Formation of Degree of Equality in Turkish

The degree of equality is obtained by the use of kadar [LIT: "its amount"] meaning "as"
Londra stanbul kadar gzel. - London is as beautiful as Istanbul.
Mehmet Ali kadar zengin. - Mehmet is as rich as Ali.
Kar kadar beyaz. - As white as snow.
Negative Equality in Turkish
The negative comparison is marked by the use of deil is not placed after the comparison.
Londra stanbul kadar gzel deil. - London is not as beautiful as Istanbul.
Aye Deren kadar boylu deil. - Aye is not as tall as Deren.
Formation of 1st Degree of Comparison in Turkish
This comparison is made by using daha more
The object being compared with is suffixed with-dan -den from
This gives the sense "than" in the comparison.
Mehmet Burak'tan daha zengin. - Mehmet is richer than Burak.
stanbul Londra'dan daha gzel. - Istanbul is more beautiful than London.
Demir sudan daha ar. - Iron is heavier than water.
Negative of Comparison in Turkish
The Negative First Degree Comparison uses daha az less(er)
Londra stanbul'dan daha az megul. - London is less busy than Istanbul.
Bulmacalar Trke derslerden daha az ilgin. - Crosswords are less interesting than Turkish
lessons
Formation of Positive Superlative in Turkish
The Superlative Degree uses en "the most"
Mehmet en zengin adam. - Mehmet is the richest man.
Dnyann en gzel ehri, stanbul'dur. - Istanbul is the world's most beautiful city.
Negative Superlative in Turkish
The Negative uses en az "the least" [Lit: the most less]
Dnyann en az zengin memleketleri Afrika'da.
The least richest countries of the world are in Africa.
Usage of en az for negative superlatives is not common.
The preferred way is to use the superlative form of opposite adjective.
Dnyann en fakir memleketleri Afrika'da.
The world's poorest countries are in Africa.
Examples of Turkish Comparison
en az at least

Ahmet en az Mehmet kadar zekidir.

Ahmet is at least as intelligent as Mehmet
Sen de en az benim kadar yeteneklisin.
You are at least as talented as me.
kadar iyi as good as..
bu, o kadar iyi
this, is as good as that.
bu onun kadar iyi
this is as good as that.
 dan daha iyi better than
bu, ondan daha iyi
this, is better than that.
en iyisi the best..
bu, en iyisi(dir)
[Lit: iyisi the best]
this, is the best of all

Shades of Adjectival Degree in Turkish

ok too, very, many
ok para istiyor he wants a lot of money.
ok mutluyum. I'm very happy.
ok odal bir otel. a hotel containing many rooms.
en ok the most
en ok para the most money
En ok para Ali'de. Ali has got the most money.
Tepede en ok ev var. most of the houses are on the hill.
daha more
ki ay daha, ltfen. two more teas, please.
Daha be bira, ltfen. five beers more, please.
fazla too much, excessive
Fazla yemek geldi. too much food has arrived.
Fazla para istediler. they wanted too much money.
daha fazla much more
Daha fazla yemek geldi. much more food has arrived.
Daha fazla para istediler. they wanted much more money.
Negative Shades of Adjectival Degree in Turkish
az, biraz a little
Az sonra arya gidiyorum. I'm going to the shops a little later on.
Biraz tuz istiyorum. I want a little salt.
daha az more less(er) lesser
Yemee daha az tuz koyunuz. put less salt on the food.
Buralarda, daha az polis var. there are less policemen around here.
pek az a bit less(er) very little
pek az sigara kullanyorum. I smoke (cigarettes) just a little.
pek az eker istiyorum. I only want a little sugar.
ok az a lot less(er)
ok az benzin kalyor. just a small amount of petrol is left.
ok az para istedi. he only wanted a very small amount of money.
A List of Turkish Intensified Adjectives
To Intensify a Turkish Adjective
The initial letter of adjective adjective is replaced with one of the letters p,r,s,m.
This method is used in normal conversation by the speaker.
There are some exceptions which add a prefix:

parampara in smithereeens
iriliplak stark naked

This replacement has no rule.

It is the choice of which letter sounds better in general conversation.
The following list is of Intensified Turkish Adjectives and Adverbs which have come into universal
use.
Many of then can be found in a good dictionary.
They are in constant use both in daily conversation, newspapers and periodicals.
It is a way that language colours itself.
List of Turkish Intensified Adjectives
Turkish English Intensified Meaning
acayip queer apacayip strange
acele in a hurry alelacele hastily
ak clear/open apak very clear
ayr separate apayr quite separate
bakkal grocer bakkal akkal grocers and like
baka another bambaka quite another
baya common basbaya very common
baygn unconscious aygn baygn languid
bedava gratis besbedava completely free
belli evident besbelli very clear
beter worse besbeter even worse
beyaz white bembeyaz brilliant white
bok shit bombok utterly spoilt
bol full bosbol filled up
bo empty bombo quite empty
burun nose baltaburun hook nosed
buruuk creased bumburuuk wrinkled
btn all bsbtn wholly
canl alive capcanl animate
abuk quickly arabuk very quickly
evre surroundings epeevre all around
p rubbish erp sweepings
plak nude, naked rlplak stark naked
dank untidy darmadank really untidy
dar narrow dapdar cramped
darack pretty narrow dapdarack very narrow
dazlak bald, skin head dumdazlak completely bald
deli madman zprdeli frantic madman
deli crazy zrdeli raving mad
delice crazily deldelice madly
dik perpendicular dimdik bolt upright
diri alive dipdiri full of life
dizgin (stirrup) doludizgin at full pelt
dzlak bald/naked dmdzlak destitute
doru right/correct dosdoru dead right
dolu full dopdolu crammed full
duru limpid dupduru very clear
dz flat dpedz dead flat
dz straight dmdz dead straight
dz even dpedz dead even
geni wide gepgeni expansive
gcr brand new gpgcr spanking new
gndz daylight gpegndz broad daylight
hzli fast hphzli very fast
ince thin ipince very thin
lk tepid plk lukewarm
slak wet pslak sopping
ssz uninhabited pssz desolate
iri big ipiri very huge
kara black kapkara pitch black
kaln thick kapkaln quite thick
kark mixed karmakark mixed up
ksa short kpksa very short
koca large koskoca huge
kocaman huge koskocaman enormous
kolay easy kopkolay very easily
koyu dense dark kopkoyu really dark
kr blind kpkr absolutely blind
kt bad kpkt very bad
ktrm paralyzed ksktrm comatose
kuru dry kupkuru bone dry
ktk a log ksktk hopelessly drunk
kvrak tidy kskvrak neat and tidy
mavi blue masmavi bright blue
mor purple mosmor bright purple
pak clean akpak squeaky clean
pembe pink pespembe shocking pink
perian worried perperian perturbed
para bits parampara in smithereens
pis dirty pimpis filthy dirty
salam healthy sapasalam in fine fettle
sar yellow sapsar bright yellow
sefil miserable/poor sersefil very poor
scak hot smscak red-hot
sklam damp srlsklam sopping
sk tight smsk very tight
sivri sharp sipsivri dead sharp
siyah black simsiyah jet black
irin charming ipirin very charming
talan pillage alantalan in confusion
tamam complete tastamam perfect
tatl sweet taptatl very sweet
taze fresh (food) tertaze very fresh
taze fresh taptaze very fresh
temiz clean tertemiz squeaky clean
top ball-like tortop quite round
uslu docile upuslu well behaved
uzun long upuzun very long
uygun suitable upuygun adequate
yalnz alone yapayalnz absolutely alone
yass flat and wide yamyass very flat
ya wet yamya all wet
yeni new yepyeni brand new
yeil green yemyeil bright green
yumru swollen yusyumru very swollen
yumuak soft yusyumuak very soft
yuvarlak spherical yusyuvarlak globular
zayf thin zapzayf feeble
zor difficult zopzor very hard

Turkish Reduplicated Word List

Turkish has reduplication of words to intensify meaning.
Some of these words are not true words alone.
English also has similar constuctions "pell mell, helter skelter".
Turkish also has the added change of meaning with the use of suffixes.
Very often these meanings have become specialized.
Reading is one of the best ways to assimilate these kinds of examples.
They appear everywhere, in novels, signs and newspapers.
Turkish Reduplicated Word List
abuk sabuk codswallop, waffle on, tommy-rot
abur cubur junk food, to snack, eat on the hoof
ak seik (ak saik) clean cut, direct, definite, clear
adm adm step by step, incrementally
afal afal bewildered, stupefied
ar ar slow and gradual
atete ar ar kaynamak to simmer
ahm ahm beautiful, excellent, favourable (of a thing)
akn akn rushing, surging
aka paka pretty (white skinned, pale complexion) girl
alacal bulacal (alaca bulaca) many coloured, spotted
alet edevat paraphernalia, gadgets
alk alk stupidly, alk alk bakmak, to gawk, to gorpe at
allak bullak shambolic, allak bullak etmek, to jumble up
all pullu colorful and decked out with spangles, showily dressed
anl anl flamboyant, renowned
apul apul with waddling steps, toddling
ard ardna back to back
aval aval stupidly (slang)
avu avu lavishly, in handfuls
bangr bangr a bangr bangr barmak, to shout loudly
bas bas bas bas barmak, to shout at the top of one's voice
baa ba neck-and-neck, dead equal, par
baka baka one by one, separately, different
baka br someone else
bal bana on one's own, independent
batan baa from top to bottom, through and through
bata ka to come down to, with difficulty, to flounder
belli belirsiz uncertain, indistinct
bc bc bc bc yapmak, to take a bath (child language)
bngl bngl fat and bulging, blubbery, quivering like jelly
bili bili chuckie, chuckie (a call for chickens)
bire bir one to one
boum boum gnarled
bou bouna in vain, needlessly, unnecessarily, uselessly
bn bn vacantly, bn bn bakmak, to look vacantly
buram buram a lot, in clouds of
burcu burcu fragrant smelling
bklm bklm curly, in curls
cayr cayr fiercely, burning furiously
cazr cazr burning with a crackly noise
cr cr chattering continuously, a crcr is a cicada
cvk cvk yv yv
cvl cvl alive and kicking, frisky
cyak cyak with a screech; with a squawk
czr czr with a sizzling noise
cik cik with a sizzling or sputtering sound
cmbr cemaat the whole lot, the whole caboodle
al rp sticks and twigs, brushwood
angl ungul with a clatter or a crash
angr ungur with a clatter or a crash
atr atr with a crackling noise, easily, without difficulty
atr utur breaking with a crack or a crunch
eit eit assorted, varied, all kinds of
ldr ldr brightly, with a sparkle, brilliantly
ngr ngr tinklingly, with a tinkle or a rattle
p p child's language taking a bath
t t or tt a snap fastener, press-stud, nail-clipper
t pt petite, dainty
tr tr with a crackling sound, crispy, crunchy
oluk ocuk wife and children, household
r p or er p litter, sweepings, trash
daldan dala from branch to branch, always on the move
dar darna or dar darna narrowly, hardly, barely ,narrowly, hardly, barely
derin derin deeply
drdr continuous grumbling, nagging
die di tit for tat, retaliation (from di, tooth)
diz dize with knees together
doru dzgn straight and correct
de kalka with great difficulty, struggling along/on
eci bc shapeless, crooked, distorted
eri br crinkly, contorted, twisted, gnarled
el ele hand in hand, hand by hand, hand to hand
elden ele from hand to hand
enine boyuna in length and breadth, broadly, in length, in depth
eski psk shabby, ragged, worn-out, threadbare, tattered, tatty
estek kstek so so, that's the way it is
ev bark hose and home, home and family
falan femekan and so on, etcetera, blah blah
falan filan and so on, etcetera, blah blah
feryat figan wailing, in squalls
fkr fkr lively and flirtatious
fr fr around and around (from frlamak, to dodge about, pop up)
frl frl whirling around
frt frt bumpety bump
fs fs in whispers, whispering
fsl fsl in whispers, whispering
fsr fsr with a sizzle or a hissing
f f with a swish or a rustle
fr fr with a swishing or a rustling
fokur fokur bubblingly hot and noisy, frothing up
gelii gzel (geliigzel) haphazard, slapdash
gani gani abundantly
gcr gcr squeaky clean, brand new
gdm gdm inching along, bit by bit
gide gide (gitgide) as it goes, gradually
gz gze eye to eye, to eyeball s.o.
gze gz an eye for an eye, (a tooth for a tooth)
gm gm with loud thumps, bangs, bumps
gmbr gmbr thundering, with a thunder, rumblingly, with a rumble
gnden gne from day to day, daily
gn gnne to the very day
grl grl with a gurgling sound, in a loud/rich voice
gzel gzel calmly and quietly, peacefully
haldr haldr speedily and noisily
harala grele hustle and bustle
hpur hupur scoffing food, guzzling
harl harl assiduously, diligently, intensely, intensively
hava cva nonsense, stuff and nonsense, bosh, naff
hrl hrl wheezy, rattling
hr hr with a rustling sound
hop hop stop!, a warning shout
horul horul snoring loudly
hngr hngr crying one's eyes out, sobbing uncontrollably
vr zvr bits and pieces, unimportant details, trifling things
vr zvr abur cubur this and that, one thing and another
iten ie inwardly, secretly
incik boncuk cheap and tawdry jewelry, baubles, trinkets
kap kap greedily, in a mad scramble
kara kara brooding(ly)
karnca kararnca in a small way
kar kar every inch of, inch by inch
kak kak by/in spoonfuls
kerli ferli dignified elderly man dressed to the nines
kkr kkr gigglingly, laughing internally
kpr kpr fidgety, restless
ktr ktr crisp, crackly, crunchy
konu komu the neighbours, the whole neighbourhood
kr krne hit or miss, blindly, carelessly
ks ks looking neither right nor left
kucak kucak by the armloads, by the armfuls, in abundance
kuu kuu doggie, bow-wow, woof-woof, used to call a dog
kt kt pit a pat, a knocking
lami cimi There are no "buts" about it!, That's the way it's got to be!
lapa lapa snowing in big flakes
mrl mrl mutter, mumbling tones, murmur
ml ml sleeping soundly
omuz omuza shoulder to shoulder, side by side
paldr gldr headlong, pell-mell, helter-skelter
parl parl brilliantly, glitteringly, sparklingly
pat pat chug chug
pei peine One after another
pl prt worn-out things, junk, rummage
pr pr whirring, Get going!, Make tracks!
prl prl squeaky clean, gleaming
p p nasty
pt pt pit a pat
ptr ptr pit a pat, clickety click
pisi pisi pussy, kitty, used in calling cats
pisi pisine in vain, uselessly, for nothing
poh poh flattery, fulsome praise
ptr ptr chapped, cracked, or chilblained
saati saatine punctually
sama sapan stuff and nonsense
salkm saak hanging down untidily
sapr sapr in great quantities and continuously
sere serpe moving freely, comfortably, stretched out at full length,
sca scana while the iron is hot
soy sop family relations, ancestors
sus pus silent and cowering
sklm pklm in a crestfallen manner, in a hangdog manner
srm srm to live a life of great misery, be driven from pillar to post
stliman very still and silent, dead calm
szm szm to behave very coquettishly
akr akr with a jingle, rattle, or clack.
ap ap kissy kissy
ap up lip smacking, noisy eating
apr upur lip smacking eating
kr kr with a jingling, clinking noise
p p a drip drop sound
pr pr continuous dripping
rl rl a continuous splashing
yle byle so so, indifferent, comme ci comme ca
tak tak rat tat tat, knock knock
takm takm in groups, in platoons
takr takr very stiff and dry, stale food
takr tukur clatter, bang, wallop
tam tamna exact, exactly, just so
tangr tangr clatteringly, with a racket
tangr tungur with a rude clatter
teke tek one to one
tk tk tick tock, rat a tat
tkr tkr perfectly,like clockwork
tk tk crowded
tklm tklm jam packed with people
tngr tngr a continual clanging sound
tir tir shivering, trembling
tiril tiril spotlessly clean, gossamer like
topu topu all in all, all told
ucu ucuna ent to end, just about
uslu uslu polite(ly)
vzr vzr moving continually
viyak viyak squawking
yaka paa forcibly
yan yana alongside, adjacent
yana yakla complaining(ly)
yarm yamalak sloppy, slipshod
yava yava slowly, easingly
yldan yla annually, year on year
zamazingo thingamabob, thngy
zangr zangr shaking violently
zehir zemberek very poisonous and bitter
zr zr incessant noise nerve-racking
zrl zrl incessant noise nerve-racking
zrt frt at any time whatsoever
zrt prt whenever one feels like it
zrt zrt every so often
Turkish Personal Pronouns - "I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they"
In Turkish the Personal Pronouns are two categories:
(1) Stand-alone Pronouns:
Ben gidiyorum. I am going.
(2) Pronouns in suffix form:
Gidiyorum. I am going.
The stand-alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the personal
verb ending.
They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the
person.
This is similar to Spanish where a person will say "comprendo" I understand instead of "Yo
comprendo"
Stand-alone are used in their extended forms:
bende on me
sizin of you
bizden from us
when suffixes to, from, with, etc. are added to them.
Turkish Simple Personal Pronouns List
Stand Alone Personal Pronoun

ben I
sen you [familiar]
o He, she, it
biz we
siz you [formal]
onlar they

Emphasis of the Turkish Personal Pronoun

When the pronoun needs to be emphasized the stand-alone version is used together with the
personal suffixed verb tense form.
gidiyorum I'm going
emphasized
ben gidiyorum I am going
kaldk we stayed
emphasized
biz kaldk we stayed
Turkish Suffixed Pronouns
These suffixed forms are used to show extended meaning pronoun within a sentence.
Suffixed Pronouns "I, we, you, they"
Singular Plural
ben I biz we
bana
to me bize to us
[NOT bene]
benim bizim
of me, my our
[NOT benin] [NOT bizimiz]
beni me (obj.) bizi us (obj.)
bende on me bizde on us
benden from me bizden from us
benimle or benle with me bizimle or bizle with us
Suffixed Pronouns "you (sing.) you (plur.)"
Singular, familiar Plural, polite,formal, public
sen you siz you
sana
to you size to you
[NOT sene]
senin of you, your sizin your
seni you (obj.) sizi you (obj.)
sende on you sizde on you
senden from you sizden from you
seninle or senle with you sizinle or sizle with you
Suffixed Pronouns "he, she, it, they"
Singular Plural
o he, she, it onlar they
ona to him, her, it onlara to them
onun of him, his, her, its onlarn their
onu him, her, it (obj.) onlar them (obj.)
onda on him, her,it onlarda on them
ondan from him, her, it onlardan from them
onunla or onla with him, her, it onlarla with them
The Third person spelling changes. All extended forms of o use buffer letter when adding suffixes.
he, she, it adds letter -n-
o-nu, o-na him , to him
The third person plural is also irregular becoming onlar they.
Extended Forms Turkish Personal Pronouns
The main use for the Personal Pronouns is to extend them with suffixes to, from, with etc.
Tukish Motion Toward Suffix (dative) -e /-a to, towards
Personal pronouns show some changes in spelling have naturally occurred in the Turkish
language:

Motion Toward Suffix

bana to me
[NOT bene.]
sana to you
[NOT sene.]
ona to him, to her, to it
bize to us
[NOT bizimiz.]
size to you
onlara to them
These forms are irregular bana, sana where bene, sene would have been expected.
This is a shift that has happened historically.
The Kazakh and Uzbek Turkic languages have not made this vowel shift.
Bana onu verin. Give it / that to me
Onlara baknz. Look at them.
[LIT: towards them.]
Bize inanyorlar. They believe us.
[LIT: believe to us.]
Turkish says bize inann believe to us
The word inanmak to believe takes the "movement toward condition" as its object.
English uses the direct object for the verb Believe us.
Some other verbs in English that do not take the direct object case:
"I am frightened OF the dark."
Turkish Static Condition Suffix (locative) -de/-da in, on, at

Static Condition suffix

bende in, on,at me
sende on you
onda on him, on her, on it
bizde on us
sizde on you
onlarda on them
 Bende para yok. I've got no money.
[LIT: on me]
Sende para var m? Have you got any money?
[LIT: on you]
Bizde para var m? Have we got any money?
[LIT: on us]

Turkish Motion Away Suffix (ablative) -den/-dan from, via

Motion Away Suffix
benden from me
senden from you
ondan from him, her ,it
bizden from us
sizden from you
onlardan from them
Benden bir emsiye alabilirsiniz.
You can have an umbrella off me.
[lit: from me]
Senden bir sigara alr mym?
Can I have a cigarette off you?
[lit: take from you]
Ondan korkuyorum
I am frightened of him
[lit: frightened from him]

Turkish Ownership Suffix -in/-n/-un/-n of, belonging to

Ownership Suffix
benim my, of me
senin your, of you
onun his, hers, its, of him.
bizim our, of us
sizin your, of you
onlarn their, of them
Benim emsiyemi [emsiye-m-i] alabilirsiniz.
You can take my umbrella.
Senin araban yeni mi?
Is your car new?
Onlarn arabas eskidir.
Their car is old.

Turkish Direct Object Suffix -i - -u - "the"

Direct Object Suffix.
beni me
seni you
onu him, her, it
bizi us
sizi you
onlar them
Mehmet, beni vurdu.
Mehmet shot me.
[ben-i "me" as a direct object]
 Ali, araban onard m?
Did Ali repair your car?
[araba-n- "your car" as a direct object]
Mustafa, onu yapt
Mustapha did it.
[on-u "it" as a direct object]

Turkish "with" suffix -le -la (ile) suffix "with, and, together"
"with, via" Suffix
ben(im)le with me
sen(in)le with you
on(un)la with him, her, it.
biz(im)le with us
siz(in)le with you
onlarla with them
-le -la suffix can be considered as an alternative.
The preferred version is added to the genitive -in form of the pronouns.
ben(im)le, sen(in)le, on(un)la, biz(im)le, siz(in)le are alternatives.
The third person plural onlarla with them is the only alternative.
It is not correct to say onlarnla
Mehmet, benimle geldi.
Mehmet came with me.
Mustafa, bizimle kalacak.
Mustapha will stay with us.
Ali, onlarla geldi mi?
Did Ali come with them?

The Reflexive Pronoun kendi self/own

As an adjective kendi means own
The person agrees with the thing which is owned:
kendi bahem my own garden
kendi evin your own house
kendi arabalar their own car
[kendi araba-lar]

The suffixed kendi self Personalized Forms

The Reflexive Pronoun
kendim myself
kendin [familiar] yourself
kendi(si) himself / herself / itself
kendimiz ourselves
kendiniz yourselves Also: yourself [formal]
kendileri themselves
The third person singular is almost always in the short form:
kendi as the -si suffix is dropped in use.
Kendi is also use in its extended (suffixed) forms:
Reflexive Pronoun Extended
kendime to myself
 kendinden from yourself
kendinde or kendisinde on himself
kendimizle with ourselves
kendinizin of yourselves
kendilerinden from themselves
The -si suffix IS USED when further suffixes are addedto kendi(si)
Usage of kendi self
Kendi is used in many different contexts, especially for emphasis:

Kendi meaning myself, yourself, himself

Kendime bir bilgisayar aldm.
I bought a computer for myself.
Bence kendini biraz kmsyorsun.
I think you underestimate yourself a bit.
Kendi meaning own, as an adjective.
kendi evim or benim kendi evim
my own house
kendi dncesi or onun kendi dncesi
her own opinion
Kendi meaning on my own or in order to emphasize the subject.
Bu resmi ben kendim yaptm.
I made this picture on my own. (by myself).
Bunu biz kendimiz dndk.
We thought that on our own. (by ourselves).
Kendi giving the meaning of a formal impression:
Size bay Sarkurt'u takdim etmek istiyorum.
I would like to present you Mr. Sarikurt.
Kendisi daha nce bir irkette CEO olarak alyordu.
He used to work as a CEO in a company.
This version is used for 3rd person singular and plural, always as kendisi or kendileri.
The use of the formal addressing kendisi himself
This usage is constantly used in newpaper reports and television interviews.

Duplication of kendi kendi as an adverb is used to describe verbs:

Bilgisayar bozuktu. Ama daha sonra kendi kendine alt. The computer had broken
down. But then, it worked by itself.
Kendi kendime konuuyorum. I am talking to myself.
Trke'yi kendi kendime rendim. I learned Turkish by myself/on my own

Do not confuse reflexive verbs with the use of kendi:

I had a wash. translates as Ykandm. in Turkish [LIT: I washed myself]
The Reflexive Verb Ykanmak to wash onself is used.
[Kendimi ykadm. is WRONG.]
The reflexive verb form: Ykandm. is CORRECT.
 I got wet. [Kendimi sladm is WRONG.]
The reflexive verb form: Islandm. is CORRECT.

Turkish Interrogative Personal Pronoun who?, whom? kim?, kimler?

The pronoun kim? who? has a plural in Turkish: kimler? who?
English who is both singular or plural within its context.
kim who? kimler
kime to whom? kimlere
kimin whose? kimlerin
kimi whom? (obj.) kimleri
kimde on whom? kimlerde
kimden from whom? kimlerden
kiminle or kimle with whom? kimlerle

Turkish Interrogative Pronoun Examples kim who

Kimi grdnz?
Whom did you see?
[Objective Singular]
Kimleri grdnz?
Whom (what people) did you see?
[Objective Plural]
Arabay kimlerden aldnz?
From whom did you buy the car?
Paray kime verdiniz?
To whom did you give the money?
Bu gzlk kimin?
Whose are these glasses?
Kiminle geldi?
Whom did he come with?

Turkish Impersonal Pronoun biri somebody

birisi (singular particular) somebody
birileri (plural) somebody
The word somebody in Turkish can be a singular:
somebody biri, birisi
or plural somebodies birileri
biri var, birisi var birileri var all mean There is somebody there.
Positive statements use somebody in English
in Turkish it may be a plural birileri "somebodies"
Turkish Negative Impersonal Pronoun kimse anybody, nobody
Turkish kimse is similar to the French "personne"
It can be negative, positive or interrogative meaning somebody, anybody or anybody?
The meaning of kimse can be singular or plural.
Turkish has no such word as "kimseler."
 nobody kimse [negative]
anybody kimse [negative]
anybody? kimse [positive or negative question]
kimse can take a suffix:
Kimseye [kimse-ye] anlatmam!
I will not tell anybody!
Kimse var m? Kimseler var m?
Is there anybody there?
Kimse yok.
There is nobody there.
Kimseden aldin mi? Did you get it from anybody?
imdiden evde biri (birileri) olmal.
There must be somebody at home by now.
[Positive Statement.]
Saat sekizde parkta kimse grnmedi.
At eight o'clock there was nobody to be seen in the park.
[Negative Statement.]
Saat sekizde parkta kimse var myd?
Was there anybody in the park at eight o'clock?
[Positive Question.]
u anda ofisinizde kimse yok mu?
Isn't there anybody in your office at the moment?
[Negative Question.]

Turkish Diminutive Form kimsecik kimsecikler

kimsecik, kimsecikler is only used with the negative:
kimsecik yok the the meaning becomes nobody at all

Odann ierisinde / iinde kimse var m?

Is there anybody inside the room?
Odada kimsecik / kimsecikler yok.
There is nobody at all in the room.
kimsecik / kimsecikler is only used with negative verbs.
It is invariable and cannot be suffixed.
Turkish Demonstratives "this, that one, these, those ones"
Demonstrative Adjectives: "this, these, that, those"
Describe and demonstrate a particular noun:
"This house" is red.
"Those children" are young.
Demonstrative Adjectives are invariable in Turkish and cannot be suffixed.

Demonstrative Pronouns: "this one, that one, these ones, those ones"
Stand in place of a particular noun:
"This" is red.
"This one" is red.
"Those" are young.
"Those ones" are young.
Turkish Demonstrative Pronouns can be suffixed.
 bu this (here)
OR this just mentioned.
bunlar these
u that (nearby)
OR that (which follows)
unlar those (nearby)
o that (over there, yonder)
onlar those (yonder)

Turkish Demonstrative Simple Forms:

bu, u, o this, that, that yonder
bu kedi this cat
u fincan that cup
[near to, between us]
o adam that man
[over there, yonder]

Turkish has two words for "that, those"

When suffixing demonstratives the buffer letter -n- is always used.
The plurals are bunlar unlar onlar

About Turkish Demonstrative - u unlar, o onlar

u that [nearby]
plural unlar those [between]
u signifies something "near by" or "between" the speakers.
u also means "that which follows"
u tavsiye the following recommendation.
Care must be taken using u and its extensions:
It is also used in a derogatory sense:

u adama bakn!
Look at that bloke!
unu istemedim
I didn't want that! ["damn thing"]
u herif kim?
Who the hell is that fellow?

O that [over there]

plural onlar those [yonder]
O signifies items far away or which does not lie between the speakers.
O is used for happenings in foreign countries and cities.

Turkish Demonstrative Adjective in Questions u ne? What's that?

Question:
u ne? What is that? [just there]
Answer:
O bir gazete. That is a newspaper.
u bir gazete is incorrect and cannot be used in answers.
The Suffixed Forms of the Turkish Pronouns
Turkish Demonstrative Pronouns can be suffixed:

Onu bana ver!

Give me that one!
Bunlardan bir tane alin.
Take one from these.
unlara ok glyorum!
I'm really laughing at those ones!

Turkish Demonstrative bu this

Singular Plural
bu this bunlar these
buna to this bunlara to these
bunun of this bunlarn of these
bunu this (object) bunlar these (obj.)
bunda in/on/at this bunlarda in/etc. these
bundan from this bunlardan from these
bununla with this bunlarla with these

Turkish Demonstrative u that, that there

Singular Plural
u that unlar those
una to that unlara to those
unun of that unlarn of those
unu that (object) unlar those (obj.)
unda in/on/at that unlarda on those
undan from that unlardan from those
ununla with that unlarla with those

Turkish Demonstrative O that over there

Singular Plural
o that yonder onlar those yonder
ona to that onlara to those
onun of that onlarn of those
onu that (object) onlar those (obj.)
onda in/on/at that onlarda on those
ondan from that onlardan from those
onunla with that onlarla with those

The Turkish Demonstrative suffix -ca concerning

 bunca all this, bunlarca all these
onca all that, onlarca all those

unca all that unlarca all those

are only used disparagingly.
Ne demek olduu unlarca anlalmamtr?
What do you mean that all those have not been understood?
bu kedilerthese cats
o kediler. those cats
The meanings of bunca and onca are plural but only used with a singular object.
bunca kedi all these cats
onca kedi all those cats
bunca / onca replaces bu kadar / o kadar all this / that amount of..
Bunca emeim boa gitti.
All this work of mine was in vain.
Bunca kitab, kitaplkta dursunlar diye mi aldn?
Did you buy all these books (just) to fill the bookcase?
Bunca arkadamn arasndan onu mu beendin?
Between all these friends of mine, was it (only) him you liked?
Bunca yldr bu okuldaym, byle olay grmedim.
I was at this school all these years and I have not seen such a thing (before).
Bunca kediyi nasl besleyeceksin ki?
How do you feed all these cats?

The Turkish Demonstrative Reducing suffix "-cik"

uncacik, yaradan lmezsin.
You won't die from such a small wound.
Adverbial Forms of the Demonstratives,
bu, u, o produce the adverbs byle, yle, yle
byle In this way / thus
Onu byle yaptm I did it like this
byle is usually used with the first person pronoun.
yle like that / in that manner
Onu yle yapn! Do it like that!
yle is usually used with the imperative.
yle such as that / like that
Onu yle yapt He did it like that!
yle is used with past tense as it is more distant.

The -ce suffix is also used with adverbs:

bylece In this way / thus

ylece is not in general use.
 ylece such as that / like that
The ce suffix give a sense of completion:
Bylece i tamamland. The job was completed thus(ly).

Turkish usage of byle, yle

Byle bir i yapmayn! Don't do anything like (this) that!
Turkish uses bu and byle for a specific actions - such as "washing the car"
Bylece onu yapn! for English: Do it that way!
yle byle just so so [LIT: like that, like this]
[as French "comme ci comme ca"]
When asked How are you? then yle byle can be given as an answer:
"So so, I'm up and down, I'm getting on OK."
yle bir saanak yamur yad ki srlsklam slandm.
There was such a downpour that I got sopping wet.

"Formula Speak" yle mi?

This idiom is often used in conversation.
yle mi? Well I never!, Really?

