1

HALLEY'S COMET

A comet is an object that travels around the sun leaving a bright trail behind. For more than two thousand years, the return
of Halley’s Comet has been observed and recorded on Earth every 76 years. Its 1986 visit, however, was the first time that
humans kaldımtpok a close look at its nucleus. One spacecraft went within a few hundred kilometres of the nucleus. Two Soviet
craft, Vega I and Vega 2, came within 10,000 km of the nucleus on March 6th and March 9th; and the European Space Agency's
Giotto space probe passed within 600 km of Halley’s Comet on March 14th. Pioneer Venus Orbiter found that the cloud of gases
and dust which make up the tail spread over a region about 20,000,000 km across, 15 times larger than the Sun. Scientists also
discovered that the comet was losing about ten metres of material from its surface every orbit, suggesting a lifetime of about only
1,000 orbits in about 100,000 years it will disappear.

1.parça HALLEY'S COMET

bright parlak, ışıldayan
Observe Gözlemek
Probe araştırmak, incelemek
Pass Geçmek
Dust Duman
Tail Kuyruk
Region Alan
Suggest Önermek ileri sürmek
Dissappear Ortaya cıkmak

1
 2 HIGH RISE
In October 1981, newspapers in the USA and the UK reported plans for a 169-storey building in Chicago. If this is built, it
will be almost twice as tall as the 384-metre Empire State Building in New York.
Since the early days of civilised man, buildings have been getting higher all the time. Today, all large cities have tall
buildings, either for use as offices or as flats. These are called high-rise buildings. The tallest of all in fact, are not used for offices
or for living, but are special structures for radio and television. For instance, Warsaw Radio Mast in Poland, which is 646 metres
tall, is the tallest of such structures. The world’s tallest office building is the Sears Tower in Chicago. This has 110 storeys, and
reaches a height of 443 metres. 16,700 people work inside the building, and there are more than one hundred lifts for their use.
But why do we have high buildings? Is there any real advantage? The most common reason given is that in many cities there
is a lack of space.
The island of Manhattan, New York City, is a good example of this. Here, office space is very expensive. There is no more
land. Buildings have to go up. The same reason is given for high office buildings in Tokyo, London and other large cities of the
world.
But what about people? Is it really necessary to build high buildings for people to live in?
Today, there are many who believe high buildings actually damage 25 people's minds and feelings. These people believe
high-rise buildings:
-have no advantages, except for their owners and for banks
-are not cheap to build
-do not help create open space
-destroy the landscape
-cause crime
-are not good for children
-are expensive to look after
High-rise buildings lower the quality of life. The following reports show this.
Report from England, 1967: The higher people live off the ground, the more likely they are to suffer from mental illnesses.
Women, because they spend most time at home, suffer most.

Report from Denmark, 1969: Children from high buildings are frightened of playing outside on their own. They play outside
at a later age than children from low buildings.
Report from the USA: In comparing two buildings, one high-rise and the other low, crime is much more likely in the high-rise
than in the low building.
The reason for all this may be simple. High-rise living takes people away from life on the street. They become lonely. They
meet other people less often. The building becomes a world of its own. At a height of four storeys there is still some connection
with the street. Above that the connection is lost.
But we continue to build high-rise buildings for people to live in. In Chicago, there is an apartment building 197 metres tall.
It rises seventy storeys above the street, and that is sixty-six storeys above the four-storey limit.

2.parça High Rise

Twice İki kez
İn fact Gerçekte
Reach Ulaşmak
Lift Asansör kaldırmak
A lack of -sızlık –yokluk
Actually Gerçekte
Demage Zarar vermek
Expect for beklemek; ummak
Destroy Zarar vermek
Likely Muhtemelen
Mental akli,zihinsel
Compare karşılaştırmak
Lonely Yalnız
Connection Bağlantı

2
 3 ATOMS
Atoms are the smallest particles of matter that have the properties of the chemical elements - hydrogen, oxygen, iron, and so
on. They are so small that it is impossible to see them even with a high-powered microscope. Everything on Earth is made up of
atoms in different chemical combinations. Water, for instance, is a compound of two elements, two atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of oxygen. However, some elements, such as gold and diamonds exist uncombined.
Ninety-two elements occur naturally. They range from the lightest, hydrogen, to the heaviest, uranium. Each of the elements
has been assigned a number - 1 for hydrogen, 8 for oxygen, 29 for copper, 92 for uranium. They are usually arranged on a chart
called the periodic table, which puts elements with the same chemical properties in the same column. Thus, all inert gases, such
as helium appear in one column in the periodic table.
The formulation of the atomic theory is one of the great achievements of science. It has enabled us to understand the
properties of the elements, the basic building blocks of all matter, so that we know which elements can combine with each other.
The science of chemistry is based on our understanding of atoms and their behaviour in interacting with one another.
Another science called nuclear physics came into being to study the structure of the atom itself. As scientists investigated the
atom, it became apparent that the atom was not a solid piece of matter, but was made up of even smaller particles. The first
subatomic particle that
scientists identified was the electron a tiny piece of matter with a negative electric charge. The weight of an electron was very
small indeed -approximately one eighteen-hundredth of the weight of a hydrogen atom, the lightest of all t elements. Scientists
came to believe that the electrons orbited the nucleus of the atom, in which almost all of the weight of the atom was concentrated.
It is now known that electrons revolve around the nucleus at incredibly fast rates of speed.
For many years scientists did many different kinds of experiments and all had the same idea about the structure of atoms.
However, when they managed to obtain more evidence, they had to modify the atomic theory. There was not just one kind of
particle in the nucleus of an atom; there were two. One of these has a positive electric charge and is called a proton. The other is
neutral. that is, it has no electric charge. For this reason, it was called a neutron.

3.parca Atoms
Make up uydurmak
Exist Var olmak
Light Işık
Arrange düzenleme, yerleştirme
Column dikeç, dikey, sütun
Appear gözükmek, görünmek
Enable muktedir kılmak, kuvvet vermek
Behaviour Davranış
İnteract birbirini etkile,etkileş
İnvestigate incelemek, tetkik etmek
Apparent görünen,kolay anlaşılır
Piece parça, kısım
Subatomic atomdan küçük, atom içindeki.
İdentified tanımla:adj.tanımlanan
Rate Oran
İdea Fikir
Experiment Deney
Obtain Elde etmek
Evidence Kanıt

3
 4 MUSIC OR NOISE?

Vibration is movement and sound that comes from objects which vibrate. For example, guitar strings, when touched, vibrate
and make a sound; and drum skins, when hit, vibrate and make a sound. Vibrations are described in terms of amplitude and
frequency. In the case of a guitar, the amplitude, or loudness, is the distance the string moves; and in the case of a drum, the skin
moves at a certain speed and vibrates a certain number of times each second. If the skin, or the string, vibrates 440 times per
second, then we say it has a frequency of 440 Hertz (or 440 Hz for short). If it moves faster or slower, then it has a higher or lower
frequency.
The human ear cannot detect all sounds. Sounds must have a certain amplitude, and a frequency between 40 Hz and 16,000
Hz. Vibrations above or below these will not be detected by the human ear even if they are extremely loud. Many animals have
better hearing than us. Dogs, for example, can hear higher frequencies; and bats can hear sounds with incredibly high frequencies
- up to 48,000 Hz.
The vibrating object first causes the molecules in the air around II to vibrate at the same frequency and amplitude. These
molecules then cause other molecules to vibrate and so it continues Until molecules of air inside our ears vibrate. Finally our
eardrums vibrate and cause minute, i.e. very small, electrical signals to be sent to the brain. kaldım, kelime çıkarma
All sounds come from vibrations. But not all sounds are the same. Some are pleasant to hear, such as music. Others are
unpleasant and these we call noise. What's the difference between the two? This is a difficult question to answer. But the sounds
of musical instruments, which are usually good to hear, do have a special characteristic: musical instruments, such as the guitar
and the drum, vibrate at more than one frequency. Thus, when a guitar string produces the note of A, the vibration of greatest
amplitude has a frequency of 440 Hz. But there are vibrations of other frequencies present, too. They have less amplitude, and so
we do not consciously hear them. But they add to the sound and form a pattern of frequencies which is pleasant to hear. This is
called harmonics. It is harmonics which help us to identify the musical instrument we hear.
Of course, there are other characteristics of music, too. One of these is rhythm, the sequence of sounds. Rhythm is not
exclusive to musical sound; but it is one of the factors which help make music pleasant to hear.

4.parça Musie or Noise

Touched dokunmak; değmek; temas etmek
Describe Tanımlamak
Amplitude bolluk, genişlik.
Frequency sıklık
Distance mesafe, uzaklık
Ear Kulak
Extremely aşırı derecede
İncredibly inanılmaz şekilde, çok fazla
Pleasant hoş, güzel latif
İdentify özdeşle,tanımla
Sequence ardışıklık
pleasant hoş, güzel latif,

4
5 THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES

'Aborigines' are the first or original inhabitants of a country. The Australian Aborigines have lived in Australia for over 40,000
years. At one stage in their history, there were possibly over a million Aborigines. However, when the first white settlers arrived
in the 18th century and stole their land, many Aborigines died fighting to protect it. Today, only about 100,000 survive. Although
some still live a traditional life in remote desert areas of the Australian outback, many now live in poor conditions in cities and
towns.
They have suffered for two hundred years from white exploitation. However, the Australian government has recently given
some land back to them including 'Uluru'. This huge rock, in the centre of Australia, is of great importance to the Aborigines.
Although winning back this land is encouraging, the Aboriginal people know there is a long way to go before they win back
the rest of their land.

5.parca THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES

inhabit de yasamak, oturmak
settler yerleşen
traditional geleneksel
remote uzak,uzaktan
exploitation kullanma, sömürme
encouraging ümit verici, cesaret verici
the rest bundan sonrası

5
 6 AQUIFERS

The water on the earth is recycled constantly in a process known as the hydrologic cycle. First, the water in the oceans
evaporates. It changes into vapour and forms clouds in the sky. Water accumulates in clouds and returns to the surface of the earth
in some form of precipitation, which can be either rain, snow, or ice. When the water reaches the earth’s surface, it runs off into
streams, rivers, lakes, and at last, into the oceans, where the cycle begins again. The water on the surface of the earth and in the
atmosphere is known as the hydrosphere. Not all precipitation goes into rivers. Some of it seeps into the ground by a process
called infiltration. This water collects under the earth's surface and is groundwater.
Groundwater is important for two reasons. First, 95 per cent of the earth 1s water is in the oceans. It is salty and useless for
plants, animals, or humans. Fresh water, which people can use for drinking or for agriculture, is either on the earth's surface in
lakes and rivers or underground. Surface water is .05 per cent of the earth's water while underground water is 4 per cent of the
earth's water. Consequently, groundwater provides 95 per cent of the available fresh water on the earth. Second, groundwater is
important not only because of the size of the supply, but also because of its dependability. It is always available since it does not
depend on seasonal precipitation.
Today, there seems to be a problem with groundwater. Until recently, groundwater was clean. It was not necessary to purify it
before people drank it. However, for many years, people have been burying garbage and poisonous wastes underground. These
poisons have polluted the groundwater in many places. Therefore, it is unsafe for human use unless the dirty and harmful
substances are removed first.
Aquifers are geologic formations that allow groundwater to accumulate and move through them. Although they are often
called underground rivers, these formations are not like surface rivers. The water accumulates in one area underground. The
amount of water an aquifer contains is enough to be easily pumped out for use.
People have been using groundwater for many years. With an increasing population, the need for water has also increased.
Some cities depend only on groundwater for their water supply. They are using underground water very quickly. In some places
the water supply may soon be used up, and there will be no water for a large population. One example of this is Tucson, Arizona,
which is located in the Sonora desert in southwestern United States. It is on a very large aquifer which supplies water for the area
at the present. The aquifer provides water for an increasing population in the city and for agriculture throughout southern Arizona.
At the present time, the city is using 225,000 acre feet of water per year; 75,000 acre feet are being returned to the aquifer through
the natural processes of the hydrologic cycle. Therefore, people are using about three times more water than nature is supplying.
The water table, which is the level of the water in the aquifer, Is dropping lower every year. Some wells have already gone dry
and have either been closed or drilled deeper. Scientists predict that the supply of water in the aquifer will run out in twenty to
eighty years.
Aquifers contain a generous supply of water. They are large, easily available, and mostly clean. Still, people who depend
only on aquifers for their water supply must use their water carefully. Their lives and their children's lives depend on conserving
the water they have.

6.parça AQUIFERS
recycle yeniden kazan
hydrologic cycle su devri
accumulate yığmak; toplamak
precipitation çökelme
run off kaçmak; akitmak
seep sızmak
nfiltration süzme, süzülme
salty Tuzlu.
agriculture tarım
Consequently sonuç olarak
available kullanılabilir
dependability güvenirlik, sadakat
purify temizlemek
garbage ARTIK
depend on bağlı ol
accumulate yığmak; toplamak , biriktirmek
pump pompala:n.pompa
locate yerlestirmek
6
 EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS

After rising steadily for almost a century, standards of education in the public schools of Europe and North America have
come to a standstill. In fact, in the opinion of many parents and employers, they are actually falling. More and more children are
leaving school at an early age. Naturally, they have very little knowledge of reading and writing. Thus, the number of illiterate
people is increasing, bringing about a social problem once again. With dropout rates of twenty-seven per cent in high schools and
fifty per cent in colleges, the American education system is clearly in trouble. In Europe, the number of children who leave school
is going up too, though lower than that in the United States.
There are various factors that cause the decrease in educational standards. Some people say that overcrowding and lack of
discipline are major factors. Others say that much importance has been given to subjects like art and drama. However, more
practical subjects have been neglected. For many teachers, On the other hand, the problem is not of falling standards but of
rising expectations of parents and employers. According to these teachers, the demands of parents and employers are getting
higher and this is causing the problem.
Whether or not standards in public schools are actually falling, many parents feel that the only way to secure a good
education for their children is to send them to private schools, which generally have smaller classes and stricter discipline. The
popularity of such schools is growing steadily, despite the high tuition. In the United States, for example, eleven per cent of all
school children attend private schools; in Europe, over sixteen per cent do so.

7.parça EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS

steadily Durmadan
standstill Durma, kesilme
employer iş veren,işveren
illiterate okumamış, kara cahil
dropout okulu bırakan öğrenci
in trouble dertli
go up yükselmek, çikmak
overcrowd fazla kalabalık etmek.
neglect ihmal etmek
On the other hand diğer taraftan
expectation Bekleme, ümit.
secure emin, korkusuz
private özel
stricter en kesin
tuition okul taksiti; öğretim
attend iştirak etmek, katılmak

7
 SCHOOL FOR CHANGE
"It demands your total concentration, energy and capabilities. In return it gives you the best friends you could ever wish for.
More important than this, you get the opportunity to discover yourself." According to Heidi Meyer, a former student of Atlantic
College, that makes the college such a good place for education.
Atlantic College is the world's first residential sixth form college and this week it is 25 years old. The college was founded at
St. Donats Castle, in South Wales, by Kurt Hahn to promote peace and international understanding through education.
Atlantic College students are from 70 countries. They study for the International Baccalaureate diploma. This course was
pioneered at the college during the early 1970's and now, it is offered at more than 350 colleges across the world. Six subjects
are studied and some British experts are considering it as a replacement for A-levels.
"It is rather like the proposed national curriculum, tt said Jeff Neuss, the college's head of chemistry. "Everyone has to study
his or her native language, a modern foreign language, a humanities subject, a science and maths. As a result of this broad
curriculum, all our students become intellectual adults while studying their own subjects. Thus, we have scientists who can write
essays, and art specialists who are numerate and competent in science."
Academic work is only one part of the college. It also wants to be part of the community. Therefore, II expects students to
undertake community services that include sea rescue and running its 50-acre farma "We were the first co-ordinated beach and
inshore rescue service in Britain and we developed the Atlantic class of inshore lifeboats now used as standard by the RNLI," said
Neuss. 'We are officially responsible for safety along a 15-mile stretch of coastline. Our lifeboats have saved ~ 50 lives."
Every summer, the students run courses for physically and mentally handicapped young people. They visit London to teach
English to Bangladeshi youngsters and run a Youth Training Scheme course for local teenagers. And the students maintain their
own college buildings and classrooms.
Atlantic College offers an unusually diverse educational experience, but how are students selected? "Academic ability and
school recommendation are of course taken into consideration as in all colleges. However, applicants without the personal
qualities of tolerance and a willingness to mix with others can't possibly get into our college," said Neuss.
The fees are £6,400 a year, but scholarships ensure there is no discrimination on financial grounds. Some countries, such as
Norway, allocate funds to allow Ethiopian refugees to attend. The college gives its students a wide perspective on world affairs,
said Monica Moreno, a Brazilian: "İmmediately after you arrive, a learning process starts which makes you realise your own
roots and carries an irresistible force for change and understanding of others."

8.parça SCHOOL FOR CHANGE maintain sürdürmek; korumak

demand talep etmek, istemek unusually nadiren
capability yet enek recommendation tavsiye, övme, tavsiyename,
opportunity fırsat, uygun zaman allocate ayirmak; tahsis etmek
form biçimlendirmek, şekil vermek scholarship âlimlik, ilim
residential KONUT ensure emin ol,temin etmek,garanti
promote İlerletmek yükseltmek discrimination ayırım, ayırım yapma, fark edilme
pioneer v.öncülük et:n.öncü refugee mülteci, siginik
consider düşünmek; göz önünde tutmak perspective perspektif; görüş açısı
replacement yerdeğişim realise farkına var
curriculum müfredat programı irresistible force Karşıkonulamaz,mukavemetedilemez,
native language anadil
intellectual akli, zihinsel zeki,aydin, entelektüel
essay rapor
expect beklemek, intizar etmek
undertake üstlen,üzerine al
rescue kurtarma
inshore kıyıya yakın
stretch uzatmak; sermek, germek, yaymak
lifeboat cankurtaran sandalı

8
 9
THE OLYMPIC GAMES

When the next Olympic Games begin satellites will carry TV pictures of the opening ceremony to millions of people
thousands of miles away. From their armchairs these people will be able to see their country’s athletes competing in events and
maybe winning a bronze, silver or even gold medal 1
When we consider the size, the spectacle and the commercialism of the modern Olympic Games, it is difficult to remember
that they started in Olympia in Greece in 776 BC with only 6ne race, a sprint, for which the prize for the winner was an olive
wreath.
The idea of an international Olympic Games was conceived by a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, and, appropriately,
the first modern Olympic Games opened in Athens in 1896. Nowadays, major cities compete to host the Olympic Games, not just
for the honour the Games bring, but for the vast amount of profit a host country can make.
The games have also become politically important. They can now be seen by nearly every country in the world and are,
therefore, an ideal platform for political statements. When Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in 1980, many countries in the West
including Britain and the United States, boycotted the Moscow Games. ~n 1984 some countries decided not to send teams to the
Los Angeles Games because they felt there was not enough security.
In circumstances like these, the Olympic ideal and spirit comes into question. And for athletes, there is less value in winning a
gold medal if the best of the world's athletes are not competing. The question is - how much longer will the Games survive if
nations continue to use them as a political platform?

9.parça THE OLYMPIC GAMES

ceremony tören, merasim
armchair koltuk
compete rekabet etmek, yarışmak
bronze tunc, bronz
spectacle Merasim görülecek şey
commercialism ticari gelenekler; ticari tutum
sprint v.hızla koş:n.sürat koşusu
prize ödül;
conceive tasarlamak, kurmak, düsünmek
appropriately uygun bir şekilde
honour v.onur ver:n.onur
vast Geniş, büyük
statement anlatım,deyim
spirit ruh can, insan ruhu
value Kıymet, değer
medal madalya,

9
 10
TRAVEL AND TOURISM

A report recently prepared for a large international travel service and banking company found out that travel and tourism
accounted for almost $ 2 trillion of the sales in 1987, making it the largest source~ of employment in the world. Personal travel
constituted about two thirds of this. leaving the rest for business and government travel. The biggest spenders on personal travel
were the US, Japan, Germany, Britain and France; and in most of these developed countries it was the third largest item of
household spending after housing and food.
Tour operators say the industry is experiencing “a second revolution”. In the first, Europe revolutionised travel with the cheap
package holiday within the continent, which transformed many Mediterranean economies. More recently, tourists have begun to
travel further away. Until the mid- 1980's, the market was limited to the rich on the one hand and the backpackers on the other.
Rising incomes and expectations have changed all that. Travellers who are tired of the Mediterranean or those who can afford
second holidays in the winter expect the package holiday concept to be extended to intercontinental destinations. By chartering
500-seat jumbo jets and booking hotels and apartments in Florida and the Caribbean, tour operators have made formerly luxury
tourist spots available to a lower-income market.
Although this poses risks which developing countries have not faced before, the benefits are more immediately apparent.
The Caribbean Tourist Association estimates that the industry now provides jobs directly or indirectly for 330,000 people in the
region. Others put the figure higher. Some estimates put Third World employment in travel and tourism at more than 50 million.

10.parça TRAVEL AND TOURISM

account for açiklamak, hesap vermek
employment iş verme, istihdam
constitute teşkil etmek; meydana getirmek , kurmak
revolution dönme, devir
revolutionize -de devrim yaratmak
continent kıta, anakara
backpacker omzunda sırt çantasıyla gezen kimse.
income gelir, kazanç
expectation beklenti,tahmin
change değiştir:adj.değiştirilmiş
concept kavram, fikir
extend uzatmak, yaymak
pose şaşırtmak, hayrete düşürmek
apparent görünen,kolay anlaşılır
estimate tahmin etmek
formerly eskiden, önceden
luxury lüks şey; çok zevk veren
available kullanılabilir
region bölge

10
 11
HARRODS: A DIFFERENT WORLD

Welcome to Harrods - a different world for a million reasons. Harrods is the largest store in Europe with goods displayed in
60 windows and 5.5 hectares of selling space. In one year over 14 million purchases are made in the 214 departments where you
can buy anything from a pin to an elephant - if you can convince the manager of the Pet Department that you are a suitable
elephant owner, that is! Harrods stocks a wide and exciting range of merchandise in every department. It is because of this policy
that Harrods can give the customer a choice of goods which is unique in its variety and which no other store can match: Harrods
stocks 100 different whiskies, including 57 single malts, 450 different cheeses, 8,000 dresses, 500 types of shins and 9,000 ties to
go with them. Moreover, it has a staff of 4,000, rising to 6,000 at Christmas time.
Harrods has a world-wide reputation due to several reasons In addition to those mentioned above. It offers a number of
special services to its customers. These include a bank, an insurance department, a travel agency and a theatre ticket agency.
Another reason is the range of exported goods. £40 million worth of goods are exported annually from Harrods and the Export
Department can deal with any customer purchase or order and will pack and send goods to any address in the world. Recently, for
example, six bread rolls were sent to New York, a handkerchief to Los Angeles, and a £5,000 chess set to Australia. It is this first-
class service that has made Harrods so famous.
Harrods sells 5 million different products, not all of which are actually kept in stock in the store itself. To handle this
enormous range, a new computerised warehouse is being built. It will be the largest warehouse in Britain and the second largest in
Europe and will deal with a wider range of goods than any other distribution centre in
page 18
the world. Thanks to its modem technology, a customer will be able to order any product (for example, a dining table or a
dishwasher) from any assistant in the store. The assistant will be able to check its availability immediately on a computer screen,
decide with the customer on a suitable delivery date and time and then pass the order directly to the warehouse through the
computer. The time of delivery will be guaranteed to within one hour.

11.parca HARRODS: A DIFFERENT WORLD

display gösterme, teşhir, sergileme
goods eşya
purchase satın alma, satın alınan şey
department kısım bölüm şube
pin Toplu iğne
elephant fil.
convince ikna etmek, inandırmak
suitable uygun, münasip
merchandise ticari eşya, satış eşyası
unique eşsiz,tek
staff kadro,v.görevli olarak çalış:n.personel
reputation ad, şöhret, ün
mention an:n.anma,v.bahset:n.bahsi
annually her sene, yılda bir
insurance sigorta
theater tiyatro
deal with . ile ilgilenmek
order düzenlemek. emir vermek
handkerchief mendil.
enormous çok genis, çok büyük
warehouse eşya deposu; ambar
dining table yemek masası
delivery date teslim tarihi
guarantee garanti et:n.garanti

11
12 WORK MATTERS
Debbie Mason, 24, is a stewardess with Virgin Atlantic. She told Sue Wheeler about her life on Richard Branson's airline and
what it takes to get on in this high flying job.
Some time ago, I was working in an office when I saw a picture of Richard Branson and read about him starting a new airline,
Virgin. I sent him a letter saying I was interested in working for him. After a successful interview, I began their four-week training
course. The personnel officers say it's usually obvious at the start whether somebody has the right qualities or not. Personality is
very important. You have to be flexible, attractive, and able to smile when duty calls -even if you don't feel like it. Obviously you
don't need airline experience, but nursing, or other work with people, is useful.
The training course is really common sense Although the practical side includes things like life-boat sessions in a swimming
pool, fire fighting in a smoke-filled room and learning how to deliver a baby. In reality, though, you end up dealing mainly with
travel sickness. The point is you have to be prepared for Everything.
I work on flights from Gatwick to New York or Miami. Only 10% of my work involves serving people. The emphasis is on
safety and that's what we're here for. Before every flight there's a briefing where the crew are asked questions on first-aid and
safety.
Those who claim that working in such a job makes you look much older than you really are have a point. I also think this job
ages you. On flights to New York I'm on board from 2:15 in the afternoon Until nearly midnight our time. I have to drink eight
pints of water per flight to prevent my body from dehydrating, but it is nearly impossible to consume that much. So my skin is
probably suffering. But I think these are minor disadvantages. When we get to New York it's only 6:55 pm American time and we
usually go out and have a party!
I fly about four or five times in 28 days, which means I work hard for two or three days, then take time off. I get at least eight
days off every month, so it doesn't feel like most other fulltime jobs. I get four weeks holiday a year, three of which have to be in
the winter. But as one of the advantages of this job is being able to fly with any airline for 10% of the normal cost, I can afford to
go to far away places in search of winter sun.
It's a sociable job on board and off. There are only 220 crew members in total so there is a close relationship among us. This
means things are very friendly and I think it's obvious to the passengers that we're having a good time, which helps them relax.
When people leave Virgin to work for other airlines they often miss the intimacy of a small company and come back. But
Although the social life with Virgin is fabulous, outside ft is non-existent. Friends and family know my time off is precious, but
even at home I'm sometimes on standby. The job puts a strain on any romance. Happily, my boyfriend works for Virgin too, and
we choose to work a 'married roster' which means we fly together all the timee It's either this or taking the chance of bumping
into each other once in a while.

12. parça Work matters Qualitiy Nitelik

Afford Para dayandırmak Refer Bakmak başvurmak
At least En az Sesion Oturum
Bump into Rastlamak tesadüf etmek Sickness Mide bulantısı
Choice Seçkin güzide Sociable Sosyal
Close Yakın kapalı Standby Yedek
Come back Geri dönmek Stewardess Hostes
Consume Tüketmek yakıp yok etmek Strain Sitres
Crew Mürettebat ekip Take time off İzin almak tatil yapmak
Dehydration Su yitirme Though Se sa bile
Deliver Teslim etmek Whether İse de
Duty Görev Get on Devam etmek
Emphasis Vurgulamak Useful Yararlı
End up Bitirmek sonuçta useless Yararsız
Exist Var olmak Common sence Sağ duyu
Existent Mevcut Things like Gibi şeyler
Fabulous İnanılmaz Fire fighting Ateşle savaşmak
Firs aid İlk yardım Deliver Dağıtmak
Flight Uçuş Travell sickness Araş tutması
İnclude İçermek Focus Odaklanmak
İntimacy Samimilik samimiyet Age Yaşlanmak yaş
İnvolve Gerektirmek On board İçinde olmak( bir aracın)
Midnight Gece yarısı Pint Yarım litrelik
Minor Küçük önemsiz Per flight Her uçuş
Obvious Açık That much Kadar çok
Personality Kişisel At least En az
Precious Kıymetli değerli At most En çok
Prevent Önlemek engellemek Miss kaçırmak

12
13 LAYING INSOMNIA TO REST

When the task at hand is to get a good night's sleep, trying hard is not the way to succeed. Twisting and turning in search of a
comfortable position in bed makes your body do the opposite of what it is supposed to do at night. Instead of slowing down, your
heartbeat races. Instead of relaxing, your muscles twitch. You watch the clock and wonder what you're doing wrong.
Ten million people in the United States alone are seeking medical help for chronic insomnia - difficulty in falling asleep or
staying asleep. For years it has been called a symptom of a number of psychological problems, such as depression, that somehow
alter the body's sleep pattern. Sleep specialists agree that psychological problems are a cause of insomnia, but also say bad habits
can have the same effect. These include too little daytime activity and, ironically, its opposite, too much exercise.
"Insomniacs usually begin losing sleep over some problem, such as a serious illness in the family," says psychiatrist Robert
Watson. "But unlike other people," he adds, "they continue to have trouble sleeping - for months, even years." According to
Joyce and Kales, two psychiatrists at Penn State University in Pennsylvania, insomniacs present a consistent personality profile.
They take things hard, feel they haven't lived "the right kind of life," and are nervous and tense.
Psychiatrists say insomniacs share another trait. Thomas Coates of the University of California says, "another characteristic
common to insomniacs is that they spend an excessive amount of time thinking about sleep." Contrary to the image of bad
sleepers as workaholics, Coates 's study indicates that insomniacs spend more time relaxing than others do. He thinks their
relative inactivity during the day may alter the body's "clock." Instead of signalling the brain to slow down at night, the clock
calls for more activity.
Sleeping late on weekends can also disrupt your body's clock. This is a bad habit Robert Watson makes patients change at the
Sleep Disorders Centre. He tells them to rise at the same time each day, even after a night of poor sleep. "After a while," he says,
"sleep improves."
Even though it tires you out, exercise won't guarantee a sound sleep. If it is too strenuous1 especially just before bedtime, it
can drive your pulse too high, causing a restless night. Joyce and Kales use moderate afternoon exercise, along with methods
such as psychotherapy to treat severe insomniacs.
What is the best thing to do on occasional sleepless nights? Forget sleeping pills. They can actually cause insomnia after three
days, by altering the brain's chemistry. Watson recommends drinking milk or eating cheese or tuna, because they are rich in
natural sleep-producing aids.
"There's something to the old-fashioned remedy of drinking warm milk before bedtime," Watson says. Warming it won't make
any difference, but it will help you relax.

13. parça Laying insomnia to rest Sound İyi halde sağlıklı

A number of Birtakım birkaç Specialist Uzman
Patient Hasta Strenuous Yorucu ağır
Add Eklemek Signalling Sinyal vermek
Alter Değiştirmek Severe Sert şiddetli
Altering Değişim Supposed to Yükümlü olmak
Amount of Miktarı Symtom Hastalık belirtisi
Asleep Uykuda olan Task İş görev vazife
Contrary to -nın tersine zıttına Tense Gergin
Disturp Bozmak rahatsız etmek Tire Yormak
Even though E rağmen Trait Özellik
Excessive Fazla aşırı Treat Tedavi etmek
Fall Düşmek azalmak Trouble Zahmet etmek problem
Guarantee Garanti Wonder -e hayret etmek
Heartbeat Kalp atışı Workaholic İş kolik
İnstead of İn yerine Consistent Tutarlı
İmage Şekil görüntü İnconsistent Tutarsızlık
İmprove Geliştirmek Sound sleep Derin uyku
İnactivity Durgunluk Moderate Vasat
Pattern örnek Non yok
İndicate İşaret etmek göstermek Extreme Aşırı
İnsomnia Uykusuz Present Taktim etmek sunmak
İronically Şaşırtıcı bir şekilde Pulse Nabız çarpıntı
Muscle Kas adale Recommend Tavsiye etmek önermek
Nervous Sinirli Remedy İlaç deva
Old fashioned Eski modası geçmiş Restless Uykusuz
13
14 ACUPUNCTURE

Acupuncture, the method of treating diseases by using needles, is based on the Chinese model of health and disease. In this
model, there are three main systems in the body. The first two of these are the circulatory and nervous systems as in the western
view but, additionally, there is a sort of energy movement.
The Chinese believe that all forms of life are controlled by two basic movements of energy. One is outward moving and the
other is inward moving. When an outward movement reaches its limit, it changes direction and starts to move inwards. Similarly,
when an inward movement reaches its limit, it changes direction and starts to move outwards. The operation is like a pump, and
this constant pumping movement may be seen in almost every form of life - the human heart, for example.
Understanding this idea of energy movement is important when looking at the theory behind Chinese Acupuncture. In this
theory, there is a life force which consists of inward and outward moving energy in each person. Inward moving energy tends to
increase activity and the other produces calm. The health of the body depends on the balance between the two. If this balance is
disturbed, diseases occur.
The Chinese also discovered that this movement takes place around the body along 26 channels called meridians. Each one
of these is connected to a different part of the body and has a different funefion. Diseases also occur when a meridian is blocked.
To help unblock energy channels, doctors place needles in different parts of the body, but to cure the disease the needles have to
be placed in the right place and have the right depth.
The earliest acupuncture needles were made of stone. These would have been used when the first books were written about
acupuncture 4,500 years ago. The Chinese later used needles made of bone and then of different metals such as iron and silver.
Today, they are made of steel.
The Chinese first believed that the needle itself cured the disease. However, this was before it was discovered that there are
certain points along the meridians which are connected to various parts of the body, such as the stomach and the heart.
There are over 800 different needle points in the body. The doctor examines the patient and decides which part of his or her
body are over-active or under-active; in other words, the doctor finds out where
page 25
there is too much or too little energy. When the acupuncture points have been found, needles are placed in the skin at various
depths. They are then left there for different periods of time, which might be as short as a few seconds.
A major recent development has been the use of acupuncture in medical operations. In such cases, it is used Instead of
anaesthetics, in order to take away the pain felt by the patient. In China today, this use of acupuncture is extremely common in
both major and minor operations, even operations on the heart.
In the East there are nearly three million doctors who regularly use acupuncture. It is taught in several Russian universities.
And even in Europe and America there are thousands of doctors who have now learnt how to use acupuncture. The West,
however, uses only one part of the technique intensively; that is, the use of needles to relieve pain during operations.

14.parça Acupuncture Treating Tedavi etmek

Additionally Ek olarak Right Doğru
Based om -ya dayanmak Treat Muyane etmek
Bone Kemik Behave Davranmak
Change Değiştirmek İnfectious Bulaşıcı hastalık
Circulatory Sirkilasyon Reach Ulaşmak
Connect Bağlanmak Cosntant Sürekli sabit değişmez
Cure Tedavi çare Calm down Yatıştırmak sakinleştirmek
Depth Derinlik Chear up Neşelen
Disease Hastalık Chearfull Neşeli
Examine İncelemek gözden Pleasure Zevk
geçirmek
Extremely Son derece Deep derinlik
Function Fonksiyon Wide Geniş
İn order to Mek mak için Desicion Karar
İntensively Yoğun olarak Decide Karar vermek
İnwad İçeriye doğru İndecisive kararsız
Outword Dışarı doğru Limit Sınırlamak
Movement Hareket Force Güç
Needle İğne Tent to Eğimli olmak
Operation İşlem Even Hatta
Pain Ağrı acı cekmek Relieve Rahatlatmak
14
Place Yer yerleştirmek Sort of Bir bakıma bir yerde

15
 15 MAISIE'S AMAZING MENAGERIE

An ambulance and the RSPCA were both called to the home of Maisie MacDonald yesterday in the centre of Glasgow. A
doctor visiting the house in answer to an emergency call discovered the most bizarre collection of animals who share the house
with Maisie. While the ambulance was speeding to the loc~il hospital with 83-year-old Maisie, a team of RSPCA vets and
Edinburgh zoo-keepers were trying to solve the problem of who would look after Maisie's pets during her stay in hospital.
John Mclnnes, the Head Keeper at Edinburgh Zoo, had this to say: 'I have never seen so many different kinds of animals in
anybody's home. I am staggered that anyone could look after so many creatures, especially at the age of 83! Maisie has done a
wonderful job and none of the animals has been neglected in any way.’
Alan Marsh, 32, an assistant keeper, said, 'She has close to two dozen cats in there and four fairly big dogs, but they're not
interested in fighting. It's unusual to find such placid animals as these. They live mainly on the ground floor. The rest of the house
is huge. There seems to be something different in every room.'
RSPCA Inspector, Bill Miles, told our reporter, "We are making every effort to keep Maisie's pets alive and well Until she is
released from hospital. I think we will have to consider the possibility of fostering many of them with families around Glasgow!
The others can be taken to the zoo."
So what exactly did they find in Maisiets house? There were cages of birds of all shapes and colour going up the three flights
of stairs. A goat and several families of rabbits shared a room on the first floor. The bathroom had been taken over by a pair of
mallard ducks and a Canada goose, a giant fish tank in another bedroom housed a collection of terrapins and salamanders. Yet
another fish tank held a pair of baby alligators. But the top floor was the most surprising of all. A fully grown tiger was living in
the attic! However, the zoo-keepers reported that it was as tame as a kitten and they had no trouble persuading it to get into the
van to go to the ZOO.
From her hospital bed Maisie, suffering from a broken hip, said, ' tMy animals are my whole life. I was cleaning out Rajah the
tiger's room this morning when he got too playful and knocked me down. I managed to drag myself out and called one of the
dogs. I often send him to the post office with a note to get things for me, so this time I sent him with a note asking for help.
Everyone has been so kind, but I'm terribly worried about my pets."

15, parça Maisie s Amazıng Menagerıe

Bizarre Tuhaf
Emergency call Acıl çağrı
Vet Veteriner
Zoo keper Hayvan bakıcı
Stagger Şok olmak
Creature Yaratık
Neclected İhmal etmek
Look after Bakmak
Fairly big Oldukça büyük
İnspector Müfettiş
Effort Çaba sarfetmek
Release Tahliye etmek
Foster Beslemek
Consider Düşünmek göz önüne almak
Trouble Zahmet sıkıntı
Create Yaratmak

16
16 MARGARET MEE

Artist, adventurer, explorer, botanist and rain forest conservationist are some ways of describing Margaret Mee, a remarkable
woman who spent the last 36 years painting the Amazon flora.
In 1956, at the age of 47, the already accomplished artist made her first Amazon expedition to observe, collect and paint the
flowers of the region. Thus began a series of 15 expeditions, the last of which was in May of 1988, successfully to fulfill her
dream to paint the flowers of the rare moonflower cactus that grows along the Rio Negro and flowers for only one night a yean
It was an inspiring sight to watch this frail-looking woman setting out on an expedition in a dugout canoe with only one
Indian guide. She experienced many hardships and deprivations on expeditions but always returned full of en Thusiasm and with
many notebooks and sketches, as well as plant specimens to grow carefully in her home in Rio de Janeiro Until they produced
flowers to paint.
She was one of the greatest women explorers of this century. She became known beyond the botanical community and Brazil
when, in 1968, she published a beautiful folio book of her paintings entitled 'Flowers of the Brazilian Forests' to be followed by
another in 1980, 'Flowers of the Amazon'. Her paintings are distributed around the world in botanical institutions, private and
public collections.
She fell in love with the Amazon ecosystem as she studied and painted its flora. However, the period during which she
worked coincided with the time when the Amazon rain forest was being destroyed. Consequently, Margaret Mee became one of
the leading defenders of rain forests and her recent lectures always had a strong conservation message, born out of a deep
understanding of the complex ecosystem.

16. parça Margaet me Consequence Sonuç

Adventure Macaracı Leading Önde gelen lider
Conservationist Çevreci Thus Böylece
Conserve Koruyucu Lecture Konferans
Describe Tanımlamak What a conincidence Ne tesadüf
Expendition Sefer uzun yolculuk Speciment Örnek
Observe Gözlemek Beyond Ötesinde
Fulfill Gerçekleştirmek Fallow İzlemek arkasından gelmek
Realize Gerçekleştirmek Publish Yayınlamak
Remarkable Olağanüstü Results Sonuç
Accomplished (bir görevi)Yerine getirmek
İnspire İlham vermek
Frail looking Zayıf görünüşlü
Dugout Oyulmuş
Guide Rehber
EnThusiasm İstek
Ambition İstek
Community Toplum
Publish Yayımlamak
Ettitled İsimlendirmek
Distribut Dağıtmak
İnstitutions Ensitü
Coincided Tesadüf denk gelmek
Defender Savunucu koruyucu
Consequently Sonuç olarak
Rare Nadir
Sight Görüş
Set out Yola cıkmak
Sun set Güneş batması
Run rise Güneş doğması
Deprivations Yoksulluk mahrumiyet
Hardship Zorluk
Deprive of Mahrum bırakmak
Derive Üretmek

17
17
 YOUR HELPING HAND CAN
TURN DESPAIR INTO HOPE

It is difficult for people living in a prosperous country to imagine what it is like to grow up in one of the poor countries in
Africa, Latin America and Asia.
In many developing countries, millions of children die from malnutrition and disease before they even reach adulthood. For
those who survive, life is cruelly hard. They live in the most basic kind of hut. Their water for drinking, washing and cooking
comes from the local river or stream. They have to work from dawn till dusk, almost from the time they can walk. And for much
of the year they go hungry. An average family income is $ 10 to 15 a month. Worse still, they lack the opportunity to improve
their lives because there is no education or training in practical skills. This is what we in 'World Family' are working to change -
and we need your help to succeed.
What We Are Doing
In 25 countries of Africa, Asia, Central and South America we are giving poor people a chance to improve their own lives
through setting up small-scale development projects. We are helping to build schools, dig wells, provide medicines and - most
important of all -teach the skills the people need. To give just one example, in the Embu area of Kenya we are helping to equip
and run a mobile clinic to improve child care; providing textbooks for the local school; helping to build tanks to conserve
rainwater; and training local people in agricultural and income generating skills.
We know that we cannot really help the world's poor by giving them handout. Nor can we impose preconceived Western
solutions on them since the solutions which are forced upon people turn out to be useless in many cases. Our approach is to help
people solve their problems in their own way.
What You Can Do To Help
Today we are asking you to join our worldwide family and to hold out a helping hand to a child who urgently needs it. You
can do it now, by agreeing to sponsor a child. Your sponsorship can give them the chance to go to school or provide some of the
other things that many of us take for granted. That is, we never question the availability of these things because we have no doubts
about their existence. In addition to this, it can give their families the chance to learn basic hygiene and health care. And it can
start their communities on the long and gradual process of raising their living standards.
Because you are sponsoring one particular youngster. you'll have the joy of seeing the difference that your help makes. You'll
see the child growing up - learning, developing and gaining in strength and confidence over the years - through letters,
photographs and regular progress reports.
You can play a vital role in our work. As a sponsor, the help that you give will go towards practical development work to
benefit a whole family and community. That's because we realise that we cannot improve the life of an individual child without
supporting and strengthening the family, and raising the living standards of the community as a whole.

17.parça Your Helping Hand Can Turn Vital Hayati

Despair İnto Hope
Prosperous Gelişmiş müreffeh İndividual Birey
İmagine Hayal etmek Wors stil Daha kötüsü
Reach Ulaşmak Thanks to Sayesinde
Adulthood Yet işkin Raise Artırmak
Cruelly Zalimce Whole Tüm
Down Şafak Small scale Küçük ölçekli
Till -e kadar Confidence Kendine güvenmek
Dusk Akşam karanlığı Gradual Aşamalı
Malnutrition Kötü beslenme Step by step Adım adım
Lock Eksik
Opportunity Fırsat
Conserve Korumak
Handout (bişiyler) dağıtmak
İmpose Sunmak
Preconceived Önyargılı
Urgently Acil
Disagree Aynı fikirde olmamak
Availability Mevcudiyet uygunluk
Worth Değer

18

18
 EARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes are probably one of the most frightening and destructive happenings of nature that man experiences 4 The effects
of an earthquake are often terrible. Earthquakes have caused the death of many human beings, much suffering and great damage.
Today, the study of earthquakes has grown greatly as scientists all over the world study the causes of earthquakes. Scientists hope
that their studies will improve the ways of predicting earthquakes and also develop ways to reduce their destructive effects.
The scientific study of earthquakes is somewhat new. Until the 18th century, few factual descriptions of earthquakes were
recorded. In general, people did not understand the cause of earthquakes. Many believed that they were a punishment from God.
One early theory was that earthquakes were caused by air rushing out of caverns deep in the interior of the earth.
On November 1, 1755, a serious earthquake occurred near Lisbon, Portugal. Shocks from the quake were felt in many parts of
the world. After the quake, Portuguese priests were asked to observe the effects and to make written records. These records were
the first scientific steps to write down the effects of an earthquake. Since that time, detailed records have been kept of almost
every major earthquake.
Most earthquakes occur in areas around the Pacific Ocean. This belt of areas is called the 'ring of fire' and includes the
Pacific coasts of North and South America, the Aleutian Islands, Japan, Southeast Asia, and Australia. Half a million people
within the 'ring of fire' have died because of earthquakes and much valuable property has been severely damaged or destroyed.
An earthquake is the oscillatory, sometimes violent movement of the earth's surface that comes after a release of energy in the
crust of the earth. Most destructive quakes are caused by the dislocation of the crust. Forces from beneath the surface of the earth
cause the crust to bend and then break and the rocks on the surface move into a new position. The breaking of the rocks causes
vibrations called 'seismic waves'. These vibrations travel from the source of the earthquake to distant places along the surface of
the earth. The seismic waves cause the entire planet to tremble or ring like a bell.
The vibrations produced by earthquakes are discovered, recorded and measured by instruments called seismographs.
Vibrations are of' two general types: surface waves and body waves. Surface waves travel along the earth's surface and body
waves travel through the
earth. Surface waves usually have the strongest vibrations and probably cause most of the damage done by earthquakes.
Currently, scientists are making studies to predict earthquakes. At the present time, scientists do not have the knowledge
required to predict the time and size of earthquakes. However, a large group of scientists at the National Centre for Earthquake
Research in California, has been able to predict the areas where earthquakes might occur. Research at the centre about the
physical and chemical nature of rocks and their behaviour under the force of an earthquake will help engineers to design and
build structure for areas that often suffer from earthquakes.

18.parça Earthquakes Attention Dikkat

Predict Önceden kestirmek Distant Uzak
Somewhat Biraz Predict Tahmin etmek
Punishment ceazlandırma
Factual Tanımlamak
İnterior İç
Exterior dış
Observe Gözlemek
Bent of area Kuşak(deprem kuşağı)
Ring of fire Ateş cemberi
İnclude İçermek
Severely Şiddetli bir şekilde
Oscillatory Salınım peryodik halde gelen
Crust Kabuk
Violent Şiddetli
Release Serbest kalmak yükselmek
Dislocation Yerinden etme
Beneath Altında
Entire Bütün
Planet Gezegen
Tremble Titremek
Ring Zil
Take measure Önlem almak
Cation Önlem almak

19
 19
VITAMINS

In the early days of sea travel, seamen on long voyages lived exclusively on salted meat and biscuits. Many of them died of
scurvy, a disease of the blood which harms the teeth and causes white spots on the skin and general exhaustion. On one occasion,
in 1535, an English ship arrived in Newfoundland with its sailors desperately ill. The men were saved by Iroquois Indians who
gave them vegetable leaves to eat. Gradually it was realized that scurvy was caused by some lack in the sailors' diet Although
nothing was known about vitamins at that time and Captain Cook, on his long voyages of discovery to Australia and New
Zealand, established the fact that scurvy could be warded off by making the sailors eat fresh fruit and vegetables.
Nowadays, it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious diseases if certain important
elements are missing. These elements are called 'vitamins'. Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given
letters to identify them; A, B, C, D, and so on. Different diseases are associated with lack of particular vitamins. Even a slight
lack of vitamin C, for example, the vitamin most plentiful in fresh fruit and vegetables, is thought to increase significantly the
possibility of catching cold easily.
The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet including a variety of fruit and green
vegetables. However, when people try to live on a very restricted diet, for example, during long periods of religious fasting, i.e.
when people stop eating for religious purposes, or when trying to lose weight, it is necessary to make special efforts to supply the
missing vitamins.

