prepositional phrases, such as by means of, in the middle of, during,
as a result of, in which case etc. Follow the examples:
70. a) The device by means of which we can measure the amount of
radioactivity is called a Geiger counter.
b) He made an important discovery, as a result of which he became
famous all over the world.
c) Some students may be inhibited by shyness, in which case, it is up to the
teacher to develop the type of classroom atmosphere that encourages even
the shy students to express themselves.
d) The committee members held a two-hour meeting, during which they
discussed several issues related to the new syllabus.
6. Note how what+few!little is used in relative clauses:

71. What few friends he had deserted him.(=The few friends that he had deserted
him.)
72. What little money he had was stolen.(=The little money that he had was stolen.)
Exercise 20: Replace the relative clauses with appropriate reduced clauses.
1. Turkey exports goods which range from raw materials to manufactured goods.
2. The government's decision to raise taxes is criticized by newspapers which
support the opposition parties.
3. Turkey was the first country which recognized Azerbaijan.
4. The new government must address the problems which underlie racial unrest.
5. Ankara, which is the capital of Turkey, is the most modern city in the country.
6. Speech is the single most important factor that distinguishes man from animals.
7. Teaching is a profession which requires official certification.
8. The student who has been chosen as the leader of the group has a strong
personality.
116
9. Drivers who ignore traffic rules endanger road safety.
10. Money which is spent on nuclear weapons is money which is wasted.
Exercise 21 : Combine the following pairs of sentences.using appropriate relative

pronouns.
1. The politicans were arrested. They were involved in a financial scandal.
2. The ship was carrying 300 passengers. It sank.
3. The books have not arrived yet. They were ordered a month ago.
4. The students had to wear uniforms. They attended that school.
5. I like to study in the morning. It is usually quiet then.
6. The story is quite unusual. It was written by Jack.
7. People need a lot of energy. They work in the mines.
8. The hotel used to be a palace. Betty is staying at it.
9. The hotel will have 600 rooms. It is being built by a foreign investor.
10. The village is near here. My uncle lives in it.
11. METU has more than one thousand foreign students. Most of them are from the
Middle East.
12. A man wanted to see you. I can't remember his name.
13. Bertrand Russel died in 1970. His philosophical writings had a profound impact
on philosophers all over the world.
14. He was elected chairman. This was surprising.
15. He has four sons. All of them are engineers.
Test on Relative Clauses

1. This is the address to _ _ _ I want this package sent.
a) it b) where c) which d) that
2. Pablo Picasso, _ _ _ works are admired all over the world, was a great
Spanish painter.
a) who b) whose c) whom d) of whom
3. We have now reached a stage ___ we can anticipate further progress.

a) which b) on which c) where d) what
4. A higher crime rate exists in cities _ _ _ a large percentage of unemployed.

a) that they have b) have c) that have d) where it has
5. Mr. Smith, _ _ _ leadership has been seriously challenged, may be forced to

resign.
a) whose b) who c) whom d) that his
6. The Democrats hope to win an overwhelming majority in parliament in

the elections next October.
a) to hold b) to be held c) holding d) will be held
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7. The president refused to accept the decision ___ .
a) which proposed the committee c) which the committee proposed
b) who the committee proposed d) proposed the committee
8. We were impressed by the traditional architecture of India,___ is in this

picture.
a) which example c) examples of which
b) an example of which d) that its example
9. The famous yacht was named after the coastal town ___ .
a) it was built there c) where it built
b) where was it built d) where it was built
10. Turkey, ___ we visited last summer, is the cradle of many ancient
civilizations.
a) where b) which c) what d) that
11. I met the woman ___ husband is the president of the corporation.
a) whose b) who c) whom her d) whom
12. Geomorphology is the study of the changes that ____ on the surface of the
earth.
a) taking place b) takes place c) take place d) they take place
13. The Andromeda Nebula, more than two million light years away, can
be seen from the northern hemisphere.
a) a galaxy b) is a galaxy c) a galaxy is d) a galaxy which
14. Daniel Webster, for his brilliant oratory, made his most famous
speech in the Senate in 1830.
a) who knew b) known c) was known d) having known
15. Helen Keller could imagine things ___ had never experienced.
a) although she b) she c) which d) what
16. The horse ___ the race belongs to a rich man.

a) that it won c) that it was the winner of
b) it won d) which won
17. The economic recession was the focus of the debate, _ _ __

a) surprised no one c) that surprised no one
b) which surprised no one d) what surprised no one
18. , Hong Kong acts as a gateway into and out of the Republic of China.
a) Strategically located c) Where strategically located
b) It is located strategically d) That it is located strategically
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19. One problem ___ immediately is drug abuse.
a) is that we must tackle c) which must tackle
b) that we must tackle d) that we must tackle it
20. ___ , Mohammed Ali Clay decided to take up professional boxing in 1964.
a) That he was virtually unbeatable as a boxer
b) As a boxer he was virtually unbeatable
c) Virtually unbeatable as a boxer
d) He was virtually unbeatable as a boxer
21. Every person has a number of variations in his personality, ___ may
impede successful group adjustment.
a) some which b) some of which c) some of them d) which some
22. A slipped disk is a condition ____ the intervertebral disk protrudes and
presses on nerves.
a) what b) which is c) in which d) that
23. The Titanic, ____ went down at sea in 1912, is reputed to have had great
wealth on board.
a) that b) which c) who d) what
24. Theories ___ the nature of the universe are constantly revised by scientists.
a) describing b) that they describe c) are described d) described
25. Was Columbus the first man ____ the New World?
a) discover b) discovered c) to discover d) who discovers
26. Peas ____ lose much of their flavor.

a) which overcooked c) that they have been overcooked
b) have been overcooked d) which have been overcooked
27. Ants are most numerous in regions _ _ __

a) have a warm climate c) a warm climate has
b) that have a warm climate d) where a warm climate
28. A political campaign ____ will be costly.

a) which last for months c) lasts for months
b) lasting for months d) will last for months
29. ___ for immediate use is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver.
a) Glucose which it is not needed c) Glucose not needing
b) Glucose not needed d) Glucose is not needed
119
30. The house , ___ has collapsed, will be repaired soon.
a) the roof of it c) which the roof
b) the roof of which d) which its roof
31. ___ to walk on the moon, Neil Armstrong is known by everyone.

a) The first man c) He is the first man
b) That he is the first man d) For he is the first man
32. He's the man

a) I was talking about him c) I was talking about
b) that I was talking about him d) who was talking about
33. She has borrowed two books from the library, ___ is relevant to her research
topic.
a) neither of them b) neither of which c) neither of that d) which neither
34. Students ___ are dismissed from the university.

a) that their grades are poor c) whose grades are poor
b) whose poor grades d) whose poor grades are
35. The language of Sumerians, ___ is unrelated to any known language.

a) which remains obscure origin c) that its origin remains obscure
b) whose origin remains obscure d) of which origin remains obscure
36. The genetic engineers are engaged in significant experiments, ___ will be
published in the Journal of Science soon.
a) which results c) that their results
b) the results of which d) of which results
37. The company has hired fifty new employees, ___ highly qualified.
a) most of them are c) most of whom are
b) that most of them d) most of them being
38. Factories emit smoke _ _ _ _ the air we breathe.

a) which pollute c) pollute
b) that pollutes d) what is polluted
39. Only one dangerous reptile, ___ , is found worldwide.

a) being the snake c) which the snake
b) the snake d) that the snake is
40. It was the best play~'_"_"__

·· that year.
a) having performed c) to be performed
b) which performed d) performing
120
41. Anyone ___ in fashion is welcome.
a) who interested b) interested c) interests d) is interested
42. This animal, which ___ as the Russian antelope, is famous for the medicinal
properties attributed to its horns.
a) is also known c) known also
b) also it is known d) it is also known
43. Large blocks of ice were usually used for refrigeration until the 1900s, ___ .
a) the electric refrigerator being invented then
b) that the electric refrigerator was invented
c) the electric refrigerator was invented
d) when the electric refrigerator was invented
44. Ali is trustworthy. He is a person upon___ you can always depend.

a) who b) that c) him d) whom
45. ___ to curb inflation proved ineffective.

a) The government took measures
b) The measures were taken by the government
c) The measures taken by the government
d) When the government took the measures
46. He's the second man ___ in this way.

a) to kill b) who killed c) to have killed d) to be killed
47. ___ in Great Britain and the United States, Professor Yilmaz is a highly
distinguished Turkish scholar.
a) That he was educated c) Educated
b) He was educated d) Educating
48. Lake Baikal, ___ in the world, is faced with the danger of serious
contamination.
a) that is the largest fresh water reservoir
b) the largest fresh water reservoir
c) being the largest fresh water reservoir
d) that it is the largest fresh water reservoir
49. Ali sold all his books, ___was very unwise of him.
a) what b) which c) that d) which it
50. Ruritania, ___ because of ethnic differences, faces tht prospect of civil war.
a) dividing b) which divided c) divided d) that is divided
121
CHAPTER 10: Noun Clauses
I. Formation of Noun Clauses
The following conjunctions are used to form noun clauses in English:
1) that (2) whether (if) (3)Wh Word

what why
when how
where how long
which how often
who how much ...
A. Noun Clauses Which Begin with That

That is used to join two statements:
1. a) I believe this. She is innocent.

b) I believe (that)she is innocent.
2. a) I know this. He is a capable teacher.

b) I know (that)he is a capable teacher.
3. a) You will succeed. I'm sure.

b) I'm sure (that) you will succeed.
4. a) He is guilty. This is obvious.

b) That he is guilty is obvious.(formal)
c) It is obvious that he is guilty. (informal)
5 a) The food is not distributed fairly. This worries me.

b) That the food is not distributed fairly worries me. (formal)
c) It worries me that the food is not distributed fairly. (informal)
6. a) His spelling is very bad. This is his main problem in writing.

b) His main problem in writing is that his spelling is very bad.
B. Noun Clauses Which Begin with Whether and If

Questions that start with auxiliary words are joined to a statement or question
by whether or if to form noun clauses. ( See the notes about the use of
whether and if in IVB in this chapter.)
7. a) Can he win the race? We don't know this.

b) We don't know whether he can win the race (or not).
122
c) We don't know if he can win the race (or not).
d) We don't know whether or not he can win the race.
8 a) Will he be successful? This is doubtful.

b) Whether he will be successful is doubtful. (formal)
c) It is doubtful whether he will be successful. (informal)
9. a) Is he aware of his son's problems? I wonder ...

b) I wonder whether he's aware of his son's problems.
c) I wonder if he's aware of his son's problems.
10. a) Does he really intend to resign? I doubt it.

· .b) I doubt whether (if)he really intends to resign.
11. a) Have they accomplished the mission? This is uncertain.

b) Whether they have accomplished the mission is uncertain.
c) It is uncertain whether (if)they have accomplished the mission.
C. Noun Clauses Which Begin with Question Words

12. a) What did he say? I don't remember it.
b) I don't remember what he said.
13. a) When will he come back? This is uncertain.

b) When he will come back is uncertain.
c) It is uncertain when he will come back.
14. a) Where will he spend his holiday? This does not concern me.
b) Where he will spend his holiday does not concern me.
c) It does not concern me where he will spend his holiday.
15. a) How did he secure credit? This must be investigated.

b) How he secured credit must be investigated.
c) It must be investigated how he secured credit.
16. a) Why is he against the plan? We have no idea.

b) We have no idea why he is against the plan.
17. a) Who is responsible for this tragic accident? We don't have the slightest idea.
b) We don't have the slightest idea who is responsible for this tragic
accident.
Note : If the real subject is moved to the end of the sentence, the pronoun it may be used as
an empty subject or a slot filler, as shown in 4bc, 5bc, 8bc,l lbc,13bc-15bc above.
123
II. Functions of Noun Clauses
Like a noun or noun phrase, a noun clause may function as the subject of a
sentence(18b-24b), object of a sentence(25b-27b), adjective complement(28b-
31 b), subject complement(32b-34b, 35-36) , an appositive for explanation (37-
41)
the object of a preposition(42b) and indirect object(43b). Follow the examples:
A. Noun Clause as the Subject of a Sentence

Noun Phrase Noun Clause
18. a) His suggestion is sensible. b) What he suggests is sensible.
19. a) His speech was impressive. b) What he said was impressive.
20. a) His reaction is unpredictable. b) How he will react is unpredictable.
21. a) Her house is very beautiful. b) Where she lives is very beautiful.
22. a) His late arrival annoyed the b) That he arrived late annoyed the
teacher. teacher.
23. a) His reasons for rejecting b) Why he rejected the offer
the offer surprised me. surprised me.
ll4. a) His honesty is questionable. b) Whether he is honest is

questionable.
B. Noun Clause as the Object of a Sentence

r ...,
25. a) I didn't hear his words. b) I didn't hear what he said.
26. a) I believe in his innocence. b) I believe that he is innocent.
J7. a) I don't know her name. b) I don't know what her name is.
C. Noun Clause as Adjective Complement

28. a) I'm aware of its importance. b) I'm aware that it is important.
29. a) We're confident of his honesty. b) We're confident that he is honest.
30. a) I'm certain of success. b) I'rri' ct!rtain that I will succeed.

31. a) I'm optimistic about my b) I'm optimistic that I 'II be
promotion. promoted.
124
D. Noun Clause as Subject Complement

32. a) This is my opinion. b) This is what I think.
33. a) The problem is his refusal b) The problem is that he refuses to

to cooperate with us. cooperate with us.
34. a) Her disadvantage is her lack b) Her disadvantage is that she lacks
of self-confidence. self-confidence.
35. The question is whether he will accept our offer.

36. It is exactly how I pictured it.
E. Noun Clause as an Appositive (Restrictive and Non-Restrictive)
37. The fact that the earth is round is known by everybody.

38. My question, whether he is willing to cooperate with us, has not been
answered yet.
39. The belief that women gossip more than men is widespread.
40. His main argument, that scientific laws have no exceptions, was
considered absurd.
41. One fact, that he is incompetent, cannot be disputed.
Nouns Which Take That Clauses in Apposition

argument chance doubt idea possibility
assumption claim explanation indication probability
belief contention fact likelihood view
Note: See also Special Difficulties in Chapter 15 for the list of nouns taking the
subjunctive form.
F. Noun Clause as the Object of a Preposition

42. a) It all depends on his reaction.
42.b) It all depends on how he will react.
G. Noun Clause as Indirect Object

43a. The club will give the winner a prize.
43b. The club will give whoever wins a prize.
III.Subordinator as The Subject of a Noun Clause

Sometimes tin subordinator is used as the subject of the verb in the noun
clause(44a, 45ab, 46-48):
44.a) I don't know who helped him.
44.b) I don't know who he helped.
125
-----------
45.a) Do you know what caused the accident?

45.b) Do you know who caused the accident?
46. They will welcome whoever is there.
47. The general is authorized to take whatever measures are necessary.
48. What works is good; what doesn't work is bad.
IV.The Position and Function of Noun Clauses

The function of a noun clause is determined by the position it occupies:
A. Noun Clauses with That
Object of a Sentence 49. I know (that) he is innocent.
Subject of a Sentence 50. That he is innocent is obvious.
Adjective Complement 51. I'm sure (that) he is innocent.
Subject Complement 52. My belief is that he is innocent.
Appositive (=Explanatory) 53. The fact that he is innocent is obvious.
SPECIAL NOTE
Some important Verbs Which Take That Clauses

The following is a list of common verbs used to introduce noun clauses that
report speech or express ideas.
Function Verbs
To report statements He said (to me) that he would accept the offer.
He stated that he might resign.
He told me that he would do all he could to help me.
He mentioned (to me)that he had received a telegram.
To give additional He further stated (to me)that he considered changing

information his policy.
She added that time would heal these wounds.
He later mentioned (to me) that...
To present factual She informed us that the class was cancelled.

information He notified us that the schedule had changed.
126
He believed that he was not to blame.
He maintained that nuclear power stations would do
more harm than any good.
To present a strong She claimed that she had been treated unfairly.
argument or opinion He argued that physical punishment was wrong.
The police contended that the man was in the area at
the time of the robbery.
To respond He replied that he had done nothing wrong.

He answered (me) that...
He responded that he deserved a rise.
He disputed the fact that ...
He agreed with me that ...
To conclude He concluded that the situation was deteriorating.

, that laxity
It can be inferred from the passage
deteriorates discipline.
B. Noun Clauses with Whether
Object of a Sentence 54. I don't know whether (if)she will be admitted

to the university.
Subject of Sentence 55. Whether she will be admitted to the

university is not clear yet.
Adjective Complement 56. It is doubtful whether (if)she will be

admitted to the university.
Appositive 57. Your question, whether she will be admitted

to the university, is a difficult one for me to
answer.
Subject Complement 58a.What she is anxious to find out is whether

she will be admitted to the university.
Object of a Preposition 58b.Everything depends on whether she will be

admitted to the university.
Notes:
When a that clause is the object of sentence or the complement of an adjective (49 and
51 ), the subordinator that may be omitted.
2. As can be seen from the above examples, the whether clause may be replaced by if
when it is used as the object of a sentence(54) or as an adjective complement (56). In the
other positions(55,57-58), if cannot be substituted for whether in formal English.
127
C. Noun Clauses with What
Object 59. I know what Bill said.
Subject 60. What Bill said pleased the teacher.
Subject Complement 61. What we don't know is what Jack said.
Object of a Preposition 62. I'm not concerned with what Jack said.
v. -Ever Words in Noun Clauses

- EVER words are frequently used in noun clauses . Follow the examples:
63 a) Since he is rich, he can buy whatever he wants. (noun clause)
b) Since he is rich, he can buy anything that he wants. (relative clause)
64. a) You can invite whoever you want. (noun clause)

b) You can invite anybody that you want. (relative clause)
65. a) Whenever you want to leave is fine with me.(noun clause)

b) Any time that you want to leave is fine with me. (relative clause)
(See -EVER words for further information.)
VI.The Subjunctive Form in Noun Clauses

The subjunctive form( =bare infinitive/simple form of the verb) is used after
certain adjectives,verbs and nouns which take that clauses :
66. a) It's important for her to attend her classes. (informal, conversational)
66. b) It's important that she attend her classes.(formal/ the subjunctive form)*
66. c) It's important that she should attend her classes.(used in British English)
Note that if the that clause in. (66b) is used after an adjective which does not
take the subjunctive form, the regular -s form of the verb must be used(66d):
66. d) I'm glad that she attends her classes.
Now study the examples below.

The positive form 67 It's important that she pass all her exams.
The negative form 68. It's essential that she not fail any courses.
The passive voice 69. It's crucial that the food aid be maintained.
Verbs that take 70. The doctor suggests/recommends/advises that she rest
the subjunctive for a few days.
form 71. The teacher insists/demands that we be punctual.
*(See page 171 for the list of words that take the subjunctive form.)
128
VII.Reduction of Noun Clauses
Note how the following noun clauses can be reduced to infinitive phrases. As a rule,
the subjects of the clauses that form the sentence must be the same. However, clause
reduction is also possible if the object of the main clause and the subject of the noun
clause are identical. That clauses following It's important/necessary/essential
etc.,somebody do something can be reduced to It's important/necessary)essential
etc., for somebody to do something. Follow the examples:
Noun Clause Reduced Clause

72. It's essential that she change her job. It's essential for her to change
her job.
73. I'm glad that I have been selected. I'm glad to have been selected.
74. He's happy that he is here. He's haoov to be here.
75. We don't know what we have to do. We don't know what to do.
76. She doesn't know when she should She doesn't know when to leave.
leave.
77. Could you tell me how I can get Could you tell me how to get
to the station? to the station?
78. My mother told me where I could My mother told me where to

find second hand books. find second hand books.
79. I can't decide whether I should I can't decide whether to

change my plan or stick to it. change my plan or (to) stick to
it.
SPECIAL NOTE
Noun clauses can be used in subject complement position in response to some
statements such as the following:
80. " Whenever I go to Bursa, I stay at Hotel (:elik Palas.

" That's where I stay, too."
81. " Ilike fish best of all."

" That's what I like, 1, ,.
82 " I learned typing by practicing a lot on my own. "

" That's how I learned typing, too.
83." I w,,.; late because I missed the bus."

" That's why I was late, too.
129
VIII. Summary of Noun Clauses
I. Noun Clause as Object of a Sentence.
Subject Verb Object

(that)
why
I know where he studies English.
when
how
how long
what
I know whose book he studies.
which book
I don't know whether ( if) he studies English( or not).
2. Noun Clause as Subject of a Sentence.

Subject V Complement
That
Why
Where
When he studies English IS important.
How
How long
What
Which book he studies IS important.
Whether he studies English or not is important.
3. Noun Clause as Subject Complement

Subject Verb Complement
What amazes me
The reason for his interest is that he studies English.
What is surprising
why
how
The question is how long he studies English.
when
whether
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Test On Noun Clauses

1. The trouble is ___we're short of money.
a) which b) if c) that d) what
2. ___surprised me most was that they were so cheerful about their loss.
a) What b) It c) That d) The fact
3. ___he has signed the contract does not matter.

a) Whether b) If c) When d) Although
4. ___ frequently escapes comment.

a) The fact that
b) The fact that the computer revolution
c) That the computer revolution is in its infancy
d) Although the computer revolution is in its infancy
5. She explained what ___in case of an emergency.

a) to be done b) should we do c) to do d) has to do
6. No one was sure ___ Ali would come to the party or not.
a) why b) what time c) whether d) when
7. ___ we have accomplished is of great significance.

a) That b) What c) If d) Since
8. ___ the peace treaty was signed was important.

a) That b) Because c) If d) Although
9. It's amazing ___ some of them would do for a little publicity.

a) that b) what c) how d) for
10. It's urgent ___ the electricity bill immediately.

a) we shall pay b) that we pay c) our paying d) us to pay
11. Give ___ answers the phone the message.

a) who b) whatever c) whoever d) whose
12. He didn't know whether ___ glad or sorry at his dismissal.

a) he feels b) feeling c) should feel d) to feel
13. ___wrote this article knows his subject.

a) Whoever b) Who c) Any person d) Somebody
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14. It is something quite irrelevant to___is being discussed.
a) which b) what c) that d) the thing
15. The reason why many high school graduates in Turkey want to study at METU
is ___ it is an English-medium university.
a) due to b) because c) that d) for
16. ___seems clear is that he has no intention of resigning.

a) What b) That c) The fact d) What it
17. ___certain ants have come to cultivate fungi as their sole diet has been a
subject of a great deal of speculation.
a) How c) No matter how
b) However d) It is
18. ___ dinosaurs today is the product of a vital interaction between science and
art.
a) How the perception of c) It is perceived
b) Its perception d) How we perceive
19. I hope that you have read the contract and understand ___it means.
a) that b) what c) how d) which
20. Behavioral scientists say that it is essential that an infant ___ loving
attention.
a) be given b) is given c) will be given d) has given
21. It's absolutely necessary his parents ___ to school immediately.

a) called b) be called c) are called d) will be called
22. ___ these objectives have been achieved is an indication of proper planning.
a) That b) The fact c) What d) Since
23. The reason they are not coming is ___ they are angry with the hosts.
a) why b) that c) because d) for
24. A: "I saw your neighbor's son break your window with a ball."
B: " ___ it made me really mad."
a) His break b) What he broke c) That he broke d) He broke
25. ___ distinguishes man from other animals is his ability to speak.
a) It b) That c) What d) Why it
132
26. He doesn't know whether ___ or ___ away.
a) apologize/walk c) apologizing I walking
b) to apologize/ walk d) to apologize/walking
27. I went to my adviser to ask him ___ .

a) what courses should I take c) should I take what courses
b) I should take what courses d) what courses I should take
28. I know how ___ at this time of the year.

a) busy you are c) are you busy
b) you are busy d) that you are busy
29. Because of his blind adherence to ___ has been taught, this artist will
never be truly creative or inventive.
a) what b) that c) it d) which
30. I'd like to purchase some souvenirs. Could you tell me where ___ for them?
a) I'm looking b) to look c) should I look d) to be looked
31. The belief ___ children learn better when they are motivated is shared by
teachers and psychologists alike.
a) which b) that c) if d) what
32. ___ she feels upset about her short-lived love is clear.
a) The fact that b) What c) If d)How
33. ___ fulfill his promises is doubtful.

a) If he can b) Whether he can c) What he can d) Can he
34. I'm of the opinion ___ drastic changes are needed in our educational system.
a) what b) whatever c) that d) which
35. I wonder us the truth or not.

a) that has told b) if he has told c) what has told d) has he told
133
CHAPTER 11:-EVER Words and Correlative Conjunctions
I. - Ever Words
A. - Ever words versus Relative Clauses
whoever a) Whoever wants to come will be welcome.

b) Anyone who wants to come will be welcome.
whichever a) Study whichever article you prefer.

b) Study any article that you prefer.
I
whatever a) Write down whatever comes to your mind.

b) Write down anything that comes to your mind.
however a) It's an informal party. You may dress however you wish.
b) It' s an informal party. You may dress in any way that you wish.
whenever a) You may call me whenever you wish.

b) You may call me at any time that you wish.
wherever a) If you have a car, you can go wherever you want to go.
b) If you have a car, you can go any place that you want to go.
B.- EVER Words used as Noun Clauses and Adverbial Clauses

-Ever word Noun Clause Adverbial Clause
whatever Whatever I said seemed to a) Whatever I said, I couldn't

annoy him. persuade him.
b) No matter what I said,
I couldn't persuade him.
whoever Whoever he is isn't important. a) Whoever he is, he must obey

the law.
b) No matter who he is, he must
obey the law.
however However you cook it a) However you cook it,

is all right with me. he won't eat it.
b) No matter how you cook it, he
won't eat it.
whenever Whenever you come a) Whenever you come, you

is convenient for me. cause problems.
b) No matter when you come, you
cause problems
134
C. Whatever versus What
If whatever is used as a pronoun in a noun clause which is the object or subject

of the sentence, it can be replaced by what:
1. a) You can get what you need. (You can get the thing that you need.)
b) You can get whatever you need. (You can get anything that you need.)
2. a) What I suggested was rejected.
b) Whatever I suggested was rejected.
On the other hand, if whatever is used as a determiner meaning any before a

noun, it cannot be replaced by what:
3 a) Whatever suggestion I made was rejected.

b) They are ready to give whatever information they have.
Note also 4 and 5 below in which whatever is used in subject complement

position. In this use verb TO BE is often omitted in adverbial clauses:
4. Whatever the outcome of the elections (may be), the army won't intervene. It'll
stay out of politics.
5. It 11'-'- ays the same story, whatever the cultural variations (may be).
Whatever can also mean at all in negative statements with no * :

6. There is no scientific evidence whatever/whatsoever to support this view.
Note : *Whatsoever can be used after no.nothing, none, etc., for emphasis:
7a. He has no social life whatsoever.
7b. He has done nothing whatsoever.
7.c "Does he have a chance of winning the race?"
"None, whatsoever."
However used as an adverbial conjunction is often followed by an adjective or

adverb:
8a. However excellent a textbook is, it won't produce the desired result unless it
is used by an efficient teacher.
8b. However carefully he speaks, he will still make mistakes.
Exercise 22 : Fill in the blanks with the correct - EVER word.

l. You are free to invite anybody that you like. You can invite _ _ _ _ you
like.
2. After school , you are free to go any place that you want. You can go
_ _ _ _ you want.
3. There are six flights to Antalya every day. You can choose one fits
you.
4. I promise to listen to you patiently. Please tell me is on your mind.
5. I have ten dictionaries. Take one ser"es your purpose.
135
6. You are free to come to my office at any time that you want. You can come to
me it is convenient for you.
7. If you want to arrange these flowers, go ahead . You can arrange them
_ _ _ _ you want. I don't care one way or the other.
Exercise 23: In the blanks provided, use no matter + who I what I where I how etc.,
instead of the -ever word used. The first sentence is done for you.
1. a) He takes his wife with him wherever he goes.
b) He takes his wife with him no matter where he goes.
2. a) Whosever car that is, it will have to be moved.

b) _ _ _ _ _ car that is, it will have to be moved.
3. a) He is determined to finish this project however long it takes.

b) He is determined to finish this project long it takes.
4. a) Whatever you do, you can't change the existing system.

b) you do, you can't change the existing system.
5. a) Whoever you consult, you will get the same answer.

b) _ _ _ _ _ you consult, you will get the same answer.
II. Correlative Conjunctions
Note the following fixed expressions:

both .... and either ... or
neither ... nor not only ... but also/as well
Mini Test on Correlative Conjunctions

1. ___ nor the faculty appreciated her negative remarks.
a) The administration c) Neither the administration
b) Both the administration d) Either the administration
2. You should ___ sit down or go out.

a) both b) neither c) not only d) either
3. He ___wrote and published his book.

a) not only b) either c) both d) neither
4. Although he had promised to keep in close contact with me, he ___ called
me ___ wrote to me while I was in Italy. I didn't receive any message from
him whatsoever.
a) not only ... but also c) neither... nor
b) both ... and d) either ... or
136
CHAPTER 12: Conditions and Wishes
I. Conditions
There are four important types of conditions that must be learned for examination
purposes. The forms of the verbs used in these conditions are indicated in the
following table.
Type IF Clause Main Clause
will
can
I. Future Possibility Simple Present may +V1
can+V1 must
should+Vi should
would
2. Present Unreal Simple Past could +VI
could+V1 might
would have
3. Past Unreal Past Perfect could have +V3
could have + V3 might have
Past Perfect would

4. Mixed Type Past Perfect could + VI
(3+2) Continuous might
Examples:
Example 1
1. If you write to me, I will write to you.
2. If you wrote to me, I would write to you.
3. If you had written to me, I would have written to you.
Example2
1. If I have enough money next year, I'll buy a car.
2. If I had enough money now, I would buy a car.
3. If I had had enough money last year, I would have bought a car.
Example3
1. If I am not busy tomorrow,' I w'ill help you.
2. If I were not busy now, I would help you.
3. If I had not been busy yesterday, I would have helped you.
137
Example 4.
1. If I see him tomorrow, I'll talk to him.
2. If I saw him now, I would talk to him.
3. If I had seen him yesterday, I would have talked to him.
Mixed Forms:
I. If we had built a subway system 10 years ago, the traffic wouldn't be so bad
today.
2. If I had passed my exams last year, I would not have to follow this course now.
3. If I had been born and raised in Germany, I could speak German besides
Turkish now.
4. If we had not sold our car last year, we would not have to wait for buses now.
5. If he were your real friend, he would have helped you yesterday.
A. Alternative forms
Type I a) If you should decide to join us, please give me a ring.
b) Should you decide to join us, please give me a ring.
Type 2 a) If I were to meet him again, I'd tell him the truth.
b) Were I to meet him again, I'd tell him the truth.
Type 3 a) If you had studied hard last year, you could have passed all your
exams.
b) Had you studied hard last year, you could have passed all your
exams.
B. Implied Condition
I. I would have helped you yesterday, but I had to finish my project.
(= If I hadn't had to finish my project yesterday, I would have helped you.)
2. He would have come to the meeting, but he got sick.
(=If he hadn't gotten sick, he would have come to the meeting.)
3. He could have joined us, but he did not get our invitation in time.
( = If he had gotten our invitation in time, he could have joined us.
4. I took a taxi to school. Otherwise, I would have been late for the exam.
SPECIAL NOTE
If clauses may contain Be (Am, Is, Are)+'To'-lnfinitive. This structure is used
to indicate purpose:
I. A student must study hard if he is to succeed.
(A student must study hard in order to succeed.Ii/ he wants to succeed... )
2. Tough new measures are necessary if inflation is to be brought under control.
(Tough new measures are necessary in order to bring inflation under control.)
3. New jobs must be created if poverty is to be eliminated.
(New jobs must be created in order to eliminate poverty.)
138
Test on Conditions
1. If I have enough apples tomorrow, I ___an apple pie for you.

a) bake b) would bake c) will bake d) am baking
2. If I ou were ill, I would have visited you.

a) knew b) have known c) had known d) had been
3. If it ___tomorrow, we'll go on a picnic.

a) didn't rain b) won't be raining c) won't rain d) doesn't rain
4. If I had time, ___ see that new movie at the Odeon.

a) I'll b) I shall c) I may d) I'd
5. ___he would have come to class.

a) If Mike is able to finish his homework
b) Would Mike be able to finish his homework
c) If Mike could finish his homework
d) If Mike had been able to finish his homework
6. George would certainly have attended the meeting ___ .

a) ifhe didn't get a flat tire c) had the tire not flattened itself
b) had he not had a flat tire d) if the flat tire hadn't been
7. Unless we ___calmly and logically about your problem, we will

not be able to resolve it.
a) talked b) have talked c) talk d) are talking
8. I don't have a pen, but if I _ _ _ _ _ , I would lend it to you.

a) would b) do c) did d) had had
9. The weather is cold today, but if it _ _ _ _ _ , I would go swimming.

a) weren't b) hadn't c) isn't d) wouldn't
10. I called my husband to tell him I would be late. If I _ _ _ _ _ , he

would have gotten worried about me.
a) didn't b) haven't c) hadn't d) weren't
11. If I had eaten breakfast this morning, I ___hungry now.

a) wasn't c) wouldn't be
b) wouldn't have been d) am not
12. I ___with you, but I had to study.

a) would go c) would have gone
b) might go d) could go
139
13. _ _ _anyone call, please take a message.
a) Did b) Should c) Could d) Might
14. _ _ _I you, I wouldn't do that.

a) Was b) Were c)Am d) Could be
15. _ _ _about your problem, I might have been able to help you.
a) If you told me c) You had told me
b) Had you told me d) If you were to tell me
16. I always pay my bills. If I _ _ _ , I would get in a lot of trouble.

a) didn't b) don't c) hadn't d) weren't
17. He didn't go to a doctor, but if he _ _ _ , the cut on his hand wouldn't

have gotten infected.
a) had b) has had c) did d) would havehad
18. _ _ _today, he would get there by Friday.

a) Would he leave c) Was he leaving
b) Were he to leave d) If he leaves
19. Jill always answers the phone if she _ _ _ in her office.

a) were b) was c) is d) would be
20. Jill would answer the phone if she _ _ _in her office right now.
a) were b) had been c) is d) would be
II. Wish Clauses
The following table indicates all the possible verb forms that can be used in
wish clauses.
Time Reference Tense Form
Future a. would+ VI
b. could+ Vl
a. would+ Vl
Present b. could+ Vl
c. the simple past
d. the past continuous
a. the past perfect

Past b. the past perfect continuous
C. could have+ V3
d. might have + V 3
140
Wish Clauses
Time REALITY WISH

Reference
1. I know you won't I wish you would invite
invite him to the party. him to the party.
Future 2. She won't be able to I wish she would be able to

come to the party come to the party.
3. I know you can't help I wish you could help us

us tomorrow. tomorrow.
4. The room is filled I wish you wouldn't smoke

with smoke. any more.
5. I can't speak English. I wish I could speak English.
Present 6. I'm poor. I wish I were/was rich.*
7. You don't study your I wish you studied your

lessons. lessons.
8. It's raining now. I wish it wasn't raining now.
9. He didn't go to the He wishes he had gone to

party last night the party last night.
10. He was driving very fast He wishes he had been

Past when the accident driving slowly. Ifhe hadn't
occurred. been driving fast he might
have averted the accident.
11. He couldn't help me He wishes he could have

yesterday because he helped me yesterday.
was busy.
SPECIAL NOTE
1. If only could be used instead of wish clauses:
11. If only John were here now. (= I wish John were here now)
12. If only he had taken my advice, but he didn't. (I wish he had taken my advice.)
2. *Were (not was) is accepted as the correct form in the TOEFL examinations:
13. I wish I were a millonaire now.
141
--------
Test on Wishes

1. I wish that I ___with you last night.
a) went b) could have gone c) could go d) was going
2. My brother is in Antalya on vacation, but I wish he ___here now so that he

could help me repair my car.
a) is b) were c) had been d) would be
3. I wish that you ___such a bad headache last night because I'm sure you
would have enjoyed the concert.
a) haven't b) hadn't had c) hadn't d) haven't had
4. She wishes that we ___ her the candy yesterday because she's on a diet.
a) wouldn't have sent c) didn't send
b) hadn't sent d) weren't sending
5. If only man had been a bit less greedy, more bird and animal species _ __
extinction.
a) might have been avoided c) might have avoided
b) might avoid d) had avoided
6. It's raining. I wish it ___ raining soon.

a) will stop b) stopped c) would stop d) stops
7. We're giving a big party for Mary next Saturday. I wish you ___to
the party as well.
a) will come c) can come
b) could come d) will be able to come
8. We're going to be late. I wish you ___ .

a) hurry b) would hurry c) will hurry d) might hurry
9. I'm trying to study. I wish you ___ that record player.

a) will turn down c) would turn down
b) turn down d) turned down
10. Mary stayed up late last night, so she feels tired today. She wishes she
to bed earlier.
a) went c) had gone
b) would have gone d) should have gone
142
CHAPTER 13: Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial clauses are used to indicate basic relations by subordinating the less
important point. The more important point is put in the main clause:
Basic Basic Subordinate Clause+ Main Clause

Relation Sentences
Time The telephone rang. When the telephone rang, I woke up.
I woke up.
Bill entered the contest Although Bili entered the contest for
for fun. He won first prize. fun, he won first prize.
Contrast
They want a house. They want a house, whereas we
We would rather live in atlat. would rather live in a flat.
Cause- We don't have any money. Since we don't have any money,
Effect We can't buy f ood. we can't buy food.
Purpose He has to earn a lot of money. He has to earn a !ot of money

He wants to provide a good so that he can provide a good
education for his children. education for his children.
Study the following tables for more examples.
ıype ot Lıause ana

Subordinating Conjunction Example
ı. TiME
until / till, after, before, as l. He will remain a bachelor until he dies.
as long as, as soon as 2. I'll remember you as long as I live.
no sooner ...than 3. We had no sooner gone to bed than
hardly ...when, scarcely... when the phone rang.
once, by the time, the moment 4. ünce it is destroyed, it can't be
recreated.
whenever 5. Whenever we make choices,
we give up something.
while 6. While I was watching television, he was
doing his homework.
when 7. 1'11 give him your message when I see
him tomorrow.
since 8. I have been working in Ankara since
I graduated from the university.
143
?. PLACE
where 9. Where minerals are abundant,
mining becomes important.
wherever 10. He takes his wife with him wherever he
goes.
everywhere, anywhere 11. Everywhere I look, I see mothers with
new born babies.
3. REASON
because, since, as, 12. She didn't go to work yesterday because
she was ill.
now that 13. Now that you have finished th~
work, you can leave.
14. Since I As he was in a hurry, he
took a taxi.
seeing that 15. Seeing that she is legally old enough to
get married, I don't see
because of the fact that how you can stop her.
due to the fact that, 16. The match was cancelled due to I
owing to the fact that owing to/ on account of the fact
on account of the fact that there was a terrible storm.
in view of the fact that 17. In view of the fact that it is raining, we
should take our umbrellas.
REASON (Advanced)
inasmuch as 18. Inasmuch as language is constantly
changing, the rules of grammar change
also.
on the grounds that 19. He left on the grounds that he was
in that ill.
4. DIRECT CONTRAST
while 20. While I like jazz music, my wife hates it.
whereas 21. He is wealthy, whereas we are poor.
5. CONCESSIVE CONTRAST/
OPPOSITION 22. Although he was ill, he went to
although, even though work.
though 23. Even though/ Though he studied
a lot, he failed again.
despite the fact that 24. Despite the fact that he is
in spite of the fact that desperately in need of money, he makes
no effort to economize.
even if, while 25. I won't go to his party even if he
invites me.
144
I). RESULT
so + adj + that 26. He is so careful that he rarely makes
mistakes.
so + adv+ that 27. He writes so carefully that he rarely
makes mistakes.
such+[ a (n) ]+ adj+N+ that 28. He is such a careful student that he
rarely makes mistakes.
such+adj+ N (uncountable) 29. He writes with such great care that
+ that he rarely makes mistakes.
abstract noun+be+such that 30. His courage is such that even his
such + a lot of +N+ that enemies admire him.
so+ adj+ a(n) +N+ that 31. It's so good a story that I'll never
forget it.
so many ... that 32. She has made so many mistakes
that I'm really disappointed.
so few ... that 33. He has made so few mistakes that
we are all surprised.
so much ... that 34. He has so much money that he
doesn't know what to do with it.
so little ... that 35. He has so little patience that he can't
tolerate any noise at all.
7.PURPOSE 36. We've arrived early in order that/ so

so that, in order that that we can/ will/ may see the parade.
37. We arrived early so that we could/
would/ might see the parade.
38. I stood up so that I could see better.
39. I always keep candles in the house in
mcase case there is a power cut.
40. I always kept candles in the house in case
there was a power cut.
41. I always keep/ kept candles in the house
in case there should be a powercut.
lest 42a. He ran away lest he should be seen.
for fear that 42b. I do not go there for fear that he will
see me.
8. MANNER
as 43. Some teachers teach as they were
taught years ago.
as if, as though) 44. You look as if you are tired.
( showing actions 45. He looks as if he has missed the
that are probable ) train.
46. The cat sounded as if it was hungry.
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MANNER 47. He treats us as though we were his
as though, as if own children.
( showing actions 48. I feel as ifl hadn't slept at all last
that are improbable ) night.
9. DEGREE(PROPORTION)
the ... er, the ... er 49. The greater the demand (is), the higher
the more ... , the more ... the price ( is).
50. The more (food) you eat, the fatter
you get.
51. The richer a person is,
the more comfortably he can live.
52. The less food you eat, the thinner
you get.
53. The older we get, the more experienced
we become.
to the extent that 54. A teacher is successful to the extent
to the degree that that he motivates his students to learn.
in so far as 55. I'll help you in so far as I can.
as ... (so) 56. As the city grew so did its problems.
11.0. CONDITION
if, only if 57. If I see him tomorrow, I'll talk to him.
58. If I saw a green cat now, I would be
suppose X happens very surprised.
if X should happen 59. If I had seen him yesterday, I would
assuming that have talked to him.
60. If we had taken a plane instead of a bus,
we would be in Adana now.
in the event that 61. In the event that a fire breaks out, leave
the building as soon as possible.
unless 62. You can't be successful unless you study
hard.
as long as/so long as 63. You can stay here as long as you obey
the rules and regulations.
provided (that) 64. Provided that there is no
providing (that) opposition, we'll hold the meeting here.
whether ... or 65. I'll go, whether you come with me or
stay at home.
if it hadn't been for 66a. Ifit hadn't been for the storm, we
would have had a good harvest.
if it weren't for 66b. Ifit weren't for airplanes, it would
take a long time to go to Australia.
but for(= if it weren't for) 67. But for his pension, he would starve.
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11. COMPARISON
as ... as, 68. She earns twice as much as I do.
er ... than, more ... than 69. He is much more optimistic than I am.
... the est, the most... 70. She plays the piano the most beauti-
just as ... , (so) fully of all these three girls.
71. Just as Ali is a teacher, so is his brother.
SPECIAL NOTE
Some adverbial clauses require inversion. Follow the examples.
1. TIME
no sooner. .. than 72.a) He had no sooner left the house than it began to rain.
b) No sooner had he left the house than it began to rain.
hardly ... when 73.a) She had hardly woken up when her husband arrived.
b) Hardly had she woken up when her husband arrived.
2. RESULT 74. a) He is so energetic that he works 16 hours a day.

so ... that b) So energetic is he that he works 16 hours a day.
such ... that 75.a) She is such a beautiful girl that everybody
admires her.
b) Such a beautiful girl is she that everybody
admires her.
3. CONDITION 76.a) If you should need help, just give me a ring.

b) Should you need help, just give me a ring.
77.a) //the truth were known, the man would go to jail.

b) Were the truth known, the man would go to jail.
Additional Notes on Adverbial Clauses

So that may be used to introduce both adverbial clauses of purpose and result;
(78) and 79)below show result and purpose respectively. Note that result
clauses formed by so that are usually preceded by a comma:
78. The doctor explained the nature of my illness in medical terms, so that I didn't
understand fully.
79. The doctor explained the nature ofmy illness in medical terms so that I
wouldn't understand fully.
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The conjunction in that is used in adverbial clauses of reason in order to provide
an explanation rather than express a typical cause and effect relationship. Study (80
and 81) below:
80. Tea and coffee are similar in that they are both hot beverages.
81. Turkey and Saudi Arabia differ in that the former is a republic
whereas the latter is a kingdom.
Verb(adjective/adverb)+as might be used to introduce adverbial clauses of

concessive contrast. Study (82-84) below:
82. Rich as he is (=Although he is rich), he spends his money sparingly.

83. Hard as he tried(= Though he tried hard), he failed to finish the project on
time.
84. Try as he might(= Even though he might try), he has little chance of being
successful.
As may indicate time(85), reason(86), manner(87) and proportion(88):
85. As(=While) I was searching the house, I found an antique watch.

86. As(= Since/Because) I was very tired, I stopped working.
87. I did the work as (=in the way that) I was instructed.
88. As we get older, our bodies become weaker.
(=The older we get, the weaker our bodies become.)
While may indicate time(89), concessive contrast/opposition(90) and direct

contrast(9 l). Follow the examples:
89. While (=As) I was walking across the street, I was almost hit by a car.
90. While (=Although) I approve of his methods, I have some reservations about
their overall objectives.
91. While (=Whereas) I approve of his methods, she strongly disapproves of
them.
Since may show either time (92) or reason (93):

92. The negotiators have made substantial progress since they resumed the peace
talks.
93. Since(= As/Because) the ruling party has lost its absolute majority in
parliament, the present government is unlikely to survive.
As long as may indicate condition as well as time:

94. As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.
An alternative form for as long as is so long as :
95. Our profit will be good so long as the dollar remains strong.
Note: For the reduction of adverbial clauses see Chapters 14 and 16.
148
Adverbial Clauses - Summary
Time When foreign language classes are conducted efficiently, students
learn well.
Place Where foreign language classes are conducted efficiently, students
learn well.
Condition If foreign language classes are conducted efficiently, students will

learn well.
Reason Our students learn the foreign language they study well because
lforeign language classes are conducted efficiently in our school.
Proportion The more efficiently foreign language classes are conducted, the
better students will learn.
Purpose Foreign language classes must be conducted efficiently so that
students can learn well.
Result In some schools.foreign language classes are conducted so

efficiently that almost all students learn quite well.
Manner In some schools.foreign language classes are conducted as native

language classes are.
Comparison Foreign language classes are conducted as efficiently in our school
as they are in your school.
Foreign language classes are conducted more efficiently in some
schools than in others.
Although foreign language classes are conducted quite efficiently in
our school, some students fail to learn the foreign language they study
for years.
Concessive Some students fail to learn the foreign language they study even if
Contrast foreign language classes are conducted efficiently.
Some students fail to learn the foreign language they study however
efficiently foreign language classes are conducted.
Some students fail to learn the foreign language they study no matter
how efficiently foreign language classes are conducted.
Direct Whereas foreign language classes are conducted quite efficiently in

Contrast some schools, they are conducted in an ineffectual manner in others.
Negative Students will not be able to learn a foreign language unless foreign
Condition language classes are conducted efficiently.
Some students cannot learn the foreign language they study whether
foreign language classes are conducted efficiently or not.
149
Test on Adverbial Clauses
1. He was conscious of everything going on around him he didn't show it.
a) as though b) whereas c) though d) in case
2. A child will learn what is right and what is wrong in good time he is
not pressured.
a) provided b) unless c) in order that d) whether
3. The student behaved _ _ _ he was annoyed.

a) like b) as if c) though d) as
4. You will spend at least one year working abroad _ _ _ you can find out how
things operate in a foreign country.
a) because of b) so that c) so as to d) as long as
5. I knew him _ _ _ I was a child.

a) until b) as c) when d) during
6. It's long time since he last saw his brothers and sisters.
a) such a b) so c) such d) very
7; "Did you hear that George got on the basketball team?"

"If he shorter, he wouldn't have. "
a) were to be b) has been c) had been d) is
8. "Do you like dancing?"

"Yes, and , the better. "
a) the wildest b) wilder c) wildest d) the wilder
9. he does his work properly, I don't mind what he does outside the
office.
a) So far as b) Meanwhile c) So long as d) In case
10. Put on your raincoat it rains.

a) because b) in any case c) for d) in case
11. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, _ _ _ the behavior of an

animal depends mainly on instinct.
a) whereas b) unless c) so d) unlike
12. I don't understand why she behaves _ _ _ she does.

a) how b) when c) if d) as
150
13. I don't believe him he says.
a) however b) whatever c) for all d) whenever
14. The 55-mile per hour speed limit must be observed where ___ .
a) application b) is it applicable c) is applicable d) applicable
15. We'd better take some food with us _ _ _ we get hungry.

a) so that b) because of c) in case d) in order
16. Hardly had she said it ___ she realized her mistake.
a) when b) than c) happened that d) until
17. I admit that he has made a significant contribution to the project, I

nevertheless think that he could have done better.
a) While b) Inasmuch as c) Despite d) When
18. You can stay in this dormitory _ _ _ you obey the rules.
a) even though b) provided that c) whereas d) so that
19. Anyone can be brave he is not in danger himself.

a) in case b) as long as c) although d) unless
20. the earth is a planet, the moon is a satellite.

a) Whereas b) Even if c) Although d) Unlike
21. His health deteriorated to _ _ _ an extent that he had to retire.

a) so b) so much c) what d) such
22. real progress has been made, the gains are likely to be immense.
a) Though b) Unless c) Once d) As though
23. he is eager to learn, he is likely to make considerable progress.

a) Since b) Unless c) Although d) Even if
24. Michael used to look hurt and surprised when _ __

a) he scolded b) had scolded c) he is scolded d) scolded
25. you detect a problem, the easier it is to cure.

a) The earlier b) Earlier c) The earliest d) Early
26. Precautions are taken by owners of greenhouses ___ there is a danger of a

severe frost.
a) whenever b) whether c) though d) that
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27. She treats him _ _ _ he were her own son.
a) though b) even though c) as though d)if
28. He shook his head as though _ _ _ by his own vision.

a) dazzling b) he is dazzled c) he dazzled d) dazzled
29. ___ of the seven continents were placed in the Pacific Ocean, there would
still be room left for another continent the size of Asia.
a) Each b) Since each c) Were each d) If each
30. Henry Ford's plan was to manufacture cheaper cars in large quantity _ __
more people would buy them.
a) therefore b) in order c) so that d) in case
31. The teacher agreed to teach the temperamental child ___ she was given
complete authority.
a) whether b) for c) that d) provided
32. ___ the rain has stopped, the field will dry out.
a) Though b) Now that c) Even if d) While
33. ___ the funds needed for the project were inadequate, it was abandoned.
a) Although b) Because of c) Whether d) Since
34. ___ how resourceful we may be in coping with our problems, the
circumstances of life inevitably involve stress.
a) No matter b) Even though c) That d) In spite of
35. _ _ high did the prices rise that many people could not afford to buy the
basic necessities of life.
a) Although b) Such c) As d) So
36. Many consumers utilize charge accounts chiefly ___ it is convenient for
them to obtain goods on that basis.
a) because of b) because c) as though d) that
37. ___ he goes, he takes his wife with him.

a) No matter b) Wherever c) Whether d)How
38. You can't pass your exams ___ you study hard.
a) provided b) in order that c) unless d) as though
39. He moved his bag ___ we might pass.

a) providing b) until c) so that d) as long as
152
40. ___ beneficial vitamins may be, they mustn't be taken excessively.
a) How b) Despite c) However d) Though
41. He can't use my car___ he has a valid licence.

a) whereas b) unless c) in order that d) whether
42. Pamela says that she will go on holiday _ _ _ her husband refuses to go with
her.
a) whether b) even if c) despite d) so that
43. The book wasn't quite as interesting___ he thought it was going to be.
a) that b) than c) as d) such as
44. Television is ___ popular form of entertainment that many children

spend more time watching TV than studying their lessons.
a) such b) so c) such a d) very
45. George is___ pleased with the beneficial results of swimming that he is
having a pool built in the backyard.
a) very b) enough c) such d) so
46. She was unable to obtain any satisfactory results ___ she made great
effort.
a) in spite of b) owing to c) even though d) whereas
47. ___ a Volkswagen is one of the least expensive cars, it is one of the
most underpowered cars.
a) While b) Notwithstanding c) Nonetheless d) No matter
48. ___ an individual lives, he joins new groups and assumes new roles in
groups which, he already belongs.
a) During b) As long as c) For d) As far as
49. It is thought that apes, monkeys and dogs have emotions like ours _ __
their behavior resembles ours in comparable circumstances.
a) because b) even though c) in case d) as if
50. ___ he was, he went on with his work.

a) How tired b) Despite being tired c) Though tired d) Tired as
153
CHAPTER 14: Participles
Participles are often used especially in written English. They may replace ad-
verbial or adjectival clauses.The major types of participles are shown in the table
below.
rrype Active Voice Passive Voice
Present writing being written
Past written
Perfect having written having been written

Perfect Progressive having been writing
Time and voice(active /passive) are important elements in deciding which form
of a participle to use. Below you will find examples showing how participial
phrases are formed and what they mean.
I. Actions That Take Place at the Same Time
A. -ING Participle For Active Constructions

Basic Examples
Relation
Time 1. a) I saw the road block. I stopped my car.

b) When I saw the road block, I stopped my car.
c) Seeing the road block, I stopped my car.
2. a) We opened the cupboard. We found a skeleton inside.

b) When we opened the cupboard, we found a skeleton inside.
c) On opening the cupboard, we found a skeleton inside.
d) Upon opening the cupboard, we found a skeleton inside.
e) Opening the cupboard, we found a skeleton inside.
3. a) You cross the street. You must be careful.

b) When you cross the street, you must be careful.
c) When crossing the street, you must be careful.
4. a) I walked down the street. I ran into one of my old friends.

b) While I was walking down the street, I ran into one of my old
friends.
c) While walking down the street, I ran into one of my old
friends.
d) Walking down the street, I ran into one of my old friends.
154
Reason 5. a) I felt tired. I went to bed early.
b) As I felt tired, I went to bed early.
c) Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
6. a) Bob is an experienced teacher. He knows how to deal with

such problems.
b) Since Bob is an experienced teacher, he knows how to deal
with such problems.
c) Being an experienced teacher, Bob knows how to deal with
such problems.
7. a) The weather was warm and clear. We decided to have a picnic.

b) Because the weather was warm and clear, we decided to have
a picnic.
c) The weather being warm and clear, we decided to have a picnic.
8. a) He did not know what to do. He applied to me for advice.

b) As he did not know what to do, he applied to me for advice.
c) Not knowing what to do, he applied to me for advice.
Manner 9. a) Mary smiled warmly. She shook hands with me.

b) Smiling warmly, Mary shook hands with me.
c) Mary, smiling warmly, shook hands with me.
d) Mary shook hands with me, smiling warmly.
Instead of 10. a) She wrote him a friendly letter. She thanked him for his help.
and b) She wrote him a friendly letter and thanked him for his help.
c) She wrote him a friendly letter, thanking him for his help.
Instead of 11. a) The man who was driving the car was wearing dark glasses.
a Relative b) The man driving the car was wearing dark glasses.
Clause
12. a) The engine accumulated dust. This impaired its function.
b) The engine accumulated dust, and this impaired its function.
c) The engine accumulated dust, which impaired its function.
d) The engine accumulated dust, impairing its function.
B. Past participle I - ED Participle (For Passive Constructions)

Time 13. a) He was asked whether he would resign or not. He said that he
might.
b) When he was asked whether he would resign or not, he said
that he might.
c) When asked whether he would resign or not, he said that he
might.
d) Asked whether he would resign or not, he said that he might.
155
Reason 14. a) The dog is seriously injured. It may die.
b) Because the dog is seriously injured, it may die.
c) Being seriously injured, the dog may die.
d) Seriously injured, the dog may die.
Condition 15. a) If it is properly used, reading can be an exciting avenue of

communication and learning.
b) If properly used, reading can be an exciting avenue of
c) Properly used, reading can be an exciting avenue of
16. a) The house is painted white. It looks bigger.
Time When
Reason b) Now that it is painted white, Hthe house looks bigger.]
Condition If
c) !Painted white, the house looks bigger.
17.a) Although it was published in 1960, the book wasn't much of a

success until the late 60s.
, b) Although published in 1960, the book wasn't much of a
success until the late 60s.
18.a) When it is exposed to water, iron will eventually rust.

b) When exposed to water, iron will eventually rust.
19. a) The women had to carry out both physical and mental tasks
while they were exhausted from strenuous physical exercise.
b) The women had to carry out both physical and mental tasks
while exhausted from strenuous physical exercise.
Instead of 20. a) The two survivors at last reached the coast.

a Relative They were worn out by hunger and fatigue.
Clause b) The two survivors, who were worn out by
hunger and fatigue, at last reached the coast.
c) The two survivors, worn out by hunger and
fatigue, at last reached the coast.
d) Worn out by hunger and fatigue, the two survivors at last
reached the coast.
156
II. Actions That take Place at Different Times
Perfect Participle :Having+V3 (active)!Having been+V3 (passive)
Time 21. a) Birsen had collected sufficient data. She started to write her
thesis.
b) After/ When she had collected sufficient data, Birsen started to
write her thesis.
c) Having collected sufficient data, Birsen started to write her
thesis.
22. a) The task was completed. The men went to their barracks.
b) When/ After the task had been completed, the men went to
their barracks.
c) The task having been completed, the men went to their
barracks.
d) The task completed, the men went to their barracks.
Reason 23. a) As she has already seen the film, Mary doesn't want to see it
agam.
b) Having already seen the film, Mary doesn't want to see it
agam.
24. a) As she had already seen the film, Mary didn't want to see it
again.
b) Having already seen the film, Mary didn't want to see it again.
25. a) Because Bill had rejected his job offer, Mr. Hill decided to
offer the position to Henry.
b) Bill having rejected his job offer, Mr. Hill decided to offer the
position to Henry.
26. a) Ali has been dismissed from school. He plans to join the army.
b) Since he has been dismissed from school, Ali plans to join the
army.
c) Having been dismissed from school, Ali plans to join the
army.
d) Dismissed from school, Ali plans to join the army.
III. Participial Phrase with Its Own Subject

27. a) It was a nice day. We went swimming.
b) Since it was a nice day, we went swimming.
c) It being a nice day, we went swimming.
157
--- ------
28.a) John married Helen. Bill had to find another girl.

b) As John had married Helen, Bill had to find another girl.
b) John having married Helen, Bill had to find another girl.
29. a) There were no further issues to be discussed. The meeting

broke up.
b) Because there were no further issues to be discussed, the
meeting broke up.
c) There being no further issues to be discussed, the
meeting broke up.
30. a) The names of the winning contestants were announced.

The meeting broke up.
b) After the names of the winning contestants were
announced, the meeting broke up.
c) The names of the winning contestants having been
announced, the meeting broke up.
d) The names of the winning contestants announced,
the meeting broke up.
IV. Participles - Summary
The journalist writes articles The journalist earns his living,
for a local newspaper. writing articles for a local
He earns his living. newspaper.
The journalist was writing Writing an article, the journalist

an article. He suddenly had suddenly had a bright idea.
a bright idea.
Active
The journalist wrote an Having written an article,
article. He showed it to the journalist showed it to his
his boss. boss.
The journalist has been writing Having been writing this

this article for a long time. article for a long time, the jour-
He feels rather tired. nalistfeels rather tired.
The article was written by Written by a well-known

a well-known journalist. journalist, the article interested
It interested many people. many people.
Passive
The article was written. Having been written, the
It went to press immediately. article went to press immediately.
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V. Participles Used Idiomatically
I. Weather permitting(=/f weather permits), we'll go hunting.
2. That being the case, I think we had better adjourn the meeting.
3. All things being equal, we should win on Saturday.
4. Generally speaking, the more you pay for stereo equipment, the better the system.
5. Strictly speaking, he is not qualified for the job.
6. Time permitting, we'll visit the museum.
7. Judging from (=Considering)thefindings of the research, this animal is immune
to many diseases.
8. Judging by what everyone says about him, he has a fair chance of winning.
9. Given(=Taking into account: Considering)his enormous popularity as an
author, it is not surprising that he was elected President.
10. Granted that(= given that) he is in hospital, he can't do us much harm.
11. Granted that (=even supposing that) he should send money to help with the
bills.it doesn't mean he will.
12. There are 48 members all told(=counting everyone; altogether).
13. All things considered(=When one considers every aspect of a problem,
situation, etc.), we're doing quite well.
14. Education is a good thing, other things being equal(=provided that circumstances
elsewhere remain the same).
Exercise 24: Which of the two alternatives (a orb) can complete the following
incomplete sentences. Read the brief explanations about the alternatives of the first
item in the exercise.
1. Totally confused by the problems, _ _ __
a) my grade on the test was very low
b) I got a low grade on the test
(a) is wrong because the participial phrase(totally confused) doesn't agree with
the subject of this alternative(my grade).
(b) is correct.(<I was totally confused. I got a low grade.)
2. Burned in the oven, _ _ _ __

a) the rolls were inedible b) we couldn't eat the rolls
3. Walking to school, _ _ _ __
a) an accident surprised us b) we saw an accident
4. Watering the plants, _ _ _ __

a) water spilled all over the rug b) I spilled water all over the rug
5. Stunned by the explosion, _ _ _ __

a) the man was found wandering aimlessly
b) the police found the man wandering aimlessly
6. Watching a movie on TV, _ _ _ __

a) the electricity went off b) we were surprised by a blackout
159
,-
7. Turning out the light, _ _ _ __

a) it became pitch black b) we found ourselves in the pitch dark
8. Lying all over the table, _ _ _ __

a) you should put all the magazines in a pile c
b) the magazines should be put in a pile
9. Turning around the hill, _ _ _ __

a) the village came into sight b) we saw the village
10. Destroyed in the earthquake, _ _ _ __

a) the people of the city had to rebuild it
b) the city had to be rebuilt
11. Having spent all his money, _ _ _ __

a) it was a very difficult situation for him.
b) he was in a very difficult situation.
12. Having been given a map of the city, _ _ _ __

a) a tour of the city was easy for us b) we set off for a tour of the city.
13. The thieves stole the bag _____ some valuable documents.
a) contained b) containing
, 14. The roof of the building _____ in the storm has now been repaired.
a) damaged b) damaging
15. The patients _____ urgent treatment were examined by the doctor.
a) needed b) needing
Test on Participles

1. Being in no great hurry, _ _ .
,a) the Jong leisurely stroll was our preference
, b) we took a leisurely stroll along the river
c) the road along the river was an ideal place for a leisurely stroll
d) our preference was taking a leisurely stroll
2. While driving to Bursa , _ _ .

(a) Okan's right leg was seriously injured
b) it happened that Okan's car broke down
c) the storm caught Okan on the way
(d) Okan had an accident due to carelessness
160
3. Upon returning from Germany, _ _ .
( a) she found a good job
b) a good job was offered to her
c) it was lucky of her to find a good job
d) the job she was offered was wonderful
4. After seeing the movie_ _ .

a) the reading of the book interested him c) he wanted to read the book
b) the book made him want to read it d) the book was read by him
5. Having completed his military service, _ _ .

a) he started his own business
b) his family was happy
c) it was time for him to look for a job
d) the firm offered him a good job
6. Having arrived at the football stadium barely in time, _ _ .

a) the two teams were just starting as we sat down
b) we reached our seats just as the game started
c) the officials had already blown the whistle for the game to start
d) the gatekeeper took our tickets as we passed
7. Having been served tea _ _ .

a) the problem was discussed by the teachers
b) the teachers discussed the problems
c) it was decided by the teachers that the problem would be discussed
d) a discussion of the problem was made by the teachers
8. Several demonstrations were held, _ _the police a lot of problems.

Qi) causing b) and causing c) that caused d) caused
9. A computer system in the control tower at an airport identifies each plane as it

approaches and gives information about its altitude and speed, _ _the air
traffic controllers to give safe directions for landing.
a) for permitting b) permitting c) permitted d) permits
10. Computers, _ _ in banking, business and government, perform an enormous

number of functions.
a) using b) which used c) used d) are used
11. Harry, _ _ by the award, did not know how to express his feeling.
a) was surprised b) having surprised c) who surprised d) surprised
12. The work_ _ , we went home.

a) was completed b) having completed c) completed d) completing
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---------- -- -----------
13. _ _the coffee, he washed the cup and put it away.

a) Drunk b) Drinking @Having drunk d) Being drunk
14. Most of the medical care that _ _these young practitioners is intended to
prevent disease.
a) provides 'b) is provided by c) is provided d) provided by
15. _ _all through his life, he doesn't trust anybody.

-4 a) Having been disappointed c) He was disappointed
(b), Disappointing d) That he was disappointed
16. Hit on the head by one of the assailants, ___ .

a) his friends took him to hospital @the teacher fainted
b) it was a terrible sight d) his wife called for a doctor
17 ._ _ _ in the 16 th century by Sinan, the Selimiye Mosque is regarded as a

masterpiece of Ottoman architecture.
a) The fact that it was built (c))Having built
_(b) Built "a) To be built
18. The car _ _ yesterday has not been found yet.
a) was stolen b) which stole (c).having stolen -\ d) stolen
19. The referee _ _ill, the match had to be postponed.

a) to be b) was (9 being d) was being
20. When _ _ under an electronic microscop~, a piece of iron can be seen to be

made up of many tiny magnetic areas called domains.
~ viewed b) it viewed c) viewing d) its view
21. The materials_ _ for the project will be provided by the· firm.
Gt:~needing b) which needed ~ c) needed d) are needed
22. Steel,_ _ with chromium, produces a noncorrosive substance known as

stainless steel.
a) is combined c) to combine
b) that is combined ,@)'~hen combined
--J
23. The principal problems _ _man as he ascends into the sky are related to
altitude and speed.
a) confront @•confronting
b) confronted d) which are confronted
24. _ _ from a distance, the town seemed lovely.
a) View (b) Viewed c) To view d) Viewing
162
25. The elections will be held on November 6, as _ _
a) scheduled c) they had scheduled
b) they scheduled d) having scheduled
26. A therapist _ _ young children may use play therapy, which encourages
young pati~nts to express their fe~lings through their ~lay acti~i~s. . .
a) deals with b) has dealt with c) dealt with · d)1dealmg with
27. Doctors _guilty of behavior contrary to Hypocratic Oath lose their licences.
a) find b) finding @ found d) are found
28. _ _membership in the Sports Club, Joe Sampson made a claim of

racial discrimination.
a) He denied (-9) Denied
b) He was denied d) That he was denied
29. _ _ all over the world, George sees many remarkable people.
a) He travels b) That he travels c) Travelled ~ Travelling
30. I managed to get rid of the man ___ me.

a) followed @following
b) that he was following d) was following
31. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, _ _it possible for

many infectious diseases to be cured.
ca) made b) making+- c) has made d) when made
32. Once_ _ a dream, space travel is now a reality.

a) considering c) was considered
® considered d) having considered
33. In biology, a cell is defined as the smallest unit of life_ _ all the components
required for independent existence.
a) contains c) whi6h is contained
b) is contained @) containing
34. Man-made products _ _ through advanced technology often have

unanticipated side effects that require additional technology to control..
a) are developing (~ developed
b) were developed a) that they are developed
35. ___ in a recent science competition, three students were awarded

scholarships totalling $21.000.
+a) Judged the best c) Judging the best
b) They were judged the best td})Having judged the best
163
CHAPTER 15: Special Difficulties
I. Inversion (=Question Word Order)
When a sentence starts with some prepositional phrases, negative adverbs or
certain adverbial constructions. inversion is obligatory . Follow the examples:
Normal Word Order Inverted Word Order

I. Prepositional The fields lay beyond him Beyond him lay the fields.
Phrases
showing The main gardens are To the north are the main
location to the north. gardens.
A house is among the trees. Among the trees is a house.
I have never seen such Never have I seen such

terrible poverty. terrible poverty.
I had hardly left the house Hardly had I lefl the house
when I heard an explosion. when I heard an explosion.
These people are not insane, These people are not insane,
and they aren't fools either. nor are they fools.
2. Negative They not only robbed him Not only clid they rob him of
adverbs of his money but also beat his money but they also beat
him badly. him badly.
This is not a dazzling This is not a dazzling achieve-

achievement. but it is not ment, but neither is it a
a negligible one either. negligible one.
3. Adverbial She is so famous that So famous is she that

Clauses of everybody knows her. everybody knows her.
Result
Her beau:y is such that Such is her beauty that
every body admires her. everybody admires her.
If you should need any Should you need any help.

help, you can call me. you can call me.
4. Conditionals If I had known that you were Had I known that you were
ill, I would have visited you. ill. I would have visited you.
If he were here now. Were he here now. be would

be would help us. help us.
164
Note: Negative adverbs, which require inversion in initial position are listed below:
barely never not until... scarcely

hardly ever no ... sooner than nowhere seldom
hardly ... when nor only under no circumstances
little not only ... but also on no account
neither not once rarely
Inversion is also used with the following :
5. When the passive verb is split and the main verb begins the sentence:
a) Held as hostages were several reporters.
b) Discovered at the bottom of the well were two small children.
6. When the verb in the continuous tenses is split and the main verb starts the sentence:
Standing on either side of him were two young men.
7. When the sentence begins with some adjectival phrases:

Especially important is the proper maintenance of the machine.
8. When an adverb such as down, up, out, in is placed at the beginning of the sentence:
a) In walked the doctor with his bag in his hand.
b) Down came the rain.
9. When a sentence begins with there:

There comes a time when such relationships become important.
SPECIAL NOTE
Inversion is optional with adverbial clauses of manner and comparison:
a) Adverbial Clauses of Manner

Normal: Some people still live in caves as their ancestors did.
Inverted: Some people still live in caves as did their ancestors.
b) Adverbial Clauses of Comparison

Positive discipline will achieve this end(=aim) better than will negative
discipline.
Just as... so, which is used to introduce adverbial clauses of comparison, may
require inversion in some cases:
Just as Ali likes pop music so does his brother.
In some other cases, inversion is not necessary :

Just as competition is the controlling mechanism, so a system of markets and
prices is a basic organizing force.
165
Test on Inversion
1. Rarely ___ acorns until the trees are more than twenty years old.
a) when oak trees bear c) oak trees that bear
b) do oak trees bear d) oak trees bear
2. On no account ___ be removed from the library.

a) reference books may c) reference books cannot
b) may reference books d) reference books
3. Only under special circumstances ___ to test out of freshman

composition and literature.
a) freshmen permitted c) are freshmen permitted
b) freshmen are permitted d) are permitted freshmen
4. So involved with their computers ___ that they neglect to do their

assignments properly.
a) some children become c) do some children become
b) some children who become d) some children are becoming
5. ___ begun to understand that the air and the oceans act as a single fluid
when they exchange heat and gases.
a) In the past decade have only meteorologists
b) Only in the past decade have meteorologists
c) The only meteorologists in the past decade
d) Only in the past decade meteorologists
6. ___ , when our team scored its first goal.

a) Hardly had the game begun c) The game hardly begun
b) Hardly has the game begun d) Hardly had begun the game
7. ___ does an individual seize an opportunity like this as did George.

a) Not only c) Rarely
b) Sometimes d) Once in a while
8. Only when in danger ___ human beings.

a) bears will most attack c) most bears will attack
b) will most bears attack d) will attack most bears
9. Not until I got home ___ my mistake.

a) I had realized b) did I realize c) have I realized d) I realized
I 0. He has been told under no circumstances ___ the computer.

a) he may use b) he use may c) may he use d) may· .,e
166
II. Structural Parallelism
The following conjunctions require parallel structures:

a) Coordinate conjunctions : and, or but, yet
c) Correlative conjunctions: both. .. and; either... or; neither... nor;
not only... but also
The words , phrases or clauses used before and after these conjunctions should
be structurally parallel. Look at the following examples:
A. Single words
Nouns He eats either fish or chicken.
He likes coffee but not tea.
Verbs I have neither read the book nor seen the movie.
Bill will either go to the east or resign from his post.
Adjectives She is not only beautiful but also very intelligent.
Adverbs He started his new diet reluctantly yet agressively.
B. Phrases
Noun Phrases A balanced diet and a regular program of exercise
are essential for physical fitness.
This car has neither a good price nor good mileage.
Verb Phrases When Aylin gets a cold, she takes a lot of
vitamins and drinks a lot of fluids.
Prepositional Phrases She studies not only during the day but also at night.
Infinitive Phrases John loves both to ski and to dance.

To support his family and to put himself through
college, he worked seven hours a day.
Participial and Knowing how to study and learning how to

gerundial phrases budget time are important to college students.
Hoping to reduce the stress in her life and not having
to worry about money, Jane quit her job.
C. Clauses
Noun Clauses Mary realized that she was losing weight but not that
she was becoming anemia.
Adjectival Clauses A father who spends time with his son and
who thoughtfully answers his son's questions will be
respected and loved.
Adverbial Clauses If you write or if you telephone, wait for weeks until I
return from London.
167
- - - - - - - - -
SPECIAL NOTE
Parallelism is also important in adverbial clauses of comparison and degree:
1. Movies about space adventure are more popular than those (=movies) about
other kinds of adventure.
2. The density of water is far greater than that(=the density) of air.
3. The longer the crowd waited, the more impatient they became.
Mini Test on Structural Parallelism

1. A giant kind of grass, bamboo may reach a height of 120 feet and ___ .
a) a diameter of one foot
b) its diameter is one foot
c) there is a diameter of one foot
d) which is a diameter of one foot
2. Agronomists work to improve the quality of crops, increase the yield of fields,
and of the soil.
a) the quality is maintained
b) the maintenance of the quality
c) maintain the quality
d) maintaining the quality
3. It's probable both that there were many severe storms in this area ___ ships
sank.
a) so many c) and many
b) that many d) and that many
4. During her vacation in Europe, Margaret visited museum, went shopping, and
_ _ _ a lot of interesting people.
a) had met c) met
b) was meeting d) has been meeting
5. Learning to do routine car maintenance oneself is often easier _ __

competent people to do it.
a) as finding c) than finding
b) than to find d) as to find
6. He was a dynamic figure who inspired awe, devotion, and ___ in his
followers.
a) love c) feelings of love
b) loving feelings d) loveliness
168
III. Auxiliary
A. and ... , too and so ...
These structures are used after positive statements. Follow the examples:
Ali is a teacher, and Cem is, too. Ali is a teacher, and so is Cem.
Ali enjoys teaching, and Cem does, too. Ali enjoys teaching, and so does Cem.
Ali can speak English, and Cem can, too. Ali can speak English, and so can Cem.
Ali has been a teacher for two years, Ali has been a teacher for two years,
and Cem has, too. and so has Cem.
B. and ... , either and neither...

These structures are used after negative statements. Follow the examples:
~ didn't understand the lesson, I didn't understand the lesson, and

and he didn't, either. neither did he.
Nevin won't go to work tomorrow, Nevin won't go to work tomorrow, and
and Aylin won't, either. neither will Aylin.
Ayla wouldn't like to go to the concert, Ayla wouldn't like to go to the concert,
and Aynur wouldn't, either. and neither would Aynur.
I don't like fish, and he doesn't, either. I don't like fish, and neither does he.
\..
Note the use of also and as well:

a) She can sing and also dance.
b) She can sing, and dance as well I too.
c) You'll have to get a passport, and you'll also need a visa.
Mini Test on Auxiliary

1. I am going to the meeting, and _ __
a) so does Dave b) so is Dave c) so will Dave d) Dave is so
2. Anne didn't like our new roommate, and _ _ _ .

a) I did, too b) neither did I c) so did I d) I didn't also
3. Bill wasn't happy about the delay, and _ _ _ .

a) I was neither b) either was I c) I wasn't, either d) either I wasn't
4. Most foreign students don't like Turkish coffee, and _ _ _ .

a) so do I b) I do, too c) either I don't d) neither do I
169
C. Tag Questions
1. Positive Statement+ Negative Tag
a) You're a teacher, aren't you?
b) Mary has finished typing the report, hasn't she?
c) You know Bill, don't you?
d) Ali will come with us, won't he?
2. Negative Statement+Positive Tag
a) Bob didn't raise any objections to your proposal, did he?
b) Helen isn't going to London, is she?
c) You and I can't solve this problem, can we?
SPECIAL NOTE
I. I'm ... is followed by aren't I:
I'm right, aren't I?
2. Indefinite pronouns(e.g. nobody, everybody) take they in the tag question:
a) Nobody's been told , have they?
b) Everybody's ready to leave now, aren't they?
3. This and that are replaced by it in the tag question:
This/ That suit is expensive, isn't it?
4. Note that in complex sentences. the auxiliary verb must agree with the verb of the main
clause rather than that of the dependent clause:
John said that he would resign from his post, didn't he?
5. Some introductory phrases beginning with I [I'm afraid, I think, I believe, I suspect and I
suppose ]do not affect the tag question except for the transfer of negation:
I suppose you 're not serious, are you? I don't suppose you 're serious, are you?
I don't believe you've paid for it yet, have you?
6. Negative adverbs, such as scarcely, hardly and never are followed by positive tags:
She scarcely cares, does she?
7. Note also question tags after imperatives and let's... :
Open the door, will you?lwon't you?/can you? /can't you?
Let's (not)go there today, shall we?
Mini Test on Tag Questions
1. We had to wait a long time to get our visas, ?
a) don't we b) couldn't we c) didn't we d) shouldn't we
2. He's going to call us back ___ ?

a) won't he b) doesn't he c) didn't he d) isn't he
3. It's the first time that she has been to Turkey, ?

a) isn't she b) isn't it c) hasn't she d) hasn't it
4. Martha almost never studied, ___ ?

a) did she b) had she c) would she d) didn't she
5. Leave the door open, ___ ?

a) do you b) don't you c) will you d) didn't you
170
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7
IV.The Subjunctive Form
We use the subjunctive form in that clauses which follow certain adjectives,
verbs and nouns:
The positive form: It' s essential that she consult a doctor.
The negative form: It's important that she not delay the treatment.
The passive voice: It's essential that a doctor be consulted.
Words That Take the Subjunctive Form
Adjectives advisable imperative obligatory significant

crucial important necessary urgent
essential mandatory recommendable vital
Verbs advise move(=propose) require suggest

ask order recommend urge
demand prefer request
insist propose rule
Nouns advice insistence proposal suggestion

demand order recommendation
(See noun clauses for further details and test questions.) · ,·, ~
Mini Test on the Subjunctive Form

1. It was essential that we the lease before the end of the month.
a) sign b) signed c) had signed d) were signing
2. "What do you think Ali should do?

"I recommend ___ as much as possible."
a) him resting b) him rest c) that he rests d) that he rest
3. "What time should Dilek start to work?"

"I suggest ___ here about 8:30."
a) that she be b) her to be c) that she will be d) for her being
4. In a democratic form of government, it is crucial that the citizens ___ .

a) will be very well-informed c) be very well informed
b) very well-informed d) were very well-informed
5. Bill was making a lot of noise, so I requested ___ .

a) that he left b) he must leave c) that he leave d) that he leaves
171
CHAPTER 16: Reduction of Clauses
Finite clauses in English can be reduced in two ways:
(1) by changing a finite clause to a verbless clause
(2) by changing a finite clause to a non-finite clause
A finite clause has a subject and a finite verb which must agree with the subject.
A verbless clause is a clause from which a form of the verb to be has been deleted:
Examples:
Finite (Full)Clause Verbless (Reduced) Clause
the woman who is in the shop the woman in the shop

the women who are on the boat the women on the boat
the book which is on the shelf the book on the shelf
the books which are on the table the books on the table
As can be seen from the above examples, the finite verbs -is, are and was- agree
with their subjects. Study the following table to understand finite and verbless
clauses better.
I. Finite Clauses versus Verbless(Reduced) Clauses

Finite(Full)Clause Verbless(Reduced) Clause
While we were in Istanbul, While in Istanbul, we visited all

we visited all the major museums. the major museums.
When she was in London, she When in London, she met very
met very interesting people. interesting people.
Though he was popular with Though popular with teenag-

teenagers, the singer was criticized ers, the singer was criticized by
by adults for his suggestive movements. adults for his suggestive movements.
Use a comma where it is necessary. Use a comma where necessary.
Mathematics, which was once my Mathematics, once my favorite

favorite subject, no longer interests me. subject, no longer interests me.
Mary Thatcher, who is a well-known Mary Thatcher, a well-known

fashion designer, earns a lot of money. fashion designer, earns a lot of
money.
The students who were present The students present at the

at the meeting signed the petition. meeting signed the petition.
172
II. Finite versus Non-Finite (Reduced)Clauses
Finite clauses contain finite verbs which agree with their subjects. In non-finite
clauses, the subject is deleted if it is the same as the subject of the main clause. The
verb in the finite clause is changed to a non-finite verb as shown below:
Form Non-finite verb Used for

-ed participle written passive constructions
-ing participle writing active constructions
-to mnmtive to write/to be written both active and passive constructions
We use the same form of non-finite verbs with all persons, singular or plural.
Study the following examples:
Finite Verbs Non-Finite Verbs

The student who is shouting ... The student shouting ...
The students who are shouting ... The students shouting ...
The man who was killed yesterday ... The man killed yesterday ....
The men who were killed yesterday .... The men killed yesterday ....
As it was mentioned above, it ... As mentioned above, it...
III.Passive Constructions in Finite and Non-Finite Clauses

A. Adverbial Clauses
Finite Clauses Non-Finite (Reduced) Clauses
Although it was begun many years Although begun many years

ago, the road is still not completed. ago, the road is still not completed.
Though it was written for children, Though written for children,

the book is popular among adults as well. the book is popular among adults as
well. ,
As soon as it was announced As soon as announced, the
the plan came under attack. plan came under attack.
Once it is learned, language cannot Once learned, language cannot
easily be forgotten. easily be forgotten.
When it is cooled, the vapor When cooled, the vapor condenses
condenses and forms droplets. and forms droplets.
If this method is used properly If used properly, this method

it will be highly effective. will be highly effective.
He began shouting as though he He began shouting as though

were annoyed at what he had seen. annoyed at what he had seen.
173
B. Adjectival Clauses (See passive constructions in relative clauses on page 113)
Finite Clauses Non-Finite Clauses

The method which has been used in The method used in England for
England for the last three years has been the last three years has been very
very effective. effective.
The man who was arrested yesterday The man arrested yesterday
refused to answer any questions. refused to answer any questions.
The courses which are offered by our The courses offered by our
department are basically elective. department are basically elective.
Being + Past Participle
Being+past participle is used to reduce passive constructions in some adverbial

clauses of time as well as the passive form of continuous tenses used in relative
clauses:
Ali had to look for a job for months after Ali had to look for a job for months
he was dismissed from the factory. after being dismissed from the
factory.
Students must be given sufficient training Students must be given sufficient

in the use of computers before they are training before being allowed
allowed to use them freely. to use them freely.
He fainted while he was being He fainted while being

questioned at the police station. questioned at the police station.
The subject which was being The subject being discussed

discussed interested me. interested me.
IV.Active Constructions in Finite and Non-Finite Clauses

A. Adverbial Clauses

Adults sometimes do not reahze their Adults sometimes do not realize
strength when they deal with children. their strength when dealing with
children.
The Prime Minister has held his second The Prime Minister has held his
press conference since he took office. second press conference since taking
office.
174
Though he was dying of cancer, Though dying of cancer, he

he painted every day.* painted every day.
He moved his lips as if he wanted He moved his lips as if wanting

to say something. to say something.
While he accepts the proposed plan While accepting the proposed

in principle, he has some reservations plan in principle, he has some
about its content. reservations about its content.
While he was walking past the post While walking past the post
office, he ran into one of his friends. office. he ran into one of his friends.
The President consults his aides The President consults his aides
before he makes his final decision. before making his final decision.
* Normally, adverbial clauses beginning with although, though and even though are
reduced by using in spite of or despite+ V+i11g I Noun Phrase.
Although he works hard, In spite of working hard,/

he doesn't earn much money. Despite his hard work,
he doesn't earn much money.
B.Adjectival Clauses (See also reduction of relative clauses on page 112)
People who live in big cities have People living in big cities have
some advantages. some advantages.
The factories which pollute the The factories polluting the

environment should be closed down. environment should be closed down.
V.Reducing Finite Clauses with Infinitives

(Active or Passive Voice)
A. Adjectival Clauses(See also 'To'-Infinitive for active or passive constructions on
pages 113-114)

Charles Lindbergh was the first person Charles Lindbergh was the first
who flew across the Atlantic Ocean. person to fly across the Atlantic
Ocean.
-
I have a lot of work which I must do. I have a lot of work to do.
175
B. Noun Clauses(See also reduction of noun clauses on page 129)

He can't decide what he should do. He can't decide what to do.
C. Adverbial Clauses

He was in such bad health that he was He was in such bad health as to be
obliged to resign. obliged to resign.
His work was so good that 1t made His work was so good as to make
him internationally famous. him internationally famous.
I studied hard so that I could get a I studied hard to get a passing
passing grade in the exam. grade in the exam.
Exercise 25: Change the following finite or verbless clauses to non-finite clauses.
I. The pupil of the eye reflexively constricts when it is exposed to bright light and
expands in the dark.
2. If they are used in too high concentrations, fertilizers damage the plant.
3. As it has been stated above, the nervous system is adversely affected by noise.
4. Organ transplants, which were once confined to the pages of science fiction
novels, have now become commonplace.
5. Although he was in a hurry, he didn't take a taxi.
6. When you buy a house, you must take its location, price and size into account.
7. He read the instructions carefully before he answered the questions.
8. He left the cafeteria after he had lunch.
9. This is one of the paintings which are attributed to Rembrandt.
10. The car which is parked in front of the bank is mine.
Exercise 26:Change the following non-finite and verbless clauses to finite clauses.
1. Though an old person, my uncle still feels young.
2. He died while on holiday in Spain.
3. The problems facing developing countries are too big for them to solve on their
own.
4. The bridge, weakened by successive storms, was no longer safe.
5. As shown in Table 5, the problem is more serious in developing countries.
6. Although lonely, Mrs. Smith tried to have a positive attitude.
7. While feeling lonely, she still tried to remain positive.
8. Before being released, the patient had to sign a hospital form.
9. The concept of general intelligence, properly interpreted, has great utility.
10. The documents will be returned as soon as completed.
11. The children were noisy until told to be quiet.
12. Once seen, that painting will never be forgotten.
176
VI.Additional Notes on Finite and Non-Finite Verbs
A sentence which has only one verb is called a simplex sentence. The verb of a
simplex sentence must be a finite verb:
la. The plan has been approved by the President.

2a. Many scientists are seeking a cure for AIDS.
3a. The bomb caused extensive damage.
4a. The thief was caught yesterday.
Sa. The book contains a variety of grammar exercises.
6a. Our house was built fifty years ago.
a. Two or more finite verbs joined by coordinators (and, or, so, but, for)
1b. The plan has been approved by the President and will be put into effect
immediately.
2b. Many scientists are seeking a cure for AIDS, but they are not
optimistic about finding a cure for it in the next decade.
3b. A bomb exploded in a busy shopping district and caused extensive
damage.
4b. The thief was caught yesterday, and he has been arrested today.
Sb. The book contains a variety of grammar exercises, so it is extremely
useful.
6b. Our house was built fifty years ago, but it is still in good condition.
b. Two or more finite verbs joined by subordinators

(1) Relative pronouns (who, which, that, etc.)
le. The plan which has been approved by the President will be put into effect
immediately.
2c. Many scientists who are seeking a cure for AIDS are not optimistic
about finding a cure for it in the next decade.
3c. A bomb which exploded in a busy shopping district caused extensive
damage.
4c. The thief who was caught yesterday has been arrested today.
Sc. The book which contains a variety of grammar exercises is extremely
useful.
6c. Our house, which was built fifty years ago, is still in good condition.
(2) Adverbial conjunctions (since, now that, if, once, though, because, etc.)
ld. Now that the plan has been approved by the President, it will be put into
effect immediately.
2d. While many scientists have been seeking a cure for cancer, there is not
much optimism among them about finding a cure for it in the next decade.
3d. Because the bomb exploded in a busy shopping district, it caused
extensive damage
4d. The thief was arrested after he was caught.
177
5d. Since the book contains a variety of grammar exercises, it is extremely
useful.
6d. Although our house was built fifty years ago, it is still in good
condition.
c. Non-finite verbs used to introduce reduced clauses

If no connectives (coordinators or subordinators) are used, two clauses can be
joined by changing the finite verb to its corresponding non-finite form and omitting
the identical subject. Study the following examples based on the above examples:
1e. The plan approved by the President will be put into effect immediately.
2e. Many scientists seeking a cure for AIDS are not optimistic about finding a
cure for it in the next decade.
3e. A bomb exploded in a busy shopping district, causing extensive damage.
4e. The thief caught yesterday has been arrested today.
Se. The book containing a variety of grammar exercises is extremely useful.
6e. Although built fifty years ago, our house is still in good condition.
6f. Our house, built fifty years ago, is still in good condition.
Test on Finite and Non-Finite Clauses

I. The highly respected scientist from Norway ___ a tremendous contribution

to science.
a) who has made b) having made c) has made d) has been made
2. The Titanic sank in 1912,___ at least 1500 people.

a) killed b) killing c) that it killed d) that killed
3. He entered the room ___ by his secretary.

a) accompanied c) who was accompanied
b) was accompanied d) which was accompanied
4. The measures _ _ _ the use of force were adopted by a vast majority.

a) authorizing b) by authorizing c) authorize d) are authorized
5. She's been working in a bank since___ school.

a) leaving b) to leave c) left d) she was left
6. Do not leave the building unless ___ to do so.

a) instructed b) you have instructed c) being instructed d) it is instructed
7. When _ _ _ of sleep for a long time, many people become very disturbed.
b) they deprive b) they were deprived c) deprived d) depriving
8. Factories of their waste into rivers or lakes must be closed down.
a) which are disposed c) disposing
b) are disposed d) dispose
178
CHAPTER 17: Sentence Connectors
1. Contrast
The sentence connectors which indicate contrast are divided into two groups :
those which express direct opposition I adversitive contrast (1-5) and those which
express an unexpected result or denial of expectation I concessive contrast (6-9):
direct opposition I direct contrast

however on the other hand conversely in contrast
denial of expectation I concessive contrast ', 1
however yet still nonetheless nevertheless even so in spite of this
a. Direct Opposition ,
1. Ali worked hard. On the other hand/In contrast/ However, Okan hardly did
any work at all.
2. Metin is lazy. However, his brother is quite diligent(=hard working).
3. George is an optimist. In contrast/However/, Bill is a pessimist.
4. Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.
5. Six is more than five; conversely, five is less than six.
b. Denial of Expectation (Unexpected result)

6. She studied diligently for several months. Nevertheless/HoweverNet/,
Nonetheless, she failed.
7. George is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.
8. My uncle is 70 years old now. Nonetheless, he maintains his interest in legal
matters.
9. It' s raining. Even so, we must go out.
2. Result
as a consequence accordingly for this reason therefore
as a result consequently hence thus
1. He passed his exams. Thereforeffhus/Hence/Accordingly/Consequently, he
had some good news to tell his parents.
2. Professor Brown is an outstanding scientist. Hence, he is highly respected.
3. He has been studying hard for a long time. Thus, he has made considiwrable
progress.
4. He lacks self-confidence. As a consequence, he is unlikely to be successful.
5. The demand has increased sharply. Accordingly, the prices are higher now.
3. Addition and Listing
also besides further moreover furthermore in addition
first (firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, for one thing )
secondly (second, in the second place), for another thing
thirdly (third, in the third place)
finally, lastly, last of all
1. Aykut plays football. Moreover/ Besides/ Also, he runs a restaurant.
2. Necla writes short stories, In addition, she writes articles for a newspaper.
179
------ ------
3. To prepare his homework, Jack went through various history books.
Furthermore, he took notes from several encyclopedias.
4. During her spare time, Ayla practices the piano; in addition, she plays the vio-
lin.
5. I prefer to buy fruits and vegetables in the open market because they are quite
cheap there. Besides, they are much fresher than fruits and vegetables sold at
the greengrocers'.
6. Living in a big city offers good job opportunities. Also, it provides good educa-
tional opportunities.
7. Ali does not have a gift for music. Moreover, he lacks motivation to practice
mus;c. Therefore, he can't become a good musician.
8. Owning a car has some advantages. First(First of all/Firstly/ To begin with),
it gives you comfort. Secondly, it saves you a lot oftime. Thirdly, it gives you
great freedom of movement.
4. Time
at first afterwards later then in the meantime meanwhile
1. I read the morning papers for a while. Afterwards, I took a shower.
2. First pick up the receiver and then insert a coin into the coin-box.
3. At first, I had great difficulty with grammar. Later, however, I was able to
overcome these difficulties by studying hard.
4. The party is Tuesday, but in the meantime I have to shop and prepare the food.
5. They'll be here soon. Meanwhile, let's have coffee.
5. Exemplification
for instance for example to illustrate
I. Women generally live longer than men. For instance, in the United States life
expectancy for women is 75, while it is 73 for men.
2. Earthquakes can be highly destructive. To illustrate, the earthquake which
occurred in Erzincan in 1939 devastated the whole town, killing more than
35,000 people.
6. Particularization
.
in particular particularly specifically
1. Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular, one can find
specialty items that larger stores do not contain.
2. We still needed to arrange several details for the trip. Specifically, we had to
make plane and train reservations as well as decide on the final itinerary.
7. Explanation p l~--,L..,
that is nam~ly in other words that is to say
1. The brochure dealt with travelling in Morocco. That is/In other words/
Namely, it discussed transportation, currency, and language.
2. The machinery was not impaired; that is, it wasn't damaged.
3. Good readers should be able to read between the lines; that is, they should be
able to make inferences(to draw conclusions) about information that is
conveyed indirectly or given only partially.
180
4. There is only one topic to discuss, namely, the question of discipline.
5. As a child grows up, he learns how to behave in ways which are appropriate to
the society into which he is born. That is to say, he acquires the patterns of
behavior which are accepted as normal in his society.
8. Similarity .5 ~~ \
likewise similarly correspondingly by the same token in the same way
I. Men must wear a jacket and a tie; similarly, women must wear a skirt or a
dress, not trousers.
2. She was late and I similarly was delayed.
3. You can't teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise, you can't build a
system of values in the current educational climate.
9. Emphasis · · '' c ::o

in fact indeed as a matter offact actually
1. He is quite wealthy. In fact, he is one of the richest men in Turkey.
2. I like reading. As a matter of fact, it is my favorite pastime.
3. Murat is a highly talented musician. Indeed, he has an extraordinary
gift for music.
10. Refutation
on the contrary
l. She is not ugly. On the contrary, she is a good-looking girl.
2. I don't hate classical music. On the contrary, I'm very fond of it.
11. Reformulation
in other words to put it in a different way, put differently
1. He is a conservative. In other words, he favors the preservation of old
institutions in their original form.
2. Is there a cheaper solution? In other words, can you make a cheaper device?
12. Correction
rather to be more precise
I. He is enjoying himself. Rather, he seems to be enjoying himself.
2. This system must be improved. Rather, it must be thoroughly changed.
3. Her name is not Margeret. Rather, it is Margot.
13. Transition
as for as to with regard to with respect to
as regards regarding as far as Xis concerned
1. Both Orkun and Ozkan are my friends. Orkun studies law at Ankara
University. As for Ozkan, he studies mechanical engineering at METU.
2. As far as comfort is concerned, a car is definitely much better than a bicycle.
On the other hand , with respect to convenience, it is difficult to say the same
thing.
3. METU and ITU are similar in several respects(=ways). First, they are both
technical universities. Secondly, they are alike as regards the courses offered.
181
4. Sony, which is $550, is much more expensive than Grundig, which is $440.
However, as far as quality is concerned(With regard to/ As regards quality),
the former is far better than the latter.
14. Alternative
You're welcome to come with us now in our car. Alternatively, you could go
later with Mary.
15. Negative Condition

or else otherwise
I. I must leave now, or else I'll be late.
2. You must study hard. Otherwise, you may fail.
16. Summation/ Conclusion

in summary in brief in short in conclusion
to be brief to sum up all in all
1. This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever; in short, it is a fiasco.
2. The system lacked originality, efficiency and ingenuity. In conclusion, it was a
complete failure.
17. Other Sentence Com.ectors

1. after all : considering all the factors in the situation
I don't think he should be punished for breaking the window. After all, he's
only five years old.
2. incidentally/by the way (used to introduce an additional point that the speaker
has just thought of)
Some people, and incidentally that includes Robert, just won't look after
themselves properly.
3. above all (=more than anything else)
He misses all of us, but he longs above all to see his family again.
4. all the same: even so, nevertheless, in any case
I like him; all the same, I don't trust him
5. anyway, anyhow, in any case
I wasn't asked; anyway/anyhow/in any case, I wasn't keen to go.
6. instead(used to indicate contrast)
Mary did not answer. Instead she looked out of the taxi window.
Test on Sentence Connectors - Set 1

I. Overpopulation is becoming an increasingly serious problem. ___ ,
many families continue to have large numbers of children.
a) Therefore b) Nonetheless c) Moreover d) Similarly
2. She is very fat. ___ , she wants to go on a diet.

a) Yet b) Likewise c) Also d) Therefore
182
3. Dorothy felt rather tired. ___ , she went to bed early.
a) Also b) Therefore c) Indeed d) Besides
4. John was here yesterday. ___ , I didn't talk to him.

a) Furthermore b) However c) Besides d) Consequently
5. The workers' wages weren't high enough; ___ , they decided to go on

strike.
a) yet b) as a result c) also d) still
6. Many students have negative reactions to exams. ___ , some students can't
sleep or eat when they have an exam.
a) Nevertheless b) For example c) Likewise d) In addition
7. A society which values excellence in sports will turn out good athletes.
___ , a society that holds education in high esteem will produce outstanding
educators.
a) In contrast b) On the other hand c) Similarly d) In fact
8. He did not object to the plan .___ , he wholeheartedly supported it.

a) Moreover b) On the contrary c) However d) Hence
9. Most people were opposed to the scheme on the grounds that it was expensive.
___ , it is now being re-examined to see if costs can be reduced.
a) Besides b) Correspondingly c) Still d) Accordingly
10. Agriculture will have to undergo a drastic change to meet the needs of the new
situation. ___ , the country will starve.
a) Otherwise b) As a matter of fact c) Yet d) So
11. "Are you going abroad again this summer?"

"We might go to Spain. , we might stay at home."
a) Also b) On the other hand c) Meanwhile d) Similarly
12. The price of this car seems to be reasonable. ___ , it is small for our
family.
a) However b) Also c) Actually d) Otherwise
13. Learning a new language is difficult. ___ , the student must work hard.
a) Also b) However c) Yet d) Therefore
14. Insects do not speak. ___ , certain insects, like bees, can communicate
by doing a special dance which shows where nectar is.
a) However b) Consequently c) Similarly d) Furthermore
15. The language laboratory helps in listening. ___ , it gives listeners
opportunity to practice speaking.
a) Still b) Nevertheless c) Moreover d) Nonetheless
16. Pronunciation of a new language is difficult at first. ___ , it becomes

easier in time.
a) However b) As a result c) Thus d) In addition
183
17. He has learned French. ___ , he can speak English.
a) Also b) On the other hand c) Still d) Conversely
18. Spanish and Italian are similar languages; ___ , Italian has more vowel
sounds.
a) moreover b) however c) hence d) also
19. He studies hard ;___, he finds English easy.

a) yet b) therefore c) besides d) likewise
20. San Francisco has cool, windy summers. ___ , New Orleans's summers
are hot and humid.
a) Nevertheless b) In contrast c) Furthermore d) In fact
Test on Sentence Connectors - Set 2

1. Jack is a successful businessman. ___ , he is one of the wealthiest
businessmen in this country now.
a) In fact b) Correspondingly c) Nonetheless d) Likewise
2. His achievements in the sport of tennis are truly impressive. , he won

Wimbledon six times in succession.
a) For example b) What is more c) By the way d) Consequently
3. We must reinforce the river banks. _ _ _ , there is bound to be flooding in the

winter.
a) As a result b) Otherwise c) In fact d) Besides
4. With all the optional extras, the price of the car is £ 80,000. , it costs
more than the average price for most houses.
a) In other words b) After all c) Conversely d) Furthermore
5. He is undoubtedly the best player in the team. , he is very unpopular

with the other members.
a) In contrast b) On the other hand c) Moreover d) Likewise
6. Many people think that New Orleans is a large city. ___ it has quite a
small population.
a) On the contrary b) On the other hand c) Conversely d) Likewise
7. Tim completed the race in 4 minutes 32.5 seconds, the slowest time for several
years. , it was enough to win him the gold medal.
a) In any case b) Nevertheless c) Besides d) In contrast
8. 'We'll set off at 5 p.m., and the coach will reach the hotel at 10 p.m. _ __
it's a three-star hotel, not a two-star hotel as it says on your booking form.'
a) Anyway b) On the other hand c) Also d) By the way
184
9. 'The helicopter will arrive to evacuate the wounded in the morning,' said the
doctor. , we must make them as comfortable as possible.'
a) Meanwhile b) Now c) After all d) Therefore
10. 'I know he is old and rather difficult,' said Mary, 'but he should be treated with
more respect. , he was once regarded as a hero and decorated by the
King.'
a) Moreover b) After all c) In fact d) All the same
11. We could put the car on the train and just drive the last hundred kilometers to
the cottage. , we could drive all the way.
a) Alternatively b) On the contrary c) Nevertheless d) Similarly
12. The striking workers want higher wages. , they want better working
conditions.
a) In fact b) In addition c) Consequently d) Nonetheless
13. The time available for discussion was very limited. _ _ _ , it was possible to
produce interesting arguments.
a) As a result b) Nevertheless c) Likewise d) Actually
14. A good knowledge of a foreign language enhances one's chances of getting a

·.vell-paid job. , many people want to learn at least one foreign Ian-
guage.
a) Therefore b) On the other hand c) Yet d) Moreover
15. Denmark is a constitutional monarchy. _ _ _ , Finland is a republic.

a) Besides b) In contrast c) In spite of this d) Thus
16. The cost of living in big cities is very high. _ _ _ , many civil servants take
part time jobs.
a) Furthermore b) As a consequence c) Yet d)Indeed
17. Australia doesn't import wheat. _ _ _ , it exports a considerable amount of

wheat every year.
a) Likewise c) Hence
b) On the contrary d) On the other hand
18. Germans always shake hands when they are introduced to strangers, whereas
the Japanese give a little bow. Americans, ___ , nod their heads and say 'Hi'.
a) nevertheless b) on the other hand c) on the contrary d) similarly
19. He has a lot of experience in teaching; _ _ _ , he is unlikely to be hired.

a) even so b) in contrast c) also d) therefore
20. ___ , Helen thought Bill was Jane's husband but later she realized he wasn't.
a) First b) At first c) Firstly d) First of all
185
CHAPTER18
Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases and Idiomatic Expressions
1. above
The temperature has not risen much above zero for the past week.
2. across
We went across the street to that restaurant.
3. against
a) I saw Altan leaning against a wall in the terminal building.
b) Workers began to protest against their appalling conditions.
c) The Belgians were in favor, the Dutch against.
d) We can get rid of the real evidence against him.
4. ahead of
a) We are now two years ahead of schedule.
b) We have a long journey ahead of us, so let's talk to pass the time_.
5. among
Their house is hidden among trees.
6. around
Youngsters are receiving maximum exposure to new ideas of the world
around them.
7. as
a) This watch was given me as a birthday present.
b) He works as a teacher in a private high school.
8. as well as: in addition to; besides

He eats meat as well as fruit and vegetables.
9. at
a) He passed his driving test at his fifth attempt.
b) He is at work on a new invention.
c) We set off at dawn.
d) Eggs are sold at twenty cents a dozen.
e) We buy our groceries at that store on the corner.
f) School begins at 9 o'clock every day.
g) He lives at 56, Fifth Street.
h) House prices are rising at a higher rate than inflation.
10. before
a) We have a long journey before us.
b) I should like to think the matter over again before giving my reply.
c) Work should come before pleasure.
186
11. behind
a) The sun was hidden behind the clouds.
b) She is rather behind the rest of her class in mathematics.
12. below
a) The Browns live in the flat below this one.
b) The price of houses is not likely to fall below this level for some time to
come
13. beneath
a) The wrecked vessel disappeared beneath the waves.
b) He wore a woolen vest beneath his shirt.
c) His legs were invisible beneath the table.
14. beyond
a) He soon realized that the task he had undertaken was beyond him.
b) We can do nothing beyond what we have done already.
c) Instruments ha_ve extended the range of human senses far beyond what any
man can expenence.
d) Why he did it is beyond my comprehension.
15. by
a) He learned English well by studying hard.
b) I know him by sight, but not by name.
c) On a cold evening it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
d) I'll have finished all my work by Friday.
e) The price has been increased by five dollars.
f) Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.
g) By my watch, the time is half past eleven.
h) The carpet is two meters by two and a half.
i) She was very generous by nature.
j) I'm a Londoner by birth.
16. concerning : about; with regard to; in connection with

a) We have no information concerning his whereabouts.
b) The journalist wrote some articles concerning prisons and prisoners.
17. depending on
Different methods are used , depending on what results are required.
18. despite: in spite of

Despite all the thought and hard work devoted to the scheme, nothing came
ofit.
19. excluding : not counting

There were fifty people present, excluding the officials.
20. following
a) The mines had been closed following a geological survey.
b) The investigation was thoroughly reorganized , following the resignation of
the Chairman.
187
--------
21. from
a) The fog extended from Ankara to Polath.
b) We found the village very much changed from what it used to be.
c) Wine is made from grapes , and flour is made from wheat.
22. in
a) The last few years of his life were spent in poverty.
b) The police arrived in a matter of minutes.
c) Her whole life was spent in helping others.
d) I arrived at the railroad station in time to buy my ticket.
e) My brother was born in 1980.
t) It's very hot in Antal ya in summer.
g) I'll go to Antalya in September, when the weather is very nice.
h) He gets up early in the morning.
23. including
A new car of this type costs $ 5,000, including purchase tax.
24. in spite of: despite

In spite of my warning, they persisted in doing it.
25. into
a) The austerity measures will be put into effect soon.
b) Intense cold turns water into ice.
c) The project ran into difficulties.
d) I took off my fancy clothes and changed into slacks.
e) I translated the letter from Turkish into English.
t) The police will start an inquiry into the cause of the accident.
26. like
Erbil, like her sister, is very eager to learn new things.
27. of
The preposition of can be used to indicate:
(1) what something consists of: strong feelings of jealousy
(2) the subject matter of something: the idea of death
(3) possession: Mary aimlessly turned the pages of her magazine.
(4) a special characteristic: a woman of energy and determination
(5) age: a woman of thirty-two
a) It was very considerate of you to Jet me know you were going to be late.
b) It's an area of low rain fall.
c) She is a woman of great determination and persistence.
d) He called for the removal of the ban.
e) Only a disastrous tactical mistake can deprive him of victory.
t) I'm willing to do all the duties demanded of me provided they are within
reason.
g) A household of this size inevitably has problems.
i) He is a man of energy and ambition.
j) We are faced with problems of varying complexity.
k) She must address the problem of corruption.
I) It can barely maintain a speed of 90 kilometers.
188
Note also the following:
m) Punctuality is of great importance in our culture.
n) His contribution to science is of great significance to future generations.
o) This book will be of great use to you in the future.
p) The rapid destruction of tropical forests is of great concern to
environmentalists.
r) English will be of great value to you in your future life.
s) The success of the program is of vital interest to the university.
28. off : away from ; aside from

a) Half of whac he said was off the subject.
b) You will find the post office just off High Street.
c) He's off duty today.
d) An oil tanker ran aground off the shore of Silifke, Mersin.
29. on
a) I heard it on the radio.
b) He worked on a farm for several years.
c) Our classroom is on the second floor of the building.
d) They are on holiday now.
e) He went to Istanbul on a business trip.
f) We'll go on a picnic next Sunday.
g) Take the first turning on your right.
h) On his doctor's advice, he took a month's holiday.
i) The two men were arrested on a charge of housebreaking.
j) On hearing the crash, we rushed out of the house.
k) On his stepping out of the taxi, he was seized by two men.
I) He is on a diet now.
m) He worked on this project for a long timE.
n) Mr. Smith is ou leave now. He'll be back at the end of August.
o) The workers decided to go on strike.
p) I can only do it on the understanding that I am not held responsible for the
outcome.
r) The next round of drinks is on me.
s) What's on at the cinema tonight?
t) He came to ·1isit me on several occasions.
u) The museum 1s open on Sundays.
v) I was born on October 22, 1976.
w) Most cars run on petrol.
x) He's on duty now.
31. on account of: because of; owing to; due to

He was absent from class yesterday on account of his sudden illness.
32. out of
a) Out of all the people present, only two spoke in favor of the proposal.
b) She did it out ofjealousy.(=because of)
c) Only five students passed out of fifty.
d) The salary offered is out of all proportion to the work involved.
33. owing to : because of; on account of

All the schools in the area were closed owing to an outbreak of measles.
189
34. past
a) He walked past me without speaking.
b) I caught a glimpse of John in the crowd while I was driving past K1Z1!ay.
35. to
a) He drowned in 10 to 12 feet of water.
b) Wait until the lights change to green.
c) I've lost the key to the file cabinet.
d) He was the British Ambassador to Turkey during the Second World War.
e) To my surprise, I passed the exam.
f) To the best of my knowledge , I have never seen the person before.
g) To the disappointment of the spectators, the match had to be cancelled.
h) He works long hours, to the detriment of his health.
36. through
a) I got to know of it through a friend.
b) The diameter of a circle passes through the center.
c) We travelled through the night
d) Sounds of music could be heard through the open window.
e) I got this job through an employment agency. (=by means of)
37. throughout
a) Tl)roughout the day, Alper maintained a sullen silence.
b) Throughout his career, his main concerns have been with politics.
38. together with

Plant disease, together with a prolonged drought, has ruined most of the crops.
39. towards
a) When we last saw the car, it was travelling towards Polath.
b) He has a negative attitude towards his school.
c) He will be here towards noon.
40. under
a) No one under twenty-one is eligible for membership of the club.
b) The subject is under discussion. (=in the process of)
c) The road is under repair.
41. unlike : different from

Unlike Ali, who is optimistic, his sister is quite pessimistic.
42. up to
a) On Saturdays the shops keep open up to 7 p.m. (=until)
b) Read up to page 11. (=as far as)
c) You may have to pay up to $ 100 for a coat of this size. =(as much as)
43. with
a) I unlocked the door with my own key.
b) You can leave your dog with me.
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c) Mary was in bed with 'flu'.
d) With some reluctance, George agreed to lend me his car.
e) With only two weeks to go before the birth of my baby, I was involved in
an accident.
f) With inflation in the country rising, this caution is understandable.
g) I was taken to hospital with fierce abdominal pains.
h) He helped me with my homework.
i) With a few exceptions, it's a very friendly group of people.
j) The campaign was conducted witp remarkable skill and tenacity.
44. within
a) Deep within him lived a secret dread.
b) Within a matter of weeks, she recovered from her illness.
c) It ensured a balance within society.
d) The house is within easy reach of the shops and the station.
Test on Prepositions
1. She behaves a little strangely ___ times.
a) in b) on c) at d) about
2. If we leave now we should be in Bursa 4:30.

a) until b) by c) during d) as far as
3. I'm in favor _ _ _ NATO, but I'm against the use of nuclear weapons.
a) of b) for c) about d) to
4. We've had nothing but trouble ever _ _ _ she arrived.

a) since b) during c) when d) for
5. Civil servants no longer get paid ___ the first of each month.
a) in b) on c) at d) during
6. Helen is quite good _ _ _ physics. It is her favorite subject.

a) about b) in c) for d) at
7. George is not in the office, because he is _ _ _ leave. He won't be back till

the end of August.
a) in b) at c) for d) on
8. I'm convinced_ _ _ his innocence.

a) for b) with c) of d) to
9. She can't possibly cope _ _ _ so many problems.

a) for b) about c) with d) on
10. If a child is deprived___ love, he is likely to have many psychological

problems when he grows up.
a) with b) of c) on d) off
11. The former Soviet Union emerged _ _ _ the Second World War as a
major world power.
a) in b) on c) from d) out
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12. He refused to comment _ _ _ the current developments.
a) in b) with c) for d) on
13. There was an accident this morning. A bus collided a car.

a) with b) by c) on d) from
14. I mustn't eat too much. I'm supposed to be _ _ _a diet.

a) in b) on c) at d) of
15. We had to get on the train without tickets because we didn't get to the station
_ _ _ time to buy them.
a) on b) by c) at d) in
16. Please don't be late for the meeting. We want to begin ___ time.
a) within b) on c) in d) at
17. It took John a long time to find a job after he left school. the end he
found a job as a waiter.
a) By b) At c) In d) On
18. The reason his failure is his lack of interest.

a) of b) for c) about d) on
19. There has been a great demand _ _ _ cars this year.

a) for b) in c) on d) about
20. The cause the fire is still unknown.

a) of b) about c) for c) over
21. She's quite beautiful but I wouldn't like to be married _ _ _ her, I'd rather
marry another girl.
a) to b) into c) with d) of
22. I'm sorry _ _ _ the noise last night. We were having a party.
a) for b) about c) from d) at
23. We provided them _ _ _ food.

a) with b) of c) for d) from
24. I have no wish to interfere the matter.

a) on b) in c) with d) about
25. This picture reminds me ___ Paris.

a) about b) of c) for d) off
26. He is responsible _ _ _ his boss _ _ _ what takes place.

a) to I about b) to /for c) to I with d) toward I with
27. I agree _ _ _ you ___ this matter.

a) to I on b) to I with c) with I in d) with I on
28. Many people are addicted ___ cocaine in the United States.
a) to b) for c) with d) on
192
29. Students are supposed to conform _ _ _ regulations.
a) for b) about c) on d) to
30. A treasurer must account _ _ _ all his expenditure.

a) on b) with c) for c) into
31. Madam Curie dedicated herself science.

a) to b) about c) with d) for
32. You must be content _ _ _ what you have. Otherwise, you can't be happy.
a) with b) about c) for d) on
33. He is lacking _ _ _ intelligence.

a) of b) in c) about c) at
34. He worked for many years, and in the end he succeeded _ __

finishing his project.
a) on b) in c) with d) for.
35. The secret of his success lies in his persistence _ _ _his studies
in spite of his problems.
a) in b) over c) on d) with
36. He is _ _ _ Paris now. He is leaving _ _ _ London this afternoon.

a) in I to b) in I for c) at I about d) at I for
37. I usually stay in bed _ _ _ 11 o'clock _ _ _ Sundays.

a) by I on b) until I on c) to I for d) until I in
38. He arrived _ _ _ the station _ _ _ exactly 10:30.

a) in I at b) in I by c) at I at d) on I at
39. I missed the bus, so I went to work _ _ _ foot.

a) in b) at c) on d) over
40. Most people travel _ _ _ bus.

a) with b) by c) on d)in
41. A bird flew the room the window.

a) in I through c) in I by
b) into I through d) into I by means of
42. Ali's father died _ _ _ 1983 _ _ _ the age of 71.

a) in/in b) in/at c) at/at d) in I during
43. I'll phone my parents _ _ _ about 6 o'clock _ _ _ Tuesday evening.

a) in I on b) at/ on c) at/ in d) at/ at
44. She is reading a book _ _ _ her bedroom _ _ _ the moment.

a) in I in b) in I on c) at/ at d) in I at
45. I was out _ _ _ Friday night.

a) in b) at c) on d) within
193
46. The population of Turkey will have risen to 70 million ___ ten years' time.
a) in b) by c) on d) until
47. I'll see you ___ the morning.

a) in b) while c) on d) at
48. Some students study ___ the evening, while others prefer to study _ __
night.
a) in/in b) in/at c) on/at d) at/at
49. They set off for Paris ___ dawn.

a) at b) on c) in d) over
50. A small car has some advantages ___ a big one.

a) on b) than c) over d) from
Test on Idiomatic Expressions (Intermediate - Advanced)
1. I just can't make up my ___ which course to take at college.

a) idea b) mind c) opinion d) decision
2. What Father said was brief and

a) on the point b) to the point c) up to a point d) in point
3. People who smoke _ _ _ the risk of damaging their health.

a) take b) get c) run d) put
4. ___ , his secretary wears the most extraordinary clothes.

a) With time b) At one time c) At times d) In time
5. I don't know if I'll be able to help you but I'll ___ my best.
a) make b) give c) do d) work
6. He paid the fine ___ the spot.

a)on b)in c) from d) during
7. If you don't stop smoking, you ___ the risk of developing chronic bronchi-
tis.
a) bear b) suffer c) make d) run
8. She's got a very interesting job. She earns her ___ working as a secretary
for a Member of Parliament.
a) life b) profession c) living d) line
9. I agree with you ___ but there are some other things to consider, too.
a) up to a point b) to the point c) beside the point d) in point
194
10. I've tried hard to ___ to know the neighbours but they don't seem very
friendly.
a) get b) arrive c) manage d) succeed
11. In the committee's ___ the economy is well on the way to recovery.
a) point of view b) way of thinking c) view d) conclusion
12. The managing director took the ___ for the strike, although it was not really
his fault.
a) accusation b) guilt c) blame d) mistake
13. My brother is really too kind: everybody takes ___ of him.

a) profit b) advantage c) example d) occasion
14. He's by no ___ unintelligent. He's just lazy!

a) consideration b) way c) means d) degree
15. We cannot judge a person simply on the ___ of his education.

a) condition b) basis c) principle d) theory
16. I want to ___ advantage of the sale at the shoeshop while it's on.
a) make b) have c) get d) take
17. As far as ___ , there's only one solution to the problem.

a) I think b) I'm concerned c) I'm sure d) I see
18. A very important battle took ___ here in the 14th century.
a) part b) charge c) hold d) place
19. There's ___ in going on a picnic today. Look at the weather!

a) no use b) pointless c) not worth d) no point
20. It wasn't an accident. He did it on ___ .

a) reason b) determination c) purpose d) intention
21. I agree with him ___ , but not entirely.

a) until a certain point c) to some point
b) to some extent d) until a certain extent
195
CHAPTER 19: Sentence Variety
In English, it is possible to express the same idea, using a variety of structures
and expressions. Sentence variety is especially important in writing, but it is also
important for readers to recognize different structures which are used to express the
same concept. Moreover, recognizing the relationships between ideas and choosing
appropriate structures are essential skills to answer test questions about grammar.
Below, you will find the most important structures used to express relations
between ideas.
(See Appendix 2 for a comprehensive list of the markers of major semantic
relations.)
A. Structures That Indicate Addition

1. Sentence Connectors:
He reads short stories. In addition/Moreover/Furthermore, he reads novels.
2. Correlative Conjunctions:
He reads not only short stories but also novels.
He reads both short stories and novels.
3. Prepositional Phrases:
Apart from
In addition to short stories, he reads novels.
As well as
Besides
4. Coordinate conjunction
He reads short stories and novels.
Exercise 27: Rewrite the following sentences, using the cue words or phrases given.
The first one is done for you.
1. He wrote many books. In addition, he acted in several plays.

in addition to In addition to writing many books, he acted in several plays.
not only ... but (also) He not only wrote many books, but (also) acted in several
plays.
as well as As well as writing many books, he acted in several plays.
2. Television not only informs us but also entertains us.

as well as ...................................................................................................................... .
in addition to ................................................................................................................. .
in addition ..................................................................................................................... .
3. John plays basketball. In addition, he plays volleyball.

in addition to ................................................................................................................. .
besides (prep) ................................................................................................................ .
not only ... but also ........................................................................................................ .
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4. Regular exercise improves one's physical fitness. Also, it trains the heart muscle.
both ... and ................................................................................................................... .
as well as ...................................................................................................................... .
B. Structures of Cause-Effect Relationship

CAUSE: Ali's reckless driving
EFFECT/RESULT: a tragic accident
1. Sentence Connectors
Ali drove recklessly. Therefore/Thus/As a result/Consequently, he caused a
tragic accident.
2. Adverbial Clauses of Reason

Since/As/Because Ali drove recklessly, he caused a tragic accident.
(Cause+ Effect)
3. Prepositional Phrases
a) The tragic accident occurred because ofIon account of/owing to/ due to
as a result of Ali's reckless driving. (Effect+Cause)
b) The tragic accident was due to Ali's reckless driving. (Effect+Cause)
4. Participles
Driving recklessly, Ali caused a tragic accident.
5. Verbs
a) Ali's reckless driving gave rise to/ brought about/resulted in a tragic accident.
b) The tragic accident resulted from Ali's reckless driving
6. Nouns
The cause of the tragic accident was Ali's reckless driving.
The reason for the tragic accident was Ali's reckless driving.
The result of Ali's reckless driving was a tragic accident.
7. Adjectives
Ali , who drove recklessly, was responsible for the tragic accident.
8. That's why ...

Ali drove recklessly. That's why he caused a tragic accident.
9. Coordinate Conjunctions
a) He felt no fear,for (= because) he was a brave man. (Effect+Cause)
b) She doesn't go out now,for she is very old. (Effect+Cause)
c) She is very old, so she doesn't go out now. (Cause+ Effect)
Other Structures Expressing Cause-Effect Relationship

1. Clauses
a) Seeing that (=Since) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home.
b) He takes after his father in that (=because)he is incredibly ambitious.
197
c) Due to the fact that/ On account of the fact that/ Because of the fact that the
present system has become inefficient, we must devise a new system.
d) In view of the fact that all the other members of the group are going, I think you
should go too. (=Taking into account the fact that all the other members of the
group are going, I think ... )
e) His proposal was rejected on the grounds that it was impractical.
(=The reason given for the rejection of his proposal was that it was not practical.)
f) Inasmuch as (=Since)emergencies are sudden and unforeseen, they require
immediate action.
2. Phrases
a) In view of the weather, we'll cancel the picnic. (=Considering the weather)
b) He was always declining their invitations on grounds of ill health. (=because of)
3. Adjectives
Urban congestion is attributable to inadequate roads.
Exercise 28: Rewrite the following sentences, using the cue words or phrases
given. The first one is done for you.
1. He was involved in some criminal activities. Therefore, he was arrested.
since Since he was involved in some criminal activities, he was
arrested.
owing to Owing to his involvement in some criminal activities, he was
arrested.
result in His involvement in some criminal activities resulted in his arrest.
lead to His involvement in some criminal activities led to his arrest.
due to His arrest was due to his involvement in some criminal activities.
that's why He was involved in some criminal activities. That's why he was
arrested.
because of He was arrested because of/ due to his involvement in some
criminal activities.
2. She was absent from class because she was ill.
on account of. ............................................................................................................... .
as ................................................................................................................................... .
consequently ................................................................................................................. .
3. Since the demand has increased, the prices are higher.

because of. .................................................................................................................... .
give rise to .................................................................................................................... .
as a result. ..................................................................................................................... .
accordingly .................................................................................................................. .
cause ............................................................................................................................. .
4. She worked diligently. That's why she succeeded.
due to .......................................................................................................................... .
resulted from ................................................................................................................ .
198
C. Structures of Concessive Contrast (Denial of Expectation)
1. Sentence Connectors:
He worked diligently. However/Yet/Still/Nevertheless/Nonetheless, he failed to
finish his project on time.
2. Adverbial Clauses of Concessive Contrast

Although/Even though/Though/In spite of the fact that/Despite the fact that he
worked diligently, he failed to finish the project on time.
In spite of/Despite his diligent work, he failed to finish the project on time.
4. Even so
It was raining hard; even so (=nevertheless)he went out without an umbrella.
Cf Even though it was raining hard, he went out without an umbrella.
In spite of the fact that it was raining hard, he went out without an umbrella.
5. Coordinate Conjunction
It was raining hard, but he went out without an umbrella.
6. Other Structures That Show Concession

The match was completed notwithstanding (=in spite of) the bad weather.
For all (=in spite of)his efforts, he didn't succeed.
7. Though(= however; nevertheless)

It's hard work. I enjoy it, though.
1. He had good qualifications. Nonetheless, he was not recruited.
although Although he had good qualifications, he was not recruited.
in spite of In spite of his good qualifications, he was not recruited.
2. In spite of the doctor's warnings, John persists in smoking.

although ........................................................................................................................ .
nevertheless .................................................................................................................. .
3. Although there has been a substantial increase in car prices, people buy cars.
in spite of ..................................................................................................................... .
nonetheless ................................................................................................................... .
4. Despite his great effort, he failed.

even though ................................................................................................................. .
however ........................................................................................................................ .
5. Even though he smokes and drinks, I bet he'll live till he's a hundred.
in spite of the fact that. ................................................................................................. .
even so .......................................................................................................................... .
199
D. Structures of Contrast (Direct Opposition)
Ali is an optimist. In contrast/However/On the other hand, Ayhan is a pessimist.
2. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast

While/Whereas Ali is an optimist, Ayhan is a pessimist.
Unlike/As opposed to/In contrast to Ali, who is an optimist, Ayhan is a
pessimist.
4. Verbs
several respects.
a) Ali and Ayhan differ in outlook.
their attitudes towards life.
b) Ali contrasts with Ayhan in regard to his philosophy of life.
5. Adjectives:
Ali and Ayhan are dissimilar/different in several respects.
6. Nouns
a) There are differences in the way Ali and Ayhan view things.
b) There is a sharp contrast between Ali and Ayhan.
7. Comparative forms of Adjectives and Adverbs.

This machine is faster and more reliable than the one you bought.
I. While John is a liberal, Bill is a conservative.

however John is a liberal; however, Bill is a conservative.
in contrast to In contrast to John, who is a liberal, Bill is a conservative.
different John and Bill have different political views.
differ John and Bill differ in their political views.
John and Bill differ in that the former is a conservative,
whereas the latter is a liberal.
difference There is a difference between John's and Bill's political views.
contrast ( v) John's political views contrast with Bill's.
contrast(n) There is a sharp contrast between John's and Bill's political
views.
2. Alp~r is interested in pop music. In contrast, Orkun is interested in classical
music.
whereas ......................................................................................................................... .
unlike ........................................................................................................................... .
on the otherhand .......................................................................................................... .
different ....................................................................................................................... .
3. Ali is very lazy. In contrast, his brother is quite diligent.

as opposed to ............................................................................................................... .
while ............................................................................................................................. .
200
4. Helen is an extrovert*. On the other hand, Mary is an introvert** .
whereas ......................................................................................................................... .
unlike .......................................................................................................................... .
5. Bill is very generous. In contrast, his wife is rather stingy.

while ............................................................................................................................. .
unlike .......................................................................................................................... .
*An extrovert is a person who is active, lively, and sociable, and who finds it easy to
talk to other people and make friends.
**An introvert is a person who spends more time thinking about himself or herself
and private feelings than the world around him or her, and who finds it difficult to
talk to other people and make friends.
E. Structures of Similarity
1. Prepositions
Like I Similar to migraines, cluster headaches usually attack the left side of the
head.
2. Adverbial Clauses of Comparison

Just as migraines are felt on the left side of the head, cluster headaches usually
attack one side of the head.
3. Coordinate Conjunctions
Migraines are felt on the left side of the head, and cluster headaches usually
attack one side of the head, too.
4. Correlative Conjunctions
Both migraines and cluster headaches attack the left side of the head.
5. Adjectives
Migraines and cluster headaches are alike/similar in that they usually
attack the same side of the head.
Migraines are felt on the left side of the head; similarly/ likewise, cluster
headaches usually attack one side of the head.
7. Verbs
Migrains resemble cluster headaches in that they attack the left side of the head.
8. Nouns
a) There are similarities between migrains and cluster headaches.
b) There is a striking resemblance between migraines and cluster headaches.
9. Additional Examples
a) Bill and his brother are alike in that they are both highly diligent.
b) The two boys are alike as regards their attitudes towards their school.
c) METU and ITU are similar in that they are both technical universities.
d) Just as Bill is diligent so is Jack.
e) Ali is as enthusiastic about music as his brother is.
201
1. Aydm and Ayhan are alike in that they are both teachers.
similarly Aydm is a primary school teacher. Similarly, Ayhan works as a
teacher in a secondary school.
like Like Aydm, Ayhan is a teacher.
just as Just as Aydm is a teacher so is Ayhan.
both ... and Both Aydm and Ayhan are teachers.
the same Aydm and Ayhan have the same jobs.
resemble Aydm and Ayhan resemble each other in that they are both teachers.
2. Bill works hard. Similarly, his brother shows great diligence.

both ... and ..................................................................................................................... .
just as .......................................................................................................................... .
like ................................................................................................................................ .
3. Mary is shy. Similarly, Margaret is very timid.
{Y!if:;·t~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
F. Structures That Indicate Purpose
1. Adverbial Clause of Purpose
a) I worked hard so that/ in order that I could be successful.
b) He ran away lest he should be caught.
c) I always slept by the phone in case he called me up during the night.
2. Infinitive Phrases
a) I worked hard in order to be successful.
b) We must cooperate to maintain I in order to maintain! so as to maintain peace.
3. Preposition
I worked hard/or success.
G. Structures That Indicate Result

1. Adverbial Clause of Result
a) He is so foolish that he will believe anything.
b) He acts so foolishly that you cannot possibly tolerate him.
c) He is such a fool that he will believe anything.
d) He is such a foolish person that he will believe anything.
2. Infinitive Phrases
a) Im not so foolish as to accept your ridiculous offer.
b) I'm not such a fool as to believe this incredible story.
3. Adverbs
He looked away from the road while he was driving thereby (=thus)causing
an accident.
202
H. Structures That Indicate Time
The Prime Minister attended a cabinet meeting. Then/ Later/Afterwards/
Subsequently, he held a press conference.
2. Adverbial Clauses of Time

a) After the Prime Minister attended a cabinet meeting, he held a press conference.
b) The Prime Minister attended a cabinet meeting before he held a press
conference .
a) After/Subsequent to/Following the cabinet meeting, the Prime Minister held a
press conference.
b) The Prime Minister attended a cabinet meeting before/ prior to his press
conference .
4. -Ing Phrases
a) After attending a cabinet meeting, the Prime Minister held a press conference.
b) The Prime Minister attended a cabinet meeting before holding a press
conference .
c) Having attended a cabinet meeting, the Prime Minister held a press conference.
Other Structure.} That Indicate Time

r 'I
Clause Phrase
a) While Mrs. Smith.was ill, Duri11g Mrs. Smith's illness, I looked after her
I looked after her children. children.
b) Whe11 the new system was introduced With the introduction of the new system , there was
there was a perceptible change in a perceptible change in the quality of the material
the quality of the material produced. produced.
r Clause
While my wife was shopping,
I typed my report.
Sentence Connector
My wife was shopping. In the meantime,
I typed my report.
l. Structures That Indicate Condition

r Clau:.e Phrase
a) /11 the eve/It that we are attacked , Ill the event of an attack , we will defend
we will defend ourselves. ourselves.
b) I can't finish my project I can't finish my project without your help .

unless vou helo me.
c) /fit hadn't been for Melissa But for Melissa, we couldn't have won the
we ccmlcln't have W"" the 11ame g-ame ,)
Note: For expressions indicating intensification, transition, exemplification, and

reformulation, see sentence connectors. For further examples about structures indicating
cause- effect, contrast, purpose, condition and result, see adverbial clauses and sentence
connectors.
203
J. Adverbial Clauses versus Adverbial Phrases
Basic Clauses Phrases

Relation
Although he is quite wealthy, In spite of his great

he is unhappy. wealth , he is unhappy.
Contrast
Whereas Bill likes crowds, Unlike Bill , who likes
Jack prefers solitude. crowds, Jack prefers solitude.
After he graduated from the After his graduation from

university, he got a job as a the university, he got a job
research assistant. as a research assistant.
Time
We received his message We received his message
before he arrived. before his arrival.
The teacher gave us a test The teacher gave us a test

while Ali was absent. during Ali's absence.
Cause- Since/As he is unable to use his Because of his inability

Effect right arm, he has great difficulty to use his right arm, he has
in doing many simple jobs. great difficulty in doing many
simple jobs.
Similarity Just as Ed is a doctor so is Bob. Ed , like Bob, is a doctor.
If it hadn't been for the rain, we But for the rain, we would
would have had a nice holiday. have had a nice holiday.
In the event that afire breaks In the event of a fire,

out, you must dial 999. you must dial 999.
Condition It's a good idea to take an umbrella It's a good idea to take an um-
in case it rains. brella in case of rain.
You can't write a good term paper You can't write a good term
unless you do thorough research. paper without doing thorough
research.
Manner She sings as her mother does. She sings like her mother.
Exception Everything about the holiday was Except for the awful weather,
perfect except that the weather everything about the holiday
was awful. was perfect.
Purpose He went to the store so that He went to the store for

he could get a bottle of milk. a bottle of milk.
204
K. Sentence Variety · Summary
As stated earlier, the same idea can be expressed in many ways. Study the examples.
Example 1
TWO SENTENCES The small car was inexpensive to drive. It had

only four cylinders.
COMPOUND SENTENCE The small car was inexpensive to drive, for it

had only four cylinders.
COMPOUND VERB The small car had only four cylinders and was
inexpensive to drive.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE Because/Since/As the small car had only four

cylinders, it was inexpensive to drive.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE The small car, which had only four cylinders,
was inexpensive to drive.
PARTICIPIAL PHRASE The smal car, having only four cylinders, was
Having only four cylinders, the small car was
The smal car was inexpensive do drive, having
only four cylinders.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE The small car with only four cylinders was
ADJECTIVE MODIFIER The small, four-cylinder car was inexpensive to

drive.
Example2 Adverbial Constructions in End Position

Infinitive He left the room to celebrate his election victory.
looking cheerful.
having attained his goal.
Participle He left the room, having been elected president of the club.
satisfied with the result he had obtained.
Prepositional He left the room in a hurry.

Phrase
although he had been asked to stay on.

Adverbial He left the room because he felt sick.
Clauses after the results had beeen announced.
as soon as the results had beeen announced.
205
Example 3 Adverbial Constructions in Initial Position
Kind of Structure Examples

Single Word Adverbs Initially, George wrote articles for a newspaper.
a) Although he had not studied journalism,

George wrote articles for a newspaper.
b) When he was in Italy, George wrote articles for
a newspaper.
Adverbial Clauses c) After he graduated from the university,
d) Since he was badly in need of money, George
wrote articles for a newspaper so that
he could earn some extra money.
Infinitive of Purpose a) To earn his living, George wrote articles for

a newspaper.
b) In order to support his family,
a) After his graduation from the university,

b) In an effort to make money, George wrote
articles for a newspaper.
Prepositional Phrases c) Despite his lack of training in journalism,
d) Prior to his appointment to this post, George
wrote articles for a newspaper.
-EVER Words a) Whenever he was in need of money, George

(used adverbially) wrote articles for a newspaper.
b) Wherever he went, George wrote articles for
a newspaper.
a) Confronted with financial problems,

Participles b) Needing extra money for his project,
c) In spite of having no special training,
206
Example 4 Units Realizing Adverbial Functions
The functions of the adverbial are realized by:
1. Adverb Phrases
a) John was playing as well as he could.
b) John will be playing there.
2. Noun Phrases
John played yesterday ; he will play tomorrow, too.
a) John played with great skill.
b) Our team won the match thanks to John's excellent performance.
c) But for John, our team could not have won the match.
d) Despite his injured leg, John played well.
4. Adverbial Clauses (Finite Verb Clauses)

a) John played well although his leg was injured.
b) Our team won the match because John played well.
5. Non- Finite Verb Clauses

a. Infinitive
John was playing to win.
b. -ing Participle
a) John demonstrated his ability, playing surprisingly well.
b) Trying hard, John managed to win the game.
c. - ed Participle
Encouraged by his coach, John played surprisingly well.
d. Verbless Clauses
a) John was playing unaware of the danger.
b) John was playing energetically, determined to win the game.
Example 5
However hard he tried,

Hard as he tried,
Although he tried hard, he couldn't force the door open.
No matter how hard he tried,
He tried hard. However, he couldn't force the door open.
207
Test on Sentence Variety and Logical Relations
I. Rescue attempts were temporarily halted _ _ _ the bad weather.

a) because of b) because c) as a result d) since
2. Mike was awarded a scholarship _ _ _ his superior scholastic ability.

a) in spite of b) in case of c) because of d) instead of
3. She treats him he were her own son.

a) though b) even though c) as though d) if
4. The chickens have died the intense heat.

a) in spite of b) because of c) as d) when it was
5. _ _ _ he was very busy yesterday, he helped me.

a) Whereas b) Despite the fact that c) In spite of d) No matter
6. _ _ _ the roadblock, the police allowed us to enter the restricted area to search
for our friend.
a) As b) Although c) Despite d) Because
7. _ _ _ fire, ring the alarm bell.

a) In case b) In the event that c) In case of d) While
8. _ _ _ his enormous popularity as a singer, he is not happy at all.

a) Since b) In spite of c) Although d) No matter
9. She sings___ her mother. It's difficult to tell the difference.

a) alike b) similar c) like d) as
JO. She sings___ her mother does.

a) the same b) as c) same way d) similar to
I I. ___ he exercises vigorously, he can't lose weight.

a) Although b) In spite of c) However d) Since
12. He can't lift the box _ _ _ his strength.

a) however b) on account of c) although d) in spite of
13. He deserves our sympathy _ _ _ he is in need of help.

a) because b) because of c) though d) so
14. My neighbor took care of my child _ _ _ my long illness.

a) during b) in the event c) meanwhile d) while
15. _ _ _ from his nose, he's quite good-looking.

a) Except b) Far c) Excluding d) Apart
208
CHAPTER 20: General Grammar Tests
Grammar Test 1

1. The students like Professor Smith's course because he gives them _ __
homework.
a) few if any c) a great amount
b) none of d) little or no
2. Helen hoped___to Betty's party.

a) to be invited b) she'll be invited c) being invited d) to invite
3. By the time you arrive there, I'm sure he___his dinner and ___TV.
a) will be having I will watch c) has had I has watched
b) will have had I will be watching d) will have I will watch
4. He ___his doctor before he took the medicine.

a) is said to have consulted c) is said to have been consulted
b) is said to consult. d) is said that he consulted
5. Never before ___such a tall building.

a) have we seen c) we have been seen
b) we have seen d) have we been seen
6. A:"Would you and your wife like to play bridge tonight?

B: "I don't know how to play bridge and ___ ."
a) my wife neither c) neither does my wife
b) my wife wouldn't either d) neither would my wife
7. A:"Has Ayla finished typing those reports?"

B: "No, and they ___an hour ago."
a) should be finished c) should have been finished
b) should have finished d) must have been finished
8. The students are playing football but they ___ their lessons.
a) supposed to study c) would be studying
b) must be studying d) are supposed to study
9. The Vikings_ __
a) learned how to build ships and about the sea
b) developed the art of ship building a:nd of seamanship
c) founded shipbuilding and how to be seamen
d) developed a manner to build ships and seamanship
210
10. The facilities of the older library _ __
a) is as good or better than the new library
b) are as good as or better than the new library
c) are as good or better than that of the new library
d) are as good as or better than those of the new library
11. Of the three new engineers, one is experienced and _ __

a) the others are not c) the other is not
b) another is inexperienced d) other lacks experience
12. Last year, Ali earned twice ___his brother, who has a better position.
a) as much as b) as many as c) more than d) more
13. They___the streets but they don't anymore.

a) are used to cleaning c) used to clean
b) are used to clean d) use to clean
14. I'd just as soon___those important papers with you.

a) that you won't take c) you aren't taking
b) your not taking d) you didn't take
15. A: "I took the TOEFL last week. It was really hard."
B: "___ a lot before you took it ?"
a) Have you studied c) Were you studying
b) Do you study d) Had you studied
16. A:"Did you meet Ann here at the University?"

B: "No, we___when I started college."
a) have already met c) had already been met
b) had already met d) already met
17. ___ little free time he has, he can always find time to go out for a drink
with his friends!
a) How b) Even though c) In spite of d) However
18. A:"How long have you been with the company?"

