Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The degree of equality is obtained by the use of kadar [LIT: "its amount"] meaning "as"
Londra stanbul kadar gzel. - London is as beautiful as Istanbul.
Mehmet Ali kadar zengin. - Mehmet is as rich as Ali.
Kar kadar beyaz. - As white as snow.
Negative Equality in Turkish
The negative comparison is marked by the use of deil is not placed after the comparison.
Londra stanbul kadar gzel deil. - London is not as beautiful as Istanbul.
Aye Deren kadar boylu deil. - Aye is not as tall as Deren.
Formation of 1st Degree of Comparison in Turkish
This comparison is made by using daha more
The object being compared with is suffixed with-dan -den from
This gives the sense "than" in the comparison.
Mehmet Burak'tan daha zengin. - Mehmet is richer than Burak.
stanbul Londra'dan daha gzel. - Istanbul is more beautiful than London.
Demir sudan daha ar. - Iron is heavier than water.
Negative of Comparison in Turkish
The Negative First Degree Comparison uses daha az less(er)
Londra stanbul'dan daha az megul. - London is less busy than Istanbul.
Bulmacalar Trke derslerden daha az ilgin. - Crosswords are less interesting than Turkish
lessons
Formation of Positive Superlative in Turkish
The Superlative Degree uses en "the most"
Mehmet en zengin adam. - Mehmet is the richest man.
Dnyann en gzel ehri, stanbul'dur. - Istanbul is the world's most beautiful city.
Negative Superlative in Turkish
The Negative uses en az "the least" [Lit: the most less]
Dnyann en az zengin memleketleri Afrika'da.
The least richest countries of the world are in Africa.
Usage of en az for negative superlatives is not common.
The preferred way is to use the superlative form of opposite adjective.
Dnyann en fakir memleketleri Afrika'da.
The world's poorest countries are in Africa.
Examples of Turkish Comparison
en az at least
parampara in smithereeens
iriliplak stark naked
ben I
sen you [familiar]
o He, she, it
biz we
siz you [formal]
onlar they
Turkish "with" suffix -le -la (ile) suffix "with, and, together"
"with, via" Suffix
ben(im)le with me
sen(in)le with you
on(un)la with him, her, it.
biz(im)le with us
siz(in)le with you
onlarla with them
-le -la suffix can be considered as an alternative.
The preferred version is added to the genitive -in form of the pronouns.
ben(im)le, sen(in)le, on(un)la, biz(im)le, siz(in)le are alternatives.
The third person plural onlarla with them is the only alternative.
It is not correct to say onlarnla
Mehmet, benimle geldi.
Mehmet came with me.
Mustafa, bizimle kalacak.
Mustapha will stay with us.
Ali, onlarla geldi mi?
Did Ali come with them?
Demonstrative Pronouns: "this one, that one, these ones, those ones"
Stand in place of a particular noun:
"This" is red.
"This one" is red.
"Those" are young.
"Those ones" are young.
Turkish Demonstrative Pronouns can be suffixed.
bu this (here)
OR this just mentioned.
bunlar these
u that (nearby)
OR that (which follows)
unlar those (nearby)
o that (over there, yonder)
onlar those (yonder)
u adama bakn!
Look at that bloke!
unu istemedim
I didn't want that! ["damn thing"]
u herif kim?
Who the hell is that fellow?
ellerim my hands
[el-ler-im]
odalarmz our rooms
[oda-lar-mz]
When the word ends in a vowel then the Possessive Suffix drops its own initial vowel.
kedi cat kedim
[kedi-m] my cat
The Possessive Suffix does not lose its vowel when attached to the plural of a noun.
It follows the final consonant of -ler -lar
kediler cats kedilerim
[kedi-ler-im] my cats
The Third Person Singular Possessive Suffix -i his, her, its becomes -si [uses Buffer Letter
-s-] when added to a noun ending in a vowel.
oda room odas
[oda-s-] his room
Buffer letter -s- is used to keep two vowels apart.
The single exception su water
The word su water is the single irregular noun in Turkish.
It takes a buffer letter -y- with all its suffixes.
su water
suyum my water
suyun your water
suyu his water
suyumuz our water
suyunuz your water
sular their water
Mutation: p b
kitap book kitabm my book kitaplarm my books
Mutation: k
sokak street sokam my street sokaklarm my streets
Mutation: t d
armut pear armudu his pear armutlar his pears/their pear(s)
This example armutlar his pears/their pear(s) can be construed three ways:
armutlar - his pears armut -lar their pear OR their pears
The plural -lar suffix cannot be re-duplicated. ["armutlarlar"is wrong.]
The context usually makes clear the singularity or plurality of the noun:
To be explicit then onun his or onlarn their can be used:
onun armudu his pear
[he has singular pear]
onun armutlar his pears
[he has plural pears]
onlarn armudu their pear
[they have a singular pear]
onlarn armutlar their pears
[they have plural pears]
kap
kapmdoor
my door
odalar his rooms
aile family
kaplarm my doors ailesi his family
bahe garden aileleri their family/families
bahem my garden araba car
bahelerim my gardens arabamz our car
oda room arabalarmz our cars
odas his room otobs bus
otobsmz our bus onun domuzlar his pigs
otobslerimiz our buses [domuzlar-]
onlarn domuzlar their pig(s)
kulak ear [domuz-lar]
kulanz your ear gz eye
kulaklarnz your ears gz his eye
emsiye umbrella onun gzleri his eyes
emsiyeniz your umbrella [gzler-i]
emsiyeleriniz your umbrellas onlarn gzleri their eye(s)
domuz pig [gz-leri]
domuzu his pig
Turkish Suffixed Possessed Nouns - Extended
A noun with the possessive suffix being a noun in its own right can be subject to further suffixes.
Buffer letter -n- is used when adding second suffixes to possessed items.
For third person singular his, her, its and third person plural their:
arabasna
[araba-s-n-a] to his/her car
elmalarndan
[elma-lar-n-dan] from their apple(s)
kedi cat. Singular kedi ends in a vowel so only suffix -m is added:
kedim my cat
[kedi-m]
kedimden from my cat
[kedi-m-den]
kedime to my cat
[kedi-m-e]
kediler cats. Plural kediler ends in a consonant so suffix -im is added:
kedilerim my cats
[kedi-ler-im]
kedilerimden from my cats
[kedi-ler-im-den]
kedilerime to my cats
[kedi-ler-im-e]
araba car. Singular araba ends in a vowel so only suffix -n is added:
araban your car
[araba-n]
arabana to your car
[araba-n-a]
arabanda in your car
[araba-n-da]
arabalar cars. Plural arabalar ends in a consonant so total suffix -m is added:
arabalarn your cars
[araba-lar-n]
arabalarna to your cars
[araba-lar-n-a]
arabalarnda in your cars
[araba-lar-n-da]
elma apple ends in a vowel so third person suffix using buffer letter -s is added:
onun elmas his apple
[elma-s-]
onun elmasnda in his apple
[elma-s--n-da]
onun elmasndan from his apple
[elma-s--n-dan]
onun his used to show that this apple belongs to one person.
elmalar apples
onun elmalar his apples
[elma-lar-]
onun elmalarnda in his apples
[elma-lar--n-da]
onlarn elmasnda in their apple
[elma-s--n-da]
onlarn elmasndan from their apple
[elma-s--n-da]
onlarn elmalar their apples
[elma-lar]
onlarn elmalarnda in their apples
[elma-lar-n-da]
onlarn elmalarndan from their apples
[elma-lar-n-dan]
onlarn their is used to show that this/these apple(s) belongs to more than one person.
ky village
kymz our village
[ky-mz]
kymzde in our village
[ky-mz-de]
kymzden from our village
[ky-mz-den]
kyler villages
kylerimiz our villages
[ky-ler-imiz]
kylerimizde in our villages
[ky-ler-imiz-de]
kylerimizden from our villages
[ky-ler-imiz-den]
kpek dog
kpeiniz your dog
[kpe-iniz]
kpeinizde on your dog
[kpe-iniz-de]
kpeinize to your dog
[kpe-iniz-e]
The Rule of Consonant Mutation -k changes to - is operating here when a vowel suffix is being
added to a hard consonant.
kpekler dogs
kpekleri their dogs
[kpek-leri]
kpeklerine to his dogs
[kpek-ler-i-n-e]
OR to their dog(s)
[kpek-leri-n-e]
kpeklerinden from their dogs
[kpek-leri-n-den]
ev house
onlarn evi their house
[ev-i]
onlarn evine to their house
[ev-i-n-e]
onlarn evlerinde in their houses
[ev-leri-n-de]
onlarn evlerinden from their houses
[ev-leri-n-den]
evler houses
onun evleri his houses
[ev-ler-i]
onun evlerinde in his houses
[ev-ler-i-n-de]
onun evlerinden from his houses
[ev-ler-i-n-den]
A reminder about buffer letter -N-
A noun with the possessive suffix can be subject to further suffixes.
Buffer letter -n- is used when adding second suffixes to possessed noun.
Formation of Turkish Possession
There is a construction in Turkish which means "belonging to"
In English generally only the Possessor is marked as in Janet's house
The 's tells us that the house belongs to Janet.
Possession can also be marked by both the Possessor and the Possessed:
THE hair OF THE dog.
Both words hair and dog are marked.
This construct is the method that Turkish uses.
Both the Possessor and the Possessed are always marked:
The Possessor: adamn [adam-n] of the man with The Possessed: eli [el-] hand-his
adamn eli the man's hand, the hand of the man
[LIT: adam-n el-i "man-of hand-his"]
The Possessor: Mehmet with the Possessed: palto overcoat
Mehmet 'in paltosu Mehmet's overcoat
[LIT: Mehmet-'in palto-su "Mehmet-of overcoat-his"]
South Aegean.
olsayd.
[ol-sa-yd]
If there was, If there were.
olmasayd.
[ol-ma-sa-yd]
If there was not, If there were not.
Tepede bir lokanta olsayd, orada yerdik.
If there had been a cafe on the hill, we would have eaten there.
Tepede bir lokanta olmu olsayd, orada yerdik.
If there had been a cafe on the hill, we would have eaten there.
[olmu = been]
Aata meyve olsayd, onu koparrdm.
If there had been any fruit on the tree, I would have picked it.
Garajda hi araba olmasayd, taksi tutacaktm.
If there had not been a car in the garage, I would have taken a taxi.
Garajda hi araba olmam olsayd, taksi tutacaktm.
If there had not been a car in the garage, I would have taken a taxi.
[olmam = not been]
Yeil kutuda hi kibrit olmasayd, akmam kullanrdm.
If there weren't any matches in the green box, I would have used my lighter.
Yeil kutuda hi kibrit olmam olsayd, akmam kullanrdm.
If there weren't any matches in the green box, I would have used my lighter
Krmzda gememi olsaydm, kadn yaayacakt.
Krmzda gemi olmasaydm, kadn yaayacakt.
Krmzda gemeseydim, kadn yaayacakt.
Are all different ways of saying: If I hadn't passed on the red light, the lady would have still
lived.
Turkish Inferential (Indefinite) Form varm, yokmu
The Inferential Suffix -mi -mu is used Present and the Past tenses:
When enumerating lists of things var or yok must be used after each item.
The English greengrocer says We have apples, tomatoes, onions, cherries
The Trk manav wll say elma var, domates var, soan var, kiraz var
Turkish: Answering questions with Var and Yok.
For Questions containing var m? or yok mu?
Answers must always contain var or yok
English uses Yes or No as an answer.
Turkish does use the single words hayr no or evet yes in answer to var mi? yok mu?
Question:
Dolapta bir bardak yok mu? Isn't there a tumbler in the cupboard?
Answer:
var / evet var or yok / hayr yok accordingly.
Question:
Kilitte anahtar var m? Is the key in the lock?
Answer:
var or yok accordingly.
English answers can be:
Yes [it is]. or No [it isn't].
Turkish answers must be:
var there is or yok there isn't
Ownership in Turkish - "I have/haven't got"
There is no verb to have or to have got in Turkish.
To say: "to have something"
"I have a new car."
"Have you got a new car?"
"Do you have any anything cheaper?"
Turkish uses:
var, vardr for "to have (got)"
yok, yoktur for "not to have (got)"
To say "I have (got) a cat."
The possessed item is suffixed with the Personal Pronoun adjectives:
-im -in-(s)i -imiz -iniz -leri my, your, his, our their
kedim var
[kedi + m var.]
[Lit: There is a my cat]
I have (got) a cat.
gzlnz yok
[gzl + nz yok]
You haven't got any spectacles.
[Lit: There isn't any your spectacles.]
[Eng: "You don't wear glasses]
The Possessive Adjective suffixs -im -nz tells us "whose objects exist or not."
The Stand Personal Pronouns can be added for emphasis using the Ownership Condition:
varsn You are there , You will be there yoksun You are not there, You will not be there
o var He / She / It is there, He will be there o yok He is not there, He will not be there
varz We are there, We will be there yokuz We are not there, We will not be there
varsnz You are there, You will be there yoksunuz You are not there, You will not be there
varlar They are there, They will not be there yoklar They are not there, They will not be there
varsam If I am there, I'll be there yoksam I am not there, If I'll not be there
varsan If you are there, If you'll be there yoksan If you are not there, If you will not be there
varsa If he is there am there, If he'll be be there yoksa If he is not there, If he will not be there
varsak If we are there, If we'll be there yoksak If we are not there, If we will not be there
varsanz If you are there, If you'll be there yoksanz If you are not there, If you will not be there
varsalar If they are there, If they will be there yoksalar If they are not there, If they will not be there
olsaydn If you had been there olmasaydn If you not been there
olsayd If he had been there olmasayd If he had not been there
olsaydnz If you had been there olmasaydnz If you had not been there
olsaydlar If they had been there olmasaydlar If they had not been there
Yazmak istiyorum.
I want to write.
mek istiyorlar.
They want to drink.
Kalmak istemedin.
You didn't want to stay.
almak istemeyecekler.
They will not want to work.
This also applies in English:
"I want writing", "They want drinking" is incorrect.
The concept of "wanting" does not affect the verb being governed in any way.
When istemek governs anything other that a verb then the objective case must be used.
In examples below istemek does not govern the verb kalmak
It DOES govern a person
Therefore the direct object pointer IS required.
Kalmamanz istiyoruz.
We want you not to stay.
[Kalmama-nz-]
Kalmanz istemiyoruz.
We do not want you to stay.
[Kalma-nz-]
Kalmasn istemiyorlar.
They don't want him to stay.
[Kalma-s-n-]
Kalmamalarn istemiyorum.
I don't want them not to stay.
[Kalmama-lar-n-]
Verbal Nouns in English
To understand and comprehend verbal nouns must be recognised as such.
tifaye ikiidr
[iki i-dir]
park etmek yasaktr
[yasak-tr]
It is the fire-station exit
parking is forbidden
Turkish "to be" Past Tense I was, you were
Past tense idim, idim -ydim, ydin when suffixed to a vowel.
Initial -d becomes -t when suffixed to [p t k f h s ]
Often the -ler/-lar plurals are omitted in conversation.
Turkish "to be" Past tense Suffixes
zenginim I am rich
zengindim I was rich
yorgunsum you are tired
yorgundun you were tired
pahaldr it is dear
pahalyd it was dear
kktr it is small
kkt it was small
hastayz we are ill
hastaydk we were ill
yalsnz you are old
yalydnz you were old
yoksuldurlar they are poor
yoksuldular they were poor
gentirler they are young
gentiler hey were young
Turkish "to be" Positive Interrogative Am I?, Are you?
The interrogative particle -mi? is suffixed with the Personal Pronouns.
It is placed after the word it affects.
It place is taken by the Future Tense of the Verb olmak to be, to become.
Yarn hazr olacam.
I will be ready tomorrow.
Er ge zengin olacaksn.
You will become rich sooner or later.
Bu gece parti ok gzel olacak.
It will be a great party tonight.
The Future Tense is discussed in detail in "Future Tense" web Page.
Singular Forms
ben deilim
I am not
zengin deilim
I am not rich
sen deilsin
you are not
yorgun deilsin
you are not tired
o deildir
he/she is not
[Public, Official]
pahal deildir
it is not dear
o deil
he is not
[Familiar, Usual]
iman deil
she is not fat
Plural Forms
biz deiliz
we are not
hasta deiliz
we are not ill
siz deilsiniz
you are not
yal deilsiniz
you are not old
onlar deiller
they are not
[Familiar, Usual]
irkin deiller
they are not ugly
*** onlar deildirler
they are not
[Public, Official]
gen deildirler
they are not young
*** The third person forms using -deildirler are not usually used in day to day conversation.
The -dir form is apparent in public signs and instructions.
The shortened form should always be used.
Using The Personal Pronouns for emphasis
The Personal Pronouns are only used for emphasis:
The person of the verb is already apparent from the verb ending.
Ak deil miydi?
Wasn't it open?
Mutlu deil miydik?
Weren't we happy?
Hava souk deil miydi?
Wasn't the weather cold?
Zengin deil miydiler?
Weren't they rich?
Emin deil miydim?
Wasn't I sure?