19.parça Vitaminler
Voyager Yolculuk
Exclusively Sadece
Only Sadece
Teeth Diş
Exhaustion Bitkin
Desperately Umutsuzca oldukça hasta
Gradually Yavaş yavaş
Leave Yaprak ayrımak
Realize Farkına varmak
Establish Tespit etmek
Warded off Engelenebilir
Get rid of Engellenebilir
Over come Bir şeyin üstesinden gelmek
Nowday Son günlerde
Currently Son günlerde
Lately Son günlerde

20
20 LIFE IN SPACE
We haven't conquered space. Not yet . We have sent some 20 men on camping trips to the moon, and the USA and the Soviet
Union have sent people to spend restricted lives orbiting Earth. Several trips have been made into space to show that ordinary
(non- astronaut) scientists can live and work in space - for a few days only. All these are marvellous technical and human
achievements, but none of them involves living independently in space. The Russians need food and even oxygen sent up from
Earth. It is only in fiction, and in space movies, that people spend long periods living more or less normally deep in space.
But in about a decade - say, by the year 2010 - this may have changed. There could be settlements in space where adventurers
would lead normal lives. The idea of a space settlement seems like science fiction - but it is not. It is based on plans produced by
efficient people: engineers and scientists, headed by Gerard O'Neill of Princeton University. These people are keen on space
research, of course, but they are not dreamers.
The settlement is a large wheel, a tube more than 400 ft in diameter bent into a ring. The wheel spins gently once a minute.
It is this gentle circular movement that makes this settlement different from the space shuttles, because the spin produces a force
that feels like gravity. Every space trip has shown that the human body needs gravity if it is to continue functioning normally.
Nobody would want to live for long in a space settlement where Everything - people and equipment and the eggs they were
trying to fry - moved weightlessly around.
With gravity, life in space can be based on our experience on Earth. We can have farming and factories and houses and
meeting - places that are not designed by guesswork. The need for gravity is one of the reasons for building a space colony, rather
than sending settlers to an existing location such as the moon or the planets. The moon is inhospitable; its gravity is tiny - and any
one place on the moon has 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 of night, which makes agriculture impossible and means solar
energy cannot be used.
In the settlement, which floats in permanent sunlight, the day-length is controlled by a huge mirror about a mile in diameter.
This mirror floats weightlessly above the ring of the settlement. The sunlight is constant during the 'daytime', so farming is far
more productive than it can be on Earth. The aim is to provide a diet similar to that on Earth, but with less fresh meat. The farms
will be arranged in layers with fish ponds and rice paddies on the top layer; wheat below; vegetables, soya, and maize on the
lower layers.
The population of the settlement is fixed at about 10,000 people. In this way, farm output can be accurately planned: about 64
square metres of vegetables, fruits and grains will be needed for each person, and just over five square metres of grass land. The
place where the people live won't look very different from modern small towns on Earth, and this is deliberate. Science fiction
films show only huge glass tower blocks, but real-life space settlers won't want these. Throughout history, settlers have tried to put
up buildings like the ones they left behind, because these are familiar. Space settlers will do the same.
And where would the settlement be? "At L5, of course," say the experts. This reference describes a point on the moon's orbit
around Earth, equidistant from the moon and Earth, where the gravitational forces of the two bodies balance. (The L stands for
Lagrange, a French mathematician who listed a number of 'balance' points.) Those who intend to settle in space have formed an
L5 society. And the members are not at all impractical eccentrics.
20, parça Live in space Gentle nazik, yumuşak huylu
Conquered fethetmek inhospitable Yaşanması zor olan yer
Restrict Sınırlamak Float Yüzmek
Marvellous müthiş,nefis Permanent Devamlı, sürekli
Achievement Başarı Temporary Geçici
İnvolve İçermek Constant Değişmez sürekli
İndependently Bağımsız arrange düzenlemek
Fiction Hayal
İndepend on Bağımlı olarak
Adventure Maceracı
Settlement Yerleşmek
Based on -e dayanmak
Gently Yavaşca, kibarca
Shuttle Mekik
Keen on -e çok hevesli, -e meraklı, -e düşkün
Willing to -e istekli olmak
EnThusiatic hevesli,meraklı
Bent Kıvrık

21
21 SPACE TOURISM
Japan's Shimizu Corporation is making plans for the day that there are regular flights into space, not by astronauts, but by
tourists and sightseers. Shimizu's space project office prepared the plan for a $28 billion space hotel with the technical guidance of
Bell & Trotti of the United States. It is not the first proposal of its kind. Since the first days of space exploration, people have
speculated about the possibility of cosmic pleasure trips. In 1967, the founder of the Hilton hotel chain, Barron Hilton, told the
American Astronautical Society that he hoped to see the first orbital Hilton in his lifetime.
In spite of the advances in technology, Japan's National Space Development Agency is doubtful about the future of space
travel. Shimizu, however, is optimistic and is even planning to put a new generation of space planes into operation around the
year 2010 to start commercial space travel and tourism.
Space planes will replace the current generation of spacecraft. Not only will they be able to take off and land like jets, but
they will also have the power to leave the atmosphere altogether. The United States, France¶ Britain, Germany, Japan and the
Soviet Union are all planning hypersonic space planes.
There are common features to the designs of space planes; they wilt use a single booster stage to reach their orbit.
They will be totally re-usable and will be propelled to hypersonic speeds by revolutionary engines that can take in
oxygen from the atmosphere or on-bord supplies. Current generation spacecraft are limited by the vast amount of fuel.
It takes about five tonnes of fuel to put a spacecraft into orbit. But by' using a rocket motor that can take in oxygen
from the atmosphere, the burden of liquid oxygen can be cut down to the amount that is required when the air becomes
too rare
A cost effective and safe aero-spaceplane will mark a major turning 30 point for the space industry and the birth of space-
tourism. Then the first destination for the rich, the fashionable and the adventurous will be the space hotel, a space station in low
earth orbit. As the aero-spaceplane closes in on Tokyo Orbital International, passengers will witness a hotel that looks quite unlike
any on Earth because the need to build it piece by piece - by assembling a series of prefabricated modules - makes it an odd-
shaped structure. Space tourism will not be cheap - estimates of the cost range from tens of thousands to millions of dollars,
depending on the trip, timescale and available technology. For instance, technical consultant David Ashford and Dr. Patrick
Collins of Imperial College estimate that the cost per seat could fall from $4 million in the space shuttle to $10,000 in a 'spacebus'.
David Ashford and Dr. Patrick Collins of Imperial College estimate that the cost per seat could fall from $4 million in the space
shuttle to $ 10,000 in a'spacebus'.
As for whether space-tourism will occur at all, we can draw from the example of air travel. In the past 60 years, the
number of people who crossed the Aflantic has grown from a handful of people to some 25 million. Once the new generation of
space vehicles under development take to the skies, the prospect of commercial space flights within the next 60 years seems
inevitable.
21. parca SPACE TOURISM assembling toplu
sightseer turist prefabricate önceden hazırlamak
Corporation anonim şirket shape şekil vermek.şekil
guidance yol gösterme estimate fikir edinmek
proposal öneri, teklif depending on -e bağlı olarak
speculate düşünmek available Bulunabilir, uygun
cosmic evrensel,kozmik consultant danışman, müşavir
pleasure Zevk space shuttle uzay mekigi
In spite of -e rağmen Drew Çizmek
chain Zincir cross Çapraz geçmek
doubtfu Kuşkulu handful avuç dolusu
optimistic İyimser prospect olasilik, ihtimal
replace değiştirmek, yerine koymak inevitable kaçınılamaz, sakınalamaz
common feature ortak özellik reusable yeniden kullanılır
booster destekçi,güçlendirici destination gidilecek yer; gönderilen yer
usable kullanılır, elverişli fashionable modaya uygun
propel ileriye dogru sürmek, yürütmek
revolutionary devrim kabilinden, inkılâpçı
burden yük. ağırlık
cut down kesip düsürmek
rare nadir

22
 22 ADVERTISING
As a marketing term, 'promotion' is a company's efforts to influence customers to buy. A company may have a fine product or
service to offer and it may be priced correctly, but these won't mean much unless it reaches its target market. Promotion, which
aims to reach the customers in that market and persuade them to buy, includes the elements of giving information and influencing
customer behaviour. In other words, it includes all selling activities. The most important of these activities are personal selling,
sales promotion, public relations and advertising. Most companies combine these activities to communicate with their customers,
but more money is spent on advertising than on other types of promotion.
All of us have been influenced to buy certain products because of some form of advertising. It is universally accepted that
advertising conveys selling messages better than other techniques in certain situations.
As a tool of marketing, advertising generally serves the following purposes: to persuade present customers to increase their
buying, to slow down the flow of present customers away from the product and to increase the flow of customers toward the
advertised product. But the overall purpose of advertising is to influence the level of product sales and, As a result, to increase
the manufacturer's profits.
To determine the effectiveness of advertising, its results should be evaluated. A practical way to measure its effectiveness is
through increased sales volume. Sales for a period of time following~ an advertising campaign can be compared with those for a
previous period.
Advertising can be classified into certain types, depending on its use and purpose. The first type is product advertising, which
is designed to sell a definite and identified product. it usually describes the product's features and good qualities and it may even
emphasize its price. Product advertising is used to sell both consumer and industrial goods, which have different marketing
characteristics. The second type is institutional advertising. This type tries to create a favourable attitude toward the company
offering to sell a product. This type of advertising may not influence immediate sales but it tries to increase the sales in the long-
run. For example, a manufacturer may run an institutional advertisement to tell the public about the company's efforts to reduce
air pollution. Big companies can afford to spend money on institutional advertising. Another type of advertisingis national
advertising, which is used to sell nationally distributed products by using a medium or nationwide circulation. It is generally
associated with advertising by the manufacturer rather than by a retailer or local advertisen The fourth type is local advertising. It
is placed by a local merchant and differs from national advertising by being more specific in terms of price, quality and quantity.
In national advertising, the purpose is to build a general demand for a product that may be sold in many stores. In local
advertising, the stress is on the store where the product is sold. Finally, there is corrective advertising, which takes place to correct
specific false or misleading claims that might have been made in previous advertising. These corrective advertisements are
generally ordered by courts to rectify earlier misleading advertisements.
For an advertising message to reach its audience, some type of carrier must be chosen. In the field of advertising, these
carriers are called 'media'. The success of advertising depends both on the message and the medium selected. The media most
commonly used for advertising purposes are newspapers, magazines, direct mail, radio and television. Television is a very popular
medium because it has the advantage of combining sight, sound, motion and demonstration. And for most viewers, it does all this
in colour, which is a unique combination for advertising. Another advantage of TV is that it appeals to all age groups 1 On the
other hand, its message is short-lived and production costs are high. Expenditures for TV advertising are the second largest after
the newspaper, which is the leading medium.

22. parça ADVERTISING identify tanımak, kimliğini saptamak, belirlemek

promotion terfi, yükseltme describe tanımlamak, tarif etmek
influence etkilemek emphasize üzerinde durmak, vurgulamak
price fiyatlandır favourable uygun
target Amaçlamak, amaç hedef attitude tutum, davranış
aim Hedeflemek .amaç Common Ortak yaygın
include içermek As for E gelince
customer Müşteri Whether Olup olmadığı
behaviour davranış Once Er ermez ( bağlaç iken)”
sales promotion Reklam appeal Hitap etmek müracaat cazibe,
definite Kesin belirli, açik evaluated değerlendir:adj.değerlendirilen
accept kabul etmek Associated Lişkilendirme ortaklık kur:adj.birleşmiş
convey nakletmek, götürmek, taşımak retailer perakende
persuade ikna etmek, inandırmak rectify tashih etmek, düzeltmek
overall bütün,tüm audience dinleyiciler, izleyiciler, seyirciler
sale Satmak atış combining birlestir(mek)
profit Kar demonstration gösteri, gösterme
Determine Karar vermek viewers izleyici
23
 23
WINDS

Like all gases, air constantly moves. Masses of air, warm or cool, wet or dry, move across land and sea and bring about
weather changes. During this process, one air mass replaces another.
When air is heated, it expands. Hot air is less dense than cold air. For this reason, it rises and leaves behind an area of low
pressure. Unlike hot air, cold air has a large density. Instead of rising, it presses heavily on the earth's surface. Therefore, it
produces an area of high pressure. Since gases always try to move from high to low pressure, winds are caused by the flow of cold
air which tries to replace the rising hot air.
Why is there such a difference in the temperature of the air at various places on earth? There are two major global air patterns
on Earth. One is from the poles towards the equator and the other is from the equator towards the poles. On the earth's surface,
the poles are always cold and the equator hot. Cold air comes down from the polar regions. Since the distance from the poles to
the equator is so great, the cold air from the poles warms up on the way. Similarly, the hot equatorial air becomes cooler on its
way to the poles and this is what causes the difference in temperature. These winds do not blow in the north-south direction, but
they are diverted. The rotation of the earth is the cause of this change in direction. These two major global air patterns cover
thousands of kilometres.
Besides these air patterns, there are smaller cycles which cover hundreds of kilometres. These smaller air patterns form
because of smaller changes in temperature. For example, the air above the ground is heated by the ground whereas the air above
the sea is colder. As a result, the cool air moves from the sea to the land, forming a 'sea breeze'. During the night, the land is
cooler than the sea (since water heats up and cools down more slowly) and the breeze blows from the land to the sea. This wind is
called a 'land breeze'.
Winds that blow very powerfully can develop into storms, which can turn into hurricanes. Actually, no one knows why some
of the storms become hurricanes and others do not. A hurricane forms over tropical seas, it moves, and when it reaches the land or
a colder part of the sea, it slowly diminishes, dies out. A hurricane can be 1000 kilometres in diameter. The centre of the hurricane
is called the 'eye'. The speed of the wind in a hurricane can range from 150 kph. (kilometres per hour) to 300 kph. All hurricanes
originate close to the equator. Hurricanes in the Pacific and Indian Oceans are known as 'typhoons’.
Sometimes storms can also develop into tornadoes. These resemble hurricanes but form over land. Tornadoes can occur
anywhere on Earth but are mostly observed over the central United States. A tornado, like a hurricane, is a strong wind spinning
and turning around a core. Unlike a hurricane, it contains a partial vacuum.
The wind speed of a tornado is about 300 kph., but sometimes it can reach 800 kph. Scientists do not know exactly how
tornadoes form. It is thought that when warm moist air meets the cold air from the north, it causes clouds to form and storms to
develop. This brings about an uprush of warm air, which is known as a tornado. When a tornado passes over a house, for
example, the low pressure at the centre causes the air in the house to expand suddenly and, As a result, the building explodes.

23 WINDS
Masse kütle
expand büyütmek; geliştirmek
dense yoğun
rise yükselmek
low pressure alçak basınçlı
replace yerine koymak
warm up isitmak; isinmak
blow in çikip gelmek
direction yön
divert baska yöne çevirmek, saptirmak
rotation dönme, devir
cover kapamak, örtmek
whereas oysa
sea breeze deniz meltemi
powerfully kuvvetlice, kuvvetle, şiddetle
hurricane kasırga
diminish azaltmak, eksiltmek
tornado kasırga
explode patlatmak,

24
24 DYNAMITE
The use of dynamite has become as much an art as a science. Sixty years ago, dynamiters placed explosives around a
building which they wanted to demolish, or destroy When they blew it up, the environment was covered with pieces of bricks and
rocks. This doesn't happen anymore. Today we can control explosions because scientific blasting techniques (new methods of
causing an explosion) have been developed in recent years. Nowadays holes are made in the base of a building and these are filled
with enough dynamite to knock out -destroy - the building's supports and make it fall down. Dynamite has become the most
efficiently controlled source of releasable energy available. Therefore, it is the most often used explosive. More than a billion
pounds of dynamite is exploded by blasting experts annually in the United States, most of it in mines and quarries, i.e. places
where stone for building purposes is taken from the ground. Other increasingly important areas in which this explosive is used are
construction work (roads, bridges, buildings, etc.), gas and oil-well drilling, recovering iron from sunken ships, and fire-fighting.
Controlled explosions are mostly used in areas of dense population. For example, subway construction crews in New York
often use dynamite underground without the people above being aware of it.
In an explosion, the solid particles inside a dynamite stick are immediately transformed into hot expanding gases, which
force and powerfully push aside rocks, steel or anything nearby.
One of the examples of blasting with precision occurred in 1944, when engineers built a 13-mile tunnel through a Colorado
mountain. Starting on opposite sides of the mountain, they met in the middle with great accuracy -- only a one centimeter error at
the point where the two parts of the tunnel joined. Another example is Gutzon Borglum's use of dynamite to form the faces of
Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt in the rocks at Mount Rushmore, in South Dakota.
Many dynamiters claim that precision blasting became an art in July of 1930 at the Saguenay River Power Project, Quebec. A
power station had been built, but to provide water for it, they needed to turn the water from the river into another channel.
Ordinary methods had failed so Sam Russell, a blasting expert was asked for advice. He had a brilliant idea. He built a cement
block weighing 11 ,000 tons. He said that he was going to drop ji into the river and Thus block, or stop, the flowing water Many
people thought he was mad, but Russell calmly put 1,000 pounds of dynamite into holes under the cement blocke When the
dynamite detonated, the block moved into the right place with a roar that could be heard miles away.

24 DYNAMITE
dynamite dinamit
explosive patlayıcı
demolish yıkmak, tahrip etmek
destroy harap etmek, ma
blow darbe, vuruş
brick tuğla
cover kapamak, örtmek
blasting patlama,patlayici
knock out vurup yıkmak, nakavt etmek
annually yıllık olarak
quarry taşocağı
recover Kurtarmak
sunken batmis, batik
fire-fighting yanginla mücadele
aware of -in farkında
precision doğruluk,duyarlık
accuracy doğruluk, dikkat
Error Hata
join birleştir,v.birleştir:n.birleşim yeri
cement çimento bloku
block
fail başaramamak, becerememek
mad deli, çilgin; kaçik
detonate patlamak, patlatmak
roar gümbürdemek; kükremek

25
 25
A LAND OF IMMIGRANTS

The USA is a land of immigrants. Between 1815 and 1914, the world witnessed the greatest peaceful migration in its
history: 35 million people, mostly Europeans, left their homelands to start new lives in America. Why did these people risk
Everything by leaving their homes and families to see what the New World had to offer? How had the Old World
disappointed them?
First, what forced emigrants to make the momentous decision to leave? One major cause of the exodus among European
people was the rise in population which led to 'land hunger'. Another was politicse Nationalism brought about increased
taxation and the growth of armies, and many young men fled eastern Europe to avoid military service. Also, the failure of the
liberal revolutions in Europe caused the departure of hundreds of thousands of refugees.
Physical hunger provided another pressing reason. Between 1845 and 1848, the terrible potato famine in Ireland ended in
the deaths of one million Irish people and the emigration of a further million who wished to escape starvation. Following the
collapse of the economy of southern Italy in the 1 860s, hundreds of thousands decided to start afresh in America.
In short, people chose to leave their homes for social, economic and religious reasons. As a result, by 1890 among a total
population of 63 million, there were about nine million foreign-born Americans.
But what were the attractions? First of all, there was the promise of land which was so scarce in Europe. Next, factories
were calling out for workers, and pay and working conditions were much better than back home. Men were needed to build
the long railroads, and settlers were needed to populate new towns and develop commerce. There was the space for religious
communities to practise their faith in peace and comparative isolation.
This immigration meant that by around the 1850's Americans of non-English origin had started to outnumber those of
English extraction. As we know, there were losers. To start with, there were those immigrants who were brought to the land by
force, the slaves, to be used as a source of cheap labour for the tobacco plantations of the South. Nor should we forget the
equally awful fate of the American Indians. By 1860, there were 27 million free whites, four million slaves and a mere
488,000 free blacks.
Nowadays, the USA is still seen by millions as the Promised Land. Gone are the days when you could buy US citizenship
for one dollar. Yet, even though entry is strictly limited, refugees continue to find freedom and people from poorer countries a
better way of life. As always, it remains a magnet to the ambitious and the energetic who are ready to commit
themselves to the land that gives them a second chance.
lead to -e yol açmak, sebep ol
afresh yeniden, tekrar. loser kaybeden,mağlup
ambitious hırslı magnet
avoid sakınmak, çekinmek, kaçınmak mean ANLAMINA GEL:N.ORTALAMA
call out yardima çagirmak; greve çagirmak migration göç, göçme
cheap labour ucuz emek momentous çok önemli
citizenship vatandaşlık Nationalism milliyet çilik
collapse çökmek, göçmek outnumber sayıca çok ol
commerce ticaret, iş, alım satım peaceful barissever, barisçi, barisçil
commit Üstlenmek yapmak pressing acele, acil, ivedi, ısrarlı
decision karar, hüküm refugee mülteci,
departure hareket, gidis, kalkis religious dindar; dini, dinsel
disappoint hayal kırıklığına uğratmak remain kalmak, durmak
energetic faal, enerjik scarce nadir, seyrek, az bulunur, kit
entry girme, giris; giris settler yerleşen
exodus çıkış slave köle,v.esir
extraction çıkarma,ekstraksiyon starvation Açlık, gıdasızlık
faith inanç, itikat, iman strictly kesinlikle
famine kıtlık, açlık. taxation vergi; mahkeme masrafı.
in short kısaca
labour çalışmak, içci gücü

26
26 TERESINA
From a radio programme.
This week's programme of Facts and Opinions is about Teresina, one of the most rapidly developing cities in the southern
hemisphere. Teresina was a small sleepy city of just over 500,000 people Until the government discovered huge deposits of
bauxite, tin and other mineral reserves in the mountainous regions of the south-east. Within months this discovery had a
tremendous effect on the city and the life of its inhabitants, who were soon having difficulty adapting themselves to the
sophisticated demands of the late twentieth century.
People used to call Teresina the Garden of the South because of its tree-lined avenues and 50 public parks. Anyone visiting
the city today will find it difficult to understand how it earned that name. Nowadays, the city is rapidly becoming a megapolis,
not much different~from~ many other great cities in the Third World. Since the discovenes in the south-east, thousands of people
from all over the country have flooded into the city. The population, according to statistics released last year, has quadrupled in
the last twenty years. Over half of these people live in the shanty towns* on the hills surrounding the city or in the spreading
suburbs, without electricity or a proper sewage system. But there is also incredible wealth in the city. Luxurious apartment
blocks are springing up all over the city, as well as extravagant houses with swimming pools.
Nowhere can the effects of this sudden and rapid change be better seen than in the transformation of the city’s open public
places. Nowadays, only five of the parks and squares survive. In their place eight-lane highways, viaducts, tunnels and complex
intersections have now invaded this formerly tranquil city. And the green forests around the city that once were full of wildlife of
all kinds no longer exist except where a few small clumps of trees remind us of what it used to be like.
Due to the dramatic increase in population, over 700,000 vehicles are on the streets of Teresina today. Accident rates are
terrifying. The World Traffic Organisation (WTO) believes that the city has one of the highest accident records in the world. The
old people of Teresina do not want to think of what has happened to their once beautiful city but prefer to remember the days
when there were plenty of fish in the rivers and streams, plenty. of rice in the fields, and herds of water-buffaloes that grazed
peacefully around.
TERESINA wealth zenginlik, servet, varlık.
hemisphere yarıküre Luxurious lüks
sleepy çok sakin spring up birdenbire meydana gelmek, türemek
bauxite boksit extravagant Aşırı, çok fazla, anormal derecede
tin kalay viaduct viyadük
tremendous heybetli; çok büyük intersection kavşak
inhabitant sakin, oturan invade istila etmek; akin etmek
sophisticate hile ve safsata karistirmak tranquil Sakin durgun
demand istemek, talep etmek formerly eskiden, önceden
avenue cadde, geniş yol wildlife Vahşi hayat
flood su basmak sel gibi akmak except saymamak, hariç tutmak, ayrı tutmak; karşı çıkmak
release Salınma, açığa çıkam, serbest kalma remind hatırlatmak, hatırına getirmek hatırlatma; hatırlatan
quadruple dört kati olmak clump küme, yigin
shanty Kulübe baraka terrifying çok korkunç
hill tepe, bayır, yokuş prefer yeğlemek, tercih etmek
surrounding çevredeki, civardaki plenty of pek çok, bol, yiginla
spread yaymak; sermek; yayılmak buffalo bufalo, manda
suburb varoş, dış mahalle graze otlamak, otlatmak
proper uygun peacefully sükunetle, uysallıkla
sewage system kanalizasyon sistemi
incredible inanılmaz.

27
 27 THE WHALE
Whales belong to a group of mammals called catecea. Unlike fish they are mammals; that is, they are air-breathing, warm-
blooded animals w'hich nourish (feed) their young with milk. Their sizes vary from the small porpoise whale - less than 1.5
metres long - to the largest animal that has ever lived on earth - the blue whale. It can exceed 30 metres in length and 150 tonnes
in weight. If such a whale accidentally swam ashore and were unable to get back to the sea, it would be crushed to death by its
own weight.
The whale looks like a fish but there are important differences in its external structure. Its tail consists of a pair of large, flat,
horizontal paddles, whereas the tail of a fish is vertical. Fish breathe the oxygen dissolved in water through their gills. Gills are
found on both sides of the head and contain blood vessels which pick up oxygen as water passes through them. Unlike fish,
whales have lungs and, for this reason, have to come to the surface to breathe in or release air. Most large whales can stay
underwater for up to 20 minutes. The sperm whale, however, is an exception. It can dive to 3000 metres and stay below for more
than an hour. Unlike fish, whales have blow holes, or nostrils, on top of their large heads. A whale breathes out through this blow
hole. When the breath is released, it condenses in the air making a cloud of moisture or a spout.
The whale's skin is almost hairless, smooth and shiny and it covers a thick layer of fat called 'blubber'. This is up to 30 cm in
thickness and serves to conserve heat and body fluids. The eyes seem very small compared to its huge body. Nevertheless, whales
have very good vision. They have no external ears, yet their hearing is excellent.
There are two main groups of whale: toothed and toothless. The former includes the dolphin, the porpoise, the killer whale
and the sperm whale. Some examples of the latter are the grey, the humpback, the right and the blue whales. Toothed whales
have rows of carved teeth which they use to grasp their food. Some large toothed species, like the killer, feed on other large
mammals such as the porpoise while others- e.g. the sperm whale - eat smaller forms of marine life like octopuses and squids.
The toothless whales, or 'baleen whales', have no functional teeth. Instead, they have brushy plates of whalebone called
'baleen' hanging from the upper jaw. These strain small fishes from the water. In other words, these whales feed on marine animals
that are caught by a filtering process. Their diet consists mainly of "(fill', which can be found in masses in the oceans of the world.
Whales live in oceans throughout the world, they travel in schools, that is, in groups, and often migrate thousands of miles.
The whale has been hunted by man for many centuries mainly for its blubber. This substance is used in cosmetics the
manufacture of margarine and the softening of leather. The waxy substance called 'spermaceti', which is found in the head of a
sperm whale, for instance, is used to make soap. 'Ambergris', another waxy substance found in every whale's intestine, is used in
the manufacture of perfume, where it serves to improve the scent.
The whale has also been hunted for its meat, which is eaten by both humans and animals. In fact, in Japan it has been a major
source of protein for many centuries. The commercial value of the whale has led to a serious decrease in the whale population and
it is unfortunate that in the near future, extinction of some types of whales seems inevitable.
THE WHALE nourish beslemek, gıda vermek
accidentally kazara, istemiyerek; tesadüfen octopus ahtapot,
ashore kıyıda, karaya oturmuş pair of çift
belong to ait olmak, mensup olmak porpoise yunusbalığı
blubber balina yağı squid mürekkepbaligi
carve oymak, hakketmek thickness kalinlik; koyuluk
compare Karşılaştırmak unable Yapamaz olanaksız
condense Yoğunlaştırmak Unlike den farkli; -e benzemeyen, -den fa
crush ezmek. i. 1. ezme vision geniş görüş
dissolve çözmek strain zorlanma, gerinim
ear kulak, mainly başlıca, esasen
exceed geçmek, aşmak throughout the world dünyanin her yerinde
exception istisna, kural dışı migrate göç etmek
external dış hunt avlanmak
gill Solungaç softening Yumuşama.
grasp tutmak, yakalamak leather deri,
hairless tüysüz; kılsız. intestine bagirsak
humpback kambur; kambur kimse; bir çeşit iri extinction Ortadan kaldırma, yok etme
balina
moisture Nem, rutubet, ıslaklık. inevitable kaçınılamaz, sakınalamaz
nostril burun deliği.

28
28 DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN PLANTS
It is generally believed by scientists that millions of years ago plant life originated in the water, and that new forms of plant
life, that could live on land developed gradually. This would not have been possible if an effective transport system had not
evolved inside the plant to distribute food, water, and minerals. Plants use both their leaves and roots to obtain food. The leaves,
for example, capture the energy from the sunlight and hold it for future use in molecules of sugar. This sugar is later transported
to the various other growing parts - the young branches, the growing fruit, the stem, and the roots. The roots, On the other hand,
pick up water and minerals from the soil. The sap, the liquid in a plant, transports them to the leaves and the other growing parts.
Since nutrients often have to be distributed over long distances, an efficient transport system is necessary. One of the best
examples of this transport system can be seen in the giant sequoia tree, in California. This tree sends down to the ends of its roots
sugars that are made in the leaves hundreds of feet up in the air. And the ends of the roots may be a hundred feet away from the
base of the tree. Plants have three systems that make possible the interchange of substances among various parts of the plant body.
These are the food transport system, the water transport system and the air transport system.
The food transport system is the most delicate of the three. It can be easily damaged because it is alive. Wounds, heat and
exposure of the plant to toxic chemicals all damage the system that transports food. If you cut a branch and put it in water, it may
seem alive for many days or even weeks; yet the food transport system stops functioning soon after the branch is cut from the
tree.
The water transport system is much less delicate than the food transport. system. Water transport takes place in long strong
tubes called capillaries. These consist of dead cells. A German scientist once cut down a tree and then placed the base in a tub
containing picric acid. The yellow, poisonous acid moved up to the top of the tree. There it killed the leaves, but the water
transport system itself was not affected by the poison.
When you cut through a tree trunk or branch, you notice two different tissues: the bark and the wood. The food transport
system flows through the bark and the water transport system through the wood. These transport tissues wear out as the tree
grows, so they are continually replaced. Every year new water- transporting tubes appear in new bark. The tissue responsible for
this rejuvenation is a very thin layer of cells. These cells form a tissue called the cambium. Being conveniently located between
the wood and the bark, the cambium can easily receive the water, minerals and food necessary for producing fresh bark and wood
tissue.
The air transport system consists of air spaces between cells. Unlike desert plants, marsh plants have especially well
developed air transport systems. This is mainly because marsh plants live on soft, wet land. So their roots are not exposed to much
oxygen. The leaves of marsh plants can transport oxygen from the stomata, which are small openings on the surface of a leaf,
through the stem to the roots. It is because of these transport systems that a plant can function as the whole organism that it is.

alive sağ, canlı, hayatta interchange değiştirmek

bark kabuk; ağaç kabuğu. layer Katman tabaka
base Temel, Ana, Taban leaf yaprak
cambium katman doku leave yaprak
capture yakalamak, kapmak locate yerini belirlemek
consist den meydana gelmek, - e dayanmak marsh batak, bataklık
continually sürekli, devamlı move up yukarı taşımak
conveniently uygun olarak nutrient besleyici,
cut down azaltmak (tuketim),kisaltmak obtain elde etmek, ele geçirmek
damage zarar vermek originate baslamak; baslatmak
delicate hassas receive Almak kabul etmek
Distribution dağıtım. 2. dağılım. rejuvenation gençleştirme; gençleşme
efficient yüksek verimli replace Yenilemek değiştirmek
evolve gelismek, degismek responsible for -den sorumlu
expose maruz bırakmak sergilemek meydana çikarmak root kök
exposure ortaya çikarma stem gövde
function İşlev tissue doku
functioning faal, işler durumda. trunk Gövde
giant dev. wear out eskimek
gradually yavas yavas, azar azar Wound Yara
hold Tutmak

29
29 U.S. PUBLIC SCHOOLS
There are many people in the U.S. today who are not satisfied with the education that their children are receiving in the public
schools. They are very worried about a number of developments that are taking place there. However, not all of these people are
worried about the same things. In fact, they often do not agree about the problems in public education.
One group of people is concerned about the quality of the education which young people are receiving. According to these
parents, their children are not learning enough in school, and some researchers agree with them. For example, according to
recent studies, the number of high school students who cannot read is increasing not decreasing 1 Also the number of students who
have difficulty with simple mathematics is increasing. Even students who graduate from high school and go to college show a
depressing lack of knowledge. In a geography class at a large university, 40% of the students could not find London on a map,
41% could not find Los Angeles, and almost 9% could not find the city where they were attending college.
There are a number of possible reasons for the increase in the number of students who are not receiving a good basic
education. First, classes are sometimes too large. In some city schools, for example, there are often between forty and fifty
students in a class. Then, there are many teachers who do not know enough about the subjects that they are teaching. The college
programmes which train future teachers are not always good and do not always attract the top students. But the problems are not
always the fault of the teachers or the education system. Often students who do not want to learn behave badly and disturb the
classes. As a result, the students who are really interested in their school subjects cannot learn much in these classes. Finally,
according to some people, television is also to blame for the lack of success of the public schools. Young people often watch six
or more hours of television a day. They do not take time for their homework. They grow to depend on television for
entertainment and information, and, therefore, they cannot see any reason for reading in this modern world. All the entertainment
and information they want comes from television, not from books.
A second group of people is dissatisfied with the public schools for very different reasons. These people usually have very
conservative beliefs about life. They do not like the changes which they see every day in American society, and they disagree with
many of the ideas which their children hear and read about in school. For example, they are against the sex education classes that
some schools give. For them, sex education is not a suitable subject for schools. They also object to schoolbooks that describe the
lives of mothers who work outside the home or of parents who are divorced. They do not like history books which criticize the
U.S. for mistakes made in the past. They are even against dictionaries that define one or two dirty words.
There are, however, many other people who completely disagree with the ideas and actions of these conservatives. "They are
trying to limit our freedom. We must protect our children's right to learn about many different ideas,” these parents say. Thus, in
the U.S. today there is a lot of discussion about very important questions in education. Who will decide school programmes and
books? Does the government have the right to decide? Do the school administrators have the right to decide? Can teachers
decide? Do only parents have the right to decide the things that their children learn in school? Watch television and read news
magazines; you will hear a lot of different answers to these questions.

attend iştirak etmek, katılmak disagree with uyuşmamak, uymamak

behave davranmak dissatisfy memnun etmemek
belief inanç divorce boşamak; boşanmak
blame kabahat suçlamak entertainment eğlence, toplantı
concern ilgili olmak increase artırmak
conservative tutucu, muhafazakâr quality nitelik, kalite
criticize eleştirmek receive almak; kabul etmek
decrease Azaltmak satisfied with -den memnun
define Tanımlamak suitable uygun, münasip
describe tarif etmek, tanımlamak
disagree with Ile uyuşamamak

30
 30
UNTITLED

Companies can increase the money with which they run their business in a number of ways. Besides borrowing money and
buying on credit, they can use some other processes of financing. Two ways of increasing money are described here. First, they
may provide bonds. Bonds are a special kind of promissory note, a written promise to pay back the money owed. They can be in
various currencies, 9r forms of money used in different countries, such as the pound in England or the mark in Germany. These
bonds can easily be resold to other people or to other countries. The company that uses bonds guarantees to pay a particular
amount of money as interest regularly for a certain period of time. This continues Until the time when the company has to pay
back the money owed. Payments of interest must be made on time; it doesn't matter whether the company is making earnings or
losing money. Another process companies may use is to provide other forms of promissory notes called stocks. Bonds and stocks
are opposite methods of providing money for a company. The people who buy stocks provide capital which is invested in the
business. They have a share in the profits and in making decisions, '?ut they must also share the losses. The people who own
stocks receive dividends, that is, periodic payments of the earnings of a company. On the other hand, according to the law, the
people who own bonds have no control over the decisions of the company.

bond bağ irtibat earn kazanma

borrow ödunç almak, borç almak; guarantee garanti etmek
certain Belirli kesin Payment ödeme
currency para birimi promissory bono
note
dividend kar hissesi run Çalıştırmak; geçirmek; yürütmek

31
31 DISASTER AT SEA
Along the coast of the United States, the U.S. Coast Guard helps ships that get into difficulty at sea. The Coast Guard, like the
Navy, is controlled by the U.S. government. It receives the money that ji needs from the government; therefore, its ships, planes,
and helicopters are very modern.
In Great Britain the system is very different. There are a small number of men, called lifeboatmen, who go out to help ships in
trouble. These brave men often risk their lives, but they receive no money for their work. They live in small towns on the coast,
and most have other jobs. The special lifeboats that they need are provided by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (R.N.L.I.), a
private group which depends completely on money from private people. The R.N.L.I. does not accept any money from the
government. As a result, it cannot always buy the best and most modern lifeboats. For example, ten years ago, British
researchers began to criticize the lifeboats which were in use at that time. According to their studies, the lifeboats never sank, but
they turned over in certain sea conditions and stayed upside down in the water. However, there was a new kind of lifeboat that did
not turn oven The R.N.L.I. began to buy this safer kind of boat, but it could only buy one every year.
Some years ago, on the southwestern coast of England, a lifeboat station that did not have the new type of lifeboat received a
radio call from a small ship that was sinking. The call came in the middle of the worst storm in forty years. The sea was very
rough, but the lifeboat went out to try to save the men on the sinking ship. Two hours later, the radio of the lifeboat stopped, and
nothing more was heard from them. One day later a helicopter found the lifeboat. It was lying upside down in the sea. Probably a
large wave hit it and turned it oven Everyone in the lifeboat had died. No one had survived.
The news of the disaster shocked the people of Great Britain. A number of people began to criticize the lifeboat system. In
their opinion, the U.S. system is better. "We cannot send brave men out in boats which aren’t safe," they said. "They need the best
boats which money can buy. The government must control the lifeboat system." Today, however, the system remains the same.

accept kabul etmek

at that time o zamanda
brave cesur
Coast Guard sahil koruma.
criticize eleştirmek, tenkit etmek; yermek
disaster olağanüstü durum
disaster olağanüstü durum
go out disari çikmak
lifeboat cankurtaran sandalı.
receive almak; kabul etmek; haber almak
remain kalmak, durmak
rough Pürüzlü dalgali;
sink batmak
trouble zahmet, sıkıntı,
turn over dönmek
upside down Baş aşağı
wave dalga

32
32 HOW TO USE THE READER'S GUIDE

The Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature is a subject and author list of many (but not all) magazine articles published in the
U.S. This list, called an index, is sent to U.S. libraries every two weeks so that interested people can find out quickly what current
information is available. For university or college students who must frequently do research, this list of subjects written about in
magazines of general interest can be valuable. Learning to use The Reader's Guide is, therefore, important to all university
students in the U.S.
The content of The Reader's Guide consists of subject and author entries to periodicals; that is, magazines published
regularly. This information is listed alphabetically. After the subject or author's name, information is given which tells the student
where to find the magazine article. For example, if you want to look up the subject 'Education', you should look up the letter 'E'
and then find the word 'Education'. If you want to look up an author whose last name is 'Rodriquez', you should look up the letter
'R' and then find the word 'Rodriquez'. Under the subject or the author listing, you will find articles listed, in alphabetical order,
about that subject or by that author. Each article is listed by the first word in the title of the article except for the words 'a', 'an', and
'the'; these initial words are not considered in the alphabetizing of articles.
The Reader's Guide also has two kinds of cross-references; that is, information about other places to look in The Reader's
Guide for more articles about a subject. After a heading, you might find the word 'see’ which is followed by other subject
headings also found in the index. For example, 'Higher Education' isn't a subject heading in The Reader's Guide; if you look up
'Higher Education' you will find: "see Universities and Colleges". Then you will look under 'U' for universities. The other kind of
cross-reference is 'see also'. For instance, if you look for 'Education', The Reader's Guide will list articles about education, but it
also says: "see also: Adult Education, Elementary Education, Special Education". If you are interested in any of those headings,
you can look them up in The Reader's Guide.

available kullanılabilir, yararlanılır

consider göz önünde tutmak; üzerinde düşünmek
cross çapraz
current simdiki, bugünkü
elementary basit, sade, öz; ilk
entry giriş
except for hariç, olmasaydı, dışında, -den başka
find out çözmek, kesfetmek, anlamak, ögrenmek
frequently sik sik
Guide Kılavuz
in alphabetical order alfabetik olarak dizilmiş
initial başlangıç
look up yukarıya bakmak. -i aramak
ziyaret etmek, -i yoklamak düzelmek.
Periodical süreli yayın
publish yayınlamak
title başlık

33
 33 PALEOGEOGRAPHY
To answer questions about the ancient geography of the earth~ in order to make comparisons with the present day geography,
it Is necessary to make maps of the lands and seas that existed during past ages. This process of reconstructing ancient geography
is called paleogeography (from the Greek word palaious, meaning ancient).
Like a modern day detective, the geologist must search for clues about the nature of the ancient geography among the rocks.
The clues are of two main kinds: the types of fossils preserved in rocks and the properties of the rocks themselves. By studying
these clues, the geologist gains direct knowledge about the distribution of the lands and seas and also the natural environment of
the area, such as climate, the temperature and salinity, i.e. the salt content, of the water, and the downhill direction of slopes on
the earth's surface. The last item~ is very important in helping the geologist to guess where the mountains and basins were located
in the geologic past.snıad
The distribution of fossils (skeletons, shells, leaf impressions, footprints, and dinosaur eggs) in rocks can provide information
about the ancient distribution of lands and seas. For example, the remains ?f corals and clamshells (sea animals) in very old
limestone deposits indicate that the area was once part of a shallow sea. Similarly, when the remains of ancient animals, such as
horses and camels, are found, it can be assumed that the area was dryland or that land was nearby.
Fossils can also show the depth and temperature of ancient waters. For example, certain kinds of shelled sea animals live in
shallow water, others in deep water. Certain kinds of present day coral need warm and shallow tropical salt waters to be able to
live. When similar types of coral are found in ancient limestone, it can be surmised that the area at one time had a warm, tropical
climate.
The properties of rocks are also important clues about the ancient past and are used as guides to reconstruct paleogeography.
In 1863, the famous naturalist, Louis Agassiz, helped to solve a mystery about the origin of certain kinds of rocks containing a
mixture of sand, silt and clay. Some experts thought 'the rocks originated during the Biblical flood, but others suggested that they
were caused by sediment, i.e., anything left behind from melting icebergs.
After a summer in the Swiss Alps studying glaciers and glacial deposits, Agassiz discovered that the rocks found, for
example, in much of Europe had been spread by large continental glaciers.
Much of what Agassiz saw could be explained only by glacial action. Because a glacier is a solid mass of ice, it moves slowly,
and as it moves, it picks up all sizes of debris; in other words, the scattered remains of broken particles, ranging from huge rocks
to silt and clay. As the ice melts, all the debris is left behind in the form of a layer or material of many kinds.
Using these two important clues - fossils and rocks - plus other information, geologists are able to reconstruct ancient
geography0 to make comparisons with the earth’s present geography. By comparing these, geologists know that. the appearance of
the earth's continents has been constantly changing over the centuries. And this changing of the earth's surface is still going on
today, but it is so gradual that people are aware of the change only occasionally. Earthquakes and the formation of new volcanoes
are two spectacular actions used by nature to change the face of continents.
Truly, we live in a changing world.

assume Varsaymak originate icat etmek, meydana getirmek

basin havza. paleo (önek) eski zaman.
clay kil, balçık pick up devam etmek,yeniden baslamak.
2. iyilesmek,kiymetlenmek
clue ipucu plus ilavesiyle
comparison karşılaştırma preserve korumak; saklamak
coral mercan rang . kuşatmak, çember içine almak
debris yıkıntı, enkaz birikmiş parçalar reconstruct tekrar inşa etmek
direction Yön reconstruct bulgulardan sonuç çikarmak
distribution Dağılma, dağılış, dağılım reconstruct tekrar inşa etmek, yeniden yapmak
bulgulardan sonuç çikarmak
downhill yokuş aşağı, aşağıya; remain kalmak, durmak
go on devam etmek. salinity tuzluluk
olmak,meydana gelmek
gradual derece derece olan, yavaş yavaş olan, scatter dağıtmak, saçmak; yaymak
yavaş.
guess tahmin etmek; keşfetmek shallow derin olmayan
guide Kılavuz shelled kabuklu
iceberg buzdağı silt suyun getirip biriktirdiği kum veya çamur
indicate Göstermek slope bayır, eğim.
limestone limestone spectacular görülmeye değer, harikulade
naturalist doga bilimleri uzmani surmise sanmak, zannetmek
34
occasionally arada sirada, ara sira, bazen Truly hakikaten, gerçekten

35
 34
A CASE FOR SAFETY

During the late 1970's about 1,500 pedestrians, most of whom were teenagers, were killed or badly injured on the roads in
Britain. By the 1980's, the figure had doubled.
There was a debate about the relentless rise in these figures at the European Road Safety Year Conference in London, where
various people expressed their opinions on the topic:
Frank West, Chairman of the Pedestrians' Association:

This killing of pedestrians, especially children, is a national disaster but it is obscured by the decline in road casualties as a
whole. Among reasons for that general decline are stronger cars, the wearing of seat belts and less walking. The result is that
people think the roads are safer, Although for pedestrians they are becoming more and more dangerous. We know from the work
of Professor Ian Howarth at the University of Nottingham that most casualties occur in residential areas hardly because children
ignore drivers, but it is just the other way round. We need to narrow the roads and use policemen to slow down cars. We also want
to see better policing and improved driver training as well. In Norway, you get a driving licence only after passing two tests. You
receive a temporary licence after the first but it is made permanent only after passing another test, a year later. Something similar
should be introduced for new drivers in Britain.
Reducing casualties among the ten- fourteen-year-olds presents special difficulties. Such children are beginning to explore on
their own and tend to give up the basic rules for crossing roads taught at school. They begin to cross the roads by copying adults,
learning the dangerous and difficult trick of choosing a gap in the traffic, and marching right into the road. Whatever the case is,
children can be excused but not adults. We do not want to see another 3,000 pedestrians, especially young boys and girls, killed or
hurt in the 1990's.