B:"I___there for five years by January."
a) will work c) will have been working
b) have been working d) will be working
19. ___ damages the trees in the park will be prosecuted.

a) Who b) Whoever c) If a person d) Anyone
211
20. Ali said to Ayla: "I' 11 help you if I can." Ali told Ayla that_ _ _would
help ___if he could.
a) he ....... her c) she ....... him
b) he ....... you d) she ....... you
21. The last half of the nineteenth century ___ the steady improvement of the
means of transport.
a) witnessing b) was witnessed c) witnessed d) which witnessed
22. If you___me yesterday, I would not have been able to finish my wo'rk.
a) did not help c) had not helped
b) were not helping d) would not have helped
23. It was very kind___invite me to dinner.

aj~oo~ aj~~~
b) that she would d) for .her to
24. If you had followed the instructions precisely, you ___so many
mistakes.
a) would not have made c) did not make
b) would not make d) won't make
25. The Eiffel is___of the man- made structures in the world.
a) a very high one c) highest one
b) one of the highest d) the higher one
26. Only after they'd had a few drinks ___to relax.

a) they had started c) they started
b) have they started d) did they start
27. In the southern western part of the United States ___ built in the last century.
a) are many abandoned mining towns
b) where there are many abandoned mining towns
c) they are many abandoned mining towns
d) many abandoned mining towns are
28. is called erosion.

a) The wearing away of land c) When land wears away
b) Land which wears away d) Wearing away land
29. My best friend, ___quickly, told the teacher I was homesick.

a) who was thinking c) thinks
b) thinking d) thought
212
41. Mary has several close friends. ___ John, he is always surrounded by
friends.
a) As for b) Consequently c) Meanwhile d) Indeed
42. The student behaved ___he was annoyed.

a) like b) as if c) though d) as
43. They're vegetarians, ___they don't eat meat or fish.

a) the fact that means that c) which means that
b) which is that d) that means that
44. ___on the moon, Neil Armstrong is known all over the world.
a) While he is the first man who walked c) The first man to walk
b) That he is the first man who walked d) He is the first man to walk
45. In spite of the fact that Mary has many personal problems, she ___ present
every day since the first day of class.
a) has been b) is c) had been d) was
46. ___coffee I like___best is from Brazil.

a) The/_ b) The I the c) _ I the d)_/_
47. A telephone recording tells callers___.

a) what time the movie starts c) what time starts the movie
b) what time does the movie start d) the movie starts what time
48. Since the first space mission, many communication satellites ___ .
a) was launched c) are launched
b) had been launched d) have been launched
49. He is a scholar who is devoted to his research to a reprehensible extent. _ _ ,

he neglects his family and does not fulfill his responsibilities as a student.
a) Nevertheless b) That is to say c) Conversely d) Yet
50. The noise of the trains ___into the station was deafening.
a) that comes c) coming
b) which is coming d) that was coming
51. "Jack walked past me without speaking."

"He ___you. He is very shortsighted."
a) needn't have recognized c) might not have recognized
b) should not have recognized d) would not have recognized
214
52. Our football team would be the champion this year if they _ j u s t one more
game during the season.
a) would have won c) would win
b) won d) had won
53. Children _ _ _to newly planted trees.

a) like b) are likened c) liken d) are like
54. The salary of an MP is twice ___ last year.

a) that it was b) what it was c) which was d) what was it
55. How long ___here?

a) do you live c) are you living
b) have you been living d) were you living
56. The semester ___over for two weeks now.

a) is b) has been c) was d) had been
57. Money is a financial instrument ___ price is fixed.

a) which b) which its price c) whose d) ofwhich
58. Some people think that leaders are born, ___.

a) who are not made c) not made
b) they do not make d) not making
59. I didn't buy the car because its body was damaged. ___ , its engine didn't run
well.
a) Moreover b) On the contrary c) Nonetheless d) Indeed
60. The reason they are not coming is ___ they are angry with the hosts.
a) why c) because
b) that d) the fact that
61. " The cabinet is beautiful. Did you make it yourself ? "
"No, I had___ . "
a) it built b) to build it c) built it d) it to build
62. In contrast ___his earlier study, Dr. Melon's new study _indicates a
general warming trend in global weather.
a) of b) to c) by d) as
63. ___agreement is signed will have substantial support among our people.
a) What b) That c) Whether d) Whatever
215
64. The heating system in our apartment doesn't work efficiently. ___ , our
neighbors complain about inadequate heat.
a) Nevertheless, c) Consequently
b) On the other hand d) Moreover
65. I expect the project to be completed ___Friday.

a) by b) as far as c) near d) to
66. Persons ___in criminal acts do not necessarily feel anxious or guilty about
their behavior.
a) engage b) which are engaged c) are engaged d) who engage
67. We were discussing this subject prior _ _-.,your arrival.

a) to b) from c) for d) at
68. ___the current changes in the EU social policy will have any impact on the
social policy of our government remains to be seen.
a) If b) Whether c) That d) What
69. ___people go to the cinema now than ten years ago.

a) Less b) Few c) Lesser d) Fewer
70. An almanac ___contains much information including details about the year-
ly movements of the sun and moon.
a) which c) a book which
b) is which d) is a book which
71. The more stable the husband, ___he is of being supportive and helpful in his
wife's adjustment.
a) more capable c) the more capable
b) the capable d) the most capable
72. How long ago___the dentist?

a) have you visited c) did you visit
b) have you been visiting d) were you visited
73. He_:__not to do that, but he still goes on doing it all the same.
a) is constantly being told c) tells constantly
b) constantly tells d) has constantly told
74. These devices are among the inventions ___ Thomas Edison.
a) have been attributed tO C) attributetli:b•''. 1 ./! !\JW UJJ:.il • l\
b) which attributed to d) were attributed to
216
75. He is never satisfied hard he works.
a) however b) even though c) how. d) even if
76. He has_ _ _many friends in Ankara that he will never feel lonely.
a) very b) such c) so d) too
77. ___, Jupiter spins on its axis, an imaginary line through the center.
a) As it orbits the sun c) The sun is being orbited
b) It orbits the sun d) The orbit of the sun
78. That day it was raining heavily, _ _ _was a pity.

a) what b) that c) which d) which it
79. Identical twins_ _ _ separately were found to be very much alike in

appearance and in other physical characteristics when they were brought
together again.
a) reared b) rearing c) who reared d) are reared
80. One conclusion _ _ _from this research is that students write better when
they are motivated.
a) to be drawn c) having drawn
b) can be drawn d) which draws
81. I remember the woman _ __

a) Ali was talking to her c) Ali was talking to
b) who Ali was talking d) that Ali was talking to her
82. The wealthy businessman has ___much money that he doesn't know what to
do with it.
a) very b) so c) too d) that
83. He has three sons, _ _ _ are doctors.

a) all of those c) all of them
b) all of whom d) that all of them
84. Ali is rich, _ _ _Okan is poor.

a) whereas b) in contrast to c) despite d) unlike
85. We don't have _ _ _religion.

a) the same b) alike c) same for d) the same as
86. It's hard work; I enjoy.it,._._._.

a) although b) even though c)though d) as though
217
87. You ___ good-bye to your host before you left. It was very unfortunate that
you didn't.
a) must have said c) would have said
b) should have said d) may have said
88. I'm having my house ___ . That is why there is all this mess.
a) paint b) painting c) painted d) to paint
89. We hoped ___being there would give our cause credibility.

a) he b) his c) him d) himself
90. He's very pleased ___Chairman by a unanimous vote yesterday.

a) being elected c) to have been elected
b) to elect d) to have elected
91. It is absurd that women ___be paid less than men for doing the same
work.
a) should b) would rather c) would d) are able to
92. She had some strange habits. She ___sit by the window and
look at passers-by for hours.
a) should b) would rather c) might d) would
93. The building contractors have asked that the unfinished project ___ .
a) is extended c) will be extended
b) be extended d) has been extended
94. We ___you a ride this morning but the car was full.
a) will give c) would have given
b) would give d) would be giving
95. Many doctors believe cures for many forms of cancer ___soon.
a) will discover c) will be discovered
b) that will be discovered d) have been discovered
96. None of the clocks in the old section of the city work any more, but
they ___perfectly.
a) were used to work c) use to work
b) were used to working d) used to work
97. The size of the brain of a modern human being is larger than ___of
early human beings.
a) which b) that c) what d) this
218
98. While some parents let their children ___up late, others make them
___to bed early.
a) stay/ to go b) to stay/to go c) stay/ go d) to stay/ go
99. He was reported ___ in the violent clashes between the police and the
angry demonstrators.
a) that he was killed c) to be killed
b) to have been killed d) to have killed
100. I must remember ___the dentist and ___the appointment.

a) to phone/ cancel c) phoning/ cancelling
b) phone/ cancel d) that I phone/ cancel
Grammar Test 2
1. When the contest was over and the results were posted, the team members were
so exhausted they couldn't even read ___ .
a) it b) them c) themselves d) us
2. Mike for five months when he met his second wife

a) had divorced c) has been divorced
b) had been divorced d) was divorced
3. In 1964, Americans drank an average of 26 gallons of milk ___ .

a) each b) every one c) singly d) themselves
4. I gave up smoking, and ___ .

a) she did, too c) neither did she
b) she also gave up d) she didn't
5. You _ _ your friend for his help, but you didn't.

a) should have thanked c) may have thanked
b) must have thanked d) would have thanked
6. There were trains a hundred years ago. There ___ any planes.
a) wasn't b) weren't c) hasn't been d) hadn't
7. _ _ in 1963, the book did not become popular until the late 1960's.
a) Publishing c) Although it published
b) Published d) Having published
8. " Did you hear me come in last night?"
"No, I ___ asleep."
a) must have been c) should have been
b) may have been d) might have been
219
9. It is important that someone searching for a job ___ all the prospects.
a) consider b) will be considering c) be considered d) considers
10. Ed is quite diligent. He's certain ___ soon.

a) being promoted c) to be promoted
b) to promote d) to have promoted
11. I gave my son some money ___ he might buy an ice cream.
a) so as b) in that c) in order d) so that
12. One person who had a strong influence on me when I was young was my
Uncle Bill. ___ , if it hadn't been for his invaluable advice on so many occa-
sions I wouldn't have achieved anything in life.
a) In fact c) Therefore
b) On the other hand d) Likewise
13. A battery has two terminals. One is positive, and ___ is negative.
a) other b) others c) another d) the other
14. While I was driving to work this morning, I saw a chain accident_ _
several vehicles.
a) involved c) that it involved
b) which involves d) involving
15. I don't need any help, but it was kind _ _ help.

a) of you to offer b) of your offering c) your offering d) to offer you
16. She's never been to Spain before, _ _ ?

a) is she b) hasn't she c) isn't she? d) has she?
17. Elizabeth was lively and talkative, ___ her sister was quiet and reserved.
a) similarly b) unlike c) whereas d) just as
18. Very small computers are advantageous because they are portable. ___, they
use small amounts of power.
a) Nevertheless c) Also
b) On the other hand d) Thus
19. I don't share the widespread belief ___ women are bad drivers.
a) that b) how c) if d) which
20. ___ the answer to the question, Jim felt quite embarrassed.
a) Not knowing c) He did not know
b) The fact that he did not know d) Though he did not know
220
21. Ali and I are going to the library, but ___ friends are going downtown.
a) our b) ourselves c) ours d) us
22. Every customer deserves ___ good service.

a) to receive b) to be received c) receiving d) having received
23. The history of wearing jewels is as ___ as the history of humankind.

a) older b) oldest c) old d) the oldest
24. The teacher's explanation was so complicated that___students understood it.

a) any b) all of c) none of d) few
25. The way ___ political campaigns are conducted varies widely from one
country to another.
a) in that b) which c) in which d) how
26. Goods can be collected at ___ time, which means you can collect them
whenever you like.
a) some b) every c) any d) no
27. An investment good is an item ___ to produce other goods or

services in the future, rather than being consumed today.
a) what is used b) that used c) that is used d) that uses
28. Bill has acquired great facility in using the computer, and ___ has Ed.
a) also b) as well as c) even d) so
29. Golda Meir dedicated to the establishment of a Jewish state.

a) her b) herself c) hers d) she
30. While we were at the post office, we happened ___ Pam and Judy.
a) seeing b) see c) to see d) we saw
31. When ___ of impulses from many of the neurons in one part of the brain, an
epileptic seizure occurs.
a) the simultaneous bursts c) simultaneously burst
b) there are simultaneous bursts d) simultaneously bursting
32. Many people believe that striking a child is unjustifiable _ __

what the situation.
a) no matter b) despite c) in view of d) provided
,.
33. Jane and Jack Jones bought a Rolls Royce, _ _ to impress their friends.
a) although they wanted c) wanted
b) wanting d) that they wanted
221
34. ___ the pain return, take one of these pills.
a) Does b) Should c) May d) Would
35. He doesn't dare to leave the house ___ someone recognizes him.
a) in case b) though c) so that d) if
36. He worked hard. ___ , he was unable to save enough money for a new car.
a) Nevertheless c) Even though b) In contrast d) Despite
37. We had ___ nice weather that we enjoyed every minute of our stay.
a) so much b) such c) such a d) very
38. ___ I generally like doctors, the doctor I had last year was quite arrogant
and rude.
a) As though b) While c) Seeing that d) Once
39. Arizona has ___ Indian population in the United States.

a) third largest c) the largest third
b) the third largest d) a third of the largest
40. The richer a person is,___he can live.

a) more comfortably c) the more comfortable
b) the most comfortably d) the more comfortably
41. The Kaplans wouldn't let ___ outside after 7:00.

a) their children's playing c) their children play
b) their children to play d) their children played
42. Most crocodiles will eat anything ___ capture and overpower.
a) can b) they can c) which can d) and
43. If you don't want to get wet, you had better___ this umbrella with you.
a) take b) be taken c) to take d) taken
44. ___ much Tom may admire her, he is unlikely to ask her to be his wife.
a) However b) How c) So d) Too
45. Mary said she wished I ___ come more often.

a) might b) could c) should d) can
46. By the time the ship arrives, we_·__ for two hours.
a) will be waiting c) will have been waiting
b) are waiting d) have been waiting
222
47. I will break it into two ___ both of you may have a half.
a) so that b) in case c) providing d) now that
48. Had we known your address, we___you a letter.

a) would write b) would have written c) had written d) wrote
49. In the legends of North America the dragon represents good luck.
___ , in the legends of China it represents bad luck.
a) In the same way c) On the other hand
b) Besides d) Thus
50. misses the test will fail.

a) Who b) No matter who c) Whoever d) Anybody
51. At the far end of a kaleidoscope ___, one made of clear glass and the other
of ground glass.
a) two plates are c) are two plates there
b) two plates are there d) are two plates
52. Each of its atoms loses or gives off a certain amount of energy _ __
substance is radiating energy.
a)witha b)whenisa c)a d)ifa
53. Earthworms occur ___ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil
conditions are found.
a) and b) but c) however d) wherever
54. The bonding power of any adhesive depends on the cohesion of the adhesive
itself and ___ to the surface to which it is applied.
a) how well does the adhesive adhere c) does the adhesive adhere
b) how well the adhesive adheres d) the adhesive adheres
55. Hot air accompanied by high relative humidity feels warmer than ___ .
a) is it actually b) actually it is c) is actually it d) it actually is
56. Phonograph records, tape recordings, and computers have made ___ to store
data conveniently and accurately.
a) easier b) it is easier c) easier than d) it easier
57. ___ built this bridge is widely believed.

a) When Sinan b) Whether Sinan c)That Sinan d) Sinan
223
- - - - - - -
---------
58. When ___ , they leave rocks and soil behind them on the lowlands or in the
ocean.
a) are glaciers melting c) glaciers melt
b) melting glaciers d) do glaciers melt
59. ___ was the bridge an engineering triumph, it quickly proved a financial
success as well.
a) Not only b) Only c) It d) Neither
'60. The dill plant has a long, spindle-shaped root, a branched stem, ___ , and
compound clusters of yellow flowers.
a) divided leaves c) it divides the leaves
b) its leaves divide d) the leaves are divided
61. Fat is not digested in the stomach, ___ in the small intestine.
a) but b) and c) which d) although
62. The moon ___ the only natural satellite of the earth.
a) as b) being c) is d) which
63. ___ is indispensable to plant and animal life.

a) Nitrogen c) It is nitrogen
b) Although nitrogen d) That nitrogen
64. The outer ear and the ear canal are subject to all of the various disorders
a) that affect the skin c) affect the skin

b) the skin affects d) the skin is affected
65. ___ advent of the First World War, the United States became the dominant
force in the motion-picture industry.
a) The b) It was during the c) While the d) With the
66. Mary's adviser suggested ___ on a different topic.

a) her write c) she writes
b) that her writing d) that she should write
67. Anyone having talked to him once will be convinced ___ his innocence.
a) about b) of c) with d) at
68. Those houses being torn down now ___ fifty years ago.
a) were built b) were building c) had built d) built
224
69. Any customer _ _ _ with the service in the store may complain to the man-
agement.
a) is not satisfied c) not satisfied
b) who doesn't satisfy d) that he is not satisfied
70. When George saw me yesterday, he asked me where _ _ _ .

a) had the meeting been c) the meeting was
b) was the meeting d) the meeting has been
71. People _ _ _ fame early in life may tend to become too snobbish.
a) who achieves c) who achieve
b) that they achieve d) achieved
72. Bill nor his friend is concerned with international trade.

a) Either b) Neither c) Nor d) Not
73. Ali thought he ___ able to devote more time to reading after his work was
over.
a) has been b) would be c) was d) is
74. He_ _ _ bad since he lost his job. He looks quite upset.
a) has been feeling c) is feeling
b) had been feeling d) has been felt
75. We always _ _ _ a test when we finish a lesson.

a) have b) are having c) had d) will have
76. Einstein was a slow learner he was a child.

a) when b) until c) after d) before
77. A driver should wait at a red light ___ it turns green.

a) until b) before c) when d) after
78. His mother was angry when she saw what _ _ .

a) has happened c) had happened
b) is happening d) happens
79. They _ _ a lot of English since they started taking classes.

a) learn b) will have learned c) have learned d) learned
80. Crocodiles reproduce by laying eggs ___ .

a) and other reptiles c) other reptiles do
b) as do other reptiles d) similar other reptiles
225
81. I think you should be tolerant ___ criticism.
a) for b) with c) of d) on
82. I'm sure ___ wasn't Aynur who left the room in a mess.
a) that b) it c) she d) this
83. You ___ your term paper by now.

a) should finish c) should have finished
b) should be finished d) should have been finished
84. The regulations of this boarding school are very strict: all the students _ __
their school uniforms even at weekends.
a) are to wear b) must be worn c) to wear d) may wear
85. By next October he ___ working on this project for five years.
a) has been b) will have been c) had been d) will be
86. He won the race again, ___ indicates that he is an outstanding athlete.
a) the fact that b) that c) what d) which
87. "Do you think he will resign from his post?"

"I don't know. He ___ .
a) will b) should c) might d) must
88. ___ books are Frank's, not ___ .

a) This I yours c) That I your
b) These I your d) These I yours
89. By the time you ___ from Germany, we ___ our research.
a) returned I had been completed c) had returned I have completed
b) return I will have completed d) returned I will complete
90. These packages ___ with great car because they're fragile.
a) must handle c) have been handling
b) must be handled d) must have handled
91. None of the servants knew that the box contained valuable documents, so it
___ thrown out by one of them.
a) should have been c) might have been
b) would have been d) had to be
92. He was prohibited ___ until the others had gone.

a) to leave b) from leaving c) that he left d) ofleaving
226
93. The teacher warned us ___ any attempt at cheating.
a) not to make b) not making c) not made d) didn't make
94. I would like you ___ your interest in legal matters.

a) maintain c) that you maintain
b) maintaining d) to maintain
.
95. He ___ from school because he persists in breaking the regulations of the
school.
a) is likely to be expelled c) had better expell
b) is probably going to expell d) is able to expell
96. Mrs.Tura ___ help her son do his homework. He can do it himself now.
a) would rather b) needn't c) had better d) didn't need
97. By the time I ___ to the station, the train ___ .

a) has got I was leaving c) got I has left
b) got I had left d) have got I left
98. While he was in Istanbul, he made no effort to establish contact with his
parents. He ___ them a ring at least.
a) could give c) was able to give
b) could have given d) must have given
99. I ___ Ne§e since she graduated from the university, but there is a chance
that I'm going to see her at Aysel's wedding party.
a) didn't meet c) don't meet
b) haven't met d) hadn't been met
100. Mary used to work for the railways, ___ she?

a) didn't b) hadn't c) used d) wasn't
227
---- -------
Grammar Test 3
1. I think the concert is over, because a lot of people to leave.

a) is beginning b) has begun c) are beginning d) begin
2. You'll be all right _ _ _ you've had something to eat. ,

a) once b) the time c) so long d) as soon
3. Hurry up! The train _ _ _ here shortly.

a) was b) is c) has been d) will be
4. If bribery___eliminated, government employees must be paid enough

money.
a) has b) is to be c) will be d) were
5. His death was attributed _ _ _ by a snake.

a) to his being bitten c) to be bitten
b) that he was bitten d) that he haa bitten
6. On _ _ _ he had won, he jumped for joy.

a) telling b) being told c) he was told d) having told
7. He told me all about the operation on his hip. It seems _ _ _ a success.

a) having been b) to be c) that it is d) to have been
8. Just as a moth is attracted by a light, _ _ _ he is fascinated by her.

a) similarly b) in a like manner c) thus d) so
9. Anyone can do it.

a) being intelligent c) is intelligent
b) intelligent d) that he is intelligent
10. Hardly , when something else went wrong with it.

a) had the car mended c) the car had been mended
b) has the car been mended d) had the car been mended
11. The strikers who _ _ _ for disturbing the peace were released yesterday.
a) imprisoned c) was imprisoned
b) had imprisoned d) had been imprisoned
12. The house was _ _ _ badly damaged in the fire to be repaired.

a) very b) so c) too d) such
13. in history when remarkable progress was made within a relatively

short span of time.
a) Periods c) Throughout periods
b) Perioas have been d) There have been periods
228
14. I'll go downtown _ _ _ Frank's car.
a) by b) with c)in d) by means of
15. I'd sooner you _ _ _ on an earlier train.

a) leave b) left c) will leave d) would leave
16. _ _ _ he managed to reach the top of the mountain remains a mystery.

a) If b) Whether c) Even though d) Even if
17. The building was invaded by a large number of people employment.

a) seek c) seeking
b) sought d) who were sought
18. You may leave the apartment at any time _ _ _ you give a month's notice or
pay an additional month's rent.
a) provided that b) as c) so that d) in case
19. We've enjoyed the evening but it's time we home.

a) go b) went c) are going d) must go
20. They were gossiping when they _ __

a) must have been working c) should have been working
b) should be working d) must have worked
21. Unless _ _ _ instructed, you should leave by the back exit.

a) the other b) the other way c) otherwise d) another way
22. Malnutrition was as common among children from prosperous families

_ _ _ among those of the poor.
a) so b) as c) less than d) like
23. he accomplished was of great significance.

a) That b) Since c) Whether d) What
24. The dog stayed at the entrance until _ _ _ to come in.

a) it had told b) told c) being told d) having told
25. for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote.

a) Anxiously c) Anxious
b) That he was anxious d) He was anxious
26. There are very few areas in the world _ _ _ be grown successfully.
a) where apricots can c) which apricots can
b) apricots that can d) where can apricots
229
27. The electric eel uses its electric shock to capture food and _ __
a) protect itself c) protecting itself
b) for protection d) it protects itself
28. The invention of the computer is one of _ _ _ achievements of all time.

a) the remarkable c) the most remarkable
b) most remarkable d) the more remarkable
29. Mr. Smith has _ _ _ appointments scheduled for next Monday.

a) not b) any c) none d) no
30. If my mother had forced me to eat vegetables as a child, ! ___them now.

a) like c) would have liked
b) might like d) liked
31. amused at my pain, the conductor smiled and left.

a) As though b) Even though c) As d) How
32. Joe Frazier _ _ _ for fifteen years when he became World Heavy Weight
Champion.
a) was boxing c) has been boxing
b) boxed d) had been boxing
33. "George got the highest grade in the math exam."

" He very hard for it."
a) should have studied c) ought to have studied
b) must have studied d) should study
34. Generally, the thicker a mammal's skin is, the less hair _ __
a) that has it b) that it has c) has it d) it has
35. I don't remember you here before.

a) to see b) having been seen c) to have seen d) seeing
36. If he had to choose, he thinks he would rather work in a bank than a

teacher.
a) being b) be c) to be d) his being
37. The boss has warned me twice about being late and has threatened me
if I am late again.
a) to sack b) sacking c) that he sacks d) to have sacked
38. The way a child _ _ _ has an effect on the way he uses language.
a) brings up b) who is brought up c) has brought up d) is brought up
230
39. Education is mostly language, _ _ _ we can educate others only by example
and by language.
a) for b) in order that c) while d) which
40. in the country, John is accustomed to the sight and smell of farm
animals.
a) Living c) By living
b) That he lives d) Though he lives
41. how much money the gangsters offered him, the judge refused to take
a bribe.
a) For b) Despite c) No matter d) Regardless
42. By the end of this month, Sheila _ _ _ on the book for two years.
a) will work c) has worked
b) will be working d) will have been working
43. Since it is raining, you'd better have the movers _ _ _ the bedroom furniture
first.
a) brought in b) bringing in . c) bring in d) to bring in
44. There is no danger in using this machine _ _ _ you adhere to the safety
regulations.
a) as long as b) so that c) in case d) as much as
45. You've failed to finish the tasks I've given you so far. , I am prepared to
give you one last chance.
a) Likewise c) In fact
b) Nevertheless d) On the contrary
46. My brother now earns _ _ _ he used to.

a) twice more than . c) two times more than
b) twice as many as d) twice as much as
47. Peter has had _ _ _ bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
a) so b) such a c) such d) too
48. I was in a hurry, so I forgot _ _ _ some money for the children.

a) that I leave b) leaving c) to leave d) leave
49. I wish you _ _ _ so loudly.

a) don't talk b) wouldn't talk c) aren't talking d) won't talk
231
- - - - - - -
50. Dinosaurs dominated the earth for 150 million years _ _ _ suddenly
vanished 65 million years ago.
a) until they b) that they c) until d) because they
51. Membership in is thought to be a low-performing group destroys

opportunities for individuals whose behavior may be very different from the
average group member.
a) what b) which c) that it d) that
52. The brown thrasher is not a particularly large or strong bird, equipped
for fighting.
a) it is not b) but not c) neither is d) nor is it
53. the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator, the trade winds cause a flow of
water to the west.
a) Where b) During c) That d) At
54. They made a number of changes, _ _ _ are supported by the press.

a) neither of which c) most of which
, b) both of which d) most of them
55. Your boss doesn't object _ _ _ in the office, does he?

a) to smoke c) you to smoke
b) your smoking d) to your smoking
56. The doctor warned the old woman that she should have her blood sugar level
_ _ _ every other day.
a) tested b) testing c) to test d) be tested
57. Supposing I _ _ _ to agree to your request how do you think the other stu-
dents would feel?
a) would b)am c) were d) could
58. Few pleasures can equal _ _ _o-f a cool drink on a hot day.
a) which b) that c) such d) what
-59. The bad weather meant _ _ _ the rocket launch for 48 hours.
a) delaying b) to delay c) having delayed d) was delayed
60. The window was so high up that ___ you could see was the sky.
· a) only b) all c) just d) everything
61. subject we talked about, it seemed that he was an expert on it.

a) Whatever b) Which c) What d) No matter
232
62. He didn't know anyone at the wedding _ _ _ than the bride and groom.
a) except b) other c) apart d) rather
63. ___ his extraordinary performance, the audience applauded him

enthusiastically.
a) It was impressed by c) Impressed by
b) Impressing d) Since it impressed
64. ___ the terrible weather, the tennis tournament was cancelled.
a) Since it is b) Owing to c) Despite d) Because
65. Unless he's given a scholarship, he ___ university.

a) won't attend b) wouldn't attend c) would attend d) will attend
66. The factors ___how much people are willing to work and the occupations
they choose are varied and complex.
a) that are determined c) that determine
b) what determined d) where they determine
67. Ali plays the piano beautifully and___does his brother.

a) also b) even c) as well as d) so
68. She always goes swimming, ___ cold it is.

a) however b) even if c) though d) how much
69. Jack is leaving his job because his boss treats him as if he___his
personal slave.
a) is being b) had been c) has been d) were
70. An orphan is a child___ parents are dead.

a) whom his b) who c) that d) whose
71. ___agriculture, mining and forestry are all important to the Canadian
economy, Canada is also a major industrial power.
a) Although b) That c) In spite of d) As
72. I haven't quite finished the book yet, but I've got ___page 460.
a) until b) as far c) up to d) through
73. We arrived ___the airport two hours before our flight was due to leave.
a)at b)in c)by d)on
233
74. George travelled 500 miles to get to hospital to visit his sister, Mary, _ __
was thoughtful of him.
a) that b) which c) who d) what
75. You'd ___leave at once or else you'll be late.

a) have to b) rather c) better d) prefer
76. It's strange. His sisters are blonde,___he is very dark.

a) therefore b) whereas c) nevertheless d) unlike
77. If I___ the flu yesterday, I would have gone to the movies with you.
a) hadn't b) haven't had c) didn't have d) hadn't had
78. _ _from his school, Ali plans to join the army. J
a) He has been dismissed c) Having dismissed

b) Having been dismissed d) That he has been dismissed
79. He urges that the restrictions___.

a) should lift b) have lifted c) be lifted d) lift
80. The government raised taxes so that___its debts.

a) it could pay back c) could pay back
b) it can pay back d) to pay back
234
Grammar Test 4

1. There are a number of differences___ the two rooms.
a) among b) between c) from d)than
2. Joan: "Could I have another spoonful of your delightful pudding?"

Mary: "Oh dear, there doesn't seem to be_ __
• a) some left b) any left c) left any d) leaving some
3. ___mountains that we saw were high.

a) The most b) Most of the c) Most of d) Mostly
4. We don't like to think of ___ in that way.

a) us b) we c) ourselves d) our
5. Those ___for this brutal attack must be brought to justice.

a) responsible c) are responsible
b) which are responsible d) that they are responsible
6. I ___this ring as I was digging in the garden.

a) have found b) found c) had found d) was finding
7. The fire department ordered that the elevator ___ .

a) turn off b) be turned off c) was turned off d) turned off
8. The costs of inflation, ___ in the form of redistributed incomes or reduced

growth, depend in part on how much inflation there is.
a) whether b) as if c) in case d) whereas
9. When I ___my project, I submitted it to my supervisor for his evaluation.

a) have completed c) was completed
b) was completing d) had completed
10. "Did you like your trip to the Niagara Waterfalls?

"It was beautiful. Hardly ever ___ such a spectacular sight. "
aj~~~ ~~~~ 0~~~ ~~~
11. ___it is getting late, I suggest that we break off now.

a) As though b) As soon as c) As d) That
12. Call in and say hello you are in town.

a) however b) whenever c) that d) no matter
235
13. You will never make friends ___ you go out and meet people.
a) after b) when c) if d) unless
14. It's nearly lunchtime. Why don't we stop ___ a bite to eat?
a) that we have b) to having c) to have d) having
15. Exceeding speed limits and ___ safety belts are two common causes of
automobile death.
a) not to wear b) don't wear c) failing to wear d) not having
16. A great___tourists prefer to stay at clean but relatively cheap hotels.

a) deal b) number c) many d) sum
17. She ___in Istanbul for five years and then went to Bodrum.
a) has lived b) lived c) was living d) has been living
18. There are various immigrant groups in London, many ___from the Orient.
a) to come b) who is coming c) having come d) comes
19. "Why do the police want to talk to you?"

"Because we saw the money ___ last night."
a) stealing b) to have stolen c) stolen d) to be stealing
20. Water is a substance___of oxygen and hydrogen.

a) consisting b) which consist c) consists d) that it consists
21. Quite_ __,people in this town own at least one car.

a) a few b) many c) a lot d) a large number
22. "Bill and Bob look so much alike."

" Yes, it's difficult to distinguish one twin___ another.
a) to b) by c) for d) from
23. "It's been raining for a day and a half."

" If this situation continues, people will be faced ___serious flooding.
a) to b) about c) with d) for
24. ___or sharks, the dolphin is a mammal.

a) Either fish b) When it is like fish c) Being fish d) Unlike fish
25. I doubt___the company will make any profit this year.

a) when b) whether · c) since d) so that
236
26. He is widely believed ___ much more serious crimes in the past.
a) that he committed c) to have committed
b) to commit d) to have been committed
27. The businessman is accused of having his store ___ up so that he could
collect the insurance.
a) blow b) blew c) blowing d) blown
28. We bought these beautiful souvenirs in the town ___ we visited last summer.
a) where b) that c) what d) when
29. A hybrid generally refers to a plant___from two different species of plants.

a) creating b) created c) that creates d) was created
30. ___ he survived the aircrash is a miracle.

a) That b) Why c) If d)When
31. _ _ _children are often late for school.

a) Both of b) None of c) Neither d) Both
32. There's no point in telephoning him. He's certain _ _ _ by now.

a) to leave b) left c) to have left d) leaving
33. After _ _ _attempts, the police were able to enter the building.
a) repeating b) repeatedly c) repetition d) repeated
34. It was not until 1953 _ _ _ the top of Mt. Everest was reached.
a) that b) during that time c) which d) when
35. The woman who was charged with tax evasion has insisted that her lawyer and
accountant _ _ _ present.
a) have been b) are c) be d) were
36. I _ _ _George for a long time. I wonder where he is now.

a) did not see b) had not seen c) have not seen d) do not see
37. Home insulation functions to prevent the passage of sound and air,_ __
primarily to prevent the passage of air.
a) though it is used c) is its use
b) it is used d) what its use is
38. Although the university is sinall, its library is'as· cdmplete ___ .
a) as a large city c) like a large city
b) as that of a large city d) as those of a large city
237
39. Farmers to maintain their farms for several years when the drought of
1935-36 started.
a) have struggled c) were struggling
b) had been struggling d) struggled
40. It has rained for three consecutive days, but now forecasters are predicting fine
weather. Holiday makers ___ greatly relieved.
a) must be feeling c) will have been feeling
b) should have been feeling d) can be feeling
41. My brother___ very interesting prese~ts on his birthday.

a) was given b) gave
b) was giving d) who was given
42. The racoon, ___ can be seen in the local zoo, is an extremely interesting
animal.
a) that its example c) an example of which
b) which example d) of which example
43. The place ___is fifty miles from here.

a) the accident occurred there c) where did the accident occur
b) that the accident occurred there d) where the accident occurred
44. ___ her application arrived after the deadline, it was not accepted.
a) As though b) In case c) Due to d) Since
45. He offered ___ me, which surprised me.

a) to help c) helping
b) that he would help d) for helping
46. I didn't feel like ___ , so I suggested ___ on a picnic.

a) to work I going c) working I going
b) working I to go d) to be working I going
47. She didn't have ___ information on her essay topic, so she went to the
library.
a) a great quantity c) much
b) many d) a lot
48. ___ you decide to take the violin classes, let me know.
a) While b) Should c) Would d) Because
49. I ___serious obstacles while I was conducting research there.

a) encounter c) encountered
b) have encountered d) was encountered
238
50. She seems very mature for a ___ .
a) twenty-year-old girl c) girl of twenty years
b) girl with twenty years d) twenty-years-old girl
51. Although ___a vegetable by most people, botanists classify the tomato as a
berry.
a) considered c) it considered
b) it has considered d) considering it
52. When he decorated the cake, he ___ roses around each candle.
aj~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~
53. ___ to your advice , I wouldn't have had any trouble.

a) When I listened c) Had I listened
b) If I have listened d) Then I listened
54. I failed to recognize him, ___him for a long time.

a) not seeing c) not having been seen
b) not having seen d) did not see
55. His grades have improved, but only ___ .

a) in a small amount c) very slightly
b) minimum d) some
56. They are both ugly. I don't like of them.

a) both b) none c) neither d) either
57. The reasons given for postponing the meeting until next week suggested
_ _ unprepared.
a) that the managers were c) to the managers
b) how the managers were d) if the managers were
58. Charles ___ her but he changed his mind.

a) would call c) would be calling
b) was planned to call d) was going to call
59. I have made at least five serious mistakes in my composition, but some of my
friends have made___ more.
a) even b) quite c) fairly d) little
60. Freda: "Do you know our city at all?"

Barry: "No, it's the first time ___ here."
a) I have been b) I was c) I had been d) I am coming
239
61. Not being able to determine what___ is the biggest obstacle for new
managers.
a) should it be the priority c) the priority should be
b) it should be the priority d) should the priority be
62. By the end of this trip, we ___ over five thousand miles.
a) will be travelling c) will have travelled
b) will travel d) will have been travelling
63. Give me a word with Z.

a) that it begins c) that begin
b) beginning d) begin
64. An owl has a strong beak and sharp talons___ mice and other small prey.
a) used for catching c) their use is to catch
b) which used to catch d) they are used for catching
65. I resented ___ and asked him to apologize.

a) to be unjustly accusing c) having unjustly accused
b) being unjustly accused d) to have unjustly accused
66. Toward the end of the party he got up and danced on the table. ___ , he made i
a fool of himself. i
a) In other words c) Nonetheless
b) On the other hand d) Instead
67. ___ he can be relied on is questionable.

a) If c) That
b) Whether d) What
68. Participants in the first Olympiad are said a 200 -yard race.
a) to run c) having run
b) that they ran d) to have run
69. I enjoy living alone although I do get lonely ___ times.

a) at b) for c) in d) by
70. ___ our arrival, we were shown to our rooms.

a) On b) At c) By d) When
71. By using sonar, whales can ___ but also identify the nature of objects ahead.
a) only sense obstacles in their path c) sense obstacles in their path
b) not only sense obstacles in their path d) not sense obstacles in their path
240
72. To every child adult approval means love,___disapproval means hate.
a) as opposed to b) whereas c) as if d) unlike
73. Interest rates generally fluctuate in a cyclical manner, ___upon the strength
and weakness of the ecopomic system.
a) they depend b) what depends c) depending d) which depend
74. What happened was different from ___ we had expected.

a) what b) that c) which d) whether
1S. ___ , or do you go to the shop for it?

a) Do you deliver your milk c) Do you have to deliver your milk
b) Do you have your milk delivered d) Do you have milk to deliver
76. Fire safety in fiµnily houses, ___most fire deaths occur, is difficult to
achieve.
a) where b) why c) how d) when
77. The longer the sun shines, ___ .

a) the earth is warnwr c) it makes the earth warmer
b) the more warmly is the earth d) the warmer the earth is
78. If you , you must leave me and go alone.

a) were to escape c) would escape
b) are to escape d) escaped
79. advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.

a) If they cease c) Did they cease
b) Were they to cease d) Unless they cease
80. My mother.watc:hed us while _ __

a) pretended not c) pretending not to ·
b) pretending not d) pretended not to
241
Advanced Grammar Test 1
1. Once_ _ _, a language cannot easily be forgotten.
a) learning b) learned c) it learned d) having learned
2. The students are not equipped_ _ _with the specialized vocabulary they are
likely to encounter.
a) cope b) that they can cope c) to cope d) coping
3. Teachers should try to instill good study habits _ _ _students.

a) for b) in c) on d) from
4. The company directors asked the govemment_ _ _in the dispute and prevent
a strike.
a) to intervene b) intervening c) intervention d) has intervened
5. If the body _ _ _of the balanced nutrition it requires, dieting can be harmful.
a) deprives b) is deprived c) deprived d) which deprives
6. When the traffic lights changed to red, a taxi stopped suddenly, thereby causing
a chain collision which_ _ _five vehicles.
a) involved b) was involved c) it was involved d) it involved
7. It was wrong of you to interfere in her private affairs. You _ _ _ have

imposed your wishes on her.
a) mustn't b) might not c) shouldn't d) would not
8. Once such a device , maintenance is simple.

a) installs b) installed c) is installed d) has installed
9. The prospects for producing geothermal energy on a small scale are poor,
_ _ _ hydroelectric power is very suitable for small scale production.
a) whereas b) for c) so d) unlike
10. Students_ _ _to work without intervention by the teacher.

a) should encourage c) should have encouraged
b) should be encouraged d) who should be encouraged
11. The government_ _ _a larger slice of its budget to agriculture.

a) is devoted b) has been devoted c) has devoted d) devoting
12. Disruptive social behavior_ _ _to a person's failure to conform to social

norms, so that he is constantly doing damage to authority or to himself.
a) refers b) referring c) is referred d) which refers
242
13. The world's needs for energy___successively by wood, coal and oil.
a) met b) which were met c) have been met d) have met
14. ___ of the committee, 'rd like to thank you for your generous donation.
a) On behalf b) Notwithstanding c) In case d) As well as
15. ___ that it is about to rain, we had better leave now.

a) Seen b) Seeing c) Having seen d) It is seen
16. Rest is usually beneficial to a person___from a bad cold.

a) who suffer b) suffered c) suffering d) that he suffers
17. As living standards rise, families decrease in size, ___having a large number
of children is no longer seen as an insurance against the future.
a) for c) in spite of the fact that
b) because of d) even though
18. Until about sixty years ago bacteria were almost universally regarded as
manifestations of a form of life quite different from ___of other creatures.
a) which b) that c) these d) them
19. My son takes great interest in sport, but I'd prefer that he___ in his lessons.
a) is interested c) interests
b) were interested d) will be interested
20. Most people realize that tropical forests are by far___of the Earth's
ecosystems.
a) the diverse b) the most diverse c) more diverse d) most diverse
21. Had Bob not interfered in his sister's marital problem~. there___peace
between them.
a) will have been c) was
b) would have been d) will be
22. ___ difficult problem can only be tackled over a period of years.
a) Such b) Such as c) So d) Such a
23. It's mainly in advanced nations ___population growth is being curbed.

a) which b) that c) what d) why
24. ___ population growth is curtailed, a world population of 12 billion is

foreseen in a century.
a) Despite b) That c) Unless d) Whether
243
25. The world's birth rate is on a decline, but so are death rates,___medical
advances have increased life spans and reduced infant mortality.
a) although b) as c) due to d) when
26. By the year 2000, today's poor nations will have a combined population of 5
billion, ___nearly four-fifths of the world's population.
a) will comprise c) comprising
b) that comprises d) that they will comprise
27. ___food may be a powerful incentive to someone who is hungry, it has no

incentive value to a person whose hunger is completely satisfied.
a) Whereas b) Since c) Despite d) In case
28. The project___ which this book is the result was first suggested ten years
ago.
a) of b) during c) by d) at
29. Often people who hold higher positions in a given group overestimate their per-
formance, ___people in the lowest levels of the group underestimate theirs.
a) despite b) while c) so that d) Unlike
30. If___it would stop raining for a morning, we could cut the grass.
a) ever b) just c) even d) only
31. ___the economy deteriorated, the country's currency became worthless.

a) Even if b) Even though c) As d) Owing to
32. ___ one thinks of the changes now under way, it is important to keep in
mind that the transitional years will be marked with uncertainty and confusion.
a) What b) Whatever c) That d) How
33. "Ayla is getting old."

"But I think she is beautiful___her age."
a) regardless b) regarded as c) regardless of d) regarded
34. Engineers, ___scientists involved in basic research, work toward the

solution of specific practical problems.
a) although b) unlike c) are unlike d) who unlike
35. John Dewey, who was a philosopher___ an educator, had a large impact on
American education.
a) as well b) as well as c) beside d) in addition
36. Onur got his first job___answering an advertisement in the newspaper.

a) for b) from c) out of d) by
244
37. When individuals___in meeting their needs or fulfilling their wishes, they
are likely to behave aggressively.
a) frustrate b) are frustrated c) are frustrating d) frustrated
38. ___ did Erhan accept the job.

a) Only because it was interesting work c) When it was interesting work
b) Because it was interesting work d) The work was so interesting that
39. They are endeavoring to disguise this fact ___ Jasper Johns did in the late
1950's.
a) as though b) as much c) much as d) that
40. The positive concept of discipline is synonymous with education and counseling
___ it emphasizes inner growth-self-discipline and self-control.
a) in that b) which c) in what d) whereas
41. Public transportation in Istanbul is inadequate, ___owning a car is

a necessity for many people.
a) in addition b) nevertheless c) as though d) so that
42. I don't think it will be necessary to resort ___such dramatic measures.

a) to b) for c) on d) about
43. The importance of maturation alone becomes grossly inadequate___ one

seeks to account for the great diversity of human behavior.
a) when b) that c) whereas d) due to
44. He is ___ eloquent a speaker that even his enemies listen with respect.
a) such b) such an c) so d) too
45. ___ she could not read or write, she could retain a long list of names and
addresses in her mind.
a) Since b) Although c) In spite of d) Even
46. Whether the achievement of ___ is assessed by the grades assigned to his
school work or by achievement tests, the results tend to be the same.
a) some gifted b) gifted c) the gifted d) a gifted
47. Our fear of her is___that we dare not contradict her.

a) so b) such c) so many d) too much
48. ___ her interest in children, I'm sure teaching is the right career for her.
a) Given b) Since she gives c) To give d) Giving
245
49. ___ it may be useful in understanding behavior, motivation as a scientific
CO!)Cept is vulnerable to criticism from both a theoretical and practical point of
view.
a) Since b) Providing that c) While d) As though
50. Relief operations have been disrupted___intense fighting.

a) because b) because of c) in spite of d) as
51. The child's way of perceiving the world is so different from ___ of the adult
that the two worlds are almost mutually incomprehensible.
a) what b) that c) those d) which
52. Robert___ when he was not invited to the party.

a) was offended b) had offended c) is offended d) was offending
53. Individual differences in children must be recognized. Whereas one child might
have a strong interest in mathematics and science, ___ child might tend to-
ward more artistic endeavors.
a) another b) other c) the other d) still other
54. The statistical figures ___ yesterday show steady economic growth.
a) releasing b) which was released c) that released d) released
55. Misbehavior___from classroom disturbances and campus demonstrations to

juvenile delinquency and adult crime is evidence of a lack of adjustment.
a) ranges b) ranged c) ranging d) which range
56. The classes must become smaller if English___ effectively.

a) is to teach b) is to be taught c) has taught d) teaches
57. Economics would be a trivial subject if humans had so few wants or if

resources were so abundant that keeping everyone___at all times would not
exhaust available resources. But such is not the case.
a) to be satisfied b) to have satisfied c) satisfied d) to satisfy
58. _ _ these measures fail to restore order, harsher restrictions will have to be
imposed.
a) Should b) Do c) Would d) Might
59. Many people believe that striking a child is unjustifiable no matter___ .

a) what situation c) whatever situation
b) whatever the situation d) what the situation
246
60. In many novels of the nineteenth century, the poor are depicted as being evil,
dirty, and criminal. , the rich are depicted as being kind, generous,
and virtuous.
a) Conversely b) On the contrary c) Moreover d) Likewise
61. No matter___in coping with our problems, the circumstances of life

inevitably involve stress.
a) how efficient we may be c) how efficient may we be
b) we may be how efficient d) how efficiently we may be
62. Even in relatively prosperous countries such as Poland, economic mismanage-

ment has produced shortages of food ___that the population has taken to the
streets.
a) so severely b) such severe c) so severe d) such severity
63. By the time Europe began to use money, China___already___with paper

currency for hundreds of years.
a) was ......... trading c) had ........ been trading
b) has ......... traded d) has ........ been trading
64. Women entering the labor force are less dependent economically on their
husbands, thereby ___traditional male dominance.
a) undermined c) being undermined
b) undermining d) to undermine
65. ___ for Alp, I could not have finished my work yesterday.
a) Except b) Apart from c) But d) Unless
66. Work in parapsychology,___, has attracted a relatively small number of sci-

entists.
a) is a very controversial c) a field very controversial which
b) which a very controversial field is d) a very controversial field
67. The crime rate in New York is twice___ it was five years ago.
a) what b) that c) which d) when
68. The flight would be here by now if a storm___the departure from Istanbul.
a) had not delayed c) has not delayed
b) would not delay d) did not delay
69. The author eagerly anticipates the time___finished, and she can start a new
one.
a) when her book c) that her book has been
b) her book to be d) when her book will be
247
- - - - - - -
70. Minute computers need only minute amounts of power, ___ means that
they will run on small batteries.
a) that b) what c) which d) the fact that
71. _ _ they mutually owned had been divided among the children.
a) That b) No matter what c) Whatever d) Whether
72. _ _the financial means to remain independent, Thomas Edison was compelled
to seek employment as a night telegraph operator.
a) He was deprived of c) Although he was deprived of
b) That he was deprived of d) Deprived of
73. ___ the proposed changes is uncertain.

a) Whether he advocates c) If he advocates
b) That he advocates d) Does he advocate
74. There is ___denying the fact that he has made a tremendous contribution to
the project.
a) not b) no c) none d) no way
75. When allowed to sleep, volunteers who were kept awake as many as 100 hours
dreamed___ than usual.
a) more considerably c) the more considerably
b) considerably more d) most considerably
76. ___ was the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp
in the Middle Ages.
a) It was the sun and not the earth c) That the sun and not the earth
b) Being the sun and not the earth d) The sun and not the earth
77. The last man ___ the ship was the captain.
a) left b) to leave c) he left d) who was left
78. Here in today's paper it says the zoo has just obtained___ animal no one
has ever heard of before.
a) a b) the c) any d) some
79. "Are you going abroad this summer?"

"Yes, I might go to Spain. , I might stay here."
a) Moreover b) On the other hand c) Likewise d) In fact
80. If___ to sell when asset prices are low, an asset holder will incur substantial
losses.
a) he forced b) he was forced c) forced d) he forces
248
Advanced Grammar Test 2

1. If we make a commitment, we are expected___it.
a) that we will fulfill c) to be fulfilled
b) fulfilling d) to fulfill
2. Lead retains heat___copper.

a) so long as c) longer than
b) long as d) the longest of
3. You must___conform to the rules___leave the school. You have no oth-

er choice if you want to be a student here.
a) neither I nor c) either I or
b) both I and d) not only I but also
4. I'll never deviate from what I believe___right.

a) to be b) being c) for being d) its being
5. The cyclone, which has already killed 100 people and caused extensive dam-
age,___to maintain its intensity.
a) forecasts c) will be forecasted
b) is forecasted d) has forecasted
6. We watched the cat___the tree.

a) climb b) was climbing c) to climb d) climbed
7. ___ , the crowd jeered at the politician.

a) Insulting b) Insulted c) Felt insulted d) An insult
8. The scientists ___as the best accepted the prize gratefully.

a) selecting b) were selected c) selected d) to select
9. The young man decided to become a painter because he___impressed by art

with a social message.
a) was being b) was c) had d) has
10. In the end, he decided to sell his car. This, , proved to be a mistake.
a) similarly b) incidentally c) besides d) rather
11. My friend enjoys ___as everybody else does. •

a) praising c) having praised
b) being praised d) that he is praised
249
12. The hotel___was very comfortable.
a) that we stayed c) we stayed at
b) we stayed there d) where did we stay
13. He fulfilled his lifelong dream, ___a gold medal in the Seoul Olympics.
a) which won b) winning c) being won d) won
14. The panda as well as some African animals___possible extinction.

a) facing b) is faced c) faces d) face
15. ___ by all the people, the new president felt confident about the future.
a) That he was supported c) Supported
b) Since he supported d) Having supported
16. Anyone___this law will be severely punished.

a) who violates c) violates
b) that he violates d) being violated
17. You always tend.____your influence in the party.

a) overestimate c) to overestimate
b) overestimating d) to be overestimated
18. Mr. Smith's new car is at the garage for repairs,___he is driving his old car
for the time being.
a) yet b) so c) for d) as a result of
19. The telephone___while Michael___a bath last night.

a) has rung I has had c) rang I was having
b) rang I had d) has been ringing /was having
20. The soldiers,___the enemy on all sides, had to surrender.

a) who were surrounded c) who were surrounded by
b) having surrounded by d) surrounded
21. Van Gogh is said___off his own ear when he felt depressed.
a) to cut b) to have cut c) that he cut d) to be cut
22. ___, he sounds more intelligent.

a) Because he can make better speeches than his opponent
b) He can make better speeches than his opponent
c) His speeches are better than his opponent's
d) That he can make better speeches than his opponent
23. He sought._ _ _the release of all the hostages.

a) to secure b) having secured c) securing d) to be secured
250
24. In order to get more money, the automobile repairman exaggerated the degree
of damage___to the car.
a) which did b) that it was done c) done d) doing
25. ___ the reason might be , nothing could conceivably justify the killing of
those soldiers.
a) What b) Whatever c) No matter d) However
26. Ali would rather that his girl friend ___in the same department as he does.
a) works b) will work c) worked d) has worked
27. The extent of Ali's knowledge on various subjects___his teachers and

parents alike.
a) which astounds b) astounds c) astounding d) is astounded
28. ___ Japan has a large population and little land, complete utilization of cul-
tivable land is essential to feed its population.
a) Even though b) Since c) As a result of d) For
29. ___anxiety of___mother is difficult to hide.

a)_/ the c) The I a
b)The/_ dJAn/a
30. I have bought extra food ___ our guests stay to dinner.
a) if b) as long as c) provided d) in case
31. It___ for three days in succession when it finally stopped yesterday.
a) snowed c) has been snowing
b) had been snowing d) was snowing
32. The new engine___ to exhaustive tests.

a) has subjected c) subjects
b) subjected d) has been subjected
33. Government cannot operate effectively ___it is free from such interference.
a) as though b) unless c) so that d) whereas
34. "Thanks for your help. "

"___ you want more information, call again tomorrow."
a) Did b) Would c) Might d) Should
35. They didn't dare to leave the house lest they ___ be attacked by wolves.
a) can b) might c) will d) had to
251
36. _ _ _ is carcinogenic now appears to be beyond dispute.
a) If this substance c) What this substance
b) This substance d) That this substance
37. _ _ _no further business, the meeting was adjourned.

a) There being c) That there was
b) There was d) When there is
38. _ _ _ the party is no longer in power, it is still a force to be reckoned with.

a) Since b) That c) Although d) Whether
39. Life expectancy is related to factors such as ___ and the standard ofliving.
a) public health facilities c) to facilitate public health
b) facilitating public health d) when public health is facilitated
40. One of the puzzling questions about visual perception is_ _ _ able to see the
world as clearly as we do.
a) how are we b) as though we are c) how we are d) that we are
41. When she got back to the hotel, she found she had been robbed_ _ _all her
money.
a) from b) for c) with d) of
42. Prior to speaking she was a little tense, ___ was understandable.
a) which it b) which c) that d) that it
43. They adopted _ _ _ approach than we did.

a) more cautious c) a more cautious
b) more cautiously d) a cautious
44. When _ _ _with the crime, the man nodded his head, thereby admitting his
guilt.
a) charging b) charged c) he charged d) he is charged
45. _ _ _ better farming techniques and higher yielding crop varieties, India is
now a food exporter.
a) In spite of b) Notwithstanding c) Thanks to d) As
46. When there is an absence of reliable information about drugs, the risks _ __
in using them are greatly increased.
a) involving c) !il.!-:ving,Lnl9J.ved _
b) being involved d) involved
252
47. ___ many details remain to be worked out about the interpretation of
classical conditioning, this approach may well have something to offer.
a) In view of the fact that c) While
b) Due to the fact that d) In contrast to
48. ___ she had to face many obstacles, she persisted in her studies.
a) In spite of the fact that c) Despite
b) Due to the fact that d) Because
49. ___ drastic measures are taken, the country is bound to face yet another
political crisis.
a) Unless b) Providing c) In case d) As though
50. The computer, although ___more sophisticated and complex, remains a

simple tool.
a) grows b) is growing c) growing d) grew
51. It's virtually impossible for us to gain access to Asian markets for our products
because the Japanese ___ these markets for many years.
a) dominate b) have dominated c) dominated d) are dominating
52. He made___remarkable a speech that he was elected unanimously.

a) so b) quite c) such a d) rather
53. Astigmatism___caused by a flat spot on the eyeball.

a) that it's a type of visual impairment c) a type of visual impairment
b) which is a type of visual impairment d) is a type of visual impairment
54. I don't want to go by car if it entails___tires.

a) to change b) changing c) being changed d) change
55. He showed_ _-ogreat courage that he was elected unanimously.

a) such a b) so c) such d) so much
56. ___ she followed the instructions with painstaking exactness, she made
some mistakes.
a) Whereas c) Even though
b) In view of the fact that d) Despite
57. The budget deficit___so large that the government will have to impose addi-
tional taxes on some goods and services.
a) grows b) is growing c) had grown d) was growing
253
58. By the mid 1960s, the first communications satellite___ .
a) was launched c) had been launched
b) had launched d) has been launched
59. If the fog, _ _ _ , we will have to cancel all the flights scheduled for today.
a) persists b) persisted c) will persist d) were to persist
60. I don't anticipate any difficulty in reaching Barcelona by Friday the

ferries run to schedule.
a) unless b) provided c) so that d) although
61. ___in Central California, midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco,
the San Joaquin Valley is one of the richest agricultural areas in the country.
a) That it is located c) Located
b) It is located d) Where it is located
62. The middle layer of the heart, called myocardium,___ thick heart muscle.
a) is made up of c) made up of
b) which is made up of d) what is made up of
63. Educational institutions have a strong impact on the life chances of

individuals___through them.
a) who are processed c) who processed
b) who they process d) processing
64. This is by ___the best film I have seen.

a) long b) much c) far d)way
65. How on earth did you manage to have your car___ so cheaply?
a) to repair b) repaired c) repair d) repairing
66. Apart from obtaining high-level positions, women in America feel that they
receive the same treatment___with respect to promotions, salaries and
responsibility.
a) as do their male colleagues c) that their male colleagues
b) than their male colleagues do d) as their male colleagues are
67. Efforts___ to be made to help the student master the foreign language in
such a way as to enable him to think in that language.
a) are needed b) needing c) need d) which need
68. North Korea agreed___negotiations.

a) to resume c) to have resumed
b) to be resumed d) resuming
254
69. The world today is very different from ___ it was fifty years ago.
a) which b) what c) where d) that
70. the robbers for more than five hours, the policemen were able to
capture them.
a) Having been pursued c) Having pursued
b) The fact that they pursued d) After they have pursued
71. He has ten days.in which_ _ _ against the deportation order.

a) appealing b) to appeal c) appeal d) to be appealed
72. These revelations were not supposed___public.

a) to make b) being made c) to be made d) to have made
73. The possibility of war is___ horrifying to contemplate.

a) very b) too c) enough d) too much
74. He is the first high ranking government official___with corruption.

a) to be charged b) charging c) he is charged d) to charge
75. ___ both sides are ready to make concessions, the peace accord can be
signed in the near future.
a) Even if b) Now that c) Whereas d) Owing to
76. ___her inexperience, her failure to secure the contract was not surprising.
a) With regard to b) In recognitiona of c)ln view of d) By virtue of
77. Sound comes in waves, and the higher the frequency _ __

a) higher is the pitch c) the higher the pitch
b) the pitch is higher d) pitch is the higher
78. The subject of the lecture was so obscure that ___ students understood it.
a) few b) most of c) many d) none of
79. Excess sodium in the diet may lead to high blood pressure or hypertension,
a) is a disease affecting one out of four adults

b) one in four adults are affected by this disease
c) a disease affecting one in four adults
d) it is a disease affecting one in four adults
80. Nowhere ___than in warm, swampy places.

a) mosquitos are more prevalent c) that mosquitos are more prevalent
b) are mosquitos more prevalent d) more prevalent are mosquitos
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iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii p ART 2iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
BASIC
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
Diagnostic Test
Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or
phrase.
1 . Fresh air and sunshine are beneficial.

a) available b) plentiful c) abundant d) useful
2. There were complaints that the river had been seriously contaminated.
a) dried up b) diverted - c) polluted d) blocked
3. America as a union of 50 states expanded from the colonies along the Atlantic
coast.
a) governed b) changed c) grew d) started
4. She carefully consjdered the matter before making a final decision about it.
a) learned about c) talked about
b) thought about d) described
5. The earth is WYided into two hemispheres.

a) clogged b) squeezed c) separated d) combined
6. I'm sorry but I have t o ~ next week's meeting.

a) call up b) call at c) call on d) call off
7. Villagers often find it difficult to .adapt to city life.

a) object b) adjust c) devote d) dedicate
8. George Smith's behavior was often considered~. even by his friends.

a) unusual b) cold c) foreign d) unknown
9. If you have never visited a foreign country, you may be unaccustomed to eating
unfamiliar foods.
a) surprised at b) disappointed in c) unused to d) afraid of
10. Smoking is dan~erous to human health.

a) beneficial b) indispensable c) hazardous d) vital
11 . The story he told us was quite incredible. One could not possibly believe it.
a) undecided b) understandable c) unbelievable d) unusual
256
12. Ali said that it was essential for us to leave immediately.
a) unwise b) desirable c) possible d) necessary
13. The government provides .aid to farmers by subsidizing prices they receive
for their crops.
· a) advice b) treatment c) help d) charity
14. We hope there will be sufficient food tonight.

a) varied b) adequate c) perfect d) tasty
15. In violin making, the choice of the wood is crucial.

a) selection b) shape c) production d) resonance
16. By coincidence, one of my classmates is the son of one of my father's

classmates.
a) peculiarity b) acknowledgement c) luck d) chance
17. He has great confidence in his ability to tackle such problems.

a) trust in b) reliance on c) need for d) influence on
18. T h e ~ escaped after stealing all of our paintings.

a) burglars b) artisans c) victims d) cowards
19. An odometer is a ~ for measuring distance traveled.

a) a figure b) an instrument c) an engine d) a hypothesis
20. That's absolute nonsense. Nobody will believe it.

a) profound b) complete c) true d) unique
21. John is optimistic. Bill, on the other hand, is pessimistic.

a) in addition b) regularly c) consequently d) however
22. As instructed, the pilot precisely followed the control tower's directions.
a) exactly b) only c) purposefully d) always
23. The Chinese were probably the first tea drinkers in the world.
a) apparently b) most likely c) believably d) seemingly
24. Most tooth paste is basically chalk.

a) possibly b) essentially c) necessarily d) probably
25. After much thought, he agreed reluctantly.

a) eagerly b) willingly c) unwillingly d) finally
Note: The vocabulary items presented in this part are intended for those who are
preparing for proficiency examinations given by universities in Turkey as well as for
those preparing for KPDS and TOEFL. The words included here are mainly at
upper- intermediate and lower-advanced levels.
257
CHAPTER 1
Recognizing Synonyms
A synoym is a word or phrase which is closest in meaning to a given word. It
may often replace the given word. Synonyms are important not only in writing but
also in reading. The answers to many comprehension questions depend on
restatements, which are often based on synonyms. This chapter focuses on expanding
your vocabulary through the introduction of synonyms. If you want to improve your
English, you should do your best to increase your word power by learning synonyms
of important words.
Exercise 1 : Match the underlined words or phrases with their synonyms given after
each group of sentences. The first set is done for you.
I. Prepositional Phrases
1. a) He failed again in spite of his great effort.
b) He had to cancel his trip on account of his illness.
c) Will you go to the meeting instead of me?
d) The police are anxious to hear any information concerning his whereabouts.
e) llnliG George, who likes classical music, Bill likes pop music.
f) Farmers grow flowers as well as vegetables.
1. Q!l ac:CQiml al because of; owing to; due to

2. 1mlik& different from; in contrast to
3. i!l w.ile. o.t despite
4. '1.!:~lla.r in addition to; besides; apart from
5. CQ!lc:e.Cllillt: about
6. ia.i:Le.ad o.t in place of
2. a) Everyone was at the meeting hut him.

b) Owin~ to his negligence, an accident occurred.
c) Weather forecasting has already been substantially improved throu~h
computer analysis.
d) There'll be five of us for dinner, beside£ Bill.
e) Contrary to popular belief, sometimes men gossip more than women do.
f) We have received complaints concernin~ the doctors' bad treatment of
patients.
1. _ _ _ __ by means of; by 4 . _ _ _ __ except

2. _ _ _ __ because of 5 . _ _ _ __ in addition to
3. _ _ _ __ about; regarding 6. _ _ _ __ in opposition to
258
3. a) In contrast to Mary's room, which is a mess, Helen's room is very orderly.
b) Babies have big heads in proportion to their bodies.
c) The book has been well reviewed, but in terms of actual sales, it hasn't been
very successful.
d) For my part, I don't mind where we eat.
e) This factory employs women as well as men.
t) Two minutes' silence was observed llllQ[.1Q the meeting.
I. _ _ _ __ before
2. _ _ _ __ in relation to
3. _ _ _ __ as far as I am concerned
4. _ _ _ __ with regard to; from the point of view of
5. _ _ _ __ unlike; different from
6. _ _ _ __ in addition to ; besides
II. Verbs
Exercise 2: Match the underlined words with their synonyms given after each
group of sentences.
1. a) All our products are carefully inspected before being offered for sale.
b) The football team attempted to win every game.
c) I demanded my rights.
d) The serviceman installed our new heater today.
e) The science teacher demonstrated how water could be made to run uphill.
t) Mary has developed from a plain, shy child into a beautiful, charming
young lady.
I. _ _ _ __ put in 4. _ _ _ __ grown
2. _ _ _ __ examined 5. _ _ _ __ showed
3. _ _ _ __ tried 6. _ _ _ __ asked for; claimed
2. a) He was appointed to a new post in Adana.

b) He was selected to represent his school in the competition.
c) The meeting was postponed because of the manager's sudden illness.
d) We were astounded to hear that he had won.
e) The rock concert in the open air theater was cancelled because of the rain.
t) Rocks can be .di.v.ided into three main groups according to the way in which
they have been formed : igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
I. _ _ _ __ classified 4. _ _ _ __ called off
2. _ _ _ __ put off 5. _ _ _ __ assigned
3. _ _ _ __ chosen 6. _ _ _ __ surprised greatly
259
3. a) The results indicated that the students had made considerable progress.
b) Madam Curie devoted her life to science.
c) Susan objected to the plan because it called for each member to contribute a
large sum of money.
d) They abandoned all hope of finding the child.
e) She's accomplished a great deal in the last few weeks.
f) We were astonished at the two-year old's ability to sing.
l. _ _ _ __ dedicated 4. _ _ _ __ achieved
2. _ _ _ __ opposed 5. _ _ _ __ surprised
3. _ _ _ __ gave up 6. _ _ _ __ showed
4. a) Where can we .obtain some information about this topic?

b) The disease failed to respond to the drugs.
c) The cabbages had already started to decio'.-
d) My mother won't allow me to go out until my cold is better.
e) I ~ that we should arrive one hour before the plane takes off.
f) I recall having met you at last year's party.
I. _ _ _ __ remember 4. _ _ _ __ permit
2. _ _ _ __ suppose 5. _ _ _ __ react favorably
3. _ _ _ __ rot; decompose 6. _ _ _ __ get
5. a) Television possesses a unique if superficial magic.

b) The word "energy" refers to any kind of power.
c) The whole family~ church.
d) An architect~ buildings.
e) My son participates jn many different activities in his school.
f) It requires a lot of time to acquire a skill.
l. _ _ _ __ concerns; relates to 4. _ _ _ __ goes to

2. _ _ _ __ plans 5. _ _ _ __ needs
3. _ _ _ __ has 6. _ _ _ __ takes part in
6. a) A l i ~ to start his own business.

b) The United Kingdom comprises England, Wales, Scotland and Northern
Ireland.
c) I don't think he fully appreciates the dangers of swimming alone.
d) The army distributes food and clothing among the poor.
e) The company employs people according to their skill.
f) A well-designed and carefully administered questionnaire yields. reliable
results.
260
l. _ _ _ __ produces 4. _ _ _ __ gives out
2. _ _ _ __ plans 5. _ _ _ __ understands
3. _ _ _ __ consists of 6. _ _ _ __ hires; gives a job to
7. a) The experts will probably ~ a new plan.

b) Mammals and birds are able to maintain a constant and high body
temperature whether their surroundings are hot or cold.
c) Living things tend to .awwt themselves to the conditions under which they
live.
d) The teacher will ll[Qm the material needed for the course.
e) Penicillin is widely used to~ bacterial infections.
f) Some drivers persistently~ traffic rules. They totally disregard them.
l. _ _ _ __ supply 4. _ _ _ __ propose
2. _ _ _ __ cure 5. _ _ _ __ take no notice of
3. _ _ _ __ adjust 6. _ _ _ __ keep
8. a) Psychology dea]s with human behavior.

b) The amount of usable solar energy dimjnjshes as the winter
approaches.
c) It is often claimed that American society~ profit Ma supreme value.
d) Science of all kinds ~ truth.
e) The law restricts the number of hours a person can work.
f) Smoking contributes to heart disease.
l. _ _ _ __ decreases 4. _ _ _ __ searches for

2. _ _ _ __ limits 5. _ _ _ __ leads to
3. _ _ _ __ considers 6. _ _ _ __ is concerned with
9. a) No one could account for the disappearance of the money.

b) The talks will take p)ace in Washington.
c) The British government decided t o ~ interest rates.
d) These glasses ma~njfy the tiny print so that I can read it.
e) How did he acquire such great wealth?
f) Some people r.eject the idea of a mixed economy.
l. _ _ _ __ lower 4. _ _ _ __ occur
2. _ _ _ __ dismiss; not accept 5. _ _ _ __ explain
3. _ _ _ __ get 6. _ _ _ __ enlarge
261
10. a) I detected a slight change in Mary's attitude yesterday.
b) The walls of the building coHapsed during the fire.
c) Donald .cli!imed that he knew nothing about the theft of the statue.
d) The bird flew away and vanished in the sky.
e) The forest extended as far as the eye could see.
f) The car colljded with a lorry in front of the theater.
I. _ _ _ __ discovered 4. _ _ _ __ disappeared
2. _ _ _ __ stated; declared 5. _ _ _ __ fell
3. _ _ _ __ stretched 6. _ _ _ __ hit; crashed into
11. a) The children were all entertained by the clowns.

b) The prefabricated home was constructed in two days by four workmen.
c) He was annoyed by the children whenever he tried to read.
d) The hospital was administered by Dr. Brown.
e) Each manager's authority is restricted to his own department.
f) The students' needs should be assessed carefully by the committee.
I. _ _ _ __ evaluated 4. _ _ _ __ limited ; confined

2. _ _ _ __ amused 5. _ _ _ __ managed; directed
3. _ _ _ __ built; erected 6. _ _ _ __ irritated; made angry
12. a) It was easy to detennjne who had eaten the candy_our younger son had
chocolate all over his face.
b) At the police station, Mary was able t o ~ the man who had stolen her
car.
c) Fred has at last been able to .fulfill. his lifelong ambition to become a
professor.
d) Mr. Smith hired a magician to .ai:w.ise the children at the party.
e) It is hard for anyone but a specialist to distinl!uish one seashell from another.
f) At the International Fair, manufacturers have come from many countries in
order to exbib.i1 their products.
I. _ _ _ __ display 4., _ _ _ __ entertain

2. _ _ _ __ differentiate 5. _ _ _ __ decide
3. _ _ _ __ recognize 6. _ _ _ __ realize
13. a) Human beings have adapted themselves to extreme climates, from very cold,
and from very dry to very wet.
b) The researchers have already !!atbered enough material to write two books.
c) He has ,altered his attitude considerably:
262
d) We have witnessed many social changes in the last 20 years.
e) Our understanding of the brain has advanced very rapidly in the last ten years.
f) The committee has adopted all his proposals.
l. _ _ _ __ accepted 4. _ _ _ __ collected
2. _ _ _ __ changed 5. _ _ _ __ adjusted
3. _ _ _ __ progressed 6. _ _ _ __ seen, observed
14. a) We inferred from his remarks that he was against the plan.
b) Without exactly saying so, Marty impfu:d that he'd appreciate having
another piece of chocolate cake.
c) He achieved his aim.
d) Bobby seized the apple from his little sister's hand.
e) We benefited from his good advice.
f) I man~ to get a passing grade in the exam although it was very difficult.
l. _ _ _ __ concluded 4. _ _ _ __ took; snatched

2. _ _ _ __ profited 5. _ _ _ __ accomplished
3. _ _ _ __ said indirectly 6. _ _ _ __ was able
15. a) Children ~ their parents for security.

b) Children talce after both parents because they inherit characteristics from
both.
c) That kind of cloth doesn't alllin:h moisture, so it is good for making
rain coats.
d) If man is not careful, he may ~ many of the natural resources of the
earth.
e) If you don't understand any point, you can ask the teacher to ciarifJ'. it.
f) Twelve months constitute a year.
l. _ _ _ __ make up; form 4. _ _ _ __ explain ; make clear

2. _ _ _ __ take in, suck in 5. _ _ _ __ use up
3. _ _ _ __ look like; resemble 6. _ _ _ __ depend on
Test on Verbs - Set 1

Choose the word or phrase which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or
phrase.
1. It is theorized that the universe is expandin~ at a rate of fifty miles per second per
million light years
a) getting larger c) getting smaller
b) getting faster d) getting slower
263
2. Today's class has already been called off.
a) revised b) completed c) cancelled d) announced
3. We were forced to postpone the picnic.

a) call off b) put off c) do without d) see about
4. Meteorologists use balloons to forecast weather patterns.

a) cause b) predict c) create d) test
5. The age of a tree can be determined accurately by counting the number of tree
rings it has developed.
a) decided b) measured c) predicted d) resolved
6. The size of our staff was reduced as a consequence of the change in the budget.
a) decided b) decreased c) increased d) measured
7. The camel is awi.p1ed to desert life and can go without water for long periods.
a) unsuited b) confined c) adjusted d) unaccustomed
8. He participated jn several research projects.

a) assisted in b) succeeded in c) invested in d) took part in
9. No one could recall when that event had taken place.

a) been completed b) been reported c) occurred d) begun
l 0. He has 2iven up the idea of opening another factory in Istanbul.

a) rejected b) approved c) abandoned d) originated
11. He was accused of robbery and murder.

a) executed for b) declared innocent of c) charged with d) asked about
12. Ali's father was brou2ht up in a small town.

a) born b) educated c) raised d) promoted
13. He admitted having made a serious mistake.

a) denied b) refused c) acknowledged d) rejected
f, It , .J I. r '
14. In spite ofmy efforts, I never seem to accomplish anything.

a) assess b) evaluate c) achieve d) diminish
15. Smoking is prohibited in cinemas in Turkey.

a) permitted b) approved c) revoked d) banned
16. We jnferred from his remarks that he was happy about the project.
a) concluded b) misunderstood c) answered d) heard
264
17. It is generally reco~nized that Asia was the cradle of civilization about 5,500
years ago.
a) known b) determined c) challenged d) distributed
18. The author's writing influenced European literature far more than did that of
any other nineteenth-century American author.
a) dominated b) directed c) motivated d) affected
19. A human body requires more nutrients in cold weather because more
energy is necessary to maintain body temperature.
a) surpass b) equip c) prolong d) preserve
20. Sandra came across an important letter yesterday while going through her
drawers.
a) mentioned b) discovered c) read d) tore up
21. Mithat Pasha will long be remembered for his role in foundjn~ the Agricul-
tural Bank.
a) promoting b) establishing c) assisting d) financing
22. Electronic firms continue to fil.ek ways of cramming more bits of information
onto tiny silicon chips.
a) find b) reveal c) look for d) discover
23. The magician's tricks amazed the audience.

a) astonished b) discriminated c) alleviated d) involved
24. Mary found it difficult to cope with the loss of her job.
a) think about b) compensate for c) worry about d) deal with
25. The Rocky Mountains~ all the way from Mexico to the Arctic.
a) unite b) extend c) spread d) develop
Test on Verbs - Set 2

phrase. . ..
1. If the teams were not so evenly matched, it would be easier to fore1cil the
outcome.
a) prepare b) reveal c) predict d) precede
2. He worked diligently for months. In the end, he achieved his goal.

a) determined b) assessed c) examined d) attained
3. The news of the President's death astonished the world.

a) alerted b) disappointed c) admonished d) astounded
265
4. Many young couples do not give themselves time to .od,jJm to married life before a
baby arrives.
a) enjoy b) adapt c) prepare d) appreciate
5. Harvard, establjshed at Cambridge, Massachusettes in 1636, is the oldest college

in America.
a) built b) authorized c) originated d) founded
6. When the election results were made known, the Prime Minister acknowled2ed
defeat.
a) admitted b) deserved c) rejected d) defended
7. He has allia:ed a great deal since I last saw him.

a) grown b) changed c) improved d) slimmed
8. A student will often .shift his interest from one field to another.
a) translate b) define c) change d) confine
9. There is no known cure for this disease, but neurologists are developing ways to
help sufferers cope with it.
a) eradicate b) retard c) deal with d) dispense with
10. I tried to acquire the information that my friend needed.

a) record b) remember c)summarize d) obtain
11. The two workers responsible for the accident will be sacked.
a) promoted b) arrested c) dismissed d) praised
12. The captain was the last t o ~ the ship.

a) assess b) abandon c) accompany d) board
13. The country is 2ovemed by the newly elected prime minister.

a) ruled b) advised c) chosen d) watched
14. The company i s ~ to increase its profits.

a) wishing b) trying c) expecting d) aiming
15. He was often told that he looked like his father.

a) reproached b) restrained c) resembled d) reconciled
16. Alpay was assj2ned to a new post.

a) appointed b) encouraged c) called d) allocated
17. The problem~ when the students refused to do their homework.

a) deteriorated b) grew c) emerged d) was resolved
'
18. I can't put up with his behavior any more.
a) encourage b) criticize c) approve of d) tolerate
266
19. She came out of the restaurant accompanied by her employer.
a) deserted b) escorted c) ignored d) endorsed
20. The principal con~tulated the student on his outstanding display of leader-
ship.
a) scolded b) sent c) praised d) recognized
21. She completely disregarded all our objections.

a) listened to b) ignored c) disliked d) deserved
22. We must preserve tropical forests to prevent the extinction of some species of
animals and plants.
a) conserve b) destroy c) enlarge d) improve
23. Parents should establish certain rules for their children to follow.
a) offer b) set up c) justify d) suggest
24. Galileo is regarded as the founder of modem science.

a) believed b) supposed c) viewed d) criticized
25. Electronic firms continue to_seek ways of developing more sophisticated

equipment.
a) discover b) find c) look for d) reveal
III. Nouns
Exercise 3 : Match the underlined words with their synonyms given after each
group of sentences.
1. a) Your father wouldn't let any illlllil come to you.

b) She plays the piano beautifully although she has never had any instruction.
c) The Neanderthal was thought to be an early~ in the development of
modem man.
d) I know that you think he took your umbrella, but do you have any real
evidence?
e) Helen's father expressed optimism about the outcome of her examinations.
f) This plant obtains nourishment from the soil and does not need sunlight.
I. _ _ _ __ food 4. _ _ _ __ stage
2. _ _ _ __ teaching 5. _ _ _ __ damage
3. _ _ _ __ proof 6. _ _ _ __ hopefulness
267
2. a) Polluted water is a bazar.d to everyone.
b) There is a strong resemblance between the two brothers.
c) These people are determined to preserve their traditions.
d) His response to my question was quite interesting.
e) We must find a meaM of guaranteeing the survival of endangered species.
f) He has the capacity to become a great scientist.
1. _ _ _ __ reply, answer 4. _ _ _ __ way; method

2. _ _ _ __ customs 5. _ _ _ __ similarity
3. _ _ _ __ danger 6. _ _ _ __ capability
3. a) What kind of deYke could be used to measure atmospheric pressure?

b) There was only a small .amoJ.llll of sugar in the box.
c) It took a lot of coura~ for Jimmy, who is only ten to jump into the
swimming pool to save his six-year old sister.
d) If you look at the problem from another aspect, you might understand what I
mean.
e) Water is a chemical compound made up of the elements of hydrogen and
oxygen.
f) I'll give the matter immediate consideration.
1. _ _ _ __ quantity 4. _ _ _ __ thought; attention

2. _ _ _ __ instrument 5. _ _ _ __ combination; mixture
3. _ _ _ __ bravery 6. _ _ _ __ point of view
4. a) There is no likelihood of his being punished for this minor offence.

b) Most societies have accepted the idea of private property.
c) The President's speech made a deep impression on me.
d) John soon learned that his time in the 100 - meter race had been quite an
accomplishment .
e) The school dietician is an expert on nutrition.
f) The...trend..a few years ago was to very short skirts, but that has changed.
1. _ _ _ __ tendency, inclination 4. _ _ _ __ influence, effect

2. _ _ _ __ achievement, success 5. _ _ _ __ probability
3. _ _ _ __ food, nourishment ._..t_!..:!l!.L.L
6. . ownership
,l! J..;/1 I'.\-''- •_,ll•I; 1,.)i_;_
;_,_)111.ll ! .•
5. a) This is a delicate machine, and maintenanc e and repairs are costly.

b) I think our history teacher puts too much emphasis on the history of Egypt.
c) The electronic mi started with the invention of the transistor.
d) I don't like your unfriendly atti1llik toward old people.
e) Until a child is taught what they mean, he is unable to make a distinction
between right and wrong.
f) We can expect another successful wheat haD:'.es1 this year.
268
l. _ _ _ __ manner 4._ _ _ __ age; period
2. _ _ _ __ difference 5. _ _ _ __ yield; crop
3. _ _ _ __ stress 6._ _ _ __ upkeep; preservation
6. a) The h!.!J:g)_ars escaped after stealing all our paintings.

b) Your comments on why the program failed will be helpful in planning next
year's program.
c) Many tragic incidents have occurred here during the last few days.
d) I have mixed emotions when I see such plays; I don't know whether to laugh
or cry.
e) The two approaches differ in several respects.
f) If we don't have more~ , we'll have to close the store.
l. _ _ _ __ events 4. _ _ _ __ customers
2. _ _ _ __ ways 5. _ _ _ __ thieves
3. _ _ _ __ feelings 6. _ _ _ __ remarks; statements
7. a) Libya has offered to hold direct negotiations with the United States.
b) One of the properties of oil is that it floats on water.
c) There are usually restrictions on the ex.port of high technology goods.
d) If this policy is reversed, we'll never achieve our OQjectives ..
e) Rising unemployment in the country is one of the key issues in the election
campaign.
f) There has to be a clear assessment of the country's social and economic
needs.
l. _ _ _ __ evaluation 4. _ _ _ __ subjects
2. _ _ _ __ characteristics 5. _ _ _ __ aims
3. _ _ _ __ limits 6. _ _ _ __ talks
8. a) There is an abundance of water in the oceans.

b) T h e ~ of the problem lay in the fact that Robert did not want to go to
school.
c) The optician told me that these glasses would improve my vision.
d) Our airplane was flying at an altitude of 18,000 feet.
e) Her only son was killed in~-
f) After three hours of climbing, we stood at the summit of the mountain.
l. _ _ _ __ war; fight 4._ _ _ __ plenty of

2. sight 5. _ _ _ __ top
3. _ _ _ __ basis 6. _ _ _ __ height
269
Test on Nouns
phrase.
1. Plato's teachings had a profound~ on Aristotle.

a) influence b) affection c) satisfaction d) depth
2. Probability is the mathematical study of the likelihood of an event's occurrence.

a) predictability b) desirability c) fallibility d) undeniability
3. When he was director of the company, his ~rrst accomplishment was to bring
about better working conditions.
a) accumulation b) defeat" c) achievement d) job
4. Many doctors are still general practitioners, but the tendenc;y is toward
specialization in medicine.
a) rumor b) prejudice c) trend d) security
5. Many properties of the atmosphere affect the amount of solar radiation that
reaches the earth.
a) belonging b) characteristics c) levels d) impurities
6. The~ we are discussing concerns everyone who has children.

a) subject b) article c) book d) event
7. Violent criminals like that are a dan~er to society.

a) a burden b) an asset c) a hazard d) a contribution
8. Both heredity and environment help to shape a person's character.

a) relatives b) education c) surroundings d) upbringing
9. Winning an Olympic medal was a great achievement on his part.

a) prize b) accomplishment c) reward d) award
10. Nicole has always shown a remarkable aptitude for becoming a great cook.
a) willingness b) enthusiasm c) reluctance d) ability
11. His c;ompetence as a teacher is amazing.

a) experience b) capability c) determination d) punctuality
12. The evolution in computer technology has accelerated since 1980.

a) decline b) development c) change d) growth
270
13. The government placed restrictions on sales of weapons.
a) limitations b) reductions c) opportunities d) increases
14. The company asked for an assessment of the student before giving him a job.
a) an opinion c) a transcript
b) a recommendation d) an evaluation
15. Exchanges of culture were a direct result of commerce.

a) trade b) negotiation c) agreement d) schooling
III. Adjectives
group of sentences.
1. a) We were all very anxious about Jane when we heard she was in hospital.
b) Alice was reluctant to go to the party because she did not know any of the
guests.
c) A large number of people are unemployed. What's worse, the rate of
unemployment is steadily rising.
d) When I heard the good news, my initw reaction was to tell everyone.
e) The defendant was found to be innocent and was set free.
f) A mechanic wasn't available at night, so we had to leave the car until
morning.
1. obtainable 4. first
2. worried 5. unwilling
3. jobless 6. not guilty
2. a) The union and management negotiators made notable progress at the

bargaining table.
b) Dr.Einstein was a man of considerable accomplishments.
c) If I say he should be released and you say that he should be jailed, we
obviously hold contra,cy opinions
d) We couldn't see our way in the deng fog.
e) The eventual result of crime is punishment.
f) Unless we protect these animals, they will become~ like many other
species which have died out during the last fifty years.
l. _ _ _ __ vanished 4. _ _ _ __ remarkable
2. _ _ _ __ thick 5. _ _ _ __ opposite
3. _ _ _ __ final 6. _ _ _ __ important; significant
271
3. a) Stress is an inevitable part of everyday life.
b) One YD.il;ule..property of man is his great and persistent curiosity.
c) The soil on our farm is no longer productive.
d) Even a fool knows that buying dear and selling cheap is not profitable.
e) My son has at last found himselfa ~ job.
f) What makes the teacher happy is that we are all ~ to learn English.
l. _ _ _ __ unequalled 4. _ _ _ __ stable
2. _ _ _ __ gainful 5. _ _ _ __ fertile
3. _ _ _ __ unavoidable 6. _ _ _ __ willing
4. a) This project will make a si~nificant contribution to our economy.

b) There is a ~ food shortage in that country.
c) The prices of some consumer goods have remained stable for a long time.
d) Our food supplies are not adequate. We need more food.
e) He i s ~ of your success.
f) Some stars are so far from the earth that they are invisible to the naked eye.
1. _ _ _ __ serious 4. _ _ _ __ important
2. _ _ _ __ unable to be seen 5. _ _ _ __ steady, fixed
3. _ _ _ __ envious 6. _ _ _ __ sufficient; enough
5. a) They're going to Paris first, but their ultimate destination is London.

b) The scientist's preljminar:y studies on serotonin produced interesting
results.
c) His reckless driving resulted in a terrible accident.
d) Ali is .IID.fi1 to hold public office.
e) The water shortage in our town is mainly due to inadequate rainfall.
f) He may come, but it is very unlikely.
1. _ _ _ __ insufficient 4. _ _ _ __ final
2. _ _ _ __ not suitable 5. _ _ _ __ improbable
3. _ _ _ __ first, initial 6. _ _ _ __ careless
6. a) What you have just said is not releYml1 to our discussion.

b) I'm sorry but I can't come to your party because I have a priQr
engagement.
c) The principal problem lies in selecting the right people to do the job.
d) Water i s ~ in Saudi Arabia.
e) He seems reluctant to lend us his car.
f) He has considerable influence with the President.
1. _ _ _ __ main, chief 4. _ _ _ __ great

2. _ _ _ __ earlier 5. _ _ _ __ related
3. _ _ _ __ unwilling 6. _ _ _ __ inadequate
272
7. a) The fundamental reason for his illness has never been discovered.
b) Robert was regarded as a profound thinker by his friends.
c) It is essential for babies to drink milk.
d) Everyone who heard the story found it incredible
e) I can visit you whenever it is convenient for you.
f) Finland is remarkable for the large number of its lakes.
1. _ _ _ __ unbelievable 4. _ _ _ __ basic
2. _ _ _ __ deep 5. _ _ _ __ necessary
3. _ _ _ __ noteworthy 6. _ _ _ __ suitable
8. a) An inexperienced driver is a potential danger.

b) If you don't give m e ~ directions and a map, I'll never find your place.
c) The .seYfil storm knocked down power lines all over the coastal town.
d) There is a significant difference in attitudes between light and heavy viewers
of television.
e) We can make an iofini.te. number of sentences, using a finite set of rules.
f) You may think that your argument is .Ylllid, but I still disagree with you.
1. _ _ _ __ probable; likely 4. _ _ _ __ sound;good

2. _ _ _ __ unlimited, endless 5. _ _ _ __ vioient
3. _ _ _ __ important 6. _ _ _ __ exact
9. a) There is a profound difference between effort and success.

b) She is a charming and reliable person.
c) Gold is a precious metal.
d) He is very keen on the girl next door.
e) The .Yslfil plains stretch for hundreds of miles.
f) Getting the injured person to the hospital is a .Yilal matter.
1. _ _ _ __ valuable
2. _ _ _ __ great; substantial; considerable
3. _ _ _ __ dependable; trustworthy
4. _ _ _ __ essential; critical
5. _ _ _ __ enthusiastic about; interested in
6. _ _ _ __ very broad; extensive
IO. a) Prices generally remain .stable when demand and supply are balanced.
b) Solar energy is abundant. In fact, it is virtually inexhaustible.
c) This development has been of immense importance.
d) The computer proceeds with its incomparable logic and efficiency.
e) The military continues to play a crucial role in the affairs of the country.
f) No one knows what the eventual outcome of the war will be.
273
l. _ _ _ __ important 4. _ _ _ _ _ steady; fixed
2. _ _ _ __ final; ultimate 5. enormous;great
3. _ _ _ __ plentiful 6. unequalled
Test on Adjectives
phrase.
1. Many reptiles are often classified as beneficial to humans.

a) harmful b) useful c) relevant d) undesirable
2. He has made sii:nificant contributions to science.

a) interesting b) important c) useful d) exciting
3. There isn't ~ e food to feed so many people. We should get some more
food.
a) abundant b) scarce c) necessary d) sufficient
4. Efficient air service has been made available through modem technology.
a) affluent b) inexpensive c) modem d) effective
5. We tried in vain to wake him from a profound sleep.

a) proper b) light c) drowsy d) deep
6. A sound economy and high standards of education are gucifil to the develop-
ment of a country.
a) hazardous b) effective c) important d) suitable
7. The initial step is often the most difficult.

a) quickest b) longest c) last d) first
8. Henry Ford is known for mass producing the Model T, thus making it
available to the average American.
a) obtainable by b) constructed for c) desired by d) known to
9. The court had absolute proof that he had committed the crime.
a) indispensable b) fragmentary c) partial d) complete
10. Her husband is very competent; he will repair the roof himself.
a) capable b) thrifty c) industrious d) careful
·u. When their rent increased from $200 to $ 400 , they protested against such a
tremendous increase.
a) light b) difficult c) huge d) tiring
274
12. The Smiths were optimistic that their son would be able to leave the
hospital for Christmas.
a) hopeful b) doubtful c) certain d) surprised
13. Identical twins are frequently inseparable; they even seem to think alike.
a) not able to be distinguished c) not able to be parted
b) not able to be understood d) not able to be believed
14. Scientists found the prints of several ~ t species in the cave.

a) fragile b) related c) vanished d) active
15. Extensjve use is made of computer-based technology in factories and offices.

a) spacious b) plentiful c) progressive d) widespread
16. His previous play won a literary prize.

a) best b) earlier c) first d) lengthy
17. Prehistoric man farmed the land by using primitive tools fashioned out of rock
and wood.
a) advanced b) metallic c) decorative d) simple
18. ~ economic growth can only be achieved by curbing inflation and

maintaining production targets.
a) Constant b) Rapid c) Safe d) Desirable
19. The General Motors Corporation is the principal industry in Pontiac, Michigan.
a) chief b) earliest c) automotive d) oldest
20. The momentum in the direction of services is such that further increases
in benefits and therefore in taxes seem almost inevitable.
a) unavoidable b) obligatory c) untrue d) redundant
21. Aylin is a capable pianist but she's not yet quite ready to play in concerts.
a) competent b) famous c) hard working d) determined
22. The ballet's visual message is comprehensible to almost everyone.

a) acceptable b) interesting c) understandable d) pleasing
23. She was an unlikely candidate for the position.

a) unpopular b) improbable c) risky d) unqualified
24. Once started, a chain reaction sustains itself without fwlher outside influence.
a) endless b) interruptive c) measurable d) additional
275
25. The robot, although~. has limited use.
a) dependable b) fast c) automatic d) versatile
26. Insect pests are among t h e ~ causes of crop failure.

a) expected b) natural c) chief d) least
27. The concert was so ~ that everyone left in the middle.

a) bad b) unskillful c) inconvenient d) delightful
28. When asked if he had broken the vase, Paul gave an ambiii;uous reply.
a) unmistakable b) clear c) uncertain d) astonishing
29. Because he was unaware of the new limit, he was stopped and warned for
speeding.
a) obstinate b) intricate c) ignorant d) adjacent
30. That fellow George is a .brillianl engineer. He is also quite imaginative.

a) dull b) boring c) intelligent d) diligent
IV. Adverbs
group of sentences
1. a) The changes he made were hal:ili noticeable.

b) The plane will land in approximately ten minutes.
c) It's precisely 5 o 'clock now.
d) The clerks work quite efficiently.
e} The students listened to the teacher quite attentively.
f) I ~ agree with you.
l. _ _ _ __ carefully 4. _ _ _ __ effectively
2. _ _ _ __ hardly; scarcely 5. _ _ _ __ nearly
3. _ _ _ __ completely 6. _ _ _ __ exactly
2. a) The child has been relatively silent most of the evening.

b) The neighbors left their homes simultaneously.
c) Incidentally, did you hear that Jane has just had a baby?
d) Gold is used extensively in some industries.
e) They~ need it at all.
f) I am essentially in agreement with his suggestion.
l. _ _ _ __ widely 4. _ _ _ __ basically
2. _ _ _ __ scarcely; barely 5. _ _ _ __ comparatively
3. _ _ _ __ at the same time 6. _ _ _ __ by the way
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3. a) I like people who can speak .finnh: about their beliefs
b) I have had several summer jobs but I have never been pennanently
employed.
c) The weather is relatively better today than it was yesterday.
d) He deliberately hit her.
e) She was standing by the window,apparently quite calm and relaxed.
f) He profoundly regretted his hasty decision.
I. _ _ _ __ comparatively 4. _ _ _ __ decisively
2. _ _ _ __ intentionally 5. _ _ _ __ constantly
3. _ _ _ __ seemingly 6. _ _ _ __ deeply
Test on Adverbs
phrase.
1. This course focuses primarily on the history of early civilizations.

a) objectively b) subjectively c) actively d) mainly
2. The change in population was .bareb:'. noticeable to anyone but professional

demographers conducting the study.
a) often b) never c) hardly d) softly
3. Recent population shifts have fundamentajly drawn people away from the old
industrial centers towards sunnier climates and more spacious
environments.
a) originally b) clearly c) basically d) gradually
4. As photographic techniques have become more sophisticated, the scope of their

application has expanded enormously.
a) tremendously b) appealingly c) flagrantly d) diversely
5. One third of the Earth's surface area of approximately 197 million square miles is
devoted to farming.
a) totally b) largely c) exactly d) roughly
6. He stopped his car suddenly when the light turned red.

a) abruptly b) ambiguously c) dangerously d) carelessly
7. The child has been relatively silent most of this evening.

a) sadly b) remarkably c) comparatively d) strangely
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8. Two of the passengers were severely injured in the accident.
a) slightly b) seriously c) fatally d) inevitably
9. Eventually the proportion of people of working age will decline.

a) Actually b) Ultimately c) Definitely d) Offici_ally
10. Throughout the year 1989, there was a shru:ply rising rate of inflation in
Turkey.
a) grimly b) constantly c) steeply d) roughly
11. We go out to the country~ on hot, sunny days in the summer.

a) scarcely b) mainly c) occasionally d) rarely
12. The relativity theory is basically made up of two parts: the restricted and the
general relativity theory.
a) necessarily b) fundamentally c) approximately d) usually
13. Football is astoundin~ly popular in England.

a) curiously b) amazingly c) traditionally d) customarily
14. He stepped on my foot intentionally.

a) accidentally b) reluctantly c) deliberately d) annoyingly
15. No one knows~ how many pacific islands there are, but geographers
estimate that there are up to 30,000.
a) approximately b) appropriately c) predictably d) precisely
16. Incjdental]y, do you know where John lives now?

a) By the way b) For our information c) Personally d) Actually
17. Basically , I agree with your proposals, though there are a few small points
which I would like to discuss.
a) Probably b) Essentially c) Naturally d) Ultimately
18. Desert plants differ considerably from one part of the world to another.
a) vitally b) significantly c) necessarily d) slightly
19. Evidently, such men are usually powerful and wealthy

a) Clearly b) Unfortunately c) Admittedly d) Surprisingly
20. Do it now. Otherwise, it'll be too late.

a) Or else b) Principally c) Essentially d) Aside
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General Tests on Synonyms
Set 1
Choose the word or phrase which is closest in meaning to the underlined word
or phrase.
1. The escaped prisoner was captured in a restaurant.
a) caught b) killed c) kept d) noticed
2. We booked our seats well in advance of the date we wanted to travel.

a) ahead of b) after c) during d) for
3. The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast.

a) because of b) notwithstanding c) despite d) regarding
4. Inadequate supply of oxygen to the blood can cause death within minutes.
a) abundant b) insufficient c) substantial d) nonexistent
5. The night was so...[Qggx that the murderer was easily able to escape his
pursuers.
a) misty b) mild c) moist d) messy
6. Her principal objective was international fame as a scientist.

a) aim b) wish c) ambition d) superiority
7. The probability of the strike ending before the tourist season is not high.
a) likelihood b) result c) idea d) controversy
8. Does Jimmy take after his father?

a) walk behind b) fight with c) help d) resemble
9. The price of gold fluctuated and then fell on the world market last month.
a) varied b) decreased c) rose d) stabilized
10. Bill did an admirable job in organizing the team.

a) praiseworthy b) reliable c) odd d) terrible
11. On weekends we wear casual clothes unless we expect company or go out.

a) formal b) informal c) loose d) tight
12. Ali was ~ s i n the way he approached Nil when she was in a bad mood.
a) careful b) foolish c) careless d) clever
13. My father is a man of moderate views.

a) modern b) predictable c) stern d) reasonable
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14. Soot sticks to anything it touches.
a) points to b) clings to c) blackens d) streaks
15. Electronic firms continue to seek ways of developing more sophisticated

equipment.
a) discover b) find c) look for d) reveal
16. We hired a car for a week when we were in Italy.

a) purchased b) rented c) bought d) reserved
17. The professor tried to stimulate interest in archeology by taking his students on
expeditions.
a) diminish b) encourage c) test d) inhibit
18. It's difficult to make a precise prediction ~bout the inflation rate because of the
economic instability in the country.
a) a reliable b) an accurate c) an estimated d) a quick
19. The inquizy concerning the accident was handled by the chief of the police.
a) gossip b) rumor c) investigation d) worry
20. Punctuality is of great importance in your new job.

a) Being on time b) Being efficient c) Being cheerful d) Being polite
21. I can't see any distinction between these cases.

a) difference b) relationship c) resemblance d) choice
22. The drought was very severe. It had not rained for nearly thirty days. As a
result, food would be ~ in the fall.
a) plentiful b) insufficient c) abundant d) enough
23. George~ the opportunity to present his proposal to the director.

a) realized b) rendered c) grasped d) delivered
24. Charles was quite ~ by Jerry's remarks.

a) amused b) disappointed c) irritated d) angered
25. An inexperienced driver is a potential danger.

a) possi~le b) actual c) certain d) definite
.YliW WJJ:JU b H 1i,-.11
26. There is no resolution to this conflict.

a) decision b) action c) condition d) disagreement
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27. In spite of his many faults, Paul is very dedicated to his mother.
a) polite b) agreeable c) devoted d) considerable
28. The argument, although understandable, was not very convincing.

a) persuasive b) reliable c) realistic d) clear
29. The average person loses as many as one hundred hairs per day from the head.
a) on the whole b) much more than c) more than d) up to
30. After many attempts he eventually managed to get promotion.

a) finally b) obviously c) probably d) fortunately
Set2
or phrase.
1. These housing projects must be designed and built according to very strict criteria.
a) locations b) contracts c) relations d) standards.
2. The committee is expected to adopt his suggestions.

a) anticipate b) alter c) refuse d) accept
3. Because the information was easily accessible, we found it immediately.

a) demonstrable b) reachable c) probable d) acceptable
4. Life in the forest is a constant battle for survival.

a) fight b) struggle c) option d) trial
5. The store was known for its very notable objects. I searched and
searched, but everything appeared ordinary. I found nothing unusual to buy.
a) valuable b) expensive c) remarkable d) smart
6. The affection they felt for each other was obvious to everyone.
a) hatred b) adherence c) fondness d) sickness
7. It is imperative that the package be delivered today.

a) determined b) urgent c) known d) clear
8. If you're going to be stubborn about doing everything yourself, you may

learn a better way.
a) obstinate b) anxious c) conscious d) determined
9. The feeling of competition in the classroom was noticeable to everyone.

a) discord b) cooperation c) discovery d) rivalry
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10. The sign requested that we extinguish all fires before leaving the camp ground.
a) put out b) put up c) put off d) put up with
11. Helen listened to Frank's explanations in utter amazement.

a) unspoken b) complete c) angry d) unique
12. I cannot accommodate all these people. I don't have enough beds for them.
a) put up b) put off c) put out d) put up with
13. I was stunned by his suggestion for changing the system.

a) pleased b) infuriated c) shocked d) amused
14. Mt. Helens erupted in March 1980 after one hundred twenty-three years of
silence.
a) exploded b) roared c) split d) disintegrated
15. The storm caused irreparable damage to the Finike citrus crop.
a) irresponsible b) irresistible c) irrecoverable d) irregular
16. The ceremony started at exactly 9 o'clock.

a) terminated b) commemorated c) commenced d) originated
17. The nation of Gabon has some of the most valuable natural resources in Africa.
a) extensive b) precious c) privileged d) revered
18. The seeds of this plant have a licorice taste .

a) smell b) core c) flavor d) crust
19. Network employees and employees of associated companies are not allowed
to participate in TV quiz games.
a) subsidiary b) connected c) social d) member
20. Raw materials are abundantly available in Great Britain.

a) scarcely b) plentifully c) precisely d) amazingly
21. Maria did every thing with facility. However, this time she ·faced an insur-
mountable obstacle. There was no way she could solve the problem.
a) quickness b) ease c) carelessness d) haste
22. Most teenagers think their actions are mature.

a) grown up b) serious c) intelligent d) childlike
23. The new teaching aids will facilitate learning in a short time.
a) make difficult b) make profitable c) make effective d) make easier
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24. There is an acute shortage of petrol.
a) inadequate b) severe c) inevitable d) drastic
25. Fish abound in this small stream.

a) are scarce b) are dead c) are plentiful d) are rare
26. It is a well-known fact that the hencuckoo lays her eggs in the nests of other
birds and practically never broods herself.
a) substantially b) relatively c) essentially d) virtually
27. The principal threatened to expel him from school if he didn't behave better.
a) prevent b) send out c) try out d) exert
28. The constant motion of the earth as it turns on its axis creates the change of
seasons.
a) plausible b) perpetual c) perilous d) perplexing
29. The author wrote with great clarity, not missing a single detail.
a) extensiveness b) clearness c) cleverness d) genius
30. The course provides a comprehensive overview of nineteenth century

American literature.
a) a wide ranging b) a contemporary c) understandable d) simple
Set3
or phrase.
1. The stars are too numerous to be counted.
a) abundant b) small c) distant d) indistinct
2. I enjoyed the concert very much. The pop singer's performance was
particularly good.
a) unexpectedly b) unbelievably c) especially d) fairly
3. Incidentally, do you know where John lives now?

a) By the way b) For our information c) Personally d) Actually
4. Violators who are ignorant of the parking laws must still pay their fines.
a) are tired of c) are respectful to
b) want to know d) know nothing about
5. After many attempts he eventually managed to get promotion.

a) finally b) obviously c) probably d) fortunately
283
6. Evidently , he has decided to leave.
a) Obviously b) Unfortunately c) Wisely d) Surprisingly
7. This book is rather difficult, but that one is relatively easy.

a) remarkably b) comparatively c) unusally d) mostly
8. We'd better hurry; otherwise, we'll be late.

a) or else b) principally c) essentially d) aside
9. At the age of 16, he had to assume responsibility for his sister's care.
a) take upon b) take in c) take off d) take out
10. She always gets upset about unimportant matters.

a) prevalent b) crucial c) common d) trivial
11. The hotel he recommended proved to be too expensive.

a) turned out to be c) wasn't
b) looked d) demanded proof of being
12. The doctor dedicated his life to finding a cure to cancer.

a) conformed b) corresponded c) devoted d) sacrificed
13. The accident occurred because the taxi driver was careless.
a) alert b) negligent c) ignorant d) intolerant
14. The taxi driver was blamed for causing the accident.
a) rewarded b) honored c) reproached d) chosen
15. The conversation between the two women was intelligible.

a) disagreeable b) rapid c) understandable d) clever
16. Their aggressiveness stemmed from fear.

a) grew b) arose c) vanished d) increased
17. An innocent man was accused of the crime.

a) charged with b) interfered with c) coped with d) dealt with
18. The man neglected to file his income tax and therefore had to pay a fine
a) hoped b) failed c) promised d) refused
19. The government proposed several tax reform measures which the parliament
subsequently turned down.
a) reduced b) revised c) rejected d) reviewed
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20. Using the right hand when shaking hands is a convention.
a) a custom b) an innovation c) an objective d) an obligation
21. The Irish setter is well-known for its keen sense of smell.
a) pungent b) dull c) sensitive d) sharp
22. Many advertisements boast that their products do not contain any additives.
They have no artificial ingredients. The advertisements stress this because the
public has come to value products made from only natural ingredients.
a) natural b) blended c) unnatural d) fattening
23. Hair is exclusively found in mammals

a) commonly b) exceptionally c) only d) mostly
24. The candidate achieved victory in the election after a hard campaign.
a) suffered b) advocated c) diminished d) attained
25. The hidden room was accessible only through a secret back entrance.
a) available b) visible c) approachable d) usable
26. By her clothes one could see that she was quite prosperous.
a) peaceful b) well-to-do c) poor d) calm
27. It's absurd not to wear a coat in such cold weather.

a) brave b) ridiculous c) disgusting d) clumsy
28. He had a knife concealed in his pocket.

a) placed b) hidden c) kept d) treasured
29. This machine has a major drawback from the technological point of view.
a) advantage b) disadvantage c) improvement d) potential
30. Currently, there are more young people in Turkey than at any other time in our
history.
a) At present b) At once c) Before long d) Up to now
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CHAPTER 2: Usage
I. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
A. Prepositions That Follow Verbs
Exercise 6A: Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions. (Before you do this exercise
refer to Appendix I for the list of verbs followed by prepositions.)
Set 1
1. We're waiting the game to begin.
2. I'm thinking buying a new car.
3. She always smiles me whenever she sees me.
4. Your argument rests a statement that can't be proved.
5. The decision rests you.
6. I'll provide blankets you.
7. I'll provide you blankets.
8. He insisted being paid more money for his work.
9. The rain prevented me coming early.
10. He was admitted to the university a research assistant.
11. He is working a new project now.
12. I thanked her her kindness.
13. The customs officer we met last year was assigned a new post.
14. Why are you staring me?
15. Please apply to the secretary more information.
16. These small businesses have benefited the fall in interest rates.
17. He hasn't replied my letter yet.
18. I was shocked his indifference.
19. I object your staying here.
20. The teacher was fully satisfied my work.
21. I'm disgusted your behavior.
22. He was disappointed the result.
23. Please don't mention it my wife.
24. The picture reminds me Paris.
25. I have been corresponding an English girl for a long time.
26. I prefer reading writing.
27. He exchanged his car this house.
28. We're searching the stolen money.
29. She accused me theft.
30. I agree you this matter.
31. She apologized me being late.
32. I don't approve your behavior.
33. You must apply the manager himself the details of the job.
34. He often argues his brother political issues.
35. The man caught by the police yesterday was arrested murder.
36. The train arrived the station at one o'clock sharp.
37. He arrived Istanbul yesterday.
38. The director asked me your health.
286
39. She asked me _ _ _ some money.
40. He begged me _ _ _ money.
Set2
1. He is regarded _ _ _ the best author in his country.

2. The talks aimed ending the civil war in Ruritania are due to resume
in Washington today.
3. I can't live this money.
4. The final decision lies the minister.
5. My mother is ill. We must send a doctor immediately.
6. I know he has gone through a very difficult period, so I sympathize him.
7. He warned me the risks involved in my decision.
8. She spends all her money clothes.
9. I translated the letter from English Turkish for him.
10. I hesitate to describe him really clever.
11. An informer supplied the police the names of those involved in the
crime.
12. Parents try to provide a good education their children.
13. Parents try to provide their children a good education.
14. Avoid quarrelling him such unimportant matters.
15. How did she react your offer?
16. The patient is recovering his illness.
17. You remind me my former secretary.
18. A young man rescued her drowning.
19. This table is reserved you.
20. He resigned his post.
21. The students responded enthusiastically the teacher's suggestion.
22. Lung cancer may result smoking.
23. Smoking may result lung cancer.
24. We must reward him his bravery.
25. He sacrificed his love his mother.
26. I can't focus anything today.
27. He laughed me, and this made me angry.
28. Let's concentrate finding a solution.
29. I'm accustomed being treated with respect.
30. He was publicly criticized encouraging the workers to strike.
31. A person who doesn't believe any religion is called an atheist.
32. We benefited his valuable suggestions.
33. The cows were feeding hay in the barn.
34. The teacher praised Ali his diligent work.
35. He spends all his money betting horses.
36. She borrowed some money one of her friends.
37. You should know that I care a lot you.
38. That man is charged robbery and murder.
39. They charged me ten dollars this book.
40. He was suspected collaborating with the enemy.
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Set 3
1. Would you care a cup of tea?
2. He commented the current political developments in the Middle East.
3. The patient complained acute stomachache.
4. Many people complimented her her skillful performance.
5. I congratulated him his success.
6. Smoking contributes heart disease.
7. I contributed 50,000 liras Ayla's leaving present
8. The examination paper consists three sections.
9. Society still discriminates women.
10. He wants to cooperate us.
11. This book deals a variety of topics ranging from pollution to the
preservation of wildlife.
12. Have they decided the date of the wedding party?
13. People who cannot distinguish colors are said to be color blind.
14. The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one the other.
15. The two brothers differ their appearance.
16. Women are often excluded positions of leadership.
17. Will you please excuse me being late?
18. She blamed the accident me.
19. He blamed me the accident.
20. He prohibited us entering the building.
21. Early travellers marvelled the riches of this small country.
22. What can be inferred the passage?
23. I'll inform you the decision immediately.
24. She inquired your health.
25. This anti-smoking campaign is mainly aimed teenagers.
26. I'll insure my house fire.
27. He is suspected being a member of a terrorist organization.
28. They threatened him death.
29. Let me introduce you my wife.
30. He invested all his money this business.
31. He was involved many incidents.
32. We recognize this a genuine need.
33. I suffer a terrible headache.
34. When I said some people are selfish, I wasn't referring you.
35. I'll leave the package the secretary.
36. I can't cope so many problems.
37. Substitute appropriate words the words underlined.
38. These people long freedom.
39. What do you mean this statement?
40. He mistook me my brother.
41. We'll struggle our independence.
42. He objected my working on the farm.
43. He was operated his nose.
44. She participates many different activities.
45. I'll pay your education.
46. Many villagers prefer to settle an urban area.
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47. He delights _ _ _ making fun of his brother.
48. He was presented a gold watch.
49. Ayla succeeded achieving her goal despite her problems.
50. We profited his experience.
Test on Prepositions That Follow Verbs

Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. Pay attention
to the prepositions used in each sentence.
1. He had been _ _ _ of the danger but took no notice.

a) warned b) shown c) explained d) prevented
2. That song ___ me of my youth.
a) recalls b) remembers c) reminds d) recollects
3. His importance as a political novelist ___ in his sensitivity to the political

world around him.
a) rests b) bases c) stems d) lies
4. Everybody ___ her for saving the old man from drowning.
a) congratulated b) accused c) praised d) prohibited
5. It takes years to ___ as a doctor.
a) practise b) pass c) complete d) qualify
6. I want to ___ you on your engagement.
a) compliment b) praise c) wish d) congratulate
7. She ___ of severe pains in her arms and legs.
a) remarks b) says c) grumbles d) complains
8. Jane ___ into tears and rushed out of the room sobbing.
a) fell b) broke c) burst d) cried
9. We want him to retire but he won't to it.

a) accept b) admit c) agree d) allow
10. I ___ of his course of action, so I told him to go ahead.

a) accepted b) agreed c) approved d) consented
11. Long term unemployment is not ___ as a problem by the government.

a) thought b) considered c) regarded d) favored
12. Forcing a student to work ___ to resistance.
a) entails b) involves c) leads d) produces
13. He ___ me of lying to him.
a) charged b) attacked c) accused d) criticized
289
- - - - - - -
14. Since a lot of people have either retired or resigned in recent months ,
the remaining staff just can't ___ with the extra work-load.
a) handle b) cope c) manage d) succeed
15. Many English words are ___ from Latin and Greek.
a) based b) derived c) founded d) originated
16. He ___ for breaking the window.

a) admitted b) denied c) refused d) apologized
17. The prisoner ___ to not being allowed to listen to his radio.
a) complained b) demonstrated c) objected d) hated
18. The old lady ___ on doing everything for herself.

a) demanded b) boasted c) claimed d) insisted
19. The government was ___ for not helping the unemployed with large families.
a) criticized b) accused c) objected d) protested
20. They have asked us to ___ in the conference.
a) involve b) be mixed c) participate d) take place
21. This test _ _-=---~ a number of multiple choice questions
a) composes of c) consists in b) composes d) consists of
22. Because Mike is so disorganized, we cannot ___ on his help.
a) maximize b) lie c) distinguish a) rely
23. I ___ with you in your great trouble, and I wish I could help in some way.
a) sympathize b) agree c) feel d) console
24. Because of fear or because they do not care, many citizens refuse to be _ __
in police investigations.
a) revolved b) absolved c) resolved d) involved
25. The reporters ___ from the mayor's speech that he intends to resign.
a) implied b) are inferred c) are implied d) inferred
26. They can't ___ on a name for the baby.
a) conclude b) decide c) consent d) assent
27. We've arranged ___ our furniture to be sent by sea.
a) that b) from c) with d) for
28. I was so worried about the news that I couldn't concentrate ___ my work.
a)to b)in c)on d)about
29. When she got back to the hotel, she found she had been robbed ___ all her
money.
a) from b) for c) with d) of
30. They have been ___ with a serious crime.
a) accused b) convicted c) charged d) prosecuted
31. Aunt Ida has never really ___ from her nervous breakdown.
a) mended b) cured c) recovered d) repaired
290
32. She ___ my son for the broken window.
a) accused b) blamed c) complained d) denied
33. Dentists recommend brushing teeth with a fluoride toothpaste to ___ them
from decay.
a) defend b) protect c) arm d) guard
34. The girl who rescued the boy from the river has been ___ with an award for
bravery.
a) awarded b) offered c) promised d) presented
35. I don't know what I can have spent all my money ___ !
a) on b) for c) at d) in
36. The third attempt to reach the top of the mountain ended ___ failure.
a)in b)by c)to d)up
37. No, I'm afraid I don't know you. You must have confused me ___ someone
else.
a) with b) from c) for d) by
38. He still suffers ___ headaches as a result of the accident.
a) of b) by c) from d) for
39. The witness ___ the robber as a dark-haired man wearing eye glasses.
a) defined b) described c) considered d) thought
40. How do you account ___ your lateness?
a) about b) into c) for d)on
B. Prepositions That Follow Adjectives
Exercise 6B. Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions. (Refer to Appendix I for
prepositions following adjectives.)
I. I'm grateful you your help.

2. Ay§e is jealous her younger sister.
3. I'm not very familiar his novels.
4. He is not very keen football.
5. She is not capable remembering anything.
6. Mary is intent changing her job.
7. Ali is not qualified this job.
8. She is fond dancing.
9. Children remain dependent their parents.
10. My son is far ahead his classmates.
11. He is certain success.
12. She was quite unprepared the news.
13. We're fortunate having sufficient supplies of fuel in such cold weather.
14. These people are ignorant the world they live in.
15. He was found guilty a great many crimes.
16. You must be patient children.
17. He was quick realizing his mistake.
18. Dr.Smith was very rude his patient.
291
19. He was kind us.
20. We're short money.
21. This book will prove useful you.
22. She is very sensitive her children's need for encouragement.
23. He is definitely worthy praise.
24. It was very kind you to invite me to dinner
25. If you say you're sorry what you did, I'm sure she will forgive you.
26. Your support is vital my success.
27. These books are not suitable children.
28. She was unaware the danger she was in.
29. He is sure himself.
30. I'm suspicious his intentions.
31. She is not tolerant criticism.
32. The woman whose son won the race was proud him.
33. It was typical our luck that it happened to be raining.
34. He was absent class yesterday.
35. She is afraid dogs.
36. The teacher is very angry you.
37. We're very anxious his safety.
38. Aren't you ashamed your behavior?
39. No one here seems to be aware the danger caused by this factory.
40. The rule is applicable all our M.A. students.
Set2
1. Sunshine is beneficial our health.

2. He is busy the report.
3. He is capable devising ways to deal with such complicated problems.
4. It's characteristic her that she never complains.
5. At that moment there seemed nothing in the world comparable sleep.
6. He wasn't conscious having offended her.
7. Your remarks are not relevant the discussion.
8. The meeting is at an inconvenient time me.
9. I'm suspicious the package.
10. I feel confident the future of this university.
11. Our house is very convenient the shops.
12. He is quite generous his money.
13. The negotiators are optimistic the prospects for a peaceful solution.
14. I'm not good mathematics.
15. Contrary my expectations, I failed the exam.
16. The newspapers are critical the government's economic policy.
17. Children are curious many things.
18. He is still dependent his parents financially.
19. She is envious your success.
20. People eager a quick cure are likely to be disappointed.
21. He is faithful his friends.
22. I'm not familiar _ _ _ his views.
23. He looks familiar me.
292
24. He was very friendly us.
25. I don't think she is really fit the job.
26. The area will be reasonably free pollution by the year 2010.
27. The two boys are alike several respects.
28. The room was full chairs.
29. You must be honest me.
30. Your voice is identical hers.
31. I'm indebted you for your help.
32. It was very inconsiderate her to keep us waiting like this.
33. She is jealous her beauty.
34. He is not very keen skiing.
35. They're mad football.
36. The director got mad me because I forgot my lines.
37. You are responsible all this mess.
38. Our country is rich some minerals.
39. The singer is very popular girls.
40. A dark suit is preferable a light one for evening wear.
Test on Prepositions That Follow Adjectives

1. I would like to drive across the Sahara Desert next year, but my wife is not very
on the idea.
a) happy b) keen c) enthusiastic d) agreeable
2. I do not believe that this preposterous scheme is ___ of our serious consider-
ation.
a) worthless b) worth c) worthwhile d) worthy
3. Teachers like students to be ___ to what they are saying.

a) attentive b) guarded c) prudent d) watchful
4. I was very ___ of myself for forgetting Mother's birthday.

a) disgraced b) ashamed c) shy d) shocked
5. This information pack is designed to make children more ___ of the things
they can see in the countryside.
a) interested b) aware c) curious d) awake
6. My company is very ___ of the importance of advertising.

a) interested b) anxious c) keen d) conscious
7. Each student must be ___ for his or her own belongings.

a) interested b) responsible c) careful d) aware
8. Young children appreciate being loved, and they are very ___ to affection.
a) intense b) intensive c) responsive d) prevalent
9. The vessel was reported to be ___ for Hawaii.

a) sailed b) set on c) bound d) destined
293
10. She was a devoted nurse, always very ___ to the needs of her elderly pa-
tients.
a) attentive b) observant c) earnest d) careful
11. Our new house is very ___ for the office as I can get there in five minutes.
a) comfortable b) suitable c) available d) convenient
12. Could you lend me some money? I'm very ___. of cash at the moment.
a) rare b) scarce c) low d) short
13. Ayla is very ___ about learning to read.

a) eager b) interested c) enthusiastic d) keen
14. It was found that the diet of older people is often ___ in vitamins.
a) short b) inadequate c) deficient d)failing
C. Important Prepositional Phrases

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositonal phrases selected from
the list given below.
on account of concerning unlike as well as in spite of

a) We can't prevent women from going out to work. Women, _ _ _ _ __
men, have a fundamental right to work.
b) I warned him of some serious consequences of his action. _ _ _ _ __
my warnings, he did whatever he chose to do.
c) We abandoned the project a lack of funds.
d) John is either of his two brothers. He is very different
from them.
e) He refused to answer que,stions _ _ _ _ _ _his private life.
Test on Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

1. ___ the regular written work, you will be required to submit a long essay.
a) Apart from b) Beside c) In addition d) Beyond
2. Infectious diseases are widespread in this area ___ unsanitary conditions.

a) owing to b) instead of c) in spite of d) on account
3. We apologise to passengers for the delay in our journey. This is ___ water
on the tracks.
a) from b) for c) according to d) due to
4. He managed to come first in the race ___ having heavy cold.

a) in spite b) despite c) even if d) through
5. The advantage of this remote control television is that you can change the chan-
nel ___ leaving your chair.
a) rather than b) without c) instead of d) by
294
6. Contrary ___ public opinion, this area has long been a haven for all forms
of insect life.
a)with b)at c)for d)to
7. He always did well at school ___ having his early education disrupted by
illness.
a) on account of b) in spite of c) in addition to d) even though
8. ___ the invention of the steam engine, most forms of transport were horse
drawn.
a) Prior to b) In addition to c) With regard to d) Without
9. Respiration is necessary for cells of plants ___ for those of animals.

a) including b) furthermore c) as well as d) although
10. ___ other fruits, cranberries are judged for quality by their bounce.
a) Unlike the most c) They are unlike most
b) Unlike most d) The most unlikely
11. ___ how hot an object is, temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of
the molecules that make up the object.
a) Additionally showing c) In addition to showing
b) It shows in addition d) To show in addition
12. ___in some industries, asbestos can cause serious health problems if its dust
is inhaled in large quantities.
a) Even though its usefulness c) In spite of its usefulness
b) Despite useful d) It is useful
13. ___ in modern living, algebra is studied in schools and colleges in all parts
of the world.
a) Since its importance c) Because of its importance
b) Its importance d) Importance
14. ___ being useful, glass is also ornamental.

a) Besides b) Aside c) Though d) Because
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II. Verbs and Verbals
A. Verbs That Take Gerunds and Infinitives
Exercise 8: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words selected from the list given.
(Refer to the lists of verbs that take gerunds and infinitives.)
1. avoided failed regretted threatened enabled
a) His strong desires have him to succeed.

b) As she was afraid of her father's reaction, she going out
with her boy friend.
c) We sold our farm three years ago, but we've always deeply _ _ _ _ __
selling it.
d) The only eye witness to identify the three suspects. He was
unable to recognize any of them.
e) The kidnappers to kill the rich businessman's daughter un-
less a high ransom was paid.
2. persuade imagine can't help afford delay
a) Can you winning one hundred thousand dollars in the lot-

tery? It would be wonderful.
b) I love her very much; I _ _ _ _ _ _ thinking of her all the time.
c) We can't to take a vacation this year. We don't have
enough money for it.
d) It's no use talking to your father again. You can't him to
buy you such an expensive car.
e) I think we can't telling him the truth any longer.
3. denied postpone appreciated caused managed
a) I saw him break the window, but he having done so.

b) Mary had to taking a trip because of her mother's illness.
c) We his telling us the truth about the incident. We thought
he would prefer not to say anything about it.
d) Metin's injury him to play poorly yesterday.
e) Although his leg was broken, he to reach the shore.
4. suggests forbids pretends requires lets
a) The teac.her neyer us expr:~~S,..<?.ll!:.iqeas abou!!h~\~!,!\:>j~9t.

b) The law motorists to drive over the speed limit. Anybody
who violates the law has to pay a fine if he is caught by the police.
c) Our coach swimming as a means ofrelaxation. He says
swimming is one of the most beneficial forms of exercise.
d) The university new students to take a placement test.
e) I think he never listens to the teacher; he simply to be
listening to him.
296
5. deserves tends needs makes enjoys
a) Every customer _ _ _ _ _ _ to receive good service. Our duty is to
please each customer.
b) This shirt is wrinkled. It really ironing.
c) The child really being in the open air.
d) He was strongly against the plan only a week ago, but now he
_ _ _ _ _ _ to support it as well.
e) Our teacher _ _ _ _ _ _ us rewrite our compositions if he finds too
many mistakes in them.
6. mind hesitate considering allow demanding

a) Don't _ _ _ _ _ _ to give me a call whenever you are in trouble.
b) He doesn't serving customers but he hates removing dirty
dishes from the tables.
c) We live in Ankara now, but we are _ _ _ _ _ _ moving to Antalya.
d) Why is the customer _ _ _ _ _ _ to see the manager?
e) Most restaurants smoking only in certain sections.
7. mean recall advise look forward to regret

a) I don't promising to have lunch with you. I don't remem-
ber having made such a promise.
b) I seeing you again. I've really missed you very much.
c) I you to take the matter more seriously.
d) I'm sorry . I didn't to hurt you.

e) I to tell you that your luggage is missing but you can rest
assured that we'll do all we can to recover it.
Test on Gerunds or Infinitives

1. Would you ___ holding this box for me while I open the door?
a) like b) matter c) mind d) object.
2. He ___ to take us to court if we did not pay the rent immediately.

a) advised b) menaced c) threatened d) warned
3. The doctor ___ him to rest for a few days.
a) advised b) insisted c) proposed d) suggested
4. When I questioned him, he finally ___ stealing my pen.
a),.admitted b). accused . .c) accepted d) confessed
5. If you don't pay the fee now, you risk ___ your place on the course.
a) of losing b) losing c) to lose d) lose
6. He's been trying to persuade his father ___ him a bicycle.
a) buy b) buying c) to buy d) for buying
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7. "What do you ___ to do when you grow up?" he asked the girl.
a) work b) approve c) decide d) intend
8. I can't ___ her agreeing to marry him.

a) perceive b) believe c) see d) fancy
9. His employer ___ to give him the day off for his brother's wedding.
a) announced b) informed c) suggested d) agreed
10. He's a good friend and he never ___ to send me a birthday card each year.
a) ignores b) stops c) fails d) misses
11. Most people ___ to pay their bills by cheque nowadays.

a) tend b) used c) require d) practise
12. I ___ my friend to lend me his caravan for my trip to the country.
a) persuaded b) suggested c) proposed d) made
13. Don't ___ to knock; walk straight in.

a) think b) wait c) hesitate d) bother
14. The doctor advised me ___ on a very strict diet.

a) going b) to go c) for going d) in going
15. It's not surprising that he bitterly ___ being overlooked by the party when a
new leader was chosen.
a) disregards b) complains c) objects d) resents
16. Madeleine struggled for a long time before she finally ___ to free herself.
a) managed b) succeeded c) achieved d) enabled
B. Verb Patterns
Exercise 9: Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs taken from the lists given.
1. insist respond accuse remind prevent
a) Nothing can _ _ _ _ _ _ me from achieving my goal.

b) I on your staying for dinner.
c) These children me of my own childhood.
d) Adults must to children's needs as and when they arise.
e) Some workers him of neglecting his duty.
2. blame benefit recover approve prohibit
a) The director will definitely _ _ _ _ __ us from riding our bicycles

here.
b) We hope that he will_ _ _ __ from his illness.
c) Don't me for something that I did not do.
d) We don't of his rude behavior.
e) I'm sure you'll from his extensive experience in teaching.
298
3. illustrates wears out insures approximates aids
a) An outline the writer greatly in organizing his ideas. It

helps him to write a well balanced coP."position.
b) Everything in course of time.
c) A wise man his house against risk of fire.
d) This behavior his selfishness. It indicates clearly that he is
a rather selfish person.
e) His account of the incident to that of the other witness.
4. resembles maintains absorbs discriminates extends
a) The United States _ _ _ _ _ _ from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic

Ocean. 'tr
b) Salt _ _ _ _ _ _ moisture from the air.
c) The law between accidental and intentional killing.
d) Okan his father in many ways.He shares many character-
istics with him.
e) My mother _ _ _ _ _ _ a very balanced diet.
5. circulates dissolves acts points out involves
a) Every argument _ _ _ _ _ _ some assumptions.

b) Blood, which in the veins and arteries, is a mixture of sev-
eral substances.
c) Alcohol _ _ _ _ _ _ on the nervous system.
d) The journalist that there is widespread poverty in the area.
e) Sugar in warm water.
6. expand estimate extend necessitate tend
a) They'll _ _ _ _ _ _ the railroad to the next town.

b) Metals when heated.
c) Your proposal will borrowing more money.
d) These young workers to neglect their duties.
e) Experts that the dam will cost $5 billion.
7. involves relaxes exists evaporates resists
a) Science the study of physics, chemistry and biology.

b) John by listening to music.
c) Matter in three states - solid, liquid and gas.
d) The perspiration on a person's skin and takes heat
from his body in order to do so.
e) Iron wire the flow of an electric current to some extent.
299
8. searched researched . rescued inspected declined
a) The use of oil lamps rapidly after the electric power

became widespread and cheap.
b) He a child from drowning and was given a medal as a
reward.
c) The scientist.______ diseases of the blood.
d) We the house from top to bottom, but we couldn't find the
missing book.
e) The engineers _ _ _ _ _ _ the new bridge.
9. achieved enabled provided succeeded managed
a) Although the exam was very difficult, he to get a passing

grade in the exam.
b) My friend in completing his project.
c) His excellent command of English him to·communicate
with the people around him more effectively.
d) George great success by working hard.
e) The Red Crescent the refugees with tents and blankets.
10. treated behaved mrvived pretended avoided
a) He _ _ _ _ _ _ being seen with her.

b) He that he didn't know me.
c) Very few passengers _ _ _ _ _ _ the aircrash.
d) The man _ _ _ _ _ _ his children very badly.
e) He _ _ _ _ _ _ shamefully towards his wife.
11. suspected concealed behaved seized absorbed
a) The dry land quickly the rain.

b) The dog the thief by the leg.
c) Many people there was something behind his generosity.
d) When he saw us again, he as if nothing had happened.
e) He himself behind some bushes.
12. deserved mistook converted acquired turned out
a) His statement _ _ _ _ _ _ to be false.

b) We have our heating system from oil to natural gas.
c) I you for your sister because you look so alike.
d) The scientist _ _ _ _ _ _ credit for the innovation.
e) The company has recently _ _ _ _ _ _ new offices in central London.
300
13. proved objected requested occurred robbed
a) He _ _ _ _ _ _ that he was innocent.

b) They him of every penny he had.
c) The accident at the crossroads.
d) He to the plan for some unknown reason.
e) I him to help me. but he refused to do so.
14. consisted of ruined accomplished refused assumed
a) Their diet grains. green vegetables, and fish.

b) His addiction to heroin him.
c) He to admit to breaking the window.
d) Thanks to his great persistence, he his aim.
e) The teacher that we had already learned basic English.
C. The Passive Voice

15. awarded discovered destroyed elected invented
a) The telephone was _ _ _ _ _ _ by Graham Bell.

b) America was by Columbus.
c) The town was totally in the earthquake.
d) George Bush was President in 1988.
e) William Faulkner was the Nobel Prize for literature in
1949.
16. noticed appreciated implied amazed arrested
a) Your help was greatly . The people whom you helped

were really grateful to you for what you did for them.
b) His absence from the meeting was not . Nobody seemed to
be aware of it.
c) I wasn't quite sure what was in his words.
d) Five officials were sacked and another four because of the
financial scandal.
e) I was _ _ _ _ _ _ by the change in his appearance.
17. devised
".i..t~
consumed consulted
11-.J,JJJhd lJJ llU il.lVU 1.1.hJJGYC: !;{lu.J.b.:JH Juv
carried out threatened
,'jlt..;11 :J('I
lO
a) The new program was _ _ _ _ _ _ by the newest student in the class.

b) The wealthy businessman was with death by the
kidnappers.
c) A search was throughout the house but no clue was found.
d) Whole days were by exhausting discussions.
e) If the baby is losing weight, a doctor should be _ _ _ _ _ _ urgently.
301
18. astonished governed composed dismissed estimated
a) We were by the dexterity of the conjuror.

b) The committee was evenly of men and women.
c) It is that the bridge will cost $ 200 million.
d) The country was by the military for a long time.
e) The clerk was for being negligent in his work.
19. scheduled exposed made up of engaged astonished
a) This house is for demolition.

b) This side of the house is to the north winds.
c) I'm at his doing such a thing.
d) All things are atoms.
e) He is in writing a book.
20. confined held promoted maintained · involved
a) The main holiday period was to August. Now it extends

into September. .
b) The ruling party suffered a severe setback in the local elections which
were last Sunday.
c) George was because of his diligent work
d) A steady pace should be for any efficient work.
e) Bill, who was in some illegal activities, was expelled
from his school.
21. brought up delayed convinced detected evaluated
a) The children's performance in school , as by their teach-

ers, is far from being satisfactory.
b) As we had been in the country, we were accustomed to
walking long distances.
c) I 'm of his innocence.
d) When computers are not working, it is inevitable that work will be
______ . It '11 take more time to get things done.
e) No trace of poison was in the stomach of the dead woman.
22. recognized admitted reduced altered utilized
a) It is to be hoped that in her new job her extraordinary talents will be better
_ _ _ _ _ _ than before. In her previous job, her abilities were not
fully appreciated.
b) It is expected that the unemployment rate will be consider-
ably as a result of this new economic policy.
c) The original plan has been drastically . It is almost an en-
tirely new plan now.
d) It is widely that a good knowledge of a major foreign
language is essential to find a good job.
e) Okan was to a well known university in the United States.
302
D. The Causative Form
23. mend extended pulled out installed dyed
a) He will have central heatin.,__ _ _ _ _ in his house.
b) He had his bad tooth _ _ _ __
c) She is going to get her hair_ _ _ _ __
d) I'll have my visa for another six months.
e) Fred had his mother his socks.
E. Adjectival and Adverbial Participles

24. brought wasted adopted earned estimated
a) Two paintings at $5,000,000 have been stolen.

b) The proposal by a thin majority of liberals in the European
commission does not mean that its adoption by the member states is as-
sured.
c) He is suffering from a nervous breakdown, on by over-
work.
d) A penny saved is a penny _ _ _ _ __
e) According to him, money spent on space explorations is money _ _ _ __
25. treated located seen recommended damaged

a) A drop of water_____ through a microscope is filled with living
things.
b) Houses _____ in towns are more expensive than those located in vil-
lages.
c) The procedure_____ by him is very practical.
d) The number of patients at this hospital has reached 100.000.
e) It was unsafe to enter the building by the fire.
26. covering requiring participating suffering running
a) Patients from this disease hope that a cure will be found in

the near future.
b) Teaching is supposed to be a professional activity long and
complicated training as well as official certification.
c) The teachers in the seminar express their satisfaction with
the way the seminar is conducted.
d) The man the hotel was a very pleasant person.
e) The journalist wrote several articles the election campaign.
27. causing providing wishing pretending realizing
a) A fire broke 011t in the central part of the town, extensive

damage.
b) The nurse, her mistake, apologized.
c) He has made an enormous contribution to the project ,_ _ _ _ __
both technical and financial assistance.
d) He walked past our house, not to recognize me.
e) to encourage Okay, the teacher praised him.
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28. disappointed raised frightened situated discovered
a) _ _ _ _ _ _ of the dog, the child started crying.
b) Born and _ _ _ _ _ _ in England, he has a distinct British accent.
c) on seven hills overlooking the Bosphorus, Istanbul is one
of the most beautiful cities in the world.
d) _ _ _ _ _ _ in the Middle East in the nineteenth century, oil plays a
crucial role in meeting our needs for energy.
e) _ _ _ _ _ _ with the results, the students looked very sad.
F. Infinitives
29. to accustom to preserve to benefit to resign to acknowledge
a) According to experts, action should have been taken long ago

_ _ _ _ _ _ our forests.
b) His decision from his post took us by surprise.
c) He knows quite well that he was wrong , but he is too stubborn
_ _ _ _ _ _ his mistake.
d) The only companies likely by the changes are the larger
· ones with a considerable export business.
e) I found it hard myself to the different hours of work that
my new post entailed.
30. to state to ignore to dominate to confine to abandon

a) The government would be unwise _ _ _ _ _ _ the growing
dissatisfaction with its economic policies.
b) Galileo is thought to be the first._ _ _ _ _ _ that the sun does not re-
volve around the earth.
c) The eldest of the children tried _ _ _ _ _ _ his brothers when their par-
ents were away.
d) Although starving, the dog refused its master.
e) We do not like the dog to this small yard.
Test on Verbs
1. Their flight was ___ by bad weather.

a) postponed b) held back c) delayed d)suspended
2. One can ___ even from one's unpleasant experiences.

a) gain b) earn c) improve d) benefit
3. Her travels have ___ her belief that no country is better or worse than any
other.
a) secured b) established c) assured d) confirmed
4. He felt he had at last his ambition.

a) reached b) accomplished c) obtained d) achieved
304
5. I don't think you entirely appreciate the significance of the meetings that are cur-
rently being ___ in the Middle East.
a) gathered b) carried out c) held d) staged
6. The world is ___ a serious energy problem.

a) meeting b) heading c) confronting d) facing
7. I ___ you couldn't let me borrow your car this evening, could you?
a) conclude b) expect c) wonder d) suppose
8. As the sun ___ slowly in the west, one by one lights went on in the houses.
a) dropped b) descended c) sank d) got down
9. I hear that the men who the bank last week have been arrested.
a) robbed b) stole c) thieved d) attacked
10. We ___ to inform you that your account is three months overdue.
a) are displeased b) are unwilling c) regret d) apologize
11. I am very ___ to know the result of the test. Please tell me, doctor.
a) worried b) anxious c) disturbed d) alarmed
12. She rushed out of the room in a very bad temper, ___ the door
behind her.
a) slapping b) beating c) crashing d) slamming
13. All applicants will be thoroughly ___ for security risks.

a) tested b) examined c) searched d) controlled
14. One way of cutting down waste is to ___ such things as glass and paper.
a) repeat b) renew c) recycle d) redirect
15. He really is an excellent player. Nobody has ever ___ him.

a) won b) beaten c) bettered d) improved
16. The local wine is rather rough, but you'll soon ___ a taste for it!
a) receive b) acquire c) accept d) adopt
17. He ___ most of his early life in a small village in Scotland.

a) grew up b) brought c) did d) spent
18. You never quite know where you are with John: he ___ to be very moody.
a) means b) likes c) acts d) tends
19. One thing is certain. He is ___ to have robbed one bank. He may have
robbed more.
a) known b) believed c) said d) thought
20. This course ___ no previous knowledge of the subject.

a) assumes b) assigns c) assures d) assembles
305
21. It should be ___ that students are expected to attend classes regularly.
a) marked b) reminded c) noted d) perceived
22. After the campaign a special medal was ___ to all combatants.
a) gained b) awarded c) earned d) deserved
23. Enough money has been raised to ___ the hospital's survival.
a) ensure b) endow c) enable d) empower
24. At that time our only hope of success ___ in recruiting extra help.
a) lay b) arose c) resided d) stood
25. Nobody ___ that aeroplane crash.

a) survived b) recovered c) lived d) released
26. The President has said that he will ___ the ceremony.
a) engage b) come c) attend d) impart
27. Do be careful not to ____ your coffee on this white rug, Bill.
a) drip b) spill c) filter d) leak
28. Father would not ___ us to go there for the weekend.

a) let b) permit c) agree d) consent
29. No, it's no good. I've ___ my time in trying to make it work.
a) spent b) spoiled c) consumed d) wasted
30. Although he claims to have left his job voluntarily, he was actually ___ for
misconduct.
a) resigned b) released c) dispelled d) dismissed
31. Many people want the ban on soft drugs to be ___ .

a) taken b) thrown c) lifted d) cut
32. The horizon is an imaginary line. It doesn't really ___ .

a) happen b) take place c) exist d) seem
33. I ___ your pardon; I had no idea this was your seat.
a) ask b) beg c) want d) need
34. We will get married as soon as we have ___ the problem of where we are go-
ing to live.
a) resolved b) achieved c) managed d) settled
35. I was very ashamed when I ___ that I had made such a silly mistake.
a) recognized b) learned c) thought d) realized
36. I can't ___ £10 for one book! Haven't you got a cheaper edition?
a) provide b) dispose c) allow d) afford
306
37. It took her several weeks to from the shock.
a) restore b) recover c) survive d) get over
38. It's raining hard now. Let's stand in that doorway to ___ .
a) protect b) save c) prevent d) shelter
39. Did Mary ___ her new job when she wrote to you?
a) tell b) refer c) indicate d) mention
40. For many years the government has ___ the sale of alcohol to people twenty-
one years old and over.
a) predicted b) restricted c) exerted d) selected
41. The electronic anti-theft device was far from easy to _ _ in my car.
a) implant b) install c) insert d) immerse
42. Mary spilled a bucket of water on the floor. She tried to soak up the
water with a small towel. But it could not all of the water.
a) cover b) block c) absorb d) drink
43. If a chimney is not kept clean, it may ___ a lot of black smoke.
a) assert b) exclude c) emit d) deserve
44. It ___ me as strange that my front door was open when I got home.
a) seemed b) occurred c) appeared d) struck
45. I utterly ___ your argument. In my opinion you have distorted the facts.
a) confound b) dispute c) decline d) refute
46. They ___ me a good price for my house, so I sold it.