Turkish Possessive Adjective my, your, his, our, their

Examples of the Suffixed Possessive Adjectives -im -m -m my
Question: Which cat? Answer: my cat.
The word "my is a Possessive Adjective describing the noun cat.
The Turkish suffix -m -im -um -m is added to final consonants:
kolum
[kol-um] my arm
The leading vowel is dropped from the "-im" suffix -m when added nouns ending in a vowel:
arabam
[araba-m] my car
Turkish Possessive Adjective Reference Summary
The suffixes for all the persons: my, your, his, our, your, their

Possessive Adjective Reference

my
-m -im -um -m
After vowels: -m
your
-n -in -un -n
After vowels: -n your
his her its
- -i -u -
After vowels: -s -si -su- -s
our
-mz -imiz -umuz -mz
After vowels: -mz -miz -muz -mz
 your
-nz -iniz -unuz -nz
After vowels: -nz -niz -nuz -nz
their
-lar -leri
The E-Dotted Vowels Singular
el elim my hand
di diim my tooth
gz gzm my eye
gl glm my rose
The E-Dotted Vowels Plural
eller ellerin your hands
diler dilerin your teeth
gzler gzleriniz your (pl.) eyes
gller glleri his / their roses
The A-UnDotted Vowels Singular
ay aym my month
kz kzn your daughter
dost dostu his / her pal
sabun sabunum my soap
The A-UnDotted Vowels Plural
aylar aylarmz our months
kzlar kzlarmz our daughters
dostlar dostlar his / their pals
mektuplar mektuplarm my books

The Plural suffix is always added first.

The Possessive Suffix follows the Plural Suffix.

ellerim my hands
[el-ler-im]
odalarmz our rooms
[oda-lar-mz]

Adding the Possessive Adjective to words that end in a vowel

When the word ends in a vowel then the Possessive Suffix drops its own initial vowel.
kedi cat kedim
[kedi-m] my cat
The Possessive Suffix does not lose its vowel when attached to the plural of a noun.
It follows the final consonant of -ler -lar
kediler cats kedilerim
[kedi-ler-im] my cats
The Third Person Singular Possessive Suffix -i his, her, its becomes -si [uses Buffer Letter
-s-] when added to a noun ending in a vowel.
 oda room odas
[oda-s-] his room
Buffer letter -s- is used to keep two vowels apart.
The single exception su water
The word su water is the single irregular noun in Turkish.
It takes a buffer letter -y- with all its suffixes.

su water
suyum my water
suyun your water
suyu his water
suyumuz our water
suyunuz your water
sular their water

Turkish Consonant Mutation when adding Suffixes

Mutation: p b
kitap book kitabm my book kitaplarm my books
Mutation: k
sokak street sokam my street sokaklarm my streets
Mutation: t d
armut pear armudu his pear armutlar his pears/their pear(s)
This example armutlar his pears/their pear(s) can be construed three ways:
armutlar - his pears armut -lar their pear OR their pears
The plural -lar suffix cannot be re-duplicated. ["armutlarlar"is wrong.]
The context usually makes clear the singularity or plurality of the noun:
To be explicit then onun his or onlarn their can be used:
onun armudu his pear
[he has singular pear]
onun armutlar his pears
[he has plural pears]
onlarn armudu their pear
[they have a singular pear]
onlarn armutlar their pears
[they have plural pears]

Turkish Possessive Adjectives showing difference of Singular and Plural Nouns

Vowel Harmony must be observed when suffixing singular or plural words.

kap
kapmdoor
my door

odalar his rooms
aile family
kaplarm my doors ailesi his family
bahe garden aileleri their family/families
bahem my garden araba car
bahelerim my gardens arabamz our car
oda room arabalarmz our cars
odas his room otobs bus
 otobsmz our bus onun domuzlar his pigs
otobslerimiz our buses [domuzlar-]
onlarn domuzlar their pig(s)
kulak ear [domuz-lar]
kulanz your ear gz eye
kulaklarnz your ears gz his eye
emsiye umbrella onun gzleri his eyes
emsiyeniz your umbrella [gzler-i]
emsiyeleriniz your umbrellas onlarn gzleri their eye(s)
domuz pig [gz-leri]
domuzu his pig
Turkish Suffixed Possessed Nouns - Extended
A noun with the possessive suffix being a noun in its own right can be subject to further suffixes.
Buffer letter -n- is used when adding second suffixes to possessed items.
For third person singular his, her, its and third person plural their:

arabasna
[araba-s-n-a] to his/her car
elmalarndan
[elma-lar-n-dan] from their apple(s)
kedi cat. Singular kedi ends in a vowel so only suffix -m is added:
kedim my cat
[kedi-m]
kedimden from my cat
[kedi-m-den]
kedime to my cat
[kedi-m-e]
kediler cats. Plural kediler ends in a consonant so suffix -im is added:
kedilerim my cats
[kedi-ler-im]
kedilerimden from my cats
[kedi-ler-im-den]
kedilerime to my cats
[kedi-ler-im-e]
araba car. Singular araba ends in a vowel so only suffix -n is added:
araban your car
[araba-n]
arabana to your car
[araba-n-a]
arabanda in your car
[araba-n-da]
arabalar cars. Plural arabalar ends in a consonant so total suffix -m is added:
arabalarn your cars
[araba-lar-n]
arabalarna to your cars
[araba-lar-n-a]
arabalarnda in your cars
[araba-lar-n-da]
 elma apple ends in a vowel so third person suffix using buffer letter -s is added:
onun elmas his apple
[elma-s-]
onun elmasnda in his apple
[elma-s--n-da]
onun elmasndan from his apple
[elma-s--n-dan]
onun his used to show that this apple belongs to one person.
elmalar apples
onun elmalar his apples
[elma-lar-]
onun elmalarnda in his apples
[elma-lar--n-da]
onlarn elmasnda in their apple
[elma-s--n-da]
onlarn elmasndan from their apple
[elma-s--n-da]
onlarn elmalar their apples
[elma-lar]
onlarn elmalarnda in their apples
[elma-lar-n-da]
onlarn elmalarndan from their apples
[elma-lar-n-dan]
onlarn their is used to show that this/these apple(s) belongs to more than one person.
ky village
kymz our village
[ky-mz]
kymzde in our village
[ky-mz-de]
kymzden from our village
[ky-mz-den]
kyler villages
kylerimiz our villages
[ky-ler-imiz]
kylerimizde in our villages
[ky-ler-imiz-de]
kylerimizden from our villages
[ky-ler-imiz-den]
kpek dog
kpeiniz your dog
[kpe-iniz]
kpeinizde on your dog
[kpe-iniz-de]
kpeinize to your dog
[kpe-iniz-e]
The Rule of Consonant Mutation -k changes to - is operating here when a vowel suffix is being
added to a hard consonant.

kpekler dogs
 kpekleri their dogs
[kpek-leri]
kpeklerine to his dogs
[kpek-ler-i-n-e]
OR to their dog(s)
[kpek-leri-n-e]
kpeklerinden from their dogs
[kpek-leri-n-den]
ev house
onlarn evi their house
[ev-i]
onlarn evine to their house
[ev-i-n-e]
onlarn evlerinde in their houses
[ev-leri-n-de]
onlarn evlerinden from their houses
[ev-leri-n-den]
evler houses
onun evleri his houses
[ev-ler-i]
onun evlerinde in his houses
[ev-ler-i-n-de]
onun evlerinden from his houses
[ev-ler-i-n-den]
A reminder about buffer letter -N-
A noun with the possessive suffix can be subject to further suffixes.
Buffer letter -n- is used when adding second suffixes to possessed noun.
Formation of Turkish Possession
There is a construction in Turkish which means "belonging to"
In English generally only the Possessor is marked as in Janet's house
The 's tells us that the house belongs to Janet.
Possession can also be marked by both the Possessor and the Possessed:
THE hair OF THE dog.
Both words hair and dog are marked.
This construct is the method that Turkish uses.
Both the Possessor and the Possessed are always marked:

kpein ty The hair of the dog

[LIT: kpe-in ty- "dog-the-of hair-the"]

The Possessor in Turkish

In Turkish the Possessor is suffixed with -in -n -un -n
Buffer -n- is used when suffixed to vowels:
-nin -nn -nun -nn
The -in suffix means "of, belonging to.."
Turkish Grammar calls it Suffix of Ownership [genitive]
Formation of the Possessor:
Words ending in a consonant add -in, -n, -un, -n

adam adamn [adam-n] the man's, of the man

gz gzn [gz-n] the eye's, of the eye
All plural forms end in a consonant -ler / -lar
adamlar adamlarn [adam-lar-n] the men's, of the men
fareler farelerin [fare ler in] the mice's, of the mice,
lastikler lastiklerin [lastik-ler-in] the tyres', of the tyres
Nouns ending in vowels use buffer letter -n to form -nin
banyo banyonun [banyo-nun] the bath's, of the bath.
kpr kprnn [kpr-nn] the bridge's, of the bridge.
The plurals are formed without the buffer -n-
banyolarn [banyo-lar-n] the baths', of the baths
kprlerin [kpr-ler-in] the bridges', of the bridges

Formation of the Possessed

The possessed item in Turkish is suffixed with -i, -, -u, - his, hers, its.
Buffer -n- is used when suffixed to vowels:
-si, -s, -su, -s
The only exception is su water.
Su uses the buffer letter -y- suyu
[susu is incorrect]
The Possessive Relationship Explained
Both the Possessor and Possessed are suffixed in Turkish.
This is the model for all Possessive Relationships in Turkish.

The Possessor: adamn [adam-n] of the man with The Possessed: eli [el-] hand-his
adamn eli the man's hand, the hand of the man
[LIT: adam-n el-i "man-of hand-his"]
The Possessor: Mehmet with the Possessed: palto overcoat
Mehmet 'in paltosu Mehmet's overcoat
[LIT: Mehmet-'in palto-su "Mehmet-of overcoat-his"]

The irregular noun su water

adamn suyu
[adam-n su-yu]
the man's water

Proper Names are kept separated.

With Proper Names the suffix is separated by an apostrophe:
Nouns beginning with a capital letter take a separated suffix:
Londra London
Londra'nn London's, of London.
Plurals of the Turkish Possessive Relationship -
The plurals are formed by the addition of -ler / -lar to either the Possessor, the Possessed or to
both according to context.
Both Possessor and Possessed Singular
adamn arabas the man's car
[adam-n araba-s]
evin dam the roof of the house
[ev-in dam-]

The Possessor Plural and Possessed Singular

yldzlarn the light of the stars
[yldz-lar-n -]
adamlarn arabas the men's car
[adam-lar-n araba-s]

The Possessor Singular and Possessed Plural

adamn arabalar the man's cars
[adam-n araba-lar-]
odann duvarlar the walls of the room
[oda-n duvar-lar-]

Both Possessor Plural and Possessed Plural

adamlarn arabalar the men's cars
[adam-lar-n araba-lar-]
ocuklarn oyunlar the children's games
[ocouk-lar-n oyun-lar-]

Turkish Possessive Relationship in Use

The possessive relationship is a compound noun.
Further suffixes are added to the possessed item(s) to modify the meaning:

Adamn arkadana kitab verdim.

[Adam-n arkada--na kitab- verdim.]
I gave the book to the man's friend.
[LIT: Man-of friend-his-to book-the gave-I.]
Olunun kardeinden bu apkasn aldm.
[Olu-nun karde-in-den bu apka-s-n al-dm.]
I got this hat from his son's brother.
[LIT: Son-his-of brother-his-from this hat-his got-I.]

Turkish Possessive Relationship Model

Both the Possessor and the Possessed Singular
adamn arabas the man's car
adamn arabasnn of the man's car, the man's car's
adamn arabasna to the man's car
adamn arabasn the man's car (object)
adamn arabasnda in the man's car
adamn arabasndan from the man's car
adamn arabasyla with the man's car
Possessor Singular with the Possessed Plural
adamn arabalar the man's cars
adamn arabalarnn of the man's cars, the man's car's
adamn arabalarna to the man's cars
adamn arabalarn the man's cars (object)
adamn arabalarnda in the man's cars
adamn arabalarndan from the man's cars
adamn arabalaryla with the man's cars
Possessor Plural with the Possessed Singular
adamlarn arabas the men's car
adamlarn arabasnn of the men's car, the men's car's
adamlarn arabasna to the men's car
adamlarn arabasn the men's car (object)
adamlarn arabasnda in the men's car
adamlarn arabasndan from the men's car
adamlarn arabasyla with the men's car
Both Possessor and Possessed Plural
adamlarn arabalar the men's cars
adamlarn arabalarnn of the men's cars, the men's cars'
adamlarn arabalarna to the men's cars
adamlarn arabalarn the men's cars (object)
adamlarn arabalarnda in the men's cars
adamlarn arabalarndan from the men's cars
adamlarn arabalaryla with the men's cars

Separation of Possessor and Possessed in Turkish

The Possessive Relationship can be separated by adjectives or adjectival phrases:

Adamn eski arkadandan.

From the man's old friend.
Adamn byk ve pahal arabasnda.
In the man's large and expensive car.

Chaining Turkish Possessors

evin kapsnn penceresi.
the house's door's window.
evin kapsnn pencereleri.
the house's door's windows.
evlerin kapsnn penceresi.
the houses' door's window.
 Ali'nin defterinin sayfalar yrtlmtr.
Ali's notebook's pages are torn.
[LIT: have been torn]
Bahenin duvarlarnn tulalar krlmtr.
The garden's walls' bricks are broken.
[LIT: have been broken]
Mehmet'in bisikletinin lastikleri anlmtr.
Mehmet's bicycle's tyres are worn down.
[LIT: have been worn down]
Arabamzn motorunun benzin deposunun doldurma kapa eksiktir.
Our car's engine's petrol tank's filler cap is missing.
[LIT: is absent, -tir makes this definite]
Turkish "possessed nouns" have to be made definite.
The Turkish Possessive Construction
The Possessive Construction is two nouns where the first noun "owns" the second noun:
Ev house and duvar wall produces a Possessive Construction:
evin duvar [ev-in duvar-]
the wall of the house
[LIT: "the house-of wall-its".]
The first noun is the Possessor:
It takes a Suffix of Ownership [Genitive Suffix]
ev-in of the house, the house's.
The second noun is the Possessed Object:
It takes the 3rd Person Suffix duvar its wall.
Turkish Extended Possessive Constructions
The "motion toward", "motion away" and "static" conditions can be added to the possessed noun:
evin duvarna
to the wall of the house
[dative: "to the house's wall"]
evin duvarnda
at/on/in the wall of the house
[locative: "in / on / at the house's wall"]
evin duvarndan
from the wall of the house
[ablative: "from / by / through the house's wall"]
Odann iinde yer bulup oturdu.
He found a place in the room and sat down.
[LIT: "In the inside of the room"]
Mehmet'in kutuda ne var?
What is in Mehmet's box?
Bilmem, onun iine bakmadm.
I don't know, I have not looked inside it
[LIT: "to the" inside "of" it.]
Bankann iinden bir ses geliyordu.
A sound was coming from inside the bank
[LIT: "from the" inside "of" the bank.
Bu odann iindekiler birbiriyle sohbet ediyor.
The people in this room are chatting to each other.
[LIT: "The people "that are in the" inside of this room are chatting to each
other."]
Turkish Possessive Construction - Omission of the Ownership Suffix
In many cases the suffix of ownership from the possessor may be omitted with very little difference
in meaning:
Fabrikann iinde ok insan alyor.
Fabrika iinde ok insan alyor.
Both the above mean: Many people are working in the factory.
Turkish Definite Possession
The possessor noun carries the ownership suffix.
It is definite and refers to a particular specific posessor known to the speaker.
Bu hayvanlar maarann iinde yaar.
These animals ive in the cave.
[a definite cave]
Eyalarm kutunun iine koydum.
I put my things into the box.
[a specific box]
Turkish Demonstratives are Definite
The use of a demonstrative adjective this,that causes a noun to be specific, so it must take an
ownership suffix:
Bu ehrin iinde ok insan var.
There are many people "living" in this city.
Bu bahenin iinde ok eit iek bulunur.
Many type of flowers are to be found in this garden.
Yangn, o adamn ofisinin duvarn iinde balam.
Apparently the fire started in that man's office wall.
[chained possession "in the inside of wall of the office of that man"]
Turkish Indefinite Possession
If however the Possessive Suffix is absent then the noun becomes indefinite and is often used in a
general sense:
Bu hayvanlar maara iinde yaar
These animals live in caves / a cave.
[caves generally]
Eyalarm kutu iine koydum.
I put my things into a box / boxes.
[indefinite box / boxes]
Turkish Idiomatic Forms of Possession
Sometimes the Possessive Compound corresponds to an idiomatic expression:
Ali'nin dairesi, ehrin iinde.
Ali's office is (right) in the town.
Ali'nin dairesi, ehir iinde.
Ali's office is in town.
["downtown" USA usage]
Turkish Possession Metaphorical Sense
The ownership suffix [genitive] is normally omitted when it is used in a metaphorical instead of
actual physical sense:
Bir hafta iinde kitabn bitirecek.
He will finish his book within a week.
ki gn iinde geri dneceim.
I'll return in(side) two days.
var there is/are and yok there isn't/aren't
A hotel in Kuadas at the far end of Ladies' Beach
This sign says it all! Is there a room
empty or not, we wonder?
Bo oda var. There are vacant rooms.
Bo oda yok. There are not vacant
rooms.

Turkish Present Tense Form - var, yok

var and yok are used singular or plural:
there is, there isn't or the plural there are, there aren't
var means "Is existent, It exists, There is, There are"
yok means Is non existent, It does not exist, There isn't, There aren't

Tepede bir lokanta var.

There is a cafe on the hill.
Bu aata ok meyve var.
There is a lot of fruit on this tree.
Bahede kzlar yok.
There are no girls in the garden.
Garajda hi araba yok.
There is/are not any car(s) in the garage at all.
Yeil kutuda kibrit yok.
There is/are no match(es) in the green box.
"People are" and "Things is" in Turkish.
This is why the last two examples can be singular or plural in meaning.
Turkish Question- var m? yok mu?
Formed by adding the Question Particle mi?/mu?
The Question Particle mi? mu? is written separately:
Var m? Does it exist? Is there? Are there?
Yok mu? Doesn't it exist? Isn't there? Aren't there?

Tepede bir lokanta var m?

Is there a cafe on the hill?
Aata meyve var m?
Is there any fruit on the tree?
Garajda hi araba yok mu?
Isn't there a/any car(s) in the garage?
 Yeil kutuda kibrit yok mu?
Are there not any matches in the green box?
Turkish Definite Past Form - vard, yoktu
The past tense suffix is -di - tu

var vard [var-d]

There was, There were
Similarly yok yoktu [yok-tu]
There was not, There were not
Tepede bir lokanta vard.
There was a cafe on the hill.
Bu aata ok meyve vard.
There was a lot of fruit on this tree.
Garajda hi araba yoktu.
There wasn't a (single) car in the garage.
Yeil kutuda kibrit yoktu.
There were no matches in the green box.
Turkish Past Definite Question - var myd? yok muydu?
The past question tag is miydi?/muydu?
The Past Question Tag is written separately.
Var myd? Did it exist? Was there? Were there?
Yok muydu? Didn't it exist? Wasn't there? Weren't there?

Tepede bir lokanta var myd?

Was there is a cafe on the hill?
Aata meyve var myd?
Was there is any fruit on the tree?
Garajda hi araba yok muydu?
Wasn't there a car(s) in the garage?
Yeil kutuda kibrit yok muydu?
Weren't there (any) matches in the green box?
Here is a sign along the old Lycian Road near Ka in the

It clearly shows that var / yok

always come at the end of
sentences.
"Care! Dog there is!" mirrors the
Turkish word order.

South Aegean.

Turkish Formal Form of "Var" and "Yok"

vardr definitely, surely
yoktur definitely not
The public form vardr / yoktur is a Statement of Fact
Suffixed with the verb to be -dir / -tur
it is used in Public Notices and Advices.
Traffic Propaganda in Manisa, Turkey Unutma! Her trafik kuralnn
bir nedeni vardr.
Don't forget, every traffic law
has a reason!
Showing vardr as
definitely, surely.

irkin erkek yoktur sadece bakmsz erkek vardr.

There are no ugly men, only there are neglected men.
[definitely]
Bir kiloda bin gram vardr.
There are 1000 grams in a Kilogram.
[Statement of Fact]
Garajda hi araba yoktur.
There is (surely) not a (single) car in the garage.
[Statement of Fact]
Yeil kutuda hi kibrit yoktur.
There is not a (single) match in the green box.
[Definite Statement]
Turkish Present Conditional Form varsa, yoksa
The Conditional Particle -sa is suffixed.
varsa If there is, If there are.
yoksa If there is not, If there are not.

Tepede bir lokanta varsa, orada yiyelim.

If there is a cafe on the hill, let us eat there.
Aata meyve varsa, onu koparrm.
If there is any fruit on the tree, I will pick it.
Garajda hi araba yoksa, o zaman bir taksi tutun.
If there isn't a car in the garage, then take a taxi
Yeil kutuda kibrit yoksa, akman kullan. [familiar]
If there are no matches in the green box, use your lighter.
Yeil kutuda kibrit yoksa, akmanz kullann. [polite]
If there are no matches in the green box, use your lighter.
Turkish Past Conditional Form varsayd, yoksayd
varsayd If there was
yoksayd If there was not
These forms are not widely used.
The verb olmak to be(come)
olmamak not to be(come)
is used for the Past Conditional.

olsayd.
[ol-sa-yd]
If there was, If there were.
olmasayd.
[ol-ma-sa-yd]
If there was not, If there were not.
 Tepede bir lokanta olsayd, orada yerdik.
If there had been a cafe on the hill, we would have eaten there.
Tepede bir lokanta olmu olsayd, orada yerdik.
If there had been a cafe on the hill, we would have eaten there.
[olmu = been]
Aata meyve olsayd, onu koparrdm.
If there had been any fruit on the tree, I would have picked it.
Garajda hi araba olmasayd, taksi tutacaktm.
If there had not been a car in the garage, I would have taken a taxi.
Garajda hi araba olmam olsayd, taksi tutacaktm.
If there had not been a car in the garage, I would have taken a taxi.
[olmam = not been]
Yeil kutuda hi kibrit olmasayd, akmam kullanrdm.
If there weren't any matches in the green box, I would have used my lighter.
Yeil kutuda hi kibrit olmam olsayd, akmam kullanrdm.
If there weren't any matches in the green box, I would have used my lighter
Krmzda gememi olsaydm, kadn yaayacakt.
Krmzda gemi olmasaydm, kadn yaayacakt.
Krmzda gemeseydim, kadn yaayacakt.
Are all different ways of saying: If I hadn't passed on the red light, the lady would have still
lived.
Turkish Inferential (Indefinite) Form varm, yokmu
The Inferential Suffix -mi -mu is used Present and the Past tenses:

varm It seems that there is / was

yokmu It seems that there isn't / wasn't
These are used when the speaker has no drect eyewitness knowledge.
It is used for reporting and stories.
Turkish Inferential Questions with var and yok

var mymi? Is there? Are there?

[do think that..?]
yok muymu? Isn't there? aren't there?
[at all...?]
The English words in (brackets) showing "doubt"
are all understood by the -mi Inferental Suffx

Deniyor ki tepede bir lokanta varm, yleyse orada yiyelim.

It is said there is a cafe on the hill, if so let us eat there.
Mehmet dedi ki "Aata ok meyve varm."
Mehmet said (that) "There is a lot fruit on the tree."
Garajda araba yokmu.
(I think that) there is not a car in the garage.
Yeil kutuda kibrit yokmu. Mavi olanna bakn.
[mavi olan--n-a = to the one which is blue]
(I think that) there are no matches in the green box. Have a look in the blue one.
"bir varm, bir yokmu" "Once upon a time"
Turkish varken, yokken suffixed with -ken while
var + iken while varken while / as there is
yok + iken yokken while / as there isn't

Tepede bir lokanta varken, bakasn amyorlar.

While there is a cafe on the hill, they will not open another one.
Aata ok meyve varken, onu koparalm.
While there is a lot fruit on the tree, let us pick it.
Hazr garajda araba yokken haydi oraya bisikletimizi brakalm.
As there is not a car in the garage then let us leaveour bicycles to there.
Bu kutuda kibrit yokken, atei yakamam.
As there are no matches in this box, I cannot light the fire.
Turkish - Enumerating with var and yok

When enumerating lists of things var or yok must be used after each item.
The English greengrocer says We have apples, tomatoes, onions, cherries
The Trk manav wll say elma var, domates var, soan var, kiraz var
Turkish: Answering questions with Var and Yok.
For Questions containing var m? or yok mu?
Answers must always contain var or yok
English uses Yes or No as an answer.
Turkish does use the single words hayr no or evet yes in answer to var mi? yok mu?

Question:
Dolapta bir bardak yok mu? Isn't there a tumbler in the cupboard?
Answer:
var / evet var or yok / hayr yok accordingly.
Question:
Kilitte anahtar var m? Is the key in the lock?
Answer:
var or yok accordingly.
English answers can be:
Yes [it is]. or No [it isn't].
Turkish answers must be:
var there is or yok there isn't
Ownership in Turkish - "I have/haven't got"
There is no verb to have or to have got in Turkish.
To say: "to have something"
"I have a new car."
"Have you got a new car?"
"Do you have any anything cheaper?"
Turkish uses:
var, vardr for "to have (got)"
yok, yoktur for "not to have (got)"
To say "I have (got) a cat."
The possessed item is suffixed with the Personal Pronoun adjectives:
-im -in-(s)i -imiz -iniz -leri my, your, his, our their
 kedim var
[kedi + m var.]
[Lit: There is a my cat]
I have (got) a cat.
gzlnz yok
[gzl + nz yok]
You haven't got any spectacles.
[Lit: There isn't any your spectacles.]
[Eng: "You don't wear glasses]
The Possessive Adjective suffixs -im -nz tells us "whose objects exist or not."
The Stand Personal Pronouns can be added for emphasis using the Ownership Condition:

Benim evim var.

I have a house.
Senin ablan var.
You have an elder sister.
Onun apkas yokmu.
(It seems) He has not got a hat.
Bizim evimizin [ev-imiz-in] bahesi yok.
Our house has not got a garden.
Sizin byk kpeiniz vard.
You used to have a large dog.
AK Bankasiyla onlarn kredisi var.
They have got credit the AK Bank.
Positive Ownership var - "have (got)"
kedim var
I have (got) a cat.
[kedi-m var]
kpein var
You have a dog.
[kpe-in var]
arabas var
He / she has a car.
[araba-s- var]
evimiz var
We have a house.
[ev-imiz var]
baheniz var
You have a garden.
[bahe-niz var]
ieleri var
They have a bottle(s).
[ie-leri var]
Negative Ownership yok - "not have"
kedim yok
I have not have a cat.
[kedi-m yok]
kpein yok
You do not have a dog.
[kpe-in yok]
arabas yok
He/she doesn't have a car.
[araba-s- yok]
evimiz yok
We do not have a house.
[ev-imiz yok]
baheniz yok
You have not got a garden.
[bahe-niz yok]
ieleri yok
They do not have any bottle(s).
[ie-leri var]
Turkish Ownership Questions: "Have you got a?

The question tag -mi? -mu? is added.

var m? "Is there? Are there?"
yok mu? "Isn't there?, Aren't there?"
Evin var m?
Have you got a house?
[Lit: Is there a your house?]
Kedisi var m?
Has he/she got a cat?
Arabalar var m?
Have they got a car?
Kitabmz yok mu?
Haven't we got a book?
Kz arkadan yok mu?
Haven't you got a girlfriend?
Iyi bir sebebim yok mu?
Haven't I got a good reason?
Examples of Possession in Turkish
The Conditional and Inferential senses of varsa, varm, yoksa, yokmu can be used with the
Possessive Forms.

Yeni bir arabanz var m?

Have you got a new car?
Yeni bir arabamz olsayd, beraber kasabaya gidebilecektik?
If we had a new car, we could have gone to town together?
Orhan'n yeni arabas varm.
(It seems that) Orhan has/had a new car.
ekeriniz var m, ltfen?
Do you have any sugar, please?
ekeriniz yoksa, sade ieyim.
If you do not have sugar, I'll drink it without.
Bo vaktimiz var m?
Have we got time to spare?
Bo vakitleri/zamanlar olsayd, bize gelirdiler.
If they had had time, they would have come to us.
Cevab yok.
He/She hasn't got the answer.
Cevab yoksa.
If He/She hasn't got the answer.
Elmalar yok
They haven't got any apples.
Elmalar yokmu.
(It seems that) they haven't got any apples.
Elmalar yok mu?
Haven't they got any apples?
 Mehmet'in kedisi var.
Mehmet has got a cat.
Mehmet'in kedisi varken, kpeimi onunla brakamam.
While Mehmet has got a cat, I cannot leave my dog with him.
Sadece az param var.
I've only a little money.
Ali 'nin paras var m?
Has Ali got any money?
Yeterli param varsa, yeni araba alrm.
If I have enough money, I'll buy a new car.
Ama o kadar yokmu gibi geliyor.
But it seems that (like) I have not got that much (money)
Var and Yok Personalised
The verb to be "I am, you are" are suffixed
varm I am there , I'll be there yokum I am not there , I'll not be there

varsn You are there , You will be there yoksun You are not there, You will not be there

o var He / She / It is there, He will be there o yok He is not there, He will not be there

varz We are there, We will be there yokuz We are not there, We will not be there

varsnz You are there, You will be there yoksunuz You are not there, You will not be there

varlar They are there, They will not be there yoklar They are not there, They will not be there

When stating the future olmak to become can also be used:

var olacam I will be there.
The shorter way as in the table above is used in conversation.
Turkish Present Conditional Personalised - varsa, yoksa
Varsa and Yoksa If I'm there, If I'm not there

varsam If I am there, I'll be there yoksam I am not there, If I'll not be there

varsan If you are there, If you'll be there yoksan If you are not there, If you will not be there

varsa If he is there am there, If he'll be be there yoksa If he is not there, If he will not be there

varsak If we are there, If we'll be there yoksak If we are not there, If we will not be there

varsanz If you are there, If you'll be there yoksanz If you are not there, If you will not be there

varsalar If they are there, If they will be there yoksalar If they are not there, If they will not be there

Turkish Past Conditional Personalised: olsayd, olmasayd

Turkish past conditions with var and yok are replaced by the verb olmak to be/become
olsaydm If I'd been there olmasaydm If I'd not been there

olsaydn If you had been there olmasaydn If you not been there
olsayd If he had been there olmasayd If he had not been there

olsaydk If we had been there olmasaydk If we had not been there

olsaydnz If you had been there olmasaydnz If you had not been there

olsaydlar If they had been there olmasaydlar If they had not been there

Turkish Inferential (indefinite) Personalised mi forms - varm, yokmu

Varm and Yokmu the Indefinite mi form.

possibly I am/was there possibly I am / was not there, I'll not be

varmm yokmuum
I'll be there there
possibly you are / were there, you'll be possibly you are were not there, you'll
varmsn yokmusun
there not be there
possibly he is / was there, he'll be possibly he is was not there, he'll not be
varm yokmu
there there
possibly we are / were there, we'll be possibly we are / were not there. we'll
varmz yokmuuz
there not be there
possibly you are / were not there, you'll possibly you are / were not there, you'll
varmsnz yokmusunuz
not be there not be there
possibly they are / were there, they'll possibly they are / were not there,they'll
varmlar yokmular
be there not be there
This form is in constant use:
I am there, I was there, I'll be there, I'll not be there, etc.

Var and Yok examples Personalised

Yarn ofiste yokum.

I will not be at the office tomorrow.
Evde var msn?
Are you at home?
Kimse var m?
Is anybody there?
Kimse yok.
There is nobody (here).
Yalnz myz?
Are we alone?
Hayr. Onlar da var..
No, there's them as well..
Gelecek toplantda ben de varm.
I'll be at the next meeting as well.
Turkish Idiomtic Use of var & yok
When talking about interference into an issue:
varm varsn var varz varlar
"I'm in" "We're up for it!" etc.
yokum, yoksn, yok, yokuz yoklar
"I'm out (of it)!" "They are not up yo it!"
 Question:
Bugn balk av var msn?
Are you in for (going) fishng today?
Answers:
Evet, ben varm.
Yes, I am!
Hayr, ben yokum. No, I am not!
The Turkish TV show where the contestant has to decide between a cash offer or to "Open the
Box"

It is called "Var msn? Yok musun?" Are you In or Out!

Turkish Idomatic Var Yok examples.

Neyimiz var neyimiz yok depremde kaybettik.

We lost everything what we had / have in the earthquake.
Could also be stated thus:
Varmz youmuzu depremde kaybettik.
We lost everything what we had / have in the earthquake.
[yo-umuz-u softens -k to - when suffixed]
Vaktin varsa, sonra grelim.
If you have time, let's meet later on
Saat onda ofiste yokmusun.
It seems you were not at the office at 10 o'clock.
Finally, the Yok Yok Shop
What's in a name?

Does this shop really belie its name?

The shop with no stock?
You would be wrong in that assumption!