David Smith,
The Department of Transport, Head of Road Safety:
We are aware that the decline in casualties among motorists seems likely to leave pedestrians the largest single road-user
casualty group in the 1990's. Therefore, any required action for reducing casualties to the minimum will be taken.
Peter Bottomley, Minister for Roads:
We advise town planners and road safety engineers to switch their attention from vehicles to people. A third of all journeys are
made entirely on foot. Most other journeys involve walking to some degree. That must make pedestrians the most important class
of road userse Too often planners and road safety engineers seem to forget that.

advise tavsiye etmek ignore yoksaymak

as well de, da introduce tanistirmak, tanitmak
attention Uyarı, Dikkat involve gerektirmek, istemek
aware farkinda, haberdar just after -den sonra
case durum, vaziyet just before -den önce
casualty kazaya uğrayan kimse motorist otomobil sürücüsü, soför
decline meyil, pedestrian yaya
double ikiye katlamak permanent kalıcı
entirely tamamen. receive almak; kabul etmek
excuse affetmek,mazur reduce azaltmak, indirmek
görmek, göz yummak
explore arastirmak keşfetmek residential Ikamet edilen
dikkatle incelemek.
figure biçim, sekil, slow down hızını eksiltmek
gap aralık bosluk temporary Geçici
give up vazgeçmek, birakmak tend to E istekli olmak
hardly hemen hemen hiç the other way round tam aksi, tam tersine
trick hile, oyun,
Whatever bütünü, hepsi her ne

36
 35 CHANGES IN WORLD CLIMATE
Although the weathermen’s forecasts for a month ahead are only a little better than guesswork, they are now making long-
term forecasts into the next century with growing confidence. For the dominant trend in the world's climate in the coming decades
will, scientists say, be a predictable result of man's activities.
At the start of the industrial revolution nearly two centuries ago, man innocently set off a gigantic experiment in planetary
engineering. Unaware of what he was doing, he spared no thought for the consequences. Today, the possible outcome is
alarmingly clear, but the experiment is unstoppable. Within the lifetimes of many of us, the earth may become warmer than it has
been for a thousand years. By the middle of the next century, it may be warmer than it has been since before the last Ice Age. And
the century after that may be hotter than any in the past 70 million years.
Superficially, a warmer climate may seem welcome. But it could bring many hazards - disruption of crops in the world's main
food-producing regions, famine, economic instability, civil unrest and even war.
In the much longer term, melting of the great ice-caps of Greenland and Antartica could raise sea-levels throughout the world.
The average sea-level has already risen a foot since the turn of the century, and if the ice-caps disappear entirely, it would rise by
nearly 200 feet. Complete melting might take many centuries, but even a small increase in sea-level would threaten low-lying
parts of the world such as the Netherlands.
The man-made agent of climatic change is the carbon dioxide that has been pouring out of the world's chimneys in ever-
increasing quantities since the industrial revolution began. And in the past few years, scientists have begun to suspect that there is
a second man-made source of carbon dioxide which may be as important as the burning of fossil fuels, namely the steady
destruction of the world's great forests. Trees and other vegetation represent a huge stock of carbon removed from circulation like
money in a bank. As the vast tropical forests are cut down, most of the carbon they contain finds its way back into the atmosphere
as carbon dioxide.
The amount of C02 (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere is still tiny. But it has climatic effects out of all proportion to its
concentration. It acts rather like the glass in a greenhouse, letting through short-wave radiation from the sun, but trapping the
longer-wave radiation by which the earth loses heat to outer space.
Computer studies have suggested that if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere were to be twice that of
today's, there would be a rise of between 20C and 30C in average temperature.
activity hareket, faaliyet proportion oran
ahead önde, önden, ileri dogru, ileriye; radiation Işıma radyasyon
önde,
ilerde; gelecekte, ileride, ileriki
alarmingly korkunç derecede raise yükseltmek(
chimney baca removed from den uzak, -den farkli, ile ilgisiz
clear Açık temiz temizlemek represent gösterimlemek, temsil etmek
climatic change iklim degisimi rise yukarı çıkmak, yükselmek
cut down kesip düsürmek, devirmek; set off yola çıkmak.
azaltmak
dominant baskın short-wave kisa dalga
economic instability ekonomik istikrarsizlik since before
foot ayak source kaynak
forecasts tahminler steady kararlı, dengeli
gigantic devasa, kocaman Superficially görünüşte
guesswork tahmine dayanan sonuç suspect şüphelenmek, kuşkulanmak
hazard tehlike, threaten tehdit etmek,
icecap buzul. trap yakalamak
innocently masumca, saflıkla trend eğilim.
lifetime yaşam süresi, ömür Unaware of -den habersiz
low-lying deniz seviyesinden yüksek unrest huzursuzluk, kargaşa; rahatsızlık
olmayan
outcome sonuç. vast Geniş, büyük
pour akıtmak, boşaltmak vegetation bitkiler, yeşillik

37
 36
VENOM THERAPY

The stings of bees, wasps, hornets and yellow jackets can have life-threatening, sometimes fatal, results in minutes - even in
persons who have been stung previously without suffering more than pain, redness, and swelling. Fatal reactions probably are
more common than once thought. It was discovered, for example, that some deaths caused by heart attacks at tennis courts, golf
courses, or pools were in fact the result of insect stings.
Fortunately, people who have experienced bad reactions need no longer restrict their outdoor activities and live in fear of
'next time'. A reliable immunization treatment has been developed; it consists of increasing a person's tolerance with a series of
injections of increasingly greater amounts of the venom - i.e. the poison produced by an insect - to which an individual is
sensitive. In just two or three hours, a patient receives three injections of venom into his arm. While the third might contain 100
times the quantity of the first, ft still would be less than the amount in a single sting. Approximately once a week for six weeks the
patient receives additional injections, building up to the equivalent of two stings. This maintenance dose is then given monthly.
Venom therapy will cost about $200 to $300 per patient per year, for the venom itself, plus fees for physicians' services and
for laboratory work. Venom therapy currently is considered appropriate only for people who have experienced generalized body
reaction affecting the skin, respiratory or vascular systems. Others who do not show any sign of reaction should avoi d this
therapy.
Approximatel yaklasik olarak, asagi yukari previously önceden
y
avoid sakınmak, çekinmek receive almak; kabul etmek
bee arı, redness kizariklik
by heart ezbere. reliable güvenilir
dose doz respiratory solunum
equivalent eşdeğer restrict Sınırlamak
fear korkmak sting sokmak
generalize genelleştirmek. yaymak swelling şişme, şişlik.
hornet eşekarısı therapy Tedavi, terapi.
immunization bagisik threaten tehdit etmek
individual tek, yalnlz, ayrı tolerance dayanma, dayaniklilik
injection akıtma enjekte etmek treatment Tedavi.
insect böcek, haşere vascular damar
maintenance kontrollu (denetimli) bakım venom yılan veya akrep zehiri
monthly ayda bir
outdoor dışarıda yapılan.
pain Ağrı, acı
patient Hasta.

38
 37
ANTISEPTICS

An antiseptic is a substance which destroys bacteria or keeps them from increasing. Today, many types of antiseptics such as
alcohol, iodine, iodoform and formalin are manufactured and used quite commonly. In addition to these manufactured
antiseptics, the body itself has certain ways in which it defends itself against bacteria or germs. Tears, sweat, saliva (the fluid in
the mouth) and blood contain substances which resist common infections. The greatest of nature's antiseptics are the white
corpuscles in the blood, which are called phagocytes. These have the important quality of being able to consume harmful bacteria
that enter the blood stream or infect a part of the body. When such bacteria are present in the body, the phagocytes rush to the
infected spot and devour the invaders. The phagocytes are usually strong enough to destroy the bacteria unless the latter
increases in number too quickly.
In the same way that bacteria attack human beings and cause infections, so they attack meat and vegetables and other food,
making them go bad. Bacteria need favourable conditions to grow. These include moisture, and a fairly warm atmosphere. Thus,
meat which has to be kept for a long time is frozen, and this makes it too cold for bacteria to grow Until it is thawed out again.
against karşı, increase artırmak
antiseptic antiseptik. antiseptically infect Bulaştırma geçirmek
blood kan infected virüslü
consume tüketmek, istihlâk etmek latter sonraki, son; ikincisi
corpuscle hücre moisture Nem, rutubet, ıslaklık
defend savunmak müdafaa etmek phagocyte fagosit
destroy yıkmak, yok etmek quite oldukça
devour hırsla yemek, yutmak resist karşı durmak, mukavemet etmek
fairly dürüst bir biçimde, hakça, yansizca rush koşmak, hızla yürümek
favourable olumlu, lehte; uygun, elverisli saliva salya, tükürük
freeze Dondurmak, Donmak stream akım akarsu, dere
germ Mikrop substance madde, cisim
harmful zararlı, fena sweat ter
Tear Gözyaşı.
thaw erimek, buzları çözülmek

39
 38 HOW TO BE A HAPPIER MOTHER
All research agrees on loving care as an essential ingredient in healthy child development. But there is increasing doubt that
the 24-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week mother is the best way to provide ft. Two recent studies have come up with the same result:
40 per cent of the mothers who stay at home with children under five are depressed. Doctor Michael Rutter and Doctor Steward
Prince, among others. have shown that depressed mothers produce depressed, neurotic and backward children. There are many
other mothers who, without being depressed, are exhausted and, therefore, oppressed by the unending repetitive task of caring for
a baby, or by the constant demands of a young child, and so get less pleasure from their children than they might. A full-time
mother at home is very likely to feel imprisoned and depressed. A depressed mother can be psychologically very damaging to her
child because ~ will certainly not be able to give proper attention to ft. There is good evidence that withdrawal of attention is
more harmful to children than physical absence. Therefore, a husband with common sense will certainly agree to make
arrangements so that the mother can take some time off to pursue her own interests 1 jk may choose to stay at home and take over
the responsibility or a baby sitter may be employed. Any arrangement will do the mother good as long as ft is regular and doesn't
involve renegotiation every time. For instance, once a week, a completely free day and evening during which the mother is
relieved of all responsibility is optimal. She can visit friends, go to a museum, or spend all morning buying a pair of shoes and she
needn't come back Until she feels like it. The only rule is that she must go out, not stay at home doing housework. It is actually
best of all if arrangements are made so that parents can regularly spend a night out together.

absence yokluk go out 1. modasi gecmek.

2. gondermek,dagitmak,ilan etmek.
3.goc etmek.
arrangement hazirlik; düzen imprison hapsetmek.
as long as mek kosuluyla, sürece ingredient bilesen, karisimi olusturan madde
-dikçe, yet er ki; mademki, -ken
baby sitter çocuk bakicisi involve gerektirmek, istemek içermek
backward çekingen, neurotic sinir hastalığı olan
care endişe; mera oppress sıkmak, sıkıştırmak
come up with düsünmek, üretmek, bulmak proper uygun
common sense sagduyu provide saglamak, vermek
depress üzmek, kasvet vermek, canını relieve gönlünü ferahlatmak.
sıkmak kurtarmak. 3. nöbetini devralmak
doubt şüphe, tereddüt repetitive tekrarlamali, yinelemeli
employ is vermek, çalistirmak kullanmak, task görev
essential temelli, köklü unending bitmeyen; zamansız.
evidence delil, tanıklık withdrawal geri çekme/alma; geri çekilme
exhaust egzoz, egzoz dumanı
1. tüketmek, bitirmek

40
 39
TELESCOPE SITES

Today, telescopes are built at remote sites chosen for the quality of their observing conditions. Such sites are preferred
because the sky is dark. Near big cities, the light from the cities causes light pollution, which interferes with the observation of the
sky. Higher altitudes are more suitable, since there the humidity is very low and the atmosphere is quite calm.

remote uzak, uzaktan

site yer, konum, mevki, mahal
observe gözlemlemek
prefer tercih etmek
light Işık
interfere karışmak, müdahale etmek
altitude yükseklik, yükselti, irtifa.
suitable uygun, münasip
humidity Rutubet, nem.
calm sakin, durgun
quite oldukça, hayli

41
40 FOOD FOR THE STARVING
The number of people who die As a result of starvation is increasing every day. People don't always die just because they
don't eat; they die because they are so weakened from lack of food that they get ill very easily. Very few people die of measles in
Great Britain. Measles is just a childhood disease that most of us experience and shake off in a week or two. For those whose
bodies are weakened by starvation, however, measles is a killer. And so are hundreds of other diseases. Last year about
30,000,000 people died of such minor diseases. That's the equivalent of the majority of the population of Great Britain. There can
be no doubt that if those people had gotten proper food, many of them would still be alive today.
Firms in this country are currently spending millions of pounds manufacturing meat. Not meat from cows but completely
synthetic, artificial meat. They are making it out of a certain kind of fungus and from other vegetable matter. By adding flavour
and other constituents, this 'meat' is said to be indistinguishable from the meat taken from animals. It has the same protein and
other beneficial elements that a pound of steak or chicken contains and we are assured that within a few years we will be eating it
as readily as we now eat lamb or beef.
A large number of us will be extremely hesitant about this synthetic foodstuff and therefore, the firms involved will have to
spend many more millions on persuading us, through advertising, that we really need the new food. So, by the time the first
vegetable sausage sizzles in our frying pans, millions of pounds will have been spent on the research, manufacture and selling of
the new product.
If it is true that such meat can be produced, if it is true that it really is as good as the real thign, and if it is going to be cheap,
these products should not be directed at those who already have enough food but at those who have none. Let the major firms
forget about spending millions trying to persuade us to eat it and use their marvellous new invention to feed the vast mass of the
world's population who have never even seen meat. Half a loaf of bread is better than none; synthetic meat is better than an
occasional handful of rice.
Every year the major agricultural countries of the world produce too much of certain products - the quantity is beyond what is
needed or consumed. Milk, vegetables and the like go off quickly as they cannot be efficiently stored. Modern food technology
has presented us with the ability to freeze and to dehydrate (or freeze-dry) food. Could we riot be sensible and make use of this
surplus of products by processing them to give them longer life and flying them out to where they are needed?
Those countries which sometimes have too much should make their surplus available in some form to those which have too
littlea Don't tell me that it would cost too much money. If a tenth of what is spent on advertising, packaging, and
distributing food is creamed off and spent on processing it for the starving, we would save a great many lives.
vast Geniş, büyük hesitant kararsiz, ikircikli
agricultural tarimsal, zirai indistinguishable ayırt edilmesi olanaksız, seçilemez
artificial Yapay just because çünkü
assure güven vermek, temin etmek lamb kuzu; kuzu eti;
available kullanılabilir, yararlanılır loaf ekmek somunu
beef sığır eti make use of -i kullanmak, -den yararlanmak
beneficial yararli, faydali marvellous harika, müthis
beyond ötede, öteye, ötesine, ötesinde matter madde,
childhood çocukluk devresi measles kızamık
constituent bilesen minor Küçük, Önemsiz
consume tüketmek, yoğaltmak, istihlak no doubt hiç kuşkusuz, hiç şüphesiz,
etmek. 2. yakıp yok etmek
cow inek occasional ara sıra meydana gelen.
direct Doğrudan doğruya yapılan, persuade ikna etmek, inandırmak
dolaysız, aracısız, direkt
equivalent eşdeğer pound ağır darbe, vuruş, hamle
equivalent eşdeğer riot gürültü, patırtı
experience deneyim, tecrübe sausage sausage
flavour tat, lezzet shake off den kurtulmak,
kaçmak, basindan atmak,
foodstuff yiyecek, gida maddesi sizzle cızırdamak; sıcaktan bunalmak
fry tavada kızartmak veya kızarmak spend harcamak, sarfetmek; bol bol
vermek
fungus mantar steak külbastı, biftek, kontrfile.
go off 1.patlamak. store saklamak, depolamak
2.(yiyecekler)bozulmak.
3. gerilemek,kotulesmek.

42
 41 KEYS TO QUICKER LEARNING
At a dinner party two men were discussing The Right Stuff, a book about the Mercury space programme. While Ted went on
and on about the technical details he had picked up from the book, Dan offered only a few comments. "Ted got so much more out
of the reading than I did," Dan later said "Is he more intelligent than I am?"
The two men had similar educational backgrounds and intelligence levels. It was later discovered that Ted just knew how to
learn better than Dan did. Ted had made his brain more absorbent by using a few simple skills.
For years, experts had believed that an individual's ability to learn was a fixed capacity. During the last two decades,
however, leading psychologists and educators have come to think otherwise. "We have increasing proof that human intelligence is
expandable," says Jack Lochhead, director of the Cognitive Development Project at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst.
"We know that with proper skills people can actually improve their learning ability."
Moreover, these skills are basic enough so that almost anyone can master them with practice. Here, gathered from the ideas of
experts across the country, are several proven ways to boost your learning ability
1. Look at the big picture first. When reading new, unfamiliar material, scan it first. Skim subheads, photocaptions and any
available summaries. This previewing will help anchor in your mind what you then read.
2. Practise memory-enhancing techniques These techniques, also called mnemonics, transform new information into more
easily remembered formulations. For instance, to a student who cannot spell the word arithmetic a teacher can teach a sentence
that remains locked in mind for years: "A rat in Tom's house may eat Tom 1s ice cream." The first letters of each word spell
arithmetic. Although mnemonics were once dismissed by researchers, they are now considered an effective means of boosting
memory - doubling or even tripling the amount of new material that test subjects can retain.
3. Organisefact into categories~ In studies at Stanford University, students were asked to memorize 112 words. These
included names of animals, items of clothing, types of transportation, and occupations. For one group, the words were divided
into these four categories. For a second group, the words were listed at random. Those who studied the material in organised
categories consistently outperformed the others, recalling two to three times more words. For example, to remember the names of
all former U.S. presidents in proper order, cluster the leaders into groups - those before the War of 1812, those from 1812 Until
the Civil War, those from the Civil War to World War I, and those after World War I. By Thus organising complex material into
logical categories, you create a permanent storage technique.
4. Discover your own learning style. What's your style? Try some self-analysis. What, for example, is your approach to
putting together an unassembled item? Do you concentrate better in the morning or in the evening? In a noisy
environment or a quiet one? In a library or in your own room? Make a list of all the pluses and minuses you can
identify. Then use this list to create the learning environment best for you. Whichever style works for you, the good
news is that you can expand your learning capacity. And this can make your life fuller and more productive.
anchor çapa, lenger bağlantı, sabitleyici Moreover bundan başka, bundan fazla, üstelik.
at random rastgele,tesadufen occupation iş, meşguliYet, meslek
available kullanılabilir, yararlanılır order düzenlemek, sıralamak emir vermek, emretmek
boost artirmak, yükseltmek organize Düzenlemek
caption başlık, manşet otherwise yoksa, olmazsa, aksi takdirde. başka türlü
cluster küme outperformed
concentrate yığmak; toplanmak. yoğunlaştırmak; permanent storage kalici bellek
consistently sürekli olarak, durmadan plus artı, fazla, ilave
dismissed Kovulmak atilmak preview önizleme
divide bölmek, taksim etmek, ikiye ayırmak productive üretken verimli,
doubling iki katina çikarma; katlama, bükme proof ispat, delil, kanıt, tanıt
educator eğitimci proper münasip, uygun;
enhance Artırmak yükseltmek. geliştir prove ispatla(mak) kanitlamak
expand büyütmek; geliştir rat iri fare, sıçan
expand büyütmek; geliştirmek remain kalmak, durmak
gather toplamak, bir araya getirmek retain tutmak, yitirmemek, sahip olmak
identify teşhis etmek ispat etme Skim gözden geçirmek
lock in hapsetmek, kapatmak kenetlenme spell hecelemek,

logical mantıki, mantıka subhead bölüm başlığı altbaşlık; sürmanşet

master enmek, galip gelmek, hakkından gelmek; summary özlü, kısa, acele
iyice öğrenmek; idare etmek, hakim olmak
memorize ezberlemek transform biçimini değiştirmek, dönüştürmek
mind 1. Akıl, dimağ; 2. Hafıza kuvveti; tripling Üç iki katina çikarma
3. Zeka; 4. Bilinç.
minus eksi; eksik, noksan unassemble Toplamayamamak birleştirememek
mnemonic Anımsatıcı unfamiliar .alışılmamış, mutat olmayan

43
42THE DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
In the mid-1800’s scientists wanted to know whether the atom was really indivisible. They also wanted to know why atoms of
different elements had different properties.
A major breakthrough came with the invention of the Crookes tube, or cathode-ray tube. What is a cathode-ray tube and how
does it work?
Everybody knows that some substances conduct electric current; that is, they are conductors, while other substances do not.
But with enough electrical power, a current can be driven through any substance - solid, liquid, or gas. In the cat/rode -ray tube, a
high voltage electric current is driven through a vacuum. The tube contains two pieces of metal, called electrodes. Each electrode
is attached by a wire to the source of an electric current. The source has two terminals, positive and negative. The electrode
attached to the positive electric terminal is called the anode; the electrode attached to the negative terminal is called the cathode.
Crookes showed that when the current was turned on, a beam moved from the cathode to the anode; in other words, the beam
moved from the negative to the positive terminal. Therefore, the beam had to be negative in nature.
The German physicists in Crookes’s time favoured the wave theory of cathode rays because the beam travelled in straight
lines, like water waves. But the English physicists favoured the particle theory. They said that the beam was composed of tiny
particles which moved very quickly - so quickly that they were hardly influenced by gravity. That was why the particles moved in
a straight path. Notice how an experimental observation led to two different theories.
Crookes proposed a method to solve the dilemma. If the beam was composed of negative particles, a magnet would deflect
them. But if the beam was a wave, a magnet would cause almost no change in direction. Particles would also be more easily
deflected by an electric field. In 1897, the English physicist J .J. Thomson used both these techniques - magnetic and electric - to
show that the rays were composed of particles. Today we call these particles electrons. (The term electron was suggested by the
Irish physicist George Stoney, in 1891, to represent the fundamental unit of electricity.) In 1911, a young American physicist
named Robert Millikan determined the mass of the electron: 9.11 x 10 -28 grams. (To get an idea of how small this is, notice that
minus sign up there in the exponent, and think of all the zeros we would have to put before the 9 if we wrote the entire number as
a decimal.) Next, someone had to prove that the electrons weren't coming from the electricity, but were being given off by the
metal electrodes. Proof that metals do give off electrons came from the laboratories of Philipp Lenard, a German physicist. In
1902, he showed that ultraviolet light directed onto a metal makes it send out, or emit, electrons. This effect, known as the
photoelectric effect, indicated that atoms contain electrons.

44
43 INFLATION
Inflation has attracted more public interest than any other aspect of economics, for the simple reason that Everyone finds
himself immediately affected by it. The common belief is that inflation is necessarily a negative occurrence but there are various
reasons why this might not be the case. Let us consider some of the arguments.
Simply described, inflation is the situation where increased wage demands result in higher prices of consumer goods, which
causes further increased wage demands. This is called an inflation spiral. The following example will make this point clean The
workers in the car industry demand and receive a wage increase. This causes producers to increase the market price of cars in
order to make a profit. People see that they cannot so easily afford to buy cars and, As a result, they ask for higher wages in order
to maintain the same standard of living as before. These new wage increases result in rising prices for goods and services in all
sectors of the economy. Car industry workers now face higher prices so they demand higher wages. A side effect of this spiral is
that workers in other industries may ask for similar increases before any price rises occur, simply because they feel that they, too,
should have more money.
The general effects of inflation can be discussed according to whether they are largely positive or largely negative. The
positive effects will be considered first and may be divided into two main groups: effects on prices and wages and effects on
loans. The consumer discovers he has to pay more for goods and services Although he can find himself better off than other
groups of workers if his wages increase faster than theirs. In this way, income gaps between low-paid and high-paid workers can
be narrowed by allowing low-paid workers to have a larger increase. Everybody gets a rise, but some receive more than others.
Obviously, if all wages are increased by the same percentage as prices in general, no change in standard of living takes place.
The effect of inflation on loans is beneficial to the borrower. In other words, loans reduce in value so that a borrower only has
to pay back the nominal value of the loan and not its true, or real, value. This benefits the borrower, as the following example
shows. A student borrows £10,000 to study medicine and become a doctor. This is the amount that a qualified doctor earns in 1
1/2 years. When the student pays back the loan six years later, £10,000 is the equivalent of only nine months' salary. Even if
normal interest rates are added to the loan, this will not significantly change the final result.

45
 FRESH WATER

Today, finding a source of fresh water is becoming more and more difficult. Many of our streams, rivers and lakes have been
contaminated with sewage, and many towns and cities obtain their drinking water from these same streams, rivers and lakes. To
prevent this constant contamination, sewage treatment plants are being built in many places. These are capable of convening
sewage into pure drinkable water.
Another way to solve the problem of fresh water is to make use of the most abundant source of water we have: the sea. If we
could learn to get potable water from sea water easily and cheaply, we would solve the problem. Man cannot live on sea water
directly because of the high proportion of minerals (mainly salt) in it. More than 2%~ of salt in a solution is dangerous for the
human body. Sea water contains 3.5% of salt 1 Such a high quantity causes dehydration in human body; that is, the body loses the
liquids necessary for life. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the percentage of salt in sea water to an acceptable level before using ft.
A number of methods can be used to do this. The most common method is distillation. Sea water is heated Until the water
evaporates and the salt is left behind. The steam then condenses into pure water. Another method is freezing. When this is done,
the water freezes first, leaving the salt behind. The ice is then removed and pure water is obtained. A third method is called
reverse osmosis. Pure water molecules are separated from the salt molecules under great pressure.
Recently scientists have been working on a completely new idea:
The idea of obtaining fresh water from the air. Winds coming from the sea carry a lot of water vapour. This vapour condenses
into water if it strikes something cold. If scientists can build a large condenser, then they can collect and store fresh water easily.
Unfortunately, the main problem with all of the mentioned methods is their high cost. That’s why scientists are looking
for ways of reducing the cost.
a lot of Pek çok sayıla nsayılmayan isimlerin önüne more and more gittikçe, gitgide
abundant bol, bereketli, mebzul obtain elde etmek, edinmek, saglamak; almak
acceptable kabul edilebilir; uygun, makbul osmosis geçişme, osmoz
condense yoğunlaştırmak potable içilebilir
contaminate bulaştırmak;geçirmek kirletmek; zehirlemek prevent önlemek, engellemek, durdurmak, mani olmak
contamination Kirlenme, bulastirma proportion oran,
convening toplanma pure katiksiz, ari, saf
drinkable içilebilir, içilmesi mümkün reverse ters taraf, arka taraf
make use of -i kullanmak, -den yararlanmak. sewage Lağım.
mention -den bahsetmek, -den söz etmek stream akarsu, dere
treatment Tedavi.

46
 45
MINERALS

Minerals are substances which are crystalline solids and which occur naturally. There are more than twenty different
minerals in the body. Three of the most important minerals are calcium, phosphorus, and iron. Calcium and phosphorus work
together. The bony skeletons of vertebrate animals, including man, are composed of calcium phosphate. If people have enough
calcium and phosphorus, their bones and teeth will be strong and hard. In addition, their muscles, nerves, and heart will work
properly. Calcium makes up about 2% of the human body. About 99% of that amount is contained in the teeth and bones. Milk
and hard cheeses are the best sources of calcium. After the age of 19, people need only 400 to 500 milligrams of calcium a day.
Phosphorus, On the other hand, makes up 1.1 % of the human body. A number of high-energy compounds found in our bodies,
such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), contain phosphorus. ATP is capable of transferring as well as storing energy in living cells
and is responsible for energy necessary for physical activity.
Iron is a mineral which makes the blood look red and which carries oxygen for our normal physical activities. All lean meats -
especially liver -whole grains, nuts, some vegetables, and dried fruits are good sources of this mineral. Iron deficiency results in a
disease called anemia. Anemic people do not have enough iron in their blood, and this causes their hearts to beat faster so that
their bodies can get more oxygen. Such people, therefore, get tired easily, and their skins sometimes look rather white.

as well as hem ... hem de make up 1.düzenlemek,hazırlamak.2.oluşturmak. 3.

uydurmak, icat etmek. 4. bir araya getirmek,
toplamak, tamamlamak. 5. for -i telafi etmek.
6. makyaj yapmak, boyanmak.
beat vurmak, dövmek On the other hand diğer taraftan
capable of -i yapabilir responsible for -den sorumlu
cheese peynir therefore bu yüzden, bundan dolayı
composed of -den oluşmuş vertebrate Omurgalı; 2. Omurgalı hayvan
deficiency eksiklik, noksanlık, kusur
get tired yorulmak
liver Karaciğer.

47
 A MISUNDERSTANDING
One of those misunderstandings which sometimes occurs when the gasman comes to call has brought puzzlement and
ultimate good fortune into the domestic lives of two Essex women. Mrs. May Bradbrook and Mrs. Brenda Kerr live in Alton
Gardens, Westcliff-on -Sea. Mrs. Bradbrook's home is number 40 and the Kerr residence is number 14. The difficulties began
when Mrs. Bradbrook decided that the time had come to purchase a new cooker. She placed her order with the North Thames Gas
Board, but the official who took the details misheard her address.
Paperwork duly went through for the delivery and installation of a new gas cooker at number 14, Alton Gardens. When the
gasmen arrived with it, there was nobody at home. They were relieved, however, to find a considerate note saying, "Key next
door.” Mrs. Kerr was expecting a visit from the Eastern Electricity Board that day and had made arrangements for a neighbour to
let them in. When the gas board appeared Instead, the neighbour assumed that she had misunderstood Mrs. Kerr and handed over
the key. The new cooker was installed and Mrs. Kerr’s old one taken away.
Shortly afterwards, an aggrieved Mrs. Bradbrook telephoned the gas board saying that she had waited in all day but the
cooker had not come. Inquiries were started. Meanwhile, Mrs. Kerr got home to find the unexpected and gleaming appliance in
her kitchen. Clearly, something was amiss but before Mrs. Kerr could get down to deciding how to sort it out, she had an urgent
priority. She had to cook her husband's tea. There was no other appliance in the house, so she used the new cooker.
The board, having heard from Mrs. Bradbrook and contacted its gasmen, was swift to realise the error. It assured Mrs.
Bradbrook that there would be no further delay in getting the cooker to her. After all, it had only to travel a short way up the road.
But - Mrs. Bradbrook pointed out - it was no longer the new cooker she had ordered, was it? It had been used. The gas board
saw her point and found that it also had a problem at number 14. It had assured Mrs. Kerr that her old cooker would be returned
pronto. But it turned out that the cooker had been broken up for scrap immediately after it was taken away.
Both women had clearly suffered 9some inconvenience,' as the board acknowledged. The upshot of the affair is that Mrs.
Bradbrook now has the cooker originally intended for her, but at a 20 per cent discount of £30. Mrs. Kerr has been given a
reconditioned "good as new" cooker worth an estimated £350 to replace her scrapped one. And the North Thames Gas Board is
some £380 out of pocket.

acknowledge kabul etmek. 2. bildirmek Meanwhile bu arada

affair sorun, mesele, iş. olay, skandal. Misunderstanding yanlis anlama, anlaşmazlık
aggrieve gücendirmek, incitmek, kirmak no longer artık
amiss kötü, yanlis, kusurlu One of -in biri
appliance alet. order emir vermek düzenlemek
arrangement düzenleme, düzen, tertip, aranjman, Paperwork kırtasiyecilik.
anlaşma
assume gerçek saymak, varsaymak, farz etmek point out -e dikkat çekmek
break up kısılma, bozulma, dağılma, parçalanma; pronto hemen, derhal, çabuk.
(Kan.) buzların çözülmeye başladığı
zaman
come to 1. gelmek.2. orgazm olmak. purchase satin almak
considerate düşünceli, saygılı puzzlement anlaşılmaz hal; şaşkınlık; şaşırtıcı şey
delay ertelemek, geciktirmek, gecikmek. recondition tamir edip yenilemek; Islah etmek
discount iskonto, indirim relieve gönlünü ferahlatmak.kurtarmak
duly uygun olarak, usulen, hakkıyla replace yerine koymak
estimate tahmin etmek swift çabuk, atik, tez, hizli; kara sagan; tambur
expect beklemek, intizar etmek,ümit etmek, take away 1. (birini/bir şeyi) (başka bir yere)
ummak götürmek. 2. from (birini/bir şeyi) (başka
birinden/başka bir yerden) ayırmak. 3.
from (bir sayıyı) (başka bir sayıdan)
çıkarmak. 4. (desteği) çekmek. 5. (bir
hakkı) elinden almak. 6. from -e gölge
düşürmek.
get down to dört elle sarilmak, ciddiyet le girismek ultimate son, en son; mükemmel, en büyük,eniyi
gleaming ışık yayarak unexpected beklenilmedik, umulmadik
good fortune iyi talih upshot netice, sonuç, nihayet
inconvenience zahmet, rahatsızlık, güçlük; uygunsuzluk, urgent 1. acil, ivedi. 2. ısrar eden
münasebetsizlik; (f.) rahatsız etmek,
zahmet vermek.
Inquiry sorgu, soruşturma, araştırma.

48
47 DOWNTOWN FIRE SURVIVOR

22-year-old Angela Medeiros was one of the lucky ones. She survived the blazing inferno that ravaged the forty-storey Torres
building in downtown Sao Paolo yesterday. At least thirty people are known to have lost their lives in the fire that raged for over
twelve hours. The final count is expected to be far higher as desperate relatives try to locate missing members of their families.
Angela was indeed lucky to survive. She worked on the twentieth floor, just three floors above where the fire is believed to
have started As a result of an electrical fault in an air-conditioner.
Her first impression that something was wrong was when she saw a column of thick black smoke rising past the window of
her office. "There was no sound of an alarm or anything,” she said. "Just the cries of people screaming and running all over the
place. It was terrible. My first thought was to cover myself with water, and I rushed to the bathroom. It was a very strange
reaction. When I came out there was no one in the office; I was the only one there."
What followed was a nightmare. She tried to get to the emergency staircase, but by this time the smoke was too thick and she
knew that she could either stay where she was or make an attempt to reach the roof, twenty floors above, where there was a
helicopter landing-pad. She decided to stay where she was and managed to open a window and struggle out onto a ledge. It was
then that she realised that she was probably safe. The fire had passed through her floor and Although flames were everywhere,
she could at least breathe. Her instinct told her to stay where she was and wait for rescue. " Somewhere I had read that the new
ladders on the fire engines could be extended to reach the twentieth floor," she explained. "I hoped it was true!"
What happened over the next seven hours defies description. She witnessed people desperately throwing themselves out of the
windows of the floors above hen She admits that she was tempted to do the same. She was afraid that no one would see her and
that she would not be able to hold on. "I just prayed, and thought of my mother and father and the family, and about the holiday
we were going to have in two weeks' time."
She was rescued after someone in the crowd below alerted firemen to the small flaure huddled against a ledge in a comer of
the twentieth storey. "I saw the ladder moving up towards me," said Angela, "but I must have lost consciousness, because that's
the last thing I remember. The next thing I recall was waking up in the ambulance."

admit içeri almak, almak; kabul etmek itiraf inferno cehennem; cehennem gibi yer
etmek.
alert cevik, atik instinct İçgüdü
As a result of in sonucu olarak ledge düz çıkıntı
attempt deneme, girişim, teşebbüs. locate iskan etmek, yerleştirmek, yerini belirlemek
blazing alevlen lucky talihli, şanslı
column Kolon, direk, manage yönetmek, kullanmak, başarmak
come out 1 çıkmak, görünmek, gözükmek. nightmare kabus
2. (haber) yayılmak; (yayın)
yayımlanmak.
3. (leke) çıkmak..
consciousness bilinç, şuur rage Aşırı kızgınlık, şiddetli öfke
crowd kalabalık, izdiham. ravage tahrip etmek, harap etmek
description tarif, tanımlama reach Ulaşmak uzatmak
desperate umutsuz, çaresizlige kapilmis recall geri çağırmak; hatırlamak anımsamak
desperately umutsuzca, ümitsizce. relative göreli, göreceli, bağıntılı, nispi, akraba
downtown şehrin merkezi rescue kurtarmak; kurtarma, kurtulma, kurtulus
emergency Acil hal. rush koşmak, hızla yürümek
expected to beklenen beklenilen staircase merdiven
fault kusur, kabahat, hata, yanlış strange tuhaflık, acayiplik
first impression ilk izlenim struggle çabalamak, mücadele etmek mücadele,
çabalama
flame alev, yalaz, ateş survive hayatta kalmak
hold on Beklemek sürdürmek,devam ettirmek, survivor sağ kalan kimse.
dayanmak
huddle 1. bir araya sıkışmak. 2. birbirine sokulup
sarılmak

49
 48 WAS IT SOMETHING THEY ATE?
Pirkko Mononen S father, aged 59, died of a heart attack. He was one of nine children from a farming family; seven of them
died the same way. Pirkico's husband, Heikici, knows how she feels. His father and mother had heart trouble and for both of them
the third attack was fatal.
Their case is not unusual for Pirkko and Heikki, aged 46 and 47. They live in Finland, where the death rate from heart disease
used to be the highest in the world. Not any more, though, as Scotland and Northern Ireland have taken over the lead.
The Mononens took part in a novel experiment. Their blood cholesterol levels were measured. They and 29 other families in
their village then swapped their diet for the fresh vegetables and low saturated fat intake of an Italian community in the south of
Naples.
The experiment changed their eating habits. It was part of a long-term state programme backed by the World Health
Organisation. In 1971, MPs presented a petition from local people begging the government to do something about the alarming
number of middle -aged men dying prematurely from heart attacks. At the start of the project, there were about 250 fatal attacks in
the area each year. Today, that number has been reduced by about 100. An initial survey had showed smoking and diet to be the
key factors. Sour and salty flavours were popular, meals were large, and milk was drunk at the table Instead of water, wine or
beer.
The Finland-Italy experiment caught people's imagination. Pirkico laughs when she confesses they ate no spaghetti over the
six-week trial. "I prepared all kinds of Finnish traditional dishes, but I used vegetable fat Instead of lard." The couple won a free
trip to Police, the village chosen for the other half of the experiment, and saw a big difference. The Italians used the fat on meat to
make soap Instead of eating it as they do here," said Heikki. His cholesterol level almost halved during the trial. Now, they have
switched to low-fat milk - in spite of keeping a herd of dairy cows - and grow their own vegetables.
In the last ten years, people have been cleverly persuaded not to eat high-fat food. Housewives were taught new methods of
food preparation, and special 'Long Life Parties' were organised where families would eat together. Between 1969 and 1979,
deaths among middle-aged men in the area fell by 27%.

50
49 TOWARDS A WORKING RENAISSANCE
In historical times, many societies operated a two-tier (a tier is a level in a system or organisation) system made up of people
who controlled and those who worked and were controlled. Work was not an activity to be enjoyed. However, another group of
people emerged alongside this system. They were the merchants and artisans. Merchants worked for profit, and artisans (people
skilled in arts and crafts) worked for wages. These were the people who first gave us the idea of work as paid employment.
Today, people need to work in the same way they need to eat and drink. This is what we call the 'work ethic'. (An ethic is an
idea or moral belief that influences the behaviour, attitudes and philosophy of life of a group of people.) People work for the
money they need in order to live well, but there is another reason beyond this basic motivation which makes people want to work.
Work gives people a feeling of being useful.
In a pre-industrial society, the work ethic did not exist. Work and leisure went together and only part of Sunday was taken as
time off. In this society, singing, talking, drinking and gossiping went together with work. With the emergence of the work ethic,
leisure and holidays were separated from work, Thus changing The former ordinary social system of interaction. During the
Industrial Revolution, for most people, work was so unpleasant that leisure was considered as a kind of freedom. Yet, in spite of
the fact that life was hard and work was tiring, people slowly changed from having to work to wanting to work. Today, the work
ethic is so strong that people feel it is their right to work.
The questions we should perhaps be asking ourselves are, firstly, whether we really like our jobs and secondly, even if we like
them, whether they are really necessary. Many kinds of work are disappearing as natural resources are used up and new
technologies appear. For example, computers are already replacing people in order to do boring, repetitive jobs and to improve
efficiency. To a large extent, the price of labour, as compared with the cost of the new equipment, determines which jobs will be
replaced. However, the new technologies will create new jobs both in the computer field and in the leisure industry.
It has been predicted that new technology could result in a period of growth and prosperity. This, however, does not mean
that the ever-growing number of unemployed people will drop. What it means is that finance and resources will become available
to improve social services, education and the health service. The quality of life can be improved with better facilities and a
significant increase in the workforce behind the services.
It has taken more than a hundred years to reduce the working week from 60 to 55 hours, then 48, 44 and now 40. The next
step will be a reduction to 35 and then, perhaps, to 32 hours. The current five-day working week will become a four-day or even a
three-day event. In order to achieve this shortened working span, paid holidays will probably be increased and the age of
retirement will be lowered. However, attitudes to work must change as well. Community life ought to become more important
and the leisure industry needs to be expanded to cater for the needs of both young and old people, all of whom will have more
spare time. In Europe, only France has taken this problem seriously enough to appoint a government official responsible for 'free-
time'.Making changes in the education system could solve a lot of problems. In fact, creativity and sensibility could start a totally
new period, perhaps a new 'Working Renaissance'.

51
 50 CRIMES
Every community in the world recognises certain activities as crimes. Because of this, each has developed its own way of
dealing with crimes and has chosen a number of different punishments to match them. So, society identifies crimes, administers
justice, and then imposes suitable punishments.
It is surprising, however, how much the various societies of the world differ in the areas of crime, justice and punishment.
What may be a crime in one country is often perfectly acceptable in another. For example, as you may know, jaywalking, that is,
not crossing the road at the proper crossing place, is illegal in areas of the world such as North America, but in other areas, quite
legal. As well as deciding what is legal and what is illegal, societies must also decide whether a crime is petty or serious. For
example, carrying a gun is a very serious offence in some countries, but a very petty one in others.
Similarly, the ways of administering justice differ from country to country. In some countries a person is considered innocent
Until he is proved guilty, but in others the opposite is true. In other words, in The former it is the job of the authorities to prove
that the person has committed a crime whereas in the latter it is the individual's task to prove his innocence.
Crimes vary, systems of justice vary, but the greatest variation between countries is in the methods of punishment that they
use. For example, a person convicted of theft in some parts of the Middle East might face a severe penalty, whereas the same
crime would receive a relatively lenient punishment in some Scandinavian countries. Denmark provides a good example of the
more lenient approach to crime and punishment. About half the people sent to prison there go to what is called an 'open prison'. In
these prisons, the inmates are allowed to wear their own clothes, provide their own food, bring in their own furniture and have
their own radios or television in the cell.
They are not locked in their cells at night, Although each prisoner is given a key to his own cell and can lock the door at night
if he wishes. Most open prisons in Denmark also have special rooms where prisoners can entertain friends, husbands or wives
unsupervised, in privacy and comfort, for at least an hour a week.
After four weeks in a Danish open prison, a prisoner is normally entitled to a 'holiday' outside the prison. Usually he is
allowed out of prison for one weekend every three weeks. Of course, prisoners do not have to leave the prison every three weeks -
they can save up their weekends away and take a break of up to eight days if they prefer. Prisoners in open prisons in Denmark are
also allowed out for a whole range of activities such as buying clothes, visiting the doctor or simply going for a walk with their
visitors. If a prisoner needs to leave the prison for educational purposes - attending a course or receiving technical training - then,
in certain circumstances, he may be allowed to spend the night outside the prison.
acceptable kabul edilir, makbul innocence masumiYet, suçsuzluk
administer yönetmek, idare etmek. innocent masum, suçsuz
as well as Hem….hemde jaywalk dikkatsizce karsidan karsiya geçmek
attend 1.hazır bulunmak. justice adalet, hak
2. bakmak; tedavi etmek; hizmet etmek
cell hücre; küçük oda; ünite lenient yumuşak davranan, müsamahakâr
circumstance hal, durum lock kilit, kilitlemek
convict mahkum etmek; suçlu bulmak match eşleştirmek
crossing geçiş; geçiş yeri." perfectly 1. tamamen. 2. mükemmelen
deal with 1. ile ilgilenmek. 2. -i idare etmek. petty küçük, önemsiz, cüzi, ufak tefek
3. -in üstesinden gelmek
entertain eğlendirmek, avutmak, meşgul etmek privacy özellik; gizlilik; kişisel dokunulmazlık
entitle 1. hak vermek. 2. yet ki vermek prove ispatlamak, kanıtlamak, tanıtlamak
furniture eşya, mefruşat punishment i. 1. ceza. 2. cezalandırma.
guilty suçlu, kabahatli receive almak; kabul etmek
identify tanılamak, teşhis etmek recognize tanımak, kabul etmek
impose koymak, yüklemek; zorla kabul ettirmek relatively oranla, nispeten; oldukça
individual bireysel; kisisel, özel; tek,kisi, birey; insan severe sert, kati; aci veren, siddetli; sert, siddetli

inmate hapishane veya akıl hastanesinde bulunan take a break mola vermek.
kimse
task iş, görev
vary değişmek; değiştirmek

52
51 AN OBSESSION WITH REPTILES
John Cheetham's magnificent obsession with reptiles began when he was a schoolboy in his hometown of Oldham,
Lancashire.
A glimpse from the top of a bus of alligators basking in the sun at Manchester's famous Belle Vue Zoo set his imagination
racing. He took every opportunity of visiting the zoo, and the more he saw of tv\e creatures that seemed to have stepped out of
the remote past, the more his fascination grew, Until it embraced all reptiles. When he was 11, he bought a baby alligator from a
local pet shop. It was the first step to becoming the only private collector of giant reptiles in Britain. It was also to lead to John’s
appearing with his own alligators and pythons in films and on television. And that same pet alligator is still with John, Although
he's grown a little during the 27 years they've been together. Big Boy, a magnificent specimen of Alligator Mississippiansis,
found in the southern states of North America, is now 10 if. long and weighs 19 stone.
Big Boy and John have appeared with Roger Moore in Live and Let Die and Moonraker. Big Boy has also featured in Clash
of the Titans and on TV advertisements. James Bond fans have seen quite a bit of John without realising it. It was his legs that did
the spectacular dash to safety over the backs of alligators in Live and Let Die.
Among John's other pet reptiles to star in films are Aristotle, a 14-ft-long reticulated python aged six, and Pythagoras, a 14-ft
Indian python who, at eighteen, is the grand old man among the snakes. Aristotle and Pythagoras both featured in the underwater
wrestling scene in Moonraker with John in a friendly tussle, Although the eventual result on film looks deadly serious.
John's collection also includes a giant tortoise, snapping turtles, the S largest legless lizards or slowworms found in the world,
and Nile crocodiles. Most of the giant reptiles in John's collection are housed at Beaver Water World, Tatsfield, which is owned by
Jeff Wheeler, his friend and partner.
Collecting giant reptiles might seem a strange hobby for John, a teacher at Dorton House School for the Blind at Seal, near
Sevenoaks. But John often introduces pupils to his pet snakes, letting them touch and hold them. John lets blind children and
anyone else handle the pythons without any fear that they will attack. They are benign creatures. "All they want is a quiet
life," he said.
alligator timsah lead to -e yol açmak, neden olmak
bask güneşlenmek magnificent ihtişamlı, görkemli
blind kör, âmâ; anlayışsız magnificent ihtişamlı, görkemli, şaşaalı, debdebeli
collector koleksiyoncu; alımcı, tahsildar obsession 1. akla takılan düşünce, takınak.
2. sürekli endişe.
creature yaratık, varlık, mahluk opportunity fırsat, elverişli durum.
dash hızlı koşmak; kısa mesafe koşmak pupil ögrenci; gözbebegi
deadly Öldürücü, şiddetli python piton yilani
embrace kucaklama, bagrina basma, sarilma,kucaklamak remote 1. uzak. 2. ücra, sapa. 3. pek az.
fascination 1. büyük merak. 2. cazibe. reptile sürüngen.
feature yüz,sima ,özellik. reticulate şebekeleşme, ağ gibi olma.
giant dev. s. dev gibi, kocaman. scene manzara; sahne;
giant dev kaplumbaga schoolboy erkek oğrenci.
tortoise
glimpse anlık bakış, kısa bakış f.bir an için görmek. specimen örnek, numune, model, misal;
go out eglenceye git spectacular görülmeye değer, harikulade
grand büyük, azim, ulu step out eglenceye git
imagination 1. hayal gücü. 2. imgelem. 3. hayal. 4. kuruntu. tussle kapismak, dögüsmek; kapisma, dögüsme, kavga
wrestling güreş.

