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Cestoidea
Cyclophyllidea Dipylidium
Echinococcus
Hymenolepis
Raillientina
Taenia
Pseudophyllidea Diphyllobothrium
Spirometra
Trematoda Artyfechinostomum
Clonorchis
Echinostoma
Fasciola
Fasciolopsis
Heterophyids
Opisthorchis
Paragonimus
Schistosoma
Arthropoda
Arachnida Mites
Scorpions
Spiders
Ticks
Chilopoda Centipedes
Crustacea Copepods
Crabs
Diplopoda Millipedes
Insecta Flies
Flea
lec.mt 04 |Page | 114
Beetle
Bees
Lice
Wasp
Bugs
Mosquitoes
Pentastomida Tongue worms
Common/Other Names
Ascaris lumbricoides Giant intestinal roundworm
Lumbricus teres
Enterobius Pinworm
vermicularis Oxyuris vermicularis
Seatworm
Social or Society worm
Trichuris trichiura Whipworm
Capillaria Pudoc worm
philippinensis
Necator americanus American hookworm
American murderer
New world hookworm
Ancylostoma Old world hookworm
duodenale
Ancylostoma Cat hookworm
braziliense
Ancylostoma caninum Dog hookworm
Strongyloides Threadworm
stercoralis
Trichinella spiralis Muscle worm
Garbage worm
Wuchereria bancrofti Bancroft’s filarial worm
Brugia malayi Malayan filarial worm
Loa loa Eye worm
Onchocerca volvulus Blinding worm
Dirofilaria immitis Dog/canine heartworm
Dracunculus Guinea worm
medinensis Fiery serpent of the Israelites
Medina worm
Dragon worm
Anisakis Fish and Marine mammal roundworm
Herring’s worm
Toxocara canis Dog ascarid
Toxocara cati Cat ascarid
Fasciola hepatica Sheep liver fluke
Fasciola gigantica Giant liver fluke
Clonorchis sinensis Oriental liver fluke
Chinese liver fluke
Fasciolopsis buski Giant intestinal fluke
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Separate sexes Female = larger, pointed tail
Male = smaller, curved tail
Life cycle Egg stage > Larval stage > Adult stage
Aphasmids Lacks phasmids or caudal chemoreceptors
“TCT”: Trichuris-Capillaria-Trichinella
Phasmids w/ caudal chemoreceptors
Hookworm
S. stercoralis
W. bancrofti
B. malayi
Amphid Cephalic chemoreceptors
Oviparous Lays eggs in unsegmented stage (unembryonated)
Ovoviviparous/ovi Lays eggs in segmented stage (embryonated)
viparous
Viviparous/larvipa Larva
rous
Frequency “EAT”: Enterobius > Ascaris > Trichuris
Small intestines “CASH”: Capillaria, Ascaris, Strongyloides,
Hookworms
Large intestines “ET”: Enterobius, Trichuris
Heart-to-lung “ASH”: Ascaris, Strongyloides, Hookworm
migration
Extraintestinal Filarial worms = lymphatics and subcutaneous
Nematodes tissues
T. spiralis = muscles
A. cantonensis = meninges
Visceral Larva T. canis and T. cati
Migrans
Triad of “HAT”: Hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris
infection/Unholy
3
Ascaris lumbricoides
Characteristics Resembles common earthworm
Fertilized Egg 3 layers:
-Inner: Vitelline membrane
Trematodes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda
Characteristics Living worms: creamy white and yellowish
Adult: flat and ribbon-like (masking tape)
1 IH only
Cestode body Scolex = anterior attachment organ
Neck = region of growth
Strobila = chains of segments or proglottids
-Immature, mature, ripe/gravid (filled w/ eggs)
Order False tapeworm (Ex. D. latum)
Pseudophyllidea Scolex: Spoon-shaped w/ bothria (slit-like sucking
grooves), no hooklets
Strobila: Anapolytic (not shedding segments)
Egg: operculated w/ aboperculum, immature when
laid
Stages: Coracidium > Procercoid > Plerocercoid
IH: 2 IH (Copepods and fresh water fish)
Order True tapeworm
Protozoans
Characteristics Unicellular
Animal-like protists
Division: Fission
No cell wall w/ outer membrane (periplast)
Cytoplasm: ectoplasm (outer) and endoplasm (inner)
Contains at least 1, and some several nuclei
Some contain vacuoles: for storage and transport
Hemotogranules Special organs for locomotion
-Sarcodina/Rhizopoda = Amoeba (pseudopods)
-Mastigophora/Flagellata
-Ciliophora/Ciliata
-Sporozoa = no definite locomotory organelle
Class Rhizopoda
Trophozoites Motile
Feeding stage
Diarrheic/liquid stool
Destroyed by iodine
Cyst Non-motile
Nonfeeding stage
Well-formed stool
Infective stage
Arthropods
Copepods IH of D. latum, D. medinensis and Gnathostoma
(Cyclops) spinigerum
Pthirus pubis Crab louse
Agent of “crabs”
Myiasis Invasion of mammalian tissues by dipterous larvae
(diptera/flies)
Cantharidin Volatile vessicating substance produced by the
blisters of beetles of the family Meloidae
Periplaneta American cockroach
americana Lays about 50 egg capsules (ootheca), each
containing about 15 eggs
Blatella German cockroach
germanica
Blatta orientalis Oriental cockroach
Aedes aegypti Tiger mosquito
Vector of urban dengue
Aedes albopictus w/ silvery stripe on the mesonotum
Vector of rural dengue
Culex Vectors of Japanese encephalitis
Anopheles Primary vector of malaria
flavirostris
Aedes poecilus Mosquito associated w/ Bancroftian filariasis
Mansonia bonneae Vector of the Brugian type of filariasis
Musca domestica Common housefly
Sarcophaga “Chess-board appearance”
Calliphora Bluish fly covered w/ yellow hairs
Laboratory Methods
Examination of Blood
Detect agents of Malaria
Babesiosis
Trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Filariasis
Thick blood films Screening (malaria)
Thin blood films Identification of malarial species
Concentration 1. Preparation of buffy coat smears:
techniques -L. donovani
-Trypanosomes
-Microfilaria
2. Knott’s concentration membrane filtration
-Detection of microfilaria
3. Fluorochrome acridine orange in microhematocrit
centrifuge format
-QBC blood parasite detection method
Examination of Fecal Specimens
Stool fixatives 1. Formalin = all purpose fixative
= 5% conc.: protozoan cysts
= 10% conc.: helminth eggs and larvae
2. Schaudinn’s fluid = w/ HgCl2
3. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) = for Trichrome stain (w/
HgCl2)
4. Merthiolate-iodine-formalin (MIF) = a.k.a.
Thimerosal
= Merthiolate and Iodine: staining components
= Formalin: preservative
5. Sodium-acetate-formalin (SAF)
= Advantage: does not contain HgCl2
Direct wet mount 1. Saline mount = 0.85% NSS
2. Iodine mount = protozoan cysts (not
trophozoites)