MODERN TURKISH A COMPLETE SELF-STUDY COURSE FOR BEGINNERS ‘COMPREHENSIVE WITH EASY TO FOLLOW GRAMMAR RULES. FOR LEARNERS ~ ELEMENTARY TO UPPER INTERMEDIATE AN IDEAL SYSTEM FOR ADULTS WITH LIMITED LEARNING TIME: B. ORHAN DOGAN BORA YAYINCILIKNee tit gS 8 an ney i ‘ee ION; o79-c05.639448-7 at BORA YAvINCILK Ice 3, 09/3 Meooe roar 588 2298 poco: aenoimalzon PmainTneyy eon tan ane 8 9 ‘eokerzevinurns lst TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduetion 5 Turkish Language 8 Lesson 4 The Turkish Alphabet... ‘Soft 6 (Yumugan 6) 10 ‘The Creumfte Accent (=) 10 Syllaifiation 2 hesson 2 Subject Pronouns... 14 Interrogatives 1 Demonstratives 14 Turkish Names. 15; Numbers 15 (Corina Humbe oo. 8 ‘Ordinal Numbers 18 Distnbutive Form OF Numbers (er, kia) 16 How Much, How Many, AFow, A Lite, Lots Of. 18 ‘Times and Sonsons 2 Days of The Week. 20 Months of The Year and Seasons 24 Meeting somebody, Grestings, Thanks, Excuses Invoductions..21 Le Vowel Harmony Rule ..24 Adjectives and indefinite Atel... 25, ueston Tag (De 7) on 2B Emohaties 28 ‘The Plural. 30. CGhanges i Consonants ...32 Lesson 4 Suto 35 Vere i Vers stm scien? So 9 ‘delim Lats Gone 40 Imperative. 40 Derived Vere 42 Lesson 5 ‘The Verb “OLMAK : TOBE 48 Praent tengo forms f"OIMAK 0B nnButters on Possessive Case 50 Posactaie Pron... 50 Compoune 53 The Sue AP 65 Var Yok {Therein se) = fot te hae a 60 Lesson 6 Simplo Past Tons@ a. 64 Past Tange Farms of olmak : 0! iim, in, han 70 Present Continuous Tense 7 Past Continuous Tense =. 62 kesson 7 Recusative Case 85 “Accusetlve Case of interrogtive Pronouns... 8 Accusative Case of Demonstaties = 80 ‘Accusative Gans of Perronal Pronouns = 88 Dative, Locative and Ablative Cases 87 ‘Dative Gase of Noun (0) 37 Dative Gaze of Persona! Prong (0)... 87 [batve Cae of Noune (Rom) D2 [Ablative Case of Personal Prono (om). 88 ocative Gave of Nouna non at) co 1De/ a oo, 0) nn 3 Telling the Tie «90 Nore, Bure, Ora, Sura... 92 Expressions of oeation oe ae ae Geen 95 on 3 Yam ge este rae Se 08 “Srrgemescoueaeecones a 108 ‘Simple Present nthe Pa (Gnd ne 108 Future Tense 13 ute nthe Bat 112 Past indefinite (mig) «112 resent Ingeonte Sit Fare nga {Sony cg gibt (of) 114 Fete Peroct Tense 113 {Gel Oma he mst cs ne 118 Lesson 9 Gestion. 117 ‘Auxiliary Verbs (Yepmak -Etme) ... 121 Dive 12 The Paricipe “Vorb Stem * yen fan Roate) 123 Tho Sutfi"(yjerak/arake 125 Them 128 Abbreviation 127 sson 1 Infietive and Gerund (Geimek, Galme) 128 "Acouselive Case 20 Dative Case 3 Fetemon tower 191 ‘person ual. Bat ene oman fo) on 183 198 tac) olmak 140 Necasstyin the Past == Conditionals sre 143 Lesson 44 ‘Comparison 149 Kar (ao @8) 150 ite on (ho same 88) oo 1 Superativos «15? Reported Speech .. 153 "Siatomant 138 Impertve a6 Weewsaty (at)... 157 Guestion «138 Past Perfect Tense... £60‘agen (Karin) 162 ve ie tea tee i ter Tne Pastposiin gi oo 167 van be Fe a) ne 18 ‘sages oF AB 170 patel fob eo Sc, mag ne 72 Inthe Present Continuous Tense. 172 Inthe Simple Pest Tonge wre 17S Inthe Simple Prosont Tare 174 Inthe Past Continous Tonze 175 tithe Simple Braventn The Past = 178 tithe Pantindetinte 77 Inthe Future tonge 178 “Gon Fass gin 02508) 18 causative Verba 15! Passive Verbs... 184 EIEAI GENER oon 188 BIS “Artie (St Anymore) 192 Ble, Dana da (even) 102 Bat, Hopsh Gog (Ale), Most (of 188 Birgey, Bryer Bia), Kise... 184 Nowe Ay a 18 do, (erika de (But (op, Nethe (2). 197 Gsages ofthe word Ne". 198 rane (de) (Nea AOE) on 98 Hor 6 Botha.) 190 Ya ya da (hor oto) 300 key ta Exercises. 258 4 INTRODUCTION “This book is designe foe English-speaking stadents of any age who ‘set out to lech modern Turkish for socal, business and casol purposes inadalt environments Te aims to give you a solid foundation on which to build, 20 that you ‘em recognize, understand and begin to use th base patterns of modem Ssanrd Turkish "All dhe basic inter used in snadern Tuckish is pretend clely ‘ad comprehensively “Hundreds of helpful examples and exercises are covered You will also be helped by “he key to cxecises’ ond che accompanying CD.Turkish Language ‘The Turkish language isa member ofthe Turkic subdivision ofthe Atta subfamily ofthe Ural-Alae family of languages ‘The Turkic group of languages hat a total of some 180 ation speaker in Turkey. Azetbajan, Cental Asia and parts of Russia and ‘Chios. Turkth, the oficial language of Turkey, isthe most important bf tege tongues and has the largest number of speakers, some 70 tillion, chiefly in Turkey, As one of the most widely spoken languages, ‘the word, itis aloo spoken by minorities in hyve ater ‘counties, Other major Turkic languages include Azerbaijani, Kazakh, ‘Tatar, Usbek, Ug, Chovash, Kyrgyz and Turkmen, ‘When te Turks cae from middle Asia to Anatolia about a ‘housund years ago, they came in contact with Islam and the Arabic tovisties. Since the Turks acrapted Islam, Arabic end Persian words ‘ated infiltrating the lanawage, During the course of over sx hundred ‘years ofthe Ottoman Empire, Turkish kept borrowing loan words from ‘hese two languages “Towards the end ofthe ninetenth century, this reached a point ‘where the langage Sas often alld che Ostman language. This ‘because Turkish had been isndated with so many Toan words thatthe language became a mix of Turkish, Arabic and Persian. In contemporary Turkey, the Otoma language is almost incomprehensible ‘Modem Turkish ta produc ofthe reform work started since the formation ofthe Turkish republic in 1923. After Atatirk Founded the Republi of Turkey, he established the Turkish Language Foundation” (Turk Dil Kuvumu, TDI), whose task was to replace Arabic and Persian origin words wih thet new Turkish counterparts, The {oundition di sued in expelling soveral hundred Arabic words ftom the language, which are now considered obsolete in Turkish today. While most ofthe words introduced tothe language by the TDK ere new, the TDK also suzgestod using old Twrkish words which had not ‘een ted inthe Inngie for contsies ‘Turkish i writen using a modified version ofthe Latin alphabet, hich was inttoduced in 1928 by Kemal Attra prt of his effets to modernize Turkey. Until 1928, Turkish was writen using « modified ‘otsion ofthe Arabic alphabet but se of the Arabic alphabet was ‘outlawed ater the Latin alphabet was itrodaced ‘The speech of educated people Istanbul is the standard form of the language » With few exceptions, the main features which distinguish the Altai languages from Indo-European areas follows, = Adjectives always precede nouns The absence of gender ‘Turkish takes English’s lack of grammatical gender to it logical conclusion, the thid-person pronoun o" can efer to “he, she or 1 Vowel harmony isa feature ofall Ural Altai tongues ‘One ofthe characteristic features of Turkish is the vowel harmony (if the fist vowel ofa Turkish word ie front vows, the second and other ‘vowels of the same word are usually the same vowel oe another fret vowel) Agelutination ‘Tutkish, lke Finnish and Hongarian, is an ogalutinating language, hich means that iataches ts grammatca information tothe ends of. ‘words, and although complex, it works extremely regularly, Tuhosh it Known for having an abundance of suffixes, and it has no prefixes (Come Arabie Toun words have their own prefixes, bu those’ are the fommon prefixes of Arabic), Suifxes can devive words and also ‘tablish de tense meanings. Like Finnish, you may run into very long words. Some words ean be s0 complex tat they consttte whole sentences in themsclves ty this fone on Tor size: Afyonkarahisarhiagtiramadilanmizdan nisiniz? (rent you one of those people whom we tied = wrsuccersflly = #0 make resemble the ctaens of Afonkarahisar). 1m Verbs come at the end ofthe sentence ‘Word order in Tukish is usally “Subject - Objet - Ver? similar to Japanese, but this canbe changed for stress purposes.swe aLpuawer 9 a == ano ss “eatin LESSON 1 psig sh in oe Tm ‘eatin English ww aa in pal + THE ALPHABET oa. Cas Win Gorman bung 29 tet “, : Vy ve asin English ‘There ae29 eters inthe Terkish Alphabet i y 2 petal LETTER NAME PRONUNCIATION ¢ ze a. as in English, = SS tou hat Q, W and X do noroccurin he Tekh ibe eae LoS Paik pelng ponte Tissier Be ce seas gin giant The English Alphabet docs not have the following letters whieh the € res i iA contain Dna do asin agin Ee © asin get ce TV ithe undated) (| a asin Engi = an arin get : 6a | 08 9 yumusak g (sof ty bat ss [0a i in wt je as s in measure KK ke as in kitchen Lt Te a5 English wom ‘eas in English Non ‘Re asin English one oar in novell o8 ‘Sat ‘8 in German Seterreich P. eas in English (0) The capital form of '1"is 1 “The epital frm af "4° is "1° Ghe dowd D, * E41 “Sook at thelist of the letersi the alphabet and listen 1 your CD. Repeat the leters inthe gaps provided. If you ae not satisfied with your attempt ty again,10 _swe Aupnawer (CA SOFT 6 (Yumugak 9) ‘The "yumusak g° never begins a word. When i s preceded and followed ty “e, 18 or, iesounds like English 'y’, es in dil lave! not). Otherwite it indiestes tha the preceding vowel is lenathoned, as (doa mourn. SP EXERCISE? Look atthe following words, Listen to your CD carefully and try to sco what happens hon the "yumusak a” occurs. Repeat the words in the gaps provided, 1 agi heavy, stow 2 aglamak ying, oy 3. bugday wheat, com dogum bien 5 dogirmen ull 5 igor other 7. aan feast E CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (*>)_ {© This accent may stand over the vowels ‘a1 and w 1 When i stands over the leter “a which is preceded by g, Kor the circumflex accent incieates that the preveding comonant Followed by a shor"y" sound Latin Profabio Tieanaatrar — Eomtentae, abet latkkan shop “Tie ALruapeT 11 ‘mEtsewher the circumflex indicates thatthe vowel it stands overs to be prolonged, weak, incapable ‘ent atonal senile ‘verastng 1 The words in which the circumflex occurs are originally Arabic, exercises Look tthe flloving word, Listen carefully to your CD and soe whet happens when the circum occur, Repent the words in the gaps provide. kar 6: at 2anastiie 7 dah Samba 8. tit A ctkkdn 8, ebect som 0. ‘Occasionally “a” sound is prolonged in some words xiinaly ‘Arabic) which hve a” in thee fst lable.12_syuanneanon suanineanon 13 $ : : - - - | S percises EXERCISE 4 : f+ Locka the following words and sent your CD, Reps he words Look atthe words inthe following stan Hse to your CD. | tne gups provided ‘gap vetodaus ——S.amir_—_ cet, commanding ee ZEM fuaeer Gaal far 2 fin Soy 2a & 2 harule pregnant 7 salim sao LE See ho a ier =, es © zatim oust ¥ 5 Da. torge 32. bytkanne grandmother roo Rate | fencer o PS ae & Dg Seep s a a a a Sime ‘+ SYLLABIFICATION f ‘a poet 2 ogre ovonue be Ss & soc “Tskish ave six lable pater, Hach syllable begin with # Sea 8 Seo contnant ra single swe ca Sone 8 = 8 & s examples 3 Ba 3 gS Sige 4 gene pean z ole Ce"? Botan zB note s Sen you [8 ey S a” ts z bed 2 mee [Ortho tat (omorane) Ea by pa Stress sm In Turkish word the stress is variable and depends on the position of the word inthe sentence It normally falls on the last syllable except in place-names and adverbs, In compotind words the stress flls on he lst ‘Sllable of the frst clement4 LESSON 2 UBJECT PRONOUNS son yu fon rar ag 2 she siz you fia oie rau Sd Fos) onlar— they + INTERROGATIVES: ‘ae? aw? ne? what? kim? who? ag? how many? Roar mach? ‘ne zaman’? when! wht ima? nerede? where? ereye? whore? what Pace? angi? which? « DEMONSTRATIVES [ba_—is —Thaniat “ese ) ‘sua guniar those pene TURKISH NAMES -NUWBERS 15, TURKISH NAMES ‘+ For the names of mes, "Bay" or Bey" indicates English ‘Me? ‘Bax (Atakan) Domie (2) sesh fs: Atakan et taken) Som ie akan Bose 4 For the names of women "Bayan’ or “Hanum’ indicates citer “Mes! on Mie" ‘Bayan Pinae Demir (of) ate the ist nme Irs (iss) (Pinar) Demir ew 0 + NUMBERS ‘CARDINAL NUMBERS ASIC SAVILAR birt Yeni 22 2 Yiemiig 23 ae 8 Yirmi dort 2a aot 4 Sirmibes 25 beg iu 28 6 tue 30 7 week 2 tees 8 i 5% dokz 9 sims 6 on 40 yeti 0 onbie HH ‘onsen 2 fonikd 42 dokean 80 oniig 13 dokean dokuz 99 fon dort 4a yur ‘00 fonbes 15 Taye 200 fonate 46 bin 4000 fonyeai 7 in 2.000 onaekiz 48 onbin {0000 fen doxuz 49 Yirmibin 20000 yr 20 yurbin {00000 Semi bie 24 Ihtyoebin 20000 (win 4000 000 {bin mityar— "11000 000 00056m biraraba one car, aca Ad sraba_ ha cars. ho wo cars Biradam one man, aman {Ad adam two men, tie Mo men birker” one ima, once bir kere one time, arco ‘wo tes, twice fan is the word for ‘one bal It is used when there sno oer ‘uanber in the expression, yanm saat 1/2 hour SYanm ito 172 ogeam Tyanm elma 112 apple m Bucuk is ued with mumeras ‘bie buguk ko 1 1/2. Klograms ‘it bugukesast_ 2-412 hours “ORDWAL NUMBERS SRA SAVILART bint test ~ atnes sh Tit lana fact Svat Sines fie Teta Se TaBrdanea four ‘dokueuney ninth beeinet 1th Tenunet teh Distributive Form of Numbers (Birer, Ikiger,.. ‘one apiece, one each, one by one, singly Iiger —woapiece, tuo eann, to by to, pa, two at time Ahron apiece, three eh, tea at atmo, tbe by tree \dérder four apiece four each, by fours, four at atime Fie apoce, five each, by Aves, fivo ata bme sluger ste apioco, ix each, sic ta time. Yediger Sevan apiaca, aaven each, eovan ata ime Uekizer sight aproce, eight each eight at tine okuzar nine apoce, nine each, rine ata te tenapiece, am each on at me, In tens 4 whey ate usualy sald ice : bier ble cone by one S exercises Look atthe following list ofthe numbers and listen to your CD. Repeat he numbers in the gaps provided. 