53
52 BEYOND DRUGS
Below is the true story of Sue Usiskin, who suffers from epilepsy, brain condition which causes a person suddenly to lose
consciousnes1 and sometimes to have violent fits.
Sue Usiskin was in a crowded Chinese restaurant with her family when she had an epileptic fit. Her husband Andrew helped
her into a safe and comfortable position on the floor, held her hand while the fit lasted and, while she lay there recovering, he and
the children started their meal. Then they settled her in a chair and carried on eating. "At first, Everyone in the restaurant was
absolutely horrified," laughs Sue. 'tThen, as we were leaving, a woman rushed over to congratulate Andrew on how naturally he
had handled ft all. She had realised that it must happen a lot." Unfortunately for Sue, it does happen a lot. She is one of the 20%
of sufferers from epilepsy whose fits cannot be completely controlled by drugs. She suffers at least three a month.
She is an inspiring example of someone who has not let epilepsy control her life. She has shared that inspiration in a new
book, Living With Epilepsy, co-written with Dr. David Chadwick, consultant neurologist at Walton Hospital, Liverpool.
The indignity of, as she puts it, “collapsing on the ground in a noisy jerking heap" has long since ceased to worry her,
Although naturally it is never pleasant, but she has vivid memories of how, as a teenager, friends ran screaming from her when
she had a fit in the playground at school. That she didn't lose all her self-confidence at that time is all due, she believes, to her
parents. "They never tried to limit my activities because of what people might think if I had a fit and how it might affect me. On
the contrary, I was encouraged to make an extra effort to overcome my difficulties and not allow them to become an excuse for
doing less," she says.
"I tell people I am likely to see regularly that I suffer from epilepsy, and explain what they should do if I have a fit. I say, if I
suddenly get up and lie on the ground, make sure I am away from anything I could hurt myself against, then stay with me and
hold my hand. Ijial makes them much more confident and comfortable."
She is adamant that children should be helped to understand what is going on and how to help right from the time they can
crawl. "From a very early age, mine were used to seeing Andrew kneeling down with me, showing concern and protection. He
always included them - he would encourage them to stroke my face. They soon knew what to do and they could do it right, if
tearfully."
Her son, Oliver, is now 15 and Anna 12. "They are at the self-conscious stage and my fits must be an embarrassment to them.
They have both gone through phases of being tense and anxious. But we have supported their feelings, whatever they are, and the
fact that they are not frightened to voice them must be good."
She has always been very practical in her approach to coping. When the children were babies, she would never change them
on the bed from where they might fall if she had a fit, or bath them if she were alone in the house with them. She uses casserole-
style saucepans rather than long-handled ones which are easier to knock over. She chooses not to swim or ride or take escalators
because she personally isn't comfortable about the risks. But she has never avoided going out for fear of what might happen.
Her own and her children's courage in that respect have been enormous. Once, when Oliver was two, she was dragged out of a
taxi by the driver, who thought she was drunk, and was left to have a fit in the street in the pouring rain. On another occasion, she
crumpled to the floor just inside a building society and the staff refused to come out and help because they thought she was a
'front' for a hold-up.
The children, when young, often had to try to dissuade onlookers in the street or shops from calling an ambulance, and Sue
herself has often had to suffer having spoons thrust between her teeth to stop her biting her tongue (incorrect: only something soft,
like the bunched edge of a towel, is suitable).
She is not bitter about such experiences, except where her children suffered, and looks back on many with humour. "This is
my life and I've known no other for so long. I just get on and live it." But she is very keen to combat all the ignorance and
prejudice. I Once someone said to her that she must be very grateful to Andrew for marrying her and that shocked her. Conversely,
she feels that doctors often over-estimate the quality of life that someone in her position can achieve. She regularly gives talks to
medical students and GP trainees to give them a truer picture of epilepsy.
"I'm still terrified every time I have a fit," she says. "It is quite something to lose all control for three or four minutes. Believe
me, it is a long time and I sometimes go unconscious after. It doesn't get easier. After a fit, it's like having a really heavy hang-
over for 1 the next two or three days. But there are positives, too. When you know what the rougher side of life can deal you,
trivial things don't worry you at all. I never get upset if the washing machine breaks down.”
adamant son derece kararlı, katı. horrify dehşet vermek, korkutmak
carry on sürdürmek; işi sürdürmek, devam etmek indignity onur kirici, küçük düsürücü durum
crawl emeklemek. dalkavukluk etmek lay yatırmak;sermek.yatıştırmak.koymak.
encourage özendirmek. cesaret vermek, pleasant hoş, güzel latif
epilepsy tıb. sara. recover İyileşmek, kendine gelmek
epileptic saralı. rush koşmak, hızla yürümek, acele etmek
excuse özür, mazeret, bahane settle yerleştirmek, yerleşmek
fit Nöbet, kriz vivid çok parlak, canlı, berrak

54
 53 DOUBLE GLAZING
From The Observer.If you are considering double glazing, you must already have insulated your roof and walls. In an 'ordinary'
home you lose 25 per cent of heat through the roof and 35 per cent through the walls, so they must be your priorities, unless your
house is made of windows.
New buildings now have to meet new standards of insulation and are often fitted with double glazing when built. Usually this
factory-made double glazing does not just add to the comfort, but is very well designed and actually looks quite good.
Still, it's a difficult decision to double glaze an existing home, since you re going to have to spend a lot of money on what will
save you about 10 per cent of the heating bill in an ordinary small house.
Of course, there are other benefits besides the financial one. The room will be much more comfortable. You won't get a chilly
feeling when sitting near the window and draughts will be fewer. So, on the whole, if you have money, double glazing is not a
foolish investment, though even good double glazing won’t be as effective as a brick wall!
Double glazing is not just 'Double Glazing'. There are several ways of achieving it. You can install 'replacement windows'
with two sheets of single glass. Or you can have 'secondary windows', either fixed to the existing window or sealed to ft.
Secondary windows are cheaper, can often be installed by the owner, but are not likely to be so efficient as replacement windows.
If you want to do the job yourself, the simplest form of double glazing is the applied frame method, which means fixing a
second pane of glass directly onto the original frame using beading or special frame sections. The most important thing is that any
opening in the second leaf should be completely blocked with a long-lasting material. Points to check are : that condensation will
not occur between the two panes; that you will be able to open 'openable' windows, (or that you're prepared to give up that
luxury); that you will be able to clean the window and that you have some other way of letting fresh air in.
If you think that by double glazing you automatically insulate against sound too - think again. To have a noise insulating
effect, the two leaves will need a gap of 110 mm or 200 mm; so double glazing with noise insulation needs to be specially made.
it is more difficult to make it look nice and to fit it into the existing window openings. Moreover, with this gap it won't work as
well for heat insulation. So, if you don't live directly under Concorde's flight path, it will hardly be worth insulating for sound.

double glazing çift cam frame şekil vermek, uydurmak; tasarlamak

priority öncelik, üstünlük; önemli long-lasting kalici
fitted sıkıştırılmış check durdurmak, birden durdurmak;
chilly Üşütücü, soğuk. condensation buğu. buğulaşma.yoğunlaştırma; yoğunlaşma
draught cereyan, hava akimi insulate tecrit etmek, izole etmek, yalıtmak
foolish budala, aptal
investment para koyma, yatırım
brick wall tuğla duvar
replacement yenisiyle degistirme, yenileme;
seal mühür basmak,

55
 54 PARACHUTING
Over the past 25 years or so, there has been a sharp increase in the popularity of parachuting as a sport. Parachuting can be
learnt at a parachute club. The training is extremely strict. The instructor makes sure that the beginner has learnt and understood
Everything before the first jump is made.
Like all parachutists, the beginner must wear two parachutes - a main one on the back and a slightly smaller reserve one on
the front. Trainee parachutists do not open their parachutes themselves. By law, thev have to make their first six descents using a
parachute opened automatically by a 15-foot nylon static line fixed to the aeroplane. It takes about 2.7 seconds for the jumper's
weight to pull on the line, and Thus open the parachute.
Trainees are taught how to 'spreadeagle’- to lie stomach down and stretch their arms and legs out to slow down their fall. In
this way, they descend at about 120 miles per hour before the parachute opens, whereas an experienced sky-diver, descending
headfirst, can travel at over 200 mph. Novices jump from a height of about 2,500 feet, while experienced freefallers may jump
from well over 7,000 feet, waiting Until they are within 2,000 feet off the ground before pulling the ripcord to open their
parachutes.

aeroplane uçak, tayyare.

descending İnen, aşağıya doğru seyir gösteren
descent iniş, çökme, düşüş,
extremely aşırı derecede.
instructor öğretmen, eğitmen
Novice acemi çaylak. 2. çırak
parachutist paraşütçü.
pull çekmek; koparmak; sürüklemek”
pull on 1.-i çekmek/çekelemek. 2. (pipodan) nefes çekmek
reserve Ayırmak rezerve yapmak
ripcord parasüt açma ipi
sharp keskin. sivri uçlu ani
slightly biraz, azicik, bir parça, hafifçe
static line parasüt açma ipi
strict siki; dikkatli; sert, hosgörüsüz; tam; kati, degismez
Trainee stajyer; ögrenci

56
55 JOIN GREENPEACE TODAY!
The natural world is under violent assault from man. The seas and rivers are being poisoned by radioactive wastes, by
chemical discharges and by the dumping of dangerous toxins and raw sewage. The air we breathe is polluted by smoke and fumes
from factories and motor vehicles; even the rain is poisoned.
Itts little wonder forests and lakes are being destroyed and everywhere wildlife is disappearing Yet the destruction continues.
Governments and industries throughout the world are intensifying their efforts to extract the earth's mineral riches and to
plunder its living resources.
The great rain-forests and the frozen continents are seriously threatened in the same way Despite the warnings of the scientific
community and the deep concern of millions of ordinary people, governments and industries don't even consider changing their
policies.
The threat is there in spite of the fact that we can create environmentally-clean industries harness the power of the sun, wind
and waves for our energy needs and 'manage the finite resources of the earth in a way that will safeguard our future and protect all
the rich variety of life-forms which share this planet with us.
But there is still hope. The forces of destruction are being challenged across the globe - and at the spearhead of this challenge
is Greenpeace.
Wherever the environment is in danger, Greenpeace has made a stand. Its scientific presentations and peaceful direct actions
at sea and on land have shocked governments and industries into an awareness that Greenpeace will not allow the natural world to
be destroyed. Those actions have also won the admiration and support of millions.
Now you can strengthen the thin green line; you can make your voice heard in defence of the living world by joining
Greenpeace today.

admiration i. takdir, beğenme. harness 3. (doğal bir gücü dizginleyerek)

yararlanmak, kullanmak
assault i. saldırı. f. saldırmak. intensify şiddetlendirmek, yoğunlaştırmak
awareness farkında olma joining birlestirme, baglama; ekleme
concern ilgi, alâka; iş; endişe, peaceful huzurlu, sakin
defence savunma, korunma. plunder f. yağmalamak, yağma etmek. i. yağma.

destruction harap etme, mahvetme, yok etme presentation sunma, takdim; gösterme
disappear gözden kaybolmak, kaybolmak; yok raw sewage arıtılmamış pissu.
olmak
discharge boşaltmak, akıtmak safeguard koruma, himaye; koruyucu şey
dump f. 1. boşaltmak, atmak spearhead öncülük et(mek)
finite sınırlı, mahdut, sonu olan, biten strengthen takviye etmek, desteklemek; kuvvet vermek
frozen donmuş, buz kesilmiş threat tehdit, korkutma
fume pis kokulu gazları yaymak throughout the world dünyanin her yerinde
duman gaz
globe Küre, yuvar, globus. waste atık

57
56 BACK TO NATURE
For centuries town and country have been regarded as being in opposition to each other. It has been suggested that the
superficial differences between the two - wide open spaces contrasting with brick and concrete - are less important than the
contrasting attitudes of town and country.
I am a city person who always says that, given the choice, I would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of
a large city. I tell others that if it weren’t for my job, I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in a
village buried in the country. But do I perceive the country as it really is?
Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks, noisy, squalid and impersonal.
The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is
the sky, or other blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervous - cooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their
mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each
other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks don't even say hello to each other.
Country life, On the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the
inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone who will help theme
But country life has disadvantages, too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut
off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. There is little possibility of going to a new show or the latest
movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything unusual you have to go to the nearest large town. The city-dweller
who leaves for the country is often depressed by the stillness and quietness.
Which, then, is better to live in, the country or the city? The latter causes stress and a feeling of isolation - constant noise
damages the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the centre of things, and that life doesn't finish at half-past
nine at night. The former has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off. Some people
have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two they have moved to villages not too far from large urban centres.
These people generally have nearly as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behind they are polluted with strange
ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.
What, then, of my dreams of having a small cottage in the country? I'm keen on the idea, but you see there is my cat, Toby.
I'm not at all sure that he would like all that fresh air and exercise in the long grass. No, he would rather have the electric
imitation coal fire any day.

attitude tutum, davranış, tavır imitation taklit, sahte şey; taklit etme
belong to ait olmak improvement düzelme; düzeltme
brick tugla; tugla biçiminde in opposition to -in aksine
compromise uzlaşma, uyuşma inhabitant sakin, oturan
constant Sabit, değişmez, konstant. keen on -e çok hevesli, -e meraklı, -e düşkün.
Coop up kapatmak, hapsetmek, tikmak, kafeslemek kind of Nını çeşidi
cottage küçük ev, kulübe perceive anlamak, idrak etmek, farkına varmak
cut off -i kesmek. regard as say(mak)
depress üzmek, canını sıkmak, moralini bozmak squalid kirli, pis,
dirt kir, pislik stillness hareketsizlik. 2. dinginlik. 3. sessizlik
dweller oturan, sakin. superficial Yüzeysel
existence varlık, mevcudiyet tend to E istekli olmak
fresh air taze hava the rest of Nın kalan miktar
frightening korkutucu, dehşet verici. unusual görülmedik, nadir, ender
go back dönmek. unwilling isteksiz; gönülsüz,
urban kentsel, kente ait

58
57 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION
Can earthquakes be predicted? Scientists are working on programs to predict where and when an earthquake will occur. They
hope to develop an early warning system to save lives. Scientists who do this work are called seismologists.
Earthquakes are the most dangerous and deadly of all natural events. They occur in many parts of the world. Giant
earthquakes have been recorded in Iran, China, Guatemala, Chile, India, and Alaska. Two of the biggest earthquakes that were
ever recorded took place in China and Alaska. These earthquakes measured about 8.5 on the Richter Scale. The Richter Scale was
devised by Charles Richter in 1935 and is used for comparing the energy level of earthquakes. An earthquake that measures 2 on
the scale can be felt, but causes little damage. %£n that measures 4.5 on the scale can cause slight damage, and an earthquake that
has a reading of over 7 can cause major damage.
How do earthquakes occur? Earthquakes are caused by the movement of rocks along cracks, or faults, in the earth's surface.
The fault is produced when rocks near each other are pulled in different directions. The best-known fault in North America is the
San Andreas fault in the state of California in the United States.
The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China, Russia, and the United States.
These countries have set up stations in areas of their countries where earthquakes are known to occur. These stations are ready for
warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers before an earthquake. Many kinds of seismic instruments are used by these
places to watch the movements of the earth's surface. One of the instruments is a seismograph. It can follow vibrations in rock
layers thousands of kilometers away. Tiltmeters are used to record surface movement along fault lines. Seismologists use
gravimeters to measure and record changes in local gravity. The scientists also check water in deep wells. They watch for changes
in the water level and temperature, which are signs of movement along faults.

check durdurmak, birden durdurmak gravity yerçekimi; cazibe

compare karşılaştırmak measure Ölçü ölçmek
deadly Öldürücü, şiddetli predict kehanet, önceden haber verme.
devise tasarlamak, planlamak, düzenlemek prediction tahmin
devise tasarlamak, plan yapmak seismologist sismolog, deprembilim uzmanı
direction Yön, doğrultu took place meydana gel
fault kusur, kabahat, hata, weakening zayıflatarak
gravimete gravimetre
r

59
58 MARKETING
Marketing, which is sometimes called distribution, includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods
and services from producers to consumers. Marketing consists of both physical activities such as transporting, storing and selling
goods, and a series of decisions related to any part of the process of moving goods from the producer to the consumer. Marketing
operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, and marketing research.
The ability to recognise future trends is as important as knowing the present conditions in marketing. Producers must know
why consumers buy, where and for what purpose. Through market research, the producer tries to predict what the customer will
want and, through advertising, attempts to influence what the customer will buy.
In most countries, manufacturers obviously spend a lot of money on advertising their goods. We cannot walk down the street,
watch television or read a newspaper without being 'attacked' by advertisements. Doubtless, many people think that too much
money is spent on advertising. "Wouldn’t it be better,” they say, “to spend all this advertising money on improving the product or
service, or on projects to help poor people?” Advertising, however, is essential for a manufacturer’s survival. It is vital to keep the
name of the product in front of the public. Otherwise, sales will fall. Another manufacturer of the same kind of product may
continue advertising and his name will be the one that people remember when they go shopping. And his sales will increase.
Some people will then almost certainly say, “But why should two or more companies produce the same things? Surely, it is
more economical for each company to produce a different product. Then, there would be little or no need for any advertising.” But
there is a sensible economic answer to this argument as well. Competition between companies is vital because it helps to improve
the quality of the product and to keep prices down. The result is a better and cheaper product for the public 1 Since competition is
essential, advertising is vital.

attempt kalkismak, girismek, yeltenmek, çalismak

competition rekabet, yarışma
Doubtless kuşkusuz, şüphesiz, kesinlikle
essential temelli, köklü, asli, esaslı
influence etki, tesir, nüfuz. f. 1. etkilemek, tesir etmek
Otherwise 1. farkılı bir şekilde. 2. yoksa, olmazsa, aksi takdirde.
pricing fiyatlandirma
recognize tanımak, kabul etmek
related to -le ilgili
Surely kesin olarak; mutlaka, sanirim
survival kalim, hayatta kalma, yasami sürdürme

60
59 POPULATION GROWTH

It is widely believed that the world's population has exploded because of the improvements in medical science, which has
naturally led to improved standards of public health. Infant mortality has been greatly reduced and the average length of life has
been extended on a great scale.
Demographers, or population statisticians, are less alarmed by the absolute rise in the world population figures than by the
increase in the rate of growth. They estimate that it will take only about 30 years for the world population to double. Pessimists
expect this soaring growth to continue Until the limits of food, space and natural resources are forced.
It is not easy to find solutions to problems caused by population growth. In fact, effective action is lacking because of our
inability to decide exactly where the problems lie. For example, many millions of people do not have enough to eat, but at the
same time we could argue that the world is not over-populated in relation to its food supply at the present time. The total
cultivable land is more than 15 billion acres. Using modem agricultural methods, we could produce more than enough food for
the present population of about 5 billion.
It appears, then, that the world's population could be almost three times as large before there is a serious shortage of food. But
it is unlikely that all the cultivable land would be used for food production. If this were done, there would not be any land left to
meet man's increasing demand for houses, factories, airports, roads and other facilities.

absolute
at the present time su anda
cultivable islenebilir, ekilip biçilebilir
demand talep etmek, istemek; emretmek
Demographer nüfusbilimci
estimate tahmin etmek; hesaplamak
explode Patlatmak, infilak ettirmek
extend uzatmak, yaymak; genişletmek
figure rakam, numara
in relation to hakkında
inability yet ersizlik, ehliyet sizlik; yet eneksizlik
Infant Bebek, süt çocuğu.
lead to -e yol açmak, neden olmak
length uzunluk, boy
more than enough ihtiyaçtan fazla
mortality Ölüm, ölüm oranı,
Pessimist kötümser, karamsar
rise in the world yildizi parlamak
soar hızla yükselmek. 2. hızla uçmak.

61
 60 LASERS IN MEDICINE
A laser is a very strong beam of light which is very different from ordinary light. Today, doctors use lasers in some eye
operations. They use them when operating on a patient who has a detached (i.e. separated) retina. The retina is the inner back part
of the eye, the part that senses light. Light from an object must strike the retina for seeing to occur.
In the past, a detached retina caused blindness in the eye. Now, the laser makes delicate eye operations possible, and a
detached retina no longer means the loss of sight. By carefully directing this super light beam, the doctor can weld the retina to
the rest of the eye again. The welding of the retina takes less than a thousandth of a second and is done without anesthesia.
Anesthetizing the patient is not necessary, because the patient feels no pain.
Doctors also want to use lasers in operations on people who have heart diseases. In the United States and Canada alone, more
than 1.5 million people suffer from heart diseases every year. Most of these are related to the flow of blood through the coronary
arteries, which supply the majority of the blood to the heart. People who have a heart disease have a high amount of cholesterol in
their blood. Cholesterol builds up fatty deposits called ‘plaques’ on the inner walls of the aıteries. As the plaques get bigger, the
opening of the arteıy g smaller. When it is completely closed. blood stops flowing and i heart attack occurs.
Some doctors are planning to use lasers to destroy these fa 25 deposits in the near future. More studies are needed, but some
doct feel this plan will he beneficial for heart patients. At present, thou lasers have many other uses in hospitals; theyare used in
steriliz instroments, stopping bleeding and removing birthmarks.

beam ışın
patient Hasta.
detach ayırmak, çıkarmak, sökmek.
blindness Körlük.
strike vurmak; çarpmak yakmak; yanmak
delicate narin, zarif, ince; kolayca incinen
coronary besleyen damarlarla ilgili
artery kırmızı kan damarı, nabız damarı
fatty Şişman;
plaque 2. plaka, plaket
bleeding Kanama, hemonaji.

62
ENGINEERING IN CHARGE
Do you realise that every time you take a step, the bones in your hip are subjected to forces between four and five times your
body weight? When you are running, this force is increased further still. What happens if, through disease, a hip-joint ceases to be
able to resist such forces? Like all fantasies, the Bionic Man has an element of reality in ft and for many years, hip-joints and
other body joints have been replaceable partially or completelye it is, after all, a simple ball and socket joint; it has certain loads
imposed on it; it needs reliability over a defined life, and it must contain materials compatible with the working environment. Any
engineer will recognise these as characteristic of a typical engineering problem, which doctors and engineers have worked
together to solve in order to bring a fresh lease of life to people who would otherwise be incapacitated.
This typifies the way in which engineers work to help people and create a better quality of life. The fact that this country has
the most efficient agricultural industry in the world is another prime example. Mechanical engineers have worked with farmers,
horticulturalists and biologists to produce fertilisers, machinery and harvesting Systems. The paintings of Brueghel show farmers
in the sixteenth century wading through shoulder-high cereal crops. This team effort has now produced crops uniformly waist-
high or less so that they are more suitable for mechanical harvesting. Similar advances with other crops have released people from
hard and boring jobs for more creative work, while machines harvest crops more efficiently with less waste. Providing more food
for the rapidly increasing population is yet another role for the mechanical engineer.

bone Kemik
cease durmak, kesilmek
cereal tahıl, hububat, zahire
creative yaratıcı.
fertilize 1. gübrelemek. 2. döllemek.
harvest hasat; hasat mevsimi
hip Kalça.
partially 1.kısmen. 2. tarafgirlikle, bir tarafı tutarak
reality hakikat, gerçeklik; gerçek, realite
realize farkında olmak; farkına varmak
release Salınma, açığa çıkam,
replaceable sökülüp degistirilebilen
resist direnmek, karşı durmak, karşı koymak
typify -in tipik örneği olmak
uniformly daima ayni tarzda
wading through çamurda yürüme

63
FOOD FOR THE WORLD
By the year 2000, the world population is expected to be about 7,000 million. This great increase in the world population, or
'demographic explosion' as it has been called, will cause many problems: shortage of housing, shortage of facilities and
psychological stress. But the biggest problem of all will be the shortage of food. In 1973, in West and Central Africa, there were
serious deficiencies of basic foods such as corn, rice, milk and meat. This was partly because of natural disasters such as drought
(not enough rain) and floods, that is, too much rain, but basically it was because of a real shortage of these foods. Everywhere in
the world, the prices of basic foods rose and it became impossible for many people to buy enough of them. Nutritional experts
estimated that half the world's population was under-nourished and that millions were near starvation. And in 1973, the
population of the world was only half of what ft may be in the year 2000!
Agricultural experts are trying to increase the output of food in the world without great increase in price. They are working
on projects for breeding plants and animals which are bigger, grow faster and are resistant to diseases. In India, for example, new
strains of rice have been developed, which has greatly increased yields. In Mexico, excellent new varieties of wheat have been
produced by Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work.
However, increasing yields in this way may be expensive, and may require large quantities of fertiliser to 'feed' the land. If
the population continues to grow, more and more agricultural land will be needed for housing. For many years now, experts have
been experimenting with techniques of cultivating plants by using mixtures of chemical compounds and water only. This is called
'hydroponics', and if it becomes economical, vegetables and fruit could be produced in factories Instead of fields. In addition,
agricultural scientists have been cross-breeding livestock - cattle, pigs, chickens, etc. - to produce better animals.
Mechanisation is another way of producing more food. Machines can do work faster more efficiently and more cheaply than
man and they are being used in industrialised countries to do almost all farming jobs.
One of the best hopes scientists have for solving the food crisis is to find new sources of food, especially protein.
Experimental food is now being produced from petroleum, from seaweed and from other surprising raw materials.

award ödül, mükâfat. f. 1. ödüllendirmek. 2. (resmi bir kararla) vermek.

basically aslında, esasında.
breeding 1. terbiye. 2. yet iştirme.
cultivate tarlayı sürüp ekmek, yet iştirmek
demographic demografik
drought kuraklık, susuzluk
expected to beklenen
explosion infilak, patlama
facility kolaylık. 2. yet enek
fertilize gübrelemek. 2. döllemek.
livestock çiftlik hayvanları.
Nutritional Beslenme ile ilgili.
output 1.üretim; hâsıla; randıman, verim.
2. ürün, çıktı
partly kısmen, kısmi, bir dereceye kadar
resistant karşı gelen, direnen, mukavemet eden
seaweed Deniz yosunu
shortage eksiklik, açık.
starvation Açlık, gıdasızlık; 2.Açlıktan ölüm
strain Tür cins
wheat buğday.

64
63 CRUDE OIL
Many years ago, when most people got their water directly from wells under the ground, they were sometimes annoyed by a
dark liquid which came out of the ground and contaminated the water. It smelled bad and was extremely dirty. Some people
discovered that it was good for caulking boats - it prevented water from getting in through the cracks in the wood. Others found it
was a good medicine for the stomach. However, most people didn't like it. Today, we have a rather different opinion on this
substance known as crude oil.
In 1855, a young teacher at Yale University, Benjamin Silliman, became interested in crude oil. He soon found that it could be
used as a fuel for heating and lighting. After the first oil well started production, the age of oil was just around the corner. Today,
I.P. Getty and Howard Hughes, two of the richest men in the world, both have fortunes based on oil - The former on the Standard
Oil Co. and the latter on a highly efficient oil-drilling bit.
The first oil from the sea was produced some decades ago by the off-shore drilling rigs in Maracaiba Bay, Venezuela. There,
the water is shallow and the oil is very near the surface. The tropical f Orest comes right down to the water's edge, and today it
seems to continue into the sea. The oil is quite easy to get out in this area, but men are now also drilling in more difficult areas
like the cold, deep North Sea between Great Britain and Norway.
The petroleum which comes out of the ground cannot really be used for anything. It must first be refined. Refineries are huge
'factories’ where crude oil is separated into ‘fractions', which are commonly known as gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating
oil and fuel oil. Then, these fractions must be distributed by pipeline or tanker to the final distributors, such as petrol stations,
which sell them to the users.
Every person in industrial societies depends on crude oil. Its fractions provide fuel for electricity generators, power for
vehicles, heat for homes and materials for clothing. In the future, we may use some of its fractions to produce food.
The question is: how long will the world's reserves of crude oil last? We use more and more oil every year. Crude oil is a non-
renewable resource and one day it will probably run out. Many things will be different when this happens, but the most interesting
and important question is what alternative sources of energy will be successfully developed.

annoy kizdirmak, sinirlendirme

caulk
come out çıkmak, görünme
contaminate bulaştırmak, geçirmek.kirletmek
corner
crack çatlak, yarık; çatırtı
crude oil ham petrol.
drilling delme; sondajlama, sondaj yapma
edge kenar, ağız
fortune talih, baht; rastlantı
off-shore den. açıkta.
prevent önlemek, engellemek
refine Tasfiye etmek, saf hale koymak,temizlemek
renewable yenılenebılır
rig donanım
shallow derin olmayan, sig; yüzeysel; dar
through Vasıtasiyle, yolu ile
well Iyi iyice hayli

65
64 A FAMILIAR STORY
The voice on the other end of the line was insistent. "We need that contract and we need it badly. You know how bad our
financial situation is at the moment - this contract could be the difference between life and death for us. I don't care how you do it,
but you must get that contract." Tony Adamson put down the phone and sighed. He felt that his boss in London just did not
understand how difficult things were for him in Zalesia. He knew that in reality his company had very little chance of getting the
contract, which was to supply a large amount of furniture and other equipment to the new University of Zalesia. There were too
many other companies interested - bigger companies that he knew would be able to offer equal quality, and probably a much
better price.
Adamson' S only hope was that he might be able to get the contract through a personal contact that he had inside the Ministry.
During his three years as Eduquip's Marketing Manager in the area, he had developed a strong personal friendship with Elua Tahi,
an official in the Ministry who Adamson knew was on the committee that was dealing with the University project. It wasn't
unusual for contracts in Zalesia to be given because of friendship rather than price. Maybe, Adamson thought, he had more
chance than he thought.
The next day, Adamson went to see Tahi in his office. For the first half hour they chatted about personal topics, and then
Adamson introduced the subject of the contract. "This contract is important to you, isn't it?" said Tahi. Adamson nodded. "Yes,
and we need your support on the committee. You've bought equipment from Eduquip before, for the Zalesian schools. You know
our quality is good, and our delivery dates are reliable. Why change to a supplier you don't know, who might cause you
problems?" "Yes," said Tahi. "Well, I'll see what I can do. But there are a lot of other companies interested too, of course. Oh, by
the way, while you're here, there's a favour that I wanted to ask you." "Sure," said Adamson. "Anything I can do." "My wife has to
have an operation, and she wants to have it in England. Obviously it's going to be expensive, and you know our government's
rules about taking money out of the country. She really needs $2000 waiting for her when she arrives in England. There's no way
it could be organised, I suppose?"
For a moment Adamson was too surprised to speak. Tahi was clearly asking for a bribe. There was really no reason for him to
be surprised - he knew that bribery was normal business practice in Zalesia, even though there were strict laws against it. Any
company representative caught offering bribes to government officials risked up to five years' imprisonment. But he had always
previously thought that Tahi was different from the majority of Zalesian officials - that was why he had become so friendly with
him. So far in Zalesia, Adamson had managed never to do anything that could be considered more than a small favour in order
to win a contract. He did not believe in bribery, and certainly had no wish to spend any time in a Zalesian jail.
Tahi obviously noticed Adamson's confusion. "Don't worry," he saide "If it's a problem for you, there are others I can ask."
His meaning was clear. If Eduquip didn't pay the bribe, another company would.

ask for rica etmek even though -se bile, -e ragmen

bribe rüşvet.rüşvet vermek, para yedirmek favour onaylama, onay; kayirma, iyilik, yardim,
yaninda olmak
bribery rüşvetçilik. insistent ısrar edici, direngen. ısrarlı.
care endişe; merak; gaile; dikkat, ihtimam introduce takdim etmek, tanıştırmak
catch tutma, yakalama nod baş sallamak
chat sohbet etmek put down kaydetmek, yazmak
confusion kafa karışıklığı, şaşkınlık reliable güvenilir, emin, sağlam
deal with ile ilgilenmek. -in üstesinden gelmek, representative tipik, örnek. i. temsilci, mümessil.
delivery Teslim doğurma konuşma tarzı strict sıkı; dikkatli, çok titiz

66
65 THE CINEMA
The first moving pictures were developed in the 1890ts by W.K.L. Dickson, an Englishman working in the USA. He called
his system the Kinetoscope. It wasn't the cinema as we know it at all. The pictures were very small and only one person at a time
could watch.The earliest Kinetoscope used sound separately recorded on a phonograph (an ancestor of the gramophone and record
player). But there were many problems involved in getting the picture and sound together, that is, synchronising. As a result, the
Kinetoscope was popularised in its silent form. The same principle was developed by the Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumiere.
They called their system the Cinematographe and between 1895 and 1900, succeeded in exporting it to other parts' of Europe, to
India, Australia and Japan. The cinematographe used a large screen, but the films were still very short - only about a minute long.
Like the popularised Kinetoscope, it was a silent system.
The early films were all made with fixed cameras. This greatly limited what could be achieved and made these early films
more like the theatre than the modern cinema. So, an important improvement was the use of a moving camera, which could turn
from side to side and also move about to follow the action. The Great Train Robbery was the first important experiment in the use
of a moving camera. II was made in 1903 by Edwin Porter, an American, and lasted eight minutes. In the following years films
became much longer and the screens larger. Other changes were introduced too, but it was not Until the early 1920's that an
effective sound system was developed. Lee de Forest, another American found a way of photographing the sound waves which
accompanied the action. This solved the major problem of sound-picture synchronisation. A strange consequence of having sound
was that, for a few years, the cameras were once again made a part of a complex device and this sound-proofing system was so
large that it could not be moved about easily.
The last major change in the cinema was the development of colour. Coloured photography had been possible from the
1860's, but early films were normally black and white and any colouring was painted on by hand - an expensive, slow and not
very effective technique. In 1922 the first real colour films were produced, using a two-colour system' called Technicolor. In this
system, they filmed whole sequences in one colour but the attempts to mix colours to get realistic effects were not very successful.
In 1932, Technicolor was improved by the use of three main colours and the same-system is used today. Colour took longer to be
generally accepted than sound. It was expensive and people often felt that it was less realistic than black and white. This was
partly, of course, because the quality was not always very high and so the pictures could look very strange. Since the 1930's, there
have been many improvements in the techniques of the cinema, and the style of acting has changed a good deal. But after fifty
years, the basics - moving pictures, colour and sound - are still the same.

accept kabul etmek, almak

accompany eşlik etmek, refakat etmek
ancestor ata, cet.
attempt denemek, girişimde bulunmak
consequence sonuç, netice
device Araç, alet
introduce takdim etmek, tanıştırmak
popularize popülerleştirmek.
proof geçirmez.
realistic gerçekçi; gerçeğe uygun
sequence birbirini izleme. seri, dizi.
synchronization senkronizasyon, eszamanlama
synchronize eşzamanlı bir hale getirmek.

67
66 THE GORILLA

The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene One thinks one knows him very well. For a hundred years or
more has been killed, captured, and imprisoned in zoos. His bones have been mounted in natural history museums
everywhere, and he has always exerted a strong fascination upon scientists and romantics alike. He is the stereotyped monster
of the horror films and the adventure books and an obvious (though not perhaps strictly scientific) link with ancestral past.
Yet, the fact is we know very little about gorillas. No really satisfactory photograph has ever been taken of one in a wild
state no zoologist, however intrepid, has been able to keep the animal under close and constant observation in the9 dark
jungles in which he lives. Carl Akeley, the American naturalist, led two expeditions in the 1920's, and now lies buried among
the animals he loved so much. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies; nor was
he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence. All this and
many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the
animal to the civilised wor 9ld a century ago. The Abominable Snowman, who haunts the imagination of climbers in the
Himalayas, is hardly more elusive.

alike benzer, aynı indicate işaret etmek, göstermek

ancestral atalara ait, soysal intrepid yılmaz, korkusuz, cesur
capture Zaptetmek tutmak, yakalamak jungle Vahşi orman
constant Sabit, değişmez, konstant monster canavar
define tarif etmek mount Tirmanmak monte etmek, takmak, kurmak
elusive yakalanması zor. 2. tarifi zor; anlaşılması zor mystery gizem, sır
exact tam, kesin obvious açık, apaçık
exert etmek, kullanmak paradox Zıt olma hali, zıddiyet .
fascination 1. büyük merak. 2. cazibe. pattern örnek, numune
gorilla goril stereotype şablon, basmakalıp
haunt sık sık uğramak.usandırmak akıldan strictly sert biçimde
çıkmamak
horror dehşet, yılgı, korku unable yapamaz
imprison hapsetmek, zindana kapamak

68
 67 SPACE TRAVEL
People have always wanted to know more about -the other planets in our universe. Long ago, they found out that our earth
is not flat but round, and that the moon goes round the sun. Telescopes were built to see planets far away in space better. But,
of course, this was never enough. Men have always thought about visits to other planets and many people have written stories
about journeys in space and what men hoped to find there. Often the ideas in these stories are strange and wrong. We know
that now because real men have visited space and can tell us what life there is like.
The work of scientists in the last twenty years has shown the world that men can travel outside the earth’s atmosphere in
spaceships. These scientists all worked on the same idea: space travel. But it is sad that they did not work together. There
were two teams who worked separately, one in the USSR and one in the USA. Many of them were Germans who left their
country in 1945 after the Second World War. Wernher Von Braun, who worked for the USA, was the most famous one. They
all tried to build rockets to go into space. Each of these countries wanted to be the first in space. So a race into space was
started.
In 1957, the world outside the USSR learned a new word: 'sputnik'. This is the Russian word for a satellite, a planet which
goes round and round another planet. A real satellite (like the moon, which is the earth's satellite) makes a circle round its
planet, called an orbit. Sputnik I, which was a small satellite, went into the earth's orbit and sent back radio signals. Then, after
a month, Sputnik 2 followed. And this time, Laika, a dog, was aboard.
Then the USA came into the race. The first satellite they tried to send into space caught fire. The second, Explorer I, went
into orbit without any problems and sent back a lot of interesting information about the earth's atmosphere.
For a journey to the moon, scientists had to build new spaceships. These new spaceships, called 'probes', could move in
space freely. Again the Americans tried several times, but could not launch their first moon probe. The Soviets also had
problems with their probes, called Luniks. At last, Lunik 3 reached the moon and went into orbit round it. For the first time
people on earth saw pictures of the other side of the moon.
In 1961, the Soviets were ready to take a risk. Yuri Gagarin flew into space. This 27-year-old Soviet was the first real
spaceman. His spaceship made one orbit of the earth, and then landed safely. A few weeks later, the first American astronaut,
Alan Shepard, followed him into space. Soon more Americans and more Soviets saw the world from space. They said it was
very beautiful. Flights continued and men stayed in space longer and longer.
Finally, in 1969, after long preparations, the USA was ready for the longest space journey in all those years. Apollo 11 was
sent to the moon with three astronauts. They brought back rock pieces and moon dust for the scientists to examine.

find out çözmek, kesfetmek, anlamak circle Daire etrafını çevirmek, kuşatmak
round yuvarlak, değirmia round yuvarlak,
think about ... hakkında düşünmek aboard gemi, tren vb.nin içinde
spaceship uzay gemisi. probe araştırmak, incelemek
separately ayrı ayrı, başka başka preparation hazırlama; hazırlık; hazırlanan şey
Each of bunlardan her biri examine bakmak, dikkatle gözden geçirmek
these
sputnik Rusların uzaya gönderdiği ilk uydunun ismi

69
68 EXPLORATION FOR OIL
Petroleum, or oil, is the world's most important source of energy. It is produced in more than sixty countries throughout
the world, but there are mainly six important petroleum producing regions in the world. The problem is: how can we
determine the possible regions for oil? Drilling a well is a difficult and expensive operation. Therefore, an oil company first
looks for good indications, or signs, of oil in an area. The aim of this exploration is to discover the best areas for drilling.
There are four stages in the process of exploration: aerial surveys, a geological survey, a geophysical survey and
exploration drilling.
In an aerial survey, a survey of the area is made from an aeroplane. There are two different types of aerial survey: the
photographic and the magnetic. During the former, photographs are taken from an aeroplane, showing the most important
geological features on the earth's surface. Maps are made from these photographs. During the magnetic survey, the earth's
magnetism is recorded. Rock formations under the earth's surface differ from place to place. As a result, the intensity of the
earth's magnetism and the thickness of the rocks are not the same everywhere. The measurements are analysed and in this
way information is obtained about the rock formations. The geologists then look for signs of oil in these formations. If the
indications are good, exploration continues.
A geological survey is the next stage. Certain rock formations are visited. By examining these structures, geologists learn
about the shape and direction of the rock formations under the surface. Samples of rock are taken to the laboratory and
analysed. If the samples contain fossils, these will indicate the age of the rock. Fossils of marine animals show that there may
be oil in the area.
Geophysical surveys are used to confirm the results of geological surveys. During a geophysical survey, an explosion is
made on the earth's surface. The rocks under the earth vibrate. These vibrations, called seismic waves, travel down into the
earth. Some of them, however, are reflected by rock layers under the surface and 'heard' by special equipment. The waves are
recorded on a seismogram. Analysis of this information shows the depth and type of rock formations.
All these surveys can help to locate structures under the earth's surface. But still there may be no oil. There is only one
way to be sure, and that is to drill a well. The first wells are called exploration wells or wildcats. A wildcat without any oil is
called a dry hole. A discovery well is wildcat with some oil. When oil is discovered, several more wells are drilled in the same
field. These are known as production wells.Exploration for oil is a long, difficult and expensive process. However, it reduce
drilling, which saves money.

aerial anten, havaya iliskin, havai, hava + indication bildirme, anlatma, gösterme
aerial hava haritaciligi intensity keskinlik, şiddet. yoğunluk.
survey
aeroplane uçak, tayyare locate iskân etmek, yerleştirmek
confirm dogrulamak; pekistirmek; onaylamak look for -i aramak. 2. -i beklemek
determine karar vermek, azmetmek; niyet reduce azaltmak, indirmek
lenmek
exploration Keşif, araştırma, açınsama. reflect aksetmek, yansımak
feature özellik Sample örnek, numune, model, mostra
formation şekil verme, düzenleme stage sahne. aşama
former biçimlendirici şey veya kimse. survey Araştırma
geological jeolojik, yerbilimsel. Therefore, bu yüzden
indicate işaret etmek, göstermek, imlemek. thickness kalınlık. koyuluk; yoğunluk. tabaka
indication bildirme, anlatma, belirti wildcat yabankedisi."

70
69 THE COMPUTER
With a tremendous roar from its rocket engine, the satellite is sent up into the sky. Minutes later, at an altitude of 300
miles, this tiny electronic moon begins to orbit the earth. Its radio begins to transmit a staggering amount of information about
the satellite's orbital path, the amount of radiation it detects, and the presence of meteorites. Information of all kinds races
back to the earth. No human being could possibly copy down all these facts, much less remember and organize them. But an
electronic computer can.
The marvel of the machine age, the electronic computer, has been in use only since 1946. It can do simple computations -
add, subtract, multiply, and divide - with lightning speed and perfect accuracy. It can multiply two 10-digit numbers in
111,000 second, a problem that would take an average person five minutes to do with pencil and paper. Some computers can
work 500,000 times faster than any person can.
Once it is given a 'program’; that is, a carefully worked-out set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer
language, a? computer can gather a wide range of information for many purposes. For the scientist, it can get information
from outer space or from the depths of the ocean. In business and industry, the computer prepares factory inventories, keeps
track of sales trends and production needs, mails dividend checks, and makes out company payrolls. It can keep bank accounts
up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane, the computer will find out what route to take and
what space is available.
Not only can the computer gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can pour them out
whenever they are needed. The computer is really a high-powered 'memory' machine that "has all the answers - or almost all.
What is the most efficient speed for driving a car through the New York-New Jersey tunnels? What brand of canned goods is
the most popular in a particular supermarket? What kind of weather will we have tomorrow? The computer will flash out the
answers in a fraction of a second.
Besides gathering and storing information, the computer can also solve complicated problems that once took months for
people to do. For example, within sixteen hours an electronic brain named CHEOPS (which stands for Chemical Engineering
Optimization System) solved a difficult design problem. First, it was fed all the information necessary for designing a
chemical plant. After running through 16,000 possible designs, it picked out the plan for the plant that would produce the most
chemical at the lowest cost. Then, it issued a printed set of exact specifications. Before CHEOPS solved this problem, a team
of engineers having the same information had worked for a year to produce only three designs, none of which was as efficient
as the computer's.
At times computers seem almost human. They can 'read' handprinted letters, play chess, compose music, write plays, and
even design other computers. Is it any wonder that they are sometimes called 'thinking' machines?
Not even computers can predict the future, but the benefits of computers are becoming more obvious every day.
a) Computers are being 'used in space travel. Rockets, satellites and spaceships are guided by computers.
b) Computers are being used in aviation. They are used in the training of airline pilots. Computers also direct the flight of
planes from one city to another, control their air speeds and altitudes, and even land them.
c) Computers are being used in medicine. They are used in analyzing blood samples, in diagnosing disease, and in
prescribing medication. They also keep records of the tissue types of patients waiting for organ transplants.
Even though they are taking over some of the tasks that were once accomplished by our own brains, computers are not
replacing us - at least not yet . Our brain has more than 10 billion cells. A computer has only a few hundred thousand parts.
For some time to come, then, we can safely say that our brains are at least 10,000 times more complex than a computer. How
we use them is for us, not the computer, to decide.
accomplish başarmak, becermek marvel harika, mucize
account hesap vermek hesap medication İlacla tedavi.
accuracy doğruluk, dikkat, titizlik multiply çoğaltmak, artırmak; çoğalmak, artmak
altitude yükseklik, yükselti, irtifa Not only sadece
available kullanılabilir payroll maaş/ücret bordrosu
aviation havacilik; havacilik endüstrisi pick out 1. seçmek, ayırmak. 2. ayırt etmek. 3. çıkarmak.
brand marka, alamet pour dökmek, akıtmak, boşaltmak
check durdurmak, kontrol etmek predict Tahmin etmek
compose meydana getirmek, oluşturmak prescribe emretmek. (ilaç) vermek.
depth derinlik, derin presence huzur, hazır bulunma, varlık, var olma
detect sezmek, farketmek. 2. bulmak, keşfetmek purpose amaç, gaye, maksat
devise tasarlamak, planlamak, düzenlemek, roar heybetli ses çıkarmak; bağırmak
diagnose Hastalık teşhis etmek. send up yukari dogru çikarmak, yükseltmek
taklidini yapmak, dalga geçmek
digit parmak; parmak genişliği specification belirtme; tarifname, açiklama,
dividend pay, hisse, temettü, kâr payi; bölünen staggering sarsan, sallayan
feed beslemek, yiyecek vermek storing depolayarak
fraction küçük parça, bölüm subtract çıkarmak, hesaptan düşmek
gather toplamak, bir araya getirmek track iz, eser, nişan;
gathering toplantı, toplanma; topluluk transmit göndermek; yayinlamak; geçirmek, iletmek
instruction 1. öğretme, eğitim. 2. öğrenim. 3. bilgi; ders tremendous çok büyük, kocaman, muazzam
inventory envanter. 2. deftere kayıtlı eşya, demirbaş trend egilim; akim, moda
issue yayımlama, yayım, basım. 2. konu
make out
make out (güçlükle) anlamak, çözmek; yazmak,

71
70 ELECTRON THEOR
At one time, students used to be told: t9We don't know what electricity is, we don't know how electricity goes through a
solid wire," etc. The electron theory explains these things clearly and simply. In addition, it explains the true meaning of
voltage, resistance, etc. Therefore, an understanding of the electron theory is basic to the understanding of the electrical and
electronic theory.
Scientists now agree that our universe is basically dependent on two factors, one of which is matter, the other, energy.
Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight. It can exist in any of the three forms: solid, liquid or gas.
Matter is composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. The proton has a positive charge. This component has very little
weight The neutron has no charge, but it supplies almost all the weight of matter. The electron has a negative charge. It also
has very little weight. If we could look at the structure of a piece of copper, we would find that it consists of a specific
number of protons, neutrons, and electrons arranged in some particular way. In a piece of iron, a certain number of protons,
neutrons, and electrons are arranged in a different way. The proton of iron is identical to that of copper and other elementt
They are all made up of the same components. It is the arrangement of these components that makes them different.
The electrons of an atom are arranged in shells around the nucleus. The electrons in the last shell are called 'valence'
electrons and the electrical properties of a material are dependent on the number of SnQh electrons. Atoms with less than
four valence electrons give up one or more electrons, and the fewer the valence electrons, the easier this becomes. Atoms with
more than 4 electrons in their last shell take one or more additional electrons. The conduction of electricity is made possible
by the free electrons in the outer shell.
Metals are good conductors of electricity as they have less than 4 valence electrons. These electrons aren't strongly
attached to the nucleus, but the ones in the inner shell are. Therefore, in a metal, they can move easily from one nucleus to
another.

resistance Mukavemet, direnç, rezistans.

basic esas, temel, esas teşkil eden
basically temel olarak, esasinda
occupy tutmak, zaptetmek, işgal etmek
compose birlestirmek, olusturmak, meydana
getirmek
component bileşen(
arrange dizmek, düzeltmek; kararlastirmak
identical benzer, hemen hemen ayni; ayni, özdes
arrangement 1. düzenleme.2. yerleştirme.
shell kabuk
valence valans, değerlik.
give up 1. vazgeçmek.2. pes etmek.
additional biraz daha, ilave edilen, eklenilen.
conduction iletme, geçirme, nakletme
outer 1. dıştaki, diş.2. dışarıdaki.
inner iç, içerdeki; merkeze en yakin, iç ,

72
153 HYDROPONICS
Hydroponics is the technique of growing plants in water. It is generally thought that plants need soil for growing. In fact,
what they need is the nutrients (vitamins and minerals) and moisture contained in the soil and these can be supplied through
water, as well as through soil.
Hydroponics is not a new process. As long ago as the 1690's, an English physician tried growing plants in water in a
laboratory experiment. However, it was not Until the 1800's that German researchers used this method to develop many of the
formulas for plant nutrient solutions still in use today.
About a generation ago, hydroponics moved out of the research laboratory into practical use. In the past 40 years,
hydroponic farming has progressed in a number of areas, especially in those where water is in short supply and temperatures
are too extreme for ordinary agriculture. This is because hydroponic farming is the only economical solution in such desert
areas.
Each year, more than 2.7 million kilograms of vegetables and fruit are produced by hydroponic farming. These are
mostly tomatoes but cucumbers, lettuce and melons are also grown. On hydroponic farms, each tomato plant produces an
average of 6 kilograms of fruit twice a year - a total of 12 kilograms every year. An ordinary soil-grown plant, on the other
hand, produces only a total of 9 kilograms per year.
In hydroponic farming, plants are grown in greenhouses. The greenhouses measure 8 by 39 metres and consist of steel
frames covered with strong transparent plastic that is resistant to weather and lets in a maximum amount of light. The plants
are fed by inorganic nutrients dissolved in water which is supplied by a plastic pipelinee The feeding and watering system is
automated. Electric sensing devices (sensors) determine when the plants are hungry or thirsty. The sensors send messages
which automatically start the water and nutrient delivery system. When the sensors 'know' that the plant have had enough, the
system turns off automatically.
Nothing is left to chance within the greenhouses. Temperature, humidity and air circulation are carefully controlled. Air
conditioning and heating equipment keep the temperature at 29 0C by day and 180C by night.
In recent years, hydroponic farming has expanded to many parts of the world. An application of the method has occurred
in Italy, for example, where the largest hydroponic installation - 50,000 square metres of greenhouses in Sicily produces
tomatoes, cucumbers and other vegetables. A hydroponic farm operated by the government of Kuwait produces fresh tomatoes
at a desert site near the capital city. At Puerto Penasco, Mexico and on Sadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi there are experimental
hydroponic farms located on the coast.

amount of Nın miktarı lettuce salata

application uygulama, tatbik; melon kavun, karpuz
moisture Nem, rutubet, ıslaklık.
as well as hem ... hem de ...kadar iyi: move out 1. evden taşınmak.2. dışarı çıkmak.
automate otomatikleştirmek, makineleştirmek. nutrient besleyici, besinli; gıdalı
chance talih, şans; kader ordinary sıradan, alelade olağan
Consist of -den meydana gelmek, -den oluşmak resistant direnen, karşı koyan.dirençli.
cucumber hıyar, salatalık sense duygu, duyu algılamak
delivery teslim; dağıtım. doğurma; doğum. thought düşünce, fikir, tasavvur
determine karar vermek, azmetmek; niyet lenmek through Vasıtasiyle, yolu ile. boyunca:
içinden
device cihaz, aygıt, alet transparent şeffaf, berrak, saydam cam gibi
dissolve eritmek; erimek. çözmek turn off kapamak. kesmek.
expand genişletmek büyütmek genleştirmek
farming çiftçilik
feed Beslemek, gıda vermek yem, yemek as well de, da
so devrik cümle
,too
generation Nor devrik olumsuzda de da
Neither devrik
Etheir cümle olumlu
humidity Rutubet, nem.
hydroponics ilaçlı su içinde bitki yet iştirme
metodu.