a) showed b) suggested c) brought d) offered
47. I want this roll of film developed and ___ please.

a) stamped b) made c) printed d) pictured
48. Don't me! It wasn't my fault!

a) criticize b) blame c) condemn d) indicate
49. It was difficult to ___ a date which was convenient for everyone.
a) elect b) organise c) arrange d) provide
50. Turkey wants to ___ good relations with its neighbors.

a) maintain b) assist c) stretch d) aggravate
307
¥1· N~uns
Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words taken from the lists given.
1. rescue responsibility policy environment survival
a) for others is a potent stressor.

b) Honesty is the best . In other words, it is best to be honest.
c) His after such a terrible accident is simply a miracle.
d) We were about to close down the business, but the bank came to
our_ _ _ _ __
e) The social _ _ _ _ _ _ i~ at least as stressful as the physical one.
2. nourishment achievement involvement treatment retirement
a) He avoiqs in the political life of his community. He has no

intei;ition of becoming a politician.
b) Music is for the soul. It relaxes listeners.
c) You, should get a full pension.
d) The development of super computers was the greatest scientific
_ _ _ _ _ _ of the last decade.
e) Methods of _ _ _ _ _ _ that succeed with one person may not succeed
with another.
3. yield resemblance ratio influence optimism
a) Our education at school has a profound on our lives.

b) There is little that the plan will be successful.
c) The of this year's corn crop is better than last year's.
d) There was a close between the,child and its mother.
e) In our class there are thirty girls and ten boys; hence the of
girls to boys is three to one.
4. promotion resignation competition contribution prediction
a) Your that it would not rain today proved to be correct.

b) The Minister of Finance, accused of involvement in a financial scandal,
handed in his yesterday.
c) If you are succ"ssful, you can expect in this job. Thus, you
can have a better position.
d) He made a significant to our project. But for him , the pro-
ject could not have been completed.
e) We' re in with several other companies for the contract.
Each company wants to get this important contract.
308
5. hazard famine requirement maintenance potential
a) Nuclear fission presents an incredible, incomparable, and unique

_ _ _ _ _ _ . It is the greatest threat the world has ever faced.
b) may result from drought, floods, war and epidemics.
c) Water shortage restricts the agricultural of some develop-
ing countries. Their agricultural output is greatly limited by these factors.
d) Math is no longer a prime for a career in accounting. One
can become an accountant without a thorough knowledge of mathematics.
e) Vitamins are essential for growth, good health, and of the
normal functions of the body.
6. consequence conservation conflict phenomenon attitude
a) The mechanic's _ _ _ _ _ _ towards customers was always disrespect-

ful.
b) An earthquake, like a volcanic eruption, is a natural _ _ _ _ __
c) He seems to be pessimistic about a peaceful solution to the _ _ _ __
d) A of gravity is that water will not run uphill.
e) offish is important to man because of the food that
they yield.
7. suspects obstacles constituents facilities reptiles
a) An element is by definition a basic substance which does not have any

chemical _ _ _ _ __
b) Snakes, lizards and crocodiles are_ _ _ _ __
c) Many of the which prevent educational progress are inher-
ent in the nature of our present school system.
d) The school has excellent sporting _ _ _ _ __
e) Three men were detained as._ _ _ _ __
8. motion velocity altitude orbit friction
a) The earth travels in an _ _ _ _ _ _ around the sun.

b) The airplane flew at an of23,000 feet.
c) On account of the great of the wind, the final boat race
was postponed.
d) By rubbing two dry sticks together, it is possible, but not easy to start a
fire by _ _ _ _ __
e) _ _ _ _ _ _ is the continuous change of position.
309
9. density era nutrition durability congestion
a) Much is said about population in places like Calcutta.

b) To provide a decent level of for world's people, the
production of food will have to be doubled by 2000.
c) Levis blue jeans are well known for their _ _ _ _ __
d) As traffic spreads, increasing amounts of time and fuel are
wasted.
e) His death marks the end of an _ _ _ _ __
10. decline illiteracy shortage nutrient memory
a) Protein is an essential for growth and repair of the body.

b) There is a high rate of in developing countries because of
a lack of educational facilities and trained teachers.
c) There has been a in the value of the pound and a corre-
sponding increase in the value of the dollar.
d) Some people remember best what they see; others seem to have a superior
auditory _ _ _ _ __
e) There was an acute of water in the town because of the
long drought.
11. accomplishment distribution significance lack expenditure
a) Because of the high cost of living, many people find it necessary to restrict
their on food.
b) The results of this survey are of great _ _ _ _ __
c) Despite a of resources, Kenya has a well managed econo-
my.
d) The of this task filled them with satisfaction.
e) Social stability rests on widespread of wealth.
12. incompetence security evaporation pace trial
a) ' in the sense of protection of life and property has

always been recognized as one of the primary purprnses of the State.
b) He was dismissed for _ _ _ _ __
c) You can walk much further if you maintain a steady _ _ _ _ __
d) He is on for the murder of his sister.
e) Condensation is the reverse of _ _ _ _ __
13. fever pains treatment recovery diagnoses
a) His father is undergoing _ _ _ _ _ _ for cancer.

b) The two doctors made different of my disease.
c) The patient has made a rapid _ _ _ _ __
d) My is gone, but I still have a cough.
e) The patient complains of severe in her chest.
310
14. tendency inhabitants census range advent
a) The population of the country has increased considerably since the last
b) We discussed a wide of topics.

c) The of this island are predominantly black.
d) Before the of modem medicine, many deaths were
believed to be natural and inevitable.
e) He has a to pace up and down the room as he lectures.
15. appreciation trend supply cultivation evaluation
a) The law of _ _ _ _ _ _ and demand governs the prices of goods.

b) The audience showed their with loud cheers.
c) The field has been under for hundreds of years.
d) I attempted an honest of my life.
e) There has recently been a towards simpler styles in
women's dresses.
16. welfare output negligence property distinction
a) The accident was due to the of the bus driver.

b) EU countries are steadily increasing their agricultural _ _ _ _ __
c) Widespread damage was reported because of the storm.
d) A good employer should be concerned for the of his
workers.
e) The law should make no between rich and poor.
17. settlement emergence preservation prospect access
a) ~oth sides· expressed willingness for the peaceful of the cri-

sis.
b) The of psychology as a science was partly stimulated by
developments in philosophy.
c) Since forests are of vital importance, their is important for
the future generations.
d) The of promotion provides enough incentive for most peo-
ple to work hard.
e) Unlike early explorers, present-day explorers have to
much needed equipment.
\8. reverse contrary incentive determination abundance
a) Heat always FLOWs from a hot body to a cooler body, never the
b) You believe that women are dominated by men but I believe the
c) There was an of food at the party.

d) Money is used as an to encourage workers to work harder
e) The of the meaning of a word is difficult· without a context.
311
Test on Nouns
1. Could you give me an ___ of how much it will cost?

a) estimate b) income c) expenditure d) invoice
2. All employees had to cut down on travelling ___ .

a) expenses b) wages c) savings d) stoppages
3. She refused to eat meat under any

a) opportunity b) occasion c) reason d) circumstances
4. ___ is supposed to be the essence of private enterprise.

a) Competition b) Concurrence c) Competence d) Contention
5. The book's success exceeded his wildest

a) expectations b) anticipations c) prospects d) calculations
6. The inspector of taxes requires all your ___ as evidence of the expenses you
claim.
a) receipts b) recipes c) notes d) quits
7. We should become aware of these important ___ of the problem.

a) aspects b) considerations c) points d) faces.
8. There has been a steady ___ of phone calls from worried customers about the
product.
a) circulation b) flow c) current d) stream
9. He is utterly opposed to the ___ of constant economic growth.

a) politic b) course c) way d) policy
10. You will have to come to soon.

a) an outcome b) a determination c) a result d) a decision
11. This looks like a good ___ for a picnic.

a) spot b) site c) patch d) plot
12. I wonder if you have a room available that meets my ___ .

a) requests b) demands c) necessities d) requirements
13. Is there any ___ of their getting tickets?

a) perspective b) outlook c) opportunity d) likelihood
14. We seldom had the ___ to get out for an evening in town.
a) possibility b) occasion c) opportunity d) permission
15. I am profoundly convinced that power, not any particular economic system, is at
the ___ of human unhappiness.
a) source b) foundation c) root d) ground
312
16. He has a very serious ___ towards his work.
a) attitude b) view c) opinion d) respect
17. Will you accept a cheque or do you prefer ___ ?
a) money b) cash c) payment d) balance
18. The floor was cove~ \vith cigarette ends, bits ef paper, and all sorts of ___ .
a) waste b) rubbish c) dirt d) dust
19. Do you think there could be any other ___ of doing it?
a) reason b) cause c) justification d)means
20. Go straight down this road and take the second ___ on the left.
a) point b) corner c) angle d) turning
21. Some governments are considering imposing oil production ___ .

a) peaks b) ceilings c) summits d) roofs
22. New mineral resources may be discovered during the forthcoming Antarctic.
a) excursion b) voyage c) expedition d) migration

23. The university has excellent medical ___ .
a) facilities p) conveniences c) amenities d) utilities
24. Inflation and its upward ___ is our main problem.

a) trend b) bend c) stream d) move
25. The ___ of these volunteers for hard work is amazing.

a) efficiency b) capacity c) capability d) ability
26. l admit I suffer from a ___ of patience with such people.
a) shortage b) lack c) emptiness d) limit
27. The ___ of gold has fallen slightly during the last few days.
a) rate b) value c) currency d) exchange
28. It's dangerous to swim in this part of the rjver because of the strong ___ .
a) stream b) current c) tide d) flood
29. The Government's present policy is seen as a ___ to local democracy.

a) threat b) harm c) suppression d) sneer
30. The newspaper will have to close down if it cannot increase its ___ considers
ably.
a) distribution b) printing c) subscription d) circulation
31. The newspaper did not mention the ___ of the damage caused by the fire.
a) range b) extent c) amount d) quantity
32. After a quick ___ at the patient the doctor rang for an ambulance.
a) glance b) stare c) gaze d) glimpse
313
33. Mary is far more intelligent than other children her age. In fact, she is a ___ .
a) genius b) competitor c) rival d) coward
34. He was very upset by the ___ of his English examination.

a) result b) failure c) effect d) success
35. Although we were angry at first, we laughed when we realized the ___of the
situation.
a) seriousness b) absurdity c) gravity d) importance
36. As he was caught in ___ of an offensive weapon, he was immediately
a suspect.
a) possession b) ownership c) handling d) control
37. Advertising costs are no longer in reasonable ___ to the total cost of the
product.
a) relationship b) matching c) measure d) proportion
38. As a tennis player he was very competitive. He could not stand to lose. A
___ would put him in a very bad mood.
a) question b) defeat c) storm d) delay
39. Look at this beautiful bag! I only paidlS0,000 liras for it at Vakko's sale! It was
a real
a) affair b) occasion c) bargain d) benefit
40. Oh, what a ___ ! The bank is already closed, and I want to draw some money
out.
a) trouble b) bother c) annoyance d) nuisance
lV. Adjectives
Exercise 11. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words selectedfrom the lists given.
1. guilty ignorant free independent confident
a) He is _ _ _ _ _ _ of a decisive victory. He is sure he will win a victory.

b) He is of murder. He has murdered an old woman for
money.
c) She's financially _ _ _ _ _ _ of her family. He earns his own living.
d) Meals will be provided of charge. You don't have to pay
any money.
e) He is _ _ _ _ _ _ of even the simplest facts. He knows absolutely noth-
ing.
2. capable identical keen conscious responsible
a) We are not._ _ _ _ _ _ for your failure.
b) Chemically, it is almost to limestone.
c) I'm very on folk dancing. I like it very much.
d) He is of making a sensible choice.
e) We are _ _ _ _ _ _ of your problems. We are aware that you have
some problems.
314
3. severe respiratory likely recreational overweight
a) _ _ _ _ _ _ people have a tendency to eat too much . That's why they

get so fat.
b) The average male smoker is 22 times as to die from lung
cancer as is a non-smoker, double the previous risk estimate.
c) We need more facilities, such as sports grounds, swim-
ming pools, cinemas and amusement parks.
d) Bronchitis is a kind of disease.
e) There is a food shortage in the besieged town
4. contributory inconvenient reliable competitive urban

a) I found the room quite for my work.
b) Smoking is a factor to heart disease.
c) Since you live in the country, we cannot deliver your purchases; we make
_ _ _ _ _ _ deliveries only.
d) If American business is to become again, firms have to be
given the strongest possible incentive to shake themselves up.
e) I doubt if George will keep his promise; he is not a person.
5. lacking available constant nutritious casual
a) All fire-fighting equipment was rushed to the burning store.

b) It was only through the remark of a friend that I heard of
your promotion.
c) Many people in Africa suffer from lack of food.
d) He is in motivation.
e) You can attain perfection only through practice.
6. immense superior unconscious extinct crucial
a) Communication is a sphere where the technology involved can have an

_ _ _ _ _ _ significance for the society in which it occurs.
b) This material is far to the other you showed me.
c) Getting this contract is to the future of our company.
d) She sat deep in thought, of what was going on around her.
e) Modem reptiles are related to the dinosaurs.
7. incapable adequate eager wealthy valid
a) My students are _ _ _ _ _ _ to learn English.

b) people usually send their children to the United States to
provide a good education for them.
c) Our accommodation is barely ________ . I'm afraid we can't provide
beds for any more people.
d) You must have a _ _ _ _ _ _ passport to go abroad.
e) He seems to be of understanding simple instructions.
315
8. durable inclusive hereditary residential anxious
a) You will need _ _ _ _ _ _ clothes if you need to work on the farm.

b) She was very about her father's health.
c) The price is ten dollars _ _ _ _ _ _ of tax.
d) Eye color and and hair color are _ _ _ _ _ _ traits. In other words ,
they are genetically determined or transmitted.
e) Bah~elievler, where I live, is a nice_ _ _ _ _ _ area.
9. remote precise precious indecisive considerable
a) My life is more _ _ _ _ _ _ to me than my property.

b) The nature of the disease has not yet been established.
c) Turkey has made progress in the last thirty years.
d) The missile is guided by control.
e) He is so that he can't even decide which.tie to buy.
10. generous smart valuable violent decent
a) Jack is a very _ _ _ _ _ _ boy. He can solve even the most complicat-

ed problems easily.
b) A thief will take whatever is _ _ _ _ __
c) Students were involved in clashes with the police.
d) She is not very with the food. She gives us very little food.
e) We must provide housing for the poor.
11. profitable prompt invisible racial exhausted
a) He invested all his money in a enterprise.

b) Black people in some countries face discrimination.
c) There is an field of magnetic force around a magnet.
d) He is always in answering letters.
e) I'm completely . I can't do any more work.
316
Test on Adjectives
1. She's totally ___ ; she never does anything she promises to do.
a) unenthusiastic b) disloyal c) unreliable d) illogical
2. A cat with two heads was a(n) ___ addition to the show.
a) literate b) unique c) attractive d) common
3. So-called economic laws may be ___ to our society, but they aren't to all so-
cieties.
a) valid b) applicable c) sound d) apt
4. The whole place needs ___ cleaning.

a) a full b) an utter c) a thorough d) an entire
5. The play was a success beyond her ___ dreams.

a) longest b) most vivid c) uttermost d) wildest
6. I imagine he will be quite ___ to stop us.

a) capable b) feasible c) potent d) keen
7. Tourists flock from the ___ places to see the capital's sights.
a) remotest b) most outward c) uttermost d) most aloof
8. Seemingly ___ crowds of tourists invade our cities in the summer.

a) innumerable b) endless c) countless d) unbound
9. The Opposition is accusing the Minister of making a deliberately _ __

statement.
a) diverting b) misguiding c) faulty d) misleading
10. Try not to say anything hurtful to her. She is a very ___ person.
a) sensible b) sensitive c) tender d) delicate
11. A small cabin was ___ through the trees.

a) visible b) sharp c) instinctive d) eligible.
12. The ___ question in this case is whether the accused had a motive for this
crime or not.
a) forcible b) supreme c) valuable d) crucial
317
13. Your story is a highly plausible one, but it cannot be considered _ __
evidence.
a) insufficient b) compulsory c) conclusive d) invalid
14. He is ___ of running 5,000 meters in twenty minutes .

a) able b) capable c) competent d) eligible
15. The hurricane caused ___ damage.

a) large b) extensive c) spacious d) prevalent
16. "You're not _ _ _ to play- not with that injured leg", said the trainer.
a) fit b) apt c) good d) capable
17. The curtain rod is ___ . It can be made longer or shorter to fit any window
in the house.
a) adjustable b) obtainable c) absorbent d) attainable
18. Dogs have such an ___ sense of smell that they can track a person after sev-
eral days.
a) ultimate b) acute c) ethnic d) external
19. All the workers are pleased with the increased production of the new machines.
They are far more ___ and cheaper to run than old ones.
a) apparent b) efficient d) literate d) eligible
20. Bank managers should be completely ___ people.

a) trusting b) trustworthy c) trustful d) trusty
21. Foreign policy has not been ___ issue in election campaigns for a long time
now.
a) a major b) a top c) a foremost d) a greater
22. I think it would be most ___ to invest your money in that company.
a) silly b) stupid c) careless d) unwise
23. The soup would be more ___ if you had put more meat in it.
a) tasty b) tasteful c) tasted d) tasteless
24.My grandmother was very giving. Even if it meant she would have to do without
something, she would give me presents. She was a truly _ _ person.
a) thrifty b) stingy c) generous d) versatile
318
25. I don't think it's ___ ! She does exactly the same job as I do, but she earns
more.
a) even b) equal c) kind d) fair
26. The soil of this river valley is particularly ___ .

a) mobile b) fertile c) docile d) volatile
27. Bill Thomas is a most ___ young man, and can do a lot of different jobs
well.
a) industrious b) diligent c) laborious d) capable
28. Be careful how you go. It is freezing and the roads are ___ .
a) slippery b) smooth c) iced d) muddy
29. In this business one gets used to periodic interruptions. However, today they
were ___ . I did not have one minute to get any of my work done.
a) scarce b) constant c) temporary d) delightful
30. Winters in northern Alaska are very severe. The temperature is almost always
below freezing. Strong winds add to the ___ weather.
a) changing b) wet c) tropical d) harsh
31. Mr. Jones has a very ___ personality in class. All the students are afraid of
him and do not question anything he says.
a) dominating b) reluctant c) relaxing d) agreeable
32. Following the accident, he was prosecuted for ___ driving.

a) rash b) heedless c) irresponsible d) reckless
33. He is not ___ of taking on such responsibility.

a) capable b) competent c) ready d) able
319
V. Adverbs
Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words selected from the lists given.
1. respectively thoroughly considerably proportionately hardly
a) I met him only last week. I know him.

b) Britain spends more on research than its competitors.
c) Ali and Al tan want to study mechanical engineering and management
d) His English has improved since the course started. Indeed,

he has made substantial progress since then.
e) They had not studied the language very _ _ _ _ __
2. efficiently hardly relatively precisely substantially
a) The town is reported calm today following yesterday's vi-

olent demonstrations. Oply one minor incident has been reported.
b) He said anything during the long meeting. He kept silent
most of the time.
c) The prices of consumer goods have increased since last
year.
d) If we can us,/;his system more , we'll be able to increase
our production by at least 50%.
e) That is what I mean.
3. profitably deliberately profoundly preferably essentially

a) I can meet you at any time tomorrow, but _ _ _ _ _ _ after 12 o'clock.
I' d rather we met after 12.
b) The teacher could use these exercises,_ _ _ _ __
c) She's a very nice person.
d) I'm grateful to those who have helped me.
e) She ignored me when I passed her in the street. She pre-
tended not to recognize me. I'm sure that she saw me.
Test on Adverbs
1. I'll try to get in touch with him but he's ___ ever at home when I phone.
a) rarely b) almost c) hardly d) occasionally
2. tfe works more ___ than anyone else I know.

a) b,ardly b) hard c) steadily d) steady
320
3. I don't think you ___ appreciate the significance of the meetings that are
curre~t\y being held in the Middle East. ·
a) tota,lly b) utterly c) absolutely d) entirely
4. He s~ws ___ unaware of the suffering there is outside his own comfortable
little world. ·
a) totally b) fully c) acutely d) thoroughly
5. The children's ages are ,o, 12, and 14, ___ .

a) respectively b) respective c) respectable d) respectfully
6. The ~ovement's ideas i\f~ not merely absurd; they are ___ dangerous.
a) fo~ally b) perfectly ~) absolutely d) positively
7. The travellers ___ awaited the train's arrival.

a) q\Jickly b) eagerly c) industriously d) easily
8. The ___ rising numbers of those out of w<;>rk are adding greatly to the
government's problems.
a) high b) hard c) steeply d) promptly
9. It is ___ unlikely that \he Queen will agree to open the new Town Hall.
a) mainly b) high\y c) largely d) greatly
10. We go to t~ cinema about thr~e or four times a year: in other words, just ___ .
a) usually b) normally c) generally d) occasionally
~ 1. The patient's progress was very encouraging as he could _ _ _ get out of bed
before the treatment started.
a) nearly b) merely c) only d) barely
12. When he woke 1,1p, he realised that the things he had dreamt about could not
___ have happened.
a) possibly b) likely c) certainly d) potentially
p, The students were interested in what the teacher was saying and listened___ .
a) attentively b) guardedly c) prudently d) watchful
14. I can't give you an answer yet. I'd like ___ more time to consider my
decision.
a) quite b) fairly c) hard:ly d) rather
15. It's hard to be~\l?Ve that Sam wants to be an accountant. He can't even add ___ .
a) securely b) accurately c) obvi8usly d) acutely
321
General VocabularyTests
Set 1
I. Although the professor questioned the ___ of the student's excuse, she al-
lowed him to take a make-up exam.
a) intensity b) publicity c) security d) validity
2. The supply of gasoline is in ___ relationship to its price. As the supply goes
down, the price goes up.
a) inverse b) intense c) insecure d) insufficient
3. ___ to his expectations, Orkun failed his English test.

a) Contrary b) Circumstantial c) Adjacent d) Convenient
4. During the chemical fire, the ___ of the smoke in the area limited visibility.
a) intricacy b) propensity c) density d) accuracy
5. Bill is so unmechanical and that it took him more than an hour to

change a spark plug in his car.
a) inefficient b) unemotional c) incredulous d) unaggressive
6. In this recipe, the flour, sugar and water should be mixed in equal ___ .
a) portions b) proportions c) potentials d) ingredients
7 ~ The current ___ in medical science is for doctors to specialize.

a) equilibrium b) trend c) spectrum d) version
8. The insect was so ___ that Mary could hardly see it.
a) rural b) obvious c) acute d) tiny
9. When one travels to a foreign country, the change of language, food, climate
and customs requires a great deal of ___ .
a) assurance b) adjustment c) implication d) inference
10. Jane doesn't like to live in the country. She prefers ___ life.
a) subtle b) potent c) topical d) urban
11. _ _ tools were made from animal bones or sharpened stones.

a) Provincial b) Primitive c) Potential d) Proportional
322
12. Because the house was ___ , the children enjoyed playing hide and seek in
the empty rooms.
a) adapted b) maintained c) abandoned d) proceeded
13. Banks usually charge a small fee to ___ one currency to another.
a) acquire b) convert c) segregate d) divide
14. My neighbors are very ___ on camping holidays.

a) eager b) keen c) enthusiastic d) interested
15. Aunt Bertha is trying to ___ her husband to buy her a fur coat.
a) persuade b) influence c) talk d) make
16. He doesn't take much exercise, ___ from walking the dog.
a) alone b) besides c) except d) apart
17. Fighting has ___ in several parts of the country.

a) gone in b) set up c) broken out d) come on
18. She had no ___ of selling the clock - it had belonged to her grandfather.
a) incentive b) profit c) benefit d) intention
19. Nobody's accusing you ___ the watch.

a) from stealing b) with stealing c) to steal d) of stealing
20. If you ___ Mary, could you tell her I'd like to see her?
a) go into b) look after c) run into d) look into
21. A high school diploma is ___ for entrance into college.

a) required b) abandoned c) achieved d) accomplished
22. Victoria and her father ___ the family business in 1961.
a) induced b) accompanied c) established d) committed
23. People in prehistoric times often ___ caves.

a) unified b) publicized c) inhabited d) inverted
24. It's ___ that keeps us from flying off the earth into space.
a) weight b) gravity c) motion d) movement
25. There is no ___ difference in meaning between the words "a gift" and
" a present".
a) similar b) significant c) obligatory d) magnificent
323
Set2
Choose the word or phrase that pest completes each sentence.
1. This diet is intended to ___ your weight.

a) diminish b) lose c) reduce d) subtract
2. They boy had an accident because he didn't use his ___ sense.
a) ordinary b) usual c) common d) everyday
3. The two men looked so alike that it was impossible to ___ between them.
a) distinguish b) differ c) separate ·· d) identify
4. As he made no ___ to our quarrel, I assumed he had forgiven me.

a) statement b) mention c) reference d) comment
5. The factory ___ very well with the sudden increase in demand.
a) competed b) coped c) succeeded d) raced
6. The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profes-
sion women are in a ___ .
a) rarity b) minimum c) scarcity d) minority
7. Stir the salt in the warm water until it

a) melts b) dissolves c) breaks d) digests
8. Many ___ crafts such as weaving are now being revived.

a) habitual b) customary c) traditional ~) ordinary
9. The water soon in the heat.

a) melted b) dissolved c) evaporated d) froze
10. He is not under arrest, nor have the police placed any ___ on his movements.
a) obstacle b) restriction c) veto d) regulation
11. I'm just as ___ as you are to make this company successful.
a) dedicated b) serious c) wilful d) determined
12. The mosquito bite made my eyelid ___ and I couldn't open my eye properly.
a) swell b) grow c) spread d) stretch
13. He was for~ed to resign ___ involvement in a financial scandal

a) on behalf of b) in favor of c) on account of d) in spite of
324
14. I have ___ out of sugar, so I must go to the grocer's and get some.
a) run b) gone c) worked d) used
15. The advantage of this new plastic covering is that it will ___ to fit any size
of object.
a) expand b) grow c) stretch d) extend
16. He must be terribly strong. Look at his ___ !

a) skin b) limbs c) muscles d) nerves
17. The horizon is an imaginary line. It doesn't really ___ .

a) happen b) take place c) exist d) seem
18. I agree with you ___ but there are some other things to consider, too.
a) up to a point b) to the point c) beside the point d) in point
19. The Speaker ___ that the policy be adopted.

a) promised b) proposed c) expected d) announced
20. They persuaded him to ___ money in their company.

a) investigate b) invest c) purchase b) give
21. It's difficult to know the best way to _ _ _ children.

a) bring on b) bring up c) bring about d) bring along
22. I'm afraid she's been in an accident.

a) concerned b) involved c) mixed up d) entangled
23. The miners' union is ___ an end to the wages freeze.

a) calling for b) insisting c) requiring d) claiming
24. 'What are your neighbors like?' 'Well, I'm afraid I don't ___ with them very
well.'
a) come in b) go out c) get on d) sit down
25. The man who was arrested finally _ _ _ to being a spy.

a) objected b) denied c) confessed d) agreed
325
--------- ------
Set3
1. There is no ___ that the new agricultural policy has been in any way disas-
trous.
a) indiscretion b) indication c) indecision d) inducement
2. I ___ you that I had no intention of offending you.

a) convince b) persuade c) guarantee d) assure
3. The children all ___ their flags as the processi01_1 passed by.
a) flew b) furled c) swung d) waved
4 What is usually called 'magic' is really a trick. The quickness of the hand _ __
the eye.
a) protects b) deceives c) disguises d) mistakes
5. Production has been delayed because of a shortage of ___ materials.

a) base b) prime c) raw d) rough
6. I doubt if I will be ___ enough to play tomorrow.

a) fit b) healthy c) recovered d)sound
7. What ___ of car do you drive?

a) brand b) fabrication c) make d)mark
8. My efforts to get the truth out of him have so far___ with no satisfaction.
a) found b) met c) shown d) given
9. The woman they finally chose was much older than the other ___ for the job.
a) informants b) participants c) applicants d) consuls
10. The boy had an accident because he didn't use his ___ sense.
a) ordinary b) usual c) common d) everyday
• 11. The staff at the hospital were well ___ to deal with the epidemic.
a) capable b) equal c) ready d) equipped
12. Students sometimes support themselves by ___ of evening jobs.

a) ways b) means c) efforts d) methods
13. A glass of wine now and then won't ___ you any harm.
a) make b) do c) take d) give
326
Set4
1. The operation will ___ a transplant.

a) involve b) base c) compensate d) reduce
2. Don't be too hasty and draw the wrong ___ .

a) outcome b) judgement c )conclusion d) opinion
3. The soup would be more ___ if you had put more meat in it.
a) tasty b) tasteful c) tasted d) tasteless
4. Despite the high divorce rate, the ___ of marriage remains popular.
a) practice b) habit c) institution d) state
5. The pilot ___ Alice that flying is safe.

a) preceded b) assured c) persisted d) retaii:ied
6. He really is an excellent player. Nobody has ever ___ him.

a) won b) beaten c) bettered d) improved
7. By repeating "No!" several times, each time a little bit louder, Maria stated her
refusal
a) insufficiently b) vaguely c) economically d) emphatically
8. Because of the fuel shortage in the world, it is necessary for everyone to

___ gasoline.
a) deplete b) exhaust c) conserve d) acquire
9. An increase in taxes is a(n) ___ means of raising needed state revenues.

a) effective b) lofty c) legible d) inquisitive
10. Go straight down this road and take the second ___ on the left.
a) point b) comer c) angle d) turning
11. Los Angeles is a large ___ center.

a) proper b) directional c) urban d) rural
12. The rescue party was hampered in its efforts to reach the ___ of the plane
crash by heavy fog and snow.
a) creators b) producers c) survivors d) inventors
328
13. It is a rare ___ when Mr. Brown is wrong.
a) assistance b) implication c) inference d) occurrence
14. The two countries ___ in the trade war have now reached a tentative
agreement.
a) discriminated b) encountered c) preceded d) involved
15. A good ___ of credit for our success must go to our supporters; the football
manager said.
a) deal b) sum c) amount d) count
16. There is a ___ of public telephone boxes in my area.

a) shortage b) waste c) loss d) reduction
17. His seven children and two ex-wives are proving to be a financial ___ to
him.
a) burden b)load c) charge d) debt
18. These continual ___ in temperature make it impossible to decide what to

wear.
a) fluctuations b) transformations c) exchanges d) agitations
19. The police carried out a ___ search for the missing diplomat.
a) thorough b) through c) throughout d) thoughtful
20. Could you give me a rough ___ of what the job might cost?
a) value b) estimate c) account d) correlation
21. I don't think he is the sort of man who will ever _ _ _ much money.
a) acquire b) gain c) obtain d) make
22. In recent years inflation has almost doubled the _ _ _ of living.

a) price b) cost c) expense d) charge
23. Of all the countries in the world, China is the largest in population and Russia is
the largest in ___.
a) area b) perspective c) proportion d) technology
24. Jane wanted to buy some shoes to _ _ _ her new dress.

a) match b) fit c) suit d) resemble
25. The storm did considerable _ _ _ to the trees in the park.

a) harm b) destruction c) damage d) injury
329
Sets
1. People become less ___ to new ideas as they grow older.

a) receptive b) available c) hospitable d) attractive
2. The job of student lodgings officer _ _ _ a great many visits to landladies.

a) concerns b) asks c) offers d) involves
3. The man thought he had put the car into forward. Instead, when he stepped on
the gas the car went into ___ . He smashed the bumper of the car behind.
a) forward b) reverse c) high d) low
4. His bedroom ___ the park.

a) overtakes b) undergoes c) overlooks d) oversees
5. Everyone called Paul a ___ . Whenever there was danger he would be the
first to run. When he couldn't run, he would hide behind someone else.
a) hero b) liar c) coward d) winner
6. The managers agreed to ___ the question of payment.

a) balance b) control c) discuss d) increase
7. We have no ___ in our files of your recent letter to the tax office.
a) account b) memory c) list d) record
8. On the to the town there is a beautiful wood.

a) direction b) street c) way d) entrance
9. Mr. and Mrs. Hudson are always_.__ with each other about money.
a) annoying b) discussing c) arguing d) shouting
10. I would like to offer a small ___ to anyone who finds my missing dog.
a) receipt b) repayment c) expense d) reward
11. He got out of bed and took a few ___ but couldn't go any farther.
a) stages b) starts c) steps d) actions
12. Two other ___ in his argument for his country's independence are worth a
mention.
a) notices b) points c) effects d) reports
330
13. Having ___ the table, Mrs. Roberts called the family for supper.
a) laid b) spread c) ordered d) completed
14. You'll ___ yourself a lot of time if you take the car.
a) spend b) make c) save d) spare
15. He played an active ___ in politics until he was well over 80.
a) scene b) job c) position d) part
16. It was very difficult for the inspector to ___ what recommendations he
should make.
a) realize b) settle c) solve d) decide
17. This is not the right ___ to ask for my help; I am far too busy even to listen!
a) situation b) circumstance c) opportunity d) moment
18. I have often ___ why they went to live abroad.

a) wondered b) surprised c) thought d) puzzled
19. I advise you to take ___ to ensure that all your property is adequately
covered by insurance.
a) means b) actions c) steps d) dealings
20. There is a ___ of plant which is found only in this particular valley.
a) species b) specimen c) class d) breed
21. The child has been ___ of affection for so long that she hardly knows how
to respond to love.
a) withheld· b) deprived c) denied d) excluded
22. You should be grateful to have opportunities which were ___ to me at your
age.
a) refused b) declined c) denied d) restricted
23. It's only a small flat but it ___ my needs perfectly.

a) settles b) meets c) supplies d) fills
24. If you ___ too much of your energy on the climb, you'll have none left for
the descent.
a) spend b) lose c) expend d) invest
25. She had ___ mind which kept her alert and well- informed even in old age.
a) an examining b) a demanding c) an enquiring d) a querying
331
Set6
I. There is an increasing _ _ _ _ nowadays to make films portraying violence.

a) trend b) direction c) custom d) tradition
2. The children have lots of new friends since we moved to this town.
a) formed b) become c) made d) got
3. Be careful as you walk. I've just polished the floor and it's rather ___ .
a) smooth b) slippery c) sticky d) stiff
4. The ___ in Scotland was so magnificent that most of the photographs I took
were of lakes or mountains!
a) scenery b) scene c) land d) territory
5. The factory is ___ in a suburb of Manchester.

a) placed b) situated c) built d) surrounded
6. The whole team ___ a great effort to raise money for the expedition.
a) did b) made c) put d) took
7. Working in the midday heat made him ___ so much that his shirt stuck to his
body.
a) drain b) sweat c) strain d) transpire
8. He was ___ to attend a meeting yesterday but he was too busy to go.
a) arranged b) supposed c) intended d) obliged
9. I'm sure I made a(n) ___ lot of mistakes in the test.

a) horrible b) awful c) bad d) serious
10. Most people ___ to pay their bills by cheque nowadays.

a) tend b) used c) require d) practise
11. You're bound to feel a bit ___ before you take your driving test.
a) disappointed b) shy c) frightening d) nervous
12. I wouldn't mind if he didn't me like a servant.

a) treat b) behave c) pretend d)speak
332
13. He enjoyed playing computer games at first, but after ___ he got bored with
them.
a) a while b) no time c) little time d) while
14. You should ___ a lawyer before you sign that document.
a) counsel b) communicate c) consult d) check
15. I don't ___ what people think about the way I dress.
a) matter b) care c) attend d) concern
16. I enjoy working as his secretary, but he is such a perfectionist that

it's ___ . I get so tired at work.
a) exhausting b) exhaustive c) fatigued d) relaxing
17. It is becoming more and more ___ that the Government has lost the confi-
dence of the nation.
a) understood b) apparent c) anticipated d) expected
18. The taxi-drivers are complaining that their fares are too ___ .
a) small b) little c) low d) few
19. I wish you wouldn't ___ your clothes all over the floor.
a) stray b) sprawl c) scatter d) straggle
20. Much stricter ___ must now be taken at all airports.

a) precautions b) protections c) warnings d) alarms
21. You're talking nonsense, Jack. What you have just said is quite___ ·
a) up to a point b) beside the point c) on the point d) in point
22. The meteorologists say we're likely to have a___ winter.

a) calm b) soft c) mild d) smooth
23. The epidemic seems to be dying out; only three ___ of cholera were reported
last week.
a) illnesses b) emergencies c) diseases d) cases
24. He told the court that it was his desperate poverty that had ___ him to crime.
a) driven b) compelled c) induced d) brought
25. It was ___ that he happened to walk in just as we were discussing him.
a) contemptible b) unfortunate c) wretched d) miserable
333
Set7
1. The author cleverly kept the reader guessing. The solution to the crime was not
___ until the very last page.
a) excluded b) revealed c) estimated d) retained
2. We would be wise not to ___ the health warnings printed on each pack of
cigarettes.
a) assure b) ignore c) adhere d) transcend
3. Two, four six, eight and ten are ___ numbers.

a) pair b) dual c) even d) double
4. Jane held onto the dog's tail and wouldn't ___ it, so the dog turned and bit
her hand.
a) torture b) process c) release d) trace
5. Joe was unable to his lead in the race.

a) maintain b) condense c) inherit d) assist
6. It's too expensive for me. I can't it.

a) pay b) afford c) spend d) put up with
7. The more she drove, the more she in confidence.

a) increased b) won c) earned d) gained
8. People who smoke _ _ _ the risk of damaging their health.

a) take b) get c) run d) put
9. Of course, it may rain, and in that ___ we'll organize indoor events.
a) case b) weather c) condition d) occasion
10. It's your ___ to do the washing up. I did it yesterday!

a) share b) time c) part d)tum
11. We ___ to inform you that your account is three months overdue.
a) are displeased b) are unwilling c) regret d) apologize
12. Why they don't ban all cigarette advertising is_ _ _ my comprehension.
a) above b) below c) beyond d) over
334
13. This paper towel can ___ more water than that paper towel.
a) perceive b) obtain c) absorb d) achieve
14. While traveling in South America, Nora found that delicious fresh tropical fruits
were ___ almost everywhere.
a) conceivable b) attainable c) perceptible d) obtainable
15. John Glenn was the first American astronaut to the earth.
a) function b) phase c) orbit d) label
16. I tried to explain why I had been delayed but he ___ my excuse as pathetic.
a) ignored b) disregarded c) dismissed d) refused
17. Many students have the ___ belief that British English is somehow more
pure and perfect than American English.
a) communistic b) alternate c) erroneous d) indistinct
18. If you think that I am going to lend you any more money, you are very
much
a) mistaken b) misunderstood c) disappointed d) wrong
19. The harbor is too ___ for very large ships to come in.
a) deep b) low c) wet d) shallow
20. No trace of poison was ___ in the dead man's body.

a) identified b) exposed c) disclosed d) detected
21. I was always taught that it was ___ to interrupt.