The yok yok "nothing doesn't exist!"

Consequently "everything exists!"
Bugn pazara gittim, pazarda yok yoktu.
I went to market today, there wasn't anything NOT available.
Turkish Infinitive
infinitive
The infinitive is a verbal noun. "to walk, walking"
It has no inflection to indicate mood or tense.
The suffix of the Turkish infinitive is -me(k) -ma(k)
[the final -k is often dropped when adding suffixes]
As a noun it can be suffixed with person and movement suffixes.
Positive Verb Root:
gelmek
[gel-mek]
to come, the coming
Negative Verb Root:
bakmamak
[bak-ma-mak]
to not look, the not looking.
Turkish Negative infinitive Formation
Verbs have a separate infinitive form:

Negative particle -me- -ma- is added to the positive verb stem

gelmek to come
gelmemek [gelme-mek] to not come
almak to take
almamak [alma-mak] to not take.
This method of forming the negative is true for all Turkish verbs.

Abrasion on Turkish Infinitive -me -ma

Infinitives are abraded by dropping final -k

gelme going bakmama not looking
Personal pronouns and extended suffixes are be added as required:
gelmemiz [gelme-miz] our coming
gitmemeleri [git me me leri ] their not going
bakmasndan [bakma-s-ndan] from his looking.
Glmemeniz imkansiz. [gl-me-me-niz] Your not laughing is impossible.
Turksh Abraded Infinitive Examples

yapmak to do yapma [yap-ma] the doing

yapmamak not to do yapmama [yapma-ma] the not doing
vermek to give verme the giving
vermeme the not giving
armak to ache arma the aching
armama the not aching
bilmek to know bilme the knowing
bilmeme not knowing
kopmak to snap kopma snapping
kopmama not snapping
grmek to see grme seeing
grmeme not seeing
kurumak to dry kuruma drying
kurumama not drying
glmek to laugh glme laughing
glmeme not laughing
Turkish Infinitive as an Object of a Verb
The infinitive being a noun can take suffixes:
 Geen hafta devimi yapmay unuttum.
[yapma-y = the doing]
I forgot to do my homework last week.
Garajdan arabam almay unuttum.
[alma-y = the taking]
I forgot to pick up (take) my car from the garage.
Ali, sana sylemeyi unuttu.
[syleme-yi = the telling]
Ali forgot to tell you.
Affedersin, seni aramay unuttuk.
We're sorry, we forgot to call you.
Filmi izlemeyi unuttum.
I forgot to watch the film.
Kediyi beslemeyi unuttum.
I forgot to feed the cat.
Mehmet'i sormay unuttunuz
You forgot to ask Mehmet.
Kapy kapamay unuttum.
I forgot to close the door.
Pencereyi amay unuttular.
They forgot to open the window.
Pencereyi amamay hatrladlar.
[ama-MA-y = the NOT opening]
They remembered NOT to open the window.
Turkish Verbal Objects
Some turkish verbs take the Movement Towards suffix [-(y)e/-(y)a] as their object.
To say: she started to write / she started writing
The infinitive:
yazmak to write is the object of the verb she started
The suffix shows its relationship to balamak
yazmaya balad
[yazma-ya]
she started to write / she started (to the) writing.
Special Case istemek to want
The verb istemek. to want is a special case:
It causes no modification of the verb it governs:

Yazmak istiyorum.
I want to write.
mek istiyorlar.
They want to drink.
Kalmak istemedin.
You didn't want to stay.
almak istemeyecekler.
They will not want to work.
This also applies in English:
"I want writing", "They want drinking" is incorrect.
The concept of "wanting" does not affect the verb being governed in any way.
When istemek governs anything other that a verb then the objective case must be used.
In examples below istemek does not govern the verb kalmak
It DOES govern a person
Therefore the direct object pointer IS required.

Kalmamanz istiyoruz.
We want you not to stay.
[Kalmama-nz-]
Kalmanz istemiyoruz.
We do not want you to stay.
[Kalma-nz-]
Kalmasn istemiyorlar.
They don't want him to stay.
[Kalma-s-n-]
Kalmamalarn istemiyorum.
I don't want them not to stay.
[Kalmama-lar-n-]
Verbal Nouns in English
To understand and comprehend verbal nouns must be recognised as such.

The writing is on the wall.

The drinking of this water is prohibited.
Smoking is allowed.
Leave your suitcase in the waiting room.
He is working in the drying shed.
Examples of Suffixed Turkish Infinitives
Suffixes follow Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules.
Buffer letter -y- is used to keep vowel suffixes apart.

Kitab okumaya alt.

He tried [to] to read the book.
Yzmeyi severim.
I like to swim.
[I like the swimming]
Onu yapmaktaym.
I am just doing it.
[in/at doing it]
sigara imeyi braktm.
I have given up [the] smoking cgaettes.
Extended Turkish Infinitive Forms
Turkish Infinitive with Basic Suffix
Positive Negative
gelmek to come gelmemek not to come
gelmeye to come gelmemeye to not to come
gelmeyi to come (obj.) gelmemeyi not to come
gelmekte in coming gelmemekte in not coming
gelmekten from coming gelmemekten from not coming
gelmekle by/with coming gelmemekle by not coming
 Kesmeyi brakt.
He stopped [the] cutting.
Srmeyi reniyorum.
I am learning [the driving] to drive.
Glmemeye alyorlar.
They are trying not to [to] laugh.
Turkish Infinitive with Personal Pronoun Endings
The infnitive drops its final -k of -mek -mak in all persons.
Personalised Infinitive
Positive Negative
gitmek to go gitmemek not to go
gitmem my going gitmemem my not going
gitmen your going gitmemen your not going
gitmesi his / her / its going gitmemesi his / her / its not going
gitmemiz our going gitmememiz our not going
gitmeniz your going gitmemeniz your not going
gitmeleri their going gitmemeleri their not going
Turkish Heavy Infinitive:
The meaning of the heavy infinitive is the same as the standard infinitive.
It is used when there may be ambiguity in the context.
The heavy infinitive is little used.
The heavy infinitive can also have personal pronouns and or case endings added to it.
Positive Verbs:
-lk -lik ix suffixed to the standard infinitive.
The final -k of -mek is often dropped when adding the -lik suffix.
gelmek to come
gelme(k)lik the coming
Negative Verbs:
are slightly different in that the -mek/-mak changes to -mez/-maz
bakmamak not to look
bakmazlk the not seeing
Personalised Heavy Infinitive
Positive Negative
gelme(k)lik to come gelmezlik not to come
gelme(k)liim my coming gelmezliimiz our not coming
gelme(k)likleri their coming gelmezlii his not coming

Turkish: How to say: To pretend (not) to

The heavy infinitive is little used except for the following "special case":
The Negative Heavy Infinitive in the ablative case followed by the verb gelmek means to pretend
(not) to
This "pretend not to" form is in daily use.

It is a reduplicated negative ie:

bakmazlk bakMAmazlk to not NOT to see.
Bana bakmamazlktan geldi.
He pretended (not) to look at me.
Onu grmemezlikten geliyorsunuz.
You are pretending (not) to see it.
Aye hanm sevmemezlikten gelir misiniz?
Are you pretending (not) to like Miss Aye?
This construction is a special locution.
It only used with gelmek as an auxiliary verb.
grmemezlikten gelmek
ignore
turn a blind eye
overlook
look through
give someone the go by
close one's eyes to
pretend not to see
The Turkish Verb "to be" Positive
The verb to be is used in sentences to describe a state of being

The house is blue.

It will be a quick journey.
If it is a big house.
If it had not been out of sight.
Origin of Turkish Verb "to be"
The verb "to be" is a defective verb imek whose stem was i-.
It is found in four forms of vowel harmony i u
It also mutates to -y in the past and other forms when being suffixed to a word.
This is no longer important in learning Turkish.
It gives the reason for many of the suffixes in modern use for the verb "to be".
Turkish Verb to be: Positive I am, you are etc.
The Verb "to be" takes the form of a suffix in Turkish.
It is subject to Vowel Harmony.
Consonant Mutation:
3rd person suffixes d t when suffixed to words ending in:
[ f h k p s t]
The buffer letter -y- is used when this suffix to a word which terminates in a vowel.
Turkish 'to be' Present Tense Suffixes

I am -(y)im -(y)m -(y)m -(y)um

you are -sin -sn -sn -sun
he/she/it is -dir / -tir -dr /-tr -dr / -tr -dur /-tur
 we are -(y)iz -(y)z -(y)z -(y)uz
you are -siniz -snz -snz -sunuz
they are -dirler /-tirler -drlar / -trlar -drler- / -trler -durlar / -turlar
Turkish "to be" Present Tense Examples

Hastaym. [hasta ym] I am ill.

Hastayz. We are ill.
Mutlusun. You are happy.
Mutlu bir kadnsn. You are a happy lady.
Yorgundurlar. [yorgun-durlar] They are tired.
Yorgunuz. [yorgun-uz] We are tired.
Evim krmzdr. My house is red.
Krmz bir evdir. It is a red house.
Paltom uzundur. My overcoat is long.
Uzun bir paltodur. It is a long overcoat.
Kpeim kktr. My dog is small.
Kk bir kpektir. It is a small dog.
Cadde genitir. The road is wide.
Geni bir caddedir. It is a wide road.
Kedim mutludur. My cat is happy.
Kediniz kahverengi renkliydir. Your cat is brown coloured.
Odam botur. [bo-tur] My room is full.
Odam doludur. [dolu-dur] My room is big.
Mor renkli bir evdir. It is a purple coloured house.
Ev mor renkliydir. The house is coloured.
Third Person Plural is very often omitted in conversation.
It only for emphasis and for public advice and warnings or stating fact:
A Turkish Public Notice showing the use of -dir/-tir

A Turkish Public Notice showing the use of diR

tifaye ikiidr
[iki i-dir]
park etmek yasaktr
[yasak-tr]
It is the fire-station exit
parking is forbidden
Turkish "to be" Past Tense I was, you were
Past tense idim, idim -ydim, ydin when suffixed to a vowel.
Initial -d becomes -t when suffixed to [p t k f h s ]
Often the -ler/-lar plurals are omitted in conversation.
Turkish "to be" Past tense Suffixes

-(y)dim -(y)dm -(y)dm -(y)dum I was

-(y)din -(y)dn -(y)dn -(y)dun you were
-(y)di -(y)d -(y)d -(y)du he / she / it was
-(y)dik -(y)dk -(y)dk -(y)duk we were
-(y)diniz -(y)dnz -(y)dnz -(y)dunuz you were
 -(y)diler -(y)dlar -(y)dler -(y)dular they were
Turkish "to be" Past Tense Examples

kadnd She was a woman. [kadn-d]

lzmdlar They were necessary. [lzm-dlar]
mdrdm I was a director. [mdr-dm]
hastaydim I was ill. [hasta-y-dim]
mutluydunuzYou were happy. [mutlu-y-dunuz]
iyiydinizYou were good. [iyi-ydiniz]
mektuptuIt was a book. [mektup-tu]
sabahIt was morning. [sabah-t]
abuktularThey were swift. [abuk-tular]
kpryd It was bridge. [kpr-yd]
Turkish Vowel Harmony Verb "to be"
Both the present and past obey the rules of vowel harmony, which are summed up as follows:
Final vowel -a -
yalyz we are old [yal-yz]
yalydk we were old [yal-ydk]
hastaym I am ill [hasta-ym]
hastaydm I was ill [hasta-ydm]
Final vowel -o -u
bir vazodur it is a vase. [vazo-dur]
bir vazoydu it was a vase. [vazo-ydu]
yorgunsun you are tired. [yorgun-sun]
yorgundun you were tired. [yorgun-dun]
Final vowel -e -i
bir deredir it is a stream [dere-dir]
bir dereydi it was stream [dere-ydi]
zenginsin you are rich [zengin-sin]
zengindin you were rich [zengin-din]
Final vowel - -
bir gzdr it is an eye. [gz-dr]
bir gzd it was an eye. [gz-d]
Trk'trler they are Turkish. [Trk'-trler]
Trk'tler they were Turkish. [Trk'-tler]
Turkish Consonant Mutation Verb "to be"

-dir -tir when suffixed to hard consonants p h k s t

byktr it is large
bykt it was large
gentirler they are young
gentik we were young
yavatn you were slow
abuktunuz you were quick
sabahtr it is morning
sabaht it was morning
 bir mektuptur it is a letter
bir mektuptu it was a letter
bir sepettir it is a basket
bir sepetti it was a basket
bir virstr it is a virus
bir virst it was a virus
felakettir it is a disaster
felaketti it was a disaster
bir polistir it is a policeman
bir polisti it was a policeman
Mehmet' tir It is Mehmet
Mehmet' ti It was Mehmet

Suffixes are not fixed directly to Proper Names.

A comma is used to separate the suffix from a name or title:
stanbul' daym I am in Istanbul
Turkish Verb "to be" Present and Past Tense Examples with Vowel Harmony and Consonant Changes.

zenginim I am rich
zengindim I was rich
yorgunsum you are tired
yorgundun you were tired
pahaldr it is dear
pahalyd it was dear
kktr it is small
kkt it was small
hastayz we are ill
hastaydk we were ill
yalsnz you are old
yalydnz you were old
yoksuldurlar they are poor
yoksuldular they were poor
gentirler they are young
gentiler hey were young
Turkish "to be" Positive Interrogative Am I?, Are you?
The interrogative particle -mi? is suffixed with the Personal Pronouns.
It is placed after the word it affects.

Turkish 'to be' Questions - Present Positive

mym? miyim? muyum? mym? am I?
msn? misin? musun? msn? are you?
m? mi? mu? m? is he / she / it?
mdr? midir? mudur? mdr? is he / she / it?
myz? miyiz? muyuz? myz? are we?
msnz? misiniz? musunuz? msnz? are you?
-lar m? -ler mi? -lar mu? -ler m? are they?
mdrlar? midirler? mudurlar? mdrler? are they?
Except for the 3rd person form -lar mi?it is written separately from the word it affects.
The longer forms which end in -dir are formal.
They are used in instructions and public notices.
Not used in general conversation.
Turkish Present "to be" Positive Question Examples

zengin miyim? am I rich?

yorgun musun? are you tired?
pahal m? is it dear?
byk m? is it big?
hasta myz? are we ill?
yal msnz? are you old?
genler mi? are they young?
yoksullar m? are they poor?
Turkish Past "to be" Interrogative "Was I?, Were you?"
The Past tense personal endings are added to the question particle -mi
It obeys Vowel harmony but is written separately.

Turkish 'to be' Question Past Positive"

mydm? miydim? muydum? mydm? was I?
mydn? miydin? muydun? mydn? were you?
myd? miydi? muydu? myd? is he/she/it?
mydk? miydik, muyduk? mydk? were we?
mydnz? miydiniz? muydunuz? mydnz? were you?
mydlar? miydiler? muydular? mydler? are they?
Turkish Past Tense Positive Question Examples

ac myd? was it bitter?

scak myd? was it hot?
hava souk muydu? was the weather cold?
mutlu muyduk? were we happy?
yorgun muydular? were they tired?
hasta mydnz? were you ill?
ENG: have you been ill?
gzel miydi? was she beautiful?
ev byk myd? was it a large house?
The Turkish Future "will be"
The Future of the verb "to be" is lacking in Turkish.

It place is taken by the Future Tense of the Verb olmak to be, to become.
Yarn hazr olacam.
I will be ready tomorrow.
Er ge zengin olacaksn.
You will become rich sooner or later.
Bu gece parti ok gzel olacak.
It will be a great party tonight.
The Future Tense is discussed in detail in "Future Tense" web Page.

The Negative Particle deil not to be

The Negative not to be is formed by using the negative particle deil not.
 This word is invariable and not subject to vowel harmony rules.
Personal present tense endings are suffixed to deil not.
The resulting verb "not to be" is written separately from the verb root.
Turkish Present Negative "not to be"
Singular Forms

Singular Forms
ben deilim
I am not
zengin deilim
I am not rich
sen deilsin
you are not
yorgun deilsin
you are not tired
o deildir
he/she is not
[Public, Official]
pahal deildir
it is not dear
o deil
he is not
[Familiar, Usual]
iman deil
she is not fat

Plural Forms
biz deiliz
we are not
hasta deiliz
we are not ill
siz deilsiniz
you are not
yal deilsiniz
you are not old
onlar deiller
they are not
[Familiar, Usual]
irkin deiller
they are not ugly
*** onlar deildirler
they are not
[Public, Official]
gen deildirler
they are not young
*** The third person forms using -deildirler are not usually used in day to day conversation.
The -dir form is apparent in public signs and instructions.
The shortened form should always be used.
Using The Personal Pronouns for emphasis
The Personal Pronouns are only used for emphasis:
The person of the verb is already apparent from the verb ending.

zengin deilim I'm not rich

Emphasised: ben zengin deilim I am not rich
hasta deil he's not ill
Emphasised: o hasta deil HE is not ill
Turkish Present "to be" Negative Questions
Personal question tags follow vowel harmony and are written separately afer deil not.

zengin deil miyim? am I not rich? aren't I rich?

pahal deil mi? isn't it dear?
hasta deil miyiz? aren't we ill?
gen deiller mi? aren't they young?
yorgun deil misin? aren't you tired?
byk deil mi? isn't it big?
yal deil misiniz? aren't you old?
yoksul deiller mi? aren't they poor?
Turkish Past Negative "not to be"
To form the Past Tense of "not to be" the personal past tense endings are added to deil not

deildim I was not

zengin deildim I was not rich
deildin you were not
hasta deildin you were not ill
deildi he was not
yorgun deildi he/she was not tired
deildik we were not
mutlu deildik we were not happy
deildiniz you were not
a deildiniz you were not hungry
deildiler they were not
yoksul deildiler they were not poor
Turkish Negative Question Form
The Negative Question regarding Past Time is formed with deil not, followed by the question
forms written separately.

Ak deil miydi?
Wasn't it open?
Mutlu deil miydik?
Weren't we happy?
Hava souk deil miydi?
Wasn't the weather cold?
Zengin deil miydiler?
Weren't they rich?
Emin deil miydim?
Wasn't I sure?
Mehmet megul deil miydi?
Wasn't Mehmet busy?
Yorgun deil miydiniz?
Weren't you tired?
 ocuklar mutlu deil miydiler?
Weren't the children happy?
Turkish Question Tags
The English Question tags:
Isn't it?
Do you?
Aren't you?
Aren't they?
Can't we?
Weren't they?
Didn't they?. etc
Are all translated by the single tag deil mi? for all Persons and Tenses.

The weather is cold, isn't it?

Hava souk, deil mi?
The weather was cold, wasn't it?
Hava souktu, deil mi?
You are happy, aren't you?
Mutlusunuz, deil mi?
You will be happy, won't you?
Mutlu olacaksn, deil mi?
They are ill, aren't they?
Hastadrlar, deil mi?
Mehmet can win, can't he?
Mehmet kazanabilir, deil mi?
Turkish Verb "not to be" Examples
The word pek very, hard, firm, quite is often used as a "gentle" intensifier, especially in negative
sentences.
The more direct word ok very can also be used as an intensifier in positive sentences.

Mutluyum.
I am happy.
Deli deiliz.
We are not crazy.
Bozuktur.
It is spoiled, broken..
Kolaydr.
It is easy.
Neeliyiz.
We are merry.
ngilizsiniz.
You are English.
Zekidirler.
They are clever.
Pek imansnz.
You are quite fat.
ok naziksiniz.
You are very nice.
 yisiniz.
You are good.
Gen deilim.
I am not young.
Mehmet pek hastadr
Mehmet is quite ill.
Hasta deilsiniz.
You are not ill.
Pek a deilim.
I am not very hungry.
Yksek deildir.
It is not high
Pek hzl deil(dir).
It s not very fast.
Pek nazik deilsiniz.
You are not very nice.
Pek zeki deildirler.
They are not very clever.

Zengin miyim?
Am I rich?
Zengin deil miyim?
Am I not rich?
Fakr miyim?
Am I poor?
Hasta msnz?
Are you ill?
Ali bey gen mi(dir)?
Is Ali Bey young?
Kolay m(dr)?
Is it easy?
Zeki miyiz?
Are we clever?
Zeki deil miyiz?
Aren't we clever?
Deli misin?
Are you crazy?

Hazr msn?
Are you ready?
Hazr deil misin bile?
Aren't you ready yet?
Arkadam yal deildir.
My friend is not old.
Evet,arkadam gentir.
Yes, my friend is young.
Mehmet mutlu mudur?
Is Mehmet happy?
Evet, mutludur.
Yes, he is happy.
Hayr, mutlu deildir.
No, he is not happy.
Arkadanz yal mdr?
Is your friend old?
Turkish Present Continuous Tense -ing
The tense takes the form of be doing, be saying, be going
The Tense sign of the Present Continuous Tense is:
-iyor- -yor- -yor- -uyor-
which is added to the verb root.
The tense endings are completed by adding the personal suffixes.
The Tense Sign -iyor- can be likened to the English Tense sign -ing.
The initial -i- of -iyor- is subject to vowel harmony with the verb stem's final vowel.
Turkish Present Continuous Positive Conjugation
Turkish English
geliyorum
I am coming
[gel-iyor-um]
bakyorsun
you are looking
[bak-yor-sun]
gidiyor
he is going
[gid-iyor]
yryoruz
we are walking
[yr-yor-uz]
buluyorsunuz
you are finding
[bul-uyor-sunuz]
yazyorlar
they are writing
[yaz-yor-lar]
Turkish Present Continuous Negative
Negative verb stems are formed by adding the negating suffix -ma- -me- to the verb stem.

gelmek to come
gelmemek to not come.
bakmak to look
bakmamak to not look.
All Negative Verbs gelmemek drop the first letter of suffix -(i)yor to keep vowels apart:
[gelmeiyorum is incorrect.]
Turkish Present Continuous Negative Conjugation
Turkish English
gelmiyorum
I am not coming
[gelm-iyorum]
bakmyorsun
you are not looking
[bakm-yorsun]
almyor
he is not taking
[alm-yor]
kmyoruz
we are not going out
[km-yor-uz]
bulmuyorsunuz
you are not finding
[bulm-uyor-sunuz]
glmyorlar
they are not laughing
[glm-yor-lar]
Turkish Verb Roots ending in a Vowel - Present Continuous
The final vowel of verb stem is dropped along with -mek/-mak.
[vowels should not occur together]
The root of beklemek is bekle-
Adding tense sign-iyor- the final vowel -e of the verb stem is dropped.
[bekleiyorum is incorrect]
Turkish Verb Roots ending in a Vowel
Positive Verb Negative Verb
beklemek to wait, expect beklememek to not wait, expect
bekliyorum I am waiting beklemiyorum I am not waiting
bekliyorsun you are waiting beklemiyorsun you are not waiting
bekliyor he/she/it is waiting beklemiyor he/she/it is not waiting
bekliyoruz we are waiting beklemiyoruz we are not waiting
bekliyorsunuz you are waiting beklemiyorsunuz you are not waiting
bekliyorlar they are waiting beklemiyorlar they are not waiting

Forming Positive Questions

The question particle mu? is used after -iyor
It is written separately.
The personal ending is added to make a question tag.
The Question Particle m? mi? mu? m? is placed after the item that you are questioning:
It is NOT always the VERB that is in question.
This is the same for English.

Question on the verb:

Mehmet, imdi eve gidiyor mu?
Is Mehmet going home now?
Question on the Object:
Mehmet, eve mi gidiyor?
Is it home that Mehmet is going to?
Question on the Subject:
Mehmet mi, eve gidiyor?
Is it Mehmet who is going home?
Question on the Position of the Bicycle:
Bisiklet, ters mi duruyor?Is the bicycle upside down?
Question on the Playing of the Violin:
Mehmet, kemen mi alyor?
Is Mehmet playing the violin?
Turkish Question Tags
Positive Negative
gelmek to come gelmemek to not come
geliyor muyum? am I coming? gelmiyor muyum? aren't I coming?
geliyor musun? are you coming? gelmiyor musun? aren't you coming?
geliyor mu? is he coming? gelmiyor mu? isn't he coming?
geliyor muyuz? are we coming? gelmiyor musunuz? aren't you coming?
geliyor musunuz? are you coming? gelmiyor muyuz? aren't we coming?
geliyorlar m? are they coming? gelmiyorlar m? aren't they coming?

Turkish Question Tags Examples

The question tags muyum?, musun? etc are written separately from the verb itself.
The tags follow vowel harmony rules.
The negative questions are formed in the same manner using the negative verb stem.

Yarn ehre gidiyorum.

Tomorrow I am going to town.
Yarn ehre gitmiyorum.
Tomorrow I am not going to town.
Benimle gelmiyor musunuz?
Aren't you coming with me?
Kk odada uyumuyorlar m?
Aren't they sleeping in the small room?
Evi boyuyor
He is painting the house.
Mehmet kendi evini boyamyor.
Mehmet is not painting his own house.
Turkish uses the Present Continuous Tense as a Future Tense of Intention.
English is the same: "We are going to Turkey next month."
Spelling Exceptions Turkish Basic Verb Stems
Only four verbs change their root spelling from -t to -d when adding a vowel :

gitmek to go gidiyorum I am going

ditmek to shred didiyor he shreds
[often used in recipes]
tatmak to taste (of) tadyor it tastes of
etmek to do/perform ediyorum I am doing etc.
The verb etmek includes all verbs containing etmek

Examples with etmek

zannetmek to suppose
zannedersem if I suppose
Also used separated: zan edersem
affetmek to pardon, to excuse
 affederim I apologize
Also used separated: af ederim
All other verbs retain their original spelling:
bitmek to end bitiyor it is finishing
[NOT bidiyor]
batmak to sink batyor it is sinking
[NOT badyor]

Turkish Present Progressive Tense

This tense is especially used in newspapers, but is also being used in conversation.
Its base is formed by adding the locative suffix -de / -da to the infinitive.
The personal endings of the verb "to be" are then added.
It means: "I am presently doing something and I am still doing it at the moment."
It is best translated into English as "I have been doing" [and am still doing]
Example: beklemek to wait

Beklemekteyim! I have been waiting!

[beklemek-te-yim]
Saat beten beri bankada seni beklemekteyim.
I have been waiting for you in the bank since five o'clock
[and I am still waiting.]
Futbol takmmz talya'da oynamaktadr.
Our football team are presently playing in Italy.
Bu lkeler arasnda, Amerika, Fransa, Danimarka balca rol oynamaktadrlar.
Among these countries, America, France, and Denmark are presently playing a major role.
[have been playing]

Turkish Past Progressive Tense

The past tense endings can also be added to change the tense:

Mehmet evde beni beklemekteydi.

Mehmet had waited for me at home.
[had been waiting]
Yaz aylarnda, bu bgleye sadece trk deil yabanc turistler de gelmektedi.
In the summer months, not only Turks but also foreign tourists have come to this district.
[have been coming]

Turkish Simple Tense Positive

Called the Geni Zaman Wide Tense in Turkish grammar.
In Grammar it is known as the Aorist [Untimed] Tense
(1)Turkish Habitual Action
The Simple Tense signifies a timeless situation:
It does not specify a time of the present, past or future.
It is used to denote action that is habitual or untimed.
 Her gun denizde yzerim.
I swim in the sea every day.
Aye hanm dondurmay cok sever.
Miss Ayshe likes ice cream a lot.
Her gece eve dnerim.
I come back home every night.
Her gn dzenli olarak tra olur.
He shaves regularly each day.
Genelikle et yeriz.
Generally we eat meat.
Her hafta sonunda futbol oynarlar.
They play football every weekend.

(2) Turkish Consent or Willingness

The Simple Tense shows consent or willingness.
It is considered as a gentle tense and is used as a polite imperative or request.

Kapy aar msnz?

Would you open the door please?
[a polite request.]
Buna bakar msnz?
Would you look at this please
[a polite command.]
Evet, onu yaparm.
Yes, I will do the job
[a willing consent.]
In Turkish would you..? and please.. are not translated.
These meanings are understood within the tense itself.
Turkish Polite Command

Bakar msnz?
Would you look, please?
Bekler misiniz?
Would you wait, please?
[ENG: Would you mind waiting...?]
This is the polite way to get attention of a waiter or any person.
It is similar to the Welsh "Look you?" in that it is not rude.
Turkish Polite Request
It is a polite way of asking questions or giving minor orders to strangers.

Bir ay rica ederim

A tea, please
[Lit: I request a tea.]
Pencereyi kapatr msnz?
Would you close the window, please?

Turkish Polite Consent

This is a nice way of accepting the responsibility of something.

Ben onu yaparm

I'll do it.

(3)Turkish Untimed Future

The Simple Present is used for future events which are not timed.

Saatin altnda seni beklerim.

I'll be waiting under the clock for you.
Parkn yanndaki bankay tabii ki bulursunuz.
You'll find the bank all right, next to the Park.
Yarn ofiste buluuruz.
We'll see each other in the office tomorrow.
ki gecelik bir oda tutarz
We will take a room for two nights.

Turkish Simple Tense Positive Formation

For all verbs ending in a vowel the tense sign is -r-
The Personal suffixes are added to the tense sign to complete the verb in number.
Sing. Syl. Verbs ending in Vowels
demek to say balamak to begin
derim I say balarm I begin
dersin you say balarsn you begin
der he says balar he begins
deriz we say balarz we begin
dersiniz you say balarsnz you begin
derler they say balarlar they begin

demek to say der

Dnya yuvarlaktr derler.
They say the world is round.
yemek to eat yer
Her gn ekmek yeriz.
We eat bread every day.
beklemek to wait bekler
Her gn kede beklersiniz, deil mi?
Every day you wait at the corner, don't you?
sylemek to speak syler
Her zaman "hayr'" derler.
They say (the) "No" every time.

Turkish Simple Tense Regular Single Syllable Verb Formation

For verbs of one syllable which end in a consonant the positive tense sign is -ar or -er
There are some exceptions to this general rule.
This tense is the only one which shows some irregularity in its formation.
 atmak to throw adds tense sign -ar atar
atarm [at-ar-m] I throw
gemek to pass adds tense sign -er geer
geersiniz [ge-er-iniz] you pass

Turkish Single Syllable Verbs

Sing. Syl. Verbs ending in Consonants
yapmak to do, make kesmek to cut
yaparm I do keserim I cut
yaparsn you do kesersin you cut
yapar he does keser he cuts
yaparz we do keseriz we cut
yaparsnz you do kesersiniz you cut
yaparlar they do keserler they cut

Turkish Single Syllable Irregular Verbs

There are thirteen irregular single syllable verbs in the Simple Present which do not take the
regular tense sign -ar -er.
These 13 verbs add: -ir -r -ur -r
Single Syllable Verb Exceptions
almak to take alrm I take
bilmek to know bilir he knows
bulmak to find bulur he finds
durmak to stop, halt dururuz we stop
gelmek to come gelirsiniz you come
grmek to see grrler they see
kalmak to stay kalrm I stay
olmak to become olursun you become
lmek to die lr it dies
sanmak to suppose sanrz we suppose
vermek to give verirsiniz you give
varmak to arrive varrlar they arrive
vurmak to hit vururum I hit
Twelve of them end their root in -l or -r.
The single exception ( of the exceptions!) is sanr to suppose ending in -n
These 13 exceptions are in daily use and should be committed to memory.
Turkish Multi Syllable Verbs Simple Tense
For verbs consisting of more than one syllable the tense sign is -ir -r -r -ur.
Multi Syl. Verbs ending in Consonants
gndermek to send kazanmak to win
gnderirim I send kazanrm I win
gnderirsin you send kazanrsn you win
gnderir he sends kazanr he wins
gndeririz we send kazanrz we win
gnderirsiniz you send kazanrsnz you win
gnderirler they send kazanrlar they win

kazanabilmek
to be able to win
Her hafta Milli Piyango'yu kazanabilirsin.
You can win the lottery every week.
-a trmanmak
to climb up
Her yl Nemrut Da'na trmanrz.
We climb (to) Mount Nemrut every year.
gtrmek
to bring
Mehmet, yemeini her gn evden gtrr.
Mehmet, brings his lunch from home every day.
beenmek
to like, approve
Trk kahvesini beenirler.
They like Turkish coffee.

The Five Verb Root Change Exceptions

There are five verb stems soften their final -t to -d when adding a vowel suffix.
The 5 Verb Stems which Mutate
gitmek to go gider he goes
etmek to do ederim I do
tatmak to taste of tadarlar they taste of

ditmek to shred didersin you shred

gtmek to nourish gderim I nourish

Turkish Simple Tense Positive Interrogative
The interrogative is formed by adding the personalized question particles after the simple tense
verb stem ending in -r.
They are written separately, but follow vowel harmony rules.
Simple Tense Interrogative
bakmak to look bakar mym? do I look?
kalmak to stay kalr msn? do you stay?
bitirmek to finish bitirir mi? does he finish?
yazmak to write yazar myz? do we write?
komak to run koar msnz? do you run?
yrmek to walk yrrler mi? do they walk?