73
72 THE BASIS OF REFRIGERATION
If we are to find a way of making objects cold, we must find a good refrigerant ; that is, a liquid that will evaporate readily.
Yet, rapid evaporation cannot be the only reason for selection. There are certain other considerations. The liquid must not be too
costly, it must not be poisonous, it must not be explosive. What liquid, then, is best of all?
When a liquid evaporates, its molecules escape from a crowded condition Into a space where they are freer to move. If we
start with a substance that is normally in the gaseous form and compress it by means of a pump, the molecules exert great pressure
in flying to escape from their confinement. If we allow a very small hole through which they might leave, they rush out rapidly.
In doing so, they absorb heat energy from their surroundings, just as the molecules of an evaporating liquid do. If you want
evidence that this heat absorption really takes place, hold your hand in the escaping air from an automobile tyre. The rapid exit of
air molecules into less crowded conditions results in a cooling effect just as great as the cooling that follows the spreading of
liquid alcohol over your hand.
Thus, the problem of finding a suitable refrigerant becomes ~'t of selecting the most suitable gas to be compressed. Many
have been tried. Ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethyl chloride, and even steam have been and are used.
In an electric refrigerator, seen in many homes, the refrigerant is usually what we call Freon-12 gas. An electric motor drives
a pump that compresses the refrigerant into an air-cooled tank. Then, rapid expansion or evaporation takes place in a coil of pipes
surrounding the ice-cube trays. Not only does the coil freeze the water in the trays, but it cools the air in the surroundings. The
cold air falls, and a convection current is set up, which bathes all the food in the stream of cold air The electric switch which
controls the motor is adjusted so that automatically starts the motor when the circulating air gets too warm. It also stops the motor
when the air cools to the desired temperature The switch is set to operate at about 40 0F, and it depends for its~ automatic action
upon a strip of metal known as a compound bar. The expansion of such a bar, due to heating, may be used to operate switches
and valves.
In a gas refrigerator, there is a reservoir containing ammonia water. When the lower gas flame is burning, the ammonia water
rises through the tube to the 'generator. The upper gas flame drives off the ammonia gas, which passes into the ‘condenser'. The
cold air around the condenser rapidly brings down the temperature of the gas. Then the cooled gas, now condensed into a liquid,
passes into the 'evaporator', which contains hydrogen. In the evaporator, the ammonia expands rapidly, especially since its
expansion in hydrogen is greater than it would be in air. This rapid expansion greatly lowers its temperature. It is the cooling of
the gas in the evaporator which lowers the temperature of the whole refrigerator and freezes the water in the ice-cube trays.
allow bırakmak, izin vermek, müsaade etmek hold tutmak; bırakmamak, zapt etmek
ammonia water amonyak suyu poisonous zehirli; kötü; igrenç, berbat
compress sıkmak, basmak, tazyik etmek readily Isteyerek kolayca, güçlük çekmeden
condition hal, durum, vaziyet ; sağlık; şart refrigerant serinlik verici, soğutkan
confinement hapis, mahpusluk; logusalik refrigeration soğutma, dondurma.
consideration saygı, düşünce reservoir su haznesi, su deposu,
convection konveksiyon, ısı yayımı, iletim. rush acele etmek; kosmak, segirtmek; acele ettirmek
exert (çaba, gayret, güç, vb.) sarf etmek, kullanmak selection ayırma, ayrılma seçme seçilme
expansion büyüme, genişleme set up kurmak
explosive patlayıcı surrounding çevredeki, civardaki
flame alevlenmek; parlamak alev; ates switch anahtar, anahtarlamak,
gaseous gazlı, gaz gibi take place meydana gelmek, vuku bulmak; geçmek
tray tepsi, sini; tabla.
upper Üstü, üstteki.
Yet Henüz yinede
convection current konveksiyon akimi

74
73 ANTI-RADIATION PILLS FOR FAMILIES

By Jenny Hope …Newly 1,000 people living near Britain's oldest nuclear power station art to be given anti-nuclear pills. It is
the first time the tablets - potassium iodate - have been issued for emergency use to the public. The move has been ordered by
Gloucestershire County Council as part of a plan in case of an accident at the Berkeley Power Station, which is 20 years old.
The council thinks such a safety improvement is necessary before the power station's operating licence can be extended Until
the year 2000.
The anti-radiation tablets stop the thyroid gland from absorbing harmful radioactive iodine by flooding it with a harmless
form of the chemical. They have only ever been taken once in Britain. That was when they were issued two years ago to the
workers at Hinkley Point Power Station in Somerset during a leak of radioactive gas on the site. The tablets will be given to
100 people living and working on 28 farms near the Berkeley Power Station and 750 people working in factories in the
industrial area near the reactor and will be taken only if there is a leakage in the plant.
Privately, the council is worried that distributing the tablets will cause unnecessary alarm among the population.

pill hap thyroid gland tiroit bezi

issue yayımlama, yayım, basım. konu. sorun harmless zararsiz
emergency acil durum leakage sızıntı, sızma.
order düzenlemek, emir vermek ısmarlamak Privately özel olarak
part of -nın parçası distributing dağıt(mak)
council kurul, komisyon; konsey unnecessary gereksiz
extend uzatmak, yaymak; genişletmek, büyütmek

As olark arkasından cümle gelmemiş gibi anlamında cümle gelir.

in case of durumunda
in case olur diye
such böyle
only if eğer = if
among arasında

75
74 CROCODILES
Crocodiles are formidable enemies of man and most of the stories about them arise from tragic real experiences. At least
6 of the 23 species in the crocodile family will attack and eat human beings if they can, and many of the others are large
enough to cause serious injury.
The well-known Nile crocodile, found from Egypt to the Cape of Good Hope, has a length of 5 metres. It is reported that
crocodiles kill up to 1,000 people every year along the banks of the River Nile. Equally large and dangerous is the man-eating
salt water crocodile, whose habitat ranges from India and China to northern Australia. The largest of all is the Madagascar
crocodile, which may grow to 9 metres or longer, and the most dangerous is the Estuarine crocodile, which probably kills over
2,000 people each year
Crocodiles have narrow, pointed snouts and rows of teeth in the lower jaw. The teeth can be seen even when the mouth is
closed. The body is protected by thick leathery plates and the animal has webbed feet as well as a powerful, flattened tail.
Baby crocodiles are greenish grey with black crossbands whereas most adults are olive coloured.
Sewage and garbage attract crocodiles by providing a rich diet which Unfortunately inflames their aggression. That's
probably why there are constant horror stories about the danger of crocodiles growing in sewage systems and waste dumps of
big cities in Africa. However, this is certainly true for the city of Manzini in Swaziland, where the health officials captured
man-eating crocodiles and put them to work in the city sewers and dumps to gobble up garbage. Now, the job is done cheaply
and effectively!
Among the many legends about crocodiles, there are those of living to be a hundred years old. However, most crocodiles
live for about fifty years. The oldest official age recorded is that of a crocodile which was born in Dresden Zoo in Germany in
1880 and which was recorded as being still alive in 1937. In fact, it might have lived on much longer if the zoo had not been
completely destroyed in the Second World War.
Hatred has made the hunting of crocodiles so popular that the world population of them has been drastically reduced.
Some 16 species are now almost extinct - among them the rare Cuban crocodile, which has been reduced to a mere 300
individuals living in a protected sanctuary in Cuba.

aggression tecavüz, hücum, saldırı; saldırganlık. horror dehşet, yılgı, korku

arise kalkmak; dogrulmak; ortaya çikmak individual Kişi, fert; 2. Kişiye has
capture zaptetmek, zorla ele geçirmek; esir etmek inflame alevlendirmek, tahrik etmek; öfkelendirmek
Crocodile timsah leathery kösele gibi, sert, kalin
crossband çaprazbant legend masal, hikaye efsane
drastically 1. şiddetle. 2. yoğun bir şekilde. lower jaw alt çene
dump boşaltmak, atmak çöplük narrow dar, ensiz
enemy düsman olive zeytin; zeytin ağacı
flatten düzlestirmek, yassilastirmak; düzlesmek probably büyük olasilikla, muhtemelen
formidable korkulur, korkunç rare nadir, az bulunur
garbage 1. çöp; süprüntü. 2. pis ve değersiz şey. row sıra, saf, dizi.
greenish yesilimsi Sewage pissu, lağım suyu
Hatred kin, nefret, düşmanlık sewer kanalizasyon
snout uzun burnu
webbed (ördek, vb. ayagi) perdeli

most of nın çoğu

At least " en az
enough yet erli
From…to Dan………. ekadar
. However, Iki virgül arası ancak bununla birlikte
So..that Okadar şöyle ki

76
75 CAT
High on a hill in Mid-Wales near Machynileth, a group of idealists have shown that man can harmlessly draw energy from
nature.
In the past 13 years, this group, some 30 adults with their children, has demonstrated the success of harnessing the energy
of the sun, the wind and the rain to generate sufficient power for their needs.
Although they were not taken seriously by locals as the 'hippies in the hills' when they first moved to the disused mining
site a few miles from Machynlleth, their projects and enThusiasm have won them the support of the local people, big
business, and international respect1
Opposed to the government's plans for both nuclear power and coal, the Centre for Alternative Technology is striving for a
programme using renewable fuels which would protect the planet's future. “The way the world is going, we could actually
run out of known forms of energy before we actually blow ourselves up," says Tim Kirby, an engineering graduate and
CAT's technical officer.
The centre uses windmills, water turbines and solar panels to heat and effectively provide for all its facilities, and the
group believes that there is no reason why such technology should not power the entire UK.
The CAT people live off the land, on organically-grown fruit and vegetables and naturally-bred animals. Some are
vegetarian; all believe in a low meat diet. Most members of staff live on the site; others choose to emulate the lifestyle in the
surrounding area.
While most of us were complaining about the lack of sunshine this summer, water pipes heated from solar panels at
Machynlieth were red hot after just a couple of hours of autumnal sun. "Few people realise the power of the sun's rays." says
Mr. Kirby. He claims that the owner of a house with a wall of solar panels now pays around £75 a year on fuel bills as
opposed to £500 for the average house.
a couple of 1. iki. 2. birkaç. mining madencilik. maden kazma
autumnal sonbahara ait. opposed to e karsi; -e dogru; -e zit yönde
breed doğurmak, yavrulamak; çiftleştirmek, ourselves kendimiz, bizler
üretmek
complaining Birşey hakkında şikayet etmek provide for -i geçindirmek, -in geçimini sağlamak
about
demonstrate ispat etmek, göstermek, renewable yenılenebılır
disuse kullanılmama, kullanılmazlık. respect saygi, hürmet
draw çizmek, yapmak; çekmek; çekmek, almak run out of i tüketmek, bitirmek, bitmek, tükenmek
emulate rekabet etmek, geçmeye çalışmak; gıpta striving uğraşarak
etmek
enThusiasm şevk, gayret, istek sufficient kâfi, yet erli; elverişli, uygun, münasip
facilities araç gereç surrounding çevredeki, etraftaki.
harmlessly emniyet le windmill yeldeğirmeni.
harness (doğal bir gücü dizginleyerek) yararlanmak, with respect to -e gelince ile ilgil iolarak
kullanmak. with regards to
lack of eksiklik
live off -den geçimini saglamak

77
76 MATHEMATICS
To meet the demands of industry, technology, and other sciences, mathematicians have had to invent new branches of
mathematics and expand the old ones. They have built a superstructure of new ideas that people who are trained in the
classical branches of the subject would hardly recognise as mathematics at all.
Applied mathematicians have been dealing with the world's problems successfully, while pure mathematicians seem
almost to have lost touch with the real world. To them, mathematics is an art and they don't care much whether it will ever
have any practical use.
By applying the concepts of mathematics to worldly problems, the applied mathematician can often brush away the
obscuring details and reveal simple patterns. Celestial mechanics, for example, enables astronomers to calculate the positions
of the planets at any time in the past or future. Now, this ancient branch of mathematics has suddenly become very practical
for calculating the orbits of Earth satellites.
Applied mathematicians, who are interested in worldly problems, have learned to solve many of them that were almost
impossible to solve ten or twenty years ago. They have developed new statistical methods for controlling quality in high-
speed industrial mass production. They have built the basis for Operations Research, which businessmen use to plan
production and distribution. They have dealt with the complexities of human behaviour through 'game theory', which applies
to military and business strategy. They have analysed the design of automatic controls for such complicated systems as factory
production lines and supersonic aircraft. Now they are ready to tackle many problems of space travel.
Mathematicians have begun to turn their attention to the biological and social sciences as these sciences have started to
use mathematics. The bond between mathematics and life sciences has been strengthened by a group of applied mathematics
specialties, such as biometrics, psychometrics and econometrics.
Now that they have electronic computers, mathematicians are solving problems that they could never solve a few years
ago. In a few minutes, they can get an answer that previously would have required months or even years of calculation.
Furthermore, in designing computers and programming them to carry out instructions, mathematicians have had to develop
new techniques. Computers have contributed very little to pure mathematical theory, but they have been used to test certain
relationships among numbers.
,Furthermore, bundan başka, ayrıca. obscure çapraşık, anlaşılması güç sıradan
among arasında pattern örnek, numune
Apply yaklaştırmak; uygulamak, tatbik etmek position yer, mevki. Durum
At all hiç practical pratik, ameli
at any time her an previously önceden, evvelce.
whenever
Base temel, esas, taban pure saf, safi, som
branch dal, kol, şube recognise tanımak. farkında olmak kabul etmek
brush away relationship akrabalık. ilişki, bağlantı
care dert, kaygı, tasa.bakım satellite uydu,
carry out 1.uygulamak, tatbik etmek. statistical istatistiksel, istatistiklere dayanan
2. (birini/bir şeyi) dışarıya taşımak. "
Celestial mechanics gök mekanigi strengthen kuvvetlendirmek, güçlendirmek
complexity karmaşıklık. suddenly birdenbire, aniden, ansızın
contribute katkıda bulunmak superstructure üstyapı
deal with ile ilgilenmek. -i idare etmek tackle ele almak, çözmeye çalışmak
demand talep etmek, istemek; emretmek touch Dokunmak değmek; temas etmek
design of -nın dizaynı whether olup olmadığını; olursa; ise de
enable olanakli kilmak, imkân tanimak worldly dünyevi, maddi; maddeci
expand büyütmek; geliştirmek,inkişaf ettirmek reveal açıklamak, açığa vurmak.göstermek.
hardly zorla, güçlükle, güçbela. hemen hemen
impossible imkansız,
instruction öğretme, öğrenim, eğitim
Now that mademki.

78
77 ATOMS (2)
In 1805, the English chemist and physicist, John Dalton, stated that all matter consists of small particles which he called
'atoms'.Dalton's theory, which helped to explain many different observations that he and other scientists had made, has been
supported and changed by scientists since his time, but it is basic to an understanding of chemistry and biology today.
The word 'atom' comes from a Greek word which means 'indivisible'. However, scientists in our century have found that
atoms are not indivisible. All atoms are made up of different combinations of three smaller particles: electrons, neutrons and
protons. Electrons are the main units of electricity and they carry a negative electrical charge (-). Protons carry a positive
electrical charge (+). Neutrons, as their name suggests, are neutral. They carry no electrical charge.
How are these particles arranged inside the atom? The protons and neutrons together form the nucleus of the atom. The
nucleus is in the centre and occupies a very small amount of the total space of the atom. All the rest of the empty space in the
atom is used by the rapidly moving electrons. As a result of these rapid movements of electrons, an 'electron cloud' is formed
around the nucleus. They seem to be everywhere at once. The number of electrons outside the nucleus equals the number of
protons inside the nucleus. Thus, an atom is electricalily balanced, or neutral. All chemical reactions involve only electrons,
which travel around the nucleus in different orbits. These electrons can interact with the electrons of another atom to form
compounds. The nucleus of an atom is not changed in a chemical reaction. Jr is changed only in nuclear reactions, which
occur, for example, in radioactive minerals and in atomic reactors.
Atoms of different elements differ from one another in the number of protons, neutrons and electrons. On the other hand,
atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons and electrons, Although they may differ in the number of
neutrons. These are called isotopes. For example, over 99% of all the oxygen atoms in nature are made up of 8 protons, 8
neutrons and S electrons. This is known as the Oxygen-16 isotope. 16 is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. (The
number of electrons is not included in this number because the number of electrons is the same as that of protons.) However,
there is also a small amount of the Oxygen- 18 isotope, whose atoms contain 8 protons and 10 neutrons.
Isotopes are important in biology because they can be used in following many processes in living cells. Radioactive
isotopes are the most useful ones for this purpose. The nuclei of radioactive isotopes are not stable. They give off radiation
and finally come apart. The radiation can be detected with a Geiger counter. For example, the radioactive isotope of carbon,
Carbon-14, has helped biologists to follow the path of carbon in many complicated reactions inside living cells.
Many of the chemical elements which occur in nature are made up of mixtures of non-radioactive isotopes with stable
nuclei. Others are composed of radioactive isotopes. In addition, radioactive isotopes of all the chemical elements can be
produced artificially. These are called radioisotopes.
The most important source of radioisotopes is the atomic reactor, which yields large quantities of some isotopes from the
fission of uranium. Other radioisotopes may be produced by the bombardment of suitable elements by neutrons in the reactor
and some others by nuclear reactions.

,In addition, ek olarak interact birbirini etkilemek.

all the rest Kalanların hepsi involve icap ettirmek, bağlamak, tabi kılmak
arrange düzenlemek, tertip etmek, tanzim etmek Isotope izotop.
artificially yapay olarak made up of destekle
As a result of in sonucu olarak made up of desteklemek
detect meydana çıkarmak; keşfetmek, sezmek neutral tarafsız, yansız; belirli bir niteliği olmayan
equal eşit observation inceleme; gözlem
everywhere her yer; her yerde; her yere occupy tutmak, zaptetmek, işgal etmek
fission fisyon purpose niyet etmek tasarlamak, kastetmek
give off yaymak, çıkarmak yield vermek, ödemek; mahsul vermek verimlilik
indivisible bölünemez.

79
78 TRANCE
The word 'hypnosis' comes from the Greek word 1hypnos', which means 'sleep'. Although it is hard to define hypnosis,
because it has many aspects and degrees, it might be said that hypnosis is a kind of trance (a sleeplike condition) in which the
subject responds strongly to the suggestions of the hypnotist. It is difficult to know exactly what changes hypnotism produces
in the functioning of the nervous system or the personality.
There are many theories on hypnosis, but no single theory is accepted as completely explaining all aspects of hypnosis.
One of the oldest theories regards hypnosis to be a form of sleep. This concept originated in 1784, and was further developed
by Ivan Pavlov. However, this theory is contradicted by evidence which indicates that the hypnotized person is not asleep: the
knee reflex, which is absent in sleep, is present in the hypnotic state, and recordings of brain waves show the typical patterns
of the state in which we are awake.
Methods of putting a subject into a trance have changed in recent years. Very few modern hypnotists use the old method
of staring into the subject's eyes. Instead, they use methods which emphasize relaxing or even sleep. The subject sits in a
comfortable chair while the hypnotist talks quietly, giving the subject directions and suggestions which lead him slowly into a
trance. The hypnotist watches for signs for this state. For example, many subjects don't talk when they are in a trance.
Instead of talking, they nod or shake their heads when they have to answer the questions the hypnotist asks them.
The hypnotic trance may be classified according to its degree, which depends partly on the hypnotist and partly on the
subject.
In a light trance, the eyes are closed, breathing becomes slower and the subject is able to carry out simple suggesti6ns.
The subject is usually unable to open his eyes or move his arms if the hypnotist tells him that he cannot.
In a medium-deep trance, the subject is able to experience feeling of movement even though he is not moving. After
coming out of the trance, the subject may not remember what happened during the time he was in a trance.
In a deep trance, the hypnotist can produce very unusual effects. For example, he may tell the subject that, when he
comes out of the trance, he will think that he sees a clock on the wall and that he will look at it and say it is midnight even
though it's four o'clock in the afternoon. When he comes out of the trance, the subject will do what he is told to do, but he
may not remember anything about what happened in the trance.
In contrast to many people who can be put into a deep trance quite easily, there are others who are not affected at all.
The number of such people constitutes about 20% of the population, but this percentage may be higher among people who are
55 or older. Also, subjects who try too hard to fall into a trance may actually be difficult to hypnotize just like those who are
afraid or suspicious of hypnosis or the hypnotist. People who resist the process can't be hypnotized eithen However, some
experimenters have reported that it was easier to hypnotize people who did not know they were being hypnotized. These
subjects were patients who needed treatment for various kinds of nervous conditions. They were simply told that the doctor
would teach them how to relax.
Contrary to popular belief, there is no possibility of the subject not awakening As a result of an accident to the
hypnotist. It is also not true that a hypnotized subject is completely under the will or power of the hypnotist.
absent yok; namevcut dalgın indicate işaret etmek, göstermek, imlemek
accept kabul etmek, almak Instead Yerine
Instead of nın yerine
according to -e göre just like aynı, tıpkı
anything (herhangi) bir sey; hiçbir sey kind of tür, çesit, cins
aspect görüş, bakış knee Diz
at all hiç. hiçde midnight gece yarısı
awake uyanık nervous Sinirli, sinir
awakening uyandirici nod baş sallamak
carry out dışarıya taşımak. yerine getirmek tatbik etmek power of -nın gücü
come out çıkmak, görünmek yayılma put into -e ... katmak; -e para vermek,
para yatirmak; -e tercüme etmek
contradict yalanlamak aksini iddia etmek quietly yavaşça, sessizce,
ters düşmek, çelişmek.
Contrary to -in tersine/aksine regard dikkatle bakmak ile ilgili olmak
dikkate almak dikkat etmek
degree derece; düzey, derece resist karşı durmak, mukavemet etmek
depend on bağlı ol(mak) respond cevap vermek; karşılık verme
emphasize üzerinde durmak, vurgulamak, shake sarsmak, çalkamak, titretmek
paragraf sorularında cok cıkar
even though -e rağmen sit in yerini almak
exactly tam, tamam, tamamen staring hareketsiz, sabit
functioning functioning suspicious of den süpheli
In contrast to -in aksine trance hipnoz
under altında, altındaki; yet ersiz
usually çogunlukla, genellikle

80
79 STAYING UNDERWATER

Until man invented ways of staying underwater for more than a few minutes, the wonders of the world below the sea were
almost unknown. The main problem, of course, was am How could air be supplied to swimmers below the surface of the sea?
Pictures made about 2,900 years ago in Asia show men swimming under the surface with air bags tied to their bodies. A pipe
from the bag carried air into the swimmer's mouth. Yet, little progress was made in the invention of diving devices Until about
1490, when the famous Italian painter, Leonardo da Vinci, designed a complete diving suit.
In 1680, an Italian professor invented a large air bag with a glass window to be worn over the diver's head. To 'clean t the air, a
breathing pipe went from the air bag, through another bag to remove moisture, and then again to the large air bag. The plan did
not work, but it gave later inventors the idea of moving air around in diving devices.
In 1819, a German, Augustus Siebe, developed a way of forcing air into the head-covering by a machine operated above the
water. Finally, in 1837 he invented the 'hard-hat suit', which was to be used for almost a century. It had a metal covering for the
head and an air pipe attached to a machine above water. It also had small openings to remove unwanted air. But there were two
dangers to the diver inside the hard-hat suit. One was a sudden rise to the surface, caused by too great a supply of air. The other
was the crushing of the body, caused by a sudden dive into deep water. The sudden rise to the surface could kill the diver; a
sudden dive could force his body up into the head covering, which could also result in death.Gradually, the hard-hat suit was
improved so that the diver could be given a constant supply of breathable air. The diver could then move around under the
ocean without worrying about his air supply.
During the 1940's, diving underwater without a special suit became popular. Instead, divers used a breathing device and a
face-mask, i.e., a small covering worn on the face made of rubber and glass. To increase the swimmers speed another new
invention was used -rubber shoes shaped like giant duck feet called flippers. The manufacture of snorkels, which are rubber
breathing pipes, made it possible for the divers to float on the surface of the water, observing the marine life below them. A
special rubber suit which prevented heat loss made diving comfortable enough to collect samples of plant and vegetable life even
in icy waters.
The most important advance, however, was the invention of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, which is called
a 'scuba'. Invented by two Frenchmen, Jacques Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, the scuba consists of a mouthpiece joined to
one or two tanks of compressed air which are attached to the diver's back. The scuba makes it possible for a diver-scientist to
work 200 feet underwater - or even deeper - for several hours. As a result, scientists can now move around freely at great
depths, learning about the wonders of the sea.
above yukarısında; yukarısına üstünde yukarıda float yüzmek, batmamak, su yüzünde durmak
yukarı
almost hemen hemen hard-hat kask, miğfer.
apparatus takım, aletler, cihaz inventor icat eden kims e, mucit
around etrafına, etrafında, yakında joined to e bağlı
As a result (of) in sonucu olarak moisture Nem, rutubet, ıslaklık
attached to e bağlı mouthpiece ağızlık.
below aşağı, aşağıda prevent önlemek, engellemek, durdurmak
below aşağı, aşağıda, alt katta result in sonuçlan
breathable teneffüs edilebilir, nefes alınabilir shape biçim, şekil. sekillendirmek
compressed sıkıştırılmış hava. snorkel Nefes almaya yarıyan alet tüp
air
consist of den meydana gelmek, -den oluşmak through Vasıtasiyle, yolu ile. den, içinden
Arasından boyunca
constant değişmez; sürekli, devamlı under altında, altındaki;
crushing eziş ezme without -meksizin -sız,
dive suya dalmak, dalmak, batmak wonder hayret, şaşırma. 2. harika
diver dalgıç. worry için kaygılan(mak)
about
diving suit dalgiç elbisesi Yet, yinede
Enough …to v1 Yet erince isim önünde
Çok sıfat zarf sonrasıda
Too…to v1 Çok sıfat zarf öncesinde sonrasıda
flipper Yüzgeç palet.

81
80 DISTILLING OIL
When plants and animals die, they normally decay, helped along by fungi and bacteria in the environment. Once
decomposed, L&)ch provide nutrients for living organisms, and the respiration of fungi and bacteria causing decay releases
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Over a period of several hundred million years, however, comparatively small amounts
of organic material have remained under layers of silt, soil or volcanic rock and, as there is no oxygen, have not fully
decomposed. Instead, they have formed deposits of coal, natural gas and oil, often located far below the land surface or the
sea-bed.
Oil is usually found in porous rock under a layer of hard rock which prevents it from escaping. It can, then, only be
reached by drilling. The initial rush of oil out of a drill pipe is caused by the pressure of the gas compressed immediately
above the oil deposits. In time, this pressure decreases and the oil has to be' pumped to the surface.
Raising oil from below the sea-bed is an immensely difficult and dangerous operation. Although drilling engineers are
exposed to high winds and heavy seas, they have to make test bores to see if it is worth exploring further. After they are
satisfied that they have found an oifield, they set up a platform. The quality of the oil which is piped up to the surface varies,
but it all has to be brought ashore. This is done either by pumping it along pipelines or carrying it in tankers. In the North
Sea, as they are constantly threatened by the weather, the big oil companies have, on the whole, preferred pipelines. In other
locations, where they are favoured by better weather conditions, they often use tankers.
The crude oil raised directly from wells is not yet ready for use. It has to be refined. The first stage in this process is
fractional distillation in a fractionating column. Those fractions, such as petrol and kerosene, which are lighter and more
volatile, move towards the top of the column before condensing. The heavy residual fuel at the base of the column is
extremely impure.
The fractional distillation of crude oil results in the production of several useful substances, all of them normally liquids
except the gas from the top of the column and the solid residue at the base. Straight petrol, which vaporizes between 300 and
2000 Centigrade, is used (when mixed with petrol produced from kerosene and heavy gas oil) as fuel for motor cars. The gas,
which boils between 200 and 1 64 0C, also has a use - many households rely on it for heating and cooking.Kerosene has, of
course, become invaluable as the fuel consumed by jet planes. It boils between 2000 and 300 0C, whereas heavy gas oil and
fuel oil vaporize within the range 300 0C. The former is used to produce diesel fuel for lorries, buses and some cars, and the
latter is redistilled to produce other fractions. The heavier fractions, such as petroleum jelly and paraffin, The former with a
boiling point over 3500C and the latter with a melting point between 520 and 57 0C, have a variety of uses1 Petroleum jelly is a
useful lubricant and is used on the skin, and paraffin is the main component of wax candles. The pitch and tar at the bottom of
the column, which boil at over 4300C, are used to make asphalt. So, there is little wastage. But distillation does not produce
enough high grade petrol to meet today's high demand. The petrol offered for sale to motorists is a mixture of straight petrol
and distilled petrol produced by chemical modification from certain other distillates.

along boyunca, müddetince lubricant Kayganlaştırıcı madde, yağlayıcı madde

Although -e rağmen, nutrient Besleyici, gıdalı; Gıdalı olan şey
ashore karaya, karada, kıyıya, kıyıda Petroleum jelly vazelin.
bore can sıkmak, pitch zift
bottom dip prefer yeğlemek, tercih etmek
candle mum pressure baskı, tazyik, basınç
column kolon prevent önlemek, engellemek, durdurmak
comparatively bir dereceye kadar release Salınma, açığa çıkam, serbest kalma
condense yoğunlaştırmak remain kalmak, durmak; geri kalmak,
crude oil ham petrol. residual fazla ve artakalan, artık
decay çürümek respiration teneffüs,solunum; nefes, soluk
decompose ayrıştırmak, halletmek; çürütmek rush koşmak, hızla yürümek, acele etmek
Either …or Ya …yada satisfy memnun etmek
except saymamak, hariç tutmak set up kurmak
expose maruz bırakmak, karşı karşıya silt çamur ve kum tabakası
getirmek
extremely aşırı derecede. such as Gibi arkasından bir iki örnek gelir
favor tarafını tutmak. tercih etmek benzemek tar katran
fungi Mantarlar, mantar, küf The former ilki
immediately hemen, derhal the latter sonuncusu
immensely gayet , pek çok. towards -e doğru, doğrultusunda, tarafına doğru
impure kirli, pis, murdar under altında, altındaki
In time vaktinde, zamanında zamanla. vaporize Buharlaşmak, buharlaştırmak
initial ilk, başlangıç volatile buhar olabilen, buharlaşabilen, uçar
invaluable çok kıymetli, paha biçilmez wastage israf, sarfiyat; zarar
whereas oysa, halbuki

82
81 PATTERNS OF OCEAN LIFE
A striking example of how man can drastically alter the interdependence patterns of ocean life has occurred off the coasts
of southern California. In the nineteenth century, these waters had a large population of that busy little animal called the sea
otter, which ate sea urchins*, which, in turn, fed on large brown algae called kelp. Sea otters almost totally disappeared due to
fur traders who encouraged hunters to kill off otters for their valuable furs. With the disappearence of the otter, sea urchins
started to reproduce in vast numbers, leading to a great increase in their population. This caused sea urchins to almost
entirely exhaust kelp beds. At this point, man had replaced the original balance of nature with a new pattern: The sea urchins,
which previously had been the prey of the sea otter, had become the predator* and the kelp had become the new prey. As the
kelp began to disappear, sea urchins began to starve. With the reduction of the urchin population, the kelp managed to
reproduce and increase their numbers. Yet, the sea urchins again increased and so on. A cycle taking from 10 to 12 years
started to repeat itself.
A further step came when sewage pollution caused an additional destruction of kelp - not because sewage kills kelp but
because sewage feeds sea urchins, which once again increased in numbers with this new source of food. If sea otters had been
present in sufficient quantities, the kelp beds would still be abundant. In order to re-establish the proper balance in the eco-
system, marine biologists have put forward a number of solutions. In time and with the help of man, nature may regain its
previous order.

abundant bol, bereketli otter sarı samur

almost hemen hemen predator yırtıcı hayvan.
alter değiştirmek, tahvil etmek previous önceki
an additional Ek olarak previously önceden, evvelce.
and so on filan, v.s., v.b. prey -i avlayıp yemek
brown algae kahverengi yosun put forward ileri sürmek.
cycle devre; dönme, döngü, devir reduction azaltma, eksiltme, küçültme
drastically şiddetle. yoğun bir şekilde regain tekrar ele geçirmek, yeniden kazanmak
due to den dolayı arkasından cumle gelemez replace yerine koymak Değiştirmek
Because of the fact that ile anca ksümle alır
Owing to
İn wiew of
On account of
As result of
As a consequence of
Thanks to
encourage cesaret vermek, teşciu reproduce Doğurmak, yavru meydana getirmek
entirely büsbütün, tamamen. sewage pissu, lağım suyu.
exhaust tüketmek, bitirmek. egzoz starve Açlık çekmek açlıktan ölmek
feed yeme; yem, yemek yemek yemek striking dikkati çeken, göze çarpan
fur kürk, kürk sufficient kâfi, yet erli; elverişli, uygun
hunter avcı trader tüccar, tacir
increase artmak, çogalmak, yükselmek; artirmak urchin denizkestanesi
interdependence karşılıklı dayanışma valuable kıymetli, değerli
kill off hepsini öldürmek, kılıçtan geçirmek vast geniş engin çok büyük
leading to e yol açmak, neden olmak
lead to
managed to başarmak
succeed in/to

83
82 GROWING UP
When we are young, the house where we live is our whole world. Everything is provided for us - food and shelter, warmth
and love. We obey our parents without question, because if mummy and daddy say it, it must be right. Every experience we have
is classified as good or bad according to their reaction. We quickly learn to do those things which earn their praise, and to avoid
doing those things which upset them and earn their disapproval.
As we grow older, we are more and more exposed to outside influences - school, friends and other adults. We soon start to
realise that there are other values which are different from those our parents hold. For example, your parents have told you that
some words, such as ~bl~yt~ are swear words, and they have forbidden you to use them.in your friend's house, Everyone -
children and grown-ups -says things like 'Bloody hell!' when they are annoyed and no-one seems to think that there is anything
wrong with it. You are confused; you wonder what the right thing to do is. You try to resolve the conflict of values between two
groups of people - your parents on the one hand, and your friend's parents on the other - for whom you have equal respect.
Eventually what happens is that we start to lead double lives; we reserve some forms of behaviour for the home, and others for
the world outside the home.
The real conflict starts when we reach adolescence. We begin to question Everything and Everyone, including our parents
and their values, because we want to establish our own independent values. Unfortunately, as long as we are living at home and
are dependent on our parents, we cannot lead our own lives according to our own views of right and wrong. The trouble is that if
our parents give us more freedom, we are bound to make mistakes, and they will wonder if they have given us too much freedom.
On the other hand, if parents allow too little freedom, their teenage children are likely to become resentful and rebellious.
Somewhere between the two extremes, it ought to be possible to find a sort of 'democratic' alternative, which allows
children the freedom to büyümek. 2. meydana gelmek, vuku bulmak grow up and to make their own decisions, including
mistakes, but which also offers them help and protection when they need it.
adolescence gençlik, büyüme çağı. likely muhtemel
annoy taciz etmek, sıkıntı vermek; kızdırma mummy mumya; iyi muhafaza edilmiş ceset
as long as diği sürece obey itaat etmek, söz dinlemek
şartıyla if clauses da kullanımı
as soon as Ir ırmaz on the one hand diğer taraftan
classify sınıflara ayırmak, outside dış, dış taraf. 2. dış görünüş
conflict çatisma, çarpisma; uyusmazlik praise övmek, methetmek,hamdetmek
confuse kafasını karıştırmak, rebellious asi, serkeş, isyankâr
daddy baba, babacığım. resentful bir şeye kızmış, gücenik
disapproval beğenmeyiş, hoşnutsuzluk, tasvip etmeyiş resolve çözmek karar vermek, tasarlamak çözmek
earn kazanmak, edinmek, hak etmek. respect to saygı göstermek. saygı, yön, açı
establish kurmak, tesis etmek; saptamak, shelter sığınak
tespit etmek
Eventually Eninde sonunda Somewhere bir yerde; bir yere
Everyone herkes sort of bir yerde, bir bakima
Everything her sey swear yemin etmek, küfretmek, sövmek.
experience deneyim, tecrübe trouble zahmet, sıkıntı, üzgü, üzüntü
expose maruz bırakmak, karşı karşıya getirmek; göstermek Unfortunately ne yazık ki, maalesef
extreme son derece; müfrit, aşırı upset devrilmiş; düzeni bozulmuş, altüst olmuş
forbidden yasak, yasaklanmış. warmth sıcaklık, ılıklık; hararet, ateşlilik
grow up büyümek.meydana gelmek, vuku bulmak
independent hür, bağımsız
influence nüfuz, baskı, tesir, etki

84
83 LONELINESS
Loneliness is a curious thing. Most of us can remember feeling most lonely when we were not in fact lonely at all, but
when we were surrounded by people. Everyone has experienced, at some time, that utter sense of isolation that comes over
you when you are at a party. It suddenly seems to you as if everybody knows everybody; everybody, that is, except you.
This feeling of loneliness, which can overcome you when you are in a crowd, is very difficult to get rid of. People living
alone are advised to tackle their loneliness by joining a club or a society, by going out and meeting people. Does this really
help?
There are no easy solutions. Your first day at work or at a new school is a typical situation in which you are likely to feel
lonely. You feel lonely because you feel left out of things. You feel that everybody else is full of confidence and knows what
to do, but you are helpless. The fact of the matter is that, in order to survive, we all put on a show of self-confidence to hide
our uncertainties and doubts, Therefore, it is wrong to assume that you are alone.
The trouble is that you may not be able to hide the fact that you are lonely, and the miserable look on your face might put
people off. Thus, trying to look reasonably cheerful is a good starting point to combat loneliness.
The next thing to avoid is finding yourself in a group where you are a stranger; that is, you are in the son of group where
all the people already know each other. There is a natural tendency for people to stick together. You will do yourself no good
by trying to establish yourself in a group which has so far managed to do very well without you. Groups generally resent
intrusion, not because they dislike you personally, but because they have already had to work quite hard to turn the group into
a functioning unit. To include you means having to go over a lot of ground again, so that you can learn their 'language' and get
involved in their conversation at their level. In fact, the surest way of getting to know others is to have an interest in common
with them. There is no guarantee that you will then like each other, but at least part of your life will be filled with sharing
experiences with others. It is much better than feeling alone. If all this seems to be a rather pessimistic view of life, you have
to accept the fact that we are all actually alone and that loneliness is sometimes unavoidable.
actually aslında; gerçekten look on Seyretmek başkası ile aynı kitaptan okumak
already zaten, çoktan; evvelce, daha önce; simdiden miserable mutsuz, perisan, sefil; kötü, berbat
cheerful şen, neşeli, keyifli. overcome -in üstesinden gelmek; -i yenmek
come over gelmek; ugramak görüs degistirmek pessimistic bedbin, kötümser, karamsar
bastirmak, sikmak, rahatsiz etmek
curious 1. meraklı.2. acayip, tuhaf, garip. put on Giymek açmak. atfetmek (kilo) almak.
dislike sevmemek, hoşlanmamak reasonably makul bir şekilde orta derecede epeyce
doubt şüphe, tereddüt, güvensizlik, itimatsızlık starting point başlangıç/çıkış/hareket noktası.
establish kurmak, tesis etmek; saptamak, tespit etmek stick together 1. dayanışarak tek bir cephe oluşturmak.
2. birbirine yapışmak.
everybody herkes. stranger yabancı.
filled with Tam dolu surround çevrelemek, çevirmek kuşatmak,
full of
stuffed with
get rid of başından savmak yok etmek kurtulmak tackle başarmak; uğraşmak, çaresine bakmak
go over -i incelemek i tekrar anlatmak karşılanma tendency meyil, istidat, eğilim
helpless âciz; savunmasız trouble rahatsız etmek,zahmet, sıkıntı, üzgü
hide saklamak, gizlemek; gizlenmek, saklanmak unavoidable kaçımlmaz, bertaraf edilmez
intrusion Sezgi zorla girme.izinsiz ve davetsiz girme yourself kendiniz, kendin; kendi kendinize
Loneliness yalnızlık.
lonely yalnız, kimsesiz; terkedilmiş

85
84 CHOOSING A CAREER
One of the first things we try to find out about people is what their job is. It helps us to define their status. We can judge
where they stand socially, and estimate how much they earn. However, it is more interesting to know how a man comes to
choose his job than what he does.
The trouble is that we often choose a career for the wrong reasons. Take, for instance, those people who 'follow in father's
footsteps', either entering the same trade or profession, or inheriting the family business. John decides to become a doctor
because his father was a doctor. In fact, the word 'decides' is too strong; he probably never even thought about it. Funnily
enough, some people make the opposite decision, namely that whatever else they might do, they will certainly not do what
their father did. Our teachers are the first to persuade us to choose a specific career, probably because we are top students in
that subject. We may also be persuaded by people whom we admire to select a career for which we are unsuited.
The attitude of our parents toward our choice of~ career is interesting. They are quite pleased when we announce our
intention to study medicine, disappointed when we switch to languages and overjoyed when we finally Start to study law.
Clearly, they have a definite idea of the benefits different jobs will bring. Even though they appear to leave the choice
entirely to their children, they know that their children will Eventually respect their wishes.
Apart from these pressures from parents, teachers and other people, we may choose a career due to factors such as the
attractiveness of the profession or the prospect of earning a lot of money in a short time. It ought to be easy to choose a careen
We only have to do those things for which we have a natural talent. It is a pity, therefore, that we have to decide about our
future at a stage in our lives when we can easily be influenced by factors which have little or nothing to do with the main
issue.
admire takdir etmek, beğenmek; hayran olmak persuade ikna etmek inandirmak
attractiveness çekicilik, alımlılık. pity acıma, merhamet.
define tarif etmek, tavsif etmek; sınırlamak please sevindirmek, hoşnut etmek, memnun etmek
definite kesin, belirli pressure basınç. sıkıştırmak.
Either…or Ya …yada probably büyük olasilikla, muhtemelen
estimate tahmin etmek respect Saygı yön açı saygı göstermek
Funnily enough Ne gariptir ki. switch to birinden ötekine geçmek / geçiş
In fact, aslında, doğrusu. talent kabiliyet , yet enek; hüner
inheriting toward e doğru, -in yanına doğru
intention maksat, niyet , murat, meram trouble zahmet, sıkıntı, üzgü
issue yayınlama, yayın, basım; konu unsuit Uygun olmayan
namely yani şöyle ki.
overjoyed çok sevinçli

86
 85 POWERS OF THE HUMAN BODY
The human body is made up mainly of bone, muscle and fat. Some 639 different muscles make up about 45 per cent of
the body weight. Each of these muscles has four different and measurable qualities. Jr can produce force which can be
measured as strength of muscle. It can also store energy which permits it to work for extended periods of time independent of
circulation. In addition, a muscle can shorten or be stretched. The combination of these four qualities of muscle is referred to
as muscular power.
If muscles are to function efficiently, they must be continually supplied with energy fuel. This is accomplished by blood,
which carries the energy fuels from the lungs and digestive system to the muscles. The blood is forced through the blood
vessels by the heart. The combined capacity to supply energy fuels to the working muscles is called organic power.
The capacity and efficiency with which your body can function depend on the degree of development of both your
muscular and organic powers through regular exercise. However, the level to which you can develop these powers is
influenced by such factors as the type of body you have, the food you eat, presence or absence of disease, rest and sleep. You
are physically fit only when you have developed your muscular and organic power.
Genetics and health determine the top limits to which your physical capacity can be developed. This is known as your
potential physical capacity'. This potential capacity varies from individual to individual. Most of us, for example, could train
for a lifetime and never come close to running a four-minute mile simply because we weren't built for it. The top level at
which you can perform physically right now is called your 'acquired capacity' because it has been acquired or developed
through physical activity in your daily routines.
You can avoid wastage of energy by acquiring a level of physical capacity well above the level required to perform your
normal daily tasks. This can be done by supplementing your daily physical activity with a balanced exercise program
performed regularly. Your capacity increases as you progressively increase the load on your muscular and organic systems.

absence Yokluk; Noksan, eksiklik; Şuur kaybı measurable ölçülebilir

accomplish başarmak, becermek , üstesinden gelmek permit izin
acquire ele geçirmek, elde etmek, kazanmak presence huzur, hazır bulunma
determine karar vermek, azmetmek; niyet lenmek progressively ilerledikçe
digestive system sindirim sistemi refer to Başvurmak
apply to
efficiently verimli şekilde rest Dinlenmek istirahat etmek
extend uzatmak, yaymak; genişletmek strength güç, kuvvet; dayaniklilik, sertlik
independent bağımsız supplement İlave, ek.
individual bireysel; kisisel, özel; tek,kisi, birey; insan task iş, görev, vazife
made up yapmak vessel Damar, kanal, vas
wastage of energy enerji israfi

87
86 MEDICINE IN THE SEVENTIES
The successes and failures of scientific medicine came sharply into focus. New technology was available, but a more
questioning attitude to drugs emerged.
On 25 July 1978, a girl called Louise Brown became the world's first 'test-tube baby'. An egg from her mother's body had
been successfully fertilized in a laboratory. For childless couples, the technique invoked new hope. Was it possible to
manipulate human reproduction even more dramatically? Scientists developed 'cloning’ in the seventies. It means reproducing
several identical living things from a single original. Gardeners have practised it for centuries by taking cuttings from one
plant to produce others. Scientists managed to clone frogs, and people suggested that it might be possible to clone humans ,
too. Ira Levin examined the idea in his novel The Boys from Brazil. In it, cells from Hitler's body are implanted in women
around the world to create a whole race of Hitlers. This was a terrible fantasy. But despite its possibility, most scientists
rejected the idea that a complex organism such as the human body could ever be cloned.
In 1979, Dr. Geoffrey Hounsfield won the Nobel Prize for physiology by developing the body scanner. This
revolutionized X-ray techniques by scanning the body from all angles in three-dimensional sections. Drugs came under
careful scrutiny. The morning sickness drug, Thalidomide, was found to produce deformed children, and the drug company
was forced to pay millions of pounds in compensation. Doubts also grew about the contraceptive pill. Women over 35 who
were heavy smokers were advised not to use it because of its dangerous side effects. In contrast, natural medicine became
hugely popular, especially acupuncture, an ancient Chinese method of anaesthetizing patients by sticking pins into points in
the nervous system.

angle açı (bir cisme ait) köşe. identical aynı, bir, tıpkı, özdeş
available kullanılabilir implant dikmek, ekmek aklına sokmak
compensatio tazmin, telafi; karşılık, ücret, maaş invoke istemek.yalvarmak.çağırmak. başvurmak
n
contraceptive Gebeliği önleyici (ilaç vielya araç). manage idare etmek -i becermek
deform şeklini bozmak, biçimini bozmak manipulate el ile işletmek, hünerle yapmak
Doubt şüphe, tereddüt, güvensizlik, itimatsızlık morning sickness Gebelik belirtisi olan mide bulantısı
ve kusma halleri
dramatically dramatik bir biçimde, çarpıcı biçimde. reject kabul etmemek, reddetmek
emerge çıkmak, meydana çıkmak. reproduce kopya etmek tekrar meydana getirmek
examine incelemek, gözden geçirmek, yoklamak reproduction Üreme, çoğalma veya çoğaltma
failure başarısızlık, beceremeyiş; fiyasko revolutionize -de devrim yapmak
fertilize gübrelemek, verimini artırmak scrutiny dikkatle bakma, inceleme.
frog kurbağa test-tube baby tüp bebek
three-dimensional üç boyutlu.