a) rude b) coarse c) rough d) crude
22. Oh dear, I've left my glasses in the garden. Could you go and ___ them for
me?
a) take b) carry c) search d) fetch
23. I'm ___ having to pay yet another visit to the dentist.
a) dreading b) frightened c) terrified d) afraid
24. Yesterday Mr. Brown ___ a dog house for his grandson's dog.
a) concluded b) constructed c) exerted d) excluded
25. Emily Dickinson's poem "A Narrow Fellow" tells about her reaction to snakes,
a common
a) reptile b)mammal c) amphibian d) insect
335
~~~~~PART3
ADVANCED
ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
· · CHAPTER 1: Recognizing Synonyms
I. Advanced Verbs
each group of sentences.
1. a) You certainly take after your mother.

b) Biologists forecast a decrease in the bird population due to pollution.
c) Many accidents QCgu: in the home.
d) Metals unden!Q expansion when heated.
e) They ~ total lack of concern for the child.
f) W e ~ much ofknowledge through reading.
l., _ _ _ __ resemble 4. _ _ _ __ go through ; experience
2. _ _ _ __ get; obtain 5. _ _ _ __ display
3.,_ _ _ __ predict 6. _ _ _ __ happen
2. a) Anthropologists djstjn~ujsh the three races of men by their physical

characteristics.
b) I eat out every night because I dmS1 cooking.
c) Good lighting enhances the attractiveness of a restaurant.
d) More than four billion people inhal:rit the earth.
e) Television commercials~ people to buy new products.
f) Helen's account of how the argument started does not correspond with
Sam's version.
l. _ _ _ __ live (on)
2. _ _ _ __ add to; make better.
3. _ _ _ __ lead or move by influence or persuasion
4. _ _ _ __ differentiate
5. _ _ _ __ hate
6. _ _ _ __ is not in agreement with
3. a) I'm sorry to tell you that your tie doesn't IIlll.tcil your suit.
b) There are many companies which manufacture toys.
c) These glasses ma~njfy the tiny print so that I can read it.
d) American cars consume a lot of petrol.
e) In many offices, work comes to a halt at noon and does n o t ~ until
l:30p.m.
f) We can't~ a person's success in life only on the basis of his income.
336
l. _ _ _ __ use up 4. _ _ _ __ ev;µuate
2. _ _ _ __ start again 5. _ _ _ __ gQ with
3, _ _ _ __ make 6. _ _ _ __ enlarge
4. ~) The discontent among the workers ~ from low pay and poor working
conditions.
b) This job .im1aili. a lot of har\i work.
c) A volcano wits. smoke, l~va and ashes.
d) D i r t ~ disease.
e) He mus. a supermarket on First Street.
f) He expends his energy on useless jobs.
l. _ _ _ __ produces 4. _ _ _ __ m;mages
2. _ _ _ __ requires 5. _ _ _ __ sends out
3. _ _ _ __ arises; originates 6. _ _ _ __ sp{!nds
5. ;\) · Agriculturalists predicted a bad harvest.

b) While the Brown family was on vacation, their mail accumu]ated in the
box.
c) Eventually the truth of the matter emer~ed.
d) His strange beh1'vior aroused our suspicions.
e) She blamed him for the failure of their marriage.
f) His father deprived him Qf his allowance as a punishment for misbehaving.
l. _ _ _ __ entice!;!, awakened
2. _ _ _ __ denieq; took ,... away; prevented ... from having
3. _ _ _ __ forecast
4. _ _ _ __ considered ......... responsible for
5. _ _ _ __ piled up
~------- became known
6. a) My holidays do not ,emncide with hers.

b) 'fhe contents of the b.ox correspond to the description oµ the label.
c) If you advocate a particular action or plan, you support it publicly.
d) Leather can deteriorate in damp conditions.
e) We don't anticipate <mY. difficulty, but it's always best to be on the safe sid~.
f) We must notifr our b~ss of these chapges.
l. _ _ _ __ faVPf
2. _ _ _ __ expect, await
3. _ _ _ __ mateµ
4. _ _ _ __ inform
5. _ _ _ __ ~ist together, occur at the same time
6. _ _ _ __ bec;pme worse in quality or condition
337
7. a) The radicals predominate in the party.
b) Women comprise 51 percent of the population in that country.
c) Tigers fil20Wld in the jungles of India.
d) Cars ~ t toxic substances.
e) Scientists still cannot account for some natural phenomena.
f) If you persist in causing trouble, the company may be forced to dismiss
you.
I. _ _ _ __ exert controlling power, have greater influence

2. _ _ _ __ release, send out
3. _ _ _ __ make up, form, constitute
4. _ _ _ __ explain
5. _ _ _ __ continue
6. _ _ _ __ are plentiful
8. a) I can't .endure to see people suffer.

b) We can'tlaci.de such important issues without your support and cooperation.
c) The government cannot~ inflation unless it takes drastic measures.
d) I remember meeting him, but I just can't visualize him.
e) We can't exJ21oi1 some of our natural resources because they are simply
inaccessible.
f) We can't~ these problems any longer. We must tackle them
immediately.
I. _ _ _ __ disregard
2. _ _ _ __ utilize; use
3. _ _ _ __ undertake; to deal with ; attempt
4. _ _ _ __ form a mental picture of
5. _ _ _ __ bear
6. _ _ _ __ hold back; restrain
9. a) The new restaurant will accommodate 128 persons.

b) He will abide by his promise if he gives it.
c) The ceremony will commence as soon as the minister arrives.
d) The two companies will probably~ by the first of the year.
e) The government's plan to raise pensions will e.as.e the financial burdens of
retired people. .
f) He will probably ~ the invitation.
I. _ _ _ __ stick to 4. _ _ _ __ begin
2. _ _ _ __ unite 5. _ _ _ __ have room for
3. _ _ _ __ tum down 6. _ _ _ __ lessen
338
10. a) The government proclaimed a state of emergency.
b) The teacher specjfied which children were to be assigned extra work.
c) The detectives scrutinized every square inch of the room, looking for a clue
to the murderer.
d) He ~ security rather than wealth.
e) The countryside stretched far and wide into the darkness.
f) They ~ the dispute through intense negotiations.
I. _ _ _ __ searched for; looked for

2. _ _ _ __ designated; determined; named specifically
3. _ _ _ __ declared
4. _ _ _ __ examined; studied
5. _ _ _ __ resolved; solved; agreed upon
6. _ _ _ __ spread; extended
11. a) In speed Robbie surpassed all of the competitors; but his style was poor.
b) The votes in favor of taking a vacation in the mountains predominated .ID'..er
those favoring a seaside holiday.
c) A lot of companies prospered after the recession was over.
d) I declined to accompany him to the theater.
e) His ambiguous response prompted me to ask another question.
f) They inferred from his behavior that he no longer wished to be friends with
them.
1. passed; outstripped
2. refused
3. caused
4. outweighed
5. concluded; deduced
6. flourished; grew
12. a) The robber compe)]ed his victims to lie flat on the floor.
b) The program xielded good results.
c) He persisted in his studies in spite of his problems.
d) He impaired his health by overworking.
e) Last year, Turkey rivalled Spain as a center of Mediterranean tourism.
f) He stressed the importance of better public relations.
I. _ _ _ __ competed with; contended with
2. _ _ _ __ forced
3. _ _ _ __ harmed, damaged
4. _ _ _ __ produced
5. _ _ _ __ emphasized
6. _ _ _ __ persevered, continued
339
13. a) I wish the speaker would ~ himself to the subj~t.
b) Balancing the budget would .tntaiJ. public spending cuts amounting to $ 4
billion.
c) He worked diligently for months to allain his goal.
d) The U.S. President said that the ne~ arrangements woqld not djmjnish the
U.S. commitments.
e) The meeting will promote an understanding of the school programs ampng
parents.
t) The financial scandal is bound to undermjne the President's authority.
I. _ _ _ __ limit; restrict;keep
2. _ _ _ __ weaken
3. _ _ _ __ decrease
4. _ _ _ __ necessitate; require
5. _ _ _ __ achieve
6. _ _ _ __ help ; encourage; foster
14. a) Demand is outstrippioi current p~<;>duction.

b) Constant quarrelling is spojljni the happy family atmosp~re.
c) With only a week to go to,the election, the campaign is jntensifyini at all
levels.
d) The government is pursuini a policy of non-interference.
e) The patient's condition is deterioratjni rapidly. There is little prospect of his
recovery.
t) Tropical forests are shrjnkini, which is bound to have a catastrophic
impact on the earth's ecosystem.
I. _ _ _ __ getting worse
2. _ _ _ __ following
3. _ _ _ __ increasing; becoming more inten~e
4·---~- surpassing
5. _ _ _ __ harming; damaging
6. _ _ _ __ becoming smaller
15. a) This program~ to young and old viewers alike.

b) He ascribes his success to his father's const~mt encouragement and support.
c) The law hans. selling certain drugs without a prescription.
d) My passport .ex.pires. tomorrow.
e) A belief in magic still prevails among some tribes in Africa.
t) His job entails. a lot of travelling.
340
1. exists; is widi!spread
2. comes to an end
3. requires; necessitates
4. attributes to
5. prohibits
6. attracts; interests
16. a) The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately.

b) When it is detected in its early stages, cancer can be cured.
c) If an excessive amount of water is retained in the tissues, the patient is
uncomfortable and parts of his or her body become swollen.
d) I was ~ by the news that you had failed.
e) A man cannot be arrested without being char~. He can only be arrested
when a legal, official accusation is made against him.
f) He is being ~ b y the police in connection with drug offences.
l. _ _ _ __ kept
2. _ _ _ __ carried out; put into practice
3. _ _ _ __ wanted; searched for
4. _ _ _ __ accused
5. _ _ _ __ discovered
6. _ _ _ __ disappointed
17. a) Your chances for promotion in this department will be enhanced if you get
an M.S. in food engineering.
b) He is char~ed with eleven offences ranging from theft to murder.
c) When his contract was tenninated unexpectedly, he desperately needed a
new job.
d) The pain she felt when her tooth was extracted was less severe than she had
feared.
e) Human desires are not always fulfilled
f) Many workers were .1aid....QfI during the economic recession.
l. _ _ _ __ brought to an end
2. _ _ _ __ advanced; improved; increased.
3. _ _ _ __ removed; taken out; pulled out.
4. _ _ _ __ satisfied
5. _ _ _ __ accused of
6. _ _ _ __ fired; dismissed
341
18. a) He accused me of neglecting my responsibilities.
b) She couldn't open the door, even by exerting all her strength.
c) The United States has made substantial progress in curtailing cigarette
consumption.
d) There are good prospects for boosting trade between the two countries.
e) The World Bank was criticized for funding an irrigation scheme in India
without adequately assessing its impact on the environment.
f) He succeeded in fulfilling his lifelong dream.
I. _ _ _ __ using 4. _ _ _ __ increasing
2. _ _ _ __ diminishing 5. _ _ _ __ realizing
3. _ _ _ __ evaluating 6. _ _ _ __ . ignoring
19. a) The army had to intervene to restore law and order.

b) Many people emigrate to seek their fortune elsewhere.
c) The nurse will give you something to alleviate the pain.
d) We will repeat the experiment several times in order to verify the results.
e) The government is planning to take additional measures to combat poverty.
f) Some students started shouting outside to disrupt our English class.
I. _ _ _ __ fight 4. _ _ _ __ bring back
2. _ _ _ __ lessen; relieve 5. _ _ _ __ look for
3. _ _ _ __ confirm 6. _ _ _ __ disturb; break up
20. a) You must learn how to use a computer in order to enhance your job
prospects.
b) The U.S. urged both countries to resume negotiations in order to resolve the
dispute over territorial rights.
c) He decided to secure a loan to purchase a new car.
d) Many young people refuse to adopt their parents' views and to adapt
themselves to the demands of society.
e) Their business began to prosper when they moved to their new location.
f) The government took very strict measures to curb inflation.
I. _ _ _ __ succeed; thrive 4. _ _ _ __ obtain; get
2. _ _ _ __ settle 5. _ _ _ __ accept
3. _ _ _ __ restrain; hold back 6. _ _ _ __ increase
21. a) He declined to comment on the incident.

b) The government decided to annul the agreement unilaterally.
c) I don't know how to tackle this problem.
d) Bob's reasons for leaving were hard to discern.
e) They employed an expert to appraise the relative merits of the two
computer systems.
f) The purpose of advertising is to arouse feelings of need for the advertised
product.
342
l. _ _ _ __ evaluate
2. _ _ _ __ deal with
3. _ _ _ __ perceive; see
4. _ _ _ __ cancel
5. _ _ _ __ excite; incite; stimulate
6. _ _ _ __ express his opinion about
22. a) Smoking aggravates a cold.

b) Mrs. Smith augments her income by typing theses and dissertations.
c) She adheres to the highest moral principles. ·
d) Milk promotes health.
e) The American Congress corresponds to the British Parliament.
f) Metal contracts as it cools.
l. _____ increases
2. _ _ _ __ becomes smaller; shrinks
3. _ _ _ __ makes worse
4. _ _ _ __ is equivalent or similar to
5. _ _ _ __ is firmly attached to, holds firmly
6. _ _ _ __ enhances; improves
23. a) Protests and objections from many people have hampered the realization of
the Government's nuclear power program.
b) The speaker dwelt at length rn his final point.
c) He is excited because he has inherited a fortune.
d) Leon and Mary have reconciled their differences.
e) I am very angry that you have not abided by the agreement we came to.
f) Your contract has been terminated.
l. _ _ _ __ emphasized in speech (or writing)
2. _ _ _ __ stuck to
3. _ _ _ __ settled; adjusted
4. _ _ _ __ hindered; impeded
5. _ _ _ __ acquired; come into
6. _ _ _ __ brought to an end
24. a) I fully endorse your opinions on this subject.

b) Some dishonest employers still exploit their employees by paying them less
money than they deserve.
c) Husbands and wives do not always perceive things in the same way.
d) The latest figures suggest that business is improving.
e) The rules pertaining to one set of circumstances do not necessarily
pertain to another.
f) He couldn't sustain his interest in the matter because of his illness.
343
l. _ _ _ __ use for selfish purposes; abuse; misuse
2. _ _ _ __ maintain; keep up
3. _ _ _ __ relate
4. _ _ _ __ support; back up
5. _ _ _ __ see; understand
6. _ _ _ __ show; indicate
25. a) He refused t o ~ himself to any course of action.

b) The government is expected to take additional measures to halt the decline
in our exports.
c) To ~ e any misunderstanding, he said everything quite explicitly .
d) We did our best to reconcile the two friends who had quarrelled, but
without success.
e) The police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.
t) Most of us would not jeopardize our lives without a good reason, but
firemen are in almost constant danger.
l. _ _ _ __ endanger
2. _ _ _ __ cause to become friendly again
3. _ _ _ __ stop
4. _ _ _ __ scatter
5. _ _ _ __ bind; pledge
6. _ _ _ __ prevent
26. a) The car was wrecked in the accident.

b) Mary was offended at Paul's suggestion that she should burn her new hat.
c) The losses in our department were QiTue1 by the profit in another
department.
d) The astronauts were extolled as the pioneers of Space Age.
e) The rescue attempt was impeded by bad weather.
t) The whole project is imperilled by lack of funds.
l. _ _ _ __ compensated for 4. _ _ _ __ hindered; prevented

2. _ _ _ __ damaged 5. _ _ _ __ irritated, annoyed
3. _ _ _ __ praised 6. _ _ _ __ put in danger
27. a) They reiterated their demands for an official inquiry into the accident.
b) The dog devoured its food as though it had not eaten for a week.
c) We waited. in a restaurant until the storm .abated.
d) He has always aspired to the leadership of the country.
e) Our effort i s ~ to a higher level of production.
t) Her boss admonished her for being late for work.
344
l. _ _ _ __ ate up
2. _ _ _ __ had a strong desire for; directed his hopes and efforts to
3. _ _ _ __ repeated several times
4. _ _ _ __ lessened; subsided
5. _ _ _ __ rebuked; scolded
6·---~~ directed
28. a) Several people will be recruited to fill the vacant positions.

b) The tiny force defending the palace was quickly overwhelmed by the army.
c) Many people are hampered in their search for jobs by a lack of experience.
d) Our class was commended for having the best attendance for January.
e) The law that allowed racial discrimination was repealed .
f) The tenant who failed to pay his rent regularly was evicted.
I. _ _ _ __ overpowered; defeated
2. _ _ _ __ employed; hired
3. _ _ _ __ praised; mentioned favorably
4. _ _ _ __ put out of a house by legal process
5·---~= hindered
6. _ _ _ __ cancelled;revoked
Test on Advanced Verbs - Set 1

phrase.
1. Coffee consumption by American coffee drinkers has diminished to 2.06 cups
per day.
a) amounted b) dropped c) improved d) increased
2. The barometer is used by weather forecasters to waect changes in air pressure.

a) announce b) bring about c) reduce d) determine
3. She dedjcated her life to helping the poor.

a) prepared b) devoted c) assigned d) adjusted
4 .. The U.N. Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution to impose

economic sanctions against Iraq prior to the Gulf war.
a) passed b rejected c) improved d) modified
5. He hopes to .fwfill his desire to become a doctor.

a) realize b) perceive c) maintain d) visualize
6. Differences in positions adopted by oxygen and hydrogen atoms account for

variations in the crystalline structure of different forms of ice .•
a) derive from b) are caused by c) explain. d) constitute
345
7. Success was attained after numerous experiments.
a) achieved b) encouraged c) denied d) expected
8. Poverty may ~ poor children .Qf the opportunity to participate in
sports.
a) deny b) provide c) allow d) offer
9. George .seized the opportunity to present his proposal to the director.

a) realized b) rendered c) grasped d) delivered
10. Dust accumulated on the engine, impairing its function.

a) gathered b) grew c) rose d) existed
11. The monkeys were confined to a small cage.

a) closed in b) released from c) taken to d) fed in
12. Travel agents will confinn your reservations for you free of charge.
a) purchase b) exchange c) verify d) obtain
13. In 1981, the world recession and conservation measures combined to c.w:h
demand for oil.
a) restrict b) spread c) involve d) affect
14. The space shuttle program~ the use of sophisticated technology.

a) enhances b) develops c) creates d) involves
15. Few other waterfalls~ the volume of water that passes over Niagara Falls.
a) generate b) endure c) sustain d) surpass
16. I do wish that Mary would~ her complaining.

a) admit b) begin c) deny d) stop
17. Human babies .inherit characteristics of both parents.

a) acquire b) show c) reflect d) share
18. The economic policy pursued by the government has been severely criticized by
the opposition parties.
a) followed b) suggested c) developed d) accepted
19. Teaching provides the chief means of conveyini: knowledge from generation to
generation.
a) reviewing b) mastering c) passing on d) preserving
20. The Mayan civilization flourished on the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico.

a) profited b) benefited c) gained d) prospered
346
21. The United Kingdom comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
a) features b) connects c) consists of d) adjoins
22. These are policies that they would like to see implemented in the new
parliament.
a) designed b) put into practice c) prohibited d) improved
23. I will acquaint you with the facts.

a) assault b) support c) familiarize d) defend
24. The judge asserted that the suspect had been in jail at the time of the murder.
a) argued b) stated c) assumed d) knew
25. The condition of the building deteriorated because the tenants did not take
proper care of it.
a) improved b) fluctuated c) worsened d) altered
26. The doctor told her to refrain from alcohol.

a) cut down b) hold back c) abstain d) emerge
27. The inflation rate began to accelerate as a result of excessive government

spending.
a) speed up b) alleviate c) reduce d) curb
28. He has been widely acc)ajmed for his paintings.

a) scrutinized b) praised c) appraised d) criticized
29. Because we had anticipated our parents' permission, we were all ready to go.
a) deserved b) needed c) expected d) demanded
30. This question does n o t ~ to the heart of my interests: understanding the

nature of human behavior and relationship of mind to the body.
a) conform b) relate c) lead d) adhere
1. A coat of paint will develop small cracks as it shrinks. over time.

a) fades b) peels c) contracts d) hardens
2. Birds exhillit unusual adaptations to their environment.

a) require b) attempt c) develop d) display
3. The conductor compensated for his shortsightedness by developing a

remarkable memory for musical scores.
a) made up b) covered up c) substituted d) allowed
347
4. This painting is attrjbuted to Rembrandt.
a) referred b) ascribed c) alluded d) dedicated
5. Cold air causes the arteries around the heart to constrict.
a) expand b) stretch c) contract d) enlarge
6. The industry should use the most practicable methods to ~ pollution.

a) lessen b) put an end to c) cease d) curb
7. My supply of confi~ence slowly dwjndles as the deadline approaches.

a) shifts b) grows c) emerges d) diminishes
8. He abstained from eating for six days.

a) kept on b) refrained from c) enjoyed d) indulged in
9. He resolved to act more wisely in the future.

a) promised b) hoped c) consented d) decided
10. Celal Bayar succeeded smet nonii as the third president of Turkey.
a) overruled b) followed c) ·preceded d) assisted
11. His extreme nervousness impeded his ability to speak in front of large groups of
people.
a) hindered b) halted c) accelerated d) fostered
12. The use of fertilizers and improved methods of controlling plant diseases has
boosted farm production.
a) exaggerated b) supplemented c) increased d) extended
13. In the 19th century, it was almost a tradition for promising young artists not
to receive the attention they deserved.
a) expected b) merited c) craved d) demanded
14. Sometimes, while living in a foreign country, one .ci:aves. a special dish
from home.
a) desires b) reminds c) cooks d) visualizes
15. History has shown that rulers do not reljnqujsh power easily.
a) abandon b) control c) hold d}gain
348
II. Advanced Nouns
1. a) A sense of taste is triggered when the tongue touches a wide range of
chemical substances.
b) His book was published in 1990 and met with unusal acclaim.
c) The crime rate in cities is large.
d) The president's speech made a deep impression on me.
e) Reading is a means; it is not an end in itself.
f) The greatest distinction between humans and apes is the hollow space
humans have under their chins.
l. _ _ _ __ effect, influence 4. _ _ _ __ difference

2. _ _ _ __ aim; goal 5. _ _ _ __ ratio
3. _ _ _ __ approval; praise 6. _ _ _ __ variety
2. a) He has a strong prejudice against me.

b) Your version of the report doesn't seem to agree with the facts.
c) The police started an .iruwin: into the cause of the incident.
d) Not many people have the incentive to become teachers.
e) There is no remedy for AIDS yet.
f) Your conduct is not proper for an officer of Turkish army.
l. _ _ _ __ cure 4. _ _ _ __ particular account of

2. _ _ _ __ motivation 5. - - - - - invest~ation
3. _ _ _ __ bias; prejudgement 6. _ _ _ __ behavior; manners
3. a) Television has had a tremendous impact on our lives.

b) Farmers will be in trouble unless the drought ends soon; it hasn't rained for
six weeks.
c) Everyone's perception of the events leading up to the fight was different.
d) Do you know that light travels at a velocity of 186,000 miles a second?
e) A marked deterioration in his health forced him to retire.
f) Paint could help preserve the metal from corrosion.
l. _ _ _ __ effect, influence
2. _ _ _ __ decay
3. _ _ _ __ dryness; long period of dry weather; lack of rain
4. _ _ _ __ understanding
5. _ _ _ __ decline; gradual impairment
6. _ _ _ __ speed; swiftness.
349
------------------------~----- -
4. a) The news brought a sense of relief.
b) What was the outcome of your meeting?
c) We must increase output to meet the great demand for cars.
d) Unless it rains this week, the loss of crops could result in a famine.
e) There has been no official confirmation of the report _yet.
f) Forty-six microscopic structures called chromosomes form the foundation
of individual growth and development.
I. _ _ _ __ result 4. _ _ _ __ verification
2. _ _ _ __ production 5. _ _ _ __ shortage of food
3. _ _ _ __ a sense of comfort 6. _ _ _ __ basis
5. a) Because Metin comes from a wealthy family, his outlook on saving money
is different from mine.
b) The existence of nuclear weapons is a menace to world peace.
c) He is an advocate of free university education for all.
d) The doctor's reputation for success in treating arthritis has spread far and
wide.
e) I have made a commitment to help you and I shall do everything I can.
f) My rival in the boxing match is about 95 kg.
I. _ _ _ __ competitor 4. _ _ _ __ fame
2. _ _ _ __ view; viewpoint 5. _ _ _ __ threat
3. _ _ _ __ promise, pledge 6. _ _ _ __ a supporter
6. a) The government's encouragement gave fresh impetus to these reforms.

b) The politics of a country would be outside the ~ of a book for tourists.
c) Before they leave the factory, all the cars are carefully tested for ~ -
d) The hospital building program should have precedence over the road
building program.
e) The children lined up in an orderly fasbi.Qn.
f) If our industries do not keep up with innovations, we'll never compete
successfully with other countries.
I. _ _ _ __ new methods 4. _ _ _ __ range
2. _ _ _ __ manner 5. _ _ _ __ stimulus
3. _ _ _ __ priority, preference 6. _ _ _ __ faults
7. a) She acted in defiance of the law.

b) His version of the quarrel differs from your account.
c) The icy winds came down from the north, signalling the onset of winter.
d) My inclination is to do nothing for a week and see what happens.
e) If you are late for the employment interview, your chance of getting the job
will be in serious jeopardy.
f) The long quest for a cure for the disease has not produced any significant
results yet.
350
I. _ _ _ __ tendency 4. _____ account; description
2. _ _ _ __ open disobedience 5. _____ beginning
3. _ _ _ __ danger, peril 6. _____ search
8. a) Overpopulation is at the core of many other problems, including food

shortages and inadequate housing.
b) The injured soldier moaned in anguish until the doctor arrived.
c) We hold Professor Smith in great esteem. He is one of the most respected
people in this city.
d) At the summit meeting, the leaders are expected to sign an accord ending
the long running dispute between the two countries.
e) If you give me a hint. I am sure that I can guess the answer.
f) The former police chief was convicted of abuse of power.
I. pain; great sorrow

2. respect
3. suggestion; clue
4. center
5. misuse
6. agreement
Test on Advanced Nouns

Choose the word or phrase which is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
1. T h e ~ to which heat affects tennis players' performance depends in part on

the level of humidity.
a) extent b) height c) temperature d) strength
2. The only incentive these enthusiastic teachers need is a little bit of

praise and encouragement.
a) stimulus b) assistance c) improvement d) support
3. The converse of evaporation is condensation.

a) reverse b) cause c) effect d) consequence
4. Observers unacquainted with an individual can get clues about that person from
his or her conduct.
a) voice b) behavior c) height d) image
5. The size of one's vocabulary reflects one's education, reading and range of
interests.
a) lack b) extent c) pursuit d) level
6. According to Freud, dreams can be interpreted as the fulfillment of wishes.

a) performance b) satisfaction c) completion d) conclusion
351
7. The man listened to reports of the approaching hurricane with mounting anxiety.
a) depression b) uneasiness c) gratification d) absorption.
8. The doctor couldn't see much prospect of the patient's recovery.

a) vision b) expectation c) chance d) outlook
9. By coincidence, one of my classmates is the son of one of my father's

classmates.
a) peculiarity b) acknowledgement c) chance d) luck
10. This kind of work would have been inconceivable before the advent of
microprocessors.
a) invention c) production c) discovery d) arrival
11. Monkeys have many human traits.

a) needs b) characteristics c) tendencies d) weaknesses
12. In recent years there have been many innovations in teaching that have
made learning easier.
a) new machines b) new teachers c) new methods d) new tools
13. My failure to understand even basic mathematics puts advanced physics beyond
my scope of understanding.
a) range b) view c) aim d) need
14. The punishment should reflect the severity of the crime.

a) seriousness b) location c) purpose d) victim
15. There is a great diversity of opinion on this issue.

a) similarity b) difference c) commonness d) collection
16. He is a leading advocate of free enterprise.

a) observer b) opponent c) supporter d) reformer
17. John usually acts with discretion. But this time he was foolish. He should not
have spok~ll to his boss that way.
a) boldness b) reluctance c) care d) haste
18. Prejudice against minorities probably stems from fear of the unknown.
a) Anger b) Rudeness c) Bias d) Action
19. Cashiers must generally account for discrepancies between money taken in and
the amount recorded on register tapes.
a) deficits b) inconsistencies c) delays d) uncertainties
352
2,(). The government reached an accgrd regarding off shore fishing rights.
a) disagreement b) indecision c) agreement d) apology
21. Experts see the extremely volatile situation in this region a s ~ to world
peace.
a) an incentive b) a nuisance c) a menace d) a promoter
22. He had impressed us with his versatility as a journalist.

a) enthusiasm b) variety of skills c) version d) verse
23. Because he had invited two girls to the dance, he found himself in a terrible
dilemma.
a) predicament b) romance c) argument d) discussion
24. The el2Q£h of space travel has already begun.

a) fear b) moment c) evept d) age
25... For farmers a drought is always a great calamity.

~) catastrophe b) defect c) blessing d) advantage
26. You h~we made serious allegations, but can you substantiate them?
a) assumptions b) statements c) suppositions d) accusations
27. Many lawsuits are resolved through settlement prior to court due to the effort
and expense involved in trial.
a) debate b) argument c) dismissal d) compromise
28. He has a bias against foreigners.

a) tendency b) trend c) prejudice d) pledge
29. Illness struck him at the zenith of his career.

a) \>eginnini b) zealousness c) summit d)end
30. John ~nd Mary worked on their garden with such zeal this summer that
they grew more tomatoes than they could eat.
a) fertilizers b) garden tools c) unwillingness d) enthusiasm
353
III. Advanced Adjectives
1. a) Leaming of meanings is crucial to human communication.
b) Happiness in marriage depends on mutual love, respect and compromise.
c) Have you ever eaten genuine Chinese food?
d) A large number of teenagers iin that country are illiterate, because they
have not gone to school.
e) Today, the council announced its bold new plans for the city center.
f) Despite persistent denials, the rumor continued to spread.
l. _ _ _ __ reciprocal; shared; common

2. _ _ _ __ real; authentic
3. _ _ _ __ brave; daring
4. _ _ _ __ unable to read and write
5. _ _ _ __ constant; continual
6. _ _ _ __ very important
2. a) Now that I've lost all that weight, my trousers are too loose on me.
b) This rocket travels at a tremendous speed.
c) In the United States today, the urban population far outnumbers the farm
population.
d) France is a prosperous country with a per capita income of over$ 15,000.
e) These shoes are too tight for me.
f) She's not optimistic about the outcome.
l. _ _ _ __ wealthy, rich 4._ _ _ __ immense

2. _ _ _ __ baggy; slack 5. _ _ _ __ fitting closely
3. _ _ _ __ expecting the best 6._ _ _ __ of cities or towns
3. a) The idea of putting square wheels on the wagon is nonsensical.

b) The union and management negotiators made notable progress at the
bargaining table.
c) Water is indispensable to life.
d) The unprecedented rainfall yesterday caused floods in several parts of the
country.
e) The doctor said a moderate amount of coffee would do me no harm.
f) It's imperative that we take a quick decision.
l. _ _ _ __ reasonable 5. _ _ _ __ urgent; vital

2. _ _ _ __ essential for 4. _ _ _ __ absurd
3. _ _ _ __ unequalled 6. _ _ _ __ remarkable
354
4. a) A prominent scientist has been invited to give our commencement address.
b) The fireman's prompt action saved the lives of three elderly ladies.
c) The government is determined to take drastic measures to curb inflation.
d) Attendance in the public schools is compulsozy until age sixteen.
e) It is obvious that this paper has been written in a very haphazard way.
f) Barbara had been ill; therefore, she was ignorant of the change in the dab
of the final examination.
1._ _ _ __ unaware; without knowledge

2. _ _ _ __ required; obligatory
3. _ _ _ __ well-known; distinguished
4. _ _ _ __ disorganized; disorderly
5. _ _ _ __ radical; effective
6. _ _ _ __ timely; punctual
5. a) There is a nasty smell in this room.

b) The school library is nearly vacant on Saturday evenings, but on Sunday
afternoons it is again full of students.
c) He lives in a remote village in the hills.
d) I wish I was slim enough to wear fashionable clothes.
e) The hospital has no decent equipment.
f) We want to find ai.Yfil and lasting solution to the conflict.
1. _ _ _ __ empty; unoccupied 4. _ _ _ __ far away

2. _ _ _ __ proper 5. _ _ _ __ bad
3. _ _ _ __ thin 6._ _ _ __ fair
6. a) In this first lesson we'll deal with some basic problems, but in subsequent
lessons, we shall take up more difficult ones.
b) He gave me precise instructions about how to locate the buried treasure.
c) We have ample money for the journey.
d) Parents are liable for damage done by their children.
e) The overall length of the boat is 38 feet.
f) He has some emotional problems peculiar to old age.
1._ _ _ __ responsible
2. _ _ _ __ exact
3. _ _ _ __ characteristic of
4. _ _ _ __ complete
5. _ _ _ __ plenty of; more than enough
6. _ _ _ __ following; later
355
7. a) Andrei Sakharov was an eminent nuclear physicist.
b) It was wise of you not to interfere in their quarrel.
c) He is liable to shout when he gets angry.
d) My boss was indifferent to my problems.
e) He found the noise in the factory unendurable, so he decided to change his
job.
f) The building remains relatively unaltered.
l. _ _ _ __ distinguished
2. _ _ _ __ clever
3. _ _ _ __ unconcerned; uninterested
4. _ _ _ __ unbearable
5. _ _ _ __ likely, apt
6. _ _ _ __ unchanged.
8. a) The troops l.m'.fil to the government suppressed the rebellion

b) Jane is such an obstinate person. I know that she will never change her
mind.
c) New computer systems have made old methods of data processing obsolete.
d) Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not completely convinced.
e) Young children are more susceptible to disease than adults.
f) The lawyer wanted to know all the pertinent details.
l. _ _ _ __ faithful
2. _ _ _ __ outdated;·old-fashioned
c _ _ _ __ prone to; capable of being affected by
4. _ _ _ __ to the point; relevant
5. _ _ _ __ stubborn; unyielding
6. _ _ _ __ probable
9. a) A figure appeared at the window but the face was not distinct enough to be
recognized.
b) Modern medicine has developed techniques for relieving acute physical
pain.
c) There are categories for all major areas of expenditure, and then one at the
end for miscellaneous items.
d) He made a vain attempt to keep the boat from turning over.
e) Because of the adverse balance of trade, the economic situation has
deteriorated.
f) Primary education is mandatory in Turkey.
l. _ _ _ __ useless; futile 4. _ _ _ __ various; varied

2. _ _ _ __ sharp; extreme 5. _ _ _ __ compulsory
3. _ _ _ __ unfavorable; negative 6. _ _ _ __ clear
356
10. a) This information is to be kept strictly confidential.
b) A captain is' subordinate in rank to a major.
c) Graham Bell said that the world would be linked by telephone ;
subsegµent events have proved him to be right.
d) At the age of sixty-six Mr. Hill is still robust enough to do a full day's work
on the farm.
e) They won the war after a decisive battle.
f) The government has massive public support.
l. _ _ _ __ later 4. _ _ _ __ great
2. _ _ _ __ low; inferior 5. _ _ _ __ conclusive
3. _ _ _ __ strong 6. _ _ _ __ secret
11. a) He's too stingy to give money to charity.

b) We were all aware of impending disaster.
c) Malnutrition is prevalent in areas where protein-rich foods are not
available.
d) The scheme is not economically viable.
e) He had prepared himself with meticulous care.
f) The employer is liable for any injury suffered by a worker because of faulty
equipment.
I. _ _ _ __ widespread 4. _ _ _ __ responsible for

2. _ _ _ __ mean; miserly 5. _ _ _ __ feasible
3. _ _ _ __ approaching 6. _ _ _ __ painstaking
12. a) He was~ at the fine art of irritating people.

b) The essay was concise and explicit.
c) Mr. Wilson must be very wealthy because his address is in the most affluent
neighborhood in the city.
d) He was devoid of any personal desire for gain in his endeavor to secure
improvement in the community.
e) She gave a thrilling performance.
f) His inherent love of justice compelled him to choose law as a profession.
I. _ _ _ __ brief and compact

2. _ _ _ __ exciting
3. _ _ _ __ expert at; skillful
4. _ _ _ __ firmly established by nature or habit
5. _ _ _ __ lacking
6. _ _ _ __ rich; wealthy
357
13. a) There doesn't seem to be an imminent danger of famine on a worldwide
scale.
b) Nothing could change his irrevocable decision to leave.
c) They were compatible neighbors, never quarreling over unimportant matters.
d) He invented an ingenious excuse for being late.
e) He was indignant at what he saw as false accusations.
t) I couldn't give her an)' concrete reason for not wanting to go with her.
1._ _ _ __ harmonious 4. _ _ _ __ definite; precise

2. _ _ _ __ impending 5. _ _ _ __ irreversible
3. _ _ _ __ clever 6. _ _ _ __ angry
14. a) Frank picked one random number and won $1000 in the lottery.
b) My mother was so .tbrifu that she saved up every bit of string she could find.
c) When I asked him where he was going, I got only a vague reply.
d) As the world's most affluent nation, the United States is able to provide
more financial aid to the needy peoples of other lands.
e) The austerity measures could have far-reaching implications for the
country's economy.
t) She gave explicit reasons for leaving early.
1. _ _ _ __ economical; frugal 4._ _ _ __ extensive

2. _ _ _ __ haphazard; chance 5. _ _ _ __ clearly stated; specific
3. _ _ _ __ uncertain; unclear 6._ _ _ __ rich; wealthy
15. a) He was accused of serious and gross unethical conduct.

b) It is futile to argue with him once he has made up his mind.
c) Ed is such an honest boy that it is inconceivable that he stole the money.
d) His description of the accident is not consistent with hers.
e) I'm uneasy about the situation.
t) He has an inquisitive mind. He is always eager to learn new things.
1._ _ _ __ unthinkable 4._ _ _ __ immoral

2. _ _ _ __ in agreement 5. _ _ _ __ in vain ; useless
3._--'---- curious; inquiring 6. _ _ _ __ restless
16. a) He's a very versatile performer; he can act, sing, dance and play the piano.
b) She was a prolific writer who produced more than 50 books.
c) A prospective mother should pay considerable attention to her diet.
d) The intricate problem puzzled the student.
e) Russia, where there are a large number of ethnic groups, is an ethnically
diverse country.
t) The judge ruled that Jack was Mr. Smith's legitimate son.
358
1._ _ _ __ lawful; legal
2. _ _ _ __ likely to be or to become
3. _ _ _ __ complex, complicated
4. _ _ _ __ producing many or much
5. _ _ _ __ varied; different
6. _ _ _ __ having many different kinds of skill and ability
17. a) His adroit handling of the delicate situation pleased the employers.
b) Adverse circumstances compelled him to close his business.
c) His statement contained an implicit acknowledgement that he had made a
mistake.
d) Your reward will be commensurate with your effort.
e) He was compliant and ready to conform to the pattern set by his friends.
f) These weapons are obsolete now. They must be replaced by more modern
and more sophisticated weapons.
I. _ _ _ __ inferred ; indirect 4 . _ _ _ __ old - fashioned

2. _ _ _ __ equal in extent 5. _ _ _ __ unfavorable; hostile
3. _ _ _ __ yielding 6._ _ _ __ skillful
Test on Advan~ed Adjectives

phrase.
1. His former employer recommended him highly as having been a very
industrious worker.
a) affluent b) diligent c) idle d) extinct
2. The company possesses unique research capabilities.

a) single b) only c) different d) unequalled
3. The jeweller reported that the diamonds were genuine.

a) perfect b) real c) imitations d) valuable
4. The lawyer received a substantial fee for defending the rich man's son.
a) considerable b) trivial c) unimportant d) reasonable
5. Pablo Picasso was known as a remarkably gifted and versatile man.

a) wise b) courageous · c) talented d) loyal
6. Writing is a skill that requires consistent practice.

a) invariable b) customary c) orderly d) regular
359
7. The hair covering a tarantula adds to its menacing appearance.
a) appealing b) masculine c) threatening d) redeeming
8. Whether the death penalty should be abolished is a controversial issue. While

some people insist that it should be maintained as a deterrent to crime, others
are in favor of its abolition.
a) ancient b) disputable c) unanimous d) unique
9. The flight was postponed due to adverse weather conditions.

a) unknown b) unexpected c) unfavorable d) unpredictable
10. Nitrogen is indispensable to plant and animal life.

a) detrimental to b) necessary for c) superior to d) harmful to
11. Even more powerful computers are needed to process all the pertinent
information required for accurate weather forecasting.
a) sophisticated b) different c) cm_nplex d) relevant
12. The intricate directions were difficult to understand.

a) vague b) routine c) complicated d) unusual
13. An affluent society such as the United States must do what it can to prevent
hunger and misery.
a) divided b) willing c) determined d) wealthy
14. Double agents live in a perpetual state of fear.

a) perfect b) perpetrated c) constant d) ceasing
15. Com is the most prevalent crop in the Black sea region.
a) common b) traditional c) frequent d) routine
16. The successive earthquakes did more damage than the original shock.
a) consecutive b preliminary c) initial d) prior
17. Her aggressive manner irritated so many people that no one wanted to spend
time with her.
a) shy b) attacking c) modest d) advisable
18. The dwindling supplies of fossil fuels make it necessary to search for alternative
sources of energy.
a) decaying b) retreating c) fading d) decreasing
19. Smoking is detrimental to human health.

a) harmful b) crucial c) vital d) indispensable
360
20. Doctors aren't infallible. They might make mistakes, too.
a) inflexible b) faultless c) incompetent d) inconsistent
21. There are now many special programs and opportunities for the handicam,ed.
a) unemployed b) disabled c) uneducated d) elderly
22. We made plans for a visit, but subseQuent difficulties with the car prevented it.
a) later b) previous c) present d) anticipated
23. He gave us explicit instructions regarding the arrangements to be made.

a) vague b) ambiguous c) clear d) irregular
24. The King made a negligible effort to extend the freedom of his people.
a) a minimal b) an ignorant c) an accidental d) an erroneous
25. You need an atmosphere conducive to study if you want to succeed in college.
a) customary b) promotive c) conforming d) ornamental
26. It was a minute crack in the motor block that ruined the car.
a) hidden b) very small c) many-sided d) multiple
27. Influenza is an acute viral disease of the respiratory tract that is extremely
contagious and often reaches epidemic proportions.
a) scarce b) common c) widespread d) infectious
28. Since his wound was superficial, only a Band-Aid was required.
a) frivolous b) on the surface c) deep d) supercilious
29. He has become quite adept at netting birds.

a) skillful in b) enthusiastic about c) fond of d) keen on
30. A frugal buyer purchases fruit and vegetables in season.

a) thrifty b) anxious c) extravagant d) ignorant
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IV. Advanced Adverbs
Exercise 4: Match the underlined words or phrases with their synonyms given after
1. a) I didn't do that intentionally It was an accident.

b) The car stopped so abruptly that I almost hit it.
c) This room is exclusively for women. Men can use the other rooms.
d) People in positions of leadership are predominantly men.
e) We thought Jack's performance was particularly good.
f) The price of virtually everything has gone up.
1. deliberately 4. practically
2. only 5. mainly
3. suddenly 6. especially
2. a) The monopolist can charge a price above average cost and consistently
realize economic profits.
b) In Hong Kong, there are many companies which produce goods solely for
export.
c) Eventually everyone dies.
d) He was genuinely angry with her.
e) He's essentially a very generous man.
f) Because of the snow, visibility was drastically reduced.
1. severely 4. constantly
2. basically 5. only
3. in the end 6. really
3. a) Americans have become overwhelmingly an urban people.

b) He was literally penniless when I met him.
c) His work has changed drastically since his illness.
d) His activities eventually led him into politics.
e) Many members were absent, notably new members.
f) He painstakingly records details of every race.
1. practically; almost 4. dominantly

2. in the end 5. scrupulously
3. very much 6. especially
.
4. a) Mrs. Bradley will divide her estate equitably among her three sons.
b) He enjoyed a mutually respectful relationship with them.
c) George is in excellent physical condition because he exercises vigorously
every day.
362
d) Turkey has consistently supported the Palestinian cause.
e) Smoking is strictly forbidden.
f) When I first saw that dress, it was $55; subsequently it was reduced to $30;
now it is on sale for $20.
I. _ _ _ __ fairly; justly. 4 . _ _ _ __ reci pro call y

2. _ _ _ __ energetically 5 . _ _ _ __ constantly
3. _ _ _ __ later; afterwards 6 . _ _ _ __ rigidly
Test on Advanced Adverbs
phrase.
1. Twenty-five percent of Ecuador's population speak Queche exclusively.

a) mainly b) still c) only d) amazingly
2. Turkey is a predominantly Musli11,country.

a) amazingly b) mainly c) wholly d) entirely
3. Coal is abundantly available in South Africa.

a) scarcely b) plentifully c) precisely d) amazingly
4. The decision affected virtually everybody in the group.

a) essentially b) practically c) truly d) implicitly
5. The soldier rashly agreed to lead the dangerous expedition.

a) dutifully b) heroically c) recklessly d) reluctantly
6. He responded to her advances ardently.

a) expertly b) zealously c) entirely d) arduously
7. George danced quite awkwardly with Mary.

a) energetically b) vigorously c) clumsily d) gracefully
8. Pakistan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.

a) heavily b) homogeneously c) sparsely d) thinly
9. They have stated unequivocally what they stand for.

a) ambiguously b) clearly c) astonishingly d) doubtfully
10. He worked quite zealously after he got his promotion.
a) unwillingly b) enthusiastically c) ambitiously d) reluctantly
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General Test on Synonyms - Set 1
or phrase.
1. When new math was introduced into schools, many parents were perplexed by
the approach it involved.
a) puzzled b) frightened c) shocked d) annoyed
2. Before the collapse of the former Soviet Union, Mr. Gorbachev tried to preserve
the union.
a) unify b) prepare c) maintain d) predispose
3. After working all day, Jim would come home and ~ r a huge dinner.
a) eat up b) order c) prepare d) need
4. Although he knew she had work to do, he tried t o ~ her to go to the

beach.
a) trace b) enervate c) tempt d) thrice
5. When the human body is attacked by an invading organism, its immune system
is organized to ~ the attacker.
a) resist b) repulse c) reject d) revive
6. He is alleged to be a member of a secret society.

a) known b) acknowledged c) believed d) claimed
7. He was acguitted of all the charges made against him.

a) cleared b) convicted c) accused d) convinced
8. We live in an age in which people have been alienated from their roots.
a) prevented b) rescued c) separated d) dismiss
9. Life expectancy is the measure of the average life span of a particular group of
people.
a) age b) range c) condition d) mortality
10. The school bus driver admonished the noisy children.

a) admitted b) drove c) rebuked d)struck
11. In general cats .allilin a weight of slightly over two kilograms.

a) maintain b) exceed c) reach d) favor
12. The drought caused escalation of prices and depletion of supplies.

a) maintenance b) exhaustion c) hoarding d) accumulation
364
13. When there are serious shortages of fuel, prices soar.
a) tower b) fall c) rise d) slow
14. George was baffled by Harriet's reaction.

a) very pleased b) greatly confused c) disappointed d) insulted
15. It is extremely hazardous to try to break up a fierce dog fight.

a) noisy b) cruel c) violent d) ravenous
16. He cried out in pain when they tried to move him from the scene of the
accident.
a) ailment b) crutch c) anguish d) despair
17. The laws of nature determine that some animals will nurture their young from
birth while others will leave their offspring to survive on their own.
a) shelter b) nourish c) guide d) gather
18. Higher energy costs seem certain to have an adverse effect on the economy.
a) a favorable b) a controversial c) a permanent d) a bad
19. The alert watchman gave the alarm when he found the broken window.
a) sluggish b) watchful c) diligent d) inattentive
20. The flowers on the table were a manifestation of the child's love for his mother.
a) demonstration b) satisfaction c) combination d) need
21. The young couple chose a secluded place for their picnic.
a) authentic b) isolated c) sunny d) grassy
22. $ 500 will suffice to buy a good home computer.

a) be saved b) be charged c) be available d) be enough
23. Tennis wear has become a very lucrative business for both manufacturers and
tennis players.
a) circumstantial b) expansive c) profitable d) extensive
24. History is best learned from contemporary sources.

a) modem b) ancient c) common d) reliable
25. Surplus supplies of coal should be stored for future emergencies.

a) available b) poor quality c) considerable d) excess
26. All attempts to evict him from the house failed.

a) evade b) call c) expel d) expiate
365
27. Why did Alfred falter when Beatrice asked him to go with her?
a) agree b) refuse c) hesitate d) evade
28. The candidate declined to comment on the proposed tax increase.

a) changed his.mind with regard to c) said less than usual concerning
b) refused to speak about d) mentioned in passing
29. It was a decisive victory for medicine when the disease of smallpox was finally
eradicated.
a) treated by radiation c) removed to other areas
b) watered down d) gotten rid of
30. Some critics think that Mark Twain's autobiography should be ranked with the
great autobiographies of the world.
a) eliminated from c) considered equal to
b) put on a level below d) edited to the standards of

or phrase.
1. As an architect, I believe that a building should be designed to fit its function
and location.
a) enhance b) decorate c) conform to d) alternate with
2. Strawberries grow best in a cool, moist climate.

a) dry b) chilly c) damp d) tropical
3. Fish have lived on the earth longer than any other backboned animal and show
great diversity in their way of life.
a) variation b) evolution c) adaptation d) satisfaction
4. Baldness, the abnormal or premature loss of hair, is an inherited trait

transmitted by a sex-influenced gene.
a) quality b) characteristic c) disease d) mark
5. The most recent evidence indicates that dinosaurs were warm blooded animals.
a) admits b) insists c) suggests d) concludes
6. His conscience compelled him to admit his part in the affair.

a) induced b) forced c) led d) enabled
7. Newton performed experiments to confirm what Galileo had proposed about

motion.
a) verify b) improve c) disprove d)expand
366
8. All living things have attributes that are passed on from one generation to the
next.
a) cells b) viruses c) traits d) flaws
9. His qualifications for this kind of job are indisputable.

a) invalid b) satisfactory c) unquestionable d) remarkable
10. Government health campaigns have fostered an awareness of the dangers in cer-
tain social habits.
a) perfected b) encouraged c) discouraged d) initiated
11. While endeavoring to find a new route to India, Columbus discovered America
by accident.
a) failing b) expecting c) trying d) sailing
12. Gardening is the cultivation of plants, usually in or near the home, as a hobby.
a) germination b) growing c) classification d) sowing
13. The economic reform program will have far-reaching effects on our develop-
ment efforts.
a) damaging b) remaining c) extensive d) devastating
14. Authentic stained glass is colored during the glassmaking process.

a) priceless b) antique c) genuine d) unpainted
15. You must take into account the student's long illness.
a) disregard b) ignore c) examine d) consider
16. Organic material consists of plant and animal matter in various states of decay.
a) disuse b) deterioration c) life d) development
17. He will abide by his promise if he gives it.

a) stick to b) renew c) allow for d) go back on
18. The meeting was adjourned for a week.

a) put off b) put up c) put out d) put up with
19. The defendant seemed to be devoid of feelings as the sentence was read by the
judge.
a) overcome by b) without c) devastated by d) wrestling by
20. I'd like to look over this report.

a) write b) correct c) examine d) prepare
21. Scientists are expected to carry out thoroughgoing studies to back up claims
made concerning new drugs.
a) support b) eliminate c) investigate d) challenge
367
22. He is dubious about the success of the plan.
a) confident b) articulate c) indifferent d) doubtful.
23. The students listened to the dean's speech with growing scepticism.
a) anger b) confidence c) doubt d) enthusiasm
24. Computing remains a growth area and one in which, notwithstanding economic
recessions, the outlook looks bright.
a) despite b) because of c) considering d) in addition to
25. His physical condition was no impediment to his career as a violinist.

a) help b) hindrance c) impossibility d) detriment
26. The professor elicited a loud groan from his students with his difficult
assignment.
a) eluded b) heard c) drew out d) articulated
27. I can run a few miles, but a marathon is definitely beyond my scope.
a) view b) aim c) range d) intention
28. Our neighbors' constant wrangles with each other shattered our tranquility.
a) wrecks b) wraths c) quarrels d) falls
29. He had reached the zenith of his career when he became president of the
university.
a) ambition b) happiest moment c) summit d) zeal
30. Man is prone to error, even though he'd like to think he's infallible.
a) apathetic b) averse c) disposed d) indifferent
or phrase.
1. Numbers are drawn by chance in the state lottery.

a) randomly b) recklessly c) reliably d) routinely
2. Before we move, we should have a garage sale to discard some of this furniture.
a) repair b) get rid of c) carry d) polish
3. Poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can hold back adult growth.
a) reject b) retard c) resist d) restore
4. She was confused by the new customs when she first arrived, but now she feels
more comfortable.
a) amused b) bewildered c) blamed d) intimidated
368
5. The people living along the coast escaped inland before the hurricane hit.
a) fled b) floundered c) settled d) remained
6. Regular use of this cream will help to relieve the rough, dry condition of your
skin.
a) alleviate b) abbreviate c) evaporate d) aggravate
~
7. I only have time to tell you the main idea of it, not the details.
a) twist b) gist c) list d) part
8. Has Mary given you any clue of what she would like for her birthday?
a) hinge b) hoe c) hoax d) hint
9. Working overtime every night is much too strenuous for a sixty-year-old mf!n.
a) treacherous b) arduous c) envious d) ambiguous
10. A shorter haircut would make her appearance better.

a) entice b) induce c) enhance d) intrude
11. If you continue to be absent from classes, we will have to infonn your sponsor.
a) modify b) notify c) horrify d) solidify
12. The unlawful possession of drugs is a serious crime.

a) implicit b) explicit c) tacit d) illicit
13. Bill taught his dog to recover sticks when he threw them.
a) retrieve b) repel c) recite d) discard
14. The politician's conviction for tax fraud jeopardized his future in public life.
a) penalized b) rejuvenated c) enhanced d) endangered
15. A series of ingenious inventions in Britain provided the impetus for the Industri-
al Revolution.
a) clever b) minor c) mechanical d) intricate
16. You need an atmosphere conducive to study if you want to succeed in college.
a) customary b) promotive c) confonning d) ornamental
17. He devised a folding toothbrush for travellers.

a) sold b) bought c) invented d) described
18. He reads periodicals that are pertinent to his profession.

a) appropriate b) apparent c) perceptive c) discrimiq11ting
369
19 .. Sodium plays a part in tissue formation and in muscle contraction.
a) compression b) maturation c) rigidity d) constriction
20. Education, principally for boys flourished almost from the outset.
a) foremost b) mainstream c) start d) extreme
21. Athletes learn to conceal their disappointment when they lose.

a) ignore b) regret c) disguise d) accept
22. Although monkeys occasionally menace their enemies, they are not dangerous
unless they are provoked.
a) pursue b) consume c) threaten d) kill
23. Flu shots are given every fall as a precaution against an epidemic the following
winter.
a) required treatment c) free service
b) preventive measure d) new cure
24. Mail service will be suspended during the postal workers' strike.
a) inspected b) delayed c) uninterrupted d) curtailed
25. Rain lessens in the fall throughout the northern part of the country.
a) accumulates b) pours c) abates d) evaporates
26. The author detested injustice.

a) recognized b) confronted c) abhorred d) suffered
27. Valium is a strong drug that can cause a driver to sleep at the wheel.
a) dream b) sneeze c) doze d) snore
28. In a search to further his knowledge of the unknown, man has explored the
earth, the sea, and now outer space.
a) an effort b) a quest c) a fantasy d) a challenge
29. A laser beam is used to penetrate even the hardest substances.

a) light up b) repair c) identify d) pass through
30. A cut in the budget put 10 percent of the state employees' jobs in jeopardy.
a) range b) review c) danger d) perspective
370
1. My grandparents always talk about their ailments whenever I go to visit them.
a) pleasures b) illnesses c) achievements d) hobbies
2. The proposal is gaining more and more adherents.

a) opponents b) practitioners c) admirers d) supporters
3. The tendency of the human body to reject foreign matter is the main obstacle to
successful tissue transpla,ntation.
a) occurrence in b) phenomenon of c) impediment to d) factor in
4. Some people believe that a woman's primary commitment is to her family.

a) contribution b) responsibility c) benefit d) drawback
5. The old age of the equipment is a definite liability to the factory.

a) cost b) aid c) disadvantage d) capacity
6. Home buyers are proceeding cautiously because of the high interest rates.
a) hastily b) warily c) deliberately d) occasionally
7. The administration took for granted that we would agree.

a) assumed b) were convinced c) hoped d) guaranteed
8. John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 23, 1963.

a) elected b) killed c) honored d) inaugurated
9. Some sedimentary rocks are made entirely of very large coral beds.
a) unusual b) mature c) massive d) subterranean
10. Stephen Foster was one of American's most popular and productive songwrit-
ers, composing more than hundred songs in his lifetime.
a) prolific b) industrious c) gifted d) famous
11. The university offers several courses designed to further the career aspirations
of its students.
a) choices b) opportunities c) plans d) desires
12. There had been disagreements between them, triggered by his work.
a) sparked off b) developed c) excited d) ended
13. In 1942, Enrico Fermi and other scientists at the University of Chicago
launched the nuclear age.
a) described b) constituted c) praised d) inaugurated
371
14. Attitudes on the two sides in the Revolutionary war precluded the possibility of
a peaceful solution.
a) promoted b) prevented c) anticipated d) prejudiced
15. Supporters of no-fault automobile insurance believe it corrects flaws in the

older system, which requires that blame be determined before claims are settled.
a) vestiges b) defects c) discrepancies d) contentions
16. In bright light, the pupils of your eyes contract.

a) shrink b) enlarge c) expand d) shine
17. Please make every endeavor to arrive punctually.

a) effort b) commitment c) promise d) assessment
18. A chance sample can often provide information about a larger population.
a) genuine b) prudent c) modified d) random
19. We must do all we can to alleviate the suffering of these poor people.
a) stop b) get rid of c) compensate· for d) lessen
20. In your remarks you allude to certain sinister developments.

a) object b) ascribe c) attribute d) refer
21. No one knew the reason for the enmity between the two families.
a) relationship b) hatred c) closeness d) friendship
22. The hostile manner of the woman caused the committee to reconsider the issue.
a) stubborn b) angry c) charming d) elegant
23. The reporter wondered how impartial the decision really was.
a) unprejudiced b) one-sided c) insensitive d) wise
24. The court nullified the agreement after months of debate.

a) heard b) ratified c) dismissed d) annulled
25. Earth is just the right distance from the sun to maintain the conditions for life to
flourish.
a) commence b) thrive c) flounder d) vegetate
372
34. Any inquiries pertaining the granting of planning permission should
be addressed to the Town Hall.
35. Our interests conflict theirs, so there is little prospect of reaching an
agreement.
36. The problem is that what she says does not correspond ____ what she docs.
37. His high score entitled him a prize.
38. You'd better abstain smoking.
39. Can I count him?
40. His job in Paris corresponds your father's position here.
Sct2
I. They embarked a long journey.
2. Many English words arc derived French.
3. He despairs ever succeeding.
4. We must allocate additional funds repair work.
5. He allocated tasks each of us.
6. Nothing can deviate me my principles.
7. The United States does not want to intervene the conflict militarily.
8. Failure did not deter him making another attempt.
9. He imposes his wishes others.
I 0. She was issued a passport.
11. I had to restrain myself telling him what I thought of him.
12. They failed to adhere our original agreement.
13. It never occurred me that he would lie to me.
14. The people of the island rebelled the cruel regime of the general.
15. The news relieved him ____ some of his embarrassment.
16. He was acquitted ____ all the charges made against him.
17. When polite requests failed, he resorted threats.
18. Our forces inflicted heavy casualties the enemy.
19. He will submit the report the manager soon.
20. The soldiers surrendered the enemy.
21. She confessed murdering her husband.
22. He prides himself being an excellent cook.
23. The scientist decided he did not want to be associated the project, and
left.
24. Don't try to dissuade me going.
25. They incorporated her suggestions their plans.
26. I won't yield pressure.
27. His debt now amounts $1000.
28. Are you being attended , sir? (said in a shop hy a shop assistant)
29. Beware thieves. (=be careful about)
30. He was condemned death.
31. There is no one here I can confide _ __
32. She confided her secrets me.
374
34. She'll never part her precious possessions.
35. There is no point trying to reason him - he'll never change his mind.
Test on Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions

1. He will be ___ from prison in six months' time.

a) sent off b) released c) let go d) discharged
2. This book will ___ to older and younger readers alike.
a) interest b) fascinate c) attract d) appeal
3. A prime minister cannot expect to have much time to ___ to purely personal
matters.
a) reserve b) devote c) concentrate d) spare
4. He was barred from the club for refusing to ___ with the rules.
a) conform b) abide c) adhere d) comply
5. The company directors asked the government to ___ in the dispute and
prevent a strike.
a) intervene b) interact c) intercept d) interpose
6. The falling inflation rate is ___ to a decrease in the amount of borrowing.

a) indicative b) attributed c) referred d) pertinent
7. He was ___ from the firm because he was always late for work.
a) sacked b) retired c) resigned d) disposed
8. Didn't it ever ___ to them that they would be punished?

a) occur b) happen c) enter d) strike
9. It's most unwise to ___ in a quarrel between a man and his wife.
a) involve b) poke c) mix d) interfere
IO. The little boy ___ in demanding an ice-cream, until he got one.
a) insisted b) continued c) kept d) persisted
11. They were warned never___ with the members of any extremist group.
a) to associate b) to assimilate c) to assign d) to assume
12. After he set fire to the library, the boy was ___ from school.
a) expelled b) excluded c) exiled d) extracted
13. I think my fear of spiders must ___ from a horror film which I saw as a
child.
a) lead b) rise c) start d) stem
14. Their three children ___ in age from IO to 17.
a) account b) ring c) grow d) range
375
15. His importance as a political novelist ___ in his sensitivity to the political
world around him.
a) rests b) bases c) stems d) lies
16. I cannot bear the noise of my brother's radio; it ___ me from my work.
a) disturbs b) perturbs c) interrupts d) distracts
17. He was ___ of forgery and sentenced to two years in prison.

a) charged b) convicted c) accused d) confirmed
18. I think we can with the usual formalities iince we all know each other
already.
a) dispatch b) dispose c) discharge d) dispense
19. He's always ___ of his success. I'm tired of hearing about it.
a) boasting b) proclaiming c) glorying d) exulting
20. The drug was never ___ to sufficiently severe tests.

a) subjected b) imposed c) undergone d) exposed
21. We will _ _ _ the study of literature into our history class.

a) distribute b) orchestrate c) integrate d) disperse
22. I sometimes despair ___ ever seeing him again.

a) of b) about · c) over d) at
23. There's no danger in using this machinery as long as you ___ to the safety reg-
ulations.
a) comply b) adhere c) observe d) abide
24. Please _ _ _ from smoking until the plane is airborne.

a) refrain b) exclude c) resist d) restrain
25. He for her to come.

a) hoped b) insisted c) longed d) anticipated
26. Some people have a tendency to deviate ___ social norms.

a) in b) about c) from d) on
27. His bank had never been ___ of his change of address.
a) contacted b) communicated c) acquainted d) notified
28. We will Dave's ideas into the book.

a) incorporate b) indicate c) inhibit d) circle
29. The United States ___ from voting at the United Nations yesterday.
a) discontinued b) refused c) rejected d) abstained
30. I was deterred ___ emigrating by the thought of leaving my family.

a) in b) from c) on tl) for
376
B. Prepositions in Passive Constructions
Active Passive
1. Tigers scare me. I'm scared of tigers.
2. The book disgusts me. I'm disgusted with the book.
3. The child worries me. I'm worried about the child.
4. The bad grade upsets me. I'm upset about the bad grade.
5. Lions terrify him. He is terrified of lions.
6. Girls interest him. He is interested in girls.
7. The book bores him. He is bored with the book.
8. Her grade satisfies her. She is satisfied with her grade.
9. He commits himself to his work. He is committed to his work.
10. He dedicates himself to his work. He's dedicated to his work.
11. She devotes herself to her children. She's devoted to her children.
12. This work tires me. I'm tired of this work.
13. The result disappointed her. She was disappointed with the result.
14. Her success surprises me. I'm surprised at her success.
15. Not being invited upset her. She was upset at not being invited.
Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions.(Refer to Appendix 1 for

prepositions following verbs and adjectives)
1. We're convinced his honesty.
2. These figures are based the last census taken in 1990.
3. What factors are involved the growth of cities?
4. He's deeply involved a married woman.
5. He is married an actress.-
6. He is not qualified this kind of job.
7. Membership to the club is restricted people over 30.
8. My boss is fully satisfied my work.
9. I'm astonished his lack of concern for proper planning.
10. We're all delighted your success.
11. His wife becomes more and more preoccupied the children.
12. I'm accustomed being treated with respect.
13. I was annoyed him because he kept interrupting.
14. We leave that light on because the children are frightened the dark.
15. We were all dismayed his refusal to cooperate with us .
. 16. He was justifiably irritated the treatment he had received.
17. She is very devoted her family.
18. The country is faced yet another political crisis.
19. These farmers are well acquainted modem farming techniques.
20. The government is firmly committed maintaining its nuclear energy
programme despite strong opposition from some pressure groups.
21. She is very dedicated her work.
22. He was deeply implicated the plot.
23. He's obsessed the desire to become a great scientist.
24. He has always been intrigued machinery.
25. Many people are prejudiced foreigners.
26. When she was confronted the evidence, she confessed her guilt.
27. I was relieved anxiety when I heard that you were safe.
28. It's now clear that some heart attacks are associated stress.
29. If a plant is deprived water, it dies.
30. This play is attributed Shakespeare.
377
C. Advanced Adjectives Followed by Prepositions
Exercise 3 : "Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions. (Refer to Appendix I for
prepositions following adjectives)
Set 1
1. Your conclusions are not consistent the facts.
2. An expensive project like this is incompatible the government's aim
of reducing public spending.
3. What the government is saying now is inconsistent its earlier state-
ment on this subject.
4. He was totally indifferent the suffering of the poor.
5. This course is not relevant today's problems.
6. Many children admitted to hospital are deficient vitamin C.
7. He is lacking intelligence.
8. You are liable the damage you have caused.
9. The majority of the troops were loyal the government.
10. Those two ideas are quite distinct each other.
11. He is neglectful his children.
12. The report said that the doctor had been negligent not giving the
woman a full examination.
13. We're optimistic the outcome of the elections.
14. This custom is peculiar the natives of the island.
15. Your remarks are not pertinent our discussion.
16. He's determined to have a swimming pool built regardless cost.
17. He's prejudiced us.
18. He's always prompt answering letters.
19. The payment he will have to make will be proportional the damage he
has caused.
20. The patient is reliant this drug.
21. The arrangements are subject change.
22. Two-thirds of energy from power stations is lost; the same is true _ __
nuclear reactors.
23. I think this book is superior that one.
24. His work is inferior mme.
25. These buildings are resistant minor earthquakes.
26. The child is immune measles.
27. Your arguments are rather vulnerable criticism.
28. He is eligible voting , isn't he?
29. The old lady is never free pain.
30. Some pests are resistant insecticide.
31. He is very susceptible persuasion.
32. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are very strict their children
33. The events I'm speaking of were subsequent the war.
34. This part of town is liable flooding.
35. Everyone, irrespective means or occupation, shall have an equal
opportunity.
378
Set2
I. Women are prone breast cancer.
2. A rabbit is a fast animal relative a turtle, but a slow one relative
_ _ _ a cheetah.
3. I was furious _ _ _ being kept waiting.
4. The king was cruel his subjects.
5. She is very particular what she eats.
6. Such ideas are alien _ _ _ me.
7. She was destitute human feeling.
8. Competition is not conducive human happiness.
9. The salary will be commensurate your qualifications.
10. His behavior is not congruous his rank.
11. A mild climate is more congenial his health.
12. What you have just said is not consistent what you said yesterday.
13. His style is reminiscent Picasso's.
14. Britain is now self-sufficient oil.
15. He was indignant the treatment he received.
16. They have authority to decide, subject the minister's approval.
17. A dog is faithful its master.
18. These people are zealous liberty and freedom.
19. Malnourished children are more vulnerable infectious diseases than
well-nourished ones.
20. He is quite adept _ _ _ finding practical solutions to very difficult
problems.
Mini Test on Advanced Adjectives Followed by Prepositions

1. George is very ___ about what he eats.

a) special b) delicate c) painful d) particular
2. Most people are ___ to flattery.

a) affected b) sensible c) impressionable d) susceptible
3. He is one of the many so-called experts that are ___ of all common sense.
a) deprived b) exempt c) devoid d) excluded
4. I'm afraid I'm rather ___ about the existence of ghosts.

a) sceptical b) partial c) adaptable d) incapable
5. Young birds are very ___ to predators.

a) vulnerable b) susceptible c) weak d) unprotected
6. There are some psychological problems ___ to old people.

a) original b) peculiar c) particular d) proper
379
D. Nouns Followed by Prepositions
Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with correct prepositions. (Refer to Appendix 1 for
prepositions following nouns.)
1. The reason his failure is his lack of interest in school.
2. A small car has several advantages a large one.
3. I have no doubt his honesty.
4. Watching too much television has some harmful effects children.
5. Despite mounting pressure for his resignation, he has no intention _ __
stepping down.
6. His indifference the problems of the poor drives me crazy.
7. Turkey's reliance___ imported oil is a major obstacle to its economic growth.
8. In spite of the continuing quest a cure for the disease, no visible
progress has yet been made.
9. The additional work put a great strain him.
10. He says he has lost faith. justice in this country.
11. With the advent compulsory education, large masses of people had an
opportunity to have formal education.
12. There has been a lot ofcontroversy this issue.
13. There has been much dispute the question of legalized abortion.
14. The Prime Minister reaffirmed his commitment the reform program.
15. We are quite optimistic about the prospects a peaceful solution to the
.conflict.
16. The opposition parties demanded equal access the state-run media.
17. His speech made a tremendous impact everyone.
·18. There is no scope advancement in this career.
19. That question is beyond the scope this book.
20. 'fhere has been a marked deterioration the patient's condition.
Mini Test on Nouns

1. The main ~ - - to progress is not technical but political.
a) prevention b) obstacle c) clash d) reverse
2. He clearly had no ___ of doing any work, although it was only a week till
the exam.
a) desire b) ambition c) willingness d) intention
3. The government has shown total ___ for the needs of the poor.
a) indifference b) lack of enthusiasm c) disregard d) apathy
4. Some people do not have ___ to education. As a result, they can't

develop intellectually.
a) prospect b) perseverance c) persistence d) access
5. There is no ___ for hard work and perseverance if you want to succeed.
a) alternative b),substitute c) equivalent d) imitation
380
II. Advanced Verbs
Exercise 5: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words taken from the list.
1. devote cope abound comprise stem
a) The oceans 70% of the Earth's surface.

b) Like farmers throughout the world, our farmers _ _ _ _ _ _ most of
their time to the pursuit of food.
c.) The fields in wild flowers.
d) Negative attitudes of some students towards their school _ _ _ _ __
from a fear of failure.
e) He is not able to______ with the pressures of modem life.
2. interferes enhances confirms deteriorates dominates
a) That man his family with very strict rules.

b) Good education the possibility of success.
c) Ill health with work, with leisure activities, with family
functioning and friendship interactions.
d) Leather rapidly in a hot, damp climate.
e) The latest information my belief that he is to blame.
3. reveals entitles persists inhibits intensifies
a) A microscope many forms of life that can't be seen with

the eyes alone.
b) Although caffeine has little effect on some people, for others it
_ _ _ _ _ _ sleep.
c) The ticket you to a free seat.
d) High humidity the discomfort of hot weather.
e) Despite the doctor's warni~gs he in smoking.
4. verify comply divert justify invert
a) You can _ _ _ _ _ _ your multiplication by division.

b~ You must the bottle and allow it to drain.
c) How can we · her thoughts from her sad loss?
d) You cannot your wrongdoing by saying that you were
obeying orders.
e) I cannot _ _ _ _ _ _ with your request out of hand; I must consider it
first.
381
5. intensified . gained abandoned emerged conflicted
a) The results indicated that the young people had great

political awareness over the years.
b) When a volcano erupted on a Pacific island, the residents _ _ _ _ __
their homes and possessions and left the island by boat.
c) Two interesting facts have from the investigation.
d) The police their efforts to apprehend criminals who are
still at large.
e) His ideas with the opinions of the rest of the group.
6. predominate appeal persist coincide entail
a) If you _ _ _ _ _ _ in ignoring my instructions, I shall have to punish

you.
b) My holidays do not with hers.
c) The job of a policeman does not to me.
d) Jobs that considerable physical strength are usually done
by men.
e) Oak trees _ _ _ _ _ _ in this forest.
7. exploit overestimate interact underestimate interfere
a) When people with each other, they communicate or work

together in a situation.
b) Dishonest companies their customers by offering poor-
quality merchandise at high prices.
c) American psychologists have shown that people the fre-
quency ( and therefore the danger) of the dramatic causes of death, i.e. air-
plane crashes and undramatic, unpublicized killers (like
smoking) which actually take a greater toll of life.
d) Don't in what doesn't concern you.
8. outweigh inhibit scrutinize boost utilize
a) Customs officers all incoming parcels. They examine each

parcel very carefully.
b) We can solar power as a source of energy.
c) In this case, the advantages far the disadvantages.
In other·words, the advantages are more than the disadvantages.
d) Shyness and lack of self-confidence a person from
expressing his ideas in public.
e) Further investments are needed to economic growth.
382
9. diagnose scrutinize curtail appraise refute
a) I was able to _ _ _ _ _ _ one of his statements, because I knew it to be

untrue.
b) He hired an expert to his land.
c) I had to my stay at the lake because of illness at home.
d) On account of recent forgeries, the bank-tellers have been asked to
_ _ _ _ _ _ all fifty-dollar bills.
e) As soon as the doctors were able to his ailment and pre-
scribe for it, my cousin made a quick recovery.
10. inhabit reverse surmount differentiate dispose
a) We have many obstacles to before we can start this project.

The success of the project depends on whether we can overcome them.
b) These birds an island in the South Pacific Ocean.
c) Sometimes we of old clothes by giving them away to poor
people.
d) If we the fraction 1/2, we have 2/1 or the whole number 2.
e) This company does not between men and women-everyone
is paid at the same rate.
11. sacrificed fulfilled employed deprived exposed
a) If a student is of financial means, he cannot continue

studying as he did before.
b) Blood will clot very quickly when it is to air.
c) Personal comforts and privileges should sometimes be for
the good of the community.
d) If nuclear weapons are , the world will be destroyed.
e) A world without war is an ideal which we shall never attain, a hope which
will never be . As long as human beings prefer to resolve
their conflicts by fighting, war is simply inevitable.
12. exerts contradicts contends ranks poses
a) This place as one of the best residential areas in the town.

b) In a political election each candidate that his or her ideas
are the best.
c) If a story the facts, it is probably a lie.
d) In addition to the force of gravity, air pressure a regular
force upon the human body.
e) The destruction of the Amazon rain forests a serious
threat to the earth's ecosystem.
383
/3. enhanced diverted disrupted adopted conceived
a) The Roman alphabet was in Turkey in 1928 instead of the

Arabic script.
b) The traffic was severely during the violent demonstrations.
c) The overturned trailer blocked the way, and the traffic was._ _ _ _ __
to side roads.·
d) In ancient times, the world was _ _ _ _ _ _ of as flat.
e) His already considerable reputation has been _ _ _ _ _ _ by his latest
novel.
14. associated untapped confined restrained underrated
a) Whisky is usually with Scotland.

b) · The role of women in European history has always been _ _ _ _ __
In other words, the role of women in society has always been
underestimated. · ·
c) The benefits of modern civilization are to a small
proportion of the world's population.
d) There are still vast reserves of oil under the sea.
e) The old woman had to be from entering the burning house
to get her valuable belongings.
15. retain attribute compel dominate suspend
e) People often many memories of childhood. They remember

them almost all their lives.
b) The fact that I'm your nephew does not me to adopt all the
principles you advocate.
c) We young people's mistakes to their ignorance and youth.
d) The U. N. Secretary General decided to relief flights to
the besieged city until further notice.
e) According to the laws of nature, the strong the weak .
. ~··
16. strive revive adhere ·subsist invade
a) Many people to the principles of democracy.

b) Increasing numbers of people on inadequate diets because
of rapid population growth.
c) You should to understand the entire sentence, not individual
words.
d) When bacteria the body, the result is either sickness, or a
bodily reaction that fights off disease.
e) We must interest in traditional crafts.
384
17. terminate expire evolve resort revert
a) I shall certainly _ _ _ _ _ _ the contract as soon as I can.

b) His term as secretary will next fall.
c) Since the roads are bad, we shall have to _ _ _ _ _ _ to our earlier plan
to travel by train.
d) We shall have to some scheme to raise funds.
e) If negotiations fail, we shall have to to strike action.
18. sustain interact contend prosecute shift
a) Any government which believes that it can this rate of

economic growth, is only deluding itself. It's virtually impossible to
maintain such a high growth rate.
b) Utilities that wish to from coal-fired power generation to
gas-fired power generation promote natural gas usage.
c) You can that you are right even when you are wrong.
d) .A child begins to with the world around him at a very ear-
ly stage of his life.
e) The police are going to all motorists who exceed the speed
limit.
19. strained disputed quoted unsubstantiated inhibited
a) It's a dangerous, absurd, and totally accusation.

b) The prices in your letter do not correspond with those in
the catalogue.
c) The relations between the two countries are because of a
border dispute.
d) The soldier's sense of duty his impulse to run away. It
prevented him from leaving his military unit.
e) Both sides claim this region is their territory. Consequently, there is bound°
to be a conflict over the area.
20. intrude diversify purchase differentiate secure
a) Our factory is trying to _ _ _ _ _ _ its range of products.

b) Many parents feel that the only way to a good education
for their children is to send them to private schools.
c) Employees are encouraged to shares in the firm.
d) Today many parents are trying not to between sons and
daughters in their treatment of their children.
e) I don't want to upon them if they are busy.
385
21. interfering surpassing abstaining pursuing accounting
a) Agriculture is the backbone of the economy, _ _ _ _ _ _ for 70% of

the country's gross national product.
b) I have kept myself fit all my life, _ _ _ _ _ _ from drink and tobacco.
c) The government managed to bring down inflation, a tight
monetary policy.
d) She caused the happy couple to separate, constantly _ _ _ _ _ in their
affairs.
e) Food production has increased substantially, _ _ _ _ __
all expectations.
22. abated disguised repudiated alleged abstained
a) Twenty- five people voted for the motion, twenty-one against, and three
b) They _ _ _ _ _ _ they had proof of his guilt.

c) He utterly all offers of friendship. He did not want to make
friends with anyone.
d) The thief _ _ _ _ _ _ himself as a policeman.
e) When the storm , we set off for our long journey.
23. restrained exerted surpassed abstained hampered
a) Larry wanted to hit Bill on the nose, but he himself

because he knew violence would not get him his money back.
b) Civil wars have severely the distribution of food to famine
victims in Somalia and Ethiopia.
c) The French revolution a powerful impact on the nature of
history and drastically changed the course of world development.
d) He from eating for five days.
e) Lung cancer has breast malignancies as the second
leading cause of death among women.
24. emerging undermining pertaining advocating ranging
a) He has come under sharp criticism for the U. N. policy.

b) Those such extreme measures are the radicals in the the
party.
c) The best way to learn is to teach. This is the message from
experiments in several elementary schools in England.
d) Observation satellites provide data from pollution
assessment to earthquake warnings and fisheries potential.
e) I'm interested in anything to folklore.
386
25. allotted undermined reaped revoked accumulated
a) He started buying paintings, and he gradually an

impressive collection of paintings by well-known artists.
b) The teacher work to each student.
c) He finally the benefit of all his years of hard work.
d) They withheld the news of the defeats on the front, because it would have
_ _ _ _ _ _ the soldier's morale.
e) His diploma was by the school.
26. relinquish assert attain impair conquer
a) John wishes to presidency of our club as soon as we find

someone to replace him. He seems to have made up his mind to resign.
b) I share the objectives which you advocate but I do not approve of the
measures through which you propose to them.
c) It took the invading army a long time to the area.
d) Although she was found guilty, she continued to her
innocence.
e) Loud noise can _ _ _ _ _ _ your hearing .
27. thrilled acquainted scared appalled granted
a) The children w e r e - - - - - - at the idea of going abroad for a

holiday.
b) He was well _ _ _ _ _ _ with sorrow, disappointment, and loneliness.
c) He was political asylum.
d) She was of slipping on the ice and breaking a limb.
e) He was by the scene of destruction.
28. withstand exploit intervene curb undertake
a) The South African government has declared a state of emergency to

_ _ _ _ _ _ the escalation of violence.
b) I will not promise to the task until I know what it entails.
c) Man began to deposits of stored fossil fuels in a thirst for
power which still prevails today.
d) It's best not to in other people's quarrels.
e) The dam must be strong enough to the pressure of
thousands of tons of water.
387
29. reconciled committed inclined unmatched justified
a) On second thoughts, I'm to agree with you.

b) Turkey is to the ideals of democracy.
c) Mobility in the United States is probably anywhere in the
world.
d) He is _ _ _ _ _ _ to his fate.
e) I'm completely in asking for her resignation.
30. integrate recount console presume correspond
a) Since she has not replied to my invitation, I _ _ _ _ _ _ that she will

not be present.
b) I have a great deal of studying to do, but I _ _ _ _ _ _ myself with the
thought that the summer holiday is near.
c) The footprints in the soft ground beneath the pear tree _ _ _ _ _ _ to
those in the flower bed .
d) The old man likes to his early adventures.
e) Local organizations play an important part in helping the individual
_ _ _ _ _ _ into the community.
31. alienate intervene sustain conceive compromise
a) It is better to _ _ _ _ _ _ than to continue the dispute any longer.

b) Water is necessary to life.
c) It's risky to between quarrelling couples.
d) It is wrong to children from their parents.
e) It's difficult to of living without electricity.
32. conquered retaliated receded inspired fostered
a) The Normans England in 1066.

b) When they refused to allow our exports into their country, we
_ _ _ _ _ _ by putting tax on goods from their country.
c) Little by little the flood waters_ _ _ _ __
d) The beautiful scenery the poet to write many poems.
e) The teacher an interest in current topics by posting
important items on the bulletin board.
388
33. strove endowed hinted likened allocated
a) That space has already been for building a new hospital.

b) Life can be to ajourney with an unknown destination.
c) He always to live within his income.
d) Nothing about her prior career that she could be as
deft and daring as Harold.
e) Nature had her with beauty and intelligence.
34. avert disperse dissuade exercise flee
a) I want to talk to Ali to him from getting married.

b) He braked hard to an accident.
c) The United States urged both sides to _ _ _ _ _ _ restraint.
d) The police used tear gas to the crowd.
e) Refugees continue to the besieged city, which comes under
heavy artillery attack every day. They want to reach safe areas.
35. unabated unidentified uncultivated unfulfilled unwarranted
a) I think it was a totally waste of public money.

b) The land is for the main part._ _ _ _ __
c) expectations may lead to frustration.
d) A policeman was shot dead by an gunman.
e) Violence continues . The police have been unable to do
anything about it.

1. He was _ _ _ from driving for a year.

a) prevented b) not allowed c) stopped d) banned
2. Unfortunately this model ___ to be the most unpopular the company had
ever produced.
a) developed b) marketed c) turned d) proved
3. When the truth about the blackmail attempt finally ___ we were all
astonished to hear who the culprit was.
a) evolved b) emerged c) arose d) issued
4. Any sportsman who does not ___ to the rules of amateurism in sport
will jeopardize his chances of competing in the Olympic Games.
a) apologize b) contribute c) conform d) object
389
5. The doctor prescribed tablets to help ___ the pain.
a) lighten b) calm c) relieve d) rid
6. As a result of careless washing, the jeans had ___ to a child's size.

a) shrunk b) faded c) reduced d) dwindled
7. At the beginning of the school year, every teacher is ___ a classroom.

a) allocated b) distributed c) sorted d) registered
8. Public works projects have not significantly ___ the unemployment

situation.
a) facilitated b) softened c) appeased d) alleviated
9. Buying a new car ___ much planning.

a) entails b) endorses c) values d) infers
10. His latest novel has ___ his already considerable reputation.
a) enhanced b) enlarged c) heightened d) expanded
11. In my opinion standards of workmanship have ___ over the years.

a) aggravated b) diminished c) deteriorated d) entailed
12. Your decision will ___ a great strain on our friendship.

a) impose b) propose c) expose d) suppose
13. Smith insisted on arguing with the referee, although the other players tried to
him.
a) inhibit b) refrain c) restrain d) hinder
14. I have ___ £100 from my bank account.

a) withdrawn b) extracted c) subtracted d) detached
15. You are not to ___ in any way for what has happened.
a) criticize b) blame c) reproach d) condemn
16. The new library system ___ a great success.

a) proved b) effected c) attained d) ended in
17. I still ___ it is a mistake to insist on constant economic growth.

a) find b) regard c) maintain d) judge
18. The postal services were ___ for several weeks by the strike.
a) disrupted b) perturbed c) disarrayed d) dispensed
390
19. All visitors are requested to ___ with the regulations.
a) agree b) comply c) assent d) consent
20. Financial worries gradually ___ his health and he was obliged to retire early.
a) undermined b) disabled c) exhausted d) invalidated
21. The two men argued so loudly that the police officer was forced to ___ .
a) intervene b) reckon c) amuse d) amaze
22. In the legal profession, men ___ women by five to one.

a) outnumber b) supersede c) overcome d) outclass
23. I intend to put into practice some of the techniques ___ in the seminar.
a) supported b) expressed c) advocated d) performed
24. This ticket ___ you to free meal in our new restaurant.
a) confers b) entitles c) grants d) credits
25. The achievements of modern science are difficult to ___ .

a) catch b) grasp c) seize d) hold
26. Put your hand in cold water. That will help to ___ the pain of the burn.
a) bear b) avoid c) relieve d) resist
27. Work should not be allowed to our lives.

a) overwhelm b) dominate c) domineer d) impose
28. All traffic is being ___ because of the military parades.

a) diverted b) converted c) changed d) altered
29. We believe that the cumulative effects of renewed prosperity will _ __

expectations.
a) overcome b) surpass c) undermine d) succeed
30. It's a good plan in theory; it ___ to be seen if it works in practice.

a) waits b) stays c) lacks d) remains
31. Numbers in the Latin evening class have ___ rather badly. We may have to
close it.
a) dwindled b) deteriorated c) reduced d) lessened
32. It is the responsibility of the police to ___ the law.

a) compel b) enforce c) force d) urge
391
33. I'm glad to say that the advantages of the plan _ _ the disadvantages.
a) overbalance b) overlook c) outweigh d) prevail
34. The police managed to ___ down the owner of the car by broadcasting a
message on the radio.
a) catch b) search c) trace d) track
35. We don't ___ any difficulty, but it's best to be on the safe side.
a) await b) hope c) anticipate d) wait for
36. She ___ the letter and put it in the envelope.

a) bent b) folded c) twisted d) wrinkled
37. The two statements each other.

a) invade b) emit c) abstract d) contradict
38. The tank of petrol was ___ by a carelessly discarded cigarette end.
a) lit up b) ignited c) exploded d) inflamed
39. Cloth is made from threads which have been _ _ _ together.

a) stitched b) shrunk c) woven d) sewn
40. Aylin ___ opposition from her parents when she said she would go on
holiday abroad with her friends.
a) encountered b) attained c) reached d) recounted
41. You'll find that the community has ___ great changes since you were here
last.
a) submitted b) undergone c) sustained d) experiment
42. The firm cannot fully ___ the phosphate mine unless it receives
financial help from the government.
a) incline b) exploit c) designate d) exhaust
43. The secretary ___ pressure by telephoning all the committee members and
asking for their support.
a) impelled b) unified c) constituted d) exerted
44. The flight was ___ for 3 o'clock exactly.

a) set b) timed c) scheduled d) settled
45. The bus driver acted with great presence of mind to ___a disaster.
a) evade b) avert c) turn off d) divert
392
46. Hotel rooms must be ___ by noon, but luggage may be left with the porter.
a) vacated b) evacuated c) abandoned d) left
47. Her visit to Istanbul ___ the happy memories of her first marriage.
a) recounted b) revitalized c) revived d) revoked
48. The decision was ___ to a later meeting.

a) cancelled b) arranged c) deferred d) delayed
49. Picasso ___ considerable recognition and success during his lifetime.
a) reinforced b) attained c) assumed d) absorbed
50. The guilty man tried to ___ his innocence.

a) comprehend b) assert c) emit d)invade
1. The manager asked the teen:.agers to leave the club because membership was
___ to people over 30.
a) integrated b) rejected c) restricted d) convened
2. At last night's concert, the audience ___ in age from 19 to 75.

a) interfered b) impelled c) obtained d) ranged
3. Slavery was ___ in the United States by Abraham Lincoln .

a) annulled b) suppressed c) cancelled d) abolished
4. Because his driving test is next week, Mark has to ___ his effort to learn
how to park in small spaces.
a) invert b) proceed c) intensify d) testify
5. John's actions do not always ___ to his words.

a) correspond b) adhere c) signify d) dedicate
6. He said he had a rather important piece of information to ___ to me.

a) impose b) imply c) impart d) inform
7. Expired passports are ___ so that they cannot be used.

a) endorsed b) invalidated c) nullified d) adopted
8. The people ___ against the cruel king and took control of the government.
a) processed b) functioned c) issued d) rebelled
393
9. Intense negotiations are taking place in Paris and London to ___ the dispute.
a) carry out b) resolve c) fulfill d) create
10. The police decided to ___ the department store after they had received a
bomb warning.
a) abandon b) evacuate c) evict d) expel
11. 'I know that you have an appointment in ten minutes, so I shall not ___ you
long, ' the professor remarked.
a) retard b) withhold c) postpone d) detain
12. Motorists ___ of speeding may be banned from driving for a year.
a) convicted b) arrested c) charged d) judged
13. The evidence that he has produced today his earlier statement.
a) deserves b) contradicts c) alienates d) averts
14. The Republican party's candidate ___ defeat in the small hours of the
morning.
a) conceded b) consented c) submitted d) granted
15. There was a sudden burst of shouting and a fight ___ .

a) pursued b) sued c) ensued d) insured
16. He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he ___ while in Africa.
a) infected b) complained c) gained d) contracted
17. There is no evidei:ce that any member of the Government is _ __

in the current scandals.
a) connected b) corrupted c) participated d) implicated
18. When Sylvia's father died, her boy friend was the first to ___ her.
a) confirm b) console c) commit d) invert
19. She ___ affection from her children but they neglected her shamefully.
a) yearned b) craved c) hungered d) desired .
20. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon ___ the older vessels in the
race.
a) outstripped b) caught up c) overran d) exceeded
394
III. Advanced Nouns
1. gap expectancy harvest autonomy relief
a) The guerrillas in the north are fighting for regional _ _ _ _ __

b) The aims of the medical profession are the maintenance of health and the
_ _ _ _ _ _ of suffering.
c) Farmers hope for a good wheat this year.
d) Life for men is about 78 years in Japan.
e) There is often a wide between our expectations and their
fulfillment.
2. trend trait outcome output violation
a) Generosity is the most outstanding _ _ _ _ _ _ in his character.

b) There is a severe penalty for any of the regulation.
c) You could double the of your factory, if yc'J used mod-
ern machinery.
d) The high standing she obtained in her examinations is the _ _ _ _ __
of hard study.
e) A notable of the latter half of the twentieth century is the in-
creasing use of automation.
3. settlement emergence preservation access prospect
a) Both sides expressed willingness for the peaceful _ _ _ _ _ _ of the

crisis.
b) The of psychology as a science was partly stimulated by
developments in philosophy.
c) Since forests are of vital importance, their is important
for the future generations.
d) The of promotion provides enough incentive for most
people to work hard.
e) Students need to a good library.
4. advent drawback assessment impairment destination
a) If a simple earache is not properly cared for, a permanent _ _ _ _ __

may result.
b) We reached our much earlier than we expected.
c) The only of the plan is that it costs too much.
d) The of spring pleases everyone.
e) There has to be a clear of the country's social and economic
needs for the success of this project.
395
5. impact diversity emphasis extension advocate
a) The advent of the computer has had a great _ _ _ _ __ on modern

life.
b) My driver's licence has expired, so I need an ______
c) Mary has a of interests. She is interested in many different
things.
d) He is regarded as a leading _ _ _ _ _ _ of political reform.
e) Our teacher lays great on vocabulary.
6. utilization justification succession disruption reputation
a) The of alternative sources of energy, such as wind energy,

and wave power will reduce man's dependence on fossil fuels.
b) There is no for his bad conduct.
c) He has the of being a tough manager. He manages the
company with very strict rules.
d) He has been awarded first prize for his paintings three years in
e) Extreme inflation may lead to a major _ _ _ _ _ _ in the social order.
7. shortcomings privileges incentives measures initiatives
a) He was very conscious of his _ _ _ _ _ _ . He knew he lacked certain

skills required for his job.
b) The police took strict security _ _ _ _ _ _ in and around the town.
c) He wants all the of membership without any
responsibilities or obligations.
d) The government is making some fresh to try to resolve the
dispute.
e) At present there are few for workers to work hard.
8. perception wisdom leave essence frustration
a) may result from many different things: feelings of

inadequacy, poverty, failure, or lack of a warm relationship with parents.
b) Everyone's of the events leading up to the fight was more
or less the same.
c) He was granted three months' of absence on full pay.
d) Caution in general is the beginning of ______
e) The of a technological society is its ability to use sources
of energy other than muscle power.
396
9. modification interaction inhibitions deterioration imposition
a) The architect had to make one slight in his plans.

b) The of economic sanctions against Iraq prior to the Gulf
war did not produce the desired result.
c) Industrialization can cause _ _ _ _ _ _ of the environment.
d) There is a need for more _ _ _ _ _ _ between teachers and students
for better education.
e) The child is free from _ _ _ __ He can simply do anything.
10. discrimination figure mobility prospect consistency
a) Our laws prohibit against any form of religious practice or

belief. People are entitled to practice any religion they believe in.
b) The ofrecovering the stolen goods now seems relatively
bright. It seems likely that we'll get them back soon.
c) He emerged from the crisis as a major political _ _ _ _ __
d) A total lack of and judgement is known to be
symptomatic of mental illness.
e) Low-cost air travel to all parts of the world has greatly increased the
_ _ _ _ _ _ of the world's population.
11. impetus credibility invasion interference intensity
a) Encouraging words from the coach gave the team the they
needed in order to win.
b) The of sound is measured in decibels.
c) I wanted to do the job on my own without outside or help. I
didn't want anybody to tell me what to do.
d) The of Poland by Hitler's army started the Second World
War.
e) Someone who tells lies or who cannot be trusted has lost his or
her_ _ _ _ __
12. disposal dispute ignorance retention innovation
a) One of the many problems involved in the use of nuclear energy is the
of radioactive waste materials.
b) of the law is no excuse. We are responsible for obeying the
law whether we know it or not.
c) A recent _ _ _ _ _ _ in our school is a magazine edited by the senior
students.
d) There has been much _ _ _ _ _ _ over the question oflegalized
abortion.
e) _ _ _ _ _ _ of urine is a symptom of kidney failure.
397
13. justice case media agenda medium
a) They have at last received compensation for their injuries, so

_ _ _ _ _ _ has been done.
b) As is the _ _ _ _ _ _with children and adults, adolescents need to love
and to be loved, to have new experiences, to achieve recognition, to be inde-
pendent, and to satisfy physical needs.
c) English is the of instruction at METU.
d) Access to mass , particularly to television, enables people
to keep track of current developments in world politics.
e) The maintenance of peace in the world is high on the again.
14. burden purchase ambition congestion scale
a) He tried to cope with the ever-increasin of his work, but

he finally broke down and had to take a complete rest.
b) The tax of a small car is considerably less than that of a big
model.
c) In very narrow streets traffic builds up and great is created.
d) His one in life was to make money and become the richest
man in his town.
e) The project was undertaken on a large _ _ _ _ __
15. prevalence prerequisite deference futility rebellion
a) Adolescence is often a period of and rage. Adolescents are

ready to shout back whenever you scold them.
b) The of these errors among Turkish students is largely due
to mother tongue interference.
c) A degree is a for employment at this level.
d) A young person's to an old person is expected in many
cultures.
e) Mary felt that the situation was hopeless, and the of her
efforts bothered her a great deal.
16. deduction deficit conception regard acquisition
a) Mary's of a perfect holiday was different from that of her

husband's.
b) In calculating your income tax, you are allowed to make a _ _ _ _ __
for medical expenses.
c) Tax was low and government spending was high, resulting in a budget
d) I have a high _ _ _ _ _ _ for your parents.

e) Language is a slow process.
398
17. priority fluctuations defect famine extent
a) The full _ _ _ _ _ _ of the casualties has only recently begun to

emerge.
b) The Secretary General of the United Nations has made famine-relief his top
c) Changes in the economy's structure can cause large in its

growth rate.
d) The engine has a . That's why it doesn't function properly.
e) The long drought was followed by months of , as a result
of which many people starved to death .
18. refutation exploitation acceleration justification retention
a) For a long time there was neither confirmation nor of

these speculations.
b) In the arid deserts of Australia there are vast mountains of iron ore so
inaccessible that their has only been begun in recent years.
c) In of his conduct he said that he was merely obeying
orders.
d) He suffers from fluid. _ _ _ _ __
e) The most familiar example of motion with nearly constant ______
is that of a body falling toward the earth.
19. span intensity battle genius challenge
a) He has a very short attention ______

b) Sounds can be described in terms of their frequency, and
length.
c) As a school boy he showed every sign of being a _ _ _ _ __
d) After a decisive ground our forces captured the
strategically important town.
e) Man's greatest is the conquest of space.
20. utility interaction distinction facility exposure
a) refers to the mutual or reciprocal influences that

two or more persons exert on one another through the use of
symbols, gestures, and so on.
b) The between correct and incorrect reasoning is the
central problem that logic deals with.
c) Some diseases result from to toxic substances.
d) Value is largely dependent on _ _ _ _ __
e) He has a great for learning languages.
399
21. prosperity habitat justification essence coincidence
a) I know he is upset, but that is no for his rude behavior.

b) By a strange , my friend and I, who had not seen each other
for more than ten years, shared the same seat on a bus.
c) The natural of lions is Africa, particularly Kenya.
d) A country which enjoys is one which is wealthy and
successful.
e) Competition is the of all games.
22. reverse incentive abundance drawback impetus
a) Heat always flows from a hot body to a cooler body, never the_ _ _ __
b) The to create new devices is inherent in human beings.
c) There was an of food at the party.
d) Money is used as an to encourage workers to work harder
e) The great to living on a main road is the constant noise.
23. privileges commitments tracks inhibitions circumstan ·s
a) He has no _ _ _ _ _ _ about performing in public.

b) One of the of belonging to the club is that you can use its
tennis courts.
c) We inquired about the precise _ _ _ _ _ _ surrounding the arrest.
d) Turkey is determined to fulfill its to the alliance.
e) There were tyre in the snow.
24. dwellers concessions hostilities allegations grounds
a) City cannot often eat fresh food.

b) Some people oppose birth control on religious _ _ _ _ __
c) Both sides wanted a cessation of . They wanted the war to
come to an end.
d) If the _ _ _ _ _ _ against him prove correct, he'll lose his job.
e) I'm prepared to make some on minor details, but I cannot
compromise on fundamentals.
25. assets proceedings attributes commodities discrepancies
a) His include a house, a car and some money in the bank.

b) Outstanding courage was one of Hercules'_ _ _ _ __
c) There were some in his various accounts.
d) Coal, oil and iron are that no country can do without.
e) The of the meeting were kept secret.
400
26. scrutiny consistency pretext consensus appeal
a) A minister's actions come under continuous _ _ _ _ _ _ in the press.

b) He came to the house under the _of seeing Mr. Miller, but he
really wanted to see his daughter.
c) You lack . You say one thing and do another.
d) The job of a policeman has no for me. I'm not interested in
such a job at all.
e) There is broad _ _ _ _ _ _ in the country on this issue.
27. taste shortcomings concessions tracks diversity
a) We followed his through the snow.

b) Despite the of the nuclear family, there is little evidence to
suggest that it will be abandoned in the near future.
c) Geographically, California's is breathtaking and its coast-
line is no exception. There is a wide variety of plants.
d) Although the South African government made substantial _ _ _ _ __
the leaders of African National Congress refused to resume negotiations.
e) Her house is furnished in excellent _ _ _ _ __
28. faith bulk resentment evasion gravity
a) Tax is a common phenomenon.

b) He doesn't seem to understand the of the situation.
c) A sincere believer will refuse to compromise in matters of _ _ _ _ __
and conscience.
d) There is widespread against the management over the way
they have ignored all our demands.
e) The of the work has now been done.
29. course impediment propensity imminence infrastructure
a) John's record in making important decisions was not a good one. He had a
for making mistakes.
b) The main to development is the country's huge foreign
debts.
c) Your wisest would be to save money and purchase some
land.
d) The of their exams made them work harder.
e) The of a country is the basic structure on which it is built,
such as the facilities, services and equipment needed for it to function
properly.
401
30. dexterity impediment prominence discretion predicament
a) He has gained great in the country thanks to his

unprecedented research.
b) My friend's slight build is no to his athletic achievements.
c) When something went wrong with our car, we were miles away from the
nearestgarage. What a !
d) When studying for your examinations, you must use your ______
as to how much time you spend on each subject.
e) Women have greater manual than men.
31. insight zenith ailment solitude calamity
a) My teacher has given me an _ _ _ _ _ _ into English literature.

b) Robinson Crusoe lived in on a desert island until he was
joined by his man Friday.
c) Experts say that a week of wet weather in the middle of the harvest
would be a _ _ _ _ __
d) He was at the_ _ _ _ _ _ of his political career when he died in an
airplane crash.
e) The from which he was suffering could not have been seri-
ous; he recovered as soon as school was over.
32. motive token instinct inspiration warrant
a) The police are working on the assumption that robbery was the
_ _ _ _ _ _ of the crime.
b) We have a to search the premises.
c) They gave the retiring president a gold watch as a______ of their
esteem.
d) M aternal will often cause a mother cat to try to fight other
cats. She thinks her kittens are in danger.
e) The poet drew his from the beautiful scenery on the
island.
33. resort resistance toll esteem proponent
a) We shall use force only as a last ______

b) The demonstrators offered little to the police.
c) He is held in high in his community.
d) The death in the earthquake was very high.
e) He is a _ _ _ _ _ _ of free university education.
402
Test on Advanced Nouns - Set 1

1. The actor guarded his privacy by avoiding ___ as much as possible.
a) publicity b) ambition c) annoyance d) confidence
2. In the allotment of the new lab equipment, ___ was given to schools with
below average budgets.
a) conformity b) priority c) access d) acceptability
3. Every thing the British Royal family has is due to a(n) ___ of birth.
a) opportunity b) privilege c) chance d) coincident
4. An eclipse of the sun or moon is a fascinating natural ___ to watch.

a) environment b) phenomenon c) magnitude d) similarity
5. By traveling, reading and studying, the scholar devoted all his time to the
_ _ of knowledge.
a) acquisition b) variation c) restoration d) cessation
6. Urban ___ could no doubt be relieved somewhat by a reduction in public

transport fares.
a) jamming b) accumulation c) congestion d) blockage
7. I was very worried about the examination and it was a great ___ to hear that
I had passed.
a) news b) relief c) reward d) escape
8. Despite being a layman, he has an excellent ___ of the biological principles

involved.
a) grip b) cognizance c) grasp d) hold
9. All six TV channels provide extensive ___ of sporting events.

a) vision b) coverage c) broadcast d) network
10. Dr. Smith uses student volunteers as ___ for his experiments.
a) subjects b) models c) cases d) agents
11. Now that we've identified the problem, we must decide on an appropriate
course of
a) action b) progress c) solution d) development
12. The judge gave him a 4-year prison ___ for his crime.
a) time b) punishment c) sentence d) period
403
13. Billy considered it a great ___ to be able to get a BA on the exam.
a) commitment b) accomplishment c) involvement d) adjustment
14. In his closing ___ , the Chairman thanked all those who had contributed to
the success of the occasion.
a) address b) debate c) discussion d) revision
15. So far, the police have been able to find no ___ of the missing documents.
a) piece b) evidence c) indication d) trace
16. After the accident with the printing machine, she was awarded £1,000 in
___ by the firm.
a) restitution b) recompense c) compensation d) restoration
17. Jane buys all the fashion magazines, and she always tries to dress in _ __
with the latest styles.
a) confirmation b) conformity c) connection d) variation
18. We are offering a substantial ___ for information leading to the capture of
this murderer.
a) premium b) compensation c) remuneration d) reward
19. John does not find that his new job provides him sufficient ___ for his ability.
a) capacity b) opening c) range d) scope
20. They were awaiting official ___ of the news they had heard from a friend.
a)statement b) recommendation c) confirmation d) announcement
21. Okan always wants to be the best at anything but I don't have such high
a) superstitions b) inspirations c) restrictions d) aspirations
22. Unchecked inflation could cause total economic

a) distortion b) distraction c) discomposure d) disruption
23. The border incident led to a in the relations between the two countries.
a) deterioration b) decomposition c) destitution d) depreciation
24. The meteorological office says there is little ___ of rain in the near future.
a) forecast b) foresight c) outlook d) prospect
25. One of the essentials of freedom is free to accurate information.

a) entry b) entrance c) access d) approach
404
26. Some television programs have had to be changed on account of an industrial
a) row b) action c) dispute d) conflict
27. I resented his ___ in my affairs.

a) interference b) persistence c) insistence d) indifference
28. There is no ___ for hard work and perseverance if you want to succeed.
a) alternative b) substitute c) equivalent d) imitation
29. The government wants to avoid armed ___ at all costs.

a) intervention b) dispute c) contest d) interference
30. The oil industry has brought great ___ to Saudi Arabia.
a) procession b) prosperity c) sufficiency d) unification
31. A television documentary on crime has given a ___ to sales of security

equipment.
a) boom b) burst c) thrust d) boost
32. During World War II, Germany and Italy were ___ .
a) allies b analogies c) immigrants d) orbits
33. My job is so enjoyable and generously paid that I have little ___ to look for
promotion elsewhere.
a) incitement b) influence c) incentive d) instigation
34. It was felt that he lacked the ___ to pursue a difficult task to the very end.
a) persuasion b) commitment c) engagement d) obligation
35. In World War II, the Allies suffered a long ___ of defeats before they final-
ly achieved victory.
a) succession b) prosperity c) publicity d) unity
36. Mr. O'Grady was afraid that he might set a ___ if he wore his Bermuda
shorts to church.
a) precedent b) proportion c) summary d) vacancy
37. The ___ of the cold in the Arctic is so great that the temperature sometimes
drops to -50 F.
a) variety b) intensity c) interval d) range
38. It was a great ___ to go up in a helicopter for the first time.

a) rise b) incident c) thrill d) suspense
405
39. He encountered many problems, but thanks to his ___ he was able to
achieve his goal.
a) intervention b) persistence c) insistence d) reverence
40. He gets a great sense of ___ from his work with the mentally handicapped.
a) fulfilment b) affection c) protection d) prosperity
41. The most important ___ that he was responsible for was the use of video in
teaching.
a) novelty b) innovation c) reformation d) introduction
42. The authors tried to meet the ___ . However, there were only twenty-four
hours remaining. They knew it would be impossible now to complete the novel.
a) train b) press c) deadline d) publisher
43. The police feel that the increasing problem of juvenile ___ is as much a
responsibility of the parents as it is of the police.
a) circumstance b) consequence c) delinquency d) density
44. Research suggests that heavy penalties do not act as a ___ to potential
criminals.
a) deterrent b) safeguard c) prevention d) distraction
45. He hasn't any ___ about telling lies if it'll further his interests.
a) inhibitions b) restraints c) obstructions d) impedances
46. The book, which is designed to appeal to the layman, is a condensed

of the writer's earlier work.
a) production b) representative c) version d) subscription
47. The noise coming from the street was a serious ___ for the students trying to
concentrate on their exam papers.
a) dismay b) entertainment c) distraction d) joy
48. He doesn't like me; I can feel his _ __

a) hospitality b) hostility c) assumption d) dismay
49. The ___ of our business is done by mail order.

a) mass b) bulk c) range d) gross
50. If production in that factory exceeds the target, the workers get a ___ .
a) bonus b) gratuity c) donation d) subsidy
406
Test on Advanced Nouns - Set 2
1. The lorry overturned in the middle of the road and brought the traffic to a
a) closure b) conclusion c) standstill d) stoppage
2. The United Nations could not agree on which country was guilty of committing
the first act of ___ .
a) credibility b) aggression c) density d) accuracy
3. Because the ___ between the first speech and the second was much too
long, the audience became restless.
a) instinct b) interval c) similarity d) status
4. After analyzing the dust, scientists found a small but definite ___ of radioac-
tive carbon.
a) plot b) label c) trace d) shift
5. The sudden change of policy represented an unexpected ___ in the govern-

ment's foreign policy.
a) transfer b) shift c) orbit d) function
6. It was such a ___ when Pat and Mike met each other in Tokyo. Each
thought that the other was still in Hong Kong.
a) convention b) consistence c) distinction d) coincidence
7. The hijackers took seven ___ before releasing the rest of the passengers.
a) prisoners b) hostages c) witnesses d) slaves
8. The ___ of television on young children has been debated frequently, as

parents and educators feel that it can do much harm
a) application b) impact c) cost d) color
9. The library is a big one, and there are books to suit all ___ .
a) desires b) tastes c) ideas d) likes
10. One of the problems local authorities have to deal with is the ___ of plastic
containers.
a) dispersal b) disposition c) disposal d) dissolution
11. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of

eighteenth century houses from ___ .
a) disruption b) destruction c) demolition d) dismantling
407
12. Because of an unfortunate ___ , your order was not dispatched by the date
requested.
a) hindrance b) oversight c) negligence d) transgression
13. They could find no ___ of the missing car despite an extensive search.
a) clue b) remnant c) indication d) trace
14. He had a(n) ___ for singing popular songs.

a) talent b) skill c) knack d) ability
15. He made money not as a (n) ___ in itself but in order to carry out his
philanthrophic schemes.
a) aim b) end c) result d) ambition
16. Their standard of living is barely above ___ line.

a) subsistence b) assistance c) welfare d) poverty
17. The main ___ to progress is not technical but political.

a) prevention b) obstacle c) clash d) reverse
18. He clearly had no ___ of doing any work, although it was only a week till
the exam.
a) desire b) ambition c) willingness d) intention
19. The government has shown a total ___ for the needs of the poor.
a) indifference b) lack of enthusiasm c) disregard d) apathy
20. Some people do not have ___ to education. As a result, they can't develop
intellectually.
a) prospect b) perseverance c) persistence d) access
408
IV. Advanced Adjectives
1. unjustifiable abundant reliant genuine mutual
a) Turkey is on imported oil.

b) It is important that people from different cultures come to understand each
other and develop trust. Only when people trust each other
is international cooperation possible.
c) We have proof of his guilt. In other words, there is ample
evidence against him.
d) Mybagismadeof _ _ _ _ _ _ leather.
e) His behavior was quite_ _ _ _ __
2. interim leading severe prosperous preliminary
a) He is a businessman. In fact, he is one of the wealthiest

people in this country.
b) We must hold a contest to decide which athletes are to rep-
resent our school.
c) His external appearance did not reveal his psychological
problems. He had very serious problems, indeed.
d) The full report isn't ready yet, but you can see the report.
e) He is one of the · proponents of social and economic
reforms.
3. conducive incompatible abundant sole susceptible
a) He is the representative of our firm in Turkey. We don't

have any other agents representing us in Turkey.
b) To be to study, a room should be quiet and well lit.
c) The Syrian diplomat was expelled as he was involved in activities
_ _ _ _ _ _ with his status.
d) Far more than anyone thought a decade ago, natural gas is
the cleanest hydrocarbon available.
e) This bone disease thins the bones of the patient and makes them
_ _ _ _ _ _ to fractures.
409
4. vulnerable persistent apt inconsistent accessible
a) Library books are to all university students, but not all stu-
dents take advantage of this accessibility.
b) A hungry lion is to be aggressive.
c) Areas most to droughts are located in the sparsely inhabit-
ed central part of the country where it rarely rains.
d) He has a cough. He can't get rid of it despite all the medi-
cines he has taken up till now.
e) Their behavior was with their views.
5. identical appreciable ineffectual unprecedented pertinent
a) The government's foreign policy is because it hasn't been

able to produce any significant result.
b) In South America an phenomenon is reported: icebergs
off the shore of Uruguay. Never have icebergs been seen in the area before.
c) Because the twins wear clothes, one can hardly distinguish
between them.
d) There has been an rise in the cost ofliving since last year.
e) She asked the teacher several highly questions.
6. bound adverse substantial primitive indispensable
a) Despite the deteriorating economic situation in the country, the government

has public support.
b) Higher energy costs seem certain to have an effect on the
economy.
c) He is _ _ _ _ _ _ to fail the exam unless he studies hard.
d) _ _ _ _ _ _ societies were characterized by their reliance on face to
face verbal communication as none of the modern communication devices
were available.
e) Your help is _ _ _ _ _ _ for the success of the project.
7. addictive successive disruptive intensive respective
a) He has a influence on other children. He encourages them

to disobey rules and regulations.
b) negotiations are taking place in several capitals to find a
peaceful solution to the conflict.
c) Hans and Bill said good-bye to each other and went to their_ _ _ _ __
countries. While the former went to Germany, the latter went to England.
d) We had rain last week on four days.
e) Cocaine is . Once you start using it, it is difficult to stop.
410
8. prospective trivial potent resolute malignant
a) She is married to a Member of Parliament.

b) Do not bother the manager with such a matter; refer it to
one of his assistants.
c) If you are in your purpose, you will surely succeed.
d) There is a new drug which counteracts the effects of
malaria.
e) For some illnesses, penicillin is considered to be more_ _ _ _ _ _ than
other medicines.
9. rudimentary legitimate prospective adept contagious
a) He is at getting himself out of difficult situations.

b) I have only a knowledge of chemistry.
c) Every parent has heard about, and most likely feared, 'the
Rh Factor' in blood types.
d) Persons who have contracted diseases must be isolated.
e) The P.L.O. must be recognized as the sole, representative
of the Palestinian people.
10. delicate sheer feasible inherent uneasy
a) This is a very _ _ _ _ _ _ machine, and maintenance and repairs are

costly.
b) Risks are _ _ _ _ _ _ in an enterprise.
c) I felt at the thought of her going home alone at the late
hour.
d) He found him by chance.
e) Thanks to highly sophisticated communication devices, precise communi-
cation at a distance is now _ _ _ _ __
11. uniform apprehensive indifferent indignant disposable
a) King C. Gillette designed the first _ _ _ _ _ _ razor blade.

b) I'm very of the outcome.
c) He was at what I said.
d) Children fail to progress if their parents seem _ _ _ _ _ _ to their suc-
cess.
e) The air conditioning maintains a _ _ _ _ _ _ temperature throughout
the building.
411
12. inverse transparent tentative intact tangible
a) Glass is a substance which allows light to pass through.

b) The number of copies the paper sells seems to be in pro-
portion to the news it contains.
c) We've made plans for a holiday but haven't decided any-
thing certain yet.
d) He can scarcely survive this scandal with his reputation _ _ _ _ __
He is bound to lose his popularity.
e) His brief rule as Prime Minister brought few benefits to
the poor.
13. thrifty flourishing trivial corresponding sceptical
a) A housewife never wastes food.

b) Don't let such a matter as this come between us.
c) By thirty years of hard work he built up a business.
d) Profits for the first three months are 60% higher than in the _ _ _ _ __
period of last year.
e) Initially, I was a bit about the quality of the product.
14. intricate rigid premature unanimous instrumental
a) In our school there is a rule that we move quietly from one

classroom to another.
b) Visitors to Turkey are delighted by the designs of Turkish
carpets.
c) The senator was in launching a campaign for the relief of
the poor.
d) Children who eat the proper food rarely suffer from decay
of the teeth.
e) He was elected Club President by a _ _ _ _ _ decision.
15. strict inferior grave requisite content
a) Vigorous efforts should be made to alert people to the _ _ _ _ __

effects which may stem from an excessively noisy environment.
b) He was very with his children. He set up very rigid rules
for them to obey.
c) He is _ _ _ _ _ _ to stay in his present job.
d) He hasn't got the qualifications for this job.
e) A camel is greatly to an elephant in strength.
412
Te::,t on Advanced Adjectives

I. I wished that I could cry but, because of my upbringing I was too _ _
a) shy b) inhibited c) rigid d) prevented
2. Your story is a highly plausible one, but it cannot be considered _ __

evidence.
a) insufficient b) compulsory c) conclusive d) invalid
3. A cat with two heads was a(n) ___ addition to the show.
a) literate b) unique c) attractive d) common
4. Ours is a ___ village, and some of the houses are in very lonely positions.
a) scattered b) extended c) spread d) diffused
5. The ___ wording of the question baffled the students.

a) ambiguous b) explicit c) legible d) definitive
6. Some ___ English teachers have no valid qualifications or experience.

a) so- called b) so-mentioned c) so-saying d) so-named
7. So-called economic laws may be ___ to our society, but they aren't to all
societies.
a) valid b) applicable c)sound d) apt
8. The whole place needs ___ cleaning.

a) a full b) an utter c) a thorough d) an entire
9. The play was a success beyond her ___ dreams.

·a) longest b) most vivid c) uttermost d) wildest
IO. Dogs have such an ___ sense of smell that they can track a person after sev-
eral days.
a) ultimate b) acute c) ethnic d) external
11. The government should be ___ of making promises of higher living stan-
dards that it may not be able to keep.
a) hesitant b) cautious c) wary d) considerate
12. I imagine he will be quite ___ to stop us.

a) capable b) feasible c) potent d) keen
13. She speaks the language with a ___ accent.

a) stiff b) marked c) severe d) notable
413
14. Forgive me saying so, but you are talking ___ nonsense.
a) utter b) mere c) entire d) extreme
15. Seemingly ___ crowds of tourists invade our cities in the summer.
a) innumerable b) endless c) countless d) unbound
16. The Opposition is accusing the Minister of making a deliberately _ __

statement.
a) diverting b) misguiding c) faulty d) misleading
17. He hasn't the ___ idea of the problems involved.

a) weakest b) faintest c) most minute d) feeblest
18. Try not to say anything hurtful to her. She is a very ___ person.
a) sensible b) sensitive c) tender d) delicate
19. The arguments in favour of the compulsory wearing of seat belts seem _ __
enough but they are really only further excuses for depriving us of our liberty.
a) apt b) proper c) sound d) thorough
20. Many countries have replaced their conventional weapons by ___ modern
ones.
a) sophisticated b) outdated c) obsolete d) old-fashioned
21. The troops may run out of fuel, but they have ___ supplies of food.
a) finite b) inexhaustible c) limited d) inadequate
22. There is ___ to be a serious energy crisis in the next century unless we learn
how to utilize solar energy more efficiently.
a) reputed b) known c) bound d) foreseen
23. The basic theory of government rests on the assumption that men have naturally
interests.
a) competitive b) conflicting c) contradictory d) contentious
24. A small cabin was ___ through the trees.

a) visible b) sharp c) instinctive d) eligible
25. Although only ___ incident, it made the front page in all the newspapers.
a) a casual b) a flimsy c) an immaterial d) a trivial
26. Very ___ security measures are being taken for the president's visit.
a) tight b) hard c) strong d) stiff
27. You are not ___ to join this club unless you are 18 or over.
a) available b) eligible c) legitimate d) permissible
414
28. Did the robber have ___ knowledge that our neighbors weren't at home?
a) immediate b) prior c) fragrant d) commercial
29. You can't expect people to be perfect. We're all ___ .

a) defective b) fallacious c) fallible d) faulty
30. The new engine has been subjected to ___ tests.

a) total b) far-reaching c) pressing d) exhaustive
31. The ___ question in this case is whether the accused had a motive for this
crime or not.
a) forcible b) crucial c) valuable d) supreme
32. Has he changed his mind again? I wish he'd at least be ___ .
a) constant b) congenial c) compatible d) consistent
33. I can't possibly mark your homework; your handwriting is ___ .

a) illogical b) illicit c) illusive d) illegible
34. Most human beings are ___ to kindness.

a) sensible b) susceptible c) vulnerable d) impressionable
35. She has studied so hard for the examination that she's ___ to pass it.
a) bound b) liable c) possible d) apt
36. After months of bitter arguing the couple had to accept that they were ___ .
a) incongruous b) incompatible c) dissident d) disaffected
37. Some schools have very _ _ _ rules of behavior which must be obeyed.
a) strong b) strict c) solid d) straight
38. I've been trying to contact you for days but you seem to be very _ _
a) inaccessible b) exclusive c) evasive d) elusive
39. The inspector reported that office staff were rather ___ in their attention to
security.
a) lenient b) lax c) loose d) limp
40. This ___ invention of yours should make you rich.

a) genial b) talented c) genius d) ingenious
41. Unfortunately, I'm rather ___ to forgetfulness in my old age.

a) apt b) prone c) open d) prey
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42. You should easily recognize Ms.Sanchez if you see her. She has a very _ __
mark on her left cheek.
a) alternative b) coincidental c) distinctive d) deniable
43. What the company needs is a ___ actor who can take on a variety of roles.
a) variable b) changeable c) versatile d) diverse
44. He's an exceptionally ___ violinist and has won several prizes in
international competitions.
a) gifted b) artful c) ingenious d) competent
45. Ali put ___ tape over his bandage.

a) various b) adhesive c) coherent d) ignorant
46. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was ___ pleasure to be working
out of doors.
a) plain b) mere c) simple d) sheer
47. Teenagers are known to be ___ . Alicia was different. She always listened to
her parents.
a) obedient b) rebellious c) energetic d) active
48. Because of the development of lightweight, ___ cameras, television report-

ers can televise news wherever and whenever it is happening.
a) visual b) mobile c) absorbent d) viable
49. The police had only ___ evidence in their case against the prisoner. There
were no specific clues or definite proof of her guilt.
a) accurate b) classic c) circumstantial d) delinquent
50. When Benjamin caught a ___ disease, none of his friends were allowed to
visit him.
a) consequent b) contagious c) capable d) plausible
V. Advanced Adverbs
1. initially thoroughly mutually barely progressively

a) , she opposed the plan, but later she changed her mind.
b) You've made a good decision, and I approve of it.
c) The two beliefs are exclusive; if you hold one of them you
can't hold the other.
d) English changed as human knowledge became _ _ _ _ _ _ more com-
plex over a period of time.
e) I caught the train. I nearly missed it.
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2. consecutively dexterously predominantly adversely hastily
a) Do not study French and English._ _ _ _ _ _ ; they may interfere with

one another.
b) The voters were _ _ _ _ _ _ in favor of the government.
c) A magician who performs can deceive the eye.
d) Disgusted by what we had seen, we withdrew from the
crowd.
e) Job performance can be affected by loud noise , especially
if accuracy and mental effort are involved.
3. proportionately allegedly mutually overwhelmingly persistently
a) The M.P's voted _ _ _ _ _ _ in favor of the bill.

b) He denied the charges made against him.
c) , he is the key figure in drug trafficking.
d) He enjoyed a respectful relationship with them.
e) more smokers than nonsmokers die of lung cancer.
4. substantially cautiously strictly roughly accordingly
a) The best kind of soil for farmers and gardeners is one containing sand and
clay in equal quantities.
b) Your contribution helped us _ _ _ _ __
c) The P. L. 0. is reacting to the latest US initiative to resume
the peace talks.
d) This arrangement is to be kept confidential.
e) Please inform us of your decision and we'll act _ _ _ _ __
5. extensively justifiably regrettably desperately disproportionately
a) Scientists are seeking a cure for AIDS.

b) Babies often seem to have large heads.
c) John went on a picnic with his friends without getting permission from his
parents so they were angry with him.
d) The Gulf War was covered by CNN and the BBC. The two
major TV networks gave wide coverage to the war.
e) , terrorist raids are increasing
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Test on Advanced Adverbs

1. You must stick ___ to the plan whatever happens.
a) severely b) rigidly c) strongly d) utterly
2. This museum has more visitors than ___ any other in the world.
a) really b) practically c) actually d) utterly
3. I must impress upon you that the whole report is ___ confidential.
a) severely b) purely c) utterly d) strictly
4. You are ___ responsible for this tragic outcome. It is you who are to blame
for this disaster.
a) solely b) enthusiastically c) favorably d) reluctantly
5. Her salary was _ _ increased when she was promoted.

a) consistently b) predominantly c) efficiently d) substantially
6. A lion is ___ larger than a cat.

a) rather b) slightly c) considerably d) very
7. The world's governments have done ___ nothing to combat the threat of
nuclear accidents.
a) nearly b) virtually c) as well as d) barely
8. When asked why he was giving up teaching, he said:"I ___ can't face it any
more."
a) just b) only c) hardly d) quite
9. Many local authorities are ___ opposed to the introduction of comprehensive

schooling.
a) strictly b) severely c) sharply d) bitterly
10. The government imposed the new pay deal ___ . It didn't even consult the
union.
a) chiefly b) unilaterally c) mainly d) considerably
11. The population of this island is ___ black. The ratio of blacks to whites is
four to one.
a) approximately b) predominantly c) progressively d) promptly
12. He ___ wanted to help you.

a) solely b) singly c) exclusively d) merely
418
Advanced Usage Tests
Set 1
1. He had _ _ _ instructions not to tell anybody about the incident.

a) severe b) strong c) hard d) strict
2. "This is one of our most ___ contracts,' said the sales manager.
a) lucrative b) money - making c) rewarding d) profiteering
3. Incompetence was reported on the ___ of the stewards monitoring

the competition.
a) side b) part c) half d) behalf
4. An obstacle had been placed in the middle of the road and the ___ accident
was blamed on it.
a) occurring b) following c) ensuing d) resulting
5. ___ the step when you go in.

a) Consider b) Look c) Mind d) Attend
6. There weren't any ___ in the office for typists.

a) situations b) vacancies c) offers d) spaces
7. Goods will ___ if they are not properly stored.

a) diminish b) dwindle c) decline d) deteriorate
8. The evidence produced so far does not ___ the conclusion that the driver
was negligent.
a) deserve b) stand c) sanction d) warrant
9. He has read widely but seldom thought deeply so his apparent learning is really
quite _ __
a) superior b) superficial c) supercilious d) superfluous
10. Driving with ___ brakes endangers not only yourself but also all other road
users you encounter.
a) deficient b) insufficient c) inadequate d) defective
11. When he went to Egypt he knew ___ no Arabic, but within six months he
had become extremely fluent.
a) entirely b) virtually c) barely d) solely
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12. Most ___ tennis stars learn the game at an early age.
a) hopeful b) prospective c) will-be d) willing
13. Many countries still rely on rice as the ___ food.

a) capital b) staple c) superior d) winning
14. Until the Johnsons moved in, the house had been ___ for several years.
a) innovative b) vacant c) gusty d) indifferent
15. Karen is such a ___ of rock music that she owns all the best records, knows
all about the latest stars and attends every concert she can.
a) devotee b) trainee c) divorcee d) employee
16. But why did the police suspect you? It just does not make ___ to me.
a) reason b) right c) sense d) truth
17. If you wear that red hat, I'll be able to ___ you in the crowd.
a) pick b) spot c) discover d) realize
18. Police and civil defence forces were under severe___ because they were un-
able to curb the violence that continued unabated.
a) access b) strain c) innovation d) advocate
19. The victims received thousands of pounds worth of ___ from the drug
company.
a) reimbursement c) recompense
b) repayment d) compensation
20. The unscrupulous salesman ___ the old couple out of their life savings.
a) deprived b) swindled c) robbed d) extracted
21. Six novels a year, you say? He's certainly a _ _ writer.

a) fruitful b) fertile c) prolific d) virile
22. Joe is involved in so many ___ activities that he doesn't have time to study.
a) intelligent b) extracurricular c) eloquent d) elegant
23. Don't make him laugh while he's eating or he'll _ __

a) gasp b) sneeze c) choke d) swallow
24. Luckily my wallet was handed in to the police with all its contents ___ .
a) preserved b) unscathed c) contained d) intact
25. The BBC tries to ___ for all tastes with its four national programmes.
a) suit b) furnish c) regard d) cater
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Set 2
1. These buses are ___ to run every ten minutes, but I've been waiting here
for over 25 minutes.
a) assumed b) supposed c) presumed d) promised
2. This is my business and you have no right to ___ .

a) intervene b) interfere c) interrupt d) break in
3. Being both spoilt and lazy, he ___ everyone else for his lack of success.
a) charged b) criticized c) condemned d) blamed
4. I was told that this material would not in the wash but it has.
a) dwindle b) shrink c) contract d) reduce
5. I realized it would be far too ___ to walk alone through those ill-lit streets
after dark.
a) bold b) risky c) daring d) courageous
6. The jury returned a(n) ___ of 'not guilty'.

a) sentence b) charge c) verdict d) evidence
· 7. The student waited with some slight _ _ while his teacher stood reading his
exercise.
a) dread b) apprehension c) horror d) despair
8. The very idea of her winning the beauty competition is quite ___ .
a) abrupt b) absurd c) awkward d) futile
9. To a large extent slavery was ___ during the past century.

a) stopped b) prevented c) abolished d) uprooted
10. As the sky darkened it soon became obvious that a violent thunderstorm was
a) imminent b) instantaneous c) simultaneous d) eminent
11. To what extent will future scientific discoveries make possible the ___ of
the human life span?
a) increase b) expansion c) prolongation d) growth
12. Is a person to be more highly ___ for his courage or for his self-sacrifice?
a) estimated b) assessed c) esteemed d) reckoned
421
13. The dentist had to the tooth as it was badly decayed.
a) extract b) release c) pull off d) eradicate
14. His parents gave him many expensive toys as some form of ___ for his
lameness and inability to play active games.
a) prize b) remedy c) reward d) compensation
15. I hope you are not ___ that I obtained this money dishonestly.
a) implying b) involving c) denoting d) inferring
16. We managed to catch a ___ of the President as the procession passed.

a) sight b) view c) glimpse d) glance
17. The informer ___ the inspector a hint about the whereabouts of the wanted
man.
a) dropped b) let c) suggested d) warned
18. As the drug took ___, the patient became quieter.

a) force b) influence c) action d) effect
19. The overcrowded living conditions ___a heavy strain on the family.
a) set b) put c) made d) pressed
20. He fell in love with her at first

a) scene b) sight c) view d) look
21. After the assassination of the president, the army ___ control of the country.
a) gave b) made c) led d) took
22. She's fallen rather ___ with her schoolwork since she's been swimming
competitively.
a) below b) back c) down d) behind
23. I have had a of misfortunes.

a) continuation b) repetition c) succession d) continuity
24. The music aroused an ___ feeling of homesickness in him.

a) intense b) intentional c) intensive d) intended
25. The jury ___ him of having committed the robbery and he was then
sentenced to five years' imprisonment.
a) accused b) charged c) convicted d) acquitted
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Set 3

1. The evening's entertainment was ___ by an electrical power cut.
a) curtailed b) condensed c) abbreviated d) compressed
2. The cathedral i~ ___ in the centre of the city.

a) positioned b) placed c) situated d)localised
3. All members of the staff should ___ in the canteen for special instructions.
a) assemble b) unite c) merge d) combine
4. I know him ___ but I have never actually spoken to him.

a) by sight b) on sight c) in sight d) from sight
5. Although he was neat and well-groomed, he was slightly unattractive in ___ .

a) outlook b) look c) appearance d) expression
6. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and ___ in a quiet posi-
tion.
a) before all b) above all c) over all d) first of all
7. The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were ___ .
a) illiterate b) illegible c) illegitimate d) indelible
8. ___ his outstanding talent, this runner should have no difficulty in qualify-
ing for the national team.
a) Given b) Allowing for c) Provided that d) By
9. Everyone wants to ___ the rewards of hard work.

a) harvest b) gather c) collect d) reap
10. Poisons should be kept in a place that is ___ to children.

a) unavailable b) insurmountable c) inaccessible d) inapplicable
11. One of the problems local authorities have to deal with is the ___ of plastic
containers.
a) dispersal b) disposition c) disposal d) dissolution
12. The law proved so unpopular that it was___ by the Government a year later.
a) repelled b) repulsed c) taken back d) repealed
13. The floods did not start to ___ until two days after the rain had stopped.
a) recede b) retreat c) depart d) sink
423
14. He went ahead with unpopular changes, ___ to hostile criticism.
a) opposed b) indifferent c) unaware d) contrary
15. During their first teacher-training year, the students often visited local schools
for the of lessons.
a) observation b) investigation c) inspection d) observance
16. A force of desperate men burst out of the besieged city and ___ the army
that had surrounded them.
a) defeated b) broke down c) gained d) submitted
17. The snake ___ smoothly through the long grass.

a) crept b) skidded c) glided d) strolled
18. His authority and ___ make him an excellent leader.

a) self-consciousness c) self-confidence
b) self- regard d) self-satisfaction
19. His speech was careful and ___ but his words seemed to make no sense.
a) distinguished b) distinct c) distinctive d) distinguishable
20. The choir stood in four rows according to their ___ heights.
a) respectable b) respectful c) respective d) respected
21. Far more should be done to ___ the sufferings of unwanted domestic pets.
a) alleviate b) improve c) remove d) remedy
22. As a result of the strike, the Government is urging people to be ___ with
electricity.
a) economic b) thrifty c) economical d) extravagant
23. An almost ___ line of traffic was moving at a snail's pace through the town.
a) continuous b) constant c) solid d) continual
24. I suddenly ___ that it was past ten o'clock.

a) understood b) recognized c) realized d) resolved
25. In my opinion, it's only common ___ to wear a seat belt in a car.
a) sense b) judgement c) intelligence d) wit
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Set 4
1. Tax _ _ deprives the state of several million dollars a year.
a) retention b) desertion c) escapism d) evasion
~
2. · The civil rights movement was in its ___ in the 1960s.

a) top b) heyday c) summit d) pitch
3. As a result of the company's _ _ policy, there are now 15 Fairdeal

supermarkets compared with 10 in 1980.
a) increase b) magnification c) expansion d) intensification
4. Before you start cooking, you should gather together all the necessary ___ .
a) components b) constituents c) elements d) ingredients
5. Robinson's _ _ as Sales Manager is now Export Manager of our main

competitiors.
a) ancestor b) predecessor c) pioneer d) drawback
6. In many parts of the world, crop failure means ___, which leads to the death
of many people each year.
a) drought b) desert c) famine d) shortcoming
7. If Harold ___ with his piano playing, he could eventually reach concert
standard.
a) sustains b) perseveres c) maintains d) survives
8. It is impossible to stop racial ___ simply by legislation.

a) prejudice b) tendency c) obsession d) seclusion
9. Keith's ___ business methods soon brought him considerable success.

a) enterprising b) indiscriminate c) aimless d) haphazard
10. Technology is advancing so quickly that machines become ___ almost

overnight.
a) obsolete b) archaic c) stale d) second-hand
11. Our neighbours are so ___: one of them always seems to be watching us
from an upstairs window.
a) visible b) studious c) inquisitive d) spying
12. This bomb is ___ of destroying an entire city.

a) feasible b) able c) possible d) capable
425
13. This is a nice ___ spot. Let's have our picnic here.
a) secluded b) stagnant c) separate d) motionless
14. The train was ___ by a heavy snowfall.

a) postponed b) cancelled c) delayed d) adjourned
15. David ___ the 'No smoking' notice on the carriage window and proceeded
•
to light his pipe.
a) disbelieved b) rejected c) ignored d) avoided
16. The match had to be ___ because of heavy snow.

a) deferred b) adjourned c) shelved d) postponed
17. The President's action only served to ___ a situation which was already
extremely serious.
a) exacerbate b) exasperate c) irritate d) erupt
18. Pauline ___ me very much of a girl I used to know at university.

a) remembers b) reminds c) recalls d) recollects
19. Veronica broke the school rules so many times that the headmistress finally had
no alternative but to her.
a) expel b) deport c) eject d) export
20. Financial help from his parents ___ James to complete his studies.
a) granted b) provided c) eased d) enabled
21. How do you ___ these latest instructions? I can't make any sense of them at
all.
a) interpret b) clarify c) solve d) deduce
22. The clerk was dismissed for being in his duties.

a) negligent b) forgetful c) unmindful d) indifferent
23. No matter how angry he was, he would never ___ to violence

a) resolve b) exert c) recourse d) resort
24. The police have been ordered not to ___ if the students attack them.
a) combat b) retaliate c) challenge d) rebuff
25. For elderly people, one of the problems ___ by rising prices is the continual
increase in heating bills.
a) given b) forced c) posed d) pressed
426
CHAPTER 3: Special Difficulties
A. Important Phrasal Verbs
abide by* keep to, adhere to She will abide by her promise.
ask for request He asked me for some money.
back up* support I hope you will back me up in this argument.
be about to on the point of He is about to go to work.
be off leave, go away I'm off now, it's getting late. Be off!
be over be finished Since the exams are over now, we can relax.
break down stop functioning The car has broken down.
break into (1) interrupt She broke into the conversation with urgent
news.
break into (2) enter illegally The burglar broke into several houses.
break off* stop, sever They have broken off the negotiations.
break out erupt; start Fighting has broken out among students.
break up (l) stop, finish The staff meeting broke up just before
lunch.
break up (2) break into pieces A lot of the furniture was broken up by the
violent patients.
bring about cause What brought about these changes?
bring down reduce They are bringing down the prices in the
canteen since the students complained.
bring up (1) raise, rear The children were very well brought up.
bring up (2) raise, mention The question of extended visiting hours was
brought up at the committee meeting.
burst out start violently To my amazement, he burst out laughing.
call at pay a short visit I called at the post office on my way to
school.
call off cancel The meeting was called off because the
chairman was ill.
call for (1) require, demand The situation calls for rapid action.
call for (2) collect I'll call for you at about two o'clock.
call for (3) request The declaration called for an immediate
cease- fire.
call on (1) visit He called on all the doctors in the district
with medical samples.
call on (2) request The congress has called on the president to
answer these charges.
call up telephone Call me up at 6:00.
carry out ( I ) execute, pe,form He carried out the plan without difficulty.
carry out (2) conduct The scientist carried out some experiments.
427
carry out (3) implement, fulfill I expect her to carry out her obligations.
carry on continue The crew carried on without the captain.
catch up with draw level with You must catch up with your friends.
cheer up become happy Cheer up ! Things can't be that bad!
come about evolve How did this problem come about?
come across find unexpectedly He came across his old medical books in
the cupboard.
come by acquire I do not know how he came by his money.
come into* inherit He's very lucky. He'll come into a lot of
money when his father dies.
come out (1) fade, disappear I put my skirt in cold water and the stains
came out.
come out (2) emerge The truth will come out, you can't conceal it.
come up against* face, meet Everyone comes up against discrimination
sooner or later.
cut off interrupt The electricity was cut off last night.
the flow of
cut down (on) reduce The doctor told me to cut down on smoking.
count on rely on You can count on me.
cross out erase, remove Cross his name out. He does not want to
join.
do away with* abolish The government did away with free school
meals.
figure out come to understand
by thinking I can'tfigure out why he left his job.
fill out complete John filled out the entire form incorrectly.
find out discover, learn We must find out who he is.
get across communicate I' m not very good at getting my ideas
across.
get away with escape punishment Too many criminals get away with their
crimes.
get ahead advance He's a very bright boy, he's sure to get
ahead in his job.
get along be in harmony I get along with my brother quite well.
get at imply Just what are you getting at anyway?
getaway escape, flee We need to get away for a vacation.
get back return I think I had better get back home before
it's late.
get off descend She is getting off the bus now.
get on (1) board David gets on the bus every day at 7:30
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look over* examine People look things over carefully before
buying them.
look up seek in a book Look up that word in the dictionary.
look up to* respect I really look up to him.
make of understand What do you make of it all?
make out (1) recognize The fog was very thick and I couldn't make
out what was coming towards me.
make out (2) understand He speaks very badly, I can't make out
what he's saying.
make out (3 )* write out The doctor madeout a prescription for me.
make up (1) form, constitute Farming and mining make up most of the
country's industry.
make up (2) invent He's a terrible liar, He's always making up
stories.
make up (3) use cosmetics Most girls make up their faces nowadays.
make up (4) decide You must make up your mind if you want
one's mind to be a doctor or not.
make up (5) reconcile The lovers made up after their fight.
make up for compensate for You're very late, now we'll have to
work hard to make up for lost time.
mix up confuse I always get those twins mixed up.
pass away die The woman passed away at age 103.
pass out faint He passed out upon seeing blood.
pick out select, identify The victim picked out the criminal from the
line-up.
point out indicate, show Let me point out to you that this is very
crucial.
pull out extract I had my tooth pulled out.
put across* explain He put the point across very well, and
successfully everybody agreed with him.
put down (1) suppress The rebellion was put down by the Army.
put down (2) write He put down everything I said.
put forward propose He put forward a very controversial idea
which had little chance of being accepted.
put off postpone The meeting has been put off until next
week.
put out extinguish If they had put the light out, there wouldn't
have been a fire which needed putting out.
put through connect The telephone operator put me through al-
most immediately.
430
put up with bear, tolerate The hospital was near a main road so the
patients had to put up with a lot of noise.
put up provide a bed Don't worry about getting home after the
party, I can put you up.
rule out* exclude That possibility cannot be ruled out.
run after follow The thief ran after the victim.
run into meet unexpectedly I ran into one of my old friends yesterday.
run out deplete We have just run out of money.
set off start a journey They set off in search of the lost child.
set about(l) start to do; start The sooner we set about it, the sooner we'll
finish it.
set about(2) deal with; do He set about this job in completely the
wrong way.
send for call They sent for the doctor.
set up form Two big parties set up a coalition
government.
stand by stick by If they try to make you resign, we'll stand
by you.
stand for represent This symbol stands for friendship.
step up increase The guerrillas stepped up their attacks on
the government forces.
step down resign The minister accused of involvement in a
financial scandal refused to step down.
take aback surprise When the chief surgeon suddenly an-
nounced he was going to leave, we were all
taken aback.
take after resemble The girl takes after her mother.
take for mistake for What do you take me for, a fool?
take in (1) deceive He was very plausible; I was completely
taken in by his lies.
take in (2) make smaller Her dress was too wide on the waist so she
took it in.
take in (3) understand, The nurse wasn't listening very attentively
absorb and suddenly realized she hadn't taken in
what the doctor said.
take off leave the ground The aeroplane took off smoothly.
take on* undertake,assume She has taken on too many responsibilities.
take over assume control of When his father died he took over the
family business.
take up occupy Most of a doctor's time is taken up talking
to patients.
431
try on see if it fits I tried on three suits today and none fit.
try out test Let's try out this rocket fuel today. The
player was tried out for the team.
turn down (1) deny, refuse They turned down my request for a raise.
turn down (2) reduce, lower She turned the radio down before answer-
ing the phone.
turn off (1) switch off Turn off the lights before you go to bed.
turn off (2) leave (a road for To reach Boston you should turn off at the
another) next exit.
turn on switch on Turn on the water please.
turn out (1) prove The party turned out a success.
turn out (2) end; be in the end Things have turned out well.
turn up arrive ; come If he doesn't turn up soon, we shall have to
go without him.
wear off lose the effects The medicine wore off after about three
hours.
wear out (1) exhaust Those children are wearing me out.
wear out (2) become useless Those thin shoes will wear out quickly.
wipe out(l) destroy completely Whole villages were wiped out in the
bombing raids.
wipe out(2)* remove.cancel This year's losses have wiped out last year's
profits.
work out (1) succeed The plan worked out.
work out (2) devise If you can work out a way of saving the com-
pany, you're welcome to go ahead and try.
work out (3) develop We are always hopeful that a more practi-
cal solution can be worked out.
work out (4) understand I'm trying to work out what's wrong.
Note: The phrasal verbs marked with an asterisk(*) are either less frequently used or more
advanced than the rest of the verbs given here.
Exercise 1: Match the phrasal verbs with their definitions or synonyms and write
appropriate phrasal verbs in the blanks next to theirs synonyms or definitions.
1. a) The meeting was put off.

b) They set off at dawn t.o miss the traffic jams.
c) Extensive tests have been carried out on a patient.
d) We all suspected him at first , but he turned out to be a trustworthy person.
e) After his mother died, he was brought up by his aunt.
f) The match was called off because of the bad weather.
l.. ______ postponed 4 . _ _ _ _ _ _ cancelled
2. _ _ _ _ __ raised 5. started; left
3. _ _ _ _ __ proved 6. conducted; performed
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2. a) Economists have tried to work out an alternative economic policy.
b) World food production has barely kept up with population growth.
wc) The committee has turned down the application.
d) He took the business over from his father.
e) The two friends made it up and went out again.
f) The child made up the whole story.
I. ______ assumed responsibility for
2. _ _ _ _ __ ended their quarrel.; reconciled
3. _ _ _ _ __ fabricated; invented
4. _ _ _ _ __ refused; rejected
5. _ _ _ _ __ formulate; produce; devise
6. _ _ _ _ __ moved or progressed at the same rate as
3. a) This work they were supposed to do called for endurance and patience.
b) I came across this book in a second-hand shop.
c) He said he had simply carried out instructions.
d) The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather.
e) The general worked out a new plan of attack.
f) The two friends made it up and went out again.
1. demanded; required
2. found unexpectedly
3. implemented : executed
4. delayed
5. devised
6. reconciled
4. a) I am trying to put across to you the importance of the role of the instructor
in this issue.
b) He is not ready to take on new roles.
c) We used our fire extinguishers to put out the fire.
d) The two parties will set up a coalition government.
e) I don't think I can put up with it any longer.
f) Nothing can make up for the loss of our parents.
I.. _ _ _ __ assume 4. _ _ _ __ extinguish

2. _ _ _ __ tolerate 5. _ _ _ __ communicate
3. _ _ _ __ compensate for 6. _ _ _ __ form
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Test on Phrasal Verbs - Set 1
or phrase.
1. Many people visit their friends and relatives during religious holidays.
a) call on b) call for c) call up d) call out
2. Migration to big cities causes serious problems.

a) brings along b) brings about c) brings off d) brings up
3. He's not a man to be trusted .

a) relied on b) ignored c) supported d) hired
4. If you happen to meet Mustafa, will you tell him that I expect a call from him?
a) run into b) run over c) run up to d) run to
5. Mail is piling up at all the main sorting offices because of the postmen's strike.
a) being put into large boxes c) not being posted
b) getting lost d) accumulating
6. Poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can hold back adult growth.
a) resist b) retard c) restore d) cease
7. I'd like to look over this report.

a) write b) correct c) examine d) prepare
8. Scientists are expected to carry out thoroughgoing studies to back up claims

made concerning new drugs.
a) support b) eliminate c) investigate d) challenge
9. He will abide by his promise if he gives it.

a) stick to b) renew c) allow for d) go back on
10. The meeting was adjourned for a week.

a) put off b) put up c) put out d) put up with
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Test on Phrasal Verbs - Set 2

1. She longed to visit the house in Artvin, where she was___ as a child.
a) brought in b) brought about c) brought out d) brought up
2. Did you ___ my passport while you were clearing out the desk, by any
chance?
a) come round b) come up against c) come across d) come to