Turkish Translation of use to..

The Simple Past gives the meaning of "habitual in the past".
This translated by used to ... in English.
Turkish uses Simple Tense with the past tense personal endings.

Sk sk buraya gelirdim.
I used to come here very often.
Genken ok glerdin.
You used to laugh a lot when/while you were young.
Kuadada (Kuadasnda) kalrken her zaman denizde yzerdi.
He always used to swim in the sea when staying at Kuadas.
Dersler bittikten sonra uzun zaman/sre beni beklerdin.
You always used to wait for me a long time after school finished.
Tatilde kamp yaparken daima iyi uyurlard.
They always used to sleep very well while on holiday while camping.

Turkish Proverbs Ataszler

Turkish Proverbs are usually written in the Wide Tense habitual / timeless tense.
These translations are not literal showing the difficulty of such interpretation from Turkish to
English.

Acele ie, eytan karr.

If you hurry, the devil intervenes.
abuk parlayan abuk sner.
A flash is quickly extinguished.
Damlaya damlaya gl olur.
Lakes form drop by drop.
Fakirlik ayp deil tembellik ayp.
Poverty is no shame but idleness is.
yilik eden iyilik bulur.
Those who do good find goodness themselves.
Ne ekersen onu biersin.
You reap what you sow.
nce dn sonra syle.
Think first, speak later.
Salam kafa salam vcutta bulunur.
A healthy mind is found in a healthy body.
Tok iken yemek yiyen, mezarn kendi kazar.
Those who eat when they are full dig their own grave.

Turkish Simple Tense Negative

The Simple tense is Used in timeless habitual situations in both the present and the future.
The negative of the Turkish Simple translates as:

I don't go to work on Saturdays.

We don't keep a pet.
They never take a holiday.
We'll not see each other for some time.
Turkish Simple Timeless Tense Negative
The simple negative infinitive tense sign is -mez -maz suffixed to the verb stem:

gelmemek
[gelme-mek]
to not come
gelmez
does not come.
bakmamak
[bakma-mak]
not to look
bakmaz
does not look

Simple Tense Negative Conjugation

The Simple Tense Negative Infinitive gitmez not to go
First Person Singular and Plural drop the final -z of the negative infinitive.

gitmem I don't go
[NOT gitmezim]
gitmezsin you don't go
gitmez he doesn't go
gitmeyiz we don't go
[NOT gitmeziz]
gitmezsiniz you don't go
gitmezler they don't go

Turkish Simple Negative Examples

Beni tanmazsnz.
You don't know me.
Beni tanmaz msnz?
Don't you know me?
O bira imez.
He doesn't drink beer.
[generally?]
Mehmet, bira(y) imez mi?
Doesn't Mehmet drink (the) beer?
O biray imez.
He doesn't drink the beer.
Mehmet bira imez mi?
Doesn't Mehmet drink beer (at all)?
Onun hakknda konumayz.
We don't talk about it.
Genellikle bir apka giymez misiniz?
Don't you generally wear a hat?
Televizyonu seyretmezler.
They don't watch the television.
[in particular]
Televizyon seyretmezler
They don't watch television
[generally]

Turkish Negative Interrogative Simple Tense

The interrogative is formed by adding the personalized question particles after -maz -mez
The question is written separately, but follows vowel harmony rules.
Simple Tense Negative Question Form
Negative Infinitive Negative Question
bakmamak not to look bakmaz mym? don't I look?
kalmamak not to stay kalmaz msn? don't you stay?
bitirmemek not to finish bitirmez mi? doesn't he finish?
yazmamak not to write yazmaz myz? don't we write?
komamak not to run komaz msnz? don't you run?
yrmemek not to walk Yrmezler mi? don,t they walk?
For first person bakmaz mym? conversational Turkish can say bakmam m?
Turkish Simple Tense Negative Questions

Her gn saat bete seni grmez miyim?

Don't I see you every day at five o'clock?
Londra'da oturmaz msnz?
Don't you live in London?
Ali bey bir bankada almaz mi?
Doesn't Ali Bey work in a bank?
Hepimiz bir parti sevmez miyiz?
Don't we all love a party?

Turkish: Saying didn't use to

Simple Tense Past Negative :
The meaning is habitual in the past.
This translated by didn't use to in English.

Sk sk buraya gelmezdim.
I didn't use to come here very often
Gen iken o kadar glmezdin.
You didn't use to laugh very much when you were young.
Kuadada kalrken denizde yzmezdi.
He never used to swim in the sea when staying at Kuadas.
Derslerimiz bittikten sonra yerterli zaman iin beni beklemezdiniz.
You didn't use to wait long enough for me after our lessons had finished.
Tatilde kamp yaparken o kadar iyi uyumazdlar.
They didn't use to sleep very well while on holiday while camping.

Turkish Question didn't you use to?

Gitmez miydim?
Didn't I use to go?
Hatice'yi sevmez miydin?
Didn't you use to love Hatice?
Ummaz myd?
Didn't he use to hope?
Amaz mydk?
Didn't we use to open
 Kazmaz mydnz?
Didn't you use to dig?
Soan satmaz mydlar?
Didn't they use to sell onions?

Soan is not in the direct object case nor is it plural in Turkish,

It is a non-specific object of the family of "onion".
In Turkish "things is" and "people are"

kmaz mydlar?
Didn't they use to go out?
Her gn seni grmez miydim?
Didn't I use to see you every day?
Bkmaz mydk?
Didn't we use to get fed up?
Londra'da oturmaz mydn?
Didn't you use to live in London?
oturmak means to sit [down]
OR to reside [at a place]
Ali stanbul'da oturur
Ali lives in Istanbul.
Atlara binmez miydiniz?
Didn't you use to ride horses?

In conversational Turkish the past imperfect Tense will often be used for didn't use to

Yllar nce Manisa'da alyordum.

Many years ago I was working in Manisa.

Turkish Proverbs Ataszler

Turkish Proverbs are usually written in the simple habitual tense.
These examples are the negative form of the timeless tense.

Bo uval ayakta durmaz.

An empty sack does stand up.
Mum dibine k vermez.
The bottom of a candle sheds no light.
Havlayan kpek srmaz.
A barking dog does not bite.
Kk suda byk balk olmaz.
There are no big fish in small pools.
Yuvarlanan ta yosun tutmaz.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.

Turkish Future Tense Formation

The future tense sign is -ecek -acak + the personal suffixes;

Usage of the Turkish Future Tense

The Future Tense is used for :
Decisions:
lerde doktor olacam. - I'm going to be a doctor in the future.
Offers and Promises:
Sana bisiklet alacam. -I will buy you a bicycle.
Predictions:
Hava yarn ok gzel olacak. -The weather will be fine tomorrow.
Commands:
lk nce bunu bitireceksin. -First of all you will finish this.
Obligations:
Yarna deviniz bitecek. -By tomorrow our duty must finish.
Conjugaton of the Turkish Future Tense
First Person Singular and Plural
The final k softens to
-eceim -acam I will
-eceiz -acaz We will
Positive gelmek Negative gelmemek
geleceim gelmeyeceim
I shall come I shall not come
[gel-ece-im] [gel-me-y-ece-im]

geleceksin you will come gelmeyeceksin you will not come

O gelecek he will come O gelmeyecek he will not come
geleceiz we shall come gelmeyeceiz we shall not come
geleceksiniz you will come gelmeyeceksiniz you will not come
gelecekler they will come gelmeyecekler they will not come

The Future Negative is often pronounced gelmiyeceim

The Negative Particle -me- -ma- abrades to -mi- -m- in conversation.
Turkish future tense Verb Stem ends in a Vowel
The buffer letter -y- is used
-(y)acak, -(y)ecek
Positive aramak Negative aramamak
arayacam aramayacam
I shall look for I shall not look for
[ara-y-aca-m] [ara-ma-y-aca-m]

arayacaksn you will look for aramayacaksn you will not look for
O arayacak he will look for O aramayacak he will not look for
arayacaz we shall look for aramayacaz we shall not look for
arayacaksnz you will look for aramayacaksnz you will not look for
arayacaklar they will look for aramayacaklar they will not look for

Turkish Tense Future: Pronociation Changes when Spoken

In speech a terminal final -a -e mutates to - -i.
 syleyecek (as written)
syliyecek (as spoken)
he will speak
oksayacaklar (as written)
oksyacaklar (as spoken)
they will caress

In fast conversation -ecak -acak is often abraded to [-icim -cz] etc. when spoken:
Gideceim as spoken [gidicem] I will go
Gideceiz [gidicez] we will go
yazacam [yazcam] I will write
yazacaz [yazcaz] We will write
gleceim [glecem] I will laugh
gleceiz [glecez] We will laugh
Uyuyakaldm koa koa ofise gidicem imdi.
[kept on sleeping, running, running]
I slept over, now I'll go to the office in a hurry.

Turkish Future Tense Interrogative

The interrogative is formed using the -mi- question tag written separately from the verb stem.
Turkish Positive Interrogative Future Tense Conjugation
yrmek yryecek
to walk will walk

yryecek miyim? Shall I walk? Am I going to walk?

yryecek misin? Will you walk? Are you going to walk?
O yryecek mi? Will he walk?- Is he going to walk?
yryecek miyiz? Shall we walk? Are we going to walk?
yryecek misiniz? Will you walk? Are you going to walk?
yryecekler mi? Will they walk? Are they going to walk?

Turkish Negative Interrogative Future Tense Congugation

yazmamak not to write yazmayacak will not write

yazmayacak mym? Shall I not write? Am I not going to write?

yazmayacak msn? Will you not write?
O yazmayacak m? Will he not write?
yazmayacak myz? Shall we not write?
yazmayacak msnz? Will you not write?
yazmayacaklar m? Will they not write?

Future of the Turkish verb olmak to be

The verb "to be" is a suffix:
 PresentTense: hazrm
[hazr-m]
I am ready
Past Tense: hazrdm
[hazr-dm]
I was ready
There is no future tense of the verb "to be" in suffix form. It does not exist.
The Future of the verb olmak to become is employed to form the Future Tense of the verb "to be"
hazr olacam
I shall be ready.
olacak will become is NOT suffixed.
It is a word in its own right written separately.
Turkish Positive Future Tense olmak "to be"
Present Tense Future Tense with olmak

hazrm I am ready hazr olacam I shall be ready

zenginsin you are rich zengin olacaksn you will be rich
yoksuldur he is poor yoksul olacak he will be poor
yoksuldurlar they are poor yoksul olacaklar they will be poor

Bugn stanbul'daym.
Today I am in Istanbul.
Yarn stanbul' da olacam.
Tomorrow I shall be in Istanbul.

Tukish Negative Future Tense olmamak not to be

Present Tense Future Tense with olmamak

hazr deilim I am not ready hazr olmayacam I shall not be ready

zengin deilsin you are not rich zengin olmayacaksn you will not be rich
yoksul deildi he was not poor yoksul olmayacak he will not be poor
yoksul deiller they are not poor yoksul olmayacaklar they will not be poor
imdi stanbul'da I am not in Istanbul Yarn stanbul' da I shall not be in Istanbul
deilim now olmayacam tomorrow
See verb "To be" web pages for detail discussion.
Turkish Past Definite Tenses
Was it seen? or Was it heard?
There are two Past Tenses in Turkish.
Definite Past and Indefinite Past
The Definite Past Tenses ("Seen Tenses") are used when you have personal knowledge and
witness of the action.
Definite Past tenses are like the English:
 Past Perfect Tense
I have made it
Past Simple Tense
I made it
Past Imperfect Tense
[Past Continuous]
I was making it
Past Pluperfect Tense
I had made it.

The Sign of the Definite Past is the:

Definite Past Suffix:
-di- / -ti- -d- / -t- -d- / -t- -du- / -tu-
- to which the Personal suffixes are added.
The past tense suffix follows vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules.
It mutates to -t- -ti- -tu- -t- when added to verb root ending in p k t
Turkish Past Indefinite Tenses
The Indefinite Past Tenses ("heard tenses") are used to transfer information that the speaker has
not witnessed.
There is no Inferential Tense in English.
Not many languages have one.
Inference is communicated by other ways by English speakers.
The Sign of indefinite Past suffix is the:
Inferential Suffix: -mi- -m- -m- -mu-
- to which the personal suffixes are added.
Turkish Definite Past tenses

Continuous Past:
Geliyordum
[Gel-iyor-dum]
I was coming

Simple Past:
Gelirdim
[Gel-ir-dim]
I used to come

Future Past:
Gelecektim
[Gel-ecek-tim]
I was going to come

Necessitative Past:
Gelmeliydim
[Gel-meli-ydim]
I had to come

Conditional Past:
 Gelseydim
[Gel-se-ydim]
If only I had come

Pluperfect:
Gelmitim
[Gel-mi-tim]
I had come
Suffix -mi does not convey any inferential meaning in the Pluperfect Tense.
Turkish Definite Past Conjugation

Question:
Mehmet kt m? Has Mehmet gone out?

Definite Answer:
O kt. He has gone out.
["I saw him go."]

E-Verb - gelmek
geldim
I came
geldin
you came
geldi
he came
geldik
we came
geldiniz
you came
geldiler
they came
A-Verb - anlamak
anladm
I understood
anladn
you understood
anlad
he understood
anladk
we understood
anladnz
you understood
anladlar
they understood
-Verb - itmek
itim
I drank
itin
you drank
iti
he drank
itik
 we drank
itiniz
you drank
itiler
they drank
I-Verb - kmak
ktm
I left
ktn
you left
kt
he left
ktk
we left
ktnz
you left
ktlar
they left
-Verb - grmek
grdm
I saw
grdn
you saw
grd
he saw
grdk
we saw
grdnz
you saw
grdler
they saw
O-Verb - komak
kotum
I ran
kotun
you ran
kotu
he ran
kotuk
we ran
kotunuz
you ran
kotular
they ran
-Verb - glmek
gldm
I laughed
gldn
you laughed
gld
he laughed
gldk
we laughed
gldnz
you laughed
 gldler
they laughed
U-Verb - bulmak
buldum
I found
buldun
you found
buldu
he found
bulduk
we found
buldunuz
you found
buldular
they found

The Turkish Inferential Mood

I think that he might have gone out.

[doubt]
Presumably he has arrived.
[possibility]
He has left as far as I know.
[reportative]
I think that the bus left at 6 o'clock.
[uncertainty]
They say that you have been ill.
[hearsay]
Its pretty sure that they have left the car in the garage.
[probability]
The Inferential Tense used for reporting unwitnessed events, or implying possibility, doubt or
uncertainty.
It is often used in telling jokes and stories.
The form "it seems" gives the sense of inference in these examples by showing that there is a
doubt in what is being stated.
There are many ways of modifying speech in English to show these various nuances of doubt,
uncertainty or hearsay.
All these modifications and nuances are inherent in the turkish inferential -mi- tense itself.
Extra words of explanation are not required for clarification purposes.
Formation of Indefinite (Inferential) Past Tenses
The indefinite Past suffix is -mi- -m- -m- -mu- to which the personal suffixes are added.

Present Indef.
Geliyormuum
[Gel-iyor-mu-um]
I am probably coming.

Future Indef.
Gelecekmiim.
 [Gel-ecek-mi-im]
It seems I shall come

*Simple Indef.*
Gelirmiler.
[Gel-ir-mi-ler]
It seems they (will) come.

"must" Indef.
Gelmeliymiim.
[Gel-meli-ymi-im]
They say I must have come.
***Simple tenses are used for "untimed" future events.
The Simple Tense is widely used in spoken and written Turkish.
Turkish Indefinite Past Tense Conjugation

Question:
Mehmet kt m? Has Mehmet gone out?

Indefinite Answer:
O km. He has gone out.
["As far as I know."]
This "doubt"is within the -mi inferential tense itself.

E-Verb
Indefinite
gelmiim
I have come
gelmisin
you have come
gelmi
he has come
gelmiiz
we have come
gelmisiniz
you have come
gelmiler
they have come

A-Verb
Indefinite
anlamm
I have understood
anlamsn
you have understood
anlam
he have understood
anlamz
we have understood
anlamsnz
you have understood
 anlamlar
they have understood

-Verb
Indefinite
imiim
Ihave drunk
imisin
you have drunk
imi
he has drunk
imiiz
we have drunk
imisiniz
you have drunk
imiler
they have drunk

I-Verb
Indefinite
kmm
I have left
kmsn
you have left
km
he have left
kmz
we have left
kmsnz
you have left
kmlar
they have left

-Verb
Indefinite
grmm
I have seen
grmsn
you have seen
grm
he has seen
grmz
we have seen
grmsnz
you have seen
grmler
they have seen

O-Verb
Indefinite
komuum
I have run
komusun
youhave run
komu
 he have run
komuuz
we have run
komusunuz
you have run
komular
they have run

-Verb
Indefinite
glmm
I have laughed
glmsn
you have laughed
glm
he has laughed
glmz
we have laughed
glmsnz
you have laughed
glmler
they have laughed

U-Verb
Indefinite
bulmuum
I have found
bulmusun
you have found
bulmu
he have found
bulmuuz
we have found
bulmusunuz
you have found
bulmular
they have found

Turkish Negative Past Tenses

Perfect Past Tense Definite [Seen] -d is suffixed to the negative verb.

A-Verb
Negative Past Definite
anlamadm
I didn't understand
anlamadn
you didn't understand
anlamad
he, she, it didn't understand
anlamadk
we didn't understand
anlamadnz
you didn't understand
 anlamadlar
they don't understand

E-Verb
Negative Past Definite
gitmedim
I didn't go
gitmedin
you didn't go
gitmedi
he, she, it didn't go
gitmedik
we didn't go
gitmediniz
you didn't go
gitmediler
they don't go

Turkish Interential Negative Forms

Perfect Past Tense Indefinite [Heard] the suffix -m- is suffixed to the negative verb.

A-Verb
Past Inferential
anlamamm
I did not understand
anlamamsn
you did not understand
anlamam
he did not understand
anlamamz
we did not understand
anlamamsnz
you did not understand
anlamamlar
they did not understand

E-Verb
Past Inferential
gitmemiim
I have not gone
gitmemisin
you did not go
gitmemi
he did not go
gitmemiiz
we did not go
gitmemisiniz
you did not go
gitmemiler
they did not go

Turkish Negative Indefinite Past Model:

yapmamak [yap-ma-mak] to not do
 Indefinite
Negative
Ben yapmamm ki.
I did not do it.
[Did I?]
Sen yapmamsn ki.
You did not do it.
[looks like..]
O yapmam ki.
He did not do it.
[surely?]
Biz yapmamz ki.
We did not do it.
[forgot to]
Siz yapmamsnz ki.
You did not do it.
[ever?]
Onlar yapmamlar ki.
They did not do it.
[already]

Indef. Positive
Interrogative
Onu yapm mym?
Have I done it
[I'm not sure]
Onu yapm msn?
Have you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapm m?
Has he done it
[yet?]
Onu yapm myz?
Have we done it
[I wonder]
Onu yapm msnz?
Have you done it
[possibly]
Onu yapmlar m?
Have they done it
[surely?]

Indef. Negative
Interrogative
Onu yapmam mym?
Haven't I done it
[I wonder?]
Onu yapmam msn?
Haven't you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapmam m?
Hasn't he done it
[then?]
Onu yapmam myz?
 Haven't we done it
[I wonder?]
Onu yapmam msnz?
Haven't you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapmamlar m?
Haven't they done it
[surely?]
The interrogative particle -mi follows the verb
It is written separately together with the relevant personal pronoun:

Onu yapmam msnz?

You haven't (gone and) done it have you?
[doubt and incredulity]

Turkish Definite Past Continuous Tense

Formation: verb stem + present tense suffix [-iyor-] + [-di-] + personal ending.
These meanings are witnessed. The must be construed as "true".

Positive Past
Continuous
gelmek
to come
geliyordum
I was coming
geliyordun
you were coming
geliyordu
he was coming
geliyorduk
we were coming
geliyordunuz
you were coming
geliyorlard (-dular)
they were coming

Negative Past
Continuous
gitmemek
to not come
gitmiyordum
I wasn't going
gitmiyordun
you weren't going
gitmiyordu
he wasn't going
gitmiyorduk
we weren't going
gitmiyordunuz
you weren't going
gitmiyorlard (-dular)
 they weren't going

Turkish Indefinite Past Continuous

Formation: verb stem + present tense suffix [-iyor-] + [-mi-] + personal ending.
The meaning must be construed as "hearsay"

Positive Indefinite
Continuous
bilmek
to know
biliyormuum
I was knowing
biliyormusun
you were knowing
biliyormu
he was knowing
biliyormuuz
we were knowing
biliyormusunuz
you were knowing
biliyorlarm -mular
they were knowing

Negative Indefinite
Continuous
okumamak
to not read
okumuyormuum
I wasn't reading
okumuyormusun
you weren't reading
okumuyormu
he wasn't reading
okumuyormuuz
we weren't reading
okumuyormusunuz
you weren't reading
okumuyorlarm -mular
they weren't reading

Turkish Past Continuous Tense Interrogative Positive

Was I going?, Were you crying?, Was he waiting?, Were we arranging?, Were you saying?, Wre
they selling?
The verb stem is suffixed with -iyor + past tense personalised question tags - written separately.

Past Continuous
Pos. Interrogative
bekliyor muydum?
Was I waiting?
bekliyor muydun?
Were you waiting?
bekliyor muydu?
 Was he waiting?
bekliyor muyduk?
Were we waiting?
bekliyor muydunuz?
Were you waiting?
bekliyorlar myd?
Were they waiting?
Past Continuous
Neg.Interrogative
gitmiyor muydum?
Wasn't I going?
alamyor muydun?
Weren't you crying?
beklemiyor muydu?
Weren't you waiting?
toplamyor muyduk?
Weren't we arranging?
sylemiyor muydunuz?
Weren't you saying?
satmyorlar myd?
Weren't they selling?

Examples of Questions in the Definite Past Tenses

The mi? question particle follows the full verb in the Past Tense.

Okula gittin mi?

Did you go to school?
Okula gitmeli miydin?
Did you have go to school?
Aye ders alt m?
Has Ayshe done her lesson?
Mehmet televizyon seyrediyor muydu?
Was Mehmet watching television?
Mehmet televizyonu seyrediyor muydu?
Was Mehmet watching the television?
Kemal gazete okudu mu?
Did Kemal read a newspaper?
Kemal gazeteyi okudu mu?
Did Kemal read the newspaper?
Kemal bu gazeteyi okudu mu?
Did Kemal read this newspaper?
Serhan iki iti mi?
Did Serhan drink alcohol?
Serhan iki iiyor muydu?
Was Serhan drinking alcohol?
Faruk Ankara'ya gitti mi?
Has Faruk gone Ankara?
Faruk Ankara'ya gidebildi mi?
Was Faruk able to go Ankara?

Turkish Past Definite Perfect Tense Conjugation "I had written"

The Past Perfect Definite is formed by adding the Definite past tense suffix to the Past Tense
-mi form of the verb.
There is no hearsay or doubt in the meaning of this tense as it is made definite and specific by the
addition of the past definite suffix in -di.
This tense signifies the definite Past in The Past. "I had done it."
Turkish Definite Past Perfect

gelmitim
[gelmi-tim]
I had come
unutmutun
you had forgotten
yrmt
he had walked
bilmitik
we had known
kmtnz
you had gone out
anlamtlar
they had understood

Turkish Past Indefinite Perfect Tense Conjugation

The Past Perfect Indefinite is formed by adding the indefinite past tense suffix -mi to the past
tense -mi form of the verb.
There is hearsay or doubt in the meaning of this tense as it is made indefinite and unspecific by
the addition of the past indefinite suffix in -mi.
This tense signifies the indefinite Past in The Past. "(I thought) I had done it."
Turkish Indefinite Past Perfect

gelmimm
[gelmi-mi-im]
I had come (it seems)
unutmumusun
you had forgotten
yrmms
he had walked
bilmimiiz
we had known
kmmsnz
you had gone out
anlammlar
they had understood
The Turkish indefinite past perfect IS USED in daily conversation.
It is also used for sarcasm as in English:
"You just had to be rude to your teacher yesterday! (apparently)"
Turkish Past Perfect Tense Conjugation
Definite Indefinite
gelmitim I had come gelmimiim I had come
unutmutun you had forgotten unutmumusun you had forgotten
yrmt he had walked yrmm he had walked
bilmitik we had known bilmimiiz we had known
kmtnz you had gone out kmmsnz you had gone out
anlamtlar they had understood anlammlar they had understood

Turkish Conditional "if" Tenses

In English the Conditional Tenses are formed with that very important little word "if"
Turkish Conditional if sentences are often introduced with the word eer if
or less commonly ayet lest, unless
In Turkish these words are pointers alerting the listener that a Condition and Result are following.
They do not have any direct meaning.
They are "alerters"
Explanation of Condition and Result
Here are a few examples of Conditional Sentences in English.
We recognize them and use them with ease in our Mother Tongue.
Conditional Sentences are not so easy to recognize in Turkish.
They appear as a Mood of the verb itself.
It needs practice!
If we leave at noon, we will arrive on time.
If you hit me, I shall tell my mother.
If we had left at noon, we would have arrived on time.
If (ever) you join the club we would welcome you.
Unless you work hard, you will not be successful.
If you do not work hard you may not be successful.
We can not go to the races whenever it rains.
We can not go to the races if it rains.
If it had not rained we could have gone to the races.
If ever you go to London you must visit Bucking ham Palace.
When(ever) you go to London you can visit Bucking ham Palace.
[If ever you go]
Please take whichever one that you want.
[If you want that one then take it.]
If the sweets are not too dear then we will buy them
The word "unless" can be used in place of if not.
The words if ever, whenever, whatever, whichever, however, when , what, which, how can be
used in place of if
English Conditional Examples
The Real Conditional:
Is used to express condition and result based on fact in both the Present and the Future.
 If the kettle gets too hot then it boils.
[Present Tense Condition and Result]
Whenever the kettle gets too hot it boils.
[Simple Habitual and Result]
It the kettle gets too hot it will boil.
[Future Result of Present Condition]
If you practice hard you will win a prize.
[Future Result of Present Condition]
If you do not practice hard you will not win a prize.
[Future Result of Present Condition Negative]

The Unreal Conditional:

Is used to express unreal results or wishes and desires in the Present and Future.

If I practice hard I might win a prize.

[Result: Present Desire]
If I was richer I would buy a new house.
[Result: Future Wish]
If I were you I would stay in England.
[Result: Future Habitual]

The Past Conditional

Is used to state Conditions in the Past that did not happen.
Often used to express criticism or regret.

If I had practiced harder I would have won a prize.

[Regret]
If I had been richer, I would have bought a bigger house.
[Unrealized due to Condition]
If I were you I would not have stayed in England.
[Criticism of Past Condition]
The changes of tense and mood of the verbs show the meaning in English.
The same is true for Turkish.
The correct tenses and mood of condition and result must be used to adequately communicate the
correct meaning of the statement.
English uses its normal tenses and the condition is produced by insertion of that little word if
Turkish has a special conditional tense form suffixed with -se-/-sa- if
The Turkish Conditional Suffix -se/-sa.
The Turkish conditional is characterized by the suffix -se-/-sa-
A simple example is var there is, there are
varsa if there is, if there are when suffixed with the -sa Conditional Suffix.
yok there isn't, there aren't
yoksa if there isn't, if there aren't

Paranz varsa bana verin.

If you have [any] money [then] give it to me.
Bir taksi yoksa burada kalalm.
If there isn't a taxi [then] let's stay here.
The Conditional Suffixes of Verbs
Conditional Personal suffix is added after tense and mood signs of the verb

If I -sem -sam
yaparsam if I do
If you -sen -san
giriyorsan if you are entering
If he -se -sa
kesilecekse if it will be cut, if it is to be cut
If we -sek -sak
anlamyorsak if we are not agreeing
If you -seniz -sanz
mutlu olmayacaksanz if you will not be happy
If they -seler -salar
gelebilecekseler if they will be able to come

Turkish Conditional Tense

Simple Present Present Continuous
gelsem If I come geliyorsam If I am coming
yazsan If you write yazmyorsan If you are not writing
glse If he laughs glecekse If he will laugh
isek If we drink iiyorsak If we are drinking
grebilirseniz If you can see grmyorsanz If you are not seeing
yapyorsalar If they are doing yapabilirseler If they can do

Turkish Conditional Positive - Model Conjugations

Simple Actual Conditional
gelsem if I were to come
gelsen if you were to come
gelse if he were to comes
gelsek if we usually come
gelseniz if you were to come
gelseler if they were to come

Turkish Present Continuous Conditional

Present Continuous Conditional
geliyorsam if I am coming
geliyorsan if you are coming
geliyorsa if he is coming
geliyorsak if we coming
geliyorsanz if you are coming
geliyorsalar if they are coming

Turkish Simple Habitual Conditional

Simple Habitual Conditional
gelirsem if I (usually) come
gelirsen if you (usually) come
gelirse if he (usually) comes
gelirsek if we (usually) come
gelirseniz if you (usually) come
gelirseler if they (usually) come

Turkish Future Intentional Conditional

Future Intention Conditional
geleceksem if I (will) come
geleceksen if you (will) come
gelecekse if he (will) come
geleceksek if we (will) come
gelecekseniz if you (will) come
gelecekseler if they (will) come

Turkish Real Past Conditional

Past Reality Conditional
geldiysem if I came
geldiysen if you came
geldiyse if he came
geldiysek if we came
geldiyseniz if you came
geldiyseler if they came

Turkish Unreal Past Conditional

Past Unreality Conditional
gelseydim If only I had come
gelseydin If only had come
gelseydi If only had come
gelseydik If only we had come
gelseydiniz If only you had come
gelseydiler If only they had come

Turkish Simple Negative Conditional

Negative Simple Conditional
gelmesem if I were not to come
gelmesen if you were not to come
gelmese if he were to not comes
gelmesek if we usually do not come
gelmeseniz if you were not to come
gelmeseler if they were not to come

Turkish Continuous Negative Conditional

Negative Present Continuous Conditional
gelmiyorsam if I am not coming
gelmiyorsan if you are not coming
gelmiyorsa if he is not coming
gelmiyorsak if we are not coming
gelmiyorsanz if you are not coming
gelmiyorsalar if they are not coming

Turkish Habitual Negative Conditional

Negative Simple Habitual Conditional
gelmezsem if I (usually) do not come
gelmezsen if you (usually) do not come
gelmezse if he (usually) do not comes
gelmezsek if we (usually) do not come
gelmezseniz if you (usually) do not come
gelmezseler if they (usually) do not come

Turkish Future Negative Conditional

Negative Future Conditional
gelmeyeceksem if I (will) not come
gelmeyeceksen if you (will) not come
gelmeyecekse if he (will) not come
gelmeyeceksek if we (will) not come
gelmeyecekseniz if you (will) not come
gelmeyecekseler if they (will) not come

Turkish Real Past Negative Conditional

Negative Past Real Conditional
gelmediysem if I had not come
gelmediysen if you had not come
gelmediyse if he had not come
gelmediysek if we had not come
gelmediyseniz if you had not come
gelmediyseler if they had not come

Turkish Unreal Past Conditional

Negative Past Unreal Conditional
gelmeseydim If only I had not come
gelmeseydin If only you had not come
gelmeseydi If only he had not come
gelmeseydik If only we had not come
gelmeseydiniz If only you not had come
gelmeseydiler If only they had not come

Turkish Conditional Examples in Various Tenses and Moods.

Erken varrsanz, beklemelisiniz.

If you arrive early, you will have to wait.
Erken varrsanz, beklersiniz.
If you arrive early, you would have to wait.
Erken varsaydnz, bekleyecektiniz.
If you had arrived early, you would have had to wait.
Sana yardm edebilirlerse, yardm edecekler.
They will help you if they can.
Sana yardm etseler, yardm ederler.
They would help you if they could.
Sana yardm edebilseydiler, (yardm) ederlerdi.
They would have helped you if they could have.
Fazla iersen sarho olursun.
If you drink too much you get drunk.
ok almazsan, snav geemeyeceksin,
Unless you work hard you will not be able to pass your test.
Sigara imeyi brakrsan, daha uzun yaarsn.
If you stop smoking you will live longer.
Yamur yamasayd dar kmayacaktk.
We would not have gone out if it had not stopped raining.
Eer buradan gitseydim sana yazardm.
If I had gone away, I would have written to you.