88
 87 SHARKS: MAGNIFICENT AND MISUNDERSTOOD
Dr. F. Clark is a famous biologist and professor of zoology at the University of Maryland. In this article, she has described
her research on sharks.
My early experiments with shark behaviour at Cape Haze surprised a great many scientists - including, I must admit,
myself. The experiments showed how easily many types of sharks learned to distinguish between right and wrong targets,
which is a skill they developed as quickly as laboratory white rats.
More recent studies of sharks’ brains, sensory systems, and types of behaviour contradict popular misconceptions of
sharks as stupid, unpredictable eating machines, with nothing more than primitive brains and a good sense of smell. In fact,
sharks are as predictable as any animal - even one's wife or husband - if one takes time to study and get to know them. Those
of us who have had an opportunity to dive frequently with sharks do so, knowing that it is far safer to swim with these
animals than to drive on an average city street or highway.
The last few years have produced exciting new knowledge about Sharks. Barely a decade ago, there were only 250
accepted species; today, that number has climbed by a hundred. Sharks are a great deal more sophisticated than we once
thought, and we now know that they have a higher sensitivity to electric fields than any animal ever studied. They have also
been shown to orient to Earth's magnetic field. Sharks can match laboratory white rats in certain learning tests, and they have
a surprisingly long retention span. Thus, they are hardly the primitive and senseless creatures that man has mistaken them
for.
For the most pan, the normal shark diet consists of fishes, mollusks, and crustaceans. Few sharks actually hunt or feed on
marine mammals. No shark normally feeds on man. Most shark attacks on humans are bite-and-release or slashing types of
actions that suggest warnings rather than attempts to kill. We accept the fact that a dog bites a stranger if the latter invades its
territory. Are the rare shark attacks on humans caused by the similar invasion of what the shark considers its territory?
When we consider the rarity of shark attacks among hundreds of millions of swimmers each year, we should ask
ourselves a moral question: Because we like to swim and dive in an environment unnatural to our species, is it right for us to
kill off tens of thousands of harmless inhabitants of that environment to ensure our peace of mind? We have invented many
sports that are more hazardous than going into the sea. When we kill ourselves at these, we blame no one else and simply
accept the risks. But when it comes to sharing the sea, we insist that sharks take all the risks. With further research we may
one day be able to predict sharks' behaviour with great accuracy. When that day comes, I feel certain we will recognize that
sharks present no threat to mankind.
A couple of Sayılabilen çoğul mankind İnsanlık
A majority of
A number of
A large number of
a great deal of Çok sayılamayan isim önüne misconception yanlış kavram;
a great amount of
a good deal of
accept kabul etmek, almak mollusk yumusakçalar sinifi
accuracy doğruluk, dikkat, titizlik, ihtimam, incelik. moral ahlaki, ahlaklı, prensip sahibi, dürüst.
admit kabul etmek orient doğu
attempt deneme,denemek, girişimde bulunmak ourselves kendimiz, bizler
teşebbüs etmek
Barely ancak, güçbela primitive ilk, asli, eski, evvelki; iptidai, ilkel
Hardly
scarcely
behaviour davranis, hareket, tavir primitive ilk, asli, eski, evvelki
bite ısırmak, dişlemek; sokmak rat iri fare, sıçan
blame sorumlu tutmak, suçlamak,suç; sorumluluk recognize tanimak; onaylamak; farkina varmak,
görmek
contradict yalanlamak, çelişmek. retention alikoyma; tutma, saklama, muhafaza
crustacean crustacean senseless baygın, akılsız.saçma,mantıksız.
distinguish ayırt etmek, ayırmak. shark köpekbalığı
get to know -i tanımak. slashing uzun kesik veya yara. kuvvetli, şiddetli
harmless zararsız. harmlessly (z.) zararsız bir şekilde sophisticated karmasik, gelismis, komplike
hazardous Tehlikeli zararlı. stranger yabancı.

hunt avlanmak, peşine düşmek; avlamak surprisingly sasirtici sekilde

insist (on, upon ile) israr etmek, dayatmak target Hedef.
invade saldırmak; istila etmek, hücum etmek territory ülke, memleket; toprak, arazi; bölge,

89
88 ELECTRIC SHOCKS
Most of us fear an electric shock, yet we know little about what is safe and what is not when we handle electricity. For
example, most of the time we are cautious about handling electrical devices which seem to be complicated in structure, but do not
worry about turning off the electricity with a wet hand. Maybe you don't mind placing your radio or the hair drier on the wet
surface in the bathroom.
Body fluids are not as good conductors as metals. Their resistance is much higher. For example, a current of 20
microamperes flowing directly through the heart can bring about death. On the other hand, a current of 100 to 200 microamperes
through electrodes on the chest triggers the regular beating of the heart, after the heart has stopped. The reason for such a big
difference in the effects of the two values is that the first current is sent directly to the heart and the second has to pass through the
fluids of the body, which have a greater resistance. As you can see, in an electric shock, it is the current that matters, not the
voltage.
One thing about the injuries associated with electric shocks is that, most of the time, they arise from involuntary body
movements in response to the current. For example, the current may cause you to lose your balance and to fall off a ladder.
Sometimes, the victim freezes with the current, maybe because some muscles are paralyzed for a moment, and he cannot let go of
the thing he is holding. As he keeps holding the object, there will be more current sent through the body.
One other thing about electric shocks is the burns they cause. When the skin burns, a low resistance path is established for the
current and now the current can cause more damage.
Some electrical appliances require earthing. With these appliances, if the insulation becomes frayed, the leakage is carried to
the ground, without doing any harm. Most of the time, people use extension cables without the earthing or make incorrect
connections. It is not safe to do LO. Always use the proper extensions and connections.
One other mistake made by most people is to wind thick wires around fuses, to prevent the fuse from blowing frequently. The
fuses are there for safety, to prevent the overloading of the current. If they do not blow, then the excess current may cause damage
to the electrical appliances or even cause a fire.
Briefly, it is not safe to play with electricity. Never forget that your body resistance is lowered greatly when ft is wet. Always
be careful with electricity, but never panic. If you see someone caught up in an electric shock, before you reach out to
rescue him, go to the fuse box and shut off the circuit at the main inlet.
associated ile ilişkili / ilişkilendirilmiş extension uzatma, büyütme, genisletme; uzama, büyüme,
with genisleme
involuntary istenilmeden yapilan, gönülsüz yapilan incorrect yanlış. düzeltilmemiş. biçimsiz
in response to -e karşılık; -e karşılık olarak connection bağlantı, bağ, ilişki. bağlama, birleştirme. tanıdık
arise kalkmak; dogrulmak; ortaya çikmak, proper uygun, münasip, yakışır
dogmak
fall off azalmak, düşmek. 2. bozulmak. fuse Sigorta eritmek, erimek
ladder merdiven, portatif merdiven. prevent
victim kurban; mağdur kimse
paralyze felç etmek; kötürüm etmek. felce
uğratmak
burn Yanık, yanık yeri.
establish kurmak. saptamak, tespit etmek
insulation Tecrit, yalıtkanlık, izolasyon yalıtım

bring about meydana getirmek, sebep olmak

fear Korku, fobi.
yet Yinede henüz
cautious about -de tedbirli ol
hair drier saç kurutma makinesi
mind Akıl, dimağ;Hafıza kuvveti; Zeka;Bilinç
fluid akışan, seyyal: akıcı, sıvı mayi, sulu
conductor iletken madde, iletken.
resistance Mukavemet, direnç, rezistans.

90
 89
STRESS

Stress is considered to be a natural part of the contemporary world. Everybody is exposed to a certain amount of stress.
Nonetheless, it should be made clear that stress doesn't occupy a greater place in our lives today than it did in the past.
Although cavemen didn't have to worry about the stock market or the atomic bomb, they worried about being eaten by a bear
while they were asleep or about dying of hunger - things that few people worry much about today. It's not that people suffer
more stress today, it's just that they think they do. Everybody thinks that he or she is under the greatest stress. The truth is
that everybody actually is under stress because if we really managed to avoid stress completely, we would be dead.
Stress is the response of the body to any demand. Stress is the state you are in, not the agent that produces ft, which is
called a stressor. Cold and heat are stressors. However, having a highly developed central nervous system, man most
frequently suffers from stress due to emotional stressors. The thing for the average person to remember is that all the
demands that you make - whether on your brain or on your liver or your muscles or your bones -cause stress. For example,
stress can occur under deep anesthesia, when your emotions are not engaged, or in animals that have no nervous system, or
even in plants.
There are two ways of telling when someone is under stress. One, not accessible to the public, is biochemical and
neurological -measuring blood pressure, hormone levels, the electric activity of the brain and so on. Nevertheless, there are
other indicators that anyone can judge. No two people react the same way, but the usual
page 191
responses are an increase in pulse rate and an increased tendency to sweat. You will also become more irritable and will
sometimes suffer insomnia, even long after the stressor agent is gone. You will usually become less capable of concentrating
and you will have an increased desire to move about.
There are various causes of stress. They differ in various civilizations and historical time periods. At certa In times,
disease and hunger were the predominant causes. Another, now and then, is warfare or the fear of war. At the moment, the
most frequent causes of distress in man are psychological, e.g., lack of adaptation or not having a code of behaviour.
The secret code to coping with stress is not to avoid stress but 'to do your own thing'. It implies doing what you like to do
and not what you are forced to do. It is really a matter of learning how to live, how to behave in various situations, to decide:
“Do I really want to take over my father's business or want to be a musician?" If you really want to be a musician, then be one.

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BAD WATER

Few things are as insidious as bad water. It's dangerous for you and your children, but you usually can't tell if you have it.
And if you do, you may not be able to find out where the problems are coming from. Water can carry some of our most
serious diseases -typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis - yet still look clear in the glass. We may do battle over how we get our water
and develop it, but we fear for its quality.
This issue is being dealt with currently. There is a necessity to prevent pollution by passing laws which will maintain safe
drinking water. However, this is difficult because it has become increasingly apparent that the sources of pollution are not just
institutions that can be controlled by specific laws. The burden of pollution belongs to all of us.
Water's nature itself is a part of these complications. This simple structure of hydrogen and oxygen has even been called
the universal solvent. It takes into solution a vast number of substances, that is, dissolves them, but those it cannot dissolve are
simply carried along.
Human beings have put this characteristic to work in thousands of ways. We wash with it; we flush with it; we mix it with
chemicals to spray on our fields. We use it to make paint and plastic. We wash our workshop, garage and factory with it 4 But
this remarkable utility also means that it's very hard to put anything out of water's reach. Consequently, a lot of things we don't
want in water get there anyway. If you pour poison on the ground, even in the most barren desen, water will pick it up
molecule by molecule,
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and because water is always going Somewhere , it will take ft away.
Technically, water pollution can be divided into two types: point-source pollution (waste dumped by factories or sewage
plants) and nonpoint-source pollution. In many ways, the second is the larger problem.
Nonpoint-source pollution is what happens when you spill oil on the garage floor, then wash it down. It happens when a
soybean field is sprayed with pesticides and then it rains. It happens when someone throws a dead battery into a valley. Water
picks it all up and adds it to the system. Water is in serious jeopardy because we're not paying much attention to anything
except pollution from a pipe1
All this shows that a change is coming - a fundamental change in the way we use and think about water. It's no use
pointing fingers at industry. The only way to make progress is to have Everyone realize that nonpoint-source pollution is the
major cause of water pollution and to convince them that it is no longer possible to ignore fresh water.

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VIDEOS FOR KIDS:
FUN YES- FACTS YES- VIOISENCE NO

"We are determined to provide parents with the opportunity to choose quality family viewing Instead of the crime and
murder that dominates so much of TV aimed at children. Our new Children's Television department dynamically fulfills that
commitment," says Gil Grosvenor from National Geographic Society, whose first home-video series for children - Really Wild
Animals - is geared for youngsters between the ages of five and ten.
The series is hosted by Spin, a cartoon globe-on-the-go who introduces young viewers to the ways Earth's inhabitants live,
use their environment, and care for one another. For instance, children see renowned scientist Jane Goodall studying the social
structure of chimps and discover that these primates, just like humans, comfort their young1
Really Wild Animals begins with three video cassettes: Swinging Safari, Wonders Down Under, and Deep Sea Dive. Six
more are scheduled. The videos are entertaining and educational, ~and packed with animals - from African lions to Australia's
spiny anteater.
Spin roams the world, speaking in the many voices of actor Dudley Moore 1 Spin presents a soap opera about colobus
monkeys, a Western about sea horses, and a segment on lifestyles of tile weird and little:
about a fish called a mudskipper, a marsupial called a quoll, and a mammal that flies - the fruit bat. Each video includes
mini-documentaries about animals. Original music accompanies the stories.
Andrew Wilk, executive producer and vice president for Children's Television, says: "We chose to start with a home-video
series because we wanted involved viewers. When kids run VCRs themselves, they watch with concentration Instead of
zapping from channel to channel."
Children four and under will soon have their own home-video series in a format designed to appeal to that age. Called
Geo Kids, the series will premier in the fall of 1998.
"With this major new commitment, we hope to give children a running start toward a future where they can connect with
the exciting, living world in all its variety and fullness."

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MIDDLE EAST WATER:
CRITICAL RESOURCE

By Prut J. Vesilind

Fresh water, life itself, has never come easy in the Middle East. The rainfall only comes in winter; and drains quickly through
the semiarid land, leaving the soil to bake and to thirst Until next November The region's accelerating population, expanding
agriculture, industrialization, and higher living standards demand more fresh water. Drought apd pollution limit its availability.
War and mismanagement squander it.
Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of some water-poor nations to change
priorities from agriculture to less water-intensive enterprises. Some experts suggest that if nations would share both water
technology and resources, they could satisfy the region’s population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and
religious rivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep people from trusting and seeking
help from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, each nation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth.
My journey starts in Spring-time, high in the Anti-Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey. The generous snows of the Turkish
mountains have brought little wealth to the semiarid plains of the southeast. Without irrigation, they have yielded only one crop a
year But now Turkey has finally begun to harness its waters. I can see the Euphrates swelling with backup from the great Atatürk
Dam. Soon its waters will rush through the world's two largest irrigation tunnels - 25 feet in diameter - to revitalize the Harran
Plain 40 miles away. The 'Atatürk' will also generate nine billion kilowatt-hours of electricity a year. Eventually, 22 dams will
impound the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris, which also rises in eastern Turkey, all part of an ambitious and diverse
development scheme called the Southeastern Anatolia Project.
On the Harran, now lush with spring grass, the mood is optimistic. At a government experimental farm at Koruklu,
agronomists test patches of peaches, pecans, nectarines, pomegranates, and grapes as candidate crops for the coming waters.
Local farmers attend irrigation classes with anticipation.
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The massive 'Atatürk' sits 40 miles north of the city of Urfa. It is essentially an immense pile of rocks guarded by men with
machine guns. With officials, I drive along its mile-long top. What looked like pebbles from a distance grow into car-size pieces
of rock, each placed according to size, like a mosaic, by a machine with a monstrous arm. The blue-green Euphrates thunders
below the dam with power that seems closer to electricity than water.
When nations share the same river, the upstream nation is under no legally binding obligation to provide water downstream.
But the downstream nation can claim historical rights of use and press for fair treatment. In 1989, President Turgut Ozal alarmed
Syria and Iraq by announcing that Turkey would hold back the flow of the Euphrates for a month to start filling the 'Atatürk'. To
offset the loss, Turkey increased the flow for two months before the cutback, but even this did not prevent an outburst of
criticism.
If seen as a commodity, water can be packaged, bought and sold, and may soon move between nations like wheat. But
political mistrust hampers many promising schemes. In 1987, Turkey proposed a "peace pipeline" of water from two Turkish
rivers - the Ceyhan and the Seyhan - that flow south into the Mediterranean. The dual pipelines would deliver potable water to
millions in Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab Gulf states. Nevertheless, few nations were receptive, and the concept sits
in limbo.
"In this region," Turkish Foreign Ministry official Burhan Ant told me in Ankara, "interdependence is understood as the
opposite of independence. Every country here seeks a kind of self-sufficiency in every field because they don't trust the others.”

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THE BERMUDA TRIANGLE (1)

Around 1975, a number of books were written about strange things which occurred in the Bermuda Triangle, a part of the
Atlantic Ocean off the southeast coast of the U.S. They told the stories of planes and ships that disappeared for no
understandable reason and were never found again. They told about ships which were found undamaged but with no one on
them. According to these books, more than 1,000 people disappeared in the Triangle from 1945 to 1975.
According to some writers, there were no natural explanations for many of the disappearances, so they suggested other
explanations. For example, according to one writer, some strange and terrible power exists in the Triangle. According to
another writer, people from space are living at the bottom of the Atlantic, and sometimes they need human sailors and airmen
for their research. These ideas were not scientific, but they were good advertisements, which 'made the books about the
Bermuda Triangle immediate successes.
However, the books give little evidence to support their unusual ideas. In addition, these books ignore at least three
important facts that suggest natural reasons for many of the occurrences. First, messages from some of the ships and aircraft
which later disappeared give us evidence of problems with navigational instruments. Similar stories are told by officers who
were on duty on planes and ships which finally managed to come through the Triangle without disaster. Second, the weather
in this part of the Atlantic Ocean is very unpredictable. Dangerous storms that can cause problems even for experienced pilots
and sailors can begin suddenly and without warning. Finally, the Bermuda Triangle is very large, and many people, both
experienced and inexperienced, sail and fly through it. Perhaps the figure of 1,000 deaths in thirty years shocks some people,
but, in fact, the figure is not unusual for an area of ocean that is so large and that is crossed by so many ships.
The evidence which exists, therefore, supports one conclusion about the Bermuda Triangle: we do not need stories about
people from space or strange unnatural powers to explain the disappearances.
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THE BERMUDA TRIANGLE (2)

The Bermuda Triangle, which is sometimes called 'The Graveyard of the Atlantic', is one of the greatest mysteries of the
world. This is an area of the western Atlantic between Bermuda and Florida, almost triangular in shape, where at least a hundred
ships and planes and over a thousand people have disappeared since 1945. No wreckage has ever been discovered in the area; that
is, no bodies, life boats, or any other evidence of disaster have been found. It is as if these planes, ships and people had never
existed. In some cases, a normal radio message was sent from the airplane reporting that Everything was fine. Then, a few
minutes later, the radio seemed to break down. In others, a weak S.O.S. message was received but the airplane disappeared before
ships or other airplanes could be sent to help. Sometimes in perfect weather, there were strange references to fog and loss of
direction. In the extraordinary case of five U.S. navy planes which disappeared on a regular flight from Florida, the rescue plane
sent to find them also disappeared. A strange white light is a characteristic of the sea in this
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area. It is interesting to know that not only was this light observed by the astronauts on their way to space, but it was also seen
by Columbus over four hundred years ago. It is not yet known if this light has any connection with the strange disappearances.
Many theories have been suggested to explain all these mysterious happenings in the Bermuda Triangle. Some people belive
that they are caused by activity from outer space. Others think that they are caused by some undiscovered source of energy or by
some dimension of time or space which is not known by man. There is no answer Yet, but scientists are working hard to find one.

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ATTITUDES TOWARDS MONEY

Americans these days are very concerned with the economy. It seems more people are having to learn to spend less and to
spend wisely due to the hard times we are experiencing. However, people's attitudes towards money differ.
The misers accumulate money in banks if their income is large, or in the house stuffed in mattresses or under the living
room rug if they are low income people. They seem almost obsessed with the idea of saving. The misers deprive themselves
of many things and most live miserably in order to hoard their wealth. My 90-year-old neighbor, having gained the sympathy
of the neighbors, often collected groceries and money from them. She dressed shabbily and lived in a deteriorated house. After
her death, it was discovered that this old woman had left thousands of dollars to the church and other Organizations. She left
nothing to her family.
The spenders are people who cannot seem to hold on to their money. They have a tendency to spend too much on too
many unnecessary things1 They are often too generous, buying elaborate gifts for friends and family. Credit cards in some
spenders' hands are often dangerous weapons. They become addicted to using them only to regret it later when the bills come
in and they are unable to pay. Other spenders like to gamble and this can also be destructive if it turns into a vice. Many
spenders do not necessarily throw their money away but give it to charities for good causes, simply because they enjoy giving 1
My Uncle Mario is a big spender. He makes over $25,000 a year, but he never has any money in his savings account because
he spends his entire paycheck each week on necessities and luxuries. Last week he spent $500 on a new moped, not because
he needed one, but because he thought it would be fun to own one. As a result of his spending, every year in April he has to
borrow money to pay his taxes because he has spent it all.

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OVER-AMPLIFICATION

Hearing specialists used to worry about loud noise as a cause of deafness only in industrial and military situations. They
knew that eight hours of daily exposure, year in and year out, to the noise of the proverbial boiler factory would Eventually
result in permanent, or irreversible, hearing loss. People who used drills yvere particularly susceptible. Then they learned that
the same thing happened to aviators. And after jets came into existence, the hazard applied to ground crews at airports and
flight-deck 1personnel aboard aircraft carriers - hence came the introduction of insulated, noise-absorbing plastic earmuffs.
In discotheques and rock 'n' roll joints, the trouble is not so much in the instruments themselves, or the small area. The
blame goes to the electronic amplifiers. An old-fashioned military band, playing a march in Central Park, generated as much
sound. However; the sound was not amplified, but was dissipated in the open am A trombonist sitting in front of a tuba player
might be a bit deaf for an hour or so after a concert; then his hearing returned to normal. A microphone hooked up to a public
address system intensified the sound but did not appreciably increase the hearing hazard. What did was multiple mikes and
speakers, and the installation of internal mikes in such instruments as guitars and bousoukis.
The man who had the problem closest to home, and studied it there, was George T. Singleton, an ear, nose and throat man
at the University of Florida. He noticed that, when he picked up his teenage daughter Marsha after a dance, she couldn’t hear
what he said in the car on the way home. Singleton recruited a research team and tested the hearing of ten fourteen-year-old
ninth-graders an hour before a dance. Then, the investigators went to the dance hall, and found the average sound intensity to
be very high in the middle of the dance floor. Directly in front of the band, it peaked to extremely high levels. The test crew
had to move forty feet outside the building before the level dropped to a safe, but still uncomfortable, level.
After the dance, the kids' hearing was tested again. Despite the youthful resiliency of their inner ears, all had suffered at
least temporary hearing impairment. The greatest damage was in the high-frequency speech range, involving consonantal
sounds, similar to the loss felt by oldsters who complain that "everybody mumbles nowadays
Why do the youngsters immerse themselves in noise that is so
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uncomfortable to their elders? A Florida teenager explained: "The sounds embalm you. They numb you like tranquilizers.
You don't want to hear others talk. You don't want to talk. You don't know what to say to each other, anyway." So, why listen?
And, Eventually, how?

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THE CYCLAMATE CONTROVERSY

At the center of the cyclamate discussion is Dr Jacqueline Verrett, a Food and Drug Administration research scientist for many
years who, since 1966, has been testing cyclamate on chicken embryos. Of a total of 4,000 embryos injected, 15% have shown
deformities: feet attached directly to the hip, toes fused together, 'flipper' legs, malformed spines and missing pelvises. An earlier
FDA test had shown chromosome breakage in rats that were injected with cyclohexylamine, a metabolic product of cyclamate.
Concluded Dr Verrett, "I don't recommend cyclamate for chicks, and I don't recommend it for people." After discussing the results
of her work on a television program, she drew an immediate rebuttal from the FDA Commissioner Dr. Herbert Ley. "Cyclamates
are safe within the present state of knowledge and scientific opinion available to me," he said.
There have been other warnings about the widely used sweetener. Last November, the FDA was advised by the National
Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, that use of cyclamates should be restricted. As a result, the agency last April
began considering new labeling requirements for artificially sweetened foods and beverages. The labels would indicate cyclamate
content in milligrams and would recommend a maximum daily intake of 3,500 mg for adults and 1,200 for children. But the FDA
has not yet given any indication about when, or if, it will establish the requirements.
The ban on cyclamates, ordered by the Health Education and Welfare Secretary Robert Finch last week, might hit millions of
weight-watchers in the waistline, but it is a real disappointment to the rich diet-food industry. In the 20 years since cyclamates
were discovered, sales of products containing the non-nutritive sweeteners have risen to $1 billion annually.
Worst hit will be the processors of foods containing the sweetener. Most of the cyclamate supply now goes into diet drinks,
which have gained at least a 15% share of the market for soft drinks. There is some question whether diet drinkers will switch
back to sugar-sweetened drinks or just give it all up in favor of water. Cyclamates are also used in puddings, gelatins, salad
dressing, jams and jellies, ice cream and practically all diet foods. The producers of 'cured' bacon commonly use cyclamates,
which are cheaper than sugar. Cyclamates even go into the making of children's flavored vitamins, pickles and dog food.
Diet drinks containing cyclamates must be removed from shelves by January 1st. The announcement took some producers
unawares~ Instead of trying to fight the ban, Coca-Cola officials say that they are experimenting with other formulae for their
diet drinks, and will probably switch to some other low-calorie sweetener. PepsiCo, which was obviously not caught
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napping, immediately announced that it will begin marketing within a few weeks cyclamate-free Diet Pepsi-Cola 'with a
touch of real sugar'.

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A GOOD LIFE

The people of the Caucasus Mountains of southern Russia have long been famous for attaining extremely ?ld ages. Arab
and Persian chronicles from centuries ago noted the existence of these longevous peoples. The latest Soviet census reports that
70 per cent of all people reaching 110 years or more live in the Caucasus region. An anthropologist described meeting a
woman of 139 years. This does not seem old at all, however, compared to her first cousin, who reached 146 and her great-
grandfather, who lived to be 160. When we consider that most people in the United States expect to live only half that long
and that people in some parts of the developing world will live only one third that long, we cannot help wondering what the
causes of such long life are. Is it exercise, diet, physical environment, cultural environment, or what? Anthropologists have
concluded that exercise and diet are not as important as a steady way of life with certain cultural expectations and roles.
The people in most of the region of the Caucasus Mountains have a slow, regular, rhythmic life style. There is continuity
in all of the physical aspects of their life. First, most of the Caucasians live in mountain villages in a pastoral setting. They
work as farmers, herders, or gardeners. Their lives are regulated by the rising of the sun, the steady rhythm of the growing
cycle, the harvest, and the setting sun. Most of the longevous people have always held the same jobs. They learned their jobs
young, and have continued in the same job Until they are well past 100, some working Until they are 120 or 130. The outdoor
work and the mountainous terrain provide a good deal of exercise. Anthropologists feel that while exercise contributes to
longevity, the rhythmic lifestyle is more important. There is also continuity in diet. The people of the Caucasus very much
enjoy their traditional food and have no inclination to change it. They have eaten the same lean meat, grains, fruits, and
vegetables from childhood to old age. Traditionally, Caucasians are lean people who do not overeat. Like exercise,
anthropologists conclude that it is not the diet itself that is the secret for long life, Although it does contribute. The real secret
is the confinuity in diet from birth to death. The consistent, unchanged diet and regular dietary rhythm allow the body and its
digestive system to become entirely adjusted. Therefore, physiological stress on the digestive system is at a minimum. The
overall evenness of pace in the Caucasian way of life makes for a feeling of well-being and encourages longevity.
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Another important cause of longevity among the Caucasians is a stable cultural environment with certain expectations.
First, the goals of the Caucasians do not overreach the possibilities of attainment. Unlike many Americans who want to be
chairmen of the boards or presidents of the companies, goals which they can never attain, the goals of the Caucasians tend to
be realistic and attainable within their cultural milieu. Their goals are more people-oriented. They concentrate on being
hospitable and generous towards others, goals which are not only attainable, but also contribute to the overall well-being of
the social group. Because the goals of the Caucasians are realistic and attainable, emotional tensions are reduced. This
contributes to long life. Second, the normal expectation within the region is for long life. İndividuals expect to live far
beyond the age of 100. On the other hand, the cultural expectation of people in the United States is for a maximum life span
of about 80 years. These cultural expectations become self-fulfilling prophecies. Further, the Caucasians do not expect the old
people to sit idly by, but to participate actively in all phases of life. A stable environment with realistic goals and expectations
is a second cause for longevity among the Caucasians.
Finally, longevity is also encouraged by the role of old people in the family and in the community. The Caucasians have
large extended families of maybe 300 people or more. This provides a large network of people with mutual rights and
obligations. The aged are respected as heads of the family. They make decisions about money, marriages, land sales, and other
matters. They are also expected to be affectionate toward their grand-children. The old people are also respected in the
Community. They continue to vote, hold office and so make decisions which will affect the future of the entire community.
Because of their important place in the family and in the community, the aged retain a feeling of individual self-worth and
importance. Retaining a positive self image reduces physical and mental problems, Thus encouraging a longer life.

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"TO SLEEP, PERCHANCE TO DREAM..."

Sleep is broken into five distinct pans - Stages 1 through 4, plus REM, an acronym for rapid eye movement 1 REM and
non-REM sleep are quite different, as different from each other as each is from being awake. Much remains unknown about
each of the five sleep stages. Most dreaming occurs during REM sleep, a period when the eyeballs move rapidly beneath the
closed lids. And whether they remember or not, all adults dream, usually four to six times a night.
Three types of mood are strongly related to some specific stage of sleep. Our friendly, aggressive, and sleepy feelings all
relate to Stage 2 sleep, which accounts for most of our total sleep hours. Our friendly and sleepy feelings, but not our
aggressive feelings, are affected as well by Stages 3 and 4, and by how long it takes us to fall asleep.
This means that if you get less sleep than normal - cind people vary a great deal in how much sleep they normally require
- you awake more friendly, more aggressive, but less sleepy. Researchers knew from their earlier work that sleep determines if
people feel happier. Yet, when they studied the various sleep stages, they found no correlation between sleep physiology and
the unhappy mood. They were puzzled by this. Clearly sleep made a difference, but that difference didn’t relate to how much
time one spent in each of the various sleep stages.
The researchers decided the key to whether we feel happy or unhappy after sleep must lie in sleep's psychological
component - our dreams. So, they began studying dream content - what dreamers dreamed and who appeared in their dreams -
to see how it affected mood.
These findings have emerged from eight years of sleep and dream research at the Veterans Administration Hospital in
Cincinnati, Ohio:
-While sleep affects how sleepy, friendly, aggressive, and unhappy we feel after awakening, feelings of happiness or
unhappiness depend most strongly on our dreams.
-Each of us has a special dream character, a type of person whose appearance in our dreams makes us feel happier when
we awake.
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-What we dream at night isn't as important to how we feel in the morning as the number of people who populate our
dreams. The more people we see, the better we feel.
-Our sleep influences our mood. Our mood, in turn, affects our performance. And throughout the day, our levels of mood
and performance remain closely linked.

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ELEMENTS

There are over 100 elements in nature. Each element is composed of an innumerable group of atoms which are identical with
one another and different from the atoms that make up the other elements. Normally they are found in pairs or in combinations
with other kinds of atoms. We call these arrangements of atoms 'molecules'.
Why do some atoms combine while others do not? What determines the manner in which atoms combine? The answers have
to do with the electrons that circle the nucleus of the atom. As we know, an atom is composed of three kinds of particles: protons
and neutrons, which are found in a very small region at the center of the atom, and electrons, which orbit the nucleus. The number
of electrons in an atom is the same as the number of protons, and this number determines the chemical properties of the element.
The number of neutrons in the atoms of a given element is not constant, though it is usually slightly greater than the number of
protons. The orbits of the electrons about the nucleus are something like the orbits of the planets in our solar system about the sun,
except that
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each atomic orbital can contain only a certain maximum number of electrons. For example, the first atomic orbital,
corresponding to the planet Mercury, can contain as many as two electrons, no more; the second atomic orbital, corresponding to
the planet Venus, can contain as many as eight electrons, no more; and so on. The inner orbitals of atoms are the first to take
electrons, and because of certain factors that depend upon energy, atoms like to have their last, outer orbital full. The inert gases -
Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon - are elements whose atoms have full electron orbitals. Consequently, these
elements do not combine with other elements; they are chemically inactive, inert. The atoms of all other elements tend to combine
with other atoms so as to fill up their electron orbitals.
Hydrogen atoms always have a single electron and a single proton, so their electron shell (orbital) is one electron short of
being full. In the gaseous state, two hydrogen atoms are combined to form a single molecule (H 2). Each electron circling about
both nuclei makes it appear as if there were only one electronic orbital. Oxygen atoms have eight electrons, two of which fill the
first orbital; the remaining six are contained in the second orbital, leaving the second orbital two short of the preferred number
eight. Often in nature we find a molecule where two hydrogen atoms have given their electrons to a single oxygen atom, which
fills the second orbital of the oxygen atom. This arrangement of oxygen and hydrogen is very stable. This molecule is called
‘water’.
The carbon atom has four of its six electrons in its outer orbital. Depending upon how you look at it, it has either four too few
or four too many electrons in its outer orbital. It is willing either to borrow or to lend four electrons. When carbon combines with
oxygen, the carbon atom gives two electrons to each of two oxygen atoms; the result is the gas carbon dioxide (C0 2), which is
quite common in nature.
Chemical reactions are simply the arrangements and rearrangements atoms and molecules go through to have full electron
orbitals. Any destruction or creation of molecules is a chemical reaction.

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BURGER TO GO – HOLD THE BLASTIC

Polystyrene foam is one of the great success stories of modern industry. Light, shock-resistant, insulating and cheap to
make, it shows up everywhere: in disposable coffee cups, in boxes that hold fast-food hamburgers, as packing 'peanuts' for
safe shipping. But the stuff has a serious downside as well. Polystyrene is bulky, taking up space in landfills; as a plastic, it
takes decades to decompose; its manufacture causes the release of hazardous chemicals; and the market for recycling it is
hopelessly limited. Environmentalists have argued for years that the foam should simply be banned.
They now have an unlikely ally: McDonald’s. America’s largest fast-food chain and frequent target of environmental
protests announced last week that it would begin phasing out foam packaging within 60 days at its 8,500 U.S. restaurants. The
move came as a surprise. The company has long said the containers were not necessarily a problem and had planned a $100
million campaign to recycle them. But ecology-minded customers were increasingly unhappy with the packages. As a result,
McDonald's is making the phaseout part of a broad pro-environment initiative that the company is developing in partnership
with the Washington-based Environmental Defense Fund.
McDonald's will probably replace its foam hamburger boxes with material similar to the thin paper used to wrap its
smallest sandwiches. That is not a perfect solution either. The paper is not yet recyclable, and while it does break down in
landfills, its production requires cutting down trees. But it takes up 90% less space than foam when discarded, and
McDonald's is testing a paper-recycling technique in some of its California stores. If it can find alternatives, the chain may
also replace its polystyrene plates and coffee cups.
One possible substitute for some uses of polystyrene comes straight from nature. To replace the plastic-foam pellets that
are used to protect delicate merchandise during shipping, at least two companies in California are trying to market a
biodegradable, in fact, edible, alternative: popcorn. The drawbacks are that it is more expensive to produce than polystyrene
pellets and tends to attract rodents and insects. Nonetheless, a handful of mail-order companies and other shippers in the U.S.,
Canada and Europe have begun packing with popcorn (butter and salt not included). Such small innovations, along with
dramatic shifts by companies like McDonald1s, may someday eliminate a major insult to the environment.
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ANTIQUES REPAIRS

Some time ago, I discovered that one of the chairs in my front hall had a broken leg. I didn't foresee any great difficulty in
getting it mended, as there are a whole lot of antique shops in Pimlico Road, which is three minutes' walk from my flat. So, I
set forth one morning carrying the chair with me. I went into the first shop confidently expecting a friendly reception, with a
kindly man saying: "What a charming chair. Yes, that's quite a simple job. When would you want it back?"
I was quite wrong. The man I approached wouldn't even look at it. I wasn't too concerned; after all, it was only the first try
and there are many more shops on both sides of the road.
The reaction at the second shop, though slightly pouter, was just the same, and at the third and the fourth, so I decided that
my approach must be wrong.
I entered the fifth shop with some confidence because I had concocted a plan. I placed the chair gently on the floor so as
not to disturb the damaged leg and said “Would you like to buy a chair?” The rather fierce proprietor looked it over carefully
and said, "Yes, not a bad little chair. Row much do you want for it?" "£20," I said. "OK," he said, "I'll give you £20." "It's got
a slightly broken leg," I said. "Yes, I saw that; it 9s nothing. Don't worry about it."
Everything was going to plan and I was getting excited. "What will you do with it?" I asked. "Oh, it will be very saleable
once the repair is done. I like the bit of old green velvet on the top. I shall leave that -yes, very saleable." "I'll buy it," I said.
"What d'ye mean? You've just sold it to me," he said. "Yes I know, but I've changed my mind. As a matter of fact, it is just
what I'm looking for - I've got its pair at home. I'll give you 27 quid for it." "You must be crazy," he said. Then suddenly the
penny dropped and he smiled and said, "I know what you want. You want me to mend your chair, don't you?" "You're plumb
fight," I said.
"And what would you have done if I had walked in and said, 'Would you mend this chair for me?' Would you have
repaired it?" "No, I wouldn't have done it," he said, "We don't do repairs - not enough money in it and too much of a nuisance.
However, I'll mend this chair for you - shall we say a fiver?" He was a very nice man and thought the whole episode rather
funny.
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ALEXANDER THE GREAT

In 334 B.C., with an army of 35,000 men, Alexander crossed into Asia Minor. In addition to soldiers, The former student
of Aristotle brought along scientists to study plant and animal life and to chart the terrain. After capturing the coast of Asia
Minor, Alexander marched into Syria and defeated the Persian army at the battle of Issus. Rather than pursuing the fleeing
Persian king, Darius III, Alexander stayed with his master plan, which included the capture of coastal ports in order to crush
the Persian navy. He captured Tyre, thought to be an impregnable city, and advanced into Egypt. Grateful to Alexander for
having liberated them from Persian rule, the Egyptians made him pharaoh. Alexander appointed officials to administer the
country and founded a new city, Alexandria.
Having destroyed or captured the Persian fleet, Alexander moved into Mesopotamia in pursuit of Darius in 331 B.C. The
Macedonians defeated the numerically superior Persians at Gaugamela, just east of the Tigris River, but Darius escaped. After
stopovers at Babylon and at Persepolis, which he burned in revenge for Xerxes' destruction of Athens more than 150 years
earlier, Alexander resumed the chase. When he finally caught up with Darius, the Persian king was already dead, killed by
Persian conspirators.
Alexander relentlessly pushed deeper into Asia, crossing from Afghanistan into north India, where he defeated the king of
Pontus in a costly battle. When Alexander announced plans to push deeper into India, his troops, exhausted and far from home
in a strange land, resisted. Yielding to their wishes, Alexander returned to Babylon in 324 B.C. In these campaigns, Alexander
proved himself to be a superb strategist and leader of men. Winning every battle, Alexander's army had carved an empire that
stretched from Greece to India. Future conquerors, including Caesar and Napoleon, would read of Alexander's career with
fascination and longing.

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THE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE

In the late Middle Ages, Latin Christendom was afflicted with severe economic problems. The earlier increases in
agricultural production did not continue. Limited use of fertilizers and limited knowledge of conservation exhausted the
topsoil. As more grazing lands were convened to the cultivation of cereals, animal husbandry decreased, causing a serious
shortage of manure needed for arable land. Intermittent bouts of prolonged heavy rains and frost also hampered agriculture.
From 1301 to 1314, there was a general shortage of food, and from 1315 to 1317, famine struck Europe. Throughout the
century, starvation and malnutrition were widespread.
Other economic problems abounded. A silver shortage, caused by technical problems in sinking deeper shafts in the
mines, led to the debasement of coins and spiraling inflation, which hurt the feudal nobility in particular. Prices for
manufactured luxury goods, which the nobility craved, rose rapidly. At the same time, the dues that the nobility collected
from peasants diminished. To replace their revenues, lords and knights turned to plunder and warfare.
Compounding the economic crisis was the Black Death, or bubonic plague. This disease was carried by the fleas on brown
rats, and probably first struck Mongolia in 1331-32. From there it crossed into Russia. Carried back from Black Sea ports, the
plague reached Sicily in 1347. Spreading swiftly throughout much of Europe, the plague attacked an already declining and
undernourished population. The first crisis lasted Until 1351, and other serious outbreaks occurred in later decades. The
crowded cities and towns had the highest mortalities. Perhaps twenty million people - about One-quarter to one-third of the
European population - perished in the worst human disaster in recorded history.
Deprived of many of their intellectual and spiritual leaders, the panic-stricken masses drifted into immorality and hysteria.
Frenzied forms of religious life and Superstitious practices became popular. Flagellants marched from region to region beating
each other with sticks and whips in a
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 desperate effort to please God, who they believed had cursed them with the plague. In addition to flagellation and
superstition, black magic, witchcraft, and sexual immorality found eager Supporters. Dress became increasingly ostentatious
and bizarre. Art forms concentrated on morbid scenes of decaying flesh, dances of death, and the torments of Hell. Sometimes
this hysteria was directed against the Jews, who were accused of causing the plague by poisoning the wells. Terrible massacres
of Jews occurred despite the pleas of the papacy.

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PARENTAL AUTHORITY

Disillusionment with one's parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to
some degree inevitable. Most children have 4 very high ideal of their parents that can hardly stand up to realistic evaluation
unless the parents themselves have been unsafisfactory 1 Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realised
how much belief their children usually have in their character and infallibility, and how much this faith means to a child. If
parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realised that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing
valuable powers of observation and independent judgement, they would not be very hurt, so they would not drive the child
into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even
that he has been unfair or unjust. What the child cannot forgive is the parents' refusal to admit these charges if the child knows
them to be true.
Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact,
they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too cowed to let them know how they really felt. Today, we tend to go to
the other extreme, but, on the whole, this is a healthier attitude both for the child and the parent. It is always wiser and safer to
face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.

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TWO VIEWS OF DIVORCE

The increasing divorce rate can be seen as a 'product of conflict between the changing economic system and its social and
ideological superstructure (notably the family)'. In advanced capitalist industrial societies, there is an increasing demand for
cheap female wage labour. Wives are encouraged to take up paid employment not only because there is a demand for their
services, but also because the capitalist controlled media has raised 'material aspirations' which regulate the demand for
desirable goods. These material aspirations can only be satisfied by both spouses working as wage earners. However, conflict
results from the contradiction between female wage labour and the normative expectations which surround married life.
'Working wives’ are still expected to be primarily responsible for housework and raising children. In addition, they are still
expected, to some degree, to play a subservient role to the male head of the household~ These normative expectations
contradict the wife's role as a wage earner since she is now sharing the economic burden with her husband. Conflict between
the spouses can result from this contradiction, and conflict can lead to marital breakdown.

While laws and procedures regulating divorce were altered, the divorce rate tended to increase quickly and since each
new piece of legislation made divorce more readily available, the rate rose rapidly for a time before leveling off. Today there
is one divorce in Britain for every three marriages. (In the USA the rate is one in two.) Many people have suggested that the
higher divorce rates reflect an underlying increase in marital instability; the problem with this argument is that we have no
way of knowing how many

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'unstable' or 1unhappy' marriages existed before legislation made it possible to dissolve them in a public (and recordable)
form. Some commentators have gone further and argued that more permissive divorce laws in themselves cause marital
breakdown. But we can certainly be sceptical of such a view, suggesting as it does that happily married couples can suddenly
be persuaded to abandon their relationship, propelled by the attraction of a new divorce law. A more plausible explanation for
rises in the divorce rate after the passage of a law is that unhappily married couples were for the first time given access to a
legal solution to pre-existent marital problems; in other words, changes in divorce laws are less likely to cause marital
breakdown than to provide new types of solutions where breakdown has already occurred.

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SUCCESS

In our culture, success in itself implies no superior virtue. A book is not necessarily a superior one because it makes the
best seller lists. Most books that achieve this distinction appeal to the mass market and are generally supported by extensive
publicity. While success in the business world may require a high degree of business acumen, this quality has never before
been considered a personal virtue. Today it is the achievement that counts, not the personal qualities of the individual.
Sometimes success is achieved by qualities that are anything but virtuous. Until his downfall, Hitler was considered a success
by a great many people throughout the world. Of course, success may attend the individual with superior abilities; however,
what is acknowledged is not the personal virtue of the individual but his achievement.
The actual accomplishment is often relatively unimportant. The author of six good books may be less of a success than the
writer of one best seller. What does count is the recognition. Without recognition one cannot be considered a public success.
To achieve success means to rise above the crowd, to stand out from the mass of people and be recognized as an
individual. For the writer, it means that what he says or writes is now regarded as important. “He counts" is the way one
successful author was described. Before his success, he didn't 'count 1 Although what he wrote before his success may have
had greater value than his subsequent work. Through success he had become important. We see this all the time. As soon as a
person becomes successful, he is listened to with respect. Since he has 'made it,' his words may tell the rest of us who are still
struggling the secret of his good fortune. The successful person is important to all who wish to be successful.

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JAPANESE FREEDOM

To secure their political authority and to preserve peace, the Tokugawa shoguns isolated Japan from the rest of the world
in 1639. Christianity was banned. Except for some Chinese and a small Dutch contingent, who lived closely supervised lives
in Nagasaki harbour, all foreigners were expelled from Japan. Not only were Christian books barred but also any book, even a
Chinese translation, dealing with any Western subject. The Japanese were forbidden on pain of death to leave their homeland.
Vessels were restricted in size so that they could be used only in coastal trade and not in overseas commerce.

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THE HEALING POWER OF BELIEF

For the past two years, I have been studying cancer survivors at UCLA, trying to find out why it is that some people
respond much better to their treatment than do others. At first, I thought that some patients did well because their illnesses
were not as severe as the illnesses of others. On closer scrutiny, however, I discovered that severity of the illness was only one
of a number of factors that accounted for the difference between those who get well and those who don't. The patients I am
talking about here received, upon diagnosis, whatever therapy - medication, radiation, surgery - their individual cases
demanded. Yet, the response to such treatments was hardly uniform. Some patients fared much better in their therapies than
others.
What was it, then, that was different? Was there any one thing that all survivors had in common? Yes. I have found that
the major characteristics of these survivors were very similar. Among the similarities are:
 They all had a strong will to live.
 They were not panicky about their illness.
 They had confidence in their ability to persevere.
 Despite all the forecasts to the contrary, they believed they could make it.
 They were capable of joyous response.
 They were convinced that their treatment would work.

THE PLACEBO EFFECT

The mind-body effect should not be surprising in view of the experience over the years with placebos. The term 'placebo 9
is used to describe a 'pill' that contains no medical ingredients but that often produces the same effect as genuine medication.
Placebos provide ample proof that expectations can have an effect on body chemistry. According to a recent article on
placebos in Medical World News, studies conducted over the past 25 years have shown that placebos satisfactorily relieved
symptoms in an average of 35 per cent of patients tested. These symptoms include: fever, severe post-operative pain, anginal
pain, headache, and anxiety, among other complaints. The explanation for this strange phenomenon is that the human mind
can create actual changes in body chemistry As a result of what it believes. If, for example, a person believes that a certain
medication contains a substance that can accomplish a specific need, the body
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tends to move in that direction.
An increasing number of scientists now contend that the body’s healing system and its belief system are closely related.
That is why hope, faith, and the will to live can be vital factors in the struggle against disease. The belief system converts
positive expectations into plus factors in any contest against illness.