4 10 49 28 97 100 109 100 2 1 2 2 3 tt 10 200 3 iz mt 30 35 oz 20 300 213 22 31 40 103 43000 5 14 23 32 80 toe 440500 6 15 26 33 60 ios 450 1000 7 16 2 34 70 408 460 i001 oi? 26 38 8 tor 70 fone 9 18 27 38 90 0a 420 2000 3000 100000 1 000.000 4000 2000001 000.000 000, 000 00.000 Yoo00 900000 20000" 999.000 ‘inc, kin! dune, dBrdtinc, begins an, yodinc, soz, cokuzunet, onan 112 (yan) etmek , 212 (i buguk) Hilo porakal bi araba, bic ‘adam ik adam, ti staba , Bir kez Ik 4e2, bir ere ; Kore Dr deta te deta18_Netaaar nas tne Bee. a, No kadar, Kag tane, Birkag, Biraz, Birgok (How much, How many, A few A litte, Lots of ) 1= The counting word ‘Kae! is used 19 mean ‘how many’ and “how much + nokadar? how much? Diagtane? how mary? kag para? how much money? {kag dolar? how many doers? Diag tira? how many ras? + g0k eh, many, as of tk Ite, few 1D gokaz vey te 1 binkag fou, afow T goktazla ——tsomuch, too many 1 birgok lots, at of, plenty of + para money. ‘Gok para much money, lets of money 1 separa Ite money 1 Gok ae para very ile money 1 Gokfazla para toomuch money + bi ena one apple, an apple bintag elma 3 few appies Seok elma many apples fBirgok elma alot of appies {Gok asia elms toomany spploe = geker sugar Tazgokor ito sugar {bias gekor ite sugar Teak az geker veri sugar 1 Gok faz goker too mucn sugar ee Bgsk 10 = Wot thatthe above counting words are followed by singular nouns, '" Countable nouns may be preceded by the countable word tano* + kag elma? row many appa? kag fane ctma? how many apples? sandalye()— siechaie {alttane sandalye sh chats {bog (tane) Ktap(") five books (2). Note that mers ae followed by singular nouns (6) The word “tane® may be omitted, rcrcise7 [A Listen to your CD and repeat he words in the gs provided. 1. netadar? 10. bike ola 19. ok ela sokor 2. Kagpora?, Mgakeimn”” 20. kay ema Stagdowr — 12.Sieokeima 24° ag tn la? & pare 13. gokievia elma 22. at sandive 8 Gacpars 14 Sakon 22 aia tanesandala & Sepem —— iS.argokor 2 bop tap T gaa para 6. as yokor 25, bop tane ten 8: Goktcie para 7 got ae goker 25. kag tame tap? 8. Breima "gk gekor BB) Try to write in Tukith Then listen to your CD and check yourfs ‘es ANO SEASONS Nesting somebody. Grestags, Tanke Excuses 21 i ths of the Year and Seasons 1. five kilos of sugar 43, alot of chairs £ Months ofthe YearandSensons 0 eareca freaccea |e geceeemen is tec ———— Pere fee | a Mae siees: oes er lars ani, Eee ee | 8. 999 20, voy ite tea | Mayis May Kasim November Bh auee SS Be | ei oe ihe eter Binoy om Ber Gs. kom 42a ite nik +Meeting somebody, Greetings, Thanks, Excuses ‘*TIMES AND SEASONS a a = = ae = = oe i oe = peer See soe somes eae oa ieee ee ns Eroaaeeee eane yi gansiar Good hele2 + Sonra g6rlgUrlz Gariigmok Uzere See you lator Alahasmarladic/ Hogga kaln yim ecrseiaies) Goodbye 1 Gal gle vine onewnsrenan). Goodoye “Tank you very much) ‘That's alight / Youre welcome Exeura ma "ea your pardon 1 {Golo Tegekkr edorin 1 blr sey deal 1 Attedorsinis "zt aterim -Afedersinz (Oar ater!) 4 Sil tangtrayim {Bay Bayan Mera otain Let me nraduce you “sie ire. How do you do? ‘Tangtijimiza sevindim Pleased 9 moot you Setingtomebody. Greetings, Thanks, Excimer 23, ‘ag Vagindasini2? - How old are you? (Gen) Kae yagndayin? (Sen) Kae yagindasin? (0), kagyaginda’? (Bi) Kap yasindayz? (Si) Kap yagindasini2? (rian) Katy yasindatar How od ami? How eld ara you? How old is hat? How old are ne? How old are you? How old are they? (Gai) Shuz yagindayin, (Gen) Otuz yaginaaain, (O). Olu yagimaa Tanti years old “Youre tty yoars ol Hes tiny yen od. (Bz) Ctuzyagingaye We're nity years ol, (Sz) Guz yeginaasinz. Youre tly yoars ol (Only) Otus yagindatia). They tty years od Benes Loot at the following ist and isten to your CD. Repent in the anpe provided: 4s. Pazanesl 19.Hanian 25. 6onayein 2 Sah 46 Temmuz 26. yi gunier 3. Gavsambs 18. Agustos 27. Tinaydin 4 Porjembe 16 Eyl 28. lyiakgam 3 Cuma 7. Ekim 30, yigecetor 6 Comartesi 48 Kee 30, Nassim? 1. Pavan 40.pralk 39, Govdgmek dzere 8 Ocak 20 Kip 52, Alaharsmevlacik 8. Subst 21 Titahar 39, Hogg kal 0.Wat 22. Yan 34 Gil able THNisan 25: Sonbahar 35. Tegeskdr ederim 12 Maye 36, Biegey dea 24. Memata!24 vow waraon AULE LESSON 3 * VOWEL HARMONY RULE “There are two groups of vowels in the Turkish Alphabet A) aso B) 21,60 4 The wowels in the group A are called back vowels. They are formed toward the backeof the mouth. 4 The wowels in the group B ae called front vowels. They are {brated in font ofthe mouth, Vowel Hor All the vowels in he original Turkish words tend tobe in the same soup. "The final vowel ofthe word i called “dominant vowel’ The group ot the final vowel i de word determines the group ofthe vowel in the Sulix Iranothereutix i to be added to the Test suffix, the vowel i the fst suffix becomes the dominant vowel. Study the following examples and uy to understand how the hsmony rule works. + gitzetair is proty, beouttul 1 Kea is) cat yagi ‘sou Viana (an) island 1 izinde Ista ong 2 your (@)roas TBegundur 0s sad, worse 1 eyatr G@)uilage ony ere ADJECTIVES AND MDEFMITE ARTICLE 25, “= Note tat, inthe above examples, che vowel harmony is four-way ‘A suffix uses one of the four vowels fx 8 w depending on whether the previous vowel is front or back, rounded or unrounded (to make that fxpliit fafter front unrounded ie, or vale back unfounded » a, or & ‘Mfr font rounded 8, or wate Bak rounded w 0}. + ADJECTIVES AND INDEFINITE ARTICLE Adjective + noun is wed a in English. The adjective modifies the oun it precedes + gzet tae tho) proty get 1 gene kein (te) young woman ng tap {the intresting book {atun @boylu) cocuk (the) tall chad {tea bovlu) adam” ihe) shox man Note that thee is no-defcite aicle (ho) in Turkish: Any noun may be understood with or without "the 1 The Bnalsh indefinite article, an) is expressed in Turkish by bie The word Bir serves as the indefinite arisie and s the mumber 2 dog, one dog Seni ona end femoa, one lemon 3 glass of water one glass of water Giign ‘Bubiraraba(cn) 1 blr oar Budi ciekttr25 ADJECTIVES AND NDERINTE ARTICLE ‘Bu bie anahtace Bu bir aslana Bu bi boytteoti ‘Bu bir kephimbadodir ‘Bu bir asian degildir «+ When the indefinite astile and adjectives) modify one now, the indefinite ancl is followed by the nou. + Goze bir mae A prot git Ugokuzun bir gocuk A very tal chit "Gong, guzel birkiz A young, prety ott UNegizelbirkiet What prety git! i ADJECTIVES ANO NORENITE ARTICLE _27 ‘0 the following sentences the adjectives preceded by the nouns se usd as predicate adjective. The sulTix“dr/dr/darid’ which is the third person form (present tense) of “to Ber ainak” may be mitted. Is monmally used inthe formal wate langage += Ba ke gazelai This git is prety. "Bu gocuktzgim(die). Ths endo sa, Bu hit This is goo Bu Kacin yas) “This woman iso {Bu ev yon), aijor ev eski(in), “This houses ne, the other house f ld + Bu adam weun boylu(dur). Ths mani ‘You can use the werd “deGll not” t0 make the above sentences negative, + Bu a gia! dog {ui deat ‘au adem geng deGitai, {bu ee yen deat. “Te gia nat prety. ‘This not good ‘This man fs not young, ‘This house 2 not ne a26 _ADuRoTIVEs AKO WOEFIUTE ARTICLE pwns 20 ™ mJ ms i th nt ogatve partite. Its witen as an @EMPHATICS Mig se digimdae te — py team ps cotton, You an EY Bo tie | QV ioase EAE mae eee sa stat ene ae Bee are The hasnt Fo ie Maan be lane + © pahali(dir), dedi mi? ¢ ~ ple ce mecca cation : «bk doktor(du, deel ‘ maw the Sane TOR Rn [ota Bea go Eo cme nate cxenciseo Eee Bone eRe EtaetanthinmsoucoRgatiovain fee ee ‘the gaps provided. p + yemyesil green as can be 3, liging bie kita 11. Bu ki2 gizel degil i? i eae 2 Hegel him? | en eng Se geben Sata lan Ea 6, Bu ev yenidir, difer ev eckidir 14, O ev blk degil mi? ‘yore pee Soma sieh omer as20_werLuea. ‘THE PLURAL ‘The plurals formed by adding the suf lar othe singular. Afr 6,1, + gocuk 1 Secular + defter 1 Seton Timssalar otek Stoker or] 2 aoter + gin + i [After 8,1, 0, uin he last syllable + lar 9, fiwthelat syllable = Tor (the) ont (tho) enren (0h) notebook (re) notebooks (the) table the) ables (tn tr (the) ats (the) mountain (the) mountains (the) day ne) days, ‘Bazi (some) Baz! isthe word plural suffix, ‘az gocultar ‘baz zamantar {az dagtar {az goer for English ‘some’, Ix fllowed by a noun witha ‘some gis ‘ome days ome mountains ee eres sermons THeruRaL 31 1 When a noun is preceded by a number, the pra suffix is ot uted sadam adamiar Sidin Kedinar Te tesiae eocuk gocuklar ‘iv adam bes kaain yeat ax okuz gocuk exercise 10 ‘Look a he following lst and listen to your CD. Repeat in hee provided deter Sumer Baer ketor faz gior baat gocutlar Bat Samanta 46, v7 16 2 a 22 2% 2a 2a a 28 ozs dedlor baz géter ‘dare veda began ke veeiar yatta ocuk Gocuktor ‘Soka goouk32. cHANGES m CONSONANTS. ‘~ CHANGES IN CONSONANTS: “There are two groups of consonants in the Turkish Alphabet: A) Voiceless consonants > 6, f, hy ky Bs 8,35 B) Voiced consonants Aiother consonant tw-The voiceless consonans’, k, p and ¥ may be placed by thei ood counterpart‘ , Bn @™. We can show thers by Tollowing symbols: ole mn va 12 Two sors of consonant change may occur: 4) The intial consonant of the suffix may be chsnged. ‘When the suffix begins with he variable consonant ‘dor gfe": ‘a. I the sufi is attached to voiced consonant, the fs viable ‘consonant appears asa” *C. lass lass-etler tea-raker,toa-coter ety ‘eis ray CONSONANTS 39 bb, Ifthe sufi is atached to voiceless connate inital onsonat ofthe sui appears as or ri lan poked ood ook | fen "sheeman Dgthuge, large) TBayoleor Se bigouge te) Tiegh Sima) Trager NS ematete) gene "young gence ie young 2) 6 3 consonant of preceding word may be change ‘When he fina eters a voiceless variable consonant, itremains unchanged nles itis followed bya sufficed vowel + bate bate (fej eh sherman + fou otk {tho} armchair Inthe armhole atacta 86 (heluec — inthe to bot Tha fish (objective define) otuge the armchair (obi. det) ages: fhe tee (ob). det)3s kan st 35 bank oye 1, kok 14. gong. 42 bate 13. kotuk surroes as tater sia = LESSON 4 Shyer . — ra (PSUFFIXES Sethe = bag Kofta rtp "the most essential characteristic of Turkish is its use of suns. ‘where English uss separate words and prefs, Turkish eaprsses te gone by mca of suthnes. Turkish doc nt ue pies except fora fox word borrowed fom other languages A sul is often added 0 & Tesh word in order fo convey the esming ‘The suffixes © Wiliuii? and. salsiz/suzieia The suis 11/418 is used 0 form adjectives meaning passed oP, having” + alat—Inteligance Insatigent fev) house mare See Sat say aaa Tenw cover ‘covered Tumut hope nope The suffix“. | se! su / wis usd to form adjectives mesning kit itetigent attr unreasonab, fats “tty —hopet| Umutsuz hopes att caret ‘katate careless renkit' Colour! Forks” colouross Timutta happy. ‘rutsuz unhappy Ton aay ‘ozsue uses “aganl Successful bageristz _unsueessul Toul” powers guest powerless ‘shi Iteigent iste tapi6 ‘The suffix idlikitaldioke This suffix is used to form abstract nouns or the name of the peofesion [tually means “ness E surres 97 ‘The suffi oleh Fele)i/ ofe)u ele) ‘Nous formed by using this uf indents the person wh dows he + aii gisele + bankact {Banlecte + parasiz 1 Barasiaik + aka sik = bavi {Boyton + gazeteci 1 Gezeteck + kik { roguktak ucla 1 Sufaluk + sugsuz 1 Susuclok ueuztok beaut beauty banker Banking smaneyless ‘eaten, poverty clever, intotigent saan intoligence creat. ange Sreatnoss, size Jouratist, journalism culty Buliness cheap cheapaet eager profession - kitap book tape bookseller foto! (Gobet tole footballer © hamir- repair tamet" repairman © Tedun freweod —cduneu Sele of rowood S Tet ik ritkrman This uti eu snallnes, fe kop. ietape ees sada 1 Siaem Al lk A final K may «int mine + ak fac The sufi + adam 1 Sdameage The suffix \e(e)ik Fe(e)ik Te(ejuk /e(g)ake 4 afer noun t form diminutive indicates on, sarca or contemp book te beok Istana estan, ite Ite A, good of Al Arop ou before the uti. tiny very tay file tiny lea cleo’ is used pityingy.38 _verws = BeERCISE 2 Look tthe following list and listen to your CD. Repeat the words in ‘the gaps provide, ‘ka - at - aos ‘ev- evi ove (esis “tesa ‘tke Buel gozek tp - tape fubol- futbol eta - Kapok ‘5daadacie 10, mince mini 11, adam -adameatie ava adameagi! © VERBS ‘The infinitive is formed by adding the sutTix"mok / mak’ to the simple ve (ver stem) which ithe singular imperative. "Phe infitive isthe verb form in the Turkish dicGonares. In this fer te inl slble ofthe ver appears a ‘mek’ cr “mak | | golmek coming, cone: ‘gel come ltmek — going, to go ‘gt_20 ‘oturmai siting, at ‘lust felmak boing, be ‘ol be ‘okumak reading, o raed ‘oki ead Yyazmak_wrtog, to wit raze ‘bakmak looking, to ook bak_1ook eT Maaative Form ‘Aver i tured into the negative by ataching the negative sign ‘mata’ cirecty to the verb stem. In the negative form the sess falls on the fist syllable ofthe word, sgltmemek Gitme? ‘ot going, not ogo Boat go! Verb Stem + (ys / (vis /(yjus / (yi forms the noun of manner + yoramek —towatk : Trays vay of walking to ook {ay of loking (ater) Soreys to search, to ivestgate {ay of Searching (nay) of investigating, Verb Stem + “iei/ici/ucuT ace Indicates the pon who perforus the acon ioe + ylzmek to swim yoziicd swimmer Tegmak trun osueu runner Uestmake to set ‘eter Sellar {ebuy. to receive atic buyer, recolor40__mrenanive Gidelim =Leks go. Formal apa Teta doit ms mS ‘ape Tot him do it Fim make jak jing come (lease apn Tet.us do lotus make iltmek = _gidinlz 90 (niease) Yyapsinlar Tet them do let them make mek gortinz 680 (pioac) ‘kumak _ofuyunuz read (tease) i + Kogayim, Letme run inz___wro (ploss0) 1 ideyion Ustme po ‘akinge look (please) SYoristn etm ate tin Lather go 1 Okeyatum Cetus aed 1 Geteintor {etthem come Negative = Gidetin mi? Shall wo go? “The negative syllable “melmat isaac directly to the verb stem. Soteisum mu? Shall he red? Other suffixes ae added to SYurdsunior mi? Shall ty wa? “Okuyayim m2 Shall rood? + IMPERATIVE Infinitive almeyin _getmeyinie anit come ‘itmeyin —gitmeyiniz don't go smeyin—— germeyin dant see [singular ‘okumayin”—okumayini2 dont ad yaema yazmayin —yasmayinz dant wie ‘gelmek (coming. 