Mehmet megul deil miydi?
Wasn't Mehmet busy?
Yorgun deil miydiniz?
Weren't you tired?
ocuklar mutlu deil miydiler?
Weren't the children happy?
Turkish Question Tags
The English Question tags:
Isn't it?
Do you?
Aren't you?
Aren't they?
Can't we?
Weren't they?
Didn't they?. etc
Are all translated by the single tag deil mi? for all Persons and Tenses.
Mutluyum.
I am happy.
Deli deiliz.
We are not crazy.
Bozuktur.
It is spoiled, broken..
Kolaydr.
It is easy.
Neeliyiz.
We are merry.
ngilizsiniz.
You are English.
Zekidirler.
They are clever.
Pek imansnz.
You are quite fat.
ok naziksiniz.
You are very nice.
yisiniz.
You are good.
Gen deilim.
I am not young.
Mehmet pek hastadr
Mehmet is quite ill.
Hasta deilsiniz.
You are not ill.
Pek a deilim.
I am not very hungry.
Yksek deildir.
It is not high
Pek hzl deil(dir).
It s not very fast.
Pek nazik deilsiniz.
You are not very nice.
Pek zeki deildirler.
They are not very clever.
Zengin miyim?
Am I rich?
Zengin deil miyim?
Am I not rich?
Fakr miyim?
Am I poor?
Hasta msnz?
Are you ill?
Ali bey gen mi(dir)?
Is Ali Bey young?
Kolay m(dr)?
Is it easy?
Zeki miyiz?
Are we clever?
Zeki deil miyiz?
Aren't we clever?
Deli misin?
Are you crazy?
Hazr msn?
Are you ready?
Hazr deil misin bile?
Aren't you ready yet?
Arkadam yal deildir.
My friend is not old.
Evet,arkadam gentir.
Yes, my friend is young.
Mehmet mutlu mudur?
Is Mehmet happy?
Evet, mutludur.
Yes, he is happy.
Hayr, mutlu deildir.
No, he is not happy.
Arkadanz yal mdr?
Is your friend old?
Turkish Present Continuous Tense -ing
The tense takes the form of be doing, be saying, be going
The Tense sign of the Present Continuous Tense is:
-iyor- -yor- -yor- -uyor-
which is added to the verb root.
The tense endings are completed by adding the personal suffixes.
The Tense Sign -iyor- can be likened to the English Tense sign -ing.
The initial -i- of -iyor- is subject to vowel harmony with the verb stem's final vowel.
Turkish Present Continuous Positive Conjugation
Turkish English
geliyorum
I am coming
[gel-iyor-um]
bakyorsun
you are looking
[bak-yor-sun]
gidiyor
he is going
[gid-iyor]
yryoruz
we are walking
[yr-yor-uz]
buluyorsunuz
you are finding
[bul-uyor-sunuz]
yazyorlar
they are writing
[yaz-yor-lar]
Turkish Present Continuous Negative
Negative verb stems are formed by adding the negating suffix -ma- -me- to the verb stem.
gelmek to come
gelmemek to not come.
bakmak to look
bakmamak to not look.
All Negative Verbs gelmemek drop the first letter of suffix -(i)yor to keep vowels apart:
[gelmeiyorum is incorrect.]
Turkish Present Continuous Negative Conjugation
Turkish English
gelmiyorum
I am not coming
[gelm-iyorum]
bakmyorsun
you are not looking
[bakm-yorsun]
almyor
he is not taking
[alm-yor]
kmyoruz
we are not going out
[km-yor-uz]
bulmuyorsunuz
you are not finding
[bulm-uyor-sunuz]
glmyorlar
they are not laughing
[glm-yor-lar]
Turkish Verb Roots ending in a Vowel - Present Continuous
The final vowel of verb stem is dropped along with -mek/-mak.
[vowels should not occur together]
The root of beklemek is bekle-
Adding tense sign-iyor- the final vowel -e of the verb stem is dropped.
[bekleiyorum is incorrect]
Turkish Verb Roots ending in a Vowel
Positive Verb Negative Verb
beklemek to wait, expect beklememek to not wait, expect
bekliyorum I am waiting beklemiyorum I am not waiting
bekliyorsun you are waiting beklemiyorsun you are not waiting
bekliyor he/she/it is waiting beklemiyor he/she/it is not waiting
bekliyoruz we are waiting beklemiyoruz we are not waiting
bekliyorsunuz you are waiting beklemiyorsunuz you are not waiting
bekliyorlar they are waiting beklemiyorlar they are not waiting
Bakar msnz?
Would you look, please?
Bekler misiniz?
Would you wait, please?
[ENG: Would you mind waiting...?]
This is the polite way to get attention of a waiter or any person.
It is similar to the Welsh "Look you?" in that it is not rude.
Turkish Polite Request
It is a polite way of asking questions or giving minor orders to strangers.
kazanabilmek
to be able to win
Her hafta Milli Piyango'yu kazanabilirsin.
You can win the lottery every week.
-a trmanmak
to climb up
Her yl Nemrut Da'na trmanrz.
We climb (to) Mount Nemrut every year.
gtrmek
to bring
Mehmet, yemeini her gn evden gtrr.
Mehmet, brings his lunch from home every day.
beenmek
to like, approve
Trk kahvesini beenirler.
They like Turkish coffee.
Sk sk buraya gelirdim.
I used to come here very often.
Genken ok glerdin.
You used to laugh a lot when/while you were young.
Kuadada (Kuadasnda) kalrken her zaman denizde yzerdi.
He always used to swim in the sea when staying at Kuadas.
Dersler bittikten sonra uzun zaman/sre beni beklerdin.
You always used to wait for me a long time after school finished.
Tatilde kamp yaparken daima iyi uyurlard.
They always used to sleep very well while on holiday while camping.
gelmemek
[gelme-mek]
to not come
gelmez
does not come.
bakmamak
[bakma-mak]
not to look
bakmaz
does not look
gitmem I don't go
[NOT gitmezim]
gitmezsin you don't go
gitmez he doesn't go
gitmeyiz we don't go
[NOT gitmeziz]
gitmezsiniz you don't go
gitmezler they don't go
Beni tanmazsnz.
You don't know me.
Beni tanmaz msnz?
Don't you know me?
O bira imez.
He doesn't drink beer.
[generally?]
Mehmet, bira(y) imez mi?
Doesn't Mehmet drink (the) beer?
O biray imez.
He doesn't drink the beer.
Mehmet bira imez mi?
Doesn't Mehmet drink beer (at all)?
Onun hakknda konumayz.
We don't talk about it.
Genellikle bir apka giymez misiniz?
Don't you generally wear a hat?
Televizyonu seyretmezler.
They don't watch the television.
[in particular]
Televizyon seyretmezler
They don't watch television
[generally]
Sk sk buraya gelmezdim.
I didn't use to come here very often
Gen iken o kadar glmezdin.
You didn't use to laugh very much when you were young.
Kuadada kalrken denizde yzmezdi.
He never used to swim in the sea when staying at Kuadas.
Derslerimiz bittikten sonra yerterli zaman iin beni beklemezdiniz.
You didn't use to wait long enough for me after our lessons had finished.
Tatilde kamp yaparken o kadar iyi uyumazdlar.
They didn't use to sleep very well while on holiday while camping.
Gitmez miydim?
Didn't I use to go?
Hatice'yi sevmez miydin?
Didn't you use to love Hatice?
Ummaz myd?
Didn't he use to hope?
Amaz mydk?
Didn't we use to open
Kazmaz mydnz?
Didn't you use to dig?
Soan satmaz mydlar?
Didn't they use to sell onions?
kmaz mydlar?
Didn't they use to go out?
Her gn seni grmez miydim?
Didn't I use to see you every day?
Bkmaz mydk?
Didn't we use to get fed up?
Londra'da oturmaz mydn?
Didn't you use to live in London?
oturmak means to sit [down]
OR to reside [at a place]
Ali stanbul'da oturur
Ali lives in Istanbul.
Atlara binmez miydiniz?
Didn't you use to ride horses?
In conversational Turkish the past imperfect Tense will often be used for didn't use to
arayacaksn you will look for aramayacaksn you will not look for
O arayacak he will look for O aramayacak he will not look for
arayacaz we shall look for aramayacaz we shall not look for
arayacaksnz you will look for aramayacaksnz you will not look for
arayacaklar they will look for aramayacaklar they will not look for
In fast conversation -ecak -acak is often abraded to [-icim -cz] etc. when spoken:
Gideceim as spoken [gidicem] I will go
Gideceiz [gidicez] we will go
yazacam [yazcam] I will write
yazacaz [yazcaz] We will write
gleceim [glecem] I will laugh
gleceiz [glecez] We will laugh
Uyuyakaldm koa koa ofise gidicem imdi.
[kept on sleeping, running, running]
I slept over, now I'll go to the office in a hurry.
Bugn stanbul'daym.
Today I am in Istanbul.
Yarn stanbul' da olacam.
Tomorrow I shall be in Istanbul.
Continuous Past:
Geliyordum
[Gel-iyor-dum]
I was coming
Simple Past:
Gelirdim
[Gel-ir-dim]
I used to come
Future Past:
Gelecektim
[Gel-ecek-tim]
I was going to come
Necessitative Past:
Gelmeliydim
[Gel-meli-ydim]
I had to come
Conditional Past:
Gelseydim
[Gel-se-ydim]
If only I had come
Pluperfect:
Gelmitim
[Gel-mi-tim]
I had come
Suffix -mi does not convey any inferential meaning in the Pluperfect Tense.
Turkish Definite Past Conjugation
Question:
Mehmet kt m? Has Mehmet gone out?
Definite Answer:
O kt. He has gone out.
["I saw him go."]
E-Verb - gelmek
geldim
I came
geldin
you came
geldi
he came
geldik
we came
geldiniz
you came
geldiler
they came
A-Verb - anlamak
anladm
I understood
anladn
you understood
anlad
he understood
anladk
we understood
anladnz
you understood
anladlar
they understood
-Verb - itmek
itim
I drank
itin
you drank
iti
he drank
itik
we drank
itiniz
you drank
itiler
they drank
I-Verb - kmak
ktm
I left
ktn
you left
kt
he left
ktk
we left
ktnz
you left
ktlar
they left
-Verb - grmek
grdm
I saw
grdn
you saw
grd
he saw
grdk
we saw
grdnz
you saw
grdler
they saw
O-Verb - komak
kotum
I ran
kotun
you ran
kotu
he ran
kotuk
we ran
kotunuz
you ran
kotular
they ran
-Verb - glmek
gldm
I laughed
gldn
you laughed
gld
he laughed
gldk
we laughed
gldnz
you laughed
gldler
they laughed
U-Verb - bulmak
buldum
I found
buldun
you found
buldu
he found
bulduk
we found
buldunuz
you found
buldular
they found
Present Indef.
Geliyormuum
[Gel-iyor-mu-um]
I am probably coming.
Future Indef.
Gelecekmiim.
[Gel-ecek-mi-im]
It seems I shall come
*Simple Indef.*
Gelirmiler.
[Gel-ir-mi-ler]
It seems they (will) come.
"must" Indef.
Gelmeliymiim.
[Gel-meli-ymi-im]
They say I must have come.
***Simple tenses are used for "untimed" future events.
The Simple Tense is widely used in spoken and written Turkish.
Turkish Indefinite Past Tense Conjugation
Question:
Mehmet kt m? Has Mehmet gone out?
Indefinite Answer:
O km. He has gone out.
["As far as I know."]
This "doubt"is within the -mi inferential tense itself.
E-Verb
Indefinite
gelmiim
I have come
gelmisin
you have come
gelmi
he has come
gelmiiz
we have come
gelmisiniz
you have come
gelmiler
they have come
A-Verb
Indefinite
anlamm
I have understood
anlamsn
you have understood
anlam
he have understood
anlamz
we have understood
anlamsnz
you have understood
anlamlar
they have understood
-Verb
Indefinite
imiim
Ihave drunk
imisin
you have drunk
imi
he has drunk
imiiz
we have drunk
imisiniz
you have drunk
imiler
they have drunk
I-Verb
Indefinite
kmm
I have left
kmsn
you have left
km
he have left
kmz
we have left
kmsnz
you have left
kmlar
they have left
-Verb
Indefinite
grmm
I have seen
grmsn
you have seen
grm
he has seen
grmz
we have seen
grmsnz
you have seen
grmler
they have seen
O-Verb
Indefinite
komuum
I have run
komusun
youhave run
komu
he have run
komuuz
we have run
komusunuz
you have run
komular
they have run
-Verb
Indefinite
glmm
I have laughed
glmsn
you have laughed
glm
he has laughed
glmz
we have laughed
glmsnz
you have laughed
glmler
they have laughed
U-Verb
Indefinite
bulmuum
I have found
bulmusun
you have found
bulmu
he have found
bulmuuz
we have found
bulmusunuz
you have found
bulmular
they have found
A-Verb
Negative Past Definite
anlamadm
I didn't understand
anlamadn
you didn't understand
anlamad
he, she, it didn't understand
anlamadk
we didn't understand
anlamadnz
you didn't understand
anlamadlar
they don't understand
E-Verb
Negative Past Definite
gitmedim
I didn't go
gitmedin
you didn't go
gitmedi
he, she, it didn't go
gitmedik
we didn't go
gitmediniz
you didn't go
gitmediler
they don't go
A-Verb
Past Inferential
anlamamm
I did not understand
anlamamsn
you did not understand
anlamam
he did not understand
anlamamz
we did not understand
anlamamsnz
you did not understand
anlamamlar
they did not understand
E-Verb
Past Inferential
gitmemiim
I have not gone
gitmemisin
you did not go
gitmemi
he did not go
gitmemiiz
we did not go
gitmemisiniz
you did not go
gitmemiler
they did not go
Indef. Positive
Interrogative
Onu yapm mym?
Have I done it
[I'm not sure]
Onu yapm msn?
Have you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapm m?
Has he done it
[yet?]
Onu yapm myz?
Have we done it
[I wonder]
Onu yapm msnz?
Have you done it
[possibly]
Onu yapmlar m?
Have they done it
[surely?]
Indef. Negative
Interrogative
Onu yapmam mym?
Haven't I done it
[I wonder?]
Onu yapmam msn?
Haven't you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapmam m?
Hasn't he done it
[then?]
Onu yapmam myz?
Haven't we done it
[I wonder?]
Onu yapmam msnz?
Haven't you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapmamlar m?
Haven't they done it
[surely?]
The interrogative particle -mi follows the verb
It is written separately together with the relevant personal pronoun:
Positive Past
Continuous
gelmek
to come
geliyordum
I was coming
geliyordun
you were coming
geliyordu
he was coming
geliyorduk
we were coming
geliyordunuz
you were coming
geliyorlard (-dular)
they were coming
Negative Past
Continuous
gitmemek
to not come
gitmiyordum
I wasn't going
gitmiyordun
you weren't going
gitmiyordu
he wasn't going
gitmiyorduk
we weren't going
gitmiyordunuz
you weren't going
gitmiyorlard (-dular)
they weren't going
Positive Indefinite
Continuous
bilmek
to know
biliyormuum
I was knowing
biliyormusun
you were knowing
biliyormu
he was knowing
biliyormuuz
we were knowing
biliyormusunuz
you were knowing
biliyorlarm -mular
they were knowing
Negative Indefinite
Continuous
okumamak
to not read
okumuyormuum
I wasn't reading
okumuyormusun
you weren't reading
okumuyormu
he wasn't reading
okumuyormuuz
we weren't reading
okumuyormusunuz
you weren't reading
okumuyorlarm -mular
they weren't reading
Past Continuous
Pos. Interrogative
bekliyor muydum?
Was I waiting?
bekliyor muydun?
Were you waiting?
bekliyor muydu?
Was he waiting?
bekliyor muyduk?
Were we waiting?
bekliyor muydunuz?
Were you waiting?
bekliyorlar myd?
Were they waiting?
Past Continuous
Neg.Interrogative
gitmiyor muydum?
Wasn't I going?
alamyor muydun?
Weren't you crying?
beklemiyor muydu?
Weren't you waiting?
toplamyor muyduk?
Weren't we arranging?
sylemiyor muydunuz?
Weren't you saying?
satmyorlar myd?
Weren't they selling?
gelmitim
[gelmi-tim]
I had come
unutmutun
you had forgotten
yrmt
he had walked
bilmitik
we had known
kmtnz
you had gone out
anlamtlar
they had understood
gelmimm
[gelmi-mi-im]
I had come (it seems)
unutmumusun
you had forgotten
yrmms
he had walked
bilmimiiz
we had known
kmmsnz
you had gone out
anlammlar
they had understood
The Turkish indefinite past perfect IS USED in daily conversation.