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MEMORY

Memory, like sweatshirts, comes in three sizes. There is a sensory storage system which can hold information for only a
very brief time period. Next is a short-term storage which can hold a small amount of information. Finally, you have a long-
term storage system which holds vast amounts of information.
What psychological processes are involved in remembering a stimulus which is briefly perceived, such as the license
number of a car? Psychologists have discovered that a stimulus is maintained in a sensory storage system which holds
information for less than a second. The sensory storage system is called iconic memory if visual stimuli are involved or echoic
memory if the stimulation is auditory.
Your sensory storage system appears to operate in a fairly automatic way. There seems to be no voluntary action you can
take to prolong the life of information from sensory storage without using the next stage of memory, called short-term
memory (STM), or primary memory. Information can be recycled in short-term memory by a process called rehearsal. When
rehearsal is prevented or disrupted, information in short-term memory is lost and so cannot enter long-term memory (LTM).
However, once information has entered long-term memory, rehearsal is no longer necessary to guarantee that information is
not forgotten. While preventing items from being forgotten is the major difficulty in short-term memory, long-term memory
suffers from the opposite problem. There is so much information contained in long-term memory that locating and retrieving
this information can be quite difficult. Indeed, psychologists distinguish between information which is available in long-term
memory and that which is accessible. All information in long-term memory is considered available; that is, it can be
remembered under the proper circumstances. But only that information which actually is remembered is accessible. Thus,
accessible information is always available, but available information cannot always be accessible. The process of obtaining
memory information from wherever it is stored is called retrieval. In order for information to be accessible, it must first be
retrieved. Retrieval of information from long-term memory is a difficult process and is not always successful. Retrieval from
short-term memory is considerably easier, and many models of short-term memory assume that if an item is available in
short-term memory, it is automatically accessible.
While information in short-term memory is coded primarily by acoustic features (how the words sound when spoken),
information in long-term memory is organized primarily according to what the words mean. While
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interference in short-term memory is based upon acoustic relationships, interference in long-term memory occurs among
Semantically related words.
The most dramatic distinction between short and long-term memory Systems lies in their respective capacities - the
number of items each system can store. Short-term memory has a very limited capacity compared to the almost unlimited
storage capacity of long-term memory.

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EDUCATION IN BRITAIN

Education in Britain is primarily the responsibility of local educational authorities Although the central government lays
down guidelines and provides or withholds money. From the end of the Second World War Until the 1960's, education under
state control depended on the '11-plus' examination, taken by all pupils between the ages of eleven and twelve. The most
successful went to grammar schools or direct-grant schools, while the rest went to secondary modern schools. Since the
1960's, almost all local authorities have introduced comprehensive schools, where all pupils attend the same school, even
though there is usually an attempt to separate them according to ability once they are there. Local authorities where the
Labour Party is usually in control tend, by now, to be almost completely comprehensive; those where the Conservatives hold
power have been more resistant to the change.
Throughout this period, the public schools, which are private in all except name, have continued to exist, independent of
the state system. Some became direct-grant schools, accepting students who had passed the 11-plus examination and were
paid for by local authorities, but this system came to an end in many cases when a Labour-controlled local authority refused to
go on paying the grants because of its commitment to comprehensive education.
The public debate in England and Wales between the supporters of comprehensive schools and those who want to retain or
revive grammar schools continues unabated. Every year statistics are produced to demonstrate that comprehensive schools
provide better education than grammar schools (and in some cases, better than the prestigious private sector). These
statistics are immediately contradicted by others proving the opposite. The local authorities have, on the whole, been
converted to the comprehensive system, in some cases with enThusiasm, in others with marked reluctance. Yet, the real
complication of the debate stems from the fact that Although arguments are usually stated in educational terms, almost all of
them are based on political opinions.
It is clear that those local authorities that have abolished grammar schools completely were determined that their
experiment should succeed because of their belief that it is just as wrong to separate children by intelligence as by social class.
Such authorities tend to associate grammar schools with the private sector they would also like to abolish if they had the
opportunity. In their view, any system that
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differentiates between children strengthens class barriers, and the fact that more upper-class children tend to go to
university is not evidence that comprehensive schools are inferior; it is merely further evidence of the discrimination that
already exists in society.
The defenders of grammar schools use examination results to show that children reach their maximum potential when
placed with others of similar intelligence and point out that even in comprehensive schools they are put in different classes
according to ability. It is difficult to believe, however, that this defence is inspired purely by a desire for academic
excellence.

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 WHAT Is YOUR BEST TIME OF DAY?

Organisms exhibit biological rhythms. Some are short and can be measured in minutes or hours. Others last days or
months. The idea that our bodies are in constant flux is fairly new and goes against traditional medical training. In the past,
many doctors were taught to believe the body has a relatively stable, or homeostatic, internal environment. Any fluctuations
were considered random and not meaningful enough to be studied.
As early as the 1940's, however, some scientists questioned the homeostatic view of the body. Franz Halberg, a young
European scientist working in the United States, conducted a series of experiments on mice and noticed that the number of
white blood cells in these animals was dramatically higher and lower at different times of the day. Gradually, such research
spread to the study of biological rhythms in human beings, and the findings were sometimes startling. For example, the time
of day when a person receives X-ray or drug treatment for cancer can affect treatment benefits and ultimately mean the
difference between life and death.
This new science, the study of biological rhythms in human beings, is called chronobiology, and the evidence supporting
it has become increasingly persuasive. Along the way, the scientific and medical communities are beginning to rethink their
ideas about how the human body works, and gradually what had been considered a minor science just a few years ago is being
studied in major universities and medical centers around the world.
With their new findings, they are teaching us things that can literally change our lives - by helping us organize ourselves
so we can work with our natural rhythms rather than against them. This can enhance our outlook on life as well as our
performance at work.
Because they are easy to detect and measure, more is known of daily -or circadian (Latin for ‘about a day') - rhythms than
other types. The most obvious daily rhythm is the sleep / wake cycle. But there are other daily cycles as well: temperature,
blood pressure, hormone levels. Amid these and the body's other changing rhythms, you are simply a different person at 9 a.m.
than you are at 3 p.m. How you feel, how well you work, your level of alertness, your sensitivity to taste and smell, the degree
with which you enjoy food or take pleasure in music - all are changing throughout the day. Most of us seem to reach our peak
of alertness around noon. Soon after that, alertness declines, and sleepiness may set in by mid-afternoon.
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Your short-term memory is best during the morning - in fact, about 15 per cent more efficient than at any other time of
day. So, students, take heed: when faced with a morning exam, it really does pay to review your notes right before the test is
given.
Long-term memory is different. Afternoon is the best time for learning material that you want to recall days, weeks or
months later. Politicians, business executives or others who must learn speeches would be smart to do their memorizing during
that time of day. If you are a student, it would be better for you to schedule your more difficult classes in the afternoon, rather
than in the morning. You should also try to do most of your studying in the afternoon, rather than late at night. Many students
believe they memorize better while burning the mid-night oil because their short-term recall is better during the wee hours of
the morning than in the afternoon. But short-term memory won't help them much several days later, when they face the exam.

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A NEW ICE AGE (1)

Over the past several years, researchers have dug deep into Atlantic sea-floor sediments and Greenland glaciers to study
the chemistry of ancient mud and ice, and they are increasingly convinced that climate change is anything but smooth. "The
transition from warm to frigid can come in a decade or two - a geological snap of the fingers", says Gerard Bond, a
geophysicist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Observatory: "The data have been coming out of Greenland for maybe
two or three decades. But the first results were really so suprising that people weren't ready to believe them."
There is a growing understanding as well that ice ages are not uniformly icy, nor interglacial periods, i.e., periods
between ice ages, unchangingly warm. About 40,000 years ago, for example, right in the middle of the last ice age, the world
warmed briefly, forcing glaciers to retreat. And while the current interglacial period has been stably temperate, the previous
one, according to at least one study, was evidently interrupted by frigid spells lasting hundreds of years. If that period was
more typical than the present one, humanity's invention of agriculture, and Thus civilization, may have been possible only
because of a highly unusual period of stable temperature - a fluke.
Just 150 years ago, the notion that much of the Northern Hemisphere had once been covered by thick sheets of ice was
both new and highly controversial. Within a few decades, though, most scientists were convinced and began looking for
explanations. Several suggested that astronomical cycles were involved, and by the 1930's the Yugoslav astronomer Milutin
Milankovitch had constructed a coherent theory. The ice ages, he argued, were triggered by changes in the shape of the earth's
slightly oval orbit around the sun and in the planet's axis of rotation. Studies of the chemical composition of ocean-floor
sediments, which depend on climatic conditions when the material was laid down, more or less supported Milankovitch's
glaciation.
predicted schedule of global
According to Milankovitch's cycles, an ice age could start sometime within the next 1,000 or 2,000 years. But
geophysicists have realized for. years that while the cycles are real and influence climate, they alone cannot explain ice ages.
For one thing, Milankovitch's timing of glaciation may be broadly correct, but major glacial episodes happen when his cycles
call for minor ones, and vice versa4

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A NEW ICE AGE (2)

Just as last week's tremors were destroying highways, buildings and lives in Southern California, an even deadlier natural
disaster was advancing slowly but inexorably south from Canada into the U.S. By midweek a huge mass of frigid arctic air
had practically paralyzed much of the Midwest and East. Temperatures in dozens of U.S. cities dropped to all-time lows:
-300C in Pittsburgh; -320C in Akron, Ohio, and Clarksburg; -330C in Indianapolis. Chicago schools closed because of cold
weather for the first time in history, Federal Government offices shut down in Washington, and East Coast cities narrowly
escaped widespread power cuts due to the overuse of electric utilities to keep homes heated. Hundreds of motorists in New
Jersey had to be rescued by snowmobile from an impassably icy highway, and thousands of homeless crammed into New York
City's shelters to avoid freezing. By week's end, the unprecedented cold wave had killed more than 130 people.
Whatever happened to global warming? Scientists have issued apocalyptic warnings for years, claiming that gases from
cars, power plants and factories are creating a greenhouse effect that will boost the temperature dangerously over the next 75
years or so. But if last week is any indication of winters to come, it might be more to the point to start worrying about the next
Ice Age Instead. After all, human-induced warming is still largely theoretical, while ice ages are an established part of the
planet's history. The last one ended about 10,000 years ago; the next one - for there will be a next one - could start tens of
thousands of years from now. Or tens of years. Or it may have already started.

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PROOF AGAINST HEART ATTACKS

Does a drink a day keep heart attacks away? Over the past 20 years, numerous studies have found that moderate alcohol
consumption -say, one or two beers, glasses of wine or cocktails daily helps to prevent coronary heart disease. Last week a report
in the New England Journal of Medicine added strong new evidence in support of that theory. More importantly, the work
provided the first solid indication of how alcohol works to protect the heart.
In the study, researchers from Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospitals and Harvard Medical School compared the drinking
habits of 340 men and women who had suffered recent heart attacks with those of healthy people of the same age and sex. The
scientists found that people who sip one to three drinks a day are about half as likely to suffer heart attacks as nondrinkers are.
The apparent source of the protection: those who drank alcohol had higher blood levels of high-density lipoproteins, or HDL's, the
so-called good cholesterol, which is known to ward off heart disease.
As evidence has mounted, some doctors have begun recommending a daily drink for cardiac patients. But most physicians are
not ready to recommend a ritual happy hour for Everyone. The risks of teetotaling are nothing compared with the dangers of too
much alcohol, including high blood pressure, strokes and cirrhosis of the liver - not to mention violent behaviour and traffic
accidents. Moreover, some studies suggest that even moderate drinking may increase the incidence of breast and colon cancer.
Until there is evidence that the benefits of a daily dose of alcohol outweigh the risks, most people won't be able to take a doctor's
prescription to the neighbourhood bar or liquor store.

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FROM THE OTHER SIDE
OF THE GENERATION GAP

Contrary to the impression that grandmothers are delighted to help their grown daughters and care for their
grandchildren, a study of multi-generational families indicates that many older women resent the frequent impositions of the
younger generations on their time and energy.
“Young women with children are under a lot of pressure these days, and they expect their mothers to help them pick up
the pieces," noted Dr. Bertram Je Cohier, a behavioral scientist at the University of Chicago. "This is often the strongest
source of resentment on the part of Grandmother, who has finished with child-caring and now has her own life to live.
Grandmothers like to see their children and grandchildren, but in their own time.
Dr. Cohler is the director of a study, supported by the National Institute of Aging, of 150 working-class families that live
in a Midwestern suburb. He and a collaborator, Dr. Henry U. Grunebaum of Harvard Medical School, have already completed
an intensive investigation of four such families in New England, summarizing their findings in a book, Mothers,
Grandmothers and Daughters, published recently by Wiley-Interscience for professional audiences.
Dr. Cohler tells of a middle-aged Boston woman who works as a seamstress all week and for her church on Sundays 1
Every Saturday (her only day off) her daughter and family visit, expecting Mother to make lunch, shop and visit. "That's not
how she wants to grow old," said Dr. Cohler, who was told by the older woman: "My daughter would never speak to me if she
knew how mad I get."
In all the four New England families studied, the older women resented the numerous phone calls and visits from their
grown daughters, who often turned to their mothers for advice, physical resources, affection and companionship as well as
baby-sitting services. "American society keeps piling on the burdens for older people, particularly those in their 50's and 60's,"
Dr. Cohier said in an interview here. "They are still working and taking care of their grown children and maybe also their aged
parents. Sometimes life gets to be too much. That's one reason many of them move far away, to Florida or Sun City (Arizona).
Older people need more space and fime to attend to their own affairs and friends. Young people don't understand this, and
that's part of what creates tension between generations.”
He has found that, Contrary to what the younger generations may
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think, older people have an enormous amount to do. "More than half of working-class grandmothers still work, and if
theytre retired they have activities in the community that keep them occupied," he said. "Each generation has got to appreciate
the unique needs of the other," Dr. Cohler went on. "The younger generation has to realize that grandparents have busy, active
lives and that they need privacy and more space for themselves. Moreover, the older generation has to realize that continuing
to be pan of the family is important to the younger generation and that they need help and support.”

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LEARNING IT AT HOME

Learning a language at home via a home study course is often the most convenient, though not necessarily the most
efficient. You can go at your own pace and needn't adjust your schedule to accommodate a regular class. Sets of recorded
lessons are available at book and record stores or by mail order. They usually cover only the more common languages, and
most do not go beyond the needs of the casual tourist. The tapes and records consist of groups of phrases and conversations
you learn by repetition. A set of four to six tapes and accompanying workbook might cost about $125.
Taped lessons used by the Foreign Service Institute's School of Language Studies to train diplomats are more complete
and cover a wider range of languages. The State Department does not market these tapes directly, but they are available by
writing to Order Section, National Audio-Visual Center, General Services' Administration, Washington, D.C. 20409. The price
for a basic course of about 20 cassette tapes and a text is $100 or so; the more cassettes, the higher the price. Delivery
generally takes four to six weeks after receipt of your order.
If you want to earn credits toward a degree or prepare yourself to read foreign literature, consider a university
correspondence course. A one semester course generally costs about $135 for beginners, postage not included. Any audio
materials used may involve extra cost. Course quality is comparable to on-campus offerings. All assignments are reviewed by
a professor or instructor and then returned, usually within a week.
Language courses are included among the 12,000 courses listed in The Guide to independent Study Through
Correspondence instruction, prepared by the National University Continuing Education Association. It is available in libraries
or from Peterson's Guides, P.O. Box 2123, Princeton, N.J. 08540, for $4.50 plus $1.25 for postage and handling.
One caveat about university correspondence courses: if your object is to achieve minimal conversational skills, either for
business or pleasure, you may not be willing to expend the effort required for these courses, according to Dr. Robert
Batchellor, associated with the NUCEA guide. Self-instruction requires a commitment of at least ten hours per week.
The National Association of Self-Instructional Language Programs (NASILP) assists schools in designing and operating
self-instruction programs based on tape learning supplemented by text and tutorials and eligible for college credit. NASILP
keeps up with all of the options,
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including commercial programs, and will help you find a course to fit your specifications, whether or not it is a NASWP
product.

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ANIMAL PREDATORS

No doubt the greatest single leap in human prehistory was the one we made from being helpless prey to becoming
formidable predators (animals which hunt and eat others) of other living creatures, including, Eventually, the ones with claws
and fangs. This is the theme that is acted out over and over, obsessively, in the initiation rites of tribal cultures. In the drama of
initiation, the young (usually men) are first humiliated and sometimes tortured, only to be 'reborn' as hunters and warriors.
Very often the initial torment includes the threat of being eaten by costumed humans or actual beasts. Orokaiva children in
Papua New Guinea are told they will be devoured like pigs; among Indians of the Pacific Northwest, the initiates were
kidnapped or menaced by wolves; young Norwegian men, at least in the sagas, had to tackle bears single-handedly.
As a species, we've been fabulously successful at predation. We have enslaved the wild ungulates, turning them into our
cattle and sheep, pushing them into ever narrower habitats. We have tamed some of the wolves and big cats, trivializing them
as household pets. We can dine on shark or alligator fillets if we want, and the only bears we're likely to know are the ones
whose name is teddy. In fact, horror movies wouldn't be much fun if real monsters lurked outside our cinemas. We can enjoy
screaming at the alien or the monster or the blob because we know, historically speaking, it was our side that won.
But the defeat of the animal predators was not a clear-cut victory for us. With the big land carnivores out of the way,
humans decided that the only worthwhile enemies were others like themselves - 'enemy' individuals or tribes or nations or
ethnic groups. The criminal stalking his victim, the
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soldiers roaring into battle, are enacting an archaic drama in which the other player was originally non-human, something
either to eat or be eaten by. For millenniums now, the earth's scariest predator has been ourselves.
In our arrogance, we have tended to forget that our own most formidable enemies may still be of the non-human kind.
Instead of hungry tigers or fresh-cloned dinosaurs, we face equally deadly microscopic life forms. It will take a whole new set
of skills and attitudes to defeat HIV or the TB bacterium - not the raging charge on the field of battle, but the cunning ambush
of the lab.

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SAVE THE JUNGLE- SAVE THE WORLD

The so-called jungle' of popular imagination, the tropical rain forest belt stretching around our planet at the Equator, has
taken some 60 million years to evolve to its present state. It is, quite simply, the most complex, most important ecosystem on
Earth.
Homo Faber, Man the Builder, has tragically always seen the jungle as something alien, an environment to be vanquished,
replaced with his own constructions. In the past twenty years, the rate of pillage has increased alarmingly and huge tracts of
verdant, beautiful forest - an irreplaceable treasure house of living things - has often given way to wasteland. The evidence is
that Man will redouble his destructive efforts Until the forest ‘system’ is smashed, and the jungle will function no more.
Many experts gloomily predict that the tropical rain forests will finally vanish around the end of our century. Well done,
20th century!
What are the burning reasons that drive men to destroy our monumental inheritance?
Man seldom does anything for entirely rational reasons; usually, the less rational his 'reasons’, the more he defends them
with short-term economic arguments1 That is one of the modern lessons in ecology1
"We need the land for people," runs the argument. Well, many people already inhabit the tropical forest belt. There, native
tribes have their own ‘low-impact' life style, hunting, trapping, practising a little cultivation. Perhaps not idyllic, it is,
nevertheless, a life style that does not endanger the forest ecosystem.
We stress a little cultivation because, paradoxically, the forest soil is often infertile; trees and green plants thrive on the
compost of their fallen foliage, which is rapidly broken down and recycled as nutrients. So, when the jungle is cleared to
plant crops, there is no means of putting fertility back into the soil. Many governments spend much time 'resettling' people in
deforested areas as part of so-called forward-looking development projects, but the crop yield is meagre, and brief: the soil
soon makes its point. Erosion and flooding also tend to follow deforestation.
"We need the timber," continues the argument. Well, the forests have always been generous with their riches - so far as
they are able. They are not limitless. They are being exhausted at ever increasing speed. Forest ecology, wisdom in planning
and less greed could keep Man and the delicate rain forest relationship in balance indefinitely. This is our last great store
house, our last wonderland.
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TIGHTEN YOUR BELT

The fact is that the energy crisis has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether
Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to Everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. The
supply of oil can be shut off at whim at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present
rate of use.
New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore
that sense of cheap and copious energy we have had In times past. We will never again dare indulge in indiscriminate growth. For
an indefinite period from here on in, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.
To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world's population is in sight. Although the
birthrate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and
perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this,
which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001? To begin with, the
world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years - even here in the United States. By 2001, the
population of the United States will be at least two hundred and fifty million and possibly two hundred and seventy million, and
the nation will be hard put to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. This will be particularly true since the energy
pinch will make it difficult to continue using the high-energy method of agriculture they makes it possible to combine few farmers
with high yields.
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity
forces the exporting of food, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.
This means, for one thing, that we can look forward to an end to the 'natural food' trend. It is not a wave of the future. All the
unnatural' things we do to food are required to produce more of the food in the first place, and to make it last longer afterward. It
is for that reason that we need and use chemical fertilizers and pesticides
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while the food is growing, and add preservatives afterward.
In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of
flavouring additives. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a
comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more artificiality.

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GALDIKAS AND ORANGUTANS

Birute Galdikas remembers the scene very well. She was in a cluttered London flat, anxious and awestruck, with her two
heroes: Dian Fossey, the strong-willed American studying the mountain gorillas in Africa, and the elegant Briton Jane
Goodall, famous for her discoveries about chimpanzees' humanlike abilities. Presiding was their common mentor, the
paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey. He was preparing Galdikas, then a bookish young graduate student at the University of
California, for the wilds of Borneo and life among the great apes. As Leakey jotted down campfire recipes, Galdikas turned to
Goodall and asked, "What will I do when I get there?" Replied Goodall: "You'll go out and find orangutans."
More than 20 years later, Galdikas, now 46, is still following that advice. In a remote peat swamp forest of Kalimantan,
the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo, she is conducting the longest study of wild orangutans ever undertaken. The
youngest of Leakey's so-called trimates, the trio of women he picked to help plumb the origins of humanity's special nature,
Galdikas has shed new light on the social patterns of the orangutan, literally tman of the forest' in Malay, one of our closest
relatives.
In the process, she has endured malaria, typhoid, dengue fever and skin bums from toxic tree sap. Like Fossey, who was
murdered in 1985, Galdikas has been led, through her scientific work, to campaign for the protection of the endangered apes
and their dwindling rain-forest habitat. Only 30,000 to 50,000 orangutans remain in Borneo and Sumatra. Galdikas' advocacy
put her at odds with Indonesian authorities, who at one point threatened to end her work.
Long-lived and highly intelligent, orangutans dwell and travel high in the rain-forest canopy, revealing themselves only to
the dedicated. As a result of her years in a 40-sq-km study area in the Tanjung Puting National Park, Galdikas has been able
to follow individuals from infancy. She has learned that the orangutans there have their first offspring at the age of 16.
Subsequent births, always a single infant, come every eight years, the longest birth interval of any known wild species. Zoo
orangutans reproduce much faster. If her findings are true for all wild populations, she says, "orangutans are much more
vulnerable to extinction than anyone thought."
Experts believed that big male orangutans fight with one another, but no modern scientist had seen a battle Until
Galdikas, who waited months for such a confrontation. "At the end there was blood and tufts of hair all over the forest floor,"
she says. But the battle was broken off well short of permanent injury or death. A solitary creature, the orangutan does not live
in groups or families like other great apes. But she has found indications of a
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subtle social system: at times adolescent males and females travel together without mating, almost as friends, evidence
that one of our closest relatives is not completely asocial.

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THE LONG HABIT

Just like our remotest ancestors, we refrain from talking about death, despite the great distance we have come in
understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for
thinking about it; it is an indelicacy. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a
dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 million volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we
can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in colour, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the
numbers of dead are very small and very close that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is
the naked cold deadness of one's own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is
unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a
secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we
seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become - next year, say - a
bit smarter.
"The long habit of living," said Thomas Browne, 'tindisposeth us to dying. " These days, the habit has become an
addiction: we are hooked on living; the tenacity of its grip on us, and ours on it, grows in intensity. We cannot think of giving
it up, even when living loses its zest - even when we have lost the zest for zest.
We have come a long way in our technological capacity to put death off, and it is imaginable that we might learn to stall it
for even longer periods, perhaps matching the life spans of the Abkhasians, who are said to go on for a century and a half. If
we can rid ourselves of some of our chronic, degenerative diseases, cancer, strokes, and coronaries, we might go on and on.
It sounds attractive and reasonable, but it is no certainty.
We long for longevity, even in the face of plain evidence that long, long lives are not necessarily pleasurable in the kind of
society we have arranged Thus far. We will be lucky if we can postpone the search for new technologies for a while, Until we
have discovered some satisfactory things to do with the extra time. Something will surely have to be found to take the place of
sitting on the porch re-examining one's watch.
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GIOVANNA AMATI: ONE FAST WOMAN

What makes a glamorous young woman want to risk life and limb on the track?

"Motor racing is a passion. For me it's so deep I can't live without it," says speed-loving Giovanna Amati, a 27-year-old
Italian who is widely acknowledged to be one of the fastest women drivers around.
As a member, last year, of the British-based team GA Motor-sports, she competed in Formula 3000 races in a car twice as
powerful as a Jaguar XJS. She raced at 180 mph in a class that has won a reputation for aggressive competitiveness, with
many drivers taking dramatic risks to make their mark. This year, however, she is without the money necessary to race in
F3000, a group that is just one step below Formula 1, so she is Competing as a guest driver at circuits around the world while
looking for the fight sponsorship package. "I don't want to be decoration at the track" she says. "I want to win." Determination
shines through this beautiful woman's every move and every word. When she was 15, she used to ride a 35Occ motorcycle
around her native city of Rome, hiding it from her parents. A year later, she bought a 500cc machine and she still keeps a
motorcycle at home today.
Despite opposition from her father, a Roman industrialist, Giovanna pursued her driving ambition, joining a racing school
where she won the graduates race in 1980. From there she has worked her way up successive formulas.
Motor racing is a sport still heavily dominated by men. Some men, particularly fellow Italians, find their ego dented when
they're beaten by her, says Giovanna.
She spends as much time working with the mechanics as she does on the track. "I love Everything about the cars. You
have to enjoy the mechanical side and be able to explain exactly why you think the car is not performing correctly."
Vital factors in achieving racing success are physical fitness and mental attitude. "You can't afford to get tired. You're
offen racing for one and a half hours in temperatures of around 30 degrees. In tennis, if you miss a ball, you lose a point. In
motor racing a mistake can cost you your life."
When she's in Rome, Giovanna works out every day with her coach at the sports clinic she attends. "I do a lot of skipping
to build up stamina, weight training for strength and many reaction exercises." Her diet and health are monitored by a
nutritionist who analyses her blood and adjusts
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her eating plans accordingly.
The risks in racing are huge and drivers have to rise above them. "You don't think about accidents," says Giovanna. "You
feel sorry, of course, if someone is injured but you can't let yourself dwell on it - that would make you slowdown."
Motor racing also demands sacrifices. "You risk Everything - as well as your life, you risk losing your friends and your
security. I do miss not having a man but I have to be number one when I'm with a man; he must be there to care for me when I
am at home - and that's very difficult to find."
The glamorous, big money image of racing holds little appeal. "There are people who race for the money," says Giovanna,
"but I don't. And you don't go to parties - you have to sleep, to relax. If I wanted to go to parties, I'd be at home in Romee"
THE FIRES OF CHRISTMAS

Eyes looked skyward for rain, but the only clouds were of smoke. Heat and wind around Sydney last week dried a path
for more than 150 fires to blaze in the worst natural disaster to hit the country in the 200 years since British settlers arrived.
By week's end more than 400,000 hectares were alight. At least four people had died; scores of homes had been destroyed
and thousands of people had been evacuated. With highways and rail lines closed to the north, access to Australia's largest city
was limited. The shells of the Sydney Opera House, the city's landmark, are normally a bright and shiny white in the sunshine,
but last week they were a dull orange.
The first fires began in the northern part of the state of New South Wales a few days after Christmas. By early last week
there was a quilt of 40 blazes. By Wednesday there were 80, Thursday 90, Friday 150. A quarter of the state was under threat,
from the Queensland border to the New South Wales southern coast. Sydney was bracketed by fires to the north, south and
west.
Hundreds of people made dramatic escapes, taken off threatened shores by surf-boats or lifted by helicopters as flames
neared remote camping spots. An old woman, carried from her home, clutched a framed picture to her heart. In places like
Newcastle and Lake Macquarie, skies were black and the Sun orange. "It's like being on another planet,' said Jill Allen, who
works near Lake Macquane. "It looks like a storm coming. We wish it was." Beaches were covered with ash and charred
leaves. In Pittwater, a picturesque inlet just north of Sydney, a flotilla of yachts, dinghies and ferries evacuated several
hundred people from the densely

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wooded shores.
Compounding the tragedy was the fact that nature's persistence had been abetted. Authorities said perhaps half the blazes
were the work of arsonists. A $100,000 reward was offered after news that some fires had been deliberately lit. Police soon
received an estimated 850 phone calls from people claiming to have seen arsonists. Authorities have arrested 11 people,
including at least two teenagers. A I 3-year-old boy is to appear in the Children's Court in Sydney in connection with one
blaze. There was public outrage that a Sydney hotel had threatened to dismiss an employee who is a volunteer fire fighter
unless he returned to work.
The disaster, however, also brought out the best in some people. Residents risked their own homes to help save those of
their neighbours; general stores opened their shelves to people battling blazes. At the front line, the thousands of fire fighters
were tenacious, but the battle was unequal, even with the help of troops and fire fighters brought in from other states. Because
of the fires' spread and ferocity, authorities could only hope to protect lives and minimize property damage. Beyond that,
other allies were needed. In one meeting, John Fahey, the premier of New South Wales, called for help from "the weather and
God above to fight the intense fires." Neither seemed to be cooperating. Meteorologists said no rain was likely for the next
few days.

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GENETIC GEOGRAPHY

It's far from perfect, but researchers unveil the first complete map of all 23 pairs of human chromosomes.

The first maps of the new world, drawn back in the age of Columbus and Magellan, were pitifully primitive. The early
European explorers and cartographers thought that America was just a narrow strip of land and that the Pacific Ocean was
small enough for a galleon to cross in a couple of weeks. But despite all their shortcomings, those first stabs at mapmaking
captured the imaginations of adventurers and spurred more voyages of discovery.
In much the same way, today’s explorers of the genetic frontier have doggedly navigated the 23 pairs of human
chromosomes in their search for various genes - not always sure which landmarks to trust, or how far away the goal was. The
hunt will now be easier, thanks to last week's announcement that an international team of scientists, led by Dr. Daniel Cohen
at the Center for the Study of Human Polymorphism in Paris, has produced the first fully-fledged - if still rough - map of the
human genome. "This is a major step forward," says David Ward, a Yale geneticist who has been analyzing the map for errors.
"It's a first pass, and it will have its warts. But it's still significant.
Composed of long chains of DNA containing perhaps 100,000 genes, the human genome is far too vast to analyze all at
once. So scientists use special enzymes to chop the chromosomes into small manageable pieces and pick out small identifiable
stretches - called markers - on each segment. When researchers are searching for a disease gene, they look for a marker that is
common to all people who suffer from that ailment. If one is found, then the defective gene is probably located Somewhere
near that marker. The problem is that Although the gene hunters know where the marker is located on the chromosome, they
don't necessarily know how close it lies to the suspect gene.
That's why Cohen's new map will come in handy. To produce it, his group sliced many sets of chromosomes into
thousands of segments and put each piece into a yeast cell. The cells then made thousands of copies of every piece of the
human DNA. By studying different possible arrangements, Cohen's computerized machines were able to figure out the
positions of a whole list of common markers as well as the proper order of the pieces.
Cohen's laboratory now has in storage multiple copies, or clones, of about 33,000 chromosome segments. So if gene
hunters want to search the
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area around a particular marker, they can request copies of the relevant DNA segments. Says Cohen: "You can call and
say, 'I need this and this clone,' and you'll get it in two days.
Anyone wanfing a description of the entire map should be able to obtain it through a computer: Cohen has promised to
feed the information into the Internet, the global communications network most heavily used by scientists. "It should be
equally available to all the world,t1 he says.
The ultimate goal for biologists is to determine the exact sequence of all the chemical components of all 100,000 genes.
That will give scientists the full, detailed genetic instructions for a human being. But since that map will contain 3.5 billion
separate points, it probably won't be completed Until after the turn of the century.

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GENETIC MANIPULATION

Ever since man the hunter and gatherer gave up his nomadic way of life and began to tend stock and grow crops, he has been
involved with genetic manipulation. Firstly, in ignorance, simply by choosing to rear particular animals or plants which were in
some way advantageous to his developing lifestyle, and then much later, since the science of genetics began to develop, man has
been engaged in breeding programmes designed to produce varieties of plants and animals exhibiting the specific characteristics
which fit them to his various needs.
As man's exploitation of natural resources has continued and industries have developed based on the synthetic ability of
micro-organisms, particularly the bacteria and fungi, his need for knowledge of the fundamental principles of the genetics of these
organisms has increased and the new science of molecular genetics has emerged. The discipline seeks to understand the
molecular base of inheritance and the way in which the information encoded by deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) is utilized by the
living cell.
Advances in the field of recombinant DNA research over the past decade have given the geneticist the techniques required to
mobilize individual genes, that is, specific sequences of DNA which code the amino acid structure of single proteins, and then
transfer these genes from a donor to a recipient organism, Thus conferring on the recipient the ability to synthesize the gene
product. This is the practice of genetic manipulation as we understand the term today and which has become a cornerstone of the
new Biotechnology. Now, In addition to searching in nature for wild micro-organisms capable of producing specific products, a
process which is often long and tedious and sometimes unrewarding, microbial hosts can be tailored for specific purposes by
introducing foreign genes into them. The source of this foreign DNA can be microbial, animal, or plant and Thus microbial hosts
can be converted into biosynthetic factories capable of making a wide diversity of materials needed in every aspect of our lives
from food and fuel to agriculture and medicine.
Most recombinant DNA experiments are designed to transfer specific genetic information from a donor organism to a
recipient cell so that the newly acquired gene will be expressed and will result in the production of a ‘foreign' protein. In order to
do this, the DNA to be transferred must first be isolated from the donor organism and inserted into a DNA carrier or vector
molecule which will be used to transfer it into its new host.
The ease with which fragments of DNA can be cut out of large DNA molecules, present in the chromosomes of plants and
animals, and inserted
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into vectors, has been assisted greatly by the discovery within the last 20 years of a group of enzymes known as restricted
endonucleuses. These enzymes recognize specific base sequences on DNA molecules and cut them precisely within or near that
sequence. There are currently some three hundred of these enzymes known and some forty or so are commercially available in a
highly-purified form.
The enormous growth of interest and input of capital into researching the applications of recombinant DNA research over the
past decade is evidence of the potential benefit to man which these techniques can provide. Independent of its use for fundamental
research in molecular genetics, a field which has provided and will continue to provide invaluable information to both academic
and applied geneticists, recombinant DNA technology has already made important contributions in several areas of applied
science.

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THE TREASURE OF KING PRIAM OF TROY

For Heinrich Schliemann, a German-born amateur archaeologist digging in the heat and dust of western Turkey in 1873, it
was the discovery of a lifetime: the legendary treasure of King Priam of Troy, celebrated by Homer in the Iliad. Painstakingly
and perilously excavated, smuggled in pieces to Schliemann's residence in Greece and revealed to an astonished world a short
time later, the find was the biggest news in archaeology Until King Tut's tomb was discovered in 1922e
Last week, nearly a half-century after it disappeared from a Berlin Bunker in the chaos at the end of World War II, King
Priam's treasure surfaced again. "I have held these dull gold vessels," said Yevgeni Sidorov, the Russian Minister of Culture,
in Literaturnaya Gazeta. "They look modest, but the feeling of heat and energy of many millenniums takes your breath away. "
Sidorov confirmed that King Priam's trove was captured by the Red Army when it sacked Berlin in 1945. That had long been
suspected. In a 1991 article in the magazine ART News, Konstantin Akinsha and Grigoni Kozlov, two Soviet writers with
access to secret KGB documents, first reported that the Russians had spirited the treasure away.
The Russians Eventually plan to exhibit the collection, which originally included a large silver vase containing about
9,000 gold objects, half a dozen bracelets, a bottle and several gold cups. But Irina Antonova, director of Moscow's Pushkin
Museum, could not say exactly how much of Priam's treasure was actually in Moscow. "Since these items have been kept
according to a regime of strict conservation, where only one person had access to them," she said, "and since scholars were
able to see the treasures for just a few days, it is difficult to say now what there is and in what quantities.”
The original gatherer of the trove was no upright Indiana Jones sort but a multilingual adventurer who never hesitated to
inflate his own legend. After obtaining U.S. citizenship, perhaps by fraud, Schliemann divorced his Russian wife and married
a Greek mail-order bride1 He then travelled to Turkey, where, as an American, it was easy for him to get a permit to dig for
history. Uncovering evidence of seven cities on the site of Troy, he determined from his reading of Homer, which he treated as
gospel, that it was the second, or "burnt," city to which the Iliad referred. Modern scholars are increasingly skeptical that
Homer was Schliemann's muse, pointing to the fact that Schliemann's Troy dates from around
2500-2200 B.C., far too old for the saga, which takes place around 1250 B.C.
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Turkey as well as Germany and Russia will probably lay claim to the treasure. Schliemann's original right to the treasure
was contested by Turkey and decided in a Turkish court in 1880; the wealthy prospector was fined a nominal sum, Although
the Royal Museums of Berlin chipped in 50,000 gold franks to placate angry Turkish authorities. PAID IS PAID! screamed a
headline in a Berlin newspaper last week.
Possession, however, is nine-tenths of the law, and the Russians are unlikely to give the treasure up gracefully. In the
meantime, the only sure thing is that lawyers of several nations will engage in a battle that will make the Achilles-Hector
struggle look like a picnic before the gates of Troy. Wherever it really was.

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SINGAPORE'S TRAFFIC POLICY

Singapore possesses all the ingredients for traffic disaster. The island city-state has a large population (3 million), a
limited land area (626.4 sq.km), booming economic growth and one of the highest automobile densities in the world (81 per
km of roadway, vs. 43 in Japan and 17 in the U.S.). In other rapidly growing Asian metropolises, like Bangkok, Taipei and
Seoul, such conditions have wreaked bumper-to-bumper bedlam in the streets. Yet, Singapore's traffic moves smoothly. Much
of the explanation lies in sound urban planning and an effective mass-transit system. Traffic-flow engineering - like restricted
zones that bar automobiles without a special permit - also helps. But the main thing that keeps gridlock at bay is the
government's decree that the car population can grow no faster than the road network - some 2% to 3% a year. That policy,
though effective at avoiding road snarls, has led to the highest car prices in the world.
For starters, all cars are slapped with a 45% import tariff. Then owners must pay a one-time registration fee of $600, plus
an additional charge equal to 150% of the car's market value. When even those regulations failed to stem the natural demand,
Singapore, in 1990, unveiled its toughest requirement yet : the Certificate of Entitlement, a permit available only in limited
numbers that prospective car buyers must obtain before making their purchases. COEs are sold through a complex auction
system; the prices vary each month depending on the number of bidders.
The result is that buying a car can be far costlier in some months than in others. January's COE prices hit record highs:
$10,061 for a Honda Civic (up $2,208 since December), $11,212 for a Honda Accord (up $2,242). When added to the basic
costs of the car, import duties and registration fees, it means that a Civic would cost around $40,780, an Accord would run
some $56,600.
Oh yes, and since the government wants to cut down not only congestion but also air pollution, all new cars sold after next
July will require catalytic converters, adding about $1,200 to the price. And all this merely gets the car to the driveway. The
owner must then pay annual road taxes. These fees vary with the size of the vehicle, averaging $690 for a Civic and $1,200 for
an Accord. The cumulative result of these schemes: automobile sales for 1991 were down 10% from the previous year, to
24,000.
Anyone seeking to avoid all these extra costs by holding onto an old clunker runs into another welter of regulations. An
owner gets a substantial credit toward the registration and permit for a replacement only if the previous car is scrapped
before it is 10 years old. Cars dating back 10 years or more are socked with an annual road-tax surcharge of 10%; those 14
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years or older pay a 50% surcharge.
Singaporeans are sympathetic to the government's goal of keeping traffic moving, but the mood has soured as COEs have
soared in price, placing the ownership of an automobile beyond the reach of all but the very wealthy -or the very desperate.

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SPEED KILLS

Every western country save one believes that maxim and has national speed limits to make the point, reducing pollution in
the bargain. Germany, where some locals guard the entitlement to drive 200-plus km/h as though it were a natural right and
visitors prize a freedom denied at home, remains the exception: there is only one limit on most of the superhighways, and that
is the car's performance.
But the days of warp drive on the autobahn may be numbered. As a result of a recent court decision on liability incurred
by superfast drivers, new obstacles to high speed are rising. The ruling won applause from an ever more vocal chorus of
speed-limit advocates. Defenders of no-limit driving are as determined as ever but look like an increasingly isolated minority.
A long-standing proposal by the Green Party to lower superhighway speed to 100 km/h divided the public more or less
evenly in the late 1980's. "But more recently," says pollster Jochen Hansen of the Allensbach Institute, "there has been a
greater inclination to see 130 km/h as a good standard." The latest survey, commissioned by the Environment Ministry,
confirms that 72% of Germans would like to see a national speed limit, with most citing 120 km/h, also advocated by police
organizations, as a reasonable possibility. Environmentalists cite a litany of studies to show that higher speed means
increased C02, ozone-damaging N20 (nitrogen oxide) and particulate emissions as well as increased fuel consumption.
However broad such support, it has not been able to dent the political influence of auto enThusiasts and carmakers. The
latter, who make up one of Germany's most powerful industries and account for 1 in every 7 jobs, argue that speed limits
would deprive the likes of Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Porsche of a key competitive advantage: the right to say their cars are
engineered to the driving standard of the autobahn, known the world over for uncapped speed.
Why German car buffs are so militant in their determination to drive fast remains a subject of much speculation. Some
argue that the automobile is the supreme symbol of Germany's postwar economic achievement and its obsession with quality
products. Others suggest that the autobahn is the only place where individuals living in one of the world's most regulated
societies can vent aggression. No-limit supporters have the government's ear: Chancellor Helmut Kohl has sworn none will be
introduced on his watch.
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THE RAYS ARE NOT COLOURED

Newton first understood, more than 200 years ago, that "the Rays, to speak properly, are not coloured," and "Colours in the
Object are nothing but a disposition to reflect this or that sort of Ray more CopioUSly than the rest..." Yet colour seems so
compellingly to be a property of an object that few among us doubt the obvious. Indeed, the insights of Newton, supported by
two centuries of scientific elaboration, are not fully appreciated even by the practitioners of colour, such as the artist and the paint
manufacturer, let alone the man in the street.
W.D.Wright is a physicist and one of the fathers of the CIE (Commission International de 1 'Eclairage) system of colour
specification. Despite the proven usefulness of this system, Wright admits that it 99does not give precise information about the
spectral composition of the light or any exact information about the sensation..." Accordingly, Wright's interests, reflected in this
book, have extended well beyond classical colourimetry to the use of colour in art and television, the teaching of colour in
schools, and the pracfical and theoretical problems presented by colour-defective vision.
The difficult problem raised by the coloured appearance of objects provides a recurring theme for some of the nine essays of
this slim volume. Is it possible that the man in the street is right to believe what he sees? Wright struggles hard to find a proper
basis for restoring colour to the object. He notes that the main task of vision, for which colour is not necessary, is to render objects
visible. Although the initial basis for colour vision does lie in the spectral modification of light by the object - just as Newton
discerned - such modified light is far from the only basis for colour perception. Somehow, Wright says, colour projects light back
out to, is modified by, and becomes an inherent property of the object.
Most of the book consists of the texts of invited lectures delivered from 1951 to 1966. It is easy to see why Wright is so often
asked to speak. His remarks are lucid and reflect his enThusiasm for a subject with which he has had more than 40 years of
experience. Most of the material will be readily understood by the non-expert. The lectures point more to problems than solutions
since they do not attempt to deal with a large percentage of the experimental evidence bearing upon the topics discussed.

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THE SHAME AND PAIN OF' SUDDEN RUIN

Walter Armanini, a city councilor, was en route to his Milan office on May 19, 1992 when his car phone range “There are
people waiting for you at the office," said a colleague. "They won't give their names, and they won't go away." Armanini's first
thought was that the strangers might be kidnappers. When the men introduced themselves as detectives, there to arrest him for
soliciting $125,000 in kickbacks, Armanini, 56, knew his life would never be the same. He was permitted to return home and
pack a bag. One of the arresting officers advised him to change out of the dark suit he was wearing: "You won't need it where
you're headed."
Armanini's destination was Milan's San Vittore prison, which he had often passed without really looking at it. "I never
thought about what happened inside," he says. "It wasn't a part of my world. Sometimes, out of superstition, I'd make a sign as
I went past to ward off evil."
He found himself in evil's midst. He posed for mug shots, holding a number across his chest, and was fingerprinted. As he
walked to his cell, there was a roar from the inmates. “They knew I'd been arrested, and they were laughing and shouting at
me to stop stealing because there'd be nothing left for them."
Armanini was among the first to be arrested in Operation Clean Hands, a corruption probe that has swept up more than
2,500 members of Italy's business, political and government elite. The profound despair of facing ruin and imprisonment has
led 12 of them to commit suicide, a reaction Armanini says he understands. Although he endured the humiliation of a
televised trial and was sentenced to four years, the horror that stays with him most palpably is the 41 days he spent at San
Vittore. "I can still smell the urine in the halls, hear the barking of the guard dogs outside, see the flash of the searchlight
overhead," he says. "I just can't get those things out of my mind."
Re spent his first night in a 2-rn by 3-rn cell with a suspected murderer. "I felt so alone, so scared, as if I were already
condemned to spend my life here," he recalls. "I wouldn't let myself think about my wife or my daughter. I didn't want even
the thought of them to enter this place."
Transferred to the isolation ward after three days, he was already thinking like a prisoner. "I noticed that nothing they
gave us could be used as a weapon. The dishes and spoons were plastic. The bed sheet was too flimsy to hang yourself. When
we took exercise, it was in an area open to the wind, but there were bars overhead. The place was full of excrement from the
dogs that barked all night and kept me awake Until 5."
At his trial, Armanini admitted to shaking down businessmen on behalf
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of the Socialist Party. "I never thought of it as illegal," he says. Now free, pending an~ appeal, he says he is frequently
accosted on the street and called a thief. "I just want back the life I had," he says. Trapped in a nightmare he cannot escape, he
yearns for a dream that cannot be.

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POLLUTION (1)

Pollution has already become an international problem. Even countries with little industry have reason to be alarmed by
the appalling situation. Industries and individuals dump waste materials into rivers, oceans, and even local water supplies.
Farmers use chemical insecticides to protect their crops, but these chemicals, which remain in the soil and water for long
periods of time, also endanger many other living things. Already, many species of plant and animal life face complete
destruction. Their disappearance will harm others, as the natural food supply is reduced. This chain of events may ultimately
result in a serious imbalance in nature which could endanger all living creatures, including man.
Thus, all nations should make an attempt to stop pollution. At the present time, it seems more likely that man's future will
be determined by his success or failure in preserving a healthy environment than by a worldwide famine, disease or war.

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RECYCLING WASTE

The amount of garbage produced each day is growing at an alarming rate. Many big cities all over the world face a crisis
because they are running out of space to dump wastes.
One of the solutions to this problem is recycling, that is, reusing materials. Years ago, milk bottles, beer bottles, and soft
drink bottles were reused repeatedly; and many drink companies offered deposits for their bottles to encourage the public to
return them. With the increasing use of inexpensive tin cans and plastic containers, however, glass returnables became less
and less popular despite the slight effort that was required to return them.
When waste disposal became a problem, interest in recycling was revived. Companies began to promote their returnable
bottles (which had never completely disappeared from the market) once again. In addition, a new 'recycling industry' sprang
up, and the term 'recycling' took on a new meaning: it meant not only reusing a finished product such as a bottle but also
breaking down glass bottles and paper products from the old. Recycling centers, where people can bring their empty bottles
and old papers, have been set up in both small and large towns in many industialised countries.

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OCEANS

Nations, as well as individuals, have always used the oceans - for fishing, trade, and pleasure - with little concern for
anyone else's fights. The oceans used to be large enough for Everyone. As the world has grown 'smaller' through improved
communications and transportation and increased population growth, the oceans have become more crowded. It is now
possible for a nation to go far from its coasts to fish and wade, and each year many of the new nations develop fishing and
wading fleets. Instead of the large empty ocean that once existed, it is now filled with many people who are interested in
using its resources. This results in strong competition among nations. Since each nation has different needs and aims,
problems Eventually arise.
Nations are beginning to realize that laws must be established to protect the resources in the oceans - its fish and animals,
its plant life, and its minerals. However, due to the long practice of free use of the oceans, it is difficult for man to accept the
need for these laws.