12 cana)] gel ‘akmal akmayin balay dont look ‘tek (goha.toae) | it gieinet (oro dey | BBR strong sess on the syllable prosoding the negative sill ‘kumak (eadng, Brees) | ok Yyazmak th 1 wit) Dbakmak (coking, ook)42_iwenanve % Exercise 19 Look ot the following words and listen o your CD. Repeat the words in he gaps provide. sgelmok ol bell mek m Sin ‘ormok oer ‘ran ‘kek ox ‘kuyun Yyazmale ya 45. 46 43. 0 20, 2 22 2s, Es 2 yazn Basak bak eine Sine Barta rayon Bakane seine eimeyin Bemmayinz Sime Bitmeyin Derwvep venus 43 [DERIVED VERBS ‘Verbs can be derived fiom substantives or modifiers by the following means atimoyine 1. The sulix “ater ome. ‘omeyin wa te, ow, emt, not much Sermeyiie "'Ratmak ——_tolessen, to become loss Skumayin + 90k many, much, very kumayiniz 1 fogatmak ——toinerease, become more yazma yeumayin rane Yeenayine ed Dakmayin + oni, ido, extensive Dakeayince geniglemek —fowidon, to expand 3, The sult ‘lan ten’ + uma hope ‘Tumullanmak to Become hopetu The sults ag Tog" + boya write “boyezlagmak to gstwhite + aiizet beaut {guzlegmek to bozome beauttul: E THE VERB-TO BE oun’ 45 i doxtorsunue LESSON 5 Stats Se baremencnie ‘i Selgin. + THE VERB ‘OLMAK 10 8:" Fe nie doktergur “The form ofthe Turkish verb “tobe! appear assufxes, They are fe Qa doltrdurter never used alon, as sepa words (wton te ver) “olmasis wed fe Saereaerytty partly rears obocome, 0 happen’ hotness) Se see © Ohlartatrtatreir PRESENT TENSE FORNS OF ‘OLMAK’ Foner sit posi 4} Shir aig iy dala Positive Orla retmendie Shier eremenatter Ben ir gokorum Lama doctor Shia Sremontercte Ben bir fabrkaioram tama manutacturer b Gniargcair Ben cai tama aver Onur iattor Ben br syretmenim Lama tocher Shia goa Ben bret tama wor : Sen ie dotorsun Yau ao a doctor Sen birfaoratorson You ae @maufacirer a Sen be daar You are adver Sonbirepremnensin Youre steechor Sen irigiin Youre awerker ir dottraue Hetsho fa dover ‘Negative Fox Sorfemkatiar Hehe sa manctacturr Sb aig Hetshe fs dver Ben i door aii Sor bgetnanae Hatshe i a teaher Sen br dltor dea Obrien Hetshe sa wonter Oe deter dete Si contr date doktor We are (te) doctors Si doktor dsteiniz Be frat We are {in} manuactrre Onin soe deter Brose Weare (be) dere Soir ctor Sitter) Bi bye We are te) eochors Biz igpiyia™ ‘We ae (he) workers You are the} doctors ‘You re (the) marfactrara You are ho} divers You are (the) teachers ‘You are ne} workers They aro (he) doctors ‘They ate (he) doctors Thoy are [0e) doctors ‘They are (the) manufacturers ‘They are (he) manufacturers ‘hoy aro (to) manufacturers They are (he) vers They are he) divers Toy are (He) divers ‘They ate he} teachors ‘Thay are ho} teachers Thay are (to) feachors ‘Thay ate (the) workare They are ihe) workars ‘Thay are (he) workers 2 The it eter (y) in he sufi ia buffer {the baer (YP, oF 8) ae used to avoid he contact between two vowel following exch Lam not a doctor You are no a doctor FHo(one) fs not doctor Wo are nat (he) doctors ‘You are nt (he) doctors They ae not (he) doctors They ae not (He) doctors46 THE ens To 98 owe Questions en birdostor muyum? Ben bir fabricator may? Bon bir diay yum’? Ben bir rotmeon mv? Ben bir ig iyi? ‘Sen bir doktor mun? Sen birfabikater mein? ‘Sen br algig mein? Sen birsgratnan misin? © bi doktor muldury? br fbekator malaon? O be dats mary? be Bgratnan miley? Biz doktor muyus? Biz fabrkator my? ‘iz dala rytz? ‘ie ogretnan mike? Ske doktor musunuz? Si fabikatr matin? Sie daigg misimz? ‘Siz Garatinen nsiniz? nla doktor muda)? nia sokorar ete)? ‘nla ettor mudurar? ‘nl fart mutaue)2 ‘nla fable mee? ‘Oni fabrkator madUrter? (har dalang mde? Car date may? nar dala mda? alr breton mie)? Gaia Brtmenier miley? Sala eretmen miaier? ‘Am a doctor? fam | manufactur? ‘am a dvr? ‘am a teacher? ‘am a workor? ‘ce you a doctor? ‘ve you a manufacturer? Dre you a aver? ‘ar you a teacher? fs hefshe adostor? Islshe a manutacticor? Ishlahe a iver? Is hlahe a teacher? ‘Aca we (te) doctors? ‘re we (he) manufacturers? ‘re we (he) divers? ‘ar we (he) teachers? ‘re you the} otore? ‘re you (Ihe) manufacturers? ‘Ara you th) avers? ‘ave you tthe) teachers? ‘ea they (the) doctors? ‘re they tthe) doctors? ‘re they (the) doctors? fre they (he) manufacturers? ‘re they he) manutactrers? ‘re they (the) manvtactrers? ‘ve they (Be) divers? ‘a thoy tho) divers? ‘ave they the) vers? ‘ave they (he) taachors? ‘avo trey (the) teachers? ‘ee they (the) teachers? Negative interrogate Ben bir doktor dogit miyim? Senbirdoktor degit misin’? O vir doxtor degit mia)? Bie doktor deg miyis? Ske doktor cog misiniz? Ohiar color degit miir(or)? “Third Person Form "Note thatthe present rense form of the verb “to be" appears atthe sufix'@ J ie uF ele in the thicd person singular tnd plural, Istare old tlre (ath) tongs) slave prety, beaut ‘slo boy ‘When te vowel inthe final syllable ofthe ver is" ort, the ‘vowel in the SuTTx appears au + --sarhostur 2 ccuzundue 1828 fal ong "When the vowel inthe inal syllable ofthe ve is 8 or, the vowel in the suffix appear a Islaro (arn) diverts) Islre (arate) prefaces) ntzocucton(s)49_surrens ourrens 40 ene gokionum, 18. Oar dotordeiitr Son bifotrkatrsan, 17 Ben dotor yur? Be bsfermonz 18. Obiedaipme? Siieisn 20 Obi dag med? eee Shia coker 21. Be reten mic? ‘Turkish has three buffers used bet ie ys and nia fabrkatérdrtr, 22. Siz Oretmen misini2? ees Grist deta 23 Oniaraokor mu? ‘Aybanka (the) bank bankays ne bank Senbiecekorsequm. —24 Onl dear igor os sr Svoct Sen be cote Sean, 26, Ol doer mar? readde w)soat Ami Cal Au Set Svirdostor dope.” 36 Onlarfoiater mr? wea Biecoktorsopla 37 Onl tata mi? Stedontor Sogo, 30, Orla Gag mca? Sag trgamme wo thoha bush Oris actor deiler. 28 nla oenen mir? Aint Caddasige {6 the Ark Sree nia aektordegnar. 90, Onl Bremen midier? Sy Atatire endian. cag fron i When te fist noun modifies a son one: > When the second noun ends in a consonant, it takes the sults “lat > When te second nous ends in «vowel, it takes the buffer ‘3 between the noun and the sul + Tepebagi Ott 1 eth! Caddost “Tepetag: Hote lethal Sweet g SXERCISE MA Look atthe following sentences and listen to your CD. Repeat the sentences inthe gaps provided EXERCISE 15 Complete the following withthe suitable frm of to bet 1. Bentie sree. 2 Ben be manent 5. Ben be marengoz.” 4 Ben tir age ©. Sen bigot. 8 Sen bir mannii. 7. Sen bie marangoe Sen birase 2. Onrasge 10. Obe sof. 1. Obi minendi. 12 Obie marangor 13. Obr ape “A. Biz star 15. Biz mune 16. Bie marange {7 Bi ago 18, Sie gotor 19. Siz muhendi,POssESVE CASE 51 50._ posses case Q 20. Siemarangoz 7 bm daterim | my notebook econ Leni Bssayarm Sy computes B Sea {Sonim okcam =” fy echt 28. Ontr miner E rpenmegiiim = ry ice 26. Gnlae mavangee {eerim bangem my Barden sloomoan = Eta year Fe. Ben gtr ei. ~ Zr. Sen hands. «tain dean you ntabook 28: Obemarongcz min? © Tin bigisayenn Jour computor 28 Ope marngoz [sein sn Jour senoot sam . 1 Soin tn Sour pros : 1 Senin abso 3ur Gorden 1 rsa hat Sour eerpet = - sun ate bis a otaook A rr {chum bigseyen Ms fet computor POSSESSIVE C/ 1 Sms his then sano! ae — 2 Sum St Fs (he pe Fossessive Pronouns * enun bangest Fis (ne ardor ‘em ha (hed epee aan Bem «ism determi our not Sen Yau ‘Senin Your {tis lsayarom Sur crete [0 = We, Shei Onn =i, Hes {Helm oalumuz "our seo! Bi We zim Our {ism Smbs ur prise, 3 You Sain Yau $m smi Si arson ace ae {Ss hamer Sur carpet ‘in What ini? — Whose? + Szin deterine your notebook {Sain igenyarm Your computer {in oumue” —oursenacl savin . a {Sin Ssulontic ——Yourprve When th passes ona je flowed by nos the noun kes SSuinbehvenie ——eurgardon ‘pemaaaie suf toa 1 Sain hae Sourempet deter notebook + onan date thai aoedook Biaiever roger {nian Sigisayan—theircompster ska sa @71TuTa) + yor mu yum? {(Son) —vorb stem + (1/i/u/a) + yormu sun? (0) verb stem + (7 Tula) + yor mu? (Bia) verb stom > (i/i/ula) + yor mu yuz? (Siz) verb stem (1/1/u/)* yor mu sunuz? (Onlae) verb stom + (isu) yor lar mi? = (Bon) _gollyor muyum? + (Sen) geliyor musun? S(O). geliyor mur [Gk ollyor muyux? (Siz) geliyor musunuz? Ona) Gellyortar mr? | coming? fre you coming? ISha (he, coming? ‘se we coming? ‘0 you coming? 2 bhey coming? Negative interrogative {(Ben)__vorb stem + miu) + yorma yum? —] {Son} vetb stem + m(s/i/u 74) + yor mu sun? (0) vorb stom'+ mii /u/a) + yor mu? (Giz)_verb stem + mis i7u/0)+ yor mu yux? (Sis) vor stem + (17/4) * yor mu sunuz? (Onlar) verb stem + mi /i/u/)* yor ar mr? = (Ben) _golmiyor muyum? Sen) gelmiyor musurn? TO)” Galmiyor mu? ent he (ehe coming? UBiz) golmivor muyuz? rent we coming? USi2)_golmiyar musunux? Seen you coming? “Onan gelmiyertarem? aren hey coming? ‘om | not coming? arent you coming? ‘The verbs ‘al inthe prasent cont ‘The lst leer ‘in the stems of these verbs is variable Gonsiant a). + aidiyorum 1 am going Tldlyersun you are going ‘Slayer his going 1 giaiyorus ‘we are going Toldyersunuz you are going 1 pidiyertar they are gore cediyorum Lam doing Sediyersun youre doing eaiyor fle coe 1 ealyoruz we are doing fedlyorsunuz you are coing feaivortar thoy re doing PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 7920_PRESeNr conrmous Tense Most ofthe negative signs (or: syllables) begin with ‘win Turkish ‘The second letter of the eylale fe", a, 1, @ 0 (de othe vowel Hom and other sufixes are add 9 + gelmomek snot come + gelmiyonn| | an not coming 1 gsimecim "aid come( Raver't come) {Skumuyorum Tam not reading {oka [aid reed havent road) Bakmyerum —— amnotaoking fturmbyoum amet taking aay etirmuyeram amet sting jwous Tense ‘A Special Form of Present Cor Infinitive + Locative suffix + Present tense form of to be! ‘golmekte olmak + lo bet tho ect of coming ‘gelmekteyim Lam coming ‘Gelmeltesin youre coming Gelmektedir els coming Gelmekteyls we are coming ‘Gelmeltesiniz you ae coming ‘gelmektedirloe they arecoming (Ben) gelmekte degiim am not coming LiSen) gelmekte degiisin you are not coming TO)” Gelmekte degiiairy ho is nat coming fdelmekte degitz wo are not coming Yyou arerot coming they ave not eaming = (Ben) gelmekte miyim? sm eoming? LiSen) Gelmekte nisin? sre you coming? $10)" Golmekte mi(ary? isha coming? [Gey Gelmekte miyie? ‘wo coming? LiSis)_ Golmekts miainiz? are you comin? “Onlar) gelmekte miaiier? are thoy coming? ‘EXERCISE 23 ut the verbs in brackets int ‘present continuous tense’ and en to your CD for coneet answers. 1. Bon htt Okan ormek) 2 Sen cok a (aston) 5. Safak Amana (Wrenmer) 4. Umut ve ben sigara (irmernek) 5. Siegokhat ‘iogman 8. Uiag ve Buea ieloviayonda time (apie 7 Okan (Guimmerek). 8. Sen tia ime Nvectmak)? 8. Ontarnereye (aitmeiy? 10, Son pariye ‘igalmen)’? 18. Site ‘ilemany?PAST CONTINOUS TENE 89 ‘Negative Interrogative: + geliyor muydum? wasn! coming? “geliyor muyaun? werent you coming? {gsimiyor muyeu?. ——wacrithe (she) coming? {goimiyor muyauk? weren't wo coming? {geimiyer muyaunuz? werent you coming? ‘gelmiorar miydi? werent hey coming? j{ sa @ PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ~~ SIMIKTZAMANIN HIKAVEST (Ben) geliyor + dum I was coming, 1 usod to come “Third person singular, present continuous + Past tonge form of to be! (umn, + goiyoraum ‘was coming 2 golierdun you were coming + gelyora hots, I) was coming 1 getiyerduk ‘we wore caring 1 golyordunuz you were coming + geliyerara thoy wore coming Negative + gelmiyordum wasn't coming Selmiyordun| you werent coming ‘Telmiyordu hetehe, wasnt coming 1 gelmiyerduk ‘we woren coming 1 { elmiyordunuz Yyou werent coming | 1 gelmivortard: thay werent coming vas | coming? ore you coming? vas Rose, 1) coming? ‘rere we coming? yu coming? | * geliyortar mya? ‘wore they coming’? COnlarganesleniorard4 _PAST conrauous TENSE EXERCISE 24 7D Putte verbs in brackets into ‘past continuous tense” and listen to your CD for correct answers 1. Ben gok nt arabe (tannah) 2. Senta Ut erm 5. Tom sigara ‘igmom 2 Umutve ben Térige ‘arenmek) 3. Stteloveyendal ime ‘gomeh) 8 Okan (Giimemnei) 1. Gh ve Bea ok heh (hosmak) 8) Ben hangi mia (oka ® Steneraye ‘cies? 40. Ontar nrg "eonusmaky? 