It is also used for sarcasm as in English:
"You just had to be rude to your teacher yesterday! (apparently)"
Turkish Past Perfect Tense Conjugation
Definite Indefinite
gelmitim I had come gelmimiim I had come
unutmutun you had forgotten unutmumusun you had forgotten
yrmt he had walked yrmm he had walked
bilmitik we had known bilmimiiz we had known
kmtnz you had gone out kmmsnz you had gone out
anlamtlar they had understood anlammlar they had understood
If I -sem -sam
yaparsam if I do
If you -sen -san
giriyorsan if you are entering
If he -se -sa
kesilecekse if it will be cut, if it is to be cut
If we -sek -sak
anlamyorsak if we are not agreeing
If you -seniz -sanz
mutlu olmayacaksanz if you will not be happy
If they -seler -salar
gelebilecekseler if they will be able to come
Negation -me- plus ability -ebil- and inability -eme- for Verb Mood are sufixed.
The tense suffixes:
-iyor- -ir- -ecek- -di- -mi- are added.
The Person Suffix completes the verb.
Active
anlamak to understand
Active Causative
anlatmak to explain
Passive Causative
anlatlmak to be understood
Active
krmak to break
Active Causative
krdrmak to break something
Passive
krlmak to be broken
[itself in a broken state]
Passive Causative
krdrlmak to be broken by somebody
Active Verb
bulmak to find
Co-operative Active
bulumak to meet/to find each other
Co-operative Passive
buluulmak to be met/to be found together
Active
anlamak to understand
Co-operative Active
anlamak to agree/to understand each other
Co-operative Passive
anlalmak to be agreed
Active
arpmak to hit, collide
Co-operative Active
arpmak to collide with something
Co-operative Passive
arplmak to be in collision with something
None of Verbs above end in -l
Consequently the -il passive suffix is used.
Using short suffixes Turkish can say in one word which would take many more in English.
The use of the differing verb forms is rather difficult at first
By practice and reading the logic of them quickly becomes clear to the student.
Turkish Passive verb stems ending in -l
For veb stems ending in -L the passive mood is formed by the addition -in -n -n -un
Active Mood Passive Mood
delmek to pierce delinmek to be pierced
bilmek to know bilinmek to be known
almak to take alnmak to be taken
bulmak to find bulunmak to be found
Active Verb
Ali, pencereyi kapad Ali closed the window.
Impersonal Passive Verb
Pencere kapand The window was closed
[ie. not open]
Passive Verb
Ali tarafndan pencere kapand The window was closed by Ali.
In the last example above we can see that it was Ali who closed that window:
by Ali. Ali is the agent by which the window was closed.
Turkish Passive Agent - tarfndan by
Turkish has a particular construction in the Passive to denote the agent acting on the subject.
Proper Nouns:
Ali tarafndan by Ali. are NOT suffixed with the ownership [genitive] -in -n -un -n
The Personal Pronouns:
my, your, his, our, their [the pronoun itself as the agent] IS suffixed with the ownership -in
-n -un -n
It is followed by its version of tarafndan by in agreement.
Pencereyi kapatt.
He closed the window.
Pencere onun tarafndan kapatld.
The window was closed by him.
Pencere Mehmet tarafndan kapatld.
The window was closed by Mehmet.
Hesap, benim tarafmdan denecek.
The bill will be paid by me.
Kitap, onlarn tarafndan yazlacak.
The book will be written by them.
Top, Mustafa tarafndan bulundu.
[NOT Mustafa 'nn]
The ball was found by Mustapha.
Araba, Ali tarafndan temizleniyor.
The car is being cleaned by Ali.
Active:
kesmek to cut
Mehmet, yarn onu kesecek.
Mehmet will cut it tomorrow.
Passive:
kesilmek to be cut
Yarn o kesilecek.
It will be cut tomorrow.
ALSO: Yarn o kesilecektir.
It is to be cut tomorrow.
Active Potential Future:
kesebilmek to be able to cut
Ali, yarn onu kesebilecek.
Ali, will be able to cut it tomorrow.
Passive Potential Future:
kesilebilmek To be able to be to be cut
Yarn o kesilebilecek.
It will be able to be cut tomorrow.
Continuous Past:
Geliyordum
[Gel-iyor-dum]
I was coming
Simple Past:
Gelirdim
[Gel-ir-dim]
I used to come
Future Past:
Gelecektim
[Gel-ecek-tim]
I was going to come
Necessitative Past:
Gelmeliydim
[Gel-meli-ydim]
I had to come
Conditional Past:
Gelseydim
[Gel-se-ydim]
If only I had come
Pluperfect:
Gelmitim
[Gel-mi-tim]
I had come
Suffix -mi does not convey any inferential meaning in the Pluperfect Tense.
Turkish Definite Past Conjugation
Question:
Mehmet kt m? Has Mehmet gone out?
Definite Answer:
O kt. He has gone out.
["I saw him go."]
E-Verb
geldim - gelmek
I came A-Verb
anladm- anlamak -Verb
itim - itmek
geldin I understood I drank
you came anladn itin
geldi you understood you drank
he came anlad iti
geldik he understood he drank
we came anladk itik
geldiniz we understood we drank
you came anladnz itiniz
geldiler you understood you drank
they came anladlar itiler
they understood they drank
ktm - kmak
I-Verb
kt
he left
you left
ktlar
I left ktk they left
ktn we left
you left ktnz -Verb - grmek
grdm you saw he ran
grdler kotuk
I saw they saw we ran
grdn kotunuz
you saw O-Verb - komak you ran
grd kotum kotular
he saw I ran they ran
grdk kotun
we saw you ran
grdnz kotu
-Verb
gldm - glmek
I laughed U-Verb
buldum - bulmak
gldn I found
you laughed buldun
gld you found
he laughed buldu
gldk he found
we laughed bulduk
gldnz we found
you laughed buldunuz
gldler you found
they laughed buldular
they found
The Turkish Inferential Mood
Future Indef.
Gelecekmiim.
[Gel-ecek-mi-im]
It seems I shall come
*Simple Indef.*
Gelirmiler.
[Gel-ir-mi-ler]
It seems they (will) come.
"must" Indef.
Gelmeliymiim.
[Gel-meli-ymi-im]
They say I must have come.
***Simple tenses are used for "untimed" future events.
The Simple Tense is widely used in spoken and written Turkish.
Turkish Indefinite Past Tense Conjugation
Question:
Mehmet kt m? Has Mehmet gone out?
Indefinite Answer:
O km. He has gone out.
["As far as I know."]
This "doubt"is within the -mi inferential tense itself.
E-Verb
Indefinite
gelmiim
I have come
gelmisin
you have come
gelmi
he has come
gelmiiz
we have come
gelmisiniz
you have come
gelmiler
they have come
A-Verb
Indefinite
anlamm
I have understood
anlamsn
you have understood
anlam
he have understood
anlamz
we have understood
anlamsnz
you have understood
anlamlar
they have understood
-Verb
Indefinite
imiim
Ihave drunk
imisin
you have drunk
imi
he has drunk
imiiz
we have drunk
imisiniz
you have drunk
imiler
they have drunk
I-Verb
Indefinite
kmm
I have left
kmsn
you have left
km
he have left
kmz
we have left
kmsnz
you have left
kmlar
they have left
-Verb
Indefinite
grmm
I have seen
grmsn
you have seen
grm
he has seen
grmz
we have seen
grmsnz
you have seen
grmler
they have seen
O-Verb
Indefinite
komuum
I have run
komusun
youhave run
komu
he have run
komuuz
we have run
komusunuz
you have run
komular
they have run
-Verb
Indefinite
glmm
I have laughed
glmsn
you have laughed
glm
he has laughed
glmz
we have laughed
glmsnz
you have laughed
glmler
they have laughed
U-Verb
Indefinite
bulmuum
I have found
bulmusun
you have found
bulmu
he have found
bulmuuz
we have found
bulmusunuz
you have found
bulmular
they have found
A-Verb
Negative Past Definite
anlamadm
I didn't understand
anlamadn
you didn't understand
anlamad
he, she, it didn't understand
anlamadk
we didn't understand
anlamadnz
you didn't understand
anlamadlar
they don't understand
E-Verb
Negative Past Definite
gitmedim
I didn't go
gitmedin
you didn't go
gitmedi
he, she, it didn't go
gitmedik
we didn't go
gitmediniz
you didn't go
gitmediler
they don't go
A-Verb
Past Inferential
anlamamm
I did not understand
anlamamsn
you did not understand
anlamam
he did not understand
anlamamz
we did not understand
anlamamsnz
you did not understand
anlamamlar
they did not understand
E-Verb
Past Inferential
gitmemiim
I have not gone
gitmemisin
you did not go
gitmemi
he did not go
gitmemiiz
we did not go
gitmemisiniz
you did not go
gitmemiler
they did not go
Indefinite
Negative
Ben yapmamm ki.
I did not do it.
[Did I?]
Sen yapmamsn ki.
You did not do it.
[looks like..]
O yapmam ki.
He did not do it.
[surely?]
Biz yapmamz ki.
We did not do it.
[forgot to]
Siz yapmamsnz ki.
You did not do it.
[ever?]
Onlar yapmamlar ki.
They did not do it.
[already]
Indef. Positive
Interrogative
Onu yapm mym?
Have I done it
[I'm not sure]
Onu yapm msn?
Have you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapm m?
Has he done it
[yet?]
Onu yapm myz?
Have we done it
[I wonder]
Onu yapm msnz?
Have you done it
[possibly]
Onu yapmlar m?
Have they done it
[surely?]
Indef. Negative
Interrogative
Onu yapmam mym?
Haven't I done it
[I wonder?]
Onu yapmam msn?
Haven't you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapmam m?
Hasn't he done it
[then?]
Onu yapmam myz?
Haven't we done it
[I wonder?]
Onu yapmam msnz?
Haven't you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapmamlar m?
Haven't they done it
[surely?]
The interrogative particle -mi follows the verb
It is written separately together with the relevant personal pronoun:
Positive Past
Continuous
gelmek
to come
geliyordum
I was coming
geliyordun
you were coming
geliyordu
he was coming
geliyorduk
we were coming
geliyordunuz
you were coming
geliyorlard (-dular)
they were coming
Negative Past
Continuous
gitmemek
to not come
gitmiyordum
I wasn't going
gitmiyordun
you weren't going
gitmiyordu
he wasn't going
gitmiyorduk
we weren't going
gitmiyordunuz
you weren't going
gitmiyorlard (-dular)
they weren't going
Positive Indefinite
Continuous
bilmek
to know
biliyormuum
I was knowing
biliyormusun
you were knowing
biliyormu
he was knowing
biliyormuuz
we were knowing
biliyormusunuz
you were knowing
biliyorlarm -mular
they were knowing
Negative Indefinite
Continuous
okumamak
to not read
okumuyormuum
I wasn't reading
okumuyormusun
you weren't reading
okumuyormu
he wasn't reading
okumuyormuuz
we weren't reading
okumuyormusunuz
you weren't reading
okumuyorlarm -mular
they weren't reading
Past Continuous
Pos. Interrogative
bekliyor muydum?
Was I waiting?
bekliyor muydun?
Were you waiting?
bekliyor muydu?
Was he waiting?
bekliyor muyduk?
Were we waiting?
bekliyor muydunuz?
Were you waiting?
bekliyorlar myd?
Were they waiting?
Past Continuous
Neg.Interrogative
gitmiyor muydum?
Wasn't I going?
alamyor muydun?
Weren't you crying?
beklemiyor muydu?
Weren't you waiting?
toplamyor muyduk?
Weren't we arranging?
sylemiyor muydunuz?
Weren't you saying?
satmyorlar myd?
Weren't they selling?
gelmitim
[gelmi-tim]
I had come
unutmutun
you had forgotten
yrmt
he had walked
bilmitik
we had known
kmtnz
you had gone out
anlamtlar
they had understood
gelmimm
[gelmi-mi-im]
I had come (it seems)
unutmumusun
you had forgotten
yrmms
he had walked
bilmimiiz
we had known
kmmsnz
you had gone out
anlammlar
they had understood
The Turkish indefinite past perfect IS USED in daily conversation.
It is also used for sarcasm as in English:
"You just had to be rude to your teacher yesterday! (apparently)"
af pardon [Arb.]
The arabic root takes a doubled "-ff" when adding a verb form:
affetmek to beg pardon
affedersiniz! Pardon!
ret a refusal [Arb.]
Takes a doubled "-dd" when adding a verb form.
reddetmek to refuse
reddederim! I refuse!
These single syllable verbs can be written separately:
There in doubling of the final consonant.
English Question:
Are you coming to the party tonight?
English Answer:
Yes I am.
The English short answer includes only I am without the verb coming.
Turkish Question:
Bu aksamki partiye geliyor musun?
Turkish Answer:
Evet geliyorum. Turkish has to include the geliyorum verb.
English:
Did you accept this after all? - Yes I did.
The short answer in English is I did without the verb accept
Turkish:
Hereye ramen kabul ettin mi onu? Evet ettim.
The short answer in Turkish is ettim without kabul.
etmek is used like an auxiliary.
Turkish Transitive Verbs formed with etmek
Hazrm I am ready.
Hazr olacam. I shall be ready.
Zenginsiniz. You are rich.
Zengin olsaydnz. If you had been rich.
O yoksul. he is poor.
O yoksul olabilir. He may be poor.
The past of olmak gives the sense of "being in a state of"
yapmak to do as an action
gelmek to come
kalmak to remain / stay
bulunmak to be found / to be [Passive of "bulmak"]
demek to say
dilemek to wish
sylemek to speak
durmak to stop
eylemek to carry out [equates with etmek but not common.]
eylemek can be used as a substitute for etmek and serves the same purpose.
It is usually restricted to the written word and is seldom used in conversation.
Auxiliary Verb: -ayazmak "almost to"
yazmak to write used as an auxiliary:
[means "almost to.." ]
Dyazdm!
I almost fell down!
yzekalmak
to keep on swimming
Yzekald.
He kept on swimming.
alakalmak
to keep on taking
Alakalacam.
I will keep on taking.
durakalmak
to keep on stopping
Durakalyorsun.
You're keeping on stopping.
bekleyedurmak
to keep on waiting
Bekleyedurabilecek misiniz?
Will you be able to keep on waiting?
uyuyakalmak
to oversleep
Uyuyakaldm!
I overlept.
kalakalmak
to stand aghast, to be astounded
Kalakaldm!
I was astounded
donakalmak
to petrify
Donakaldm!
I was petrified!, I was scared stiff!
Dost olarak.
As a friend. [LIT: being a friend]
kesin olarak!
Definitely!
Memur olarak.
As a civil servant.
ilk kez olarak
for first time
Used when there are two verbs with identical suffixes joined by and/also to simplify the first
one.
Kalkp gittik.
[NOT kalktk gittik.]
We got up and we left
Oturup konuuyorlar.
[NOT oturuyorlar konuuyorlar]
They are sitting and talking.
Gidip bakmalyz.
We must go and see.
-ene kadar -ana kadar -ene dek -ana dek -ene dein -ana dein until
-dikten sonra -dktan sonra -dkten sonra -duktan sonra after doing
The subject must be stated and the tense it taken from the main verb.
Mehmet varr varmaz, hep beraba arya gideceiz.
As soon as Mehmet arrves we we will all go to the shops together.
Ben oturur oturmaz telefon ald.
As soon as I at down, the telephone rang.
-dike / -tike, -dka / -tka so long as / the more that / all the while that
Dnyann dnme hz gittike artyor.
The more the world spins its speed increases.
The verb gelmek to go
gittike as it goes is translated as "gradually"
Dnyann dnme hz gittike artyor.
The world's spin speed is gradully increasing.
olduka qute
[LIT: "as it becomes"]
Turkish Imperative
The imperative mood is used in issuing commands.
It is formed by using the verb in its simplest root form:
Listen!, Sit!, Eat!
The subject you is implied. It is NOT generally stated.
This imperative is used for giving direct orders, requests, suggestions or warnings to a second
person.
When the speaker gives a command regarding anyone else, it is still directed at the second
person.
It is a request for permission, although it may be a rhetorical statement.
alaym
[al -aym]
let me buy / take, I should buy
yapmaym
[yap-ma-y-aym]
let me not do, I should not do
bekleyelim
[bekle-y-elim]
let us wait, we should wait
beklemeyelim
[bekle-me-y-elim]
let us not wait, we shouldn't wait
bakmayaym
[bak-ma-y-aym]
let me not look.
grelim
[gr-elim]
let's meet up.
Bakn! Look!
Bakmayn! Don't look!
Gelin! Come!
Gelmeyin! Don't come!
The Polite Form is used for addressing one person or a number of people in a group.
The verb stem is always accented in speech:
BAKmayn! Don't LOOK!
GITmeyin! Don't GO!
When speaking the imperative there is always heavy vocal stress on the verb stem:
YAPmayn onu
Don't do that!
ieklere doKUNmaynz!
Don't TOUCH the flowers!
2. Public Imperative
Used for notices, advices or being extra polite, adds -iniz to the verb stem.
Used for public notices and signs and also in newspapers and on the television.
The public form is the most polite of all.
It can be used in direct conversation if you wish to be extra polite.
Positive Public Imperative:
Baknz! Look!
Geliniz! Come!
Negative Public Imperative:
Bakmaynz! Don't look!
Gelmeyiniz! Don't come!