3. Although none of us wanted to go on the picnic, it ___ to be quite enjoyable.

a) turned up b) turned out c) showed up d) showed off
4. The car suddenly stopped, and I realized that we had ___ of petrol.
a) gone off b) run out c) finished d) used up
5. Can you try to ___ what time the concert starts on Saturday?
a) find out b) pick out c) hold up d) pull up
6. He might ___ his ideas much better if he planned what he wanted to say.
a) put across b) carry out c) look up d) make out
7. If you ___ Mary, could you tell her I'd like to see her?
a) go into b) look after c) run into d) look into
8. John's finally ___ his operation now and is back at work.

a) come across b) looked after c) seen to d) got over
9 . The children are completely different in character, but they ___ very well.
a) get on b) settle up c) catch on d) carry on
10. She has put ___ a lot of weight since last year.
a) on b) in c) down d) up
11. Yes, that coat is just the colour I have been looking for. May I ___ , please?
a) put it on b) try it on c) wear it d) fit it
12. Fighting has ___ in several parts of the country.

a) gone in b) set up c) broken out d)come on
13. I'm sorry I'm late, Mr Grimes. My alarm clock didn't ___ .
a) tum up b) come in c) get on d) go off
14. The plane ___ at 6.00 so you must be at the airport by five o'clock.
a) takes down b) takes off c) takes out d) takes up
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15. She had ___ in a small village and so she couldn't get used to living in a
city.
a) brought up b) got up c) come up d) grown up
16. His application for a visa was turned ___ by the consulate.
a) aside b) down c) out d) over
17. A special committee is carrying ___ the inquiry.

a) out b) in c) away d) over
18. She's such an irritating woman. I don't know how you can'___ her.
a) stand up with b) put up with c) stand with d) put up
19. The speaker ___ several valid arguments for the adjustment of salary
scales.
a) put out b) put off c) put forward d) put up.
20. You'd better ___ that broken chair as soon as you can.
a) bump into b) get at c) stand for d) see to
21. The football match was called because of the snow.

a) up b) off c) over d) of
22. The meeting will have to be put ___ because of the chairman's sudden
illness.
a) out b) up c) off d) down
23. The question of sex equality seems to ___ in every discussion lesson in our
school.
a) burst out b) come across c) break up d) crop up
24. Whole villages have been___ by the floods.

a) wiped out b) mopped up c) called off d) run down
25. We intend to ___ with the old system as soon as we have developed a better
one.
a) do up b) do away c) do down d) do in
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B. Words That Are Often Confused
Exercise 2: Read the brief explanations about major confusing words and then fill in
the blanks with the correct forms of the words given .
1. adopt (v) (= accept)

adapt (v) (=adjust)
adept (adj)(=skillful)
a) These styles can be _ _ _ _ to suit individual needs.
b) The Roman alphabet was in Turkey in 1928.
c) She is at growing roses.
2. affect(ed) (v) = influence)

effect(n)= result; consequence
effect(ed) (v)= cause; produce
a) Your letter her profoundly. She was close to tears.
b) Smoking has a bad on our health.
c) She several changes in the company while she was its manager.
3. among (prep), between (prep) Amon~ is used for three or more persons or
things; between is used for two persons or things.
a) The question was discussed John and Bob.
b) The question was discussed all the members of the faculty.
4. barely (adv),hardly (adv) Barely means only just; lli!rdly, means with difficulty.
a) I could hear the lecture at the back of the hall.
b) He had enough money to cover the bill.
5. bear, bore,born (= give birth to)

bear, bore, borne ( i: carry n: endure)
a) The winning team were through the streets on the shoulders.
b) No one could have the terrible experience he went through.
c) My father was in Artvin.
6. beside (prep), besides (prep) Beside means near to; besides means in addition to.
a) She leaves her slippers her bed.
b) this test, I have two more this week.
7. continual (adj): repeated often over a long period of time; frequent

continuous (adj): continuing without interruption; unbroken
a) The brain needs a supply of blood.
b) He still smoked, despite the warnings of his nurse.
8. credible (adj), credulous (adj) Credible means believable; credulous means

easily taken in.
437
a) The student's excuse was quite _____ , so the teacher gave him a make
up quiz.
b) She is so _ _ _ _ , she'll believe anything.
9. economic (adj) having to do with economics or economy

economical (adj) not wasteful; using money, time, goods carefully and without
waste
a) The country faces serious _____ problems.
b) A large box of detergent is more than a small one.
10. enquiry I enquiries(= request for information)

inquiry I inquiries (= formal investigation)
a) You should make at the office.
b) Official are held after plane crashes.
c) It was never discovered where the missing money went in spite of a
searching by the bank.
11. exhausting (= tiring)

exhaustive ( very thorough)
a) tests were carried out to discover the cause of the plane's engine
failure.
b) The older members of the group found the long journey quite _ _ _ __
12. find, found, found

found, founded, founded (=establish)
a) METU was in 1956.
b) While clearing out the bedroom, I _____ this coin.
13. former (n), first (n) Former means the first of two persons or things; first
means the first of three or more persons or things.
a) The test had a listening section and a grammar section but the _ _ _ __
was more difficult for some students.
b) The test was comprised of three sections, a listening, a grammar and a
reading section, but some thought the was the most dificult.
14. hang, hung, hung(= suspend)

hang, hanged, hangP.d =(kill by hanging)
a) Before the abolition of the death penalty, convicted murderers were
sometimes _ _ _ __
b) This picture has been badly _ _ _ _ . It should be near the light and
lower.
15. hard (adj), hard (adv) hardly (adv) Hard means difficult; hard (adv) means
using great and steady effort ; hardly means barely, scarcely.
a) The finals were and only a few of the students passed.
b) Ali studied , but his brother studied at all.
438
16. historic (adj) : important in history; likely to have an influence on history
historical (adj): connected with history as a study
a) We have no evidence for it.
b) The treaty was signed during Mr Reagan's visit to Russia.
17. imaginary (adj), imaginative (adj) Imacinai:y means something that is not real;
imaginative describes a person who shows great imagination.
a) The little girl created an guest and served her tea.
b) The authors of science fiction stories are writers.
18. industrial (adj), industrious (adj) Industrial means belonging to industry;

industrious means hard-working.
a) There is usually a lot of pollution in areas.
b) Mary was an and brilliant student.
19. ingenious (adj): showing cleverness at making or inventing things

ingenuous (adj): (of a person and his behavior) simple, direct.and inexperienced
a) Only an person would believe such a feeble excuse.
b) An teacher knows how to deal with such problems easily.
20. later (adj/ adv), latter (pron, adj) Later is the comparative form of late; latter
means the second of two persons or things.
a) There is a yellow grammar book and a blue one, but the is
better.
b) I'm busy now. Please come _ _ _ __
21. lonely (adj), alone (adj) Lonely means feeling abandoned; alone means not
accompanied.
a) She told us she had no friends and was feeling _ _ _ __
b) She likes to go shopping,_ _ __
22. raise (vt), rise (vi) Raise means to lift and takes an object (raise, raised,
raising); rise means to go up and never takes an object. (rise, rose, risen, rising).
a) He his hand and waved to me.
b) The sun in the east and sets in the west.
23. sensible (adj), sensitive (adj) Sensible means having good judgement; sensitive
means touchy, or easily affected by external influences.
a) His not to do strenuous physical exercise in very hot weather.
b) Never mention her weight, she is very about it.
24. thorough (adj), through (prep) Thorough means complete; through means
from one side to the other side of something.
a) He looked the window.
b) The analysis was very _ _ _ __
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Exercise 3 : Choose the correct word and write it in the blank provided.
I. Only senior students are ......................... for the presidency of the society.
( eligible I illegible)
2. A strong smell of gasoiine ........................ the air. (pervaded/evaded)
3. You cannot expect good marks for such an ........................ composition.
(illegible I eligible)
4. The soldier ........................ his captors by leaping from the moving train.
( evaded I pervaded)
5. The rays of the rising sun ........................ the morning mist. (expelled/ dispell~d)
6. There was an ..................... of snow last winter, which made ..................... to our
cabin almost impossible. (excess I access)
7. If those pains ........................ , we shall have to send for the doctor.
( incur I recur)
8. The manager ........................ that the workers' demands were fair.
( conceded I receded)
9. The police charged the druggist with the ........................ sale of narcotics
(illicit I elicit)
10. Velvet is a ...................... with a fine ...................... (textile /texture)
11. The police tried to ........................ some response from the lost child.
(illicit I elicit)
12. Father is quite critical of bad table manners, but very ........................ in other
ways. (tolerable I tolerant) ,
13. After only a ....................... delay, the procession moved forward.
(momentary I momentous)
14. My son is very ....................... of the help you gave him in geometry.
(appreciative I appreciable)
15. Did you ....................... from her remarks that she was not satisfied with her chil-
dren's progress? ( deduce !induce)
16. She is trying to ....................... her mother to buy her a new dress.
( induce I deduce)
17. Since the information received from the secretary is ....... ."............... I cannot pass
it on. ( confidential I confident)
18. We do not know who will be held responsible until a ............. :......... inquiry has
been held. (judicial I judicious)
19. Many of the early settlers in North America were ....................... from the British
Isles. ( emigrants I immigrants)
20 We have a special committee to advise ....................... coming to settle in our
country. ( emigrants I immigrants)
21. What.. .................... must one follow to obtain a passport? (process I procedure)
22. We are holding a meeting here; please do not ....................... .
( protrude I intrude)
23. In many countries young men are ....................... for military service.
(liable I likely)
440
24. He will do better under the ..................... of praise. (stimulus I stimulant)
25. After the accident, it was a long time before he could ...................... work.
(presume I resume)
26. Tuberculosis is a disease to which man is ....................... (liable I likely)
27. When I retire, I'll go on a long sea ...................... ljoumey I voyage)
28. If you're going on a long train ...................... , take some novels with you so that
you can do some reading for pleasure. (journey I voyage)
29. Since he doesn't pay much attention, he ...................... little of what he is taught.
(retains I sustains)
30. If you ...................... that I intend to support this scheme, you are greatly
mistaken. (presume I resume)
Exercise 4 : Fill in the blanks with the right word.
A. sensible senseless sensitive sensational sensory
1. A heavy blow with a club knocked him _ _ _ __

2. He seems to have a lot of common sense. I'm sure he'll be able to make a
_ _ _ _ _ decision eventually.
3. All knowledge comes from impressions. In other words, we
gain knowledge by perceiving things through our senses.
4. Popular newspapers give wide coverage to news items, such as
l~ve affairs, scandals and robberies .
5. One effect of aging is that our hearing becomes less _ _ _ __
B. Say and Tell

1. Don't him our secret.
2. I'll you the truth.
3. She left without good-bye to me.
4. He that he is in need of help.
5. I can't the difference between butter and margarine.
6. He often me that he likes me very much.
7. You can a man by the company he keeps.
8. He accused her of lies.
9. Most people, 80%, are against this plan.
10. I think ordinary people should have a in local governments.
C. Do and Make
1. Storms can _____ a lot of damage.
2. The dogs a lot of noise but they won't you any harm.
3. Can you me a favor?
4. this exercise but try not to any mistakes.
5. I'd like to a suggestion.
6. I'll my best to all the necessary arrangements in time.
441
7. He moved along the seat to room for her to sit down.
8. I'm very busy. I have a lot of work to _ _ _ __
9. We a lot of business with that firm.
10. I a part-timejobeveryeveningjustto extramoney.
11. A holiday would you a lot of good. I'll enquiries
about hotels and trains.
12. He only wants to _____ friends. Don't _____ fun of him.
D. lie, lay, lain ( =be or put oneself in a horizontal position) (vi)

lay, laid, laid ( =put) (vt)
1. He the enormous box on the ground and looked for a taxi.

2. He there for an hour until someone finally heard his cries for help.
3. In this school emphasis is on discipline and hard work.
4. We' re trying to establish where the responsibility _ _ _ __
5. The villages at the foot of the mountain.
6. The foundations of the building were down in 1980.
7. A female toad may 20,000 eggs each year.
8. They down the inj~red woman on the grass.
9. The machinery was idle because of the strike.
10. The final decision with the minister.
Test on Words Which Are Often Confused- Set 1

1. At the meeting they _ _ _ objections to the new plan.

a) raised b) rose c) aroused d) arose
2. It's difficult to pay one's bills when prices keep ___ .

a) rising b) growing c) gaining d) raising
3. The government is confident the standard of living will begin to ___ again
soon.
a) increase b) heighten c) rise d) raise
4. A void any action that might ___ suspicion.

a) arise b) raise c) arouse d) stir
5. The university has decided to ___ the standards in pur~uit of excellence.

a) increase b) raise c) rise d) arouse
6. Our exports have ___ tenfold during the last fifteen years.
a) raised b) arisen c) reached d) increased
.•
442
7. That's a nice dress. It ___ you perfectly.
a) suits b) agrees c) matches d) goes
8. This dress is too tight. It doesn't ___ me.

a) fit b) suit c) agree d) match
9. I bought the hat because the colors ___ the colors of the coat.
a) agree b) match c) fit d) suit
10. The main attraction of the job was that it offered the ___ to do research.
a) possibility b) proposal c) opportunity d) prospect
l l. Despite what the critics said about the play, the ___ in the theatre last night
seemed to enjoy it.
a) viewers b) spectators c) audience d) sightseers
12. The island has many natural ___, including oil and copper.
a) resources b) sources c) fuels d) materials
13. The printing of the book has been held up by the paper___.
a) deficiency b) shortage c) lack d) deficit
14. As a ___ prime minister, his views are treated with respect when he is inter-
viewed.
a) prior b) previous c) late d) former
15. There is a(n) ___ training period of 6 months before you start work.
a) initial b) first c) primary d) beginning
16. All our arrangements should have been completed ___ our departure.
a) previous b) prior to c) subsequent d) afterwards
17. There's a ___ of silk scarves in the shop window.

a) scene b) display c) sight d) view
18. The storm did considerable _ _ _ to the trees in the park.

a) harm b) destruction c) damage d) injury
19. Sugar is more expensive now because there was a very poor ___ of sugar-
beet last year.
a) lot b) crop c) harvest d) gathering
20. I should like to call upon two ___ who can testify on my client's behalf.
a) onlookers b) passers-by c) spectators d) eye-witnesses
443
21. The security guards ___ all our bags.
a) controlled b) sought c) checked d) researched
22. We didn't much like the new neighbours at first, but ___ we grew quite fond
of them.
a) by the time b) in time c) until the time d) against time
23. ___ , his secretary wears the most extraordinary clothes.

a) With time b) At one time c) At times d) In time
24. It's wonderful! The trains here always leave, and nearly always arrive ___ .
a) in time b) on time c) to time d) with time
25. The lecture was rather boring, but the ___ discussion proved fruitful.
a) latter b) subsequent c) consecutive d) successive
26. ___ of the month, I hope I shall have lost another two kilos.
a) At the end b) In the end c) To the end d) By the end
27. I should appreciate it if you could complete this work ___ Thursday.
a) as far as b) until c) up to d) by
28. You might be able to get their flat if you're lucky. They're ___ of giving it up.
a) by the point b) to the point c) on the point d) in point
29. What Father said was brief and

a) on the point b) to the point c) up to a point d) in point
30. The minister to discuss the matter further.

a) denied b) rejected c) accepted d) declined
31. While I cannot promise that the car will be ready by tomorrow, I ___ you that
we are doing our best to complete the job.
a) assure b) ensure c) insure d) reassure
32. Before leaving the house, you should ___ that all the doors and windows are
locked.
a) assure b) ensure c) insure d) reassure
33. He ___ his house against fire.

a) assured b) insured c) assured d) reassured
34. The man next door has been a ___ since his wife died ten years ago.
a) widower b) divorcee c) single d) widow
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35. Can't you ___ him not to go out in this weather?
a) convince b) persuade c) talk d) prompt
36. After a five-minute ___ by boat, we reached the off-shore island.

a) travel b) journey c) cruise d) voyage
37.A ___ off 500 has been offered to anyone who finds the missing pictures.
a) reward b) prize c) payment d) fee
38. How much water does that tank ?

a) include b) keep c) consist d)contain
39. The accident a bus and a truck.

a) included b) contained c) involved d) covered
40. There are four of us in the family, or five of us if you ___ the maid.
a) involve b) contain c) exclude d) include
Test on Words Which Are Often Confused- Set 2
1. Pele is ___ one of the greatest footballers of all time.

a) thought b) regarded c) considered d) believed
2. After he had finished his medical course, he ___ research into the causes of
heart disease.
a) did b) made c) took d) followed
3. This book will ___ you to learn English better.

a) provide b) make c) enable d) supply
4. I'll ___ you with the books that you need.

a) enable b) provide c) give d) secure
5. If you can't always get out of doors you should at least ___ a few exercises
every day.
a) make b) take c) follow d) do
6. Men are obviously stronger physically, but women are stronger in many other
a) respects b) fields c) aspects d) features
7. It won't be much ___ driving up there in this weather.

a) amusement ' b) fun c) enjoyment d)joy
445
8. They reached their production ___ with a month to spare.
a) goal b) aim c) target d) peak
9. Two frontier guards were wounded in a border ___ last week.

a) incident b) event c) occurrence d) occasion
10. I wonder if you have a room available that meets my ___ .

a) requests b) demands c) necessities d) requirements
11. The ___ of them trying to put the tent up was indescribably comic.
a) sight b) scene c) vision d) view
12. Do you think there could be any other ___ of doing it?
a) reason b) cause c) justification d) means
13. I'm afraid I can't give you your money back unless you have a(n) - - . - for the
pullover.
a) bill b) invoice c) ticket · d) receipt
14. Michael is very selfish and has no ___ for the feelings of other people.
a) attention b) interest c) feeling d) regard
15. We should become aware of these important ___ of the problem.

a) aspects b) points c) considerations d) faces
16. ___ is supposed to be the essence of private enterprise.

a) Competition b) Concurrence c) Competence d) Contention
17. He is utterly opposed to the ___ of constant economic growth.

a) politic b) course c) way d) policy
18. You must adopt a new ___ ; the teacher said.

a) behavior b) attitude c) opinion · d) effort
19. The inspector of taxes requires all your ___ as evidence of the expenses you
claim.
a) receipts b) recipes c) notes d) quits
20. The book's success exceeded his wildest

a) expectations b) anticipations c) prospects d) calculations·
21. The newspaper will have to close down if it cannot increase its _ __
considerably.
a) distribution b) printing c) subscription d) circulation
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22. There were over 30,000 ___ at the match.
a) viewers b) witnesses c) spectators d) watchers
23. I am profoundly convinced that power, not any particular economic system, is
at the ___ of human unhappiness.
a) source b) foundation c) root d) ground
24. It is an offence to show ___ against people of different races.

a) distinction b) differentiation c) separation d) discrimination
25. The young explorers set up an expedition ___ to the dangers involved in
such a task.
a) indifferent b) opposed c) unaware d) contrary
26. There is a friendly ___ between the supporters of the two teams.
a) contest b) rivalry c) contention d) defiance
27. The local medical officer reported a serious ___ of food-poisoning.

a) state b) incident c) outbreak d) event
28. The children really loved ___ down the snow-covered hillside.
a) skating b) slipping c) sliding d) spilling
29. The main ___ of this drink are wine, orange juice and bitters.
a) parts b) components c) compositions d) ingredients
30. I'm not by _____ a particularly ambitious man.

a) inclination b) character c) habit d)tendency
31. She's suffering from a ___ of iron and needs to take a course of tablets.
a) defect b) deficit c) default d) deficiency
32. It will be your task to make sure the ___ of traffic is maintained without in-
terruption.
a) circulation b) flow c) current d) stream
33. The house is part of his ___ from his aunt.

a) heritage b) inheritance c) testament d) will
34. His aunt died, leaving him a small ___ in her will.
a) dowry b) grant c) heritage d) legacy
35. My uncle left me $250,000 in his ___ .

a) inheritance b) testament c) will d) wishes
447
C. Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases, Idiomatic Expressions
and Conjunctions
(Intermediate - Advanced)
1. after all * : considering all the factors in the situation.
I don't think John should be punished for eating those cookies. Mter all,
he is a child.
2. amidst*
He moved towards the piano amidst a storm of applause.
3. and... alike : both... and

Though blood transfusions have saved thousands of lives, the procedure can
be risky for patients and doctors alike.
4. apart from : (1) other than; (2) in addition to

a) He has no interest apart from his work.
b) Apart from a flat tire, we had engine trouble.
5. as faras l'm!you're,etc.,concerned: from my/ youretc.,pointofview

As far as we're concerned, you can go whenever you want.
6. as regards: regarding; on the subject of

There are no special rules as regards what clothes you should wear.
7. as of I as from * : starting from

We shall have a new address as of 12 May.
8. as such*
a) I have no prejudice against foreigners as such (i.e. merely because they are
foreigners), but I don't think they should be allowed to take work from our
people.
b) I'm a Turkish citizen, and as such am entitled to the full protection of the
law.
9. as to: (1) regarding; on the subject of (a-b) (2) about; concerning (c-d)
a) I'm afraid your first question is not quite relevant to our discussion. As to
your second question, it is a good question, but I'll deal with it in my next
lecture.
b) As to correcting our homework, the teacher always makes us do it our-
selves.
c) We are uncertain as to the accuracy of the model.
d) There is some question as to whether mental illness is a hereditary disease
or one that comes through environment.
10. as for : concerning; with regard to

My wife's diet required an unusually big effort. As for myself, I had a
glass of juice three times a day.
Note * : The expressions marked with an asterisk(*) are very formal or advanced.
448
11. aside from : apart from
We had to stop twice because our son felt sick, but aside from that, the trip
was a pleasant one.
12. as opposed to : in contrast to

As opposed to Bill, who is an introvert, John is an extrovert.
13. as well as : in addition to ; besides

a) I'm learning German as well as Italian.
b) He is kind as well as sensible.
14. at all costs : whatever happens

We were determined to obtain our rights at all costs.
15. at the expense of* : with loss or damage to sth

In the light of existing realities, no genuine progress is possible at the ex-
pense of the rights and freedoms of individuals and nations, or at the ex-
pense of nature.
16. at one's disposal * : available for one to use as one wishes

She placed the house at our disposal, and we were free to come and go at
will.
17. besides : in addition to; as well as

a) He can speak French and German besides (=in addition to) English.
b) Besides being wrong, your proposed action is also unwise.
18. but for

I could not have done it, but for your help. (=If it hadn't been for)
19. by heart : from memory

I learned the poem by heart.
20. by means of : using; with the help of; through

a) The thieves entered the house by means of a ladder.
b) We express our thoughts by means of words.
21. by no means : not at all

a) She is by no means poor; in fact, she is rich.
b) It's by no means certain.
22. the case: actual state of affairs; situation

There will be no big pay increases this year, as has been the case in previ-
ous years.
in any case : whatever the circumstances may be; anyway; besides
a) We shall call on him in any case, though we may not be able to stay long.
b) I couldn't shelter behind him all the time, and in any case he wasn't with
me.
c) The cost may be lower than we first thought, but in any case it will still be
quite substantial.
449
in the case of : a particular occasion or situation, as it concerns a particular
person or thing
a) Hakan's bad results in the exam were partly due to his long illness, but in
the case of Okan, no such excuse is possible.
b) Many plants are used as food, but only certain organs are eaten. In the case
of apples , oranges and strawberries, it is the fruit which is eaten.
23. considering : taking into account ; taking into consideration

a) Considering his age, he has made excellent progress in his studies.
b) Considering the circumstances, this was an important step forward.
24. contrary to : in opposition to

Contrary to popular belief, the desert can produce crops.
25. degree : step or stage in a scale or series
The children show different degrees of ability.
to some/ a certain degree: to some/ certain extent

They can be trusted to some/a certain degree.
26. due to : (!)because of; on account of (2) expected to

a) Due to inflation , the general cost ofliving in Turkey rose by 50% last year.
b) Stress due to poor working conditions is one cause of illness,
c) The accident was due to his carelessness.
d) The train is due to arrive at 4 o' clock.
27. extent : ( 1) length; area; range (2) the point, degree or limit to which
something extends
a) I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge.
b) The extent of the damage is not known yet.
c) Scientists do not know to what extent earthquakes and volcanoes are
related.
to some extent : partially ; to some degree

I agree with you to some extent.
to a large extent/ to a certain extent

Happiness in marriage depends on love to a large extent.
to the extent of; to the extent that ; to such an extent that

a) Sanitary conditions had deteriorated to such an extent that there was wide-
spread danger of disease.
b) They are determined to fight for their rights even to the extent of going on
strike.
28. fall short of: fail to reach a desired result, standard etc.
The council planned to build 1000 houses this year, but they have fallen short
of their target.
29. for
a) He did not do so well in the race for all his training. (=in spite of)
b) He was acquitted of all charges for lack of evidence.(= because of)
450
30.for good : for ever
We thought she'd come for a visit, but it seems that she is staying for good.
31. from one's point of view : way of considering or judging a person,

thing or event; opinion
a) From the workers' point of view, the proposal is unacceptable.
b) Look at it from my point of view.
32. given * : taking into account; considering

Given his lack of experience, he's done quite a good job.
Given that he is inexperienced, he's done quite a good job.
33. ground (s) *: reason(s) or justification for doing something

on (the ) grounds of: for reasons of
a) He is retiring on (the) grounds of ill-health.
b) You have no grounds for complaint.
c) Desertion is a ground (legally sufficient reason) for divorce.
d) He left on the grounds that he was ill.
34. have to do with * : associated with; be concerned in

She is interested in anything that has to do with history.
35. in accordance with * : in agreement with

a) In accordance with your wishes, I changed my plan.
b) In accordance with your orders, I cancelled the meeting.
36. in compliance with I in conformity with* : in agreement with established rules

or customs
a) In compliance with your wishes(= As you requested), we have withdrawn
our suggestion.
b) This arrangement had the chance of being in conformity with the needs of
human nature.
c) You must behave in conformity with your beliefs.
37. in advance of : ahead of

We booked our seats well in advance of the date we wanted to travel.
38. in defiance of : ignoring

He acted in defiance ofmy orders.
39. (be) in favor of : support

I'm in favor of(= support) the retention of capital punishment.
40. in the face of : confronted by

We are powerless in the face of such forces.
41. in a row : one after another; in unbroken sequence; successively

How do you account for losing five games in a row?
42. in connection with

A small problem has arisen in connection with the renewal of the visa.
43. in proportion to : in relation to
The tax increases in proportion to the amount you earn.
451
44. in pursuit of: in search of
a) Many Turks went to Germany in pursuit of more money and a better life
style.
b) The government is selling off some state-owned companies in pursuit of its
policy of privatization.
45. in regard to : as regards; with regard to

The American family differs widely from those in other countries,
particularly in regard to variations in customs, traditions, and values.
46. in return for : in exchange for

I wish I could do something in return for the kindness I have received
from him.
47. in terms of : with regard to ; from the point of view of; expressed as
a) All economic values are measured in terms of money.
b) The Richter Scale measures the intensity of earthquakes in terms of earth
movement, while the Mercalli Scale measures the intensity of earthquakes
in terms of effects.
c) Think of it in terms of an investment.
d) The figures are expressed in terms of a percentage.
e) We think constantly in terms of people and their needs.
48. in the long/ short run : in the long I short term

In the short run, Robin cannot expect much success.
49. in turn
All the members of the staff take it in turn to do late duty.
50. in succession * : one after the other

Our school has won five games in succession.
51. in view of * : taking sth into account; considering

In view of· the strong market, she invested in stocks.
52. in the wake of sth : coming after or following sth

Outbreaks of the disease occurred in the wake of the drought.
53. i"espective of*: without considering; regardless of

We shall have to get the work done, irrespective of the cost.
54. keep abreast of*: remain up-to-date with or well- informed about
You should read newspapers and watch television to keep abreast of cur-
rent affairs.
55. keep track of * : keep oneself informed about

It is difficult to keep track of all the new ideas and developments in educa-
tion.
56. let alone * : used for showing that the thing mentioned next is even less likely
or believable than the one mentioned before
He can't even speak Turkish, let alone English.
452
57. live beyond/within one's means : spend more /less than one earns or can
afford
He lives beyond his means. He spends far too much money.
58. make (an) allowance for sth * :'consider sth when making a decision
We must make allowance for his youth.
59. make the most of : get the best advantage from

One should always make the most of one's opportunities.
60. much less *: and certainly not; let alone

I cannot even walk much less run.
61. notwithstanding * : in spi~e of this

a) He insisted on going to the football mach, notwithstanding his doctor's ad-
vice to the contrary.
b) Language difficulties notwithstanding, he soon grew to love the country
and its people.
62. of one's own accord *: voluntarily; without being forced

He joined the army of his own accord.
63. of one's own will : acting voluntarily

He did it of his own will. Nobody forced him to do it.
64. on account of : because of

The football match was cancelled on account of the bad weather.
65. on behalf of : for; in the interests of

I'm writing on behalf of my mother to express her thanks for your gift.
66. once and for all : for the last time

Let's try to solve this problem once and for all.
67. on no account : not for any reason ; under no circumstances

On no account are you to let anyone into the house.
68. on the part of : of or by someone

Thanks to technology, the world is becoming more and more productive
with less and less effort on the part of workers.
69. on the point of : starting about; just starting to

I was on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang.
69. on/under the pretext of: hiding the real reason and making something an
excuse for an action
He came to me on/under the pretext of asking my advice when he really
wanted to borrow money.
71. on the verge of : on the point of; on the brink of

a) Just as he was on the verge of speeding, John saw a policeman.
b) The country is on the verge of economic collapse.
453
72. other than
The fact is I don't have a thing with me other than this coat.
73. out of the question : impossible

It is out of the question for me to go to Istanbul this·weekend. I have an im-
portant examination on Monday.
74. pros and cons * : advantages and disadvantages

You should consider all the pros and cons of a matter before reaching a
decision.
75. regarding : about

I'm afraid I can give you no information regarding his plans.
76. regardless of : without considering

a) Regardless of whether Ali or Cenk is right, one hard question remains for
both sides.
b) We'll decorate the house regardless of cost.
77. relative to : concerning; pertinent to

a) Relative to its size, the city is sparsely populated.
b) Relative to other animals, a rabbit can be fast or slow. For instance, it is a
fast animal relative to a turtle, but it is a slow animal relative to a leopard.
c) The demand has increased relative to supply.
78. the rest : the remainder; what remains

a) Take what you want and throw the rest away.
b) Carbon dioxide, once thought to be exclusively responsible for the green
house effect, is known to cause only half the problem. The rest comes from
other gases.
79. running : consecutively; in succession; one following another

For the third year running, the company has made a big loss.
80. save for : except for

Tomorrow the report will be completed save for the controversial clause 31.
81. standpoint : viewpoint

The use of new equipment is efficient from an economic standpoint.
82. from the standpoint of: from the point of view of

We must consider the problem from the standpoint of students.
83 take advantage of: benefit from

You must take advantage of this opportunity, for it may not occur again.
84. subject to : (l)able to be affected by; susceptible to; (2) depending on

a) His weakness made him subject to (=susceptible to)many diseases.
b) Subject to your approval (=if you approve), we'll go ahead.
c) The arrangements are subject to change(=may be changed).
d) The plans are subject to (=dependenton)ministerial approval.
454
85. take into account : consider; take into consideration
We cannot adopt your plan for irrigating the area without talcing into ac-
count the obstacles that must be overcome.
86. take sth for granted : assume

I did not send you an invitation , and I took it for granted that you would
be coming.
87. to the contrary : to the opposite effect; differently

a) Some people believe that John is guilty in spite of evidence to the
contrary.
b) Unless I hear anything to the contrary, I shall assume that the meeting will
be held at the time we arranged.
88. to the point : highly relevant

Your suggestion is very much to the point.
89. thanks to : with the help of; because of

a) Thanks to an unexpected pay rise, we were able to repay the debt sooner
than expected
b) He succeeded thanks to his determination and perseverance.
90. thereby : by that means

a) He implied that the Minister had lied and thereby obstructed justice.
b) The strike had closed the ports, thereby adversely affecting the transport of
goods.
91. vice versa : the other way round

A woman divorces her husband and vice versa.
92. via : by way of

a) We went to Mersin via Konya.
b) The owners could be traced via a central registry.
93. a walk of life : a person's occupation, profession or rank

They interviewed people from all walks of life.
94. whereby : by means of which

a) The woman studied Italian, whereby she was able to communicate when
she was on holiday there.
b) He devised a plan whereby they might escape.
95. with regard to : regarding; in relation to; with respect to

With regard to your application, I'm afraid we are unable to offer you the
job.
455
96. with respect to I with regard to : concerning
a) With respect to your other proposals, I'm not yet able to tell you our
decision.
b) Teachers can be divided into three groups with respect to their attitude to
their students.
97. would-be : wanting to do a particular thing

a) I met him first when I was a young would-be writer.
b) Two would- be robbers were caught before they left the bank.
Exercise 5: Match the underlined expressions with their synonyms given after each
group of sentences.
1. a) I shall consider the matter and let you know my answer in due ~ .
b) We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather.
c) There is not much point in repairing that old car.
d) Regarding our plans for the future, all I can say is that we shall take what-
ever opportunity arises for expanding our activities.
e) They are determined to go ahead with the plan notwithstanding widespread
public opposition.
f) These children are taught to respect all old people regardless of race, or
color.
l. ______ concerning; with regard to

2. _ _ _ _ __ purpose; advantage; use
3. _ _ _ __ when the due time has elapsed
4. _ _ _ __ in spite of
5. _ _ _ __ because of
6. _ _ _ __ without considering; irrespective of
2. a) He became a Turkish citizen, ~ gaining the right to vote.

b) In the event ofrain, the party will be held indoors.
c) When judging his performance, you must take his age into account.
d) What could he do in the face of all these difficulties?
e) He walks at such a tremendous pace that I cannot keep up with him.
f) If I overlook the offence on this occasion it should not be taken for granted
that I shall do so a second time.
l. ______ in the presence of ; confronted by

2. _ _ _ _ __ thus; by that means
3. _ _ _ _ __ go forward at the same pace· or speed
4. _ _ _ _ __ in case of
5. _ _ _ _ __ · assumed
6. _ _ _ _ __ consider; take into consideration
456
3. a) Be§ikt!l§ won the championship three years in succession-in 1990, 1991
and 1992.
b) The enormous popularity of football is due to the satisfaction it brings to
players and spectators alike.
c) What you say may be true enough, but it's beside the point.
d) While we were on holiday, a neighbor took care of our dog.
e) Severe steps will be taken against those responsible, irrespective of their
rank.
f) Students have a well-stocked library at their disposal.
l. _ _ _ __ looked after
2. _ _ _ __ both... and
3. _ _ _ __ following one after another; consecutively
4. _ _ _ __ irrelevant; not related to the topic being discussed
5. _ _ _ __ available for their use
6. _ _ _ __ regardless of; without considering; no matter what
4. a) Two minutes' silence was observed ru:im:JQ the meeting.

b) The defendant testified that he knew nothing concerning the disappearance
of the jewels.
c) We must invite everyone to the party regardless of their social status.
d) Babies have big heads in proportion to their bodies.
e) This factory employs women as well as men.
f) Given the enormous capabilities of computers, it is not surprising that so
many people want to learn how to use them.
l. ______ about, regarding

2. _ _ _ _ __ besides, in addition to
3. _ _ _ _ __ in relation to
4. _ _ _ _ __ considering ; taking into account
5. _ _ _ _ __ without considering, 9isregarding
6. _ _ _ _ __ before
5. a) Notwithstanding their advantage of height, the visitors were unable to beat

our basketball team.
b) In our pursuit of good health and shapeliness most of us immediately think
of dieting.
c) The picnic has been cancelled on account ofrain.
d) I haven't decided on the menu yet; let alone bought the food.
e) The book has been well reviewed, but in terms of actual sales, it hasn't been
very successful.
f) As far as I am concerned, I don't mind where we eat.
l. _ _ _ _ __ because of,owing to
2. _ _ _ _ __ in search of
3. _ _ _ _ __ with regard to, from the point of view of
4. _ _ _ _ __ in spite of, despite
5. _ _ _ _ __ for my part ; from my point of view
6. _ _ _ _ __ much less
457
Exercise 6 . Fill in the blanks with appropriate expressions from the list.
1. as such to some extent ins and outs for the sake of by heart
a) He's the right man for this job. He's experienced. Moreover, he knows the
_ _ _ _ _ _ of the business.
b) I agree with you _ _ _ _ _ _ but not completely.
c) Gold is not valuable; it is how man feels about it that has
made it precious.
d) Since we have nothing else to do, let's walk _ _ _ _ _ _ exercise.
e) She learned all of Shakespeare's sonnets_ _ _ __
2. as to as of owing to in terms of make the most of
a) He's very uncertain _ _ _ _ _ _ whether it is the right job for him.

b) You will be in charge of the office today.
c) We've got only one day in Paris, so let's it and see as many
places as possible.
d) These tests correspond to the actual TOEFL _ _ _ _ _ _ the type and
number of questions.
e) urgent business, some of the staff had to work through the
night.
3. in pursuit of in a row on the part of oil the verge of regardless of
a) Several police cars were _ _ _ _ _ _ the robbers.

b) It was a mistake Ali to sign the contract without reading it.
c) This is the third Sunday that it's rained.
d) All our proposals were rejected their merits.
e) The firm is bankruptcy.
Test on Idiomatic Expressions

1. ___ the difficulty of the task, I shall be lucky to complete it by May.
a) Regarding b) Given c) Presuming d) On behalf of
2. He has put his car entirely at our ___ for the holiday.
a) usage b) pleasure c) disposal d) disposition
3.. I'm afraid it didn't ___ my mind that they weren't the right people to invite.
a) pass b) fill c) cover d) cross
4. It has been raining steadily and continuously for three days ___ now.
a) at an end b) on end c) in the end d) no end
458
5. An architect planning a new house should always ___ in mind his client's
needs.
a) carry b) take c) train d) bear
6. My boss is very critical, and he is always finding ___ with my work.

a) trouble b) mistakes c) error d) fault
7. Why don't you have a night out? It would take your ___ off your worries.
a) thoughts b) heart c) head d) mind
8. I took a course in shorthand and typing with a(n) ___ to applying for a sec-
retarial job.
a) intention b) project c) view d) purpose
9. I woke up on the back seat of somebody else's car without the ___ idea of
how I had got there.
a) scarcest b) smallest c) scantiest d) slightest
I 0. She pointed out that her wages ___ no relation to the amount of work she
did.
a) held b) yielded c) offered d) bore
11. His request ___ me completely by surprise.

a) left b) shook c) made d)took
12. He opposed the marriage at first, but eventually gave ___ to his daughter's
entreaties. ·
a) opening b) place c) position d) way
13. The prisoner was released in ___ of his good behavior.

a) because b) due c) view d) owing
14. They always kept on good ___ with their next-door neighbors for the
children's sake.
a) friendship b) relations c) will d) terms
15. Unfortunately it is mainly the sensational news that ___ the eye of the
public.
a) calls b) reaches c) catches d) attracts
16. ___ her inexperience, her failure to secure the contract was not surprising.
a) In view of b) In recognition of c) By virtue of d) With regard to
17. I was surprised to see Helen.Jones in the play tonight. I thought she had given
up the stage ___ .
a) for good b) perpetually c) evermore d) at all
459
------------------------- ----
18. He has been offered the job _ _ to his passing a medical examination.
a) confirmatory b) provisional c) subject d) dependent
19. I've sent your brothers straight to bed and ___ you, my lad, I'm stopping
your pocket money for a month.
a) as far as b) for c) as for d) about
20. Did they tell you to get dinner ready? No, I did it of my own ___ .
a) will b) accord c) idea d) desire
21. He can't even speak Turkish properly, ___ English.

a) leaving out b) let alone c) to mention d) without saying
22. After the accident, there was considerable doubt __·_ exactly what had
happened.
a) as to b) in the question of c) for d) in the shape of
23. The police car set off in ___ of the robbers.

a) pursuit b) prosecution c) chase d) trail
24. I'm afraid a rise in salary is ___ just now.

a) out of sight c) out of date
b) out of the question d) out of control
25. We must prevent that kind of disaster at all ___ .

a) chances b) costs c) expenses d) risks
26. We managed to catch a ___ of the President as the procession passed.

a) sight b) view c) glance d) glimpse
27. As the drug took ___ , the patient became quieter.

a) force b) influence c) action d) effect
28. He came to inspect the house ___ buying it.

a) in the event of c) on account of
b) with a view to d) in case of
29. The tenant must be prepared to decorate the property ___ the terms of the
agreement.
a) with regard to c) in accordance with
b) in relation to d) by way of
30. They had been living beyond their ___ for several years
a) means b) resources c) status d) money
460
D. Guessing Vocabulary
Guessing the meanings of unfamiliar words from the context is an important
skill. To make correct guesses largely depends on paying attention to contextual
clues as well as building an adequate vocabulary stock that enables us to determine
what a given word means in a given context. We can divide the basic clues into two
groups: context -based clues and framework-based clues.
Types of Text-Based Context Clues
Text-based Types Text-Based Clues Text-Based Examples
Punctuation commas,,, a) Metrolog;y, the science of measurements,

is based on precision.
parentheses ( ) b) A very prevalent (widespread, common)
or brackets [ ] attitude is one of caring only for oneself.
colons: c) There has been a sudden rise in the cost
of lUili.ties.: water, gas and electricity.
dashes-- d) Mr. Gorbachev started ~--openness
in the former Soviet Union.
Definition can be described as, a) Fatigue can be generally described as

means, is called, the tiredness and exhaustion that result
can be defined as, from muscular work.
is, was, are, b) Vegetarianism is the prar.tice of eating
involves, refers to only vegetables.
c) Segregation refers to the setting apart of
one group from another
d) Rationalization involves substituting an
acceptable motive for an unacceptable one
e) Drug; abuse means becoming dependent
on drugs.
Contrast however, but, unlike, a) While deserts are expanding, forests are
on the contrary, shrinking;.
on the other hand, b) He is not~- On the contrary, he
while, whereas, is quite generous.
although, yet c) Some actions are learned, but other
actions are .innate.
d) Although they look similar, these plants
are actually quite~-
Comparison similarly, both, She was late, and I similarly was delayed.
likewise, just as
Example such as, such, like, a) In the markets basic commodities such
Particularization for example, e.g. as meat, sugar and cooking oil are
especially often unobtainable.
particularly, b) Nationwide access to mass medja,
particularly to television, has had a
profound influence on the attitudes of
our people to economic matters.
461
'?.eformulation in other words a) 1 m not sure that his busmess 1s stnctly
and that is, i.e., le~itimate, i.e. is legal.
explanation b) According to ethnologists, most animal
behavior is governed by innate or
instinctive mechanisms, in other words ,
mechanisms inherited at birth.
c) Most human beings are omnivores; that is,
they eat both animal and plant material ,
while others are carnivores, eating only
animal flesh.
Synonyms a) To repeat one small job hour after hour is

and b o t h ~ and boring. The job becomes
Antonyms* tiring and uninteresting.
b) The President neither confinned nor
denied the news.
c) The velocity, or speed of light, is about
300,000 kilometers per second.
*Note : Synonyms and antonyms may often be accompanied by conjunctions , such as or and
neither ... nor.
Framework-Based Context Clues

To find meanings from text-based context clues, we look for clues stated in the
sentence. There is a second kind of context that does not rely on specific words or
punctuation marks to indicate meaning. This kind of context is called
framework-based .
Using our knowledge of the surrounding words, we pull relevant frameworks. The
background kowledge found in these frameworks helps us to get the meanings of
unfamiliar words.
Example: Death is defined as that point at which both the brain and the heart
have ceased to function.
Our knowledge of the world tells us that in the above sentence cease to function
means stop functioning.
Exercises on Guessing Vocabulary

Punctuation Text-Based Clues
Exercise 6 : Use punctuation text-based clues to find the meaning of the underlined
word. Circle the meaning.
1. In practice, astrology today scarcely differs from that of Claudious Ptolemy (2nd
century A.D. ), whose astrological .IJlilllllill (handbook) is the earliest in existence.
2. As children grow older, they spend more and more time in the company of their
~ . children of roughly the same age and usually of similar background and
interests.
462
3. Annihilation may be intentional, as in the case of the Nazis' attempted
extermination (=complete destruction) of a whole ethnic group--a practice
called i:;enocide.
4. The cost of public utilities-such as electricity, gas and water-have greatly
increased.
DefmitonText-Based Clues
Exercise 7 : Use definition text-based clues to find the m;aning of the underlined
1. Friction is the resistance between two surfaces in contact, or tending to move,

one with respect to the other.
2. Annihilation is the elimination of one group by another. It may be intentional,
as in the case of the Nazis' attempted extermination (=complete destruction) of a
whole ethnic group--a practice called genocide.
3. Expulsion refers to the removal of a group from the territory in which it resides.
4. Coherence refers to the arrangement and connection of sentences in a
composition.
5. An...o.rprum is the child whose parents have died.
6. Interaction refers to the mutual or reciprocal influences that two or more
persons exert on one another through the use of symbols, gestures, and so on.
Contrast Text-Based Clues

Exercise 8: Use contrast text-based clues to find the meaning of the underlined
1. The picture looks rather~. but we live in hope.

2. Many people who came in despair went away in hope.
3. The court acquitted him of murder but found him guilty of robbery.
4. He is not deliberately untruthful, but he often di.filons. the facts.
5. Although our teacher tried to clm:i.ii the problem for us, in the end, he confused
us all.
6. Languages do not change suddenly; on the contrary, they change ~radually.
7. It's a difficult problem, but I'm sure it's not insurmountable.
8. While a lion may be quite a~~ressive when it is hungry, it is ordinarily a
peaceful animal.
Example Text-Based Clues
Exercise 9 : Use example text-based clues to find the meaning of the underlined
1. The most important hot bevera~es in the world are coffee and tea.
2. Land vehicles include cars, buses, trains and motorbikes.
3. People often suffer from speech defects. Inability to pronounce certain sounds is
an example of such an impairment.
463
Synonyms and Antonyms
Exercise 10: Encircle the antonyms or synonyms of the underlined words.

1. I was glad when we moved away from the city; I had never liked w:han life.
2. Let us not waste our time on insi~njficant matters; there are important decisions
to be made.
3. The computer is infallible. It never makes a mistake.
4. No two languages in the world are identical; each language is difilinc.t.
5. Whether children should be raised in filrig or permissive environments is a
controversial issue.
6. There is a wide variety of bird nests in the world. One aspect that contributes to
the diver~ent types of nests is the material that is available in the area.
7. Desert people are relatively comfortable in their homes, or residences, at all
times because they build them to fit the desert climate.
8. For most children in Turkey school vacation begins in June. Classes .reSYlllil. in
September.
9. American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect
that the workers will come late.
10. In many cultures, people make a distinction between fine art and folk art.
Although the difference between these two types of art is not always easy, each
has certain characteristics that help to identify it.
11. The beautiful fashion model had a ~!amorous job. It was an exciting and
attractive experience to be the center of attention.
12. Questionnaires have certain obvious advantages, but they also have drawbacks.
13. Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health. They also regard
drinking as harmful.
14. The places that people live are different in different parts of the world. Northern
dwellin~s, for example, must keep out the snow, rain ,wind, and cold
temperatures. Homes in areas near the equator are more open.
15. Far from being a help to me, you're a hindrance.
16. Drug addiction involves physical and psychological dependence upon
substances that affect the mind, behavior, or the senses.
Framework-Based Context Clues
Exercise 11 : Use framework-based clues to find the meaning of the underlined

1. When there is no rain for a long time, water supplies often dwjnd)e.
2. You must emb.ark at once; the boat is due to leave in a few minutes.
3. Water in rock crevices expands into ice in cold weather and the rocks are .5lili.1
and forced apart.
4. I promise to keep your secret. You may confide in me.
464
Exercise 12: What do the italicized words in the following sentences mean?
1. Walter left, saying he would return presently, but he was gone for a long time.
The word presently means ................................ .
2. Farmers will be in trouble unless the drought ends soon; it hasn't rained for a
long time.
The word drought means ................................ .
3. The microscope is of the utmost importance in the study of biology because it

can magnify objects too small to be seen by the naked eye.
The word magnify means ................................ .
4. The curtains were spotless; the tablecloth was immaculate, too.

The word immaculate means ................................ .
5. Our Foreign Minister met with his Greek counterpart.

In the above sentence the word counterpart means ................................ .
6. Whereas humans are able to offer help uJselfishly, chimpanzees do not seem to
help each other for altruistic reasons.
The word altruistic means ................................ .
7. The horse won't work without some reward, but it is remarkable how much he
can accomplish with a carrot as an incentive.
The word incentive means ................................ .
8. Every time you cross a busy street against the light, you are putting your life in
jeopardy.
The word jeopardy means ................................ .
9. Since Ann is very tall, she was conspicuous at the dance. Almost everyone
noticed her.
The word conspicuous means ................................ .
10. The rainstorm inundated a number of streets in low-lying areas.

The word inundated means ................................ .
465
Test on Guessing Vocabulary
Directions: What do the words printed in bold face mean?
1. When work is only a means of survival, the rewards and satisfactions of life are
sought in entertainment or diversions.
a) entertainment, pastime c) idleness
b) different types of work d) variety
2. The inhibited and restricted child, accustomed to imitation rather than self
expression, leans on parents, teachers, or peers for direction.
a) restrained b) encouraged c) anxious d) amused
3. Do not buy any more vegetables; we have an ample supply.

a) a limited b) an abundant c) a ready d) a dwindling
4. Mobility is an American way of life because few Americans live in one place
for longer than five years. The movement of Americans is not only from one
state to another; it is within the states, counties, and cities.
a) Prosperity b) Abundance c) Movement d) Speed
5. The two brothers had a fight. They severed their relationship. No matter what
their parents said, they would not reunite.
a) cemented b) strengthened c) dissolved d) revived
6. The principal made what appeared to be a judicious decision. But as more

information came to light, his ruli1_1g appeared to be foolish. In no time at all he
reversed his ruling.
a) wise b) harsh c) careless d) severe
7. Bill has one disagreeable habit. Everything else about him is commendable.
This is why people forgave him.
a) witty b) humorous c) admirable d) tedious
8. The twins are identical in looks. Yet, when it comes to behavior, their reactions
are always diverse. They never respond in the same way.
a) quick b) spontaneous c) different d) emotional
9. As a professional boxer, he had never been beaten. He felt he was invincible.

a) calm b) strong c) fast d) unbeatable
10. The plays had nothing to do with one another. Each one was discrete. However,
because the same actors appeared in all of them it was hard not to mix them
together.
a) separate b) connected c) confusing d) amusing
466
E. Words Used in Different Senses
Some words are used in different senses. This might sometimes cause problems.
Do the following exercises designed to call your attention to such problems.
Exercise 13:Match the definitions of the words with the sentences in which each
word is used. The first four items are done for you.
maintain
(1) keep up; continue; sustain
(2) keep; preserve
(3) assert; claim
(4) take care of; care for; keep in good condition or working order
(5) provide for
(a) _1... Despite some evidence to the contrary, the police maintained that he
was involved in the robbery.
(b) ---2_ The police were unable to maintain law and order.
(c) _1_ He took the lead and maintained it until the end of the race.
(d) _.A_ The railway lines have to be constantly maintained.
(e) Throughout the trial he maintained his innocence.
(f) He maintains that it is virtually impossible to maintain a large family.
(g) I wanted to maintain my friendship with him.
(h) Our primary concern is to maintain peace.
reveal
(1) make known; disclose
(2) show; display; expose
(a) The investigation has revealed some serious faults in the system.
(b) Do you promise not to reveal my secret?
(c) The open door revealed an untidy kitchen.
(d) The survey revealed that the people had little confidence in their
leaders.
suggest
(1) propose
(2) indicate
(3) imply; hint
(a) I suggested to him that we should tackle the problem another way.
(b) The latest figures suggest that business is improving.
(c) I'd like to suggest an alternative plan to you.
(d) I'm not suggesting that the accident was your fault.
(e) The disorganized meeting suggested a lack of proper planning.
467
-----------------------------
gather
(1) collect; bring together
(2) conclude
(a) _ _ I gathered from the way she replied that she was not very
enthusiastic.
(b) _ _ She gathered up her scattered belongings and left.
(c) _ _ We gathered flowers in the field.
relief
(1) aid
(2) comfort
(a) _ _ A massive international relief operation is under way to end the
suffering of the refugees.
(b) _ _ The news brought a sense of relief.
(c) _ _ I breathed a sigh of relief when I heard that my parents were safe.
(d) _ _ An aspirin often provides relief from headaches.
but
( 1) yet; however
(2) except; apart from; other than
(3) almost
(4) only; just
(a) _ _ He thinks of nothing but making money.
(b) _ _ He is still but a child.
(c) _ _ We have all but finished our task.
(d) _ _ I'd like to go to the party, but I'm too busy.
(e) _ _ He is anything but a fool.
for (prep/conjunction)
(1) because (conj)
(2) considering; taking into consideration the fact that
(3) because of(prep)
(4) (with all) in spite of
(5) right, duty, obligation, responsibility, etc.
(a) _ _ For all his boasting, he has achieved very little.
(b) _ _ I had to reprimand him for his rudeness.
(c) _ _ He was acquitted of all charges for lack of evidence.
(d) _ _ He is tall for his age.
(e) I'm not going to tell you the solution of the problem; that is for you to
find out
(f) We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
(g) _ _ His department was shut down for lack of funds.
(h) _ _ It is not for me to say how you should spend your money.
468
seek
(1) seek+ Noun Phrase: (1) look for; search for
(2) seek+ 'To'- Infinitive: (2) try to do something
(a) Physics seeks to understand the mysteries of the physical world.
(b) __ Everyone seeks security and comfort.
concerned
(1) be concerned about : be worried about
(2) be concerned with: be about: deal with
(a) Psychology is concerned with human behavior.
(b) I'm very much concerned about my father's health.
otherwise
(1) in a different way; differently
(2) apart from that; in other ways; in other respects
(3) if not; or else
(4) under other circumstances; in a different condition
(a) She says it's genuine, but I think otherwise.
(b) You'd better go now; otherwise you'll miss your train.
(c) The soup was cold, but otherwise the meal was excellent.
(d) He is noisy, but otherwise a very nice boy.
(e) This makes the show more exciting than it would otherwise be.
(f) The rent is high, but otherwise the house is fine.
(g) He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten.
involve
(1) include
(2) require; entail
(3a)(active voice)cause sh to be connected or concerned
(3b)(passive voice) engage as a participant; take part in
(a)__ My job involves travelling extensively.

(b) __ He was involved in some criminal activities.
(c) __ The community program involves recreational, cultural and
economic features.
(d) __ The witness's statement involves you in the robbery.
(e) __ Don't involve me in your problems.
account for
(1) explain
(2) be responsible for; be the cause of
(a) He was always ready to account for his actions.
(b) Children's needs account for a good part of the family budget.
(c) How do you account for the dent in the car?
469
-------------------------------
while
(1) as (s~owing time)
(2) whereas (showing contrast)
(3) although (showing contrast)
(a) While I support the plan, I think it needs minor modifications.

(b) While I support the plan, you oppose it.
(c) While I was running across the street, I fell down.
exploit
(1) use selfishly for one's own profit or advantage; make unfair use of
(2) make use of; utilize; to use or develop fully so as to get profit
(a) The firm exploits its employees disgracefuUy, paying them less
money than they deserve.
(b) The opposition parties are sure to exploit the government's difficulties
over this issue.
(c) We need technical and financial assistance to exploit th~ undersea oil.
(d) In the future, we'll be able to exploit solar energy better.
employ
(1) give a job to; hire; recruit
(2) use
(a) The firm employs women as well as men.
(b) The police had to employ force to break up the crowd.
(c) He employed his knife as a lever.
due to
(1) because of
(2) be expected to
(a) We'll have to cancel the program due to circumstances beyond our
control.
(b) The Prime Minister is due to hold a press conference today.
given
(1) specified; particular
(2) considering; taking into account; taking into consideration
(3) (in phrases such as given the chance; given the opportunity) if X were given
the chance or opportunity.
(a) Given the chance, she would be highly successful.
(b) In a circle , the distance from the centre to the edge is the same at any
given point.
(c) Given that he is interested in politics, /Given his interest in politics,
I believe this is too good an opportunity for him to miss.
470
PART4~~~~~~
READING COMPREHENSION
CHAPTER 1: Text Organization
A typical English expository text has three distinct parts : introduction, body and
conclusion. The introductory paragraph introduces the topic. It starts with a general
statement about the topic and ends with the thesis statement, the sentence which
contains the main idea. The body consists of developmental paragraphs, each of
which introduces a subtopic explaining the main or central idea stated in the
introduction. The conclusion summarizes the subtopics and restates the main idea.
I. Developmental Paragraphs
On the whole, a developmental paragraph starts with a topic sentence, which
contains the main idea of the paragraph. The topic sentence makes a generalization
about the topic, focusing on ~ particular aspect of it. This generalization is
illustrated, explained, clarified or amplified by means of major and minor
supporting sentences. The paragraph may end with a concluding sentence, which
restates the generalization made in the topic sentence. Diagram! below illustrates
the organization of an essay and a developmental paragraph :
Developmental A Typical
Essay
Paragraphs Developmental
Paragraph
Introduction The topic sentence
The thesis statement The Topic Sentence
~ Body ~ (Generalization)
The topic sentence

t
Body
Body ...- Body
-- t
Supporting
Evidence
j ~
The topic sentence t
~ Body
The Concluding
L-+ Sentence
Conclusion (Restatement)
Diagram 1
Note: See "Model Paragraph" and "Diagram 2 "(p. 472) to understand text
organization better.
471
Model Paragraph
Generally speaking, English is a difficult language for me to learn, For example,
vocabulary is a problem. Sometimes several words like "thin", "slender," "skinny,"
or "slim" have almost the same meaning. How can you tell which word to use?
Pronunciation is hard also. My tongue will not make sounds such as "th," "ing" and
"str". Furthermore, writing presents a whole group of different obstacles : grammar,
word order, and spelling are all troublesome. These are some of the difficulties I have
with the language.
We can show the organization of the above paragraph by means of a diagram:

The Topic Sentence
Generally speaking, English is a difficult language for me to learn
Major Support A
ntmg presents
Vocabulary is a problem. Pronunciation is hard also. a whole group of
different obstacles :
Minor Support Minor Support Minor Support
Sometimes several words My tongue will not grammar, word order,

like "thin", "slender" make sounds, such as
11 11 11
and spelling are all
"skinny" or "slim" have th ing', and "str'".
,
rather troublesome.
almost the same
meaning.
How can you tell which

word to use?
These are some of the difficulties I have with the language .
Diagram 2
472
II. Recognizing the Topic Sentence and Generalizations
It is important for readers to determine whether there is a generalization within
a paragraph. This is because generalizations express the main idea. The sentence
which contains a generalization and expresses the main idea of the paragraph is
called the topic sentence . To understand the function of the topic sentence and the
concept of generalization , examine Diagram 3, which indicates how we can move
from the most general to the most specific just as we do in a paragraph.
Level of Generality
General The universe

The galaxies
The milky way
The solar system
The planets
Saturn
The moons of Saturn
Titan
Specific'f
Diagram 3
Similar to the universe in Diagram 3, the topic sentence is the most general
sentence in the paragraph, dominating the whole paragraph. The rest of the
paragraph explains or develops the generalization in the topic sentence.
Exercise 1: Look at the following groups of statements and classify them accordin~
to their de~ree of ~enerality. Write the letter of the most general statement in
number 1 and the most specific statement in number 5 in the diagrams following the
statements.
1. a) Siamese cats are believed to be more intelligent than others.

b) My neighbor's cat can do all kinds of tricks.
c) Cats are extremely intelligent animals.
d) Some Siamese cats are as intelligent as dogs.
e) · My neighbor's cat is exceptionally intelligent.
1.----
2.----
3.----
4.----
Most specific
5.----
Diagram4A
473
2. a) When unemployment occurs in a community, many people's incomes
decline.
b) Unemployment causes economic problems.
c) When a plant closes in a community, the income of grocery stores declines.
d) When a plant closes in a community, the income of all types of businesses
declines.
e) Unemployment causes problems.
Mostreral 1.----
2.----
3.----
4.----
5.----
Most specific
Diagram4B
III. Stated Main Ideas and the Position of the Topic Sentence
If the main idea of the paragraph is stated, it is found within the topic sentence.
The topic sentence may be placed at the beginning , in the middle , or at the end of
the paragraph. For instance, in the model paragraph on page 472, it is the first
sentence: Generally speaking, English is a difficult language for me to learn.
(See Choosing the Best Topic Sentence on p. 476 and Explicitly Stated Main Idea on p. 508 )
In order to identify the main idea , the reader should look for the sentence which
makes a generalization . If none of the sentences makes a generalization, then the
paragraph has an implied main idea. If this is the case, the reader should try to
draw a conclusion from the passage by studying the examples or supporting
evidence provided by the author.(See Implied Main Idea on page 509.)
IV. The Structure of the Topic Sentence and the Main Idea
Within the topic sentence, there is a single word or a group of words expressing
the main idea. The topic sentence can be divided into two parts : topic and comment
(=statement about the topic.). The topic is usually the grammatical subject of the
sentence and tells the reader what the paragraph is basically about. The comment is
the rest of the .sentence and contains the main point which is signalled by a single
word (the key word) or group of words. In each of the following topic sentences
the key word is printed in bold face and the controliin~ ideas (ideas that the author
uses to limit the topic further) are printed in italics: The key word, together with
controlling ideas expresses the key idea I main point:
Topic Comment
1. Smoking is hazardous to human health.
2. Living in a big city has certain advantages.
3. Drinking too much coffee may be harmful to a pregnant woman.
4. Watching too much television has some harmful effects on children.
5. METU and Ankara University differ in several respects.
6. METU and ITU are alike in someways.
474
7. Cats and dogs are similar in some ways and different in others.
8. Women live longer than men.
9. An automobile is a necessity for urban or rural living.
10. Crime has no single cause.
SPECIAL NOTE
a. Sometimes the main point can be made up of two or more parallel ideas:
11. The main industries of Alaska are fishing, foresting, and mining.
12. Swimming is a sport that requires not only skill but strength as well.
b. Some sentences undergo a transformation with the insertion of there, in which

case the main point precedes the topic:
13.There are several .tiUIRS of air po]lution.

(main point) (topic)
c. In complex sentences formed by adverbial and adjectival clauses, the main

point (printed in bold face in 14 -16 below) is found in the main clause:
14. Although smoking is hazardous to human health, many people persist in

smoking for several reasons.
15. Smoking.which is hazardous to human health, can be highly expensive as well.
d. In noun clauses, the main point is again often found in the main clause:
16. The fact that smoking is hazardous to human health is now well established.
However, in noun clauses beginning with that, the main point is normally
found within the that clause if the clause is in the subject complement position:
17. One reason why many people are against coal-operated power stations is that
they may cause serious environmental problems. ·
e. In sentences containing but, yet, nevertheless, however and on the other hand,
the main point is found in the clause that follows these connectives:
18. Bacteria are harmful, but they may be beneficial as well.
Exercise 2: In each group of sentences, there is one sentence that is more general
than all the others. The rest of the sentences explain or support the idea contained in
the more general sentence. Select the general sentence.
1. (a) There are at least two hundred separate bones in the human body.
(b) The bones of the head are separated at the time of birth, but they slowly grow
together to protect the brain.
(c) The skeleton of the human body is an enormously complex structure.
(d) The bones of the skeleton are of two distinct types.
(e) The bones of the skeleton also manufacture blood.
(f) The exact number of bones in the skeleton differs with each person.
475
2. (a) Tornadoes are clouds that take the shape of funnels; they reach all the way to the
ground, doing enormous damage.
(b) Although all storms have fearful aspects, tornadoes are the most frightening.
(c) Winds within the funnel of the tornado can reach speeds of more than several
hundred miles per hour.
(d) Luckily tornadoes are short-lived, if they were not damage could be even greater.
(e) Sometimes buildings actually blow up as the funnel of the tornado passes over them.
(f) The heavy rain and hail that accompany a tornado also do much damage.
3. (a) The human nervous system is highly developed and extremely complex.
(b) The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
(c) There are three parts to the nervous system.
(d) The autonomic nervous system includes nerves that serve the internal organs.
(e) The peripheral nervous system includes the spinal and cranial nerves.
(f) The brain is the control center of the human nervous system.
4. (a) Users of amphetamines mistakenly believe that all their problems have been solved.
(b) People who use large doses of amphetamines have trouble sleeping.
(c) Those who use amphetamines often find that they are unable to stop talking.
(d) Under the influence of amphetamines, people usually feel they are working more
efficiently; unfortunately this impression is seldom accurate.
(e) Amphetamines, also known as speed, are dangerous drugs, but not enough people
are aware of their effects.
(f) Loss of appetite is another common side effect.
V. Choosing the Best Topic Sentence

Exercise 3 : In each of the following paragraphs, the topic sentence is missing.
From the four alternatives given choose the one which might be the best topic
sentence for the paragraph it belongs to.
l.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
Blue is a color that means sadness or coldness to many people. Most people think
of yellow as a bright, cheerful color. People often say they "see red" when they are
angry.
a) People say strange things about colors.

b) To some people the color red means anger.
c) To many people colors have certain meanings.
d) People's reaction to colors varies from one moment to another.
2.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The yak is an animal about the size of a small cow. The people of Tibet use it to
carry large and small loads. They drink its milk, eat its meat for food and weave its
fur into cloth.
a) The Tibetan people depend upon the yak in several ways.
b) The yak lives in Tibet.
c) The yak is an important means of transportation in Tibet.
d) The yak is adapted to the climate of Tibet.
3.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
A small car is inexpensive to operate because it goes 20 to 30 miles on a tallon of
gasoline. The original purchase price of a small car is considerably less than that of
the bigger models. And of course small cars are easier to park.
476
a) Small cars are quite economical.
b) A small car has several advantages.
c) Small cars have some advantages over big ones.
d) There are several reasons why a person should not buy a big car.
4.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
First, there are books on all subjects, both in the native language and in many other
languages. These books are organized according to subject, title and author in a
central file called the card catalog. Books can generally be checked out of the
library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks. Second, there are
reference works, which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliographies, atlases,
etc), and which generally must be used in the library itself. Third, there are
periodicals- magazines, newspapers, pamphlets-which are filed alphabetically in
racks, or which have been microfilmed to conserve space. Like reference works,
periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library.
a) Libraries contain important reference books.

b) There are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any good
library.
c) Libraries are quite useful.
d) Great care is taken to keep the materials in a library in good condition.
5. - ~ - ~ ~ - ~ - ~ ~ ~ - ~ - - - ~ - ~ - ~ - ~ - - - - - -
Airlines depend on good weather conditions td keep their planes in the air.
Workmen who construct buildings can work only in good weather. Farmers depend
on sunshine and rain for growing crops. Merchants find that weather affects their
business,for when the weather is bad, people do not go shopping.
a) We should listen to a weather report every day.

b) Weather is important to a great many people.
c) Scientists are studying ways to control the weather.
d) Unfavorable weather conditions may affect air travel.
VI. Recognizing Specific Details

.
Exercise 4 : Circle the letter of the sentence that is more specific.
1. (a) Smoking endangers your health.

(b) Smoking causes lung cancer.
2. (a) Computers can store and locate huge amounts of information.

(b) Computers are extremely useful.
3. (a) Living in big cities has several advantages.

(b) Big cities provide good educational opportunities.
4. (a) Overeating can indicate that a person feels nervous and insecure.
(b) Excessive eating can be a symptom of more than hunger.
5. (a) Learning a foreign language quickly requires at least four hours' study a
day.
(b) Learning a foreign language quickly requires hard work.
477
6. (a) Basketball is becoming increasingly popular in Turkey.
(b) There are almost twice as many young people playing basketball in Turkey
now as there were ten years ago.
7. (a) Large automobiles have several disadvantages.

(b) Large automobiles are difficult to park, require too much gas,and are
expensive to maintain.
8. (a) The works of Aristotle range over a wide variety of subjects.

(b) Aristotle wrote about psychology, biology, physics, astronomy, politics and
poetry.
VII. Level of Support

The generalization in the topic sentence is supported by major and minor
supporting sentences as indicated in Diagram 5. There maybe two or more major
supporting sentences which directly support the generalization and an adequate
number of minor supporting sentences which support the major supporting
sentences directly and the generalization indirectly:
Minor Support 1
Minor Support 2
Minor Support 1
Minor Support 2
Minor Support 1
Minor Support 2
Diagram 5
478
VIII. Kind of Support
The generalization in a paragraph can be develo~ed- explained, clarified, or·

amplified- by supporting sentences representing @ variety of rhetorical patterns :
classification, definition, description, illustration(= telling a story), comparison
and contrast, cause- effect, statistics, enumeration(= listing ideas),facts, and
examples. The kind of paragraph development to be employed largely depends on
the purpose of the writer and the specific ~aragraph. SolJletimes a combination of
two or more rhetorical patterns can be used.
Generalization
examples
cause - effect
comparison
Supporting and contrast
Evidence definition
classification
statistics
illustration
•
etc.
479
CHAPTER2
Reading Skills
Reading involves a variety of skills. The main ones are listed below.
- Understanding explicitly stated information
- Understanding information when not explicitly stated I Understanding implications
- Understanding conceptual meaning
- Understanding the communicative value( function) of sentences and utterances
- Understanding relations within the sentence
- Understanding the relations between the parts of a text through grammatical and
lexical cohesion devices ( major transition or link words)
- Identifying the main point or important information in a piece of discourse
- Distinguishing the main idea from supporting details
- Skimming ( for general information)
- Scanning (for specific information)
- Recognizing restatements( important in answering multiple choice questions)
- Interpreting text by going outside it
- Predicting what is to follow
I. Skimming
Read the following passages very quickly. Do no read every word carefully. Then
answer the question under each passage.
So far all attempts to relate the bird's navigational ability to electric forces and
magneti.: activity have failed. Magnets, and minute radio transmitters, attached to
the bird's body, do not interrupt or influence migration. Radar beams bombarding
the bird invisibly have no known effect. Rotation of migrants in covered cages
during transport by car or plane does not confuse them on release. One look at the
celestial clues, their sky compass, and the expert long- distance birds are away in the
correct direction. Birds are not proved to carry a magnetic compass.
What is the main topic of the passage?
1. a) The navigational abilities of birds throughout the ages

b) How electric forces or magnets do not affect a bird's orientation
c) The bombardment of radar beams
d) The way birds look at the celestial clues
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Scientists have established that influenza viruses taken from man can cause
the disease in animals. In addition, man can catch the disease from animals. In fact,
a great number of birds seem to carry the virus without showing any evidence of
illness. Some scientists conclude that a large family of influenza viruses may have
evolved in the bird kingdom-a group that has been on earth 100 million years and
is able to carry the virus without contracting the disease. There is even convinc-
ing evidence to show that virus strains are transmitted from place to place and
from continent to continent by migrating birds.
What is the main topic of the passage?
2. a) The history of birds

b) The history of birds and the influenza virus
c) How man can catch the influenza virus from animals
d) How birds display the influenza virus
Sometimes called puma, panther, or mountain lion, the agile cougar has a
greater natural range than any other mammal in the Western Hemisphere except hu-
mans. However, long viewed as a threat to livestock, it has been intensively hunted
since the arrival of European colonists to the Americas and was almost extinct by
the early twentieth century. While protective measures have been implemented in
the United States, humans continue to destroy the cougar's habitat, further endan-
gering this solitary cat.
3. This passage is about

a) a person b) a place c) an animal d) a time
4. This passage discusses

a) a problem b) a solution c) an opinion d) a policy
5. The author of this passage expresses

a) love b) concern c) joy d) anger
In marine habitats, a number of small creatures are involved in a "cleaning

symbiosis." At least six species of small shrimp, frequently brightly colored, crawl
over fish, picking off parasites and cleaning injured areas. This is not an accidental
occurrence, because fish are observed to congregate around these shrimp and stay
motionless while being inspected. Several species of small fish (wrasses) are also
cleaners, nearly all of them having appropriate adaptations such as long snouts,
tweezer-like teeth, and bright coloration. Conspicuous coloration probably
communicates that these animals are not prey.
6. This passage is mainly about _ _ __

a) a process of marine life c) a species of marine life
b) a place in the sea d) a mystery of marine life
7. The habitat described in this passage is _ _ __

a) an aquarium b) an island c) the ocean d) a laboratory
8. The "cleaning symbiosis" discussed in the passage is _ _ __
a) unimportant b) harmful c) predatory d) beneficial
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II. Scanning
Sometimes we read a passage to locate specifically required information. We
start reading a text with some specific questions in our mind. The following exer-
cise will give you some practice in this skill.
Directions : Read the two questions and the three answers given before each para-
graph below and then read the paragraphs as quickly as possible to find the answers
to the questions. Circle the letter of your answer.
Questions 1- 2 are about Paragraph One
1. The coldest planet is probably _ _ __

a) Jupiter b) Mercury c) Pluto
2. Which of the following three planets is closer to the sun than Saturn ?
a) Jupiter b) Neptune c)Uranus
1. The solar system consists of the sun, the planets, the moons, the asteroids, and
the comets. The word solar means " of the sun", so the sun is obviously the most
important part of the solar system. The nine planets in our solar system are (in order
from the sun) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Ura:nus,-Neptune, and
Pluto. Mercury is the hottest planet. The sun controls the planets, and each planet
controls its moons.
Questions 3-4 are about Paragraph Two

3. Mark Twain became famous as a writer in _ _ __
a) 1863 b) 1864 c) 1865
4. Twain was born in
a) California b) Mississippi c) Missouri
2. Mark Twain was one of the most popular authors in America. His real name was
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, and was born in 1835 in the state of Missouri. He grew
up and spent most of his life near the great Mississippi River. In 1864 he travelled to
California. He became famous the following year when he wrote a short story called
" The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County." In the next few years, he
travelled around the world and continued his writing career.
Questions 5-6 relate to Paragraph Three
5. Otis invented the-,,-,---

a) airplane b) elevator c) adding machine
6. The adding machine was invented in _ _ __
a) 1593 b) 1642 c) 1852
3. An invention is the result of a new idea that someone had and was able to de-
velop into a new, useful thing. Sometimes a new invention is the result of a tre-
mendous amount of work, and sometimes it is the result of luck. Some inventions
include the thermometer by Galileo Galilei of Italy in 1593, the adding machine by
Blaise Pascal of France in 1642, the elevator by Elisha Otis of the United States in
1876, and the airplane by Orville and Wilbur Wright also of the United States in
1903.
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III. Recognizing Paraphrases or Restatements
To answer multiple choice questions correctly, it is essential to recognize the
paraphrases or restatements of the author's ideas which are often used among the
distractors of such questions. Below you will find a description of how paraphrases
or restatements are made by test writers:
Ways of Paraphrasing I Restating Ideas:

Basically, we can paraphrase ideas by
(a) using a different structure
(b) using a synonym or a different form of a word
I. Using a different structure
j 1. Active Voice +-~ Passive Voice
(a) The scientist made an important discovery.
(b) An important discovery was made by the scientist.
j2. Adverbial Clause +-~ Adverbial Phrase
a (1) Since I Because I As he failed, he was disappointed.

(2) He was disappointed because of I on account of I owing to his failure.
(3) He felt disappointment because of his failure.
b (1) Despite the fact that

Although I Though I
Even though he lacks experience, he hopes to get the job.
In spite of the fact that
(2) In spite of I Despite his lack of experience,
3. Adverbial Clause ~~ Participle

a ( 1) As she was the only child ofa rich family, she could get whatever she
wanted.
(2) Being the only child of a rich family, she could get whatever she wanted.
b (1) After she had finished her work, she went shopping.
(2) Having finished her work, she went shopping.
c (1) Since he was surprised at the result, he did not know what to say.
(2) Surprised at the result, he did not know what to say.
d (1) When he saw me, he ran away.

(2) Seeing me, he ran away.
e (1) While he was returning home, he was attacked by three men.

(2) Returning home, he was attacked by three men.
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Relative Clause +-~ Reduced Relative Clause
a (1) The book,which was published only two months ago, became a best
seller.
(2) The book, published oniy two months ago, became a best seller.
b (1) The commitee which is carrying out an inquiry into the cause of the
accident is due to submit its report to the Chairman today.
(2) The commitee carrying out an inquiry into the cause of the accident is
due to submit its report to the Chairman today.
c (1) The first surgeon who performed a heart transplant operation was
Christian Barnard.
(2) The first surgeon to perform a heart transplant operation was Christian
Barnard.
!s. Infinitive +-~ Gerund
It is essential for a baby to drink milk.
Drinking milk is essential for a baby.
! 6. Noun Clause +-~ Noun Phrase

a (1) Whether this theory is still valid is questionable.
(2) The validity of the theory is questionable.
b (1) The fact that Bill is highly competent as a teacher is obvious.

(2) Bill 's great competence as a teacher is obvious.
c (1) Bill is certain that he will be successful.

(2) Bill is certain of success.
7. Adverbial Clause I Participle /Adverbial Phrase +-~ SJ+ Sentence

Connector+ S 2
r ....
Since the weather was bad,
The weather being bad, the picnic was cancelled.
Because of the bad weather,
'-
The weather was bad; therefore, the picnic was cancelled. .J
Note the preferred use of due to used to express the same idea:
The cancellation of the picnic was due to the bad weather.
8. Adverbial Clause of Reason +-~ Adverbial Clause of Condition
( 1) He failed because he did not study hard.
(2) If he had studied hard, he wouldn't have failed.
!9, Too+ Adj. + 'To' Infinitive +-~ Adverbial Clause of Result

(1) He was too tired to do any more work.
(2) He was so tired that he couldn't do any more work.
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·,
II. Using a different word
A. Using a synonym:
1 (a) Smoking is detrimental to humiµi health.

(b) Smoking is harmful to humaq health.
2 (a) He accomplished his aim.
(b) He achieved his goal.
3 (a) The prospect of visiting his mother-in-law made him uneasy.

(b) The probability I likelihood of visiting his mother- in-law made him
uncomfortable.
B. Using a different form

la Adjective ~ Adverb
(la) There have been significant changes in our society in recent years.
(lb) Our society has changed significantly in recent years.
b Adjective ~ Noun
(2a) The fact that the system is inefficient creates many problems.
(2b) The inefficiency o/the system creates many problems.
2a Verb ~ Noun
(3a) We need more food to maintain our body temperature in cold weather.
(3b) We need more food for the maintenance of our body temperature in
cold weather.
(4a) The minister accused of involvement in a financial scandal resigned

yesterday.
(4b) The minister accused of involvement in a financial scandal handed in
his resignation yesterday.
(5a) We must assess students' needs more realistically in order to design a

better syllabus.
(5b) We must make a more realistic assessment of students' needs in order
to design a better syllabus.
b Verb ~ Adjective/ Noun

(6a) Fish abound in the sea.
(6b) Fish are abundant in the sea.
(6c) There is an abundance of fish in the sea.
3 Nominalization (Turning into a Noun )

Nominalizations can be done by using
(a) the noun form of the word given
(b) possessive form+ V-ing
(c) a that clause (that+sentence)
(d) [ for+ (pro)noun] + to +infinitive*
Note:* If the infinitive has its own subject, the word 'for' is placed before the subject.
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Examples of Nominalizations
Underlying Sentences: You reject his offer. This seems foolish

(a) Your rejection of his help seems foolish. ( noun form)
(b) Your rejecting his help seems foolish. (possessive ... V-ing)
(c) For you to reject his help seems foolish. ( for ... to+ Infinitive)
(d) It is foolish of you to reject his help. (to+ Infinitive)
(e) That you reject his help seems foolish. (that clause)
(f) It seems foolish that you reject his help. (that clause)
Important Considerations in Paraphrasing by Lexical Devices (=by Using

Different Words )
1. In changing a word from its adjective form to !I noun, it may often be necessary to use a
verb which goes with that noun:
(a) Each federal state is autonomous in its internal affairs.
(b) Each federal state has autonomy in its internal affairs.
(a) He is highly Ivery influential in policy making.

(b) He has great influence in policy making.
2. In changing a noun to its corresponding verb form, it may sometimes be necessary to

use the verb in the passive voice:
(a) The maintenance of peace is important.
(b) It is important that peace (should) be maintained.
3. In changing a verb to its corresponding noun form, it may be necessary to use the
preposition 'in' in cases where a possessive form is not needed:
(a) The relations between the two countries have deteriorated because of a
border incident.
(b) There has been a deterioration in the relations between the two countries
because of a border incident. I The border incident has led to a
deterioration in the relations between the two countries.
4. In changing a verb to its coresponding noun form, the adverb used with the verb is
changed to an adjective and placed before the noun form:
(a) Gold prices fluctuate steadily.
(b) There are steady fluctuations in gold prices.
5. In changing verbs and adjectives to their corresponding noun forms in the

subject or object position of the sentence, a possessive form is often needed:
a George failed , which disappointed his parents.
George's failure disappointed his parents. (for human subjects)
b The program/ailed, which was unexpected.

The failure of the program was unexpected. (for nonhuman subjects)
6. Certain adjectives, such as significant, important, interesting and valuable need special
486
attention. When these adjectives are replaced by their corresponding noun forms used after
the verb to be , the preposition 'of' must be placed before the noun:
(a) The results are highly significant.
(b) The results are of great significance.
Exercise 1: Read the sentences on the left and then complete the sentences on the
right,using the correct forms of the words written in bold face.
1. She was very anxious. She felt ................................................. .
2. The audience applauded loudly. The audience's ....................................... .
3. It surprised us greatly. It was ..................................................... .
4. He behaves very badly. His .......................................................... .
5. He has great courage. He is ........................................................ .
6. These two books are similar. There .................................................... .
7. He is a very determined man. He is a man .......................................... .
8. His work has improved considerably.There ..................................................... .
9. He lives comfortably. He leads ................................................. .
10. She is very patient. She has .................................................. .
11. He was severely injured. His ....................................................... .
12. He tends to ignore traffic rules. He has ................................................... .
13. I don't object to your driving the car. I have ..................................................... .
14. It is essential to preserve these interesting old customs.
is essential.
15. It is likely that he will be promoted next month.
The .................................................................................. .
16. There is constant competition between the two boys.
The two boys ............................................................... .
17. He knows a lot about commerce.
He knows a lot about ....... ...... .. ..... .... .... affairs.
18. I'm confident of his honesty.
I have ............................................................. .
19. He resigned from his post unexpectedly.
His .................................................................... .
20. It is convenient to live in the center of the town.
It is a great. ........................................................ .
Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences using the words or phrases given as
clues. Make any necessary changes but do not change the meaning of the original
sentence. The first one is done for you.
1. The preservation o/tropical forests is necessary for the survival of many

species of animals. ( preserve)
It is necessary to preserve tropical rain forests for the survival of many
species of animals.
487
2. It is likely that he will get a scholarship. (likelihood)
3. It takes a long time to acquire a skill. (acquisition)
4. Large numbers of new immigrants travelled West to seek wealth and
prosperity. (wealthy and prosperous)
5. What caused some species to become extinct is still unknown. (extinction)
6. The birth rate has steadily declined since 1980. (decline)
7. Although a better system was established, there are still some problems.
(establishment)
8. Oil has brought great prosperity to some countries in the Middle East.
(prosperous)
9. His father constantly encouraged him to learn a foreign language.
(encouragement)
10. There is a striking resemblance between the two brothers. (resemble)
11. You can't give any justification for your rudeness. (unjustifiable)
12. The sale of alcohol is strictly prohibited in Turkey on election days. (prohibiton)
13. The building was invaded by a large number of people seeking employment.
(unemployed)
14. What he accomplished was of great significance. (accomplishment)
15. The patient was worried about the persistence of the pain. (persistent)
16. Drastic changes are needed in the economic system to ensure steady economic
growth.( drastically)
17. Conservation of energy is essential . (It is ... )
18. Although he made great effort, he couldn't finish his project on time. (In spite
of)
19. There is no likelihood of his being offered a job. (unlikely)
20. He was very anxious about his father's deteriorating health. (anxiety)
21. After he retired, he settled in a small coastal town. (retirement)
. 22. The fact that he lacks consistency annoys me. (lack of)
23. He achieved his goal as a result of his persistence in his studies. (persisted)
24. They have some influence on the way resources are allocated. (allocation)
25. These printers are preferred because they are compatible with most word
· processors. ( compatibility)
26. To succeed in life, it is not sufficient to be determined and strong-willed; one
must also have talent, capacity and training. (successful)
27. The government must change its economic policy drastically to ensure steady
economic growth. (drastic)
28. Whether these figures are accurate is doubtful . (It)
29. George's late arrival annoyed the teacher. (The fact...)
30. The fact that these measures are inadequate is obvious. (inadequacy )
Exercise 3: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means
exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. The first one is done for you.
1. Driving fast is dangerous, whether you are an experienced driver or not.

However experienced)lou are. driving fast is dangerous.
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2. The only thing they didn't steal was the television.
They stole ............................................................................................................ .
3. I tried as hard as I could, but I just couldn't get the money.

No matter ............................................................................................................ ..
4. Why didn't I think of that idea before?

I should ................................................................................................................. .
5. During the oil refinery strike, there were enormous petrol queues.
While ................................................................................................................... .
6. The cost of living has gone up considerably in the last few years.
There .................................................................................................................. ..
7. I'd love to be on a secluded beach in Mexico.

I wish ....................................................................................................................
8. We must continue our efforts, whether there are problems or not.

Regardless .............................................................................................................
9. On receipt of your cheque, we shall send the goods to you.

As soon as ............................................................................................................. .
10. In spite of our warnings, he left the camp without taking his rifle.
Although ............................................................................................................. ..
11. I really think you ought to acquire a few manners.

It's high time.......................................................................................................... .
12. His sight was tested.

He had ................................................................................................................. .
13. The last time I played football was in 1971. .

I haven't ................................................................................................................ .
14. Having nowhere else to go, I tried to sleep in the station waiting room.
As .......................................................................................................................... .
15. It's a pity that you wrote that letter.

I'd ......................................................................................................................... .
16. I'll find that man, no matter how long it takes .
. However................................................................................................................ .
17. My income does not enable me to meet all my financial commitments.

I .............................................................................................................................
18. It's such a marvellous opportunity that we mustn't miss it.

It's ......................................................................................................................... .
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Tests on Restatement
Choose the sentence which is closest in meaning to the original sentence. Make
sure that the sentence you choose is the closest restatement of the given sentence.
1. In spite of the rain, the ceremony was not cancelled.

a) The ceremony was not held because it rained.
b) Rain caused the cancellation of the ceremony.
c) The ceremony was held because it did not rain.
d) Although it rained, the ceremony was held.
2. When television first became available to large numbers of Americans in the

1950s and 1960s, most producers ignored its possibilities as a tool for education.
a) In the 1950s and 1960s, there were not many educational programs on
American television.
b) Until the 1950s and 1960s, most of the television programs in the United
States were tools for education.
c) After the 1950s and 1960s, most American producers did not see the
educational possibilities of television.
d) During the 1950s and 1960s, educational programs first became available
to Americans.
3. Because of its higher position, the rock in your hand has a higher potential
energy than the same rock at rest on the floor.
a) The rock in your hand has a higher potential energy than the same rock at
rest on the floor since it has a higher position.
b) Although the rock in your hand has a higher position, it has a higher
potential energy than the same rock at rest on the floor.
c) The rock in your hand has higher potential energy than the same rock at rest
on the floor, and it has a higher position.
d) The rock in your hand has a higher position so that it has a higher potential
energy than the same rock at rest on the floor.
4. Had more young people voted, Mr. Smith would have won the election.
a) The election was won by Mr. Smith with the help of the young voters.
b) Mr. Smith did not win because there were not many young people who
voted.
c) Since the young people voted in the election, Mr. Smith did not win.
d) Most young people would have liked to vote for Mr. Smith.
490
5. Children brought up in poverty tend, on the average, to do poorly on tests of
intelligence.
a) Poor children are generally not as intelligent as rich children.
b) Rich children do very well on tests of intelligence.
c) Children from poor families have a tendency to do badly on intelligence
tests.
d) Intelligence tests are poorly administered to poor children.
6. The mGSt important contemporary problems in modern medicine are

philose·ptncal and ethical rather than scientific or technical.
a) Scientific problems are now being solved in all areas of medicine.
b) Philo~p.hy and ethics account for greater problems in medicine now than
do science and technology.
c) Contemporary problems in medicine are more of the scientific type than the
philosophical.
d) The scientific and technical problems any doctor meets with today are less
important than his philosophy or ethics.
7. Matter, or anything that has mass and occupies space, is of course the stuff that
you and all other things are made of.
a) Matter takes up space
b) Matter is what you and everything else consist of.
c) Matter, which has mass and takes up space, is what everything is made of.
d) Everything is made up of matter, which is mass and space.
8. The uses and transformations of matter and energy are governed by certain
scientific laws, which, unlike legal laws, cannot be broken.
a) Certain scientific laws govern the uses and transformation of matter and
energy, and these laws cannot be broken, as legal laws can.
b) The scientific laws that govern the uses and transformation of matter and
energy can be broken, as legal laws can.
c) Scientific laws that govern the uses and transformation of matter and
energy cannot be broken, just as legal laws cannot be broken.
d) The scientific laws that govern the uses and transformation of matter and
energy are breakable.
9. Psychology can be defined as the scientific study of human behavior.

a) Psychology is the study of human behavior.
b) Psychologists study human behavior scientifically.
c) One way to define psychology is to call it the scientific study of human
behavior.
d) The scientific study of human behavior is psychology.
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10. She reminded him to recommend her brother for the position.
a) He recommended that her brother apply for the position after she reminded
him to do so.
b) Her brother was to be recommended for the job.
c) She told him that he should remember to recommend her brother for the
position.
d) Her brother recommended her for the position.
11. Unless the trend reverses, low-priced pocket calculators will have replaced the
slide rule completely within the next few years.
a) Slide rules will have been replaced by low-priced pocket calculators soon if
the trend continues.
b) More people will be using slide rules than pocket calculators even though
they are more expensive, unless the trend reverses.
c) Because they are low-priced, pocket calculators will replace slide rules in
the next few years.
d) The trend is for slide rules to be used in spite of the low prices of pocket
calculators.
12. No one except the graduate assistant understood the results of the experimerts.
a) All of the graduate assistants understood the experiments.
b) The experiments were not understood by any of them.
c) Only the graduate assistant understood the experiments.
d) All but one of the graduate assistants understood the experiments.
13. Working as a pediatrician has certain disadvantages which are far outweighed
by the advantages.
a) The disadvantages of being a pediatrician far outweigh the advantages.
b) Working pediatricians have far greater disadvantages than advantages.
c) There are some negative aspects about the pediatrician's work; however, the
positive aspects are far greater.
d) Baby doctors have both advantages and disadvantages with the former far
greater.
14. Acetylene is potentially dangerous, especially when kept under pressure.

a) Potentially explosive acetylene can be stored under pressure.
b) Compressed acetylene is especially dangerous when it is kept for long
periods of time.
c) A person under stress is particularly susceptible to the harmful effects of
acetylene.
d) Particularly when it is kept under pressure, acetylene can be dangerous.
492
15. In spite of the high interest rates on home loans, the couple did not change their
plans to buy a new house.
a) High interest rates caused the couple to change their plans about buying a
house.
b) The house was not bought by the couple because of the high interest
rates.
c) Since interest rates were no longer high, the couple bought the house.
d) Although the interest rates were high, the house was bought by the couple.
16. Our town is famous for its theater, even though its theater district is now a
hotbed of crime.
a) Crime is rampant in our town's theater district.
b) In addition to its hotbed of crime, our town has a well-known theater area.
c) Our town is known for its theater, although criminal activity is rampant in
its theater district.
d) Our town's famous theaters are surrounded by robbers.
17. Parents have become so concerned about the television viewing habits of their
children that families are beginning to censor the programs that enter their
homes.
a) Families watch television together more often now than in the past so that
they can decide whether shows are desirable or not.
b) Families with televisions are not as close as families without televisions
because the former argue more over program choices.
c) Although parents worry about the programs that their children watch, they
find it very difficult because censorship is not what it used to be.
d) Because of their concern over the television programs, many parents are
deciding which programs they will let their children watch.
18. For a student, Ali seemed to spend a surprising amount of time doing nothing.
a) Ali seemed surprised to find his student friend wasting time.
b) Ali didn't seem to be doing anything when a friend surprised him.
c) Ali seemed to do nothing for his friends while he was a student.
d) Ali seemed to have a lot of free time despite being a student.
19. Wisdom is the chief goal of the true philosopher.

a) The true philosopher is interested in wisdom, nothing else.
b) A philosopher who is honest takes wisdom as his only goal.
c) The primary pursuit of the true philosopher is wisdom.
d) Among the philosopher's main goals, none is truer than the chief goal of
wisdom.
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20. Had the announcement been made earlier, more people would have attended the
lecture.
a) Not many people came to hear the lecture because it was held so late.
b) The lecture was held earlier so that more people would attend.
c) Fewer people attended the lecture because of the early announcement.
d) Since the announcement was not made earlier, fewer people came to hear
the lecture.
21. After she had already signed a year's lease, she found another apartment that she
liked much better.
a) Having already signed a year's lease for her apartment, she found another
one more to her liking.
b) She signed a year's lease for her apartment because she liked it.
c) Although she did not like her apartment, she still signed a year's lease.
d) When she found an apartment that she liked better, she signed a year's lease
for it.
22. The family entered the room, fearful of the news which the doctor would give
them. ·
a) As they entered the room, the family felt uneasy as the doctor prepared to
reveal the fearful news.
b) The doctor gave the family the bad news as they entered the room.
c) The doctor gave the news prior to the family's entrance.
d) Entering the room, the family felt a sense of dread with respect to the news
which the doctor was going to disclose.
23. In dense woods where little sunlight penetrates, one is likely to find just about
as much moss on the south side as on the north side of a tree trunk.
a) When little sunlight comes through the thick forest, the south and the north
sides of a tree trunk have about the same amount of moss.
b) When bright sunlight comes through the dense woods, the moss on the
north side of the tree trunk is thicker than that on the south side.
c) When not much sunlight penetrates the thick woods, the moss on the south
side of the tree trunk is thicker than that on the north side.
d) When a great deal of sunlight penetrates the thick forest, very little moss
grows on either the south or the north side of the tree trunk.
24. Taxes being so high, the descendents of the wealthy class of the nineteenth
century are being forced to rent out their estates to paying guests.
a) In the nineteenth century, the wealthy class started to purchase land.
b) Because of high taxes, families which were rich one hundred years ago now
rent out their estates.
c) Guests interested in the estates of the wealthy class of the nineteenth
century pay high taxes when they rent old estates.
d) The descendents of the families which were once wealthy do all they can
to evade high taxes.
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25. Heavy smokers and drinkers run a fifteen-times greater risk of developing
cancer of the mouth and throat than nonsmokers and nondrinkers.
a) Cancer of the mouth and throat is more likely to occur in heavy smokers
and drinkers than in nonsmokers and nondrinkers.
b) People who never drink and smoke will not get mouth or throat cancer.
c) Heavy drinkers who run have a greater risk of developing cancer than
nondrinkers.
d) People who don't smoke and drink have as much chance of getting cancer
of the mouth and throat as those who smoke and drink heavily.
26. The finest guitars are made in our workshop, where the craftsmen still use only
the finest wood.
a) Our fine guitars are made by craftsmen who use only choice wood.
b) Our craftsmen make fine guitars out of the choicest wood.
c) Our workshop is the home of the finest guitars -- guitars made of the
choicest wood.
d) In our workshop, where craftsmen continue to use only the choicest wood,
the finest guitars are produced.
27. Whether to decrease further or even eliminate immigration into the United
States is an extremely difficult and controversial question.
a) It is both difficult and controversial to promote or eliminate immigration
into the United States.
b) The question of whether to further decrease or possibly discontinue
immigration into the United States is controversial and difficult to answer.
c) Everyone agrees that it is difficult to decrease or eliminate immigration into
the United States.
d) It seems that it is highly difficult to stop immigration into the United
States.
28. Nearly all successful forms of social control are developed by employing those
measures that are the least oppressive to the people concerned.
a) Almost all forms of social control that succeed are developed by taking
action that is the least offensive to the people involved.
b) The people concerned require beneficial measures in order for a form of
social control to be successful.
c) In order for a government to succeed at social control, the people concerned
must be willing to eagerly accept the actions taken by that government.
d) Measures that are based on oppression are likely to be successful in
maintaining social control.
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IV. Making Inferences
Writers do not always "write out" everything they expect the reader to
understand. Sometimes they say certain things indirectly, and an efficient reader
should be able to understand these indirect statements or implications . In other
words, he should infer some of the ideas from the passage. An inference is a conclu-
sion. A good reader should be able to draw conclusions or make inferences from
what the writer has said explicitly.
Below you will find a very short text followed by two sets of questions:
(a) Direct Reference Questions ( questions which can be answered by referring

to the writer's actual words - to what he has actually stated.)
(b) Indirect Reference and Inference Questions (questions to which there is no

direct reference in the text ) : These questions require readers to draw conclu-
sions or make inferences by using contextual clues.
Sample Text
... Of the seven men taking part in the experiment two were from Mandalay,
two from other cities in Burma, and the remainder from neighboring South-
east Asian countries. The experiment produced significant results for the
researchers.
A. Direct Reference Questions

la. How many men were taking part in the experiment?
2a. How many of the men were from Mandalay?
3a. How many of the men were from other cities in Burma?
4a. Where were the remainder (of the men) from?
5a. What kind of results did the experiment produce for the researchers?
What is actually stated in the short text is not difficult to understand ; we can
give the following answers to the above questions:
1b. There were seven men taking part in the experiment.

2b. Two of the men were from Mandalay.
3b. Two of the men were from other cities in Burma.
4b. The remainder were from neighboring Southeast Asian countries.
5b. The experiment produced significant results for the researchers.
B. Indirect Reference and Inference Questions

The answers to the following questions are not explicitly stated in this text;
however, there are definite clues for you to find the expected answers easily. Once
you begin to recognize such clues, inference questions are also easy to answer:
Questions Clue in the passage
la. What is Mandalay? ... other cities in Burma

2a. Where is Burma? ... neighboring Southeast Asian countries
496
3a. How many men from countries ... of the seven ... two were .... two
other than Burma took part from ...
in the experiment? and the remainder...
4a. How successful was the experiment ...produced significant results ...
for the researchers?
Answers to the inference questions are given below:
lb. It is a city in Burma.

2b. It is in Southeast Asia.
3b. There were three men from countries other than Burma.
4b. It was a successful experiment for them.
Exercise 1 : Drawing Conclusions or Making Inferences

Read the following sentences carefully. Then read the four choices given after each
of them. After that circle the letter of the statement that you think is true from the
information in the sentences.
1. The doctor gave my sister some medicine, but it did not change her condition.
a) My sister did not like the medicine.
b) My sister took the medicine.
c) The medicine made my sister sick.
d) The medicine changed her condition.
2. The teacher told John to rewrite his exercises carefully.

a) The teacher gave John a lot of exercises.
b) John didn't do his homework carefully.
c) John forgot to do his exercises.
d) John enjoyed doing exercises.
3. Mary thinks it is impossible to type 100 words per minute, but Sue can.
a) Mary can't type.
b) Sue types for Mary.
c) Mary wants to learn to type.
d) Sue types very rapidly.
4. All of the students except Joe and Sam will take more than two tests.
How many tests will Joe and Sam take?
a) one or two
b) two or three
c) four
d) many
5. When I tried to mail my letter to the United States today, I didn't have enough
money because I did not know the post office had changed the price of stamps.
a) It is difficult to mail letters to the United States.

b) There was a considerable reduction in the price of postage.
c) The price of postage went up.
d) The post office was closed today.
497
6. All the students in Mary's class except Paul passed the test, but no one in my
class did.
a) I passed the test.
b) Paul passed the exam.
c) Everyone in my class failed.
d) I attend the same class as Paul does.
7. I wanted to wait for Mary, but Peter said that we had to go.
a) We went without Mary.
b) They left without me.
c) We went without Peter.
d) I went alone.
8. He arrived early in order not to miss the class.

a) He was too late.
b) He missed the class.
c) He attended his class.
d) He had to take a test.
9. Those brown shoes are too big, but these black ones are small enough for me to
wear.
a) The black shoes are too small.
b) The brown shoes are bigger.
c) The brown shoes are big enough.
d) I will wear the brown shoes.
10. There isn't much food in the box, but there should be.
a) Someone ate all the food.
b) The food was never in the box.
c) There is a little food.
d) The box is empty.
11. Mr. Brown might bring his wife and daughter to the party, but I really doubt it.
a) I think I won't go to Mr. Brown's party.
b) I think Mr. Brown will definitely bring his wife and daughter to the party.
c) I think Mr. Brown won't bring his wife and daughter to the party.
d) I think Mr. Brown won't attend the party.
12. The weather is very cold outside and the sky is very cloudy, but the weather
forecaster on television says that snow is unlikely.
a) The weather forecaster doesn't like snow.
b) According to the weather forecaster, it might snow tonight.
c) Nobody would like it to snow.
d) The weather forecaster thinks it won't snow.
13. The author had written the book four years before he got married.
a) He got married four years ago.
b) He needed four years to write the book.
c) He got married four years after he wrote the book.
d) Four years before he wrote the book, he got married.
498
14. In the horse race yesterday, number 5 outran all the others.
a) Number 5 won.
b) Number 5 almost won.
c) Number 5 finished last.
d) Number 5 ran out of time.
15. The plane from Madrid was due to arrive here at eight o'clock but is about an
hour behind schedule according to what that man told me.
a) The plane from Madrid left an hour ago.
b) The plane will arrive in Madrid soon.
c) The plane will arrive an hour late.
d) The plane was going to Madrid.
Exercise 2 : Below you will find sets of three specific sentences; each set describes
the behavior or appearance of a different person. Read through the three sentences
and choose the inference that fits the information given in the specific sentences.
1. A. Although the man's clothes were old and dirty, it was easy to see that they
were well cut and expensive.
B. The walls of his run-down shack were papered with autographed pictures;
many of the inscriptions on the photos contained his name.
C. Articulate and well read, he liked to talk of the places he had been and the fa-
mous people he had known.
Inferences
a) The man was an alcoholic.
b) The man was unhappy with his life.
c) The man had not always been so poor.
2. A. The student squinted when she sat at the back of the room and looked at the
blackboard.
B. She left out words when she copied anything from the blackboard.
C. After she read for an hour, she got a headache.
Inferences
a) The student gets excellent grades.
b) The student needs glasses.
c) The student wants to get out of doing any work.
3. A. Whenever he felt anxious, he went to the refrigerator to find something to

munch on.
B. When he got promoted, he was so happy he managed to lose twenty pounds,
and his friends said that he was almost too thin.
C. When he lost his job, he put on thirty pounds.
Inferences
a) He couldn't get the kind of job he wanted because he was too heavy.
b) He was always disgusted with himself after he had eaten too much.
c) His weight fluctuated with his state of mind: when he was happy, he was
slender; when he was unhappy, he was overweight.
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4. A. Her hands remained clamped to the lectern while she gave her speech.
B. Her voice trembled slightly when she spoke.
C. She didn't look at her audience once.
Inferences
a) She was used to giving speeches.
b) The audience did not like her speech.
c) She was not used to giving speeches.
5. A. Sue stood on the edge of the group and smiled timidly at the other children;
intent on their game, they did not smile back.
B. When the game broke up, everyone else walked home in pairs; Sue walked
home alone.
C. When Sue's mother asked if she had enjoyed the play group after school, the
child burst into tears.
Inferences
a) The child is unhappy because she feels left out and lonely.
b) The child cried because the mother asked too many questions.
c) The other children did not like Sue.
6. A. Many cat and dog owners buy their pets clothing, special food, and toys.
B. A great many men and women talk to their pets.
C. It is not uncommon for a dog or cat who has died to receive a headstone with
a poetic inscription.
Inferences
a) Many cat and dog owners treat their pets as if they were human beings.
b) Most people who like dogs and cats don't like other human beings.
c) It is unnatural for human beings to treat their pets like humans.
Exercise 3 : Encircle the letters ( A,B, C, or D) in front of the statements that can
be definitely inferred from each of the sentences below. The number of inferences
that can be drawn varies from item to item.
1. Krill, which are the main diet of whales, have been cited as one of the world's
biggest unexploited food resources.
A. Whales eat more krill than anything else.

B. The world has a number of unexploited food resources.
C. Whales are one of the world's biggest unexploited food resources.
D. The writer believes that krill constitute one of the world's biggest
unexploited food resources.
2. Like other assessments of the situation, Jack's predictably, and sensibly,

forecasts a rise in unemployment among the young.
A. The writer agrees with Jack's forecast.

B. Jack expects overall unemployment to rise.
C. A number of predictions have been made with regard to the situation.
D. Other forecasters agree with Jack about unemployment among the young.
500
3. Buying the right tires and keeping them properly inflated can add considerable
mileage to the life of your car; underinflation not only causes tires to wear out
faster, but may also waste gasoline and undercut performance.
A. Underinflating tires always shortens their lives.

B. Underinflating tires always wastes gasoline.
C. There may be as many as four separate benefits from keeping tires properly
inflated.
D. The writer assumes that the most obvious effects of underinflation are gaso-
line waste and inferior performance.
4. Apart from the obvious fact that rioters tend to come from the less well-off
section of the community, there is no evidence that economic circumstances
have 8:1?,Y causal relationship with street violence.
A. There is some evidence for relating economic circumstances to street

violence.
B. Not all the people in the community referred to are poor.
C. There is no evidence that economic circumstances result from street violence.
5. Even those qualities from genes that are easy to splice into a plant cell, such as
salt-resistance, higher protein yield, and tolerance for heavy metals, may not be
generally advertised in seed catalogues for years to come.
A. There are just three qualities from genes which are easy to splice into a plant
cell.
B. Scientists are already capable of splicing certain qualities from genes into a
plant cell.
C. There are at least three qualities from genes which can be spliced into a plant
cell.
D. It will probably be a long time before qualities from genes, other than those
mentioned, will be generally advertised in seed catalogues.
6. While about 47,000 books are published in Germany every year, only 6,500
books are published in Turkey .
A. There is a greater demand for books in Germany than in Turkey.

B. Germans are better readers than Turks.
C. Reading is more popular in Germany than in Turkey.
D. Authors live comfortably in Germany.
7. When the The U.S. Public Health Service published a report linking smoking to
some potential risks to both pregnant women and their babies, about 10 million
American women quit smoking.
A. The U.S. Public Health Service is mainly concerned with dangerous

effects of smoking on people.
B. On the whole, American women take government health warnings seriously.
C. Smoking is no longer as popular in the United States as it was before.
D. Women in many parts of the world give up smoking.
501
Exercise 4 : Encircle the letters (A,B, C, or D) in front of the statements that can be
definitely inferred from the given passage. The number of inferences that can be
drawn varies from one text to another.
1. A popular vacation spot during summer months is Nags Head; its beaches,
excellent surf fishing, and nearby historical sites make it one of North Carolina's
most popular seaside towns. Other resorts in neighboring southern states may
provide more night life, but Nags Head attracts families year after year.
a) Nags Head is in the South.

b) You can see many children in Nags Head in July.
c) Nags Head has many nightclubs and discotheques.
d) Nags Head is on the coast.
2. A good source of vitamin B is kale. Spinach and escarole are other green leafy
vegetables that provide this essential vitamin. Enjoy your daily salad, and you'll
have your vitamin B as well.
a) Kale is a green leafy vegetable.

b) Vitamin Bis the most essential vitamin.
c) Eating salad will guarantee good health.
d) Kale, spinach, and escarole can be used in salads.
3. Families in which there are a mother and a father working almost always have a
higher income than families with only a mother working. The reason is that
women make, on the average, only 59 cents for every dollar men make, so that
the two-career family has a household income of $1.59 for every 59 cents a sin-
gle mother takes home. All other things being equal, the household income of
the employed single mother is, in other words, about 37 percent of that of the
working married couple.
a) The average man makes $1.59 for every $1.00 a woman makes.
b) Other things being equal, the household income of an employed single moth-
er is 63 cents less than each $1. 59 earned by a working married couple.
c) Other things being equal, the household income of an employed single father
is about 63 percent of that of a working married couple.
d) Of every $1. 59 earned by an average "two-career" family, the man makes
$1.00.
4. In 1975, a federal court ruled that affirmative action hiring for police forces be
extended to women. For every white male fired or promoted, a female would
have to be hired or promoted. From 1975 on, Detroit actively recruited women
into law enforcement. By the spring of 1980, 12 percent of the Detroit police
force was female.
a) There was affirmative action in police-force hiring before 1975.

b) Before 1975, Detroit did not have women in law enforcement.
c) In 1975, the Detroit police department changed its policy towards hiring
women.
d) In 1980, the proportion of women in the Detroit police department reflected
their proportion in the population as a whole.
502
5. Back trouble is one of the most common causes of doctor visits in the United
States and the leading cause of long-term disability and absenteeism from work. In
fact, 80 percent of the populace will have a severe backache sometime during their
lives. Yet, almost all of this discomfort and inconvenience is avoidable.
a) No other cause accounts for as many doctor visits in the United States as
back trouble.
b) No other cause accounts for as much absenteeism from work as back trouble.
c) Eighty percent of all back trouble is avoidable.
d) If everyone took the proper precautions, fewer than half of the populace
would ever suffer from severe backache.
6. The fossils that have led to this new view of dinosaurs as migratory creatures
have been found in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and the Soviet Union, as well
as in Antarctica and southern Australia. At the time dinosaurs thrived near the
poles, conditions there were radically different from those today. The planet
was warmer, especially in these polar regions.
a) Dinosaurs are usually thought of as sedentary creatures.

b) Dinosaurs migrated from Alaska to Australia.
c) The fossils have been found in polar regions.
d) The temperature at the poles today is colder than it was in the past.
7. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, unemployment affected as much as

twenty-five percent of the labor force. Today's federal system of social welfare
programs did not exist then, so the families of most of the unemployed went hungry.
Since that time, we have progressed both in maintaining higher levels of
employment and in providing support services to the unemployed. However,
unemployment is still a threat in certain industries and for certain groups, especially
among minority youth first entering the labor force. Unemployment is a waste of
human resources, and represents a drain on public budgets and on the life savings of
individual families.
a) Unemployment caused many hardships for families during the Great

Depression.
b) Figures for today's unemployment are higher than in the 1930s.
c) Unemployment is a special threat to a black teenager.
d) Programs to support the unemployed are funded by the federal government.
503
Tests on Inferences
Read the passages below and answer the questions that follow.
Questions 1-5 relate to this passage.

1. In 1816 a Scottish natural philosopher, David Brewster, invented the kaleido-
scope. As he was studying theories about polarized light, he discovered how to
reflect beautiful images in multiples. He himself thought up the name for his
invention; the Greek root of "kaleidoscope" means "device to make beautiful
images".
Used first as a toy, the kaleidoscope soon was used by pattern makers. Recently,
this use has increased as the crafts movement in the U.S. has formed a new market
for high-quality handmade objects. Some modern-day kaleidoscopes come with
special sound effects.
As the popularity of kaleidoscopes has grown so have the prices. It is possible
now to pay thousands of dollars for some versions which have been created by
well-known artists.
1. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?

a) Brewster loved beautiful images.
b) Brewster searched for a long time,.for the kaleidoscope.
c) Brewster's discovery of the kaleidoscope was accidental.
d) Brewster was extremely knowledgeable in ancient Greek.
2. What can be inferred from the second paragraph?

a) The kaleidoscope became instantly popular.
b) The kaleidoscope was from the beginning used by industry.
c) Children were among the first to have kaleidoscopes.
d) Thousands of pattern makers soon came to use kaleidoscopes.
3. What can also be inferred from the second paragraph?

a) The crafts movement is a significant part of the U.S. economy today.
b) The market for kaleidoscopes worldwide has sharply increased.
c) Without kaleidoscopes high-quality handmade objects could not be made
today.
d) The range of kaleidoscopes has increased over the years.
4. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

a) The creation of modern kaleidoscopes is a popular hobby.
b) Well-known artists pay high prices for original kaleidoscopes.
c) The prices of kaleidoscopes have gone up in proportion to the increase in
their popularity.
d) Kaleidoscopes have become more and more popular; but they are also more
expensive now thanks to inflation.
5. What can also be inferred from the last paragraph?

a) Well-known artists used kaleidoscopes in their work.
b) Some kaleidoscopes today are extremely expensive.
c) No original versions of kaleidoscopes can be bought today.
d) The most popular kaleidoscopes are the most expensive.
504
2. As trees grow old they add a new ring for each year; this discovery, it seems,
was first made by Leonardo da Vinci, the famous Italian painter and scientist. It
took a long time, however, before the serious study oi: tree rings started; this was
done in Arizona by Andrew Ellicott Douglas.
Douglas developed a simple technique for dating trees called cross-dating and for
a period of over 20 years continued the study of tree rings. He spent much of his
time in logging camps near Flagstaff.
The Douglas method has been used by many scientists. Some of them used it to
examine logs in Indian pueblo ruins; they were able to date the buildings right back
to the tenth century. Others used it to date the world's oldest living tree, the bristle
cone pines.
6. What can be inferred from the first paragraph?

a) Leonardo made many discoveries.
b) Leonardo was famous as a painter.
c) Leonardo was interested in the aging process.
d) Leonardo became famous because of his tree ring discovery.
7. What also can be inferred from the first paragraph?

a) Leonardo started the serious study of tree rings.
b) Leonardo's discovery was not developed for many years.
c) Tree rings were studied in Arizona for a long time after Leonardo.
d) Douglas was a famous Arizona scientist.
8. What can be inferred from the second paragraph?

a) The term cross-dating was invented by Douglas.
b) An uncomplicated method of tree-dating was discovered by Douglas.
c) It took Douglas 20 years to develop a tree-dating technique.
d) The technique of cross-dating was developed near Flagstaff.
9. What also can be inferred from the second paragraph?

a) Logging camps are good places for studying tree rings.
b) Douglas spent 20 years near Flagstaff.
c) Douglas spent most of his life studying tree rings.
d) There are courses for studying tree rings near Flagstaff.
10. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

a) The Douglas method has been used since the 10th century.
b) Indians used the Douglas method to examine logs.
c) The earliest known trees can be dated by the Douglas method.
d) Indians used bristlecone pines to construct their buildings.
11. What also can be inferred from the last paragraph?

a) American Indians lived in the region investigated nearly a thousand years
ago.
b) The Douglas method can be used to date all 10th century ruins.
c) Scientists dated the bristlecone pine to the tenth century.
d) The Indian pueblo ruins were not as old as the bristlecone pines.
505
The horse of 50 million years ago, called the Dawn Horse, was a little creature
the size of a fox terrier. The species had four toes on each front foot and three toes
on each hind foot. Its "toenails" were little hooves. When this animal lived, there
were no grasslands. Its home was the forest, where it fed on tender shoots and
leaves.
There is proof that this little creature was an ancestor of the horse of today.
Scientists have excavated fossils of certain animals that lived a few million years
later and found that, although they were bigger than the animal of earlier times, they
resembled it and the modem horse.
The horse family survived when many other animals died out because it had two
advantages. The little horse was swift, as we can guess from its slim body and
slender legs. It also was fairly intelligent; its skull shows that its brain was large in
proportion to its body.
12. It can be inferred from the passage that _ _ _ __

a) three species of horse have existed
b) the horse of 50 million years ago has survived
c) scientists have found fossils of the Dawn Horse
d) horses needed grasslands to survive
13. The Dawn Horse had a total of how many toes?

a) 7 b) 14 c) 12 d) 28
14. The horse family has survived because the Dawn Horse_ _ _ __
a) resembled the fox terrier c) was relatively smart
b) ate tender shoots and leaves d) had little hooves for toe nails
15. It can be inferred from the passage that the Dawn Horse was a fast runner
because of its _ _ _ __
a) brain size c) trim body and legs
b) similarity to the modem- day horse d) number of toes
a) many contemporaries of the Dawn Horse are extinct
b) many modem animals have 50-million-year-old ancestors
c) after a million years the Dawn Horse was the same size
d) the Dawn Horse resembled a fox terrier
Trucks rank high in meeting the transportation needs of most manufacturers.
They are the most frequently used form of transportation, for two reasons: (1) they
offer door-to-door delivery from the manufacturer to the customer without
intermediate unloading, and (2) they operate on public highways that do not require
an expensive terminal or right-of-way as airlines and railroads do. The main
drawback of trucks is that they cannot carry all types of cargo. Federal regulations
limit weight loads and truck dimensions, so trucks cannot cost-effectively haul
heavy, bulky commodities like steel or coaL
Trucks can now carry larger loads on interstate highways, thanks to a 1983
law permitting the use of tandem trailers-two trailers hooked together and pulled
by a single cab. Even with this change in federal rules, however, certain types of
cargoes, such as gases, are difficult to handle by truck. Other types of transportation
are more suited to these cargoes.
506
17. It can be inferred from the passage that truck transportation would be LEAST
effective for which of the following commodities?
a) Computers c) Canned food
b) Iron ore d) Paper products
18. It can be inferred from the passage that trucks meet all of the following criteria
for transportation EXCEPT
a) low expenses for handling product c) direct delivery of product
b) low overhead for storage of product d) diversified cargoes
19. The author implies in the passage that federal regulation of trucks
a) has been more lenient since 1983 c) is stricter today than ever
b) is paid for by the manufacturers d) forbids trucks to handle gases
20. The passage following this one will most likely discuss
a) more specific federal regulations on trucks
b) other transportation systems
c) interstate truck routes most commonly used
d) cargoes shipped by tandem trailers

Elements may be the basic building blocks of matter, but what-if anything-
makes up the elements? In other words, what would be the result of taking an
element, a piece of gold, for example, and cutting it in half, and in half again, ad
infinitum. We would soon reach the point of having such a small piece of gold that
it would be beyond our ability to cut it. It is at times like these when scientists must
use their knowledge about how elements react to continue the experiment in their
minds. Scientists have done just that and have agreed that if they continue to cut a
piece of gold in half, they would eventually reach a particle called the atom (in this
case, an atom of gold). The atom is the smallest part of an element that retains the
chemical properties of the element. One gold atom is so small that billions of them
are required to make a tiny speck of gold that can be seen with a microscope. The
atom, therefore, is the basic particle which constitutes the elements. Gold is
composed of gold atoms, iron of iron atoms, and oxygen of oxygen atoms.
21. What did the paragraph preceding this one most probably discuss?
a) Elements as they are essential to matter
b) Minerals other than gold
c) The scientific method of inquiry
d) Scientific experiments
22. All of the following can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT
a) matter is made up of atoms
b) each element is composed of its own type of atoms
c) the gold atom is the smallest particle known to science
d) one atom of gold cannot be seen with a regular microscope
23. The author implies in the passage that scientists

a) apply their knowledge through abstract thinking
b) are more concerned with atoms than with elements
c) had difficulty cutting the gold in half
d) don't often agree with each other
507
V. Identifying the Main Idea
Identifying the main idea is an important skill. An efficient reader should be
able to determine what the main idea of a paragraph is. Below you will find exer-
cises on stated and implied main ideas.
A. Explicitly Stated Main Idea

Directions 1 :In each of the following paragraphs, the main idea is explicitly stated.
Read each paragraph carefully and then underline the topic sentence, which con-
tains the main idea. The sentences are numbered for ease of reference.
Famous School "Failures"
1. (1 )Albert Einstein, one of the world's geniuses 1, failed his university entrance
examination at his first attempt. (2)William Faulkner, one of America's noted writ-
ers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. (3) Sir
Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of the English language,
had to have special tutoring in English during elementary school. (4)These few ex-
amples show that failure in school does not always predict failure in life.
2. (l)lt is the great speed of computers plus their memory that.make them so valu-
able. (2)1t would take the lifetime of a man to solve a problem that computers do in
hours. (3)For this reason, banks use them to keep their accounts. (4)Airlines use
computers to keep track of tickets.(5) As for memory; computers can store infor-
mation with great accuracy. (6)A computer can put a word into its memory and
take it out in a few millionths of a second. It can store millions of words in its mem-
ory.
3. (!)Because stainless steel has properties which make it easy to keep clean, it is
used in hospitals and clinics. (2)Because it looks good and is not affected by com-
mon staining materials, it is popular for kitchen sinks.(3) Stainless steel is a versa-
tile 2 product.(4)It is good for preparing food, good for cooking it, and good for
storing it.
4. (l)The fact that most Americans are happy with their family lives may come as
a surprise to many people familiar with statistics and facts about American family
life today. (2)The United States has the highest divorce rate in the world; at present
at least one in three first marriages ends in divorce. (3)The birth rate has declined
steadily since 1960-with a slight increase predicted for the 1980's. (4)0ver 50
percent of all married women with children work outside the home. (5)Today, only
one in four families living in the United States consists of a working father, a moth-
er who stays at home, and children living at home-the traditional family pattern.
5. (1) There are 745 million television sets in the United States, at least one set for
98 percent of all U.S. homes. (2)Forty-eight percent of all U.S homes have more
than one set in the house. (3)Yet, despite the fact that the number of sets in the Unit-
ed States has virtually reached a saturation point, the amount of time spent
watching television has declined steadily since 1976. (4)Explanations vary from the
increasingly poor quality of network shows to the rising popularity of home video
equipment, but the fact remains that we are owning more sets but enjoying them
less.
I .genius (n): a person who has exceptionally great mental or creative ability
2.versatile (adj): having many uses, e.g., "Nylon is a versatile material."
508
Tests on Explicitly Stated Main Idea
Choose the sentence that best expresses the main idea of each paragraph.
1. When you want to learn something, you have different ways of storing informa-
tion. The method you choose will depend on such factors as how much information
you need and how often you'll need it.
a) Everyone needs information.

b) There are different ways to store information.
c) People enjoy learning different things.
d) Efficient learning depends on many factors.
2. One major benefit of the computer is that it stores a lot of information in a small
space. For example, the latest edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica contains 43
million words in 30 volumes. All 43 million will fit in a computer memory measur-
ing on-tenth of a cubic inch-about the size of a match head.
a) The Encyclopedia Britanica contains 43 million words.

b) Computers store a lot of information in small spaces.
c) Computers are smarter than people.
d) The computer is a relatively new invention.
3. Generally, the sooner we get the answer to a question, the more useful it is to us,
and the more interested we are in it.When you take a true/ false quiz and get the re-
sults back a month later, it's usually not helpful because you're already working on
another subject. But answers that come back the next day ... can be extremely use-
ful in helping you understand where your learning needs to be improved.
a) True/ false quizzes are not helpful.

b) Everyone's learning needs to improved.
c) Questions that are answered quickly are most useful to us.
d) Every question needs an appropriate answer.
B. Implied Main Idea

When an expository paragraph ( a paragraph written for explanation) does not
contain a generalization around which the paragraph is built, it is likely that the
main idea is implied, i. e. stated indirectly by the author in the paragraph. In this
case, we must examine the specific details which provide clues for the implied main
idea . (See inferences for more information ). Follow the examples:
Model Paragraphs for Implied Main Idea

1. My little brother has seen all the star trek and star war movies. He regularly
watches all the science fiction series on television. He even made me buy him
model space ships for his birthday.
Implied Main Idea: My brother loves the idea of outer space.
2. Smoking causes lung cancer. Also, it leads to heart disease. Furthermore, it

increases the risk of developing respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and
emphysema.
Implied Main Idea: 1'moking is hazardous to human health.
509
Tests on Implied Main Idea
Choose the sentence that best expresses the main idea of each paragraph.
1. Folk tales originated long ago in the imagination of primitive people and were
handed down orally from generation to generation. Doubtless, some were told to
explain the phenomena of nature; some· to frighten or give warning against the
breaking of nature's laws; and still others were recited in an attempt to make the
hearers kind, unselfish, and courageous. But mostly they were related for the peo-
ple's amusement, being just the expression of a free joyous play of fancy and the
manifestation of the human heart's love for truth and beauty.
a) People hand down folktales from generation to generation.

b) Folk tales are important reflections of the human imagination.
c) Tellers of folk tales tried to influence their listeners to be kind,
generous, and brave.
d) Folk tales were told for a variety of reasons.
2. In World War II, while Ametjca was at war with Japan, more than 100,000
Japanese people living on the Pacific Coast were rounded up and put into special
camps. During this same period many Japanese were forced to give up their jobs
because fellow employees were convinced that anyone who was Japanese must be
on the side of the Axis powers. Families were forced out of their homes because
constant threats made life unbearable. For some Japanese men and women, it was
not even safe to be seen on the street because the color of their skin was liable to
arouse hostile feelings.
a) Many Japanese in America were mistreated because of the hostile feelings

aroused by World War II.
b) Many Japanese were imprisoned during World War II.
c) Japanese who sympathized with the enemy were treated badly by the
Americans. ·
d) In World War II, America was at war with Japan
3. Men and women who wish to become successful professional athletes must be
ready to spend long hours in rigorous training. Also, professional athletes have to
watch their diets constantly; they cannot afford to be either too fat or too thin. Fur-
thermore, many professional athletes find that they have little time for a personal
life because their profession demands too much time and energy.
a) Professional athletes must exercise vigorously to keep physical fitness.

b) Most professional athletes lead difficult and demanding lives.
c) Unless they follow a strict diet, professional athletes can not develop their
bodies properly.
d) It takes many years of hard work to become a professional athlete.
510
Additional Tests on Finding the Main Idea
Choose the statement that best expresses the main idea of each paragraph.
1. The computer's ability to process information at high speed means that when we
request information, we get a response very quickly, often less than a second. Using
the computer to grade a quiz would get the results back to you more rapidly and
save your teacher's time, since there would be no tests to grade by hand. The impli-
cations of the computer's quick feedback are obvious: if fast answers help us to
learn better, then the nearly instantaneous answers that we get from the computer
can be of great help in our education.
a) We can request information from a computer.

b) Computers can answer any question.
c) Computers grade quizzes better than teachers.
d) Education can be greatly helped by computers.
2. Of all the athletic activities that adults can engage in, swimming is one of the
healthiest. Not everyone would agree that swimming is fun, but few would deny that
it is excellent exercise. Vigorous swimming - be it the crawl or the backstroke- in-
volves all the muscles in the body, including the crucial stomach muscles, and pro-
motes flexibility of the large muscle groups.
a) Swimming is an activity that adults can engage in.

b) Not everyone thinks that swimming is fun.
c) Swimming involves all the muscles in the body.
d) Swimming is one of the healthiest forms of exercise.
3. There are over two hundred different species of turtles in the world. Some
turtles are quite small; they can fit in your hand. However, other kinds of turtles
may grow to weigh more than five hundred kilos! One kind of sea turtle is the heav-
iest of all reptiles. A fully grown sea turtle of this kind may be almost three meters
long and weigh much more than five hundred kilos.
a) Turtles may vary greatly in size and weight.

b) Sea turtles are extremely heavy.
c) Small turtles can fit in your hand.
d) Small turtles make excellent pets for children.
4. County fairs appeal to the entire family. Children are attracted by the ferris
wheels and merry-go-rounds. Dad and Grandpa are interested in seeing the livestock
exhibits, while Mom and Grandma want to find out if their preserved fruits and veg-
etables have won a blue ribbon. Later, the entire family will enjoy themselves on
the midway, testing their sharp-shooting skills or pitching pennies in the games of
chance.
a) Parents enjoy county fairs.

b) County fairs are purely American events.
c) People of all ages have fun at county fairs.
d) Children get a lot of satisfaction from country fairs in the United States.
511
5. There is something for everyone at the circus. Under the big top there is the
greatest assortment of amusements anywhere in the world. The audience can watch
a beautiful lady ride a big white horse, a sad clown tumble in the sawdust, daredev-
ils fly on the trapeze or walk on high wires, and ferocious lions dance with prancing
elephants. It is really hard to know where to look because all three rings are filled
with daring and beautiful acts.
a) There are attractions for everyone at the circus.

b) The circus has skilled animal acts.
c) Sad clowns perform under the big top.
d) The best entertainment for children is the circus.
6. Until a person is about nineteen, the brain continues to grow, adding new cells
every year. After that, until the end of life, the brain slowly dies, losing several thou-
sand brain cells every day. After the age of twenty-seven, the body becomes brittle.
It is harder to recover from injuries, but much easier to get injured. The muscles lose
their ability to stretch. But by far, the worst part of getting old is that we become
prone to diseases that seem to accompany aging naturally: heart fiiseases, cancer,
arthritis, strokes.
a) Old age is a time of much wisdom and experience.

b) Staying in shape is important after age thirty.
c) Growing older brings on many physical problems.
d) Aging is a perfectly natural part of growing.
7. It has been found that many obese persons eat food to derive certain types of
satisfaction or to compensate for certain personality lacks. The overweight girl
who is not socially acceptable may appease her discomfiture and ego by indulging
in rich desserts or some other type of unwise eating. Persons who are undergoing
tensions, such as fear, boredom, or frustration, may find that eating seems to re-
lieve the situation. The individual who lacks affection, recognjtion, or the fulfill-
ment of other emotional needs may turn to food as a solace. There is considerable
evidence that psychological factors may play a role in obesity.
a) Eating food satisfies some emotional needs.

b) People who are overweight undergo tensions and frustrations.
c) Psychological factors may have an influence on obesity.
d) Obesity is a serious handicap for some people.
8. All in all, physical environment has notfavored the developing countries. The
low productivity of soil and of man has hampered growth and, along with setbacks
of variable rains and disasters, helped to prevent the emergence of a large and
stable agricultural surplus. Such a surplus is the first requirement of development.
a) The soil in many developing countries is not very productive.

b) Development requires a stable agricultural surplus.
c) The environment makes it difficult to create the agricultural surplus re-
quired for development.
d) Since the developing countries lack financial resources and skilled man-
power, they cannot develop at the rate they want to.
512
9. The influence of a child's early language environment on his use of language
has an important implication. It underlies the importance of considering the child
as an individual user of language, not only when he enters school but in the later
grades. Owing to their early environments, children in school differ in their use of
correct language, their interest in words, their familiarity with books and newspa-
pers, their knowledge of children's stories and rhymes, and any phase of the lan-
guage arts in which they can be measured. Spending time on such constructions as
"There are pupils" or reading Little Bo-Peep may be not only a waste of time but
sheer boredom to pupils who have had these experiences many times. The child's
language and reading needs are, above all, an individual matter.
a) Individual children from different language environments out of school

have different language needs in school.
b) Teaching Little Bo-Peep may be a waste of time.
c) For the best instruction in language and reading, all children in the lower-
grades should be viewed as having the same learning needs.
d) Many phases of language arts can be measured effectively in school.
10. Archeologists disagree as to exactly what constitutes a city. There have been
many attempts at definition, but none has been entirely satisfactory. Nevertheless,
archeologists have established a number of characteristics which mark true ur-
banization. These characteristics include a permanent settlement, a specialization
of skills and functions among the inhabitants, the developments of characteristic
style of architecture, the construction of public buildings, the reaching of a certain
population size. All of these factors do not need to exist at once for a community to
be regarded as urban.
a) Certain characteristics mark true cities.

b) A city must include permanence of settlement.
c) A city must reach a certain size before it is considered a city.
d) Archeologists disagree as to what constitutes a city.
11. Can children learn new intellectual skills from watching television? To answer
this question, "Sesame Street" was introduced to millions of American children in
1969. The show aimed toward improving the cognitive skills of preschoolers so that
they would be better prepared for elementary school education. By using TV as a
medium, the Children's Television Workshop hoped to bring the educational mes-
sage to a large portion of children who normally have no preschool education. Only
2 in every 5 three- and four-year-olds attend preschool programs. The show intro-
duced Cookie Monster, Bert, Ernie, and their companions. However, it was not
merely puppets and a host of clever attention holding tactics, but a well-defined set
of educational goals that made " Sesame Street" so successful. And it has worked,
as demonstrated in evaluations conducted by Ball and Bogatz . Children were test-
ed on a variety of items such as identifying body part, letters, numbers, geometric
forms, sorting and classification before and after a six-month viewing period.
a) More shows like "Sesame Street" would improve the quality of

children's programming on televison.
b) By watching carefully constructed televison shows like "Sesame Street,"
children can learn important intellectual skills.
c) The Cookie Manster, Bert, and Ernie have many companions.
d) A large portion of children normally have no preschool education.
513
12. There are some potential advantages in being closer to the sun. Given enough
fertilizers and water, year-round sunshine can create an extraordinary agricultural
potential, allowing as much as three crops a year. But water shortage restricts the
areas where this is possible. As the oil runs out and solar power becomes more eco-
nomical, the Third World will have greater supplies of endlessly renewable energy
than the developed temperate zone countries.
a) Fertilizers and irrigation can increase the productivity of the developing

world.
b) Two potential advantages of ample sunshine are increased agricultural out-
put and solar energy.
c) Plenty of sunshine makes it possible to have three crops a year.
d) The developed world has less solar energy potential than the developing
world.
13. Formal education in America is not merely freely available : it is actually

compulsory. There are still many societies where this is not the case, or where
schooling is compulsory for only the first few grades. American parents are legally
obliged to send their children to school, although they may choose between public
and private (including religious education-choices that are not offered in many
countries). Education in the United States is financed by taxing everyone, including