Turkish Verbs of Condition

There are some verbs in the Turkish vocabulary that already have a "conditional feeling" within
themselves.
They contain -sa-/-se- conditional sign within the verb stem itself.
The meaning of these verbs is best translated to regard as + verb.
An example of this effect is the verb:
glmsemek to smile
glmsyorum I am smiling.
The "conditional sign" -s(e)- + yorum is part of the verb stem.
The verb itself has the meaning "to regard as laughing".
Applying this method to other "conditional of regard verb stems" the Turkish becomes more
transparent.

If we mean the true conditional of the verb "to smile":

glmsyorsam
If I smile / am smiling

Turkish "to consider as" Verb List

 kmsemek
to belittle
[to consider as small]
ktmsemek
to disparage
[to consider as bad]
benimsemek
to appropriate
[to consider as personal]
ekimsemek
to refrain from
[to consider as absent]
gereksemek
to consider as necessary
hafifsemek
to take s.o lightly
[to consider as light]
yaknsamak
to converge
[to consider as nearing]
umursamak
to care
[to have consideration]
karsamak
to infer, to deduce
[to consider as resulting in]

Turkish Passive Mood

The Passive Mood:
Signifies that the verb acts upon the subject of the sentence:

"The man (subj.) was bitten by the dog."

The Active Mood:

Signifies that the verb acts on the object of the sentence:

"The dog bit the man (obj.)"

Turkish Passive Mood Verb Forms

The Active Mood:
The verb acts on the object of the sentence.
Kemal swept the street yesterday.
The subject "Kemal" and the object "the street".
The Passive Mood:
Signifies that the verb acts upon the subject of the sentence.
The street is being swept by Kemal
"the street" is the subject.
"Kemal" (the person doing the sweeping) is called "the agent" in grammar.
The Impersonal Passive
"the street" is the subject without any agent operating on it.
The street will be swept every day
Order of Verbal Mood Suffixes
The order that the suffixes are added to the verb as as follows:
1. Reflexive
2. Reciprocal
3. Causative
4. Passive

Active: acmak to feel pain

Reflexive: acnmak to feel pain in oneself, to grieve
Causative: acndrmak to cause to grieve
Causative Passive: acndrlmak to be made to grieve

Active: tanmak to know

Reciprocal: tanmak to know one another
Causative: tantrmak to introduce
Causative Passive: tantrlmak to be introduced

Negation -me- plus ability -ebil- and inability -eme- for Verb Mood are sufixed.
The tense suffixes:
-iyor- -ir- -ecek- -di- -mi- are added.
The Person Suffix completes the verb.

Active Present Continuous

yapmak to do
yapyorum I am doing
Passive Present Continuous
yaplmak [yap-l-mak] to be done
yaplyor It is being done
Active Potential Simple Present
yapabilmek [yap-abil-mek] to be able to do
yapabilirim I can do
Passive Potential Simple Present
yaplabilmek [yap-l-abil-mek] to be able to be done
yaplabilir it can be done
Negative Active Present Continuous
yapmamak [yap-ma-mak] to not do
yapmyorum I am not doing
Negative Active Present Continuous
yaplmamak [yap-l-ma-mak] to not be done
yaplmyor it is not being done
Negative Passive Potential Future
yaplamamak [yap-l-ama-mak] to not be able to be done
yaplamayacak it will not be able to be done
Active Future Potential:
Onu yapabileceiz [yap-abil-ece-iz] we will be able to do it
Causative Future Potential:
Onu yaptrabileceiz [yap-tr-abil-ece-iz] we will be able to get it done
There are many other tenses and persons that can be built up using the causative and cooperative
verbs in all tenses and persons.
This is one of the difficulties for Turkish learners.
Using and recognizing the verb forms and their meanings easily.
It takes practice for the student
It is second nature to a Turkish national.
Turkish Passive Mood Formation
The Turkish passive verb stem is formed by adding the passive suffix -il or -n (after a vowel) to the
basic verb stem.
The verb stem can be an active , co-operative or a causative verb stem.
The suffix -il -l -ul -l is added to the verb stem:
grlmek
[grlmek]
to be seen
Verb stem ending -l use suffix -in - n - un -n
bulunmak
[bulunmak]
to be found
For Verb stems ending vowel -n is added:
beklenmek
[bekle-n-mek]
to be awaited
Turkish Passive - verb stems ending in a consonant
Active Mood Positive Passive Mood Positive
yapmak to do yaplmak to be done
kesmek to cut kesilmek to be cut
krmak to break krlmak to be broken
Active Mood Negative Passive Mood Negative
yapmamak to not do yaplmamak to be not done
kesmemek to not cut kesilmemek to be not cut
krmamak to not break krlmamak to be not broken

Turkish Passive Verb Examples

Active
anlamak to understand
Active Causative
anlatmak to explain
Passive Causative
anlatlmak to be understood
Active
krmak to break
Active Causative
krdrmak to break something
Passive
krlmak to be broken
[itself in a broken state]
 Passive Causative
krdrlmak to be broken by somebody
Active Verb
bulmak to find
Co-operative Active
bulumak to meet/to find each other
Co-operative Passive
buluulmak to be met/to be found together
Active
anlamak to understand
Co-operative Active
anlamak to agree/to understand each other
Co-operative Passive
anlalmak to be agreed
Active
arpmak to hit, collide
Co-operative Active
arpmak to collide with something
Co-operative Passive
arplmak to be in collision with something
None of Verbs above end in -l
Consequently the -il passive suffix is used.
Using short suffixes Turkish can say in one word which would take many more in English.
The use of the differing verb forms is rather difficult at first
By practice and reading the logic of them quickly becomes clear to the student.
Turkish Passive verb stems ending in -l
For veb stems ending in -L the passive mood is formed by the addition -in -n -n -un
Active Mood Passive Mood
delmek to pierce delinmek to be pierced
bilmek to know bilinmek to be known
almak to take alnmak to be taken
bulmak to find bulunmak to be found

Turkish Passive verb stems ending a vowel.

Verb stem ends in a vowel the passive sign is simply -n
Active Mood Passive Mood
beklemek to wait/to expect beklenmek to be waited for / to be expected

kapamak to close kapanmak to be closed

yemek to eat yenmek to be eaten

Examples of the Passive

Active Verb
Ali, pencereyi kapad Ali closed the window.
 Impersonal Passive Verb
Pencere kapand The window was closed
[ie. not open]
Passive Verb
Ali tarafndan pencere kapand The window was closed by Ali.
In the last example above we can see that it was Ali who closed that window:
by Ali. Ali is the agent by which the window was closed.
Turkish Passive Agent - tarfndan by
Turkish has a particular construction in the Passive to denote the agent acting on the subject.
Proper Nouns:
Ali tarafndan by Ali. are NOT suffixed with the ownership [genitive] -in -n -un -n
The Personal Pronouns:
my, your, his, our, their [the pronoun itself as the agent] IS suffixed with the ownership -in
-n -un -n
It is followed by its version of tarafndan by in agreement.

Benim tarafmdan pencere kapand.

The window was closed by me
Onun tarafndan pencere kapand.
The window was closed by him.

The Agent: must agree with the subject:

benim tarafmdan
senin tarafndan
onun tarafndan
bizim tarafmzdan
sizin tarafnzdan
onlarn taraflarndan

Pencereyi kapatt.
He closed the window.
Pencere onun tarafndan kapatld.
The window was closed by him.
Pencere Mehmet tarafndan kapatld.
The window was closed by Mehmet.
Hesap, benim tarafmdan denecek.
The bill will be paid by me.
Kitap, onlarn tarafndan yazlacak.
The book will be written by them.
Top, Mustafa tarafndan bulundu.
[NOT Mustafa 'nn]
The ball was found by Mustapha.
Araba, Ali tarafndan temizleniyor.
The car is being cleaned by Ali.

Turkish Passive Mood Future

Active:
kesmek to cut
 Mehmet, yarn onu kesecek.
Mehmet will cut it tomorrow.
Passive:
kesilmek to be cut
Yarn o kesilecek.
It will be cut tomorrow.
ALSO: Yarn o kesilecektir.
It is to be cut tomorrow.
Active Potential Future:
kesebilmek to be able to cut
Ali, yarn onu kesebilecek.
Ali, will be able to cut it tomorrow.
Passive Potential Future:
kesilebilmek To be able to be to be cut
Yarn o kesilebilecek.
It will be able to be cut tomorrow.

Turkish Reflexive Verb Form

The reflexive form of the verb is used when the action of the verb refers back to the subject as
opposed to the object.
In English this is usually shown by the use of the reflexive pronouns myself, yourself, ourselves
etc.
In Turkish the feeling of "self" is understood by using the reflexive form of the verb.
Mehmet ykand. Mehmet washed himself.
Examples of Reflexive Forms in English
I shave myself every day.
He washed himself in the garde.
You have cut yourself badly!
We helped ourselves to succeed.
This reflexive form of the verb stem is used to convey the reflexive meaning
The Reflexive suffix is -in -n -un -n which abrades to -n after a vowel.
The reflexive sign -n is the same as the passive form for those verbs whose stems end in a vowel,
The context of the sentence is usually enough to make the meaning passive or reflexive evident.
Rarely, the -il suffix is used for the reflexive meaning.
The verb zmek is to make someone sad and its reflexive / passive zlmek is to get sad
(oneself)
Katmak is to add / join and its reflexive / passive katlmak is to get added ,to join, to attend.
This is really a "grey area" between passive and / or reflexive.
Examples of Use for the Reflexive Verb
The Actve Verb:
ykamak to wash
amar ykadm I washed the shirt
Reflexive Verb:
ykanmak to wash oneself
ykandm I had a wash, I washed myself
 Similarly the verb soymak to undress
soymak to undress somebody [Active]
soyunmak to undress oneself [Reflexive]
Turkish Past Definite Tenses
Was it seen? or Was it heard?
There are two Past Tenses in Turkish.
Definite Past and Indefinite Past
The Definite Past Tenses ("Seen Tenses") are used when you have personal knowledge and
witness of the action.
Definite Past tenses are like the English:

Past Perfect Tense

I have made it
Past Simple Tense
I made it
Past Imperfect Tense
[Past Continuous]
I was making it
Past Pluperfect Tense
I had made it.

The Sign of the Definite Past is the:

Definite Past Suffix:
-di- / -ti- -d- / -t- -d- / -t- -du- / -tu-
- to which the Personal suffixes are added.
The past tense suffix follows vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules.
It mutates to -t- -ti- -tu- -t- when added to verb root ending in p k t
Turkish Past Indefinite Tenses
The Indefinite Past Tenses ("heard tenses") are used to transfer information that the speaker has
not witnessed.
There is no Inferential Tense in English.
Not many languages have one.
Inference is communicated by other ways by English speakers.
The Sign of indefinite Past suffix is the:
Inferential Suffix: -mi- -m- -m- -mu-
- to which the personal suffixes are added.
Turkish Definite Past tenses

Continuous Past:
Geliyordum
[Gel-iyor-dum]
I was coming
Simple Past:
 Gelirdim
[Gel-ir-dim]
I used to come
Future Past:
Gelecektim
[Gel-ecek-tim]
I was going to come
Necessitative Past:
Gelmeliydim
[Gel-meli-ydim]
I had to come
Conditional Past:
Gelseydim
[Gel-se-ydim]
If only I had come
Pluperfect:
Gelmitim
[Gel-mi-tim]
I had come
Suffix -mi does not convey any inferential meaning in the Pluperfect Tense.
Turkish Definite Past Conjugation

Question:
Mehmet kt m? Has Mehmet gone out?
Definite Answer:
O kt. He has gone out.
["I saw him go."]

E-Verb
geldim - gelmek
I came A-Verb
anladm- anlamak -Verb
itim - itmek
geldin I understood I drank
you came anladn itin
geldi you understood you drank
he came anlad iti
geldik he understood he drank
we came anladk itik
geldiniz we understood we drank
you came anladnz itiniz
geldiler you understood you drank
they came anladlar itiler
they understood they drank

ktm - kmak
I-Verb

kt
he left

you left
ktlar
I left ktk they left
ktn we left
you left ktnz -Verb - grmek
 grdm you saw he ran
grdler kotuk
I saw they saw we ran
grdn kotunuz
you saw O-Verb - komak you ran
grd kotum kotular
he saw I ran they ran
grdk kotun
we saw you ran
grdnz kotu
-Verb
gldm - glmek
I laughed U-Verb
buldum - bulmak
gldn I found
you laughed buldun
gld you found
he laughed buldu
gldk he found
we laughed bulduk
gldnz we found
you laughed buldunuz
gldler you found
they laughed buldular
they found
The Turkish Inferential Mood

I think that he might have gone out.

[doubt]
Presumably he has arrived.
[possibility]
He has left as far as I know.
[reportative]
I think that the bus left at 6 o'clock.
[uncertainty]
They say that you have been ill.
[hearsay]
Its pretty sure that they have left the car in the garage.
[probability]
The Inferential Tense used for reporting unwitnessed events, or implying possibility, doubt or
uncertainty.
It is often used in telling jokes and stories.
The form "it seems" gives the sense of inference in these examples by showing that there is a
doubt in what is being stated.
There are many ways of modifying speech in English to show these various nuances of doubt,
uncertainty or hearsay.
All these modifications and nuances are inherent in the turkish inferential -mi- tense itself.
Extra words of explanation are not required for clarification purposes.
Formation of Indefinite (Inferential) Past Tenses
The indefinite Past suffix is -mi- -m- -m- -mu- to which the personal suffixes are added.
 Present Indef.
Geliyormuum
[Gel-iyor-mu-um]
I am probably coming.

Future Indef.
Gelecekmiim.
[Gel-ecek-mi-im]
It seems I shall come

*Simple Indef.*
Gelirmiler.
[Gel-ir-mi-ler]
It seems they (will) come.

"must" Indef.
Gelmeliymiim.
[Gel-meli-ymi-im]
They say I must have come.
***Simple tenses are used for "untimed" future events.
The Simple Tense is widely used in spoken and written Turkish.
Turkish Indefinite Past Tense Conjugation

Question:
Mehmet kt m? Has Mehmet gone out?

Indefinite Answer:
O km. He has gone out.
["As far as I know."]
This "doubt"is within the -mi inferential tense itself.

E-Verb
Indefinite
gelmiim
I have come
gelmisin
you have come
gelmi
he has come
gelmiiz
we have come
gelmisiniz
you have come
gelmiler
they have come

A-Verb
Indefinite
anlamm
I have understood
anlamsn
 you have understood
anlam
he have understood
anlamz
we have understood
anlamsnz
you have understood
anlamlar
they have understood

-Verb
Indefinite
imiim
Ihave drunk
imisin
you have drunk
imi
he has drunk
imiiz
we have drunk
imisiniz
you have drunk
imiler
they have drunk

I-Verb
Indefinite
kmm
I have left
kmsn
you have left
km
he have left
kmz
we have left
kmsnz
you have left
kmlar
they have left

-Verb
Indefinite
grmm
I have seen
grmsn
you have seen
grm
he has seen
grmz
we have seen
grmsnz
you have seen
grmler
they have seen
 O-Verb
Indefinite
komuum
I have run
komusun
youhave run
komu
he have run
komuuz
we have run
komusunuz
you have run
komular
they have run

-Verb
Indefinite
glmm
I have laughed
glmsn
you have laughed
glm
he has laughed
glmz
we have laughed
glmsnz
you have laughed
glmler
they have laughed

U-Verb
Indefinite
bulmuum
I have found
bulmusun
you have found
bulmu
he have found
bulmuuz
we have found
bulmusunuz
you have found
bulmular
they have found

Turkish Negative Past Tenses

Perfect Past Tense Definite [Seen] -d is suffixed to the negative verb.

A-Verb
Negative Past Definite
anlamadm
I didn't understand
anlamadn
 you didn't understand
anlamad
he, she, it didn't understand
anlamadk
we didn't understand
anlamadnz
you didn't understand
anlamadlar
they don't understand

E-Verb
Negative Past Definite
gitmedim
I didn't go
gitmedin
you didn't go
gitmedi
he, she, it didn't go
gitmedik
we didn't go
gitmediniz
you didn't go
gitmediler
they don't go

Turkish Interential Negative Forms

Perfect Past Tense Indefinite [Heard] the suffix -m- is suffixed to the negative verb.

A-Verb
Past Inferential
anlamamm
I did not understand
anlamamsn
you did not understand
anlamam
he did not understand
anlamamz
we did not understand
anlamamsnz
you did not understand
anlamamlar
they did not understand

E-Verb
Past Inferential
gitmemiim
I have not gone
gitmemisin
you did not go
gitmemi
he did not go
gitmemiiz
we did not go
 gitmemisiniz
you did not go
gitmemiler
they did not go

Turkish Negative Indefinite Past Model:

yapmamak [yap-ma-mak] to not do

Indefinite
Negative
Ben yapmamm ki.
I did not do it.
[Did I?]
Sen yapmamsn ki.
You did not do it.
[looks like..]
O yapmam ki.
He did not do it.
[surely?]
Biz yapmamz ki.
We did not do it.
[forgot to]
Siz yapmamsnz ki.
You did not do it.
[ever?]
Onlar yapmamlar ki.
They did not do it.
[already]

Indef. Positive
Interrogative
Onu yapm mym?
Have I done it
[I'm not sure]
Onu yapm msn?
Have you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapm m?
Has he done it
[yet?]
Onu yapm myz?
Have we done it
[I wonder]
Onu yapm msnz?
Have you done it
[possibly]
Onu yapmlar m?
Have they done it
[surely?]

Indef. Negative
Interrogative
Onu yapmam mym?
 Haven't I done it
[I wonder?]
Onu yapmam msn?
Haven't you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapmam m?
Hasn't he done it
[then?]
Onu yapmam myz?
Haven't we done it
[I wonder?]
Onu yapmam msnz?
Haven't you done it
[at all?]
Onu yapmamlar m?
Haven't they done it
[surely?]
The interrogative particle -mi follows the verb
It is written separately together with the relevant personal pronoun:

Onu yapmam msnz?

You haven't (gone and) done it have you?
[doubt and incredulity]

Turkish Definite Past Continuous Tense

Formation: verb stem + present tense suffix [-iyor-] + [-di-] + personal ending.
These meanings are witnessed. The must be construed as "true".

Positive Past
Continuous
gelmek
to come
geliyordum
I was coming
geliyordun
you were coming
geliyordu
he was coming
geliyorduk
we were coming
geliyordunuz
you were coming
geliyorlard (-dular)
they were coming

Negative Past
Continuous
gitmemek
to not come
gitmiyordum
I wasn't going
 gitmiyordun
you weren't going
gitmiyordu
he wasn't going
gitmiyorduk
we weren't going
gitmiyordunuz
you weren't going
gitmiyorlard (-dular)
they weren't going

Turkish Indefinite Past Continuous

Formation: verb stem + present tense suffix [-iyor-] + [-mi-] + personal ending.
The meaning must be construed as "hearsay"

Positive Indefinite
Continuous
bilmek
to know
biliyormuum
I was knowing
biliyormusun
you were knowing
biliyormu
he was knowing
biliyormuuz
we were knowing
biliyormusunuz
you were knowing
biliyorlarm -mular
they were knowing

Negative Indefinite
Continuous
okumamak
to not read
okumuyormuum
I wasn't reading
okumuyormusun
you weren't reading
okumuyormu
he wasn't reading
okumuyormuuz
we weren't reading
okumuyormusunuz
you weren't reading
okumuyorlarm -mular
they weren't reading

Turkish Past Continuous Tense Interrogative Positive

Was I going?, Were you crying?, Was he waiting?, Were we arranging?, Were you saying?, Wre
they selling?
 The verb stem is suffixed with -iyor + past tense personalised question tags - written separately.

Past Continuous
Pos. Interrogative
bekliyor muydum?
Was I waiting?
bekliyor muydun?
Were you waiting?
bekliyor muydu?
Was he waiting?
bekliyor muyduk?
Were we waiting?
bekliyor muydunuz?
Were you waiting?
bekliyorlar myd?
Were they waiting?

Past Continuous
Neg.Interrogative
gitmiyor muydum?
Wasn't I going?
alamyor muydun?
Weren't you crying?
beklemiyor muydu?
Weren't you waiting?
toplamyor muyduk?
Weren't we arranging?
sylemiyor muydunuz?
Weren't you saying?
satmyorlar myd?
Weren't they selling?

Examples of Questions in the Definite Past Tenses

The mi? question particle follows the full verb in the Past Tense.

Okula gittin mi?

Did you go to school?
Okula gitmeli miydin?
Did you have go to school?
Aye ders alt m?
Has Ayshe done her lesson?
Mehmet televizyon seyrediyor muydu?
Was Mehmet watching television?
Mehmet televizyonu seyrediyor muydu?
Was Mehmet watching the television?
Kemal gazete okudu mu?
Did Kemal read a newspaper?
Kemal gazeteyi okudu mu?
Did Kemal read the newspaper?
Kemal bu gazeteyi okudu mu?
Did Kemal read this newspaper?
Serhan iki iti mi?
Did Serhan drink alcohol?
 Serhan iki iiyor muydu?
Was Serhan drinking alcohol?
Faruk Ankara'ya gitti mi?
Has Faruk gone Ankara?
Faruk Ankara'ya gidebildi mi?
Was Faruk able to go Ankara?

Turkish Past Definite Perfect Tense Conjugation "I had written"

The Past Perfect Definite is formed by adding the Definite past tense suffix to the Past Tense -mi
form of the verb.
There is no hearsay or doubt in the meaning of this tense as it is made definite and specific by the
addition of the past definite suffix in -di.
This tense signifies the definite Past in The Past. "I had done it."
Turkish Definite Past Perfect

gelmitim
[gelmi-tim]
I had come
unutmutun
you had forgotten
yrmt
he had walked
bilmitik
we had known
kmtnz
you had gone out
anlamtlar
they had understood

Turkish Past Indefinite Perfect Tense Conjugation

The Past Perfect Indefinite is formed by adding the indefinite past tense suffix -mi to the past tense
-mi form of the verb.
There is hearsay or doubt in the meaning of this tense as it is made indefinite and unspecific by
the addition of the past indefinite suffix in -mi.
This tense signifies the indefinite Past in The Past. "(I thought) I had done it."

Turkish Indefinite Past Perfect

gelmimm
[gelmi-mi-im]
I had come (it seems)
unutmumusun
you had forgotten
yrmms
he had walked
bilmimiiz
we had known
kmmsnz
you had gone out
 anlammlar
they had understood
The Turkish indefinite past perfect IS USED in daily conversation.
It is also used for sarcasm as in English:
"You just had to be rude to your teacher yesterday! (apparently)"

Turkish Past Perfect Tense Conjugation

Definite Indefinite
gelmitim I had come gelmimiim I had come
unutmutun you had forgotten unutmumusun you had forgotten
yrmt he had walked yrmm he had walked
bilmitik we had known bilmimiiz we had known
kmtnz you had gone out kmmsnz you had gone out
anlamtlar they had understood anlammlar they had understood

Turkish Single Syllable Verb List

A Vocabulary of Turkish Verbs

Turkish has many single syllable verbs.
Reason being: they become lengthy after addition of suffixes indicating mood, tense and person.
Marked "verb*" has two meanings.

Turkish A-UnDotted Single Syllable Verb List

Infinitive Simple Tense English Causative
amak aar open atrmak
akmak akar flow aktmak
almak alr take aldrmak
anmak anar mention andrmak
artmak artar increase artrmak
asmak asar dangle astrmak
amak aar pass over armak
atmak atar throw attrmak
bakmak (-a) bakar look baktrmak
banmak banar dip into bandrmak
basmak basar tread on bastrmak
bkmak (-dan) bikar be fed up bktrmak
bozmak bozar spoil bozdurmak
bulmak bulur find buldurmak
caymak cayar change mind caydrmak
comak coar enthuse coturmak
akmak akar strike aktrmak
almak* alar steal aldrmak
almak* alar play music aldrmak
arpmak arpar bump arptrmak
atmak atar bump into attrmak
kmak kar go out karmak
rpmak rpar beat rptrmak
domak doar be born dourmak
donmak donar freeze dondurmak
doymak doyar be filled doyurmak
durmak durur stop durdurmak
kamak kaar escape karmak
kalmak kalr remain lacking
kalkmak kalkar stand up lacking
kapmak kapar snatch kaptrmak
katmak katar join lacking
kaymak kayar slip kaydrmak
kazmak kazar dig lacking
kpmak kpar wink kptmak
krpmak krpar trim lacking
krmak krar break krdrmak
ksmak ksar reduce kstrmak
kymak kyar chop up krdrmak
kzmak kzar get angry kzdrmak
kokmak kokar smell of kokutmak
konmak* konar perch kondurmak
konmak* konar camp kondurmak
kopmak kopar snap koparmak
korkmak korkar be afraid korkutmak
komak koar run koturmak
koymak koyar put koydurmak
kurmak kurar set up kurdurmak
kusmak kusar vomit kusturmak
olmak olur become oldurmak
onarmak
onmak onar mend
ondurmak
ovmak ovar rub ovdurmak
oymak oyar carve oydurmak
salmak salar let go saldrmak
sanmak sanr suppose lacking
saptmak
sapmak sapar swerve
saptrmak
sarmak sarar wrap up sardrmak
sarkmak sarkar hang down sarktmak
sarsmak sarsar agitate lacking
satmak satar sell sattrmak
saymak sayar count saydrmak
smak sar fit into sdirmak
skmak skar squeeze sktrmak
szmak szar ooze szdrmak
sokmak sokar insert sokturmak
solmak solar fade soldurmak
sormak sorur ask sordurmak
soymak soyar undress soydurmak
sunmak sunar offer sundurmak
susmak susar be silent susturmak
amak aar be surprised ar(t)mak
takmak takar fix taktirmak
tartmak tartar weigh tarttrmak
tamak taar overflow tarmak
tatmak tadar taste of tattrmak
tkmak tkar cram in lacking
tutmak tutar take hold tutturmak
umak uar fly uurmak
ummak umar hope umdurmak
uymak uyar suit uydurmak
varmak varr arrive vardrmak
vurmak vurur strike vurdurmak
yamak yaar rain yadrmak
yakmak yakar burn yaktrmak
yanmak yanar ignite lacking
yapmak yapar do/make yaptirmak
yarmak yarar split yardrmak
yatmak yatar go to bed yatrmak
yaymak yayar spread yaydrmak
yazmak yazar write yazdrmak
ymak yar heap up ydrmak
ykmak ykar demolish yktrmak
ylmak ylar be afraid yldrmak
yrtmak yrtar tear yrttrmak
yolmak yolar pluck yoldurmak
yontmak yontar chip yontturmak
yormak yorar tire yordurmak
yummak yumar close eyes lacking
yutmak yutar swallow yutturmak

Turkish E-Dotted Single Syllable Verb List

Infinitive Simple Tense English Causative

bimek bier reap bitirmek

bilmek bilir know how bildirmek
binmek biner board bindirmek
bitmek biter end bitirmek
blmek bler divide bldrmek
bkmek bker bend bktrmek
ekmek eker pull ektirmek
izmek izer draw izdirmek
kmek ker collapse/kneel ktrmek
zmek zer solve zdrmek
demek der say dedirmek
demek deer touch dedirmek
delmek deler pierce/drill deldirmek
dermek derer collect derdirmek
dikmek diker sow/sew diktirmek
ditmek dider shred dittirmek
dizmek dizer line up dizdirmek
dkmek dker pour dktrmek
dnmek dner spin dndrmek
dvmek dver thrash dvdrmek
drtmek drter prod drttrmek
dmek der fall drmek
dzmek dzer arrange in place dzdrmek
emmek emer suck emdirmek
ermek erer reach erdirmek
esmek eser blow (wind) estirmek
etmek eder do ettirmek
ezmek ezer crush ezdirmek
gelmek gelir come geldirmek
germek gerer stretch gerdirmek
gezmek gezer stroll gezdirmek
gitmek gider go gidermek
girmek girer enter girdirmek
giymek giyer dress giydirmek
gmek ger migrate grmek
gmmek gmer bury gmdrmek
grmek grr see gstermek
glmek gler laugh gldrmek
imek ier drink iirmek
imek ier bend idirmek
inmek iner alight indirmek
itmek iter push ittirmek
kentmek kenter notch lacking
kesmek keser cut kestirmek
ksmek kser be offended kstrmek
lmek lr die ldrmek
lmek ler measure ltrmek
pmek per kiss ptrmek
rmek rer knit/plait rdrmek
rtmek rter cover/wrap rttrmek
tmek ter sing (bird) ttrmek
vmek ver praise lacking
pimek pier cook (itself) piirmek
semek seer choose setirmek
sekmek seker hop sektirmek
sevmek sever love sevdirmek
sezmek sezer feel/perceive sezdirmek
silmek siler wipe/polish sildirmek
silkmek silker shake off silktirmek
sinmek siner crouch sindirmek
skmek sker undo/pull up sktrmek
snmek sner extigish sndrmek
svmek sver swear svdrmek
snmek sner be extended sndrmek
srmek srer stumble srtrmek
srtmek srter rub srttrmek
szmek szer filter szdrmek
imek ier swell up iirmek
tepmek teper kick teptirmek
ttmek tter emit smoke tttrmek
rkmek rker wince rktmek
mek er flock rmek
zmek zer uoset sb. lacking
vermek verir give verdirmek
yenmek yener win (game) yendirmek
yermek yerer blame lacking
yetmek yeter suffice yetirmek
yzmek yzer swim yzdrmek

Turkish Auxiliary Verbs

There are two main auxiliary verbs in Turkish:
(1) etmek to do, to make, to perform
etmek is used to make Active Tenses.

Babam mutlu ettim I made my father happy.

Drt daha yedi eder. Four plus three makes seven
Toplam sekiz dolar ediyor. The total amounts to 8 dollars
(2) olmak to be, to become to happen to occur.
olmak is used to make Passive Tenses.

Seni grnce mutlu oldum. I became happy on seeing you.

etmek to do/to perform

etmek is not usually used alone as a verb.
etmek is used with many Arabic and Persian words to form verbs where none exist in modern
Turkish:
teekkr [arb.] a thanking
teekkr etmek
to thank somebody
teekkr ederim
I thank you
Many Arabic words do not follow the rules of vowel harmony within themselves
However, any Turkish suffixes added will always be governed by the final vowel in the word.
Sometimes in Turkish there are two words in general use for the same meaning.
The old Ottoman Arabic using etmek to form its verb:
tamir etmek [arb.]
to repair
The New Turkish rooted word will follow normal Turkisk rules of conjugation:
onarmak [turk]
to repair
Both words are in daily use.
Turkish Verbs with auxiliary etmek
etmek to do / perform / make / act
acele etmek to hurry
affetmek to pardon
akl etmek to think of / contrive
alay etmek to make fun of
al veri etmek to shop
arzu etmek to want / desire
bahane etmek to pretend / make excuse
bahse girmek to bet / wager
belli etmek to reveal / show
cesaret etmek to dare to
davet etmek to invite
devam etmek to continue
endie etmek to worry / be anxious
farketmek to notice / realize
halletmek to solve / settle up
hareket etmek to move off / pull out (car)
hasretmek (-e) to confine (to) / limit
hissetmek to feel / sense
hitap etmek to make a speech
srar etmek to insist / persist
icabetmek to comply / acccept as
icap etmek to be necessary
idare etmek to manage / administer
ihmal etmek to neglect
iki lf etmek to chat about nothing
ikna etmek to persuade / convince
ikram etmek to offer hospitality
intibak etmek to adapt (to)
itham etmek to accuse
itiraz etmek to object / disapprove
istirahat etmek to relax
iyi etmek to make good
izah etmek to explain
kabul etmek to approve / settle for
kastetmek to imply / mean
kavga etmek to quarrel / fall out with
kaybetmek to lose
laf/lf etmek to gossip / chat
merak etmek to wonder
mutlu etmek to make sb. happy
mnakaa etmek to quarrrel / row
mracaat etmek to appeal / re-apply
msaade etmek to permit / allow
nakletmek to transport / transfer
nankrlk etmek to show ingratitude
nefret etmek (-dan) to hate
perian etmek to dismay sb. / to bungle so.
rahat etmek to make comfortable
rahatsz etmek to disturb / upset
rica etmek to request
sabretmek to be patient
seyretmek to watch
sz etmek to promise
ikyet etmek to complain
tahamml etmek to put up with / endure
tahmin etmek to guess / surmise
tarif etmek to describe / define
tasnif etmek to classify
tebrik etmek to congratulate
teklif etmek to propose / suggest
telefon etmek to call on the telephone
tembih etmek to reccommend
tenkit etmek to criticise
terketmek to abandon / leave
tereddt etmek to hesitate
teselli etmek to console
teekkr etmek to thenk
vefatetmek to pass away (die)
yaramazlk etmek to be naughty / act up
yardm etmek (-a) to help
yok etmek to get rid of
yolcu etmek to see a traveller off
zahmet etmek to touble sb.
zannetmek to suppose
etmek is directly joined to single syllable word stems otherwise it is written separately.
etmek being a verb in its own right does undergo vowel harmony when suffixed to other words.
etmek is also used to make verbs from nouns of foreign import into Turkish:

izole etmek to isolate, to insulate

Fii izole ettim. I isolated the plug.
dans etmek to dance
telefon etmek to telephone
park etmek to park

Single Syllable Verb Roots with etmek

If verbs are formed with a single syllable root then etmek is affixed directly to that root
If the word ends in a consonant will generally double that consonant.

af pardon [Arb.]
The arabic root takes a doubled "-ff" when adding a verb form:
affetmek to beg pardon
affedersiniz! Pardon!
ret a refusal [Arb.]
Takes a doubled "-dd" when adding a verb form.
reddetmek to refuse
reddederim! I refuse!
These single syllable verbs can be written separately:
There in doubling of the final consonant.

red etmek red ederim

af etmek af ederim

etmek as a verb of completion

etmek is used like an auxiliary verb in English:

English Question:
Are you coming to the party tonight?
English Answer:
Yes I am.
The English short answer includes only I am without the verb coming.