In the Imperative the negative particle -me- / -ma- always remains in it absolute form:
It does not abade to -mi-/-m-
Third Person Imperative Let him do, let him not do
The Third Person Let him, Let her
baksn
[baksn]
(You) let him look
bakmasn
[bakmasn]
(You) let him not look
girsinler
[girsinler]
(You) let then enter
girmesinler
[girmesinler]
(You) let them not enter
To re-iterate: 3rd Person imperative is formed by adding -sin -sinler (plural) directly to the verb
stem.
There is no tense sign intervening.
Although this form of the verb appears to be of the second person in -sin , it actually is not.
It cannot be construed as so because the -sin suffix is added directly to the verb stem and not to a
verb tense base.
Turkish Negative Imperative
gitmemek not to go
Oraya gitmeyelim.
Lets not go there.
bakmamak not to look
Ahmet mektuba bakmasn.
Let Ahmet not look at the letter
bulmamak not to find
Onu bulmasnlar.
Hopefully they won't find it.
beklememek not to wait
Beklemeyeyim!
I'd better not wait.
Kaldrmlara arabalar park etmesnler, trafik kurallarna uysunlar.
They should not park on the pavement, let them conform to the traffic regulations.
Neden egzersiz yapmayalm ki?
Why shouldn't we do that exercise?
Ukrayna bizi etkileyecek ama panik yapmayalm.
Ukraine will affect us but let us not panic.
Turkish Imperative Interrogative
The Interrogative Particle mi?/m? is written separately but obeys vowel harmony rules:
Geleyim mi?
Should I come (too)?
Araba kullanalm mi?
[yr-me-y-elim]
Should we use the car?
Kasabaya yrmeyelim mi?
Shouldn't we walk to town?
Partiye gelsinler mi?
Should they come to the party?
Turkish Imperative Examples
Singular Forms
olmak to become, to happen, to occur
olsun let it be
olmasn let it not be
komak to run
kosun let him run
komasn let him not run
Plural Forms
olsunlar let them be
olmasnlar let them not be
kosunlar let them run
komasnlar let them not run
While in the Hamam Turkish Bath you might say:
Keseci gelsin!
I am ready for the masseur!
[Lit: Let the masseur come]
The third person imperative ending is added directly to the verb stem:
Gelsn Let him come!
When added to a tense sign it is normal verb:
Geliyorsun! You are coming.
Don't get mixed up.!
Daily Turkish and "Formula Speak" Turkish Imperative Examples
(1) Sa ol. (Saol), Sa olun, Sa olunuz.
Thanks very much.
[LIT: Be healthy.]
This form is used a lot to thank someone for some extra service or for something that has put
them out.
It is far more stronger than Teekkr ederim.
Thank you.
When asking a stranger for the time you could answer:
Saol Stay healthy! as a thank you for his trouble.
(2) Eksik olmayn(z)
[Lit: Don't go missing!]
Used for telling someone you like their company and they should "stick around".
(3) Sakn!, Saknnz!
Be careful! Watch out! Protect yourself!
The imperative saknmak to avoid, to beware is used as an interjection to warn or advise.
Sakn ha!
Just mind out!, Just watch it!
Onu yapmaktan saknnz!
Be careful of doing that!
Sakn bunu bir daha yapma!
Don't you ever do that (this) again!
(4) Gemi olsun!
Let it pass!
A formula used to people who are ill:
Get better soon
Also used the those have had an accident or encountered a problem in life: Bad luck!
(5) Kolay gelsin!
May it come easy! Take it easy!
This is usually said to people who are carrying out a duty or their work.
(6) Neden olmasn?
Why let it not be?
This is the same as English
"Why not?"
Neden yok for Why not? is wrong.
It actually means "There is no reason!"
The Accelerative Imperative
Another form of the imperative involves the use of an auxiliary verb:
vermek to give
Postaneye kouverin!
[from verb: kouvermek]
Run to the Post Office!
The Accelerative verb formed from komak to run + vermek to give to run hurriedly
Onu yapver!
Do it quickly!
English would say "Just get it done right now!"
from yapmak + vermek
Vowel Harmony operates on the Imperative Suffixes
Baksana!
Now look here!
Gelsene!
Come on then! or Come along!
Otursanza!
Oh DO sit down! or Why don't (you all) sit down!!
There is only a positive form in Turkish.
It is sometimes translated as negative in English to arrive at the meaning.
Turkish Passive Mood
The Passive Mood:
Signifies that the verb acts upon the subject of the sentence:
Active
anlamak to understand
Active Causative
anlatmak to explain
Passive Causative
anlatlmak to be understood
Active
krmak to break
Active Causative
krdrmak to break something
Passive
krlmak to be broken
[itself in a broken state]
Passive Causative
krdrlmak to be broken by somebody
Active Verb
bulmak to find
Co-operative Active
bulumak to meet/to find each other
Co-operative Passive
buluulmak to be met/to be found together
Active
anlamak to understand
Co-operative Active
anlamak to agree/to understand each other
Co-operative Passive
anlalmak to be agreed
Active
arpmak to hit, collide
Co-operative Active
arpmak to collide with something
Co-operative Passive
arplmak to be in collision with something
None of Verbs above end in -l
Consequently the -il passive suffix is used.
Using short suffixes Turkish can say in one word which would take many more in English.
The use of the differing verb forms is rather difficult at first
By practice and reading the logic of them quickly becomes clear to the student.
Turkish Passive verb stems ending in -l
For veb stems ending in -L the passive mood is formed by the addition -in -n -n -un
Active Mood Passive Mood
delmek to pierce delinmek to be pierced
bilmek to know bilinmek to be known
almak to take alnmak to be taken
bulmak to find bulunmak to be found
Pencereyi kapatt.
He closed the window.
Pencere onun tarafndan kapatld.
The window was closed by him.
Pencere Mehmet tarafndan kapatld.
The window was closed by Mehmet.
Hesap, benim tarafmdan denecek.
The bill will be paid by me.
Kitap, onlarn tarafndan yazlacak.
The book will be written by them.
Top, Mustafa tarafndan bulundu.
[NOT Mustafa 'nn]
The ball was found by Mustapha.
Araba, Ali tarafndan temizleniyor.
The car is being cleaned by Ali.
anlamak to agree
[to understand together]
sevimek to make love
[with each other]
pmek to kiss
[with each other]
konumak to speak and almak to work are also co-operative verbs we can see that -i- shows
shows "a doing together."
icap etmek
to require, to entail
bal olmak
to depend upon
iktiza etmek
to require, be needed
terettp etmek
to be incumbent upon
"Gerek" Example: Short Infinitive -ma/-me verb form (+) possessive suffix followed by
gerek
Gitmem gerek. I have to go.
Bakmaman gerek. You do not need to look.
"Lazim" Example: Short Infinitive -ma/-me verb form (+) possessive suffix followed by
lazm
Mehmet'in gelmesi lazm. Mehmet has to come.
Onlarin yapmamalar lazm. They must do (it).
The infinitive is personalized to show who is under obligation: okumam [okuma-m etc.] my
reading
Benim kitap okumam lzm. I should read a book. [LIT: My reading book is
needed.]
Benim kitap okumam lzm. (arb.) Benim kitap okumam gerek. (TUR.) have the same
meaning.
Senin kitap okuman lzm / gerek. You should read a book.
Ali'nin kitap okumas lzm / gerek. Ali should read a book.
Bizim kitap okumamz lzm / gerek. We should read a book.
Sizin kitap okumanz lzm / gerek. You should read a book.
Onlarn kitap okumas lzm / gerek. They should read a book.
The Possessive Personalized Ownership Condition -in is used with both gerek and lzm
Turkish gerek is now used in periodicals.
The Arabic lzm is used in daily conversation.
Use of ihtiya necessity
Use of mecbur
compulsion
mecbur olmak (Pos.) / mecbur olmalmak (Neg.) [demands a motion towards (-a/-
e) object] to be forced to, be obliged to, have to do something.
Onu bakmaya mecbur oldum.
I felt (that) I had to look at that.
Sonunda onu yapmaya mecbur kaldk.
In the end we did not have to do that.
"Mecbur" Conjugation:
Use of zorunda
under the difficulty of
The noun zor is used meaning: trouble, difficulty, worry, problem,difficult, hard
Verb stem + -mal/ -meli (+) Verb "to be" personal suffixes:
-ym / -yim, -sn / -sin -dr / -dir -yz / -yiz -snz / -siniz -drlar / -dirler should, ought to
ocuklar yarn okula gitmeliler.
The children should to go to school tomorrow.
Souk hava olduu iin denizde yzmemelisin.
You ought not to swim in the sea because of the cold weather.
Positive Verbs:
bakma looking
Negative Verbs:
bakmama not looking
bakmalsn You ought to look / You must look bakmamalsn You ought not to look
bakmalsnz You ought to look / you must look bakmamalsnz You ought not to look
bakmal(dr)lar They ought to look / They must look bakmamal(dr)lar They ought not to look
Ben gitmeliyim I must go, I ought to go, I should go, I have (got) to go
Sen gitmelisin You ought to go
O gitmeli(dir) He, She, It should go
Biz gitmeliyiz We have to go
Siz gitmelisiniz You have got to go
Onlar gitmeli(dir)ler They have to go
Ben gitmeli miyim? Must I go? Ought I to go? Should I go? Have I (got) to go?
Sen gitmeli misin? Ought you to go?
O gitmeli mi? Should he go?
Biz gitmeli miyiz? Have we to go?
Siz gitmeli misiniz? Have you got to go?
Onlar gitmeliler mi? Have they got to go?
Ben gitmemeliyim I must not go, I ought not to go, I should not go, I have not (got) to go
Sen gitmemelisin You ought not to go
O gitmemeli He should not go
Biz gitmemeliyiz We have not to go
Siz gitmemelisiniz You have not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliler They have not got to go
Ben gitmemeli miyim? Must I not go?(Mustn't I go?) Ought I not to go? (Oughtn't I to go?)
Should I not go? (Shouldn't I go?) Have I not (got) to go? (Haven't I (got) to go?)
Sen gitmemeli misin? Ought you not to go? (Oughtn't you to go?)
O gitmemeli mi? Should he not go? (Shouldn't he go?)
Biz gitmemeli miyiz? Have we not got to go? (Haven't we (got) to go?)
Siz gitmemeli misiniz? Have you not to go? (Haven't you to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler mi?Have they not got to go? (Haven't they got to go?)
Active Verb:
yazmak to write
gelmek to come
glmek to laugh
Passive Verb:
yazlmak to be written
Passive Potential:
yazlabilmek
to be able to be written
Active Potential:
gelebilmek
to be able to come
yazabilmek
to be able to write
glebilmek
to be able to laugh
The Causative Potential:
gldrmek to make s.o. laugh
Causative Potential Passive :
gldrebilmek
to be able to make s.o. laugh
Verb Stems ending in a Vowel: add -yebil- -yabil- using buffer letter -y-
yrmek to walk yryebilmek
[yryebilmek]
to be able to walk
tamak to carry tayabilmek
[tayabilmek]
to be able to carry
gelebiliyor muyum?
Can I come?
gelebiliyor musunuz?
Can you come?
Future Potential:
kalmak to stay, to remain
kalabilecek to be able to stay, remain
[in future time]
kalabileceim
I will be able to stay
kalabileceksin
you will be able to stay
kalabilecek
he will be able to stay
kalabileceiz
we will be able to stay
kalabileceksiniz
you will be able to stay
kalabilecekler
they will be able to stay
Future Interrogative Potential: Is formed in a similar manner.
gidebilecek misiniz?
will you be able to go?
BILGISAYAR BILEN
BAYAN ELEMAN
ARANIYOR
0533 4895103
GNES STESNE
AIT OLMAYAN
ARACLARIN PARK
ETMES YASAKTIR
Gne sitesine
(In) to the Gne Site
ait olmayan
who is not concerned
aralarn park etmesi
their car's its-parking
yasaktr.
is prohibited.
Yzmekte olanlar
those who are presently swimming.
Denizde yzmekte olanlar tanrm.
I know those who are presently swimming in the sea.
Kalmakta olanlardan
from those who are presently staying.
Hrszlar, otelde kalmakta olanlardan para aldlar.
The thieves stole money from those who are staying at the hotel.
Beklemekte olana
to he who is waiting and still is waiting.
Bu koliyi, beklemekte olana verin.
Give this parcel to the man (he who is) waiting.
The Subject Pariciple signifies the person / thing who is doing something.
alan zil
The bell which is ringing.
This description itself can be an Object of another verb:
alan zili duyabiliyorum [zil-i]
I can hear the bell (obj.) which is ringing.
alan zili duyabildim
I could hear the bell which was ringing.
The passive of almak is alnmak
alnan zili duyabiliyorum
I can hear the bell that is being rung.
alnan zili duydum
I heard the bell that was being rung.
The object participle signifies the person / thing that is actioned by something as an object.
Mehmet'in ald zili duyabiliyorum
I can hear the bell that Mehmet is / was ringing.
Mehmet is actioning the "ringing"
Similarly in the Passive: Mehmet tarafndan alnan zili duyabiliyorum
I can hear the bell that is / was being rung by Mehmet.
In Turkish if a participle is put between the nouns:
the "possessive construction" at the end of the second noun IS NOT NECESSARY.
WRONG: Mehmet'in ald zili(ni)
[objective -ni is not used.]
CORRECT: Mehmet'in ald zili
The bell that mehmet pulled.
WRONG: Aye'nin okuduu kitabn sen de okumak istiyor musun?
[objective -ni is not used.]
CORRECT: Aye'nin okuduu kitab sen de okumak istiyor musun?
Do you also want read the book that Ayshe has read?
HOWEVER:
If a normal adjective is between the nouns: IT IS NECESSARY to use an objective on the
possessed noun.
Aye'nin kaln kitabn [kitab-n] bulamyorum.
I cannot find Ayshe's thick book.
Annesi, evin kk odasn [odas-n] ailenin en kk ocuuna verdi.
The mother gave the house's small room to the smallest child.
"Hayr" diyemeyceiniz tek lezzet. A famous 'nut spead' slogan seen on supermarket shelves:
"Hayr" diyemeyceiniz tek lezzet.
Ben 14 seneden beri ayni firmada sistem mhendisi olarak almaktaydm. [I had been working]
Firmam baka bir firma ile birleince i hayatma bu yeni firma altnda devam ettim.
Bu gei surecinde istersek iten kabileceimiz [that we will be able to quit] ve tazminat
[compensation] alabileceiz [that we will be able to take] sylendi.
Biz istemedik.
Aradan gecen 16 ayda ynetim tarafnda bir ok deiiklik oldu ve biz artk oluan bu yeni ynetim
organizasyonunda olmayacamz [That we will not be able to] ve kmak istediimizi [that we
wanted] syledik.
Fakat bize dedikleri "Biz sizi brakmak istemiyoruz, siz bize lzmsnz. Bizler, sizlerden
memnunuz."
Biz, ie byle bir ynetim altnda devam edemeyeceimizden [that we will not be able to
continue] dolay, ayrlmakta kararl olduumuzu [that we will be in acceptance] syledik.
Onlarda bize bu artlarda tazminat ve dier haklarmzn yanacan [that will put aside] sylediler.
Ne yapmamz lazm ltfen yardim.
Turkish Future Participle - How to say "instead of"
There is a special construction in Turkish when making a choice between future actions.
This consists of the Future Participle + person + motion toward -a/-e
akmakto flow
akar that which flows
[continually, habitually]
It is verb when placed AFTER a noun:
IKMAZ SOKAK
IKMAZ SOKAK cul-de-sac
[street which does not exit.]
Or as a passive verb:
IKILMAZ IKILMAZ
DOES NOT EXIT
i work
i worker
toplamak to collect
toplayc collector
futbol football
futbolcu footballer
kale castle, goal
kaleci goal-keeper
kalmak to remain
kalc permanent, durable
The meaning is different from the Subject Participle -en -an This means "who is actually actioning
the verb".
vermek to give
verici donor
BUT veren who gives
bulmak to find
bulucu detector
BUT bulan who finds
Verb: to work
Denoting Participle: worker [the actor]
worker bee (adj.)
to operate operator
machine operator (noun.)
to fill filler
filler cap (adj.)
to cut cutter
metal cutter (noun.)
to wait waiter
waiter sevice (adj.)
bcek ldrc
insecticide
uyuturucu
narcotic drug
gldrc
amusing
etkileyici
effective
The -ici participle is very productive in Turkish.
Care must be taken to correctly comprehend ts meanng
merak uyandrc
intriguing [adj.]
nefret uyandrc
disgusting
ehvet uyandrc
lascivious
phe uyandrc
suspicious
before
nce or -meden / -madan nce
ENG: I went out to play before I had dinner.
TUR: Before I had dinner, I went out to play.
Akam yemeini yemeden nce darya oynamaya ktm.
[LIT: The evening meal from-the-eating before to-the-out to-the playing
exited-I.]
The sun had set in the west before we reached our destination.
Biz hedefimize varmadan nce gne batdan batmt.
We must go home before it gets dark.
Hava kararmadan nce eve gitmeliyiz.
We shall have had lunch by the time that the train gets to London.
Tren Londraya varmadan nce len yemeimizi yyecektik.