people without children and people whose children attend schools. The implication
is that public education benefits the entire society, not merely those who happen to
receive it. Every child is thus entitled to at least twelve years of schooling at public
expense and we even expect some skilled professionals to spend twenty years or
more in school-a period equal to the life expectancy in some of the less developed
countries of the world.
a) In America, formal education is mandatory and free.

b) Every child is entitled to twelve years of public education.
c) By law, American parents must send their children to school.
d) The United States has the best educational system in the world.
14. Only 30 percent of family businesses survive their founders and make it into
the second generation, according to most authorities on the subject. The rest are
sold or go bankrupt. And the statistics grow grimmer with the passage of time.
Only half of these companies that live through the transition to the second genera-
tion will survive as a family business into the third or fourth generations.
a) About one third of family businesses last beyond the lives of the founders.
b) Family businesses should be avoided.
c) Family businesses can go bankrupt.
d) Family businesses do not have a long survival rate.
15. Have you ever carried on a conversation with someone only to reflect after-
ward, "We simply did not communicate". Almost any experienced teacher has ex-
plained an assignment or concept in detail only to have a student raise his hand and
ask a question, the answer to which the teacher has already given. One student in a
classroom panel discussion caused great merriment when he broke into the discus-
sion and related an incident concerning a point which the panel had concluded five
minutes earlier. Perhaps you have had the experience of suddenly realizing during a
class lecture or a public speech that you had no notion what the speaker was talking
about. On these occasions you obviously were present in body only.
514
a) Some students let their minds wander in class and completely lose track of
what is going on.
b) Every speaker has had the experience of not communicating.
c) Without attention communication will not occur.
d) Students often ask questions teachers have just answered.
16. The last inch of space was filled, yet people continued to wedge themselves
along the walls of the store. Uncle Willie had turned the radio up to its last notch so
that youngsters on the porch wouldn't miss a word. Women sat on kitchen chairs,
dining-room chairs, stools and upturned wooden boxes. Small children and babies
perched on every lap available and men leaned on the shelves or on each other.
a) There was little room left in the store for the people who wanted to be there.
b) Uncle Willie made sure that everyone heard the radio.
c) Crowds of people gathered in the store to listen to important news on the
radio.
d) Children and young babies were sitting on their parents' laps.
17. As some have discovered to their great misfortune, poison hemlock, said to
have killed the philosopher Socrates, looks much like parsley, and its roots resemble
wild carrots. A close relation, water hemlock resembles the wild parsnips, but is far
more deadly. The bulb of the lovely autumn crocus is sometimes taken for a wild
onion. When consumed, it causes heart failure. The jimson weed, also known as
thorn apple, got its name from soldiers in Jamestown, Virginia, who made a meal of
the leaves and became horribly ill. In more recent times, drug enthusiasts have
swallowed the leaves in hopes of a fantastic high and have ended up suffering from
cramps, nausea, and delirium.
a) Socrates is said to have been killed by hemlock.

b) Wild mushrooms are dangerous delicacies.
c) The consumption of wild plants can be dangerous, even fatal.
d) Drugs may be produced from various kinds of wild plants.
18. The philosopher Schopenhauer lived most of his life compeletely alone;
separated from his family and distrustful of women, he had neither wife nor
children. Irrationally afraid of thieves, he kept his belongings carefully locked away
and was said to keep loaded pistols near him while he slept. His frequent companion
was a poodle called Atma (a word that means "world soul"), but even Atma
occasionally disturbed his peace of mind. Whenever she was bothersome or barked
too much, her master would grow irritated and call her Mensch, the German word
for "human being."
a) Schopenhauer had an unhappy childhood.

b) Schopenhauer did not care for his fellow human beings.
c) Schopenhauer was fond of dogs.
d) Shopenhour lived in seclusion, disrustful of the world around him.
19. It would be a mistake to assume that primitive societies are mentally backward-
unable to realize the potentials of their environments or understand how to cope ef-
fectively with them. Given the general level of technology available, they do adapt
to and manipulate their environment in a sophisticated and understanding manner.
Countless examples can be cited to illustrate this point. Among some Eskimo
groups, wolves are a menace-a dangerous environmental feature that must be
515
dealt with. They could perhaps be hunted down and killed, but this involves danger
as well as considerable expenditure in time and energy. So a simple yet ingenious
device is employed. A sharp sliver of bone is curled into a springlike shape, and
seal blubber is molded around it and permitted to freeze. This is then placed where it
can be discovered by a hungry wolf, which, living up to its reputation, "wolfs it
down." Later, as this "time bomb" is digested and the blubber disappears, the bone
uncurls and its sharp ends pierce the stomach of the wolf, causing internal bleeding
and death. The job gets done! It is a simple yet fairly secure technique that involves
an appreciation of the environment as wolf psychology and habits.
a) Primitive societies are unable to cope with the demands of their environment.
b) Eskimos are able to control wolves.
c) With increased technology, primitive societies should be able to cope even
more effectively with their environment.
d) Primitive societies show they can adjust shrewdly and effectively to the de-
mands of their environment.
20. A recent news story in Washington D.C., reports that, of 184 persons convicted
of gun possession in a six-month period, only 14 received a jail sentence. Forty-six
other cases involved persons who had previously been convicted of a felony or pos-
session of a gun. Although the maximum penalty for such repeaters in the District of
Columbia is ten years in prison, half of these were not jailed at all. A study last year
revealed that in New York City, which has about the most prohibitive gun legisla-
tion in the country, only one of six people convicted of crimes involving weapons
went to jail.
a) Washington, D.C. newspapers generally report crime statistics

accurately.
b) It is not unusual for many of those who possess guns illegally to go free.
c) New York City probably has the strictest laws about gun control.
d) Gun-control legislation is essential for the future survival of American de-
mocracy.
21. In the last twenty years, countless numbers of men and women have paid large
sums of money for a treatment known as cell therapy. Their reason was simple: they
believed that the injection of cells taken from baby sheep could help them maintain
their youth. They either did not know or did not choose to believe what any doctor
would tell them. Animal cells when injected into the body of a human being are
treated like any other foreign substance. The body gathers its defenses to eject the
cells, and within three or four days they are destroyed.
a) Cell therapy is a fraud.
b) The body treats the cells of animals like any other foreign substance.
c) Doctors should not charge such high prices for cell therapy.
d) Cell therapy is bound to produce significant results in the years ahead.
22. Teaching is supposed to be a professional activity requiring long and complicat-

ed training as well as official certification. The act of teaching is looked upon as a
flow of knowledge from a higher source to an empty container. The student's role is
one of receiving information; the teacher's role is one of sending it. There is a clear
distinction assumed between one who is supposed to know and therefore not capa-
ble of being wrong and another, usually younger who is supposed not to know.
However, teaching need not be the province of a special group of people nor need it
be looked upon as a technical skill. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting
516
than forcing information into a supposedly empty head. If you have a certain skill
you should be able to share it with someone. You do not have to get certified to
convey what you know to someone else or to help them in their attempt to teach
themselves. All of us, from the very youngest children to the oldest members of our
cultures should come to realize our own potential as teachers. We can share what
we know, however little it might be, with someone who has need of that knowledge
or skill.
a) The author believes that it is not difficult to be a good teacher.

b) The author believes that every person has the potential to be a teacher.
c) The author believes that teaching is a professional activity requiring special
training.
d) The author believes that teaching is the flow of knowledge from a higher
source to an empty container.
Tests on Choosing the Best Title

Read the following passages and choose the most appropriate title for each of
them.
1. People have often lamented what a waste it is that we spend a third of our lives
asleep. Think what we must be missing. What we are actually missing by being able
to sleep is the following: visual, auditory, and tactile disorders; vivid hallucination;
inability to concentrate; withdrawal; disorientation of self, time, and place; lapses
of attention; increased heart rate and stress hormones in the blood; and onset of
psychosis. This alarming list, of course, refers to extreme instances-people who
have stayed up, on a bet or a television marathon, for upwards to 200 hours. But if
you have ever been up all night, you may fall asleep the next day and be slower in
taking notes or answering questions on an exam. In short, the human body needs
sleep to function, much as it needs food and water.
a) Body Needs
b) Signs of Sleeplessness
c) The Importance of Sleep
d) Wasting Our Lives in Sleep
2 . When tobacco leaves are a ripe, yellowish green, they are picked and the curing
process is begun. The leaves are first hung in sheds to dry to a rich golden color, a
process artificially encouraged in nontropical regions by charcoal fires or gas burn-
ers. The leaves are then piled up to form huge "bulks" weighing thousands of
pounds each. The pressure of the leaves on each other and the temperatures of up to
100 degrees that are generated set up a fermentation process that develops the nat-
ural aroma and flavor of the leaf.
Next, the leaves are packed into bales and go through a second fermentation un-
der controlled atmospheric conditions. The stacked bales are rotated and the leaves
are checked regularly until they are fully cured. The entire process from harvesting
through aging takes from six months to three or more years, depending on where the
tobacco is grown, on the curing techniques, and the quality of the leaf.
a) The Tobacco Industry

b) Curing Tobacco
c) Tobacco "Bulks"
d) Effects of Fermentation on Tobacco Industry
517
3. The movies began as a humble peep show in a penny arcade. The viewer put a
nickel in a device called a kinetoscope (invented by Thomas Edison about 1896)
and saw tiny figures moving against blurred backgrounds. Edison, regarding his in-
vention as little more than a child's toy, quickly lost interest in it. But others took it
up and soon succeeded in projecting images on a screen for the benefit of large au-
diences. By 1905, more than 5,000 "nickelodeons," housed in converted stores and
warehouses, were showing rudimentary films for 5-cents admission.
a) How the Movie Started

b) Edison's First Invention
c) The First Peep Show
d) All About Nickelodeons
4. Probably the most central process in psychology is learning. Whether we ask

why people differ in their abilities, interests, and social behaviors, or why people in
one country or one social class tend to be alike in certain respects, or even why
human beings in general differ from members of other species, the answer is likely
to involve learning. Such diverse concepts as knowledge, attitude, and culture all
refer to the effects of learning. Without denying the great importance of heredity,
we can say that learning is primarily responsible both for man's survival as a
species and for his unique humanness.
a) The Role of Ability in Learning

b) The Nature of Learning
c) Basic Rules of Effective Learning
d) Learning Strategies
5. Asteroids, even small ones, can be devastating if they hit the earth. The Grand
Canyon, which is almost a mile wide, might have been created by an asteroid only
150 feet in diameter. Experts estimate that if an object 500 feet in diameter were to
hit the earth, it could set fire to trees within a radius of 30 miles, knock down hous-
es within one of 100 miles, and change weather patterns worldwide for as long as a
year because of the dust it would throw up.
In the near future, it may be possible to prevent such disasters. A scanning sys-
tem may soon be able to provide information on the brightness and position of ob-
jects in space. The system would be able to indicate changes in the position of these
celestial objects and tell us if there is an asteroid headed for earth. A bomb could
then be carried to the asteroid by a spacecraft and fired by a radio signal from earth.
The explosion would cause a small change in the asteroid's orbit, but if done early
enough, a very slight change would be enough to cause the asteroid to miss the
earth.
a) Asteroid Risk Resolved?
b) The Destructniveness of Asteroids
c) Asteroids-Past, Present, and Future
d) Asteroid Responsible for Grand Canyon?
6. Many people hoped that Eisenhower would destroy Mc Carthy's growing influ-
ence with a direct attack upon the senator and his methods. But the President be-
lieved that the best way to defeat Mc Carthyism was to ignore the senator. Finally,
in 1954, Mc Carthy overreached himself-as Eisenhower had believed he would-
when he accused the Army of shielding a disloyal Army dentist, Major Irving Per-
ess. During April a senate subcommittee investigated the Army as millions watched
on television. Mc Carthy's unsubstantiated attacks on Secretary of the Army Rob-
518
ert Stevens revealed that he was an arrogant, ignorant, and intolerant bully. Dis-
gusted with the performance, as well as with other Mc Carthy activities, the Senate
passed a condemnatory resolution in December 1954, declaring that Mc Carthy's ac-
tions were" contrary to senatorial traditions. " Already the general fear of commu-
nism had declined and Mc Carthy's public support had disintegrated. He died three
years later, in May 1957.
a) The End of McCarthy's Influence c) McCarthy and Communism

b) Eisenhower versus McCarthy d) The Senate and Mc Carthy
7. Your mind, like your body, is a thing whose powers are developed by effort.
That is a principal use, as I see it, of hard work in studies. Unless you train your
body you cannot be an athlete, and unless you train your mind you cannot be much
of a scholar. The four miles an oarsman covers at top speed is in itself nothing to the
good, but the physical capacity to hold out over the course is thought to be of some
worth. So a good part of what you learn by hard study may not be permanently re-
tained, and may not seem to be of much final value, but your mind is a better and
more powerful instrument because you have learned it. "Knowledge is power," but
still more the faculty of acquiring and using knowledge is power. If you have a
trained and powerful mind, you are bound to have stored it with something, but its
value is more in what it can do, what it can grasp and use, than in what it contains;
and if it were possible, as it is not, to come out of college with a trained and disci-
plined mind and nothing useful in it, you would still be, in a manner, educated.
a) "Knowledge is Power"
b) How to Retain and Use Facts
c) The Trained Mind
d) Physical and Mental Effort
8. The history of science demonstrates in a fascinating manner that no scientific

hypothesis is permanently valid in the form in which it was originally conceived.
The internal consistency of a theory does not guarantee its retention by the
scientists who specialize in that field, for every theory must adapt itself to
revolutions of thought in allied fields. Such revolutions embody not only new
theories but the perception and discrimination of new or previously unrecognized
phenomena, and new ways of labeling them. Hence. in science there is no absolute
gap between the logical structure of a theory and its empirical application or
confirmation. A coherent order emerges. Facts are instances of a theory and
correspond to it not by luck or magic but because they themselves embody and
display the new conceptions. The intellectual insight of the scientist reveals a
conceptual apparatus in which theory and fact are interdependent and mutually
support one another.
a) Fact and Theory in Science

b) The Importance of the Validity of Scientific Theories
c) Theoretical Foundations of Science
d) Scientific Revolutions and Facts
519
VI. Prediction : What can logically follow?
To determine what can logically follow a given sentence or clause, we must
understand the relationships between sentences or parts of a sentence. Basic rela-
tions, such as time, contrast, addition, cause-effect, emphasis, intensification, pur-
pose, amplification, particularization, etc., are signalled by certain markers. (Refer
to sentence connectors and adverbial clauses for further information on this sub-
ject.)
Exercise 1: Match the two halves to form meaningful sentences.
1. Now that the price of petrol is a) so that less air conditioning and
so high, ..... artificial light will be needed.
2. Unless there is any objection, b) vast amounts of energy will

become available for the world.
3. The early morning shift for c) I can't afford to run a car any
cleaning staff will be more.
rescheduled .....
4. As human civilizations have d) it is not necessarily a valid

changed from agrarian to indicator of the quality of life.
industrial economies, .....
5. Within another hundred years e) it will pay for itself in seven to

we will have to find alternative fifteen years.
sources of energy, ......
6. Sunlight is the one source of f) let us now take a vote on the

energy which is virtually proposal.
unlimited, non-polluting and
totally free, .......
7. Even though a solar heating g) they have become increasingly

system costs about twice as dependent on fossil fuels.
much as an oil or gas system, ...
8. Urban dwellers will continue to h) if we can~apture and utilize it

suffer from respiratory effectively.
ailments .......
9. While per capita income is a i) since the world's reserves of oil

general indicator of certain will not last that long.
material values, ......
j) 1mtil steps are taken to control
10. Once controlled nuclear fusion automobile exhaust emissions
becomes an operational reality, ...... and air pollution.
520
Exercise 2 : In the exercise that follows you will see sentences about pesticides and
pest control. All these sentences put together form a paragraph about pesticides and
pest control. Read the first sentence followed by the four ways (a), (b), (c), and (d)
in which the paragraph may continue. Choose one-this is your prediction. Then
read the next sentence and check if your prediction was right or wrong.
1. One major problem facing the further development of nonchemical methods of

pest control is their specificity. Because these methods usually are effective
against only one kind of pest... ........................... .
a) crops still require chemical or other treatment to handle threats
from other species of pests.
b) scientists are searching for one particular nonchemical method which can
control all pests.
c) scientists have stopped the development of nonchemical methods.
d) other species of pest are breeding more rapidly.
2. The second important issue for nonchemical (and chemical) control methods is
the possibility that health or environmental hazards may be introduced which
a) cause a breakdown in the balance of nature

b) cause a decline in the world's population
c) have effects at least as severe as those methods they are intended to replace
d) severely affect the world's climate
3. This is particularly true in the case of hormonal controls and chemical

sterilization techniques. The third major problem is the cost of developing
non-chemical methods because ......................................... .
a) the normal control techniques are extremely complicated

b) since each product will affect one kind of pest, the market will be limited
c) the materials are difficult to acquire
d) the original research is very expensive
Exercise 3 : Read the following sentences or incomplete sentences carefully and

choose the best alternative that can follow them.
1. Whereas I hate jazz music, _ __
a) my wife has a strong dislike for it c) my wife simply disgusts it
b) my wife is very fond of it d) but my wife likes it very much
2. Although there is no doubt that acid rain is a danger to the environment,
a) people are beginning to take the problem seriously

b) lakes and rivers in parts of the country are contaminated
c) there is considerable pressure on governments to tackle the problem
immediately
d) governments are still trying to ignore the problem
3. In spite of her lack of experience in business or electronics, _ _ __

a) Jane was not offered a job
b) Jane managed to get a very good job with the phone company
c) Jane failed to find a job with the university
d) Jane was very successful in all her math classes
521
4. In spite of the ever-increasing exploitation of natural resources, which has now
reached dangerous proportions, _ _ _ __
a) this process has resulted from very basic needs to survive
b) human beings cannot survive unless they exploit natural resources
c) little has been done on a worldwide scale to slow down or stop this process
d) measures must be taken to preserve these resources for future generations
5. Even if forests were planted extensively _ _ _ __

a) it will take quite a long time to replant them and restore the ecological
balance
b) the restoration of the destroyed forests would be essential
c) environmentalists are rather concerned about the scale of destruction
d) it would take years to restore the ecological balance
6. I think he will help you _ _ __
a) however, he is willing to do all he can
b) nevertheless, he is unwilling to do
c) though he is reluctant to do so
d) on the contrary, he is anxious to help you in any way he can
7. Regular censuses of population did not exist prior to 1800, _ _ _ __
a) also, they kept registers for only small groups of people
b) consequently, accurate figures were available to indicate the population of
each country
c) though no attempt was made to determine what the population of any given
country was
d) although registers were maintained for small population groups prior to
that time
8. Environment.:ii pollution is a major concern in today's world. _ __
a) The so-calkd greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide trapped in the at-
mosphere is yet another global problem
b) On the contrary, environmentalists have formed political parties throughout
democratic countries to stop pollution.
c) Consequently, pollution cannot be stopped; it can only be.reduced
d) Conversely, it looks as though the world is already an uninhaqitable place
9. Criminals find it difficult to get jobs when they are released from prison.
Likewise,_ __
a) patients from mental hospitals may have problems finding employment
b) criminals admit they do not have proper training
c) criminals are treated quite unfairly by many people
d) patients have a lot of difficulty adjusting to work conditions after they re-
cover from their illness
10. The government held an inquiry into the cause of the plane disaster. _ _ __
a) According to its report, bad weather conditions were to blame for the crash
b) The pilot managed to land the plane safely and with no loss of life
c) They wanted to prevent similar accidents in the future
d) The report released yesterday stated that the disaster could be avoided
522
Prediction on the Paragraph Level
When we are reading we are continuously making predictions or guesses about

what will come next in a passage and as we continue to read the passage we find
that these guesses are either right or wrong. After a passage begins, we find "clues"
that help us predict what is going to come next. These clues may be in the meaning
or in the grammatical structure of a sentence or its vocabulary. The skill of
prediction makes it easier to understand the sentences that follow and is therefore an
essential skill in dealing with reading comprehension tests. We can practice this
skill by looking at sentences and trying to predict what will come next.
Tests on Prediction
Read each of the paragraphs below carefully and answer the questions that follow.
1. Most children take maleness or femaleness as their first identification of

themselves. But once this identification is made, the growing child then begins to
compare itself not only in physique, but even more importantly in impulse and
interest, with those about it. Are all of its interests those of its own sex?
The rest of the paragraph will be about... ................................ .
a) maleness and femaleness
b) the special interests of men and women
c) the child's comparing itself with members of its own sex and interests
d) the identity of the child's interests with those of its own sex
2. In western society, women are supposed to be passive and men active, powerful,
aggressive, and achieving. In the Tchambuli, it is the women who have the real
position of power in society.
The next paragraph will talk about... ................................ .
a) women's dependence upon men for food
b) men's dependence upon women for food
c) men's power in society
d) the achievements of Tchambuli men
3. In the Tchambuli , men never fish unless a sudden school of fish appears in the
lake, when they may leap into canoes in a frolicsome spirit, and pear a few fish. Or
in high water when the shore-road becomes a water-way, they may do a little
torch-light fishing for sport. But the real business of fishing is controlled entirely by
the women: for traded fish they obtain sago, taro and areca-nut. And the most
important manufacture, the mosquito-bags, two of which will purchase an ordinary
canoe, are made entirely by women. Moreover, the women control the money. It is
true that women permit the men to do the shopping, both for food at the market and
in trading the mosquito-bags.
The paragraph will go on telling us about.................................... .
a) the delight women have in shopping for food and trading mosquito bags
b) how people purchase mosquito bags
c) how men shop and trade under the women's supervision and with their
approval
d) the real position of women in society
523
CHAPTER 3: Organizational Skills
I. Unity
A good paragraph deals with one event or one aspect of a topic, so all the sen-
tences in the paragraph should be related to each other. Sentences which are not rel-
evant(= related) to the paragraph should be excluded so that the paragraph can have
unity.
Exercise 1 : Each of the following groups of sentences will form a unified para-
graph if one irrevelant sentence is excluded from them. Find the irrelevant sentence
in each group and then encircle the corresponding letter which represents the num-
ber of the irrelevant sentence.(You should also pay attention to coherence, the ar-
rangement and connection of sentences. You should bear in mind that sentences
should be properly connected to each other. Sudden shifts of tense and person may
destroy unity as well. )
1. I . Although they are frequently forgotten, many women made important

contributions to American literature.
II. Dorothy Parker used her famous sense of humor to write some very good
short stories and poems.
III. Lillian Hellman wrote plays dealing with social problems other people
were afraid to mention.
IV. Madame Bovary was a famous novel about a woman's desire for excite-
ment and romance.
V. Willa Cather wrote beautiful short stories and novels about what it felt like
to be an outsider in America.
a) I b) II c) III d) IV e) V
2. I . The increasing number of cars is a serious problem.

II. Traffic congestion has reached dangerous levels on account of a rapid
increase in the number of new cars.
III. The number of accidents last year increased l O percent over the year
before.
IV. One major cause of this is the great increase in the number of cars on the
road.
V. Moreover, ownership of a car involves a lot of expense.
a)I b)II c)III d)IV e)V
3. I . There are many medicines for a cold , but few of them are effective.
II. People often catch cold in the winter or spring, and a person with a cold
feels very uncomfortable.
III. If you have a cold, your friends will suggest medicines that they say are
good.
IV. Pharmacies have dozens of "remedies" for colds.
V. Doctors usually say that the most effective thing to do is to stay in bed,
keep warm, and drink Jots of liquids.
524
4. I. For hundreds of years, man has made use of the talents of monkeys.
II. Egyptian paintings of 2000 B.C. show baboons gathering fruit for their
masters.
III. Even in 1879, in Abyssinia, monkeys were still being used as torchbearers
at feast; the monkeys would sit on a bench and hold the lights until the
guests went home.
IV. Then the monkeys would eat.
V. Most of the world's zoos contain a variety of monkeys for people to watch.
5. I. Diamonds.which were first discovered in India -- probably around 500

B.C. , are the most valuable of the precious stones.
II. For a long time India was the only source of diamonds.
III. Later large diamond fields were discovered in Africa.
IV. Many rubies and other precious stones come from Burma.
V. The largest and the most perfect diamonds are so valuable that they are
priceless; therefore, most of these stones are now held by museums and
governments.
6. I . Coin-operated machines have many uses these days.

II. Some of them sell merchandise such as gum, peanuts, candy, cigarettes,
and soft drinks.
III. They sometimes get out of order.
IV. Some of them provide services; examples of these are washing machines
and dry- cleaning machines .
V. Others, such as juke boxes are machines that play recorded music.
7. I . First of all, no dog should be kept indoors all day.

II. Feeding a dog naturally varies according to the breed.
III. As a general rule, however, every dog should have one good meal a
day, which is best served in the evening.
IV. In addition, a dog-biscuit for breakfast and a bone to gnaw at during the
day will provide all that a dog needs.
V. Dogs are flesh-eaters by nature, and their staple food should therefore be
meat; they should not be given chocolate or sweets in any way.
8. I . A good weather report tells five things.

II. It predicts what the temperature will be.
III. It tells whether the sky will be cloudy or clear and whether there will be
any rain or snow.
IV. Most people like clear, sunny weather.
V. A weather report also gives the direction of the wind the strength of the
wind.
525
II. Coherence: Arrangement and Connection of Sentences
To produce coherent paragraphs, we must connect sentences appropriately.
Sentences may be connected to each other by means of some connectives, which are
often referred to as transitional words or phrases or simply as transitionals or
connectives. Transitionals include the following words or phrases:
A. Types of Transitionals
1. Sentence Connectors: however, in contrast, therefore, in addition, similarly, in fact,
on the contrary, thus, nevertheless, yet, consequently, likewise, etc.
2. Adverbial Conjunctions : although, since, just as, whereas, if, when, after, so that,
even if, etc.
3. Prepositional Phrases : because of. ir,_ ,pite of, despite, as a result of, in addition to,
in contrast to, like, etc.
4. Participles : seeing, seen, having seen, being, having been, etc.
5. Relative Pronouns : who, which, whose, whom, that, and relative adverbs: where,
why, when.
6. Reference Signals
a. Demonstrative pronouns : this, that, these, those,
b. Various types of substitutes :
(I) Personal pronouns : we, he, she, it, they, them, her, him, etc.
(2) Possessive adjectives : his, her, their, its, our, etc.
(3) Possessive pronouns : his, hers, ours, theirs, etc.
(4) Indefinite pronouns : one, ones, both, none, all, etc.
(5) Others : (a) this, that (for nominal substitution)
(b) do, did, done (for verbal substitution
(c) not (for clausal substitution)
(d) so (substituting for noun phrases, adjectives, adverbs, clauses
and sentences )
7. Subordinators used to form noun clauses: that, what, whether, etc.
8. Coordinating Conjunctions: and, or, but, so, for(= because)
9. Correlative Conjunctions: either .... or; both .... and; not only .... but also .... ;
neither....... nor
10. Lexical Devices

a) the same item repeated
b) a synonym or antonym
c) a superordinate , a word which indicates the higher category or class
d) a different form of the same base word
e) repetition of an expression, but with a slight change from singular to plural or vice
versa
526
B. Clause Formation
1. Relative Clauses
I. The boy is here. He beat me at chess.
The boy who beat me at chess is here.
2. The horse is very beautiful. Mr. Smith has bought it.

The horse [which/ that ] Mr. Smith has bought is very beautiful.
3. The woman was crying. Her son was injured in the accident.
The woman whose son was injured in the accident was crying.
4. The town is beautiful. He was born in it/ there.
The town (which/ that) he was born in

The town he was born in is beautiful.
The town in which he was born
The town where he was born
2. Noun Clauses
1. He said something. It is important
What he said is important.
2. You will be successful. I am sure.

I am sure that you will be successful.
3. Will he come back? I wonder...

I wonder if he will come back.
3. Adverbial Clauses
CONCESSIVE He tried hard. He failed.
CONTRAST
Although
Though he tried hard, he failed.
Even though
DIRECT The man likes coffee. The woman likes tea.

CONTRAST While/ Whereas the man likes coffee, the woman likes
tea.
TIME He saw me. He ran away.

When he saw me, he ran away.
REASON: She was ill. She did not go to school

As I Since/Because she was ill, she didn't go to school.
PURPOSE He studies English. He wants to learn it .

He studies English so that he can learn it.
RESULT He worked hard. He finished all the work in one day.

He worked so hard that he finished all the work in one
day.
527
4. Participles
1. He was exhausted. He lay on the ground.
Exhausted, he lay on the ground.
2.He finished his work. He left the office.

Having finished his work, he left the office.
3.George worked hard. He made a lot of money.

George, working hard, made a lot of money.
C. Reference Signals : this, that, these, those, etc.

Reference signals are widely used to connect sentences. These devices may
refer backward or forward. Follow the examples:
1. Referring backward
a) Noun Phrase Reference
1. The concert has begun with the composer's Second Piano

this Sonata . This is one of his best works.
2. In 1973 he went on a caravan holiday. At the beginning of
this holiday he began to experience pain in his stomach.
3. I hear you dislike his latest novel. I read his first novel,
and that was boring, too.
that 4. Football in the U. Sis different from that in other countries.
5. The 12912!.!lation oflstanbul is greater than that of Ankara.
these 6. Vitamin tablets usually contain vitamins A, C, and D.

These are available from any child health clinic.
those 7. His qualifications are better than those of others.

8. The topic of cellular physiology is regrettably among those
(= the topics) which lie outside the compass of this book.
it, they 9. I saw the show last week. It was really impressive.
10. I saw several 12eo12le there. They were waiting patiently.
the former 11. American and JaJ;1anese cars are different in some ways.
the latter For instance, while the former are generally large and
consume a lot of gasoline, the latter are small and have a
much better mileage.
one 12. 'This e,oat's a bit too small. You need a bigger one.'
13. His reaction was one of a cautious welcome.
ones 14. There are only hard chocolates left. We've eaten all the soft
ones.
such 15. On one occasion the school parliament discussed the
dismissal of a teacher . But such an event is rare.
528
the same 16. Mary does shoppin2 in the momin2 and Susan does the
same.
thus 17. It only pleased him to wQrk with them, but the few pence
thus earned gave him an enormous sense of importance.
the other 18a. He has two brothers. One of them is a teacher. The other is
an engineer.
some•.. others b. While some teachers like this book, others hate it.
b) Reference to a Noun Phrase or Prepositional Phrase
then 19. He got a job in Ankara last year. He has been living there
since then.
20. Many students prefer to study at nifiht because it is quiet
then.
there 21. Ali lived in London for several years. He met very
interesting people there.
c) Sentence I Clause Reference:Pronouns used to refer to a whole idea
22. a) Heavy rains and fol;! made sailin2 impossible last weekend.
This/ That/It caused many people to stay at home in the city.
b) Heavy rains and fol;! made sailinfi impossible Jast weekend, which caused
many people to stay at home in the city.
23. a) John played the piano while we all san2. This/That/It was something we
do not always do.
b) John played the piano while we all sang, which was something we do not
always do.
24. Those who open their gardens to the public are not only doing it for the
money.
d) Reference to a Variety of Structures

so
referring to 25. They are wildly inefficient and will remain so for
an adjective sometime to come.
or adverb 26. He searched the big room very carefully and the small
one less so.
referring to a NP 27. If he's a criminal, it's his parents who have made him so.
referring to 28. A signal which should have turned to red failed to

a clause doso.
29. Most of those who signed the letter did so because of
her involvement.
referring to 30. You're a sensible woman-I've always said so.

a sentence 31. John hasn't found a job yet. He told me so yesterday.
529
e) Reference to a noun phrase versus reference to a clause or sentence
31. a) Every dog should have one good meal each day. This is best served in the
evening.
b) Every dog should have one good meal each day. This is crucial to the
proper nourishment of the animal.
32. a) They have decided to close down the factory, because it was no longer a
profitable investment for them.
b) They have decided to close down the factory. It took us completely by
surprise.
2. Referring forward
33. Perhaps I shouldn't confess this, but I did on one occasion break the law.
34. You might not believe this but I don't drink very much.
c. Reporting Verbs Followed by SQ and NQ!:

Reporting verbs such as think, suppose, say, believe, hope etc., may be followed
by so and not. Follow the examples:
35. Many people believe that the international situation will deteriorate. My
father thinks so, but I believe not.
36. Ali:"Will you be able to get a passing grade in the exam?"
Aynur:"I hope so".
Exercise 2: What do the words printed in bold face refer to?
1. He made several important discoveries. The most interesting of these came

from an examination of an old manuscript.
2. Americans annually spend an estimated $250 billion on food. About 10 percent
of that is spent on fast food.
3. I prefer these skis to those I the ones you borrowed from Bill.
4. Political authority and education are common sources of social status. The
latter, however, is usually easier to achieve.
5. Normally, the human body combats infection by producing antibodies to the
invading disease. These seek out the intruder and destroy it. These antibodies
persist in the blood stream for long periods and prevent reinfection.
6. To meet the demand there are very many agencies providing mainly female
cooks for the boardrooms. One such agency is located in Shaftsbury Avenue.
7. The manager told him to lock the safe but he forgot to do so.
8. We accept that thought is a common property of the human race. But we cannot
make the same assumption about machines.
9. When a dog bites a man, that is not news but when a man bites a dog, that is
news.
10. The problems confronting us today are not dissimilar from those which the
nation confronted in the 1930's.
11. Immigrants adjust their customs to those of the new society.
530
12. He passed all his exams. This surprised everyone.
13. The collapse of the true sporting system is a result of many factors. One is the
connection between sport and business.
14. Children's language may vary in complexity or size of vocabulary. Such
variations, however, are of minor importance.
15. The Forum manages to maintain a healthy balance between the articles aimed at
academics and those aimed at classroom teachers. By doing so, it helps to raise
professional standards and increase the teacher morale.
16. John and Mary stole a toy from my son. Their mother told them
to return the toy but they said it was theirs.
17. Betty's work is not yet consistent in style and quality, but will no doubt
become so.
18. The price of wool is much higher than that of cotton.
19. Tom phoned for the doctor, but didn't tell his mother he had done so.
20. The blonde girls I saw were more beautiful than the ones you were dancing
with.
21. They will probably win the match. That will please my father.
22. I decided to go to Istanbul. I hoped to find a job there.
23. There is a lot of material in the office. You can use some of that.
24. The unemployment in the rural areas is often thought to be due entirely to
population growth, and no doubt this is an important factor. Those who hold
this view have to explain why additional people cannot do additional work.
25. Ali and Cem major in different fields. While the former studies law, the latter
studies economics.
D. Lexical Devices (=Words)Used to Connect Sentences

I. repetition of the We turned to the ascent of the peak.
same word The ascent was perfectly easy.
2. a synonym We turned to the ascent of the peak. The climb was

perfectly easy.
Samuel Morse accomplished something that is
rarely accomplished: he achieved fame and success
in two widely differing areas.
3. an antonym The verbal content of a spoken message is the basis

of human communication. However, we must also
consider nonverbal communication, which involves
gestures, signs and mimics.
4. a superordinate, a) I turned to the ascent of the peak. The task was

a word in a perfectly easy.
higher category
b) The dog was very hungry. The animal had not
eaten anything for three days.
c) Henry has bought himself a Jaguar. He practically

lives in the car.
531
5. a different form of a word
a) The child begins to perceive things around him as soon as he is born. His
perception improves as he gets older.
b) Our supplies are inadequate. Tht' inadecmacy of the supplies is our main
problem.
c) His initial remarks were flattering. T.1e flrixttery made his audience listen
more attentively than they would have done otherwise.
d) Mary interprets Picasso's paintings in her own way. She refuses to accept
her husband's interpretation.
e) The news has not been confirmed by independent sources yet. Unless we
receive a confirmation of this piece of news we can't publish it.
f) He is indifferent to our problems. His indifference drives me crazy.
g) What you have said is not relevant to our discussion. How can you defend
its relevance to the issues we're discussing here?
h) What we need now is economic stability. Unless we stabilize the

economy, we can't attain our economic objectives. However, to achieve
our objectives, we need a stable government as well.
6. repetition of an expression, but with a slight change from singular to plural or vice
versa:
The work people do is called economic activity. All economic activities

combined make up the economic system of a town, a city, a country or the
world.
E. Order-The Arrangement of Sentences

Sentences in a piece of English written discourse are arranged according to
some rhetorical patterns:
1. Chronological Order, or Time Order (used mainly in narrative nexts and

process descriptions, such as how to make tea, how glass is made , etc.
2. Spatial Order, or Order of Space (used mainly in descriptions)
3. General-to- Specific Order
4. Specific-to-General Order
5. Order of Importance
a) moving from the most important to the least important (descending order)
b) moving from the least important to the most important (ascending order)
(See also Test Organization and Identifying the Main Idea.)
532
Test on Reference Signals
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
When confronted with the history of school math, education can adopt two
2 approaches. The traditional .Qru.. accepts school math and attempt -- often with a
great struggle-to teach i1; computers are used by some teachers for this purpose.
4 Consequently, forcefeeding unwelcome and unpopular material left over from the
precomputer age has become-alas-the most common use of the computer in
6 education. On the other hand, the computer has a totally different use in Turtle
geometry. There, the fans of Turtle geometry maintain, the computer is used as a
8 so-called mathematically expressive medium, .Qru.. that frees teachers design
meaningful and coherent and easily learnable math topics for children. Now, instead
10 of the educational problem being put as "how to teach the existing school math", i1
is posed as "reconstructing knowledge in such a way that no large effort is needed to
12 teach i!".
1. What does the word "one" in line 2 refer to?

a) History of math. c) Math education.
b) School. d) Approach
2. What does the word "it" in line 3 refer to?

a) The computer. c) School.
b) Math education. d) School math.
3. What do the words "this purpose" in line 3 refer to?

a) Teaching in school. c) Teaching school math.
b) Teaching educators. d) Math education.
4. What does the word "there" in line 7 refer to?

a) In the postcomputer age. c) In computer studies.
b) In Turtle geometry. d) In expressive mediums.
5. What does "one" in line 8 refer to?

a) Geometry. c) Medium.
b) Computer. d) Topic.

a) A learnable mathematical topic. c) The educational problem.
b) How to teach the existing school math. d) Reconstructing mathematics.

a) The computer.
b) Mathematics.
c) Reconstructing knowledge.
d) The chief problem.
533
Tests on Sentence Connection
In each of the following paragraphs one sentence has been omitted from the text.
Using the contextual clues, find the sentence which best fits the blank space to make
the paragraph a coherent one.
1. Jeff decided to clean his room last weekend ............... But once he got started,
the room's appearance improved quickly. After three hours of hard work he
could hardly recognize it. When his mother walked by, she could not believe
how neat it was.
a) At first he was eager to do the job.

b) The job looked overwhelming at first.
c) Then he went into the storage to get the necessary equipment.
d) He took great delight in doing the job.
e) He knew it would not take him long to finish the job.
2. George visited the library yesterday. He asked for a book to read. The librarian
gave him three books to look at... ............ He checked the book out and took it
home with him.
a) George liked one of them.

b) They were all quite interesting books.
c) There were too many books in the library, which made it difficult for him to make a
choice.
d) However, George liked one of the books very much.
e) It was exactly what he was looking for.
3. There was an accident at the street corner. A large truck hit a small car.
.............. The two men inside it were badly injured. The police took them to a
hospital.
a) A traffic policeman who was on duty there stopped both vehicles.

b) The small car turned over.
c) A small car was badly damaged.
d) The drivers began shouting at each other , blaming each other for the accident.
e) They both stopped , and the drivers came out, shouting angrily at each other.
4. Mary went to a beauty shop yesterday afternoon. Three women were there. One
woman had her hair cut. .............. Then the third woman had her hair washed
and set. Finally, it was time for Mary to have her hair dyed and curled.
a) Another woman has had her hair cut, too.

b) The second woman has got her hair cut as well
c) So was the second woman.
d) The second woman has done the same.
e) The second woman had her hair done a different style.
534
5. Fish are members of the vertebrate family. Because they are cold-blooded
animals, they cannot regulate the temperature of their bodies. .................. If fish
are placed in freezing water, their temperatures sink. But place them in warm
water, and the opposite occurs.
a) Warm-blooded animals, if conditions are normal, have a constant body temperature.

b) On the other hand, they need food to maintain their body temperature.
c) Instead their body temperature depends upon their surroundings.
d) Fish lay eggs by a process known as spawning.
e) In fact, some fish live in warm water.
6. . ................. At the present time production workers are just about fifteen percent
of the labor force. However, robotics may reduce that number to a little less
than 5 percent. Although robots employed in industry at the present time are
limited to the simplest tasks on the assembly line, those of the future will be
aided by the intelligence of computers.
a) The word robot, which was first used in a Czech play called R.U.R., actually
means"worker".
b) Within fifty years factories may be filled not with people but with robots.
c) The dream of building a mechanical human being goes back hundreds of years.
d) Fifty years from now, robots may stand in an assembly line that produces more
robots.
e) Robots may have artificial intelligence.
7. . ................ The number of inhabitants on this planet has already reached four
billion. If the present growth rate remains unchecked, the world's population
may very well double in the next 30 to 35 years . Such a situation may bring
about starvation, poverty, and serious health problems.
a) It is predicted that the world will face serious health problems, in the next
30 to 35 years.
b) Population growth outpaces world food supply.
c) As a matter of fact, scientists are studying ways of curbing population growth.
d) The alarming increase in the world's population may lead to widespread poverty in
the next 30 to 35 years.
e) One of the most important problems the world will have to face in the
future is the rapid growth of its human population.
535
CHAPTER 4: Tests on Reading Comprehension
This section aims to give you practice in answering reading comprehension
questions. Some important academic words are printed in bold, while important
structure words are printed in italics. The purpose here is to draw your attention to
them. Technical words and low frequency words have been ignored in the selection
of vocabulary items emphasized here.
Directions: Read each of the texts below and answer the questions that follow.
Set l(Total 18 questions)

Sometimes certain eras or events from our past receive little or no attention.
This might be because there is little information available on these subjects, or be-
cause the subjects are controversial or shameful, and we are reluctant to face
them. But when we .ignore or deny a part of our past, we fail to learn the lessons
that history can teach us, and we neglect people who are part of that history. These
people-and their history-can become "invisible," and in time we can forget that
they ought to be part of what we think of as history.
1. What is the author's main point?

a) History tends to repeat itself.
b) Historians should not write about disputed matters.
c) More people should study history.
d) No part of history should be ignored.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the best motivation for studying history
is to _______ .
a) learn from its past lessons
b) appreciate the perspectives of writers of historical texts
c) become more well-rounded students
d) compare the life-styles of major historical characters
3. The author implies that the work of historians would be more valuable if
they_ __
a) asked current world leaders to write down their views of history
b) included accounts of unpleasant events in their texts
c) wrote psychological discussions about incidents in history
d) emphasized a biographical viewpoint in history books

One of the multitude of theories about how our world will end is that in a few
billion years the sun will bum itself out. First, however, its supply of hydrogen fuel
will give out, leaving it a mammoth red star sending out 100 times more energy than
it does now. The planets surrounding the sun will become incredibly hot. Earth will
heat up, oceans will boil, and ultimately life on earth will end. The cooling sun will
then become a tiny, weak star.
4. The end of the world is expected_ __

a) within the author's lifetime c) billions of years from now
b) when the sun turns to ice d) when earth runs out of hydrogen
536
5. • The word "ultimately" in line 5 could best be replaced by which of the
following?
a) gradually b) abruptly c) invariably d) finally
6. When the sun's hydrogen supply fails, the sun will ------- .
a) burn itself up c) turn red
b) burn up its neighboring planets d) all of the above

The government of China has announced that consumers may soon purchase
television sets and other expensive items on the installment plan. No interest will
be charged when the plan is initiated. However, should the necessity arise, inter-
est payments may be added later. If the price of the item increases, consumers will
pay the original price. If the price decreases, they will pay the cheaper rate.
7. Based upon the information in this passage, you may infer that the_ __
a) Chinese buy most of their products on the installment plan
b) installment plan is managed by the government
c) installment plan will be an innovation in China
d) installment plan will decrease prices in China
8. Installment payments will be interest free _ __

a) forever c) for the next year
b) for the moment d) for the original price
9. A television set bought on the installment plan at a specified price may_ __

a) increase, so the cost would increase
b) be more expensive
c) need necessary repairs
d) cost less by the time the payments are concluded

Fortunately, psychologists believe that books can serve as therapeutic tools-or at
least as effective adjuncts to professional therapy-to help children come to terms
with their parents' divorce. According to educator-counselor Joanne Bernstein, sto-
ries that confront life's problems with candor and credibility may provide insights,
promote .self-examination, and lead to changes in attitude and behavior. One way
stories accomplish this is through identification. Reading about the grief and anxiety
of others, she explains, can arouse sudden awareness as "problems that had not
been consciously or completely recognized are allowed to surface. Introduced to
characters who share their difficulties, children may feel less alienated and thus
freer to discuss and resolve their own plight."
10. Ms. Bernstein feels that stories can help children find themselves if the stories
are told with
a) fairy-tale characters
b) educators as readers
c) openness and honesty
d) therapists present
537
11. Children may not feel free to discuss and resolve their problems_ __
a) because their parents don't understand them
b) if they don't receive psychiatric help
c) when those problems have not been allowed to surface as problems
d) unless they visit their own educator-counselor
12. An effective adjunct to therapy, psychologists believe, is the concept that books
can _ __
a) help children make friends better
b) allow'children to rid themselves of diseases
c) inform parents and children of their right to counseling
d) open the way for children to accept their parents' divorce

The normal daytime retreats of bats are the rooms of caves, but individuals
commonly live in dry, dark rooms of buildings. Males are usually solitary, but fe-
males, especially when they are young, gather in colonies. The bats do not hide in
crevices but, when not hibernating, hang from the open roof of caves or buildings
where they can see, and escape from, any intruder. In the dormant condition,
which the bats assume when the air temperature is low, the body temperature drops;
and they cling with thumbs and toes to some vertical walls, with their ears closely
coiled to conserve body heat.
13. Young female bats _ __
a) hide in crevices c) like to live in groups
b) prefer the dry, dark rooms of buildings d) hibernate until maturity
14. When the weather turns cold, -------.

a) the bats move to the rooms of buildings c) the bats coil their ears
b) the bats gather in colonies d) the bats hide in crevices
15. Bats often hang from the open roof of caves and buildings_ __
a) to see and escape from intruders c) to hibernate
b) to lower their body temperature d) to keep warm

An Augustinian monk named Gregor Mendel was the first person to make pre-
cise observations about the biological mechanism of inheritance. This happened a
little over a hundred and thirty years ago in an Austrian monastery, where Mendel
spent his leisure hours performing experiments with pea plants of different types.
He crossed them carefully and took notes about the appearance of various traits, or
characteristics, in succeeding generations. From his observations, Mendel formed a
set of rules, now known as the "Mendelian Laws of Inheritance," which were found
to apply not only to plants but to animals and human beings as well. This was the
beginning of the modern science of genetics.
16. The importance of Gregor Mendel is that he was the first person to: _ __
a) imagine that there existed a precise mechanism of inheritance
b) approach the problem of inheritance scientifically
c) think about why animals and plants inherit certain characteristics
d) invent the word genetics
538
17. When did Mendel perform his experiments?
a) in ancient times c) in the 1680s
b) at the beginning of this century d) in the 1860s
18. Why did Mendel do this work?

a) because it was part of his duties c) because he lived in Austria
b) because he enjoyed it d) because he was paid for it
Set 2 (Total 18 questions)

Economic expansion continued in May. Government reports showed gains in

industrial production, personal income, and housing starts. Housing construction,
however, remained sluggish, mainly because the cost of new homes has risen much
faster than average incomes, but housing starts did show a small increase over those
of April.
1. The author's claims concerning economic expansion seem to be based on

a) government data in three areas c) the author's own research
b) government budgetary reports d) the author's personal insight
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true of housing starts?

a) They were the same as in previous months.
b) They were lower in May than in April.
c) They were slightly higher in May than in April.
d) They were much higher in May than in April.
3. According to the passage. housing construction is recovering slowly because

a) the cost of a new home is higher than the government's price guidelines
b) new homes are being built at a faster rate than needed
c) prices of new homes have been going up faster than increases in people's
mcomes.
d) new homes are selling faster than anticipated

According to conservatives, interfering with capitalism undermines liberty. In
the conservatives' perspective, liberty is associated primarily with the right of the
individual to acquire and use property and conduct his business without hindrance
from government. Thus capitalism, which is based on private property and private
ownership and operation of business, is inseparable from liberty. "Capitalism," says
the conservative economist Milton Friedman, "is necessary condition for political
freedom." This is because capitalism, or free enterprise or private enterprise, dis-
perses decision making among a large number of individuals and groups, instead of
concentrating it all in government, and thus protects us from governmental tyranny.
4. According to the passage, the conservatives tend to support which one of the
following positions?
a) The intrinsic equality of people
b) No role for government in economic decisions
c) The intrinsic inequality of people
d) No feeling of obligation to the less fortunate
539
5. According to the passage, _ _ _ __
a) conservatives associate capitalism with liberty
b) if the government interferes with capitalism, there will be greater freedom
c) capitalism and liberty are incompatible
d) where there is capitalism there is tyranny
6. The passage suggests that one possible advantage of capitalism is that
a) it makes more people prosperous

b) it encourages government interference in economic decisions
c) it hinders the acquisition of property on a large scale
d) economic decisions are taken by a large number of individuals or groups
rather than one person or institution

When used for studies of learning and memory, the octopus is a more interesting
subject than the squid. Unlike the free-swimming squid, which relies exclusively on
its eyes to guide it to a tasty fish or crab, the octopus often feeds off the bottom of
the sea. It uses not only its eyes but its tentacles to identify a likely meal. The brain
of the octopus has two separate memory-storage areas-one for visual memories
and one for tactile memories.
7. How does the squid find its food?

a) By sight only c) Both by sight and by touch
b) By touch only d) In none of the ways described
above
8. The passage is mainly about
a) a new way of feeding fish
b) biological differences between two animals
c) how to go deep-sea fishing
d) a warning to deep-sea divers
9. According to the passage, which of the following can describe the octopus?
a) Its brain is simpler than that of the squid.
b) It cannot look and touch at the same time.
c) Its brain does not function very well.
d) The memory of what it has seen and touched is contained in separate areas.

An organism's environmentcomprises all those factors in the world around it
which affect its behavior. For humans, the term inner environment has been used to
distinguish between the physical and the social environment. The former includes
such factors as temperature, humidity, air pressure, pollution, and radiation-all of
which influence human behavior in its physical aspect. However, because man is a
social creature, sociocultural factors must also be considered in order to fully
understand the motives and actions of human beings. It must be realized, on the
other hand, that human behavior may not always be ascribed to one or the other
environmental influences, but may involve a complicated combination of factors.
I 0. In the third line of this passage, the phrase "The former" refers to
a) the social environment c) the inner environment
b) an organism d) the physical environment
540
11. Sociocultural factors are important in human behavior because_ _ __
a) man's motives are completely social
b) human beings are not influenced by the physical environment
c) human action is influenced by air pressure and pollution
d) man is a social being
12. What must be studied in order to understand human behavior?

a) Only man's physical environment
b) Only man's social environment
c) Both man's physical and social environment
d) Man's inner environment

The Indian tribes of eastern North America were among the first Indians to meet
English settlers. In 1621, the Indians and English celebrated a good harvest and
peace together in Plymouth colony. But the good relationship did not last long. The
Indians were slow to perceive that their way of life was incompatible with that of
the English. They often sold their land or gave it away without realizing that it
would no longer be theirs. They used the land mainly for hunting and were willing
to let the English hunt on it with them. But the English cut the trees, drove out the
game, and evicted the Indians. Before the Indians realized what was happening,
they were outnumbered.
13. According to the passage, the major downfall of the Indians was _ _ __
a) being slow to understand their incompatibility with the English
b) selling or giving away their land
c) becoming outnumbered
d) letting the English hunt on their land
14. The Indians at one time did all of the following EXCEPT_ _ __
a) live in eastern North America c) evict the English
b) give away their land d) sell their land
15 According to the passage, the English_ _ __

a) never paid for Indian land c) hunted without Indians
b) eventually outnumbered the Indians d) had a life style similar to that of
the Indians

The British people found it difficult after 1918 to restore their prewar
prosperity. The disruption of trade, the decline of industry, the increase in foreign
competition, and the heavy taxation levied on the people to improve the economy
hindered recovery. Another factor that impeded restoration was that Britain was
geographically isolated from the rest of Europe, so the country was dependent on
commerce to survive.
16. The main idea of the passage is that _ _ _ __

a) Great Britain was a prosperous country prior to the First World War
b) The disruption of trade during the war was the main reason for the decline
in the British economy after the war
c) Great Britain was geographically isolated from the rest of Europe
d) Due to the adverse effects of the war, Great Britan encountered severe
problems in achieving economic recovery
541
a) the war undermined the British economy
b) Great Britain emerged from the war as a major ·economic and political
power
c) The war boosted trade in Great Britain
d) Great Britain's geographical isolation from the rest of Europe accelerated its
economic recovery after the war
18. Which one of the following factors was not responsible for the deterioration in
the British economy during and after the war.
a) the heavy taxation c) the decline of the industry
b) the disruption of trade d) the prewar prosperity
Set 3 (20 questions)

Wide-ranging research on tooth decay has recently produced some surprising
findings. One indicates that cheddar cheese may actually inhibit the tooth-decay
process. It seems to have decay-slowing effect on human teeth if it is eaten immedi-
ately after sugar. Why cheese should have such an effect is unknown. It is speculat-
ed that the food might interfere with the acid that decays teeth or with bacteria that
produce the acid. If so , it would be the first common food found to have this useful
property. The other surprising research finding was that heavily sweetened cereals
proved about equally potent in causing decay whether they contained eight percent
sugar or almost eight times that much.
1. According to the passage, how many of the test results were unexpected?
a) One b) Two c) Three d) Eight
2. According to the passage, what effect does cheddar cheese seem to have?
a) It interferes with the function of teeth.
b) It makes sugar taste sweeter.
c) It decreases the rate at which teeth decay.
d) It helps in the digestion of food.
3. It can be inferred form the passage that the research on the relationship between
cheese and tooth decay_ __
a) has been discredited
b) has been found to be conclusive
c) will be slowed considerably
d) will be continued
4. Researchers discovered that sweetened cereals were_ __
a) important nutritionally c) more expensive than cheese
b) all surprisingly heavy in sugar d) all equally harmful to teeth

In the early nineteenth century Rousseau's misgivings concerning the progress
of civilization were largely forgotten, but his idea of tracing the evolution of hu-
man nature from brute-like beginnings took hold with a vengeance. Theories of so-
cial evolution proliferated like mushrooms. The impetus to their elaboration came
less from biology than from a growing awareness of change and improvement in so-
cial institutions and a growing conviction that man's early condition had been a sav-
542
age one. Taking progress for granted, social scientists endeavored to discover its
laws and stages. Auguste Comte, for example, set for "social physics" (or sociology,
as he later called it) the task of discovering "by what necessary chain of successive
transformations the human race, starting from a condition barely superior to that of
a society of great apes, has been gradually led up to the present stage of European
civilization." Like Rousseau, Comte regarded man as the only species of animal ca-
pable of evolution.
5. The growth of theories of social evolution is compared to the growth of mush-

rooms because_ __
a) mushrooms grow in the dark
b) mushrooms grow and multiply very rapidly
c) mushrooms can be poisonous
d) mushrooms are searched for with great care
6. Sociology was first known as _ __

a) social science. c) social physics.
b) Comtism. d) social philosophy.
7. Rousseau believed_ __
a) in the inevitability of progress
b) that man was the only creature capable of evolution
c) that all of nature (animals, plants, and men) was constantly evolving
d) that the science of sociology would promote social evolution
8. Theories of social evolution proliferated because of_ __

a) advances in biology
b) the belief, with Rousseau, that man's condition was showing no real im-
provement
c) respect for Rousseau as a social thinker and philosopher
d) the conviction that man's beginnings had been brute-like, but that his condi-
tion was showing steady improvement

Amber is created when the resins produced by certain trees in tropical or sub-
tropical climates undergo a transformation process that usually takes millions of
years, and which is still not fully understood. The Baltic Sea area, now a temperate
zone, probably holds the best-known and most highly-prized supply of amber,
which is used in jewelry. In addition, in earlier centuries, magical properties were
attributed to amber because of the electricity it acquires when rubbed. The sub-
stance is also of great interest to scientists since it has been the means of preserving
fossils, especially of insects, as much as 40 million years old. Amber varies greatly
according to the place where it is formed, the amber in each location having its char-
acteristic color, hardness, and even odor.
9. What can be inferred about the Baltic Sea area?

a) It produces more amber than any other.
b) It was once dryer than it is today.
c) It has won many prizes for its amber.
d) It was once hotter than it is today.
543
10. According to the passage, what can be said about the transformation process
that results in amber?
a) It is a very lengthy one.
c) It is magical.
b) It is made into jewelry.
d) It has only recently been described completely.
11. Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?

a) Amber is of interest for a number of reasons.
b) The oldest fossils in amber found so far are about 40 million years old.
c) Not all amber has the same characteristics.
d) Only insect fossils are found in amber.
12. The characteristics of amber vary according to _ __

a) how old it is
b) how much it interests scientists
c) where it is found
d) how hard it is to find

Many of the domestic plants originated from obvious and well-known wild
ancestors. Both wheat and barley, for example, come from wild grasses that still
grow in parts of the Near East. There are still mysteries, however, about the origins
of some domestic plants. Where corn came from has been a puzzle for generations,
and the question still proves a battleground for botanical camps armed with
research, and, sometimes, invectives. Com has become so highly domesticated that
it is even more a captive of man than the lap dog. Left alone, a field of maize would
fail to produce new plants within a season or two; and, if we should ever lose our
struggle for survival, corn will perish with us. The reason is that in becoming so
well suited as a food plant, corn has lost the means to disperse its seeds and must
depend on being sowed for its survival.
13. Unless tended, a corn field would_ _ _ __
a) yield for years c) reproduce itself
b) perish in a year or two d) become overgrown
14. The reason corn is compared to a lap dog is that it is_ _ _ __

a) totally dependent on man c) useful
b) domestic d) a good friend to man
15. We can infer from the passage that

a) there has not been much research into the origins of corn.
b) there is considerable harmony among botanists regarding the origins of
com.
c) we will never know where corn came from.
d) rival botanists sometimes use insulting language in defending their theories
about corn.
16. Which of the following is the primary reason corn would perish if mankind
perished?
a) Only man eats corn.
b) Fertilization is important.
c) Corn no longer spreads its seeds independently.
d) Corn only grows in maize fields.
544
The search for signals from intelligent beings in outer space may be indeed
a roll of the dice, but after years of struggling to be taken seriously, it has become a
respectable scientific endeavor. Its advocates now form an active, worldwide net-
work of scientists who have made significant discoveries and developed techniques
that could bear fruit in such diverse fields as telecommunications and theories of
star formation.
17. In line 2, " a roll of the dice" most nearly means._ _ _ __

a) a game c) difficult
b) chance d) time-consuming

a) the fields of telecommunication and theories of star formation are bearing
fruit
b) at one time searching for signals from out space was not taken seriously
c) intelligent beings in outer space are communicating with a network of
scientists
d) scientists in this field of study are not found worldwide
19. In line 2 "it" refers to _ _ _ __

a) struggling b) outer space c) a roll of the dice d) the search
20. According to the passage, _ _ _ __
a) there are intelligent beings in outer space
b) a network of scientists is studying theories of star formation
c) not all scientists are respectable
d) eventually, the study of signals from outer space may produce results in
various ways
Set 4 (30 questions)

In ancient times wealth was measured and exchanged tangibly, in things that
could be touched: food, tools, and precious metals and stones. Then the barter sys-
tem was replaced by coins, which still had real value since they were pieces of rare
metal. Coins were followed by flat money, paper notes that have value only because
everyone agrees to accept them.
Today electronic monetary systems are gradually being introduced that will
transform money into even less tangible forms, reducing it to arrays of "bits and
bytes," or units of computerized information, whizzing between machines at the
speed of light. Already, electronic fund transfer allows money to be instantly sent
and received by different banks, companies, and countries through computers and
telecommunications devices.
1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
a) International Banking Policies
b) The History of Monetary Exchange
c) The Development of Paper Currencies
d) Current Problems in the Economy
545
2. According to the passage, which of the following was the earliest kind of ex-
change of wealth?
a) Bartered goods c) Flat money
b) Coin currency d) Intangible forms
3. ·The author mentions food, tools, and precious metals and stones together
because they are all _ __
a) material objects c) useful items
b) articles stored in museums d) difficult things to obtain
4. According to the passage, coins once had real value as currency because they
a) represented a great improvement over barter
b) permitted easy transportation of wealth
c) could become collector's items
d) were made of precious metals
5. Which of the following statements about computerized monetary systems is

NOT supported by the passage?
a) They promote international trade.
b) They allow very rapid money transfers.
c) They are still limited to small transactions.
d) They are dependent on good telecommunications systems.

Prejudice means literally prejudgment, the rejection of a contention out of hand
before examining the evidence. Prejudice is the result of powerful emotions, not of
sound reasoning. If we wish to find out the truth of a matter, we must approach the
question with as nearly open a mind as we can and with a deep awareness of our
own limitations and predispositions. On the other hand, if after carefully and open-
ly examining the evidence we reject the proposition, that is not prejudice. It might
be called "post-judice." It is certainly a prerequisite for knowledge.
6. With what subject is the passage mainly concerned?

a) Knowledge b) Evidence c) Judgements d) Limitations
7. According to the passage, prejudice is caused by_ __
a) feeling c) sound reasoning
b) past experiences d) wisdom
8. The author implies that everyone's judgment is sometimes affected by _ __

a) partiality c) ill health
b) competition d) legal considerations
9. "On the other hand," as it is used in the fourth sentence, could best be replaced
by which of the following words?
a) Supposedly b) Additionally c) Therefore d) However
10. Which of the following maxims best applies to the situation described in the
passage?
a) It takes one to know one.
b) Never judge a book by its cover.
c) Still waters run deep.
d) Words are the gateway to knowledge.
546
Besides feeling the soil and sniffing the air, farmers can now point gun-shaped
infrared meters at their crops to find out when the plants need watering. These port-
able meters give digital readouts that indicate the difference between a plant's tem-
perature and that of the surrounding air. When it is short of water, a plant, which
normally uses evaporation as a means of cooling, cannot rid itself of the heat it ab-
sorbs from sunlight or the heat that may build up from its own metabolism. There-
fore, if the meter indicates that a plant is warmer than the air, it may mean that it is
time to irrigate.
11. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
a) A New Aid for Farmers
b) Plant Temperatures and Evaporation
c) Checking Crop Yields
d) The Metabolism of Plants
12. According to the passage, farmers feel the soil in order to_ __
a) check its ability to absorb heat
b) check the moisture content of the air
c) determine its mineral content
d) determine the time to water crops
13. According to the passage, what do the meters measure?

a) The quality of crops being grown
b) The temperatures of plants and air
c) The water content of plants
d) The rate of evaporation
14. Which of the following plays the most important role in a plant's cooling?
a) Evaporation c) Sunlight
b) Infrared rays d) Absorption of water
15. According to the passage, a plant can no longer cool itself if-------.
a) outside temperatures are high c) it absorbs infrared rays
b) the soil becomes too warm d) it needs water

There can be little doubt that malaria was prevalent in all American colonies
during the seventeenth century. Toward the end of the century and continuing into
the eighteenth, a rising incidence marked parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
Maryland, Delaware, and other colonies situated in the coastal plains region, while
a corresponding decline characterized New England. The significance of malaria
in colonial history can scarcely be overrated, for it was a major hurdle in the
development of the American colonies. To the newly arrived settlers or "fresh
Europeans," it frequently proved fatal, and epidemics of pernicious malaria took a
heavy toll of old and new colonists alike. In endemic regions the regular
succession of spring and fall out-breaks, with the concomitant sickness and
disability, deprived the colonies of much sorely needed labor.
16. Malaria occurred ------- .

a) only in the spring c) only in the fall
b) in almost any season d) in periodic outbreaks
547
17. During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries-------.
a) the number of malaria cases in New Jersey increased
b) the number of malaria cases in New England increased
c) the number of malaria cases in the coastal plains region declined
d) the number of malaria cases in Maryland declined
18. The words "endemic regions" (line 15) mean most nearly-------.
a) extensive regions
b) regions with poor climate
c) regions where malaria was common
d) regions where malaria was rare
19. The importance of malaria in colonial history-------.

a) is difficult to exaggerate c) has never been assessed
b) was minimal d) is difficult to determine
20. Malaria affected_______ .

a) only "fresh Europeans" c) only newly arrived settlers
b) only old colonists d) both old and new colonists

Some seventy-five years ago, there was a heated controversy about whether or
not any higher forms of life exist on Mars. Percivall Lowell, on the one hand,
maintained that the geometrical regularity of the network, together with its
variations through the Martian year, indicated it to be an artifact constructed by
intelligent beings. At the other extreme were the views of E.E. Barnard, views with
which the great majority of astronomers now agree. Barnard said Mars gave him the
impression of'a globe whose entire surface had been tinted with a slight pink color
on which the dark details had been painted with grayish colored paint supplied with
a very poor brush, producing a shredded or streaky and wispy effect in the darker
regions." Suggesting, perhaps, that it was unwise to draw over-firm conclusions
from such scant visual evidence, he added that "no one could accurately show the
remarkable complexity of detail of the features which were visible in moments of
the greatest steadiness."
21. What is the main topic of this passage?

a) The network of canals on Mars c) An astronomical argument
b) The extreme views of E.E. Barnard d) An influential astronomer
22. According to the passage, Lowell felt that the apparent geometrical designs on
Mars's surface were_______ .
a) canals that irrigate vegetation on Mars
b) constructed by intelligent forms of life.
c) artistic shapes that were formed artificially
d) an indication of the seasons of the Martian year
23. From the passage, it can be inferred that Barnard felt the existence of life on
Mars may be ------- .
a) likely because of the evidence
b) probable on the basis of the evidence
c) possible although there's no real evidence
d) improbable in light of the evidence
548
24. The way Barnard views Mars is analogous to which of the following?
a) Studying a painting in a museum
b) Examining a specimen under a microscope
c) Watching a movie in a darkened room
d) Looking at a distant sign through dirty eyeglasses
25. The word "maintained" in line 3 could best be replaced by which of the
following?
a) proved b) claimed c) supposed d) showed

One of the unknown factors with tax cuts is what consumers will do with the ex-
tra income thereby made available to them. Such cuts are usually made with the
aim of stimulating a flagging economy, but the effects on growth tend to be negli-
gible if consumers, instead of going on a spending spree buying durable goods
such as home appliances, decide either to pay off their accumulated debts or hold
on to the extra cash in the form of savings. And the fact is that usually when a tax
cut is implemented, company investment tends to be running at a low ebb, and
only the consumer has the necessary means, that is, money to provide a fresh im-
petus.
26. According to the passage, tax cuts automatically provide more money for
a) consumers c) banks and creditors

b) companies d) home-appliance manufacturers
27. According to the passage, the effects of a tax cut are_ _ _ __
a) stimulating b) negligible c) unpredictable d) expensive
28. It may be inferred from the passage that a government which reduces
taxes usually wants consumers to_ _ _ __
a) buy things like cars and refrigerators
b) save their extra money
c) pay off their debts
d) invest their extra cash in things like gold
29. According to the passage, under what circumstances are tax cuts generally
introduced?
a) when consumers are on a spending spree
b) when company investment is providing a fresh impetus
c) when the economy needs a boost
d) when negligible growth is sought
30. The passage implies that _ _ _ __

a) consumer spending may help the level of company investment
b) when there is a tax cut, consumers do not know whether they will have
extra income
c) tax cuts are always resorted to if economic growth falls below a certain
point
d) if consumers are neglected they go on shopping sprees
549
Set 5 (40_questions)
Questions I -5 relate to this passage.

When an individual enters the presence of others, they commonly seek to
acquire information about him or her or to bring into play information about the
person already possessed. They will be interested in his or her general
socioeconomic status, conception of self, attitude toward them, competence,
trustworthiness, etc. Although some of this information seems to be sought almost
as an end in itself, there are usually quite practical reasons for acquiring it.
Information about the individual helps to define the situation, enabling others to
know in advance what he or she will expect of them and what they may expect of
the individual. Informed in these ways, the others will know how best to act in order
to call forth a desired response from him or her.
1. According to the passage, what is the most important use of personal

information?
a) To build friendships
b) To establish mutual trust
c) To know how to behave toward others
d) To provide a topic of conversation
2. The author mentions the need for all of the following personal information
EXCEPT
a) self-concept c) skills and abilities
b) state of health d) social class
3. A typical college student may most vividly experience the situation described in
the passage above when
a) attending a class for the first time
b) conversing with friends in the library
c) deciding what courses to take the next semester
d) preparing for an important exam in a difficult subject
4. With which of the following maxims would the author be most likely to agree?
a) You only live once.
b) I think, therefore I am.
c) Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.
d) Always make a good fiTst impression.
5. In the second sentence, his or her refers to

a) the author c) the other
b) the individual d) the self
Questions 6- I I relate to this passage.

A few years ago a shortage of natural gas drove prices sky high. Likewise, gaso-
line prices rose when demands exceeded supplies. A glut in the oil market drove
prices back down. The law of supply and demand functioned according to textbook
description in the case of oil, but the situation is otherwise in the current natural gas
market. Natural gas consumers are finding their heating bills more of a burden than
last year, in spite of a dramatic increase in supplies. There is so much natural gas
available that many suppliers are closing down their plants for lack of a market, and
it is rumored that some suppliers are even burning off their surplus gas.
550
6. You can infer that the law of supply and demand means that prices-------.
a) rise if supplies are abundant
b) fall if supplies are limited
c) rise if supplies are limited
d) stay even when supplies are abundant
7. The author's purpose is to-------.

a) discuss oil prices c) question high gas prices
b) discuss gas shortages d) compare gas and oil prices
8. You can infer that gas suppliers are burning their surplus gas in order to
a) lower the prices on their product

b) create a shortage to sustain high prices
c) get rid of an inferior product
d) create a glut in the market
9. Many suppliers of natural gas are_______ .

a) reducing their prices c) running out of gas
b) going out of business d) converting to the oil business
10. The cost of heating with natural gas this year ------- .
a) has risen c) is easier to bear
b) has remained the same as last year d) depends on supply and demand
11. The amount of natural gas currently available is ------- .

a) more than last year's supply c) less than last year's supply
b) equal to last year's supply d) none of the above

One of the most common large mammals in the western part of the United States
is the mule deer, which occupies a variety of habitats, ranging from dense coastal
forests to arid desert lowlands. Probably as a result of this variety, there have been
differing reports as to some aspects of the mule deer's social behavior, some observ-
ers claiming that dominant males gather harems around them while others specifi-
cally refute this. Comparisons with the social behavior of other ungulates suggests
that the formation of groups is more likely to occur where the habitat is fairly open,
as with elk, and less likely in densely vegetated areas, as is the case with moose.

a) the frequency of large mammals in the western United States
b) differences in social behavior among mule deer, elk, and moose
c) the variations in the habitats of mule deer
d) the effect of habitat on the social behavior of mule deer
13. The author suggests that the observers referred to _ __

a) produced reports that differed from what they actually saw
b) claimed to be dominant males
c) disagreed because the conditions they observed differed
d) compared mule deer behavior with that of other ungulates
551
14. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
a) Most mule deer live in arid deserts.
b) Mule deer are ungulates.
c) Mule deer are the largest mammals in the western United States.
d) Mule deer in desert habitats show inconsistent social behavior.
15. Some aspects of the social behavior of elks appear to resemble that of _ __
a) mule deer in relatively treeless habitats.
b) mule deer in forest habitats.
c) dominant male mule deer.
d) moose in desert habitats.
16. The idea that some mule deer behavior varies according to where they live is put
forward by the author as _ __
a) a proven fact c) a disc1 ~dited view
b) a theory he is skeptical about d) a them _1 he supports

The locations of stars in the skyelative to one another do not appear to the
naked eye to change, and as a result stars are often considered to be fixed in
position. In reality, though, stars are always moving, but because of the tremendous
distances between stars themselves and from stars to earth, the changes are barely
perceptible here. It takes approximately 200 years for a fast-moving star like
Bernard's star to move a distance in the skies equal to the diameter of the Earth's
moon. When the apparently negligible movement of the stars is contrasted with t1r,e
movement of the planets, the stars are seemingly unmoving.
17. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
a) What the Eye Can See in the Sky c) Planetary Movement
b) Bernard's Star d) The Evermoving Stars
18. According to the passage, the distances between the stars and earth are
a) barely perceptible c) fixed

b) huge d) moderate
19. The word "perceptible" (line 5) is closest in meaning to which of the following
words?
a) Noticeable b) Persuasive c) Conceivable d) Astonishing
20 The passage states that in 200 years Bernard's star can move _ _ __
a) around the earth's moon
b) next to the earth's moon
c) a distance equal to the distance from the earth to the moon
d) a distance equivalent in measurement to the diameter of the moon
21. The passage implies that from the earth it appears that the planets_ _ __
a) are fixed in the sky
b) move more slowly than the stars
c) show approximately the same amount of movement as the stars
d) travel through the sky considerably more rapidly than the stars
552
22. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
a) Stars do not appear to the eye to move.
b) The large distances between stars and the earth tend to magnify movement
to the eye.
c) Bernard's star moves quickly in comparison with other stars.
d) Although stars move, they seem to be fixed.
23. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

a) the movement of the planets
b) Bernard's star
c) the distance from the earth to the moon
d) why stars are always moving
24. This passage would most probably be assigned reading in which course?
a) Astrology b) Geophysics c) Astronomy d) Geography
Questions 25- 30 relate to this passage.

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or
no rainfall, but this is hardly true. Many deserts have varied geographical
formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most deserts
have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount
of rainfall-to be classified as a desert, an area must get less than 25 centimeters of
rainfall per year-there are many plants that thrive on only small amounts of water
and deserts are often full of such plant life.
25. What is the main idea of the passage?

a) Deserts are dry, flat areas with few plants.
b) There is little rainfall in the desert.
c) Many kinds of vegetation can survive with little water.
d) Deserts are not really flat areas with little plant life.
26. The passage implies that

a) the typical conception of a desert is incorrect
b) all deserts are dry, flat areas
c) most people are well informed about deserts
d) the lack of rainfall in deserts causes the lack of vegetation
27. The passage describes the geography of deserts as _ _ __

a) flat c) varied
b) sandy d) void of vegetation
28. According to the passage, what causes an area to be classified as a desert?

a) The type of plants c) The amount of precipitation
b) The geographical formations d) The sources of water
29. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage?

a) Deserts can have flourishing plant life.
b) Deserts can have a permanent supply of water.
c) An area with 30 centimeters ofrainfall per year would not be called a
desert.
d) The rainfall in deserts is intense.
553
30. What is most likely the topic of the paragraph following this passage?
a) The geography of deserts
b) Plants that do not require much water
c) The water sources of deserts
d) The amount of rainfall in a desert

In man an increase in body heat results in dilation of the peripheral blood vessels
which causes blushing and facilitates cooling; at the same time sweat glands
operate, causing perspiration which again cools the body through evaporation. On
the other hand, cold produces the opposite result with contraction of the peripheral
blood vessels, shivering, and the raising of body hairs (goose flesh). Shivering is a
bodily activity which generates heat; the raising of body hair is a vestigial primitive
response to cold, which increases body insulation.
31. What is the main idea of the passage?

a) The results of an increase in body heat.
b) The dilation and contraction of the peripheral blood vessels.
c) How the body works to deal with heat and cold.
d) How bodily activity helps to generate heat.
32. Perspiration _ _ __
a) is linked with a system of evaporation.
b) results in an increase in body heat.
c) occurs with the dilation of the peripheral blood vessels.
d) helps operate the sweat glands.
33. In the passage cold is NOT associated with _ _ __

a) the raising of body hairs
b) contraction of the peripheral blood vessels
c) shivering
d) evaporation
34. Because of shivering, _ _ __

a) body hair is raised c) blood vessels are contracted
b) body insulation is increased d) heat is generated
35. Which of these sentences could be placed at the beginning of the passage?
a) This control of the body's organic equilibrium is known as homeostasis.
b) Body temperature is controlled by a thermostatic mechanics.
c) There are a great number of mechanisms at work in man.
d) Dilation and contraction are central features in bodily functions.
554
The human body has the ability to adapt to widely differing climatic conditions
while maintaining a constant internal temperature of about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Although man cannot live without protection in very high or very low temperatures,
the Indians on the tip of South America and the Australian aborigines are able to
endure extreme cold with little or no clothing. Eskimos have also developed short
limbs to reduce the extent of blood circulation, and Negroids have adapted to
tropical conditions by a darkening of skin color. Nevertheless, man has generally
adapted to extreme temperatures by means of developing his material culture.
36. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
a) Man's Adaptation to Varied Climates
b) Man's Adaptation to Cold Weather Conditions
c) Man's Life in the North
d) The Evolution of Man
37. The passage states that man's physical adaptation to weather conditions
a) does not include extremely hot or cold temperatures

b) is restricted to hot climates
c) is preferred to cultural development
d) is somewhat limited
38. Two groups which have adapted to extreme cold are-------.

a) Negroids and Australian aborigines
b) Australian aborigines and South American Indians
c) Mongoloids and Caucasoids
d) Eskimos and Caucasoids
39. According to the passage, the Eskimo has adapted to cold climates by
a) wearing warm clothing

b) a darkening of skin color
c) developing shorter arms and legs
d) building warm houses
40. How has man most generally adapted to extreme temperatures?

a) By evolving physically
b) By avoiding exposure
c) By developing his material culture
d) By altering his migration patterns
555
SAMPLE TESTS
Sample Proficiency Test 1
Part 1: GRAMMAR (Total 40 pts.-1/2 point each.)
1. I wonder ifl ___ possibly borrow your pen for a moment.
a) may b) should c) can d) could
2. You ___ meet me at the station. I can easily walk.

a) don't need b) don't c) needn't d) haven't got
3. If ___ it would stop raining for a morning, we could cut the grass.
a) ever b) just c) even d) only
4. He ___ being given a receipt for the bill he had paid.

a) insisted b) insisted that c) was insisted d) insisted on
5. I have absolutely no doubt ___ the innocence of the accused.

a) about b) over c) on d) with
6. ___ people go to football matches now than twenty years ago.

a) Less b) Lesser c) Fewer d) Few
7. The little girl wouldn't go into the sea___ her father went too.
a) except b) but c) also d) unless
8. I'll call you tonight at 10 o'clock ___ I can find a telephone that works.
a) unless b) suppose c) provided d) in case
9. I went to a party last night and ___ some friends came back for coffee.
a) after b) at last c) finally d) afterwards
10. The bank doesn't open for another half an hour, so ___ I'll do a bit of
shopping.
a) previously b) during c) afterwards d) meanwhile
11. He looked a bit tired when I met him, but ___ well.
a) otherwise b) in addition c) elsewhere d) except
12. It costs nearly twice as much to take the train ___ it does to go by coach.
a) than b) for c) while d) as
556
13. One of the main reasons why city life attracts so many villagers is ___ they
can send their children to better schools.
a) because b) for c) so that d) that
14. You should try to get a good night's sleep ___ much work you have to do.
a) whatever b) no matter c) however d) although
15. She moved very slowly ___ exhausted by her day's work.
a) although b) as c) like d) as if
16. Please let me know your decision by Friday; ___ , I'll have to offer the job
to another applicant.
a) else b)likewise c) otherwise d) besides
17. Even at the early stages of his research, he encountered some obstacles
that he had not anticipated. ___ , he was highly discouraged.
a) However b) Likewise c) Consequently d) Nevertheless
18. I'll let you know my answer ___ I've spoken to my wife.
a) as b) once c) until d) while
19. _ _ _ how hard I work, I never seem to get any praise.

a) No matter b) Regardless c) Not counting d) Even
20. It was cold. _ _ _, it was freezing.

a) Nevertheless b) On the contrary c) Conversely d) In fact
21. ___ he hasn't any formal qualifications, he has managed to do very well for
himself.
a) Despite b) Notwithstanding c) Although d) Whereas
22. Turn the dial in a clockwise direction ___ the indicator comes to rest at
No.3.
a) while b) since c) whereas d) until
23. Don't upset her ___ you do!

a) whoever b) whenever c) however d) whatever
24. You may borrow my bicycle ___ you are careful with it.
a) even if b) as long as c) as much as d) expecting
25. That contract, about ___ we had a disagreement last month, has now gone
through.
a) that b) which c) whom d) what
26. At this stage we cannot tell you ___ you have been selected for the job or
not.
a) unless b) although c) whenever d) whether
557
27. Does anyone know ___ this coat might be?
a) whose b) whom c) to whom d) who
28. Ayla's marriage has been arranged by her parents. She is marrying a man
a) that she hardly knows him c) she hardly knows

b) she hardly knows him d) hardly does she know
29. I doubt ___ the company will make any profit at all this year.
a) when b) whether c) since d) so that
30. It is ___ pity that you cannot come to the wedding.

a) such a b) so c) such as d) many a
31. This is ___ the most difficult job I have ever tackled.
a) by rights b) by all means c) by the way d) by far
32. ___ I realised the consequences, I would never have contemplated getting
involved.
a) Had b) If c) When d) Unless
33. They have ___ this minute left for the station.
a) ever b) already c) just d) almost
34. Hello! You ___ be the new lab technician. I'm John Brown.
a) ought to b) should c) could d) must
35. The coal is mined day ___ night by a system of shift work.
a) through b) into c) after d) and
36. He was fined ___ parking near a pedestrian crossing.

a) at b) by c) with d) for
37. Don't forget ___ the bank first thing tomorrow morning.
a) to phone c) having phoned
b) phoning d) to have phoned
38. Many years ago in a faraway land there lived ___ wise old man.
a) the b) one c) a d) an
39. He was ___ thought of in the cut-throat world of competitive business.

a) high b) highly c) higher d) highest
40. Petrol in this country is ___ expensive that we use public transport as much
as possible.
a) such b) so c) as d) too
558
41. If he had tried hard enough, he ___ his aim.
a) could have achieved c) had achieved
b) could achieve d) could have been achieved
42. You looked ___ you were having a good time when I saw you last night.
a) while b) as c) how d) as though
43. ___ reading the news, I immediately rang to see if I could help.
a) When b) On c) As soon as d) The moment
44. Of all the people I know, she drives ___ .

a) most careful c) most carefully
b) more careful d) the most carefully
45. ___ the time the fire brigade got there, the house had burnt down.
a)When b) As soon as c) By d) After
46. I don't suppose I could have a glass of water, ___ ?

a) could I b) do I c) I suppose d) couldn't I
47. People ___ outlook on life is optimistic are usually happy people.
a) who b) that their c) whose d) whom
48. She felt lonely when she first arrived because she had ___ to talk to.
a) somebody b) anyone c) nobody d) anybody
49. I'd rather you ___ anything about the garden until the weather improves.
a) don't make b) didn't do c) don't do d) didn't make
50. About forty-nine percent of all milk ___ from dairy cows is used to make
cheese.
a) obtained b) which obtained c) obtaining d) is obtained
51. I was just ___ to go out when you telephoned.

a) around b) about c) thinking d) planned
52. The investigation ___ beyond doubt that he ___ in several illegal
activities before he was caught.
a) proved/had been involved c) has proved/had involved
b) proves/involved d) proved/has been involved
53. Looking back on his past, he realizes that he ___ a rich man now if he had
not wasted his money on so many unnecessary things.
a) woulcj have been c) is
b) would be d) was
559
54. I got the mechanic at the garage ___ the oil yesterday.
a) check b) to check c) checked d) had checked
55. You will spend at least one year working abroad ___ you can find out how
things operate overseas.
a) such that b) so as to c) so that d) in order
56. When she was crossing the room the night-nurse happened to notice the old
lady ___ to get out of her bed.
a) has tried b) to try c) trying d) tried
57. ___ I ask him for the money he owes me, he says he will bring it in a few
days, but I don't think he has got it at all.
a) Whatever b) However c) Whenever d) Wherever
58. John is 30 years old now. It's time he ___ married.

a) gets b) got c) will get d) is getting
59. Fortunately, the bank clerk ___ press the alarm button before the robbers got
away.
a) was able to b)succeededin c) could d) managed
60. Turkey ___ friendly relations with Pakistan ever since it ___ an indepen-
dent state in 1948.
a) has maintained/became c) maintained/has become
b) is maintaining/become d) has maintained/ has become
61. The hurricane caused damage ___ at $ 300 million.

a) is estimated b) which estimated c) estimated d) estimating
62. Don't worry. By the time you come back from your trip, I ___ typing the
report.
a) have finished b) will have finished c) am finishing d)) finish
63. Ya§ar Kemal, ___ have been translated into many languages, is the
best known Turkish novelist abroad.
a) some of his books c) some of whose books
b) that some of his books d) some of his books which
64. The train will be leaving in five minutes so you ___ better hurry up.
a) had b) should c) will d) would
65. I ___ rather not travel by plane; I'm terrified of flying.

a) had b) should c) would d) did
66. The three policemen ___ out an inquiry into the cause of the fire that broke
out in the bank received death threats, which seems rather strange.
a) were carrying c) carrying
b) who was carrying d) that they were carrying
560
67. The concert last night was terrific.
a) we went to it b) that we went to it c) that we went to d) we went
68. He ___ have lost his way. He knows the city so well!
a) would b) might c) mustn't d) can't
69. She looked very sad. She ___ have been very upset when she lost the
competition.
a) can b) must c)may d) could
70. This book ___ several years ago.

a) published c) was published
b) was publishing d) has been published
71. Some so-called primitive languages have ___ system than we think.
a) a more complex c) most complex
b) the most complex d) more complex
72. There was nothing they could do ___ leave the car at the roadside where it
had broken down.
a) than b) un!ess c) instead of d) but
73. The survey, ___ were made public last week, reveals interesting facts about
our society.
a) which results c) the results of which
b) results which d) that its results
74. The bus was so late reaching the station that I ___ missed my train.
a) almost b) already c) soon d) entirely
75. I think he is unwell; he was complaining ___ a headache this morning.

a) at b) of c) from d) against
76. The party, ___ I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.
a) by which b) at which c) for which d) to which
77. John swims very well and ___ does his brother.
a) also b) even c) so d)too
78. ___ you ride a horse along a public footpath? "

"No, it's forbidden."
a) May b) Can c) Might d) Must
79. he will be successful in his effort to solve the crisis remains to be seen.
a) Whether b) That c) If d) What
80. A of voters abstained.
a) great deal b) vast majority c) large amount d) large quantity
561
----- --------------------------
PART II-VOCABULARY
(15 pts., 1 pt. each)
A. Choose the alternative that is closest in meaning to the underlines word(s).
81. I can't cope with so many problems without your help.

a) deal b) compete c) interact d) associate
82. The yearly growth of the gross national product is often used as an indicator of
a nation's economy.
a) routine b) sluggish c) haphazard d) annual
83. Carbohydrates are abundant in nature.

a) available b) plentiful c) scarce d) free
84. Many properties of the atmosphere affect the amount of solar radiation
that reaches the earth.
a) belongings b) irregularities c) characteristics d) levels
85. It is a policeman's job to maintain law and order.

a) preserve b) defend c) know d) pursue
86. The galaxy slowly ~ around a spherical center.

a) expands b) rotates c) accelerates d) vibrates
87. Sharks must swim all the time to avoid sinking.

a) swiftly b) constantly c) vigorously d) precisely
B. Choose the alternative that best completes the given sentence.
88. The villa has excellent ___ for cooking and for washing clothes.
a) facilities b) conveniences c) utilities d) possibilities
89. I don't think he'll ever the shock of his wife's death.
a) get through b) get over c) get by d) get off
90. The wedding was to have been in May, but now it has been ___ until July.
a) postponed b) cancelled c) delayed d) altered
91. Economists often cannot___ for the fluctuations in currency values.

a) explain b) reason c) reckon d) account
92. The station clock is not as___ as it should be; it is usually between one and
two minutes fast.
a) strict b) true c) certain d) accurate
93. The more she drove, the more she___ in confidence.

a) increased b) won c) earned d) gained
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94. The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of tht medical
profession women are in a ___ .
a) rarity b) minority c) scarcity d) minimum
95. Peace can only be ___ by cooperation among all the parties involved.
a) achieved b) acquired c)obtained d) discriminated
PART III- READING COMPREHENSION

A. Choose the alternative which most logically completes the given sentence.
96. Ali's parents had promised to buy him a camera if his grades were good.
Yet, _ __
a) his grades were good, so they bought him a new camera.
b) his grades were good. Consequently, they are going to buy him a new
camera.
c) his grades were not good. Consequently, they are not going to buy him a
new camera.
d) his grades were poor. He is confident that they are going to buy him a new
camera.
97. Today many women's organizations are demanding an end to sex

discrimination in U.S. society. _ __
a) They want true equality for women.
b) They are protesting the new law that will protect women's rights.
c) Women enjoy the same rights as men in U. S society.
d) They are in favor of sex discrimination.
98. While conceding the importance of freedom of speech,, _ __

a) freedom of expression is crucial.
b) thus, many people attach great importance to it.
c) I believe it must be exercised with sensitivity and responsibility.
d) I think it is the essence of democracy.
99. Despite a shortage of steel, _ __
a) a sharp fall has been observed in industrial output.
b) no increase can be made in industrial output without adequate supplies of
steel.
c) industry has been adversely affected.
d) industrial output has increased by 5%.
100. The student failed to get any of the jobs that he wanted. There were several
reasons for his lack of success. First, he had little experience in the type of
work which he wanted to do. _ __
a) Also, he was able to give some evidence of an ability to learn quickly.
b) Morever, his qualifications were satisfactory.
c) In addition, he lacked the necessary training.
d) Besides, his university grades were all excellent.
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101. The government held an inquiry, into the cause of the plane disaster. _ __
a) According to,its report, bad weather conditions were to blamj! for the crash.
b) The pilot managed to lll)ld \be plane safely and with no loss of life.
c) They wanted to prevent similar accidents in the future.
d) The reppi;t released yesterday stated that the disaster could be avoided.
102. A family has economic stability _ __
a) since the amount of money they need is qmch greater than the amou,nt o,f
money they have
b) in spite of the fact that the amount of money needed by them is more than
the amount of money they actually have
c) as long as the amount of money tbat they need is, not greater than the
amount of money they have
d) provided that the amount of money that they have is less than the amount
of money that they need · ·
103. For anthropologists, culture refers to the various aspects of life, that is, _ __
a) it refers to the quality we acquire by attending ~ sufficient number of p}ays
and reading several books. ·
b) every society has its own culture, no matter how simple.
c) it includes the behavior, beliefs and attitudes of a society or: population,
d) we share our customary behavior and attitude with other people in. the
society.
B. In each of the following paragraphs, the first sentence states the main
point. Mark the sentence which does NOT support the main point.
104. We all should read more than we do.
a) Television has, unfortunately, caused people to read less.
b) Books can teach us how other people think and help us understand one
another better.
c) Books help us understand not only other people but also ourselves.
d) It is in books that we can find out about our past mistakes and triumphs so
that we may learn from them.
105. Every man and woman who drives a car should know how to change a tire.
a) There should be more courses that teach the basic skills n~cessary to
maintaining an auto, for example, how to change oil and fix a flat tir~.
b) Learning to change a tire is easy, and knowing how to change one caq help
a man or woman avoid being stranded far from help.
c) Having to call a garage simply to fix a flat is a waste of money.
d) Anyone who has to call a garage just for a flat is wasting time
unnecessarily.
106. Suicide, although most frequent in old age, occurs in almost all age groups.
a) While the suicide rate among young adults is low, it increases steadily in
old age; the rate is four times that of young adults.
b) Among the middle -aged persons the rate is almost twice that of young
adults.
c) There are no known instances of suicide among children below the age of
ten.
d) People in higher status occupations are more prone to suicide than people in
lower status occupations.
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C. One sentence is missing in each of the paragraphs below. For each
blank, choose the sentence which best completes the paragraph.
107. ... .. .. ..... ... It is a serious psychiatric condition which is seemingly without
explanation. Severe cases may lead to suicide, one of the commonest causes of
death worldwide. One group of psychologists claim that depression derives
primarily from psychological causes, including upbringing, family, and job
success. A growing number of scientists disagree, pointing to a variety of
suspicious chemical or other physical features of the environment.
a) Depression, which is a leading cause of suicide among young women, can now be
easily cured with proper medication.
b) Severe depression often leads to suicide.
c) Mental depression is a common phenomenon, but psychologists and scientists
disagree as to its cause.
d) It is difficult to diagnose mental depression, or melancholy as its symptoms are not
easy to detect.
108. A large part of the energy you obtain from food keeps your body's internal
"machinery" running and keeps your body warm. To do work, you need a
greater supply of energy ................. The rest is wasted as heat.
11,) All living things need a supply of energy to maintain life and to continue their normal
activities.
b) We depend on food to supply us with energy.
c) Yet, only a fraction of it can be used to do work.
d) We need a limited amount of energy to do certain jobs.
109. In my country, one of the most urgent problems facing the government today
relates to agriculture. To understand the nature of this problem one has to look
at some of the facts. The first fact to consider is that over 60 percent of the
population live in rural communities ................ And without irrigation,
agricultural production is wholly dependent on the uncertain rain fall. As a
result, the crops are usually marginal with hardly enough production to feed the
farmer's family.
a) The majority of the people living in these rural areas are illiterate.
b) In fact, to irrigate this vast area seems almost impossible since the country
can not finance such a project.
c) In these rural areas 70 percent of the available agricultural land suffers
from dryness and lack of irrigation.
d) However, irrigation channels must be built to increase production in these
rural areas.
D. Read the texts below and choose the alternative that best answers each
question or completes the statement given.
Modem science is an ongoing process. Our body of scientific knowledge is
constantly being revised and updated. The hypotheses being proposed and tested
this year will be substantiated or disproven over time. New questions are constantly
being asked and new techniques are being developed to answer those questions. Just
as the concept of vitalism (once held as truth by some of the most respected
scientists of the time) gave way in the face of overwhelming evidence to the
contrary, so will some of today's ideas fall by the wayside in the future.
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110. What is the author's main purpose in this passage?
a) To discuss the inexactness of science
b) To show that scientific concepts are apt to change over time
c) To describe how scientific knowledge originates
d) To predict scientific concepts of the future
111. We can infer from the passage that all of the following are true about vitalism
EXCEPT_ __
a) It is no longer a valid scientific concept
b) It was highly regarded by scientists at one time
c) It was challenged by more convincing scientific evidence
d) It was the result of poor scientific research
112. As used in line 3, the word "substantiated" could best be replaced by _ __

a) validated c) developed
b) questioned d) reviewed
113. As used in line 6, the phrase "fall by the wayside" could best be replaced by
a) get lost c) be misunderstood

b) be replaced d) be admired

Insect control is only one of the problems being addressed by cooperative
agricultural research teams. Besides the problem of pests, great quantities of food
are lost by improper threshing methods and by poor handling, storage, and food
preservation.
Fermentation and mold during wet-season crop harvesting and badly organized
drying and milling facilities lose much grain. Grain dryers that work for North
America may be useless in tropical climates. Grain bins designed for gentle prairie
winds are no good for Africa's blazing sun. Developing the right storage facilities
for local conditions is a great need.
114. This passage mainly discusses_ _~·

a) insect control · c) food harvesting and storage
b) tropical climates d) grain loss
115. According to the passage, one problem leading to crop loss is _ _ __

a) poor planting methods
b) damage from vandals
c) proper transportation of food products
d) harvesting procedures during rainy seasons
116. What did the paragraph preceding this passage most probably discuss?
a) proper threshing methods c) insect control
b) food preservation d) agriculture in North America
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117. It can be inferred from the passage that _ _ __
a) agricultural facilities used in North America are not appropriate in
all parts of the world
b) drying food is easy in tropical climates
c) African storage facilities are superior to North American ones
d) Pest control is the biggest problem facing agricultural research today
118. The author implies in the passage that agricultural research _ _ __

a) disregards climatic conditions in its studies
b) is making insignificant contributions to tropical agriculture
c) will continue to investigate storage facilities for food
d) is primarily taking place in North America
The relationship of economics to history is rather different from .th.at of the other
social sciences; curious as it may sound , this relationship in many respects comes
close to that between history and literature. Economics, after all, is the science (in
the broad meaning of the term) of something which men actually do: even if the
science did not exist, men would still make economic decisions, economic
predictions and participate in the various forms of economic organization which, in
part, it is the economist's function to describe. Similarly, the disiplined study of
literature is concerned with something which men would also do anyway even if the
disciplined study did not exist: compose poems, act out dramas, write novels and
read them. Political science, or the discipline of politics has, it is true, many
similarities to economics, particularly where it is concerned with generalization
about political structures.
119. History is related to economics._ _ __
a) in many different kinds of way
b) in a different way from its relationship to literature
c) in the same way as it is related to literature
d) just as political science is related to economics
120. The social science mentioned in the passage is _ _ __

a) economics c) literature
b) history d) making forecasts
121. Economics looks at _ _ __
a) all kinds of decision making
b) people's real-life behavior
c) broad aspects of organization over time
d) the description of historical events
122. The word "that" in line 1 refers to _ _ __
a) history c) the relationship
b) economics d) the other social science
123. Studying literature involves_ _ __

a) much hard work
b) putting poems and plays to music
c) looking at some of the normal activities of mlm
d) reading and writing novels
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It is indisputable that in order to fulfill its many functions, water should be clean
and biologically valuable. The costs connected with the provision of biologically
valuable water for food production with the maintenance of sufficiently clean water,
therefore, are primarily production costs. Purely "environmental" costs seem to be in
this respect only costs connected with the safeguarding of cultural, recreational and
sports functions which the water courses and reservoirs fulfill both in nature and in
human settlements.
The pollution problems of the atmosphere resemble those of the water only
partly. So far, the supply of air has not been deficient as was the case with water,
and the dimensions of the air-shed are so vast that a number of people still, hold the
opinion that air need not be economized. However, scientific forecasts have shown
that the time may be already approaching when clear and biologically valuable air
will become problem No.I.
Air being ubiquitous, people are particularly sensitive about any reduction in the
quality of the atmosphere, the increased contents of dust and gaseous exhalations,
and particularly about the presence of odors. The demand for purity of atmosphere.
therefore, comes much more from the population itself than from the specific
sectors of the national economy affected by a polluted or even biologically
aggressive atmosphere.
The households' share in atmospheric pollution is far bigger than that of industry
which, in tum further complicates the economic problems of atmospheric purity.
Some countries have already collected positive experience with the reconstruction
of whole urban sectors on the basis of new heating appliances based on the
combustion of solid fuels; estimates of the economic consequences of such
measures have also been put forward.
In contrast to water, where the maintenance of purity would seem primarily to be
related to the costs of production and transport, a far higher proportion of the costs
of maintaining the purity of the atmosphere derives from environmental
considerations. Industrial sources of gaseous and dust emissions are well known
and classified: their location can be accurately identified, which makes them
controllable. With the exception, perhaps, of the elimination of sulphur dioxide,
technical means and technological processes exist which can be used for the
elimination of all excessive impurities of the air from the various emissions.
Atmospheric pollution caused by the private property of individuals (their
dwellings, automobiles, etc.) is difficult to control. Some sources such as motor
vehicles are very mobile, and they are thus capable of polluting vast territories. In
this particular case, the cost of anti-pollution measures will have to be borne, to a
considerable extent, by individuals; whether in the form of direct costs or indirectly
in the form of taxes, dues, surcharges, etc.
The problem of noise is a typical example of an environmental problem which
cannot be solved only passively, i.e ... merely by protective measures, but will
require the adoption of active measures, i.e. direct interventions at the source. The
costs of a complete protection against noise are so prohibitive as to make it
unthinkable even in the economically most developed countries. At the same time it
would not seem feasible, either economically or politically, to force the population
to carry the costs of individual protection against noise, for example; by reinforcing
the sound insulation of their homes. A solution of this problem probably cannot be
found in the near future.
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124.According to the passage the population at large_ _ __
a) is unconcerned about air pollution controls
b) is especially aware of problems concernirig air quality and purity
c) regards water pollution as more serious than air pollution
d) is unwilling to make the sacrifices needed to ensure clean air
125 .. Scientific forecasts have shown that clear and biologically valuable air ___ .
a) is likely to remain abundant for some time
b) creates fewer economic difficulties than does water pollution
c) may soon be dangerously lacking
d) has already become difficult to obtain
120. According to the passage, which of the following contributes most to

atmospheric pollution?
a) households c) industry
b) waste disposal d) mining
127. The costs involved in the maintenance of pure water are determined primarily
by ____.
a) production and transport costs only c) production costs only
b) transport costs only d) research costs only
128.According to the passage, atmospheric pollution caused by private property is
a) easy to control c) decreasing

b) impossible to control d) difficult to control
129.According to the passage, the problem of noise can be solved through._ _ __
a) active measures only c) active and passive measures ortly
b) passive measures only d) additional taxes only
130.According to the passage, the costs of some anti-pollution measures will have to
be borne by individuals because_ _ __
a) governments do not have adequate resources
b) individuals contribute to the creation of pollution
c) industry is not willing to bear its 'share
d) individuals are more easily taxed than producers
131.Complete protection against noise____ .
a) has been achieved in some countries
b) is impossible to achieve
c) is possible only in developed countries
d) may have prohibitive costs
132. The word"that" in the first sentence of paragraph 4 refers to_ _ __
a) the households' share c) the share
b) atmospheric pollution d) households
133.The word "merely" in the last ~aragraph can best be replaced by which of the
following?
a) only c) especially
b) mostly d) probably
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In the evolution of mammals from reptiles, there was a succession of physical

changes: the development of warm blood to replace cold blood, body hair instead of
scales, and the beginning of the nursing of young. This radical physical
transformation provided mammals with a greater tolerance for external temperature
than the cold-blooded system of the reptiles had allowed.
These changes also required less reliance on specialized food types. When the
dominant dinosaurs became extinct, the Age of Mammals was ready to begin. For
the next 60 million years, mammals expanded into the biological vacuum, which
they were better equipped to exploit than all but a few varieties of reptiles.
The habitat of life forms on earth has been the entire planet, conveniently
dividing the world into the birds of the air, the fish of the sea, and the creatures of
the land. The evolutionary process, however, also created sea-dwelling mammals
who appeared to reverse the process of evolution as they returned to the sea. Legs
became flippers in seals and whales, and for the ~ hair was lost, better suiting
them to aquatic life.

a) whales c) reptiles
b) evolution d) earth history
135. The main purpose of the passage is to_ _ __

a) describe the evolution of mammals
b) explain the extinction of dinosaurs
c) discuss the nursing of mammalian young
d) trace the history of reptiles
136. It can be inferred from this passage that _ _ __

a) mammals have little tolerance for temperature change
b) reptiles became completely extinct
c) whales are both land and sea-dwelling mammals
d) reptiles have a low tolerance for external temperature change
137. In the first sentence, the word" succession" means _ _ __

a) completion c) series
b) evolution d) civil war
138. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
a) The Evolution of Life on Earth c) The Disappearance of Reptiles
b) The Evolution of Mammals d) The Adaptation of Whales
139. It can be inferred from this passage that the lack of physical adaptation by
reptiles_ _ __
a) had superior survival value
b) caused the reptiles to become extinct
c) formed a biological vacuum
d) led to the decline of the dinosaurs
140. The word "latter" in line14(the last sentence) refers to_ _ __

a) whales b) seals c) legs d) flippers
The end of the test
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Sample Proficiency Test 2
Part 1: GRAMMAR (Total 40 pts.-1/2 point each.)
1. The organizers of the convention have arranged accommodations for those
participants from out of town.
a) who comes c) are coming
b) which will come d) coming
2. ___ the lawyer's opinion, the case should not go to trial.

a) By b) In c) On d) With
3 The job applicant was worried about the interview he was well
prepared.
a) because b) unless c) if d) even though
4. Some consider San Poalo_ _ _ city in the world to live in.

a) the bad b) worst c) worse d) the worst
5. The new instructor came_ _ _ if the apartment was still available.

a) seeing c) and saw
b) to see d) to be seen
6. If poisons like DDT_ _ _ to control insects, there will be serious

environmental problems.
a) use b) used c) uses d) are used
7. ___ lunch, the finance committee resumed the meeting.

a) Having to eat c) Having eaten
b) Eaten d) Have to eat
8. Powder, when mixed with water, _ __

a) dissolving b) has dissolved c) dissolves d) dissolved
9. If there were life on Mars, such life forms ___ unable to survive on earth.
a) would be b) will be c) should d) are
10. Little is known about platinum ___ so little of it exists.

a) but b) because c) although d)why
11. had been a universally accepted truth was disproved by new research
in geophysics.
a) That b) Which c) What d) It
571
12. there is a snowstorm or some other bad weather, the mail always
comes on time.
a) Because b) Provided c) If d) Unless
13. That woman._ _ _ speaking softly can barely be understood.

a) whose b) that she is c) who d) who is
14. We liked_ _ _ Lake Victoria especially in the fall.

a) a b) the c) __ d) where is
15. It took five men to carry the tree, which was_ _ _ a three-story building.
a) taller than b) the tallest of c) taller d) as tall
16. Our managing director is in Brussels, _ _ _ a contract.

a) negotiates b) being negotiated c} has negotiated d) negotiating
17. Buildings _ _ _ of brick last longer than those made of mud.

a) which c) which are made
b) that they are made d) are made
18. The service attendant filled the tires could ride our bikes.
a) as we b) so that we c) even if we d) so that
19. To learn how to program a computer is _ _ _ difficult to do in a week.

a) as b) likely c) too d) enough
20. by the pollution, many trees in the area did not grow to their full
height.
a) Affected b) Affecting c) Effected d) Effecting
21. When John finished practicing, he _ _ _ his violin on the piano.

aj~ ~~~ tj~~ ~~
22. I have finished typing all _ _ _ the last page.

aj~ill ~~ tj~ d) for
23. Will her mother let her _ _ _ with us to the party?

a) go b) going c) goes d) to go
24. James plays not only on the basketball squad _ __

a) but on the baseball team c) also on the baseball team
b) but on the baseball team also d) but also on the baseball team
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25. Could you please tell me where _ _ _ ?
a) is the nearest bus stop located c) is located the nearest bus stop
b) the nearest bus stop is located d) located is the nearest bus stop
26. , the worse I seem to feel.

a) When I take more medicine c) Taking more of the medicine
b) The more medicine I take d) More medicine taken
27. We will have to be careful not to get our suitcases mixed up because yours
is almost the same mme.
a) like b) as c) to d) that
28. The rooms in our dormitory are _ _ _ your dormitory.

a) larger than c) larger than those in
b) larger than that of d) larger than that in
29. We will be there as soon as we _ _ _ a babysitter for our son.

a) will find b) find c) found d) are finding
30. She here since 1976.

a) has lived b) was living c) is living d) lived
31. The camera in the window was _ _ _ expensive that I couldn't afford it.
a) so b) such c) too d) very
32. Since seven o'clock this morning, Mr. Smith in his garden.
a) worked b) has been working c) is working d) works
33. By the time they entered the concert hall, the musicians _ _ _ , the
introduction to the opera.
a) was playing b) played c) had played d) have played
34. We ran out of petrol while we to Bodrum.

a) were driving b) have been driving c) had driven d) are driving
35. , there can be no avoiding it.

a) However the decision is difficult
b) The decision however difficult
c) However difficult the decision
d) However the difficult decision
36. I'm sorry I won't be here during your mother's visit. When she _ __
please give her my love.
a) came b) will come c) is coming d) comes
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37. John has recently had his poetry _ __
a) publish b) be published c) to publish d) published
38. I don't like iced tea, and she doesn't, _ __

a) neither b) either c)too d) also
39. Since your roommate is visiting her family this weekend, _ _ _ you like
to have dinner with us?
a) will b) do c) won't d) wouldn't
40. I haven't seen you for ages, do you _ _ _ play the clarinet?
a) yet b) already c) still d) anymore
41. Their office is located _ _ _ 181 Atatilrk Boulevard _ _ _Ankara, but

she's Istanbul.
a) on .......... at .......... from c)in ......... on ......... by
b) at .......... in ........... from d) on ......... in ......... at
42. The Taj Mahal, by Shah Jahan for his wife, is thought to be one of
the great architectural wonders of the world.
a) built b) having built c) which built d) was built
43. The river is becoming polluted. _ _ _ , the fish in it are dying.

a) Likewise b) Consequently c) Nonetheless d) However
44. Since they aren't answering their telephone, they out.

a) should have gone c) ought to have gone
b) must have gone d) can have gone
45. My husband lived alone before we got married, and so _ __

a) did I b) I did c) had I d) was I
46. Let's go out for dinner, ?

a) will we b) shall we c) don't we d) are we
47. I wish you _ _ _ me last night.

a) phoned b) would have phoned c) were phoning d) had phoned
48. I prefer tea, my friend would rather have pepsi.

a) While b) Despite c) For instance d) That
49. The woman _ _ _ son was badly injured in the accident was crying.
a) whom b) who c) whose d) of whom
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50. They lived in great poverty that they could not even afford the bare
necessities of life, such as food and clothing.
a) so b) such a c) such d) too
51. The speed of communications today, as opposed to _ _ _ , has greatly altered

the manner in which business today is conducted.
a) the one of yesterday
b) communication's speed a long time ago
c) that of yesterday
d) communications yesterday
52. Working with computers is the best way to learn _ _ _ capabilities.

a) their b) its c) our d) his
53. So little _ _ _ that the neighbors could not settle their differences.
a) they agreed c) did they agree
b) agreed did they d) they did agree
54. We'd rather do it , thank you.

a) our b) ours c) ourselves d) by us
55. Generally, babies_ _ _ by milk for the first few months of life.
a) nourish b) have nourished c) are nourishing d) are nourished
56. English is one Germanic language. _ _ _ one is Swedish.

a) Another b) Other c) Others d) The other
57. The committee proposed that the chairman _ __

a) promotes b) was promoted c) be promoted d) be promoting
58. "Why are you so mad ?"

"You_ _ _me you weren't coming to dinner. I waited for you for two hours."
a) should tell c) must have told
b) should have told d) may have told
59. If the city had built a subway system 10 years ago, the traffic _ _ _ so bad
today.
a) wouldn't be b) wouldn't have been c) won't be d) isn't
60. He can't speak English, nor _ _ _ German.

a) can he speak b) he can speak c) can't he speak d) he can't speak
61. I want to talk to the students

a) who involved b) involved c) involving d) are involved
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62. Regarding our current Director of Finance, is of no consequence to me.
a) he goes or stays c) if he goes or stays
b) whether he goes or stays d) if he goes or not
63. will be affected by this crisis.

a) Whatever chances of a settlement there are
b) Whatever chances of a settlement are there
c) Whatever there are chances of a settlement
d) Whatever are there chances of a settlement
64. That small car, , is advertised in many current magazines.

a) with a small price and comfortable c) cheap and has a lot of comfort
b) low in price but large in comfort d) inexpensive but some comfort
65. He had _ _ _ seen me when he ran away.

a) no sooner b) hardly c) once d) yet
66. Many people volunteered _ _ _the search for the lost children.
a) to join b) joining c) to have joined d) to be joined
67. The mad dog ___ , so children can play outdoors.

a) has been shot c) shot
b) having been shot d) which has been shot
68. , the outer layer of the skin, contains pigments, pores, and ducts.
a) That the epidermis c) The epidermis
b) The epidermis is d) The epidermis which
69. The police _ _ _ that the investigation is bound to produce some concrete
results.
a) maintain b) has maintained c) are maintained d) maintains
70. Americans have a telephone.

a) Much b) Most of the c) Most of d) Most
71. Although potatoes are cultivated all over Turkey, Adapazar1 produces _ __
crop.
a) large b) the larger c) the large d) the largest
72. She has never offered to help me, and ___ has he.
a) neither b) so c) also d) either
73. Hurry up! We haven't got ___ time to waste.

a) any b) some c) no d) little
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74. "Did Serna faint yesterday?"
"Yes, and that led to to the emergency clinic."
a), her taking b) her being taken c) her to take d) her to be taken
75. Ile told me all about the operation on his hip. It seems _ _ _ a success.
aj having been b) to be c) that it is d) to have been
76. He can use tey car he has a valiq licence.

a) provided b) in case 1;) so that d) even if
77. is quite amazing.

a)~ is so POl),\llar c) The fact that he is so popular
t,,} That his popularity d) If he is iio popular
78. The teacher with the task of teaching material that dqes not have a
great deal of appeal for children.
a)
is often faced c) who often faces
b) often faces d) who often faced
79. He ~~ver admits his mistakes,-~~ is extremely annoying.

aj~ w~~~ 0~~ ~~
80. Our objective is to resolve the conflict _ _ _ peaceful means.

a) through \>,) on c) with d) at
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PART II-VOCABULARY
A. Choose the alternative that is closest in meaning to the underlines word(s).
81. The white blood cell count in one's body may fluctuate by 50 percent during a
day.
a) multiply b) vary c) decrease d) diminish
82. Flamingoes were about to have died out until laws were passed to protect them.
a) become confined c) become infected
b) become extinct d) become deformed
83. One of the advantages of wheat is its ability to grow in areas of limited rainfall.
a) competence b) capacity c) likelihood d) cleverness
84. There are considerably more daily newspapers than weekly newspapers in
England.
a) mostly b) rarely c) hardly d) substantially
85. Fruit is customarily treated with sulfur prior to drying to reduce any color.
a) after b) subsequent to c) previous to d) during
86. On his grandmother's death, he acquired her collection of rare books.

a) sold b) adopted c) obtained d) discovered
87. The judge would not hear the case because the evidence was not sufficient.
a) proper b) adequate c) legal d) positive
B. Choose the alternative that best completes the given sentence.
88. ___ stay the night if it's too difficult to get home.
a) At all costs b) By all means c) On the whole d) In all
89. A glass of wine now and then won't ___ you any harm.
a) make b) take c) do d) give
90. I'm afraid the lift is out of ___ , so we'll have to walk up the stairs.
a) function b) order c) running d) movement
91. This museum has more visitors than ___ any other in the world.
a) practically b) really c) actually d) utterly
92. The newspaper did not mention the ___ of the damage caused by the fire.
a) range b) extent c) amount d) quantity
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93. His answer was so confused that I could hardly make any ___ of it at all.
a) interpretation b) meaning c) intelligibility d) sense
94. This information pack is designed to make children more ___ of the things
they can see in the countryside.
a) interested b) aware c) curious d) awake
95. They had never come___ such a beautiful village before.

a) across b) at c) off d) along
PART III · READING COMPREHENSION

A. Choose the alternative which most logically completes the given sentence.
96. Although it is clear that some chemicals are extremely dangerous, _ _ __

a) governments are often reluctant to stop their use.
b) people who use them should be careful.
c) the government is going to ban them.
d) many governments are taking strict measures to restrict their use.
97. While the invention of agriculture brought many benefits to the human
species, _ _ __
a) humans stopped moving from one place to another and began to live in
communities.
b) many complex tools and machines have been invented in recent years.
c) it also brought crowding, pollution, war and inequality.
d) it enabled human beings to survive despite long periods of drought.
98. Because diseases like cancer often need many years to develop, _ _ __
a) it is difficult to prove that they are caused by exposure to chemicals.
b) they are caused by dangerous chemicals in the environment.
c) they are not connected with pollution.
d) the role of a polluted environment is an indisputable fact of life.
99. Some countries today cannot produce enough food for their people.
As a result,
a) they have to depend on food from other countries.
b) they have weather which does not help the farmers.
c) there are no programs which teach modern farming techniques.
d) they are not threatened by famine yet.
100. For many people, Columbus was the first European to reach the new world.
According to archeologists, however, _ _ __
a) in 1492 his three ships landed in the Bahamas.
b) many European explorers arrived after Columbus.
c) the Vikings were here 400 years before him.
d) he was financially supported by the king of Spain.
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101. There is a great deal of resistance to the government's strict new laws against
pollution. _ _ __
a) Everyone agrees that industries which pollute the environment should pay
heavy fines.
b) The oil industry, especially is claiming that the new laws are too severe
c) A large number of people, especially doctors, believe that certain chen:ii-
cals cause brain defects in unborn children.
d) Some industries seem ready to conform to the regulations required by th,e
law.
102. Often companies which produce chemicals seem to be only interested in the
short- term question of profits. _ _ __
a) For instance, there is evidence that certain chemicals which are widely.
used in agriculture are dangerous for humans.
b) They conduct a great deal of research into the possible ecological effects
of their products.
c) If they were really concerned about the environment, they would test the
products better.
d) They seem to ignore the possibility that the use of chemicals carries long,
term health risks.
103. Medical researchers have evidence that some birth defects are connected with
poisonous chemicals in the environment. _ _ __
a) For example, there is more heart disease among people who live near
chemical plants than there is in the general population.
b) For example, anencephaly, a very unusual type of bra,in damage, is more
common in babies who are born near chemical plants
c) For instance, there is a considerable decline in lung cancer cases in places
near chemical plants. ·
d) For instance , such defects will be eliminated unless exposure to these
chemicals is reduced. -
B. In each of the following paragraphs, the first sentence states the main
point. Mark the sentence which does NOT support the main point.
104. Starting your own business requires many skills and resources.
a) You need enough money to cover the initial costs.
b) You can be your own boss if you own a business.
c) Recordkeeping and management ability are essential.
d) You should know how to deal with your customers.
105. In India a large family is often considered financially beneficial, and in general
children are regarded as a form of wealth.
a) At an early age children help around the home and business; they can be
especially helpful in running errands
b) Children work and bring in money when they are older .
c) Boys are more desirable than girls.
d) When the parents are old, the children take care of them.
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106. Smoking should not be allowed in places where nonsmokers are present.
a) Inhaling the smoke of other people's cigarettes may be as dangerous as

smoking. ,
b) Nonsmokers resent having to bear with reddened eyes and scratchy throats
simply because someone else enjoys smoking.
c) Most smokers bitterly resent having to put out their cigarettes when non-
smokers are present.
d) Many nonsmokers find the smell of tobacco unpleasant.
C. One sentence is missing in each of the paragraphs below. For each blank,
choose the sentence which best completes the paragraph.
107.The theory that oil originated in the sea is supported by several facts. First,
almost all the oil- fields of the world are near the oceans of today .................... .
Further, the rocks in which oil is found are sedimentary rocks, which were
formed originally in the sea. Lastly, shells and other proofs of sea life are usu-
ally found near an oil well.
a) In some places, oil is in fact found in the sea, where it comes up to the surface.
b) On the other hand, the large oceans contain significant unexplored and unexploited
oil reserves.
c) Undersea oil provides a great potential for us to increase our oil production.
considerably in the future.
d) However, oil reserves in the sea are difficult to exploit for practical reasons.
108. Every country has its own stories that people tell each other. These stories are
called folk tales. Folk tales illustrate something very important about people
............ ..... .. Instead they indicate that people everywhere are very much alike.
a) They give a lot of information about their cultural heritage.
b) They don't show us that we are different.
c) However, they vary from one country to another.
d) Despite cultural differences, folk tales exhibit striking similarities.
109. Some people take vitamins for illness .................... For anemia they swallow
vitamin B. When winter and common cold arrive, they quickly consume huge
quantities of Vitamin C. However, they may not be doing themselves all that
much good. Certainly the use of vitamins can be beneficial, but taken in large
quantities, they can also be dangerous.
a) To heal wounds or cure certain diseases, they may take vitamin E or A, sometimes
both.
b) Unfortunately, many people believe that if one vitamin is good, two are better.
c) While a daily vitamin supplement is undoubtedly beneficial, there is no evidence
that large doses of vitamins do much good.
d) Excessive use of vitamin D can lead to kidney damage, and vitamin A may cause
not cure skin problems.
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D. Read the texts below and choose the alternative that best answers each
In the not-too-distant future, instead of spending a vacation by the sea, we may

be able to relax in the ocean itself. Once there, we will routinely enter private un-
derwater crafts ·and zoom off to take a close-up look at the sea's mysteries.
A new creation called a Deep Rover is an acrylic, egg-shaped, underwater craft
that is made in one-or two-person models. It can dive to more than half a mile be-
neath the surface of the sea. One can learn to operate the small sub in just a few
hours.
No special underwater suit is required. The vessel comes equipped with sensitive
robotic arms that enable passengers to interact with the sea's environment. At a price
of $600,000 they will probably be out of reach for most people.
110. A Deep Rover has all of the following features EXCEPT_ _ __

a) the ability to dive more than one mile beneath the sea
b) two-person models
c) sensitive robotic arms
d) a price tag of $600,000
111. Which of the following is NOT true about the Deep Rover?
a) Passengers can interact with the sea.
b) A special diving suit is required.
c) Its operation can be mastered in a few hours.
d) It is constructed of man-made materials.
112. It can be inferred from the passage that today a purchaser of a Deep
Rover would probably be _ _ __
a) a destitute deep sea lover c) affluent
b) an ordinary citizen d) a vacationer
113. Sensitive robotic arms _ _ __
a) enable passengers to remain in the sub
b) do the diving
c) interact with the passengers
d) need a special suit
114. The best title of this passage would be _ _ __

a) "The $600,000 Sub"
b) "A Close-Up Look at the Sea"
c) "The Deep Rover Enables Underwater interaction"
d) "The Sea's Mysteries"
115. In the last line, the word "they" refers to _ _ __

a) robotic arms
b) two-person models
c) Deep Rovers
d) special suits
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The cheetah is a large, catlike animal known for its great speed. The fastest
creature over short distances, the cheetah is capable of sprinting up to 70 miles per
hour. At one time its range of movement included the Middle East and parts of
central Asia and India, but today the effects of hunting and farming have restricted
the cheetah mostly to central and eastern Africa.
An adult cheetah usually lives alone within a well-defined territory. Male and
female cheetahs meet only briefly for the purpose of mating. The cheetah keeps
enemies away with its sharp claws which, unlike those of other cats, cannot be fully
retracted. The cheetah is also one of the few big cats that can purr as well as roar.
116. What is the cheetah best known for?

a) Its size and strength c) Its range of movement
b) Its similarity to the cat d) Its sprinting ability
117. Where is the cheetah primarily found today?

a) Asia c) Africa
b) India d) Middle East
118. It can be inferred from the passage that the number of cheetahs_ _ __
a) has fluctuated greatly c) has remained stable
b) has somewhat increased d) has declined over the years
119. The author indicates that an adult cheetah _ _ __
a) leads a lone existence
b) does not mate very often
c) maintains family life within a given territory
d) has a wide range of movement
120. In line 8, what does "those" refer to?

a) enemies c) territories
b) claws d) cats
121. It can be inferred from the passage that most big cats _ _ __
a) can only purr c) can only roar
b) cannot purr or roar d) purr as well as roar

It is clear today that education must become a matter of national policy. We are,
indeed, in the midst of an educational revolution.
One may witness in today's society the concern for advanced technical training
and the reorganization of curricula and technique in the secondary schools to
provide for the gifted student. Within these concerns, we also see many advanced
· placement programs with provisions for individual progress and with emphasis upon
the opportunity for creativity, primarily in the technical and related fields. At
present there is a widespread feeling that we have been overlooking too much
potential talent, but the concern for this loss is not entirely recent. Terman called our
attention to the problem many years ago, especially in his "Genetic Studies of
Genius." The renewed emphasis on this idea is part of the revolution.
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122. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
a) Because we are in the middle of an educational revolution, education must
clearly become a matter of national policy.
b) Since education is clearly a matter of national policy, we need an
educational revolution.
c) It is necessary that education become a matter of national policy.
d) Although we are having an educational revolution, we still must make
education a clear national policy.
123. Which of the following is not an example of the educational revolution

mentioned in the passage?
a) Concern for advanced technical training
b) Reorganization of curricula and technique
c) Advanced placement programs
d) More gifted students
124. The writer thinks that~---
a) education is not yet recognized to the extent it should be.

b) education for gifted students is a top priority.
c) we need an educational revolution.
d) concern for the loss of potential talent is recent.
125. Which problem did Terman call our attention to many years ago?
a) Genetic studies of children
b) Opportunities for creativity
c) Reorganization of curricula and technique
d) Failure to develop the abilities of talented students
126. Which of the following would result if the writer's suggestions were adopted by
government officials?
a) Education for average students would be ignored.
b) There would be more emphasis on the sciences than on the arts.
c) The educational revolution would be successful.
d) The federal government would increase its role in education policy.

In recent years evidence has accumulated that polyunsaturated fatty acids
function in protecting humans and some laboratory animals from diseases of the
arteries and heart such as atherosclerosis. In this disease, small patches of fatty
material, composed mostly of cholesterol, form on the inside lining of the arteries.
As the deposits increase in thickness, they may cut down on the blood flow to the
organs supplied by the arteries until the structures are severely damaged. If this
occurs in a branch of the coronary artery supplying the heart muscle, that portion of
the muscle dies and the person experiences a painful and sometimes fatal heart
attack. Another danger of atherosclerosis is that pieces of the fatty deposits may
break free and travel in the bloodstream until they lodge in small vessels and block
the flow of blood. This blockage may also cause heart damage, or if it occurs in the
brain, may damage brain cells and lead to a stroke.
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127. What does this passage mainly discuss?
a) Atherosclerosis c) Cholesterol
b) Fats d) Heart damage
128. The author of the passage describes atherosclerosis as_ _ __
a) a cause of fatty material or cholesterol buildup
b) a disease causing heart damage
c) a restriction of the flow of blood
d) a heart attack
129. According to the passage, the parts of the body most directly affected by
cholesterol buildup are_ _ __
a) the brain cells c) the arteries
b) the major organs d) the muscles
130. According to the passage, atherosclerosis may cause all of the following
EXCEPT_ __
a) a stroke c) · blockage of the arteries
b) a heart attack d) cholesterol breakdown
131. The pronoun "it"in line 11 refers to
a) heart damage c) a blockage
b) the flow of blood d) a stroke
There can be few more depressing stories in the entire history of man's
exploitation of nature than the destruction of the unfortunate great whales. The
whales have not only suffered untold cruelty but now face total extennination.
Already entire populations have been wiped out, and the only reason why no species
has yet been finished off is due to the vastness and inaccessibility of the oceans; a
pocket or two somewhere has always managed to escape. How ironic if biological
extinction were to complete the job.
The basic rule of extinction is very simple: it occurs when a species' mortality is
continually greater than its recruitment. There are though, some very special
additional factors in the case of whales. Man does not actually have to kill the last
whales of a species with his own hands, as it were, to cause its disappearance.
Biological extinction will quickly follow the end of commercial whaling, should
that end be due to a shortage of raw material, i.e. of whales. Whalers have long
sought to defend their wretched trade by insisting that whales are automatically
protected: as soon as they become rare, and therefore uneconomic to pursue, man
will have no choice but to stop the hunting. That is a very nice theory, but it is the
theory of an accountant and not of a biologist; only an accountant could apply
commercial economics to complex biological systems. The reasons for its absurdity
are many and varied. In the case of whaling it can be summed up in the following
way. When the stock has been reduced below a critical level, a natural, possibly
unstoppable downward spiral begins because of three main factors. First, the
animals lucky enough to survive the slaughter will be too scattered to locate one
another owing to the vastness of the oceans. Secondly, whales being sociable
animals probably need the stimulus of sizeable gatherings to induce reproductive
behavior (which has social inferences as well as sexual). It is quite likely that two
individuals meeting through chance will not be compatible. (They can hardly be
expected to be aware of their own rarity or to realize any need for adjusting their
585
natural inclinations.) This is especially so with polygamous species like the Sperm
Whale. Thirdly, and perhaps most important in the long term, even allowing that the
whales might still be able to band together in socially acceptable groups (thanks to
their undeniably excellent communicative systems), there is a real danger, possibly
even a probability, that the whales' gene pools would by then have sunk so low as to
be biologically unviable. That is to say, the characteristics possessed by the original
population living in a certain area would be whittled down to those characters
possessed by only the few remaining individuals. The result of such a biological
calamity is inbreeding, less ability to adapt to new conditions, and less individual
variety. Three words can sum it up: protracted biological extinction. The future
'hopes' of these animals are further discussed in the final chapter.
132. The word extermination in line 3 probably means_ _ __

a) separation b) failure c) destruction d) isolation
133. A species becomes extinct when ____.
a) more animals go on dying than are born
b) too many animals are wiped out
c) hunting is carried out indiscriminately
d) too few new animals are born
134. Whalers argue that whales will not become extinct because____.
a) there is much less hunting now than there used to be
b) whaling is now more strictly controlled internationally
c) there are plenty of whales in the oceans
d) the hunting will stop when whales become rare
135. The writer believes that the whalers' argument is _ _ __
a) nice b) absurd c) economic d) biological
136. One reason why the numbers of whales could never recover once whaling has
stopped is that surviving whales will be _ _ __
a) killed b) lucky c) isolated d) scarce
137. Many species of whales will not breed unless they are _ _ __
a) unmolested
b) in their established breeding grounds
c) in the company of a few other whales
d) in the company of many other whales
138. Even if the surviving whales could band together there would ____ .
a) be renewed risk of hunting if their numbers increased
b) be too few of them to breed
c) be no guarantee that any of them would breed
d) not be enough genetic information available to guarantee their survival
139. A restricted gene pool prevents a species from _ _ __
a) breeding successfully c) being adaptable
b) becoming inbred d) keeping up its numbers
140. The writer considers that protracted biological extinction is _ _ __
a) unlikely to happen c) unavoidable
b) a distinct possibiljty d) probable
The end of the test
586
KPDS Practice Test *
I. Choose the alternative that best completes each sentence.
1. _ _ a substantial increase in oil prices in the 1980s, the Turkish economy was
under a severe strain until the mid 1990s.
a) When d) Despite
b) Since e) As soon as
c) Owing to
2. Mary loves musical plays. She _ _ highly enthusiastic about them since I
her.
a) has been I knew c) has been/ have known
b) was I have known d) has been I know
e) was I knew
3. The police chief warned his officers that under no circumstances were
unauthorized people _ _ to enter the building.
a) allowing c) to allow
b) to be allowed d) to have allowed
e) having allowed
4. It _ _ that several prominent political figures _ _ iri the corruption

scandal.
a) alleges I involve d) was alleged I has been involved
b) is alleged I are involved e) has been alleged I have involved
c) alleged I has been involved
5. Learning a foreign language is not _ _ easy _ _ it looks.

a) either/or d) so I that
b) both/and e) such I as
c) as/as
6. Dad is out but _ _of the family are at home.

a) the other b) the rest c) majority d) other e) rest
7) Bob is one of _ _ diligent workers I have ever had.

a) very b) too c) most d) the most e) so
8) _ _ money you find on the bottom of the pond is yours.

a) Which b) Whatever c) That d) Much e) All
9) we saw on television refutes the stories we heard in town.

a) One b) Whether c) Because d) That e) What
10) The damage done by the fire was greater than _ _ done by the earthquake.
a) what b) that c)it was
d) which was e) what it was
*Note: Translation questions and questions about situational dialogs and dialog completion
are excluded from this test. The number of grammar and vocabulary questions has been
increased in place of them.
587
11. The car was stolen_ __
a) while it is parked in a street d) by parking in a street
b) although it has been locked e) although he locked
c) while parked in a street
12. He will not let you go_ _ _ ,

a) when he found you
b) as long as he was in need of your help
c) if you had finished the work
d) unless he is forced to do so
e) whether he is forced to do
13. Detergent cannot harm a fabric _ __

a) even though it was known to be harmful
b) unless it had been used excessively
c) so long as it has been properly dissolved
d) however it can damage it
e) in case it is dissolved in hot water
14. John will arrive_ _ _,

a) in spite of the fact that we did not expect him to do
b) while we're watching the film
c) while you were talking on the telephone
d) so that he won't be late
e) before you left
15. ___ , it may be true.
a) Even though it looks unlikely
b) Whereas you don't believe it
c) However, I find it incredible