Turkish Question:
Bu aksamki partiye geliyor musun?
Turkish Answer:
 Evet geliyorum. Turkish has to include the geliyorum verb.

English:
Did you accept this after all? - Yes I did.
The short answer in English is I did without the verb accept

Turkish:
Hereye ramen kabul ettin mi onu? Evet ettim.
The short answer in Turkish is ettim without kabul.
etmek is used like an auxiliary.
Turkish Transitive Verbs formed with etmek

Onun iin Mehmet bana ayp etti.

Because of it/that Mehmet shamed me.

Mektubu teslim ettim. I delivered the letter.

Koliyi teslim ettirdiniz. you had the the parcel delivered.
Onu tamir edebilsek. If we can repair it/that.
Onu tamir edemem. I can't repair it/that.
Onu kontrol ettiler. They checked it/that.
Onu kontrol edebilir misiniz? Would you check it/that?
Onu reddedeceiz. We shall refuse it/that.
Onu reddedelim. Let's refuse it/that.
Ahmet, onu takdir etti. Ahmet appreciated it/that.
Ali, onu takdir edememi. Ali couldn't have appreciated it/that

Passive of etmek becomes edilmek

The passive mood is discussed in detail on "passive.htm" web page.
The passive can be formed with edilmek, the passive of etmek

Mektup teslim edildi.

The letter has been delivered.
Yarn arabanz tamir edilecek.
Your car will be repaired tomorrow.
O kontrol edildi.
It has been checked.
Onu kontrol edilebilcek mi?
Can it be repaired?
Ali, takdir edilecek.
Ali will be appreciated.

Turkish auxiliary verb olmak to be / become

It is used as an auxiliary with foreign loan words.
It attaches directly to single syllable roots.
It is written separately when used with a multi-syllable verb.
Being verb in its own right it does not obey Vowel Harmony.
It is used as an auxilary with the future tense and potential mood of the verb to be

Hazrm I am ready.
Hazr olacam. I shall be ready.
Zenginsiniz. You are rich.
Zengin olsaydnz. If you had been rich.
O yoksul. he is poor.
O yoksul olabilir. He may be poor.
The past of olmak gives the sense of "being in a state of"

Piman oldum. I regret/I was sorry.

Memnun oldum. I'm pleased.

Other Turkish Auxiliary Verbs

yapmak to do as an action
gelmek to come
kalmak to remain / stay
bulunmak to be found / to be [Passive of "bulmak"]
demek to say
dilemek to wish
sylemek to speak
durmak to stop
eylemek to carry out [equates with etmek but not common.]
eylemek can be used as a substitute for etmek and serves the same purpose.
It is usually restricted to the written word and is seldom used in conversation.
Auxiliary Verb: -ayazmak "almost to"
yazmak to write used as an auxiliary:
[means "almost to.." ]

Dyazdm!
I almost fell down!

Turkish Continuative Verbs

-akalmak "continue, keep on doing"

-adurmak "continue, keep on doing:
Only the first vowel follows the vowel harmony rules.
Hence "-ekalmak -adurmak -eyazmak -vermek -uvermek -vermek etc".
As these are verbs in their own right they retain their spelling.
This is similar to the Potential Verb Suffix "-abilmek / -ebilmek"
kalmak and durmak are used to form a continuing action of the main verb.
They give the sense "to keep on doing" or to "remain in a condition of."
To form the continuative verb the infinitive of kalmak or durmak is added directly to the "Wish &
Desire" root of the main verb.
The "Wish & Desire" root is formed by suffixing -e or -a to the basic verb stem:
yzmek to swim yze- "Wish & Desire" stem.
Examples of the direct addition of kalmak to remain:

yzekalmak
to keep on swimming
Yzekald.
He kept on swimming.
alakalmak
to keep on taking
Alakalacam.
I will keep on taking.
durakalmak
to keep on stopping
Durakalyorsun.
You're keeping on stopping.
bekleyedurmak
to keep on waiting
Bekleyedurabilecek misiniz?
Will you be able to keep on waiting?
uyuyakalmak
to oversleep
Uyuyakaldm!
I overlept.
kalakalmak
to stand aghast, to be astounded
Kalakaldm!
I was astounded
donakalmak
to petrify
Donakaldm!
I was petrified!, I was scared stiff!

Turkish Accelerative Verb

The Auxiliary verb vermek to give gives a sense of urgency and speed of action to the main verb.
It loses its meaning to give.
The direct addition of vermek means to "get a move on"

aryaya kouver! Run quickly to the shops!

The "Wish & Desire" mood sign -(y)a/-(y)e is added to the basic verb stem:
The -a / -e suffix abrades to -i - - -u according to vowel harmony rules.
koa koa run abrades to kouvermek

gle glverin give a laugh!

kese kesiverin Cut it!, shut up! [idiom]
baka bakverin Look now! Look out!
tuta tutuverin Grab it! Snatch it!
komak to run
kouvermek to hurry up and run
yazmak to write
yazvermek to scribble / scrawl
Kouverin! Hurry up and run! [imperative]
kisini iiverdi. He gulped his drink down.
Gelivereceim! I'll dash along and come!

Turkish Verbal Nouns and Adjectives

How to say in Turkish:
"until, when, since, before, after"
The suffix -(y)e -(y)a Sigifies: repeated activity
gee passing
from gemek to pass
[indicates the time at which something happens]
Saat drde on gee geldiler.
They came at ten past four.
[LIT: Hour from-four ten passing they-came.]
diye saying
from demek to say
[indicates what the sigh says]
TEHLIKE diye bir levha.
A sign saying DANGER.
[Lit: DANGER saying a sign.]
rasgele [rast gele] haphazardly or randomly
from rast gelmek to meet by chance
[indicates the manner of doing]
Bazen rasgele dncelerim var.
Sometime I have random thoughts.

Repeated, it has an idiomatic use:

Gide gide postaneye mi gittin?
Going and going, was it really to the post-office you went?
From Glmek to smile.
Gle gle! [Leave smilingly!]
Said to someone who is departing.
Gle gle kullan!
Use it with smile!
Said to someone who has obtained a new item that they desired.
-(y)erek -(y)arak by doing / as a
This adverb is constructed by the addition of the suffix -rek or -rak to the third person singular of
the "Wish & Desire "mood of the verb.
It produces a single act or continued activity simultaneous with or slightly before the main verb
meaning by doing, as a
bilerek knowingly
Kapy aarak evden gitti.
Opening the door, he left the house.
Used with negative verbs
bilmeyerek unknowingly
istemeyerek reluctantly

Koarak gitti. [ks-a-rak] He went a-running.

Glerek bakt.[gl-e-rek] She looked laughingly.
Telefon ederek sordunuz mu? [ed-e-rek] Have you inquired by telephoning?
Glmseyerek karlk vermi.[glmse-ye-rek] She answered smilingly.
Yryerek gideceim. [yr-ye-rek] I shall go by foot (by walking).

Olarak from olmak to become

Is translated by as a, being a

Dost olarak.
As a friend. [LIT: being a friend]
kesin olarak!
Definitely!
Memur olarak.
As a civil servant.
ilk kez olarak
for first time

-(y)ip -(y)p -(y)up -(y)p and, also

Used when there are two verbs with identical suffixes joined by and/also to simplify the first
one.
Kalkp gittik.
[NOT kalktk gittik.]
We got up and we left
Oturup konuuyorlar.
[NOT oturuyorlar konuuyorlar]
They are sitting and talking.
Gidip bakmalyz.
We must go and see.

-(y)ince -(y)nca -(y)nce -(y)unca On doing, when

Signifies action just prior to the main verb:

Otobs gelince kalkarm.
When the bus arrives, I will get up.
[LIT: On the bus arriving, I will get up.]
-inceye kadar -inceye dek -inceye dein until

This signifies until [LIT: to-the-on-doing the-amount]

Otobs gelinceye kadar, gidemedik.
Until the bus comes, we cannot go.
[the amount to the bus on coming, we cannot go]
Otobs varncaya kadar, gidemedik.
Until the bus arrives, we cannot go.
[the amount to the bus on arriving, we cannot go]
Otobs duruncaya kadar, inmeyin.
Until the bus stops, do not alight.
[the amount to the bus stopping, do not get off]

-ene kadar -ana kadar -ene dek -ana dek -ene dein -ana dein until

The meaning is until

Otobs gelene kadar, gidemedik.
Until the bus arrives, we could not go.

-esiye -asya to the point of

Her gece baylasya iiyorum.

[Baylmak "to pass out"]
I'm drinking every every night to the point of passing out.

-meden / -madan evvel, -mezden / -mazdan evvel before, without

Siz gitmeden evvel beni uyandrnz.

Wake me up before you go.
-meden /-madan nce, -mezden / -mazdan nce is also used.
Memet gelmeden nce bu i bitirmeliyiz.
We must fininsh this job before Mehmet comes.

-dikten sonra -dktan sonra -dkten sonra -duktan sonra after doing

after doing, the converse of -meden evvel / -meden nce

Beni uyandrdktan sonra gidiniz.
Leave after waking me.

-r -mez / -r -maz as soon as

The subject must be stated and the tense it taken from the main verb.
Mehmet varr varmaz, hep beraba arya gideceiz.
As soon as Mehmet arrves we we will all go to the shops together.
Ben oturur oturmaz telefon ald.
As soon as I at down, the telephone rang.

-dike / -tike, -dka / -tka so long as / the more that / all the while that
 Dnyann dnme hz gittike artyor.
The more the world spins its speed increases.
The verb gelmek to go
gittike as it goes is translated as "gradually"
Dnyann dnme hz gittike artyor.
The world's spin speed is gradully increasing.

olduka qute
[LIT: "as it becomes"]

The verb olmak to become / to be forms olduka as it becomes / as it is / quite

O kz olduka gzel grnyor.
That girl over there is quite good looking.
Adam yaadka yalanyor
Man is getting older as he lives.
Gldke glesim geliyor.
The more I laugh, the more I feel like laughng!

-dikten baka apart from doing / in addition to doing

O, kapy atktan baka, evden gittim.

He, in addition to opening the door, left the house.

-dii mddete as long as, all the time

O alt mddete arki syler.

He sings all the time he works.

-dii halde although or in a state of doing

Bardm halde kimse yardma gelmedi.

Although I shouted, no one came.
Baca alda olduu halde eve dnd.
He returned home with his leg plastered.

-dii iin -diinden because of doing

Bir hali ald iin, vergi demeliyim.

Because of my purchasing a carpet, taxes I must pay.

-dii kadar -d kadar -duu kadar -d kadar, as much as

stediiniz kadar kalnz.

Stay as long as you want.
Senin uyuduun kadar ben uyuyamam.
I cannot sleep as much as you do.

-eceine/-acana -ecek yerde / -acak yerde instead of doing

 zmir'e yryeceine, otobs bineceim.
Instead of walking to Izmir, I will ride a bus.

-mekle /-makla with/by doing

Gnm hep yaz yazmakla geirdim.

All of my day I spent by writing.

-mektense /-maktansa -mekten ise / -maktan ise rather than

Ankara'ya gitmektense, stanbul'a gittim.

Rather than go to Ankara, I went to Istanbul.

-meksizin / -makszn -meden / -madan without doing

-meden / -madan is more frequently used.

Otobs binmeksizin, stanbul'a gittim.

Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.
Otobs binmeden, stanbul'a gittim.
Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.

Turkish Imperative
The imperative mood is used in issuing commands.
It is formed by using the verb in its simplest root form:
Listen!, Sit!, Eat!
The subject you is implied. It is NOT generally stated.
This imperative is used for giving direct orders, requests, suggestions or warnings to a second
person.
When the speaker gives a command regarding anyone else, it is still directed at the second
person.
It is a request for permission, although it may be a rhetorical statement.

(You) Look at that.)

[order]
Don't (you) leave your valuables in the car.
[suggestion]
(You) Bring me another fork please.
[request]
(You) Let him us to Taksim Square.
[order]
(You) Let us be careful in the traffic.
[warning]
The Turkish imperative is not so abrupt as it is in English.
It would be difficult to upset anyone when using the imperative.
Turkish Imperative Positive - Singular Persons
1st. Person: Geleyim!
Let me come!
arya seninle geleyim.
Let me come with you to the shops.
2nd. Person: Gel!
[familiar]
Come (you)!
Buraya gel!
Come (to) here!
3rd. Person: Gelsin!
Let him come!
Mehmet, piknie arabay srsn.
Let Mehmet drive the car to the picnic.
Turkish Imperative Positive - Plural Persons
1st. Plural: Gelelim!
Let us come!
Bu akam televizyonu seyredelim.
Let's watch TV this evening.
2nd. Plural: Durun!
[formal]
(You) Halt!
Bu Kapdan Giriniz! [public]
(You) Enter Through This Door!
3rd. Plural: Gelsinler!
(You) Let them come!
Kzlar dans etsinler.
Let the girls dance.
Singular Persons - Negative Imperative
1st. Neg. Person: Gitmeyeyim!
Let me not go!
Sam kestireyim mi kestirmeyeyim mi?
Should I get my hair cut or not?
["Let me? Let me not?"]
2nd.Neg. Person: Gitme! [familiar]
Don't go (you)!
Sakn ha, onu yapma!
Careful, don't do that!
3rd. Neg. Person: Gitmesin!
Let him not go!
Mehmet, Aye'yi pmesin!
Don't let Mehmet kiss Ayshe!
Plural Persons - Negative Imperative
1st. Neg. Plural: Gitmeyelim!
Let us not go!
Bugn yzmeyelim!
Let's not go simming today!
2nd. Neg. Plural: Gitmeyin! [formal]
Don't Go!
Beklemeyiniz [public]
(you) No waiting!
Sigara meyiniz!
No Smoking! [public sign]
3rd. Neg. Plural: Gitmesinler!
Let them not go!
ocuklar mesajm grmesinler!
Don't let the children see my message!
Turkish First Person Imperative
Vowel harmony operates on the Imperative Suffixes.
Buffer -y- is inserted when suffixing vowel endings.

The First Person Sngular adds the suffix:

-(y)aym-(y )eyim
let me!
alaym
[al-aym]
let me buy
bekleyeyim
[bekle-y-eyim]
let me wait.

The First Person Plural adds the suffix:

-(y)alm -(y)elim
Let us!
gidelim
[gid-elim[
Let's go!
okuyalm
[oku-y-alm]
Let's read!

Turkish Imperative Examples - First Person

alaym
[al -aym]
let me buy / take, I should buy
yapmaym
[yap-ma-y-aym]
let me not do, I should not do
bekleyelim
[bekle-y-elim]
let us wait, we should wait
 beklemeyelim
[bekle-me-y-elim]
let us not wait, we shouldn't wait
bakmayaym
[bak-ma-y-aym]
let me not look.
grelim
[gr-elim]
let's meet up.

Turkish Second Person Imperative

The Second Person let you

Is formed from basic verb stem after removing the infinitive Sign -mek /-mak
Positive:
Bak Look!
Gel! Come!
Negative:
Bakma! Don't look!
Gelme! Don't come!

Turkish Polite Imperative

There are two forms of the second person plural:
1. Formal Imperative
Used for addressing strangers or being polite adds -in to the verb stem.

Bakn! Look!
Bakmayn! Don't look!
Gelin! Come!
Gelmeyin! Don't come!
The Polite Form is used for addressing one person or a number of people in a group.
The verb stem is always accented in speech:
BAKmayn! Don't LOOK!
GITmeyin! Don't GO!
When speaking the imperative there is always heavy vocal stress on the verb stem:
YAPmayn onu
Don't do that!
ieklere doKUNmaynz!
Don't TOUCH the flowers!
2. Public Imperative
Used for notices, advices or being extra polite, adds -iniz to the verb stem.
Used for public notices and signs and also in newspapers and on the television.
The public form is the most polite of all.
It can be used in direct conversation if you wish to be extra polite.
 Positive Public Imperative:
Baknz! Look!
Geliniz! Come!
Negative Public Imperative:
Bakmaynz! Don't look!
Gelmeyiniz! Don't come!
In the Imperative the negative particle -me- / -ma- always remains in it absolute form:
It does not abade to -mi-/-m-
Third Person Imperative Let him do, let him not do
The Third Person Let him, Let her

(You) Let him do the talking.

(You) Let them build the bridge.
(You) Give him an allowance.
(You) Let sleeping dogs lie.
Turkish is similar:
It also uses the second person endings -sin -sn -sn -sun Let him
Plural forms -sinler -snlar -snler -sunlar Let them
This as a request for the third person imperative by attaching this suffix directly to the Verb stem.
[ie. there are no tense signs like -iyor- intervening.]
Present Continuous Tense Base Example
yazyorsun
you are writing
Attached directly to the basic verb stem
Let him let them
Yazsn!
Let him write!
Yazmasn!
Let him not write!
Simple Present Tense Base Example
beklersiniz you usually wait
Attached directly to the basic verb stem
Let him let them
Beklesinler!
Let them wait!
Beklemesinler!
Let them not wait!

baksn
[baksn]
(You) let him look
bakmasn
[bakmasn]
(You) let him not look
 girsinler
[girsinler]
(You) let then enter
girmesinler
[girmesinler]
(You) let them not enter
To re-iterate: 3rd Person imperative is formed by adding -sin -sinler (plural) directly to the verb
stem.
There is no tense sign intervening.
Although this form of the verb appears to be of the second person in -sin , it actually is not.
It cannot be construed as so because the -sin suffix is added directly to the verb stem and not to a
verb tense base.
Turkish Negative Imperative
gitmemek not to go
Oraya gitmeyelim.
Lets not go there.
bakmamak not to look
Ahmet mektuba bakmasn.
Let Ahmet not look at the letter
bulmamak not to find
Onu bulmasnlar.
Hopefully they won't find it.
beklememek not to wait
Beklemeyeyim!
I'd better not wait.
Kaldrmlara arabalar park etmesnler, trafik kurallarna uysunlar.
They should not park on the pavement, let them conform to the traffic regulations.
Neden egzersiz yapmayalm ki?
Why shouldn't we do that exercise?
Ukrayna bizi etkileyecek ama panik yapmayalm.
Ukraine will affect us but let us not panic.
Turkish Imperative Interrogative
The Interrogative Particle mi?/m? is written separately but obeys vowel harmony rules:
Geleyim mi?
Should I come (too)?
Araba kullanalm mi?
[yr-me-y-elim]
Should we use the car?
Kasabaya yrmeyelim mi?
Shouldn't we walk to town?
Partiye gelsinler mi?
Should they come to the party?
Turkish Imperative Examples
 Singular Forms
olmak to become, to happen, to occur
olsun let it be
olmasn let it not be
komak to run
kosun let him run
komasn let him not run

Plural Forms
olsunlar let them be
olmasnlar let them not be
kosunlar let them run
komasnlar let them not run
While in the Hamam Turkish Bath you might say:
Keseci gelsin!
I am ready for the masseur!
[Lit: Let the masseur come]
The third person imperative ending is added directly to the verb stem:
Gelsn Let him come!
When added to a tense sign it is normal verb:
Geliyorsun! You are coming.
Don't get mixed up.!
Daily Turkish and "Formula Speak" Turkish Imperative Examples
(1) Sa ol. (Saol), Sa olun, Sa olunuz.
Thanks very much.
[LIT: Be healthy.]
This form is used a lot to thank someone for some extra service or for something that has put
them out.
It is far more stronger than Teekkr ederim.
Thank you.
When asking a stranger for the time you could answer:
Saol Stay healthy! as a thank you for his trouble.
(2) Eksik olmayn(z)
[Lit: Don't go missing!]
Used for telling someone you like their company and they should "stick around".
(3) Sakn!, Saknnz!
Be careful! Watch out! Protect yourself!
The imperative saknmak to avoid, to beware is used as an interjection to warn or advise.

Sakn ha!
Just mind out!, Just watch it!
Onu yapmaktan saknnz!
Be careful of doing that!
 Sakn bunu bir daha yapma!
Don't you ever do that (this) again!
(4) Gemi olsun!
Let it pass!
A formula used to people who are ill:
Get better soon
Also used the those have had an accident or encountered a problem in life: Bad luck!
(5) Kolay gelsin!
May it come easy! Take it easy!
This is usually said to people who are carrying out a duty or their work.
(6) Neden olmasn?
Why let it not be?
This is the same as English
"Why not?"
Neden yok for Why not? is wrong.
It actually means "There is no reason!"
The Accelerative Imperative
Another form of the imperative involves the use of an auxiliary verb:
vermek to give
Postaneye kouverin!
[from verb: kouvermek]
Run to the Post Office!
The Accelerative verb formed from komak to run + vermek to give to run hurriedly
Onu yapver!
Do it quickly!
English would say "Just get it done right now!"
from yapmak + vermek
Vowel Harmony operates on the Imperative Suffixes

Grsn! Let him see!

Aln! Take (you)!
Bulsunlar! Let them find!
Bulmasnlar! Let them not find!
Onu yapmayn! Don't do it (you)!
Glnz! Laugh (you)!

Some Turkish "Formula Speak"

There are many other Formula Speak with this aspect of the verb in daily use in Turkey
A good dictionary or phrase book will always contain them.
The barber might say to you when he has finished cutting your hair
Shhatler olsun! Good health to you!
This is said to one who is having a bath, a haircut or a shave.
After having a shave at the barbers he might finish off by saying:
Sinek kaydi! "The fly slipped!"
Turkish Form of the Imperative Showing Impatience
There is another form of the imperative which can be a little petulant or sound impatient.
It may be used if you have been waiting too long or in cases where notice has not been taken.
This form should be used with care by the learner.
It is at first best translated as: Why do you? or Why don't you?
The suffix -sana or -sene is added to the Positive Verb stems.
This becomes -sanza or -senize when addressing a group of people.
Turkish Imperative (Impatient Form)

Baksana!
Now look here!
Gelsene!
Come on then! or Come along!
Otursanza!
Oh DO sit down! or Why don't (you all) sit down!!
There is only a positive form in Turkish.
It is sometimes translated as negative in English to arrive at the meaning.
Turkish Passive Mood
The Passive Mood:

Signifies that the verb acts upon the subject of the sentence:

"The man (subj.) was bitten by the dog."

The Active Mood:

Signifies that the verb acts on the object of the sentence:

"The dog bit the man (obj.)"

Turkish Passive Mood Verb Forms

The Active Mood:
The verb acts on the object of the sentence.
Kemal swept the street yesterday.
The subject "Kemal" and the object "the street".
The Passive Mood:
Signifies that the verb acts upon the subject of the sentence.
The street is being swept by Kemal
"the street" is the subject.
"Kemal" (the person doing the sweeping) is called "the agent" in grammar.
The Impersonal Passive
"the street" is the subject without any agent operating on it.
The street will be swept every day
Order of Verbal Mood Suffixes
The order that the suffixes are added to the verb as as follows:
1. Reflexive
2. Reciprocal
3. Causative
4. Passive

Active: acmak to feel pain

Reflexive: acnmak to feel pain in oneself, to grieve
Causative: acndrmak to cause to grieve
Causative Passive: acndrlmak to be made to grieve

Active: tanmak to know

Reciprocal: tanmak to know one another
Causative: tantrmak to introduce
Causative Passive: tantrlmak to be introduced
Negation -me- plus ability -ebil- and inability -eme- for Verb Mood are sufixed.
The tense suffixes:
-iyor- -ir- -ecek- -di- -mi- are added.
The Person Suffix completes the verb.

Active Present Continuous

yapmak to do
yapyorum I am doing
Passive Present Continuous
yaplmak [yap-l-mak] to be done
yaplyor It is being done
Active Potential Simple Present
yapabilmek [yap-abil-mek] to be able to do
yapabilirim I can do
Passive Potential Simple Present
yaplabilmek [yap-l-abil-mek] to be able to be done
yaplabilir it can be done
Negative Active Present Continuous
yapmamak [yap-ma-mak] to not do
yapmyorum I am not doing
Negative Active Present Continuous
yaplmamak [yap-l-ma-mak] to not be done
yaplmyor it is not being done
Negative Passive Potential Future
yaplamamak [yap-l-ama-mak] to not be able to be done
yaplamayacak it will not be able to be done
Active Future Potential:
Onu yapabileceiz [yap-abil-ece-iz] we will be able to do it
Causative Future Potential:
Onu yaptrabileceiz [yap-tr-abil-ece-iz] we will be able to get it done
There are many other tenses and persons that can be built up using the causative and cooperative
verbs in all tenses and persons.
This is one of the difficulties for Turkish learners.
Using and recognizing the verb forms and their meanings easily.
It takes practice for the student
It is second nature to a Turkish national.
Turkish Passive Mood Formation
The Turkish passive verb stem is formed by adding the passive suffix -il or -n (after a vowel) to the
basic verb stem.
The verb stem can be an active , co-operative or a causative verb stem.
The suffix -il -l -ul -l is added to the verb stem:
grlmek
[grlmek]
to be seen
Verb stem ending -l use suffix -in - n - un -n
bulunmak
[bulunmak]
to be found
For Verb stems ending vowel -n is added:
beklenmek
[bekle-n-mek]
to be awaited
Turkish Passive - verb stems ending in a consonant
Active Mood Positive Passive Mood Positive
yapmak to do yaplmak to be done
kesmek to cut kesilmek to be cut
krmak to break krlmak to be broken
Active Mood Negative Passive Mood Negative
yapmamak to not do yaplmamak to be not done
kesmemek to not cut kesilmemek to be not cut
krmamak to not break krlmamak to be not broken

Turkish Passive Verb Examples

Active
anlamak to understand
Active Causative
anlatmak to explain
Passive Causative
anlatlmak to be understood
Active
krmak to break
Active Causative
krdrmak to break something
 Passive
krlmak to be broken
[itself in a broken state]
Passive Causative
krdrlmak to be broken by somebody
Active Verb
bulmak to find
Co-operative Active
bulumak to meet/to find each other
Co-operative Passive
buluulmak to be met/to be found together
Active
anlamak to understand
Co-operative Active
anlamak to agree/to understand each other
Co-operative Passive
anlalmak to be agreed
Active
arpmak to hit, collide
Co-operative Active
arpmak to collide with something
Co-operative Passive
arplmak to be in collision with something
None of Verbs above end in -l
Consequently the -il passive suffix is used.
Using short suffixes Turkish can say in one word which would take many more in English.
The use of the differing verb forms is rather difficult at first
By practice and reading the logic of them quickly becomes clear to the student.
Turkish Passive verb stems ending in -l
For veb stems ending in -L the passive mood is formed by the addition -in -n -n -un
Active Mood Passive Mood
delmek to pierce delinmek to be pierced
bilmek to know bilinmek to be known
almak to take alnmak to be taken
bulmak to find bulunmak to be found

Turkish Passive verb stems ending a vowel.

Verb stem ends in a vowel the passive sign is simply -n
Active Mood Passive Mood
beklemek to wait/to expect beklenmek to be waited for / to be expected
kapamak to close kapanmak to be closed
yemek to eat yenmek to be eaten

Examples of the Passive

 Active Verb
Ali, pencereyi kapad Ali closed the window.
Impersonal Passive Verb
Pencere kapand The window was closed
[ie. not open]
Passive Verb
Ali tarafndan pencere kapand The window was closed by Ali.
In the last example above we can see that it was Ali who closed that window:
by Ali. Ali is the agent by which the window was closed.
Turkish Passive Agent - tarfndan by
Turkish has a particular construction in the Passive to denote the agent acting on the subject.
Proper Nouns:
Ali tarafndan by Ali. are NOT suffixed with the ownership [genitive] -in -n -un -n
The Personal Pronouns:
my, your, his, our, their [the pronoun itself as the agent] IS suffixed with the ownership -in
-n -un -n
It is followed by its version of tarafndan by in agreement.

Benim tarafmdan pencere kapand.

The window was closed by me
Onun tarafndan pencere kapand.
The window was closed by him.

The Agent: must agree with the subject:

benim tarafmdan
senin tarafndan
onun tarafndan
bizim tarafmzdan
sizin tarafnzdan
onlarn taraflarndan

Pencereyi kapatt.
He closed the window.
Pencere onun tarafndan kapatld.
The window was closed by him.
Pencere Mehmet tarafndan kapatld.
The window was closed by Mehmet.
Hesap, benim tarafmdan denecek.
The bill will be paid by me.
Kitap, onlarn tarafndan yazlacak.
The book will be written by them.
Top, Mustafa tarafndan bulundu.
[NOT Mustafa 'nn]
The ball was found by Mustapha.
Araba, Ali tarafndan temizleniyor.
The car is being cleaned by Ali.

Turkish Passive Mood Future

 Active:
kesmek to cut
Mehmet, yarn onu kesecek.
Mehmet will cut it tomorrow.
Passive:
kesilmek to be cut
Yarn o kesilecek.
It will be cut tomorrow.
ALSO: Yarn o kesilecektir.
It is to be cut tomorrow.
Active Potential Future:
kesebilmek to be able to cut
Ali, yarn onu kesebilecek.
Ali, will be able to cut it tomorrow.
Passive Potential Future:
kesilebilmek To be able to be to be cut
Yarn o kesilebilecek.
It will be able to be cut tomorrow.

Turkish Reflexive Verb Form

The reflexive form of the verb is used when the action of the verb refers back to the subject as
opposed to the object.
In English this is usually shown by the use of the reflexive pronouns myself, yourself, ourselves
etc.
In Turkish the feeling of "self" is understood by using the reflexive form of the verb.
Mehmet ykand. Mehmet washed himself.
Examples of Reflexive Forms in English
I shave myself every day.
He washed himself in the garde.
You have cut yourself badly!
We helped ourselves to succeed.
This reflexive form of the verb stem is used to convey the reflexive meaning
The Reflexive suffix is -in -n -un -n which abrades to -n after a vowel.
The reflexive sign -n is the same as the passive form for those verbs whose stems end in a vowel,
The context of the sentence is usually enough to make the meaning passive or reflexive evident.
Rarely, the -il suffix is used for the reflexive meaning.
The verb zmek is to make someone sad and its reflexive / passive zlmek is to get sad
(oneself)
Katmak is to add / join and its reflexive / passive katlmak is to get added ,to join, to attend.
This is really a "grey area" between passive and / or reflexive.
Examples of Use for the Reflexive Verb
The Actve Verb:
ykamak to wash
amar ykadm I washed the shirt
Reflexive Verb:
ykanmak to wash oneself
ykandm I had a wash, I washed myself
Similarly the verb soymak to undress
soymak to undress somebody [Active]
soyunmak to undress oneself [Reflexive]
Turkish Co-operative Verb
The Turkish Co-operative verb action is performed with another person or persons.
The co-operation may be contrary in meaning.
They fought EACH OTHER.
Turkish will use the co-operative form of the verb vurumak meaning to fight EACH OTHER as
opposed to the basic verb vurmak to hit
Many commonly daily used words are of the co-operative form.
As we learn them we may not realize this.
About Co-operative Verbs
In English it is not always apparent when a verb is co-operative.
The verb to collide
You can collide with a wall [a single occurrence] or with another car [co-operative
occurrence].
Turkish does make this distinction:

arpmak to bump, collide

Bir duvara arptm
I bumped a wall
arpmak to bump, collide with.
Bir arabayla arptm.
I collided with a car

Co-operative Verb Formation

The Co-operative verb sign is - -i -u - and - is added to verb stems which end in a vowel.
Active Verb:
vurmak to hit
ona vurdum
I hit him
grmek to see
Memet'i grdm
I saw Mehmet
anlamak to understand
Ali'yi anlyoruz
We understand Ali
Co-operative Verb:
vurumak to hit
Birbirleriyle vurutular
They fought each other.
[Lit: hit each other]
grmek to see each other/to meet
Mehmet ile greceim
I'm going to meet Mehmet
[Lit: I will meet (see each other) with Mehmet.]
anlamak to understand each other/to agree
Anlayoruz, deil mi?
We agree, don't we?
Ali ile anlayoruz.
We agree with Ali.
[Lit: understand each other]
Birbirleriyle with each other
Mehmet ile
with Mehmet
ile with is always used with co-operative verbs since the action is done by at least two persons.
About the the verb vurmak
When used with The Motion Toward -a/-e [Dative Suffix]
It means to strike, to hit
Mehmet bana vurdu.
Mehmet hit me [to me]
When used with Direct Object -/-i/-u/- [Accusative Suffix]
It means to shoot dead, to kill
Mehmet kuu vurdu
Mehmet shot the bird [dead]

Turkish Co-operative Verb Usage

Many co-operative forms are in regular use.
The -i - -u - suffix concerns something that is done in concert:
[with or against] to show "a doing together".
This "in concert" suffix also shows up in some nouns for instance giri entrance and k exit
["goings and comings " in concert]
Turkish Common Co-operative verbs
Also as previously mentioned many verbs with regular use are in the Co-operative form:

anlamak to agree
[to understand together]
sevimek to make love
[with each other]
pmek to kiss
[with each other]
konumak to speak and almak to work are also co-operative verbs we can see that -i- shows
shows "a doing together."