My small brother had eaten all the pie before I got back.
Ben dnmeden nce kk erkek kardeim btn brei yemiti.
I will finish everything by the time my father comes home.
Babam eve gelmeden nce her eyi bitireceim.
The party will be over by the time we get there.
Biz oraya varmadan nce parti sona erecek.
By the time we got there, the meeting had already started.
Oraya varmadan nce toplant balamt bile.
because of
-dan dolay OR yznden
Because of what Mehmet has done we can never succeed.
Mehmet'in yaptndan dolay asla baaramayz.
[LIT: Mehhmet's the-that-did-he-from thing reason-its ever to not
succeeed-are-able we.]
Because of what Mehmet has done we can never succeed.
Mehmet'in yapt ey yznden asla baaramayz.
Because of what Mehmet has done we will never be able to succeed.
Mehmet'in yapt ey yznden asla baaramayacaz.
after, afterwards
sonra OR -dikten sonra
ENG: I turned the lights off after my sister went to bed.
TUR: After my sister went to bed, I turned off the lights.
Kz kardeim yattktan sonra klar sndrdm. [Causative Verb Form]
LIT: My sister the-that-lied-down-from after the-lights
extinguished-made-I. ]
After the plane took off, we ate our lunch.
Uak havalandktan sonra le yemeimizi yedik.
I am going to ask the teacher a question after the class is over.
Ders bittikten sonra retmene bir soru soracam.
I will write to you after I leave Ankara.
Ankara'dan ayrldktan sonra sana mektup yazacam.
They went to the theater after they had finished their work.
lerini bitirdikten sonra tiyatroya gittiler.
We went to Italy after the war broke out.
Sava ktktan sonra talya'ya gittik.
as -dnda or -nca or iken
Vowel harmonised + consonant mutated suffixes:
-dnda- / diinde -duunda- / dnde -tnda- / tiinde -tuunda- / tnde
-(y)nca /-(y)nce /-(y)unca /-(y)nce = on doing
is vowel harmonized and adds buffer letter -y-when added to vowels:
gidince on going
ben bankaya gidince = when I go to the bank / on going to he bank, I
o fkray kimse glmynce..
when nobody laughs at that joke / on not laughing at
as
-dnda OR -ncaOR iken
ENG: Mehmet went to bed as the clock struck ten.
TUR: As the clock struck ten, Mehmet went to bed.
Saat onu vurunca Mehmet yatt.
just as
tam OR iken
ENG: The phone rang just as I was leaving the house.
TUR: Just as I was leaving the house, the phone rang.
Ben, tam evden ayrlrken telefon ald.
[LIT: I, just (completely) house-from leaving-while, the-telephone
rang-it.]
Mehmet opened the door just as I began to speak about him..
Tam onun hakknda konumaya baladm zaman Mehmet kapy at.
Just as I was leaving home, it started to rain.
Ben, tam evden ayrlrken yamur yamaya balad.
Just as the teacher was cleaning the board, the inspector entered the class.
Tam retmen tahtay silerken mfetti snfa girdi.
as soon as ir mez
The simple timless tense posititve -r and negative -maz/-mez signs are used in apposition.
as soon as
ir mez
ENG: We shall have tea as soon as my father comes home.
TUR: As soon as my father comes home we shall have tea.
Babam eve gelir gelmez ay ieceiz.
They turned on the lights as soon as the film ended.
Film biter bitmez klar atlar.
We will come to see you as soon as the holidays start.
Tatil balar balamaz sizi grmeye geleceiz.
As soon as Aye had finished her homework, she went out to play.
Aye ev devini bitirir bitirmez darya oynamaya kt.
We shall go as soon as my father is ready.
Babam hazr olur olmaz gideceiz.
As soon as you buy this novel, I will borrow it from you..
Sen bu roman satn alr almaz onu senden dn alacam.
while, during
iken OR esnasnda
ENG: We stayed at a hotel while we were in Istanbul.
TUR: While we were in Paris, we stayed at a hotel.
Biz stanbul 'da iken bir otelde kaldk.
While the children were playing in the garden it started to rain.
ocuklar bahede oynarken yamur yamaya balad.
While you are having your bath, I will listen to the radio.
Sen banyo yaparken ben radyo dinleyeceim.
I will accompany the lady while she is singing.
Bayan ark sylerken ona elik edeceim.
I read the book while I was in hospital.
Kitab hastanede iken okudum.
The footballer had a heart attack during the match
Futbolcu ma esnasnda kalp krizi geirdi.
no sooner than
-masyla /-mesiyle bir oldu
ENG: The dance had no sooner started than the lights went out.
TUR: No sooner had the dance started then the lights went out.
Dansn balamasyla klarn snmesi bir oldu.
No sooner had I returned from Ankara than l left for Paris.
Ankara'dan geri dnmemle Paris'e hareket etmem bir oldu.
He had no sooner got into bed than the window was opened.
Yataa girmesiyle pencerenin almas bir oldu.
Ali no sooner entered the room than the telephone rang again.
Ali'nn odaya girmesi ile telefonun tekrar almas bir oldu.
Hasan had no sooner put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.
Hasan'n ahizeyi yerine koymas ile telefonun tekrar almas bir oldu.
No sooner did I see him, than I recognized him.
Onu grmemle tanmam bir oldu.
No sooner had the stranger opened the gate than the dog barked at him.
Yabancnn bahe kapsn amasyla kpein ona havlamas bir oldu.
whenever
her ne zaman
[LIT: all the which time]
ENG: Whenever I started to speak English, my friend used to laugh.
TUR: My friend used to laugh whenever I started to speak English.
Her ne zaman ngilizce konumaya balasam arkadam glerdi.
You may visit us whenever you come to Istanbul..
Her ne zaman stanbul'a gelirsen bizi ziyaret edebilirsin.
Whenever I sing a song, my sister goes out of the room right away.
Her ne zaman ark sylesem kz kardeim derhal odadan dar kar.
Whenever we go to Bursa, we climb up the mountain.
Her ne zaman Bursa'ya gitsek daa trmanrz.
I can't sleep whenever I drink too much coffee.
Her ne zaman ok kahve isem uyuyamam.
Ki as a Conjunction
This word ki replaces the English words who, that, which when joining two ideas in relation to
each other.
Elimdeki para.
The money (that is) in my hand, The money (that) I've got.
Yanmdaki para yok.
I don't have money with me.
[LIT: the that is by my side money does not exist.]
Turkish Ki as an Idiom
Ki is often used for completion purposes meaning which is / that is / what is
These utterances are often written as a single word [although they are not]
oysa ki
[oysaki]
if it is thus, if that's the way it is, thus, so then
hal bu ki
[halbuki]
the condition is this, that is the way it is, so then
yle ki
such that, in fact
[LIT: it is thus]
yeter ki no longer
[LIT: its enough that]
kald ki moreover, besides
[LIT: it remained that]
oysaki
however, yet, though
[LIT: if it is that way]
mademki
seeing that, since, as long as
[LIT: in that]
halbuki so, then
[LIT: the condition is this]
sanki
as if, it seems, although
[LIT: if it is that]
dnk
yesterday's
[LIT: that of yesterday]
ki is vowel harmonised after letter -
akamki
the evening's
[LIT: that of the evening]
az nceki a little earlier on
[LIT: less (time) before]
Ki as a Relative Pronoun
The suffix -ki can be added to the completed noun.
It is used in place of the noun + noun completion.
bura here
[LIT: this place]
ura there
[LIT: that place]
ora that yonder
[LIT: that place over there]
These words are seldom used in this pure form.
They are suffixed to show where, from, to, towards,
Forming Turkish Extended Spatials
Turkish Spatials - Static Position
Static Position Suffix: [locative] -de/-da in, on, at forms Basic Locatoion:
All the various Noun Conditions can be used to extend the spatials.
bura(s) here
buray here (obj.)
buraya to here
burada at here
buradan from here
burann belonging to here, of here
buralar hereabouts
bura(s)yla with this place here
The same is also valid for ura(s), ora(s) and also interrogative nere(si)?
Buralarda bir gzel restoran var m? Is there a good restaurant around here?
Buraya gel! Come [to] here!
Oradan yeil bir araba geldi. A green car came from over there.
urada byk bir otel var. There is a big hotel there.
burada here
[LIT: bu-ra-da this-place-at]
urada there
[LIT: u-ra-da that-place nearer-at or in between-at]
orada over there
[LIT: o-ra-da that-place yonder-at]
nerede? where?
[LIT: ne-re-de? what-place-at?]
In conversation these words abraded to burda, urda, orda, nerde?
Masadaki kitap.
The book (which is) on the table.
Masadaki kitab bana verin.
Give me the book (which is) on the table.
Kilitteki anahtar.
The key (which is) in the lock.
Kilitteki anahtar karnz.
(Would you) take the key out of the lock.
[LIT:: Lock-in-which-is key-the take out!]
Kutudaki kibritler nemlidir.
The matches (which are) in the box are damp.
The Turkish aspect differs from English and can only be appreciated by usage and practice, as it
is an alien construction for English speakers.
-deki can also be used as a location in time scale:
nmzdeki hafta. next week
[LIT: Front-of-us-which-is week.]
nmzdeki haftann havas ok gneli olacak.
The week ahead's weather will be very sunny.
Turkish Extended Spatials showing Movement
If we need to show movement from or movement to a place or places then we must use a different
suffix such as -dan from or -a to, towards.. in order to modify the meaning:
The plural forms buralarda, uralarda, oralarda, nerelerde cause the meaning to be:
1. More vague:
buralarda
hereabouts, around here
2. More spatial:
uralarda
thereabouts, around there,over there
3. More generalized:
oralarda thereabouts, over there, around about
4. Any mixture of the three:
nerelerde?
whereabouts?
The meanings have become more generalized in both space and location.
The meanings based on uralarda are in the near vicinity whilst those based on oralarda are
more distant, maybe in another country.
The Plural Forms are also extended with -dan from.. and -a towards..
buralardan from hereabouts
[bu-ra-lar-dan]
uralardan from around there
[u-ra-lar-dan]
oralardan over around there
[o-ra-lar-dan]
nerelerden? whereabouts from?
[ne-re-ler-den?]
buralara to around here
[bu-ra-lar-a]
uralara to around there
[u-ra-lar-a]
oralara to those parts
[u-ra-lar-a]
nerelere? whereabouts to?
[ne-re-ler-e?]
The plural forms are vaguer and wider and are used as in English make these distinctions
in place and space.
Buralarda bir gzel restoran var m?
Is there a good restaurant around here?
Buraya gel!
Come (to) here!
Orada yeil araba var.
There is a green car over there.
urada byk otel var.
There is a big hotel there.
Kredi Bankas nerede?
Where is the Kredi Bank?.
ar nerelerde?
Whereabouts are the shops?.
Buradan saat sekizde kalm
Let's leave (from) here at 8 o' clock.
Here is a conversation between Ali and his friend Mehmet to explain the above about
general and precise location:
Ali: Neredesin?
Where are you?
Mehmet: skdar' daym.
I am in skdar.
Ali: skdar' n neresinde?
Whereabouts (of Uskudar)?
Mehmet: Ahmet emesi' nin yanndaym.
I'm by the Ahmet Fountain.
Another conversation between Mehmet and Ali to show the difference between the:
nereye? where to? as a general location [LIT:: to where?]
AND the neresine? just where to? as an exact location type of usage:[LIT:: to THE
where?]
Mehmet: Bu akam nereye gidiyorsun?
Where are you going (to) this evening?
Ali: Merkeze gidiyorum.
I'm going to the town center.
Mehmet: Merkezin neresine?
Where to (exactly) of the town center?
Ali: Byk Efes Oteline gidiyorum
I'm going to the Grand Efes Hotel.
All these mean exactly: right here or right there or just where?
Buras souk.
It is cold right here.
Burasna gel!
Come (right to) here.
Binann burasndan kaalm!
Let's get away from this building (here.)
Buradan kaalim!
Let's get out of here!
zmir? Oras gzel.
Izmir? That very place is beautiful.
antam, odamn neresine koydum, acaba?
Where exactly did I put my bag in my room I wonder?
Or more general: antam nereye koydum acaba?
Where did I put my bag, I wonder?
Kitab dolabn urasna koyun.
Put the book just over there in(to) the cupboard.
Or more General: Kitab uraya koyun.
Put the book just over there.
Tam saat sekizde burada grelim.
Let's meet right here at dead on 8 o' clock.
buras, uras, oras can be only used alone in the subject (nominative) condition:
Buras neresi?
Where is this (exactly)?
uras gzelmi.
Just there is beautiful.
Oras gzel.
It is nice over there.
The other cases need a possessor -(n)n which possesses these buras suras, oras.
Binann burasna gel!
Come right here to the building!
Balkonun urasnda bir ku vard.
There was a bird right on the balcony.
Partinin orasndan ilgin sesler geliyordu.
There are interesting sounds coming out of party's place there.
Kapnn arkas.
[Kapn-n arka-s]
The back of the door.
[LIT: the house-of the back-its.]
Duvarn d taraf.
[Duvar-n d taraf-]
The outer side of the wall
[LIT: the wall-of the outer side-its.]
Spatial Relationships are a form of the Possessive Relationship in Turkish.
One noun owns the second.
Further small suffixes to, from, at etc. can be added to complete the meaning as required.
Masann stnden
From the top of the table.
(uses -den suffix.)
Masann stnde.
On the top of the table.
(uses -de suffix.)
Masann stne.
To the top of the table.
(uses -e suffix.)
This then is the way that Turkish treats spatial relationships.
They are constantly used in daily conversation and reading.
Turkish Spatial Expressions
d/d Exterior, outside
kapnn dndan
from (the) outside (of the) gate
bankann dndan
from (the) outside (of the) bank
peronun dna
to (the) outside (of the) railway platform
English sometimes drops the little word of
The noun d the exterior takes a buffer letter -n- when adding the -de and -dan suffixes.
Do not mix this word with di tooth which is spelt with a Dotted -i-
Another sign in a park cafe in Kuadas dardan
"In here which are sold products from outside to bring is prohibited. We thank you."
i interior, internal
-(n)in iine
to the inside of
-(n)in iinde
at the inside of
-(n)in iinden
from the inside of
Used as an Adjective
i hastalklar
internal diseases
i sava
civil war
Used as a Noun
odann ii
the inside of the room
ormann iinde
in the depths the forest
garn iinden
from the inside of the railway station
-(n)in yanna
to the side of
-(n)in yannda
at/by the side of
-(n)in yanndan
from the side of
Used as an Adjective
yan kap
side gate
yan sokak
side road
Used as a Noun
kapnn yannda
(right/just = -inda) next to the gate
bankann yanndan
from next to the bank
sol duvarn yanna
next to the left wall
duvarn sol yanna
next to the left side of the wall
Mehmet, Ali'nin yanna oturdu.
Mehmet sat down next to Ali.
Mehmet, Ali'nin yannda oturdu.
Mehmet sat next to Ali.
Kitabi, yatan yanndaki masann stne att.
He threw the book on top of the table beside the bed.
-(n)in tarafna
to the side part of
-(n)in tarafnda
at/by the side part of
-(n)in tarafndan
from the side part of
kapnn tarafnda
at the side of the gate
bankann tarafndan
from the side (of) the bank
peronun tarafna
to the side of the railway Platform
Arabann alt tarafndan bir seyler damlyor.
Something(s) is dripping from the underside of the car.
Sen kimin tarafndasn? Benim(ki) mi onun(ku) mu?
Whose side are you on? Mine or his?
Dolabn st tarafna baktn m?
Have you looked at (to) the topside of the cupboard?
st top, topmost
-(n)in stne
to the top of
-(n)in stnde
at/by the top of
-(n)in stnden
from the top of
Used as an Adjective
st tepe
the top hill
en st pencere
the uppermost window
Used as a Noun
bardan stnde
on top of the glass
aalarn stne
towards the top of the trees
arabamn stnden
from the top of the my car
Kitabi, masann stne koydu.
He put the book on top of the table.
Kapnn zerinde byk bir pencere vard.
There was a big window over (on top of) the door.
zeri over
zeri
over, on top of, in addition to, besides
-(n)in zerine
over
-(n)in stnde
at/by the top of, over the top of..
-(n)in stnden
from the top of, from over the top of.
alt under
alt
bottom, under, below, underneath
-(n)in altna
under, to the under of
-(n)in altnda
under, at/by the under of
-(n)in altndan
from underneath
Used as an Adjective
alt kap
the bottom gate
alt dolap
the lower cupboard
Used as a Noun
Alt dolabn altna fincanlar koyunuz darda.
Put the cups (to the) underneath the bottom cupboard.
Masann altndan topu cekin.
Get the ball from under the table.
Sa ayamn alt kanyor.
The underneath of my right foot is itching.
-(n)in ortasna
to the middle of
-(n)in ortasnda
at the middle of
-(n)in ortasndan
from the middle of
Used as an Adjective
orta kap
the middle gate
orta oda
the centre room
Used as a Noun
parkn ortasna
to the middle of the park
bahenin ortasnda
in the middle of the garden
orta odann ortasndan
from the centre of the middle room
art behind
art
behind, rear side, backside
-(n)in ardna
to the behind of
-(n)in ardnda
at the rear of
-(n)in ardndan
from behind of
art is not an adjective it is only used as a noun.