d) While I agree that there is some truth in it
e) Although it looks credible
16. Having discovered the error, ___ .

a) it was immediately corrected by the firm
b) it was necessary for the firm to correct it
c) the firm did their best to correct it
d) no further errors were detected
e) the firm's credibility was undermined
17. If he _ _ my advice seriously, he _ _ such problems during his recent

trip to Kenya.
a) took I wouldn't encounter
b) had taken/ wouldn't have encountered
c) has taken/ hasn't encountered
d) had taken I didn't encounter
e) would have taken I hadn't encountered
18. Inflation ___ new habits. It ___ in times of peace and of high and rising
prosperity.
a) was acquired/ had persisted d) has been acquired/persists
b) has acquired/persists e) acquires/had persisted
c) had acquired/persists
588
19. He has failed to live up to his promises on many other occasions, so it is rather
unlikely ___ .
a) how he managed to undertake such demanding tasks
b) that he will fulfill his commitments this time
c) whether he was ready to tackle such issues
d) that his credibility undermined
e) when people lose confidence in him
20 ___ his declining popularity, it is hardly surprising that he hasn't been

offered a cabinet position in the recent cabinet reshuffle.
a) In spite of b) In view of c) On account
d) By means of e) In case of
21. As a pop singer she is no longer popular among young people though she
_ _ _ large crowds only ten years ago.
a) used to attracting d) had used to attract
b) was attracted e) used to attract
c) might attract
22. he has a high temperature, he had better not go out in such cold
weather. We had better send for a doctor instead.
a) Unless d) As
b) As though e) That
c) Owing to
23. ___ is increasing at an alarming rate is bound to cause serious conflicts.

a) That the world's population
b) If the world's population
c) Due to the fact that the world's population
d) When the world's population
e) The world's population
24. Both of Ali's parents are strongly against his marrying an English girl, so it's
rather unlikely that ___ of them is going to be present at the wedding cere-
mony tomorrow.
a) both b) neither c) none d) either e) any
25. You must let your child discover things for ___ . Otherwise, he can't devel-
op self-confidence.
a) him b) himself c) each d) the other e) his
26. You'd better read all the documents carefully _ _ _ _,--

a) before you signed them ~
b) so that you can understand the requirements to be fulfilled
c) that you wanted to get a clear picture of their content
d) which you are given
e) unless you wanted a fair contract
589
27. I don't have the slightest idea ___ .
a) that he is interested in jazz music
b) why he takes an interest in jazz music
c) how did he become interested in jazz music
d) jazz music interests him so much
e) why is he so interested in this sort of music
28. Since a vast majority of drivers ignore traffic rules, ___ .

a) strict measures are needed to enforce them
b) violations of traffic rules are on a decline
c) violations of traffic rules have become quite infrequent
d) it is rather risky to disregard these rules
e) it had been necessary to educate them
29. If he had not persisted in arriving late, ___ .

a) he wasn't punished by his boss
b) he was able to rise to an executive position
c) he may have been forgiven by his boss
d) he would have been unpunctual
e) he would not have been dismissed from the factory
30. Mr. Clinton declared firmly that the economic embargo imposed on Iraq would
not be lifted
a) so that Saddam gave up holding power
b) as long as Saddam remained in power
c) in case Saddam agreed to step down
d) unless Saddam has decided to give up power
e) if Iraq has not changed its leader
31. He ___· in Italy ___ the last three months.

a) has been/ since b) has been/for c) was/since
d) is/for e) is/since
32. He ___ me ifl ___ to Italy.
a) had asked/have ever been d) has asked/had ever been
b) asks/ had ever been e) asked/was ever
c) asked /had ever been
33. By the time the lecture ___ the majority of the students ___ their seats
in the lecture hall. d) was starting/ had been taken
a) has started/took e) starts/ have taken
b) started/had taken
c) will be starting/ will have taken
34. The sad expression on her face ___ clearly that she ___ with the result
of the exam. ·
a) shows/disappointed d) has shown/ disappointed
b) shows/is disappointed e) showed/had disappointed
c) is shown/ is disappointed
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35. Some of our friends called on us ___ .
a) as we are leaving the house
b) because it is rather late to leave the house
c) after it is I I o'clock
d) when they are on holiday in our town
e) just as we were leaving the house
II. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
36. Oil ___ 90 per cent of the country's exports.

a) consists of b) reaches c) accounts for
d) composes e) comes to
37. They have been ___ with a serious crime.

a) accused b) convicted c) charged
d) prosecuted e) sentenced
38. Can't you ___ him not to go out in this weather?

a) explain b) persuade c) talk
d) prompt e) dissuade
39. I'm afraid she's been in an accident.

a) concerned b) involved c) mixed up
d) caught up e) entangled
40. Mind you don't get fined for ___ the speed limit.
a) overdoing b) exceeding c) surmounting
d) surpassing e) complying with
41. You'll find that the community has ___ great changes since you were here
last.
a) submitted b) undergone c) sustained
d) experimented e) preserved
42. Is there any ___ of their getting tickets?

a) perspective b) outlook c) opportunity
d) likelihood e) hazard
43. Men are obviously stronger physically, but women are stronger in many other
a) respects b) fields c) aspects

d) features e) facilities
44. The blue whale may soon have to be added to the list of ___ species.
a) expired b) dead c) extinct
d) died out e) obsolete
45. People under 21 years old are not ___ to join this club.
a) desirable b) eligible c) advisable
d) admissible e) recommendable
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46 Her type of woman can ___ life much more easily.
a) cope with b) take advantage of c) take care of
d) look after e) make do with
47. I wanted to go home but my girlfriend ___ on going to a night club.

a) persisted b) decided c) demanded
d) intended e) insisted
48. Turkey has a ___ position among the Islamic countries in that it is a secular
state.
a) unique b) customary c) profitable
d) precise e) habitual
49. His test results are not very ___ . He does well one week and badly the next.
a) invariable b) consequent c) continuous
d) accurate e) consistent
'so. All public meetings of more than twenty people have been ___ .
a) barred b) excluded c) banished
d) banned e) vetoed
51. The highly original imagery ___ the rhetorical effect of his speech. Thus, he
made a very effective speech.
a) enhanced b) relieved c) diminished
d) confirmed e) undermined
52. You shouldn't talk about him failing. You'll ___ his confidence.
a) underestimate b) undergo c) undermine
d) worry e) consolidate
53. As soon as his party came into ___ , he raised the salaries of Members of
Parliament.
a) power b) force c) position
d) strength e) status
54. Our departure was delayed till the fog ___ .

a) lightened b) gave way c) cleared
d) passed e) eased
55. I think it would be very ___ to take a decision at this moment.

a) crazy b) not advised c) unwise
d) hopeless e) bad-mannered
56. It was no ___ that Ali and Alper went to Istanbul at the same time: they had
planned it.
a) occasion b) chance c) possibility
d) coincidence e) opportunity
57. May I go and wash? I have been eating honey and my fingers are _ __
a) sweet b) sticky c) wet
d) dirty e) yellow
592
58. The doorway was very dark, and I ___ at the names printed under the bells,
trying to read them.
a) watched b) glanced c) peered
d) peeped e) looked
59. Mr and Mrs Price ___ their silver wedding last week.
a) had b) celebrated c) congratulated
d) made e) marked
60, The fugitives ___ refuge in a hut on the mountainside.

a) pursued b) looked for c) searched
d) sought e) seized
III. In each of the following paragraphs, there is one sentence which must be
omitted because it destroys paragraph unity in one way or another. Mark
the sentence which must be omitted to make the paragraph unifie~ and
coherent.
61. I. Growing numbers of criti~s 1ife demanding that research in nuclear power
come to a halt.
II. The critics maintain that nuclear power plants have not developed sufficient
safeguards against mechanical failures.
III. Those opposed to continued research insist that the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC), which was formed to supervise research in nuclear
power, is actually biased in favor of the production of nuclear power.
IV. NRC safety requirements are quite stringent.
V. Those opposed to the use of nuclear power maintain that research will cost
billions.
62. I. English is now almost an international language.

II. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the
world.
III. However, it takes years to master this international language.
IV. More than 70 per cent of the world's mail is written in English , and in inter-
national business, English is used more than any other language.
V. Moreover, all the major international conference& are conducted in English.
63. I. Each stage of a persons's life has its peculiar dema~ds.

II. T~e extent to which we are capable of meeting those demands determines
how stressful that period of life might be.
III. Som~ people can meet the demands of adolescence very well; others
stniggle.
IV. As adolescents, individuals assume many of those roles for themselves.
V. For some, young adulthood is a terrible time; for others, the middle age is
the problem.
593
64. I . Substances that exist in one state of matter will under certain conditions
change into another state.
II. Substances are found in three states.
Ill. Thus, ice can be melted and water can be frozen.
IV. Dry ice changes to a gas when it is heated.
V. Rubbing alcohol and nail polish also change to a gas and evaporate from
open bottles.
65. I. For most people, the distinction between vegetables and fruits is fairly
clear.
II. Scientists, however, have varied opinions in this regard.
III. For example horticulturists categorize a watermelon as a vegetable
despite its general acceptance as a fruit.
IV. These differences stem from the ways fruits and vegetables are classified.
V. Botanists identify a tomato as a fruit even though it is commonly used as a
vegetable.
66. I. Plant breeders' main aims are the same throughout the world.
II. Apart from evolving varieties with higher yield potentials, the usual main
objectives are greater cultural reliirtJility, greater resistance to diseases and
pests, adaptation to the special requirements of different types of cultural
practices, and improvement of quality, both nutritional and industrial.
III. Most of the scientific methods developed are equally applicable everywhere.
IV. In fact, plant breeding work is already in progress in most developing coun-
tries, and has been begun in some instances by local workers on their own
initiative, or with the assistance of international bodies such as FAO.
V. The destruction of tropical forests should be stopped; otherwise many spe-
cies of plants will be lost forever.
a) I b) II c) III d)IV e) V
IV. One sentence is missing in each of the paragraphs below. For each
blank, choose the sentence which best completes the paragraph.
67. If an inventor builds an astounding machine or an artist produces a stun-

ningly original work, we call this creative genius. ................... The creative
urge is profoundly human and indicates how or why each of us is creative.
I. Nevertheless, every achievement represents creativity.

II. However, if one attribute characterizes humans, it is our creative urge to improve,
to find new ways of doing things, qualities that can only be found in artists.
III. Yet, creativity is not only in the realm of artists and scientists: it is an attribute we
all have within us.
IV. As a consequence, since early times, humans have produced marvelous creative
achievements.
V. In fact, although some people are creative from childhood, others show their genius
later in life.
594
68. Hungary, with a population of about ten million, lies between Czechoslovakia
to the north and Yugoslavia to the south. Most of this country consists of an ex-
tremely fertile plain through which the River Danube flows ............ In addition
to grain, the plain produces potatoes, sugar, wine and livestock. In the past the
majority of Hungarians were farmers. In recent years, however, progress has
been made with industrialization. The new industries derive mainly from
agricultural production.
I. Here a great deal of grain is grown.

II. The plain occupies a large area.
III. Along the river there is fertile land.
IV. This region is very densely populated.
V. Many Hungarian farmers use modem farming techniques now.
69. For most people, snakes are an object of intense fear. Few are as fearless as the
Hopi Indians, who perform ritual dances with live rattle snakes in their mouths .
.................. If they are examined without prejudice, snakes prove to be fascinat-
ing and relatively harmless members of the reptile family.
a) But in fact, most snakes are hated and feared without good reason.
b) Their skins are cool and dry, pleasant to the touch.
c) Like other reptiles, they are cold-blooded, and their temperatures change with the
environment.
d) The cobra, when it extends its hood before striking, is an awesome sight.
e) Like adult snakes, the babies can go a long time without food and water.
70. Every society has standard and substandard dialects. The one which is
considered the most acceptable depends on which group has the most prestige.
For example, there are some people with more influence (money, power) than
others. These people set the fashion in language and usage .............. They are
looked down upon for their language and for their lack of education.
I. The language they speak is often regarded as the standard variety of the
language spoken in any country.
II. These people are not only rich but also well- educated.
III. Consequently, they are highly influential in bringing about changes in language use.
IV. As a matter of fact, they are the people who determine how a particular language
must be spoken in the best way.
V. But there are also some people who lack prestige.
71.. ............ Not until people began to cultivate their food and raise animals did they
see the need to settle in one place. They then formed permanent communities where
they could await the cycles of the season and combine their efforts to farm the land.
This led to more time for leisure and the development of better agricultural tools and
techniques. Such innovations as pottery, the calendar, and water management re-
sulted from the needs of these early farmers. Thus, food influenced the most funda-
mental· of choices, including where people lived, how they regulated their environ-
ment, and how they expressed their creativity.
595
I . Indeed, prehistoric humans were first hunters of animals and gatherers of plants.
II. The fact that some of the earliest human inventions were related to the human pur-
suit and preparation of food is widely disputed.
III. A significant innovation, the ability to control and use fire, changed life considera-
bly and prepared the way for an entirely new diet.
IV. Prehistoric life was nomadic.
V. Once they learned how to make a fire, primitive men were able to cook their food.
72. .. ........ First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.
Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins and ornamental purposes. Gold never
needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian
coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries
ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and sci-
ence. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The
most recent use of gold is in astronauts' suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat
shields for protection outside the spaceship. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only
for its beauty, but also for its utility.
I. Gold is one of the most important metals used in making jewelry.
II. Gold is a very expensive metal.
III. Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics.
IV. Gold is used extensively in some industries.
V. Gold is a metal which has been always valued because of its beauty.
V. Read the texts below and choose the alternative that best answers each
Government policy in Frieland has traditionally favored foreign investment.
Leaders of all political parties have been virtually unanimous in their belief that
foreign investment in Frieland would contribute to speeding that country's economic
development, a major priority of both the ruling coalition and opposition parties. Of
special interest to the government were those industries that exported a significant
share of their total output. Since Frieland had a relatively small population, there
was a limit to the amount of goods that could be produced for the local market.
Also, the government did not want to encourage foreign investors to compete with
local industry, even though new industries might alleviate the already high
unemployment rate.
73. The best possible title of the passage is___ .

a) Government Policy in Frieland
b) How To Provide Employment
c) Attracting Foreign Investment
d) The Economics of Developing Countries
e) Foreign Investment and Economic Development in Friedland
74. It can be concluded that the best course of action for Frieland is to ___ .
a) increase foreign investment
b) protect local industry from foreign competition
c) increase unemployment benefits for workers
d) develop a theory of foreign investment
e) increase the indigenous population of Frieland
596
75. The word "alleviate" could best be replaced by which of the following?
a) undermine b) jeopardize c) increase
d) ease e) determine
One of the most urgent problems in teaching handwriting is presented by the

left-handed child. The traditional policy has been to attempt to induce all children
to write with their right hands. Parents and teachers alike have an antipathy to the
child's using his left hand. On the other hand, psychologists have shown beyond any
doubt that some persons are naturally left-handed and that it is much more difficult
for them to do any skillful act with the right hand than with the left hand. Some be-
lieve, furthermore, that to compel a left-handed child to write with his right hand
may make him nervous and may cause stammering. There seem to be some cases in
which this is true, although in the vast majority of children who change over, no ill
effects are noticed. In addition to these difficulties, left-handedness sometimes
seems to cause mirror writing-writing from right to left-and reversals in reading,
as reading "was" for "saw."
76. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is___ .
a) Nervous Aspects Connected with Handwriting
b) Teaching Handwriting
c) The problems of the Left-handed Child
d) A Special Problem in Teaching Handwriting
e) Stammering, Mirror Writing and Reversals
77. The author implies that___.

a) parents should break children of left-handedness
b) left-handed children need special consideration
c) left-handed persons are inclined to stutter
d) left-handed persons are not more brilliant than right-handed ones
e) left-handed persons are less skillful than right-handed ones
78. The traditional policy in teaching handwriting has___ .
a) dismayed the experts
b) resulted in failuf!! to learn to write
c) aimed at mirror writing
d) made many children skillful with both hands
e) resulted in unsolved problems
Many observers have commented on what seems to be the fact that fear plays a
much smaller part than we should think it must in the life of an animal which lives
dangerously. Terror he can know, and perhaps he knows it frequently. But it seems
to last only a little longer than the immediate danger it helps him to avoid, instead of
lingering, as in the human being it does, until it becomes a burden and a threat. The
frightened bird resumes his song as soon as danger has passed and so does the
frightened rabbit his games. It is almost as if they knew that "cowards die many
times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once."
597
79. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is___ .
a) A Comparison of Fear and Terror
b) A Comparison of Man and the Lower Animals
c) Animal Traits
d) Fear in Animals
e) The Nature of Courage
80. The writer believes that _ __

a) terror is a permanent form of fear
b) fear is almost unknown in animals
c) fear has a permanent effect on animals
d) animals live less dangerously than men
e) animals remember fear only a short time
81. "Cowards die many times before their deaths" means___ .

a) many times the coward is almost caught in his misdeeds
b) the coward is frequently seriously ill
c) the coward's frequent fears are often as bad as death
d) cowards many times wish they were dead
e) the coward has several lives
Solitude is a great chastener once you accept it. It quietly eliminates all sorts of
traits that were a part of you-among others, the desire to pose, to keep your best
fo'od forever in evidence, to impress people as being something you would like to
have them think you are even when you aren't. Some men I know are able to pose
even in solitude; had they male servants they no doubt would be heroes to them.
But I find it the hardest kind of work myself, and as I am lazy I have stopped trying.
To act without an audience is so tiresome and profitless that you gradually give it up
and at last forget how to act at all. For you become more interested in making the
acquaintance of yourself as you really are, which is a meeting that, in the haunts of
men, rarely takes place. It is gratifying, for example, to discover that you prefer to
be clean rather than dirty even when there is no one but God to care; it is just as
amusing to note, however, that for scrupulous cleanliness you are not inclined to
make superhuman sacrifices, although you used to believe you were. Clothes, you
learn, with something of a shock, have for you no interest whatsoever. .... You learn
to regard dress merely as covering, a precaution. For its color and its cut you care
nothing.
82. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this paragraph is___ .
a) Carelessness in Clothes
b) Acting Without an Audience
c) Discoveries through Solitude
d) Showing Off to Best Advantage
e) Being a Hero to Yourself
83. A desire to appear at your best is a trait that___ .

a) goes with laziness
b) i;nay disappear when you are alone
c) depends primarily on clothes
d) is inhuman
e) is evil
598
84. In solitude, clothes ___ .
a) constitute one item that pleases their owner
b) make one careless
c) are part of acting
d) are valued for their utility alone
e) are tiresome
85. The desire to appear well-dressed usually depends upon ___ .

a) an audience d) the need for cleanliness
b) industriousness e) a fondness of acting
c) personal pride
86. The activities of everyday life seldom give us the chance to ___ .
a) learn our own peculiarities d) dress as we would like
b) keep our best food forward e) be immaculately clean
c) impress people

Geometry is a very old science. We are told by Herodotus, a Greek historian,
that geometry had its origin in Egypt along the banks of the river Nile. The first
record we have of its study is found in a manuscript written by Ahmes, an Egyptian
scholar, about 1550 B.C. This manuscript is believed to be a copy of a treatise
which dated back probably more than a thousand years, and describes the use of ge-
ometry at that time in a very crude form of surveying or measurement. In fact, ge-
ometry, which means "earth measurement, "received its name in this manner. This
re-measuring of the land was necessary due to the annual overflow of the river Nile
and the consequent destroying of the boundaries of farm lands. This early geometry
was very largely a list of rules or formulas for finding the areas of plane figures.
Many of these rules were inaccurate, but, in the main, they were fairly satisfactory.
87. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this paragraph is ___ .
a) Floods of the River Nile
b) Beginnings of Geometry
c) Manuscript of Ahmes
d) Surveying in Egypt
e) Importance of the Study of Geometry
88. In developing geometry the early Egyptians were primarily concerned with
a) discovering why formulas used in measuring were true

b) determining property boundaries
c) measuring the overflow of the Nile
d) constructing a logic~ system of geometry
e) generalizing formulas
89. One of the most important factors in the development of geometry as a science
was ___.
a) Ahmes' treatise
b) the inaccuracy of the early rules and formulas
c) annual flooding of the Nile Valley
d) destruction of farm crops by the Nile
e) an ancient manuscript copied by Ahmes
599
90. The word" crude"in line 6 could best be replaced by which of the following?
a) elaborate b) simple c) sophisticated
d) intricate e) complex
VI. Choose the sentence which is closest in meaning to the original sentence
given.
91. Some say that we must become a matter recycling society so that growth can
continue without depleting matter resources.
a) Some people say that we must become a matter recycling society because
growth can continue without depleting matter resources.
b) Some say that we need to become a matter recycling society; furthermore,
growth can continue without depleting matter resources.
c) Some say we have to become a matter recycling society in order for growth
to continue without depleting resources.
d) It is said by some people that it is virtually impossible to maintain steady
growth if we recycle matter.
e) According to some people, growth can only be achieved by recycling
matter.
92. The room fell into silence when the President appeared to make his announce-
ment.
a) The President's announcement appeared to cause silence in the room.
b) There was silence in the room prior to the arrival of the President who was
getting ready to make his announcement.
c) The President waited for silence before he entered the room to give the
news.
d) Silence fell over the room as the President seemed to speak.
e) The noise in the room abated when the President walked in to announce the
news.
93. We always talk about consuming or using up matter resources, but actually we
don!t consume any matter.
a) We actually don't consume any matter because we always talk about con-
suming or using up matter resources.
b) Although we always talk about consuming or using up matter resources, ac-
tually we don't consume any matter.
c) We always talk about consuming or using up matter resources; moreover,
we actually don't consume any matter.
d) We always talk about consuming or using up matter resources so that we
don't consume any matter.
e) Despite the fact that we consume matter resources, we don't talk about it.
94. The author thought owning a type writer somehow undermined his work ethic
morals.
a) The author didn't like typewriters because he liked to work hard.
b) The author wanted to work hard even though he didn't own a typewriter.
c) The author had definite ideas about working hard and he thought owning a
typewriter contradicted them.
d) The author supposed that owning a typewriter would enhance his work
ethic morals.
e) The author thought it was immoral to own a typewriter.
600
95. To many, the environmental crisis goes far beyond the inconveniences and
nuisances of modem life; it goes to the most fundamental levels of concern
about the future of our species on this planet.
a) Many people are extremely worried about environmental problems, espe-
cially about the water levels on this planet.
b) Although there is a fundamental concern about future generations, today's
environmental inconveniences and nuisances affect man)' in a much more
direct way.
c) Planetary environmental concerns are very important today, not only be-
cause they are inconvenient and a nuisance.
d) Although people are worried about immediate environmental problems,
even more important is what will happen to future generations.
e) According to many people, environmental problems confronting us today
cause a lot of conveniences and nuisances.
96. Once a piece of coal or a tank of gasoline is burned, its high-quality heat
energy is lost forever.
a) The high-quality heat energy in a piece of coal or a tank of gas is temporari-
ly lost when it is burned.
b) Burning a piece of coal or a tank of gas causes its high-quality heat energy
to get lost temporarily.
c) The high-quality heat energy of a piece of coal or a tank of gas can never be
recovered once the coal or gas is burned.
d) When we bum a piece of coal or a tank of gas, we must replace its high-
quality energy by treating it.
e) Burning a piece of coal or a tank of gas is responsible for the loss of
a significant amount of high-quality heat energy.
97. It was not until the advent of the atomic bomb and the swift expansion of the air
age that a widespread, popular interest in science fiction stories occurred.
a) The most popular science fiction stories have always been based on the de-
velopment of the atomic bomb and aeronautics.
b) Only after the atomic bomb had been created and developments in air
travel had taken off, did science fiction really become popular.
c) The birth of science fiction, the creation of the atomic bomb, and the
growth of space exploration occurred at about the same time.
d) Science fiction literature was much more popular and widespread prior to
the so-called atomic age.
e) There was a widespread, popular interest in science stories before the devel-
opment of the atomic bomb and the rapid expansion of the air age.
601
98. Since scurvy is caused by a lack of dietary vitamin C, which is abundant in raw
fruit and vegetables, it is doubtful that primitive man, living close to nature,
was subject to this deficiency.
a) Primitive man lacked the necessary dietary information to prevent the vita-
min deficiency which leads to scurvy.
b) The first known cases of scurvy can be traced to primitive man who had
very little to eat other than raw fruit and vegetables.
c) The natural conditions in which primitive humans lived subjected them to
all sorts of diseases including scurvy.
d) It is likely that primitive man, who lived close to nature, suffered from
scurvy, which is due to vitamin C deficiency.
e) The natural environment of primitive human beings probably provided
them with enough vitamin C to prevent scurvy.
99. Contrary to popular opinion, the severity of many handicaps such as deafness
can be lessened by a prescribed program of diet and exercise.
a) Many handicaps as severe as deafness are reduced by public attitudes to-
wards prescribed dieting and exercise programs.
b) A prescribed diet and exercise regimen must be lessened by the severity of
a number of disabilities such as deafness, though this is not generally. be-
lieved.
c) Public opinion contradicts handicaps like deafness, though these are im-
proved if diet and exercise programs are followed.
d) Despite widely-held doubts, a number of physical disabilities may be
alleviated.
e) A prescribed program of diet and exercise is bound to aggravate problems
caused by severe handicaps, such as deafness.
100. The tremendous influence of television on educational issues was under-

estimated by the majority of programmers and viewers alike in its early days.
a) Most programmers and viewers influenced early educational issues on tele-
v1s1on.
b) The impact of television on educational concerns was not appreciated by
most people when television was new.
c) Early programmers and viewers recognized the potential influence of tele-
vision on educational problems.
d) The use of television in the classroom has often been underestimated by
both prograffiillers and viewers.
e) From the start, many programmers and viewers recognized the crucial role
of television in education.
The End of the Test
602
Appendix I-Prepositions
Verb + Preposition
abound in;with believe in confide in sb

abstain from belong to confine sb/sth to
account for sth benefit from conflict with
accuse sb of bet against; on date from
acquaint sb with beware of dedicate to
acquit sb of blame sb for sth deduce from
act for sb blame sth on sb deduct from
act on boast about/of defend against
adapt to borrow from delight in
add to care about, for depart from
adhere to cater for (all opinions) depend on
adjust to cater to dep. ·ive X of Y
admit to (school) centre on derive from
admit (to) (accusation) challenge someone to despair of
agree about sth change for the better/the deter sb from
agree with sb on sth worse deviate from
agree to a request, change into; to devote to
a proposal, etc. charge sb for sth die of; from
aid in; with charge sb with sth differ in
aim at; for cheat sb out of differentiate between
allocate to; for choose between X and Y; X from Y
allow for coincide with discriminate between
allude to collaborate in (action); X and Y; X from Y
alternate with with sb discriminate against
amount to combine with dispose of sth
apologize to sb for sth comment on distinguish between
appeal to sb for sth commit sth or sb to X and Y; X from Y
appeal to (=attract) communicate with; to diverge from
apply for sth compare to; with divide into
apply to sb for sth compensate for draw ( money ) from
approve of compete against; with dress in
argue with sb about sb dream of; about
sth compete for ( a prize ) dwell on sth ; upon
arrest for compete in ( a race) elaborate on sth
arrive at; in complain of (person, eliminate from
ascribe X to Y thing); embark on sth
ask about sb complain to (person) emerge from
ask for sth complain about end in
assign to (thing) end sth with
assure sb of compliment sb on enroll in, as
attach to comply with enter into (an agreement)
attend to (a patient or concentrate on entrust sth to sb
customer) condemn for (crime) equip sb!sthwith
attribute X to Y condemn to ( punish- escape from
avenge oneself on ment) estimate sth at
bansbfrom confer on (matter); exchange A for B
bargain with sbfor sth confer with(person) exclude from
beg for sth confess to excuse sb for sth
begin with sth confide sth to sb excuse sb from doing sth
603
experiment on ; with leave to ; with register for a course
explain sth to sb lend to release from
feed (sb/sth) on lie with; in remind sb of
fight with ; against limit sb or sth with repent of
fit sb/sth with listen to; for reply to
fool sb into live by sth (means) report on sth to sb
force sb into live on (food, salary) report to(employer)
gain in sth long for request from
gain on sb look at rescue from
gaze at marvel at reserve for
glance at mean sth by resign from
grow in strength etc. merge into; with resort to
guard against mistake sb/sth for relieve sb of sth
guess at mixX with Y rely on
head for negotiate on (matter) remove from
hear about; of negotiate with sb respond to
help oneself to sth object to restrict sth to
help someone with offer to result from (= be caused
hindelsth/sb from sth · operate on sb by)
hint at sth opt against; for; out of result in ( = lead to)
hope fo sth part with retire from
identify Xwith Y participate in reward for sth
implicate sb in sth pay for rob sb of
impose sth on sb peep at sacrifice for ; to
impress sb with peer at save from
indulge in sth persist in search for
infect with plan for; on send for
infer sth from point at; to separate from
inflict sth on sb prefer( tea) to (coffee) serve with
inform sb of; about prepare for settle down ; in
inject into; with present to sb with sth share sb/sth with
inquire about sb I sth prevent sb/sth from signal to
inquire into an incident pride oneself on shoot at
insert in profit from sigh for
insist on prohibit from smell (of)
insure against protect against; from smile at
interact with protest to speak about; with ; to
interfere in ; with provide sb with sth speak of
intervene in ( a dispute) provide sth for sb specialise in
introduce to punish for spend on
intrude on; upon puzzle over spy on
invest in quarrel about, over sth stare at
involve sb in quarrel with sb starve to death
issue sth to sb react against; to steal from
issue sb with sth reason with sb struggle against; with
join to rebel against sb/ sth
joke about reckon on; in struggle for sth
keep sth to oneself recover from (illness) submit to
know (of) reduce sb/sth to subscribe to
laugh about (event) reduce sth by substitute A for B
laugh at (personjoke) refer to succeeed in sth/-ing
lead sb into refrain from suffer for (beliefs)
lean on; against register with the police suffer from ( a disease)
604
suggest to applicable to disgusted at, with
supply sb with sth apprehensive of/for distinct from
supply sth to I for sb appropriate to ; for doubtful about
surrender to ashamed of eager for
suspect sb of associated with eligible for
swarm with astonished at enthusiastic about
swear about(event); available for envious of
at (person) aware of equal to
swindle ... out of based on essential for sb/sth;
sympathise with beneficial to essential to a purpose
trouble about ; with biased in favor of, excited about,for,over
talk about; to; with against sb or sth exempt from
taste (ot) bound for faithful to
tell sb about sth busy with familiar with sth /to sb
thank for capable of famous for
think about certain of ; about fatal to
think of characteristic of fit for
threaten sb with committed to fond of
threaten with comparable to foreign to
tire of compatible with free from sth(abstract)
trade in sth with sb composed of free of sb/sth
transform into concerned about sb/sth (concrete)
translate from .. .into concerned with sth friendly towards ; with
treat for (illness); with conducive to full of
triumph over confused about generous to sb ; with
trust sb with commensurate with (money)
tum (sb/sth) into confident about, of glad about ; of
tum to congenial to good at sth
vote for conscious of grateful to sb for sth
wait for consistent with guilty of
wait on (=serve) content with greedy for
warn against ; about convenient for ; to honest in one's dealings
warn sb of the dangers contrary to honest with sb
watch for convinced of identical with; to
win (sth) by critical of ignorant of
wish for crowded with immune to
wonder at cruel to important for sb/sth
work at a job etc. curious about (purpose)
dedicated to important to sb (need)
Adjective+ Preposition deficient in included in
delighted with
absent from dependent on inconsistent with
accompanied by deprived of indebted to sb for sth
accountable to deserted by independent of
accustomed to deserving of indifferent to
acquainted with destitute of · indignant at
afraid of detrimental to indispensable to; for
adjacent to devoid of inferior to
adept at devoted to intent on
angry about/ at sth different from interested in
angry with sb for sth distant from involved in; with
angry at (action); with sb disappointed at sth irrespective of
anxious about disappointed in/with irritated at; by; with
anxious for (news) sb/sth jealous of
605
keen on strict with sb about sth disadvantage of
kind to subject to discrimination against
lacking in subsequent to dispute over
latest in successful in, at disregard for
level with suitable for distinction between
liable to; for superior to division of
limited in; to sure about, of divorce from
lucky at; in; with susceptible to drop in
loyal to suspicious of doubt about
mad about; with sympathetic towards effect on
married to tired of escape from
missing from tolerant of excuse for
moist with true of sb/sth experience in
neglectful of (duty) true to sb/sth expert on, at, in
negligent in (work) typical of. expulsion from
noted for upset about failure in
occupied in unfit for faith in
opposed to unaware of fall in
optimistic about used to familiarity with
particular about worried about fear of
patient with zealous for fondness for
peculiar to ideas about
pertinent to Noun + Preposition hope of; for
pleased with increase in
polite to ability in indifference to
poor in access to information about
popular with advantage over influence on
prejudiced against admiration for insistence on
preferable to advent of intention of
prior to affection for interest in
prompt in approval of interference in
prone to allocation for intervention in
proud of argument about involvement in
qualified for attack on knowledge of
ready for attempt at lack of
relative to attitude towards means of
relevant to authority on need for/of
reliant on belief in news about/of
relieved of cause of objection to
responsible for sth to sb choice of opposition to
restricted to commitment to participation in
rich in comparison to ; with permission for
safe from compatibility with persistence in ; of
satisfied with compensation for plan for
scared of competence in pleasure in
self-sufficient in (oil) complaint about possession of
sensitive to concern about protection from
short of confidence in quest for
slow at confusion about reaction to
sorry about(event); controversy over reason for
sorry for (person, deviation from reduction in
action) devotion to reference to
startled at difficulty in/with reliance on
606
remedy for for the sake of on the occasion of
resignation from in accordance with on the basis of
respect for in additon to on the part of
response to in agreement with on the point of
result in in anticipation of on the verge of
rise in in between on the brink of
room for in case of opposite to
satisfaction in in care of out offear/respect/
scope for in comparison to/with jealousy etc.
search for in compliance with owing to (= because ot)
shortage of in conformity with prior to ( = before)
skill in in connection with regardless of
solution to in contrast to/with take advantage of
space for in defiance of take one's mind off
subscription to in exchange for(= in take pride in
substitution for return for) thanks to
success in in excess of to and fro
sympathy for infavorof up and down
trouble with in front of with a view to
use of in fulfillment of with regard to
in honor of with respect to
Prepositional Phrases in memory of with the object of
and Idiomatic in place of with the exception of
Expressions in proportion to with the help of
in pursuit of with the intention of
ahead of in quest of within reach of
according to in reference to
apart from in regard to Participial Prepositions
as far as X is concerned in relation to concerning(=about)
aside from in retaliation for considering
as distinct from in return for during
as far as excepting
in search of
following
as for instead of given (=taking into
as of (=from ... onwards) in spite of account)
as opposed to in terms of including
as regards in view of notwithstanding
as to (=with regard to) irrespective of (=despite; in spite of)
as to (=about) in the course of past
as well as(=besides) in the event of regarding (=about)
at one's disposal in the face of
because of let alone Conjunctions and
but for(= if it weren't for) live up to adverbs
by means of lose one's temper inasmuch as (=since)
by virtue of make allowance (s)for in so far as ( =to the
by way of extent that)
make reference to
on the grounds that
contrary to make sense of seeing that(=since)
derive benefit from make up one's mind thereby(= thus)
due to make use of whereby ( =by means of
except for much less which)
for fear of on account of
for lack of on behalf of Note: Words printed in
for the benefit of on grounds of italics are advanced words.
for the purpose of
607
Appendix 2 - Markers of Basic Relations
Basic Grammatical Function
Relation
Coordinators Subordinators Sentence Prepositions/Prep.
Connectors Phrases
besides besides
furthermore apart from
Addition and moreover as well as
in addition in addition to
also aside from
Concessive but although however in spite of

Contrast yet even though nevertheless despite
though yet, even so notwithstanding
despite the fact that still for all
in spite of the fact that nonetheless
Direct but while in contrast unlike

Contrast whereas however in contrast to
on the other hand as opposed to
conversely contrary to
Choice or alternatively
because because of
as owing to
since on account of
seeing that due to
Cause for now that in view of
inasmuch as on grounds of
in view of the fact that
due to the fact that
owing to the fact that
because of the fact that
on the grounds that
Purpose so that/ in order that for

in case for the purpose of
Result/ so so ..... that consequently as a result of

Effect such [a(n)] ... that therefore
as a result
as a consequence
thus, hence
according! y
Manner as like
as if, as though
Similarity just as ... so similarly like

likewise similar to
correspondingly
by the same token
608
Jjasic Grammatical Function
Relation
Subordinators Sentence Prepositions/
Connectors Prep. Phrases
after.before first after

until, since, as at first before
when, while then, later prior to
by the time afterwards following
Time whenever subsequently subsequent to
once meanwhile during
as soon as in the mean time
as long as at last
hardly ... when lastly
no sooner...than
Emphasis; restatement actually

indeed, in fact
as a matter of fact
Explanation that is, namely

that is to say
with regard to
Transition with respect to
as regards, as to
as for, regarding
Reformulation; correction in other words

rather
Refutation on the contrary
Exemplification for example such as

for instance
to illustrate
if, unless
only if, in case
if it weren't for in the event of
Condition provided (that) in case of
supposing but for
so I as long as
whether ... or (not)
Negative Condition unless otherwise without
PUNCTUATION
COORDINATION: A comma must be used when you connect two independent clauses with
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:
John worked hard, so he succeeded.
SUBORDINATION: A comma must be used after an introductory SUBORDINATE CLAUSE:
Since/As/Because John worked hard, he succeeded.
TRANSITIONS: A comma must be used after a SENTENCE CONNECTOR. When a
SENTENCE CONNECTOR joins two clauses, a period(.) or a semicolon
(;) marks the end of the first clause:
John worked hard. Therefore, he succeeded.
John worked hard; therefore, he succeeded.
Some sentence connectors can occupy different positions like adverbs:
John worked hard. He, therefore, succeeded.
John worked hard. He succeeded, therefore.
609
Appendix 3-Stems, Prefixes and Suffixes
Stem Meaning Examples
-acr- sharp, bitter acrid
-ad- to, toward advance, adhere
-agr- land agrarian, agronomy, agriculture
-alte- change alter, alternate, alternative
-anima- life, spirit animate, animal, inanimate
-anthro- human anthropology
-aqua- water aquatic, aquarium
-ann- year annual, anniversary
-archy- rule anarchy, monarchy, oligarchy
-audi,(audit)- hear audible, auditory
-auto- self automatic, autobiography
-bio- life biology, biography, biodiversity
-brev- short abbreviate, brevity
-cap it- head capital, decapitate, per capita income,
-earn- flesh carnivore
-cede,( cess)- go proceed,recede,access
-cide kill suicide, genocide
-civ- citizen civilian, civic
-chron- time chronological, anachronism
-clar- bright, clear clarity, clarify, clear, declare
-corp- body corpse, corporal, corpus, corpulent
-cred- believe credible, credence, incredulous,
-crim- wrongdoing crime, criminal, incriminate, recriminate
-cur( curr ,curs)- run; happen again concurrent, current, cursive, recur, occur
-cycle- circle bicycle, cyclone, cycle
-derm- skin epidermis, dermatology
-demo- people demagogue, democratic, democracy
-die,( diet)- say predict, contradict, diction
-do min- master , control dominate, predominate, dominant
-duct- lead, guide induce, seduce, introduce
-dur- hard, last, continue durable, durability, duration
-dynam- power dynamics, dynamo
-dys- bad, ill dysentery, dyspepsia, dyphagia, dysphasia
-eu- good, well euphoria, euphemism, euogize, eupepsia
-fact- make, do factor, manufacture
-fide- trust confide, fidelity, confidant, confident
-fin- limit finish, finite, infinite
-flex,(flect)- bend reflect, flexible, inflexibility
-flu, (flue, flux)- flow fluent, fluid, flux, influx, fluctuate
-fract (frag )- break fracture, fragile, fragment, infraction
-for (fort)- strength fortress, fortify, fortitude, reinforce
-gam- marriage monogamy, polygamy
-goos- know, be aware recognize, cognition, cognizant
-gress (grad)- step, walk, go transgress, regressive, progressive
-grat- pleasant, thank gracious, grateful, gratitude
-bend- grasp comprehend, apprehend
-here (hes )- stick adhere, cohere, coherence, cohesion
-hydr-hydro- water hydrant, hydraulics, dehydrate
-ject- throw eject, reject, inject, project, dejected
-jud, (jurjus)- law ; correct;fair,right judge, judgment, justice, justify, prejudice
-junct, (joi )- join, unite junction, juncture, adjoin, conjoin, rejoin
-leg- law legal, legitimate, legislate, legislature
-Iog,(logue)- speech, word monologue
-Iuc, ( tum)- light illuminate, lucid, elucidate, luminous
-mand- order command, mandate, mandatory
610
-manu- hand manual, manipulate, manuscript
-mar - sea marine, submarine
-med- middle intermediate, median, medieval
-mem- remember commemorate, memory, memorandum
-miss,(mit)- send transmit, missile
-mob- move mobility, automobile
-mon- warn admonish, admonition, premonition
-mort- death mortal, mortuary, immortality, mortal
-nom- name nominate, nominal
·DOV· new renovate, novel, innovate
-ology- study psychology, biology
-oper- work cooperate, operative
-or tho- straight orthodontics, orthodontic, orthodontist
-part- share, divide partition, participate
-pass (path)- suffer, feel passion, pathetic, sympathy, apathy
-ped- foot pedal, pedestrian
-ped- child pediatrician, orthopedic
-pend- hang suspend, suspense, impending, pendant
-phi!- loving.fond of philanthropist, philately, philosophy,
-phon- sound phonograph, telephone
-plen,(plet)- fall, to be filled complete, deplete, replenish, plentiful
-phobia- fear hydrophobia, xenophobia, claustrophobia
-pon (pos)- put postpone, depose, impose, transpose
-port- carry transport, portable, deport, export, import
-prehend- grasp, seize comprehend, apprehend, apprehensive
-pres- force together.squeeze press, compress, repress, suppress
-prim- first primary, primal
-que (qui)- ask, look/or inquire, inquisitive, query, quest
-rect- straight direct, rectify
-rupt- break interrupt, erupt, disrupt, rupture
-sat- fall, having enough satisfy, satiate, saturate, saturation
-sci- know science, conscience
-scope- watch telescope, microscope
-scribe,script- write inscribe, prescription, scribble
-se- apart secede, seclude, segregate
-sect- cut intersect, dissect
-serve- help; protect serve, servant, conserve, reserve
-sequ- follow consecutive, sequence, subsequent,
-sign- mark signature, design
-simil(simul)- similar, same assimilate, similar, simile, simultaneous
-sol(soli)- alone, lonely solo, sole, solitary, solitude, desolate
-spect- look, watch spectator, inspection, spectacles, introspect
-spir- breathe respiration, perspire
-string,(strict)- bind, draw tight stringent, constrict, restrict, restrain
-struct- build structure, construction
-tact (tang)- touch contact, intact, tangent, tangible
-tele- far television, telephone, telepathy
-ten(tin,tent)- hold, keep detention, retentive, tenacity, pertinacious
-tend,(tens)- stretch extend, tension
-term- end, limit terminate, terminal
-theo- god theology, atheist
-thermo- heat thermometer, thermodynamics
-tort- twist distort, torsion, torture, tortuous
-tribu - bestow; give distribute, contribute
-orb- city urban, suburb
-vac, (van)- empty, empty out vacant, evacuate, vacate, vain, vanity
-val- worth, value value, evaluate, devalue, evaluation
-vene, (vent)- come intervene, prevention, convene
-ver- true verify, verity, veritable, veracity, verdict
611
-vers, (vert)- tum convert, divert,invert, revert, avert
-vid-, (vis)- see, look vision, video, invisible, envision, revise
-vict-, (vine)- conquer; show victor, invincible, evince, convince
-viv- live, alive revive, vivid, survive, convivial, vivify
-voe (vok)- call invoke
-vor- eat greedily carnivorous, devour, herbivorous
-volu-, (volv )· tum over, roll revolve, evolution
Prefix Meaning Examples

a- on, in, at aboard, adrift, aloof, afloat
a-, ab- away from absence, abstain, averse, avert
a-, an- without; lacking anarchy, amorphous, anemia, atheism, atypical
ad- to adopt, adorn
ambi- both ambiguous, ambivalent
ante- before antecedent, antedate, antechamber, antenatal
arch- first, chief monarch, patriarch
aster-, astro- · star astronomy, asteroid
because to be belittle, becalm, bewilder
bene- good beneficiary, benign, benefit
bi- two bicycle, bifocal, bilateral, bilingual
by- aside from, secondary by-product, by-pass, by-election
circum- around circumnavigate, circumscribe, circumvent
CO· with, together cooperate, coeducation, coincide, co-worker
col- with, together collaborate, collide
com- with, together combine, compose, compile
con-, cor- with, together concur,convene,converge,contemporary
cor- with, together correlate
contra- against contradict, contrary, contravene, contravention
de- down, out descend, deduct, demote, decline
de- opposite of destabilize, deforestation, decentralize,
dehydrate, demilitarize, decapitate, devalue
dee- ten decade, decimal
dia- through, across diameter, diagonal
dis- opposite of disorder, disobey, discontinue, disconnect
em, en- to make embitter, enjoy
e-, ex- out,from emit, export, except, ex-wife, ex-president
fore- before, in advance forecast, foretell, foresee, foreword,
foregoing
extra- beyond, outside extraordinary, extraneous
hetero- different heterosexual
homo- same homogeneous, homosexual
hyper- over, above hyperacidity, hyperactive, hypertension,
hypo- under, beneath hypotension, hypothyroid
ii- not illegal, illiterate, illogical, illegible
im- not impossible, imprecise, imperfect
in-- not incapable, insignificant, inefficient
ir- not irregular, irresponsible, irresistible
inter- between, among international, intermediate,interval
intro,intra- within introspection, introvert, intravenous
mal- bad, badly malnourishment, maladjustment,
maltreatment, malformation, malfunction
malevolent, malignant.maledict
min- small minimal, minority, minimum, minute
mis- (l)wrong, wrongly misuse, misspell, misunderstand, mistake
(2)bad,badly misbehave, misconduct
multi- many multinational, multilateral, multilingual
mono- one monopoly, monogamy, monolingual
non- not nonviolent, nonsmoker, nonnegotiable
612
ob- in the way of obstruct, obstacle, obviate
out- ( 1)beyond, farther outlive, outgrow
(2) ... er /more .. than outweigh, outrun, outperform, outnumber
omni- all omnivorous, omnipurpose
over- too much oversleep, overemphasize, overestimate
per- through perennial, perforate, perspire, pervade,
permeate, perimeter, periscope
poly- many polyglot, polygon, polygamy
post- after postpone, postscript, postnasal, postmortem
pre- before preview, predict, preliminary, precede
pro- (1) forward proceed, progress, propel, protract, protrude
(2) supporting proponent, pro-abortion, pros and cons,
pro-Iranian, pro-American
quadri- four quadruple, quadrilateral
re- again reunite, rebuild, reassess, reconstruct
retro- back, again retrospect, retrogressive, retroactive
semi (hemi)- half semiliterate, hemisphere, semidarkness,
semifinal, semiconductor
super- above superior, supernatural, superordinate
sub,(suc,sup )- under submarine, submerge, subdivide
syn,(sym)- together symphony, sympathy, synchronize
trans- across trans-Atlantic, trans-Siberian, transmit
tri- three triple, tripod, trilateral, triangle
ultra- beyond, excessive ultramodern, ultraviolet, ultrasound scanner
un- not unimportant, unhappy, unlike,
under- too little underdeveloped, underestimate,
underfinanced, undermanned, underpaid
uni- one uniform, unique, unilateral, unanimous
vice- deputy Vice-President, Vice- Chairman
with- against, back withstand, withhold, withdraw
SUFFIXES
ee employee, referee, testee, examinee, trustee, trainee, detainee
eer engineer, racketeer, auctioneer
ar liar
er teacher, worker,swimmer,writer,runner,dancer
or senator, visitor, investor, inventor, originator, creator, negotiator, aviator
an Mexican, Roman
ian musician, magician, mathematician, dietician, physician, technician
ist motorist, artist, novelist, florist, scientist
Feminine forms
ess hostess, waitress, tigress, lioness, empress
ine heroine
The state of being - Noun Forming Suffixes

_age marriage, storage, leakage, wreckage, package
al approval, recital, disapproval, appraisal
_ ance,_ence occurrence, interference, preference, maintenance
_ary functionary, reactionary
_cy sufficiency, adequacy, literacy, deficiency, proficiency
dom kingdom, freedom, serfdom, sheikdom, dukedom
_hood womanhood, fatherhood, boyhood, likelihood
_ion,_ sion, _tion selection, division, intervention, appreciation, confusion
_ism realism, Buddhism
_ity hostility, prosperity, reality, reliability, ability, creativity
ment adjustment, requirement, commitment, retirement, treatment,
613
_ness greatness, humbleness, happiness,
_ship relationship, dictatorship, friendship, apprenticeship,
workmanship, citizenship
- ty loyalty
ure closure, departure, exposure, failure, mixture, seizure
Adjective Forming Suffixes

_ able, _ible avoidable , irrecoverable, indispensable, reasonable, usable
al paternal, maternal, fraternal (=brotherly)
_ant, _ent hesitant, prudent, dependent, reliant, repentant, dominant
_ary sanitary, complimentary
ate proportionate, affectionate
_ ent, -ant dependent, insistent, persistent, reliant
ic economic, psychic, atomic, heroic, symbolic
_ory satisfactory, sensory, illusory
ish girlish, sheepish, childish, greenish, devilish, doggish, bullish
ive educative, instructive, informative, productive, creative,
imaginative
like Godlike, ladylike, catlike, cowlike, oxlike, childlike
·:::: ly fatherly, motherly, brotherly, manly
some tiresome, lonesome, bothersome, troublesome, quarrelsome
ous dangerous, courageous, prosperous, ambitious
_ wide countrywide, nationwide, worldwide
_ worthy applause-worthy, noteworthy, praiseworthy, trustworthy
_y sandy, salty, windy, coudy, rainy, misty, foggy, snowy, chilly,
Fu[ and -less

_ ful (=with ) faithful, harmful, hopeful, successful, harmful, useful, careful
_less(= without) careless, painless, senseless, childless, fatherless, useless, careless
Contain or hold a quantity

_ ful (=could hold ) cupful, mouthful, handful
Compound Words
fold a twofold purpose, a fourfold increase
free duty-free, salt-free(= without any salt), pollution-free,
trouble-free, error-free
_proof bullet-proof, sound-proof, shatter-proof, frost-proof, wind-proof
ill- I badly' ill-advise, ill-use, ill-usage, ill-equipped
Comparatives and superlatives

_er,_ est longer, longest
Adverb forming suffixes

- er (comparative) harder, faster
_ est (superlative) hardest, fastest
_ly slowly, quickly, happily, comfortably, regretfully, apologetically
wise color-wise, money-wise, time-wise, calorie-wise, percentage-
wise, vote-wise
To make
ate speculate, activate, circulate, humiliate, perpetuate
en soften, sharpen, widen, broaden, shorten, lengthen, encourage, en-
able, entrust, enlarge, enforce
_ fy, _ify purify, simplify, solidify, liquefy, falsify
ize tranquilize, immunize, familiarize, centralize, victimize, realize
614
Appendix 4: WORD FORMS
Set 1
Exercise 1. Choose the correct word form to fit into each sentence. Use ap-
propriate verb tenses, singular or plural forms of nouns, and passive voice
where necessary.
1. abound abundant abundance
a. Some languages_ _ _ _ in idioms
b. We have an supply of writing paper.
2. accomplish accomplished accomplishment
a. His greatest was winning an Olympic medal.
b. He many important tasks in spite of lack of education.
c. John is an rider who won an Olympic medal.
3. action active activate actively
a. _____ speak louder than words.
b. He was _____ involved in the secret operations of the police.
c. The burglar alarm by mistake.
4. adjust adjustment adjustable

a. The lenses of a microscope are _ _ __
b. The brakes need _ _ __
c. We made a few minor to the plan.
5. anxious anxiety anxiously
a. She waited by the phone.
b. I'm very about my son's health.
c. We waited with great for more news about the accident.
d. She's to meet her friends.
6. assist assistance assistant
a. A team of nurses the doctor in performing the operation.
b. Unless we receive more financial from the government the
hospital will have to close.
7. attention attentive attentively

a. You must pay close to what the teacher says.
b. He listened to the teacher quite _ _ __
c. He was always to the needs of his students.
8. benefit beneficial
a. We derived great from his valuable experience.
b. We greatly from his experience.
c. Fresh air and sunshine are for us.
9. convince convincing convincingly conviction

a. We finally _ _ _ _ him of our innocence.
b. You must give a reason for your absence.
c. He argues quite that there is an urgent need for social and
economic reforms.
d. My firm is that he is innocent. I'm fully _ _ _of his innocence.
615
10. convenient conveniently convenience
a. For the sake of _ _ _ _ , the library books are separated into several
categories.
b. They met in a mutually place.
c. Our flat is located, near the central part of the town.
11. cooperate CO(,peration cooperative
a. The school was very when we conducted a small survey there.
b. The survey was carried out in with the school administration.
c. Unless we with each other, we can't be successful.
12. dedicate dedication dedicated
a. He himself to the welfare of his community.
b. She is a mother.
c. They worked with great to find a cure to cancer.
13. distinguish distinction distinguishable distinguished
a. Speech human beings from animals.
b. People who cannot between colors are said to be color blind.
c. The twins are so alike that we cannot one from the other.
d. The coast was barely in the mist.
e. She is a novelist and philosopher.
f. It's important to draw a between the policies of the leaders
and the views of their supporters.
14. exclude exclusive exclusion exclusively
a. The hotel charges $ 100 each day , _ _ _ _ of meals.
b. He writes for Time magazine.
c. His from the negotiations caused great anger among the mem-
bers of the trade union.
d. Women are often _ _ _ _ from positions of leadership.
15. extent extension extend extensive extensively
a. Archeologists are making studies of Ban Chiang.

b. They are studying the area _ _ __
c. The of the civilization is unknown.
d. Day by day, they their knowledge.
e. These studies will lead to an of our knowledge of the Bronze
Age.
16. identify identification identity unidentified
a. The customs officer at the border asked me to prove my citizenship by
showing her some kind of _ _ __
b. The of the killer was not revealed to the reader until the last page
of the novel.
c. An individual bird can _ _ _ _ the call of its species.
d. A policeman was shot dead by an gunman.
17. inventive invention invented
a. He's an person.
b. All these newly devices make life easier for us.
c. The computer is one of the greatest of all time.
616
18. involve involvement involved
a. Richard Nixon had to resign because it was proved that he _____ in
the Watergate scandal.
b. Housekeeping cooking, washing dishes, sweeping and cleaning.
c. Richard Nixon had to resign because of in the Watergate
scandal.
d. We must consider all the factors _ _ _ __ before making any final
decision.
e. This is a rather_____ problem. It's too complicated for me to solve.
f. My job a lot of travelling.
19. irrelevant relevance relevant
a. I can't see the of your remarks to what we are discussing here.
b. The points he raised were totally to the subject being dis-
cussed. They were not related to it in any way.
c. In a good paragraph, all the sentences must be to the main idea.
20. isolate isolation isolated
a. He lives in a cottage in complete from the rest of the community.
b. Except for a few cases, there is general satisfaction with the
existing system.
c. You cannot possibly yourself from your community.
21. lack(v) (n)
a. His _____ of interest may result in his failure.
b. Because he interest, he may fail.
22. maintain maintenance
a. Who is responsible for and care of the buildings?
b. We aim to our present levels of food production.
c. The of peace in this region depends on close cooperation
among all the countries involved.
23. manage managing management managerial manager
a. The _ _ _ _ is considering closing the factory.
b. His skills made it possible for him to rise to an executive posi-
tion.
c. The · of the factory demands strict obedience to his instructions.
d. I wonder how he this business.
e. He is now director of English National Opera.
24. oppose opposition opponent
a. A large majority of MPs are to the proposal.
b. He the plan on the grounds that it is not practical.
c. He is one of the principal of the reform movement.
25. participation participate participant participatory
a. He in a variety of activities organized by the social club.
b. The of the seminar listened to Professor Brown's enlightening
lecture quite attentively
c. Class is of great importance for all students.
d. What we want to achieve is democracy.
e. They want greater in the decision making process.
617
26. particular particularly I in particular
a. There is no reason why you shouldn't go.
b. Many tourists come to Turkey from Europe, _ _ _ _ from Germany.
27. preserve preservation preserved
a. I think these old customs should _ _ __
b. The police are responsible for the _ _ _ _ of law and order.
28. profit (v) (n) profitable profitably

a. The company made a big last year.
b. I have greatly from your advice.
c. It would be more to combine the two factories.
d. You could use this technique quite to boost production.
29. propose proposed proposal

a. I _ _ _ _ delaying our decision until the next meeting.
b. The that the hospital should be closed was rejected by a large
majority.
c. The _ _ _ _ bill may be passed by the parliament.
30. purification purify purity purely

a. This salt has been for use in medicine.
b. The of the water supply is essential .
c. It's going to be a educational organization.
d. The geological survey showed that the and thickness of the
coal seams were not sufficient to justify opening a new mine.
31 rely on reliable reliability

a. Can I his support?
b. According to some sources, several officers were arrested in
connection with the coup attempt.
c. The of a test depends on many factors.
32. significance significant significantly

a. These developments are of great historical _ _ _ __
b. He has made a contribution to science.
c. This new book will improve the students' English.
d. This new discovery of oil is of great to the country's economy.
e. , he didn't deny that there might be early elections.
33. suffice sufficient sufficiency insufficient

a. A dozen hot dogs should be a number for three Boy Scouts.
b. The case was dismissed because of evidence.
c. Mr. Robertson wanted a 25% raise'in pay, but after talking to his boss, he
decided that a 10 % raise would have to _ _ __
d. In 1957, the U. K. had some 600 jets and a of airfields to
support them.
34. surviving survival • survivors
a. The patient's _ _ _ _ is simply a miracle.
b. The of the aircrash were rushed to the nearest hospital.
c. The two passengers were given emergency treatment at the
scene of the crash.
618
35. tend tendency
a. He _____ to neglect his duties.
b. He has a to be neglectful of his duties.
36. variety vary various varying
a. She didn't like the work because it lacked .
b. For reasons I'd prefer not to meet him today.
c. Customs from one country to another.
d. The members of the committee have widely views on this
subject.
e. Estimates considerably.
WORD FORMS Set 2

Exercise 2. Choose the correct word form to fit into each sentence. Use ap-
propriate verb tenses, singular or plural forms of nouns, and passive voice
where necessary.
1. admit admission admittedly inadmissible

a. This evidence is in a court of law.
b. , economists often disagree among each other.
c. He submitted his resignation, together with an of his guilt.
d. He to the University of London.
2. assert(= to state or declare forcefully): She asserted her opinions.

assert assertion assertive assertively
a. She her innocence I that she was innocent.
b. She could produce no evidence to back up her _ _ __
c. His son is an young man.
3. catastrophe catastrophic catastrophically

a. It would be if I lost my job.
b. The outbreak of typhoid caused a major in that country.
c. There was a serious outbreak of typhoid.
4. compatible compatibility incompatible

a. Their marriage ended because they were simply not _ _ __
b. I'm looking for a printer which is with my computer.
c. The of the printer with IBM computers is an advantage.
d. The Ruritanian diplomat was expelled because of his involvement in
activities with his diplomatic status.
5. conceive conception inconceivable conceivably

a. Pierre has no real of what a physicist is or does.
b. Nowadays, it is difficult for us to of life without electricity.
c. It is to think of anyone ever swimming from New York to
London.
d. _ _ _ _ , serotonin regulates sleep.
6. confirm confirmation unconfirmed

a. The news about the resignation of the minister yet.
b. There has still been no official of the report.
c. According to some reports, there has been a coup attempt in
Ruritania.
619
7. conform conformity nonconformist
a. We are all expected to to the norms of our society.
b. A is someone who behaves in an unusual way or rebellious
way, refusing to conform to the rules of his community.
c. Psychiatry already plays its part in encouraging _ _ __
8. conquer conquest conqueror

a. The Normans England in 1066.
b. After many attempts to climb it, the mountain _ _ _ _ finally
_ _ _ _ in 1985.
c. The Norman _ _ _ _ of England left its marks in many ways.
d. The European of Peru killed thousands of people.
9. consistent consistency consistently

a. Turkey has supported the Palestinian cause.
b. The last five years have seen a improvement in the country's
economy.
c. Your behavior lacks . You say one thing and do another.
10. correspond corresponding correspondingly correspondence
a. The book is quite thick and it is more expensive.
b. His action does not with his words.
c. There is not much between their ideals and ours.
d. The contents of the box to the description on the label.
e. Profits for the first three months are 50 % higher than in the _ _ __
period of last year.
f. He with an English girl for three years now.
11. credible incredible incredulity incredulously credibility
a It is that you should think I would lie.
b. After my long explanation, she looked at me _ _ __
c. Why do you doubt what I say? Your amazes me.
d. When the president did not keep his campaign promises, his _ _ __
was seriously questioned.
e. Your story is barely , but I have no choice other than to believe
it now.
12. deviate deviation deviant (n) deviant (adj)

a. A is a nonconformist.
b. Even a slight from the original plan may cause problems.
c. I'll never from what I believe to be right.
d. children need help.
13. distract distractor distraction

a. She from her work by the noise outside.
b. There are too many here to study properly.
14. diverse diversity diversify
a. Our fa~tory is ~ing to its range of products.
b. There 1s a cons1derab~e . of opinion on this subject.
c. The program deals with subjects as as pop music and ancient
Greek drama.
620
15. dominance domination dominate dominant domineering
a. Napoleon wanted to Europe when he was the emperor of France.
b. Television is the form of media today.
c. Our of the market is seriously threatened by this new product.
d. After the leader died, rival parties struggled for of the
community.
e. He was very successful in business but perhaps a little too with
his family.
16. emphasize emphasis emphatic emphatically

a. When pronouncing the word contribute, many students put the _ _ __
on the wrong syllable.
b. The lecturer said that she wanted to the importance of an idea,
so she said it again and again.
c. The teacher's reply to the students was . No, she would not
postpone the test!
d. Mary told her boyfriend that she would not discontinue her
belly-dancing lessons.
17 encounter (v) (n)

a. I- many difficulties when I first started the job.
b. I met John at a party. It was a pleasant _ _ _ __
18. hostility hostile

a. There was a great deal of between the prisoners and the guards.
b. They were to each other's ideas even before hearing them.
19. inhabitant habitat habitation to inhabit uninhabitable

a. That house is so old it is _ _ _ __
b. The of Alaska wear heavy coats in the winter.
c. Wild animals are happier in their natural than in a zoo.
d. When did human beings first begin North America?
e. This old house is unfit for human _ _ _ _ _
20. inherit inheritance inherited

a. When his father dies, the eldest son will _ _ _ _ all the money.
b. The plays of Shakespeare are part of the literary of the English-
speaking people.
c. Many Indian tribes in the United States are now claiming their _ _ __
rights to their homelands.
21. intensity intensify intensive intense intensively intensely

a. You ought to our efforts to get a better job.
b. When you are on a boat, you must watch out for the of the sun.
c. The sun shines very over the water on a clear day.
d. heat radiates from the sun.
e. If you study English , you will learn it quickly.
f. I made an effort to study hard.
22. interpret interpretation

a. This message can be in different ways by different people.
b. The of this statement will change from one person to another.
621
23. intervene intervention
a. The Japanese Central Bank when the dollar soared suddenly,
but despite this , the dollar continued to rise in the Tokyo stock
market.
b. Although the students were fighting , the police _ _ __
24. intrude intrusion intrusive

a. These questions are an upon people's privacy.
b. I can only see my presence here as _ _ _ __
c. I don't want to on your privacy.
25. justification justify justifiable justifiably

a. He was angry about the treatment he had received.
b. Can you prove that your actions were ?
c. I don't see any for the way you behaved.
d. Can you buying new equipment at a time when the company is
losing so much money?
26. loyalty loyal loyally

a. Would you object to signing a oath?
b. Are there any conditions under which you would not be _ _ _ _ to your
country?
27. mature maturity matured

a. Only a small proportion of young birds may live to reach _ _ __
b. She's in some ways and in some ways rather a child.
c. After six years, the wine will have _ _ __
28. miracle miraculous miraculously

a. Paul escaped death in a horrible automobile accident.
b. As soon as Ann's father-in-law left, she made a recovery from
her headache.
c. We have accomplished technological _ _ _ _.
29. perception perceive perceptive imperceptible perceptibly perceptively

a. The patient has improved _ _ _ __
b. A political analyst must look at the world _ _ _ __
c. Last night my husband met Mr. Johnson. I him as an interesting
man; my husband found him boring.
d. Isn't it interesting how two people can have very different of the
same person?
e. Many stars are so far away that they are to the naked eye. They
can be seen only through a telescope.
f. Our teacher is very ; she is aware of most of our needs and
fears.
30. persist persistent persistence persistently

a. He in his studies in spite of the obstacles that he had to face.
b. He managed to finish the project on time thanks to his .
c. Some people break laws and somehow escape punishment.
d. Take an aspirin, but if your pain , see a doctor.
e. How do you get rid of a nasty smell?
622
31. precede unprecedented precedent predecessor
a. That scientist set a for others to follow.
b. He performed an experiment which was in its success.
c. His preliminary experiment the discovery of a new drug.
d. John Major pursued the same economic policy as did Margaret Thatcher,
his _ _ __
32. precision preciseness precise precisely

a. Doctors are not sure of the cause of byssinosis.
b. Surgical instruments have to be capable of great _ _ _ _ _ ,
c. I admire the of her speech.
d. When she speaks, one always understands what she means.
33. prevalent prevalence prevail prevailing

a. A belief in magic still among some tribes in the jungles of Brazil.
b. The of glaucoma and other eye diseases is a serious concern in
the Middle East.
c. Typhoid is no longer _ _ _ _ anywhere in the world.
d. He wore his hair in the fashion.
34. proclaim (=declare) proclamation

a. The Government a state of emergency.
b. A national holiday _ _ __
c. The of the republic marked the beginning of a new stage in the
history of the country.
35. reliant reliance

a. Joe puts too much on pills from the drugstore and does not listen
to his doctor.
b. State-owned companies are on government funds.
36. relieve relief relieved

a. Anxiety may be by talking to a friend.
b. He was of anxiety when he heard that he had passed the exam.
c. The doctor's treatment gave him some _ _ __
d. She heaved a sigh of when she was told that her son was not in
danger.
37. resist resistant resistance

a. The demonstrators offered little or no _ _ _ _ to the police.
b. Although he is on a diet, he can't chocolate.
c. These buildings are not to major earthquakes.
38. retain (v) (=keep) retention

a. Lead heat longer than copper does.
b. of urine is the inability to pass urine from the body.
39. rigid(adj) (=firm or fixed in behavior; not easily bent) rigidly(adv)

a. He's very in his ideas. He won't readily change them.
b. He was opposed to all new ideas.
623
40. spontaneously spontaneity spontaneous
a. She acted with an extrordinary _ _ __
b. His offer of help was quite ; he hadn' t been told to make it.
c. These medical conditions can often cure themselves , without
medical intervention.
41. strict strictly strictness

a. She's very with her children.
b. Smoking is forbidden here.
c. can be harmful when the parents are totally inflexible.
Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words printed in bold
face.
1. achieve
a. You should have goals, or else you will be disappointed.
b. Winning an Olympic event was a great for the athlete.
c. You should set yourself goals.
2. special
a. Many _ _ _ _ are studying the problems of the Arctic ice pack.
b. They are _ _ _ _ interested in the problem of melting ice.
c. They _ _ _ _ in the study of weather patterns.
d. Their area of _ _ _ _ is Arctic weather patterns.
3. product
a. We worked _ _ _ _and finished everything we had to do.
b. Oil is steadily increasing.
c. The workers' _ _ _ _ increased by 8 percent when they were given a tea
break.
d. Milk is a dairy
e. We had a very _ _ _ _ day at the office today.
4. severely
a. The doctor wasn't certain about the of his injuries at first.
b. The little boy was injured in the accident.
c. There is a shortage of food in the town.
5. significantly
a. Lack of proper insulation can result in a amount of heat being
lost.
b. How would you assess the of this decision?
6. prosper
a. People live much more _____ than they used to do.
b. Oil has brought great to the Middle East.
c. Saudi Arabia is now a country thanks to its oil.
d. Business since the new government was formed.
7. nourishment
a. Eating a variety of _ _ _ _ foods will keep you well.
b. In order to get proper , you should eat a variety of foods.
624
8. destroy
a. Narcotics act _ _ _ _on a person's abilities
b. An atom bomb is a very weapon.
c. The earthquake caused great _ _ __
9. compete
a. How many took part in the race?
b. There is a great deal of among our students.
c. Does he swim ?
d. He is a very student.
10. acquire
a. He's a very sort of fellow.
b. The company has recently some offices in Istanbul.
c. This painting is my latest _ _ __
d. Most people don't like whisky at first; it's an taste.
11. accurate
a. I admired the speed and with which she typed.
b. The story is told in his account of the story.
c. His essays tend to be grammatically . He doesn't make any
mistakes.
12. adequate
a. The paragraph has not been developed.
b. Their earnings are to their needs.
c. The problem is not likely to be the of food resources.
13. controversy
a. Lie detector tests have been the subject of much _ _ _ __
b. Many of the new taxes are . There are both advocates and
opponents of additional taxation.
14. vigor
a. For a man of seventy, he still has surprising _ _ _ __
b. He argued in favor of the reform plan.
c. The minister made a defence of the government's policies.
15. consistent
a. In a financial report it is important to maintain for the sake of
clarity.
b. No one's ego can tolerate failure.
c. Some people do things that are known to be hazardous.
625
BUILDING
SKILLS
FOR
PROFICIENCY
A Comprehensive Workbook
for
Proficiency, KPDS, UDS and TOEFL
ANSWER KEY
And
INDEX
Cesur Oztiirk
~PfllK.\N
l'Al'INCll 111.
PELiKAN YA YINCILIK
© Cesur Oztlirk
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright
owner.
First published 1994

Twenty- seventh printing 2007
Bask1
Feryal Matbaac1hk San. ve Tic. Ltd. ~ti.
Tel: (0312) 395 22 37 - (0312) 395 22 38
Kapak Tasanm1
Ali <;:ELiK
ISBN
975 - 8778 - 80 - 3
GENEL DAGITIM
PELiKAN TIP ve TEKNiK KiTAP(ILIK TiC.LTO.~Ti

MERKEZ: Olgunlar Sok. No: 4/4 Bakanhklar I ANKARA
Tel: O 312 417 17 27 - 419 42 41 Faks: O 312 419 79 09
SUBE: Suleyman S1m Cad. No: 16/2 S1hh1ye I ANKARA

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Kmlay I ANKARA Tel: 0 312 434 41 21 - 434 41 33
~UBE: Nisan Kitabcvi Porsuk Bulvan No:22 ESKi~EH iR

Tel: 0 222 221 07 05 Faks: 0 222 221 72 87
CONTENTS
PART I-GRAMMAR
Chapter 1: Basic Sentence Structure

Identifying the Subject
Test on Subject and Object Noun Phrases
Exercise 1 2
Test on Verb Patterns 2
Chapter 2: Determiners 2
Test on Determinersrs 3
Test on Articles 3
Chapter 3: Tenses in English 3

Chapter 4: Functions of Modal Auxiliaries

and Related Word 4
Test on Modalsc 4
Test on Perfect Infinitives 4
Test on Modal Auxiliaries and Perfect Infinitives 4
Chapter 5 : Passive and Causative Constructions 5

Test on the Passive Voice 5
Test on the Causative Form 5
Test on Active, Passive and Causative Forms 6
Chapter 6: Gerunds and Infinitives 6

Chapter 7: Adjectives 7
Chapter 8: Adverbs 9
Test on Adjectives and Adverbs 9
Chapter 9: Relative Clauses 9

Test on Relative Clauses 10
Chapter 10: Noun Clauses 10

Test on Noun Clauses 10
Ill
Chapter 11:-Ever Words and Correlative Conjunctions 10
Chapter 12: Conditions and Wishes 11

Test on Conditions 11
Test on Wishes 11
Chapter 13: Adverbial Clauses 11

Test on Adverbial Clauses 11
Chapter 14: Participles 11

Test on Participles 11
Chapter 15: Special Difficulties 12
Chapter 16: Reduction of Clauses 12

Test on Finite and Non-Finite Clauses 13
Chapter 17: Sentence Connectors 13

Test on Sentence Connectors Set 1 13
Test on Sentence Connectors Set 2 13
Chapter 18: Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases

and Idiomatic Expressions 13
Test on Prepositions 13
Chapter 19: Sentence Variety 14

Test on Sentence Variety 16
Chapter 20: General Grammar Tests 16

Grammar Test 1 16
Grammar Test 2 17
Grammar Test 3 17
Grammar Test 4 18
iv
PART2 BASIC ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 19
Diagnostic Test 19
Chapter 1: Recognizing Synonyms 19
I. Prepositional Phrases 19
II. Verbs 19
Test on Verbs - Set I 20
III. Nouns 21
Test on Nouns 21
IV. Adjectives 22
V. Adverbs 23
Test on Adverbs 23
General Test on Synoyms 23
Chapter 2: Usage 24
I. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 24
A. Prepositions That Follow Verbs 24
Test on Prepositions That Follow Verbs 25
B. Prepositions That Follow Adjectives 25

Test on Prepositions That Follow Adjectives 26
Test on Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 26
II. Verbs and Verbals 27

A. Verbs That Take Gerunds and Infinitives 27
Test on Gerunds or Infinitives 27
B. Verb Patterns 28
Test on Verbs 30
III. Nouns 30
Test on Nouns 31
IV. Adjectives 31
V. Adverbs 32
Test on Adverbs 32
General Vocabulary Tests 32
V
PART 3: ADVANCED ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 34
Chapter 1: Recognizing Synonyms 34
I. Advanced Verbs 34
Test on Advanced Verbs - Set l 36
Test on Advanced Verbs - Set 2 36
II. Advanced Nouns 36

III. Adjectives 37
IV. Advanced Adverbs 38

General Test on Synonyms 39
Chapter 2: Usage 40
I. Prepositions 40
A. Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions 40
Test on Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions 40
B. Prepositions in Passive Constructions 41
C. Advanced Adjectives Followed by Prepositions 41

Test on Advanced Adjectives Followed by Prepositions 41
D. Nouns Followed by Prepositions 42
II. Advanced Verbs 42

Test on Advanced Verbs 44
III. Advanced Nouns 44

IV. Advanced Adjectives 46

V. Advanced Adverbs 47
Advanced Usage Tests 48
Chapter 3: Special Difficulties 49

A. Phrasal Verbs 49
Exercise I 49
Test on Phrasal Verbs - Set I 49
Test on Phrasal Verbs - Set 2 49
vi
B. Words That Are Often Confused 50
Exercise 2 50
Exercise 3 51
Exercise 4 51
Test on Words Which Are Often Confused 52
C. Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases Idiomatic Expressions

and Conjuctions 52
Exercise 5 52
Exercise 6 52
D. Guessing Vocabulary 53
E. Words Used in Different Senses 53
PART 4: READING COMPREHENSION 54
Chapter 1: Text Organization 54
Chapter 2:Reading Skills 54

I. Skimming 54
II. Scanning 54
III. Recognizing Paraphrases or Restatements 54

Tests on Restatements 56
IV. Making Inferences 56

Test on Inferences 57
V. Identifying the Main Idea 58

Additional Tests on Finding the Main Idea 58
VI. Prediction: What can Logically Follow 58
Chapter 3: Organizational Skills 59

I. Unity 59
II. Coherence: Arrangement and Connection of Sentences 59
Chapter 4: Tests on Reading Comprehension 59

PART 5:SAMPLE TESTS 60
KPDS Practice Test 62
Word Forms 63
GRAMMAR INDEX 67
GLOSSARY and VOCABULARY INDEX 83
vii
PART I-GRAMMAR
Chapter 1: Basic Sentence Structure (l)*
Identifying the Subject: (3)*
1. A highly ambitious project...

2. These extremely sensitive issues ...
3. A democratically elected government...
4. Many newly married couples ...
5. An incredibly beautiful woman ...
6. The woman in the car parked in front of the bank across the street...
7. Most critically ill patients ...
8. No progress ...
9. Neither proposal...
IO All the applicants ...
11. Each student...
12. Another important problem facing us ...
13. Both of the suggestions which were made by him ...
14. Neither of the proposed plans ...
15. Much thought...
16. Little progress ...
17. None of the students whom I talked to ...
18. All of the people we met there ...
19. Every conceivable means ...
20. Practically all my classmates .. .
21. Virtually half of the students .. .
22. Especially these three girls ...
23. Turkey's rapidly growing population ...
24. The scientist who made this important discovery ...
25. The collapse of the former Soviet Union ...
26. What is urgently needed ...
27 .... , many people in the region
28 .... , the married couple
29. The fact that many children suffer from this disease ...
30 .... , the government of Ruritania
31. Whether the government's new economic policy will have any significant
impact on the country's economic situation ...
32 .... , reading and writing skills
*Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate page references.

Test on Subject and Object Noun Phrases (7)
I C 5 a 9 b
2 a 6 d 10 b
3 C 7 b 11 a
4 C 8 d
Explanatory Notes:
1. If there is only one verb in a sentence, we can't have a dependent clause.
Hence, la lb Id; 3a 3b 3d; 6a 6b; 7a 7c 7d; !Oa !Oc, which contain
clause markers such as that, now that, since , although or which are all wrong.
2. The subject or object of a sentence must be either a phrase or a clause. Thus,

6c, 9a and 10 d are wrong alternatives.
Exercise 1 (15)
ax 3 ai
bi bi
2 ax 4aX 6aX
bX bi bi
Test on Verb Patterns (15-16)
I d 6 b II a 16 b
2 C 7 C 12 a 17 d
3 b 8 a 13 b 18 C
4 d 9 a 14 b 19 a
5 b 10 d 15 C 20 C
Chapter 2: Determiners ( 17)
Exercise 2 (21) Exercise 3 (21)

I. Much I. little
2. many 2. a few
3. Much 3. little
4. much 4. little
5. many 5. few
6. many 6. few
7. much 7. a little
8. much
2
Exercise 4 (21) Exercise 5 (22)
1. Neither I. every
2. None 2. each
3. neither 3. every
4. none 4. each
5. every/each
Test on Determiners (22-23)
1 a. 6 d ll C 16 C
2 C 7 a 12 C 17 d
3 d· 8 b 13 a 18 d
4 b 9 d
----------.!
14 C 19 C
5 b· 10 b 15 Q 20 C
Test on Articles(27)
l d 6 C
2 C 7 b
3 C 8 C
4 a 9 b
5 b 10 C
Exercise 6 (30)
l. is 6. are l l. are 16. is 21. are

2. IS 7. IS 12. are 17. are 22. are
3. IS 8. is 13. is 18. is 23. are
4. are 9. IS 14. is 19. are 24. is
5. are 10. IS 15. is 20. are/is 25. are/are
Chapter 3: Tenses in English(3l)

Test on Tenses - Set 1(43- 46)
I b 11 a 21 b 31 d 41 b
2 b 12 d 22 C 32 b 42 C
3 d 13 b 23 a 33 C 43 b
4 C 14 b 24 b 34 b 44 d
5 C 15 C 25 b 35 C 45 a
6 b 16 C 26 C 36 d
7 C 17 b 27 C 37 C
8 a 18 C 28 b 38 C
9 b 19 C 29 C 39 C
10 a 20 b 30 d 40 d
3
Test on Tenses - Set 2 (47-50)
1 b 11 C 21 b 31 a 41 b
2 d 12 d 22 a 32 d 42 C
3 d 13 b 23 a 33 C 43 C
4 b 14 C 24 C 34 a 44 a
5 a 15 b 25 b 35 d 45 b
6 b 16 C 26 d 36 b 46 b
7 C 17 b 27 C 37 b 47 d
8 b 18 b 28 d 38 C 48 C
9 d 19 a 29 b 39 d 49 b
10 C 20 C 30 C 40 C 50 b
Chapter 4: Functions of Modal Auxiliaries

and Related Words (5 l)
Test on Modals (54-56)
1a 6 b 11 a 16 d 21 C 26 C
2 C 7 C 12 a 17 a 22 C 27 a
3 a 8 a 13 b 18 b 23 d 28 b
4 b 9 d 14 b 19 C 24 a 29 a
5 C 10 C 15 d 20 a 25 C 30 d
Test on Perfect Infinitives (58)

1a 6 b
2 a 7 a
3 d 8 d
4 b 9 b
5 C 10 b
Test on Modal Auxiliaries and Perfect Infinitives (61-63)
1c 6 C 11 b 16 a 21 a 26 a 31 a
2 b 7 b 12 d 17 b 22 a 27 b 32 b
3 b 8 a 13 d 18 d 23 a 28 C 33 C
4 a 9 C 14 d 19 a 24 b 29 C 34 C
5 C 10 b 15 a 20 b 25 b 30 C 35 a
4
Chapter 5 : Passive and Causative Constructions (64)
Exercise 7 (67)
1. He is considered to be an expert on birds.
2. John Lennon is known to hare been interested in oriental religions.
3. Pablo Picasso is acknowledged to have been a phenomenal artist.
4. The majority of the MP's were expected to vote in favor of the proposal.
5. Two of the missing sailors were reported to have been rescued.
6. He was said to be against any changes whatsoever.
7 Ecomomic stability is believed to be necessary for political stability.
Exercise 8 (67)
I. The damage which the flooding caused will be assessed by the experts.
2. The academic calendar is likely to be extended by the University Council.
3. Law and order cannot be maintained by the police w ithout the cooperation of
all citizens.
4. Biodiversity must be preserved.
5. How can these objectives be achieved?
Test on the Passive Voice (68-70)
I C 6 C 11 d 16 b 21 C 26 b
2 C 7 b 12 d 17 C 22 d 27 b
3 b 8 C 13 b 18 C 23 a 28 C
4 a 9 d 14 C 19 a 24 C 29 C
5 C 10 a 15 d 20 C 25 C 30 b
The Causative Form

Exercise 9 (72)
I. x-rayed 5. pulled out
2. installed 6. done
3. painted 7. printed
4. extended
Exercise 10 (72)
I. type 5. install
2. clean 6. check
3. to shine 7. repair
4. to rewrite 8. erase
Test on the Causative Form (73)

I d 6 a 11 a
2 b 7 b 12 a
3 a 8 C 13 b
4 d 9 a 14 a
5 b 10 d 15 C
5
Exercise 11(74)
I. a) Their marriage was dissolved.

b) They had/got their marriage dissolved.
2. a) Our house was painted (by workers).
b) We had our house painted.
3. a) My eyes were tested (by the optician).
b) I had my eyes tested (by the optician).
4. a) My car will be repaired tomorrow.
b) I will get my car repaired tomorrow.
OR I will get the mechanic to repair my car tomorrow.
5. a) Ali's assignment has been checked by the teacher.
b) Ali has had his assignment checked (by the teacher).
6. a) My room is being cleaned by the maid.
b) I'm having my room cleaned.
7. a) My term paper has already been checked.
b) I've already had my term paper checked.
8. a) Our computer was installed by the technician.
b) We had our computer installed.
9. a) My bad tooth is going to be pulled out by the dentist.
b) I'm going to have my bad tooth pulled out.
I 0. a) My photograph was taken by the photographer.
b) I had my photograph taken.
Test on Active, Passive and Causative Forms (75)
I C 5 C 9 a
2 d 6 d IO d
3 C 7 d 11 b
4 a 8 C 12 C
Chapter 6: Gerunds and Infinitives (76)
Test on Gerunds and Infinitives - Set 1 (85-87)
I C 6 d 11 a 16 C 21 d
2 a 7 b 12,a 17 b 22 d
3 ·,c 8 C 13 d 18 b 23 a
4 b 9 d 14 C 19 C 24 C
5 C JO C 15 b 20 C 25 a
6
Test on Gerunds and Infinitives- Set 2 (87-88)
1 C 6 b 11 d 16 a 21 a
2 a 7 b 12 C 17 b 22 a
3 b 8 d 13 b 18 C 23 C
4 C 9 d 14 C 19 d 24 a
5 C 10 C 15 a 20 b 25 d
Chapter 7: Adjectives(89)
Exercise 12 (89-90)
1. It was foolish of Ali not to accept the offer.
2. It was very selfish of him not to contribute anything.
3. It was foolish of her to believe him.
4. It was very generous of you to contribute so much.
5. It is very considerate of you to offer to help me.
Exercise 13 (90)
1. It is amusing to be with her.
2. It is interesting to talk to Peter.
3. It is impossible to justify his actions.
4. It is hard to overcome these problems.
5. It is difficult to get along with her.
Exercise 14 (91)
1. It is essential that he (should) study hard.
2. It is advisable that she (should) rest for a few says.
3. It's necessary that Mary (should) register for this course.
4. It is important that she (should) not miss any lectures.
5. It's urgent that the patient (should) be examined at once.
Exercise 15 A(Adjective+Enough) (94)

1. He is strong enough to lift this table.
2. The pear is ripe enough for me to eat.
3. She is beautiful enough to win a beauty contest.
4. He is clever enough to solve this problem easily.
5. She is not tall enough to play basketball on our team.
Exercise 15B: (Too+ Adjective)(94)

1. b) That car is too expensive for me to buy.
2. b) He is too old to work.
3. b) She is too young to get married.
4. b) This problem is too complicated for me to solve.
5. b) This mountain is too steep for us to climb.
7
Exercise 16(96)
1. the hottest
2. the most efficient
3. the most dependable
4. the most competent
5. the most cheerful
Exercise 17 (97)
I. Lhe best ...
2. more obedient .. .
3. as expensive as .. .
4. Lhe mosl profitable
5. the mosl abundant
6. more nutritious ..
7. the most ambitious
8. more valuable
9. Lhe saddest
I 0. the worst
Exercise 18 (98)
1. It's a twenty-kilometer tunnel.
2. It's a four-cylinder engine.
3. It is a two-day journey.
4. It's a forty-litter engine.
5. It was a.five-man team.
6. He was a six-year old boy.
Exercise 19 (98)
I. The result was surprising for us.
2. We were impressed by the pelformance.
3. I was amazed by his success.
4. The result is disappointing for the student.
5. The game was exciting for Lhe spectators.
6. I'm interested in the book.
7. The program was entertaining for us.
8. We were astounded by his behavior.
9. I was upset by his reply.
I0. She was distressed by her father's sudden death.
11. Divorce is depressing for people.
12. Students arc encouraged by success.
13. I was puzzled by his response.
14. The show was amusing for the children.
15. Everyone was shocked at the news.
8
Chapter 8: Adverbs(99)
Test on Adjectives and Adverbs (104)
I d 6 d II a 16 b 21 b 26 b
2 C 7 C 12 a 17 b 22 C 27 a
3 b 8 a 13 C 18 C 23 b 28 d
4 C 9 a 14 a 19 d 24 b 29 b
5 d IO a 15 a 20 C 25 a 30 d
Chapter 9: Relative Clauses(l07)
Exercise 20: ( 116-1 17)

I. Turkey exports goods ranging from raw materials to manufactured goods.
2. The government's decision to raise taxes is criticized by newspapers supporting
the opposition parties.
3. Turkey was the first country to recognize Azerbaijan.
4. The new government must address the problems underliying racial unrest.
5. Ankara, the capital of Turkey, is the most modern city in the country.
6. Speech is the single most important factor distinguishing man from animals.
7. Teaching is a profession requiring official certification.
8. The student chosen as the leader of the group has a strong personality.
9. Drivers ignoring traffic rules endanger road safety.
I 0. Money spent on nuclear weapons is money which is wasted.
Exercise 21: (117)

I. The politicans who were involved in a.financial scandal were arrested.
2. The ship which sank was carrying 300 passengers.The ship which was carrying
300 passengers sank.
3. The books which were ordered a month ago have not arrived yet.
4. The students who attended that school had to wear uniforms.
5. I like to study in the morning, when it is usually quiet.
6. The story which was written by Jae~ is quite unusual.
7. People who work in the mines need a lot of energy.
8. The hotel which/that Betty is staying at used to be a palace.
9. The hotel which is being built by a foreign investor will have 600 rooms.
I0. The village which/that my uncle lives in is near here.
11. METU has more than one thousand foreign students, most of whom are from the
Middle East.
12. A man whose name I can't remember wanted to see you.
13. Bertrand Russel, whose philosophical writings had a profound impact on phi-
losophers all over the world, died in 1970 ..
14. He was elected chairman, which was surprising.
15. He has four sons, all of whom are engineers.
9
Test on Relative Clauses (1 17-121)
l C 11 a 21 b 31 a 41 b
2 b 12 C 22 C 32 C 42 a
3 C 13 a 23 b 33 b 43 d
4 C 14 b 24 a 34 C 44 d
5 a 15 b 25 C 35 b 45 C
6 b 16 d 26 d 36 b 46 d
7 C 17 b 27 b 37 C 47 C
8 b 18 a 28 b 38 a 48 b
9 d 19 b 29 b 39 b 49 b
10 b 20 C 30 b 40 C 50 C
Chapter 10: Noun Clauses(l22)

Test on Noun Clauses ( 131-133)
l C 6 C 11 C 16 a 21 b 26 b 31 b
2 a 7 b 12 d 17 a 22 a 27 d 32 a
3 a 8 a 13 a 18 d 23 b 28 a 33 b
4 C 9 b 14 b 19 b 24 C 29 a 34 C
5 C 10 b 15 C 20 a 25 C 30 b 35 b
Chapter 11:-Ever Words and Correlative Conjunctions(l34)

Exercise 22 (135)
l. whoever 5. whichever
2. wherever 6. whenever
3. whichever 7. however
4. whatever
Exercise 23( 136)

l. He takes his wife with him no matter where he goes.
2. No matter whose car that is, ....
3.... no matter how long it takes.
4. No matter what you do, ...
5. No matter who you consult, .....
Mini Test on Correlative Conjunctions(l36)

1 c 3 c
2 d 4 C
10
Chapter 12: Conditions and Wishes(l37)
Test on Conditions ( 139-140)

I C 6 b 11 C 16 a
2 C 7 C 12 C 17 a
3 d 8 C 13 b 18 b
4 d 9 a 14 b 19 C
5 d 10 C 15 b 20 a
Test on Wishes (142)

I b 4 b 7b 10 C
2 b 5 C 8b
3 b 6 C 9c
Chapter 13: Adverbial Clauses(l43)
Test on Adverbial Clauses (150-153)

I C II a 21 d 31 d 41 b
2 a 12 d 22 C 32 b 42 b
3 b 13 b 23 a 33 d 43 C
4 b 14 d 24 d 34 a 44 C
5 C 15 C 25 a 35 d 45 d
6 a 16 a 26 a 36 b 46 C
7 C 17 a 27 C 37 b 47 a
8 d 18 b 28 d 38 C 48 b
9 C 19 b 29 d 39 C 49 a
10 d 20 a 30 C 40 C 50 d
Chapter 14: Participles(l54)

Exercise 24 ( 159-160)
I b 6 b 11 b
2 a 7 b 12 b
3 b 8 b 13 b
4 b 9 b 14 a
5 a 10 b 15 b
Test on Participlcs(J 60-163)

I b 6 b 11 d, 16 C 21 C 26 d 31 b
2 d 7 b 12 c. 17 b 22 d 27 C 32 b
3 a 8 a 13 C 18 <,l 23 C. 28 C 33 d
4 C 9 b 14 b 19 C 24 b· 29 d 34 C
5 a 10 C 15 a 20 a 25 a 30 C 35 a
11
Chapter 15: Special Difficulties(l64)
Test on Inversion ( 166) Mini Test on Structural

I b 6 a Parallelism( 168)
2 b 7 C I a 4 c
3 C 8 b 2 C 5 C
4 C 9 b 3 d 6 a
5 b 10 C
Mini Test on Auxiliary ( 169) Mini Test on Tag Questions ( 170)

I b 3 c I c 4 a
2 b 4 d 2 d 5 C
3 b
Mini Test on the Subjunctive (171)
I a 4 c
2 d 5 C
3 a
Chapter 16: Reduction of Clauses( 172)
Exercise 25 (176)
I. The pupil of the eye reflexively constricts when exposed to bright light and ex-
pands in the dark.
2. If used in too high concentrations, fertilizers damage the plant.
3. As stated above, the nervous system is adversely affected by noise.
4. Organ transplants. once confined to the pages of science fiction novels, have
now become commonplace.
5. Although in a hurry, he didn't take a taxi.
6. When buying a house, you must take its location, price and size into account.
7. He read the instructions carefully before answering the questions.
8. He left the cafeteria after having lunch.
9. This is one of the paintings attributed to Rembrandt.
I 0. The car parked in front of the bank is mine.
Exercise 26 ( 176)
I. Though he is an old person, my uncle still feels young.
2. He died while he was on holiday in Spain.
3. The problems which face developing countries are too big for them to solve on
their own.
4. The bridge, which was weakened by successive storms, was no longer safe.
5. As it is shown in Table 5, the problem is more serious in developing countries.
6. Although she was lonely, Mrs. Smith tried to have a positive attitude.
7. While she felt lonely, she still tried to remain positive.
8. Before he was released, the patient had to sign a hospital form.
12
9. The concept of general intelligence, which is properly interpreted, has great
utility.
l 0. The documents will be returned as soon as they are completed.
11. The children were noisy until they were told to be quiet.
12. Once it is seen, that painting will never be forgotten.
Test on Finite and Non-Finite Clauses ( 178)
l C 5 a
2 b 6 a
3 a 7 C
4 a 8 C
Chapter 17: Sentence Connectors( 179)

Test on Sentence Connectors Set 1 (182-184)
1 b 6 b 11 b 16 a
2 d 7 C 12 a 17 a
3 b 8 b 13 d 18 b
4 b 9 d 14 a 19 b
5 b IO a J5 C 20 b
Test on Sentence Connectors Set 2 ( 184-185)

l a 6 a 11 a 16 b
2 C 7 b 12 b 17 b
3 b 8 d 13 b 18 b
4 a 9 a 14 a 19 a
5 b 10 b 15 b 20 b
Chapter 18: Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases

and Idiomatic Expressions( 186)
Test on Prepositions (191-193)
I C 11 C 21 a 31 a 41 b
2 b 12 d 22 b 32 a 42 b
3 a 13 a 23 a 33 b 43 b
4 a 14 b 24 b 34 b 44 d
5 b 15 d 25 b 35 a 45 C
6 d 16 b 26 b 36 b 46 a
7 d 17 C 27 d 37 b 47 a
8 C 18 b 28 a 38 C 48 b
9 C 19 a 29 d 39 C 49 a
10 b 20 a 30 C 40 b 50 C
13
Test on Idiomatic Expressions
(Intermediate-Advanced) ( 194-195)
I b 6 a 11 a 16 d 21 b
2 b 7 d ]2 C 17 b
3 C 8 C 13 b 18 d
4 C 9 a 14 C 19 d
5 C 10 a 15 b 20 C
Chapter 19: Sentence Variety(l96)
Exercise 27 ( 196-197)
2. Television not only informs us but (also) entertains us.
As well as/ In addition to informing us, television entertains us.
Television informs us. In addition, it entertains us.
3. John plays basketball. In addition, he plays volleyball.
In addition to basketball, John plays volleyball.
Besides basketball, John plays volleyball.
John plays not only basketball but also volleyball.
4. Regular exercise improves one's physical fitness. Also, it trains the heart
muscle.
Regular exercise both improves one's physical fitness and trains the heart
muscle.
As well as improving one's physical fitness, regular exercise trains the heart
muscle.
Exercise 28 ( 198)
2. She was absent from class because she was ill.
On account of her illness. she was absent from class
As she was ill, she was absent from class.
She was ill; consequently, she was absent from class.
3. Since the demand has increased, the prices are higher.

Because of an increase in demand, the prices are higher.
An increase in demand has given rise to the higher prices.
The demand has increased; as a result, the prices are higher.
The demand has increased; accordingly, the prices are higher.
The cause of the higher prices is an increase in demand.
4. She worked diligently. That's why she succeeded.

tier success is due to her diligent work.I She succeeded due to her diligent
work.
Her success resulted from her diligent work.
14
Exercise 29 (199)
2. In spite of the doctor's warnings, John persists in smoking.
Although the doctor has warned him, John persists in smoking.
The doctor has warned John; nevertheless, he persists in smoking.
3. Although there has been a substantial increase in car prices, people buy cars.
In spite of a substantial increase in car prices, people buy cars.
There has been a substantial increase in car prices; Nonetheless, people buy
cars.
4. Despite his great effort, he failed.

Even though he made a great effort, he failed.
He made a great effort; however, he failed.
5. Even though he smokes and drinks, I bet he'll live till he's a hundred.
In spite of the fact that he smokes and drinks, I bet he'll live till he's a hundred.
He smokes and drinks; even so, I bet he'll live till he's a hundred.
Exercise 30 (200-201)
2. Alper is interested in pop music. In contrast,Orkun is interested in classical mu-
sic.
Whereas Alper is interested in pop music, Orkun is interested in classical music.
Unlike Alper, who is interested in pop music, Orkun is interested in classical
music.
Alper is interested in pop music. On the other hand, Orkun is interested in clas-
sical music.
Different fromAlper, who is interested in pop music, Orkun is interested in
classical music.
3. Ali is very lazy. In contrast, his brother is quite diligent.
As opposed to Ali , who is very lazy, his brother is quite diligent.
While Ali is very lazy, his brother is quite diligent.
4. Helen is an extrovert. On the other hand, Mary is an introvert .
Whereas Helen is an extrovert, Mary is an introvert .
Unlike Helen, who is an extrovert, Mary is an introvert .
5. Bill is very generous. In contrast, his wife is rather stingy.
While Bill is very generous, his wife is rather stingy.
Unlike Bill, who is very generous, his wife is rather stingy.
Exercise 31(202)
2. Bill works hard. Similarly, his brother shows great diligence.
Both Bill and his brother work hard/ show great diligence.
Just as Bill works hard/ shows great diligence, so does his brother.
Bill, like his brother, works hard.
15
3. Mary is shy. Similarly, Margaret is very timid.
Just as Mary is shy/timid so is Margaret.
Similar to Mary, Margaret is very timid/shy.
Test on Sentence Variety (208-209)
I a 6 C 11 a 16 C 21 a 26 b
2 C 7 C 12 d 17 a 22 b 27 d
3 C 8 b 13 a 18 b 23 C 28 b
4 b 9 C 14 a 19 C 24 a 29 a
5 b 10 b 15 d 20 d 25 b 30 C
Chapter 20: General Grammar Tests(210)
Grammar Test 1 (210-218)
I d 11 a 21 C 31 b 41 a
2 a 12 a 22 C 32 b 42 b
3 b J3 C 23 C 33 a 43 C
4 a 14 d 24 a 34 C 44 C
5 a 15 d 25 b 35 d 45 a
6 C 16 b 26 d 36 b 46 a
7 C 17 d 27 a 37 C 47 a
8 d 18 C 28 a 38 C 48 d
9 b 19 b 29 b 39 C 49 b
10 d 20 a 30 a 40 d 50 C
51 C 61 a 71 C 81 C 91 a
52 d 62 b 72 C 82 b 92 d
53 b 63 d 73 a 83 b 93 b
54 b 64 C 74 C 84 a 94 C
55 b 65 a 75 a 85 a 95 C
56 b 66 d 76 C 86 C 96 d
57 C 67 a 77 a 87 b 97 b
58 C 68 b 78 C 88 C 98 C
59 a 69 d 79 a 89 b 99 b
60 b 70 d 80 a 90 C 100 a
16
Grammar Test 2 ( 219-227)
I b 11 d 21 a 31 b 41 C
2 b 12 a 22 a 32 a 42 b
3 a 13 d 23 C 33 b 43 a
4 a 14 d 24 d 34 b 44 a
5 a 15 a 25 C 35 a 45 b
6 b 16 d 26 C 36 a 46 C
7 b 17 C 27 C 37 b 47 a
8 a 18 C 28 d 38 b 48 b
9 a 19 a 29 b 39 b 49 C
10 C 20 a 30 C 40 d 50 C
51 d 61 a 71 C 81 C 91 C
52 d 62 C 72 b 82 b 92 b
53 d 63 a 73 h 83 C 93 a
54 b 64 a 74 a 84 a 94 d
55 d 65 d 75 a 85 b 95 a
56 d 66 d 76 a 86 d 96 b
57 C 67 b 77 a 87 C 97 b
58 C 68 a 78 C 88 d 98 b
59 a 69 C 79 C 89 b 99 b
60 a 70 C 80 b 90 b 100 a
Grammar Test 3 (228-234)
1 C 11 d 21 C 31 a 41 C 51 a 61 a 71 a
2 a 12 C 22 b 32 d 42 d 52 d 62 b 72 C
3 d 13 d 23 d 33 b 43 C 53 a 63 C 73 a
4 b 14 C 24 b 34 d 44 a 54 C 64 b 74 b
5 a 15 b 25 C 35 d 45 b 55 d 65 a 75 C
6 b 16 b 26 a 36 b 46 d 56 a 66 C 76 b
7 d 17 C 27 a 37 a 47 C 57 C 67 d 77 d
8 d 18 a 28 C 38 d 48 C 58 b 68 a 78 b
9 b 19 b 29 d 39 a 49 b 59 a 69 d 79 C
lO d 20 C 30 b 40 a 50 a 60 b 70 d 80 a
17
Grammar Test 4 (235- 241)
I b 11 C 21 a 31 d 41 a 51 a 61 C 71 b
2 b 12 b 22 d 32 C 42 C 52 d 62 C 72 b
3 b 13 d 23 C 33 d 43 d 53 C 63 b 73 C
4 C 14 C 24 d 34 a 44 d 54 b 64 a 74 a
5 a 15 C 25 b 35 C 45 a 55 C 65 b 75 b
6 b 16 C 26 C 36 C 46 C 56 d 66 a 76 a
7 b 17 b 27 d 37 a 47 C 57 a 67 b 77 d
8 a 18 C 28 b 38 b 48 b 58 d 68 d 78 b
9 d 19 C 29 b 39 b 49 C 59·a 69 a 79 b
10 C 20 a 30 a 40 a 50 a 60 a 70 a 80 C
Advanced Grammar Test 1(242-248)
I b II C 21 b 31 C 41 d 51 b 61 a 71 C
2 C 12 a 22 d 32 b 42 a 52 a 62 C 72 d
3 b 13 C 23 b 33 C 43 a 53 a 63 C 73 a
4 a 14 a 24 C 34 b 44 C 54 d 64 b 74 b
5 b 15 b 25 b 35 b 45 b 55 C 65 C 75 b
6 a 16 C 26 C 36 d 46 C 56 b 66 d 76 C
7 C 17 a 27 a 37 b 47 b 57 C 67 a 77 b
8 C 18 b 28 a 38 a 48 a 58 a 68 a 78 d
9 a 19 b 29 b 39 C 49 C 59 d 69 d 79 b
10 b 20 b 30 d 40 a 50 b 60 a 70 C 80 C
Advanced Grammar Test 2 (248-255)
1 d II b 21 b 31 b 41 d 51 b {51 C 71 b
2 C 12 C 22 a 32 d 42 b 52 a 62 a 72 C
3 C 13 b 23 a 33 b 43 C 53 d 63 a 73 b
4 a 14 C 24 C 34 d 44 b 54 b 64 C 74 a
5 b 15 C 25 b 35 b 45 C 55 C 65 b 75 b
6 a 16 a 26 C 36 d 46 d 56 C 66 a 76 C
7 b 17 C 27 b 37 a 47 C 57 b 67 C 77 C
8 C 18 b 28 b 38 C 48 a 58 C 68 a 78 a
9 b 19 C 29 C 39 a. 49 a 59 a 69 b 79 C
10 b 20 C 30 d 40 C 50 C 60 b 70 C 80 b
18
PART2
BASIC ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
Diagnostic Test (256-257)
1 d 6 d II c 16 d 21 d
2 C 7 b 12 d 17 a 22 a
3 C 8 a 13 C 18 a 23 b
4 b 9 C 14 b 19 b 24 b
5 C 10 C 15 a 20 b 25 C
Chapter 1 :Recognizing Synonyms

I. Prepositional Phrases (258)
Set 1 Set2 Set 3

1. on account of 1. through 1. prior to
2. unlike 2. owing to 2. in proportion to
3. in spite of 3. concerning 3. for my part
4. as well as 4. but 4. in terms of
5. concerning 5. besides 5. in contrast to
6. instead of 6. contrary to 6. as well as
II. Verbs (259)

Set 1 Set3 Set 5
1. installed 1. devoted 1. refers to
2. inspected 2. objected to 2. designs
3. attempted 3. abandoned 3. possesses
4. developed 4. accomplished 4. attends
5. demonstrated 5. astonished 5. requires
6. demanded 6. indicated 6. participates
Set2 Set4 Set6

1. divided 1. recall 1. yields
2. postponed 2. assume 2. intends
3. selected 3. decay 3. comprises
4. cancelled 4. allow 4. distributes
5. appointed 5. respond 5. appreciates
6. astounded 6. obtain 6. employs
19
Set7 Set 10 Set 13
I. provide I. detected I. adopted
2. treat 2. claimed 2. altered
3. adapt 3. extended 3. advanced
4. suggest 4. vanished 4. gathered
5. ignore 5. collapsed 5. adapted
6. maintain 6. collided with 6. witnessed
Set8 Set 11 Set 14

I. diminishes I. assessed I. inferred
2. restricts 2. entertained 2. benefited
3. regards 3. constructed 3. implied
4. seeks 4. restricted 4. seized
5. contributes 5. administered 5. achieved
6. deals with 6. annoyed 6. managed
Set9 Set 12 Set 15

1. reduce 1. exhibit 1. constitute
2. reject 2. distinguish 2. absorb
3. acquire 3. identify 3. take after
4. take place 4. amuse 4. clarify
5. account for 5. determine 5. exhaust
6. magnify 6. fulfill 6. rely on
Test on Verbs - Set 1 (263-265)
l a 6 b 11 c 16 a 21 b
2 C 7 C 12 C 17 a 22 C
3 b 8 d 13 C 18 d 23 a
4 b 9 C 14 C 19 d 24 d
5 a 10 C 15 d 20 b 25 b
Test on Verbs - Set 2 (265-267)
I C 6 a Jl C 16 a 21 b
2 d 7 b 12 b 17 C 22 a
3 d 8 C 13 a 18 d 23 b
4 b 9 C 14 b 19 b 24 C
5 d 10 d ]5 C 20 C 25 C
20
III. Nouns (267)
Set 1 Set 4 Set 7

I. nourishment l. trend l. assessment
2. instruction 2. accomplishment 2. properties
3. evidence 3. nutrition 3. restrictions
4. phase 4. impression 4. issues
5. harm 5. likelihood 5. objectives
6. optimism 6. property 6. negotiations
Set 2 Set 5 Set8

I. response 1. attitude 1. battle
2. traditions 2. distinction 2. v1s1on
3. hazard 3. emphasis 3. essence
4. means 4. era 4. an abundance
5. resemblance 5. harvest 5. summit
6. capacity 6. maintenance 6. altitude
Set3 Set 6
1. amount I. incidents
2. device 2. respects
3. courage 3. emotions
4. consideration 4. clients
5. compound 5. burglars
6. aspect 6. comments
Test on Nouns (270-271)
I a 6 a II b
2 a 7 C 12 b
3 C 8 C 13 a
4 C 9 b 14 d
5 b 10 d 15 a
21
II. Adjectives (271)
Set 1 Set 5 Set 9
l. available l. inadequate l. precious
2. anxious 2. unfit 2. profound
3. unemployed 3. preliminary 3. reliable
4. initial 4. ultimate 4. vital
5. reluctant 5. unlikely 5. keen on
6. innocent 6. reckless 6. vast
Set2 Set 6 Set 10

I. extinct I. principal I. crucial
2. dense 2. prior 2. eventual
3. eventual 3. reluctant 3. abundant
4. notable 4. considerable 4. stable
5. contrary 5. relevant 5. immense
6. considerable 6. scarce 6. incomparable
Set 3 Set7
1. unique I. incredible
2. profitable 2. profound
3. inevitable 3. remarkable
4. steady 4. fundamental
5. productive 5. essential
6. eager 6. convenient
Set 4 Set 8
1. severe l. potential
2. invisible 2. infinite
3. jealous 3. significant
4. significant 4. valid
5. stable 5. severe
6. adequate 6. precise
Test on Adjectives (274-276)
I b 6 C ][ C 16 b 21 a 26 C
2 b 7 d 12 a 17 d 22 C 27 a
3 d 8 a 13 a 18 a 23 b 28 C
4 d 9 d ]4 C 19 a 24 d 29 C
5 d 10 a 15 d 20 a 25 a 30 C
22
IV. Adverbs (276)
Set 1 Set 2 Set 3

I. attentively I. extensively I. relatively
2. barely 2. hardly 2. deliberately
3. entirely 3. simultaneously 3. apparently
4. efficiently 4. essentially 4. firmly
5. approximately 5. relatively 5. permanently
6. precisely 6. incidentally 6. profoundly
Test on Adverbs (277-278)
I d 6 a 11 b 16 a
2 C 7 C 12 b 17 b
3 C 8 b 13 b 18 b
4 a 9 b 14 C 19 a
5 d ]0 C 15 d 20 a
General Test on Synoyms (279)

Set 1(279-281)
I a 6 a 11 b 16 b 21 a 26 d
2 a 7 a 12 a 17 b 22 b 27 C
3 a 8 d 13 d 18 b 23 C 28 a
4 b 9 a 14 b 19 C 24 b 29 d
5 a 10 a 15 C 20 a 25 a 30 a
Set 2 (281-283)
I d 6 C 11 b 16 C 21 b 26 d
2 d 7 b 12 a 17 b 22 a 27 b
3 b 8 a 13 C ]8 C 23 d 28 b
4 b 9 d 14 a 19 b 24 b 29 b
5 C 10 a 15 C 20 b 25 C 30 a
Set 3 (283-285)
I a 6 a 11 a 16 b 21 d 26 b
2 C 7 b 12 C 17 a 22 C 27 b
3 a 8 a 13 b 18 b 23 C 28 b
4 d 9 a 14 C ]9 C 24 d 29 b
5 a 10 d ]5 C 20 a 25 C 30 a
23
Chapter 2: Usage (286)
I. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
A. Prepositions That Follow Verbs
Set 1 (286-287) Set 1 Set2

l. waiting for 36. arrived at 31. believe in
2. thinking of 37. arrived in 32. benefited from
3. smile at 38. asked ... about ... 33. feeding on
4. rest on 39. asked ... for 34. praised ... for
5. rests with 40. begged ... for 35. betting on
6. provide .. for 36. borrowed ... from
7. provide ... with Set 2 (287) 37. care about
8. insisted on l. regarded as 38. charged with
9. prevented ... from 2. aimed at 39. charged for
IO. admitted ... as 3. live on 40. suspected of
I l. working on 4. lies with Set 3 (288-289)
12. thanked ... for 5. send for
13. assigned to 6. sympathize with l. care for
14. staring at 7. warned ... about 2. commented on
15. apply ... for 8. spends ... on 3. complained of
16. benefited from 9. translated ... into 4. complimented ... on
17. replied to 10. describe ... as 5. congratulated ... on
18. shocked by/at 11. supplied ... with 6. contributes to ...
19. object to 12. provide ... for 7. contributed towards/
20. satisfied with 13. provide ... with to ...
2 l. disgusted at/with 14. quarrelling with ... 8. consists of
22. disappointed with about ... 9. discriminates
23. mention .. to 15. react to against
24. remind ... of 16. recovering from I 0. cooperate with
25. corresponding with 17. remind of 11. deals with
26. prefer... to ... 18. rescued ... from 12. decided on
27. exchanged ... for 19. reserved for 13. distinguish between
28. searching for 20. resigned from 14. distinguish ... from
29. accused ... of 21. responded ... to ... 15. differ in ...
30. agree with you on ... 22. result from 16. excluded from
3 l. appologized to me 23. result in 17. excuse ... for
for 24. reward for 18. blamed ... on
32. approve of 25. sacrificed ... for .. 19. blamed ... for ...
33. apply to ... for ... 26. focus on ... 20. prohibited ... from
34. argue with ... about... 27. laughed at 2 l. marvelled at
35. arrested for 28. concentrate on 22. inferred from
29. accustomed to 23. inform ... of/about
30. criticized for 24. inquired about
25. aimed for
24
26. insure ... against 36. cope with 46. settle in
27. suspected of 37. substitute ... for 47. delights in
28. threatened ... with 38. long for 48. presented with
29. introduce ... to 39. mean by 49. succeeded in
30. invested in ... 40. mistook ... for 50. profited from
31. involved in 41. struggle for
32. recognize ... as 42. objected to
33. suffer from 43. operated on
34. referring to 44. participates in
35. leave ... with 45. payfor
Test on Prepositions That Follow Verbs (289-291)

la lie 21d 31c
2 C 12 C 22 d 32 b
3 d 13 C 23 a 33 b
4 C J4 b 24 d 34 d
5 ct 15 b 25 ct 35 a
6 ct 16 ct 26 b 36 a
7 d 17 C 27 d 37 a
8 C 18 d 28 C 38 C
9 C J9 a 29 d 39 b
JO C 20 C 30 C 40 C
Prepositions That Follow Adjectives(29 l-293)
Set 1 31. tolerant of

I. grateful to ... for ... 16. patient with 32. proud of
2. jealous of 17. quick at 33. typical of
3. familiar with 18. rude to 34. absent from
4. keen on 19. kind to 35. afraid of
5. capable of 20. short of 36. angry with
6. intent on 21. useful for 37. anxious about
7. qualified for 22. sensitive about 38. ashamed of
8. fond of 23. worthy of 39. aware of
9. dependent on 24. kind of 40. applicable to
10. ahead of 25. sorry for/about
11. certain of 26. vital to
12. unprepared for 27. suitable for
13. fortunate in 28. unaware of
14. ignorant of 29. sure of
LS. guilty of 30. suspicious of
25
Prepositions That Follow Adjectives - Set 2 (292-293
1. beneficial for 16. critical of 31. indebted to

2. busy with 17. curious about 32. inconsiderate of
3. capable of 18. dependent on 33. jealous of
4. characteristic of 19. envious of 34. keen on
5. comparable to 20. eager for 35. mad about
6. conscious of 21. faithful to 36. mad with
7. relevant to 22. familiar with 37. responsible for
8. inconvenient ... for 23. familiar to 38. rich in
9. suspicious of 24. friendly to 39. popular with
I 0. confident of 25. fit for 40. preferable to
11. convenient for 26. free from/of
12. generous with 27. alike in
13. optimisitc about 28. full of
14. good at 29. honest with
15. contrary to 30. identical to
Test on Prepositions That Follow Adjectives(293-294)
I b 6 d II d
2 d 7 b 12 d
3 a 8 C 13 C
4 b 9 C 14 C
5 b 10 a
C. Important Prepositional Phrases (294)
Exercise 7(294)
a) as well as
b) In spite of
c) on account of
d) unlike
e) concerning
Test on Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases(294-295)
I a 6 d 11 C
2 a 7 b 12 C
3 d 8 a 13 C
4 b 9 C 14 a
5 b 10 b
26
II. Verbs and Verbals (296)
A. Verbs That Take Gerunds and Infinitives
Exercise 8 (296-297)
I. a) enabled 4. a) lets
b) avoided b) forbids 7. a) recall
c) regretted c) suggests b) look forward to
d) failed d) requires c) advise
e) threatened e) pretends d) mean
e) regret
2. a) imagine 5. a) deserves
b) can't help b) needs
c) afford c) enjoys
d) persuade d) tends
e) delay e) makes
3. a) denied 6. a) hesitate
b) postpone b) mind
c) appreciated
d) caused . c) considering
d) demanding
e) managed e) allow
Test on Gerunds or Infinitives(297-298)
C 6 C 11 a 16 a
2 C 7 d 12 a
3 a 8 d 13 d
4 a 9 d 14 b
5 b JO C 15 d
27
B. Verb Patterns (298)
I. a) prevent 6. a) extend 11. a) absorbed

b) insist b) expand b) seized
c) remind c) necesitate c) suspected
d) respond d) tend d) behaved
e) accuse e) estimate e) concealed
2. a) prohibit 7. a) involves 12. a) turned out

b) recover b) relaxes b) converted
c) blame c) exists c) mistook
d) approve ct) evaporates d) deserved
e) benefit e) resists e) acquired
3. a) aids 8. a) declined 13. a) proved

b) wears out b) rescued b) robbed
c) insures c) researched c) occurred
d) i II ustrates d) searched d) objected
e) approximates e) inspected e) requested
4. a) extends 9. a) managed 14. a) consisted of

b) absorbs b) succeeded b) ruined
c) discriminates c) enabled c) refused
d) resembles ct) achieved d) accomplished
e) maintains e) provided e) assumed
5. a) involves JO. a) avoided

b) circulates b) pretended
c) acts c) survived
d) points out d) treated
e) dissolves e) behaved
C. The Passive Voice(301)
15. a) invented 16. a) appreciated 17. a) devised

b) discovered b) noticed b) threatened
c) destroyed c) implied c) carried out
d) elected ct) arrested d) consumed
e) awarded e) amazed c) consulted
28
18. a) astonished 20. a) confined 22. a) utilized
b) composed b) held b) reduced
c) estimated c) promoted c) altered
d) governed d) maintained d) recognized
e) dismissed e) involved e) admitted
19. a) scheduled 21. a) evaluated

b) exposed b) brought up
c) astonished c) convinced
d) made up of d) delayed
e) engaged in e) detected
D. The Causative E. Adjectival and Adverbial
Form (303) Participles (303-304)
23. a) installed 24. a) estimated 27. a) causing

b) pulled out b) adopted b) realizing
c) dyed c) brought on c) providing
d) extended d) earned d) pretending
e) mend e) wasted e) wishing
25. a) seen 28. a) frightened

b) located b) raised
c) recommended c) Situated
d) treated d) Discovered
e) damaged e) Disapointed
F. Infinitives(304)
26. a) suffering 29. a) to preserve

b) requiring b) to resign
c) participating c) to acknowledge
d) running d) to benefit
e) covering e) to accustom
30. a) to"ignore
b) to state
c) to dominate
d) to abandon
e) to confine
29
Test on Verbs(304-307)
I C 11 b 21 C 31 C 41 b
2 d 12 d 22 b 32 C 42 C
3 d 13 C 23 a 33 b 43 C
4 d 14 C 24 a 34 a 44 d
5 C 15 b 25 a 35 d 45 C
6 d 16 b 26 C 36 d 46 d
7 d 17 d 27 b 37 b 47 C
8 b 18 d 28 b 38 d 48 b
9 a 19 a 29 d 39 d 49 C
JO C 20 a 30 d 40 b 50 a
III. Nouns (308)

Exercise 10 (308)
I. a) Responsibility 5 .. a) hazard 9. a) density

b) policy b) Famine b) nutrition
c) survival c) potential c) durability
d) rescue d) requirement d) congestion
e) environment e) maintenance e) era
2. a) involvement 6. a) attitude I 0. a) nutrient

b) nourishment b) phenomenon b) illiteracy
c) retirement c) conflict c) decline
d) achievement d) consequence d) memory
e) treatment e) conservation e) shortage
3. a) influence 7. a) constituents 11. a) expenditure

b) optimism b) reptiles b) significance
c) yield c) obstacles c) lack
d) resemblance d) facilities d) accomplishment
e) ratio e) suspects e) distribution
4. a) prediction 8. a) orbit 12. a) Security

b) resignation b) altitude b) incompetence
c) promotion c) velocity c) pace
d) contribution d) friction d) trial
e) competition e) Motion e) evaporation
30
13. a) treatment 15. a) supply 17. a) settlement
b) diagnoses b) appreciation· b) emergence
c) recovery c) cultivation c) preservation
d) fever d) evaluation d) prospect
e) pains e) trend e) access
14. a) census 16. a) negligence 18. a) reverse

b) range b) output b) contrary
c) inhabitants c) property c) abundance
d) advent d) welfare d) incentive
e)tendency e) distinction e) determination
Test on Nouns (312-314)
1 a 6 a 11 a 16 a 21 b 26 b 31 b 36 a
2 a 7 a 12 b 17 b 22 C 27 b 32 a 37 d
3 d 8 d 13 d 18 b 23 a 28 b 33 a 38 b
4 a 9 d 14 C 19 d 24 a 29 a 34 a 39 C
5 a 10 d 15 C 20 d 25 b 30 d 35 b 40 d
Exercise 11 (314)
V. Adjectives (314)
1. a) confident 4. a) inconvenient 7. a) eager

b) guilty b) contributory b) wealthy
c) independent c) urban c) adequate
d) free d) competitive d) valid
e) ignorant e) reliable e) incapable
2. a) responsible 5. a) available 8. a) durable

b) identical b) casual b) anxious
c) keen c) nutritious c) inclusive
d) capable d) lacking d) hereditary
e) conscious e) constant e) residential
3. a) Overweight 6. a) immense 9. a) precious

b) likely b) superior b) precise
c) recreational c) crucial ~) considerable
d) respiratory d) unconscious d) remote
e) severe e) extinct e) indecisive
31
10. a) smart 11. a) profitable
b) valuable b) racial
c) violent c) invisible
d) generous d) prompt
e) decent e) exhausted
Test on Adjectives (317-319)
1 C 6 d 11 a 16. a 21 a 26 b 31 a
2 b 7 a 12 d 17 a 22 d 27 d 32 d
3 b 8 b 13 C 18 b 23 a 28 a 33 a
4 C 9 d 14 b 19 b 24 C 29 b
5 d 10 b 15 b 20 b 25 d 30 d
V. Adverbs (320)
Exercise 12 (320)
1. a) hardly 2. a) relatively 3. a) preferably
b) proportionately b) hardly b) profitably
c) respectively c) substantially c) essentially
d) considerably d) efficiently d) profoundly
e) thoroughly e) precisely e) deliberately
Test on Adverbs (321)

I C 6 b 11 d
2 C 7 b 12 a
3 d 8 C 13 a
4 a 9 b 14 d
5 a 10 d 15 b
General Vocabulary Tests (322- 335)

Set 1 (322-323)
I d 6 b II b 16 d 21 a
2 a 7 b 12 C 17 C 22 C
3 a 8 d 13 b 18 d 23 C
4 C 9 b 14 b 19 d 24 b
5 a 10 d 15 a 20 C 25 b
Set 2 (324-325)
I C 6 d 11 d 16 C 21 b
2 C 7 v 12 a 17 C 22 b
3 a 8 C 13 C 18 a 23 a
4 C 9 C 14 a 19 b 24 C
5 b 10 b 15 C 20 b 25 C
32
Set 3 (326-327)
1 b 6 a 11 d 16 a 21 C
2 d 7 C 12 b 17 d .22 d
3 d 8 b 13 b 18 d 23 b
4 b 9 C 14 b 19 b 24 a
5 C 10 C 15 d 20 C 25 b
Set 4 (328-329)
I a 6 b II c 16 a 21 d
2 C 7 d 12 C 17 a 22 b
3 a 8 C 13 d 18 a 23 a
4 C 9 a 14 d 19 a 24 a
5 b 10 d 15 a 20 b 25 C
Set 5 (330-331)
I a 6 C 11 C 16 d 21 b
2 d 7 d 12 b 17 d 22 C
3 b 8 C 13 a 18 a 23 b
4 C 9 C 14 C 19 C 24 C
5 C 10 d 15 d 20 a 25 C
Set 6 (332-333)
I a 6 b 11 d 16 a 21 b
2 C 7 b 12 a 17 b 22 C
3 b 8 b 13 a 18 C 23 d
4 a 9 b 14 C 19 C 24 a
5 b 10 a 15 b 20 a 25 b
Set 7 (334-335)
1b 6 b 11 C 16 C 21 a
2 b 7 d 12 C 17 C 22 d
3 C 8 C 13 C 18 a 23 a
4 C 9 a 14 d 19 d 24 b
5 a 10 d 15 C 20 d 25 aa
33
PART 3: ADVANCED ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
Chapter 1: Recognizing Synonyms· (336)
I. Advanced Verbs
Exercise 1(336)
Set 1 Set 5 Set9
I. take after l. aroused l. abide by
2. acquire 2. deprived 2. merge
3. forecast 3. predicted 3. decline
4. undergo 4. blamed 4. commence
5. exhibit 5. accumulated 5. accommodate
6. occur 6. emerged 6. ease
Set2 Set6 Set 10

I. inhabit l. advocate l. sought
2. enhance 2. anticipate 2. specified
3. induce 3. correspond 3. proclaimed
4. distinguish 4. notify 4. scrutinized
5. detest 5. coincide 5. settled
6. does not correspond 6. deteriorate 6. stretched
with
Set3 Set7 Set 11

I. consume l. predominate l. surpassed
2. resume 2. emit 2. declined
3. manufacture 3. comprise 3. prompted
4. assess 4. account for 4. predominated
5. match 5. persist 5. inferred
6. magnify 6. abound 6. prospered
Set4 Set8 Set 12

I. breeds l. ignore l. rivalled
2. entails 2. exploit 2. compelled
3. stems 3. tackle 3. impaired
4. runs 4. visualize 4. yielded
5. emits 5. endure 5. stressed
6. expends 6. curb 6. persisted
34
Set 13 Set 18 Set23
I. confine l. exerting l. dwelt ... upon
2. undermine 2. curtailing 2. abided by
3. diminish 3. assessing 3. reconciled
4. entail 4. boosting 4. hampered
5. attain 5. fulfilling 5. inherited
6. promote 6. neglecting 6. terminated
Set 14 Set 19 Set 24

l. deteriorating l. combat l. exploit
2. pursuing 2. alleviate 2. sustain
3. intensifying 3. verify 3. pertain
4. outstripping 4. restore 4. endorse
5. spoiling 5. seek 5. perceive
6. shrinking 6. disrupt 6. suggest
Set 15 Set20 Set25

I. prevails l. prosper 1. jeopardize
2. expires 2. resolve 2. reconcile
3. entails 3. curb 3. halt
4. ascribes 4. secure 4. disperse
5. bans 5. adopt 5. commit
6. appeals to 6. enhance 6. preclude
Set 16 Set 21 Set26

l. retained l. appraise 1. offset
2. implemented 2. tackle 2. wrecked
3. sought 3. discern 3. extolled
4. charged 4. annul 4. impeded
5. detected 5. arouse 5. offended
6. upset 6. comment on 6. imperilled
Set 17 Set22 Set27

1. terminated 1. augments I. devoured
2. enhanced 2. contracts 2. aspired
3. extracted 3. aggravates 3. reiterated
4. fulfilled 4. corresponds to 4. abated
5. charged with 5. adheres 5. admonished
6. laid off 6. promotes 6. geared
35
Set28
l. overwhelmed
2. recruited
3. commended
4. evicted
5. hampered
6. repealed
Test on Advanced Verbs - Set 1 (345-347)
l b 6 C 11 a 16 d 21 C 26 C
2 d 7 a )2 C 17 a 22 b 27 a
3 b 8 a 13 a 18 a 23 C 28 b
4 a 9 C 14 d 19 C 24 b 29 C
5 a 10 a 15 d 20 d 25 C 30 b
Test on Advanced Verbs - Set 2 (347-348)
le 6a lla
2 d 7 d 12 C
3 a 8 b 13 b
4 b 9 d 14 a
5 C 10 b 15 a
II. Advanced Nouns(349)

Set3
Set 1 l. impact Set 5
I. impression 2. corrosion l. rival
2. end 3. drought 2. outlook
3. acclaim 4. perception 3. commitment
4. distinction 5. deterioration 4. reputation
5. rate 6. velocity 5. menace
6. range 6. an advocate
Set2 Set4 Set6

l. remedy l. outcome l. innovations
2. incentive 2. output 2. fashion
3. prejudice 3. relief 3. precedence
4. version 4. confirmation 4. scope
5. inquiry 5. famine 5. impetus
6. conduct 6. foundation 6. defects
36
Set 7 Set 8
I. inclination I. anguish
2. defiance 2. esteem
3. jeopardy 3. hint
4. version 4. core
5. onset 5. abuse
6. quest 6. accord
Test on Advanced Nouns (351-353)
I a 6 b 11 b 16 C 21 C 26 ct
2 a 7 b 12 C 17 C 22 b 27 ct
3 a 8 C 13 a 18 C 23 a 28 C
4 b 9 C 14 a 19 b 24 ct 29 C
5 h 10 d 15 b 20 C 25 a 30 ct
III. Adjectives (354)

Set 1
I. mutual Set 4 Set 7
2. genuine I. ignorant I. eminent
3. bold 2. compulsory 2. wise
4. illiterate 3. prominent 3. indifferent
5. persistent 4. haphazard 4. unendurable
6. crucial 5. drastic 5. liable
6. prompt 6. unaltered
Set2 Sets Set 8

I. prosperous I. vacant I. loyal
2. loose 2. decent 2. obsolete
3. optimistic 3. slim 3. susceptible
4. tremendous 4. remote 4. pertinent
5. tight 5. nasty 5. obstinate
6. urban 6. just 6. plausible
Set 3 Set 6 Set 9

I. moderate I. liable I. vain
2. indispensable to 2. precise 2. acute
3. unprecedented 3. peculiar to 3. adverse
4. imperative 4. overall 4. miscellaneous
5. nonsensical 5. ample 5. mandatory
6. notable 6. subsequent 6. distinct
37
l. subsequent l. compatible I. legitimate
2. subordinate 2. imminent 2. prospective
3. robust 3. ingenious 3. intricate
4. massive 4. concrete 4. prolific
5. decisive 5. irrevocable 5. diverse
6. confidential 6. indignant 6. versatile

l. prevalent 1. thrifty l. implicit
2. stingy 2. random 2. commensurate
3. impending 3. vague 3. compliant
4. liable for 4. far-reaching 4. obsolete
5. viable 5. explicit 5. adverse
6. meticulous 6. affluent 6. adroit
Set 12 Set 15
1. concise 1. inconceivable
2. thrilling 2. consistent
3. adept 3. inquisitive
4. inherent 4. unethical
5. devoid of 5. futile
6. affluent 6. uneasy
Test on Advanced Adjectives (359-361)
I b 6 d 11 d 16 a 21 b 26 b
2 d 7 C 12 C 17 b 22 a 27 d
3 b 8 b 13 d 18 d 23 C 28 b
4 a 9 C 14 C 19 a 24 a 29 a
5 C 10 b 15 a 20 b 25 b 30 a
IV.Advanced Adverbs
Exercise 4 (362)
Set l Set2 Set3

1. intentionally l. drastically l. literally
2. exclusively 2. essentially 2. eventually
3. abruptly 3. eventually 3. drastically
4. virtually 4. consistently 4. overwhelmingly
5. predominantly 5. solely 5. painstakingly
6. particularly 6. genuinely 6. notably
38
Set4 Test on Advanced Adverbs (363)
1. equitably l c 6 b
2. vigorously 2 b 7 C
3. subsequently 3 b 8 a
4. mutually 4 b 9 b
5. consistently 5 C IO b
6. strictly
General Test on Synonyms (364)
Set l (364-366)
I a 6 ct ll C 16 C 21 b 26 C
2C 7 a 12 b 17 b 22 ct 27 C
3 a 8 C 13 C 18 ct 23 C 28 b
4 C 9 b 14 b 19 b 24 a 29 ct
5 b IO C 15 C 20 a 25 ct 30 C
Set 2 (366-368)
I C 6 b 11 C 16 b 21 a 26 C
2 C 7 a 12 b 17 a 22 ct 27 C
3 a 8 C 13 C 18 a 23 C 28 C
4 b 9 C 14 C 19 b 24 a 29 C
5 C IO b 15 ct 20 C 25 b 30 C
Set 3 (368-370)
I a 6 a II b 16 b 21 C 26 C
2 b 7 b 12 ct 17 C 22 C 27 C
3 b 8 ct 13 a 18 a 23 b 28 b
4 b 9 b 14 ct 19 ct 24 ct 29 ct
5 a IO c 15 a 20 C 25 C 30 C
Set 4 (371-372)
I b 6 b ll ct 16 a 21 b
2 ct 7 a 12 a 17 a 22 b
3 C 8 b 13 ct 18 ct 23 a
4 b 9 C 14 b 19 ct 24 ct
5 C IO a 15 b 20 ct 25 b
39
Chapter 2: Usage (373)
I. Prepositions
A. Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions
Exercise 1 Set 1 (373-374) Set 2(374)
21. amounts to I. embarked on

1. emerged from 22. appealed to ... for. .. 2. derived from
2. rely on 23. appeal to 3. despairs of
3. account for 24. attaches ... to 4. allocate ... for
4. confined ... to 25. assured ... of 5. allocate to
5. persisted in 26. prided ... on 6. deviate ... from ...
6. comply with 27. attributes to 7. intervene in
7. interferes with 28. acquainted with 8. deter ... from
8. interfere in 29. converted from ... to 9. imposes ... on
9. conform to 30. refrain from 10. issued with
10. specializing in 31. coincides with I I. restrain ... from
11. accounts for 32. commit ... to 12. adhere to
12. dispose of 33. compensate for 13. occur to
13. hinder ... from 34. pertaining to 14. rebelled against
14. abounds in 35. conflict with 15. relieved ... of
15. dedicated ... to 36. correspond with 16. acquitted of
16. adhered to 37. entitled ... to ... 17. resorted to
17. released from 38. abstain ... from 18. inflicted ... on
18. negotiate with 39. count on 19. submit to
19. collaborating with 40. corresponds to 20. surrendered to
20. discriminated 21. confessed to
against 22. prides on
Test on Advanced Verbs Followed by Prepositions 23. associated with
(375-377) 24. dissuade .. .from
I b 11 a 21 C 25. incorporated into
2 d 12 a 22 a 26. yield to
3 b 13 d 23 b 27. amounts to
4 d 14 d 24 a 28. attended to
5 a 15 d 25 C 29. Beware of
6 b 16 d 26 C 30. condemned to
7 a 17 b 27 d 31. confide in
8 a 18 d 28 a 32. confided to
9 d 19 a 29 d 33. indulges in
10 d 20 a 30 b 34. part with
35. reason with
40
B. Prepositions in C. Advanced Adjectives
Passive Followed by
Constructions (377) Prepositions (378)
Exercise 3
Exercise 2 Set 1 (378-379) Set 2 (379)
l. convinced of I. consistent with l.prone to

2. based on 2. incompatible with 2. relative to
3. involved in 3. inconsistent with 3. furious about/at
4. involved with 4. indifferent to 4. cruel to
5. is married to 5. relevant to 5. particular about
6. qualified for 6. deficient in 6. alien to
7. restricted to 7. lacking in 7. destitute of
8. satisfied with• 8. liable for 8. conducive to
9. astonished at 9. loyal to 9. commensurate with
I 0. delighted at 10. distinct from 10.congruous with
11. preoccupied with 11. neglectful of I l.
congenial to
12. accustomed to 12. negligent in 12.consistent with
13. annoyed with 13. optimistic about 13.reminiscent of
14. frightened of 14. peculiar to 14.self-sufficient in
15. dismayed at 15. pertinent to 15.indignant at
16. irritated at 16. regardless of 16.subject to
17. devoted to 17. prejudiced against 17.faithful to
18. was faced with 18. prompt in 18.zealous for
19. acquainted with 19. proportional to 19.vulnerable to
20. committed to 20. reliant on 20. adept at
21. dedicated to 21. subject to
22. implicated in 22. true of Test on Advanced
23. obsessed with 23. superior to Adjectives Followed by
24. intrigued by 24. inferior to Prepositions (379)
25. prejudiced against 25. resistant to I ct
26. confronted with 26. immune to 2 ct
27. relieved of 27. vulnerable to 3 C
28. associated with 28. eligible for 4 a
29. deprived of 29. free from/of 5 a
30. attributed to 30. resistant to 6 b
31. susceptible to
32. strict with
33. subsequent to
34. liable to
35. irrespective of
41
D. Nouns Followed by Prepositions (380)
Exercise 4:(380) 11. With the advent of Mini Test on Nouns

I. reason for 12. controversy over (380)
2. advantages over 13. dispute over
3. doubt about 14. commitment to b
4. effects on 15. prospects for 2 d
5. intention of 16. access to 3 C
6. indifference to 17. impact on 4 d
7. reliance on 18. scope for 5 b
8. quest for 19. beyond the scope of
9. strain on 20. deterioration in
10. faith in
II. Advanced Verbs (381)

Exercise 5: (381)
I. a) comprise 5. a) gained 9, a) refute

b) devote b) abandoned b) appraise
c) abound c) emerged c) curtail
d) stem d) intensified d) scrutinize
e) cope e) conflicted e) diagnose
2. a) dominates 6. a) persist 10. a) surmount

b) enhances b) coincide b) inhabit
c) interferes c) appeal c) dispose
d) deteriorates d) entail d) reverse
e) confirms e) predominate e) differentiate
3. a) reveals 7. a) interact 11. a) deprived

b) inhibits b) exploit b) exposed
c) entitles c) overestimate/ c) sacrificed
d) intensifies underestimate d) employed
e) persists d) interfere e) fulfilled
4. a) verify 8. a) scrutinize 12. a) ranks

b) invent b) utilize b) contends
c) divert c) outweigh c) contradicts
d) justify d) inhibit d) exerts
e) comply e) boost e) poses
42
13. a) adopted 20. a) diversify 27. a) thrilled
b) disrupted b) secure b) acquainted
c) diverted c) purchase c) granted
d) conceived d) differentiate d) scared
e) enhanced e) intrude e) appalled
14. a) associated 21. a) accounting 28. a) curb

b) underrated b) abstaining b) undertake
c) confined c) pursuing c) exploit
d) untapped d) interfering d) intervene
e) restrained e) surpassing e) withstand
15. a) retain 22. a) abstained 29. a) inclined

b) compel b) alleged b) committed
c) attribute c) repudiated c) unmatched
d) suspend d) disguised d) reconciled
e) dominate e) abated e) justified
16. a) adhere 23. a) restrained 30. a) presume

b) subsist b) hampered b) console
c) strive c) exerted c) correspond
d) invade d) abstained d) recount
e) revive e) surpassed e) integrate
17. a) terminate 24. a) undermining 31. a) compromise

b) expire b) advocating b) sustain
c) revert c) emerging c) intervene
d) evolve d) ranging d) alienate
e) resort e) pertaining e) conceive
18. a) sustain 25. a) accumulated 32. a) conquered

b) shift b) allotted b) retaliated
c) contend c) reaped c) receded
d) interact d) undermined d) inspired
e) prosecute e) revoked e) fostered
19. a) unsubstantiated 26. a) relinquish 33. a) allocated

b) quoted b) attain b) ltkened
c) strained c) conquer c) strove
d) inhibited d) assert d) hinted
e) disputed e) impair e) endowed
43
34. a) dissuade 35. a) unwarranted
b) avert b) uncultivated
c) exercise c) unfulfilled
d) disperse d) unidentified
e) flee e) unabated
Test on Advanced Verbs

Set 1 (389-393) Set 2 (393-394)
1d 11 c 21 a 31 a 41 b I C 11 d
2 d 12 a 22 a 32 b 42 b 2 d 12 a
3 b 13 C 23 C 33 C 43 d 3 d 13 b
4 C 14 a 24 b -34 d 44 C 4 C 14 a
5 C 15 b 25 b 35 C 45 b 5 a )5 C
6 a 16 a 26 C 36 b 46 a 6 C 16 d
7 a 17 C 27 b 37 d 47 C 7 b 17 d
8 d 18 a 28 a 38 b 48 C 8 d 18 b
9 a 19 b 29 b 39 C 49 b 9 b 19 b
10 a 20 a 30 d 40 a 50 b 10 b 20 a
III. Advanced Nouns (395)

1. a) autonomy 5. a) impact 9. a) modification
b) relief b) extension b) imposition
c) harvest c) diversity c) deterioration
d) expectancy d) advocate d) interaction
e) gap e) emphasis e) inhibitions
2. a) trait 6. a) utilization 10. a) discrimination

b) violation b) justification b) prospect
c) output c) reputation c) figure
d) outcome d) succession d) consistency
e) trend e) disruption e) mobility
3. a) settlement 7. a) shortcomings 11. a) impetus

b) emergence b) measures b) intensity
c) preservation c) privileges c) interference
d) prospect d) initiatives d) invasion
e) access e) incentives e) credibility
4. a) impairment 8. a) Frustration 12. a) disposal

b) destination b) perception b) ignorance
c) drawback c) leave c) innovation
d) advent d) wisdom d) dispute
e) assessment e) essence e) retention
44
13. a) justice 20. a) Interaction 27. a) tracks
b) case b) distinction b) shortcomings
c) medium c) exposure c) diversity
d) media d) utility d) concessions
e) agenda e) facility e) taste
14. a) burden 2 I. a) justification 28. a) evasion

b) purchase b) coincidence b) gravity
c) congestion c) habitat c) faith
d) ambition d) prosperity d) resentment
e) scale e) essence e) bulk
15. a) rebellion 22. a) reverse 29. a) propensity

b) prevalence b) impetus b) impediment
c) prerequisite c) abundance c) course
d) deference d) incentive d) imminence
e) futility e) drawback e) infrastructure
16. a) conception 23. a) inhibitions 30. a) prominence

b) deduction b) privileges b) impediment
c) deficit c) circumstances c) predicament
d) regard d) commitments d) discretion
e) acquisition e) tracks e) dexterity
17. a) extent 24. a) dwellers 3 I. a) insight

b) priority b) grounds b) solitude
c) fluctuations c) hostilities c) calamity
d) defect d) allegations d) zenith
e) famine e) concessions e) ailment
18. a) refutation 25. a) assets 32. a) motive

b) exploitation b) attributes b) warrant
c) justification c) discrepancies c) token
d) retention d) commodities d) instinct
e) acceleration e) proceedings e) inspiration
19. a) span 26. a) scrutiny 33. a) resort

b) intensity b) pretext b) resistance
c) genius c) consistency c) esteem
d) battle d) appeal d) toll
e) challenge e) consensus e) proponent
45
Test on Advanced Nouns (403-408)
Set 1 (403-406) Set 2 (407-408)
1 a II a 21 d 31 d 41 b I C ll c
2 b 12 C 22 d 32 a 42 C 2 b 12 b
3 b 13 b 23 a 33 C 43 C 3 b 13 d
4 b 14 a 24 d 34 b 44 a 4 C 14 C
5 a 15 d 25 C 35 a 45 a 5 b 15 b
6 C 16 C 26 C 36 a 46 C 6 d 16 d
7 b 17 b 27 a 37 b 47 C 7 b 17 b
8 C 18 d 28 b 38 C 48 b 8 b 18 d
9 b 19 d 29 a 39 b 49 b 9 b 19 C
IO a 20 C 30 b 40 a 50 a 10 C 20 d
IV. Advanced Adjectives (409)
I. a) reliant 5. a) ineffectual 9. a) adept

b) mutual b) unprecedented b) rudimentary
c) abundant c) identical c) prospective
d) genuine d) appreciable d) contagious
e) unjustifiable e) pertinent e) legitimate
2. a) prosperous 6. a) substantial 10. a) delicate

b) preliminary b) adverse b) inherent
c) severe c) bound c) uneasy
d) interim d) Primitive d) sheer
e) leading e) indispensable e) feasible
3. a) sole 7. a) disruptive 11. a) disposable

b) conducive b) Intensive b) apprehensive
c) incompatible c) respective c) indignant
d) abundant d) successive d) indifferent
e) susceptible e) addictive e) uniform
4. a) accessible 8. a) prospective 12. a) transparent

b) apt b) trivial b) inverse
c) vulnerable c) resolute c) tentative
d) persistent d) malignant d) intact
e) inconsistent e) potent e) tangible
46
13. a) thrifty 14. a) rigid 15. a) grave
b) trivial b) intricate b) strict
c) flourishing c) instrumental c) content
d) corresponding d) premature d) requisite
e) sceptical e) unanimous e) inferior
Test on Advanced Adjectives (413-416)
I b 11 b 21 b 31 b 41 b
2 C 12 d 22 C 32 d 42 C
3 b 13 b 23 b 33 d 43 C
4 a 14 a 24 a 34 b 44 a
5 a 15 b 25 d 35 a 45 b
6 a 16 d 26 a 36 b 46 d
7 b 17 b 27 b 37 b 47 b
8 C 18 b 28 b 38 a 48 b
9 d 19 C 29 C 39 b 49 C
10 b 20 a 30 d 40 d 50 b
V. Advanced Adverbs (416)
l. a) Initially 3. a) overwhelmingly 5. a) desperately

b) thoroughly b) persistently b) disproportionately
c) mutually c) Allegedly c) justifiably
d) progressively d) mutually d) extensively
e) barely e) proportionately e) Regrettably
2. a) consecutively 4. a) roughly
b) predominantly b) substantially
c) dexterously c) cautiously
d) hastily d) strictly
e) adversely e) accordingly
Test on Advanced Adverbs (418)
1 b 6 C 11 b
2 b 7 b 12 d
3 d 8 a
4 a 9 d
5 d 10 b
47
Advanced Usage Tests (419-426)
Set 1 (419-420)
1 ct 6 b 11 b 16 ct 21 C
2 a 7 ct 12 b 17 b 22 b
3 b 8 ct 13 b 18 b 23 C
4 ct 9 b 14 b 19 ct 24 ct
5 C 10 ct 15 a 20 b 25 d
Set 2 (421-422)
I b 6 C 11 c 16 C 21 ct
2 b 7 b 12 C 17 a 22 ct
3 ct 8 b 13 a 18 ct 23 C
4 b 9 C 14 ct 19 b 24 a
5 b 10 a 15 a 20 b 25 C
Set 3 (423-424)
l a
2 C
6 b
7 b
11 C
12 ct
16 a
17 a
21 a
22 C .
3 a 8 a 13 a 18 C 23 a
4 a 9 ct 14 b 19 b 24 C
5 C 10 C 15 a 20 C 25 a
Set 4 (425-426)
I ct 6 C 11 C 16 ct 21 a
2 b 7 b 12 ct 17 a 22 a
3 C 8 a 13 a 18 b 23 ct
4 ct 9 a 14 C 19 a 24 b
5 b 10 a 15 C 20 ct 25 C
48
Chapter 3: Special Difficulties
A. Phrasal Verbs - Exercise 1 (432)

Set 1 Set 3
l. put off l. called for
2. brought up 2. came across
3. turned out 3. carried out
4. called off 4. held up
5. set off 5. devised
6. carried out 6. made up
Set2 Set4
1. took over I. take on
2. made up 2. put up with
3. made up 3. make up for
4. turned down 4. put out
5. worked out 5. put across
6. kept up with 6. set up
Test on Phrasal Verbs (434-436)

Set 1 (434)
I a 6 b
2 b 7 C
3 a 8 a
4 a 9 a
5 d 10 a
Set 2 (435-436)
1 d 6 a 11 b 16 b 21 b
2 C 7 C 12 C 17 a 22 C
3 b 8 d 13 d 18 b 23 d
4 b 9 a 14 b 19 C 24 a
5 a 10 a 15 d 20 d 25 b
49
B. Words That Are Often Confused (437)
1. a) adapted 12. a) founded

b) adopted b) found
c) adept
13 a) the former
2. a) affected b) the first
b) effect
c) effected 14. a) hanged
b) hung
3. a) between
b) among 15. a) hard
b) hard/hardly
4. a) hardly
b) barely 16. a) historical
b) historic
5. a) borne
b) borne 17. a) imaginary
c) born b) imaginative
6. a) beside 18. a) industrial

b) besides b) industrious
7. a) continuous 19. a) ingenuous

b) continual b) ingenious
8. a) credible 20. a) latter

b) credulous b) later
9. a) economic 21. a) lonely

b) economical b) alone
10. a) enquiries 22. a) raised

b) inquiries b) rises
c) inquiry
23. a) sensible
11. a) exhaustive b) sensitive
b) exhausting
24. a) through
b) thorough
50
1. eligible 11. elicit 21. procedure
2. pervaded 12. tolerant 22. intrude
3. illegible 13. momentary 23. liable
4. evaded 14. appreciative 24. stimulus
5. dispelled 15. deduce 25. resume
6. excess/access 16. induce 26. liable
7. recur 17. confidential 27. voyage
8. conceded 18. judicial 28. journey
9. illicit 19. emigrants 29. retains
10. textile/texture 20. immigrants 30. presume
A. Sensible senseless sensitive sensational sensory (441)
1. senseless
2. sensible
3. sensory
4. sensational
5. sensitive
B. Say and Tell (441)

1. tell 6. tells
2. tell 7. tell
3. saying 8. telling
4. says 9. say
5. tell 10. say
C. Do and Make (441)

1. do 7. make
2. make/do 8. do
3. do 9. do
4. Do/make 10. do/make
5. make 11. do/make
6. do/make 12. make/make
D. lie, lay, lain, lay, laid, laid (442)

1. laid 5. lie 9. lying
2. lay 6. laid 10. lies
3. laid 7. lay
4. lies 8. laid
51
Test on Words Which Are Often Confused
Set 1 (442-445)
I a 6 d 11 c 16 b 21 C 26 d 31 a 36 d
2 a 7 a 12 a 17 b 22 b 27 d 32 b 37 a
3 C 8 a 13 b 18 C 23 C 28 C 33 b 38 d
..J. C 9 b 14 d 19 C 24 b 29 b 34 a 39 C
5 b 10 C 15 a 20 d 25 b 30 d 35 b 40 d
Set 2 (445-447)
I C 6 a II a 16 a 21 d 26 b 31 d
2 a 7 b 12 d 17 d 22 C 27 b 32 b
3 C 8 C 13 d 18 b 23 C 28 C 33 b
4 b 9 a 14 d 19 a 24 d 29 d 34 d
5 d 10 b 15 a 20 a 25 a 30 a 35 C
C. Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases, Idiomatic Expressions and Conjunctions

Exercise 5 (456)
Set 1 Set3 Set 5
I. regarding 1. took care of I. on account of
2. point 2. and ... alike 2. in pursuit of
3. in due course 3. in succession 3. in terms of
4. notwithstanding 4. beside the point 4. notwithtanding
5. on account of 5. at their disposal 5. As far as I'm concerned
6. regardless of 6. irrespective of 6. let alone
Set2 Set 4
1. in the face of I. concerning
2. thereby 2. as well as
3. keep up with 3. in proportion to
4. in case of 4. given
5. taken for granted 5. regardless of
6. take .. into account 6. prior to
Exercise 6 (458)
1. a) ins and outs 2. a) as to 3. a) in pursuit of
b) to some extent b) as of b) on the part of
c) as such c) make the most of c)inarow
d) for the sake of d) in terms· of d) regardless of
e) by heart e) owing to e) on the verge of
Test on Idiomatic Expressions (458-460)

I b 6 d 11 d 16 a 21 b 26 d
2 C 7 d 12 d 17 a 22 a 27 d
3d 8 C 13 C 18 C 23 a 28 b
4 b 9 d 14 d [9 C 24 b 29 C
5 d 10 d 15 C 20 a 25 b 30 a
52
D. Guessing Vocabulary Test on
Exercise 12 (465) Guessing
Vocabulary(466)
I. immediately; soon 6. unselfish I a 6 a
2. a long period of dry season 7. a reward; a stimulus 2 a 7 C
3. make larger 8. danger 3 b 8 C
4. spotless; clean 9. easily noticeable 4 C 9 d
5. Greek Foreign Minister IO. flooded 5 C 10 a
Words Used in Different Senses (467)

Exercise 13 (467)
maintain for (prep/conj) account for
(c) 3 (a) 4 (e) 5 (a) I
(f) 3,5 (b) 3 (f) I (b) 2
(g) I (c) 3 (g) 3 (c)
(h). 2 (d) 2 (h) 5
reveal seek while

(a) 2 (a) 2 (a) 3
(b) 1 (b) 1 (b) 2
(c) 2 (c)
(d) 2
suggest concerned exploit

(a) I (a) 2 (a) I
(b) 2 (b) I (b) I
(c) (c) 2
(d) 3 (d) 2
(c) 2
gather otherwise employ

(a) 2 (a) I (c) 4 (a) I
(b) I (b) 3 (f) 2 (b) 2
(c) I (c) 2 (g) 4 (c) 2
(d) 2
relief involve due to

(a) I (c) 2 (a) 2 (a) I
(b) 2 (d) 2 (b) 3b (b) 2
(c) 1
but (d) 3a given
(a) 2 (d)l (e) 3a (a) 3
(b) 4 (e) 2 (b) I
(c) 3 (c) 2
53
PART 4: READING COMPREHENSION
Chapter 1: Text Organization

Exercise l (473-474)
l. l. c 2. a 3.d 4.e 5. b
2. I. e 2. b 3.a 4.d 5.c
l. C 2. b 3.a 4. e
l. C 2.a 3.c 4. b 5. b
Exercise 4
I. b 2.a 3. b 4.a
5.a 6. b 7. b 8. b
Chapter 2: Reading Skills (480) .

I. Skimming (480-481) II. Scanning (482)
lb 5b le 4c
2c 6a 2a 5b
3 C 7 C 3 C 6 b
4 a 8 d
III. Recognizing Paraphrases or Restatements (487)

Exercise l (487)
I. She felt great anxiety.
2. The audience's applause was loud.
3. It was very surprising for us.
4. His behavior is very bad.
5. He is very courageous.
6. There are similarities between these two books.
7. He is a man of great determination.
8. There has been considerable improvement in his work.
9. He leads a comfortable life.
10. She has great patience.
11. His injury was severe.
12. He has a tendency to ignore traffic rules.
13. I have no objections to your driving the car.
14. The preservation of these old customs is essential.
15. The likelihood is that he will be promoted next month.
16. The two boys constantly compete with each other.
17. He knows a lot about commercial matters.
54
18. I have great confidence in his honesty.
19. His resignation from his post was unexpected.
20. It is a great convenience to live in the center of the town.
Exercise 2 (487)
l.
2. The likelihood is that he will get a scholarship
3. The acquisition of a skill takes a long time
4. Large numbers of immigrants travelled west to become wealthy and
prosperous.
5. What caused the extinction of some species is still unknown.
6. There has been a steady decline in the birth rate since 1980.
7. In spite of the establishment of a better system, there are still problems.
8. Oil has made some countries in the Middle East prosperous.
9. His father gave him constant encouragement to learn a foreign language.
10. The two brothers resemble each other strikingly.
11. Your rudeness is totally unjustifiable.
12. There is a strict prohibition on the sale of alcohol on election days.
13. The building was invaded by a large number of unemloyed (people).
14. His accomplishment was of great significance.
15. The patient was worried about the persistent pain.
16. The economic system must be changed drastically to ensure steady economic
growth.
17. It is essential to conserve energy.
18. In spite of his great effort, he couldn't finish the project on time.
19. It is unlikely that he will be offered a job.
20. He felt great anxiety about his father's deteriorating health.
21. After his retirement, he settled in a small coastal town.
22. His lack of consistency annoys me.
23. He achieved his goal because he persisted in his studies.
24. They have some influence on the allocation of resources.
25. These printers are preferred because of th~ir compatibility with most word
processors.
26. To be successful in life, it is not sufficient to be determined ....
27. The government must make drastic changes in its economic policy to ensure
steady economic growth.
28. It is doubtful whether these figures are accurate.
29. The fact that George arrived late annoyed the teacher.
30. The inadequacy of these measures is obvious.
l.
2. They stole everything except the television.
3. No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't get the money.
55
4. I should have thought of that idea before.
5. While there was a strike in the oil refinery, there were ....
6. There has been a considerable rise in the cost of living in the last five years.
7. I wish I were on a secluded beach in Mexico.
8. Regardless of whether there are problems or not,/Regardless of problems,
we must continue our efforts.
9. As soon as we receive ...
I 0. Although we warned him, ...
11. It's high time you acquired a few manners.
12. He had his sight tested.
13. I haven't played football since 1971.
14. As I had nowehere else to go, I...
15. I'd rather you hadn't written that letter.
16. However long it takes, I'll find that maf}.
17. 1 don't have enough income to meet all my financial commitments.
18. It's too marvellous (good) an opportunity-to miss.
Tests on Restatements (490-495)

I d 6 b 11 a 16 C 21 a 26 d
2 a 7 C 12 C 17 d 22 d 27 b
3 a 8 a 13 C 18 d 23 a 28 a
4 b 9 C 14 d 19 C 24 b
5 C 10 C 15 d 20 d 25 a
IV. Making Inferences(496)

Exercise l: Drawing Conclusions or Making Inferences (497-499)
I b 6 C 11 C
2 b 7 a 12 d
3 d 8 C 13 C
4 a 9 b 14 a
5 C JO C 15 C
1 C 4 C
2 b 5 a
3 C 6 a
Exercise 3 (500-50 I)
I A, B 5 8, C
2 A. C, D 6 J\, C
3 J\,C 7 B.C
4 A.B
56
Exercise 4 (502 -503)
1 a, d 5 b, d
2 a,d 6 c,d
3 c, d 7 a, d
4 a,c
Test on Inferences (504-507)

1 C 6 C Ila 16a 21a
2 C 7 b 12 a 17 b 22 C
3d 8 b 13 b 18 d 23 a
4 C 9 a 14 C 19 a
5 b JO C 15 C 20 b
Clues for Inferences

I. As he was studying theories about polarized light, ...
2. Used first as a toy, ...
3. Recently this use has increased as the crafts movement in the U.S. has formed a
new market...
4. As the popularity of kaleidoscopes has grown so have the prices.
5. It is now possible to pay thousands of dollars for some versions ...
6. As trees grow old they add a new ring for each year; this discovery, it seems
was first made by Leonardo da Vinci...
7. It took a long time, however, before the serious study of tree rings started.
8. Douglas developed a simple technique for dating trees ...
9. Logging camps are ideal places for studying tree rings; that's why Douglas
spent so many years in logging camps.
10. Other scientists used it to date the world's oldest living tree.
11. Scientists were able to date the Indian pueblo ruins to the tenth century.
12. The three species of horse are the Dawn Horse, the species that lived a few
million years later and the modern horse.
13. (4+3)x 2=14
14. The little horse was fairly intelligent.
15. The little horse was swift, as we can see from its slim body and slender legs.
16. The horse family survived when many other species died out...
17.... trucks cannot cost-effectively haul heavy, bulky commodities like steel or
coal.
18. The main drawback of trucks is that they cannot carry all types of cargo.
19 .... thanks to a 1983 law permitting the use of tandem trailers ...
20. Other types of transportation ...
21. Elements may be the basic building blocks of matter...
22. There is no indication in the passage that the gold atom is the smallest particle
known.
23 .... scientists must use their knowledge ... to continue the experiment in their
minds.
57
V. Identifying the Main Idea
A. Explicitly Stated Main Idea (508)
I (4) 4 (1)
2 (I) 5 (3)
3 (3)
Tests on Explicitly Stated Main Idea
lb 2b 3c
B. Implied Main Idea (509)

Tests on Implied Main Idea (510)
Id 2a 3b
Additional Tests on Finding the Main Idea (511-517)
I ct 6 c 11 b 16 c 21 b
2 d 7 C 12 b 17 C 22 b
3 a 8 c 13 a 18 ct
4 C 9 a 14 d 19 d
5 a 10 a 15 c 20 b
Tests on Choosing the Best Title (517-519)

l C 2 b 3a 4b 5a 6a 7c 8 a
VI. Prediction: What can Logically Follow (520)

Exercise 1 (520)
I c 6 h
2 f 7 e
3 a 8 j
4 g 9 ct
5 i 10 b
Exercise 2 (521)
la 2c 3d
Exercise 3 (521)
l b 6 C
2 ct 7 ct
3 b 8 a
4 C 9 a
5 ct 10 a
Prediction on the Paragraph Level (523)

le 2b 3c
58
Chapter 3: Organi7.ational Skills (524)
I. Unity
Exercise 1 (524)
1 d 2 e 3 b 4 d 5 d 6 C 7 a 8 d
II. Coherence: Arrangement and Connection of Sentences
Test on Reference Signals (533)
1d 2 d. 3 C 4 b 5 C 6 b 7 b
Test on Sentence Connection (534-535)

1 b 2 a 3 b 4 e 5 C 6 b 7 e
Chapter 4: Tests on Reading Comprehension

Set 1 (536-539)
1d 4 C 7 C 10 C 13 C 16 b
2 a 5 d 8 b 11 C 14 C 17 d
3 b 6 d 9 d 12 d 15 a 18 b
Set 2 (539- 542)

1a 4 b 7 a 10 d 13 b 16 d
2 C 5 a 8 b 11 d 14 C 17 a
3 C 6 d 9 d 12 C 15 b 18 d
Set 3 (542-545)
l b 5 b 9 d 13 b 17 b
2 C 6 C 10 a 14 a 18 b
3 d 7 b 11 d 15 d 19 d
4 d 8 d 12 C 16 C 20 d
Set 4 (545-549)
I b 6 C 11 b 16 d 21 C 26 a
2 a 7 a 12 d 17 a 22 b 27 C
3 a 8 a 13 b 18 C 23 C 28 a
4 d 9 d 14 a 19 a 24 d 29 C
5 C 10 b 15 d 20 d 25 b 30 a
Set 5 (550-554)
1 C 6 C 11 a 16 d 21 d 26 a 31 C 36 a
2 b 7 C 12 d 17 d 22 b 27 C 32 C 37 d
3 a 8 b 13 C 18 b 23 a 28 C 33 d 38 b
4 d 9 b 14 b 19 a 24 C 29 d 34 d 39 C
5 b 10 a 15 a 20 d 25 d 30 b 35 b 40 C
59
PARTS
SAMPLE TESTS (556)
Sample Proficiency Test 1 (556-570)
Part I Grammar(Total 40 pts.-1/2 point each)
I d 11 a 21 C 31 d 41 a 51 b 61 C 71 a
2 C 12 d 22 d 32 a 42 d 52 a 62 b 72 d
3 d 13 d 23 d 33 C 43 b 53 b 63 C 73 C
4 d 14 C 24 b 34 d 44 d 54 b 64 a 74 a
5 a 15 d 25 b 35 d 45 C 55 C 65 C 75 b
6 C 16 C 26 d 36 d 46 a 56 C 66 C 76 b
7 d 17 C 27 a 37 a 47 C 57 C 67 C 77 C
8 C 18 b 28 C 38 C 48 C 58 b 68 d 78 b
9 d 19 a 29 b 39 b 49 b 59 a 69 b 79 a
10 d 20 d 30 a 40 b 50 a 60 a 70 C 80 b
Part II: Vocabulary
81 a 86 b 91 d
82 d 87 b 92 d
83 b 88 a 93 d
84 C 89 b 94 b
85 a 90 a 95 a
Part III: Reading Comprehension
96 C 106 d 116 C 126 a 136 d

97 a 107 C 117 a 127 a 137 C
98 C 108 C 118 C 128 d 138 b
99 d 109 C 119 C 129 C 139 C
100 C 110 b 120 a 130 b 140 a
101 a Ill d 121 b 131 d
102 C 112 a 122 C 132 C
103 C 113 b 123 C 133 a
104 a 114 C 124 b 134 b
105 a 115 d 125 C 135 a
60
Sample Proficiency Test 2 (571-586)
Part I: Grammar(Total 40pts.-l/2 point each)
l d 11 C 21 a 31 a 41 b 51 C 61 b 71 d
2 b 12 d 22 C 32 b 42 a 52 a 62 b 72 a
3 d 13 d 23 a 33 C 43 b 53 C 63 a 73 a
4 d 14 C 24 d 34 a 44 b 54 C 64 b 74 b
5 b 15 a 25 b 35 C 45 a 55 d 65 b 75 d
6 d 16 d 26 b 36 d 46 b 56 a 66 a 76 a
7 C 17 C 27 b 37 d 47 d 57 C 67 a 77 C
8 C 18 b 28 C 38 b 48 a 58 b 68 C 78 a
9 a 19 C 29 b 39 d 49 C 59 a 69 a 79 C
10 b 20 a 30 a 40 C 50 C 60 a 70 d 80 a
Part II: Vocabulary(lpoint each)
81 b 86 C 91 a
82 b 87 b 92 b
83 b 88 b 93 d
84 d 89 C 94 b
85 C 90 b 95 a
Part III: Reading Comprehension(lpoint each)
96 a 106 C 116 d 126 d 136 C

97 C 107 a 117 C 127 a 137 d
98 a 108 b 118 d 128 C 138 C
99 a 109 a 119 a 129 C 139 a
100 C 110 a 120 b 130·d 140 d
101 b 111 b 121 C 131 C
102 d 112 C 122 C 132 C
103 b 113 a 123 d 133 a
104 b 114 C 124 a 134 d
105 C 115 a 125 d 135 b
61
KPDS Practice Test (587-602)
l C 11 C 21 e 31 b 41 b
2 C 12 d 22 d 32 C 42 d
3 b 13 C 23 a 33 b 43 a
4 b 14 b 24 d 34 b 44 C
5 C 15 a 25 b 35 e 45 b
6 b 16 C 26 b 36 C 46 a
7 d 17 b 27 b 37 C 47 e
8 b 18 b 28 a 38 b 48 a
9 e 19 b 29 e 39 b 49 e
10 b 20 b 30 b 40 b 50 d
51 a 61 d 71 d 81 C 91 C
52 C 62 C 72 C 82 C 92 e
53 a 63 d 73 e 83 b 93 b
54 C 64 b 74 a 84 d 94 e
55 C 65 d 75 d 85 a 95 d
56 d 66 e 76 d 86 a 96 C
57 b 67 C 77 b 87 b 97 b
58 C 68 a 78 e 88 b 98 e
59 b 69 a 79 d 89 C 99 d
60 d 70 e 80 e 90 b 100 b
62
WORD FORMS Set 1 (615-619)
1. a. abound 12. a. dedicated 20. a. isolation

b. abundant b. dedicated b. isolated
C. dedication C. isolate
2. a. accomplishment 13. a. distinguishes 21. a. lack

b. accomplished b. distinguish b. lacks
C. accomplished C. distinguish
ct. distinguishable 22. a. maintenance
3. a. actions e. distinguished b. maintain
b. actively f) distinction C. maintenance
C. was activated
14. a. exclusive 23. a. management
4. a. adjustable b. exclusively b. managerial
b. adjust c. exclusion C. manager
C. adjustment ct. excluded ct. manages
e. managing
5. a. anxiously 15. a. extensive 24. a. opposed

b. anxious b. extensively b. opposes
C. anxious c. extent C. opponents
d. extend
6. a. assisted e. extension 25. a. participates
b. assistance b. participants
C. participation
7. a. attention 16. a. identification ct. participatory
b. attentively b. identity e. participation
C. attentive C. identify
ct. unidentified 26. a. particular
8. a. benefit b. particularly
b. benefit(ed)
C. beneficial 17. a. inventive 27. a. be preserved
b. invented b. preservation
9. a. Convinced C. inventions
b. convincing 28. a. profit
C. convincingly 18. a. was involved b. profited
ct. conviction/ b. involves C. profitable
convinced C. involvement ct. profitably
ct. involved
10. a. convenience e. involved 29. a. propose
b. convenient f) involves b. proposal
C. conveniently C. proposed
11. a. cooperative 30. a. purified

19. a. relevance b. purification
b. cooperation b. irrelevant C. purely
C. cooperate C. relevant ct. purity
63
A
WORD FORMS - Set 2 (619-624)
Exercise 2. (619)
31 a. rely on
b. reliable l. a. inadmissible 10. a. correspondingly
c. reliability b. Admittedly b. correspond
c. admission C. correspondence
32. a. significance d. was admitted d. correspond
b. significant e. corresponding
C. significant! y 2. a. asserted f. corresponds
d. significance b. assertion
e. Significantly C. assertive
33. a. sufficient 3. a. catastrophic 11. a incredible

b. insufficient b. catastrophe b. incredulously
c. suffice c. catastrophically C. incredulity
d. sufficiency d. credibility
4. a. compatible e. credible
34. a. survival b. compatible
b. survivors C. com pati bi Ii ty 12. a. deviant
c. surviving d. incompatible b. deviation
C. deviate
35. a. tends
5. a. conception d. deviant
b. tendency
b. conceive
c. inconceivable 13. a. was distracted
36. a. variety
d. Conceivably b. distractions
b. various
c. vary
6. a. hasn't been 14. a. diversify
d. varying
confirmed b. diversity
e. vary
b. confirmation C. diverse
c. unconfirmed
15. a. dominate
7. a. conform b. dominant
b. nonconformist C. dominance
c. conformity d. domination
e. domineering
8. a. conquered 16. a. emphasis
b. was ... conquered b. emphasize
c. conquest C. emphatic
d. conqueror d. emphatically
9. a. consistently 17 a. cncountc:· :d
b. consistent b. encounter
c. consistency
64
1. achieve 8. destroy
a. achievable a. destructively
b. achievement b. destructive
C. achievable C. destruction
2. special 9. compete
a. specialists a. competitors
b. specially b. competition
c. specialize C. competitively
ct. specialization ct. competitive
3. product 10. acquire

a. productively a. acquisitive
b. production b. acquired
c. productivity C. acquisition
ct. product ct. acquired
e. productive
11. accurate
4. severely a. accuracy
a. severity b. accurately
b. severely C. accurate
C. severe
12. adequate
5. significantly a. adequately
a. significant b. adequate
b. significance c. adequacy
6. prosper 13. controversy

a. prosperously a. controversy
b. prosperity b. controversial
c. prosperous
ct. has prospered 14. vigor
a. vigor
7. nourishment b. vigorously
a. nourishing C. vigorous
b. nourishment
15. consistent
a. consistency
b. consistent
C. consistently
66
Grammar Index
80 page refere nee
80 number of the page where the subject is first introduced and explained in some detail
(80) subtitle or number of an exercise
(25e) number of the exercise or test item
80 (25c) page reference+ (number of the exercise or test item)
553 (25-30) page reference+ (reading passage involving questions 25 through 30)
above all 182 (17.3), 423 (6b) sentential adverbs 99

accordingly ( =therefore/thus) 179 (2.1,5), viewpoint adverbs 99
183 (9d) test on adjectives and adverbs 104
a couple of 17, 19,72 (9.2) adverbial clauses vers · ; adverbial
adjective clauses (see relative clauses) phrases 204
adjectives 89 advise 11 (13.5), 82 (e. 6), 128 (70), 297
adjective+'to'-inf79, 85 (5c), 87 (25a), (2a)
90, 218 (90e), 220 ( lOc), 305 (11 b) affected (by) 213 (31b), 437 (2), 572 (20a)
adjectives ending in '-ed' and '-ing' 98 afterall(l82 (17.1), 185 (10.b),567
(IX) ( 119123)
adjective phrase starting a sentence 115 afterwards 203 (H.I), 556 (9d)
(62c, 64c), 119 (20c), 229 (25c) ago 32 (23), 49 (27c) 173 (III. A), 16
comparative and superlative forms of (69d,72c),
adjectives 94 (IV) how long ago 47 ( 12d)
modification of comparatives 97 (VI) a good deal of(= a lot ot) 329 (15a)
modification of superlatives 97 (VII) a good many(= many) 17, 19
compound adjectives of measurement; 'a a great deal(= a lot) 97 (VI), 266 (7b)
five- year old child' 97 (VIII) a great deal of(= a lot ot) 17, 19, 23 (18d),
it is/was+adj+o/+sb to do sth 89 (12) 188 78 (II. A. 1), 322 (9b), 388 (3b), 577
(27.5a), 212 (23c), 242 (7c),356 (7b) (78a), 621 (18a)
linking verb+ adjective 91 (II) a great many(= many) 17, 19, 23 (20c),
major adjective patterns 89 (I) 236 (16c)
types of adjectives 92 (III) agreement 28 (III). 576 (69a)
the+adj 93 alike 92 (III.I), 201 (E. 5), 217 (79a), 275
ADVANCED ACADEMIC (13)
VOCABULARY 336 all in all 182 (16), 512 (8)
adverbial clauses 143 already (used \with pr(· :nt perfect tense)
of comparison 147 33 (42a), 38 ( 105a)
of concessive contrast 144 (used with past perfect tense) 38 ( 105b),
of condition 146 211 (16b)
of degree (proportion) 146, 150 (8d), also 179-180 (3.1,6), 187 ( 17a), 220 ( I Sc),
151 (25a), 168,230 (34d), 241 (77d), 510 (3)
255 (77c). 573 (26b) all the same (=nevertheless) 182 (17.4),
of direct contrast 144 216 (73a)
of mamzer 145 all things considered 159 (V. 13)
ofplace 144 all told 159 (V. 12)
of purpose 145 alternatively 182 ( 14 ), 185 ( I la)
of reason 144 although 143, 144 (22). 149, 156 (17A),
of result 145 173 (III.A), 175, 178, 199, 204, 206,
of time 143 207, 208 (I la), 209 (20d), 233 (71 a),
adverbial clauses - summary 149 245 (45b), 267 (3.1 b), 296 (8.3c), 314
test on adverbial clauses 150 (35b). 381 (3b), 435 (3b), 463 (8.5), 463
adverbs 99 (8.5), 557 (21c), 579 (96)
adverbs of degree/intensifiers 100 (VI) -+ -ED 156 (17b), 173, 178 (c. 6e), 239
adverbs of manner 99 (5 la)
focusing adverbs 100 -+ -ing 253 (50c), 3M (30d)
frequency adverbs 103 - + verbless clause 176 (26. 6), 276
the position of adverbs 102 (25a), 281 (28a), 414 (25d), 564
restricting adverbs 99 (106d)
67
among vs between 437(3ab) as ... as 95, I04, 105(6c), 153(43c),
... and ... alike(=both ... and) 448(3), 229(22b), 315(3b), 406(43c), 562(92d)
547(16-20), 602(100) as a consequence 179(2.4), 185(16b)
another 18, 20, 301(16d), 520(5i), 575(56a) as a result 179, 197(8.l),280(22b),
291 (38c), 390(6d), 424(22c), 425(3c),
one another 466( 10) 579(99)
a number of vs the number of 28(1IIA. 1) as a result of l 97(3a), 408(20d)
any as far as Xis concerned 181(13.2)
(=every; no matter which - used with 182(4.4), 195(17b)
the singular form of a countable Nin as for 181(13. !), 214(4la), 448(10)
positive sentences) 19(3), 221(26c), as if 32(33), 35(72c), 145(44-47), 146(48),
385(18a), 389(4), 397(10 a) 150(3b), 214(42b), 233(69d), 300(1 ld),
used with a plural countable N or an 597(79-81)
uncountable Nin negative sentences or as long as 55(15c), 143, 146, 151(19b),
questions 80(5a), 267(3. Ia), 153(48b), 231(44a), 383(lle),