1 Ast tim. ‘al gok iyi araba kullaniyordu LESSON 7 [SACCUSATIVE CASE 1 Accusative cates formed by the sft /4/ w/a The substantive to which he accusative suffix is attached isthe direct object ofa ver. stn the substantive ends ino vowel, the bute is needs benveen the vowel and the aul (ine) pen the) perc ‘Sew the pant -masa (te) able {Assay agian ‘hey cried the table + felovieyon (te) etovision ‘Totovizyonu satin alam bought the television < Gxim ‘grape 1 Geum yeaniz me Fave you eaten the geapes? (9 The plurl suffix precedes the accusative sufi, + kalomtor (ro) pons “Kalomior gatirne mi? Havelyeu brought he pens? + maalor (ro) tables “Masala temiziacniz mi? Did you clean the tables?ge 28_AccUSATWE CASE When the substantive ends in ava + aba. agact ho} ee DATIVE, LOCATIVE and ABLATIVE CASES _67 rete SSG, Dative Case of Nouns Thien Gh} boi ‘he dative suis: (0 at + Accusative Case of Interrogative Pronouns ima sa tea eT Rin ne Kia wa = edhe tsi et Ne? Wher? ——Neyi? What? i edays tot oo ‘Sie wat + Accusative Case of Demonstratives og . ttc toe a tna) ie wat ¢ tat Saar ese Saar ‘tase - = Sar te (Note tht the buffer ‘Ais wed with the demonstrative bu, gu, 0 + Accusative Case of Personal Pronouns ‘ben 1 me. ‘sen you © he, he thm, ee biz we. us sls you ‘Ase kata navaya stiyor D: Personal Pronoun:28 _OATIVE, LOCATE mie ABLATIVE CASES DATIVE LOCATIVE snd ABLATIVE CASES 89 Ablative Case of Nouns “The ablative sufi is “don / dan’ ©The locatve sutix is: “a(Qalatat ee fas ‘ion fom ray Rous ‘av __ house, hare ‘mike Reuse, at home arabe cae ‘azabadian from (He) car aruba cat inthe ear ‘tobi ue ‘iobusten from (tho) bus toda bus of the bus agag__to0 ‘agactan from (he) vee 3005 tes) Ogrenel aid duran, ‘Avot ayidan kaciyor Ablative Case of Personal Pronouns ew ben Tendon fom me o_he, she, at him, athar a ‘sen__you ‘senden from you biz we atus, ‘© he, 8,1t ondan— trom him for W siz you at you bie we bzden— fom us ‘onlar they actor siz you) eden fom you ‘onlay they ‘nlardan from thar© fa EFDA too, ota) yeunoTHe nme 91 DETDA (i a5) (orhan da geal (Orhan came too. ‘Su tab daistiyorum, also want at book. 1 You have to distinguish thie word from the locative suffix 1 This word is used as an independent word but it conforms in vowel harmony to the preceding word = E00 do Asta abr oe went too, have also seen Ash, "8 When itis repeted tmeans “both... and + Aa da Okan da Sen de ben do both Asi and Okan oth you ana (Okan big adarmdir Ozan da orig same + Saat* We is oo otock fonu bes geeivor ‘ve past ton stiya on var tentorts yea! buguk Nall past seven 1 ge geyrek var S quarter to thvoo {dokuzt geyrek gesiyor a quarter past nine 1 [Sasi bre ‘atone (ooo), 1 iSeat) baste tive (clock) 2 (Saab)ona yer kala at wentytten 1 (Saat) onu yer! geger™ at en twenty Seat) dokuza bep kala at ve torine {UiSaal) dokizu Beg gope ——atine ve +The word saat’ may be omitted. ‘The ongin of'hala'is the verb alse ‘0+ The origin of gee is the verb 'gvmek ExeRcise 38 1S Fyne ti towing times in Turkish, The conect answers arc on your Cb, Repent he in te gop provided 1. ton past ive 10. ton tofve 2. ton past nine 11 hal past saven 5. fvopastton 12, twenty she past wo 4 atqurter past eteven 15. ative ten 5. half pact elven 1a mai wonty 8. a quarter to treo 15, atiwentyto!wo 7. twenty hve fof 16, sta quarter four 3 fhvetotvee 17 athalfpast tn 8. twonty past sie92_NeRE, BURA oA, SUR ~NERE , BURA, ORA, SURA : nore? ‘what placa ures These absolute 12 The roots of these words ae: forme are not wed in modem iterary Turkic Dative Forms ‘araye? te whare? ‘urays ‘here uray ‘other nore aid you go yostorday? ‘Thay cama hers ‘Thay wont there, Ho went there, ocative Forms [ erede? —aiwhat piace? —] urada at his place ‘rada at that place urada—atthet place LNERE, BURA, ORA, SURA 95 + {Benirm) Kalomim neredeiry? Whereis my pon? 1 Kelomints burada(a). Yaur pen ier. 1 ite, (kale buradaan, Hee tis 1 Malemin oradatain, Your pen is there. 1 kalemin surada(an). Your pen is there, = Gantam nerede? “Igo, burada. Ablative Forms ‘araden? —fromwhare? ‘buradan from her \Wnore gi they come from? ‘Thay came from London, ‘Thay went tom here ‘Thoy came trom tere. ‘They came rom there24 EXPRESSIONS OF LOCATION eae + EXPRESSIONS OF LOCATION AC : ihe) inside, interior dolap: cupboard {dolabin igi (te) nso ofthe cupboard {olan inde inthe cupoara olabin gna into he cupboard 4 asamagjetive: ig Kapr Inskde door DIS + (in) outside, exterior sevin digt__ the) ouside ofthe hovse {lovin diginds) Suisde the nouse ‘¢ asanadjective: dig kapt_ outside door ALT : botiom, base. ander ist eau (the) box (tre) otto of the box nda under the box mma Under the Boe imdan from unser ie box # ssansdjective: —altblim bottom part OST : top. vopernar. ouside surface ardirop : (he) wardrobe + gardirobun std (0) 09 ofthe wardrobe EXPRESSIONS OF LOCATION _ 95 + gardiobun Ustinde ‘2m (the op ofthe wardrobe 1 garairebun Ustunden from the top ofthe wardrobe itep macarn datindodir, The book on tne table { kitabumr masarin UstUne Koydum, |p my book on he abl, ‘p asanadjecive: st B6ldm upper part OZERI : space orplace ov ont cy + evln dzerindon ‘over ne house 1 Ucak kentin zerindan geet. The plano passed over the cy ON : space in frome, font part foreground ‘evin and (the) font ofthe house + Evin 6ninds Ayso'yi gBratim. Taw Aygo in onto the house + Oniimen bir araba gost. ‘Atarpasced in Font at me + Radyoyu dotabin anne koydum. put the radio front of he eupbord + san adjctive: am kape front door ARKA + Kutunun arkasinga bir ktap grim. "saw a book behind the box + Evin arkasina kutuyu Koydular. Thay pte box bon te house.Sm + Arkamdan bir araba gest ‘Rear pasced behind me. 4 ssanaajective: —arka kapr back door ‘YAN : side, lace next, vicinity ofa thing + Maeve’ yanundo, Oka Ts Okan hosige Merve. sércim. + Radyo kltabn yanundad. ‘The radios beside the book + Sinema tyatronun yanunda(an). “The crm is nox othe teat. yan yana se by sida yan etkl sido ofr ARA(SI) : mide ine tovecn + Arata aramizdan gest ‘The car passed belween us + Eskigehie, Ankara ile Istanbul arasindadr. Eckigoniris between Ankara and stant, «Kitab, telvizyon le radyonun arasina koydur. Tat my book between be lalevston and th rad, 4 asamadjcctive:rayol middle way GIVAR. ; arcund. nearby + avin civarinda. around the house + Okulun eivarinda, baz Sgreneller gordi. aw some stents round the S200, S sentences inthe gaps provided. ‘expnessions OF LOCATION _97 EXERCISE 26 ‘Look atthe flloving sentences and listen tothe CD. Repeat Kap delabin inde). Datei: dolain sane Koydum Evin aig gok atzol Masa evinaignda(e ‘atu aft ge dara) Mata turn linda. Katunun ana box Maka tunun anda ali isn? Eioe gardirobun detinds( i), ed garironun Ustindon ge ‘eabim asain ustune koyum. UUrak kein Gzorindon ges. Evin Snide Ayge'yigordim. ‘Soumaen bi afaba gest Radyoyu deabin onne Koydu, tun areas br tap pram, Evin arkaaina Kut Koya ‘kardon bi aaa geet Morvornn yaninda Okan Bram, Radyo tain yanindadr Sinema tiyatronun yarindo(s), ‘rata sramizdan ge, Eskigehi Antara le flanbol arasindade ‘tabi tlevizyon ie radyonun arasna koydum, ‘Ofulun cvarnda baz! 6prenctor garam.95 _ SOLE PRESENT TENSE SMPs pREsenr Tense 99 + Donya ginesin gevresinde déner. ‘The word goosfourd the sun. LESSON 8 eke rom Tra | —— oku rsa ‘you read | ‘@ SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE GENIs ZAMAN ku The (he, reads cae ae oe ead shir sae yee | . okey rar thoy rad oo in Team yorcram wat i eet ie sn yoveom Sern” Som i e fe he, 8) ae 1 Sboferim —tmomorae a i en I jel ¥. inte, come | + Genetikle haftada iki kez tenis oynarem. oe ior ty coe SERS oy toni ca esk + sta Hake + 34100 sontgrt draco haynar Btn Hook trots Odeo orga Sotto {ooh “forcrim te + Hoe gin ria. {a + konusurum | speak walk every day. + Her sah eran katkarm, Tstup eary every morning + Si tlevzyon iter. Fon watth television, + Her alam kitapokurum. + Homsirlornastalara bakarar. read Book avery eventna, Nurses lok after patents, + Yuzmo havuzu 9,008 a. ‘The Suimmiog pool opens at 8.00= 100_suance presewe TENSE ‘supLe PRESENT TENSE _101 a ‘yin? om To cre ie ‘mi sin? do you cons? 5 dont com mg oes ha(she, come? he he.) doositt com "va dont com 5 dont eome ya? dows come? ‘siniz? do you come? they come? rami? do tewad? ‘sun? do you read? ‘ie ma Toit road ‘does alshe, i} read? ‘oh ma you don't oad ‘yoz? do we read? om maz he he, 8) dosen't rad ‘sumuz do you read? om ma. jz we don tread they road? hu ‘maz sme — you dont i maz lar tay dont Koplumibaga yavap irae fo: Kaplumbagatar aves yurd(len) + Gunos batida dogmas, ‘The sun dows oun the wet «Her akgam tlevizyon inkemayiz We dont watch telovsion eary evening + Bon sk gay mem, ont ofan arn tea, Fare kod yakalamaz . Ne alsin? 1 arte kei yakalomaz 1 Farle keen) yaealamaztar, Mice don't eaten fatsi & 302 _SuPLe PRESENT TENSE + bakar muy? do took? {yiembstin? do you wate? {perirmiyiz? doo coe? + Har sabah arken kaka misin? Do you getup cay every morning? + Hempretornastaloa bakarar mi? Donnrses look aftr patents? + Yozme havuzu 9.0'da apr mi? Boos te swimming poo! open at 8.00? + Dunya gonesin geresinge diner mI? Does te werd go round the sun? + Gonottte haftada iki kez tenis oynarmisinz? Bo you usually pay tennis tes © Week? + Su 100 sanirat dorecode kaynar a? Des water boi at 100 centigrade? + Hor gin your mostin? Daya walk every day? + Siktelevizyon icler ising? Bo you ofan watch flevcien? + Hor akgam ltap okur mu? Does she read book every evening? SIMPLE PRESENT TENBe 102 Negative Interronative ‘mez mil yim? dove coma? ‘mez mi_—sin? don't you coma? ‘mez mi? dosent he (she, i) sama? ‘mez mi__yiz® don't we come? ‘mez mi —siniz? don you come? ener ? don't they come? at ‘myo? dont sal? sat ‘Ry_sin? don't you sel at im? dosen't he sel? al__mazmni_yiz? con twe sel? ‘gat__maz misma? cont you sell? ‘et maeiarim? art they sel Dont you getup early every morning? 1 Homies tara Bakar ini? ‘Dont nurses look ator patients? + Yozme havizu 9.00'da agimar mn? Doesit the seeming pool open at 8.007 + Dunya gunesin cevrosinde donmez mi? DDoese ha won ga round the su? + Su 100 santigrat dorecode kaynamaz m? Doese' water ball at 100 degraos conlgrade? + Hor gun yorimez misin? Dont you wall overy day? + stsleveyon lames mile? Don't you alten watch tolovilon?"= Tho vars ‘aitmek’ and ‘etme inthe simple present tense, ‘The las lotr ‘tin the stems of these verbs is «variable consonan. wa siderim 90 Gldersin ——jougo si he goes Slaeriz wwe go Gldersinz Yous Siderier they go ederim 0 ‘darsin you do der he cove ‘dart we do fdersiniz yous ‘derter they. do. ‘Some special uses of ‘Simple Present Ten: 1y akgam onu ger gotrim. ibang back ths evening, + apy! kapatr msn, ttfon? \Wwihyou shut tha coor please? + Simal ona telton ederim. ipnane ner now. + Yann arabanet tami ederim. ‘Mirepat your car tomorow. + Aligvorisl bon yapanm. Ie the shoppin SIMPLE PRESENY Tense 105, 2 + Kiap okamay bitte biemes, sinemaya gidecagin, 3 [As soon as | rich roading book, I goto the comma + Istonbuta van varmaz,onlaria konugacagi ‘As soon as we amve in iota wel speak to them, & EXERCISE 27 ‘Try to write the following in Turkish. Thea listen to the CD and {often go fishing and catch noting. as buys and sels cars \We aitat the window and watch the wate every day. Do yout ever sleep in ease Cats eatcn mice, i you open the window, please? Fi pone you as soon ast ative, Frit camo home fr une, (a.They dont go 6 work by car.108 SmpLe presen m1He PAST Furune rense_107 + (bl) gltmez miyaik? ast wo use to oo? {fate} gitmes miyainie? aiort you use to go? “fenlarigiimester miya? isnt thoy us to 90? “EXERCISE 28 ‘SIMPLE PRESENT IN THE PAST (GIDERDIN. “The past general veb mening “usod to is formed by adding the rocessay past tense form of to be’ to the 3 person singular, simple a ‘Putte verbs inthe brackets nt ‘simple present in the past (bon) idoraim used o go, woul go (Gen) sik bai (tek) ve higbirgoy yakalemamak) Teen) aiesraia’ you used fo go (Son) et sevirok Tey” aera Treat used to go {toe arabe (mak) ve (eatinak) Sibley ieeraike We used to 90 (Bizhner ain pencerede (oturmak) ve taf (etomok) istz)_Gleereiniz you used to go (Siz sina (yuma)? “onion Slaererd) they used 90 (Gen) oie yomeg gn eve (geimemak {Gotan ge araayta(gtmemel) gaitmezdim used not to go Sltmesdin you used motto go [FUTURE TENSE GELECEK ZAMAN Bitmesd he/she usod nat to go i PUTER TENSE __SELECEK ZAMAN _ Sltmesdi we used not ogo ieee eons Gltmezdiniz you used not to 90 Eacd Toniae)” gitmecterat they used not to go eto $e un Fase st ‘4 ie (ben)_gel—eceg™ Im nila gong )oone Interrogative (gon) gol ecok sin youl le sng cor (0)gel_ecek etl wl (pong) com (hen) gider iyi? uso to 90? (iz) gol scope we wi rego) cone “sea) glider miyain 7 oid you used to go? (si) — gel sash sinks seve oe oye THe)” Gidermiyal?.” sicheishert use to 90? oe 4 ut Tibty Glider miyaicr ic wo use to go? iat) gol eco lor they wil ong) ore {ls} Sider miysiniz? ais you uso to go? “omlar) Gidertr miyd'? cia thoy use to 90? (Gen) oka =yacaG mn iv or ping) vas (Gon) okuyacak sin you gang ea Mogative interrogates a het wil ong 8 J ekuyacag™? 12 we woe png) we 4 (ben) gitmez miydin? ddr uso to go? eon) gitmes miyain? Git! you use to go? (siz) ok yack sunt you (we ging) ra Tio)” Gitmes mid"? Sid helshelt use to go? (onlar)_okuyacak fart ile soa ora 108 Future rense “Note thatthe las eter i the stem ofthe verb ‘okumal’ it 8 vowel. ‘oh, The butler ys pur between two vowels “The fine tense particle ir “@eak 7 acak’. “kis variable consonant (0). + yazinake towite Yazacagum Iwi to + kogmak ton ogocaksim you wil un + yrmok towax ‘uruyecok br wl walk temislomek —_toclean {emizeyeeegl We val Coan + boyamak to paint Doyayacaksinez ye wil paint + dogigtirmek —tochange egistecekler thoy will ehange FUTURE TENSE _100 wont read halshalit wort ad we won't read ‘hey won't read soy ise butter + yazmayacaguin won't write + kogmayacaksin you wont run + yurumayecek Fre wont wae Temislomeyecegie wo wont loan "boyamayacaksinz —Youwon't paint ‘debietimeyeceiier thay wan't change a yin? wale {There isn't any difference of translation between “will” and “be zal sin? "wal you come? nae a Wa ele cone _ ‘1 yk? wk we come? clecegion Iwi game «Fm going 1 come [get —ecok ml siniz? wat you comer? [setetbins_1witcond Fate cone | Sessa mi faea eee tat yeeak ayant wae ket _yacak msn? wi you rnd eco tn wont cone oka yeeak mi ele ea? ees" al you wort coms ‘lal yacak yk? wil wo rend? ak heft wer come ‘kt yocak mi sin? wil you road? yeeej_ Ewe wertcome. ok yaeak a 7 WH ey ead? ‘el yeesk sini you wort come yecek ee they wo como0_ruvuRe rene + yazacak myim? lite? Uegacakmisin? wl yourun? 