Used as a Noun
kapnn ardnda
at the rear the door, behind the door
bankann ardndan
from behind the bank
mutfan ardna
to the rear of the kitchen
-(n)in arkasna
to the back of
-(n)in arkasnda
at/by back of
-(n)in arkasndan
from the back of
Used as an Adjective
arka kap
the back gate
arka bahe
the back garden
Used as a Noun
kapnn arkas
the back of the door
garajn arkasndan
from back of the garage
kuyruun arkasna
to the back of the queue
n front
-(n)in nne
to the front of
-(n)in nnde
at/by front of
-(n)in nnden
from the front of
Used as an Adjective
n kap
the front door
n pencereler
the front windows
Used as a Noun
kapnn nnde
in front of the door
manavn nne
to the front of the greengrocer's
raflarn nnden
from the front of the shelves
yakn near
yakn
near, nearby, close to, in the vicinity of
-(n)in yaknna
to the nearby of
-(n)in yaknnda
nearby
-(n)in yaknndan
from near the
Used as an Adjective
yakn kap
the nearby gate
yakn bir ofis
an office nearby
Used as a Noun
kapnn yaknnda
near the gate
kapnn yaknlarnda
near by the gate
[plural is more vague.]
bankann yaknndan
from close to the bank
[LIT: from the near of the bank]
otogarn yaknna
in the vicinity of bus station
-(n)in arasna
in between
-(n)in arasnda
between
-(n)in arasndan
from between
Used as an Adjective
ara kap
the door between
[a connecting door between rooms]
Used as a Noun
hafta aras
mid-week
kaplarn arasnda
in between (of) the doors
Masalarn arasna iskemleyi koyun.
Put the chair (to the) between (of the) tables.
Bunlarn arasndan bir tane aln.
Take one from between these.
This word refers to the space between, meaning between or among
It preceded either by a plural noun or several nouns connected by ile also, and.
-(n)in karsna
to the opposite side of, against
-(n)in karsnda
at the opposite side of, against
-(n)in karsndan
from the opposite side of, against
Used as an Adjective
kar kap
the opposite gate
kar kaldrm
the opposite pavement
(USA: opposite sidewalk)
Used as a Noun
kapnn karsnda
opposite the gate
bankann karsndaki sokak
the street which is opposite the bank
Mehmet, kahvenin karsndan kt.
Mehmet came out from opposite the cafe.
etraf around
Etraf was originally an Arabic Plural of taraf side
etraf
around, environment, surroundings
-(n)in etrafna
to the surrounds of
-(n)in etrafnda
around the
-(n)in etrafndan
from around the
Used as a Noun
etraf is not an adjective it is only used as a noun.
-(n)in evresine
to the surrounds of
-(n)in evresinde
around the
-(n)in evresinden
from around the
Used as an Adjective
evre yolu
circular road
(bypass road)
Used as a Noun
kentin evreleri
the surroundings of the town
Bankann evresinde bir park bulunur.
There is a park surrounding the bank.
Fabrikann evresine bir engel koydular.
They have put a barrier around the factory.
In Geometry evre also means perimeter
"We apologize on account of the dangers and discomforts that we will give to our
surroundings during building works."
evre-miz-e
surroundings-of-us-to
inaat srasnda
during the building (works)
vereceimiz zaralardan
from the damages that we wil give
rahat-sz-lk-lar-dan dolay
[LIT: discomfortnesses-from because of]
aa down, downstairs
-(n)in aas
downwards
-(n)in aasnda
- below, downstairs
-(n)in -aasndan
from below, less than
Used as an Adjective
aa mahalle
a low town district
(Figuratively: slum)
aa kat
the floor below
Used as a Noun
iniin aas
downhill
[LIT: The down of the hill]
merdivenin aasna
to downstairs
Yolun aasndan yryn.
Walk from the bottom of the road.
Dan aas serin.
It is chilly down the mountain.
[LIT: The down of the mountain is chilly.]
Dan aasndaki aalar ok gzel.
The trees which are at the lower side of the mountain are very beautiful.
Dan aasndan gelen rzgar ok souk.
The wind which comes from the lower side of the mountain is so cold.
Yukar Bavyera
Upper Bavaria
Aa Bavyera
Lower Bavaria.
Some places in Turkey called Lower.
Aaazapl, village in Adyaman Province.
Aanasrl, a village in the District of Glba.
Aa Gkdere, Eridir, Isparta.
Aa Pnar, Neolithic excavation in the outskirts of the town of Krklareli.
Akbank Aaayranc ubesi, a local bank in Ankara ankaya.
Aa Dudullu lkretim Okulu, mraniye, stanbul.
Aa Yuval Ky, a village in Gmhane.
Aa Hadim Cami, a mosque in Konya.
Used as an Adjective
yukar ev
the house above
yukar dal
the branch (of a tree) above
Used as a Noun
yoku yukar
uphill
merdivenin yukars
upstairs
Tepenin yukarsndan indik.
We came down from the top of the hill.
Some places in Turkey called Upper.
Yukar Borandere, Kayseri
Yukar Dden elalesi Antalya
Yukar Aadeve, Hamur, Ar Province
Yukar Karahayt Hotels
Yukar Norgh in Erzurum
Yukar Pnarca Ky Trabzon
Yukar Nasrl Turkey
Yukar Gkdere, Eridir, Isparta
br to other
demek to pay
dev duty; homework
le noon
renci student
renmek to learn
retim instruction; education
retmek to teach
retmen teacher
lmek to measure; to consider
l measurement
lmek to die
lm death
mr life span; amusing
n front
nce first; ago
nem importance
nemli important
pmek to kiss
yle like that, so
zel private
zr excuse; defect
P
pahal expensive
paket packet, package
palto man's coat
pansiyon boarding house
pantalon pants, trousers
para money
para piece, bit, segment
park park
parlak bright, shining, successful
parmak finger, toe,
pasaport passport
pasta pastry, dessert
pastane pastry shop
patates potato
patron employer, head of a business
pazar open market; Sunday
pazartesi Monday
pek very much; hard, firm
peki very good
pembe pink
pencere window
perde curtain, screen, veil
perembe Thursday
peynir cheese
piknik picnic
pilav pilaf
pis dirty, foul, obscene
piirmek to cook, to bake
pimek to be cooked, baked; to ripen, to mature
plaj beach
polis police, policeman
politika politics, policy
portakal orange
posta post, postal service
postane post office
profesr professor
program program
pul stamp
R
radyo radio
raf shelf
ramen (-a) in spite (of)
rahat comfortable
rak anise flavored alcoholic drink
randevu appointment, rendezvous
reel jam
renk color
renkli colored, colorful
resim picture
resm official, formal
ressam painter, artist
rica request
rzgr wind
S
saat watch, clock, hour
sabah morning
sa hair
sade mere, simple, pure
sa alive
salk life, health
saha space, field
sahi sound, true, correct
sahip owner
sakn beware; objection
salata salad, lettuce
sal Tuesday
salon hall, guest room, dining room
sanayi industries
sandalye chair
saniye second, moment
sanki supposing that
sanmak to think
sar yellow; pale
satc salesman
satn almak to buy
satmak to sell
sava struggle, fight, war
sayfa page
saymak to count
sebep cause, reason, source
sebze vegetable
semek to choose, select
sefer voyage
sekiz eight
sekreter secretary
seksen eighty
selm greeting, salutation
sen you
sene year
serbest free, independent
sergi exhibition
serin cool
sert hard, violent
ses sound, noise, voice
sevgili beloved, dear
sevin joy, delight
sevinmek to be pleased with
sevmek to love, like
seyahat journey, travelling
seyretmek to see, to look on
scak warm, hot, heat
sfr zero
sk close together, dense
skmak to press, squeeze
snf class
sr secret, mystery
sra row, turn, file
sigara/cgara cigarette
sinema cinema
siyah black
siz you
soan onion
souk cold, frigid
sohbet conversation, chat
sokak street
sol left, left-hand
son end, result, last
sonbahar fall, autumn
sonra afterwards
sormak to ask
soru question
sorun problem
soyad family name, surname
sylemek to say
sz word, speech, rumour
szlk dictionary
spor sport, games
su water, fluid
subay officer
sultan ruler
susmak to be silent
srmek to drive
st milk
air poet
apka hat
arap wine
ark east, Orient
art condition
armak to be confused about
amak to be perplexed
ehir town, city
eker sugar, candy
ekerli sweetened
emsiye umbrella
ey thing
ikyet complaint
imdi now
irket company, partnership
i spit, skewer; swelling, swollen
ie bottle
iman fat
ofr chauffer
yle in that manner, so, just
u that, this
ubat February
phe doubt, suspicion
T
tabak plate, dish
tabii of course
tahsil collection; study, education
tahta blackboard; board, plank
takm set; team
taksi taxi
tam complete, entire, perfect
tamam OK; completion, end
tane grain; piece;
tanmak to know
tanmak to meet, make acquaintance
tanr god; God
taraf side, direction
tarif description; tariff
tarih history
tarla arable field
ta stone
tamak to carry, transport, bear
tanmak to move to (location) ; be carried to
tatil holiday, vacation
tatl sweet, drinkable
tavuk hen
taze fresh, new
tebrik congratulation
tehlike danger
tek single, alone
teklif proposal, offer
tekrar repetition
tekrarlamak to repeat
telefon telephone
televizyon television
telgraf telegraph, telegram
tembel lazy
temiz clean, pure, honest
temizlemek to clean
temmuz July
temsil representation
tepe hill, summit
tercih preference
terzi tailor
teekkr thanks, giving thanks
trnak finger nail, toe nail;
ticaret trade, commerce
tiyatro theater
top ball, anything round
toplamak to collect, gather, tidy
toplant assembly, meeting
toprak earth, soil, land
tramway tram, streetcar
tra/tra shaving
tren train
tuhaf uncommon, curious
turist tourist
turistik touristic
turuncu orange (color)
tutmak to hold; to catch, seize
tuvalet toilet
tuz salt
tuzlu salted, salty
trl various
ttn tobacco
U
ucuz cheap
uak airplane
umak to fly, to evaporate, disappear
ufak small
uramak to stop by
ulus people, nation
ummak to hope, expect
umumiyetle usually, generally
unutmak to forget
uyanmak to awake, come to life
uygun comfortable, suitable, appropriate
uyku sleep (n.)
uyumak to sleep
uzak distant, remote
uzatmak to extend, prolong
uzun long
three
lke country
mit hope, expectation
niversite university
nl famous
st top, upper surface
t flat-iron
ye member
zere at the point of, about to
zmek to strain, break; to hurt the feelings of
zlmek to be worn out
zm grape
V
vakit time
vali governor
valiz suit-case
vapur steamer
var there is, there are
varmak to arrive, to reach
vatan native country
vatanda citizen, compatriot
vazgemek to give up, to abandon
vazife duty, obligation
vaziyet position, situation
ve and
vermek to give
veya or
vurmak to hit, kill, steal, swindle
Y
ya.. ya da.. either ... or ...
yabanc stranger, foreigner
ya oil, fat, grease
yamak to rain
yamur rain (n.)
yahut or
yakn near (to)
yakt fuel (for heating)
yakmak to light, ignite
yalan lie, fabrication
yalnz alone, lonely
yan side; neighborhood
yanak cheek
yani that is to say
yanl error
yanmak to burn, be on fire
yapmak to make; to build; to create
yaprak leaf, grape leaf; layer
yardm help
yar half of the
yarm half (n.)
yarn tomorrow
yasak prohibition, ban, prohibited
ya damp, fresh
yaamak to live; to enjoy
yal old, elderly
yatak bed
yatmak to go to bed
yava slow; quiet
yavru young animal
yaz summer
yaz writing
yazk pity, shame
yazmak to write
yedi seven
yemek to eat; to spend (money)
yeni new
yer place; position
yeil green
yetimek to catch, make; to be in time for
yetmek to be sufficient
yetmi seventy
ykamak to wash; to bathe
ykanmak to be washed; to be bathed
yl year
yine / gene again, once more; still, even so
yirmi twenty
yiyecek food
yourt yogurt
yok there is not.., there are not..
yoksa or?; if not..? (used in questions)
yol road, path, route
yolcu traveler; passenger
yolculuk journey, trip
yollamak to send
yorgun tired
yorulmak to get tired
yn direction, aspect, angle
ynetici manager, administrator
yukar upstairs; upper
yumurta egg; testicle
yumu soft, tender, gentle
yurt homeland of a people or nation
yksek high; lofty
ykselmek to rise, ascend
yrmek to work, to march, to move forward
yz one hundred; face; reason
yzmek to swim, to float
Z
zahmet trouble
zaman time
zamir pronoun
zarf envelope
zaten anyway; besides
zengin rich
zeytin olive (fruit)
zil doorbell, buzzer
ziyaret visit, pilgrimage
zor trouble, worry, difficulty
At least en azndan
A little biraz
At most en ok ; azami
At once derhal
As a rule usulen
As for me bana kalrsa
By airmail uakla
By heart ezberden
At first ilkin
By means of aracyla
At hand elde
By no means asla
Care of eliyle
If need be gerekirse
If possible kabilse
Ill-timed zamansz
Frequently sk sk
Full up dolmutur
In order to amacyla
No doubt phesiz
Of course tabii
Of late geenlerde
On and on durmadan
I suppose so galiba
It is of no use bouna
On foot yryerek
On leave izinli
Less daha az
Let's go gidelim
On top of tepesinde
To be sure tabii
Up to date modern
Welcome! ho geldiniz
So long eyvallah
Sooner or later er ge
So that yle ki
saniye second
an moment
anbean [an-be-an] moment-by-moment, gradually
dakika minute
(1) saat hour (2) saat clock [plural: saatler "hours"]
kol saati wrist-watch [LIT: arm clock]
(1)uyarc saat alarm clock (2)alar saat alarm clock
gn day
gnbegn day-by-day, gradually
hafta week
ay month [also "moon"]
(1) yl TUR:] year (2) sene [arb.] year [both in general use]
zaman time
vakit [vakti] time [a particular occasion]
vakit [vakt-im] my time
defa time [as an event or occasion]
kere time [point in time]
kez a point in time
Ne zaman gelirsin?
When will you come?
Saat yedi'yi eyrek geiyorken gelirim.
I'll come while a quarter is passing seven.
afak dawn
kahvalt breakfast
sabah morning
sabahleyin at morning, in the morning
gn day
btn gn all day long
her gn every day
gndz daytime, daylight
le noon
leden sonra afternoon
le yemei lunch
akam evening
akamleyin in the evening, at eventide
akam st teatime, early evening
akam yemei dinner, evening meal
dn yesterday
dn sabah yesterday morning
dn akam yesterday evening
dn gece last night
evvelki gn the day before yesterday
alacakaranlk [alaca-karan-lk] twilight
gece night
geceleyin in the night, at night
gece yars midnight Lit: night its-half
geen gn the day past, the other day, yesterday
geen ay last month
geen sene/yil last year
geen hafta last week
geenlerde recently, lately
erken early
ge late
ne zaman when [what time, the time that]
ay month
cumartesi gecesi Saturday night
ertesi gn the following day
ertesi hafta the following week
evvelki / evvelsi gn the day before yesterday
geceleri at nights
gelecek hafta next week
hafta week
br gn the day after tomorrow
br hafta the week after next
leleri at noon times
leyin at noon
pazar sabah Sunday morning
sabahlar in the mornings
son gnlerde in the last few days
son zamanlarda recently
yarn tomorrow
yl/sene year
Ne i yaparsnz?
What is your job?
Drt yldr retmenim.
I have been a teacher for 4 years.
[LIT: it is 4 years I am a teacher.]
ki bin ten beri retmenim.
I have been a teacher since 2003.
["-den beri" = since]
Dnden beri hastaym.
I have been ill since yesterday.
Pazar gnnden beri evdeyim.
I have been at home since Sunday.
hayatnda, hayatnzda
ever in your life
[familiar = hayat-n-da / formal = hayat-nz-da]
onun hayatnda
ever in his life
[hayat--n-da = in his life]
hayatmzda
ever in our life
hayatlarnda
ever in their life
Bu hayatmda okuduum en skc kitap
This is the most boring book I have ever read in my life
Bu hayatmda iinde bulunduum en zor durum.
This is the most difficult situation I have ever been in.
Hayatmda tantm en konukan / geveze insan.
He is the most talkative person I have met in my life.
January ocak;
February ubat
March mart
April nisan
May mays
June haziran
July temmuz
August austos
September eyll
October ekim
November kasm
December aralk
Names of the months and weekdays are written without capitals.
Turkish Weekday Names
ilkbahar spring
ilkbaharda. in the spring [also "bahar"]
yaz summer
yazn "in the summer"
sonbahar autumn, fall [USA.]
[also Old Turkish: "gz"]
sonbaharda in the autumn
k winter
kn "in the winter"
The suffix -in comes from an old Ottoman Instrumental Case which is no longer used.