Turkish Mood of Obligation

Summary of the different ways to express necessity in Turkish:
Turkish Mood of Obligation:
is the Verb Gerekmek
to need, to want to
It is used in all tenses and moods:
The verb gerekmek to be necessary.

It is used as the other verbs.

Servis kalitesinin mutlaka iyilesmesi gerekiyor.
It is necessary to definitely improve quality of the service.
gerekmemek to not be necessary
Sigorta yaptrmas gerekmeyecek.
It will not be necessary to be insured.

Turkish Verb Gerekmek Present Continuous

Saatimin ayarlanmas gerekiyor.

My watch needs adjusting.
Otobse binmem gerekiyor mu?
Do I have to get on a bus?
Mehmet'e yardm gerekiyor.
Mehmet needs help.
Bir vize gerekiyor mu?
Is a visa necessary?
Kn kar yamas gerekmiyor mu?
It's supposed to snow in winter, right?
Hakkmda hibir ey renmen gerekmiyor.
You do not need to learn anything about me.
Ondan korkmamz gerekmiyor.
We have no need to be frightened of that/it.

Turkish Verb Gerekmek Simple Present

stanbul'a gitmek gerekmez.

It is not necessary to go to Istanbul.
Bunun zerinden gmrk demeniz gerekir.
Because of this it will be necessary to pay Customs Duty.
Glmek gerekir bazen
One should laugh sometimes.
On dakika beklemeniz gerekebilir.
It may be necessary for you to wait ten minutes.

Turish Verb Gerekmek Indefinite Past Tense

Mutlu olmak iin mutlu etmek gerekmi.

In order to be happy it seems it is necessary to make happiness.
Bir bilene sormak gerekmi.
It seems it is necessary to ask someone who knows.
ok ey gerekmezmi mutlu olmaya.
It seems that a lot is not\t required to be happy.
Sevmek iin sebep gerekmezmi.
It seems there is no reason reason for love.
 Hatta kimseye bir ey anlatmas gerekmezmi.
It seems it is not even necessary to let anybody know.

Turkish Verb Gerekmek Definite Past Tense

Kalemler pahal olunca, ek i bulma gerekt.

As the items were expensive, a spare time job was necessary.
yle olmas gerekti.
It had to be like that.
Baarmamz gerekti aslnda.
Really, we had to succeed.
Oraya buraya gitmem gerekti.
I had to go here and there.
Senin iyi olduunu grmem gerekti.
I had to see that you were alright.
3'uncu kez denemem gerekmedi.
I did not have to try a third time.
4. vitesten yukar kmam gerekmedi.
It wasn't necessary to change up to 4th gear.
Bir defa bile kutusunu amam gerekmedi.
I did not even have to open the box.

Turkish Verb Gerekmek Future Tense

Bu adamlarn adn hatrlamam gerekecek.

I will have to remember these gentlemen's names.
Eme'ye yeni bir yatak almam gerekecek.
I will have to get a new bed for Esme.
lk nce siteden ifre almanz gerekecektir.
Firstly you must obtain a password from the site.
Boyut deitirmemiz gerekecektir.
We will have to change the dimensions.
imizi bitirdikten sonra yeniden doktorunuza grnmeniz gerekecektir.
After finishing or work it will be necessary to see the doctor again.

Turkish Participle Gereken Present Participle in -en

zlenilmesi gerekilen bir filim.

A film which must be seen.
Ankara'ya gidince uranlmas gerekilen br yer olduunu dnyorum.
I think that it is a place that must be visited when going to Ankara..
Gerekten renmesi gerekilen ok eyler var.
Truly there are many things which are necessary to be learned.
Gmrk vergisi denmesi gerekmeyenki arabamla geldim.
I came in my car for which customs duty was not necessary.
Sebzelerin tketiminde dikkat edilmesi gerekilen konusu.
The steps that are necessary for the conservation of vegetables.

The Conditional Mood of "to be necessary"

Turkish Verb: Gereksemek "if / whether it is necessary"

 O an ne yaplmas gerekiyorsa onu yaparm.
I'll do whatever is necessary to do at that moment.
Eer gitmem gerekiyorsa giderim.
I will go if it is necessary
Her ne gerekiyorsa yaparm.
I will do whatever is necessary.
yle olmas gerekiyorsa yle olur.
If it has to be like that then let it be so.
Ksaca anlatmak gerekirse byle onu yazaym.
Let me write it like this if it need to be explained in short.
Gerekmezse konumam.
If it is not necessary, I will not speak.

Other Verbs of Obligation that are used:

icap etmek
to require, to entail
bal olmak
to depend upon
iktiza etmek
to require, be needed
terettp etmek
to be incumbent upon

Other Methods of Conveying Necessity or Obligation

Use of lzm need or gerek necessity as an auxiliary.

"Gerek" Example: Short Infinitive -ma/-me verb form (+) possessive suffix followed by
gerek
Gitmem gerek. I have to go.
Bakmaman gerek. You do not need to look.
"Lazim" Example: Short Infinitive -ma/-me verb form (+) possessive suffix followed by
lazm
Mehmet'in gelmesi lazm. Mehmet has to come.
Onlarin yapmamalar lazm. They must do (it).
The infinitive is personalized to show who is under obligation: okumam [okuma-m etc.] my
reading
Benim kitap okumam lzm. I should read a book. [LIT: My reading book is
needed.]
Benim kitap okumam lzm. (arb.) Benim kitap okumam gerek. (TUR.) have the same
meaning.
Senin kitap okuman lzm / gerek. You should read a book.
Ali'nin kitap okumas lzm / gerek. Ali should read a book.
Bizim kitap okumamz lzm / gerek. We should read a book.
Sizin kitap okumanz lzm / gerek. You should read a book.
Onlarn kitap okumas lzm / gerek. They should read a book.
The Possessive Personalized Ownership Condition -in is used with both gerek and lzm
Turkish gerek is now used in periodicals.
The Arabic lzm is used in daily conversation.
Use of ihtiya necessity

(-a/-e) ihtiya [demands a motion towards object] need/necessity/requirement

Suffixed with:
-m, -n, -, -mz, -nz, -lar (+) var for positive yok for negative.
Mehmet'in yardma ihtiyacm yok.
I do not need Mehmet's help.
Bu ii bitirebilmek iin daha fazla zamana ihtiyacmz var.
We need more time to be able to finish this job.

Use of mecbur
compulsion

mecbur olmak (Pos.) / mecbur olmalmak (Neg.) [demands a motion towards (-a/-
e) object] to be forced to, be obliged to, have to do something.
Onu bakmaya mecbur oldum.
I felt (that) I had to look at that.
Sonunda onu yapmaya mecbur kaldk.
In the end we did not have to do that.

"Mecbur" Conjugation:

mecburto commit to do something

mecbur is conjugated with an nfntve verb + -a -e Motion Towards [dative]
dnmek dnmeye to (to) think.
dnmeye mecburum I must think
bekelemeye mecbursun you must wait
o almaya mecbur he must work
bulmaya mecburuz we must fnd out
durmaya mecbursunuz you must stop
anlatmaya mecburlar they must explan

Use of zorunda
under the difficulty of
The noun zor is used meaning: trouble, difficulty, worry, problem,difficult, hard

zorunda kalmak[zor-u-nda "in the problem"] to be left no choice but to do

something.
zorunda olmak to have to, be obliged to [do something]
The Full Infinitive in -mek / -mak is followed by:
zorunda (+) Verb "to be" personal suffixes -ym, -sn, -dr, -yz, -snz, -drlar
Artk eve gitmek zorundaym.
I have to go home right now.
Gelecek hafta Beikta' yenmek zorundayz.
We have to beat Bekta next week.
Bu otelede kalmak zorunda deilsiniz.
You do not have to stay in this hotel.
Examples: zorunda
to be compelled to do something

zorunda is conjugated with the Full Infinitive in -mak -mek

almak zorundaym I have to work / try
grmek zorundasn you have to see
o imzalamak zorunda he has sgn (it)
uramak zorundayz we have to deal with (it)
kalmak zorundasnz you have to stay
deitirmek zorundalar they have to change

Turkish Mood of Obligation with -meli/-mal Suffxed Formation

The -meli / -mal Mood of necessity can have these meanings:
I must go, I ought to go, I should go, I have to go, I have got to go
This Mood is formed by attaching the -li Suffix of Obligation to the short infinitive form of the verb.
The Short infinitive is formed by dropping the final -k from the full infinitive:

Verb stem + -mal/ -meli (+) Verb "to be" personal suffixes:
-ym / -yim, -sn / -sin -dr / -dir -yz / -yiz -snz / -siniz -drlar / -dirler should, ought to
ocuklar yarn okula gitmeliler.
The children should to go to school tomorrow.
Souk hava olduu iin denizde yzmemelisin.
You ought not to swim in the sea because of the cold weather.
Positive Verbs:
bakma looking
Negative Verbs:
bakmama not looking

The Mood of Obligation A-UnDotted Verbs adds -mal- Suffix

A-UnDotted Verb bakmak to look

bakmalym I ought to look / I must look bakmamalym I ought not to look

bakmalsn You ought to look / You must look bakmamalsn You ought not to look

O bakmal(dr) He ought to look / He must look O bakmamal(dr) He ought not to look

bakmalyz We ought to look / we must look bakmamalyz We ought not to look

bakmalsnz You ought to look / you must look bakmamalsnz You ought not to look

bakmal(dr)lar They ought to look / They must look bakmamal(dr)lar They ought not to look

The Mood of Obligation E-Dotted Verbs adds -meli- Suffix

Similarly for the E-Dotted Group of Verbs Suffix of Obligation takes its dotted form -li-

Positive Verb Root:

girmeli going
 Negative Verb root:
girmemeli not going
E-Dotted Verb girme to enter

girmeliyim I ought to enter girmemeliyim I ought not to enter

girmelisin You ought to enter girmemelisin You ought not to enter

O girmeli(dir) He ought to enter O girmemeli(dir) He ought not to enter

girmeliyiz We ought to enter girmemeliyiz We ought not to enter

girmelisiniz You ought to enter girmemelisiniz You ought not to enter

girmeli(dir)ler They ought to enter girmemeli(dir)ler They ought not to enter

Examples: Use of -meli/-mali as a tense mood

Subject is taken fron the Perosnal verb suffixes.
I, you, she etc. is subject in sentence so no need to use the possessive -in

ben kitap okumalym

I should / ought to read a book.
sen kitap okumalsn
you should / ought to read a book.
Ali bey acele etmemeli ama abuk olmal
Mr Ali should not hurry but he must be quick.
Vapura binerken komamalyz, yoksa denize debiliriz
we should not / ought not run when boardng the steamer, else we might fall into the sea.
siz kitap alamamalsnz
you should not / ought not to cry.
onlar bu odada beklemeli(ler)
they should / ought wait in this room.

Turkish Mood of Obligation Positive Form Statement Present Tense

Ben gitmeliyim I must go, I ought to go, I should go, I have (got) to go
Sen gitmelisin You ought to go
O gitmeli(dir) He, She, It should go
Biz gitmeliyiz We have to go
Siz gitmelisiniz You have got to go
Onlar gitmeli(dir)ler They have to go

Turkish Mood of Obligation Positive Form Interrogative Present Tense

Ben gitmeli miyim? Must I go? Ought I to go? Should I go? Have I (got) to go?
Sen gitmeli misin? Ought you to go?
O gitmeli mi? Should he go?
Biz gitmeli miyiz? Have we to go?
Siz gitmeli misiniz? Have you got to go?
 Onlar gitmeliler mi? Have they got to go?

Turkish Mood of Obligation Negative Form Statement Present Tense

Ben gitmemeliyim I must not go, I ought not to go, I should not go, I have not (got) to go
Sen gitmemelisin You ought not to go
O gitmemeli He should not go
Biz gitmemeliyiz We have not to go
Siz gitmemelisiniz You have not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliler They have not got to go

Turkish Mood of Obligation Negative Form Interrogative Present Tense

Ben gitmemeli miyim? Must I not go?(Mustn't I go?) Ought I not to go? (Oughtn't I to go?)
Should I not go? (Shouldn't I go?) Have I not (got) to go? (Haven't I (got) to go?)
Sen gitmemeli misin? Ought you not to go? (Oughtn't you to go?)
O gitmemeli mi? Should he not go? (Shouldn't he go?)
Biz gitmemeli miyiz? Have we not got to go? (Haven't we (got) to go?)
Siz gitmemeli misiniz? Have you not to go? (Haven't you to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler mi?Have they not got to go? (Haven't they got to go?)

Turkish Mood of Obligation Positive Form Statement Past Tense Definite

The Past Definite Relates to an actual situation:
I should have gone, He must have gone, They ought to have gone.

Ben gitmeliydim I must have gone

Sen gitmeliydin You ought to have gone
O gitmeliydi He should have gone
Biz gitmeliydik We had to go
Siz gitmeliydiniz You had got to go
Onlar gitmeliydiler They had to go

Turkish Mood of Obligation Positive Form Interrogative Past Tense Definite

Ben gitmeli miydim? Must I have gone?

Sen gitmeli miydin? Ought you to have gone?
O gitmeli miydi? Should he have gone?
Biz gitmeli miydik? Had we to go?
Siz gitmeli miydiniz? Had you got to go?
Onlar gitmeliler miydi?Had they got to go?

Turkish Mood of Obligation Negative Form Statement Past Tense Definite

Ben gitmemeliydim I must not have gone

Sen gitmemeliydin You ought not to have gone
O gitmemeliydi He should not have gone
Biz gitmemeliydik We had not to go
Siz gitmemeliydiniz You had not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliydiler They had not got to go

Turkish Mood of Obligation Negative Form Interrogative Past Tense Definite

 Ben gitmemeli miydim? Must I not have gone? (Mustn't I have gone?)
Sen gitmemeli miydin? Ought you not to have gone? Oughtn't you to have gone?)
O gitmemeli miydi? Should he not have gone? (Shouldn't he have gone?)
Biz gitmemeli miydik? Had we not got to go? (Hadn't we got to go?)
Siz gitmemeli miydiniz? Had you not got to go? (Hadn't you got to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler miydi? Had they not got to go? (Hadn't they got to go?)

Turkish Mood of Obligation Positive Form Statement of Presumption

The Past of Presumption relates to an assumption: I suppose that I should have gone, I suppose
that he should have gone, etc.

Ben gitmeliymiim (I suppose that) I must have gone

Sen gitmeliymisin (I believe that) you ought to have gone
O gitmeliymi (Presumably) he should have gone
Biz gitmeliymiiz (In reality) we had got to go
Siz gitmeliymisiniz (It seems that) you had to go
Onlar gitmeliymiler (Probably) they had got to go

Turkish Mood of Obligation Positive Form Question of Presumption

gitmeli miymiim? Ought I to have gone? (at all?)

gitmeli miymisin? Should you have gone? (possibly?)
gitmeli miymi? (I wonder?) Did he have to go?
gitmeli miymiiz? (I wonder?) Did we have to go?
gitmeli miymisiniz? (It seems that?) Did you have to go?
gitmeli miymiler? (Surely by now?) Must they have gone?

Turkish Mood of Obligation Negative Form Statement of Presumption

gitmemeliymiim (I suppose that) I must not have gone.

gitmemeliymisin (I believe that) you ought not to have gone.
gitmemeliymi (Presumably) he should not have gone.
gitmemeliymiiz (In reality) we had not got to go.
gitmemeliymisiniz (It seems that) you had not to go.
gitmemeliymiler (Probably) they did not have to go.

Turkish Mood of Obligation Negative Form Interrogative of Presumption

gitmemeli miymiim? Ought I not to have gone? (at all?)

gitmemeli miymisin? (I think that?) Should you not have gone?
gitmemeli miymi? (I wonder?) Did he not have to go?
gitmemeli miymiiz? (I wonder?) Had we not got to go?
gitmemeli miymisiniz? (It seems that? ) Did you not have to go?
gitmemeli miymiler? (Surely?) must they not have gone?

Turksh Mood of Obligation in the Future

The -meli/-mal has no future form.
To say: : I will have to do it
-meli/-mal cannot be used in Turkish.
Instead gerek, zorunda is used for the future tenses.

Bunu yapmak zorunda olacam. I will have to do this.

Onu yapman gerekecek. You will have to do that.

Turkish Potential Mood Positive - to be able, I can

The Potential Mood indicates:
ability to be able, can or disposition may, might
The Potential Mood uses the addition of bilmek to know to form its sense of meaning.
It takes the form with a dotted i and is not subject to vowel harmony.
bilmek is a word in its own right.
It is is similar to the Scottish use of "ken" - to know
Do you ken the swimming?
[Do you know how to swim?]

Positive Potential Mood Formation

To form various tenses -mek -mak infinitive sign is replaced by -e--a-
The verb bilmek to know is affixed thus forming -ebil- -abil- as the Potential Mood Suffix.
In Turkish a new verb is formed.
English uses the auxiliary verb to be able

Active Verb:
yazmak to write
gelmek to come
glmek to laugh
Passive Verb:
yazlmak to be written
Passive Potential:
yazlabilmek
to be able to be written
Active Potential:
gelebilmek
to be able to come
yazabilmek
to be able to write
glebilmek
to be able to laugh
The Causative Potential:
gldrmek to make s.o. laugh
Causative Potential Passive :
gldrebilmek
to be able to make s.o. laugh

Turkish Positive Potential - verb stem terminates in a vowel.

Verb Stems ending in a Vowel: add -yebil- -yabil- using buffer letter -y-
yrmek to walk yryebilmek
[yryebilmek]
to be able to walk
 tamak to carry tayabilmek
[tayabilmek]
to be able to carry

Turkish Potential Mood Examples

Potential Mood Present Continuous Tense:
gelebiliyorum
I can come, I am able to come, I may come, I might come
Potential Mood Present Simple Tense:
gelebilirim
I can come, I am able to come, I may come, I might come
Potential Mood Future Tense:
gidebileceksiniz
you will be able to go, etc.
Turkish Potential Mood Past Tense:
balayabildik
we were able to start, etc..
Turkish Potential Mood Present Continuous Conjugation

Active: grmek to see

Passive: grebilmek
to be able to see
grebiliyorum
I can see, I am able to see, I may see, I might see
grebiliyorsun
you can see, you are able to see
grebiliyor
he can see, he is able to see
grebiliyoruz
we can see, we are able to see
grebiliyorsunuz
you can see, you are am able to see
grebiliyorlar
they can see, they are able to see

Turkish Potential Interrogative

The Interrogative is formed in a similar manner by using a personalised question tag.
It is written separately and follows vowel harmony.

gelebiliyor muyum?
Can I come?
gelebiliyor musunuz?
Can you come?

Turkish Potential Mood Future Conjugation

Future Potential:
kalmak to stay, to remain
kalabilecek to be able to stay, remain
[in future time]
 kalabileceim
I will be able to stay
kalabileceksin
you will be able to stay
kalabilecek
he will be able to stay
kalabileceiz
we will be able to stay
kalabileceksiniz
you will be able to stay
kalabilecekler
they will be able to stay
Future Interrogative Potential: Is formed in a similar manner.
gidebilecek misiniz?
will you be able to go?

Turkish Potential Mood Definite Past Tense

beklemek to wait, to expect

bekleyebilmek to be able to wait, expect
bekleyebildim
I could wait
bekleyebildin
you could wait
bekleyebildi
he could wait
bekleyebildik
we could wait
bekleyebildiniz
you could wait
bekleyebildiler
they could wait

Turkish Potential Mood Definite Unreal Past Tense

Use of simple timeless present tense by adding tense sign -ir causes the meaning to be "unreal".

Past Definite Potential Unreal:

beklemek to wait, to expect
bekleyebilirmek
to be able to wait, expect
bekleyebilirdim
I could have waited
bekleyebilirdin
you could have waited
bekleyebilirdi
he could have waited
bekleyebilirdik
we could have waited
bekleyebilirdiniz
you could have waited
 bekleyebilirdiler
they could have waited

Turkish Potential Mood Indefinite Past Tense

Past Indefinite Potential:

dnmek to think
dnebilmek to be able to think
dnebilmiim it seems I was able to think
dnebilmisin
it seems you were able to think
dnebilmi
it seems he was able to think
dnebilmiiz
it seems we were able to think
dnebilmisiniz
it seems you were able to think
dnebilmiler
it seems they were able to think
Active potential Interrogative form:
bekleyebilmisiniz mi?
could you have waited?

Turkish Potential Mood Past Continuous Tense

Imperfect Past Potential Passive:

yapmak to do, to make
yapabilmek to be able to do
yapabiliyordum
I was able to do
yapabiliyordun
you were able to do
yapabiliyordu
he was able to do
yapabiliyorduk
we were able to do
yapabiliyordunuz
you were able to do
yapabiliyorlard
they were able to do
Interrogative form:
durabiliyorlard m?
were they able to stop, halt ?
This example shows clearly that the auxiliary bilmek "to know" is a separate word in its own
right.
It keeps its dotted i as it is not subject to vowel harmony rules.
Turkish Negative Potential Mood - not able to, can't
Negative Potential Mood is formed inserting an -e- or -a- before the negative verb:
 gelmek to come gelememek
[gel-eme-mek[ not to be able to come.
bakmak to look bakamamak
[bak-ama-mak] not to be able to look
The verb can be active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal, or causative, thus forming a
completely new verb with its own infinitive:
Turkish Negative Potential -Examples in various moods and tenses:

bakmamak to not look bakamamak [bak-a-ma-mak] not to be able to look

bakamyorum
I can't look. I might not look
bakamadn or bakamyordun
you could not look
bakamyordu
he was not able to look
bakamazsak
if we cannot look
[conditional form]
bakamayacaksnz
you will not be able to look
bakamadlar or bakamyorlard
they could not look
Tense and personal endings are added to make the full verb form.
This includes the if.. forms of the -sa, -se Conditional Mood.
Turkish Negative Potential - A-UnDotted Verbs ending in a Vowel
The buffer letter -y- is used to keep the last vowel of the verb stem separate from the -e- -a-
negative potential particle.

anlamamak to understand anlayamamak [anla-y-a-ma-mak] not to be able to

understand
anlayamadm
I could not understand
anlamasaydn
if you did not understand
anlayamasaydn
if you could not understand
[conditional if]
anlayamam
it seems he could not understand
[inferential Tense]
anlalamayacaksak
if we will not be able to understood
[passive mood]
anlayamazsnz
you cannot understand
[simple tense -maz]
anlaamadlar
they could not agree
[reciprocal form]
Turkish Negative Potential - E-Dotted Verb Formation:

ekmemek to not pull ekememek [ek-e-me-mek] not to be able to pull

ekemem
I can't pull
ekemiyorsun
you cannot pull
ekilemedi
[ek-il-e-me-di]
it could not be pulled
[passive form]
ekemeyeceiz
we will not be able to pull
ekememitiniz
you had not been able to pull

Turkish Negative Potential - E-Dotted Verbs ending in a Vowel

beklemek to wait, expect bekleyememek [bekle-y-e-memek] not to be able to wait

bekleyemesem
if I cannot wait
[conditional tense]
bekletemeyeceksin
[bekle-t-e-me-y-ecek-sin]
you will not be able to let (it/him) wait
[causative form]
beklenemedi
it could not have been expected
[LIT: awaited - passive form]
bekleyemeyeceiz
we will not be able to wait
bekleyemezdiniz
you couldn't have waited
bekleyememiler
it seems that they could not wait
[inferential tense]

Turkish Negative Potential Conversational Stress

In speech this negative potential particle -a- / -ya- or -e- / -ye- is heavily accented in order to draw
the attention of the listener to the correct tense and mood.

GrEmedim [Gr-Eme-dim] I could not see

GlEmediniz [Gl-Eme-diniz] You could not laugh
Mehmet alaYAmayacak [ala-YAma-y-acak] Mehmet will not be able to cry.
DinleYEmedik onu! Dinle-YEme-dik We could not listen to it!

Turkish Subject (Relative) Participles -(y)an/-(y)en who is doing..

Participles are verbal adjectives and verbal nouns formed from verbs.
The most important function of participles is to form modifying phrases or adjectives.
These are equivalent to the relative clauses "who which what that" found in English.
At first sight is difficult to understand.
This is mainly due to the fact that the Relative Pronouns who, what, which, where do not exist in
Turkish.
Instead, Turkish uses participles of its verbs as adjectives or nouns.
Tuekish Subject Participle -en -an Formantion
The infinitive marker -mek / -mak is replaced with the present participle marker -(y)en/-(y)an
The buffer -y- is inserted if the verb stem ends in a vowel to avoid the occurrence of two
consecutive vowels.
Passive, potential and causative verb stems can be formed as present participles in a similar
fashion.

Turkish Relative Participles in the Potential Mood:

The suffix -(y)an/-(y)en is added to the verb stem:
yryebilmek to be able to walk
[yr-y-ebil-mek]
yryebilen who can walk
[yr-y-ebil-en]
yryememek not to be able to walk
[yr-y-eme-mek]
yryemeyen who can't walk
[yr-y-eme-y-en]

Turkish Present Participle Examples in various moods

gelen who comes,the comer

sarlan who hugs, the hugger
anlayan who understands, is understanding
bekleyen who waits,is waiting
gelmeyen who is not coming, not coming
sarlmayan who is not hugging, not hugging
anlamayan who is not understanding, doesn't understand
beklemeyen not to be able to wait, who can't wait
gelebilen who is able to come, who can't come
sarlamayan who can not not hug, who is unable to hug
anlatan who is explaining, who does not explain
beklenen which is awaited, which is not awaited

The Relative Participle can be a verbal adjective.

gelen adam LIT: who comes man
le yemee gelen adam tanrm.
I know the man who is coming to lunch
The Relative Participle can be a verbal noun.
geleni the man coming
Geleni tanr msnz?
Do you know who is coming?

Akam yemee geleni tanr msnz?

Do you know who is coming to dinner?
 Gelenlerden biri tanyorum.
I know one of those who are coming.
Bekleyenlere her ey gelir.
Everything comes to those who wait.
Zengin olanlar ok ansl.
Those who are rich are very lucky.

Turkish Participles in Future, Timeless and Past Tenses

These "timed participles" are described in detail in the following "Participle Web Pages"

Present/Past Relative Participle

with the suffix -(y)en / -(y)an
Future Relative Participle
-(y)ecek / -(y)acak
Past Direct Participle
-dik / -tik, -dk / -tk, -duk / -tuk, -dk / -tk
Past Indirect (Inferential) Participle
-m/-mi, -mu / -m
Simple Present Positive Participle
-r / -er / -ar / -ir / -r / -ur / -r.
Simple Present Negative Participle
-mez / -maz.
These forms can function as either adjectives:
oynamayan ocuklar
children who do not play
or as nouns: oynamayanlar
they/those who do not play.
The most important function of participles is to form modifying adjectives.
Equivalent to the relative clauses found in most European languages.
Turkish elative Participle - in a shop window advertisement.

BILGISAYAR BILEN
BAYAN ELEMAN
ARANIYOR
0533 4895103

"Computer(s) who knows about [bilen] lady worker is being sought"

Turkish Relative Participle - A shop window sign in downtown Izmir

"Experienced lady worker who knows [bilen] English is being

sought."
Relative Participles Explained
I know the man (who is) sitting in the chair.
The Relative Pronoun: who refers to the man, which may be omitted in English.
The Present Participle; sitting [verb] describes the state of the man.
The sentence above can be broken down to:
(1) The man is sitting in the chair. (2) I know him.
I can see the bird that is flying in the sky
I pulled the rope which was hanging down.
Relative Pronouns:
which and that
Present Participles:
flying and hanging down are verbs.
In Turkish the Present Participle does the job of both the relative pronoun and the verb.
Turkish uses a Relative Vebal Adjectice to describe the state of the objects in these sentences:
Sandalyede oturan adam tanyorum.
Chair-in sitting-who-is man-the know-I.
Gkte uan kuu grebilirim.
Sky-in flying-which-is bird-the see-can-I.
Sarkan ipi ektim.
Hanging down-which-was rope pulled-I.
This last example is in the past tense, which is taken from the final verb of the sentence.
The present participle sitting / flying / hanging translates the relative pronoun who, that, which by
implication as who is sitting, that is flying, which is hanging.
The Turkish present participle is used as a relative pronominal adjective.
This point is important to understand and in translation to English
It is best to add who is, which is, that is, until facility in understanding the Turkish point of view has
been reached.

Arka baheye bakan pencere krld.

The window facing the back garden is broken.
[LIT: Back garden-to looking-at-which-is (facing) broken-is.]
Mektup yazan adam ok yaldr.
The man writing the letter is very old.
[LIT: Letter-the writing-who-is man-the old-is.]

Extending Turkish Verbal Nouns

Suffixes can be added to participles with all Turkish nouns.
Noun as Direct Object
oturmak to sit (or to live at)
oturan who is sitting (adj.)
oturan [oturan-] who sits/the sitter (obj.)
Noun in Movement Toward Condition (Dative) Singular
umak to fly
uan which is flying (adj.)
uana [uan-a] to that flying/to the flier
Noun in Movement Toward Condition (Dative) Plural
yemek to eat
yiyen who is eating (adj.)
yiyenlere [yiyen -ler-e] to those eating
Noun in Movement Away Condition (Ablative)
sarkmak to hang down
sarkan which is hanging down (adj.)
sarkandan [sarkan-dan] from that which is hanging
Noun in Ownership condition (Genitive)
gldrmek to cause to laugh
gldren which makes one laugh (adj.)
gldrenin [gldr-en-in] of that which makes one laugh
Noun in Movement Away Condition (Ablative) Plural
kesilmek to be cut
kesilen which is being cut (adj.)
kesilenlerinden [kesilen-leri-nden] from those that are being cut
Elmasn elle kesilenleri makineyle kesilenlerinden daha deerlidir.
Diamonds' which have been hand cut are more valuable than those which have been cut
by machine.
The Turkish participle as an adjective for singular or plural nouns.
oturan is an adjective describing the man / the men.
Turkish Adjectives are invariable:
They are not suffixed for singular and plural condition.
Masaya oturan adam tanrm.
I know the man who is sitting at the table.
[LIT: Table-to (at) sitting man-the know-I.]
Masaya oturan adamlar tanrm.
I know the men who are sitting at the table.
[LIT: Table-to sitting men-the know-I.]
Oluma, hediye veren adam onun amcasyd.
The man who gave the present to my son was his uncle.
[LIT: Son-my-to, present gave-who man-the his uncle-was.]
Ankara'ya giden otobslerin hepsi doludur.
All the buses which are going to Ankara are full up.
[LIT: Ankara-to going-which-are buses all full-are.]
Sokamzda alamayan bir engelli oturuyor.
A disabled man who is unable to work is living in our street.
The Adjectival Participle:
[al-a-ma-y-an] who is unable to work describes
bir engelli a disabled one
Turkish Subject Participle as a Noun
The Turkish participle as a singular noun using oturan is a singular direct object.
 Masaya oturan tanyorum.
I know (he) who is sitting at this table.
[LIT: Table-to sitting-he-who-is know-I.]
And as the plural: oturanlar as a plural direct object.
Masaya oturanlar tanrdm.
[LIT: Table-to sitting-they-who-were knew-I.]
I knew those who were sitting at the table.
The past tense of this sentence is taken from the final verb.
Ankara'ya gidenlerin hepsi erkek.
[LIT: Ankara-to going-those-who-are all male-are.]
All the those who are going to Ankara are male.
[giden-ler-in] of those going is a plural noun + ownwership suffix used as an adjective
to describe hepsi all
Yzebilenlere bir madalya verelim.
[yz-ebil-en-ler-e]
Let us give a medal to those who can swim.
The Participle is used as a plural noun + motion toward suffix.
Sremeyenlerden arabalar geri alnz.
Take away the cars from those who can't drive.
[sr-e-me-y-en-ler-den]
The participle is a plural noun + motion away suffix.