2 yaruyecor mr? ‘re walk? emizteyeeek miyiz? ul wo sean? “boyayacak mine? Wl you paint? “degigtrecekten) mi? wilney change? ‘Negative interrogative el_me_yoook — miyini? wont como? (el_ie_yocek isin? won't you coma? ‘gel_me_yecek mi? wort helene coma? (gel_ie_yecek miyiz? wast we cone? gol_mo_yocok —misiniz? won't you como? igel_me_yocek{ier) mi? woe they come’? ‘Rima yacak mi ym? wort road? ‘ku ma yacak rv sin? wort you read? ‘ku ma_yacak mi? won't helshet ead? ‘Okuma yacsk ri yz? wort we read? ‘okt ma" yacak nina? worit you read? ‘oku_ ma yaeak(ior) mi? wont they read? + yezmayacak yim? won't twrte? { Kegmayacak misin? ‘won't you run? ¢ yuruimayecekmi? ‘won't he wk? “emislemeyecekmiylz? ——Wor't we clean? “boyamayacak misiniz? ——wor't you paint? {deaistmeyecoi(ior) mi? wor't hoy change? "3 The verbs ‘altmek’ and ‘etmek’ inthe future tense ‘The last Leo in the stems of these verbs is vaisle consonant a rurure TENSE 111 ldocogin Lt go ‘gidoceksin youl go ‘Sidecek evi go ‘idecedie wo igo ‘idoceksiniz youl go Sidecekior thay wil go edocodim tv do fedecoksin you wi do deoek he wt do docediz we wit co fdocoksiniz yeu wil do ‘sdecokior ty wt do EXERCISE 29 eS ihe vere in rks ino tue tense an yt tans. ‘Then late othe CD forthe coerect answers and repeat them © inthe gps provided. 4 2 5 4 3 Bon sii oad (boktemek) Sen golocok yl buraya (gelmek) Gouin (sak) ‘Biz rode (hamek) 2 Sk yarn eve (ralmamak) Galan gelacol hata yomok oda ooyamak) Biz snemaya (gitmen) Allevini satacaki i : ot tense suff ‘Thied person singular, future + (Ben) gldacek + tim | wae.going 16 go ‘gideceitim Twa going 95 sidocektin you were going to go ‘lgacekt else was gong 10 93 sicecoktie we were going t a0 ‘Sideceidiniz you were going 2 60 ‘aldecakleral they were gong to go «Br mektup yazacaktum fakat unuttum Tams going to wa later but I org + Futbol aynayacaktk fakat yagmur yaad ‘We were going to pay footbal Bu rane, PAST INDEFINITE (Gitmis) 3 fer comrane "Inthe simple nas tensefnast definite teas: ‘When you say “0 git = he went, you are sure he went itis definite. ‘Init pas indefinite fom: ‘Wes yeu sy6 gi itmeans “he allegedly, reportedly, prenumably,tnconsciotly) went bat you may not be sure enough 1 ateageay report wrote have waton ‘youleparsy, eogedy) rte Rave writen te (asad, report) wrt ae wrt ‘re alogey, roperted) rol have ween ‘ou talepedyropatedh wrote awe nian they (aaa. epertndy wote nave waton 1 etegody rope ie wa nave wn ve toyed, repro) er Negative.Interrogative: yazmig yim? yyezmamig miyim? Yyazis miyim? Yasmamig main? Yazmis rm? Yyazmis ryt? Yyazmgmisinz? Yyazmigise mv? yeumamiglar mn? ‘you (loge, report) cnt wt haven wien ho falogey opera) dl we sn writon You (aged reperoay) at waa havent writen thoy (aloo, operon dn wt aver win‘5 When the indefinite panticle ‘mins is preceded by the tied person singular snd para, simple present / present continuous + ly yozecnig(yztiyormus) seems es sid) housed To sw wa + Ofata gltmezmisim (egtmiyormugu t Wie sald fused not logo tthe school but I dont remember) + Cok nglizce konusurmugsun (ockonusuyormugsen). Is sald (t seems) you used to opeak Engi vory wel, + Hor gin gazoteokurarmus (or okuyortarms). ‘is soa ft seems) ey ueod torend newspaper every ay, + Her ay dag trmanirmigsins(octemenormugsunun). [ts saa (t seem) you usod To cimb mountains every month + Totti Tarkiye'do gecremisiz(ocgeciiyormuguz) iis sad wo usod to spend our holiday Turkey {ute don't remember. resent indefini | + Ay sl, Ankara’ yagiyormu. ie Said hat tis ving a kara | - Migs sat salir rom epee tran —— + Grey, yarn baslayacakoms | Is sid that the sre wll begin tomorow. ki) -amugimig gibt (ash + {Sank} uyumamis gibt gorindyorsunu | You Took 28 you havent slept UTURE PERFECT TENSE 115 + Bana, (nk) deliymigim gibi baktae ‘They iooked at eas FT was mad + {Sank yagmur yagacakomss gibi gBrtndyorda Iookad as Hitwas gong tar, + Ey, (sank) icine lg kimse yagamyormus glbi joruniyord ‘The toute locked as i nobody was ving ini + Bana, (sank! kendl ojullanymigam gibi davraniyortar ‘They oat me a8 were thet own son XeRCIsE 39 | Tey to wtein Turkish ‘They (slegedty, reported) went to te pat. ‘You falogeay, rer) have soon that in She (ategedty. report) bought car. She (ategesty, reportedly) did sel her ca. ‘Trey (alleged, reported) haven't paintad the wa Inseems (is said) ne used to run wel Hseems (ts said) they used to go tothe cinema fvo times & mete e : oom (ls sald) you used to deve vor fast. Trem (te sald) they used tov In Ankara, FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Past indetnit, 3" person singular + Future tense of olmak: bs" (Bon) geimisolacagum | wllhave come + Siz oraya glainceye kadar, dnikon kapanmis olaeak By tho ume you got there, the shop wl have locos + Sen eve golinceye kadar, ben uyumus olacegim. By the tine you come home, wil have septay & {roast nave comno you must nave come he must have come mz Yourmut have comes *seimis olan) thoy must no ene 7 goin elabtiin olsbitediny | might nave come {Sols alabitesin olablirdin) —youtagit tae ey {Geils stabi (olastia ine might have ooma 1 Belmisolaitie labia) a mint have on 1 gals labile olabindinisy you nro ae, + Gels olabltiien fotabtitenal) trey martes oe, Note algo: + Sen Okan otmatisn, ‘You must be Okan + Kitap masanin dstinde oimal ‘The book mus! Be one able We usually make questions by using the iteropative particle “mulmilmuimd. The interroatve parle followed by the personal sufi. + ckuyor muy? am fraaaing? 1 oluvor masun? 1 okuyor muyaunuz? 1 okeudonuz mu? id you read? ‘Siayacakmisinz? are you going 10 read? ‘ okuyabiicmisniz? Gan you read? 1 gpedu ma ‘iahelshe 500? 2 yon ma? ‘la you mak? [Note that “question particle + personal uffix'is written seperately. ERROGATIVES ow? wnat? who? how many? how much? when? what ne? were? when?| 418 _euestions ‘Study the following examples: + Kim yore iin bie gy eior? ‘i wants something to 2a? + Redyoyu Kim ca ot? ‘ia invented the rac? + Bu dagne bu makiney coir m2" Does this eaten opornte the mactine 2 + Bu dog i bu makiney galgtryor 72) Does ti suite operate ts machine ? + Hangi dagme tu makinayl gain? 1 Bumakiney angi doQme eatigunyor? ‘which swren operates this machine? + Kopi kleine mi 2") Fave you looted the door? + Kapa kteinz 22, Have you locked the door? | Noden kay kitlemadinz? 1 Kapiy noden ialemecin’? ‘Winy dan you tock the door? + (Oriangitiler mi? id they 90? + Salar ma iter) 22 Bid ney 0° + Nereye gitter? ‘Whore nave they gone? + Norede yasiyrsunuz? ‘Wore do youve faursnions 119 + Eviniz noredo(eie? Winere is your house? + Flim basladi mi? + Fim ne zaman baslyor? ‘vinen oes the fim Begin? + Gidecek misiniz? ‘Are you going to go? + Ne zaman gieceksinic? Wien are you going to go? + Saat kag? ‘What te ise + Keg yapindasiniz? ow ld are you? = Otabsokavor mucin? %9) ‘Are you roa that book? + O tabi mv okuyorsun? * a) ‘Are you rong that boo? + Hangi abt okuyorsun? With book are you roading? + O tabs okuyor muyun? ‘Were you reading that Bok? + No yazacaktniz? What were you going to wit? + Mokiubu yazacak mya? 9 ‘Were you going to we te etter?+ Mokdubu mu yazacakin? Were you going wo wt he lotr? + Sigaa igor miyiniz? Dia you usa to smoxe? + No kadar sik or Ne skit) sinomaya giersiniz 7 How often do you go to the cinema’? (1) The verb ofthe sentence is empha (2) The object ofthe sentence i empssized. Afedorsiniz! Atrka'ya nasi geben? ‘, EXERCISE 31 Ty to wwitein Turkish. Then listen to your CD and check your 1 Hae the frm begun? 2 nat’ Ash ing athe mament? 3. How often do you goto the dents? 4 Dane epas his eyes? 5 8 men are you going to come to se ma? mr have hey sol ther car? inten book wore they going fo read? AURA VERBS (YAPHAK ETHER) 121 “The most common auxiliary verbs are ‘etmek’ and ‘yapmak’. Both med todo, doing, They aze rarely used as rain verbs "Tess verb are used with rmerous nouns, especially with Arabic + gevezoik chattering “gevezslik tmok to crater (0 do he action ‘govezeik’) + ua prayer ua etmek {o pray (todo the aston ‘a’) + togekir thane “tepekkir etmek lo thank (odo the action ‘topekitr) + yoteutuk 1 Yeleuluk yapmak travel, traveling to wavel (0 do the action ‘yoleuik}) + hareket 1 hareket etmek movement, act ‘move, to act (to do the ation hareket) 1 The cognate objec is very often used in Turkish + yemet food “Yemek yemek treats) «eiklg sowing kis eee to somisewing) sya wring Yast yacmak {o wito(wrting)122_ove _TWE PARTIIPLE-VERD STEM + (YENI AN! (RELATIVE)_123 —— @ DIYE 3 “The gerundive “lye! comes tom the ver “demek : 08 41s used with direct quotations. “fjenadam + Okan *kitebim norode 2° de bana sordu « figen acer a ee ‘Okan asked me, Whereis my book?" ie en whol coring (comettenmetres cometd comets coring) + olen gocuk Okan (Okan i), + "Gelmeyecegim” diye bagia “The.boy who came was Okan He shouted "won't come” + Istanbul yagayan beak incon taniyorum, Tow aot ot people who ive in istanbul iz sinemaya gidecogiz" dye yanitlad. | answered "We'e going to go fo the cinema’ + Olan er sey bonim hata 2. tt means hapng that, on ha suppastion that Everything tat happened was any faut + Yogmur yagar (or: yajacak) diye digan gkmadim. + kitopoluyan adam onun baba Tia ga auton te suppostion that # woul ain apeae ‘The man reading book i ha father. + Toe cats (ce: galysacagia) diye yanma kitabum adi. + Muteuzsonton olan yk sexe, ‘ook my book wih me, Roping that we woul study Turkish "don't ike storise that have unhappy endings, + Arkadagtgolr (or: gelecok) diye ovdo kal vo bekledl. He stayed at home and walled on the suppositon hat Ne ‘Mera would come. + Bu ktap oven kagan bi kz hakkindadi This book 6 about git who uns away from home, + Pols arabarm galan adam yak ‘The patce have caught the Man who sole my car 3. ‘Ne diye’ may be used instead of niginneden: wy’ + (Bip vejtaryen et vomeyen tsk Ol Ee reer ungetaran is someone Who dovsn" eat mast ‘Why aan you come to the party? + Kazad yoralanan adam, bastaneye gota, “Tho man injured nthe accident was taken to the hospital + Pars'e ne diye gdiyorsunuz? ‘why are you Going to Paris?124 WE PARTICIPLE VERB STEM EN, AN (RELATIVE) [HE SUFFDC ERE ARAKE KEN £25 + Ozgirie honugam kz tanyor musi? i ‘Bo you know tho git talking fo Gzgir? + Galan (Gaim ofan) be taraindan uyandinisin "was ween up bya boll ringing, 1 THE SUFFIX “~(Y) EREK/ ARAK’ ‘Verb Stem + (yerek / ara ‘When to setions happen at de same io, you can use the suffix .ereklarak’ for one of the verbs, The main clause vavaily comes Sccond. The buffer is used wien the ver stem ends in 8 vow. + Uagin, hepsi ev ofa ig erkek Kare! var. {lag hae trae brathers, i oF whom ae marie = Notealso rabada olan adam or arabadaki adam + (Biz) gilerek,caddode yardyorduk ‘We ware walking slong the strct laughing + Bagurarak, evden signs kot HltShe ran ut of ha hous shouting \jacta olan kedl or agactakl koa ‘eatin te woe + (Ben) tap okuyarak, koltukta otucwordu, "wae sting n an armchair rading 2 book + masada olan kalem’ or masadald Kale the pen on the table We we “en(-Ken}’ when one ction happens during another. 1s used forthe longer tion, The longer sction isthe fest part of the rnd perton singular, simple present +n, + Okan, tons oynarkon, kotunu ict {or Tenis oymarken, Okan lun inet) ‘Ska ure is arm wile playing tennis. EXERCISE 32 “Try to write in Turkish, 4. The book is about agit wo runs aay fom home. 2. What wae the name of te hares whieh won he ase, 5. Winer arene eggs tht were in the ge? 4. Awalross who was vary pole sorvod us 5. Adictionary isa book whith gives you the meaning of words. 