Turkish Cardinal Points Drt Yn
Kuzey North
Gney South
Dou East
Bati West
sfr 0
on 10
yirmi 20
otuz 30
krk 40
bir 1
on bir 11
yirmi bir 21
otuz bir 31
krk bir 41
iki 2
on iki 12
yirmi iki 22
otuz iki 32
krk iki 42
3
on u 13
yirmi u 23
otuz u 33
krk u 43
drt 4
on drt 14
yirmi drt 24
otuz drt 34
krk drt 44
be 5
on be 15
yirmi be 25
otuz be 35
krk be 45
alt 6
on alt 16
yirmi alt 26
otuz alt 36
krk alt 46
yedi 7
on yedi 17
yirmi yedi 27
otuz yedi 37
krk yedi 47
sekiz 8
on sekiz 18
yirmi sekiz 28
otuz sekiz 38
krk sekiz 48
dokuz 9
on dokuz 19
yirmi dokuz 29
otuz dokuz39
krk dokuz 49
elli 50
altm 60
yetmi 70
seksen 80
doksan 90
elli bir 51
altm bir 61
yetmi bir 71
seksen bir 81
doksan bir 91
elli iki 52
altm iki 62
yetmi iki 72
seksen iki 82
doksan iki 92
elli u 53
altm u 63
yetmi u 73
seksen u 83
doksan u 93
elli drt 54
altm drt 64
yetmi drt 74
seksen drt 84
doksan drt 94
elli be 55
altm be 65
yetmi be 75
seksen be 85
doksan be 95
elli alt 56
altm alt 66
yetmi alt 76
seksen alt 86
doksan alt 96
elli yedi 57
altm yedi 67
yetmi yedi 77
seksen yedi 87
doksan yedi 97
elli sekiz 58
altm sekiz 68
yetmi sekiz 78
seksen sekiz 88
doksan sekiz 98
elli dokuz 59
altm dokuz 69
yetmi dokuz 79
seksen dokuz 89
doksan dokuz 99
yz 100
iki bin 2000
oniki bin 12000
yirmi iki bin 22000
iki yz 200
u bin 3000
onu bin 13000
yirmi u bin 23000
u yz 300
drt bin 4000
ondrt bin 14000
yirmi drt bin 24000
drt yz 400
be bin 5000
onbe bin 15000
yirmi be bin 25000
be yz 500
alt bin 6000
onalt bin 16000
yirmi alt bin 26000
alt yz 600
yedi bin 7000
onyedi bin 17000
yirmi yedi bin 27000
yedi yz 700
sekiz bin 8000
onsekiz bin 18000
yirmi sekiz bin 28000
sekiz yz 800
dokuz bin 9000
ondokuz bin 19000
otuz bin 30000
dokuz yz 900
on bn 10000
yirmi bin 20000
elli bin 50000
bin 1000
onbir bin 11000
yirmi bir bin 21000
bir milyon 1000000
iki ev 2 houses
be yz araba 500 cars
krk aa 40 trees
be yz yirmi bin yedi yz elli sekiz 523,758
In English states a small general numerical amount by:
[ "Two or three.."]
two or three eggs.
Turkish says:
["three five.."]
bes yurmurta
three (or) five eggs
In Turkish the number:
krk forty
is used to signify an uncountable amount.
Krk ylda bir.
Once in forty years.
Turkish Ordinal Numbers
ordinal number
1st to 19th
birinci also ilk first 1st
ikinci - second 2nd
nc - third 3rd
drdnc - fourth 4th
beinci - fifth 5th
altnc - sixth 6th
yedinci - seventh 7th
sekizinci - eighth 8th
dokuzuncu - ninth 9th
onuncu - tenth 10th
on birinci - eleventh 11th
on ikinci - twelth 12th
one each
yarmar - half each
birer - one each
ikier - two each
er - three each
drder - four each
beer - five each
altar - six each
yedier - seven each
sekizer - eight each
dokuzar - nine each
onar - ten each
Turkish Colours
The Farsi Word: siyah
black is used for siyah zeytin black olives for eating.
Otherwise the word kara black is used for the colour black.
The figurative use is:
kara dnceleri
[dark thoughts]
The suffix -(i)mtrak is used with colours to produce adjectives of color quality:
It retains the form -mtrak and does not follow vowel harmony rules.
karamtrak
blackish, darkish, dusky
sarmtrak
yellowish, sallow
mavimtrak
blueish, blued, steel coloured
Sarmtrak altuni metalik rengi
Yellowish golden metallic colour
-(i)msi is also used with colours to produce adjectives of color quality:
This suffix follows vowel harmony rules.
morumsu
purplish
mavimsi
bluish
Turkish Colours.
Use sa olun be healthy, be strong is used as thank you for a service which:
(A) Did necessarily needed to be performed.
(B) For someone who has gone out of his way to help you.
Many tourists use sa olun wrongly instead of using teekkr ederim.
They copy the boy waiter's way of thanking:
Waiters often use sa olun for misguided effect.
The rule is: If in doubt use: teekkr ederim.
Turkish Be happy!
Gzn aydn! "May your eyes shine!
The expression indicates the speaker's wish that the new business will bring him prosperity,
and it will be profitable.
Used when someone opens a shop or starts a new business, others say Hayrl olsun to
him.
The reply for Hayrl olsun is Teekkr ederim
When someone buys a thing, such as a new clothes, shoes or a car his friends say:
Gle gle kullan / kullann Use it with a smile.
This indicates the speaker's wish that use it with joy.
Sometimes Hayrl olsun is said in such condition.
The reply for both expressions is Teekkr ederim.
Turkish Goodbye.
Allahasmarladk Goodbye
Hoa kal(n) Stay well.
The person is leaving says:
Allahasmarladk [fam.]
[LIT: I leave you to God's care.]
OR Hoca kaln. [formal]
The person staying behind, says:
Gle gle Goodbye
[lit: Smiling, smiling.]
Gle gle Go well.
In formal situations Hoca kaln is better for "Goodbye!"
Turkish I like it
Turkish uses the past tense in questions and answers of preference:
Did you like the apple?
These type of questions are also answered in the past tense:
Yes I liked the apple?
English uses both present and past tenses in these situations.
Asking Formally: Using the -iniz form for the polite you
Yemeinizi sevdiniz mi?
Did / Do you like your meal?
Yemeinizi beendiniz mi?
Did / Do you like your meal?
Yemei sevdim.
I like / liked the meal.
Yemei beendim
I like / liked the meal.
Asking Informally: Using the -in [familiar] form you
Trkiye'yi sevdin mi?
Did you like Turkey?
Trkiye'yi beendin mi?
Did you like Turkey?
Yolculuu sevdin mi?
Did you enjoy the journey?
Turkish "to not like something" uses the negative verbs sevmemek and beenmemek.
Yolculuunuzu sevdiniz mi?
Did you like your journey?
Hayr, yolculuumu sevmedim.
No, I didn't like my journey.
Hayr, onu beenmedim.
No, I didn't like it.
Bamyay sevmiyor musunuz?
Don't you like okra?
Yoo, bamyay sevmem.
No, I don't like okra (at all).
[simple tense implies "habitually", not occasionally.]
Ankara'y beendiniz mi?
Did you like Ankara?
Ankara'y beenmedim.
No, I didn't like Ankara.
Evet, onu ok sevidim.
Yes, I liked it a lot.
Turkish uses sing the present continuous tense to show "dislike"
Yoo, onu sevmiyorum.
No, I am not liking it.
[at the moment]
Ho agreeable, joyful
This word is used in many idioms and daily speech.
It has many related meanings:
Mustafa bey
Mr. Mustafa
Aye hanm
Miss or Mrs. Aye
These are used in formal situations when you know the person's first name.
Also in informal situations to acquaintances, friends and even to you own family members.
Surnames are not usually used in conversational Turkish:
In formal situations:
Mustafa bey
Mr. Mustafa
Aye hanm
Mrs. Aye
OR Miss Aye
In informal situations it means a friendly:
Mustafa or Aye
with or without the title.
Turkish First names and Family names
Turkish has two words for the first name of a person:
isim [Tur.] or ad [arb.]
They can are interchangeable ; either one can be used any time.
There is no corresponding word for "surname" based in the word isim
sminiz ne?
What is your first name?
smim Aye.
My name is Aye.
isim is a noun which loses a vowel [apocopates] ism-iniz your name and ism-im my name.
The Turkish word for "surname" is soyad
Adnz ne?
What is your first name?
Adm Ali
My name is Ali.
Soyadnz ne?
What is your surname?
Soyadm Karaca
My surname is Karaca.
adamn ismi
the man's name
[Lit: the name of the man]
adamn ad
the man's name
adamn soyad
the man's surname
O Beyefendinin soyad ne?
What is that gentleman's surname?
[Lit: the surname of the man]
O Beyefendinin ismi ne?
What is that gentleman's name?
To make the sentence more conversational: I wonder what that lady's name is?
"I wonder" is translated by adding the word acaba at the beginning or end of the Turkish
question.
Turkish Greetings
In semi formal situations there is a four stage greeting procedure:
The Welcome:
ho geldin(iz)
Welcome!.
Response is:
ho bulduk
We found it well!
The Greeting:
This is an exchange of:
merhaba
Hello
The Asking after Health Stage:
naslsn(z)?
How are you?
The Response:
yiyim, teekkr ederim
I am well, thank you.
Followed by:
a question about the other's health:
siz naslsn(z)?
You, how are you?
Turkish Greetings
gnaydn
good morning, good day, good afternoon
[LIT:the day shines.]
iyi gnler
good day
iyi akamlar
good evening
[said on arrival]
iyi geceler
good night
[said on leaving company]
grmek zere
see you soon
hoa kal
so long
[Lit: stay joyful]
The plural is used in "Good day, Good evening, Good night" similar to the Spanish "Buenos Das"
Verb Forms
Basic Infinitive:
soymak
to undress somebody else
Reflexive Infinitive
soyunmak
to undress oneself
Negative Reflexive Infinitive
soyunmamak
not to undress oneself
Negative Potential Reflexive Infinitive
soyunamamak
not to be able to undress oneself
The "too" constuction is future potential relative participle + kadar + comparison verb +
person.
Sinemaya gidemeyecek kadar megulm.
I am too busy to go to the cinema.
Aye, bu yl tatil yapamayacak o kadar hastayd.
[Aye, this year her-future-inability-to-make-a- holiday that-amount ill
she was.]
Aye was too ill to go on holiday this year.
Araba gzel zaman iinde duramayacak kadar abuk sryordu.
[The car in-good-time its-future-inability-to-stop that-amount quickly
was-going.]
The car was going too fast to be able to stop in time.
But before you read on, this is our own car that you will see in Kawerau, Bay of Plenty, New
Zealand.
Our number plate does tell a story.
Turkish Licence Plates
It is easy to see where a Turkish vehicle come from once you know the province codes on the
number plate.
The Turkish Car Licence Plate System.
TR09 B 446
PP B 999 or 99 B 9999
(Blue characters on White background with single letter B as
alphabetic identifier for International organizations such as UNESCO
etc..)
Diplomatic Corps
TR06 CF 057
PP CA 999 to PP CZ 999
(White characters on green background with "CA" to "CZ" as
alphabetic identifier)
Consular Vehicles
TR01 CP 445
PP CA 999 to PP CZ 999
(Green characters on white background - with letters "CA" to "CZ"
alphabetic identifier)
Temporary Vehicles
TR34 G 1757
PP G 9999
(Black characters on Yellow background - with single letter "G" as
alphabetic identifier)
TR35 GMR 86
PP GMR 999
(Red characters on Green background - with letter group "GMR"
gmrk customs as alphabetic identifier.)
TR16 MB 226
PP MA 999 to PP MZ 999
(Black characters on white background - with "MA" to "MZ" as
alphabetic identifier for foreigners with temporary residence permit)
Test Vehicles
TR26 T 2167
PP T 9999
(red characters on white backgroundwith single letter "T" as Test
Vehicle Identifier)
Taxis (optional)
PP TXX 999
(black characters on white background with Letter "T" in first position
as alphabetic identifier)
Yellow on
red
State President CB 001 background
in CB ###
format.
Yellow on
red
Members of Parliament TBMM 081 background
in TBMM
### format.
Yellow on
red
Prime Minister and Civil Servants 0063 background
in ####
format.
Yellow on
red
Province Governor 45 0026 background
in PP 9999
format
And a Postscript
Showing that kmamak can also mean Don't get on
No translation needed to..!
Go out!, Get off!
Nouns are suffixed with possessor and the motion or location words are then added.
These suffixes show motion towards, motion from, static location of that object.
Suffixes change spelling to harmonze with the parent word.
Similarly a consonants may change for ease of pronunciation.
Suffixes are added verb stems to indicate its positive or negative form.
Further suffixes are then added for tense and person.
Further moods may, might, can, can't, must are added thus producing new verbs.
There is no definite article "the" as a subject.
There is a specifier "the" as a direct object suffix.
There are no gender forms (no "le" or "la" as in French) in Turkish.
One single word is used for "he, she, it"
Adjectives describe their noun and remain in their basic form.
There being no gender thus no gender agreement is required.
The sentence form is SOV Subject, Object, Verb.
Vowel Harmony:
[echoing previous vowel]
The vowels of suffixes must mirror the final vowel of the root word being suffixed.
Consonant Mutation:
[consonant change]
Spelling changes are made to preserve phonetic euphony with actual pronunciation.
English has some consonant change but not for the same reasons.
Agglutination:
[word suffixation.]
Suffixes are attached to the end of nouns indicating position and movement
Verbs:
are suffixed with tense and person.
The Possessive Relationship:
[gentitive ownership]
Both the "possessor" and "possessed" are suffixed.
Turkish Adjectives:
Adjectives and adjectival phrases precede their noun and do not agree in number.
Turkish is a descriptive language : adjectives abound.
If Turkish can make something into an adjective then it will do so.
Being an descriptive language an adjective or adjectival phrase always preceded its noun:
kara kedi a black cat as in English.
Turkish makes great use of adjectival phrases and clauses to describes nouns, actions and
thoughts.
In English we may say:
The black cat with the long tail which is sitting on the mat looks hungry.
Turkish describes the cat not only as black, but also where and upon what it is sitting together with
any other attributes, such as its long tail:
Consonant Mutation:
Changes in pronunciation and spelling of consonants to preserve phonetics and euphony.
Agglutination:
[a "gluing together"]
Agglutination a "sticking on to"
Turkish Verbs:
Always come at the end of the sentence.
Sentence construction follows the "SOV" subject-object-verb pattern.
There are no irregular verbs in Turkish. One single conjugation is used for all verbs.
Turkish Verbs follow vowel harmony rules.
All verbs belong to one of two groups determined by their infinitive form.
The man with the fishing rods in his hands [a long described subject] will be [verb] at your
friend's 50th birthday party [a long described object] tomorrow night. [time phrase]
Ellerinde oltas olan adam, yarn gece arkadann 50'ci doum gn partisinde
bulunacak.
Hands-his-in fishing-rod-the which-are man [a described and suffixed subject] tomorrow
night [time phrase] friend-your-of 50th birthday party-his-at [a described and suffixed object]
and at last [the verb] will be.
kprnn kprsnn
of the brdge, the brdge's of his brdge, his brdge's
[kpr-nn] [kpr-s-nn]
masann masalarnn
of the table, the table's of their table, their table's
[masa-nn] [masa-lar-nn]
pencerenin penceresinin
of the window, the window's of its window, its window's
[pencere-nin] [pencere-si-nin]
yolcunun yolcularnn
of the traveller, the traveller's of ther traveller, the traveller's
[yolcu-nun] [yolcu-lar-nn]
Buffer letter -N- is used with nouns that have already been suffixed.
This shift of buffer letter y to n enables the listener to discern that the word is already agglutinated
(extended) by previous suffixes.
Buffer letter -N is used on ALREADY SUFFIXED NOUNS
kedisi his/her cat kedisini
[kedi-si-ni]
his/her cat
[3rd person possessed object]
bankas his/her bank bankasn
[banka-s-n]
his/her bank
[3rd person possessed object]
kedileri their cat kedilerine
[kedi-leri-ne]
to their cat
[3rd person plural possessed motion toward]
The Buffer Letter -N- with -da/-de and -dan/-den
The suffixes -de and -dan are added directly to basic nouns
kedi cat kedide
[kedi-de]
on the cat
kediden
[kediden]
from the cat
kap door kapda
[kap-da]
on / at the door
kapdan
[kapdan]
from the door
They become -nda/-nde and -ndan/-nden when added to ALREADY SUFFIXED nouns.
This is to separate them from the extended word:
kedisi his/her cat kedisinde
[kedi-si-nde]
on his/her cat
kedisinden
[kedi-si-n-den]
from his/her cat
kaps his/her door kapsnda
[kap-s-nda]
on/at his/her door
kapsndan
[kap-s-n-dan]
from his/her door
Buffer Letter -n used with Suffixes of Location -nde -nda and Movement -nden -ndan
-de and -den require a buffer -n- when added to an extended word.