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SURGERY

In early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery, i.e. cutting into a part of the body. A good surgeon
was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today, the situation is different.
Operations that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago are now being carried out. The heart can be safely opened and its
valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach,
or even part of the brain can be removed and still allow the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not
every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation.
The boundaries of surgery have widened remarkably in this century. Its safety has increased too. Deaths from most
operations are about 23% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has extended in many directions, for example to certain
types of birth defects in newborn babies and, at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operations for old people. The
hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed the
day after an operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks.

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ULTRASONICS

Some of the world's most interesting and useful sounds cannot be heard at all. Ultrasonics - the 'too-high-to-hear sounds' -
can be used to drill, cut weld, clean, and inspect for cracks and flaws. Like all sounds, they travel in waves through the air or
any other medium, but they have a far higher frequency than the sounds we hear.
Human ears can detect sound waves that vibrate from 20 to 20,000 times per second. Bats can hear up to 50,000
vibrations per second. But when scientists talk about ultrasonics they can mean billions of vibrations per second.
Special vibrators produce these high-frequency sounds. One, the transducer, is made by sandwiching a thin slice of quartz
crystal between two metal plates and passing an electric current through it. When this happens, the crystal expands and
contracts by a tiny amount - but enough to generate the pressure waves needed. Ordinary sound waves spread in all directions,
but because of their high frequency, ultrasonics can be more easily directed into a beam and made to do useful work.
They can be used to detect invisible cracks in metal because the sound waves travel at a different speed through the crack
than through the metal. Dishes and clothes can be washed with them because of the pulsations they set up in liquid.

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DESERT PLANTS

Only specialized plants can survive the climate of a desert because deserts are regions with very little rainfall. The entire
yearly rainfall occurs during a few days or weeks in spring. For the remaining ten or eleven months of the year, desert plants
must survive without rain.
There are two types of desert plants: annuals and perennials. Desert annuals, such as grasses and flowers, survive from
one year to the next by existing through the long, hot, dry season in the form of seeds These seeds remain inactive if the right
amount of rain does not fall. If there isn't enough rain, they wait Until the following year or even the next. Another factor that
helps these plants to survive is the fact that their life cycles are short. If they get the right amount of rainfall, the seeds grow
into plants which flower, then form new seeds and finally die, all in just a few days or weeks. By the time the water from the
spring rains disappears - just a few weeks after it falls - the desert annuals don't need any.
Desert perennials also have special characteristics which enable them to survive as plants for several years. Nearly all
perennials have a well-developed root system below ground (which enables the plant to absorb the maximum amount of water
possible in a short time) and a comparatively small shoot system, that is, leaves and branches (which limits water loss).
Another characteristic of many desert perennials is their deciduous habit; that is, after the rainy season they lose their
leaves to prepare for the long, dry season, just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs to prepare for the winter. This reduces
their water loss during the dry season to a minimum. Then, in the next rainy season they come fully alive once more, and grow
new branches, leaves and flowers, just as the desert annuals do.

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AMARANTH

Amaranth is a kind of high-protein grain. It may easily be grown in many areas which are unable to support other crops.
Agriculturalists think it is a promising crop which may help feed a hungry population in the future.
It is not a new idea to grow amaranth as a foodstuff. In Mexico during the sixteenth century, the Aztecs cultivated it. The
plant was an important part of their diet. It has been shown that the Aztecs harvested close to 6,000 metric tons of the grain
each year. However, when Cortes and his Spanish army invaded Mexico, they destroyed the crop completely. Today only a
few wild and uncultivated kinds of amaranth exist, and it is rarely used as food in Mexico.
It has been discovered that amaranth is a highly nutritious foode The plant's seed is high in protein, and it contains an
important amino acid called lysine. Amino acids are organic compounds that are the building blocks of protein. Lysine is an
essential amino acid that is missing in wheat, nce, and corn. The leaves of some varieties compare in taste and nutritional
value with spinach and other vegetable greens.
Amaranth can be ground into flour and made into baked foods. Bread made from amaranth flour is heavy and very
compact when compared with the light and airy bread common in North America. The flour can also be used for cakes,
cookies, and crackers, as well as high-protein breakfast cereals and snack foods.
It is true that breeding a wild plant into a major food crop such as wheat requires much research time. Agriculturalists
know that it has taken hundreds of years of breeding different varieties of corn to get the better kinds we have today. They
have to go through the same time-consuming stages to grow amaranth as a crop. Presently there are several problems. Because
it is a wild plant, it is hard to predict the date when the crop will be ready to be harvested. It is also impossible to know the
expected height of the individual plants or how much a given amount of seed can produce. It is important, for economic
reasons, to breed a plant of standard height and one that can be harvested at a specific time each year.
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DREAMS

Dreams have always held a universal attraction. A lot has been said and written about them. Although most dreams
happen spontaneously, dream activity may be stimulated by external influences. 'Suffocation' dreams are connected with the
breathing difficulties of a heavy cold, for instance. Internal disorders such as indigestion can cause vivid dreams, and dreams
of racing fire-engines may be caused by the ringing of an alarm bell.
Experiments have been carried out to investigate the connection between deliberately inflicted pain and dreaming. For
example, a sleeper hurt slightly with a pin perhaps dreams of fighting and receiving a serious wound. Although the dream is
stimulated by the physical discomfort, the actual events of the dream depend on the associations of the discomfort in the mind
of the sleeper.
A dreamer's eyes often move rapidly from side to side. Since peop!e born blind do not dream visually and do not show
this eye activity, it is thought that the dreamer may be scanning the scene in his dream. A certain amount of dreaming seems to
be a human requirement - if a sleeper is woken up every time his eyes begin to move fast, effectively depriving him of his
dreams, he will make more eye movements the following night.
Of the many theories of dreams, Freud's is probably the best known. According to Freud, in our dreams, we return to the
modes of thought characteristic of early childhood. Our thinking becomes pictorial and non-logical and expresses ideas and
wishes hidden deep in our minds.

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POLLUTION (2)

Ecology means the study of the inter-relationships of plants, animals, human beings and their environments. Environment is
Everything that affects the quality of your life: the air you breathe, the water you drink or swim in, your flat or house, the number
of people, the traffic, the noise and streets, shops, parks, countryside, seaside, factories, farming, mining.
The different kinds of pollution are all connected. What happens to the air affects the land. What happens to the land affects
the water. And what happens to the water affects the am
Man has been polluting the earth for a very long time. At first, when the environment got dirty, people moved to a cleaner
place, but the rise in population and the developing industry have changed that, and we can't do it any more. There are new kinds
of waste, such as plastics, and new chemicals which are very hard to destroy. So, the
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earth is becoming dirtier.
Every year about 150,000,000 tons of dirt, sprays and gases go into the air over the USA. Air pollution damages paint and
metal, makes our clothes dirty, stops the growth of plants and can also cause many diseases and death. There are two main causes
of air pollution: fumes from cars, trucks and buses, and fumes from industry. In large cities, cars alone are responsible for about
80 per cent of the air pollution. Gasoline engines give off a gas called carbon monoxide, which has no colour or smell. This gas
will make you sleepy, give you a headache and can finally kill you. Scientists say that breathing the air of New York is like
smoking forty cigarettes a day.

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THE ELECTRIC EEL

There are a number of different kinds of electric fish living in the various rivers and oceans of the world. They can
generate electricity up to several hundred volts. The most powerful electric fish are the electric catfish and the electric eel.
The electric eel lives in South America. Its special organs can generate a very powerful electric current, which is enough
to light twelve light bulbs. The eel uses this electric charge to kill its prey -mainly fish and frogs - and to keep its enemies
away.
The electric eel manufactures the electric current in its tail, where thousands of cells are linked together and form a kind
of 'charging' machine. The electric shock from the eel lasts only a fraction of a second.
Electric eels can sometimes be nearly two meters long. As they move through the water, they send out weak electrical
charges and these create an electric field around them. These charges help jkrfl to locate their prey when some other sea
animals enter the electrical field and cause a change in the current impulses.

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SMOKING

There is some disagreement on whether Sir Walter Raleigh, the 16th century adventurer and explorer, introduced tobacco
into Europe, or only popularised the habit of smoking. Either way, he was not aware of the harm he was doing to future
generations.
Smoking, of course, was not always as popular as it is today. It was mostly men who smoked, and it was considered a
slightly dirty and unpleasant habit. After dinner, the men would 'go' to the 'smoking room in their 'smoking jackets' before
lighting their cigars and pipes. Cigarettes are relatively recent and they have become more available (as with so many other
things) by the arrival of mass production. By the First World War, smoking had left the 'smoking room' and had joined the
people. This popularity of the cigarette continued in the inter-war years. By that time, the relaxing qualities of cigarettes had
been known and to this Hollywood added another attraction. With a cigarette dangling from your lips, you too could be like
Humphrey Bogart, or James Cagney, or Betty Grable - or - whoever your idea of the
attractive film star was. It is funny that the act of smoking dried leaves could be considered to make you look better but so
it was. The young people in the 1930's and 1940's first took up smoking as a mass habit. This was the period when the
pressures of living first began to be so great that people needed the relaxing qualities of nicotine.
It was not Until much more recently, however, - within the last ten or twenty years - that we have realised what has
happened to us. We no longer smoke for the purpose of relaxation, or after-dinner social enjoyment; today's smoker lights a
cigarette over his breakfast coffee, continues throughout the day, and puts out his last cigarette just before he turns off the light
at night. He smokes as if his life depends on it -but he knows that his life may depend on his not smoking. The connections
between lung cancer, rapidly becoming one of the largest killers in modern society, and smoking have been demonstrated, but
we still cannot give up. Governments are beginning to take action against smoking - but without too much interest, for
tobacco is one 9f the most profitable sources of tax. The British Government toorthe enormous step of ordering the cigarette
manufacturers to print a warning that "Smoking Can Damage Your Health" on the side of all cigarette packets. The only effect
of this is that smokers need a few extra cigarettes to further relax their terrified nerves.
Do you smoke? Can you run for the bus without being short of breath? Can you smell the flowers in spring? Is your
house full of
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finished and half-finished cigarettes? Do you spend the first ten minutes of every morning coughing?
Look, I've got an idea. Let's give up smoking. Well, anyway... let's give it up tomorrow
Oh, Walter Raleigh! What have you done to us?

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DDT

It is clear that some chemicals can damage the health of animals and humans. However, this is not the only problem that
can be caused by the careless use of chemicals. Chemicals can also disturb the ecological balance of the environment. If the
ecological balance is disturbed, the consequences can be extremely serious.
The history of DDT illustrates this problem. DDT, a chemical which kills insects, at first seemed to be a perfect answer to
many problems. It would control insects that caused dangerous diseases, as well as insects that caused billions of dollars of
damage to crops every year. Governments permitted and even encouraged the use of DDT. Farmers in many countries began
to spray it on their crops. The immediate results were good: damage to crops went down, and profits went up. However, the
chemical had effects which the scientists had not predicted. First, it also killed insects which were the natural enemies of the
harmful insects and which were, therefore, beneficial to farmers. Second, and perhaps worse, DDT did not kill every harmful
insect. A few insects, which had natural resistance to the chemical, survived and multiplied. In a few years, there were large
numbers of insects which were not affected by DDT, and there were fewer insects which could act as natural controls on these
new 'Super-insects'. Finally, it became clear that DDT was not solving the insect problem. In fact, it was making the problem
worse. It then became necessary to find a second cure for the effects of the first!
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DRY FOOD

Food contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins and these are vital to life. Food must be fresh when we eat it. If it
is bad, it can make us ill. There are two main agents which turn food bad; fungi ( such as yeast and various moulds) and
bacteria. These are micro-organisms which cannot make their own food. So they live and grow on our food. Moulds, for
example, usually grow on bread. Yeast can spoil fresh food but it also has some very useful properties. For hundreds of years
people have used it in the making of bread and wine.
In order to grow and multiply, all these micro-organisms need food, water, warmth and, in some cases, air. The methods
we use to preserve our food make conditions dry and very cold; unsuitable for the growth and multiplication of micro-
organisms.
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The great distances which often separate the producer of food from the consumer in the 20th century make effective food
preservation vital. But most preservation processes destroy many important vitamins and proteins. One of the tasks of food
technologists today is to find ways of preserving food without losing these important substances.
In hot countries people dry food simply by the heat of the sun. In this way, it is possible to reduce the moisture level in
most fruits to between 5% and 15%. This level is low enough to stop the growth of micro-organisms. Some other kinds of
food go through a process called dehydration. In this process, hot and dry air passes over the food and absorbs as much
moisture as possible. This method is usually used for drying tea and coffee. Another way of preserving food is putting it into
cans or bottles and heating it up to a temperature of 100 0C or 1200C for about ten minutes because high temperatures kill
micro-organisms in food.
There are several other ways of preserving food. One of them is freezing the food to a temperature between -30 0C and
0
-40 C. Some people still use two very old methods: salting and smoking. Salt stops the growth of micro-organisms and
smoking removes some of the moisture in the food.
Certain acids and chemicals are useful preservers because they stop the action of micro-organisms. For example, we can
use vinegar, an acidic liquid, to preserve eggs, onions and some vegetables. One of the newest methods is radiation. It is very
effective because it kills not only the micro-organisms but also their spores (small cells which fungi or other micro-organisms
produce in order to reproduce the organism). In this way, it stops their reproduction.

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BLUE-JEANS

It has been more than 130 years since Levi Strauss invented blue-jeans and they are still very popular today. Farmers and
workers wear them to work in; children wear them to play in. Others wear them because they are comfortable. Before the
1950's, blue-jeans were popular only in the West and Southwest. Today, almost Everyone wears them. Americans buy about
500 million pairs of jeans a year. That's more than two pairs per person. Of course, blue-jeans are also popular in other parts
of the world. In these areas, people buy about 200 million pairs of jeans.
Levi Strauss and Company makes about one-third of all the jeans in the United States and about one-seventh of those in
other countries. In fact, for a long time, people used the word 'Levi's' as a synonym for blue-jeans. That's because 'Levi's' were
the first jeans. The inventor was a German immigrant named Levi Strauss.
Levi Strauss left Germany in 1848, when he was a young man. He came to New York City to be near his two brothers. For
two years, he worked as a salesman. He worked hard, but he didn't earn much money. Then, he decided to go to San
Francisco. Gold was discovered in California in 1848, so many people left their homes and jobs in the east and they moved to
mining camps in California, hoping to find gold and become rich. Some of them did, but many did not.
When Levi went West, he brought some canvas (a very strong cloth) with him. He wanted to sell it to the miners for
making tents. His canvas was the wrong kind for tents, so nobody bought it, but Levi found another use for it. A miner told
Levi that he needed a good, strong pair of pants because digging for gold was hard work. When Levi heard that, he made a
pair of canvas pants for the miner The miner paid Levi 6 dollars in gold dust and told the other miners about 'those pants of
Levi 5. Levi quickly sold a lot of pants, so be wrote to his brothers in New York and told them to send him more canvas, but
they sent him some heavy cotton cloth called 'denim', much of which came from Genes (the French name for the city of
Genoa, Italy). Levi changed the spelling of Genes to jeans'. He called his new pants blue-jeans.
In 1853, Levi and his brothers opened a small clothing business in San Francisco. Today they make and sell about 250
million pieces of clothing a year - from women's clothes to men's suits, and of course, blue-jeans.
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THE REBIRTH OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT

There is a popular belief that the feminist movement, which became very popular and powerful in the early 1970's, caused
women to be dissatisfied with their traditional roles as wives, mothers, and homemakers. These women then began to find
more satisfying work outside the home. This, however, is not an accurate picture of the connection between working women
and the feminist movement. Although feminism, or women's liberation, has been an important factor in the changes which
have occurred in the role of women since 1970, jj did not begin these changes.
There are two primary causes for the increase in the number of American women who work outside the home. First,
between the end of World War II and the early 1960's, the population of the country was growing rapidly, and this growth
created a need for more teachers, more medical assistants and nurses, more social workers, more secretaries, and more store
assistants. Therefore, a large number of jobs became available in service industries. These types of occupations had two
important features in common: (1) they were jobs which were already traditionally held by women, and (2) in comparison
with jobs which were traditionally held by men, they were poorly paid. They were, therefore, jobs that did not usually attract
men.
The availability of new jobs that men did not want, however, is not by itself an adequate explanation for the rise in the
number of working women. it does not answer the question of why women wanted to work. The second cause of the increase
in the number of working women is the economic pressures which forced married women, especially young married women,
to look for work outside the home. In the 1960's, people in the U.S. began to expect a higher standard of living; they wanted
the expensive consumer goods that U.S. industry was producing. However, often the husband's earnings did not permit the
family to buy the new kitchen appliances, the color television, the new clothes, the furniture, and the second automobile which
seemed so necessary. It became necessary for wives to increase the famflyts income, and so women began to take the service
jobs that were becoming available.
It is clear, therefore, that the increase in the number of working women began before the feminist movement was reborn
in the late 1960's. In fact, many experts argue that the increase created the modern feminist movement. Working women were
the cause, not the
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result, of women's liberation. According to these experts, economic conditions and the experiences of these working
women were the main factors in the development of the feminist movement in the 1970's.

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COOPERATIVE EDUCATION

'Cooperative education' is a significant innovation in university education programs and ft has found increasing favor in
recent years. Cooperative education makes full-time work in industry, business, or government a pan of the program. Thus, by
alternating semesters of study with work related to that study, 'co-op' students receive valuable job training while earning
money for tuition. The program makes advanced schooling more meaningful and realistic.
Universities like the idea of cooperative education, not only for its educational value but also because such programs aid
them in expanding enrollments. With a large number of students spending time away from school working, universities can
accept more students without increasing the number of buildings and teaching staff. The business community welcomes the
well-trained employees into jobs before and after graduation.

151
 148
THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS

The ancient Egyptian civilization, famous for its mighty pyramids, lasted for more than 3000 years. During this time Egypt
was ruled by about at least 30 dynasties, ruling families of kings or queens. The pyramids were constructed as tombs, i.e., as
burial places for the Egyptian kings and their families. Originally, during the First and Second Dynasties, which lasted Until about
2665 B.C., kings of Egypt constructed a type of tomb called 'the mastaba'. A mastaba looked like a low, rectangular shoebox.
The first typical pyramid was built in 2650 B.C. during the Third Dynasty. This pyramid was built for King Zoser by an
architect named Imhotep as a series of giant steps or stairs. It, along with the others of its type, is called the Step Pyramid. It was
really simply a pile of steps each higher and smaller than the one before. The Step Pyramid of King Zoser was different from the
later pyramids because it was never covered with stone to give it a smooth surface.
Actually, it was not Until the Fourth Dynasty that the most famous pyramids were built. These are located near the town of
Giza, on the west bank of the River Nile, just outside the capital city of Egypt, Cairo. The largest of these pyramids is known as
the Great Pyramid. It was built for King Khufu, who was called Cheops by the Greeks, and so the pyramid is sometimes called the
Pyramid of Cheops. It has been estimated that 2,300,000 blocks of limestone were used to build the Great Pyramid. The blocks
weigh average 2,500 kilos each, the largest stone block weighing about 15,000 kilos. The base of the pyramid covers 5.3 hectares
- an area large enough to hold ten football fields. In terms of height, the pyramid used to be 147 meters high, but today the top ten
meters are missing, and the entire outer limestone covering has been taken away.

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GHOSTS
Herr Adam is a lawyer working in Rosenheim, a small town Bavaria, West Germany. In the summer of 1967, the
telephones in 1 office seemed to go wrong. He called in Siemens, who had installed the phones, but they couldn't find a fault.
He then called in the Pc' Office. They replaced the Siemens phones with official Post Offi4 ones and put meters that showed
calls being made in the office.
On 10th October, for example, forty-six calls were made in fiftec minutes from 7.42 to 7.57 a.m.! The phones were
replaced by one which had locks. There was still no improvement: between five an' six hundred calls were made in one week.
When he saw the bills, Mr Adam thought that someone at the Post Office was pocketing his money! A serious row developed
between him and the Post Office Accounts Department.
Then, on 20th October 1967, all the office fluorescent lights came out of their sockets and fused. They were mended by a
local electrician, but exactly the same thing happened again. The German Electricty Board took over the case. Paul Brunner,
Auxiliary Works Manager, arrived on 15th November 1967. The next day, instruments were installed to measure the electricity
coming into the office. At the same time as light bulbs exploded and the photocopier went wrong, abnormal amounts of
electricity were recorded. These were so extreme that the instruments broke down. Readings from the central supply and then
from the generator nearby were normal, however.
The electricity was coming from Somewhere else, but where? In the same month, a girl was cut by flying glass, lights
began to swing and pictures on the walls changed places. Paul Brunner realised that this
page 306
was beyond him and handed the matter over to two of Germany’s leading physicists, Dr. Karga and Dn Zicha. They were
fascinated and did their own research. They could find no answer except that there was some external force that activated the
electrics in the office and the telephones. They, in turn, handed the case over to parapsychologist Professor Bender and the
police.
Professor Bender and the police centred their attention on the people working in the office and noticed that one office
clerk in particular, Anne-Marie Schneider, showed signs of stress at the time of the happenings Although she wasn't aware of
it. Professor Bender noticed that the strange happenings began at 7.30 a.m., the time that this girl began work, and stopped
completely when she took a week's holiday. On her return, things went from bad to worse. Desk drawers kept flying open and,
on one occasion, a cash-box opened and the money inside fell onto the floor. The office was in chaos and Everyone, including
Anne-Marie, was terrified. Mr. Adam decided to ask her to leave.
From the day she left, the office returned to normal and there has been no other explanation other than ghosts for all these
strange happenings.

153
 TRAVELLERS' TALES

Every year, a magazine called Executive Travel organises a competition to find the Airline of the Year. Travellers from all
over the world are invited to vote for the most efficient, the most punctual, the safest and the friendliest airline. The winner in
1985 was British Airways. The competition asked travellers what they expected most from an airline, and the results were as
follows:
Punctual departures and arrivals35%
Attentive cabin staff 35%
Comfort 18%
Safety 9%
Good food and wine 3%
The competition also invited travellers to tell their most horrific stories of international travel. Replies included six
hijacks, fifty-three cases of engine failure or troubles with landing, eleven lightning strikes, twenty-three bomb scares, thirteen
cases of food poisoning, eleven near misses and two accidents with airport trucks.
Bad flying experiences begin on the ground, naturally. One American airline managed to double-book an entire 747, but
this is nothing compared to what happened on an internal flight on a certain Afncan airline. The flight had been overbooked
three times. The local military solved the problem by insisting that all passengers should run round the plane twice, the fastest
getting the seats. An overbooked flight that was going from Heathrow to America gave one traveller a bit of a shock. Dressed
only in trousers, shirt and socks, he had been allowed by the stewardess to leave the aircraft to speak to a friend. He returned a
few minutes later to find the 747 closed up and about to start moving - with his shoes, wallet, passport and luggage inside.
Banging frantically on the door got him back inside. A similar event was experienced by a businessman on a flight from
Bangladesh. Passengers were waiting for take-off when there was a sudden hysterical banging on the door. At first, the cabin
crew paid no attention. The banging continued. When the door was finally opened, the pilot got in.
One frequent flier lost a certain amount of confidence when the cabin staff asked him to sit in the lavatory during take-off
so that they could occupy the seats nearest the emergency exit on a flight between London and Manchester. For nervous fliers,
a shocking journey was one between Gatwick and Montpellier, during which they had to watch pieces of the engine falling
off~ Another passenger was asked to
page 309
hold the aircraft door closed at take-off and landing.
Baggage is a rich source of horror stories. There was the unlucky businessman who left Chicago in minus-6 weather. He
was going to an important meeting in Dallas, where the temperature was 32-plus. Unfortunately, his suitcase had gone to Los
Angeles, where it spent the next two days. The customers he was trying to impress were more than a little surprised to see
him going round in a thick suit, heavy overcoat and fur hat.

154
 151
JOB CENTRE LEAFLET

Thousands of jobs come into our Job Centres and Employment Offices every week, but they get snapped up quickly. So,
Although we shall do all we can to help you, it's important for you to do all you can to help yourself This leaflet tells you
how.

kaldIm, s. 312 yeniden iki sütun ayri ayri scan yapilip ilave edilecek

I Registered for - jobs available

work locally or elsewhere
Once you have - training for a
registered for work, we newjob
will consider you - your suitability for
for the available jobs. a training course, du
You must also ring which you get
register for work at the an allowance
Job
Centre in order to - loans to help you
claim unemployment look for, and move to,
pay. But you work in other fields
actually apply for pay
at the
local Even though you
Unemployment Office. have a clear idea of the
son of job and pay
you want, you may
2 Getting ajob find that something
different will suit
you quite well.
Keep this in mind when
Jobs that come in you're talking with
are noted on cards and the Employment Ad-
displayed in the viser and don't stick
office window as soon to one job only.
as
possible. You can
call in at any time to
look at the jobs 4 If you don't find a
displayed. job on your
Half the people who first visit
find jobs through
Job Centres or
Employment Offices
find
them in this way. Come into our
office as often as you
can
The receptionist is to look at the jobs
here to help you, so if on display here.
you see ajob that Good vacancies are
looks right for you, tell coming in all the

155
 the receptionist, time, but they do go
giving the reference quickly. Don't rely
number on the card. on being told about
them just because
you've been
registered for
employment.
 3 If you want If you can't get to
further help with the office every day ea
finding ajob sily, come in
whenever you can - and
en-

 If you want more

help or advice, don't
quire by telephone as
often as you like.
forget that's what Jt'll help you to find
we're here for. Our a job faster if you
 Employment keep in touch.
Advisers can help you
with
things like:
 - thinking about the
different sorts ofjobs
you could do - and
which are best for

312

156
 LANZAROTE

People usually regard the presence of even a single volcano in their particular geographical region as a cause~ of great
concern, but the inhabitants of the Island of Lanzarote live in the shadows of over two hundred volcanoes, most of which now
lie sleeping. Lanzarote, one of the Canary Islands belonging to Spain, is located about eighty miles off the western coast of
Morocco in Africa.
The inhabitants of Lanzarote are known for their courage and adaptability. Their island is an arid, treeless land, but its
agricultural output is impressive. Because there is very little rain, farmers use volcanic cinder to capture and retain wetness in
the earth. They even dare to plant crops in the desert sand that is a condition of their daily existence. An unusual land,
Lanzarote proves man 5 ability to overcome the obstacles in his natural environment.

157
 153
SPEED LIMIT

According to a recent survey, a large majority of Americans are in favor of retaining the present 55-mile-an-hour speed
limit. This speed limit was imposed in 1973 when fuel shortages became crucial. Seventy-five per cent of the persons
surveyed think that the law is a good one. They point to the decrease in the highway death rate or to the saving of fuel as
reasons for their opinion. Easterners and older people, rather than young adults, are more likely to argue for retention of the
law.
Only twenty-three per cent of the people surveyed favor a higher speed limit for trucks. Their view is supported by the
trucking industry, which contends that truck engines work more efficiently at higher speeds, and that trucks traveling at higher
speeds reach markets more quickly, thereby saving consumers money. However, some of the persons polled argue that trucks
on certain highways are already involved in a disproportionate number of fatal accidents.

158
 154
THE TORNADO

One of the most feared occurrences in nature is the tornado. The area most frequently the target of this violent windstorm
is the Great Plains, the region extending from the Rockies to the Mississippi, and from Canada down through Texas. When
warm, moist air meets with cooler, drier air at low levels, a tornado often occurs. Prior to the formation of the familiar funnel-
shaped cloud, the sky is very clear. Then, a black line suddenly appears. As this black area moves in, the fast wind becomes
hot and moist and a deep stillness encircles the landscape. Because the air pressure drops steadily during a tornado, breathing
becomes difficult. Insects fall to the ground, unable to balance themselves in flight. Suddenly, a black funnel resembling a
giant whip dips down out of the sky, destroying whatever it touches, and then retreats. Although a tornado usually destroys
property rather than lives, an average of 120 people die yearly As a result of these violent storms. It is obvious why the
tornado is feared throughout the Great Plains.

159
 155
TRAVEL INSURANCE

On their way to southern Spain last summer, George and Jean Glover stopped outside the city of Seville for a lunch-time
picnic. They left their car by the road and walked down to the cool waters of a river for a very pleasant meal. When they
returned to their car, they were horrified to discover that the back window had been forced and smashed. It took a while to sort
out what had gone, mostly small things like their camera, tape player and tapes, a few clothes lying on the back seat -
fortunately, they hadn't bothered with the suitcases.
It suddenly dawned on Jean that she had left her handbag in the car, contaning their passports, travellers' cheques, cash,
ferry tickets, car keys and front-door keys. "It was appalling. How could I have been so stupid? In London, I'd never have left
my handbag in the car," recalls Jean.
Initially, they both felt like driving back to the ferry and going home. But they knew they had to report the theft to the
police. And they had to call their motor insurance company to arrange for a new back window. The travel insurance company,
which ran a 24-hour emergency assistance service, advised them to call a neighbour, who had a key for their house, to ask her
to get the locks changed. They were also advised to speak to the local Consular Office to arrange emergency passports.
The travellers' cheque company arranged an immediate replacement of their holiday money.
Bit by bit, they realised that all was not lost, and they managed to continue with what turned out to be a very enjoyable
holiday. "But if we hadn't had the help and advice available through our travel insurance company, we'd have been totally
lost."
Incredibly, there are many people like the Glovers who run into trouble abroad, yet have no travel insurance. That's why
these days people taking a package holiday are normally obliged by the tour operators to have travel insurance; if they don't
take the policy offered in the brochure, then they have to show that they have made alternative arrangements. There is no such
safety net for people travelling independently, but, thanks largely to newspaper horror stories of uninsured tourists having to
sell their houses in order to meet £100,000 bills for medical treatment in the States, most travellers abroad appreciate the need
to take out insurance.
pager 317

160
 156
MEETING THE CAPTAIN

(adapted from "The Captain and The Enemy" by Graham Greene)

I am now in my twenty-second year and yet the only birthday which I can clearly distinguish among all the rest is my
twelfth, for it was on that damp and misty day in September I met the Captain for the first time. I can still remember the wetness
of the ground under my gym shoes and how the blown leaves made the courtyard slippery as I ran recklessly to escape from my
enemies between one class and the next. I slithered and stopped abruptly while my pursuers went whistling away, because there,
in the middle of the courtyard, stood our formidable headmaster talking to a tall man in a bowler hat, a rare sight already at that
date, so that he looked a little like an actor in costume. He carried a walking-stick over his shoulder at the slope, like a soldier
with a rifle. I had no idea who he might be, nor, of course, did I know that he had won me the previous night, in a backgammon
game with my father
I slid so far that I landed on my knees at the two men's feet, and when I picked myself up the headmaster was glaring at me
from under his heavy eyebrows. I heard him say, "I think this is the one you want
- Baxter Three. Are you Baxter Three?"
"Yes, sir,” I said.
The man, whom I would never come to know by any more permanent name than the Captain, said, "What does Three
indicate?"
"He is the youngest of three Baxters," the headmaster said, ' tbut not one of them is related by blood."
'1That puts me in a bit of a ~ Captain said. “For which of them is the Baxter I want? The first name, un likely as it may sound,
is Victor. Victor Baxter - the names don't pair very well."
"We have little occasion here for first names. Are you called Victor Baxter?" the headmaster inquired of ~e sharply.
"Yes, sir," I said after some hesitation, for I was unwilling to admit to a name which I had tried unsuccessfully to hide from
my friends6 I knew very well that Victor - for some obscure reason - was one of the unacceptable names, like Vincent or
Marmaduke.
"Well then, I suppose that this is the Baxter you want, sir. Your face needs washing, boy."
The stern morality of the school prevented me from telling the headmaster that it had been quite clean Until my enemies had
splashed it with ink.
page 319

161
 157
SHOPLIFTING

In the past, most shoplifters agreed that the January sales offered wonderful Opportunities for the hard-working thief.
With the shops so crowded and the staff so busy, it ,did not require any extraordinary talent to steal one or two little things and
escape unnoticed. It was known, in the business, as 'hoisting'. But the hoisting game is not what it used to be. Even at the
height of the sales, shoplifters today never know if they are being watched by one of those mechanical balls (with small
cameras hidden inside) hanging from the ceilings of so many department stores, above the most desirable goods. As if that
was not trouble enough for them, they can now be filmed at work and obliged to attend a showing of their performance in
court.
Selfridges was the first big London store to install videotape equipment to watch its sales floors. Jn October last year, the
store won its first court case fdr shoplifting using as evidence a videotape clearly showing a couple stealing dresses. It was an
important test case which encouraged other stores to install similar equipment.
When the balls, called sputniks, first made an appearance in shops, it was widely believed that their only function was to
frighten shoplifters. Their somewhat ridiculous appearance, the curious holes and red lights going on and off, certai3nly made
the theory believable. It did not take long, however, for serious shoplifters to start showing suitable respect. Soon after the
equipment was in operation at Selfridges, store detective Brian Chadwick was sitting in the control room, watching a woman
secretly putting bottles of perfume into her bag.
"As she turned to go, Chadwick recalled, "she suddenly looked up at the sputnik and stopped. She could not possibly see
that the camera was filming her because it is completely hidden, but she probably had a feeling that I was looking at hen For a
moment she paused, then she returned to the counter and started putting Everything back. When she had finished, she opened
her bag towards the sputnik to show it was empty and hurried out of the store without a sign of regret on her face."

162
 158
ILLEGAL TAPES

British pop stars Phil Collins and Duran Duran are to join an international campaign in London this week to stop the
production of illegal tapes of the Live Aid concert for famine relief, held last July in London and Philadelphia. Members of
Duran Duran told The Sunday Times, “Producing illegal tapes of something like Live Aid is criminal. These people are
exploiting the means that should help feed starving Africans.
The illegal tapes, manufactured by several different companies in Indonesia, have become best-sellers in the Far and
Middle East, making profits estimated at millions of dollars. Now IFPVP, the International Federation of Phonogram and
Videogram Producers, which represents more than 600 record companies worldwide, is asking the British government to
bring economic pressure on the Indonesian government to stop the illicit trade. The packaging of the a unlawful tapes is
produced to a high professional standard, bearing the Live Aid logo, a guitar in the shape of Africa, and the words "For Africa
famine relief."
“Their packaging makes people believe that the money is going to Africa," says Dave Laing of IFPVP. The federation
received reports of at least 30 illegal versions of the tapes sold in many countries such as Singapore, Malaysia and Portugal,
where you~ can, in fact, easily get the real ones. Indonesia has not signed international copyright conventions, and the
federation says no legal action can be taken against the people in that country. t1It's big business," says Laing. ttThe people who
manufacture these tapes have large factories and their own relationships with the authorities."
A spokesman for the Indonesian government in London last week denied any knowledge of the tapes being manufactured
or sold in his country Although he acknowledged that production of illegal tapes in southeast Asia in general was a major
problem. "It is shameful that this is happening in our country," he said. "And our government will take action once the facts
have been determined."

163
 159
JORVIK- THE LOST VIKING CAPITAL

A thousand years ago, York was one of the largest, richest and most famous cities in the whole of Britain. In the 10th
century, it was described as being packed with a huge population, and traders from all parts, especially Danes. People called it
Jorvik, and knew it as the capital of the North of England, and one of Europe's greatest trading r)OrtSe It owed its prosperity
to the hard work of Viking settlers from Scandinavia, who had captured it in 866.
Most of the city's buildings were made of wood, and have long since been demolished, or have burnt down or rotted away.
In some pans of modern York, however, near the rivers of Ouse and Foss, which run through the centre of the city,
archaeologists have found that remains of Jorvik do still survive. They are buried deep below the streets and buildings of the
20th century city. Here the damp soils have preserved the wooden buildings. Whole streets of houses, shops and workshops
are found Although not in very good condition. All the rubbish left by the people of Jorvik in and around their homes is still
there as well.
Between 1976 and 1981, archaeologists from the York Archaeological Trust dug up a part of this lost and forgotten
city and found four rows of buildings. Some of the remains were so well preserved - even down to boots and shoes, pins and
needles, plants and insects that every aspect of life at the time could be reconstructed.
The York Archaeological Trust decided to convert the place into a museum and try to tell the story of Jorvik as it was a
thousand years ago. To do so, it built the Jorvik Viking Centre in the huge hole created by the archaeologists. Two of the rows
of buildings were reconstructed as we think they were. A further two were preserved just as the archaeological team
discovered them, the ancient beams set out as they were found in the late 1970's, deep below the new shopping centre, where
they have lain for centuries.
In the Jorvik Viking Centre, people from the 20th century journey back In time to the 10th century in cars, which silently
move through the place. Meanwhile, modern time travellers watch the townspeople buying and selling, working and playing,
in an atmosphere full of the sights, sounds and smells of 10th century Jorvik.

164
 160
CHILDREN AND LEARNING

A child learning to talk notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those
around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people's. In the same way,
children learn to do all the other things without being taught - to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle - by comparing their
own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly making the needed changes. Yet, at school we never give a
child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we think that he
will never notice a mistake unless it is pointed out to him, or correct it unless he is made to. Soon, he becomes dependent on
the teacher.
Let him work out, with other children if he wants, what this word means, whether this is a good way of saying or doing
this or not. In mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Our job should be to show
only the way to get the right answer when the child tells us he can't find a way himself. Let's end all this nonsense of grades,
exams, marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to
measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know. The idea that there is a body of knowledge
to be learnt at school and used for the rest of one's life is nonsense in a world as comp,l1icated and rapidly changing as ours.
Anxious parents and teachers say, But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get on in the
world?" Don't worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.

165
 161
MAKING YOUR WORKPLACE SAFER

Preventing Accidents

Clearly a major way to prevent accidents before they occur is for the trade union safety representative to carry out
regular~ and effective inspections of the workplace. Recognised safety representatives have the following legal rights:
*To carry out a formal inspection every three months.
*To carry out an immediate additional inspection
- when an accident has occurred,
- when a disease has been contracted,
- when there has been a change in working conditions,
- when new information becomes available concerning hazards.
* To investigate members' complaints.

Near Misses

All union members should be encouraged to report 'near misses' that happen to themselves or others. Near misses are
events such as slipping on wet floors, items falling off shelves and just missing people, loose guards on machinery, and fires
that are quickly put out, that could have injured people but which, by luck, did not. Reporting such events to the safety
representative may prevent a serious accident in the future.
page 328

WHEN AN ACCIDENT HAPPENS

Union safety representatives should have an agreement with management on being informed as soon as possible of all
accidents. Only under that condition will it be possible to reach the scene of the accident immediately to follow these
procedures:
*Make sure it is safe to approach.
*Make sure anyone injured is receiving attention.
*Insist that nothing is removed or altered Until inquiries are complete.
*Check the accident is recorded in the accident book and that the record is not concerned with blaming the victim, but is
an accurate description.
*Take statements from the injured person(s), if possible, and other witnesses. Remind witnesses they do not have to give
statements to the management by law.
*Check that the factory inspector has been informed, if required by law 1
*Sketch accident area, take photographs, if possible, and samples of defective equipment or chemicals.
Only if these procedures are carried out properly will it be possible for safety representatives to find out the real cause of
the accident.

166
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FUTURE OF RAIL TRANSPORT

Unfortunately, England's highest main-line railway station hangs on to life by a thread. Deserted and unmanned since it
was officially closed in 1970, Dent, situated high in the hills of Yorkshire, wakes up on six summer weekends each year, when
a special charter train unloads walkers, sightseers and people who simply want to catch a train from the highest station, onto
its platforms. However, even this limited ~existepce may soon be brought to an end. Dent station, situated on the Carlisle
railway line, is said to be the most scenic in the country, but no amount of scenic beauty can save the line from British Rail's
financial problemse This year, for the sake of economy, the express trains which used to pass through Dent station have been
put onto another route. It is now an open secret that British Rail sees no future for this railway line 1 Most of its trains
disappeared some time ago. The stations on it, besides its bridge, built on a grand scale a century ago, are falling down. It is
not alone. Half a dozen railway routes in the north of England are facing a similar threat. The 1 prob1lem is a worn out system
and an almost total lack of means to repair it. Bridges and tunnels are showing their age, the wooden supports for the tracks
are rotting and engines and coaches are getting old.
On major lines between large cities, there is no problem. These lines still make a profit and money can be found to
maintain them, but on the country branch line the story is rather sad. As a 1track1 wears out, it is not replaced. Instead, speed
limits are introduced, making journeys longer than necessary and discouraging customers who live in the country and who
travel only from time to time. If a bridge is dangerous, there is often only one thing for British Rail to do: go out and find
money from another source. This is exactly what it did a few months ago, when a bridge at Bridlington station was
threatening to fall down. Repairs were estimated at £200,000 and British Rail was delighted, and rather surprised, when the
local authorities of two nearby towns offered half that amount between them. This was a good solution, which the British Rail
can always make use of.

167
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GLOBAL WARMING

According to scientists at the Meteorological Office and the University of East Anglia, who have recently completed their
analysis of global temperatures, the eighties were the earth's warmest decade since records began. Their findings show that six
of the ten warmest years so far have occurred during the 1980's, with 1988 the hottest of all.
Since 1900, average temperatures have risen by about 0.5 0C, which fits in well with predictions from climatologists about
how human activities should have warmed the planet. The factors that contribute to the warming up of the atmosphere are
mainly carbon dioxide gas, produced by the burning of fossil fuels and forests, pollutants, such as chlorofluorocarbons, used
in refrigerators, and methane.
Climatologists predict that by midway; through the next century, temperatures may have risen by as much as 4 0C.
Happening so quickly, that could catastrophically reduce mankind's ability to grow food, destroy or severely damage what
wildlife and wildernesses remained and raise sea levels, flooding coastal cities and farmland. Phil Jones, senior researcher at
the University of East Anglia, said: "If we, are changing the climate, we should do something now rather than wait Until the
warming is more severe
Dr. Paul Heaton and Dr. David Parker of the Meteorological Office gathered together temperature records from about
1000 different locations spread across every continent and compared them with the average for those places from 1951 to
1990. The research also included temperatures measured on ships. The scientists found 1989 was 0.23 0C above the 1951-80
average, and 1988 was 0.31 above. They agree with American researchers that the warmest years during this century were the
eighties, and the tendency may be for the nineties to be even hotter!

168
 164
COMETS

from Illustrated London News, 1985

There can be few people who have not heard of comets, but there are still a great many non-scientists who have no real
idea of what a comet is. The most popular mistake is to assume that a comet streaks across the sky and disappears in a few
seconds. In fact, all comets are very distant - far beyond the top of the earth's atmosphere - and you cannot see them moving.
If you ~see an object moving visibly, it certainly cannot be a comet. It will be either an artificial satellite, thousands of which
have been launched since the Space Age opened with Russia S Sputnik 1 in October, 1?57, or else a meteor. Of course, it can
also be a weather balloon or a high-flying aircraft.
Comets belong to the Sun's family, or solar system, but they are quite unlike planets. They are not solid and rocky; a
comet consists of an icy central part (or nucleus), a head (or coma) and a tail or tails made up of tiny particles of 'dust'
together with extremely thin gas. Comets may be enormous (the head of the Great Comet of 1843 was larger than the Sun),
but they are very light since the nucleus, the only relatively massive part of a comet, cannot be more than a few miles in
diameter. If a comet fell to the earth, it would only cause local damage.
Comets move around the Sun. In almost all cases their paths (or orbits) are elliptical, and except for Halley's Comet, all
the really bright comets take thousands or even millions of years to complete one circuit. This means that we cannot predict
them. During the last century, several were seen but in our own time they have been extremely rare. The last really 'great'
comet was that of 1910, though there have been others which have ~becom~e bright enough to be seen with the naked eye.
Halley's Comet is unique because it appears every 76 years, and it has been seen regularly since well before the time of Christ;
there is even a Chinese record of it dating back to 1059 B.C. However, it was only recently that astronomers realised that
there was something unusual about it.

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EFFECTS OF SNOW

It is interesting to observe the effect that the arrival of snow has on people in different countries. There are those countries
for whom the arrival of the first snow showers is an expected annual event. There are those countries for whom the arrival of
snow at any time of the year would be almost unheard of, and would be regarded as a major climatic catastrophe, or even a
miracle.
But there are countries between these two ~ that normally expect snow some time over the winter months, but never
receive it regularly or in the same quantities every year. For them (and Britain is a prime example of such a country), the
arrival of snow quite simply creates havoc. Within hours of the first snowfalls, however light, roads (including motorways)
are blocked, train services are disrupted and bus services to suburbs and country districts are ~ Normal communications
quickly begin to suffer as well; telephone calls become difficult and the post immediately takes twice as long as usual. And
almost within hours there are also certain shortages -bread, vegetables and other essentials - not because all these things can
no longer be produced or even delivered, Although deliveries are disrupted, but mainly because people panic and go out and
stock up with food and so on - just in case'.
But why does snow have this effect? After all, the Swiss, the Austrians and the Canadians don't have such problems. The
answer is quite simply a lack of planning and preparation - and we can't blame the weather forecasters for that. We have to
remember, however, that equipment needed for dealing with snow and ice costs money. To keep the roads clear, for example,
requires snowploughs and vehicles to spread grit or salt. The argument against investing in snowploughs in a country like
Britain is that they are only used for a few days in any one year, and that money could more usefully be put into other things
such as the hospital system, social services, helping the elderly, and so on.

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NUCLEAR THREAT

Many of the scientific achievements that we take for granted today have reached far beyond the dreams of scientists and
science fiction writers of just seventy-five years ago. One of the most spectacular of these scientific accomplishments was the
splitting of the atom. Life has never been the same since that event. From microwave ovens to electrical power and nuclear
medicine, to ships that can sail the seas for as long as twelve years without refueling, the atom provides a better life for many
of the inhabitants of the earth. Yet, this same power that is used today to detect genetic disorders in unborn children or to
destroy a malignant cancer cell was the destructive force that killed over one hundred thousand people in Hiroshima and
Nagasaki at the end of World War II. The splitting of the atom, the unleashing of its terrific power, poses the greatest single
threat known to humanity. We now have the power to destroy in a matter of minutes a civilisation that has taken centuries to
develop. Never before has the power for such potential good or such total destruction existed.

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ACID RAIN

Acid rain is rain, snow, or fog that contains high amounts of sulphuric or nitric acid. To some extent, acidic rain occurs
naturally and can have a beneficial effect - for instance, serving as fertilizer. But, when the acidity of the precipitation is
abnormally high over a prolonged period, it can overwhelm the ability of water and woods (and buildings, statues, car
finishes, fish, game, and humans) to accommodate it. When this happens, lakes and trees may die, game species may weaken,
and human health may be endangered. Those who have studied the current crisis believe it to be the result of high acid levels
caused primarily by sulphur dioxide emissions from coal-fired utility plants and nitrogen oxide emissions from automobiles.
These pollutants are either transformed to acid in the air or deposited on the ground in dry form, combining with ground water
to form sulphuric or nitric acid.

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NICOTINE ADDICTION

A large-scale campaign to alert smokers to the dangers of filling the lungs with carcinogenic smoke has been undertaken
in many countries. Cigarette promotions have been banned on television in several major areas, and there has been endless
discussion of how to discourage children from taking up the habit. Gruesome films are shown of pathetic hospital patients in
the advanced stages of lung cancer. A few smokers have responded
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intelligently and given up, but many others have become so alarmed that Instead they have been forced to light up an
extra cigarette to calm their shattered nerves. In other words, Although the problem is at last being dealt with, it is by no
means solved.
The great error of the anti-smoking campaigners is that they rarely stop and ask the basic question: why do people want to
smoke in the first place? They seem to think it has something to do with drug addiction - with the habit-forming effects of
nicotine. There is an element of this certainly, but it is by no means the most important factor operating. Many people do not
even inhale their smoke and can be absorbing only minute amounts of the drug 1 so the causes of their addiction to cigarettes
must be sought elsewhere. The answer clearly lies in the act of oral intimacy involved in holding the object between the lips
and this answer almost certainly applies as the basic explanation for the full inhalers as well. Until this aspect of smoking is
properly investigated, there will be little long-term hope of eliminating it from our stressed, comfort-seeking cultures.

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