6, Okan's father, wo seventy-ve, goes swimming every day + Yolu gogerken ckkato {Se carefl ne crossing the road «Tirag olurken, kendin kes, Teutimyast havingken gc, Tsai him doing something, + On, cade ylrurkon gorcok ‘We Saw him walking along he sro. + Kayip gosta, con olarak, nehirkonarinda oynarken gold, “Tha rloaing boys were last soon playing ner he ve, + On, dans ederken hie obrmedin, reeves seen ner dancing + A frindan pactalan alien, kendin yakt, ‘Asi burt orca as she was taking the cakes aut ofthe oven, “EXERCISE 33, ‘Compete the following, sing the vebs in brackets 4. Tetevizyonda mag (clomok) eloktik kes 2 Uiag ders ‘aingmak), hg gdmedim 43. Araba ‘iatlnmak). cok deat tun 4 Hiro, baliona (manmal), polis yakalan 5. Texnede baie ita tranaye yaralana ABOREWATION (voRRsTEK e(mmt/I/U/O}" ) 127 [FABBREVIATION ( vero stems (qni/i/ui0) ) ‘The suflix (9) Wall} p preceded by aver stem is wed es an sneviating device Verb Stem + Tho Sut [(y) mul] p + Din, Okan okula gap Ask gira ‘Okan went to the school and saw Ach yesterday [Note that in such sentence *he went and saw the frst ver eceives only the abbreviating sufi, the sond verb receives all he necessary sufi + Ak yorine kopup ote ‘Aran tors place and sat down, + Din Okan okulagelip ben! gdemedt Yesterday Okan dnt come ta schoo! and see me + Geen hafta Anksra'yagitmeyip Bursa'yagitim [est week leldot go to Ankara (nstead), went to Bursa 1 Anosber abbreviating deve is to we the frst ves nthe simple present, 3% person singular (the personal suffies are omitted). The Tas verb receives all the necessary suffixes, + Onlar her gUn okuta gelir, bent géritrd ‘They woudl come to schoo! each day and Soe me,‘Te ve tomek - want usually takes an infinitive as object, LESSON 10 + Yurdmek istiyorum. want to wal 1 Geimakistomedi.” Ha dnt want to come With the ablative sfx, the gerund relers to a negative meaning anol GELMEK, GELME ‘When the lst etter (kin the infinitive is dropped oat, the gerund is formed, + Kitab, okumadan, Asya vad, "gave the book to As without having road i [pelmaie to cone —geime coming galmeme no coming fgitmek toge__gitme going gitmeme not going [okumak teres —_okuma_reasing _okumama nol ead [yazmak tow yazmar“ wring yazmama”not wring ‘Accusative case __ + Eiko kay sever, Tike gating up ea = 00 not confuse ‘gerund! with ‘negative imperativ'.In negate Imporatve, thro sa strong sess onthe s/lablo procoding the negative sylabie ‘molmatIn gorund, tho stess fs on the last Yoram tro eer. Sable re / ma}. eerie ‘ goime coming = gelme—_donitcome * oo + Sin gtmoristyorum ani) oka yong ia : (enin) geen your coming + Okan'don tana yardm emesis. {onun) geimomosi_—— she ts coming "asked Okan hep me {biz itmemiz ur gong (lin) — yorimemeniz your not walking + Zacgin chy tain {onlana) yazralan their wa + Partyo gomeyl stiyor usu? 1 The infinitive may be wed as the subject ofthe ve to be ‘Would you ike to come tote party? + Kogmak zorldur). Running is tfc "GBlmek iia.” Laughing is good, a130_wrinrve aN GeRUND IsTEMeR-TowaKr 131 ISTEMEK Towa Dative case 1 This verb also means ‘to wish for, to require, to ask for, woud ike (0). 1 The verb “istemek’ is preceded by a non ora infinitive which is used as objec. + Galgmaye cam et Fe Soanacd to wor + Bebo aalamaya pais ‘The baby bogan fo cy + Yarimek itiyorum, want to wat + Tolovizyon inlomok istiyordum (ited, {wanted to watehtelovistn, + Yorameye karer vor, Tseded to walk ~ Babar, areasin bon) kana vr iy fathr alowed meu ee Tented on Bir fincan kabwve ttiyorum (rea ediyorum). woul ke cup of ofoe Haken erkon kalimay sever «Ne yapmak ltiyorsunuz? What do you want to do? + Konuginakistaityorum, Tri want tak + Sinemaya gitmek istemiyorum. Teontt want goto tha cinema + Senin (or senden) bu kitabt okumans atiyorum, Pwr you reed this book ‘nla kogmaya bapladtor + 0, benim (orbenden),o kitabsokum: HHofSho wanted me to read tmat oc + Onlar, bizim(oxblzden),gitmemizlistyortarh, “Thoy wanted us 090.4192 _inpnurive ato GERUNO EXERCISE 34 “Tey to complet the following withthe suitable sfx. ‘Spor yapma... saga yar. Grunge oa Sain tala. gorokyor Senin oka. eran odor. Bantm gore. yor musunuz ? Saat 6 00da gine, dogtnayocum, Gaisma.. basacie ‘Felovryon item. Karo veri, 2 EXERCISE 35 Wirite the following sentences in Turkish, Thea listen to your CD and chock your anawere. Repeat ths Sentences inthe gaps provide 4. te rise clearing the fat 2. Don forget ta post he tor 3. He forgot o open be window. 4 Areyou going to glue up sing? 5, Ulag suggested going tothe crema 8 a He wantod Asif ona um same. ‘Werhave decided to got te a Ithas started rang. 5. She promised not be late ‘Person Plural, Simple Past (gerandivey Person plural, simple past + Possessive sulfix benim) gaia (eenin) ——geidigin (onun) gett (zim) gala sizn} cine (ontana) gol (or goidited Note hat the words ‘glagim, golalgin, got, wn” aroused Jn possassive case. The main word (gesndve) is “galdl which fs the 1" person pla, simple past The las Lene ‘kis. variable ‘consonant (19) 1 This gerundive form has thee principal wes 1.As a relative adverb: (nun) gota zaman hen he comesicame/has come + Exe gti zaman: Eve gues /ov ges), sana Winem come home, (cal you. + Yagmurduraugu zaman (or: Yegimur duranea ! year urcugunde), ean genoa When the rain stops, walla out124 _mrnnve ano oeRuNo + Yarn Asis gérdogiim zaman (or: Yann Asti gérdnce / Yann Asiry goreugumde). nu pare cagistapin. Winon 1 s00 hel fomorrowe, ints hort De party. + Alf dering zaman (or: All dorsi brine / Ai drain bitiinde) bahooye gt. ‘A went tothe garden when he had rished hs lesson + lstanura gotsgimiz gn fr: Itanbura getdgimtzde) yabrour yaar “The day we arived in Istanbul, was raining. 2. As an objective relative pronoun: gérdigi adam the man whom she soos (o saw /has seen) + Gérdagin kadin Pinaen snnasie, ‘The woman whom you See Pnat's mather. = Kalo aldigum adam onan abasic. ‘The man whose pon Took ® her father + Kaligimur ota tomiz doi. ‘The note where we slayed wasn't leon. + Keaybottiginie anahtaria buldunuz mu? Have you found tho Heys you Tost? + kaon sonustugu ka taniyorum, Finow tne get Okan i taki 0 3. With the postposition ‘igIN” + Tez elu cn, cok paras yok {Boing unemployee, he ari gol much money. INERMTIVE AND GERUNO 135 + Flim, éncoden ii kez greg gi, sinemaya gmek Having aren seon the fl tic, we did't want to 9010 the one ‘Accusative and Dative C: + (Son) nereye gti biiyor musun? Be you know here you are going (or: went! have gone /had 0)? + (Gnun) golsigine manmiyorum. {don't believe at ha came ors coming have come / had come). + Okan nareye sition! bityor musun? Do you know whore Okan ts going or went /has gone fad ‘gone wae going)? + Arabarnoroye par tii hatlayammyorum, {ant remomber where | park (er have parked /had parked) ryeat + (Skin) naden gakdoganiza bana s Tellme wy you are laughing (or have laughed had auch / Inughed wore laughing) + (Bin) nasil cldupumuzu sordu, He asked row we wore ‘aptgint atitamayorum, don't remember ut dd have dane /had done as dong) + Sil totzar grime sevingi, 1m glad to soe you again, + {Sizi)nedn gitgnize saginyorum. ‘Pm surprised at wy you wont (or have gone had gone / ae ‘going were going)36 + (Gnun) golsgin gérdm. 1 Saw him come (coming. + (Sin tostujunucu gordi. We saw you run / runnin, + Alin yadognd gr Ho! She saw Airwalk waking ann goin: gldsern}) gorda. enw tham come coming, + Affesersinie! Otobis durapinn neredeoléugunu eByleyebitr isin? Excuse mel Can you tell (me) whore the bus station is? EXERCISE 36 ‘Complete follwing with sutabe Som ofthe verbs in tracks Bon tone. (binmek) zaman, onu gram. Sen Ankara'da (olmak) yg mektup yoamedin 1 2 3, Ontarin) futbol acing (Giimek) gun, ban evdeyain, ‘4 Bonim eatin almake iitaman) arabe gok paha 3 8 7 Sain (ota) lab ben de ayer Senin bie (Gpinmol) inarenyocum, Senne {demek) antamyorum. + NECESSITY 4, THE PARTICLE "MELI/ MAL 18 The pacicie ‘mel { malt means “must, have to, be obliged to, tte Its attached tothe verb stem and followed by the required Farm of ciate: to be" Gimetiyim kamal have ead ‘atmek to90 Thave to 90 + (ben) ylrdimeliyim tayo to walk {een} yurumelisin’ ——yourave to wale LGjyertimetiaiey Helena a to wat ‘ne have fo wal Yyounave to wale thoy have to walk nave to ran you have tun fe has torn younave foun thay have ton (ben) gimemetijin Imustyt go + yoramematiyin 1 Yrumemeisin 1 Yoruimemeiy 2 Yhrimemeivie Yarumemetsine 1 Yasimemelinir Trt al you must wale he mustn't wake emul wa you must walk thoy mustnt walk199_necessr mustn't ran you must run emusmn't ron ‘re must run Youmustt an thoy rete rn + kogmamaiyim Intorrogative + tel yin? 1 1 have to go? 1 ine isi? ‘do younave to 307 {ote mite? foes he nave to go? {time miyiz? to we have to go? {me mis? {2 you have ogo? “tim mien)? do they have 0.90? Gtimores iin? rusiit go? 1 Gtimernes mis? musttyou go? 2. ZORUNDA OLMAK (be obliged to / have to) “The seguired form of ‘to be + olmak’ is attached to the word ‘oranda? which e preceded by an ofnitive (Gon) gtmok zorundayim + (ben) gitmek zorundayim Tien) gitmek zorundasin Te) gitmek 2orundotan) [bi gitmek zorundayre Ti) gitmok zorundasin hres obliged a 96 wo ar abies 10 90 You are obigod to Jo Tentan) gitmek zovunda(atar they are obliged 1 0 Necessmy _199 + olimek zorunda degitin ‘Stmek zorunda degitsn | don't have to 99 you donithneve te go he doagr't have to 90 ‘he don't nave to 90 ‘Shimek zorunda degite Slimek zorinda degitenie 1 Stak zorunda degianiar Interrogative liek 2orunda mii? ‘ltmk zorunda msn? 1 Shirok zovunda dogit mise? 3. GEREK ‘The following forms of thi word are preceded by the necessary postessive form ofthe gerund, affirmative negative gerek. ‘gerek death getekiyer __gerekmiyor gerekir gerokmez gereid gerald dogil + Gtimem garekiyor (ack gear. have to go should go.rc Mo_necessiy + Gilnen gerekivor (ook ar gee You nave to go You shou go. + Giimest gerokiyr (ust! gers! gah) He has to go / Ho should go. + Giimeme gerekijor (sek gsr one. Werhave to go! We shoud go + Gian gorokior tue areca ‘You have ta go/ Vou should oo. + Ghmelert gerehyar geek ge aso They have to 90 Thoy should 92 «+ Gitmemn gecekmiyor guekne:! got ea Tart have to go. «+ Gimemom gerekiyor (suet giao should (or musta) go. 4 .(Q RIA GEREKSINIMI oc ITIVACI) OLMAK ‘to be in need of “The word gceksininhyag’ is used inthe possessive ease + (Benim) para gereksinimim (or htiyacum) var). {need money. + {Senin} paraya goreksinlnn (x niyacin) var(an. Youeed monoy. It = (Omun) paraya gerokeinims (oc ihyach var. He She needs money necessry 141 + (im) poraya gcesinmini (a niyacm ver Wierd nancy arn + {Sizin)paraya gorksinimint (oc niacin) vr. Younoed money + (Onan) paraya geeks (rian) vr ‘pase os cemsesen) Negative, = (Benin parva geeks yout + {Senin)paraya gereksninin yok(ur. "You dont need money {nterrogative + {Sun paraya gocoksininni var mur? Do you oad maney? + (Onan) pataya gerokaiml yok mua)? oven ne need money? Necessity in the past: + yapmatyaion 1nd tel ave done 2 yapmeliya rue yu oa ae ora + yaumatyas ‘ead ooh sa ave done 2 yapmatyane ‘teed does ree 1 yapmalyna: { yabmaivatar| + yapmamatyairn Sapmamalyin yepmamaly| Sepmamalyik2. + yapmamalydinz Yapmamalyitar + yopeak zorundaydim nots av one TYiapmak zorndayeia —yunadse o/yousteus nav ne ‘Jlapmak zorundaydr” — henadta so! sb hve done TJepmak zonundaydie — wetaaso we mous hav ore “epmalZorundaydinuz you oso do you soul ave done ‘snmai aorundayedar fey asec bey sralshave cone + yom zon degisin arene oe Yopmak zorunda degildinlg — youduntnavo do ebmak zorunda degildier ay crvtave tao + ghmom gorokiyord 1 ohimen gorekyordu + imom gerekmiyordy darth 199011 touer neve gone {men gorskmiyords —yunthaveto guy enut ave poe + pimemem gereiyoudu staat ave gone {gtimemen gerekjorauyousneus' have gone 7 Daginmen gorekyord | Lconpimonnns 149 ISE 37 Complete the folowing snd try to translate. Sima git..yim 2: (Gon) Asi'ys(moktup) yazm 3. (©) okumak ian goaok kaon 4: (Bie) daha hh yor 5, (Buz) hastanayo gt 2 8. Dur (ban) ern kai. tithe past) 7. (Su) partdan erken ayia, Minto past) 8 (Biz) zaman ayrimak ori. 7 (Si) gaigmnk zorunda 10{0)} noden karakola olmak zorunda..? Gn the pas) 11.8.2. erkon ayia. grok 's CONDITIONALS: ‘The conditional words ae ‘eer and ‘ie, “ger” is the word for. leis unlly omitted, ‘ise is usually used a the particle "ye. J {yea The necessary sufTxes are added oi (Ge) (ben) gelirt seo m Wome (oor) (Sen) _gelir+ so +n ilyou come (eGe1) (0) golir+ se ithe comes 2) _golirt so +k co (e900) (siz) golirs se + niz——ityou come (0990 (onlay gelirion =: if they comea "AY The verb ee i pan oe seen ee] + Kitabt bulursam, onu sana vorecedim or verti). {Tf the book, give to you. + Kilo vermek istyorsen, daha az okmek yemelisin, yeu want to lose welt you must eat ess bread = Dana a2 okmek yersek, kilo vertz. Ie eat ass broad, wo lose weight + Kor yaprs durursa, digar kab itso snowing, we can a> out + Teletonun galigmyorsa, bonimkin kultanabiisin, Tfyourtelaphone dasert work, you can use mine. + Istersen, bu sirkette sana birig saglanm. yout, get job you int company + Otobis boktiyorsanne, kuyruga grin. youre wag forte bus, oin Ee queue, + {Onlandaha az okmek yerlrse, kilo verter") Irie eat tse bread, thoy lose weiht 144 _conomonnts conomonaes 145 eer pace ie Tae) (0) Note that the verbs are wsedin the 3" peaon pla (coer) golmez +se +n ifyou B) The verb inthe clase (ober) gelmex - : | teger) gomez + se Fk fwo cont come —] Simple past tense, 2% person singular se + peranal six {ed gelmez + 0+ nlf you dont come [tegen goimezten) #3e thoy dontcoms ] ‘in de rher part ofthe semence the verb i sly wsed in the (©) Personal pronouns may bs mite fore tense — + Mektubu yazaiysan, onu postalayscagim or: postalayayn) Type t yu have waltan tho ltr post is poet). + Ev ddovin! bitiriysen, televizyon ieloyscegim. ‘you have fished your homework, TH wate telesion, Type? The ve in he pat ofthe sents <_——_fostve_igatne _ (en) golsom —_gelmesem (sen) gelson jolmesen (o)_golse __gelmese (bia) goto gelmesek (Siz) __gelconizgelmoseniz {onlar) gelse(ler) _— gelmese(er) ‘In he oer part ofthe sentence the ver is usally used in the ‘simple present tense or ‘simple present inthe pat + Bir milyon dolar kazansan, ne yaparsi (xr: yepardiny? yu won a millon pounds, what would you da? + Bu kadar ok sigara igmose, dksUrugunden Kurtulur(d). Ihe lant smata co much, ne would get nia is cough146 _conomonais + Onu zvaret etmosok, cok hzar() Iie dt vist him, he would De very angry. + Gok param olga, gu arabay! eatin aabili(dim, FFihad alot money, could (would be able 1} buy that cr. + Sacim kimizya boyasam, herkes bana giler(. itT'Gyed my hairted, everyone woul laugh at me. + Sigaraigmoyi birakean, daha agi hissodebilisin (or: hissedebitirin) Ir you stopped smoking, you might fet heather 1m Keske Koske gitsem wish! wont + Kegke bir arabam ota wih tha @ ear ‘kegke daha uaun boyla olsam wish I were taler {eegke odam daha buyiik olga Fish my room ws lager = .usemisam_iylolur_ +14 better 1 Gitsem yal, beter go Ghcen four, Yours beer go. TGitse ylotur, He/She boll go. Geek pron. Wedbetergo LGitsenitiyotur, Youd bot TGitssor stor: Thay torso. Type 3 “The vob inthe pat of he sentence ‘Verb stom + ise + past tense form of to bet conomouals 147 ‘Gen)___geteaydin 7 goimesayaim (sen) golseydin—_/_ gelmoseydin Fe) —gelsaya jlmeseyd (042) golseydlic —_/~ golmeseydie (siz) gelseydinizgoimeseyainiz (onts7) in lard ailer) In the other past of the sentence the ver is usually used in the ‘future inthe pastor “simple preset inthe past + Hasta oldugunu bilseyeimn, gent girmeye gelecekti. (ox gel) 11 nad known that you wore il, | would have come ta 368 you + Din gece partve aitsoydin, Asi'y: garecektin (or gBricin) you had gone Yo the party lastnight, you wousd have seen Aah, + Igaretl gérseyaik, durabiecokti (ordursbliraix) Hive sees the signa, we eau might have slapped = Zamanime olbayd, mize agarot edeceltie(oederdik) Irie nad time, we would have Wated the muscu = Keske Kegke gelseydim. I wish had come, + Kose hava daha sicak olsaya, Iwan had been warmer + Kogke kapry boyamasayaim. "wh adit patted the door.148_conomonats [AYTry to write he following in Turkish 4. 