Simple Noun Extended Noun
bankadan bankasndan
from the bank from his bank
[banka-dan] [banka-s-ndan]
bankada bankasnda
in/at the bank in/at his bank
[banka-da] [banka-s-nda]
bankalardan bankalarndan
from the banks from their bank(s)
[banka-lar-dan] [banka-lar-ndan]
evden evinden
from the house/from home from his house/home
[ev-den] [ev-i-nden]
evlerde evlerinde
in the houses in their houses
[ev-ler-de] [ev-leri-nde]
-ci -c -cu -c OR -i - -u -
nouns of occupation, work etc.
taksi taxi
taksici taxi driver
kebap kebab
kebap kebab seller
balk fish
balk fisherman
yol road, way
yolcu traveller
-ca -ce -a -e
Gives the names of national languages and also adverbs and adjectives.
Trk Turk, Turkish
Trke Turkish [language]
ngiliz English [adj.]
ngilizce English [anguage]
spanyol Spanish [adj.]
spanyolca Spanish [language]
aptal fool
aptalca foolishly, in a foolish manner
yava slow
yavaa slowly, in a slowish manner
sert hard
serte hardish
giz, gizli secret
gizlice secretly
-ca also: Gives the meaning of likeliness.
ocukA davranyorsun.
You are behaving LIKE a child. childishly
nsanCA yasamalyz.
We must live humanLY.
-ca also: Makes a noun into a verb.
Davranlar genellikle deliCE(dir).
Her behaviours (plural in Turkish) are generally INSANE.
-ca also: Gives the meaning in terms of, on the point of
KiloCA senden daha fazla.
He is more than you IN THE TERMS OF of kilos.
AklCA birbirinizden farknz yok.
You (in plural) don't have difference from each other IN THE TERMS OF intellect.
-ca also: Gives the meaning according to
SenCE yaptn doru mu?
Do YOU THINK it is right what you have done.
BenCE sana yeil ok yakyor.
I THINK green suits you well.
-ca also: Gives the meaning of muchness, exaggeration
YzlerCE kitap okumu,
He has read hundredS of books.
-ca also: Enumerates a time period.
By being added to the nouns which is about time, Gives the meaning equality, for,
during (the time), as long as.
Bu okulda yllarCA altm.
I worked at this school FOR years.
Seni saatlerCE bekledim.
I waited for you FOR hours.
-ca also: Gives the meaning togetherness, unity
Bu karar aileCE aldk.
We took this decision AS ALL the family.
SnfA piknie gittik.
We went to picnic ALL TOGETHER WITH the class.
-ca also: Shows the situation.
SessizCE beni dinle.
Listen to me quietLY.
Onunla gizliCE bulutum.
I met him secretLY.
-ca also: Gives the meaning downsizing, decreasing, restriction
YalCA bir adam bana seni sordu.
An oldISH man asked me for you. not too old
BykE bir ta frlatt.
He threw away a SOMEWHAT large stone.
-da
Basically this suffix means -fellow
vatan native country
vatanda fellow countryman, citizen
arka back, behind
arkada friend [Lit: the fellow behind]
yol road, way
yolda fellow traveller
-ms -msi
ac bitter
acms slightly bitter
eki sour
ekimsi sourish
-cil -cl
ben I
bencil selfish
insan person
insancl humane, caring
-n
sar yellow
sarn blonde
-sal
kum sand
kumsal sandy, beach, shoal
kadn woman
kadnsal feminine, female, womanly
-t
ya age
yat of the same age
yakmak to burn
yakt fuel
-caz
A diminutive suffix, for persons and pets
kz girl
kzcaz poor little girl
ocuk child
ocukcaz poor little child
-t -ti -tu -t
horuldamak to snore, to gurgle
horultu a snore
cvldamak to chirp, to twitter
cvlt a chirping, a twittering
-lamak -lemek
su water
sulamak to water, irrigate
ta stone
talamak to pave ; to throw stones at.
uur good luck
uurlamak to see somebody off.
temiz clean
temizlemek to clean something; to finish off.
-almak
az less
azalmak to lessen
dar narrow
daralmak to become narrow
-l
doru correct, accurate
dorulamak to correct, to certify
sivri sharp
sivrilmek to become pointed, conspicuous
-a -e
kan blood
kanamak to bleed
ya age
yaamak to live, to exist
tr a sort
tremek to derive
-ar
ya moist, damp
yaarmak to fill with tears
mor purple
morarmak to turn purple
-damak -demek
fslt a mutter
fsldamak to murmur, whisper
horultu a snore
horuldamak to snore
grlt noise
grldemek to rumble
-atmak -etmek
yn direction
ynetmek to direct, administer
gz eye
gzetmek to look after, to take care of
-kma -ikmek
ge late
gecikmek to be late, to fall behind
bir one
birikmek to collect, to assemble one by one
-msamak -imsemek
az less, small
azmsamak to regard as of little value
benim my
benimsemek to regard as one's own, to embrace in principle
kk small
kmsemek to regard as small, to condescend
-krmak
ft a squirt
fkrmak to gush
haykr a squeal
haykrmak to bawl, to holler
-lanmak -lenmak
ev house
evlenmek to marry
-lamak -lemak
aka joke
akalamak to joke with each other
dar marrow
darlamak to get narrow, to get tight
souk cold
souklamak to get cold
-samak -semek
very often means to regard as.
su water
susamak to get thirsty
garip odd, peculiar
garipsemek to regard as strange, curious
nem importance
nemsemek to regard as important
-ca -a -ce -e
dnmek to think
dnce thought, opinion
elenmek to enjoy oneself
elence amusement, entertainment
-acak -ecek
This is a form of the Future Participle
giymek to dress
giyecek clothes, outfit
olmak to become
olacak suitable, reasonable
amak to open
aacak can, bottle opener
-ak -ek
yatmak to lie down
yatak bed
kamak to escape
kaak deserter, escapee
durmak to halt / stop
durak bus stop, a halt
-ga -ge
blmek to divide, partition
blge zone, area, precinct
bilmek to know how to
bilge profound, sophisticated
sprmek to sweep. brush
sprge a broom, a brush, a whisk
-g -gi
sevmek to love, like
sevgi love, affection
almak to play (mus.) ; to steal
alg musical instrument
asmak to hang (up)
ask peg, hanger
-g -gi
bilmek to know
bilgi info, data, know-how
dalmak to dive, dip
dalg diver (marine), plunger
balanmak to begin, to be begun
balang initial, start up
- -i -u -
Is added to single syllable words ending in a consonant and
a noun of result from the verb modified.
lmek to die
l a corpse
yapmak to make
yap a construction, a building
dolmak to fill
dolu full (adj.)
kokmak to smell
koku a smell
komak to run
kou a race
-c -ici -ucu -c
yapmak to do
yapc performer, doer, builder
grmek to see
grc matchmaker (for intended marriage)
almak to take
alc purchaser, consignee
satmak to sell
satc seller, dealer, vendor
-k -ik -uk -k
nouns and adjectives of result.
kesmek to cut
kesik a cut
amak to open
ak open (adj.)
bozmak to spoil
bozuk ruined, spoiled, out of order
kmak to go / come out
kk dislocated, projecting
delmek to bore, to drill
delik hole
samak to scatter
sak strewn around, scattered, in disarray
-m -im -um -m
nouns of a single occasion / happening
saymak to count
saym tally, census, count
semek to choose
seim choice, election, selection
lmek to die
lm death, demise
lmek to measure
lm measurement, size, reading on a scale
satmak to sell
satm - a (single) sale
-n -in -un -n
ymak to heap up
yn heap, stack
akmak to flow, stream out
akn raid, rush, invasion
tt-n water
ttn to water
ekmek to plant, sow (v.) ; bread (n.)
ekin crop, growing grain
- -i -u -
this is the Co-operative (in concert) Verb Mood sign
oturmak to sit, to reside
oturu way of sitting
yrmek to walk
yry a walk, gait, pace
-t -it -ut -t
gemek to pass
geit passageway, thoroughfare
yakmak to burn
yakt fuel ; tons deadweight
lmek to measure
lt criterion, measure of value
-t -ti -tu -t
belirmek to emerge, appear
belirti indication, indicator
kzartmak to redden / chafe ; to grill
kzart eruption / glow
-ala -ele
kovmak to drive away
kovalamak to chase (after)
silkmek to shake, toss
silkelemek to shake s.o. out
-msa -imse
[see "regarding as" verb]
glmek to laugh
glmsemek to smile
anmak to mention
anmsamak to recollect
-n -in -un -n
[see reciprocal verbs]
gezmek to wander
gezinmek to roam / lounge
grmek to see
grnmek to seem, appear
sevmek to love, like
sevinmek to feel glad, to rejoice
tamak to move
tanmak to move in / out ; to lodge with
-r
[see causative mood]
kamak to escape
karmak to miss / let slip ; to kidnap
batmak to sink (by itself)
batrmak to sink s.o
imek to drink
iirmek to ply drinks
-
[see co-operative mood]
grmek to see
grmek to meet
umak to fly
uumak to fly away
glmek to laugh
glmek to laugh at each other
-t
[see causative mood]
uzamak to lengthen
uzatmak to extend
sapmak to deviate
saptmak to go crazy, talk gibberish
korkmak to fear
korkutmak to frighten
mek to chill / to cool down
tmek to get a chill / cold
-l -il
[see passive mood]
sevmek to like, love
sevilmek to be loved / liked (pass.)
krmak to fracture
krlmak to break s.o.
satmak to sell
satlmak to be sold ; to vend
Turkish Suffixes
Suffixes
A letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to modify its meaning.
In Turkish they are suffixed directly to the noun that they modify thus forming new complete
words.
In English prepositions: in, on, of, by, etc. are placed separately in front of the word
they modify.
Agglutination:
In English we have many words which agglutinate (extend) to form other words.
argue can be modified with a suffix argu-meant.
Other suffixes produce argu-menta-tive, argu-ment-ative-ly
This is the way of Turkish.
This produces extended words with a different meanings.
Turkish Suffix addition
Adding suffixes:
-da -de / -ta -te in on at
-dan -den / -tan -ten from
ev house
evde [ev-de]
in the house
evden [ev-den]
from the house
odada [oda-da]
in the room
masada [masa-dan]
from the table
After Turkish Unvoiced Consonants: p t k f h s
geit passage
geitte [geit-te]
in the passage
giriten [giri-ten]
from the entrance
yatakta [yatak-ta]
on the bed
kasaptan [kasap-tan]
from the butcher
The Six Noun Conditions
Turkish has a Subject Condition (nominative) which carries no suffix.
Also there are five Noun Conditions each with a suffix ending.
The vowels of the suffix must match final vowel of the root word according to Vowel Harmony
Rules
[-de -da]
The initial consonant of the suffix may change according to Consonant Mutation Rules.
[-da, -de -ta, -te]
ehliyet licence
ehliyetsiz unlicensed
[ehliyetli licensed]
renk colour
renksiz colourless
[renkli - coloured]
sabr patience
sabrsz impatient
[sabrl - patient]
iaret sign
iaretsiz unsigned
[iaretli - signed]
ses noise
sessiz noiseless
[sesli - noisy]
eker sugar
ekersiz unsugared
[ekerli - sugared, sweetened]
namus honesty
namussuz dishonest
[namuslu - honest]
kisiz bir aile gazinosuna gittik.
We went to a non-alcoholic family restaurant.
ikisiz without alcoholic drinks
[Alcohol is not served] is seen on many Public Signs.
Plural nouns are formed by adding the -ler/-lar plural suffix to an adjective:
sabrszlar the impatient ones
ekersizler the unsugared ones
renksizler the uncoloured / colourless ones
kark mixed
kaarl [kaar-l] containing hard cheese
sucuklu [sucuk-lu] Turkish type sausage
salaml [salam-l] salami
sosisli [sosis-li] sausage
Due to vowel harmony -li has three of its four forms.
-e kar against
In Turkish the spelling of the words is changed when the pronunciation changes.
English does not change spelling when pronounciation changes.
English changes the spelling when the pronunciation is the same so that we can recognize the
meaning.
A number of words can easily show this: meet vs meat, feet vs feat, right vs write,
main vs mane, sea vs see
If English were written phonetically the word "does" should be spelt "duz"
Turkish however being a phonetically written language will make these changes in spelling.
The reason for the changes in pronunciation are for ease of speaking.
Turkish consonant change is mainly between voiced and unvoiced consonants.
Voicing of Consonants
Turkish Unvoiced Consonants: p t k f h s
MUTTON KOYUN ET
LAMP - KUZU ET
VEAL - DANA ET
BEEF - SIIR ET
A real-life example
The Turkish writer has used the natural un-voiced P on the end of the English word LAMB
Consonant Equivalents
UnVoiced Voiced
pb
c
td
k
s
h
The letters s, , h do not have a unvoiced form.
They are not true voiced consonants but but they do affect added suffixes.
kitap book
kitabn your book
t advice
dm my advice
tat taste
tad its taste
ila medicine
ilac his medicine
aa tree
aacn the tree's
kitap book
kitapta in the book
[NOT kitap-da]
otobs bus
otobst it was a bus
[NOT otobs-d]
dolmu dolmush (small bus)
dolmuta in the dolmush
[NOT dolmu-da]
ila medicine
ilata in the medicine
[NOT ila-da]
sabah morning
sabahtan from morning
[NOT sabah-dan]
kibrit match
kibritten from the match
[NOT kibrit-den]
kibrit kibritten. preserves a double letter -tt- when adding -ten
Two separate words match and from being joined together.
Each word retains its full form.
Some words from Arabic that terminate -at are exceptions: Saat hour, time, clock becomes saatte
on the clock, saatler clocks.
This word from Arabic obeys neither consonant mutation or vowel harmony rules.
Mutation of words ending in Unvoiced Consonants (-p - -t -k.):
Adding a suffix which begins with a consonant.
kitapt [kitap-t] it was a book
Kitap ends in unvoiced -p kitap-t.
The suffix -t takes its unvoiced form from the noun ending.
The same example when adding a Suffix which begins with a Vowel:
kitabnz [kitab-nz] your book
Suffix -nz begins with a vowel so kitap beomes kitab-nz
kitabnzda [kitab-nz-da] in your book
Extended word ends in voiced -z thus kitabnz-da
The suffix reverts to its voiced form when:
Examples of Nouns changing to Voiced Form when adding suffixes beginning with a vowel or the
Plural Suffix -lar/-ler
In the last two examples above the voiced -r ending of the plural suffix -ler/-lar forces the
subsequent suffix to take its voiced (-d) form.
Turkish Complete Consonant Mutation Rules
1. If the word ends in any of these Unvoiced Consonants [p t k] :
When adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, the last letter of the root word changes to its
voiced form:
pbctdk
kitap book
kitab his book
kazan profit
kazanc his profit
kilit lock
kilidi his lock
kpek dog
kpeiniz Your dog
2. If the word ends in an Unvoiced Consonant: [p t k f h s ]
When adding a suffix beginning with a consonant, the suffix changes to its unvoiced form [d
t]
td
tka plug, stopper
tkatan from the plug
kitap book
kitaptan from the book
kilit lock
kilitte in the lock
kpek dog
kpekten from the dog
sabah morning
sabahtan from the morning
domates tomato
domatesten from the tomato(es)
giri exit
girite at the exit
raf shelf
raftan from the shelf
kz girl or kadn lady can be placed in front of the noun to show human femininity:
terzi tailor
kadn terzi tailoress
arkada friend
kz arkada girl friend
dii female isused before nouns to show a female animal:
kpek dog
dii kpek bitch
erkek male is used to show maleness:
karde sibling
erkek karde brother
kz girl / maiden is used to show femininity:
karde sister / brother
kz karde sister
This method is used whenever it is necessary to differentiate between the sexes.
Turkish Family Relationships
There is no gender distinction in Turkish.
This does not apply to close family relationships.
Many relations on the mother's side will have a different word than the father's side:
Just two examples here but they are myriad!
amca uncle
[father's brother]
day uncle
[mother's brother]
teyze aunt
[mother's sister]
hala aunt
[father's sister]
Turkish Family Relations
father baba
mother anne
baby bebek
brother erkek karde
sister kz karde
elder brother abi (aabey)
elder brother's wife yenge
elder sister abla
elder sister's husband enite
son oul, erkek ocuk
daughter kz, kz ocuk
aunt (mother's side) teyze
aunt (father's side) hala
grandfather dede, bykbaba
grandmother nine, bykanne
grandmother (mother's side) anneanne
grandmother (father's side) babaanne
nephew, niece yeen
uncle (father's side) amca
uncle (mother's side) day
cousin kuzen
father-in-law kaynbaba, kaynpeder
mother-in-law kaynana, kaynvalide
sister-in-law (of a male) baldz
sister-in-law (of a female) grmce
brother-in-law kaynbirader
brother-in-law's wife of a female elti
sister-in-law's husband of a male bacanak
son-in-law ; bridegroom damat
daughter-in-law ; bride gelin
sister's husband enite
grandson ; granddaughter torun
twin ikiz
twin brother, twin sister ikiz karde
wife e, hanm, kar
husband koca
step mother vey anne
step father vey baba