385(18a), 419(6b), 576(73a), 557(24b), 564( 102c)
579(93d) asamatteroffact 181 (9.3)
used with a singular countable N in as regards 181(13.3), 201(9.b), 182(4.4)
negative sentences 15(4d), 120(35a) as soon as 34(56),40-41(2.7),41(3.l)
(=at all - used in negative sentences and 48(18b), 143, 306(34a), 383(9e),
questions as in any good or any better 436(20d, 25b)
330(1 lc), 33508a)
anyhow/anyway 182( I7.5) - + -ED 176(26. l 0)
any longer/anymore 52(35), 69(24c), as though 146(47), 152(27c, 28d),
78(3), 79(8. 1), 104(XI. 2), 266(18d) 344(27b), 559(42d)
apart from - + - ED 230(3 la)
(= inaddition to) 294(la), as to(=about) 402(30d), 448(9), 458(6.2a)
208(15d), 323( I6d), 448(4b) 460(22a), 513(10), 551(12-16),
(=except) 208(15d), 254(66a), 448(4a) 565(107c)
appositive that clause(see that clauses) as well as(=in addition to) !96(A. 3/ 27),
articles 24 244(35b), 258(1[), 259(3d), 294,
articles with common nouns 24 449(13), 5 I 6(22), 519
test on articles 27 at 186(9)
as(conj) 243(17a), 460(27d) at all 327(17d), 401(26d), 426(2lb),
(contrast), as in rich as he is ... 148(82), 438(15b), 560(57c)*
!53(50d), 207 at all costs 449(14), 460(25b)
(manner) 145(43), 148(87), !50(12d), at first (see first)
165, 225(80a), 254(66a), 623(3 ld) at last 304(4d), 327(22d), 398( I 3a)
- + - ED 163(25a), 17(III.A), 176(26.5), at times(=sometimes) 19l(lc), 194(4c)
257(22a), 566(1 l~b) auxiliary 169
(proportion) 146(56), 148(88), 244(31c), and ... , too and so... 169
277(4a), 3 I0(9d), 330(1a), 422(18d), and ... , either and neither. .. 169
504 mini test on auxiliary 169
barely 101 , 276(5. la) 277(2), 315(7c),
(reason) 144(14), 148(86), 197(8.2), 321 (! Id), 408( 16d), 416(le), 437(4b)
235( ! le), 244(25b), BASIC ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 256
302(2lb), 314(36a), 407(8b), diagnostic test 256
422( 13a), 504, 589(22d) basic sentence structure
(time) 33(37), 41(4.4) 148(85, 89), parts of a sentence 1
subject 1
217(77a), 243( 17), 322(21 b), 504-505 verb 4
as(prep) 186(7), 314(38b), 337(5[), object 5
339(12e), 348(10b), 358(14d), 368 complement 5
(25), 382(8b), 397( !Oc), 403( !Oa), 406 subject, object and complement -
(13c), 412(12e), 504 summary 6
test on subject and object noun phrases 7
68
be able to 51 (2, 4,5, 8), 54(3a), 60, but 36(89), 138(8.1-3), 224(61a),289(9c),
61 (6c), 62( 18d), 237(33d), 560(59a) 300(8d), 308(ld), 324(6d), 344(25f),
be about to do sth 80(f), 308(1d), 427, 445(6a), 464(12), 468, 556(1 la)
559(51b), (578(82b), (=except) 468, 561(72d), 572(22c)
be accustomed to + N/Ving 52(34), but for(=if it hadn't been for) 146(67),
78(6), 231(40a). 302(21b), 308(1d), 203-204, 207(3), 247(65c), 308(4d)
be apt+ 'to'-inf 90(9),410(4 b), 566(1 IOb) by 38(106b, 110-111, 113),
be bound(=certain)+ 'to'-inf 90(8), 187(15), 216(65a), 226(85b), 231(42d).
332(8b), 410(6c), 414(22c), 415(35a), 254(58c), 557(16c)
446(16a), 516(22) 519(7), 589(23) - + -Ying 129(82), 244(36d), 257(13c),
be liable+ 'to'-inf 90(10), 356(7b) 275( 18a), 280(17b), 299(7b),
309(8d), 382('7b), 403( la, 5a)
be liable for 355(6d), 357(1lf)
by the end of 464(26d)
be over 50(45b), 219(lb)
by far 97(VII), 243(20b), 512(6),
be supposed to(=ought to; be expected 558(3 Id)
to)+inf 54(6b), 60, 80, 84(F. b), by means of I 16(70a). 326(12b), 449(20),
192(14b), 193(29d), 210(8d), 332(8b), 555
446(16) by the time 34(64), 36(94), 37(96-98), 38
be+ to-infinitive 67(h), 79(4a), 84 (F.c), (107-109), 39, 42, 226(89b), 227(97b)
85(4b), 138, 226(84a), 357(10a), 590(33b)
390( 15b), 409(2b), 453(67), 518(5) by the way 182(17.2), 184(8d)
was/were+to have+past participle can (ability) 51(1), 53(57), 56(23d)
84(F.a, c), 562(90a) can be+ Yin 518(5)
be used to+ Ying 78 (permission 52(18), 55( 15d)
because 58(5-7), 144(12), 152(36b), (possibility) 51 (7)
153(49a), 155(7), 157(25), 158(29b), (polite request) 51(13)
177(VI. b. 3d), 197, 284(13b), 250(22a), can't (impossibility) 53(41 ), 59
290(22d), 353(12c), 393(4c), 410(5c), can't+have+ past participle 57(14),
443(9b, 19c), 483(2.a. I), 579(98a) 58(2a, 8d), 59, 561(68d)
case 449 (22)
because of 197-198, 204, 208(1 a, 2c, 4b),
in any case 449(22a-c)
209(16c), 259( 2c, 2e), 280(18b), 309(6e).
in the case of 450(22a-b), 463
3 lO(lOb, lOe, Ila), 326(5c), 328(8c), in that case 334(9a)
356(9e), 357(1 lf), 371(6), 391(28a), in which case I I6(70c)
416(48b), 426(16d), 483(2a. 2-3), 484(7) but X is no longer the case 327( 19b)
before long 35(80), 36(88) not the case 514( 13)
beside(prep)=next to 437(6a) that being the case 159(V. 2)
besides (=in addition, moreover, also,) causative form 70-71,
179(3.1), 180(3.5), 566( 114-118) have sb do sth 231 (43c)
besides(=in addition to, as well as) have sth done 215(6la), 218(88c),
196(A.3, )295( 14a), 449(17) 232(56a). 237(27d). 254(65b),
beyond 187(14 a-c) 378(16)
(live)beyond one's means 453(57), get sb to do sth 560(54b)
460(30a) causative verbs 72
beyond one's comprehension 334(12c), test on the causative form 73.
413(9d) cleftsentences 110(11-13), 226(82b),
beyond one's scope 352( 13a), 368(27). 243(23b), 323(24b), 333(24a),
both 17.20, lll,237(3ld),311(17a), 459(15c). 523(2)
365(23)
69
coherence: arrangement and connection of could
sentences 526 (past ability) 51(3), 53(56), 54(la), 60
(polite request) 51 ( 12), 335(22d),
tests on sentence connection 534 556(ld), 559(46a)
lexical devices (=words)used to connect (possibility) 51(10)
sentences 531 (present unreal conditional) 53(55),
come(=begin) 54 (!Oc), 59-60
- + to realize 517 (suggestion) 52(25)
- + to understand 409(lb) (with verbs of perception) , 60
compared with 425(3c) could+have+ past participle 57(6-7, 12),
concerning(=about) 258, 280(19c), 58(5c), 59, 227(98b, 559(4la))
294(C. 7e), 367(21), 514(15) couldn't+have+ past participle 57(13),
concerned 58(6b), 60, 63(29c)
concerned about(=worried about) 469 currently 31(4), 43(2b)
NP+ concemed=(NP involved), as in dare 245(47), 251(35b)
the doctor concerned 93
concerned+NP(=worried +NP) despite 30(6.24), 187, 199, 206-207,
the concerned doctor 93 208(6c), 209(23c), 258, 310(1 lc),
concerned with 469 328(4c), 354( If), 401(27b), 403(8c),
conditions and wishes 137 408(13d), 410(4d, 6a), 437(7b),
conditions 43(D.8), 137 443( I le), 483
if+subject+be+' to'-inf 67(29), 84(F.c), despite the factthat 144(24), 199,483
138, 228(4b), 241( 78b, 87), 246(56b) determiners . 17
implied conditions 50(46b), 138, pre-determiners 20
each and every 21
139(12c), 218(94c),
test on determiners 22
inverted order in conditions l 38(A) determiners, nouns and pronouns 17
had 35(72b), 138(A. 3b), 140(15b), directly(conj)= as soon as 41 (3. 8)
223(48b), 239(53c), 490(4), do vs make 360( 16), 441(C), 445(2a)
494(20), 558(32a) , due to( =expected to)+ inf 30( 6.1) 90, 450,
470, 499(15)
should 138(A. lb), 147(76b),
due to(=because of)+NP 3(29), l 97(3a-b),
246(58a), 251(34d), 537
198(28), 294(3d),336( I b), 360(9),
were 138(A. 2b),147(77b),
450(26a-c), 470,
152(29c), 241(79b) due to the fact that 144, I 98
mixed type 138, 139(1 lc), 146(60), during 203, 209(24a), 269(6c), 313(22c),
215(52d), 559(53b), 575(59a) 341(17f), 367(14), 370(24), 393(45b),
test on conditions 139 424/(15a)
wishes(see wish clauses) during vs while 204
each 18, 21-22, 219(3a)
consequently( =therefore) 179(2. I), each other 330(9b)
216(64c), 385(19e), 557(17c), 574(43b) economic vs economical 438
consider - + V ing 12(14.4), 297(6c), either 18, 20, 164, 169, 239(56d),
313(2lb) 589(24d)
- + that clause 14 either••. or 134, 237(34a), 249(3c),
- + sb or sth+ ('to'-inf) 14, 88(12c) 290(14b)
it is considered that X... 67((7. l) enough +N 20, 327(23b)
Xis considered+ 'to'-inf.. 67(7.1), adj/adv +enough 94, 326(6a), 356(9a),
411(8e) 357(10d),
considering(=taking into consideration) 450 even 275(13d), 321(15b)
considerably as in considerably worse - + comparative form, as in even larger
97(vi), 248(75b), 418(6c) 97(VI), 239(59a), 360(11)
contrary to 30(21), 163(27c), 258(2e), even if 144(25), 153(42b), 318(24c),
450, 602(99) 522(5d)
conversely (=however) 179(1a.5), 247(60a) even so 179(lb .9), 185(!9a), 199(c.4)
correlative conjunctions 136
mini test on correlative conjunctions 136 even though 144(23), 153(46c), 253(56c),
356(8d), 368(30), 571(3d), 588(15a)
70
ever words and correlative conjunctions general tests on synonyms 279
134 general vocabulary tests 322
correlative conjunctions 136 gerunds and infinitives 76
- ever words 128, 134
every time(= whenever) 465(12. 8) gerunds 76
exclusively(=only) 285(23), 362(lc), 540 functions of gerunds 76
expect 65(b.7), 66(19), 84(e), 216(65a) time reference in gerunds 76
explain 13(17), 15(1. 4b) verbs followed by the gerund 77
extent 450 get used to 319(29b), 437
to the extent that 146(56), 450 given(=considering, taking into account)
to a great/large extent 421(9c), 450 245(48a), 423(8a), 451, 457(4f), 458
to some extent 450, 458(6.lb) (lb),470
towhatextent 42l(llc) granted that l 59(V. I 0-11)
far(=much, as infar more expensive) guessing vocabulary 461
97(VI), 265(18d),, 314(33a) exercises on guessing vocabulary 462
18(19b), 409(3d) test on guessing vocabulary 466
far too+adj 331(17d),421(5b) had better 52(28), 53(38), 54(5c, 8a),
- + V lOO(VIB Set 2. 5), 354(3. 2c), 55(17a), 56(27b), 222(43a), 589(26b)
382(8c) had to 52(23), 55(1 la)
- +from+ adj 307(4lb), happen to+ inf 85(3c), 221(30c),
- + Ving+IN 464(10. 15) 333(25b), 514(13)
few 17, 21, 30(6.12), 396(7e) hardly 101, 166(6a), 276(2e), 320(12.2b),
few and little 21, 221(24d), 255(78a) 322(8d), 327(17d), 331(21b),4!0(5c),
afew 17, 21, 330(1 lc) 437(4a), 438(15), 579(93d)
first 180 hardly ever(= seldom; rarely) IOl(Set 3.1),
at first 180(4.3), 185(20b), 314(35b), 103(X), 235(10a
459(12d) hardly ... when 35(73a), 147(73a),
l51(16a), 228(10d), 576(65b)
the first ... to do sth 68(8c),79, 91, have got to 52(21)
113(47), 114(48), 115(63), I 19(25c), have to 52(20), 54(1a). 55(22c)
l 75(V.A), 255(74a), 304(30), h~nce (=therefore) 17~2. 2), 519(8)
394(18b), 538( 16-18), 541, highly 321(9b), 410(5e), 558(39b)
579(100c) how 5, 124(20b), 372(23), 436(18b),
first of all 180 459(9d)
for (conj)(=because) I 97(9a-c) how long 215(55b)
205,243(17a),468,547,598 however(adv) =but 179(la.l-2),
(prep)(=because of) 450(29b), 468, 183(4b, 12a), 516-517(22), 581(109)
(conj) I-+ adj/adv]+Subject+V
550 134-135, 136(23.3a), 153(40c), 207,
for all(= in spite of) I 99(C. 6), 450(29a), 21 l(l 7d), 222(44a), 233(68a),
468, 609 3 I 9(29b), 557( 14b), 573(35c)
for a while 35(78) if 137-138, 146(57-60)
forget+'to'-inf. I Ying 16(12a, 15c), 83, in noun clauses 122(7c), I 23(9c),
231(48c), 558(37a) 127(56), 133(35b)
former if it hadn't been/or 146(66a), 203(1 c),
the former 438(13a), 528(1 I), 531(25) 220(12a)
for the time being 31(6), 43(3d), 250( 18b) if+subject+be+' to'-inf 67(29), 84(F.c),
free 537 138, 228(4b), 241 ( 78b ), 246(56b),
dutyjree, error-free, salt-free 614 315(4d)
future in the past 36(88-89), 225(73b), if it weren't for 146(66b)
239(58d) only if 146
further 179(3), 581 (I 07) - + - ED 248(80c)
furthermore 179-180(3. 3) if only 32(26), 35(70),62(15a), 141,
general grammar tests 210 244(30d), 556(3d)
advanced grammar test 1 242 ifso 542
advanced grammar test 2 249 implied condition 50(46b), 138, 218(94c),
grammar test I 210 implied main idea 509-5 I0
grammar test 2 219 in accordance with 451 (35)
grammar test 3 228 in addition 179(3.2, 4), 185(12b)
grammar test 4 235
71
in addition to 196, 597 infinitives - cont
inasmuch as 144, 198 with intransitive verbs I, 4-5,
in any case 449(22a, c) 11-12, 82-83, 85(Ic, 12a)
in case 42(c.7)145(39-41), 151(15c), uses of infinitives 78.
202(F.lc) verbs that take the infinitive 82
in case of 204, 208(7) verbs that need special attention 83
incidentally 182(17.2), 249( !Ob), test on gerunds and infinitives - Set I 85
278(16a) test on gerunds and infinitives - Set 2 87
including 295(9a), 443( 12a) in the meantime 203
in contrast 179(1a.l,3,4), 184(20b), 185 in order that 145(36), 202(F. la)
(15b), 200(D. 1)-201(30. 5)
in contrast to 200, 215(62b), 259(3a) in order to 202(F.2a, b), 262(12f),
indeed 181(9.3) 327(16a ), 342(19d, 20a-b)
indirect object 12, 13 in other words 181(11.1-2), 184(4a),
common verbs with an indirect object 240(66a), 321( !Od), 384(14b), 409(1c),
13 441(4.A. 3), 462
intheend 192(17c), 193(34b),265(2d)
in the event of 203, 204, 456 in particular 180( 6. I)
in the event that 203, 204 in proportion to 259(3b), 457(4d), 506
in fact 181(9.1), 184(Ja),220(12a), in short 182(16. 1), 517(1)
273(10b), 409(2a), 581(107a) insist 171
in favor of 29( 10), 30(6.4), 67(7.4),
191(3a), 339(1 lb),414(19c),417(2b), · - + on+ Ying/NP 87(5c), 298(8.9.1 b),
451(39) 390(13c, 17c),556(4d)
inferences 496 - + that clause 128(71), 237(35b),
making inferences 496 360(8)
tests on inferences 504 in so far as 146(55)
infinitives 78
additional notes on be+ 'to' infinitive 84 in spite of 188, 199,204, 208(8b),
be+ 'to'-infiactive or passive) 295(7b, 12c), 483, 521(3.3), 522(4c)
( =will) 67(26), 79(B.4a), 84(F.a- c), in spite of the fact that 214(45a),
( =must) 79(8.4a), 85(4b), 453(67) 253(48a), 483
if+subject+ 'to'-infiactive or passive) instead 182(17b), 330(3b), 581(108),
(See if clauses) • 589(22d)
structures that are followed by in terms of 69(21c), 70(27b), 259(3c),
'to'- infinitive 79 399(19b), 452(47)
time reference in infinitives 80
in that(=because) 144(3), 148(80-81),
perfect infinitive
197, 201(9a, 9c), 245(40a)
active 78-79, 81(6b, 8b), 85(10c), inversion 164
86(13d), 88(14c) 210(4a), adverbial clauses
213(32b), 237(26c, 32c), of comparison
240(68c), 250(21 b), 305(19a) just as ... so 147(71), 165
passive 66(2lb), 67(27, 7.2), of condition( see conditions)
78, 81(13b-15b), 85(11 b), 218 of manner
(90c), 219(99b) as 165, 225(80a), 254(66a), 623
perfect infinitives (31d)
with intransitive verbs 81(7b), of result
66(22b), 577(75d) so ... that 147(74b), 152(35d),
present infinitive 166(4c), 575(53c)
active 4-6, (78, 80(1 b-2b, 5b), such ... that 147(75b)
11-12. 15(3b), 16(15c, 20c) negative adverbs
hardly ever 235(10c)
82-83, 85(3c, 5c, 7b), 87(9d), hardly ... when 147(73b), 151(16a),
221(22a), 248(77b), 558(37a), 228( !Od)
passive 2(2.a), 67(28), 12, 78, little IO I (Set 3. 6)
81 (lib, 12b),86(18b), neither 164
210(2a), 220(10c) never 164, 210(5a)
nor 164, 232(52d), 324( !Ob), 575(60a)
72
inversion - continued little IOl(Set3.6), 21, 401(27b), 404(24d),
no sooner ... than... 147(72b) 405(33c), 522(4c), 575(53c)
not only ... (but) also... 164, 224(59a)
not until l 66(9b) little or no 21 O(ld), 536, 623(37a)
nowhere 255(80b) little by little 388(32c)
only 166(3c, Sb, 8b), 245(38a) so little+N+that 145(35)
on no account 453(67) look forward to+Ving 78(4), 87(4c),
rarely 166(7c) main idea 474
under no circumstances 166( I Oc)
prep phrase 164, 212(27a), 223(5ld) exercises on explicitly stated main idea
test on inversion 166 508
in view of (=considering) 198, 209(28b), identifying the main idea 508
255(76c), 459( 13c), 589(20b) implied main idea 509
in view of the factthat 144( 17), 198
tests on explicitly stated main idea 509
involve 469, 516(19, 20), 518(4)
tests on implied main idea 510
(be) involved in 191(43e), 198(28. I),
additional tests on finding the main idea
287(Set 2. 7, 11), 329(14d),
511
377(2, 3), 409(3c), 420(22b)
make 9(6), 10(10.1), 11(11-12), 13(16, 19),
NP+involved 67(30), (93(3), 252(46d),
315(6a), 414( 17b), 575(6lb)
14, 223(56b), 293(5b), 360(18)
involved+NP (93(3)
NP+ involving 220(14d), 516(20) make sb do sth 11(12), 16(8a), 72,
irrespective of (=without considering) 73 (lOd), 219(9&, 332(7b), 420(23c)
378(35), 452(53), 457(3e) X was made to do sth 65(12b), 85(lc)
it is/was+ adj of+ 'to'- inf 89/12), manage to+inf 263(14[), 283(5a),
188(27. 5a),212(23c), 242(7c), 356(7b) 294(4b), 296(8. 3e), 298(16a), 300(9a)
it's (high)time sh did' sth 32(30), 49(3 la), 392(34c), 557(21C)
229(19b) may
itis/was X that/who... 110( 11-13), (offer) 52(19)
226(82a), 243(23b), 323(24b),
333(24a), 459(15c), 523(2) (permission) 52( 17), 55( 16d)
it's no use+ Ying 77, 78(3), 296(2d) (possibility) 51(9), 55(20a)
just as 41(4.1), 33(35), 333(25b), may as well 53(58), 55( 18b)
591 (35e) may+have+ past participle 57(3-4), 59,
just as ... (so) ... 147(71), 165, 201(9d), 62(25b), 63(27b), 305( 19a)
228(8d), 565(D) meanwhile 180(4.5), 185(9a), 556(10d)
lack of necessity 53 markers of basic relations 608-609
don't/doesn't have to 53(54), 62(20b) mean 83(E. 5), 232(59a)
(needn't) 53(53), 59, 556(2c) might
lately 34(53), 39
(past form of may) 55(l 9c)
latter
the latter 439(20a), 528(11), 530(4), (possibility) 51( 11), 55( 13b, 14b),
531(25) 61(8a), 62( 16a)
lay(vt) 9(6), 442(D.l, 3, 6-8) (suggestion) 52(24)
lead 14, 198(28. 1), 289(12c), might as well 53(58), 62(14d)
404(18d), 577(74b) might have+past participle 57(3-4, 16-17),
lest 145(42a), 202(F. lb), 251(35b) 58(7a), 59, 63(30c, 34c), 140(15),
let sh do sth 11(12), 16(9a), 65(14a),
214(5 lc), 226(9lc)
219(98c), 222(4lc), 572(23a) modal auxtliaries 51
let sth be done 11, 65(14b), 85(9d) functions of modal auxiliaries and
let alone 452(56), 457 (5d) related words 51
lie(vi) 9(5), 287(Set 2. 4), 442(D.2, 4-5, 9- test on modals 54
10) perfect infinitives/modals referring to
Iike(prep) 201(E.1), 204, 208(9c) past time 57
likely 79,90, 191(10b),315(3b),487(15), test on perfect infinitives 58
488(2), 518(4), 540 modals-time reference 59
likewise 181(8. 3), 522(9a), 550 test on modal auxiliaries and perfect
infinitives 61
73
moment nouns 28
the moment(=as soon as) 41(3.7), noun clauses 43(11), 122
44(7c)
moreover 179(3. l) appositive noun clauses 125(E. 37-41)
much 3(15), 2(2. I, 3, 4, 7, 8), 97, 111(27), list of nouns taking appositive
238(47c), 397(12d), 445(7b) that clauses 125
- + as 245(39c, 517(1b) -EVER words in noun clauses 128
- + comparative form 97(VI), 333(20a), formation of noun clauses 122
395(4b) noun clauses which begin with that
- + the same 21(2. 8) 122
- + superlative form 97(VII) noun clauses which begin with
- + too+ adj 369(9), 407(3b) whether and if 122
too + - + uncountable N 623(35a) noun clauses which begin with
- + V I OO(VI.B Set 2. 6) , 444(22b) question words 123
must functions of noun clauses 124
(obligation/necessity) 52(22), 56 adjective complement 124
(29a), 59, an appositive 125
(conclusion) 52(32), 59, 63(26a), indirect object 125
357(12c) the object of a preposition 125
(suggestion) 52(29) the object of a sentence 124
must be+ Ving 53(4), 56(26c) the subject of a sentence 124
mustn't(prohibition) 53(52), 55(21c), subject complement 125
61(1 lb) the position and function of noun clauses
must have+ past participle 57(8-10), 126
58 (3d, 9b), 59, 63(32b, 33c, 35a), noun clauses with that 126
noun clauses with whether 127
219(8a), 230(33b), 291(37a), 561(69b) noun clauses with what 128
namely 180(7. I), 181(7. 4) reduction of noun clauses 129
necessarily 343(24e) subordinator as the subject of a noun
need 84(f), 86(18b), 87(1, 447(3ld) clause 125
didn't need to+inf 62(22a) the subjunctive form in noun clauses
needn't 53(53), 59, 61(5c), 556(2c) 128
needn't+have+ past participle 57(15). summary of noun clauses 130
58 (4b), 59 test on noun clauses 131
neither 18, 21(4. I, 3), 164, 169 noun phrase(NP) I, 8-13
neither do/will/did I, you, they etc., no wonder 43(4), 213(36)
210(6c), 576(72a) now that(=since) 86(14c), 144(13),
neither ... nor 29(4), 136,462 152(32b), l 77(b), 255(75b), 354(3.2a),
nevertheless 179(1b.6), 185(13b) 403(1 la)
no(used as a determiner) 18, 266(9c), object to+N/Ving 232(55d)
323(25b), 326(lb, 8b), 330(7d) of 188-189(27)
no longer 37(99b), 104(XI), 176(26.4), be+ of+ N 189(27. m-s), 280(20a)
191(5b), 541 of-phrase in initial position 96(D. 5),
no matter 134, 136(23), 152(34a), 105(1 la), 211 (I le), 329(23a),
221(32a), 231(4lc), 246(59d), 516(20), 559(44d)
247(6la). 466(5), 557(19a) off 189(28)
none 331, 135(7c), 331(24c) on 189(29)
none of+ determiner 18, 21 (4), one, ones 284(7b) 318(19b), 528(12-15),
416(50c), 435(3b) 530(2. 3), 531(13), 533
nonetheless( =nevertheless) l 79(lb. 8) on+Ving(=when) 154(2c), 189(29j-k),
nor 164. 232(52d), 324(10b), 575(60a) 228(6b), 559(43b)
no sooner...than 35(73b), 40(1.4), 42(7.8), once(conj)(=as soon as; when) 40(2.2),
147(72) 41(2.6), 45(23a), 143(4),
not only... (but) also(as well) 29(5), 136, 151(22c), 228(2a), 358( 15b), 410(7e),
164, 165, 167, 196(27), 224(59a), 557(18b), 601(96)
419(10d), 540), 596(72) - + -ed 163(32b), 242(1)
not until ... that 166(9a), 601(97) on account of 189(31), l 97(B. 3),
258(1 b), 294(C. 7c), 309(8c), 324( 13c),
notwithstanding( =despite) 199( 6),
383(9d)
456( le). 457(5a)
74
on the contrary 181(10.1-2), 183(8b), participles - cont
184(6a), 185(17b), 461, 463(8. 6) used in place of and (this) 155(10c),
on grounds of 198, 451 (33a)
161(8a), 178(2b), 244(26c)
on the grounds that 144(19), 183(9), 198,
451(33d) used adverbially 154-155(1-9), 157(27c),
on the other hand 179( la. I), 183(11 b), 212(29b), 213(39c), 220(20a),
185(18b),223(49c),540,597 221(33b), 231(40a), 241(73c),
only 165, 166(3c, Sb), 245(38a) 247(64b), 250(13b), 303(27a-e),
on no account 103, 166(2)
or else(=otherwise) 182(15. 2), 234(75) 572(16d)
organizational skills 524 perfect participle
other 18 (active)
any other 285(30a), 304(3d), 313(19d), used adjectivallly 224(67b),
366(3) 236(18c)
the other 220(13d), 529(18a) used adverbially 157(2lc),
(the) others 308(la), 310(10d),
529(18b) 157(23b-24b), 160(1 lb),
other than 233(62b), 452(72) l61(5a), 162(13c), 239(54b),
otherwise 54(5c), 182(15.2), 183(10), 255(70c), 483(3b. 2), 571(7c)
278(20a), 284(8), 469, 556(1 la) (passive) 157(22c, 26c), 158(30c),
ought to (expectation) 52(31)
(suggestion ) 52(27) 160(12b), !61(7a),
ought to have+ past participle 57( I) 162(15a), 2l3(37c), 234(78b),
owing to 3(27), 189(33), 197(3), 198(28), participial phrase with its own subject 157
233(64b), 294(2a), 458(6.3e) participles - summary 158
parallelism(see structural parallelism ) participles used idiomatically 159
paraphrases or restatements 483 test on participles 160
recognizing paraphrases or restatements passive and causative constructions 64
483 passive voice 64, 301-302(15-22)
ways of paraphrasing I restating ideas test on the passive voice 68
483 the active voice versus the passive voice
tests on restatements 490 and the causative form 74
participial adjectives (interesting vs active verbs with a passive meaning 14
interested) 98 test on active, passive and causative
participles 154 forms 75
actions that take place at the same time past(prep)
154 V + - 190(34), 303(27d)
actions that take place at different times the past few days, weeks, months etc.,
156 33(48), 47(2d)
- ED participle-past participle for passive past perfect continuous tense 35(74-76),
constructions 37( IOI), 39, 42(9.1-3), 44(17b),
used adjectivally (see reduction of 46(38c), 49(29b), 230(32d),
relative clauses) 238(39b), 251(31b)
used adverbially 155-156( 13-19), phrasal verbs 427
157(22d), 158(30d), 159( I b, 2a, 5a), important phrasal verbs 427
test on phrasal verbs - Set I 434
160(10b,), 161(12c), 162(20a, 22d), test on phrasal verbs - Set 2 435
163(25a, 32b), 173-174, 483(3c. 2) point
in initial position 155( 13d), be on the point of doing sth= be about to
do sth 444(28c), 453(69)
157(26d), 162(16c, 24b), 163(28c), beside the point 333(21 b)
249(7b), 250(15c), 417(2d) 544 from one's point of view 195(1 la),
-ING participle for active constructions 285(29b)
there is no point in .... 195(19d), ),
used adjectivally (see reduction of 237(32c)
relative clauses) to the point(=relevant) 194(2b)
up to a point l 94(9a). 325( I Sal
practically(=almost; virtually) 3(20), rather(adv)
283(26), 363(4b), 418(2b) (intensifying adv) 101
prediction: what can logically follow? - + negative adv or adj
520 lOI(C. Set 1.2), 2&4(7b), 299(3d),
prepositions, prepositional phrases and 327(14b), 332(3b), 391(3 la),
idiomatic expressions 186-191, 415(39b, 41b), 444(25b)
I 96-204), 258-259(1. 1-3), 448-456 rather vs fairly 102(C.1-2)
advanced verbs followed by prepositions - + comparative form 97(VI),
373-375 !Ol(VIIA. 3), 321(14d)
advanced adjectives followed by - + N !Ol(VII.A. 4)
prepositions 378-379 - + V !Ol(VII.A. 2)
list of wards that take prepositions - +too+ adj !Ol(VIIA. 7)
(=to be more precise) 181(12.1-3)
603-607
reading comprehension 471
adj+prep 605-606 reading skills 480
noun+ prep 606-607 recently 34(54), 39
verb+ prep 603-605 recommend 128(70), I71(2d), 291(33b)
list of prepositional phrases and reduction of clauses 172
idiomatic expressions 607 of adverbial clauses 154-158, 172-176
nouns followed by prepositions 380 verbless clauses 166(8b), 172, 176
prepositions that follow adjectives (26.1-2, 6), 276(25a),281(28a),
291-293 414(25d)
prepositions that follow verbs 286-288 conj+ - ED or past participle 173,
prepositions in passive constructions 178
377 although 173, 178(c. 6e),
test on advanced verbs followed by 239(5la)
prepositions 375-376 as soon as 176(26.10)
test on idiomatic expressions as though 152(28d), 230(3la)
(intermediate - advanced) 194 as(manner) 163(25a), 173,
test on idiomatic expressions(advanced) 176(26.5), 257(22a)
458 if 173, 248(80c)
test on prepositions(intermediate- once 163(32a), 242(1)
advanced) I 9 I though 173
test on prepositions that follow unless 178(6a), 229(21c)
adjectives 293-294 until 229(24b)
test on prepositions and prepositional when 151(24d), 155(13c),
phrases 294-295 156(18b), 162(20a), 162(22d),
test on prepositions that follow verbs 173, 178(7c), 213(30b),
289-291 248(75),252(44b), 492( 14)
prior to 203(H. 3b), 207, 252(42b), while 156(19), 588(1 lc)
259(3[), 295(8a), 345(4a), 353(27d), conj + being+ -ED
after+ being+ -ED 174
397(9b), 578(85c) before+ being+ -ED 174
pronouns 30(8) conj + Ving 174-175
prove (=turn out to be, as in prove as if+ Ving 175
effective) 8(4.3), 16(14b), 423(12d), 547 although+ Ving 253(50c),
304(30d)
provided (that)(=on condition that; only if) since+Ving 174(1V •. A), 178(5a)
146(64), 150(2a), 151(18b), 209(17a), though+ Ving 175
229( 18a), 556(8c) when+ Ving 68(2c, 4a),
quantifiers 17, 18 154(3c), 174(IY.A), 538
quantifiers with relative clauses 111 while+Ving 154(A.4c),
quite 102, 233(72c) 588(1lc), 175
- + N 102(A. 2. 3), 268(4d) conj+ 'to'-inf
- + V lOO(VI. B. Set 1. I, C. Set 1. I) so ... as+ 'to'-inf 176(C),
102(A. 2. 4) 202(G.2a)
- + superlative form 97(VII) such ... as+ 'to'-inf 176(C),
quite a few 17, 19, 236(2Ia) 202(G.2b)
76
reduction of clauses - continued reduction of relative clauses - continued
of noun clauses with infinitives - ING 2(6b), 112(35-40), l 19(24a, 28b),
80(6), 129(72-79), 131(5c), 131(12d), 155(1 l),162(23c), 163(26d, 30c, 33d)
133(26b), 133(30c), 176(8), 269(6d),
329(18a), 342(20b), 355(6b), 172, 214(50c), 220(14d), 229(17c),
414(22c) 236(20a), 240(63b), 243(16c),
of relative clauses 112-115(see also 246(55c), 277(2c), 303(26a-e),
participles and relative clauses) 341(17b), 360(7), 369(5), 400(23c),
test on finite and non-finite clauses 178 404(18d), 406(47c), 459(5d), 518(3)
reference signals : this, that, these, those,
one, ones etc. 528 536,551,553, 560(66c), 57l(ld)
test on reference signals 533 omission of who(m), which or that in
regarding 181(13), 353(20c), 361(23), object position, 3(18), 34(55),
454(75), 456(5. I d), 576(62b) 47(4b), 104(5c), 108-109, l 18(15b),
regardless of (=without considering)
209(30c), 244(33c), 378(16), 454(76), 120(32c), 217(8lc), 222(42b),
456(5. If), 458(6. 3d), 489(8) 250(12c), 276(la), 281(6c),
regret +'to'-inf/Ving 83(E. 3a, 3b), 395(2d), 397(11a), 435(1 lb),
296(lc), 297(7e), 305(10c), 334(1 lc), 558(2&), 561(72c)
relative (adjective) clauses 2(5), 5, 107 PREP PHRASE I, 3(6), l 14(57b, 58b),
cleft sentences 110(11-13), 226(82a), 321(8c), 536
243(23b), 323(24b), 333(24a), - 'TO'- Inf 68(8c), 79(A. 2),
459( 15c), 523(2)
formation of relative clauses 108 9l(pattern 5), 113(47. 1-3) 114(48-
the/a(n)+ N + ofwhich ... 112(31-32), 56), l 15(63bc), l 17(6b), l 19(25c),
120(30b), 561(73c) 120(3 la, 40c), 121(46d), 175(V. A),
non- defining clauses 110 214(44c), 217(80a), 248(77b),
reduction of relative clauses 112
appositive NP 1, 2(6a), 5(C), 255(7lb, 74a), 266(12b), 304(30b),
68(8c), l 15(60b), 121(48b), 172 361(23), 394(18b), 518(6), 538,541,
247(66d), 255(79c) 579(100c)
in initial position 2(Note 2), used with quantifiers
115(60bc), 168((Mini Test I) ... , all of which ... , l l l(25b)
adj phrase I, 115(62b, 64b), 172 ... , all of whom ... , l l 1(23b), 217(83a)
228(9b), 235(5a), 304(29d), ... , most of which ... , 232(54c)
307(40b), 317(10), 536(Set 1) ... , most of whose ... , l l 1(24b)
in inital position l 15(62c, 64c), ... , much of which ... , 111(27b)
l 19(20c), 409(3d) ... , neither of which ... , 120(33b)
being+ -ED 113(45-46), 174, ... , some of which ... , l 19(2lb)
224(68a) ... , some of whose ... , 560(63c)
- ED 2(6c), 113(41-44), 119(29b), variations in defining clauses 11 O
121 (41 b, 50c),156(20c-d)), 160(14a), variations in the use of non-defining
. 161(10c, I Id), 162(18d, 21c), clauses 111
163(27c, 34c), 174, 216(74c), which referring to a whole sentence
217(79a), 237(29b), 240(64a), 112(33-34), l 18(17b), 121(49b),
246(54d),266(5d), 303(24a-c, 25a-c), 217(7&), 226(86d), 234(74b),
308(4b), 315(6a),360( 11), 367(21), 248(70c), 529(22b, 23b),
371(11), 394(12a), 484(4a), 491(5), 577(79c)
559(5oa), 560(6lc), 574(42a), test on relative clauses 117
575(6lb) relative to 454(77a-c)
in inital position 115(6lc), l 18(18a), remember+ 'to'-inf/ Ying 77(9),
121(47c), 163(2&, 35a), 213(34c), 83(2a,2b), 219(100a),230(35d)
219(7b), 504 respectively 320(12. le), 321(5a)
77
rest since(conj)
the rest (=remaining) 407(76), 454(78), (reason) 54(5c), 144(14), 148(93), 151
565(108) (23a), 152(33b), 197-198, 204-205,
238(44d), 290(14b), 361(28)
sample tests 556
(time) 33(47), 39,40(1.A.1-3),
sample proficiency test 1 556
41(6.1-3), 45(34b), 50(49b), 148(92-
sample proficiency test 2 571 93), 191(4a), 225(74a, 79c), 227
KPDS practice test 587 (99b], 332(2c), 392(4lb)
say vs tell 441(8) - + -ing 174(1V.A), 178(5a)
scanning 482 (prep) 50( 50b), 54(7c), 214(48d),
scarcely 101 (Set 3 . 2- 3), 170(6) 573(30a, 32b)
seeing that(=since) 144( 15), 197, skimming 480
243(15b) slightly !Ol(Set 2.3), 239(55c), 313(27b)
sentence connectors 179 so (=therefore) 197(9c), 250(18b),
tests on sentence connectors 182 271(4.lf), 289(10c), 307(46d), 325(14a)
sentence variety 196 so (used as a reference signal, as in by
doing so) 55(13b), l 78(6a), 263(14b),
adverbial clauses versus adverbial
529(25-30), 530(7),531(17)
phrases 204
so do/will !can/must I/you /they etc., 169,
structures that indicate addition 196 221(28d), 574(45a)
structures of cause-effect relationship so+adj+as 95(V.A.5), 104(5d)
197 so+adj/adv+that 145(26-27) 147(74),
structures of concessi ve contrast (denial 152(35d), 153(45d), l 76(C), 247(62c),
of expectation) 199 290(28c), 316(9e), 358(14b), 391(2la),
structures of contrast (direct opposition) 405(33c, 37b), 415(35a), 425(10a),
200 484(9.2), 493( 17)
structures of similarity 201 so+adj+a(n)+that, as in so beautiful a
structures that indicate purpose 202 girl that... 145(3 l), 245(44c), 253(52a)
structures that indicate result 202 so as to (=in order to) 202(F.2b)
structures that indicate time 203 so-called 413(6a, 7b)
structures that indicate condition 203 so far 34(52), 39, 231(45b), 326(8b),
sentence variety - summary 205 404(15d)
test on sentence variety and logical so long as 146, 148, 150(9c), 588(13c)
relations 208 some 19, 301(13d), 385(17d)
shall 170(special note-7), 574(46b) somehow 622(30c)
shortly 35(78), 228(3d) somewhat 101 (set 2.1),
should 53(38-40), 59, 246(58) soon 35(77), 305(16b, 397(10b)
(expectation) 52(30) special difficulties (grammar) 164
(putative use) 218(9la) special difficulties (vocabulary) 427
should be+Ving 56(28b) so that
(suggestion) 52(26 (purpose) 55(19c, 20), 145(36-38),
(used in conditionals) 138(A. la-b), 147(79), 150(4b),152(30c, 39c),
147(76a-b), 164, 222(34), 238(48) 220(1 ld), 223(47a), 234(80b),
should have+past participle 57( I , 2), 336(3c), 393(7b) 527, 560(55c)
58(la, !Ob), 210(7c), 218(87b), 219(5a), (result) 147(78), 245(4ld)
242(7c), 304(29a), 352(17), still 103(Xl.1), 574(40c)
575(58b) stop +'to'-inf/Ving 83, 86(22d), 236(14c)
should have been+ Ving 229(20c) structural parallelism 167, 224(60a),
similarly 181(8.1-2), 183(7c), 252(39a), 252(39a)
567(119-123) mini test on structural parallelism 168,
236( 15c), 255(77c), 573(28c)
subject to 70(25c), 224(64a), 454(84), tenses in English 31
460(18c), 602(98) future continuous tense 36
subjunctive form 91(14.lb), future in the past 36
128(VI. 66, 67-71), 171 future perfect tense 36
list of words taking the subjunctive 171 future perfect continuous 37
adjectives tµking the su~junctive going-to future 36
crucial that ... 67(24), 128(69), present continuous tense 31
essential that... 132(20a), 17l(la) present perfect tense 33
imperative that... 281 (7b) in time clauses 34(56-58), 40(2.2-3,
important that... 128( 66b, 67), 5), 41 (2. 7-8), 228(2a), 306(34a)
220(9a), 361 (26) present perfect continuous tense 34
necessarythat... 132(2lb) past continuous tense 33
urgentthat. .. 131(10b) past perfect tense 34
vital that... 67(23) sequence of tenses 39
verbs taking the subjunctive simple future tense 35
advise that... 128(70) simple past tense 32
ask that... 218(93b) simple present tense 31
demand that... 67(25), 70(29), tenses - summary 39
128(71), test on tenses - Set 1 43
insist that... 128(71), 237(35b), test on tenses - Set 2 47
order that... 235(7b) will versus be going to 36
propose that... 325(19b), 575(57b) text organization 471
recommend that... 128(70), 171(2d) thanks to 75(7d), 207(3b), 252(45c),
request that... 171(5c), 282(10a) 279(3), 301(14d), 402(30a), 41 l(!Oe),
require that... 372(15a) 455(89), 506
suggest that... 128(70) that(of, in etc.)(pron) 96(C. 3), 168(special
urge that... 234(79c) note 2), 218(97b), 232(58b), 237(38b),
subsequent 357(1 Oc) 243(18b), 246(51 b), 265(18d), 268(4f),
subsequently 203(H. 1) 299(3e), 398(16a), 399(18e), 528(3-5),
subsequent to 203(H. 3)
541(13-15), 547(11-15), 564(106a), 567(119-
mini test on the subjunctive form 171
such 20,528 123), 575(5lc), 587(10b)
that(conj)
abstract N+ be+ such that 145(30),
in relative clauses 108, 109, 115(66--67),
164(3), 245(47b), 275(20) 361 (27), 367(8), 370(27), 399(20a),
such ... that 145 423(10c),464(14, 16),
such a(n)+adj+N+that 145(28), in noun clauses 126(49-53), 127-128
150(6a), 153(44c), 333(16a), (67-71), 130, 131(8a) 248(76c),441
413(10b) (4. A. 5), 443(10c)
such+adj+ uncountable N+that adj complement 124(C), 290(28c), 126,
145(29), 176(C), 222(37b), 231(47c), 131(10b), 275(12), 333(17b)
253(55c), 575(50c) appositive 2(4b), 7(1 la), 126(53), 133
to such an extent that 151(2ld) (31 b, 32a), 304(3)
the acknowledgement that... 359( l 7C)
such as 252(39a), 324(8c), 360(13),
the assumption that... 402(32a), 414(23b)
396(6a), 401(29e), 441(4. A. 4), the belie/that. .. 125(39),133(3lb,
461, 463(6.4) 220( 19a)
suggest 12((14.14), 13(17), 16( 18c), a chance that 227(99a)
128(70), 171(3a), 224(66d), 238(46c) the evidence that... 394(17d),
suppose X happens 146 580(103)
supposing X were to happen 232(57c) the/act that. .. 2(4.b), 3(29), 7(1 la),
tag questions 170 125(37), 126(53), 133 (32a),
mini test on tag questions 170 508(A.4), 577(77c)
(be of) the opinion that 133(34c)
79
that (used in noun clauses) - continued too
... prediction that 308(4a) and ... too 169
... absolute proof that... 274(9d) (as well; also) 38(105a), 325(18a)
... rule that... 412 (14a) too+adj+( 'to'-inf) 23(19c), 30(6.15),
... suggestion that... 344(26b) 94(15B), 228(12c), 572(19c)
object of a sentence 5, 6, 15, 66, 67, 77, topic sentence 473
80, 81, 122(lb, 2b), choosing the best topic sentence 476
subject of the sentence 2(4a), 6, 122(4b,
recognizing the topic sentence and
5b), l24(22b), 126(50), 131(4c), 132
(24c), 213(33a), 248(76c), generalizations 473
subject complement 5, 122(6b), 125 topic sentence - cont
(33b, 34b), 126(52), 13l(lc), the structure of the topic sentence and
132(15c, 23b) the main idea 474
in cleft sentences - it is/was x that toward(s) 190(39), 268(5d), 270(4c)
110(12-13), 243(23b), twice 20(C.2), 211(12a), 215(54b),
that is 180(7. 1-3), 462, 564(103c) 231(46d),520(7e)
that is to say 181(7.5), 214(49b) under no circumstances 166( I Oc)
that's why 197(B. 8), 218(88c), 315(3a), unity 524
399(17d) unless )46(62), 149, 152(38c), 153(4lb),
that which(=what) 110(14) 203(1. b), 204, 233(65a), 236( 13d), 243
there 14 (24c), 251(33b), 271(111. 4.2f), 349(3b),
there being... , 158(29c), 252(37a) 492(11), 556(7d)
thereby (=thus) 202, 242(6a), 247(64b), - + - ED 178(6a), 229(21c)
455(90), 549(26-30) unlike 190, 200(D. 3), 204, 236(24d),
- + Ying 455(90b) 244(34b), 258(le), 3 l l(l 7e)
therefore 179(2.1), l83(3b, 13d), unlikely 148(93), 209(29a), 275(23),
185(14a), 197((1) 321(9b), 589(19)
those( of, in etc. )(pron) 96( c • 2), until 40(2.4-5), 48(17b), 143(1),
168(special note I), 21 l(lOd), 303(25b) 232(50a), 557(22d)
528(7-8),530(2. 10-11), 539, 573(28c), - + - ED 229(24b)
583(116-121) not until ... that 166(9a), 601(97)
in defining relative clauses 110(14-15) until now 39
though(=although) 144(23), 199, 237(37a), upon+Ving 154(2d), !61(3a)
up till now 34, 410(4d)
278( l 7)522(6c), 527(B. 3) up to 233(72c)
- + - ED 173 used to+inf 31(5), 32(19), 50(42c),
- + -ing 175 52(35-37), 55(12a), 63(3 la),
- + verbless clause 172, 176 211(13c), 218(96d),426(18b),
though(=nevertheless) 199(7), 217(86c) 589(2le)
used to+ inf ... , tag question
through(prep) 190(36), 193(4lb), 227(100a)
285(25c), 424(17a), 437(5a) get used to+N/Ving 78(7)
(= by means of) l 90(37a, e), 274(4d), verbs
303(25a), 39Q(20a, ), 315(5b, e), active verbs with a passive meaning 14
577(80a) verb+ gerund 77
throughout 190(37), 278(10), 301(17c), verb+ 'to'-infinitive 82
370(25), 411(1 le) verbs that have two passive forms 66
verbs that need special attention 83
thus 197(1),
verbs taking two objects 13
- + Ying 274(8) verbs that take the subjunctive 171
to (as an infinitive particle used alone) verb patterns 8
51(6), 209(18b), 241(80c) test on verb patterns 15
vice versa 455
80
virtually(=almost;practically) 3(21), whereas 144(21), 149, 150(1 la),
lOI(Set 4.2), 283(26d), 362(Jf), 363(4), 151(20a), 200(D. 2), 204, 220(17c),
508(5)
234(76b), 241(72b), 242(9a), 244(27a),
what I, 5, 123(12b), 128(59-62), 130,
176(B), 247(67a) 246(53a), 527(B. 3)
object of noun clause 124(18b-19b, 25b), where
130, 131(7b, 9b), 132(19a), 225(78c), in adverbial clauses 144(9), (232(53a)
232(5la), 241(74a),366(7) verbless clause 151(14b)
object of a preposition 219(5a),
in noun clauses 123(14b), 124(2lb),
291(35a), 292(25), 293(3a), 321(13a),
329(20b) 129(80), 225(70c), 237(36c),
subject of noun clause 126(45a, 48), 305(18d), 306(34a)
131(2a), 132(14c, 16a,25c), 232(51a), in relative clauses 108(3), 109(4, 9),
379(12), 416(43c), 571(1 lc) l 15(65abc), l l 7(3c), l 18(9d),
whatever 128(63a), 134-135
229(26a), 238(43d), 315(6a),
in adverbial clauses 151(13b),
244(32b), 418(1 b), 557(23d) 316(8e), 357(1 lc), 358(16e), 581(106
- + determiner+N , as in whatever the whereby(=by means of which) 455
reason .... 135(4-5), 251(25b) wherever 144(10), 152(37b), 223(53d),
in noun clauses 128(63a), 134-135, 416(48b)
- +N, as in whatever solution...
whether (or not) , 146(65)
126(47), 135(3ab), 215(63a),
232(6la), 576(63a), 587(8b) in adverbial clauses 146(65), 149,
whatsoever 67(7.6), 92(111.1 devoid ... ), 235(8a), 245(46c), 397(12b)
135(C. 6-7), 136(11. 4) in noun clauses 3(31), 5, 6, 122(7),
what's worse 271 (Ill 4. le) 123(8-11), 127(54-58), 131( 6c, 12d),
when
133(33b), 360(8),, 415(31 b),
in adverbial clauses of time 32(22),
33(36-37), 34(57, 60), 35(73a, 76), '¥>4(10.5), 495(27),
37(103b, 104b), 38(105b-c), 39, 41- 42, 558(29b)
.J50(5c), 172-174, 203, 245(43a), - + 'to-inf 129(79), 131(3a), 133(26b
573(36d) which
- + -ED 151(24d), 155(13c), 156(18b),
in relative clauses 108(2ab),
162(20a, 22d), 173, 178(7c),
109(4, 6, 7), 112(37), 113(41-45(,
213(30b), 248(75), 252(44b),
299(6b), 492(14) l 14(52a-55a, 58a), 115(60a, 61a, 62a),
- + -ing 68(2c, 4a), 154(3c), 174(1VA), 307(49c), 309(7a), 392(39c), 394
538(13-15) (16d),
- + -'to'-inf 129(76) 406(46c), 411(8d), 425(6c
in noun clauses 123(13b, c), 129(76), referring to a whole sentence
130 112(33-34), 121(49b), 221(26c),
in relative clauses 109(10), 121(43d), 217(78c), 226(86d), 234(74b),
247(69d) 248(70c), 340(14f),
(used with past continuous tense) 33(37), 529(22b, 23b), 577(79c)
41(4. 4), 560(56c)
the/a(n)+N+ of which l08(2d),
used with present perfect tense in time
clauses 34(57), 41(2. 8), 47(3) l 12(3lb-32b) 120(30b, 36b)
whenever prep+which 108(3), 109(5-7, 10),
in adverbial clauses 40(1. 5), 134, 117(Jc), l 19(22c), 221(25c),
143(4), 151(26a), 371(1), 416(48b), 244(28a), 401(29e), 402(3le)
560(57c)
in noun clauses 130
in noun clauses 128(65a)
81
while 144, 148, 174-176, 200,203,204, will (request) 51(16),54(9d)
470,527 wish clauses 32(25), 35(69), 140-141,
in adverbial clauses of contrast 222(45b), 231(49b), 333(19c), 335(19c),
(=although) 148(90), 151(17a), 346(16d), 355(5d), 413(1 b), 415(32d),
!53(47a), 222(38b), 246(49c), 574(47d)
253(47c), 444(3 la), 463(8.8, ), test on wishes 142
579(97) within 191(44), 279(4b), 419(1 lb),
- + -ing 175, 241(80c), 563(98c) 516(20)
- + -ED 156(19) without 204
(=whereas) 93(5), 144(20), 148(91), with regard to 455(95), 500(3.2C)
153(47a), 461, 244(29b), with respect to 181(13. 2), 456(96)
501(6), 547(16-20), 574(48a) word forms 615-625)
in adverbial clauses of time words that are often confused 437
(= as) 33(34), 33(37), 41(4.4; 5.1-2), test on words which are often
48(20c), 148(89), 220(14d), confused - Set 1 442
250(9c), 573(34a) test on words which are often confused -
- + -ing 154(4c), 335(14d), Set 2 445
348(14a), 367( 11) words used in different senses 467
-+-ED 588(llc) would
used with present continuous tense expressing refusal 334(4c)
31(9), 588(14c) (polite request) 51(14)
who present unreal condition 59
in noun clauses (=used to-repeated past actions) 52(37),
object of the clause 125(44b) 54(2c), 59, 61(2b)
object complement 123(17b) would+have+ past participle 59, 137-
subject of the clause 125(44a), 138, 139(5-6, 12), 140(17), 218(94c)
126(45b) would just as soon 53,
in relative clauses 108(lab),, 109(5), would just as soon sb did sth 211(14)
110(11, 17-19), 112(35-36,39), 113 would prefer 53(47)
(47), l 14(48a-5la, 56a--57a, 59a), would prefer sb did sth 243(19b)
115(63-64), 291(34d), 334(8c), would rather 53(48), 60, 560(65c)
397(1 le), 416(43c), 417(2c), 418(4a), would rather sb did sth 32(27-29),
443(20d) 49(35d), 229(15b), 251(26c),
whoever 559(49b)
in noun clauses 125(43b), 126(46), would rather sb had done sth 35(71)
131(llc, 13a), 134-135,211(19b), would sooner 53(50)
223(50c) would sooner sb did sth 53(51),
in adverbial clauses 134 229(15b)
whose yet (adv)
in relative clauses 108, 109(8), (= nevertheless) l 99(C. 1),466(8)
111(24b), 117(2b, 5a), 118(1 la), 508(5.3)
120(34c, 35b), 292(32), 215(57c), ( used with present perfect tense)
233(70d), 519(7), 560(63c) 37(104a), 39, 50(50b)
why in noun clauses 123(16b), 124(23b), (used with past perfect tense)
334(12c), 418(8a) 37 ( 104b), 50(48c)
in relative clauses 132(15d)
- + another 253(49a)
Glossary and Vocabulary Index
80 sayfa numaras1
80 konunun ilk defa ayrmt11J ele almd1g1 sayfamn numaras1
(80) bir ah§tlfmanm alt ba§hg1 veya numaras1
(25c) ilgili sayfadaki soru veya maddenin numaras1
80(25c) sayfa numaras1 +( ilgili soru veya maddenin numaras1)
380(T2c) sayfa numaras1+(test sorusunun numaras1)
553(25-30) sayfa numarasi+( 25- 30 arasmdaki sorularla ilgili okuma
par~as1)
abandon(vt) : leave ; give up; abundant(adj): plentiful; ample; bol

terketmek; vazgermek 260 (3d), 97(17), 246(57c), 409(lc, 3d),
382(5b) 485(11.B 2b)
abandoned(adj): deserted; abundantly(adv): bolca 282(20),
terkedilmi§ 212(27a) 363(3)
abate(vi,vt): lessen; subside; abuse(n): misuse; kotuye kullanma
azal(t)mak; dinmek 344(27c), 351(8f)
348(6), 386(22e) accelerate(vt): speed up;
abhor(vt): detest; hate; nefret etmek h1zlandirmak 347(27)
370(26c) acceleration(n): speeding up;
abide by: stick to; sad1k kalmak hczlanma 347(27), 399(18e)
338(9b), 343(23e), 367(17), access(n) giri§; eri§me; yararlanma
427, 434(9) olanag1 5(D), 12(13B. 6),
abolish(vt): kald1rmak 393(3d) 380(16, Mini Test 4d), 395(3e),
abortion(n): kurtaj; rocuk aldirma 398(13d), 404(25c), 440(6), 461
397(12d) accessible(adj): ula§ilabilir;
abound(vi): be plentiful; bot olmak eri§ilebilir 281 (3 ), 410(4a)
283(25), 338(7c), 373(14), acclaim(vt, n)
38l(lc), 485(IIB, 2b) (n): praise; ovgii
abruptly(adv): suddenly; ans1zm 347(28)
362(lb) (vt): praise; ovmek 349(lb)
absolute(adj): complete 257 (20) accommodate (vt): kalacak yer
absolutely(adv): completely saglamak 282(12), 338(9a)
63(29c) accommodation(n): kalacak yer
absorb(vt): take in; emmek 315(7c)
263 (15c), 547(11-15) accompany(vt): e§Lik etmek
abstain (from)(vi) 178(3a), 223(55d), 267 ( 19),
(l)rekimser kalmak 376(29d), 51~22a)
(2) refrain from; uzak durmak accomplish(vt): achieve: ba§armak
348(8), 374(38), 131(7b), 260(3e)
386(2lb, 23d) accomplishment(n): achievement;
absurd(adj): sarma 218(9 la), ba§an 268 (4d), 270(3),
385(19a) 404(13b)
absurdity(n): sarmalik 314(35b)y accord(n): agreement; anla§ma
abundance(n): bolluk 269 (8a), 255(75b), 351(8d), 353(20)
400(22c) accordingly(adv): thus; ona gore
179(2. l, 5), 417(4e)
83
account for(vt) acquit.•. (of)(vt): aklamak 364(7),
(1) explain; apklamak 193(30c), 374(16), 463(8. 3),
245(43a), 261 (9a), 338(7e), act(vi): davranmak 299(5c)
345(6), 373(3), 469 acute(adj)
(2) make up; olu§turmak 591 (26) ( l) serious;ciddi 283(24)
(3) be responsible for; sorumlu (2) sharp; extreme; keskin
olmak 373(11) 356(9b), 413(10b)
accumulate(vt, vi): gather; pile up; adapt(vt): adjust 256 (7), 437(la),
birik(tir)mek 337(5b), 346(10), 555(36-40)
387(25a), 549(26-30) addiction(n): bag1mltltk 46:1(10. 16)
accuracy(n): correctness 417(2e), addictive(adj): bagtmltltk yap1c1
508(2), 625(1 la) 410(7e)
accurate(adj): correct; dogru 7(4c), additive(n) katkt maddesi 285(22)
488(28), 625(1 lc) address(n, vt):
accurately(adv): correctly (n): nutuk; konu§ma 404(14a)
223(56d), 548(21-25), 625(1 lb) (vt) hitap etmek; ele almak
accusation(n): charge; surlama 116(20. 4)
341(16e), 385(19a) adept(adj): skilful; becerikli
accuse ... (of)(vt): charge ... with; 357(12a), 379(20), 411(9a),
surlamak 67(31), 237(27d), 437(1c)
264 (11), 414(16d) adequacy (n): sufficiency; yeterlik
accustom (oneself) (vt) 304(29e) 625(12c)
alz§tzrmak adequate(adj): sufficient; enough
accustomed to: alt§ktn olmak 272 (4d), 625(12b))
287(29) adequately (adv) 625(12a)
achievable(adj): ula§tlabilir; adhere(vt): s1k1 s1k1ya baglt olmak
ba§artlabilir 624(la 223(54b), 343(22c), 373(16d),
achieve(vt): accomplish; ba§armak 374(12), 376(23b), 384(16a)
241(76a), 263 (14c), 398(13b), adherent(n): supporter 371(2)
406(39b) adhesive(adv): yapt§kan 223(54b)
achievement(n): accomplishment; adjourn(vt): postpone; ertelemek
ba§art 184(2a), 245(46c), 252(37a),367(18),434(10)
624(lb) adjustvt): adapt; uydurmak;
acknowledge(vt): admit; kabul ayarlamak 87(lc), 266 (4),
etmek 15(1.lb), 67(7.3), 77(2.6), 530(11)
266 (6) adjustable(adj): ayarlanabilir
acquaint... (with)(vt): familiarize 318(17a)
... with ; a§ina ktlma/( · 347( adjustment (n): adaptation: uyum
23), 377(2. 19) 322(9b)
acquainted: familiarized; a§ina administer(vt): yonetmek
347( 23), 262 (lld)
acquire(vt): get; obtain; gain l, admirable(adj): takdire §ayan
261 (9e), 336(lf), 488(3), 519(7), 279 (10)
539(4-6), 543-544(9-12), 550(1-5) admire(vt): takdir etmek 65(2)
acquired(adj): kazamlmt§ 625(l(k) admit(vt): acknowledge; kabul
acquisition(n): ogrenme; edinim etmek 12(14. 2), 264 (13)
398(16a), 403(5a), 625(10c) admonish(vt): rebuke; scold;
acquisitive(adj) 625( l Oa) azarlamak 344(27f), 364(10)
84
adolescence(n): ergenlik 68(5c), aid(vt): help 299(3a)
398(15a), ailment(n): illness 371(1), 383(9e)
adopt(vt): kabul etmek; 402(3le)
benimsemek 252(43c), 342(20d), aim(n): purpose 287( 2)
345(4, 6), 384(13a, 15b), alert(adj): watchful 365(19)
437(1b), 44608b), 533 alien:(n) yabanct 379(6)
adroit:(adj) skilful 359(17a) alienate(n): isolate; estrange;
adulthood(n): yeti~kinlik 68(5c) aytrmak ; uzakla~ttrmak 364(8),
advance(vi):geli~mek 263 (13e) 388(3ld), 537(10-12)
advancement(n): ilerleme alike(adj): benzer (see grammar index)
380(18) and .... alike: both ... and 602( 100)
advantage(n): avantaj 380(4. 2) allegation(n): claim; accusation;
advent(n): arrival; geli~ 224(65d), charge 353(26), 400(24d)
352( 10), 380(4.11), 395(4d), allege(n): claim 364(6), 386(22b)
396(5a), 601(97) allegedly(adv): iddiaya gore
adverse(adj): unfavorable; negative; 417(3c)
bad 356(9e) , 410(6b) alleviate(vt): lessen; relieve;
adversely(adv): badly; negatively; azaltmak 342(19c), 372(19),
olumsuz olarak 213(3lb) 390(8d)
advise(vt): ogiitlemek (see allocate ... (for)(vt): tahsis etmek;
grammar index) ayirmak 374(4), 488(24),
advocate (vt): favor, support; - + tasks to: gorevler vermek
desteklemek, savunmak 374(5)
248(73a),384(15b), 386(24b), allot(vt): allocate; aytrmak
387(26b), 391(23c) 387(25b)
advocate(n): supporter 350(5c), allotment(n): tahsis; aytrma
396(5d), 545(17-20)r 403(2b)
affection(n): ~efkat 281(6), allow(vt): permit l 1(13A. 3),
512(7) 260 (4d)
affluent(adj): rich; wealthy; zengin allude ... (to)(vt): refer... to
357(12c),358(14d) 372(20)
afford(vt): be rich enough; giicii ally(n): miittefik 405(32a)
yetmek 15(3b), 296(2c) alter(vt) 262 (13c)
after all: nede olsa 448(1) although(conj): (see grammar
agenda(n): giindem 398(13e) index)
aggravate(vt): make worse altitude(n) yukseklik; irtifa
343(22a) 269 (8d)
aggression(n): saldm 407(2b) altruistic(adj): unselfish 46.5(12. 6)
aggressive(adj): saldzrgan amaze(vt): surprise greatly
360(17), 410(4b), 463(8.8) 265 (23)
aggressively(adv): saldzrgan amazement(n): surprise 282(11)
birimde 245(37b) ambiguous(adj): birden fazla
aid (n): help 257 (13) an/amt olan 276 (28),
413(5a)
85
ambition(n): h1rs; biiyiik istek apparently (adv): seemingly;
398(14d) gdriiniirde 277(3e),
ambitious(adj): lursli; iddialt 3(1), 552(17-21)(3e)
447(30a) appeal to: attratt; interest ; ilgisini
amount(n): miktar 268 (3b) r;;ekmek ; hitap etmek 340(15a),
amount (to): (vi) 373(23), 375(2dJ, 382(6c),
(l) anlamina gelmek 373(21) 406(46c), 511(4)
(2) ula§mak 374(27) appeal for: r;;agn yapmak; istekte
ample(adj): plenty of; abundant; bulunmak 373(22)
bot 355(6c), 409(lc), 466(3) appeal(against) a verdict bir karan
amuse(vt): eglendirmek 262 (12d) temyiz etmek 255(7lb)
ancestor(n): ecdat 544(13-16) appeal(n): attraction 40 l (26d),
ancient(adj) old: eski 68(7c), 577(78a)
545(1-5), 620(14c) appease( vt): satisfy;tatmin etmek
and ... alike: both ... and; hem ... 512(7)
hemde 251(27b), 375(2d), applaud(vt): cheer; alkt§!amak
448(3), 547(16-20), 602 (100) 233(63), 487(1. 2)
anguish(n): great sorrow; pain applause(n): alkt§ 41(3. 4)
351 (8b) applicable(adj): uygulanabilir
annihilation(n): yoketme 317(3b)
463(6.3; 7. 2)) applicant(n): baFuru sahibi
announce(vt): ilan etmek; 209(22b), 305(13c)
duyurmak 15(1. 5ab), 67(26) appoint(vt): tayin etmek; atamak
annoy(vt): anger 262 (I le) 13(19), 259 (2a)
annoyed (adj) angry with appraise(vt): deger bir;;mek
377(2. 13) 342(2le), 383(9b)
annul(vt): cancel 342(2lb) appreciable(adj): noticeable
antibody(n): antikor 530(5) 410(5d)
anticipate(vt): expect; ummak appreciate(vt): takdir etmek'
247(69d), 254(60b), 337(6e), 12(14. 3), 260 (6c), 444(27d)
347(29), 392(35c), 557(17c) appreciation(n): takdir 311(15b)
anxiety(n): worry; kayg,; endi§e appreciative (adj): takdir edici
352( 7), 6 l 5(5b) 440(14)
anxious(adj) apprehend(vt): yakalamak 382(5d)
(1): eager 305(1 lb), 615(5d) apprehensive(adj): afraid
(2): worried 229(25c), 271 (la) 41l(llb)
anxiously(adv): kayg1l1 bi<;:imde apprentice(n): prak 69(24c)
615(5a) approach: yakla§tm 252(43c)
appalled(adj): terrified 387(27e) approve ... (of)(vt): onaylamak
appalling(adj): deh§et verici; 148(91), 387(26b)
korkunr;; 186(3b) approximate(adj): yakla§tk
apart from(prep) 299(3e)
( l) other than; ... n111 d1§1nda approximately(adv): yakla~1k
323( 16d), 448(4a) olarak 276 (lb)
(2) in addition to; ya111s1ra apt(adj): egilimli 410(4b)
448(4b) aptitude(n): ability 270 (10)
apparent(adj): gdriiniir 333(17b) ardently(adv): enthusiastically
363(6)
86
arid(adj): rorak 399(18b), aspect(n): yon 68(lc), 268 (3d),
551(12-16) 446(15a), 540(10-12)
arise(vi): dogmak; kaynaklanmak aspiration(n): desire 371(11),
266 (17), 537(7-9) 404(2ld)
aroma(n): koku 517(2) aspire(vt): desire 344(27d)
arouse(vt): awaken; entice; assassinate(vt): kill for political
uyandirmak 337(5d), 342(2lt), reasons 371(8)
442(T4c), 537(10-12) assassination(n): suikast
arrange(vt): diizenlemek 307(49c) 422(2ld)
arrest(vt): tutuklamak 301(16d) assembly hall: konjerans/ toplantl
artificial(adj): yapay 285(22) salonu 42(4)
artificially(adv): yapay olarak assert(vt): state firmly 347(24),
517(2) 387(26d),393(50b), 619(2a)
as(conj)(see grammar index) assertion(n): claim; iddia 619(2b)
(1) ... d1g1 irin; ... d1gindan dolayc assertive(adj): dedigi dedik 619(2c)
(2) ... d1g1 gibi assess(vt)
(3) ... iken (I) evaluate; degerlendirmek ,
(4) ... dikre 245(46c), 336(3t), 342(18e),
(5) .... d1g1 halde: e.g. stnJngareis. .. 624(5b)
as(prep) ... olarak (see grammar (2) determine the value of 67(8.1)
index) - + damage: hasar tespiti yapmak
as for: gelince 181(13. 1), assessment(n): degerlendirme 269
448( 10), 508(2) (7t), 386(24d), 395(4e), 500(3.2)
as if(conj) (see grammar index) asset(n) : ta~mir ve ta~mmaz
(I) ... e benziyor 145(46) mallar; avantaj 248(80c)
(2) ... sanki ... mi~ gibi 32(33), assets: mal varltgc 248(80c),
146(47-48) 400(25a)
as long as(conj): ... d1g1 miiddetre assign(vt): atamak 266 (16)
(see grammar index) assist(in)(vt): yardim etmek 615(6a)
as regards: ilgili olarak 448(6) assistance(n): yardtm " 615(6b)
as soon as(conj): ... 1r ... mez associate(vt): ili~kili bulmak
(see grammar index) 384(14a)
as such: boyle oldugu ifin associated(adj): ili~kili 282( 19),
448(8), 458(lc) 374(23), 375(1 la), 377(2. 28),
as though(conj): as if 146(47) 539(4,6)
as to: gelince 448(9) assume(vt): varsaymak 260 (4e)
as to: ile ilgili 402(30d), assumption: varsayun 402(32a),
460(22a), 513(10), 551(12-16) 414(23b)
as well as(prep): in addition to assure(vt): giivence vermek
258 (lt) 46(36d), 373(25), 444(3la)
ascribe(vt): attribute to; atfetmek astonish(vt): surprise greatly
340(15b), 540(10-12) 260 (3t)
ashamed(adj): utanmt~ 306(35d) astonishedl(adj): 377(2. 9)
87
astound(vt): astonish 259 (2d) avoid(vt): saktnmak 12(14. 1)
astoundingly(adv) 278 (13) award(vt): (bir ba§art
asylum(n): stgtnma 387(27c) ir;in )odullendirmek 30 I (l 5e)
at all(adv): hir; (see grammar aware(adj): conscious: bilincinde
index) 8(1. 4), 446(15a)
at all costs: whatever happens; ne awful(adj): bad 276 (27)
olursa olsun 405(29a), 449(14), awkwardly (adv): clumsily;
460(25b) beceriksiz bir;imde 363(7)
at one's disposal : emrine tahsis axis(n): eksen 283(28)
edili olmak 407(10c) bachelor(n): muzmin bekar
at the expense of: zaranna 8(4. 2b)
449(15) back up(vt): support 367(21), 427
at times: sometimes 191(1) backbone(n): belkemigi 386(2la)
attach importance to: onem baffle(vt): §ll§trtmak 365(14)
vermek 373(24) ban(n): prohibition; yasaklama
attain(vt): achieve; reach 306(3lc), 340(15c), 389(ld)
340(13c), 345(7), 364(11), ban(vt): forbid; prohibit;
383(1 le), 387(26b), 393(49b) yasaklamak 592(50d)
attempt(n): giri§im 208(la) bankrupt(adj) muftis
attempt(vt): giri§imde bulunmak; go bankrupt: if/as etmek
te§ebbus etmek 259 (lb) 66(22) 514(14)
attend to(vt): bakmak; ilgilenmek bar... (from)(vt): forbid; hinder;
374(28) ... den yasaklamak; engel olmak
attendance(n): take attendance 375(4d):
yoklama yapmak barely(adv): hardly; ucu ucuna
attention(n): dikkat; ilgi 615(7a) IO 1(set 3.2-3), 188(27.51), 276
attentive(adj): dikkatlt 615(7c) (la), 315(7c), 408(16d), 416(le),
attentively(adv) 276 (le), 615(7b) 542-543(5-8), 552(17-21),
attitude(n): tavtr . 268 (5d), • 620(1 le)
446(18b), 550(1-5), bargain(n): 314(39c)
attributable(adj): atfedilebilir based (on)(adj): dayalt 377(2. 2)
92(111. 1), 198(3) basically (adv): essentially 257(.24)
attribute(n): quality; nitelik battle(n): muharebe; sava§
400(25b) 269 (Se), 399(19d)
attribute ... ( to)(vt): ascribe to; battleground(n): sava§ yeri
atfetmek 228(5a),347(4), 544(13-16)
367(8), 373(27),375(6b), be about to: uzere olmak 427
377(2.30), 384(15c), be accustomed to: ali§ktn olmak
543-544(9-12) 377(2. 12)
audience(n): seyirci 443(1 lc) be addicted to: muptela olmak;
auditory(adj): i§itsel 3 lO(lOd) bag1mlt olmak 192(28a)
augment(vt): increase 343(22b) be admitted: kabul edilmek
authentic(adj): gerr;ek 367(14) 619(ld)
autonomous(adj): ozerk 486(la) be committed to(see committed)
available(adj): mevcut 5(D), be convicted: hukum giymek
246(57c), 409(3d) 516(20)
avert(vt): avoid 389(34b), be engaged: ni§anli olmak 36(84)
392(45b)
88
be entitled to: hakki olmak blame ..• for(vt): consider
514(13) responsible for 284(14),
be faced with: kar§I kar§iya 337(5e)
kalmak 3(28), 377(2.18) blame(n) kabahat 195(12c)
be involved in: kat1lmak blame(vt): find fault with 381(2e),
302(20e), 617(18a) 390(15b)
be made up of: olu§mak blood vessels: kan damarlan
302(19d) 554(31-35)
be opposed to: be against boast (of)(vt): oviinmek 376(19a)
183(9d), 617(24a) 468
be over: come to an end; be bold: daring; brave; courageous
finished; sona ermek; bitmek 354(le)
47, 219(lb), 339(llc) bonus(n): ikramiye 406(50a)
be promoted: terfi etmek; terfi boom(n): impetus; increase; growth
ettirilmek 41(6. 3) 405(3la)
be relieved : rahatlamak 623(36a) boost(vt): increase 342(18d),
beam (n) ray; l§ln 480 348(12), 382(8e), 618(28d)
bear(-vt): stand; tolerate; tahammiil boredom(n): s1k1lma 513(9)
·etmek 376(16d) bound(adj): certain; kesin;
beat(vt): yenmek 305(15b) kapmlmaz 90(8), 253(49a),
before long(adv): rok germeden 340(13f), 385(19e), 410(6c),
(see grammar index) 412(12d), 414(22c), 519(7),
beg(vt): yalvarmak 306(33b) 589(23a)
behalf(n) bow(n): egilme 185(18b)
on behalf of: adma 243( 14a), brake( vt) .fren yapmak 389(34b)
453(65) brand new(adj): yepyeni; g1c1r g1c1r
behave(vi, vt): act 14, 300(10e) 32(31)
behavior(n) : davram§ 339(1 lf) bravery(n) courage; cesaret
beneficial: useful; yararli 70(28b)
243(16c), 247 (1), 615(8c) break down : bozulmak 58(5),
benefit(vt), vi) 258 (2d), 263 427
(14e), 384(14c), 615(8a) break off(vt): kesmek 427
besides: in addition to 258 (2d) break out(vi): erupt; pkmak
besieged: ku§at1bm§ 389(34e) 44(17b), 323(17c), 427
beverage: me§rubat 463(9. 1) breed(vt): produce 337(4d)
beware (of) vi): den sakmmak; (n): kind 525(7. II)
dikkatil olmak 374(29) bribe(n): rii§Vet 65(4)
bias(n): prejudice; on yarg1 bribery(n): rii§Vet verme 228(4b)
353(28), bride(n): gelin 73(8c), 233(62b)
biased(adj): prejudiced; on yarg1h bridegroom(n): damat 73(8c)
593(61. III) brightly: parlak birimde 49(37b)
89
brilliant(adj): bright 276 (30) catastrophe(n): disaster; jelaket
bring about(vt): cause 535(7), 619(3b) .·
427 catastrophic(adj): disastrous:
bring up(vt): raise: biiyutmek felaket getirici 340(14t)
264 (12), 427, 432(le) catastrophically( adv): 6 I 9.(3c)
brutal(adj): vah§iyane 235(5a) catch a glimpse of: gozii
build(n) yap1: 402(30b) ili§mek 190(34b), 460(26d)
bulk(n):biiyiik k1sm1 401(28e), cause(n):(l) neden 197(6), (2) dava
406(49b) 296(3d); 620(9a)
burden(n): yuk 398( 14a), 550(6- caution(n): ihtiyat 396(8d)
11) cautiously(adv ): ihtiyat/1 birimde
burglar(n): thief 269 (6a) 279 (12), 371(6), 417(4c)
but (conj) 258 (2a), 468 cease(vi): stop; sona ermek
by heart: ezbere 449( 19) 241(79b), 462
by means of: vasttas1yla cease-fire(n): ate§ kes
555(36-40) celebrate(vt): kutlamak
calamity(n): catastrophe; disaster; 541(13-15)
felaket 353(25), 402(3 lc) census(n): niifus say1m1 31 l(l4a),
calculate(vt): hesaplamak 377(2. 2), 522(7d)
398(16b) cessation(n): stopping 400(24c)
call for challenge(n): yap1lmas1 gur i§
(I) require 427 399(19e)
(2) request 427 charge(n) accusation; surlama
call off(vt): cancel; iptal etmek 189(29i), 417(3b)
264 (2), 432(lt) charge ... (for)(vt): para almak
call up(vt): telephone 427 323(13b), 537(7-9)
can't help: elinde olmamak charge ... (with(vt): accuse of;
296(2b) surlamak 237(35c), 341(16e),
cancel(vt): call off: iptal etmek 341(17b), 440(9).
254(59a), 256 (6) chiefly(adv) : mainly 278 (11)
candidate(n): aday 5(D) chimney(n): baca 307(43c)
capable (of) able; competent: circillate(vt): dola§mak 299(5b)
yetenekli 1, 45(29c), 275 (21), circulation( n)
314(2d) ( 1) tiraj 3 l 3(30d), 446(20d),
capacity(n): kapasite 268 (2t) (2): dola§tm 555(36-40)
capture(vt): catch 255(70c); circumstance(n): durum
279 (I) 312(4d),400(23c)
care(vi): ald1rmak 333(15b) circumstantial evidence
carnivore(n): etobur 462 416(49c)
carry on: continue 428 cite(vt): mention; belirtmek
carry out(vt): perform 301(17c), 500(3.1), 515(19)
432(lc) civilization(n) uygarlik 384(14c)
case(n) claim(vt): iddia etmek 262 (10c)
(l) durum 398(13b), 449(22), clarify(vt): make clear; apklamak
568 263 (15e), 463(8. 5)
(2) vaka 333(23d) clarity(n): clearness 283(29)
cash(n): nakit 313(17b) classify( vt): s1mfland1rmak;
casual(adj): informal 279 (11) aymnak 553(25-30)
90
client(n) : mii§teri 269 (6t), (2)perfonn; execute; perpetrate,
373(28) participate in: e.g. - + a
cliff(n): ur;urum 553(25-30) crime/ a sin; yapmak;
climate(n): iklim 322(9b) i§lemek 422(25c)
cognitive(adj): bili§sel 513(11) commitment(n): promise; pledge;
coincide(with): aym tarihe denk responsibility 249(ld),
gelmek; r;akt§mak 337(6a), 350(5e), 371(4),380(14),
373(31), 382(6b) 400'(23d), 405(34b),489( 17),
coincidence(n): chance; tesadiif 589(19b)
257 (16),352( 9), 400(2lb), committed(adj): kendini adamt§
592(56d) 377(2. 20), 388(29b)
colleague(n): meslekta§ 254(66.:.>.) commodity(n): mat 400(25d),
collaborate (with): i§birligi 461
yapmak 373(19) common sense(n): sag duyu
collapse(vi): r;okmek 3(25) 324(2c)
collide(vi): r;arpt§mak 192(13a) compass(n): pusula 480(1)
collision(n): r;arpi§ma 242(6a) compatibility(n): uyumluluk
combat: fight 3(30), 342(19e), 619(4c)
530(2.5) compatible(adj):
combatant(n): sava§an ki§i harmonious;uyumlu 358(13c),
306(22b) 619(4a, 4b)
come across: find unexpectedly; compel(vt): force; zarlamak
kar§tla§mak 265 (20) 433(3b); 11(13A. 6), 248(72c), 339(12a),
579(95a) 366(6), 384( 15b)
come to realize: farketmeye compensate for(vt): make up for;
ba§lamak 517(22) telafi etmek 347(3), 373(33),
come to terms with: 512(7)
kabullenmek 537(10-12) compensation(n): telafi
commence(vi, vt): begin 338(9c) 398(13a), 404(16c)
commend(vt): praise; ovmek compete(vi): yan§mak 389(4c)
345(28d) competence(n): yetenek 270 (11),
commensurate(adj): uygun 550(1-5)
359(17d), 379(9) competent(adj): capable; able
comment(n) yorum 269 (6b), 8(2.1), 274 (10)
comment(on)(vt): yorum yapmak competition(n): yan§ma 3(22),
192(12d), 342(21 a), 366(28) 281(9), 400(2le), 625(9b)
commerce(n): trade; ticaret 271 competitive(adj) 314(38b)
(15), 541(16-18) competitively(adv) 625(9c)
commit (to)(vt) competitor(n): rival; rakip
(l)bind; pledge; baglamak; 320(12. 1b), 339(1 la), 625(9a)
adamak 344(25a), complain(vt): §ikayet etmek
373(32), 377(B. 9) 46(39c)
complaint(n): §ikayet 46(40d)
91
compliant(adj): uyumlu 359( l 7e) concise(adj): brief and compact
comply (with)(vt): uymak 373(6), 357(12b)
375(4d),381(4e), 391(19b) conclusive(adj): kesin 318( 13c)
compose(vt): olu§turmak concomitant(adj): aym anda olan
302(18b) 547(16-20)
compound(n): bile§im 268 (3e) concrete(adj): definite; precise;
comprehensible: anla§tlabilir somut 358(13f)
275 (22) condemn(to death)(vt): (oliime)
comprehensive: wide-ranging; mahkiim etmek 374(30)
kapsamlt 283(30) condemnatory(adj): k1nay1c1
comprise(vt) 519(6)
(l) consist of; olu§mak 346(21), condensation(n): yogunla§ma
540(10-12) 310(12e)
(2) form ; make up; constitute; condensed(adj): k1salttlmt§
olu§turmak 244(26c), 406(46c)
338(7b), 38l(la), conducive(adj): uygun 361(25),
compromise(n): uzla§mak 369(16), 379(8), 409(3b)
388(3la), 400(24e), 401(28c) conduct: behavior 349(2f), 351(4),
compulsory(adj): required; 396(6b), 399(18c)
obligatory; mandatory; wrunlu confess (to)(vt): itiraf etmek
355(4d), 380(11), 514(13) 374(21), 377(26)
conceal(vt) hide; gizlemek confide (in)(vt): s1rnm a9mak; itiraf
285(28) etmek 374( 31), 464 (11.4)
concede(vt): kabul etmek confidence(n): trust; giiven 257
394(14a), 440(8), 563(98c) (17)
conceivable: imaginable, possible; confident(adj): sure; emin
akla gelebilen, miimkiin olan 250(15c)
3(19) confidential(adj): secret
conceivably(adv) possibly 357(10a), 440(17), 417(4d)
251(25b), 619(5d) confine (to)(vt): limit ; restrict
conceive (of)(vt): imagine; think of 302(20a), 340(13a), 373(4),
38403d), 388(3le), 519(8), 384(14c)
619(5b) confined(adj): closed in
concentrate on(vt): bir §eye confirm(vt): verify; dogrulamak
konsantre olmak 287( 28) 304(3), 346(12), 366(7),
concept(n): notion; kavram 381(2e),462, 619(6a)
248(76c),514(15) confirmation(n): verification;
conception(n): anlayt§ 398(16a), dogrulama 350(4e), 399(18a),
519(8), 550(1-5), 619(5a) 404(20c), 519(8), 619(6b)
concern (n)(n): interest l 90(37b) conflict(n): anla§mazltk; 9att§ma
concern(n)worry: kayg1 481 (Sb), conflict with: 9at1§mak; 9eli§mek
493(17d) 280 (26), 374(35), 382(5e),
concerned(adj): anxious; kayg1lt 385(19e)
43(5c), 93(3), 493(17) conflicting(adj): 9eli§en 414(23b)
concerning(prep): about, ile ilgili conform (to): uymak l 93(29d),
258 (Id), 514(15) 373(9), 620(7a)
concession(n): odiin 255(75b), conformity(n): uyumluluk
400(24e), 401(27d) 404(17b), 620(7c)
92
confront(vt): kar§t kar§tya kalmak considerable(adj): great;
5(D), 533, 537(10-12) significant; substantial; biiyiik ,. -•
confronted with: kar§t kar§tya olriide 12(14.4),271(2b), -·
gelmek 206, 377(2.26) 313(30d), 384(13e), 393(49b),
congenial (to)(adj): uygun 460(22a),497(5b), 515(19),
379(11) 620(14b)
congestion(n) : t1kamkl1k; considerably(adv): : greatly;
s1k.J~1khk 310(9d), 398( 14c), significantly; substantially
403(6c) 248(75b) 278 (18), 476(V.3.3),
congratulate ... (on)(vt): tebrik 578(84d), 619(36e)
etmek 267 (20) considerably less: rok daha az
congregate(vt) : toplanmak 398(14b)
481(6-8) consideration(n) 268 (3f)
congruous(adj): uyumlu; bagda§tr consist(of)(vt) 301(14a)
379(10) consistency(n): tutarhhk
conjuror(n): sihirbaz 73( 10d) 397(10d), 401(26c), 519(8),
620(9c), 625(15a)
conquer(vt): zaptetmek 387(26c),
consistent(adj): siirekli; tutarlt;
388(32a), 620(8a)
bagdaw 358(15d), 359(6),
conqueror(n): fatih 620(8c, 8d) 378(3.1), 379(12), 415(32d),
conquest(n): fetih 399(19e) 531(17), 592(49e), 620(9b),
625(15b)
conscience(n): vicdan 401(28c) consistently(adv): siirekli olarak;
conscious(adj): bilinrli 314(2e), tutarlt olarak 45(24b), 362(2a),
396(7a) 362-363(4d), 620(9a), 625(15c)
consecutive(adj): successive; ard console(vt): teselli etmek
arda 238(40a) 388(30b), 394(18b)
conspicuous(adj): easily noticeable
consecutively(adv): birbiri 465(9), 481
pe§is1ra 417(2a) constant(adj): permanent; siirekli
consensus(n): uzla§ma 401(26e) 283(28), 315(5e), 399(18e),
400(22e), 446(17d)
consequence(n): sonur 309(6d)
constituent(n): olu§turan parra
conserve(vt): preserve; korumak 69(23a), 309(7a)
67(23) constitute(vt): olu§turmak
69(16b), 263 (15f), 507(21-23),
conservation(n): koruma 309(6e), 513(10)
346(13) constrict(vt): contract; biizmek
348(5)
consider(vt): think over 12(14. 4), construct(vt): build 262 (l lb)
256 (4), 445(lc) consult(vt): dam§mak 41(3. 6),
301(17e)
consume(vt): use up 301(17d),
336(3d)
93
consumer(n) : tiiketici 537(7-9), convention(n): custom 285(20)
549(26-30) conventional(adj): customary
contagious: bula§!Ct 256 (2), 414(20a)
361(27), 411(9d), 416(50b) converse(n): reverse; tersi 351(3)
contaminate(vt) 256(2) conversely(adv): on the other hand
contemplate(vt): think 558(32a) 247(60a)
contemporary(adj): modern; ~agda§ convert (from ... to)(vt) :
365(24), 491(6) donii§tiirmek 373(29), 300( 12b)
contend(vt): claim; iddia etmek convey(vt): pass on; aktarmak
383( 12b), 385( 18c) 346(19), 517(22)
content(adj): satisfied l 93(32a), convict... of(vt): den mahkiim
412(15c) etmek 351(8t), 376(17b)
contention(n): iddia 546(6-10) convicted(adj) mahkiim olmu§
contest(n): yart§ma 3(17), 409(2b) 394(12a)
contract( vt) conviction(n)
(1) become smaller; shrink; (1) inani; 542-543(5-8), 61m
constrict 343(22t), (2) mahkiimiyet 369(14d)
372(16) convince(vt): persuade: ikna etmek
(2) bir hastalzga yakalanmak 61(6c), 302(21c), 615(9a)
394(16d), 411(9d) convinced(ot)(adj): ikna olmu§
contraction(n): constriction; 191(8c), 312(15c), 377(2. 1),
biiziilme 554(31-35), 370(19) 615(9d)
contradict(vt): say the convincing(adj): ikna edici
opposite;tersini soylemek; 281(28), 615(9b)
i;eli§kiye dii§iirmek 245(47b) convincingly(adv):ikna edici
383(12c), 392(37d) bi~imde 615(9c)
contrary(adj):opposite 271 (2c) cooperate ... (with)(vt): i§birligi
- + to: in opposition to; tersine yapmak 616(1 lc)
~ontrary(n):tersi 311(18a) cooperation(n): i§birligi
contrary to(prep): tersine 616(llb)
258 (2e), 519(6) cooperative(adj) 616( l la)
contrast(vt) 552( 17-21) cope with(vt): deal with; ba§etmek
contribute(vi) (to) 261 (8t) 191(9c), 247(6la), 265 (24),
contribution(n) : katkt 248(74b), 381(le), 398(14a), 592(46a)
308(3d) core(n): center 351 (8a)
contributory(adj): katktda com(n): mtstr 544(13-16)
bulunan; neden olan 315(4b) correspond to: match; be similar
controversial(adj): disputable; to; benzemek; bagda§mak
debatable; tartt§malz 247(66d), 337(6b); 343(22e); 388(30c);
360(8), 495(27), 536( 1-3), 393(5a), 458(6. 2d), 519(8),
625(13b) 620(10d)
controversy(n): argument; tartt§ma correspond with:
380(12), 625(13a) (l) be in agreement with;
convenience(n): rahatlzk bagda§mak,: uymak
for the sake of+ - 616(10a) 336(2t), 374(36), 385( 19b),
convenient(adj): uygun 273 (7e), 620(10b),
487(20), 616(10b) (2)yazt§mak 620( lOt)
conveniently(adv) 616(10c)
94
correspondence(n): benzerlik; criteria(n): ol~tit 281 (I)
uyum 620(10c) critically(adv) 3(7)
corresponding(adj): benzer; criticize(vt): ele§tirmek 287( 30)
e§deger 547(16-20) crop(n): iiriin 308(3c), 547(11-15)
corresponding period: aym crucial(adj): very important
donem 620(10e) 67(247,.257 (15), 354(1),
correspondingly(adv): aym 415(3lb)
§ekilde; o olrude 620(10a) cruel(adj): ac1mas1z; zalim 379(4).
corrosion(n): paslanma 349(3f) cultivable(adj) 251 (28b): ekilebilir
corruption(n) 587(4b): yolsuzluk cultivate(vt): grow; prepare land
count on(vt): rely on; giivenmek for farming 576(71 d), 595 (71)
374(39) cultivation(n): growing 367(12);
counteract(vt) etkisini azaltmak be under+ - tanm irin kullamltr
411(8d) olmak
counterpart(n): (burada) curb(vt): curtail; restrain;
meslekda§I; 465(12. 5) dizginlemek; frenlemek
courage(n):bravery; cesaret 268 121(45c), 275(18), 342(20f),
(3c), 400(25b) 387(28a)
course of action: hareket tarz1 cure(vt): tedavi etmek 341(16b)
403(1 la) curfew(n): sokaga pkma yasag1
course(n): yol 401(29c) currency(n) 323(13b)
cover(vt): ele almak 303(26e) current (adj) 322(7b)
coverage(n) 403(9b): yer current(n) 3 l3(28b)
coward(n): korkak(ki§i) 597(79-81) currently(adv): now 31(4),
crash (vi): (u~ak i~in) dii§mek 285(30)
306(25a) curtail(vt): curb; reduce;
crash into: ile rarpt§mak; e dizginlemek; diminish; reduce;
bindirmek 41(414. 3) k1sa kesmek 243(24c),
crave(vt) : desire 348(14a), 342(18c), 383(9c)
394(19b) dairy(n): mand1ra 624(3d)
create(vt): yaratmak 3(1), damage(vt): zarar vermek 303(25e)
398(14c), 400(22b) damage(n): zarar 313(3lb),
creature(n): yarattk 481(6-8) 443(18c)
credibility(n): giivenirlik; danger(n): tehlike 270 (7)
inamrltk 397(1 le), 537(10-12), dangerous(adj) 256(10)
620(1 ld) dare: cesaret etmek 245(47b),
credible(adj): believable 437- 251(35b)
438(8a), 620(1 le) daring(adj): bold; ciiretkar 389(33)
credulous(adj): too ready to believe dawn(n): tanyeri 186(9c), 432(1 b)
437-438(8b) deadline(n): tamnan sure
crevice(n) 464(11.3) 238(44d), 348(7), 406(42c)
crime(n): sur 69(17c), 317(12d) deal with(vt): 3(2), 261 (8a),
criminal(n) surlu 69(17c) 399(20b) ele almak
95
debate(vt) tart1~mak 407(8b) delicate(adj): hassas 41 l(IOe)
debt: borr; 401(29b), 549(26-30) delight (vt): memnun etmek
decade(n): on y1l 49(29b) 58(9b)
decay(vt), vi): r;iiriimek 542(1-4), delighted(adj): memnun 58(9b),
260 (4c), 367(16) 377(2. 10)
decent: proper 355(5e), 316(10e) delinquency(n): sur;luluk
decide(vt): karar vermek 12(13B. 2) 406(43c)
decision(n): karar 12(14. 10), deliver(vt): teslim etmek 61(10
53(48), 229(25c), 401(29a), b), 315(4c)
416(V.8.b) delivery(n) 315(4c)
decisive: conclusive; kesin; delude(vt): yamlg1ya dii§iirmek
belirleyici 399(19d), 357(10e) 385(18a)
decline(n): fall; azall§; dii§ii§ demand(vt): talep etmek 12(138 .
244(25b), 300(8a), 310(10c), 6) 259 (le)
366(28), 508(4), 541(16-18) demanding(adj): giir; 1, 510(3b)
547(16-20) demolish(vt): y1kmak 54(4b)
decline (v) demolition(n): y1k1m 407(1 lc)
(l)(vi): decrease; fall SCE(VA. 5) demonstrate(vt): show 2(5b),
(2)(vt): refuse; turn down 259 (le), 519(8)
307(45c), 338(9t), 339(1 ld), demonstration(n): gt'isteri 68(6c)
444(30d) demonstrator(n): gt'isterici
dedicate(vt): devote 281(27), 402(33b)
284(12), 345(3), 373(15), denial(n): inkar 209(23c)
616(12a) dense(adj): yogun 271 (2d)
dedicated(adj): devoted; kendini densely(adv): yogun bir;imde
adaml§ 45(29c), 377(2. 21), 263(8), 551(12-16)3
616(12b) density(n): yogunluk l68(special
deduction(n): indirim 398(16b), note 2), 310(9a)
616(12c) deny(vt): inkar etmek 12(14. 6),
defeat(vt): yenmek 314(38b), 296(3a)
387(25d), 518(6) departure(n): aynll§ 247(68a)
defect(n): fault; impairment; kusur dependable(adj) reliable: giivenilir
350(6c), 399(17d) 8(1. 5)
defence(n) 625(14c) dependence(n): bag1mlli1k
defer(vt): postpone 393(48c) 396(6a)
deference(n): respect 398(15d) dependent(adj): bag1mll 291(6B.9)
defiance(n): open disobedience; depict(vt): show 247(60a)
meydan okuma 350(7a), 451 (38) deplete(vt) use up, exhaust,
deficiency(n) 447(3 ld), 602(98) diminish; tiiketmek, azaltmak
deficient(adj): eksik 294(14c), depletion(n): exhaustion; tiiketme
378(3. 6) 364(12)
deficit(n): budget deficit; biitr;e deportation(n): geri gonderme
ar;1g1 253(57b), 398(16c) 255(7lb)
definite(adj): belirli 61(8a) deprive ... (of)(vt): deny; prevent
delay(vt): geciktirmek 12(14. 5), from having; mahrum etmek
88(24a), 247(68a), 296(2e) l 78(7c) 242(5b), 346(8),
deliberately(adv) intentionally; 337(5f), 377(2. 29), 383( I I a),
kasden 277(3d), 414(16d) 547(16-20)
96
derive ... from: ... den turemek 349(3e), 380(20), 404(23a),
descend(vi): batmak; inmek 486(3b)
305(8b) deterioating(adj): bozulan
descendant(n) 494(24) 410(6a), 488(20)
describe(vt): betimlemek; tasvir determination(n): karar/1/ik
etmek 287( 10) 311(18e)
desert: ~bl 399(18b),.553(25-30) determine(vt): belirlemek
deserted(adj): abandoned; 240(61c), 262 (12a)
terkedilmi§ 10(10. 3) determined(adj): kararh ..
deserve(vt): merit; layik olmak; detest(vt): dislike 336(2b)
haketmek 12(138.4), m~. 5a), detriment(to)(n): zarar
348(13) to the detriment: zaranna
design(n): tasanm 260 (5d) 190(35h)
despair (of)(vi): umudunu detrimental(adj): harmful;
kaybetmek; umutsuz olmak damaging; zararh 360(19),
374(3), 376(22a) 485(11.A. Ia), 464( 10. 12) •
despair(n): umutsuzluk 463(8.2) devastate(vt): destroy 518(5)
desperate(adj): umutsuz 333(24a) develop(vt, vi): geli§(tir)mek) 259
desperately(adv): umutsuz birimde ( It)
417(5a) deviant(adj): sap1k 620(12d)
destination(n): gidilecek yer deviant(n) 620(12a)
389(33b), 395(4b) deviate(vt(from): sapmak
destitute(adj): lacking; yoksun 249(4a), 374(6), 376(26c),
379(7) 620(12c)
destroy(vt): yoketmek; tahrip deviation(n): sapma 620(12b)
etmek 301(15c) device(n): arar 257 (19), 400(22b),
destruction(n): tahrip 545(1-5)
189(27.5p), 387(27e), 625(8c) devise(vt): invent 30 l (17a),
destructive(adj)y1kc1; tahrip edici 369(17)
625(8b) devoid (of): lacking (in); yoksun
destructively(adv) 625(8a) 357(12d), 379([3)
detain(vt): goz altzna almak devote(vt) ... (to) ay1rmak
394(lld) 187(18), 260 (3b), 377(B 11),
detect(vt): determine; discover 38I(lb)
262 (10a), 341(16b), 345(2) - + (time): zaman ay1rmak
deter... (from)(vt): cayd1rmak 375(3b), 403(5a)
374(8), 376(30b) devoted (adj): dedicated; kendini
deterrent(n) cayd1rc1 §ey adam1§ 377(2. 17)
deteriorate(vi): become or get devour(vt): eat up 344(27b)
worse; bozulmak 337(6d), dexterity(n): skill 402(30e)
381(2d), 390(1 lc) dexterously: skillfully 417(2c)
deterioration(n): decline; diagnose(vt): tam koymak
degradation bozulma; 5(0), 383(9e)
diagnosis(n): tam 310(13b) disgust(vt): tiksinmek ;
die out(vi): become extinct; nesli tiksindirmek 377(B2), 519(6)
tiikenmek 232(50a) dish(n):food 348(14)
diet(n): on a diet: rejimde disloyal: sad1k olmayan 518(6)
differentiate(vt): discriminate; dismayed(adj): cesareti kmlm1p
distinguish; aymm yapmak hayretten donup kalmt§
383(10e), 385(20d) 377(2.15)
digest(vt): sindirmek 515(19) dismiss(vt): kovmak 302(18e)
dilation(n): geni§leme 554(31-35) dispense ... with(vt): vazgermek
dilemma(n): predicament; ikilem 376(18d)
353( 23) disperse(vt): scatter; dagttmak
diligent(adj): hardworking; 344(25e), 389(34d), 539(4-6),
industrious; rali§kan 8(2. 2), 544(13-16)
20l(E. 9a), 587(7d) disposable(adj): at1labilir
diligently(adv) 199(C. 1) 4ll(lla)
diminish(vi, vt): drop; decrease disposal(n): atma; temizle(n)me;
261 (8b), 340(13d) kurtulma 397(12a)
directly+ S ... ir ... mez 41(3. 8) dispose of(vt): get rid of: atmak;
disability(n) sakatltk 503(5) kurtulmak 373(12), 383(10c)
disappoint(vt): dii§ kmkltgma disproportionately orant1s1z
ugratmak 304(28e) birimde 417(5b)
disastrous(adj): felaket getirici disprove(vt): ruriitmek 571(1 lc)
188(5. e) dispute: disagreement: tarti§ma;
discard(vt): throw away 368(2) anla§mazhk 242(4a), 252(36d),
discern(vt): perceive; see 342(2ld) 339( I Of), 375(5a), 380( 13),
discomfort(n): rahats1zlik 388(3 la), 396(7d), 397(12d), 405( 26c)
381 (3d), 503(5) disputed(adj): tartl§mah;
discontent(n): dissatisfaction; anla§mazltk konusu olan
memnuniye tsi zli k 337(4a) 385(19e)
discontinue(vt): kesmek; disregard(n) : ignore; goz ard1
siirdiirmemek 62l(l6d) etmek 267 (21), 408(19c)
discover(vt): keefetmek 30l(l5b) disrupt(vt): aksatmak; bozmak
discovery(n): ke§if 3(24) 75(9a), 246(50b), 342(19f),
discrepancy(n): farkltltk; 384(13b), 390(18a)
tutars1zltk 352( 19), 400(25c) disruption(n): aksama 396(6e),
discretion(n): care 352( 17), 404(22d), 541(16-18)
402(30d) disruptive(adj): bozucu 242(12a),
discriminate(vt): ay1rdetmek 410(7a)
299(4c) dissolve(vt): erimek 299(5e),
discriminate... against: ay1nm 571(8c), 588(13c)
yapmak 373(20) dissuade ... (from)(vt): ... den
discrimination 397( IO a), vazgerirmek 374(24), 389(34a)
447(24d), 519(8), 563(97a) distinct(adj):
disgraceful(adj) : yiiz k1zart1c1 (1) different; farkh 378(3. 10),
63(29(c) 461, 464(10.4)
disguise(vt): conceal; gizlemek (2) distinct; belirgin 356(9a)
245(39c), 386(22d)
98
distinction:(n) difference 68(1 la), dominant(adj): hakim : baskm
268 (5e), 349(1f), 399(20b), 224(65d), 551(12-16), 62l(l5b)
464(10. 10), 516(22), 616(l3f) dominate(vt): hiikmetmek; hakim
distinctive(adj): clear; belirgin olmak 232(50a), 253(5lb),
416(42c) 304(3oc), 381(2a), 384(15e),.
distinguish(vt): ay1rdetmek 391(27b), 62l(l5a)
236(22d), 262 (l2e), 336(2a), dominating(adj): hiikmedici
540(12-13), 616(l3a-c) 319(3la)
distinguishable(adj) 6 l 6(l 3d) domination(n): hakimiyet;
distinguished(adj) 616(l3e) egemenlik 621(l5d)
distort(vt): 9arp1tmak; tahrif etmek domineering(adj): hiikmedici
463(8. 4) 62l(l5e)
distract...(from) (vt): den double(vt) iki misli artlrmak
ahkoymak; den dikkatlnz ba§ka 395(2c)
bir ycine yo'neltmek 376(l6d), doubt(n): §iiphe 380(4. 3)
620(13a) doze(vi): sleep 370(27c)
distraction(n): dikkati dagltan §ey drastic(adj): radical; effective; kciklii
406(47c), 620(13b) 183(l0a), 253(49a), 338(8c)
distribute(vt): dagttmak 260 (6d) drastically(adv): radically; kciklii
distribution(n) 310(1 le), bi9imde 302(22c), 362(2f),
386(23b) 362(3c), 386(23c)
district(n): bcilge 493(16) drawback(n): sakmca 285(29),
divergent(adj): different 464(10. 6) 395(4c), 400(22e), 506(17-20)
diverse(adj): varied; degi§ik; 9e§itli drive sb to crime 333(24a):
243(20b), 358(l6e), 518(4), birini sur yo'neltmek
545(17-20), 620(14c) drought(n) : kurakhk 238(39b),
diversify: 9e§itlendirmek 3IO(l0e), 349(3b), 353(25),
385(20a), 620( l 4a) 399(17e), 4l0(4c), 465(12. 2)
diversion(n): pastime 466( l ) drug abuse: uyu§turucu kullanma
diversity(n): variety; ~e§itlilik dubious(adj): doubtful 368(22)
245(43a), 352( 15), 396(5c), due to
401(27c), 620(l4b) - +V: be expected 30(6.1) 90,
divert: aktarmak; yoni.ini.i 233(73a), 450(26d),464(1 l.2),
degi§tirmek 381(4c), 384(l3c), 470, 499( 15)
391 (28a) - + N: because of (See grammar
divide 256 (5) index)
do away with: abolish; son durability(n): dayanakl!l!k 31()9c)
vermek 428, 436(25b) durable(adj): dayanzk/1 316(8a)
do on ... 's best: elinden geleni durable goods: dayanzkli mallar
yapmak 44l(C. 6) 549(26-30)
domestic(adj): yerli 544(13-16) dwell upon(vt): iizerinde durmak
dominance(n) hakimiyet 343(23b)
247(64b), 621(15c)
99
dweller(n): inhabitant; resident emigrant(n) g6<;men 440( 19)
400(24a), 520 ( 8) eminent(adj): distinguished
dwelling(n): ev 464(10. 14) 356(7a)
dwindle(vi): diminish; decrease emit(vt): release; send out
348(7), 391(3la) 307(43c), 337(4c), 338(7d)
dwindling: diminishing; decreasing emotion(n): duygu 269 (6d),
360(18) 546(6-10)
eager(adj): hevesli; istekli 272 (3t) emotional(adj): duygusal 512(7)
eagerly: enthusiastically; §evkle emphasis(n) 268 (5b),
247(69d), 321(7b) 396(5e),621( 16a)
earn(vt): kazanmak 303(24d) emphasize(vt): vurgulamak
earning(h) : kazan<; 625(12b) 621(16b)
earthquake: deprem 623(39b) emphatic(adj): vurgulu 621(16c)
ease(vt): lessen 338(9e) emphatically(adv) vurguluyarak
eclipse(of the sun): giine§ 621(16d)
tutu/mast; lunar ecliLJse: ay empirical(adj): deneye dayanan
tutu/mast 403(4b) 519(8)
economic vs economical employ(vt): i§ vermek 260 (6e)
438(9a-b) employ(vt): use 383(1 ld), 470,
effect(n): etki 270 ( 1), 380(4), 515(19)
437(2b) employee(n): i§<;i 282(19),
effect(vt): cause 437(2c) 385(20c)
efficient(adj): verimli; ehil 274 (4) enable(vt): miimkiin ktlmak;
efficiently 276 (ld) saglamak l 1(13A. 2), 296(la),
effort(n): <;aba 3(30) 445(3c)
either... or(conj): ya ... yada encounter(vt): kar§tla§mak
eject(vt): throw out 238(49c), 392(40a), 557(15d),
elect(vt): se<;mek 13(19), 621(17a)
301(15d), 412(14e) encounter(n) kar§tla§ma 621(17b)
elequent(adj): belagat sahibi encourage(vt): cesaretlendirmek
245(44c) l l(l3A.7)
elicit(vt): draw out 368(26), encouragement(n): tqvik 22(5.1)
440(11) end(n): aim; purpose; ama<;
eligible(adj): hakkt olan 69(20c), 349(le), 408(15b)
190(40a), 378(3. 28), 414(27b), endeavor(n): great effort;
440(1), 591(45b) 246(53a),372(17), 545(17-20)
elk(n): (bir ~e§it) geyik 551(12-16) endeavor(vi) : make a great effort ;
embark(vi) <;aba gostermek 245(39c),
(1) - + on: (1) start - + on a 367(11), 542-543(5-8)
journey 374(1) endemic(adj): yaygm 547(16-20)
(2) get on a boat 464(11.2) endorse: support; back up
emerge(vi): ortaya pkmak 343(24a)
(l) 7(8d),191(l lc), 373(1), endow(vt): vermek 389(33e)
382(5c),386(24c),389(3b), endure(vt): bear; tahammiil etmek
397(10c),399(17a), 519(8); 338(8a), 555(36-40)
(2) become known 337(5c) enforce(vt): yiiriirliige koymak;
emergence(n) ortaya pkt§ uygulamak 46(40d), 391(32)
311 (17b), 395(3b), 512(8)
100
engage in: me§gul olmak escalation: t1rmanma 387(28a)
216(66d), 302(19e), 511(2) essence oz 269 (8b)396(8e),
enhance(vt): increase; improve; add 400(2le)446(16a)
to; artlrmak 185(14a), 336(2c), essential(adj): necessary; gerekli
381(2b), 384(13e), 390(10a), 257 (12)
592(5la) essentially(adv): basically
enjoy(vt): zevk almak 297(5c) 276 (2f), 362(2e)
enmity(n): (here)hatred; 372(21) establish(vt)
enormous(adj): tremendous; (1) determine; belirlemek
immense; biiyiik 208(8b) 266 (5), 481
enormously(adv): tremendously; (2) found; kurmak; tesis etmek
immensely 277 (4) 266 (5), 513(10
enquiry(n): dant§ma 438( 1Oa) esteem(n): respect; sayg1 183(7c),
enrol(vi, vt): register; kaydolmak 351 (8c ), 402(32c)
40(2. 5) estimate(n): tahmin 312(la)
ensue(vi): izlemek 394( ISc) estimate(vt): tahmin etmek
ensure(vt): make sure 444(32b) 14(Special Note), 299(6e)
entail(vt): require; necessitate estimated(adj): tahmini 7(5a)
337(4b), 382(6d), 387(28b), evacuate(vt): empty; bo§altmak
390(9b) 10(10. 7), 185(9a), 393(46b):
enterprise(n): giri§im 446(16a) evade(vt): ...den karmak 440(4)
entertain(vt): eglendirmek evaluate(vt): degerlendirmek
262(1 la) 302(2la)
enthusiastic(adj): hevesli; ilgili evaluation(n): assessment;
106(28c), 20 I (E.9e), 351 (2) degerlendirme 31 l(lSd), 513(11)
enthusiastically(adv): co§kulu evaporate(vi): buharla§mak
bi9imde 104(4c), 233(63) 299(7d)
entice(vt): ayartmak 364(4) evaporation(n): buharla§ma
entire(adj): complete 548(21-25) 310(12e), 351 (3), 547(11-15),
entirely(adv) 276 (If), 321(3d) 554(31-35)
entitle ... (to)(vt): hak kazand1rmak evasion(n): kaprma 401(28a)
374(37), 381(3c), 391(24b), tax + - : vergi kaprma
514(13) even so(adv): nevertheless; buna
environment(n): revre 270 (8) ragmen 179(1.b. 9), 209(25b)
epidemic(n): salgm hastahk evenly(adv): e§it olarak 265(1),
333(23d) 302(18b)
epoch(n): age;rag 353( 24) even though(conj): although;
equitably(adv): fairly: adil olarak ... d1g1 ha/de
362(4a) eventual(adv): final 271 (2e)
era(n): devir 268 (Sc), 536(1-3) eventually(adv): in the end;
eradicate(vt): yoketmek 366(29) ultimately; finally 61 (6c), 278
erupt(vi): injilak etmek; !av (9), 337(5c), 507(21-23)
piiskiirtmek 282(14)
IOI
evict(vt): (evden) pkarmak exhausting(adj): yorucu
345(28f), 541(13-15) 333(16a), 438(lfb)
evidence(n): proof; kamt; delil exhaustive(adj):. very thorough
246(55c), 267 (Id), 409(lc), 25 l (32d), 4 l 5(30d), 438( 11 a)
548(21-25), 619(2b) exhibit(vt): display 262 (12f),
evidently (adv): obviously; clearly 336(1 e), 347(2)
278 (19) exhibit(n) 511(4)
evolution(n): evrim 270 (12), exhibition(n): sergi 33(44)
542-543(5-8) exist(vi): varolmak 299(7c),
evolve(vt, vi): develop; 306(32c)
geli§( tir )mek 385(17d), 48 l (2) expand(vt, vi): geni§le(t)mek
exact(adj): precise; kesin 8(2. 4) 256 (3)
exactly(adv): precisely; kesinlikle expect(vt): hope; ummak;
278 (15) beklemek 65(b. 7), 66(19),
exaggerate(vt): abartmak 53(45), 84(e), 216(65a)
251(24c) expectancy(n): life + - 395( ld):
exceed(vt): surpass; a§mak ortalanui omiir
236(15c), 3 l2(5a), 346(15), expectation(n): hope 312(5a),
406(50a), 446(20a), 550(6-11), 395(le), 446(20a)
591(40b) expel(vt) ... (from): (den )atmak
exception(n): istisna 125(40), 69(24c), 283(27), 375(12a)
401(27c) 409(3c), 619(4d)
exceptionally: ~ok 473( le) expend(vt): spend 337(4f)
excess(adj)(n): a§m: Jazla expenditure(n): masraf 310 (l la),
255(79c),440(6) 515(19)
excessive(adj): a§trt 341(16c), expense(n): at the expense of;
477(YI. 4. 4b) zararma 449(15)
exclude(vt): dt§lamak 616(l4d) expenses(n)(pl): masraflar;
exclusion(n) 616(l4c) harcamalar 312(6a)
exclusive(adj): d1§layan 417(lc), expire(vi): run out; sUresi bitmek
616(l4a) 72(9.4)340(15d), 385(17b),
exclusively(=only): 285(23), 393(7b), 396(5b)
362(lc), 540(7-9), 616(14b) explain(vt): apklamak 13(17),
excuse(n): ozur; mazeret 322(ld) 15(1. 4b)
executive position: yonetici explicit(adj): clear 36 l (23)
pozisyonu 617(23b) exploit(vt)
exercise restraint: itidal (l) utilize: make use of
gostennek 389(34c) 338(8e), 387(28c), 392(42b),
exert(vt) 470
(1) - +impact/influence : (etki ) (2) use for selfish purposes;
yapmak 386(23c), 399(20a) abuse 343(24b), 382(7b),
(2) -+ pressure/ force/strength: 470
kullanmak 342(18b), 383(l2d) exploitation(n): yararlamlma;
exhaust(vt): use up; tiiketmek i§letilme 399(l8b), 522(4)
246(57c), 263 (15d), 557(l5d) explore(vt): ara§tlrmak 370(28)
exhausted(adj): very tired; bitkin expose(vt): maruz b1rakmak
316(1 le) be exposed to: maruz kalmak
l56(l8a-b), 302(19b), 383(1 lb)
102
exposure(n): kar!jl kar§zya kalz§ ; facilitation(n) kolayla§tlrma
maruz kalma 186(6), 399(20c) 68(13)
expnlsion(n): atma 463(7.3) facilities (n) (pl): olanak; tesis
extend(v) 211 (10 d), 252(39a), 309(7d),
(l)(vi): uzanmak 262 (lOe) 401(29e), 562(88a)
(2)(vt): uzatmak; artlrmak facility(U): skill 282(21),
67(8.2), 299(6a), 616(15d) 399(20e)
extension(n): uzatma 396(5b), fail(vt): ba§ans1z olmak 296(ld)
616(15e) faint(vi, vi): bay1lmak 577(74b)
extcnsive(adj): yaygin; faintest(idea): en ufak fikir
geni§;biiyiik 275 (15), 403(9b), 414(17b)
432(lc), 616(15a) fair(adj): just; haklz; adil
extensively(adv): geni§ §ekilde 3 l 9(25d), 440(8)
68(3b), 276 (2d), 417(5d), faith(n): belief 380(10), 401(28c)
616(15b) faithful(adj): sad1k 379(17)
extent (n): i;;ap; boyut; a/an fallible(adj): hata yapabilir
313(3lb), 399(17a), 450(27), 415(29c)
555.(36-40), 578(92b)616( 15c) falter: hesitate; tereddiit etmek
to some extent : bir dereceye 366(27)
kadar 450(27) familiar(adj): a§ina; alz§1lm1§
to a h1rge extent 450(27) 291(68. 3)
extermination(n): yoketme famine(n): shortage of food; kztlzk
463(6.3) 309(5b), 350(4d), 386(23b),
external(adj): di§ 409(2c) 399(17e)
extinct(adj): nesli tiikenmi§ 271 far-reaching; extensive 358(14e)
(2f), 488(5), 591(44c) fashion(n)
extinction(n): neslin tiikeni§i (l) moda 43(2b)
250(14c) (2) manner; tarz; bii;;im 350(6e)
extinguish(vt): sondiirmek fatal(adj): oliimciil 547(16-20)
282(10) fate(n): kader 388(29d)
extol(vt): praise; ovmek 344(26d) fatigue(n): bitkinlik 461
extract(vt): take out; pull out; fault(n): hata; kusur l 95(12c),
pkarmak 341(17d) 307(48b)
extraordinary(adj): olaganiistii, favor(vt, n)
624(40a) (n) (do a) favor: (bir) iyilik
extremely(adv):very; olduki;;a 2(1a), (yapmak) 441(4C 3),
561 (76) (vt) support; help; destek olmak ;
eye-witness(n): gorgii tamg1 yard1mc1 olmak 339( 11 b),
443(20d) 512(8)
in favor of(prep): lehinde
face(vt): kar§t kar§zya kalmak 189(32a), 339(lla), 417(2b. 3a)
305(6d) feasible(adj): probable 41 l(lOe)
facilitate(vt): kolayla§ttrmak feature(n): ozellik 515(19),
282(23), 554(31 ~35) 548(21-25)
103
fee(n): iicret 40(2. 5), 323(13b) fluid(n): s1v1 399(18d)
feedback(n): geri doniit 511 (1) focus on(vt): odakla§mak 287(
feel(vt, vi) hissetmek 10(8. 9) 26)
feel embarrassed: mah<;up olmak foggy(adj): sisli puslu 279 (5)
220(20a) fold(vt): katlamak 392(36b)
feel relieved rahatlamak; following(prep) 319(32d)
ferahlamak 238(40a) for(prep)
fermentation(n): mayalanma (l) ... den dolay1 468
517(2) (2) ... e gore
ferocious(adj): wild; savage (conj): because 197(B.9a-b)
512(5) for my part: benim apmdan
fertile(adj): verimli 319(26b) 259 (3d)
fertilizer(n) suni giibre 348(12), for the time being(adv): §imdilik
514(12) 31(6), 250(18b)
fever(n): ate§ 3 l0(13d) forbid(vt): prohibit; yasaklamak
fierce(adj):vah§i; §iddetli 66(20), 296(4b)
365( 15) forecast(vt): predict; tahmin etmek
figure(n) 249(5b), 264 (4), 336(lb)
(l) ki§i 397(10c) foresee(vt): onceden gormek;
(2) rakam 8(1. 3; 2. 4) tahmin etmek 243(24c)
figure out(vt): anlamak 428 foretell(vt): predict; tahmin etmek
finance(vt): finanse etmek 5(0) 265 (l)
find out(vt): learn; discover forgery(n): sahtekarlik 376(17b)
435(5a), 546(6-10) 547(11-15) 383(9d)
fine(n): para cezas1 283(4), former(adj): eski 3(25), 351(8f),
591(40b) 443(14d)
fine(vt): para cezas1 vermek forthcoming(adj): yakznda
558(36d) yapzlacak 313(22c)
fire brigade(n) itfaiye 559(45c) fortune(n) server 72(9.6)
firm(adj): s1k1 548(21-25) foster(vt): encourage; promote;
firmly: s1k1 bi<;imde 277 (3a) stimulate; 367( 10), 388(32e)
fit(adj) 318(16a), foundation(n): basis; temel
fit:(vt) uymak 366(1 ), 443(8a) 350(4f)
flag(vt) 549(26-30) fraction(n): kesir 383(10d))
flaw(n): defect 372( 15) fragile(adj): kmlabilir 226(90b)
flee: ... den ka<;mak 389(34e) free 314(ld) ... szz( e.g.starch-free
flight(n): u<;u§ 254(59a) diet)
flock(vi) biiyiik kitleler halinde free from/of 378(3. 29)
gelmek 317(7a) free of charge: paraszz 314(ld),
flourish(vi): prosper; thrive; frequent(adj): szk szk 54(la)
geli§mek 346(20), 370(20) friction(n): siirtiinme 309(8d),
flourishing(adj): growing 463
412(13c) frightened(of)(adj): be afraid of
fluctuate(vi): dalgalanmak; inip 304(28a), 377(2. 14)
pkmak 241(73c), 279 (9), frugal(adj): tutumlu 361 (30)
486(4a), 499(3c), 578(8lb) frustrate(vt): sinir bozmak;
fluctuation(n): dalgalanma dii§kmkligma dii§iirmek 98(19
399(17c), 486(3b), 562(91d) e.g.), 245(37b)
104
frustration(n): angry generous(adj): comert 187(15i),
disappointment; dii§kmkl!gi; 316(10d)
sinir bozuklugu 389(35c), genius(n): deha; dahi 3 l 4(33a),
396(8a), 512(7) 399(19c), 508(1)
fugitive(n): hapishane karkini genuine(adj): real 288(32),
593((JOcl) 354(lc), 409(ld)
fulfill(vt) genuinely(adv): really 362(2d)
(I) realize(a dream, a hope); get in touch with: temasa
gerrekle§tirmek 245(37b), germek 320(lc)
345(5), 383(1 le) get over: recover from 429,
(2) carry out (a requirement; 562(89a)
an obligation, a commitment): get rid of: kurtulmak 53(57),
yerine getirmek 214(49b) 186(3d), 429
(3) satisfy(a need, a desire, get through: finish 429
a wish) 262 (12c), 341(17e), get to know: tammak 195(10a)
342( l 8f), 400(23d), 589( 19b) gifted: talented 359(5), 416(44a)
fulfillment(n): satisfaction; give(vt) 12(15)
realization 351(6), 395(le), give up(vt): abandon; vazgermek
406( 40a), 512(7) 32(28), 264 (10), 429, 510(2)
fully(adv) 321(4b) given(: considering; goz oniine
fundamental(adv): deep 273 (7a) alarak 245(48a),. 451(32), 470
given(adj): particular; belirli
fundamentally(adv): basically 244(29b), 470
277 (3) glamorous(adj): parlak; rekici
fundamentals(n): temel §eyler 464(10.11)
400(24e) glance(n): a quick look 3 l3(32a)
fur(n): kiirk 323(15a), 476(3.2) glimpse(n) (see catch a glimpse of)
furious: angry 379(3)
further(adj): additional 275 (24) gloomy(adj): karamsar; karanl!k
further(vt) 370(28) 463(8.1)
futile(adj): useless; sonupuz goal(n): aim; objective; purpose
358(15b) 68(4b)
futility(n): sonupuzluk 398(15e) go on(vi): continue 429
gain access to: eri§mek; ula§mak good(n): commodity; mal
5(0) 221(27c)
gain(vt): kazanmak 382(5a) Good heavens!: Aman Allahun !
gap: bo§luk 395(le), 519(8) 50(40c)
gather(vt): toplamak 262 (13b), gossip(vi): dedikodu yapmak
468 69(16b), 229(20c)
gear(vt): direct 344(27 e) govern(vt): rule; ybnetmek
generate(vt): produce 554(31-35) 266 (13)
generosity(n): comertlik 395(2a) gradually(adv): yava§ yava§:
tedricen 463(8. 6), 545(1-5)
105
graduate(n) mezun 55(22c) harsh(adj) : rigid; sert 246(58a)
graduate(vi) mezun olmak 33(47) harvest(n): hasat; iiriin 268 (5f),
grant: give; vermek 374(34), 395(lc), 402(3 lc), 443(19c),
387(27c) 541(13-15)
grasp(v)(n): grasp(v)(n): hastily(adv): hurriedly 417(2d)
understand; kavrayi§ 248(76c), haven(n): s1gznak 295(6d)
391(25b), 519(7) have to do with: ... ile ili§kili
grateful(adj) to sb for sth; 451(34)
minnettar olmak hazard(n): danger 268 (2a)
grave(adj) 412(adj): serious hazardous(adj): dangerous 625(15c)
412(15a) hear(vt) 10(8. 1), 16(13b)
gravity(n) heated(adj)
(1) seriousness 401 (28b) a+ - controversy: hararetli bir
(2) yer r;ekimi 323(24b), tarti§ma 548(21-25)
383(12d) hemisphere(n): yanmkiire 256(5)
grief(n): iiziintii 537(10-12) hence: thus; boylece; bundan dolay1
groom(n): damat 233(62b) 179((2.1-2), 519(8)
ground(s)(n): reason(s) 400(24b), hereditary(adj): kal1t1msal
451(33) 316(8d)
guidance(n): rehberlik 21(D. c) heredity(n): kalltlm 518(4)
guilt (n) 377(26), 386(22b), hesitate(vt): tereddiit etmek
409(1c) 297(6a)
guilty(adj): sur;lu 8(3), 32(33), hibernate(vi): kt§ uykusuna
314(lb), 387(26d) yatmak 538(13-15)
gun possession: silah hide and seek(n): saklambar;
bulundurma 515(20) 323(12c)
habitat(n): ya§anan yer 400(2lc), high ranking(adj) : iist diizey
481, 551(12-16), 621(19c) 255(74a)
halt(vt): stop; durdurmak 208(la), hinder(vt): prevent; ... e engel
344(25b) olmak 373(13), 541(16-18)
hamper(vt): hinder; impede; hindrance(n): engel 464(10. 15),
aksatmak; engellemek 539(4-6)
343(23a), 386(23b), 512(8) hint(n): clue 351(8e)
handicapped(adj): oziirlii 361(21) hint(vt): imply; ima etmek
haphazard: disorganized; disorderly; 389(33d)
geli§igiizel 355(4e) hip(n) kalr;a 228(7d), 577(75d)
happen to: tesadiifen bir§ey hire(vt)
yapmak 514(13), 560(56c) ( 1) kiralamak 280 ( 16)
hardly(adv) pek az, hemen hemen (2) employ: recruit; i§e almak
hir; lOl(set 3), 276(2e), 502(4)
320(12.2b), 322(8d), 327(17d), historic vs historical 439(16a-b)
331(21 b), 410(5c), 437(4a), hold(vt) yapmak; tutmak 43(6b),
438(15), 579(93d) 302(20b)
hardly ever: seldom; nadiren hold a higher position:
lOl(Set 3),166(6a), yiiksek bir mevki i~gal etmek
harm 244(29b)
(v): zarar vermek; 267 (la) home appliances: ev aletleri
(n) zarar 407(8b) 549(26-30)
106
host; a host of: many 513(11) imagine(vt): hayal etmek 16(6b),
hostage(n): rehine 3(19), 296(2a)
250(23a), 407(7b) imitation(n) : taklit 40(2. 2)
hostile(adj) : unfriendly; immense(adj) huge; great;
dii§manca 372(22), 447(25a), enormous 273 (10c)
510(2), 621(18b) immigrant(n): gormen 440(20),
hostility(n): dii§manl!k 530(2.11)
400(24c), 406(48b), 621(18a) immigration(n): gor 495(27)
how on earth: nas1l olurda imminence: yakinl!k 401 (29d
254(65b) imminent(adj): impending;
huge(adj): enormous 401(29b) approaching: yakla§an 358(13a)
humidity(n): dampness; nem immune(adj): bag1§1khg1 olan
223(55d), 540(12-13) 378(3. 26)
hurricane(n): kasirga 31_8( 15b), impact(n): effect; etki 3(25),
352(7), 560(61) 35(35b), 254(63a), 340(14f),
hybrid(n): melez 237(29b) 342(18e), 349(3a), 380( 17),
identical(adj): the same 275 (13), 386(23c), 407(8b)
410(5c), 466(4 impair(vt): harm; damage
identification(n): kimlik 339(12d), 346(10), 387(26e)
616(16a) impairment(n): defect; kusur
identify(vt): tammak; belirlemek, 253(53d), 395(4a), 463(9.3)
te§his etmek 240(7lb), 262 impart(vt) (haber)vermek 393(6c)
(12b), 403(1 la), 464(10), impartial(adj): unprejudiced;
540(7-9), 616(16c) tarafs1z 372(23)
identity(n): kimlik 616(6b) impatient(adj): sabirs1z 8(3)
idle: bo~ 442(D9) impede(vt): prevent, hinder
ignite(vt): tutu§turmak 392(38b) 344(26e), 348(11), 541(16-18)
ignorance:· habersiz olma, cahillik impediment(n): obstacle;
384(15c), 397(12b hindrance; engel
ignorant(adj) : unaware; without 368(25),371(3c), 401(29b),
knowledge, habersiz 283(4), 402(30b)
355(4f), 519(6)) impending(adj): approaching;
ignore(vt): disregard; gozard1 etmek yakla§an 357(llb)
261 (7f), 519(6), 536(1-3) imperative: urgent; acil 281(7),
illegible(adj): okunmaz 415(33d), 354(3f)
440(3) imperceptible(adj): farkedilmez
illicit(adj) : illegal 440(9) 622(29e)
illiteracy(n): okuryazar olmama; imperil(vt): put in danger
cahillik 310( 10b) 344(26f)
illiterate(adj): unable to read and impetus(n): momentum; stimulus;
write 354(ld) h1z; diirtii 397(1 la), 350(6a)
illustrate(vt) show 299(3d) 400(22b), 542-543(5-81 54S\26,'..ll)
imaginary(adj): hayali 306(32c)
107
implement(vt): put into practice; inadequacy(n); insufficiency;
uygulamak 341(16a), 347(22), yetersizlik 396(8a)
481, 549(26-30) inadequate: insufficient; not
implicate(vt): kart§t1rmak enough; yetersiz 5(D),
394(17d) · 245(43a), 272 (5e), 351(8a)
implicated in: involved in; inadmissible(adj): kabul edilemez
kan§ml§ 377(2. 22) 619(la)
implication(n): ima; etki 511(1), incapable(adj): incompetent;
513(9), 514(14) unable; yeteneksiz 315(7e)
implicit(adj): 359( 17c) incentive(n): motivasyon; te§vik
imply(vt): ima etmek 263 (14b) 311 ( 18d), 349(2d), 351 (2),
impose(vt): empoze etmek; 395(3d),396(7e), 400(22d),
zorlamak 246(58a), 242(7c), 405(33c), 465(12. 7)
313(2lb), 345(4), 374(9), incidence(n):. vaka; insidans
390(12a) 547(16-20)
- + taxes: vergi koymak incident(n): olay 269 (6c),446(9a)
253(57b) incidentally(adv): siras1 gelmi§ken
imposition(n): (zorla) koyma 249(10b), 276 (2c)
397(9b) inclination(n: tendency; egilim
impress(vt): etkilemek 249(9b) 350(7d), 447(30a)
impression(n): effect; influence; inclined(adj): egilimli 388(29a)
izlenim 70(25b), 268 (4c), including(prep): dahil 188(23),
349( ld), 548(21-25) inclusive(adj): dahil 316(8c)
impressive(adj): etkileyici income(n: gelir 284(18)
184(2a) incomparable(adj) k1yaslanamaz
impulse(n): ani istek 385( 19d) 273 (10d)
in advance of(prep): oncesinde incompatible(adj): uyumsuz;
279 (2) bagda§maz 378(3. 2),409(3c),
in advance: onceden 550(1-5) 415(36b), 415(36b), 541(13-15),
inasmuch as(conj): since 619(4d)
(see grammar index) incompetence(n): inability;
in contrast to(prep) 259 (3a) yeteneksiz/ik 310(12b)
in return for(prep): in exchange incomprehensible(adj) :
for; kar§tllgmda 452(46) anla§ilmaz 246(51 b)
insist(vi): 1srar etmek inconceivable(adj): dii§iiniilemez
(see grammar index) 352( 10) 619(5c)
in spite of(prep): ... ragmen inconsistent(adj): tutars1z;
258 (la) bagda§maz 378(3 .. 3), 410(4e)
in terms of(prep): ... apsmdan, inconvenient(adj): elveri§siz
bak1m1ndan, ile 259 (1.3c), 315(4a)
452(47), 457( 5e), 458(6.2d) incorporate (into)(vt): katmak
in the event of(prep): in case of; . 374(25), 376(28a)
halinde : 203(1a), 204, 456(2b) incredible(adj): inamlmaz
in view of(prep): considering ; goz 256(11), 620(1 la)
oniine alarak 209(28b) incredibly(adv): unbelievably
inaccessible(adj): that cannot be 3(5)
reached, ula§ilmaz; eri§ilmez incredulity(n): inanmazl1k
338(8e), 399(l8b), 415(38a) 620(1 lc)
108
incredulously(adv): inanmaz inexperience(n): deneyimsizlik
bic;:imde 620( 11 b) 255(76c)
incur(vt): girmek(masrafa vb) infallible(adj): free from error;
248(80c) hatas1z 361 (20), 368(30),
indecent(adj): inappropriate; uygun 464(10.3)
olmayan infer(vt): conclude; sonu9 pkarmak
indecisive(adj): karars1z 3 l6(9e) 263 (14a), 339(1 lf)
independent(adj): bagzmszz inferior: (adj): dii~iik diizeyde; alt
248(72c), 314(lc) diizeyde 378(3. 24), 412(l5e)
indescribably( adv) tarifedi lmez infinite(adj): unlimited; s1mrs1z
bi(;imde 446( 11 a) 273 (Se)
indicate(vt): show 260 (3a), inflictvt)(casulties) on: (kay1p)
366(5) verdirmek 374(18)
indifference(n): kayzts1zlzk influence(n): etki 265 (18)
380(6, T3) influential(adj): etkili l, 67(32),
indifferent(adj): unconcerned; 486(2a)
uninterested; kayttsiz; ilgisiz influenza(n): grip 48 l (1)
356(7d), 378(3. 4), 41 l(l ld), infrastructure(n): altyap1
447(25a) 401(29e)
indignant(adj): angry 358(l3e), ingenious(adj):
379(15), 41 l(l lc) (l) clever; wise 358(l3d),
indispensable(adj): necessary; 369(15), 415(40d),
essential ; gerekli; elzem 7(6d), 439(l9b), 515(19)
209(20d), 354(3c )360( I 0) (2) simple minded; inexperienced
indisputable(adj): tart1~1lmaz; 439(l 19a)
tart1~mas1z 367(9) ingredient(n) olu~turan par9a
individual(n): birey 254(63a) 285(22), 447(29d)
induce(vt): cause; persuade inhabit: live on; ... de ya~amak
336(2e), 597(76-78_ 323(23c), 336(2d),383( lOb).
indulge in: .kapzlmak 62l(l9d).
374( 33), 512(7) inhabitant(n): resident; bir yerde
industrious(adj): diligent; ya~ayan ki~i 311(14c), 513(10),
hardworking 359(1) 621(19b)
ineffectual(adj): etkisiz 4l0(5a) inherent (adj): ... e ozgii olan; i9ten
inefficient(adj): ehliyetsiz 322(5a) gelen 357(l2f), 400(22b),
inevitable(adj): unavoidable; 41 l(lOb)
kapmlmaz 272 (3a) inherit acquire; come into; miras
inevitably(adv): unavoidably : edinmek 209(26b), 263 (15b),
kapmlmaz olarak 188(27. 5.g), 343(23c), 346(17) 621(20a, c)
247(6lc) inheritance(n): miras 447(33b)
inexhaustible(adj): tiikenmez 621(20b)
414(2lb)
109
inhibit(vt) prevent; engellemek ; installment plan/system:
onlemek 381(3b), 382(8d), taksitli ah§veris/ hesap 61(5c),
385( 19d), 542( 1-4) 537(7-9)
inhibited(adj) 413(lb), 466(2) instantaneous(adj): amnda
inhibition(n): r;ekinme 397(9e) 511(1)
400(23a) instantly(adv): amnda 75(7d),
initial(adj) first 271 (id), 545(1-5)
443(15a) instead of(prep): ... nm yerine
initially: at first ; at the 258 (le)
beginning 412(13e), 416(8.la) instill ... (in)(vt): a§ilamak
initiate(vt): start 537(7-9) 242(3b)
initiative(n): giri§im 396(7d), instinct(n): irgiidii 402(32d),
417(4c) instinctive(adj): i9 giidiisel 462
injure(vt): yaralamak 46(45a) institution(n): kurum 254(63a),
injustice(n) adaletsizlik; haks1zhk 542-543(5-8)
370(26) instruction(n): teaching; ogretim
innate(adj): dogu§tan gelen 462(b) 267 (lb)
innocence(n): supuzluk 224(67b) instrumental (adj): yard1mc1
387(26d), 393(50b) 412(14c)
innocent(adj): supuz 32(33), insufficient(adj): inadequate; not
61(6c) 271 (le) enough; yetersiz 618(33b)
innovation(n): new method; insulation(n): yal1t1m 554(31-35)
yenilik 350(6f) 352( 12), 624(5a)
397(12c), 406(4lb), 595(71) insult(vt): hakaret etmek 249(7b)
inquire(vt): ask about 400(23c) insure(vt) sigorta etmek 299(3c),
inquiry(n): investigation ; 444(33b)
soru§turma 188(25f), 189(25) insurmountable(adj): a§ilmaz;
280 (19), 349(2c), 436(17a), yenilmez 282(21), 463(8.7)
438(10b intact(adj): etkilenmemi§;
inquisitive(adj): merakli 358(15f) dokunulmam1§ 412(12d)
insect(n): bocek 183(14a) integrate(vt) : ... ile biitiinle§mek
322(8d) 376(2lc), 388(30e)
insecticide(n): ha§are ilac1 intelligent(adj): zeki 97((VI),
378(3. 30) 473(lc)
inseparable(adj): aynlmaz intelligent beings: insanlar
275 (13) 548(21-25)
insight(n): quick vision; intelligible (adj): anla§1labilir
perception;.fikir 402(3 la) 284(15)
519(8), 537(10-12) intend(vt): niyet etmik; tasarlamak
insist(vi): 1srar etmek 298(1 b) 260 (6a)
inspect(vt): exdmine 259 (la) intense(adj): great; too much;fazla;
inspiration: ilham 402(32e) aw1 l88(25b), 208(4b)
inspire: ilham vermek 388(32d) 246(50b), 621(2ld)
install(vt): put in; kurmak; tesis intensely(adv): a§m bir;imde
etmek 72(10.5), 75(70), 621(2lc)
259 (id)
110
intensify(vt, vi) increase intervene(in)(vi)
340(14c), 381 (3d),382(5d), (1) miidahale etmek
393(4c), 621(2la) 242(4a),374( 7), 375(5a),
intensity(n): §iddet; yogunluk 387(28d), 391(2la),
249(5b), 397(1 lb),399(19b), 622(23a), 622(23b)
405(37b), 621 (21 b) (2) arasma girmek; kart§mak
intensive(adj): yogun 410(7b), 388(3 lc)
621(2lf) intervention(n): miidahale
intensive care: yogun bakim 242(10b), 405(29a), 622(23a),
3(7) 624(40c)
intensively(adv) yogun birimde intricate(adj) complex 358(16d)
621(2le) 360(12), 412(14b)
intent(adj): kararlt 291(6B 6) intrigued by: interested in
intention(n): niyet 323(18d), 377(2. 24)
380(5, T2), 408(18d) intrude(on, upon)
intentionally(adv) : deliberately; davetsiz bir yere girmek; rahatsiz
kasden 278 (14), 362(la) etmek 385(20e), 440(22),
622(24c)
interact(with)(vi): etkile§imde
intruder(n): bir yere zorla giren ki§i
bulunmak 382(7a), 385(18d)
530(2.5), 622(24a, 24b)
interaction(n): etkile§im 397(9d), intrusion(n): zorla girme; tecaviiz
399(20a), 463(7.6) 622(24a)
interest rate: Jaiz oram 371 (6) intrusive(adj): miitecaviz
interfere 622(24b)
- + in : kart§mak; burnunu inundate(vt): flood 465(12. 10)
sokmak 251 373(30), 373(8), invade(vt): istila etmek 229(17c),
375(9d), 382(7C:), 386(21d) 317(8b), 384(16d
- + with: engel olmak 373(7), invalidate(vt): gerersiz kilmak
381(2c), 417(2a), 539(4-6), 393(7b)
542(1-4) invaluable advice: rok degerli
interference(n): kart§ma: miidahele ogiit 220(12a)
251(33b), 340(14d), 397(1 lc), invasion(n): istila 397(1 ld)
405(27a) invent(vt): icat etmek 41(7. 3),
interim (adj): gerici 409(2d) 301(15a), 616(17b, 17c)
internal (adj): 555(36-40) inventive(adj): yarattc1 616(17a)
interpret(vt): yorumlamak inverse(adj): ters 412(12b)
351(6), 621(22a) invert(vt): ba§a§agt revirmek
interpretation(n): yorum 381(4b)
253(47c), 621(22b) investigation(n): inquiry;
interrupt(vt): soziinii kesmek . SOTU§tUrma 187(20b)
70(26b) investigator(n): (Ka§t1rmac1;
interruption(n) 3 l 9(29b) SOTU§tUrmact 41(3. 1)
interval: ara 407(3b)
I! I
investment(n): yatmm 549(26- jigsaw(n): puzzle: bilmece
30) 48(26d)
invisible(adj): goriilmez 272 joyous(adj): zevkli 510( 1)
(4t), 536(1-3) judgement(n): yarg1; hiikiim
invisibly(adv): goriinmez birimde 70(25b), 397(1 ld)
480 judicial(adj): adli; yarg1ya ait
involve(vt) 440(18)
(l) include; irermek 247(6Ia), just(adj): fair; adil 355(5t)
299(5a),445(39d), 469, justice(n): adalet 235(5a)
540(12-13), 617(18b) justifiable(adj): 622(25b)
(2) require: gerektirmek 6 l 7(8t) justifiably : hak/1 olarak 377(2.
involved(adj) 16), 417(5c), 622(25a)
(l) concerned; ilgili 93(3), justification(n): haklil1k; hakl!
617(18d) gosterme 396(6b), 399(18c),
(2) complex; intricate; karma~1k 400(21a), 488(11), 622(25c)
93(3), 617(8e) justified(adj): right; hak/1
involved in: katilmak 377(2. 3) 388(29e)
involved with: ili~kisi olmak justify(vt): hakll gostermek
377(2. 4) 251(25b), 381(4d), 622(25d)
involvement(n): kat1lun 308(2a), juvenile deliquency: rocuk
617(18c) surlulugu 246(55c), 406(43c)
irrelevant(adj): ilgisiz 617( 19b) keen(adj)
irrespective of: regardless of: (I) eager 3(22), 413(12d)
bakmaks1zin; ne olursa olsun (2)sharp 285(21)
378(35) ,452(53) - +'to'- inf 317(6d)
irrevocable(adj): irreversible; geri - + on 273 (9d),
doniilmez 358(13b) 291(6B. 4)
irrigate(vt): sulamak 547(11-15) keep track of: izlemek 398( 13d),
irritated at): angry; annoyed 508.(2)
377(2. 16) keep up with: aym oranda artmak;
isolate(vt): tecrit etmek; ay1rmak izlemek 433(2b), 456(2e)
soyutlamak 411(9d), 541(16-18), kidnap(vt): (zorla) kar1rmak 87(9d)
617(20c) knack(n): talent; ability 408(14c)
isolated(adj): tecrit edilmi~; lack(n): yoksunluk 3(29),
soyutlanm1~; miinferit 6 l 7(20b) 310(llc),377(2. 9), 396(8a),
isolation(n): soyutlama ; tecrit 397(10d), 617(2la)
617(20a) lack(vt) : yoksun olmak 396(7a),
issue(n): konu: mesele 3(2), 269 405(34b), 617(2lb)
(7e), 352( 15) lack of adjustment: uyumsuzluk
issue ... with(vt): pkarmak 374(10) 246(55c)
jail(n): prison; cezaevi 347(24) lacking(adj) yoksun 315(5d),
jail sentence: hapis cezas1 378(3.6.7)
515(20) laugh (at)(vt): giilmek 287( 27)
jealous(adj): 272 (4e), 291(68. 2) launch(vt)
jealousy(n): k1skanrlik 189(32b) (I)firlatmak 214(48d), 254(58d)
jeopardize(vt): endanger 344(25t) (2) start(a campaign) 371 ( 13),
jeopardy(n): danger; peril 350(7e), 412(14c)
370(30), 465(12. 8) launch(n)firlatma 232(59a)
112
lax(adj): gev§ek 415(39b) - + for: responsible for 355(6d),
laxity(n): gev§eklik 127 357(1 lf), 378(3. 8), 440(23)
lay emphasis on: vurgulamak - + to: maruz; ...441(26), 510(2)
396(5e) liable to flooding: s el e
lay off(vt): fire; dismiss 341 (l 7f) maruz kalabilir: 378(3. 3)
lay the foundations of sth lie in : ... de yatmak 376(15d)
9(6) temelini atmak - uzanmak 442(D)
lay: (vt): place; put 442(D) life expactancy ortalama omiir
layman(n): bir konuda bilgisi 252(39a), 514(14)
olmayan ki§i 403(8c) lift(vt): kald1rmak 306(3 lc)
lead(vt, vi): yol gostermek; likelihood(n): olas1l1k 268 (4a),
onderlik yapmak 488(19), 591(42d)
- + to : yo! armak likely(adj): probable; olas1 3(15),
l 1(13A. 8), 14, 198(28. I), 242(2c), 245(37b), 315(3b),
289(12c), 404(18d), 577(74b) 397(10b), 488(2), 518(3),
leading(adj): onde gelen 276 (26), 625(12c)
409(2e) liken(vt): benzetmek 215(53b)
leak(n): s1z1nt1 72(10. 7) 389(33b)
lease(n): kira sozle§mesi (21) limb(n): eklem 387(27d),
leave(vt, vi) aynlmak; terketmek 555(36-40)
266 (12) literally(adv): hemen hemen
leave(n): izin 362(3b)
on leave: izinli 189(29n), live up to: yerine getirmek
leave of absence: 396(8c) 589(19b)
legacy(n): miras 447(3434c) livestock(n) biiyiikba§ hayvanlar
legend(n): menktbe: des tan 481, 511(3):
223(49c) locate(vt) 303(25e)
legislation(n): yasa yapma ; long for : can atmak 288(38),
yasama 515(20) 376(25)
legitimate(adj): legal; lawful; look forward to: dart gozle
me§rU 358(16f), 411(9e), 462 beklemek 78(4), 297(dc)
leisure(n): bo§ zaman 69(19a) look like(vt): resemble; benzemek
266 (15)
lest( conj) ... tr diye; olas1ltgina look over(vt): examine 367(20),
kar§l 145(42a)
434(7)
let(vt): izin vermek l 1(12),16(9a),
loose(adj): baggy; slack; bol
296(4a)
354(2a)
let alone: §Dyle dursun 452(56),
lot (see parking lot): park yeri
457(5d) loyal: faithful; sad1k 356(8a),
levy(vt): put; impose 541(16-18) 378(3.9), 622(26b)
liability(n): disadvantage 371(5) loyalty(n): 622(26a)
liable(adj): likely; apt lucrative: profitable 365(23)
- + to inf: ebilir 96(10) 356(7c) luggage(n): bagaj 391(46b)
113
mad(adj): crazy; deli; plgm l l(l l. managing director: genel mi.idi.ir
4) 617(23e)
magnify(vt): enlarge 261 (9d), mandatory: compulsory 356(9t)
336(3c), 465(12. 3) manifestation(n): demonstration
maintain(vt) 188(27.51), 467 243(18), 365(20), 510(1)
( l) keep preserve; korumak manufacture: make; produce
67(8.3), 238(39b), 467, 336(2b)
522(7d), 555(36-40), mark(vt): designate; show
562(85a), 617(22b) 623(34c)
(2) claim; ileri sUrmek 261(7b), marked(adj): belirgin 413(l3b)
390(l7c), 467, 548(21-25), mass media: basin yaym 398(l3d
593(61. V) massive(adj): great 357(l0t)
(3) sUrdUrmek 3 l ( 17) master a language: bir dili iyice
(4) keep in good condition; ogrenmek 254(67c)
bakmak 467 match(vt): go with; uymak
(5) ger;:indirmek(aile) 467 336(3a), 443(9b)
maintenance(n) maternal(adj): anneye ait 402(32d)
(l) koruma 395(6.lb), - + instinct: annelik ir;:gUdUsU
398(l3e) 402(32d)
(2) bak1m 242(8c), 268 (5a), maturation (n): olgunla§ma
617(22a) 245(43a)
(3) sUrdUrme 617(22c) mature(adj): fully grown; olgun
maize(n) m1S1r 544(13-16) 282(22), 622(27b)
majority: r;:ogunluk 29(10), mature(vi): olgunla§mak 622(27c)
563(94b) maturity(n): olgunluk 622(27a)
make(vt) (See grammar index) mean(vt):
- + a great effort 332(6b) (l) intend 83(5a), 297(7d)
make up(vt): olu§turmak (2) necessitate; express 83(5a),
507(21-23) 461
make up for(vt): compensate for; means(n): way; method; yol; arar;:
telafi etmek 430, 433(4f 75(7d), 268(2e), 346(19),
make up one's mind: decide; 446(l2d), 544(13-16),
karar vermek 40(1. 6), l94(lb) 547(ll-l5)
malaria(n): sitma 547(16-20) mali olanaklar 383(1 la)
malignancy(n): olUmcUl hastalik maddi olanak 549(26-30)
386(23e) by means of: through;
malignant(adj): oldUrUcU 41 l (8d) vas1tas1yla 449(20)
malnutrition(n): kotU/yetersiz means of transport: ula§im
beslenme 229(22b) arar;:lari 211(2lc)
mammal(n): memeli 285(23) measles(n): k1zam1k 189(33)
manage to: be able to: 7(4c), measure(n): step; precaution;
229(l6b), 263 (l4t) onlem 3(30), 245(42a).
manage(vt) yonetmek 617(23d) 253(49a),284(19), 346(13),
management(n): yonetim 387(26b), 396(7b), 414(26a)
617(23a) medium of instruction:
manager(n): yonetici 617(23c) language of teaching; ogretim dili
managerial(adj): yonetimsel 398(13c)
617(23b)
114
memory(n): bellek 68(1 ld), 542-543(5-8)
310( 1Od), 508(2) misleading(adv): yanzlt1c1
short- term+ - 68(1 ld), 414(16d)
long term + - 68(1 ld), mismanagement(n)
menace(n): threat; tehdit 350(5b), kotii yonetim 247(62c)
515(19) mission(n): misyon; gorev
menace(vt): tehdit etmek 370(22) 214(48d)
menacing(adj): tehdit edici 360(7) mist(n): sis 616(13d)
mend(vt): onarmak 303(23e) mistake ... for(vt): sanmak
mention(vt): sozetmek 307(39d) 288(40)
merely(adv): only; sadece 321(6b), mobile(adj): gezici; gezdirilen
399(18c) 513(11), 514(13) 416(48b)
merge(vt): unite 338(9d) mobility(n): hareketlilik
merit(n): deger 342(2le), 388(29c), 397(10e), 466(4c)
458(6. 3d) moderate(adj): reasonable; makul;
merriment(n): laughter 514(15) atrulii 279 (13), 354(3e)
mess(n): darmadagznzklik 226(82b) modification: change 397(9a)
meticulous(adj): painstaking; ozen moist(adj): nemli 366(2)
gosteren 357(1 le) moisture(n): dampness; nem
migratory(adj): gormen 503(6) 223(53d)
mild(adj): 1/zman 333(22c) mood(n): ruh hali 314(38b)
mileage(n): benzini ekonomik moody(adj): sinirleri iizerinde
tiiketme 501(3) 305(18d)
mind(vt): aldzrmak 297(6b) motion(n)
would you mind+ Ving (l) hareket 309(8e)
12(14. 8),16(7c), 51(14) (2) tasarz 386(22a)
minority(n): azznlzk 503(7), motion picture(n): sinema
563(94b) 224(65d)
minute(adj): very small 250(70c), motive(n): neden 317(12d),
361 (26), 480 402(32a)
miracle(n): mucize 237(30a), mounting(adj): increasing 352( 7)
618(34a), 622(28c) much less: §6yle dursun 453(607
miraculous(adj): mucizevi mule(n): katzr 551(12-16)
622(28b) multitude(n): rok sayzda
miraculously(adv): mucizevi 536(4-6):
§ekilde 622(28a) murder(n): cinayet 347(24)
misbehavior(n): yanlz§ davranz§ mutual(adj): reciprocal; kar§zlzklz
65(14) 354(lb), 399(20a), 409(lb),
miscellaneous(adj): various; 463(7.6)
varied 356(9c) mutually(adv): kar§tlzklz olarak;
misconduct(n): kotii hareket ortak olarak 246(5lb), 248(7lc),
306(30d) 362(4b), 416(lc), 417(3d), 519(8)
misgivings(n): ku§ku naked(adj): pplak 552(17-21)
115
namely(adv): yani notify ... (of)(vt): inform; ... den
(see grammar index) haberdar etmek 337(5c),
nasty(adj): bad 355(5a) 376(27d)
navigator(n): deniz seyyah1: notion(n) : fikir: kavram 514(15)
gemici 68(8c) notwithstanding(prep): despite
navigational ability (adj) yon I 99(C. 6), 368(24), 457(5a)
bulma yetenegi 480 nourishing(adj): besleyici
necessarily(adv): always; in all 624(7a)
cases; inevitably 7(1 la), 216(66d) nourishment(n) beslenme
necessitate(vt) genJaillnfX ~oc) 267(lf), 624(7b)
need (vt): ihtiyar duymak 297(5b) nuisance(n): ba§ belas1 314(40d)
neglect (vt): ihmal etmek nullify(vt): annul; cancel 372(24)
284(18), 342(18a), 536(1-3) numerous(adj): say1s1z 283(1),
neglectful(adj):ihma/kar 6 l 9(35b) 345(7)
negligence(n): ihmdkauk 31 l(l<il) nurture(vt): feed; beslemek
negligent(adj) ihmalkar 302(18e) 365(17)
negligible(adj): onemsiz 361 (24), nutrient(n): besin 310( lOa)
549(26-30), 552( 17-21) nutrition(n): beslenme 310(9b)
negotiate (with)(vt): gorii§mek nutritious(adj): besleyici
373( 18) 97/17.6), 315(5c)
negotiation(n) formal talk; oath(n) : yemin 622(26a)
gorii§me 3(8), 254(68a), 269 obedience(n): itaatkarl!k
(7a), 339( I Of), 342(20b), 617(23c)
385(17e), 401(27d), 616(14c) obesity(n) : §i§manlik 512(7)
nervous(adj): sinirli 332(1 ld) obey(vt): itatetm£X;uymck 3~18c)
network(n): ag 545(17-20), object to: kar§t pkmak 12(14.
548(21-25) 9), 260 (3c), 487(13)
noble(adj) asil 24 objection(n): itiraz I 70(C.2a)
no longer: art1k 243(17a), objective(n): amar 3(32) 279(6)
339(1 lf) obligation(n): ZfJfUnluluk '3':fiJc)
no wonder: §Q§tlacak bir§ey yok oblige(vt): zarlamak 17~C), 514(13)
43(4c), 213(36b) obscene(adj): miistehcen 73(5b)
nod(vi): ba§lnl one egmek obscure(adj): not clear; muglak
l85(18b) 255(78a)
nonconformist(n): (kurala) obsessed(with)(adj): preoccupied
uymayan ki§i 620(7b, 12a) with; saplant1h 377(2. 23)
nonsense(n): sarmal!k 333(21 b) obsolete(adj): outdated; modas1
nonsensical(adj): absurd; sarma germi§ 356(8c), 359( 17f)
354(3a) obstacle(n): engel 3(23),
notable(adj): remarkable 54(3b), 238(49c), 253(48a), 282(21),
271 (2a), 395(2e) 371(3), 380(Tl), 383(10a),
notably(adv): especially; ozelllikle 408(l7b), 472, 557(15d)
lOO(V. 2), 362(3e) obstinate(adj) : stubborn;
note(vt): belirtmek 306(2lc) unyielding; inatp 68(12d),
notice(vt): farketmek 10(8. 6), 356(8b)
301(16b) obtain(vt) get 254(66a), 260 (4a),
noticeable(adj): farkedileblir 395(2d), 559(50a)
281(9) occasion(n): vesile
116
occasionally(adv): from time to optimist(n): iyimser bir ki~i
time; aradabir 321(10d) 200(0. 1-2)
occupation(n): meslek 233(66c) optimistic(adj): iyimser 190(41),
occupy(vt): i~gal etmek 49l(d) 275 (12), 354(2f), 378(3. 13
occur(vi): happen; take place orbit(n): ytiriinge 309(8a)
301(13c), 336(lc) order(vt): sipari~ vermek 49(34a)
occur to(vi): aklmdan ger;mek originate(vi): ba~lamak ; ortaya
374(13) 375(8a) r;ikmak 510(1), 544(13-16)
odor(n): koku 543-544(9-12) orphan(n):yetim r;ocuk 233(70d)
offend(vt): irritate; annoy 463(7.5)
giicendirmek; 58(la), 344(26b) otherwise(adv): aksi takdirde
off(prep): d1~1nda; apginda 189(28) 182(14), 278 (20), 469,
offence(n): crime; sur; 341(16f), 550(6-11)
447(24d) outbreak(n): pkt~ 189(33)
offer(vt): teklif etmek 16(20c), outcome(n): result; sonur;
307(46d) 189(29p), 265(1), 41 l(lb),
offset(vt): compensate for; telafi 350(4b), 395(2d)
etmek 344(26c) outlive(vt): live longe than
omnivore(n): a person who eats outlook (n): view; viewpoint
both animal and plant material 350(5a) 559(47c)
462 outnumber(vt): say1cafazla olmak
on account of(prep): because of 391(22a), 541(13-15)
258(lb) output(n): production 311 ( 16b),
on behalf of(prep): adma 350(4c), 395(2c), 563(99b)
243(14a) outset (n): beginning 370(20)
on purpose(prep): deliberately; outstanding(adj): remarkable
intentionally; kasden 195(20c) 183(7c), 395(2a), 400(25b)
on the contrary(adv): bilakis; tam outstrip(vt): outpass; surpass;
tersine (see grammar index) a~mak; gepnek 394(20a),
on the grounds that(conj): 340(14a)
because 144(19), 617(24b) outweigh(vt): ag1r basmak
on the other hand 257 (21) 382(8c), 392(33c)
on the spot: yerinde overall(adj): complete 355(6e)
onset(n): beginning; ba~lang1r; overestimate(vt) fazlaca
350(7c), 517(1) iJ°nemsemek;fazla deger bir;mek
opponent(n): muhalif 250(22a), 244(29b), 382(7c)
625(13b), 617(24c) overexposure(n): a~m maruz ka/1~
opportunity(n): jirsat 3 I 2(14c), 7(2a)
443(10c) overrate(vt): overestimate
547(16-20)
oppose(vt)be against; kar~, pkmak oversight(n): negligence;
617(24b) ihmalkarltk 408(12b)
optimism(n): iyimserlik 267 (le)
117
overweight(adj): §i§man perceptible(adj): farkedilebilir
315(3a),512(7) 552(17-21)
overwhelm(vt): overpower; defeat perceptibly(adv) 622(29a)
345(28b) perception(n): understanding;
overwhelming(adj): : algzlama 252(40c), 349(3c),
(l)ezici: overwhelming majority; 396(b), 519(8), 622(29d)
(2) altzndan kalkzlmaz 534(1b) perceptive(adj): bilinr;li 622(29f)
overwhelmingly(adv): ezici perceptively(adv): 622(29b)
r;ogunlukla 362(3a), 417(3a) peripheral(adj) 554(31-35)
owing to(prep): because of; ... den perish(vi): olmek 544(13-16)
dolayz 258(2b) permanent(adj): constant; siirekli
owl(n): gece ku§u 240(64a) 395(4a), 513(10), 553(25-30)
pace(n): tempo 310(12c) permanently(adv): siirekli olarak
pain: agrz 310(13e), 365(16) 277 (3b), 519(7)
painstaking(adj): ozenen; dikkat permit(vt): allow : izin vermek
sarfeden 253(56) l 1(13A. 1) 306(28b)
painstakingly(adv): ozenerek ; perpetual(adj): constant 360(14)
dikkat sarfederek 362(3f) perplex(vt): puzzle; §a§zrtmak
parking lot: park yeri 6l(lc) 364(1)
part with(vt): den ayrz kalmak perseverance(n): sebatkarl1k
375(34) 380(T5), 405(28b)
participant(n) katlian ki§i persevere(vi): sebat gostermek
240(68d), 57l(ld), 617(25b) persist(vi) continue; persevere;
participate(vi): take part in 3(4), continue to exist 254(59a),
260 (5e), 346(8), 617(25a) 338(7f), 339(12c), 373(5),
participation(n): katzl1m 375(10d, 381(3e), 382(6a),
617(25c) 588(18b), 590(29e),
participatory(adj) katrl1mc1 622(30a, 30d)
617(25d) persistence(n): sebatkarlzk
particular: 193(35a 406(39b), 410(4d),
(1) special; ozel 618(26a) 488(15), 622(30b, 30e)
(2)titiz; mii§kulpesent 379(ld) persistent(adj): constant; siirekli
particularly(adv) ozellikle 209(23c), 354(1[)
283(2), 362(le) 618(26b) persistently:(adv) constantly;
patient: sabzrlz 61 (2b) continuously 417(3b) 622(30c)
patiently(adv): sabzrla 29(13) perspiration(n): terleme 554(31-
peculiar to: characteristic of; ozgii 35)
355(6f), 378(3. 14), 379(T6) persuade(vt): ikna etmek l 1(13A.
pedestrian crossing: yaya ger;idi 4) 296(2d)
558(36d) pertain(to): be related to; ili§kili
peer(v, n) olmak 343(24e), 347(30),
(vi) bakmak 374(34), 386(24e)
(n): akran 462(6. 2), 466(2a) pertinent(adj): relevant; to the
penetrate(vt): niifuz etmek; girmek point 356(8f) 360(11),
370(29), 494(23) 369(18), 378(3. 15), 410(5e)
perceive(vt): see; understand; pessimist(n): kotiimser bir ki§i
algzlamak 246(51 b), 343(24c), 200(0. 1-3)
532, 541 (13-15), 622(29c)
118
pessimistic(adj): kotiimser poverty(n): yoksulluk 188(22a),
190(41) 333(24a), 346(8), 396(8a),
pest(n): ha~arat 378(3. 30) 408(16d), 491(5), 535(7d)
phase(n): evre; safha 267 (le) practicable(adj): pratik 348(6)
phenomenon(n): olgu 309(6b), practically(adv): virtually : hemen
403(4b), 410(5b), 519(8) hemen 3(20), 283(26),
phenomenonal(adj): extraordinary; 53l(D4c), 578(9la)
olaganiistii 67(7.3) praise(n): ovgii 557( 19a)
pity(n), it's a pity: ne yaztkki precaution(n): onlem 333(20a),
35(69) 370(23)
plain(n): ova 547(16-20) precede(vt) come before 623(3lc)
planet(n): gezegen 482(1), precedence(n): priority; preference
503(6) 350(6d)
plausible(adj): probable 356(8d) precedent(n): emsq/ ; ornek
pleasure(n): satisfaction: zevk 405(36a), 623(3la)
186(10c) precious(adj): valuable 273 (9c),
plight(n): kotii durum 537(10-12) 545(1-5
plot(n): komplo 377(2. 22) precise(adj): exact 273 (8b),
plug(n): duy 322(5a) 355(6b), 400(23c), 41 l(lOe),
plumber(n) su tesisatpst 623(32a)
72(10.7) precisely(adv): : exactly; kesin
point o{ view: baktmindan olarak 212(24a), 257 (22),
285(29) 623(32c) '
point out(vt): belirtmek 299(5d) preciseness(n): exactness
policy(n): politika 3(31), 308(1 b), 623(32c)
318(2la), 386(24a), 446(17d) precision(n): kesinlik 623(32b)
pose(vt): create; olu§turmak preclude(vt): prevent 344(25c),
383(12e) 372(14)
possess(vt): sahip olmak 260 (Sa) predecessor(n); selef; once gorev
possession(n): sahip o(ma yapan ki§i 623(3ld)
314(36a) predicament(n): kotii durum
possibly(adv): muhtemelen 402(30c)
321(12a) predict(vt): forecast 337(5a)
postpone(vt): ertelemek 12(14. predictably(adv): tahmin edilecegi
10), 259 (2c) gibi 500(3. 2)
potential(n): potansiyel 309(5c), prediction(n): tahmin 308(4a)
386(24d) predispositioQ(n): dogu§tan
potential (adj): possible 273 (8a) yatkm olma 546(6-10)
potent: powerful; gurlii 308(la) predominaµt(adj): hakim; baskm
411(8e), 542(1-4) 69(14c)
potentially(adv): muhtemelen predominaq.tly(adv) mainly
492(14) lOO(V.3), 362(ld), 363(2),
417(2b)
119
predominate(vt): outweigh; ag1r primarily(adv): mainly 277 (1)
basmak; hakim olmak primitive(adj): ilkel 275 (17),
339(1 lb), 338(7a), 382(6e) 410(6d), 510(1), 515(19)
preferably(adv): tercihan principal (adj): chief 272 (6c);
320(12. 3a) 617(24c)
prehistoric(adj): tarih oncesi print(vt): basmak 307(47c)
323(23c) prior(adj): onceden ; onceki
prejudice(n): prejudgement; bias; 272 (6b),415(28b)
on yarg1 349(2a), 352(18), prior to(prep): before
546(6-10) 203(H.3b), 259 (3t), 345(4),
prejudiced (against): biased 397(9b), 399(17b)
against; on yarg1!t olmak 377(2. priority(n): oncelik 403(2b)
25), 378(3.17) privacy(n): ozel ya~am 403(1;1)
preliminary(adj) : first 272 (Sb), privilege(n): ayncaltk 396(7c),
409(2b) 400(23b), 403(3b)
premature(adj): vaktinden once probability(n): olastltk 279 (7)
412(14d) probably(adv): muhtemelen
premises(n)(pl): buildings 257 (23)
402(32b) proceedings(n): tutanaklar
preoccupied(with): obsessed with; 400(25e)
saplant1s1 olmak 377(2. 11) process(n): surer; 518(4)
prerequisite(vt): onko~ul proclaim(vt): declare 339(10a)
398(15c), 546(6-10) 623(34a, 34 b)
preservation(n): koruma proclamation(n): ilan 623(34c)
311(17c), 395(3c), 618(27b) product(n): ilriln 624(3d)
preserve(vt): keep 67(24; 8. 4), production(n): ilretim 624(3b)
267 (22), 349(3f), 364(2), productive(adj) 272(3c), 624(3e)
618(27a) productively(adv) 624(3a)
presume(vt): sanmak 388(30a), productivity(n): verimlilik
441(30) 624(3c)
pretend(vt) gibi davranmak profit(n): kar 236(25b), 618(28a)
12(13B. 8), 296(4e) profit(vi): karetmek 618(28b)
pretext(n): bahane 401(26b) profitable(adj): karlt 272 (3d),
prevail(vi):be widespread; exist 618(28c)
340(15e), 387(28c), 623(33a) profitably(adv): yararlt bir;imde
prevailing(adj): existing 623(33d) 320(12. 3b), 618(28d)
prevalence(n): yayginltk profound(adj): deep: derin 3(25)
398( 15b), 623(33b) 273 (7b), 274 (5)
prevalent: common; widespread; profoundly(adv): basically; deeply
yayg1n 255(80b), 357(1 lc) 277 (3f), 437(2a), 447(23c)
360(15), 461, 547(16-20), progress(n): ilerleme 3(8),
623(33c) 32l(lld)
prevent( vt): en gel olmak 298(21 a) progressively(adv): giderekten
previous(adj): onceki: eski 417(d)
275(16) prohibit(vt) forbid; yasaklamak
prey(n): av 481(6-8) 264 (15), 397(1 Oa)
pride on: ... den gurur duymak prohibitive(adj): yasaklay1c1: r;ok
373(26) pahalt 516(20)
120
prolific: productive; rok eser veren pros and cons: avatajlar ve
358(16b), 371(10a) defavantajlar 454(74)
prominence(n): recognition prosecute(vt): mahkemeye vermek,
402(30a) dava etmek 211(19b),319(32d),
prominent(adj): distinguished; 385(18e)
well-known 355(4a) 587(4b) prospect(n)
promise(vt): soz vermek (1) expectation; umut 242(9a),
12(138.5) 342(18d), 380(15)
promote(vt): contribute to; (2) chance 342(20a), 352( 8)
enhance; foster; encourage (3) probability 220(9a),
302(20c), 340(13e), 343(22d), 311(17d),340(14e),
385(18b), 511(2), 537(10-12) 395(3d), 397(10b),
promotion: terfi 209(20a), 404(24d), 485(B.3a)
283(5), 395(3d) prospective(adj): miistakbel
prompt(adj): timely; punctual 358(16c), 411(8a)
316(1 ld), 355(4b), 378(3.18) prosper(vi): flourish; grow; succeed
prompt(vt): cause 339(1 le) 55(2020a), 339( lc),342(20e),
prone(adj): egilimi olan 368(30), 624(6d)
379(1), 415(4lb), 512(6) prosperity(n): wealth; refah
proof(n): kamt 386(22b) 400(2ld), 405(30b), 488(4),
propensity: natural inclination; 541(16-18), 624(6b)
egilim 401 (29a) prosperous(adj): affluent; wealthy;
proper(adj): approprite 624(5a), rich 229(22b), 285(26),
624(7b) 354(2d), 409(2a), 624(6c)
property(n): ozellik 268 (4b), prosperously(adv): miireffeh bir
508(3), 530(28), 542(1-4), ~ekilde 624(6a)
543-544(9-12), 562(84c) prove
proponent(n) : advocate; supporter (1) (LY): be; turn out; olmak;
70(30b), 402(33e), 409(2e) ortaya pkmak 284(11),
proportion(n): oran 5(D), 389(2d), 542(1-4),
314(37d) 544(13-16), 547(16-20)
in proportion to(prep): oranla (2) vt): kamtlamak 14(Special
259 (3b), 451(43), 457(4d) Note), 389(2d)
proportional(adj): orant1lz provide(vt): supply; saglamak
378(3. 19) 261 (7d), 287( 12-13)
proportionately: oransal olarak provided (that)(=on condition
320(12.lb) that; only if); ko~uluyla (see
propose(vt): teklif etmek; onermek grammar index)
12(16), 618(29a) publicity(n): tamt1m 403(la)
proposal (n): suggestion: oneri publicly(adv ): herkesin iiniinde
3(9), 189(32a), 346(9), 618(29b) 287( 30)
proposed(adj): onerilen 618(29c) pull out(vt): rekmek 303(23b)
proposition(n): fikir 546(6-10) punctual(adj): dakik 464(10. 9)
121
punctuality(n) : dakiklik (2) bring up; biiyiitmek; 304(28b)
280 (20) (3) + money: para toplamak
puncture(vt) : delmek 56(24a) 306(23a)
purchase(vt): buy 385(20c), random(adj): haphazard; rasgele
40 l (29c), 476(V .3.3), 537(7-9) 358(14a)
purchase(n): satin alma 315(4c), range(n)
398(14b) (1) variety; re§itlilik 349(la)
purely(adv): simply; just; sadece (2) extent; a/an 351 (5),
618(30c) 31 l(l4b), 385(20a),
purification(n): antma 618(30b) 386(24d), 393(2d), 620(14a)
purify(vt): antmak 618(30a) range (over)(vi): degi§iklik
purity(n): safl1k 618(30d) gostermek 478(8)
pursue: follow; izlemek 255(70c), range from ... to: arasinda
346(18), 386(2lc),403(34b), degi§mek 341(17b), 375(14),
405(34b) 551(12-16), 553(25-30)
pursuit(of)(n) (l)search (for), quest rank(vi): sayilmak 366(30),
(for); aray1§ 38l(lb), 493(19c) 383(12a)
(2) hobby, pastime; uffr~ 69 (19) rapidly(adv): h1zli birimde 3(23)
scientific+ - : bilimsel ugra§ rashly(adv) 363(5): acele bi~imde
in pursuit of(prep): in search of rate(n): oran 349(1c), 375(5a)
442(T5), 452(44ab), 458(3a), rather(adv): oldukra 321(14d)
460(23a) ratio(n) : oran 308(3e)
put across(vt): communicate; raw material: ham madde
aktarmak 433(4a) 282(20)
put forward: ortaya koymak; ileri reach(vt): ula§mak 46(42c)
siirmek 436(19c) react(vt) tepki gostermek 41(5c)
put off: postpone; ertelemek readily(adv) promptly, willingly;
432(la) hemen, isteyerek 623(39b)
put through: connect 430 realize(vt): farketmek 303(27b)
puzzling(adj): mysterious; reap the benefit of: yaranni
esrarengiz 252(40c) gormek 387(25c)
puzzle(n): muamma 544(13-16) rear(vt) : yeti§tirmek 3(28)
qualification(n): nitelik 528(7), reason(n): neden ; sebep 380(1)
557(2lc) reason with: 375(35)
qualified(adj): nitelikli 291 (68.7), reasonable: makul 183(12a)
377(2. 6) 314(37d)
quarrel(n): kavga 388(3 lc) reasoning(n): ak1l yiiriitme
quarrel(vi): kavga etmek 41(6. 2), 399(20b)
287(14) rebel(against)(vt): isyan etmek
quest(n): search 350(7f), 370(28b), 393(8d)
380(8) rebel against: isyan etmek;
question(vt) 319(3la) ba§kaldirmak 374(14)
quote(vt): mention; say 385(19b) rebellion(n): revolt; isyan
racial(adj): 1rksal 316(1 lb) 398(15a)
radiate(vt): yay(1l)mak 621(2ld) rebellious(adj): isyankar
raid(n): saldm 417(5e) 416(47b)
raise(vt) recall (vt): remember 12(14. 11),
(1) yiikseltmek 234(80a) 15(4d), 260 (4f)
122
recede(vi): go back; subside refrain (from): abstain from; uzak
388(32c) durmak 347(26), 3n( 30),
receipt(n): makbuz 312(6a), 376(24a)
446(13d) refuge(n)
rece~sion(n): durgunluk seek+ - stgtnacak yer aramak
339(1 lc), 341(17f), 346(13) 593(60)
recipe(n): yemek tar.i.fi 322(6b) refuse(vt): reddetmek 301(14c)
reciprocal(adj): kar§tlikli refutation(n): yalanlama
399(20a), 463(7.6) 399(18a)
reckless(adj): careless refute(vt): disprove; ruriitmek
i 97(B.1.6) 272 (5c) 383(9b), 551(12-16), 587(9e)
recklessly(adv): carelessly regard ... (as)(vt) consider; kabul
196(B. 1-2) etmek, addetmek 243(18(b)
reckon: think; hesaba katmak 261 (8c)
252(38a) regard(n): respect 398( 16d),
recognition(n): tamma 393(50b), 446(14d)
398(13b) regardless of (prep)
recognize(vt): tammak 41(3. 8), (I) in spite of; ... e ragmen
65(3)214(5 lc), 265 ( 17), 244(33c)
411(9e) (2) irrespective of; bakmaks1zin;
recommend(vt) tavsiye etmek goz oniine almaksmn
303(25c) 378(3. 16), 454(76)
reconcile(vt): cause to become regional(adj): bolgesel 395(la)
friendly again; settle; bart§llrmak reglectful(adj): ihmalkar 378(3. 11)
343(23d), 344(25d) regligent(adj): ihmalkar 378(3. 12)
reconciled(adj): raz1 388(29d) regret(vt): pi§man olmak ; iiziintii
recount(vt): tell; relate 388(30d) duymak 46(37c) 83(3a, 3b),
recover(vt): iyile§mek 287(16) 296(lc)
recovery(n): iyile§me 311(13c) regrettably(adv): iiziintiiyle
recreation(n): eglence 56(28b) belirtmek gerekirki 417(5e)
recreational(adj): 315(3c) reinforcement(n): peki§tirme;
recruit(vt): employ; hire 306(24a), giirlendirme; takviye 70(27b)
345(28a), 502(4) reiterate(vt): repeat several times
recur(vi): occur again; niiksetmek 344(27a)
440(7) rejec.t(vt): reddetmek 261 (9f),
recycle(vt): 305(14c) 371(3), 458(6. 3d)
reduce(vt): decrease; lower; relate(vt): tell; nakletmek
azaltmak 241(79b), 244(25b), 510(1), 514(15)
261(9c), 396(6a) relative (to), (adj) ... e gore
- +weight: kilo dii§mek 324(lc) 379(2), 552(17-21)
reduction(n): indirim 497(5b) relatively(adv) comparatively;
refer(to)(vt) : deginmek 242(12a), nispeten 228(13d), 247(62c) 276
260 (5b) (2a), 320(12. 2a), 397(10b)
123
relax(vt, vi):jerahla(t)mak 45(23a) remarkable(adj): notable;
299(7b) kaydadeger 273 (7f)
release ... (from)(vt): remedy(n): cure 349(2e)
(l)sal1vermek; serbest btrakmak remind(of) hattrlatmak 286(24),
373(17), 375(1 b) 287(17)
(2) apklamak 67(25), 112(32) reminiscent( adj): hattr latI r
relevance(n): ili:jki 6 l 7(19a) 379(13)
relevant(to): related; ili§kili l, remote(ad.i): far away; uzak
68(4a), 272 (6a), 378(3. 5) 316(7d), 355(5c)
617(9c, 19a) rent(n): kira
reliability(n): giivenirlik 618(31 c) repeal(vt): revoke; cancel
reliable(adj): dependable; giivenilir 345(28e)
48(14), 252(46d), 273 (9b), repel(vt): itmek 364(5)
618(3lb) repent(vt): regret: pi:jman olmak
reliance(n): dependence; bag1mltltk 12(14. 12)
380(7), 410(6d), 623(34a) reply(vi, vt): awpvwuk 388(3Crt)
reliant(adj): dependent; bag1mlt reprimand(vt): scold; reb~ke;
378(3. 20) , 409(la) 623(34b) azarlamak 468(for (b)
relief(n) reptile(n): siiriingen 120(39b,
(1) a sense of comfort;ferahltk 225(80b) 309(7b)
75(9a), 350(4a),403(7b), republic(n): cumhuriyet 623(34c)
468, 623(36c, 36d) repudiate(vt): rtj6l:, mil1mek 386(22c)
relief of suffering : reputation(n): fame; iin 396(6c),
rahatzs1zl1gm giderilmesi 350(5d), 384(13e), 412(12d),
395(lb) 515(19)
(2) relief: aid; yardtm 384(15d) request(vt): ask; rica etmek
relieve( of)( vt) 301(13e)
(1) azaltmak 390(5c),403(6c), require(vt): need; gerektirmek I,
623(35a) 68(12d), 260 (Sf), 296(4d)
(2) kurtarmak; gidermek requirement(n): gereklilik 309(5d)
374(15) requisite(adj): necessary; gerekli
to be relieved of 412(15d)
(anxiety): (endi:jeden) rescue(vt): kurtarmak 287(18)
kurtulmak
rescue(n): kurtarma 208(la)
377(2. 27)
research(n): ara:jtlrma 320(12.
relinquish(vt): give up; abandon
lb), 406(44a), 445(2a)
387(26a), 348(15)
research(vt): ara§tlrmak 300(8c)
reluctance(n):unwillingness;
resemblance(n): benzerlik 268
isteksizlik 191(43d)
(2b ), 488( 10)
reluctant(adj): unwilling; isteksiz
resemble(vt): look like; benzemek
90(2. 5), 271 (lb), 536(1-3)
299(4d)
reluctantly(adv): unwillingly;
resent(vt): ktzmak; ir;erlemek
isteksizce 257 (25)
12(14. 13), 240(65b), 405(36a)
rely on: count on; depend on
resentment(n): k1zg111ltk; i<;erleme
240(67b), 263 (15a), 373(2),
401(28d)
618(3 la)
reserve(vt): ay1rmak 287(19)
remain to be seen: zamanla
residential(adj): meskiin 316(8e)
goriilecek 3(31 ), 391 (30d)
124
resign(vi): istifa etmek 36(88) restless(adj): uneasy; huzursuz
287(20) 407(3b)
resignation(n): istifa 308(2b) restore(vt): eski durumuna getirmek
resist(vt): kar:p koymak 299(7e), 342(19a), 541 (16-18)
623(37b) restrain(vt): hold back; kendini
resistance(n): direm;; kar~1 koyma tutmak 374(11), 384(14e),
402(33b), 623(37a) 386(23a), 390(13c)
resistant(adj): dayamkll; diren<;li restraint(n): kendini tutma; itidal
378(3.25, 30) 623(37c) 389(34c)
resolute(adj): kararll 411(8c) restrict(vt): limit 261 (8e),
resolution(n): karar tasans1 310(1 la), 393(lc), 514(12)
345(4), 519(6) restricted area: yasak bolge
resolve(vt): settle; decide 306(34a) 208(6c)
342(20b), 348(9), 383(1 le), restricted to: confined to;
394(9b), 396(7d), 537(10-12), limited to 377(2. 7)
577(80a) restriction(n): kmtlama 234(79c),
resort(n) 246(58a), 269 (7c)
a holiday+ - : bir tatil beldesi result: consequence: effect, sonu<;
l 15(60a-c), 502(1) 8(1. 1), 314(34a)
resort(to): ba~vurmak 245(42a), result from(vi): den kaynaklanmak
374( 17), 385(17e) 287(23) 399(2c)
resort(n): <;are 402(33a) result in(vi): ile sonu<;lanmak
resource(n): kaynak 5(D), 67(23), 287( 22), 398(16c)
313(22c), 443(12a) resume(vt,vi) start again
respect(n):way; bak1m 269 (6e) 254(68a), 336(3e), 342(20b),
445(6a), 518(3) 401(27d), 417(4c), 441(25),
in several respects: bir ka<; 464(10.8), 571(7c)
bak1mmdan retail(n, adj): perakende 54(3a)
respective(adj): kendi 410(7c) retain(vt):
respectively(adv): siras1yla (l)keep; tutmak ; muhafaza
(see grammar index) etmek 249(2c), 341(16c),
respiratory(adj): solunumla ilgili 507(21-23), 623(38a)
315(3d) (2) keep in memory; keep in
respond(vi): cevap vermek mind; ak1lda tutmak
260 (4b) 245(45b), 384(15a), 441(29)
response(n): cevap 268 (2d), retaliate( vt): misillemede
550(1-5) bulunmak 388(32a)
responsibility(n): sorumluluk retention(n): tutma 397(12e)
308(la), 396(7c) 399( 18d), 519(8), 623(38b)
responsible(adj): sorumlu retention of urine: idrar tutma/
314(2a), 397(12c) yapamama
rest(n): geriye kalan 187(11, retire(vi): emekli olmak
454(78), 617(20a) 36(93-94)
retirement(n): emeklilik 308(2c)
125
retiring(adj): emekliye aynlan rule(vt)
402(232c) (l) govern; yonetmek 3(3),
return(n) 301( 14b)
in return for: in exchange for; (2) karar vermek 502(4)
kar§iligmda 452(46) rule out(vt) exclude 431
reveal(vt) make known; apga rumor(n): soylenti 209(23c)
vurmak; if;a etmek 381(3a), rumor(vt)
409(2c), 467,515(20), 519(8) it is rumored : ..... soylentisi
revelation(n): if:;a 255(72c) var 550(6-11)
reverse (n) tersi 310(12e), run aground: karaya oturmak
400(22a) 189(28d)
reverse(vt): tersine revirmek run into: meet unexpectedly
383(110d) 323(20c), 435(7c)
revert(vt): geri donmek 385(l7c) run out of: use up; bitirmek
revive(vt): can1andmnak 384(16e), 433(4b)
393(47c) run the risk of: riske girmek
revoke(vt): cancel 387(25e) 194(3c)
reward(n): odiil 404(18d) run to schedule: tarifeye gore
reward(vt) odiillendirmek i§lemek 254(60b)
70(28c), 287( 24) run(vt): manage; i§letmek
rid oneself of: kurtarmak 303(26d), 337(4e)
547(11-15) sack(vt): fire; kovmak 266 (11),
rid(see get rid ot) 375(7a)
rigid(adj): strict; s1k1 412(14a) sacrifice(vt): feda etmek; fedakarlik
623(39a) yapmak 55(19c), 287( 25),
rigidly 623(39b) 383(1 lc)
rigorous(adj): yorucu; zahmetli safety(n) security; giivenlik
510(3) 46(40d), 231(44a), 236(15c),
ripe(adj): olgun 517(2) 241(76a)
rival( n): competitor; rakip 3(16), sake(n)
66(21), 350(5t), 621(15d) for the sake of hatm irin; ugruna
rival(vt) compete with; rekabet 625(15a)
etmek 339(12e) sanction(n): yaptmm 345(4),
rivalry(n): competition; rekabet 397(9a)
447(26b) satisfied(with)(adj): tatmin olmu§
rob(vt): soymak 301(13b) 377(2. 8)
robust(adj): strong 357(10d) satisfy(vt): please; tatmin etmek
root(n): kok; koken 40(2. 2)
312(15c)447(23c) satellite(n): uydu 254(58d)
roughly(adv): yakla§tk; hemen saturation(n): doyum 508(5)
hemen 417(4a) savage(adj): wild; vah§i 542-
royal family: kral ailesi 403(3b) 543(5-8)
rubbish(n): ~op 313(18b) save for: except for 454(80)
rudimentary(adj): basic 411(9b) savings(n): tasarruf 503(7)
ruin(vt, n) scale(n): rap 243(9a)
(n)kalmt1 505(11-16 on a large - +: biiyiik rapta
(vt) tahrip etmek 398(14e)
on a small - +: kiiriik rapta
243(9a)
126
scant(adj): zay1f; yetersiz secular(adj): laik 592(48)
548(21-25) secure(vt): get; saglamak; elde
scarce(adj): nadir 272 (6d) etmek 3(19), 255(76c),
scarcely: hardly; barely 41202d), 342(20c), 385(20b)
547(16-20) security(n): giivenlik 310(12a)
scare(vt): korkutmak 377(B 1) see(vt) 10(8. 2), 15(2c)
scared(adj): afraid 387(27d) seed(n): tohum 282(18), 544(13-16)
scatter(vt) 333(19c) seek(vt):
scattered: dag1lm1§ 413(4a) (1) - + N: look for; search for;
scene(n) aramak 1, l 77(VI. 2a),
(1) place 618(35d) 248(72c), 250(23a), ?.61
(2) view 287(27e) (8d),341(16f), 339(10d),
scenery(n): manzara 332(4a), 342(19b), 469, 488(4),
388(32d) 593(60d)
sceptical(adj): doubtful 412(13e) (2) - + V: try 245(43a), 550(1-5)
scepticism(n): §iiphecilik seemingly(adv): goriiniirde
368(23) 552(17-21)
schedule(vt) planlamak 302( 19a), segregation(n) : ay1rma 461
392(44c) seize: catch; grasp; yakalamak
schedule(n) tarife; program 189(29k), 263 (14d), 346(9)
499(1.15) seldom(adv): rarely; nadiren
scheme(n): plan; project 312(14c)
183(9d), 385(17d), 441(30) select(vt) choose 259 (2b)
scholarship(n): burs 208(2c) self-sufficient: kendine yeterli
schooling(n): egitim 514(14) 379( 14)
scope(n) . selfish(adj): bencil 446(14d)
(1) - + for: opportunity;firsat send for: r;ag 1rmak 287( 5), 44(X3.7)
380(18) sense(n): anlam 310(12a), 467(E)
(2) - + of range; alan 350(6b), sensible(adj): mantlkh 314(2d),
352( 13), 368(27), 380(19), 439(23a), 441(4A)
404(19d) sensitive(adj): duyarh; hassas
scrutinize(vt: examine carefully 3(2), 690,8c), 317(10b),
339(10c), 382(8a) 414(18b), 439(23b), 441(4A)
scrutiny(n): close examination; sentence(n) (for a crime): ceza
inceleme 401 (26a) 403(12c)
search(vt): aramak 300(8d), sentence(vt): ceza vermek ~17b)
402(32b) set off: yola pkmak 386(22e),
search for: look for 220(9a) 432(lb)
search(n): arayi§ 370(28), set up: form 433(4d)
545(17-20) settle down: yerle§mek 51 (9)
secluded(adj): 1ss1z 365(21), settle(vt): resolve; r;oziimlemek
489(7) 339(10f)
secret(adj): gizli 5(0), 285(25)
127
settlement(n) solution; significant(adj): important 3(31),
compromise; roziim 311 ( 17a), 272 (4a), 323(25b), 545(17-20),
353(27), 395(3a), 576(63b) 618(32b), 624(5a)
severe(adj) significantly (adv): considerably
(1) : serious; ciddi 247(62c), 241(79b), 618(32c, 32e)
272 (4b), 315(3e), 341(17d), silly(adj): aptalca 306(35d)
376(20a),409(2c), 624(4c simultaneously(adv): aym anda
(2) : harsh; sert 3 l 9(30d), 276 (2b)
395(2b) sincerity(n): irtenlik 2(5a)
severely( adv) situated(adj): kurulu 304(28c),
( 1): seriously 46(45a), 278 (8), 547(16-20)
384(13b), 624(4b) skill(n): beceri 1
(2) harshly ; sertre 75(8c), slam(vt): rarpmak 305(12d)
250(16a), 346(18), slave(n): slave; esir 233(69d)
severity(n): seriousness 352( 14), 233(69d)
602(99), 624(4a) slender(adj): ince; narin 472,
sew: dikmek 544(13-16) 506(12-16)
sharply(adv) 278 (10) slide(vi): kaymak 447(28a)
sheer chance: tam bir §ans eseri slightly (adv): hafifre; biraz
sheer(adj): only; sadece 93(2), lOl(Set 2. 3), 313(27b)
416(46d) slim(adj): ince; narin 355(5d),
shelter(n): s1ginak 307(38d) 506( 12-16)
shift(vt, vi) change 266 (8), slip(vi): kaymak 387(27d)
385(18b) slippery(adj): kaygan 3 l 9(28a)
shift(n): change; degi§iklik sluggish(adj): yava§; durgun
407(5b) 539(1-3)
shift work: vardiya §eklinde smart(adj): intelligent; zeki
rali§ma 558(35d) 316(10a)
shiver(vi): titremek 554(31-35) sniff(vi): hapwmak 547(11-15)
short (of): yeterince olmamak; so- called: sozde; denen
eksik olmak 547(11-15) 413(6a, 7b), 533
shortage(n): darltk 283(24), soak(vt) 1slatmak 307(42c)
35 l(8a), 443(l 3b), 550(6- l l), soar(vt, vi) increase 365(13)
563(99b), 624(4c) soil(n): toprak 3 l 9(26b)
shortcoming(n): eksiklik ; sakznca sole(adj): only; tek 93(2), 409(3a),
396(7a), 40l(27b) 411(9e)
shrimp(n): karides 481(6-8) solely(adv: just; only 362(2b)
shrink(vi) become smaller; solitary(adj): only; tek; yalmz
contract; kiiriilmek 481, 538(13-15)
340(14[),347(1), 390(6a), 461 solitude: yalmzlik 402(31 b)
sight(n): goriinii§ 3 l 7(7a), some(adj): approximately; yakla§1k
446(1 la) 20(3. 5-6), 548(21-25)
significance(n): importance, onem somehow(adv): her nas1lsa
189(27.5n), 229(23d), 305(5b), 622(30c)
310( 11 b), 488(14), 547(16-20), somewhat(adv): biraz; bir olriide
618(32a, 32d), 624(5b) IOl(set 2.1), 403(6c)
soon(adv): k1sa siire irinde 35(77)
128
sophisticated(adj): (highly) spontaneous(adj): olagan;
developed; (r;;ok) geli§mi§ kendiliginden 624(40b)
73( 11 b), 253(50c), 346(14), spontaneously(adv: naturally
414(20a), 515(19) occurring 624(40c)
sound (adj): saglam 414(19c) spot(n): yer; nokta 312(1 la)
sound reasoning: sag/am spy(n): casus 5(D)
yarg1 546(6-10) stable(adj): steady; istikrarli
sour(adj): ek§i 61(33b) 272 (4c), 512(8)
spacecraft(n): 49(28d): uzay gemisi stage(n): evre; safha l 15(65c),
49(28d) 623(34c)
span(n): sure 228(13d), 399(19a) standpoint( n)
life span: ortalama omur from an economic - + :
244(25b), 364(9) ekonomik bak1mdan
span of time: zaman suresi standstill(n)
228(13d) bring to a + - : tamamen durdurma
spark plug(n) buji 322(5a) 407(1c)
sparsely(adv: thinly; seyrekr;;e starvation(n): ar;;lik 535(7)
410(4c) state(vt): belirtmek. 304(30b)
specialist(n): uzman 624(2a) steadily(adv): surekli olarak 9(8)
specialization(n): uzmanla§ma steady(adj): surekli 272 (3e)
624(2d) steeply(adv): hzzla 321(8c)
specialize ... (in)(vt): uzmanla§mak stem(from): arise from; originate
322(7b), 373(10),519(8), 624(2c) from; result from; kaynaklanmak
specially(adv): ozellikle 624(2b) 284(16)337(4a), 375(13d),
species(n): ttir 67(24), 38l(ld), 412(15a)
506(12-16), 518(3) stewardess(n): air hostess 87(10c)
specify(vt): name specifically; stick (to)(vi): cling to; yapt§mak
determine; belirlemek 339(10b) 280 (14)
spectator(n): seyirci 447(22c) stimulate(vt): motivate; encourage
spectical(adj): doubtful 379(9) 280 (17), 395(3b), 549(26-30)
speed limit: h1z k1S1tlamas1 stimulus(n): motivation 441(24)
55(212lc) stingy(adj): mean; miserly; cimri
spend(vt): ger;;irmek 305(17d) 357(1 la), 461
sphere(n): kure; (burada) a/an strain(n):
315(6a) (1) s1kmt1; yuk 380(9)
spider(n) orumcek 375(13d) (2) tur 481 e.g. virus strains
spill(vt): dokmek 306(27b) strained(adj): gerilimli; gergin
split(vt)bol(un)mek 464(11 3) 385(19c)
spoil(vi, vt): harm; boz(ul)mak strange(adj): peculiar; tuhaf 256(8)
54(8a)340(14b) stream(n): akt§; 1rmak 312(8d)
spoilage(n): bozulma 69(22) strenuous(adj):tiring, exhausting
spontaneity(n): olaganlik yorucu, enerji gerektiren 369(9)
624(40a)
. 129
-------------------------------
stress: emphasize; vurgulamak subsidize(vt): siibvanse etmek;
339(12f) ar1g1m kapatmak 257(13)
stretch(vi, vt) extend; spread 265 subsist(on): ya:jamtm siirdiirmek
(25), 339(1 Oa), 512(6) 384(16b)
strict(adj): rigid; s1k1; sert substantial(adj): great;
226(84a), 281 (I) 378(3. 32), considerable; biiyiik olrude
396(6c), 412(15b), 415(37b), 215(634 3:lX:12 14 342(18c), 3~4),
464(10.5), 590(28a), 617(23c), 401(274 -OXl84 41CX:oo), 587(1c)
624(4la) substantially(adv) greatly;
strictly(adv): s1k1 birimde; considerably; biiyiik olriide
kesinlikle 363(4e), 417(4d), 258(2c), 320(12. 2c), 386(2.le),
624(41b) 417(4b)
strictness(n); 624(41c) substantiate(vt): support; back up
strike(n): grev 370(24) 353(26)
strike(vt) substitute(n): yerini alacak !jey
- + sb as: gibi gelmek 307(44d) 380(f5), 405(28b)
striking(adj): rarp1c1 488(10) substitute ... (for)(•;t): yerine
stringent(adj): severe; harsh kullanmak 288(37)
593(61.IV) succeed
strive: try hard; make a great effort (l) (vi): ba!jart kazanmak I,
384(16c), 389(33c) 342( I 8f) ,369( 16b)
stroke(n): beyin kanamast 512(6) (2) (vt): follow; halefi olmak,
struggle(vi): ~abalamak 288(41), yerine germek 348( I 0)
545(17-20) succesion(n)
stubborn: obstinate; inatp (in)+ - : in a row; ard arda, pe:j
73(7b), 281(8) pe:je 251(31b), 396(6d),
stun(vt): sa!jtrtmak 282(13) 405(35a), 452(50), 547( 16-20)
subject(n) success(n): ba:jart 9( 4. 5)
(1): tebaa 379(4) successive(adj): consecutive; ard
(2): detzek 403(10a) arda gelen , pe:j pe:je 176(26. 4),
subject(to)(adj): baglt 378(3. 21), 360( 16), 410(7d), 542-543(5-8)
379(6), 454(84), 602(98) successively(adv ): s1ras1yla; ard
subject ... (to) (vt): tabi tutmak; arda 243(13c)
maruz btrakmak 251(32d); suddenly(adv): anstzm 277 (6)
376(20a) suffer (from): ... den rahats1zltk
submit ... (to)(vt): sunmak duymak 243(16c), 338(8a),
374(19) 394(16d), 399(18d),402(31e)
subordinate(adj): low; inferiour - + a defeat/setback): yenilgiye
357(10b) ugramak 302(20b), 405(35a),
subscription(n): abone 86(21d) suffice(vi): yeterli olmak 365(22),
subsequent (adj): following; later 618(33c)
355(6a), 357(10c), 361(22), sufficiency(n) yeterlilik 618(33d)
378(3. 33), 443(25b) sufficient(adj): enough; adequate
subsequent to (prep) after; 8(1.6), 257 (14), 578(87b),
following 203(H.3a) 618(33a)
subsequently(adv): afterwards, suggest(vt): 261 (7a), 467
(I) propose; onermek 12(14.15)
later on 203(H. I), 284(19),
(2) show; indicate 343(24d),
363(4f) 548(21-25), 551(12-16)
130
suggestion(n): oneri 3(13A) suspend(vt): curtail, stop;
suit(vt): uymak 443(7a) durdurmak; ask1ya almak
summit(n): zirve 269 (8f), 370(24),. 384(15'1)
351(8d) suspicious(adj): §iipheli 61(6c)
staperficial(adj): yiizeysel 361 (28) sustain(vt): keep; continue;
superior(to) (adj): iistiin 315(6b), maintain 275(24), 343(24f),
378(3. 23) 385( 18a), 388(31 b)
supply(n) swamp(n): batakltk 7(3c)
(l)arz 311(15a) swift(adj): hizlt 506(12-16)
- + and demand: arz ve sympathize(with)(vi) duygulamtt
talep 550( 6-11) payla§mak 287( 6)
(2) stok 8( 1 . 2) symptom (n): belirti 397(12e)
supply(vt): saglamak 287( 11) tackle deal with; ele almak
suppose ... ?: ... eder misiniz? 3(26), 243(22d), 338(8b),338(8f),
305(7d) 342(2lc), 558(3 ld)
surmount(vt): a§mak; iistesinden take a heavy toll: rok say1da
gelmek; yenmek 383(10a) oliime yol armak 547( 16-20)
surpass(vt): pass; exceed; take after: resemble; benzemek
outstrip; gepnek; a~mak 279 (8), 336(la)
339(1 la), 386(2le, 23e), take for granted: assume;
391(29b) varsaymak 371(7), 455(86),
surplus(n): fazlalik 365(25), . 542-543(5-8)
512(8), 550(6-11) take into account: take into
surrender (to): teslim olmak consideration; consider 367( 15),
374(20) 455(85)
survey(n): ara§ttrma 187(20a) take on: iistlenmek 3 l 9(33a)
survival(n): hayatta kalt§ take over: devralmak 433(2d)
306(23a), 518(3), 544(13-16), take place: happen; occur; olmak;
618(34a) vukubulmak 195(18d), 261 (9b)
survive(vi, vt): remain alive talent(n): special ability; gift;
300(10c) yetenek 51(1), 488(26)
tangible(adj): elle tutulur
surviving(adj): remaining alive
412(12e), 545(1-5)
618(35c)
tangibly(adv): elle tutulur birimde
survivor(n) hayatta kalan; sag 545(1-5)
kurtulan 618(34b) target(n): hedef 406(50a), 446(8c)
susceptible(adj): prone to; capable task(n): gorev 69(16b), 531(4)
of being affected by; duyar/1, taste(n)
yatkin 356(8e) 379(T2d), (l) tat 282(18)
378(3. 31), 409(3e), 415(34b) (2) zevk 401(27e), 407(9b)
suspect(n): §iipheli (ku§kulu) ki§i tax(n): vergi 398(14b)
309(7e) tax evasion: vergi kaprma
suspect (vt): §iiphe etmek; 237(35c), 401(28a
ku§kulanmak 300(1 lc)
131
taxation(n):vergilendirme through(prep):vasttas1yla 258
541(16-18), 625(13b) (2c), 545(1-5), 554(31-35)
tedious(adj): boring 462 throughout(prep): boyunca
tell(vt) 15(1.6b) 4ll(lle)
temporarily(adv): gerici olarak tight(adj): fitting closely; s1k1
208(la) 354(2e), 414(26a)
tend(vi): egilim gdstermek tiny(adj): very small 322(8d),
245(46c)297(5d)549(26- 507(21-23)
30)619(35a) token(n): ni§ane 402(32c)
tendency(n): egilim 270 (4), tolerant(adj): ho§gdriilii 440(12)
371(3), 619(35b) tolerate(vt): put up with; ho§
tentative(adj): esnek; degi§ebilir giirmek 11(12), 625(15b)
412(12c toll(n)
term(n): condition 460(29(c) the death+ - olii say1s1
terminate(vt): bring to an end; 402(33d)
sona erdirmek 341(17c), tool(n): device; instrument; arar
343(23[), 385( 17a) 45(3434b)
terrific(adj): wonderful, excellent; torture(vt): i§kence yapmak 65(8)
miikemmel totally(adv) tiimiiyle 317(lc),
terrify( vt): deh§ete dii§iirmek 385(19a)
377(B. 5) tough(adj): sert 396(6c)
territory(n): toprak 385(19e) trace(n): iz 392(34c), 404(15d),
thanks to(prep): sayesinde 279 407(4c), 408(13d), 542-543(5-8)
(3), 455(89) track(n): iz 400(23e), 401(27a)
that is(adv): yani 180(7. 1-3) trade union: sendika 616(14c)
that is to say: that is; yani tradition(n): gelenek 268 (2c)
181(7.5), 214(49b) train(vt): yeti§tirmek 5(0)
the moment+ S ... ir ... mez trait(n): characteristic , feature;
44(7c) dzellik 316(8d), 352( 11),
theft(n): htrstzlik 307(4lb) 366(4), 395(2a)
thereby(adv): thus; bdylece transition(n): geri§ 68(5c)
242(6a), 247(64b), 252(44b), transitional(adj): provisional;
455(90), 549(26-30) gerici 244(32b)
thief(n): h1rs1z 257 (18) transmit(vt) send; gondermek;
thorough(adj): complete 317(4c), nakletmek 75(7d), 481
413(8c), 439(24b) transparent(adj): §e.ffaf 412(12a)
thoroughly(adv): completely treat(vt): muamele etmek 9(6),
187(20b) 305(14c), 416(8.lb) 233(69d), 261 (7e), 332(12a)
threat(n): tehdit 313(29a), 353(21) treatment(n): muamele ; tedavi
threaten(vt): tehdit etmek 254(66a) 308(2e), 385(20d)
12(13B. 3), 296(le) tremendous(adj): great; immense;
thrifty(adj): tutumlu 358(14b), enormous 248(74b), 274 (11),
412(13a) 354(2b), 552(17-21)
thrill(n): excitement 405(38c) trend(n): tendency; egilim 268
thrilled(adj): excited 387(27a) (4f), 395(2e)
thrilling(adj): exciting 357(12e) trial(n): yarg1lama; mahkeme
thrive(vi): grow; prosper; geli§mek 310(12d), 571(2b)
503(6), 553(25-30)
132
trigger: spark off; start; tetiklemek uncultivated(adj): ekilmeyen;
349(la), 371(12) i§lenmeyen 389(35b)
trivial(adj): unimportant; onemsiz underestimate(vt): underrate;
246(57c), 411(8b), 412(13b), az1msamak; kurumsemek; az
414(25d) onem vermek 382(7c), <ill.(100$
true(of): gererli olmak 378(3. 22)
trust(vt): giivenmek 397(le) undergo(vt) go through
trustworthy(ad.i): dependable; ; - + changes: degi§iklige ugramak;
reliable; gtivenilir 318(20b) degi§iklik gerirmek 183(10a),
trusworthiness(n): giivenirlik 336(ld), 392(4lb), 591(4lb)
550(1-5) - + tensions: gerilime girmek
tuition(n) ogrenim ham 61 (8a) 512(7)
turn down: refuse 284(19), - + a transformation 543-
433(2c), 436(l6b) 544(9-12)
turn out : prove; olmak; ortaya undermine(vt): weaken
pkmak 432(]d), 435(3b) 247(64b), 340(13f), 386(24a),
tutoring(n): ders 508(1) 387(25c), 391(20a), 592(52c)
tyranny(n): dictatorship 539(4-6) underrate(vt): kurumsemek
tyre(n): araba lastigi 56(24a) 384(14b)
400(23e) undertake(vt): iistlenmek
ubsubstantiated(adj): destekten 387(28b)
yoksun 385(1 undoubtedly(adv): ku§kusuz
ultimate(adj): final; eventual 184(5b)
272 (5a) uneasy(adj): restless; huzursuz
ultimately( adv): eventually; 358(15e), 41 l(lOc),
sonunda 536(4-6) 485(11.A.3a)
unabated(adj): azalmadan 389(35e) unemployed(adj): jobless; i§siz
Unaccustomed(adj): ah§mam l§ 256(9) 27l(lc)
unaltered(adj): unchanged 356(7f) unendurable(adj): unbearable;
unanimous(adj): everybody dayamlmaz 356(7e)
agreeing unequivocally(adv): clearly; apk
- + decision: oybirligiyle a/man serik olarak 363(9)
karar 4 l 2(14e) unethical(adj): immoral 358(15a)
- + vote:: oy birligi unexploited(adj): yararlamlmayan
218(90c) i§letilmeyen 500(3.1)
unanimously(adv): oybirligiyle unfit(adj): uygun durumda olmayan
253(55c), 345( 4) 272 (5d)
unaware(adj): unconscious;farktnda unfortunate(adj): talihsiz
olmayan 276 (29) 333(25b)
unconfirmed(adj): dogrulanmayan unfortunately(adv): maalesef
619(6c) 46(42c)
unconscious(adj): unaware unfulfilled(adj): gerrekle§meyen
315(6d) 389(35c)
133
unidentified(adj): kimligi belirsiz usag~(n): kullamm 385(18b)
389(35d), 616(16d) utilites(n): elektrik, havagazt. su
uniform(adj): aym 411(1 le) 385(18b), 461
uniformly(adv): aym dlr;iide utility(n): yarar 399(20d)
69(8c) utilization(n): 1,1se 251(28b),
uninhabitable(adj): ya~anmaz 396(6a)
621(19a) utilize(vt) use; make use of
unilaterally (adv) : tek taraflz 302(22a); 382(8b), 414(22c)
olarak utter(adj): complete 93(2),
unique(adj): tek; e~siz; benzersiz 2.82(11), 414(14a)
272 (3b), 359(2), 413(3b), utterJy(adv): completely 307(45c)
592(48a) vacs,1,it(adj): empty; unoccupied
uniqueness(n): e~sizlik 518(3) 355(5b)
unjustifiable(aqj): haklz vacation(n): holiday; tatil 61(9c)
gdsterilemez 221 (32a), vague(adj): not clear; mpglak;
246(59b), 409(le) belirsiz 358(14c)
unlike(prep) ... den fark/1 vain(adj): useless; futile 356(9d)
258 ( le) valiant(adj): courageous; brave
unlikely(adj): improbable 597(79-81)
272 (5f) valid(adj): ger;erli 273 (8f),
unmatched(adj): benzeri olmayan; .413(6a) a), 519(8)
e~i olmayan 388(29c) validity(n): ger;erlilik 322(ld)
unpreced~nted(adj): unequalled; e~i valu~le(adj): degerli 282( 17)
gdriilmerni~ 209(27d), 354(3d), value(n) : degerli 3 I 3(27b)
402(30a), 41Q(5b), 623(3 lb) vanish: (1) disappear; gdzden
unreliable(adj): glivenilmez kaybolmak 73( I Oct), 262 ( I Oct)
317(lc) ' Vffiety(n): r;e~dlilik 6 l 9(36a),
unsubstantiated(adj): dayanaktan 624(7a)
yoksun 518(6) · various(adj): r;e~itli 619(36b)
untapped(adj): el degmemi~ vary(vi, vt): differ 619(36c, 36e)
384(14d) varying(adj): degi~en 188(27.5j),
unwarranted(adj): yetkiye 619(36d)
dayanmayqn 389(35a) vas,t(adj): geni~; engin 273 (9e),
unwise(adj): ak1lszzca 375(9d), 384(14d)
548(21-25), 592(55c) vegetarianis.I,U(n): bitkile.rle
up till now(adv): ~imdiye kadar b~slenme 461
44(13b) vege~_ation(n) bitki drtiisii
up to(adv) : ... kadar 233(72c) 553(25-30)
upset(vt): disilppoint 280 (24), vehicle(n): ara,r: 463(9.2)
341(16d), 377(B 4) velocity(n): speed; swiftness; h1z
upward(adj): yukan dogru 3 I 3(24a) 309(8c), 349(3d) ·
urban(adj): k'entsel 315(4c), vengeance(n): intikam 542(5-8)
354(2c), 403(6c). 464(10. 1) verify(vt): confirm; dogrulamak
urbanization(n): kentle~me 342( 19d) 381 (4a)
513(10) versat,ile(adj): r;ok yon/ii
urge(vt): 1srarla istemek 11 (13A. 9) 35$(16a), 416(43c), 508(3)
urgent(adj): acil versa,tility(n): variety of skills;
urgently(adv): acilen 3(26) r;ok ydnliiliik 353(22)
134 ·
version(n): account; description voluntarily(adv): gonullil olarak
349(2b), 350(7b), 406(46c), 504 306(30d)
vertebrate(n): iskeletli 533(5) volunteer(vi, vt): gonullu olmak
vessel(n): tekne 394(iOa) 12(13B. 7) 403(10a)
via(prep): yoluyla 455(92) voyage(n): deniz yolculugu
viable(adj): feasible 357( 11 d) 441(27)
vice versa(adv) ve bunun tersi vulnerable(apj): susceptible;
455(91) defenseless; µnprotected; open to
victim(n): kurban 386(23b) attack or injury ; apk; korumasiz
view: from one's point of view olan, savunmas1z, incinebilir
451 (31) 246(49c), 379(19),
view(vt): see; regard 7(9b) 378(3. 27), 379( 5a), 410(4c)
vigor(n): strength, physi~al and want(vt, n):
mental energy; giif' 625(14a) (vt): istemek 10(10 .2)
vigorous(adj): energetic, strong, (n): need; gereksinim 246(57c)
forceful 412(15a), 625(14c) warily(adv): cautiously; ihtiyatla
vigorously(adv): (1) energetically, 371(6b)
strenuously 2().8(1 la), 362(4c) warn(vt): uyarmak 287( 7)
(2) strongly, forcefully 625(14b) warrant(n): yetki; emir 402(32b)
violate(vt): rignemek; ihlal etmek wary(adj): watchful; dikkatli
250(16a) 413(1 lc)
violation(n): rigneme; ihlal waste(vt): bo§a harcamak
395(2b) 303(25e), 306(29d)
violator(n): ihlal eden 283(4) watch(vt): seyretmek 10(8. 3)
violence(n): §iddet 386(23a), wealth(n): zenginlik 7(lc)
387(28a), 389(35e) wealthy(adj): rich; prosperous;
violent(tldJ): §iddetli; §iddete 184(1a), 315(7b)
dayanan 3l6(10c), 384(l3b) wear out(vi): become old; eskimek
virtually (adv): practically; almost; 299(3b)
hemen hemen 3(21 ), 253(51 b), weave(vO: dokumak 392(39c)
362(1[), 363(4), 385(18a), welfare(n): refah 311(16d), 503(7)
508(5), 520(6) whereabouts(n)(pl): bir ki§inin
visib~•ity(n): gorii§ alam oldugu yer 187(16a)
322(14d) whereby: by means of which;
visibl,(adj): gorillebilir vasltas1yl(l 455(94)
317(1 la), 414(24a), 548(21-25) whole(adj) tiim 317(4c)
vision(n): gorii§; vizyon 269 (8c) wide-ranging(adj): kqpsaml1
visu~~(adj): gorse/ 252(40c), 542(1:4)
540(7-9), 548(21-25) widely(adv): extensively
visu~Hze(vt): picture; imagine - + diffc::ring climatic conditions
vital(adj): hayati 273 (9f) 555(3q-40)
volatile(adj): unstable 353(21) widesprtad(adj): yaygm 401(28d)
voluqie(n): hacim 346(15) widower(n): du! erkek 444(14a)
135
will(n): irade; istek work out (vt): devise; geli§tirmek
of one's own will: kendi 433(2a)
· istegiyle 460(20a) wrangle(n): quarrel; tartl§ma ;
will(n): vasiyetname 447(35c) kavga 368(28)
willingness(n): isteklilik 395(3a) wreck(n): enkaz 344(26a)
wipe out(vt): destroy 436(24a) X-ray(v) rontgen r;ekmek 72(9.1)
wisdom(n) bilgelik 396(8d), yet another(adv) bir diger
493(19) 253(49a)
wise(adj): clever 356(7b), 401(29c) yield(vt) produce; iiriin vermek
withraw(vt) pull back; (geri) 260 (6f), 339(12b)
r;ekmek 68(9d), 390(14a) high yielding(adj) 252(45c)
withrawal(n): geri r;ekilme 517( 1) - + to: boyun egmek 374(26
withstand(vt): kar§l koymak; yield(n): iiriin 308(3c)
dayanmak 387(28b) zeal(n): enthusiasm; eagerness
with a view to: amac1yla 353(30d)
460(28b) zealous(for)(adj): eager; hevesli;
withold(vt): refuse to give §evkli 379(18)
387(25d) zealously(adv): eagerly; §evkle
wish(vt): istemek 303(27e) 363(10)
wish(n): dilek 13(16) zenith(n): summit; zirve
wisely(adv) : cleverly 99(1; II. l) 353(29)368(29), 402(31 d)
348(9)
witness(vt): tamk olmak 212(21c)
263 (13d)
136

Building Skills For Proficiency by Cesur Öztürk

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Building Skills For Proficiency by Cesur Öztürk

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BUILDING

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First published 1994

PELiKAN TIP ve TEKNiK KiTAP<;ILIK TiC.LTO.~Ti

SUBE: Siileyman S1m Cad. No: 16/2 S1hh1ye I ANKARA

CHAPTER 1: Basic Sentence Structure 1

CHAPTER 2: Determiners, Nouns and Pronouns 17

CHAPTER 3: Tenses in English 31

CHAPTER 4: Functions of Modal Auxiliaries

CHAPTER 5: Passive and Causative Constructions 64

CHAPTER 6: Gerunds and Infinitives 76

CHAPTER 9: Relative (Adjective) Clauses 107

CHAPTER 10: Noun Clauses 122

CHAPTER 11: -EVER Words and Correlative Conjunctions 134

CHAPTER 12: Conditions and Wishes 137

CHAPTER 13: Adverbial Clauses 143

CHAPTER 14: Participles 154

CHAPTER 16: Reduction of Clauses 172

CHAPTER 17: Sentence Connectors 179

CHAPTER 18: Prepositions, Prepositional Phrases

CHAPTER 19: Sentence Variety 196

CHAPTER 20: General Grammar Tests 210

PART2 BASIC ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 256

CHAPTER J: Recognizing Synonyms 258

CHAPTER 2 : Usage 286

PART 3 ADVANCED ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 336

CHAPTER 1: Recognizing Synonyms 336

CHAPTER 2: Usage 373

CHAPTER 3: Special Difficulties 427

PART4 READING COMPREHENSION 471

CHAPTER 1: Text Organization 471

CHAPTER 2: Reading Skills 480

PARTS SAMPLE TESTS 556

Appendix 1 - Prepositions 603

NP----t [Determiner(Det)*]+[Adverb ]+[Adjective ]+[Noun ]+[Noun ]+Noun:

A highly influential politician [who is concerned about environmental

Pronoun She studies management.

Gerund Phrase Acquiring managerial skills is important for her.

Infinitive Phrase To become a good manager requires a good

Noun Clause What she learns at the university is relevant to

Det+Noun The courses that she takes at the university will

Det+Noun A manager capable of making sound decisions at the

*See Chapter 2 for detailed information on determiners.)

Infinitive 2. a) To be invited by George should please Mary.

Gerund 3. a) Being invited by George should please Mary.

Det+Noun+ 5. a) The invitation, which is a sign of George's sincerity,

Det+Noun+ 6. a) The invitation, a sign of George's -'>incerity, should

-EVER 7. Whatever George says seems to please Mary.

Pronoun 8. George has sent Mary an invitation. It should please her.

* Notes: I. The subject can be preceded by an adverbial expression; otherwise, it

hopes to go to Germany to improve her German. V+ 'to· Inf

Ece may be offered a scholarship to study in the Passive

It is important to know the characteristics of each verb. To answer test

a) Noun Phrase +(Preo)+Noun Phrase He lent me his dictionary.

Note: Refer to Verb Patterns,Gerunds and Infinitives.Verb+ Preposition for more

Noun Clause I don't remember what I did.

Det+Noun+ The man kissed the woman, a well-known model.

Noun+Noun One problem we are faced with is air pollution.

Adj+Noun+ The main problem confronting us today is environmental

Infinitive One of the aims of education is to train the personnel needed

Gerund My hobby is collecting stamps.

Noun Clause The problem is that the available resources are

Gerund Signing the agreement