11 go tothe door | hear the ball 2. iitdoesnt stop raring, we wort go out 2 it you cous come oo, t would be Yor nce. 4 ithe triage broke, what would happen? 5 It would neve bean batter we hadn't gone. &. Ha would hve come i you had ined im. By Translate the following 1. Raldersanz, gelocegin or golem). 2 Bir tak! tlarsam, ren yakalayabic, 43. Yagrmuryagea, eve Fale (or Kal). 2, ben! gagteslar grim (or goed). : 5. Notre (e:lmage) ddgenye siikleneoskt (or sOronie). 6, Baz: haberler doymasayaim, yazmayacakim for: yazmazdi). = Birtake! tutasane, tron yakalayablisiniz — Lcouparuson_ 140 LESSON 11 + COMPARISON aha expense daha pant more sxpensive ‘at ‘oat daa ht ‘aster * ‘dai pahal” and “daha hel are comparative forms. We wse the word daha : more’ before the adjectives, yuguz cheap daha ueuz cheaper Terken sary ‘daha erken—_eavler {bUyik big, large aha buyule lager, larger Syavag slow Saha yaves slower 1 tul® ction! aha akc” more italian Szor' —difcul" aha zor" ore feat 1 The sallix "Aton / (an i wed to mean Englich han ‘Sindy the following examples: + Daa yavasg konugur musuniz ten ? ‘Conid you speck more slowly please 7 + Dana sk tons oynardic. ‘We used o play tennis more often150_cowrarason SUPERLATES 15% + Buea Ulagtan dana uzun boyu() ‘agra i alr than Us, + Okan Yilngadan daa zongin( ‘Stan a cher than Vise + Bifent. bene ayn det aly. Bulent gots the same salary a me. «Tren yoleiuk etmek, oto yoluluketmekton de den “Travetng by tains cheaper than traveling by bus. + Merve, Asiyla ayer yasta(i) Merve isthe same age 98 Ah + Sinav bekosigimizden daha kolay ‘The examination was aasie than We expected. + Sandijniadan daha az zamanin vor Youve got lets time than you Pog SUPERLATIVES Dekiemek alladiginden daha... more | hal araba ‘expensie car beldeciginden debe. _more. Snpahat arabe the most expensive car Delieciginden daha. more xpecisd = oe beWleciimazden daha = more. olay sinew ‘ey exemination eKediginizden daha enkaisy snev tho easiest examination Delloskicnden dah =. more. than lexpociod ; Aaa The adjectives ate preceded by ‘on’ KADAR (as =. OO Teme, ea Shona incest + gta, anger ecg. lye See Snyovay the sonst TEeP* Gincn Siler”? the most ai + Yotumek,otobisle gimek kadar gabok desi) Waking fe not a quick se faking 2 bu. 0d i thebost Comfortable en rahat the mest comfortable + Sinav, bekedigmiz kadar zreu “The examination was as cic as wo expocted, + Safa, gorandign kadar yas doi. Salak's not aa old as he looks.152_coupanison &, EXERCISE 39 & Look at the following list and isten to your CD. Repeat in the gaps provide. 4 2 3 4 8 z e ‘ ahah oizel bik tomiz yavag ‘rot kouay ni data pa dana guzel faa buy ‘ota toma Saha yavas Garay aha kolay ‘sha ak en paral engizel en buyuk fn tom REPORTED SPEECH 153 ‘REPORTED SPEECH + STATEMENT + en, “bu habs okuyorum” dedi,” { sid,“ am reacing his book + Bon kta okudugum (orokumakta olduguma) sym, * {sald tas Yeading that book, + en, bu tabs okudum dedi TSai, “have rod tis bok + Blo ota otudugumu $0ylecim Vaid nag rend that book + Son, "bu kab okuyorum” dodin, ‘You sad, "1am reading tis book: + Seno wabr okudugun (or okumakta olduuna) soyesin, ‘You sald you was reading that book. + Sen, "bu tab okudum"dedin, You sat, Ihave oad this book” + Sen o wad okuduguns soyiedia, ‘You sa you had rend thst book + Tolga, ‘gazete okuyorum” ded ‘Tolge sae Tn rating the newspaper” + Tolga, gaze okudugunu (orokumakta oldugun) syed. ‘Tolga sad ne was fading he newspaper + Omhan, ‘ben by kta okulum' dea ‘Oman sai, Ihave ad tis book + Orhan, o ats okudugunu 3608 ‘Sinan sala he hae road that book + Ulag, "Bon erken katkarmn od ag sad." getup ear” + Lag, onion kalktgin (orkalkmaka oldugunu) soyled Uiay said he got up oat.194 + Orhan, “bu Benim akududum en if Kteptir" ded, than sad, tia ho best book ve ever ead. «= Sinan, onun oka on Kap ofdugumu syle ‘Orhan sa that wa the best book he had ever reas “damek ,sbylemek: to s2y Singer] Tense ate w Peston SRST | itheaainepceen mae prom ngs Gra cence me Ser | “one ‘esamae ae ear “The last letter “Kin the gerandive form is a variable consonant (Wa) + Pinar, yen bir raba satin alacagim "ded Par std, "Pm going fo buy 9 now ear” + Pinar, yoni bie araba satin alacagum syle Pinar anid she as golng To buy 8 new ca. + Ula, “bie gidtyorua. "ce tag said Swe re going + Uiag,gitmekte oldukiarm (orgitiklerint) syed Uiag Said they were gong + As be git de il sai, "we wont/have gone + Ast, glittering stot ‘si said they had gore. + Tolga, “ont gota." ee. Tolga sale, "hoy cama / have come." + Tolga ontann goldigint (or golaikeriny sdyled Tolga said they had come + Tolga, “Ast gold "doat ‘olga cad, “Ash came! has come “Tolga Asirnin goldiginl selec, “Tolga cai Ash had come + Butra “onl Ingitereyo gldecekler: "ck Bugya 221, “dey wil go fo Engin, + Bugra, onli Ingteraye gldecegial (or: oye Buta said thoy would go to England lacekerni) “Note thatthe subjecs‘ontar and Asi” have possessive sulixes156_Reromteo spec i + IMPERATIVE : + Orhan, bara ‘Gabuk yae “dol f Geman said tore, wrt aut" «Oman, pana, eabuk yazmamn syed ‘Sean told mo towne quien. + Orhan, aden, gabuk yazmarm iste ‘Gihan asked me to wee qucly + Tig, sana “cigar ak." dod. Tolga sald to you, 00k out” «Tolga, sana, dgat bokman slo “Tolga od you fo ook out + Tolga, senden,cigan batman ist “alga asked you to fook aut + Ulag, Bugraya ‘piyano gal“dadl. Uae said to Bude, ey tho piano, + Ula, Bara a, piano galmacimt sxe, ‘Uag tot Burs fo play the plano. + Ung, Busan, piyano galmasim ste {tag asked Bua to play tne pio. + Meee, bize “kapyy agin de Mere sad tous, “opon tho door «Mer, bia, kapiyt agmamat se Mere told us to open the dor, + More, bizean, Kopi apmamez ita. Merve asked usta open te door. REPORTED Speen 157 + Anneniz, ize, “okula gin“ dh Your motyer sail 0 you, "got scnao.” + Anmeniz. sae, aula gitmenia ste. ‘Your moiner told you to goto Schock + Armenia, inden, okulagitmenist sec, ‘Your meiner askea you to goo school, + O2lm, colar “gorapianmz ean." aem said 0 tem, ‘pul your socks up.” + Salem, solar, goraplarin eiermatarn ssc, ‘Gator told om to pl hor socks, + Oxlom, onardan, goraplanm karmalacn ited ‘zlom asked them ta pul th socke Up. Negative: + Toga, sana “gan baka.” dea ‘Toga sac fo you, "don" look out” «Toga, senden, dian bakmaman ted. ‘Tolga asked you nat a look out + Use, Bugra'ya‘piyano gala." del tag sale to Buta, “dont pay the plano.” + Ulap,Bugra'y,piyano calmamasiny cela lag told Bugra net to play the pane, + NECESSITY (MELI/ MALD + Eire, “golacok hata gitmeliyi “ded Emre sai, must go non Wook” + Emre, gldcok hata gitmost gerektignl, syed + Ene, gelooek hata gitmek zorunda oldugjun, 26 Err said he would Rave to ge tne flowing Wook16_neponreo spesci + Ash, bana, imal gitmelisin” ded ‘si sid tome, you must go noW. + sl bana, heman gitmem gersktiQiny, £0 mu, Ses + Ash bana, hemen gtmek zorunda old ‘lid et had 999 a ones + Okan, bieeileinz bitimelisini" do ‘Gran said to, "you must ish your works + Okan, bize, arnt bitememis gore, oye + Okan, bize, fermi bitiemek zorunda oldugumuzu, sled ‘Gham tld us wa had fo fish our works + questi ¢- Hse qusstion has question - word: + Onur, banay"nangl tabs okuyorsun?” ded dive Sor) ‘Onur asked me, “whieh book are you reading?” + Onur, bana, hang hab okumakt oldugumu cord. ‘Onur acked me whieh book Twas reading + Ogretmen, Tolgayaadin ne(sl? deel (a ye sort. ‘The taachar asked Tolga, "what's your name?” + Ogretmen, Tlgsya, admin ne oldugunu sora, “The toacher askod Tolga what his nam was. + Oalom, bize"nerayegitiniz? “dod or: dye sor) ctor soked us, whore have you gore?” + Oulom, bizo,noroyeaitigimiz! sordu, (Salem asked us where we had gone. + Ulag, onlaraine yapecaksine? “ded (or: dye ord) as asked thom, “what ar you going fo do?™ + Uap, orara, ne yapacaklarm sora Ug asked tom what bey wore gang to do. REPORTED sPeLeH 150 © ithe question has no question = word: + Ozben,bana,"Yoloforunu kullanabiir miyim?” cya sorts, aber askod mo, ‘may 1 use your telophane?™ + Ozben, bang, tlefonum Kullamp Kullanemayacagin sordu zben asked mo che might use my telephone + O2g0 bze,sk ton oynar mintz?* dye sore Gage aaked vs, "do yor oon play tennis? Gage, bee, sik'onis oynayip aynamadigumta ord 2ge asked us we akon Hayes tens. + Safok, onlara"Asi pothize Gagne m1?" diye sor Satak asked thom, “ae you ma Aa fo your party + $afok,ontora, At! patterne eaginp engumadinacn! sor, {Safak asked them thoy had inated! At tar pay + Ozlem, Enveye Intro ye gldecek misin?* dye sora {elom asked Emo, wil you goto England? | Emreye, ingier'y gid gltmeyecegini sora, (Gzlem asked Emre ho would 9 Engin EXERCISE 40 |A)Putthe following into reported speech, (Okan, "Rusca dgrenmek ityorum” ded Okan, 2 ike "Gin Eve yi ois tari da 2. Gaben, “baila si digcve iar dad Seven, 4 Tolga, "Varia rig geigmosl yopacatim’ ded jo160_pasr Penrecr Tense 18) Try to write the following in Turkish, 1. Gale aald she would answer the phone 2! Okan eae Aa haa given him a prasont 5. They said oy had not Near the news, 44 Hold hi to pat onthe piano. 5. Sho askod me to get my hac é & 4 ‘Wo tol thom we had toe a once Ulag askod Gage what the mater ws Eve asked Galak where Asi had put tho poncl ‘They asked # they might use the tlephane (alam asked me had heard nose, * PAST PERFECT (CONTINUOUS) TENSE MISTI GEGMIS ZAMANIN aes Past indatinia, 3° parson angular * Past tense form of o ber mak ‘itmigtim hed gone, !had been going "nae come, tha been coming you nad come Fetshert hed come ‘re ha come | 1 gotmistinz you nad came 1 getmisterat Toy had come + getmomigtim ‘inact come & geimemisun you ha come Trichet haat come ‘we ha’ come Yyouhadn't come {hay naa come « getmig miyeim? had | come? { gotmig miyain? had you come? gets iver had elshalt come? {get miyeik? ad we come? {goimis miyainie? had you come? 1 getmis miyttle)? hac thay come’? sgolmemis miyaim? —_hacr'¢ | come? Gelmemig miyain? hasnt you same? haat hell come? hag we. come? hac you come? 1 golem mya? 1 etmemt miyeinge? {golem miler)? + Partiye godigimde, Ash gitigt. \Whan | arived att pty Ash had gone + Ev Gok Kirlyel, Haftalaretemiziememigtik ‘The house was toa diy We had! leaned or weeks + Penceredon baktigmds, yagmur yatinitt ‘Won Flocked autaf the window, had boon ang + Otobiis goeigindo, 3 saat boklemister Whon the bus came, we had been wating fr 9 hous162_vostrosmons ‘* POSTPOSITIONS y ‘We can sty the postpostions in thes groups 41. The group in which the preceding substantves have the dative suis. a) RAGMEN (KARSIN) despi + yoksuloguna ragmen (x: kargin) despite ie poverty {ana ragmen fr kersin) Seep hie 1 yorumetnze ramen fr kargin) despite ovr walking inspite of + Yajmura ramen, tilinz 20k geet. Insole ofthe rain we enjoyed out notsay | «Tratige ragmen, zamaninda var In spite of tna af, we aves on time. + Gok yorgun olmama ragmen, uyuyamadim. Fpl sloop altyough! was vry ted , ‘inama ramen | | | 4 ‘ima ragien | ‘masina rage ‘lmamiza ramen ‘olmanza ragmen ‘imalarina ragmen + Trafikgok kt olmasina ramen, 2amaninéa vari [Although the afc was very bad, we rived on time | «On, dnceden hig gSrmememe ragmen, bir ftogratan tis, {GenOncedsn ne gomeneme ramen, one otogratan anim) [Ritough i had never saan him before, {recognised him fom 2 é photograph PosiPosmoNSs posrposmrions 163 1b) KARSI: against, consry, counter, opposite ‘against us, opposito us Counter etost ©) GORE : aooording to biz gre according wo us {Orman Dogan’ gre sccuring o Gran Dogan 4) KIVASLA : in regard tn, compared with + lege Keyan, kiya daha git: CComparod wth physics, chemistry is more interesting + Kogmaya kayasla yizme daha iy Compared win ruining, swimming Hs Bator ) DOGRU : srsigtt rowan + evedogru straight oward the house: 1 arabaya dogma Sait toward the car 1) KADAR = unt up to, as far as by atime + ..(y}e/(y)a kadar = not later than + Saat sokize kadar evde olmaiy ‘Weave ta be at hom by 8 o'clock + Parvo glip golomayocepinizl. Pazar kadar s5syin ‘Tel me By Sunday whether oF nol you can come tate pay. + Pazattosiye kadar geri goeondi, Weil bo back by Monday + Saat on ye kadar catigacagim, Filbe woring until 12 oock64, SSS + Saat ona kadar, imal beemipolacaiz ‘We wil have fnighed our work unl 10 clock, [verb stem + (yjneayaly)inceye) kadar = 1y the ime something heppens happened © galincoye kadar, konutlann cou siti By the time he rived, most ofthe quects had fet b) SONRA : eter + saat yodiden sonra 1 yeatdastton sonra Wen we use sor + gotmok «Siz bu mektubu alicaya kadar, ben Ankora'daolsc094m, 1 peldlten sonva ‘By the time you rveiva this lator, Ibe in Ankara = «gtk + limi btcinceye kadar, gok yorum, = = pion sonra By the time shed ry work, was very ted « yaamak 2. The grovp in which the preceding subsamives have the ablative cn suthxes i + okumate 1 oudaldan son a) ONCE :betore + yam «saat yedden dice Safer sovon o'clock 1 yurititen sonra 1 Seen nee before you, garter than you 7 Thogmadan Snes before run + gore before running 1 gbedlten sonra 4 When we use "én with the verbs aa 1 Siditen sonra + getmek tacome 1 Gelmaden Bnee before coming mak 1 Satitan sonra + gitmok ‘90 kmsden 6nee before going + aglamak + gormek wwsee eer ee ee = Nope tat got, ot Posrrosmions 165 ‘er seven aclock Ser seven hours with eh vb: ‘ter coming ‘090 ‘ste ang Ser wnting teresa ter reading to wale ster walking ‘ter secing to.ctean, to wipe ‘ater losing (ving) fer sling totasten, tote fr fastening tare the gerundve forms (2 person plural, simple past)osrrosinons. rostosimons 167 ‘mt may aso be used to mean ‘and! 16) DOLAYE because of ‘tap le kate | (tre) book and he) pan Pinar te Okan Pinar and Oran + (onun) albisesinden dolayt because of rhs othes {oka le yazma ‘eaang and wring { bnlardan delays because of ther "Gin getnenleden dolayt Because of your coming d) BAKA: except fr, apa ftom, oer than Fngulardemonsrtve, t eguitee the possessive suff Otherwise i 4 ++ sizden (senden) bagka ‘except for you IRR SR nce sateene 6) BER sins lk + Aasatan vst txts nae SANs SES I 3. ns ep when th pcedng inte 6+ eon Ey lol an nate ‘oot fllowed by any ste {un aden gs We i end TE wk + Bil ev ook giizel. Bir saray gibi. 1) ILE: witb This however nce. e e palace. “spy sed he ui C96 4981 + 9, nim it semen, talons tke ne + bane wine «Endo heres hata. Evi i haste git Sim wihyou rayon eit he Ourtoucee es hsptal Loren sii er Leen pit wo 1 stile ‘th you ‘The postposition “IGIN’ : fu, because of, by reason of ome vi rm re postposition GIN’ ifr, mcase of, by resent Sorta isto ‘eta ith this, moreover + Duman iin becmune of fortis TESTIS tyler Leet igin Ree 1 Peete ie) eivetansya) wnt gevundive Verb stem + (y) amayacak / emeyecek kadar + Oka (Oonim) yoruyomeyacegim® kadar uzak {(Oku! ok tia zak. Oraya yoruyemom.) ‘Tho schoo oo fr for me toa + Qh (senin) yorayemeyscedin® kadar wzok, The sent is too far for you fo wall + Okbl(onun) yyerayecegh kadar Uk, ‘The schoo is too far for him to wah + Okul (icin) yoxdyerayacegimia” kadar weak ‘The seheat is too far for us to walk” + Oka sizin) yurtyemeyocaginie" kadar uzak ‘The schol i too far for you to walk. + Shu! (onlann yoruyemeyoceklert” kadar uzak ‘Tho sence! too far fr them fa wah (©) Note that _syordyemeyecesim(), _ ylriyemeyacatin(2) yoroyemeyece®), yiryemeyeceker ace the possessive forms ofthe [Ferundive “yaryomeyeceh inte nt stoma180 _YAPABLEK TOBE ABLE. CAN MAY [Note als + Okul (benim) yirivebiteceaim™ kadar yon ‘Shelsehoo! a near enough for me to walk + us problam (senin)cizetilocedin’ kadar tolay. “This poblom is oa8y enough fer you to eolv. (C7 Nate tha ‘yrayeblecesim(2,yoriyeblecegin(), Yarayeoiscagh yordyebeceKler ae the possessive forms of "briyebilecek: pat i bes ova s EXERCISE 42 ‘Complete the fellowing, using theese forms of the vebs in brackets, 1. Ben ima onlan goemok) ean see them no) 2, San gmat ona. {g8rmok)? (Ganyousee nem av) 2, Sonuna, Ung Busta (yenmek) {let ond Ug wo abl to bet ura) 4, Yang gabuk yay favat biz (kagmak) [ie ie spread qty bat we were ale fo ace) 5, Biz bu agin zirvosine ‘turmanmak) [Wecan cit tote top ofthis ounain) 6, Seeunm sire ‘bekiomet) (ou may wai ong 7, Okan, daha gengkan, agaca {0rmanmak) {kan sould ci tose when he was younger) 8. O.uitagyil ence, piyane {gaimat (Utierndsheused tobe ele pay pio few yer 0) 9, Bu goa Gomes) Kaaor sick (Thana soot or ne to as) so Hava, dan (oirmek) kadar soguk (Ges too ool for so go on) - + cAUSAIVE Venes_181 ¢ CAUSATIVE VERBS Dn cat amit ina the roa pated yesterday. ‘Ona gat tai atti, [nade him repa the root, ‘Verbs whose stems end in s consonant form the causative by suling the paiete(@ticuiur = (to te vt stem "in a causative a person does not perform an action diely, When you ada the lett = (0) to the patil, i indicates tht the person ‘nses it to happen by forcing another person fo doi ‘amir etmek to pale + Dun arab tami etic, "ad the car repared yesterday + Yann arabarn tami etteacegin, rm going to have my er ropa tomorrow, + Ona arabay! tami tit, Trade him pal he cr kesmek to out + Sap kaatirecogim, ‘main wo hava my hal ut, + Aya ie kez sim kste, "Mave my hai tance a math102_causarve vers eemak to break + Tom, bir kavgad, burmun rd ‘Tom had his nose broken In 2 ight alma to ste! + Al, tronde, parasin gal ‘Ahad his any stolen on the ein dans etmek to dance + Mize bon dane tet Muse makes me dance. simak to tke + Annesl,ona, acim alt FS mover mage hm take his medicine ‘tmek to laudh: + 0, att He made us auch 1m Verbs whose stems end in» vowel fom the causative by adding ofr or “(tintrtUritur When you use (tetritiftor, he causative verb has more force and authority boyamak to paint + Ev agtan Gnoa boyatmak tyerum. want to gat the house paitod before wit. +E, ona byt, T mage him pant hs mouse. + gu anda ov boyatyoruz “Weare navieg tha hoor painted a the moment. CAUSATIVE VERBS 183 Some exception sdomek tw say Sedirtmek maha someone say syemok to eat “Yedirmek So cause to ast, to food * yeairimek —t9 make comesne: + doldurmak fof {eoldurtmae fo have something lod eturmak to sitdonn * olurtmak fp cause someone to st down EXERCISE 43 Compete the following sing brackets suitable forms ofthe vers in 1. Din, arabarn, (vara) (Cin my cat waed yest) 2. Ryakkabarmt her gin (omictom) (Chavermyahoes lane vey day) 43. Okan. anda, saci (hesmes) (kan is ving i irc the mcrae) 4, Fotegratimn “gakmes). (Lam pong to hve iy pslogaph tae ) 5. Dun ona. 0 aga : esmek) (ade bis cat down ae eae) 5, Ona arabay ‘Cavers (Ove de im pia te at)LE LE ETE PCTS “passive venes 125 sey 1815'e (bin sek yibz on beste) yapil ‘is house was bulla 1815. + Asi Amerika'ya gonderlecsk, Ask witb sont to Ameria + Problom gBzildyor. “Toe proba is being solved. + © din gératau, "Ho was 500n yesterday. 2) Verbs whose stems end ia ‘A form the passive by adding ‘infiniundin’. [amalc oak wreseie —ahninak wo bowl, oe eesved silmek tc cleo, a srase linek toto doaned, tbe erased ulmal tf Plunmai to fe found mel tolasgh gilinmek to be used ooo ‘ahnmamai alte be taken, nal to be roeavad ¢ PASSIVE VERBS A ‘sinmeme not tobe cleaned, not tbe erased ulunmamak’ nto be found 4)verbs whose stems end in a consonant (other than ) form the ‘gilinmernek not to be laughed passive by adding “WIVUMUP tothe veb sem. + galmak testa mak tod apinak iw bedoae 1 gatinmake tobe stolen yermek —togive —_voflmak robe given {galimmamake not be stolen Sunmak to presi ——sunulmak whe preseved oe gormek woes girimekc wis vesa [atin tinmak 16 be bought {atin alinmamak notte be bought yapimamak __nette be done ‘elmemek notte be ven + Arabam gatind, unulmamai not be presesited My carwae stolen, (Cgortimerek “notte be seen] + O ktaplar, satin alnaiar). ‘Tose books were bought, + Tahta, All tarafindan stir 1 by A + Moktup,bizim taratimizdan ating. ‘Th leer nas been recetved By us. + Ona, herkos tarafindan gélindvor. He being laughed at by everybody. ‘3)Verts whose stems end in vowel frm the passive by adting = kapamak to cose, to shut Tiapanmak 1 be dosed, tobe shut + bagiemek to begin Caglanmak 1 bebegun = s8ylemek say [Siylonmek be sald“106_pAsswe vers + kazimale to serape off | Tiaznmak tobe sraped of | | temiziomek 10 clean ‘Temizlenmes 1 be leaned + ekumale to read 1 amai fo be red Ceklemek to walt, toerpoct ‘beklenmek bowalled. tobe expected + Pencoreler temiziond, ‘The windows nave bach cleaned. + ik adam, pois taratindan tutuklandh, woman wore serestad by th police. + Biz icleniyorduk,(o Bl takip edilyordul ) We wore Being fellowes Riaaia nathetene ling in Atala. + Grevin, yan baglamass bekloniyor. | + Onun, Antalya'da yagadigr soyleniyor. ‘isonpetted tha the ste wil bag tomorrow. ‘Bay Torker, dgrencied tarehindan gok seviir PASSIVE VERGS_187 12 The word tara is usd in [appossessive construction + ablative | to show the egent + (benim) tarafimean by me {{senin)tarafindan| by you enum) taratindan by hither (lim) taraimedan by ue {(etzin)taratinedan” by you 1 Onlann farafndan by thom ‘Te agent is usually used between the noun tn the verb Bir toplant yapiiyor + © gazoto (brgok insan taafindan) okunur ‘That newspaper eread oy alot sop) + Arabam (tamirltaretindan) tami ediiyor. My carlo being repaired (bythe repaan + Amerika, (Kolomb arstingan Ksfeil Teen sac America was discovered (by Columbus) °190_rasowe venes « Biltin pancoreer(onlartaratindan) temiziond [Althe windows were (have Coen) Gand by them + Saatin (sain tarafinzdan) bulunmst fy wast nae been found (by YOU) + Golecek yi (onlartarafindan) yon bir fabrika yapslacak ‘Rv factory wil be bull next yea (by te. “EXERCISE 44 'A} Complete he following sentences inthe tense suggested, using the Pusive forms of teers nok and iy toate 5 sample a Boater go it gna rte contin Tea Bu gers oe yapi Sete tna nave ees = KGa een (yma an 1 lee 2 ee trae tas — Eason Gontonais=fonse a 4 Sores hrs pron smat siplereen 3 fp onmencay iat ce a5 B) Putte following setenees int the passive vo: > neds ane « soguk RENT” bana eka vr. Scone sve me ost) ec Passe Bonabirktp vr Ta 1. Kizkardesina de bile verdes, Tagtoee {foo amen omerstcker no) Roles 2. Be, spit oro, 5, Biol so, Yorn ne zaman Kati Sbfeyoook {Gomeone ll you hon theta eve) 4. Bag tret cane mst ish he work) «. Yorn, onu hastaneye gtureceke. (Gy itis eto he os) - se suere'..cE CAI EGA 189 “This suff hss four principal uses: hits eis, te a cts stupid stuply “lover, reasonabie resconably pleasant agreeable plessanty agreeably cold Father cold the Turan anguage the Enalch inguage the Russian language 1 88 seein my opinion you 38 YOU E007 In your opinion“190_THE SUFFI. CEIEAICEICR 3) After the plural suis son tea ‘nares fens.and tons bin thousand Binlaree tousands and thousands sy contury “Ytzylarea centuries and centuries 4) [ simple past, 1 person plural + e(sle (oe 1 This form expresses the ideas of “whenever, ‘28 fong as + Bebe ona baktikga, agiad. \Winonover she looked at, the baby weph + Dkk sordikge (skal sre tana. "You ean use my ca, #5 lia as You dive caret 1 seco), arabams 1 Negatives + Son bogirmadikga Tean'thear unos you shout. + Gok fazla 98 yapmadhikea (Gok fazla ses yepmazea), cocuk Sora kai ‘The etd an slay here providing she doesn't make too much gittikee (aradually): + Gittkge slgmantryorsun You are gracualy growing ft one (so) ¢ OYLE (SO) 1)éyle = dylesine = o kadar Oy!0 (~Oylesine © kadar) yorguru ki + Oyle (20ylasine © kad) giz! ir hava I esuch vey west tat + © kadar (20yesine | Oy) yay yrtime Bortwalceosiomy =) 7=¥08 + (Oran, © Radar (-Oylesne / ye) yas guna tr Tat realize he was 80 os. + O1 haar (eylesin yl) un sire goon Wehsvent soca hin forbe tony See 2) “Gok taza galigryorum, 1m working har = “Bon ao aye Soom! -Qnun adinshatilayamyerum. can't remember her name. + Ben de dyle Neither oan. = Sanam dye. I nink so, [Oye umanm. I hopeEe BOTON, NES! MEDI, GooU 103 “192_MALA-ARTHC (TLL ANYMORE) . ILE-DAKADA @ HALA - ARTIK (STILL - ANYMORE) bm We use ‘bla to say tht situation or action is continuing. Ts the word frst + Yatakta bite kravatin tahar ‘He even wars hs bo nthe bed, + Kzgnotdugum zaman bile, hg barman. Toler sit evan when ang + Soni yann gérmasemn bie, hafta sonundan Bnce Kesaide gorau, Kestot vant dont see you tomorow, we suet 00 each thor before the weekend. ° ‘ns + Hals ayn evde oturuyoru, ‘Wate ling i the same house, + Ahmet hil igs CA + Bun Gok stcakt aneak bugin aha da (daha bile) steak. ‘eas very hol yesterday but today is even hate. + Aygo halt bana yazmadh ‘very hot yesterday but tay mn ‘Ayge sll se ton fo me, + Ben saat beste kalhtum fakat Aygo dha da cerken kale aaa Tgotup at 8 otsock but Avge got up even earn tana bie) 18 We use ‘arth: stone net sy tha a station has changed, «Bay Okgu ark brad clamor eye unt werk have any een loner + Biz at arkacag dog 7 BOTON, HEPSI, HEPINIz, goSu Re ornotonge’ tents + Butin aabaain earl varde All cars have wheels. isivans @BILE-DAHADA 1m We use ‘ile or daha da (or = daha bile to say that something JS unusual or curprisng, They are used to mean ‘eves! + Banta hepsl beni ‘Alot ese are mine + hrkadasinnyn gag sanbutds yaar ‘ost of my ence inietarbt + En yl arkadas bil, ona borg vermezdh ‘fer Oia, en iyi arkadag il, borg vermezd.) ‘Sron nis best fend would’ tana Rin + Bugtn, baton yagi bir sad ‘its enon anya su + Gok zerigin be ike. En fair insanlann bile arabast var. FEo'S very ten county, Even the poorest people own car. + Ban tab oka, "ve red al he book, + Bain yosarusHindstn' ga He spent allhis fein na + Ash btn ctinyayt gezall. Antrktka'da bile bulundu: ‘altho travel a over the word. She has even been to Dari