Seen at Ladies Beach in Kuadas

A sign for restricted entry into the "Gne (Sun) Site of Apartments."

GNES STESNE
AIT OLMAYAN
ARACLARIN PARK
ETMES YASAKTIR

Turkish grammatical construction is alien to speakers of English.

This sign shows how difficult Turkish can be to understand at first sight.

Gne sitesine
(In) to the Gne Site
ait olmayan
who is not concerned
aralarn park etmesi
their car's its-parking
yasaktr.
is prohibited.

Turkish Participles Potential Mood Passive

Example of Turkish turning everything into an adjectival description wherever possible.
 yaplabilmek to be able to be done
yaplabilen which can be done
yaplabilenler those which can be done (obj.)
[yaplabil-en-ler-i]
Yaplabilenleri bitirelim. Let's finish those that can be done.
The participle [yaplabil-en-ler-i] those that can be done is used as a plural direct
object noun.
srlememek not to be able to be driven
srlemeyen which can not be driven
srlemeyenler those which can not be driven (noun obj.)
[srl-e-me-y-en-ler-i]
Srlemeyenleri karnz Take away those which can not be driven.
Srlemeyen arabalar karnz. Take away the cars which can not be driven. (adj.)
The participle [srl-e-me-yen] is an adjective describing the plural noun cars.

The verb olmak to be, become

Present Continuous Participle:
The present participle of the verb olmak
olan which, is being, that, who, which, what is
This is used with the Infinitive in the Locative Case to form a

Yzmekte olanlar
those who are presently swimming.
Denizde yzmekte olanlar tanrm.
I know those who are presently swimming in the sea.
Kalmakta olanlardan
from those who are presently staying.
Hrszlar, otelde kalmakta olanlardan para aldlar.
The thieves stole money from those who are staying at the hotel.
Beklemekte olana
to he who is waiting and still is waiting.
Bu koliyi, beklemekte olana verin.
Give this parcel to the man (he who is) waiting.

Turkish Participle olan being, which is

Another use of olan is with normal adjectives to describe people and events.
In these cases olan can sometimes be translated as being, as a

Satlk olan bir ev aryorum.

I am looking for a house which is for sale.
[LIT: For sale being a house look for-I]
ok pahal olan bir fotoraf makinesini aldm.
I have bought a camera which was very expensive.
[LIT: Very dear being a camera bought-I]
Babas kasap olan bir arkadam var.
I have got a friend whose father is a butcher.
[LIT: Father-his butcher being a friend-mine there-is]
The participle olan which, that is as a Noun

olan One, unit

[LIT: that which is as an item.]
olanlar Ones, units
[LIT: those which are as items.]
Hangi tirt istiyorsunuz?
Which tee-shirt do you want?
Mavi olan(n) ltfen.
The blue one, please.
Hangi ayakkablar istiyorsunuz?
Which shoes do you want?
Siyah olanlar(n) ltfen.
The black ones, please.

The passive verb bulunmak to be found

The passive verb bulunmak to be found as a participle
bulunan
which is to be found
It is used as in English: one might say to a friend you are meeting later on:
When you get to to the hotel tonight I'll be found in the bar. [AKA: I'll be in the bar.]
This construction is heavily used in Turkish and is often translated more easily by the verb to be

Meksika'da deniz bulunan inanlmaz deniz yaratk.

In Mexico there is an unbelievable sea creature.
[which is to be found]
spanya'da bulunan deniz kz herkesi ok etti!
A mermaid which was found in Spain shocked everybody!

The use of bulunan with adjectives:

Another use of bulunan is with other adjectives to describe people and events.
The heavily used bulunan means
having a, containing a

inde be kitap bulunan kutuyu getirin.

Bring along the box containing the five books.
[LIT: Inside five books-the found-which-are-to-be (containing) bring
along.]
Bahemizde bulunan gzel iekleri sana gstereyim.
Let me show you the beautiful flowers (which are) in our garden.
[LIT: Garden-ours-in found-which-are-to-be beautiful flowers you-to show-
let-me.]

Turkish Past Tense Subject Participles

The Subject Past Participle in Turkish formed by suffixing -mi -m -m -mu to the verb stem.
This Past Subject Participle is used when the action is definitely completed.
The -mi suffix does not take on an inferential sense when used as a participle.
As with the present Continuous Participle
[i.e. vermekte olan - who is presently giving]
the relation is completed by using the relative participle
olan that, who, which, is.

vermi olan given , which is given

verilmi olan given, which has been given
vermemi olan not given , which has not given
verilmemi olan not been given, which has not been given
boyam olan painted, which is painted
boyanm olan is painted, that has been painted
semi olan chosen, which is chosen
seilmi olan is chosen , that has been chosen
Seilmi olan apkay beenirim I like the hat that has been chosen
Semi olan beenirim I like the one who has chosen
Henz gelmi olan adam tanrm I know the man who has just come

Turkish Past Participle Official/Public Use

The -mitir Past Participle is a happening which is definite in the past.
krlmtr
which has been broken
English SAYS: which is broken

Arka kap krlmtr. The back door is broken.

[LIT: which has been broken - passive mood]
The -mi Past Participle is also used with suffix -tir to make an official definite statement.
Trkiye'de yaplmtr. Made in Turkey.
[LIT: Turkey-in made-which-has-been-is.]
Paslanmaz elikten yaplmtr. Made from stainless steel.
[LIT: Stainless steel-from made-which-has-been-is.]
zmir' de retilmitir. Produced in Izmir.
[LIT: Izmir-in produced-which-has-been-is.]

Turkish Subject Participle Examples

Batan gemiden ayrlan son adam kaptand.

The captain was the last man who left the sinking ship.
Bisikleti olan ocuk ge kalmad.
The boy who had a bicycle was not late.
Fabrikann etrafnda hzl bir ekilde yaylan yangn alt saat srd.
The fire which (that) spread quickly round the factory lasted for six hours.
Dn bitirilen i ok zor idi.
The work which (that) was finished yesterday was very hard.
nsan kalabal tarafndan sarlm olan polis ok kzd
The policeman who was surrounded by a crowd of people became very angry.
Ayaklar krlm olan sandalye atlmaldr.
The chair whose legs are broken must be thrown away.
Darda oturan kz i aryor.
The girl who is sitting outside is looking for a job.

Turkish Object Participles

This participle is used for both present and past Tenses.
A participle is an adjective which is formed from a verb.
It precedes the noun which it describes.
Being a relative participle it can also serve as a noun.
It can have the personal suffixes and the suffixes of declension added to forming a relative
adjectival description.
It is used for both the present and past tenses.
The context of the situation pertaining will tell which tense to use in English.
Turkish Object Participle Formation

Verbs drop the infinitive sign -mek/-mak whch is replaced with:

-dik / -tik -dk / -tk -dk / -tk -duk / -tuk
gelmek to come geldik that came / that which is coming
glmek to laugh gldk that laughed / that which laughs
bakmak to look baktk that looked at / that which looks at
kmak to exit ktk that went out / that which is exiting

Recognition of the Turkish -dik Participle

The -dik suffix is often difficult to recognize.
It has so many forms:
(1) Vowel Harmony operates on its internal vowel i i u
(2) Consonant Change operates on both the initial -d -t and the terminal -k -
(3) If a further suffix with a vowel is added the the final -k
Consequently the suffix -dik can take any of these forms:
-dii -duu -d -d
OR -tii -tuu -t -t
Generally this participle is not used in its pure form.
geldiim zaman
[gel-di-im zaman]
the time that / when I came.
It is always personalized.
This participle just happens to be the same as the 1st Person Plural -dik of the Simple Past
Definite Tense.
Being a verbal adjective, it precedes and describes an objective noun.
It cannot stand in the final position in the sentence.
It look like a verb but is an adjective.
[Be careful in translation!]
It is recognized as an adjective by its position sentences.
Turkish Object Participle Personalised

The Posssessive Pronouns

-im -in -i -imiz -iniz -leri my your his our their are suffixed to the participle.
 Present Tense
Oturduum ev budur. [Otur-du-um]
This is the house in which I live.
Past Tense
Oturduum ev budu.
This is the house in which I lived.
En ok sevdiin yemek nedir?
Which is the food that you like best?
En ok sevdiin yemek nedi?
Which was the food that you liked best?
Yazd mektubu aldm.
I have received the letter that he wrote.
Geldiimiz araba alnm.
The car in which we came has been stolen, they say.
Beendiiniz kuma bulamadm.
I could not find the material that you liked.
Yaptklar iyilii unutamayacam.
I shall not be able to forget the kindness that they have shown.
This participle is used for present as well as past time.
It is identical with the first person plural of the past definite tense.
The possessive suffix for person is vowel harmonised and forms a relative pronoun.
The final -k changes to - before the possessive suffix, except in the plural.
Turkish Relative Pariciples Examples
Verb Relative Adjective
bulmak to find Bulduum apka The hat which I found.
semek to choose Setiin kitap The book that you are choosing/chose
grmek to see Grd araba The car that he sees/saw
The letter that we are writing/that we
yazmak to write Yazdmz mektup
wrote
demek to say Dediiniz gibi Like (what) you say/said
Sevdikleri
sevmek to like The ice cream that they liked.
dondurma
Bulduum mendil beyazdr The handkerchief that I found is white.
Yazdmz mektuplar buradadr The letters that we wrote are here.
altm bro (ofis) kapal The office where I work/worked is closed..
Syledikleri mantkldr What they are saying/said is/was sensible.
Doduum ehri ziyaret ettim I visited the city where I was born.
Bana verdiin paray kaybettim I have lost the money that you gave me.
lk karlatmz yeri hatrlyor musun? Do you remember the place where we first met?
Bu masann stne braktm paray kim
Who stole the money (which/that) I left on this table?
ald?
Kaldm otel budur. This is the hotel in which I stayed.
Seni grdm zaman konutuun kadn Who was the woman who you were talking to when I saw
kimdi? you?
Turkish Objective Participle used as a Noun
Adjectives can stand in place of nouns in Turkish:

Mehmet, sylediim cevab beenmemi

Mehmet seemed not to like the answer that I spoke.
sylediim that which I spoke
is an adjective to describe cevap answer
The relative adjective can be a relative pronoun in the objective case:
Mehmet, sylediimi beenmemi
[syle-di-im-i]
Mehmet seemed not to like what I said.
These relative pronouns are in the objective case.
They are a direct object of the verb beenmemi

Mehmet, setiimi beenmemi

Mehmet did not like what I chose.
Mehmet, yaptn beenmemi
Mehmet did not like what you did.
Mehmet, sylediini beenmemi
Mehmet did not like what he said.
Mehmet, bulduumuzu beenmemi
Mehmet did not like what we found.
Mehmet, aldnz beenmemi
Mehmet did not like what you bought.
Mehmet, deitirdiklerini beenmemi
Mehmet did not like what they changed.

The Difference of Turkish Subject and Object Participles

The Subject Participle is an adjective.
It describes and always precedes the noun / noun phrase.
It signifies the person/thing who is doing something.
It is the subject of the sentence.
The -an / -en Subject Participle being an adjective does not show the tense.
The tense is taken from the main verb at the end of the sentence.

The Subject Pariciple signifies the person / thing who is doing something.
alan zil
The bell which is ringing.
This description itself can be an Object of another verb:
alan zili duyabiliyorum [zil-i]
I can hear the bell (obj.) which is ringing.
alan zili duyabildim
I could hear the bell which was ringing.
The passive of almak is alnmak
 alnan zili duyabiliyorum
I can hear the bell that is being rung.
alnan zili duydum
I heard the bell that was being rung.
The object participle signifies the person / thing that is actioned by something as an object.
Mehmet'in ald zili duyabiliyorum
I can hear the bell that Mehmet is / was ringing.
Mehmet is actioning the "ringing"
Similarly in the Passive: Mehmet tarafndan alnan zili duyabiliyorum
I can hear the bell that is / was being rung by Mehmet.
In Turkish if a participle is put between the nouns:
the "possessive construction" at the end of the second noun IS NOT NECESSARY.
WRONG: Mehmet'in ald zili(ni)
[objective -ni is not used.]
CORRECT: Mehmet'in ald zili
The bell that mehmet pulled.
WRONG: Aye'nin okuduu kitabn sen de okumak istiyor musun?
[objective -ni is not used.]
CORRECT: Aye'nin okuduu kitab sen de okumak istiyor musun?
Do you also want read the book that Ayshe has read?
HOWEVER:
If a normal adjective is between the nouns: IT IS NECESSARY to use an objective on the
possessed noun.
Aye'nin kaln kitabn [kitab-n] bulamyorum.
I cannot find Ayshe's thick book.
Annesi, evin kk odasn [odas-n] ailenin en kk ocuuna verdi.
The mother gave the house's small room to the smallest child.

Lack of Relative Pronouns in Turkish

As there is NO Relative Participle in Turkish that, who, which, when
[No question marks so they are relative pronouns]

"Turkishified" English will say for these participles:

alan zil the ringing bell [the bell which is / was ringing]
ald zil the bell that he is ringing / that he rung rung
[-dik object participle - active verb]
alnd zil the bell that is / was being rung
[-dik object participle - passive verb]
The Object Participle:
geldiim zaman When I came ["time" is the object of my coming]
The Subject participle:
gelen zaman [ "time" itself is coming] [i.e. The future or next time]
Tense taken from main verb.
Ali'nin geldii zaman, arya GDYORUZ
When Ali COMES we ARE GOING to the shops.
 Ali'nin geldii zaman, arya GTTK
When Ali CAME we WENT to the shops.
Both ideas "Ali" and his "coming" both become a compound participle (verbal adjective) to
describe zaman time
This is more suitable to the Turkish point of view than the relative English constuction "when"
Turkish use of ki that
The Persian ki can be used to produce a relative clause in Turkish
It is alien to the Turkish language.
this method should be avoided or you will be marked as a foreigner.
This method is based on Persian Grammar and is more suitable to European thinking.

Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun.

I know that you love me.
This Persian method understandable and sometimes used, but is INCORRECT.
The "Object Participle" construction shown below is the CORRECT Turkish method:

Beni sevdiini biliyorum. I know that you love me

Beni sevdi-in-i biliyorum. [LIT: Me that-love-you know-I.]
This is he CORRECT method according to Turkish Grammar using the object participle:
The correct method uses the -dik Relative Object participle.
Turkish Future Objective Participle
The Future Participle consists of the verb stem with the addition of the Future Tense Sign:
The -mek/-mak is dropped from the infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -acak /-ecek

gelmek to come gelecek which will come

glmek to laugh glecek who will laugh
bakmak to look bakacak who will look
kmak to exit kacak that will go out
The -ecek /-acak future participle can be used in its pure form and also personalized.
This participle just happens to be the same as the 3rd person singular of the Future Tense.
It is not possible to mistake it as a participle.
As an adjective it is never last in the sentence but usually modifies a noun.

Yarnki yapacam i nemli.

The work that I will do tomorrow is (will be) important.
Yaplabilecek bir sey yok.
[yap-il-ebil-ecek]
There is nothing (from a future aspect) that can be done.
oturacak deilim.
I don't intend to sit.
[LIT: I am not about to sit down]
"Hayr" diyemeyceiniz tek lezzet.

"Hayr" diyemeyceiniz tek lezzet. A famous 'nut spead' slogan seen on supermarket shelves:
"Hayr" diyemeyceiniz tek lezzet.

diyemeyeceiniz is a negative peronalized future participle.

It precedes and describes the noun lezzet taste / flavour.
di-y-eme-y-ece-iniz
[from "diy-e-me-mek"]
that you will not be able to say
In "Turkish" English:
"No" that-you-will-not-be-able-to-say only taste.
In "English" English:
The only taste to which you will not be able to say "No"
Turkish Future Participle "real life" example
The letter writer is asking advice about his employment and its changes.
It shows many instances of various types of participle.

Ben 14 seneden beri ayni firmada sistem mhendisi olarak almaktaydm. [I had been working]
Firmam baka bir firma ile birleince i hayatma bu yeni firma altnda devam ettim.
Bu gei surecinde istersek iten kabileceimiz [that we will be able to quit] ve tazminat
[compensation] alabileceiz [that we will be able to take] sylendi.
Biz istemedik.
Aradan gecen 16 ayda ynetim tarafnda bir ok deiiklik oldu ve biz artk oluan bu yeni ynetim
organizasyonunda olmayacamz [That we will not be able to] ve kmak istediimizi [that we
wanted] syledik.
Fakat bize dedikleri "Biz sizi brakmak istemiyoruz, siz bize lzmsnz. Bizler, sizlerden
memnunuz."
Biz, ie byle bir ynetim altnda devam edemeyeceimizden [that we will not be able to
continue] dolay, ayrlmakta kararl olduumuzu [that we will be in acceptance] syledik.
Onlarda bize bu artlarda tazminat ve dier haklarmzn yanacan [that will put aside] sylediler.
Ne yapmamz lazm ltfen yardim.
Turkish Future Participle - How to say "instead of"
There is a special construction in Turkish when making a choice between future actions.
This consists of the Future Participle + person + motion toward -a/-e

oturacama instead of me sitting [oturaca-m-a Future Participle + person + dative

particle]
Bahede oturacamza salonda oturalm.
Instead of sitting in the garden let us sit in the salon.

Turkish Future Object Participle Examples

Uan kalkaca saati bilmiyorum.

I don't know what time the plane will take off.
Evleneceim kiz grmek isterim.
I would like to see the grl I'm going to marry.
Bu hafta sonu sahamzda oynayacamz ma kazanmamz gerekiyor.
This week end we need to win the match that we will play on our pitch.

Turkish Simple Present Tense Participles

The Simple Present Tense is called "Geni Zaman" [LIT: Wide Tense] in Turkish.
It is also known as the aorist or timeless tense grammar.
The Simple Present Tense is used for habitual situations.
The Wide tense participle is an adjective.
It precedes the noun which it describes.
Positive Participle formation: -r -ar -er -ir -r -r -ur replaces theInfinitive sign -mek -mak
Negtaive Participle formation: -maz -mez replaces the Infinitive sign.
Turkish Positive Timeless Participle
The simple present tense positive sign -r is used to mark this type of participle.

akmakto flow
akar that which flows
[continually, habitually]
It is verb when placed AFTER a noun:

Nehir, denize kadar akar.

The river flows as far as the sea.
It is an adjective
that which flows when placed BEFORE a noun:

Yatak odasnda akar su var.

There is running water in the bedroom.
[Meaning water is available in that room.]
This is at variance with the -an/-en subject participle akan which is flowing.
Here the meaning is different:
 Yatak odasnda akan su var.
There is water (which is) flowing in the bedroom.
[there is leak or maybe the roof is leaking.]
The Simple Wide Tense Participle in -r -ar -er describes what generally happens as a rule.
Subject Participle in -an/-en describes what is happening now.
Turkish Simple Tense Common Noun Forms
Many Wide Tense Participles have entered the language as common nouns in their own right.
Yazmak to write. Wide Tense Participle yazar meaning writer / author.

Bu kitabn yazar Orhan Kemal' dr.

The writer of this book is Orhan Kemal.
Using the Subject Participle -an -en then the meaning changes:

Bu kitab yazan Orhan Kemal' dr.

It is Orhan Kemal who wrote this book.
[ENG: "Orhan Kemal wrote this book"]

Turkish Simple Participle Negative Forms

Is used adjective mainly to describe the general state of objects.
This construction is also used in English.

Dn gece inanlamaz bir film grdm.

[inanl-ama-z]
I saw an unbelievable film last night.
[which is not able to be believed.]
O, unutulamaz bir film idi.
[unutul-ama-z]
It was an unforgettable film.
[which is not able to be forgotten.]
English uses the negative participle as an adjective by placing it in front of its noun.
It can also be uses as a verb:

The film I saw last night was unbelievable.

[It could not be believed]
The film was unforgettable.
[It was not able to be forgotten]
It is a matter of the position of the participle.
Placed before its noun it is an adjectival description.
Placed after its noun it is a verb.
This is the way Turkish uses these participles.
In the same manner as English.
Formation of the Turkish Negative Simple (Timeless) Participle
The simple present tense negative sign -maz/-mez is used to mark this type of participle.
akmak to flow
akmaz That which does not flow
[continually, habitually]
Examples in the negative potential form :

nanlamaz bir ey oldu!

An unbelievable thing has happened!
[inan-l-a-maz "that which is not able to be usually believed"]
Dn akam unutulamaz bir filim seyrettik.
We watched an unforgettable film last night.
Garajnzda kullanlamaz olan eski bir bisiklet buldum.
I found an old unusable bicycle in your garage.
This example shows the addition of olan the subject participle of olmak
The use of olan which is helps the listener to discern that the participle is an adjective.

Turkish Simple Tense Common Noun Forms

Many of these participles have also become nouns in their own right.
As a verb:
ARA IKABILIR
ARA IKABILIR
VEHICLE MAY EXIT

IKMAZ SOKAK
IKMAZ SOKAK cul-de-sac
[street which does not exit.]

Seen on doors which lead nowhere in public buildings:

IKMAZ IKMAZ
NO EXIT

Or as a passive verb:
IKILMAZ IKILMAZ
DOES NOT EXIT

Saying As soon as in Turkish

as soon as uses both positive and negative wide tense participles in apposition:
Biz gelir gelmez yemek yiyelim.
As soon as we arrive, lets eat.
Ben gelir gelmez.
AS soon as I come / came.
sen gelir gelmez
as soon as you come / came.
The person (subject) has to be stated as it is not apparent from the verb form.
The tense is taken from the verb of the final statement.
Very often the word when can be substituted for as soon as in English
As soon asshowing changes in person in Turkish:

Ben gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu.

As soon as I came an accident happened/occurred.
Sen gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu.
As soon as you came an accident happened.
O gelir gelmez bir kaza olacakm.
As soon as he comes an accident will probably happen.
Mehmet gelir gelmez bir kaza olabilir.
As soon as Mehmet comes an accident may happen.
Biz gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu.
As soon as we came an accident happened.
Siz gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu.
As soon as you came an accident happened.
Onlar gelir gelmez bir kaza oldu.
As soon as they came an accident happened.
Polis gelir gelmez baka bir kaza oldu.
As soon as the police came another accident occurred.
Biz kar kmaz annem gelecekmi
As soon as (when) we go out my mother may arrive.
Onlar oraya varr varmaz part balayacak.
As soon as (when) they arrive there the party will begin.

Turkish Noun "Denoting" Participle

Denoting Participle : to mark, signal, signify the actor.
This participle is based on the noun suffix -ci which denotes an agent which ACTIONS the verb.
It can be used as a noun or as an adjective.

The Infinitive sign -mek -mak is dropped an replaced with:

-(y)ici -(y)c -(y)ucu -(y)c - etc.

i work
i worker
toplamak to collect
toplayc collector
futbol football
futbolcu footballer
kale castle, goal
kaleci goal-keeper
kalmak to remain
kalc permanent, durable
The meaning is different from the Subject Participle -en -an This means "who is actually actioning
the verb".

vermek to give
verici donor
BUT veren who gives
bulmak to find
bulucu detector
BUT bulan who finds
 Verb: to work
Denoting Participle: worker [the actor]
worker bee (adj.)
to operate operator
machine operator (noun.)
to fill filler
filler cap (adj.)
to cut cutter
metal cutter (noun.)
to wait waiter
waiter sevice (adj.)

yapmak to stick, adhere

yapc glue
beklemek
bekc watchman
glmek to smile
yze glc smiler, two faced
byltmek to magnify
byltc ampifier
almak to take
gz alc eye catchng
almak to play
teyp alc tape player
doyurmak to fill
doyurucu yemek square meal, food filling
korumak to protect
kulak koruyucu ear protector
Negative participles there are no negative -ici type participles.
Negative expressions are controlled through the main verb(s) in the sentence (or noun clause)
where this participle is used.

Size daha zc haberler vermek istemem.

I don't want to give more worrying news to you.
Many have now entered the Turkish language separate nouns and adjectives.

bcek ldrc
insecticide
uyuturucu
narcotic drug
gldrc
amusing
etkileyici
effective
The -ici participle is very productive in Turkish.
Care must be taken to correctly comprehend ts meanng

merak uyandrc
intriguing [adj.]
 nefret uyandrc
disgusting
ehvet uyandrc
lascivious
phe uyandrc
suspicious

Turkish iken while

There are various ways of describing time relationships in English, consider:

When I saw him, I waved at him.

When I see him, I shall wave at him.
As soon as I see him I shall wave at him.
Whenever I see him I wave at him.
Every time I see him I wave at him.
If I see him, I shall wave at him.
Adverbial Clauses of Time show different values in relation to tense, time and duration.
The Adverbial Clause of Time are best studied by example,
It is difficult to relate the English Constructions to the corresponding Turkish ones.
Turkish uses the Relative Adjectival Participles to describe situstion
Although they are logical constructions they may be difficult to analyze for English speakers.
Reading and study helps in hastening understanding.
Turkish iken, -ken, -yken meaning while, when
iken can stand alone.
OR it can be suffixed as -ken or -yken afer a vowel.
It is invariable and does not follow the rules of vowel harmony.
It does not take further suffixes.
iken while, when is used when the verb action is continuous at a point in time.
It may also follow an adjective.
Turkish iken with the Present Tenses
-ken is always suffixed to the verb tense sign.
The subject is not always evident, then it is stated:

Mehmet kasabaya yryorken onu grdm.

I saw Mehmet while he was walking to town.
Sen kasabaya yryorken, seni grdm.
I saw you while you were walking to town.
Ben kasabaya yryorken, seni grdm.
I saw you while I was walking to town.
Biz kasabaya yryorken, onu grdk.
We saw him while we were walking to town.
Biz kasabaya yrrken, onu her gn grrz.
Every day we see him when [while] we walk to town.
[Simple Present Habitual - yr-r-ken]
 Siz dans ediyorken, dinleneyim.
Let me rest while you are dancing.
Onlar dans ederken, dinlenelim.
Let's rest while they dance.
The Stand Alone Personal Subject Pronouns are used to point to the subject.
iken can not be suffixed.
Turkish iken with Adjectives
iken can be used with adjectives, in this case it can stand alone or be suffixed:

Ben, hasta iken (hastayken), uyurum.

I sleep while (when) I am ill.
Biz, o hastayken, merak ettik.
While he was ill, we worried.
Onlar, siz uykuda iken, megul olacaklar.
They will be busy while you are asleep.
Uykudayken, soyuldular.
They were robbed while they were asleep.
The 3rd Person Plural comes from the last verb.
It is in the Passive Mood and thus states the subject.
Turkish iken with Verb Tenses
If the action is continuous in the past then iken is tranlated as: As -were -ing

As I was going to town I saw him.

As we were going to town I saw him.
iken with the Past Definite Tense:
Ben ngiltere'deyken, yamur yad.
While I was in England, it rained.
iken with the Past Continuous Tense:
Biz ngiltere'ye giderken, yamur yayordu.
As we were going to England it was raining.
[LIT: While we we going...]
tam iken just as
This construction uses the word tam complete to introduce the Adverbial Clause at the point in
time:

Biz tam evden karken, yamur yamaa balad.

Just as we were leaving the house it started to rain.
Onlar tam kapy aarken, anahtar koptu.
Just as they were opening the door the key broke

Turkish iken with Future Tense

When attached to the Future Tense iken just as I was about to or instead of

ngiltere'ye gidecekken, Trkiye'de kaldk.

Instead of going to England we stayed in Turkey.


This may seem difficult to understand:

It can be analyzed thus:
iken as / while is suffixed to the Future Participle gidecek
that is about to go / which will go
The Turkish aspect becomes apparent:
We, while about to go to England, did something different.
["We stayed in Turkey".]
This sense is best translated into English as: instead of -ing

Trkiye'de kalacakken, ngiltere'ye gidelim.

Instead of staying in Turkey let's go to England.

Turkish iken with Past Participle in -mi

This construction produces -miken having done

yapmken having done
Aklma gelmiken, syleyeyim.
Having come to (my) mind, let me tell you.
Hazr gelmiken bir kahveni ielim.
Having already come, let us drink a coffee of yours.
The Passive form: yaplmken having been done
Bu i bitirilmiken, eve gidelim.
This job having been finished, lets go home.

Turkish iken with Negative Simple Tense

-mezken, -mazken means though not or while it isn't
This is a kind of official language.
You can only hear these sentences in news or commercials.

Galatasaray'n yldz futbolcularndan Necati Ates, kendilerine deme yaplamazken,

baz yabanc oyuncularn alacaklarnn verildiini duymann znt verici olduunu
syledi.
One of the star players of Galatasaray, Necati Ates, has said that it was disappointing to
hear that some foreign players' debts had been paid while there can not be a payment for
themselves.
Konu hakknda henz herhangi bir bilgiye ulalamazken, aratrmalarn devam ettii
bildirildi.
Here is the "English" English:
Although as yet no information can be communicated about the subject, it has been stated
that investigations are continuing.
Here is the "Turkish" English:
While any information can't be reached yet about the subject, it has been
told that the investigations keep on.
We can see some differences of tense and negation in the change from "Turkish" English to
"English" English.
This is because of:
(1) Basic grammatical structure differences between the two languages.
(2) The difference in local daily usage of each language.
It underlines the fact that literal translation between the two languages is often difficult.
It is better to arrive a suitable translation in one's own language.
These examples could be translated into English in a different way whilst still retaining the
intended meaning in Turkish.
Usually a positive statement follows this negative form.
The Suffix -mazken -mezken Though not, while it isn't

almazken susuzum. Although I have not worked I am thirsty.

Srmezken yolu bilirim. Although I do not drive I know the road.
iken takes its person from the main verb at the end of each sentence.
The suffix -a / -e ramen in spite of, despite

almamama ramen susuzum.

Despite not working I am thirsty.
Ben srmememe ramen yolu bilirim.
Although I do not drive I know the road.
Explanation: sr-me-me-m-e to my not driving
srmeme short infinitive negative from srmemek not driving
Final -m is suffix for 1st sing. Person: sr-me-me-m "my not driving."]
And Finally -e is suffix for movement towards [dative case]
Bilmememe ramen.
Although I don't/I didn't know.
Explanation:
Bilmemem my not knowing
Bilmeme to not know from bilmemek
Bilmemem My not knowing
Bilmememe ramen Despite my not knowing / Although I don't/didn't know

Turkish Adverbial Clauses Explained

This page is an explanation of Adverbial Clauses which are treated differently in Turkish.
Order of Main and Subordinate Clauses
In English we always put the main part of the meaning at the beginning of a sentence as below:

I shall go home when the party is over.

I went out to the library after (eating) dinner.
He put on his pyjamas before he went to bed.
We can have supper as soon as we arrive at the hotel.
All the above are ways of describing what will or did happen.
Turkish as always says it backwards.
So generally the Turkish construction to put the most important part last.
The main verb at the end of the sentence.

English Construction: I shall go home when the party is over.

Turkish Construction: When the party is over, I shall go home.
Parti bitince, eve gidiyorum.
English Construction I went out to the library after (eating) dinner.
Turkish Construction After (eating) dinner,I went out to the library.
Yemek yedikten sonra,ktphaneye ktm.
English Construction Ali put on his pyjamas before he went to bed.
Turkish Construction Before he went to bed, Ali put on his pyjamas.
Ali, yatmadan nce,pijamasn giydi
English Construction We can have supper as soon as we arrive at the hotel.
Turkish Construction As soon as we arrive at the hotel, we can have supper.
Otele varr varmaz [varnca], akam yemeini yeyebiliriz.
The Turkish construction puts the main verb last in the sentence.
This is one of the main rules of Turkish grammar.
Differing Aspects of Adverbial Clauses
"Who did or will do what? and When?"
How does Turkish manage these time modifying words and clauses?:
(before, after, as soon as, etc.)
One of the problems to contend with is the relationship between temporal adverbs with subjects
and objects.
This is best shown by example.

English Construction I went out to the library after dinner.

Turkish Construction After (eating) dinner, I went out to the library
Yemek yedikten sonra, ktphaneye ktm.
Showing this example in other forms, the choice to change the subject or object is easily done in
English.
Turkish treats this problem from another angle because of the different constructions involved.
-dikten sonra after doing
yazdktan sonra after writing
Mektubu yazdktan sonra ktk
After writing the letter we went out.
The tense, mood and person is taken from the final verb.
Example howing a different tense, mood and person:
Sen mektubunu yazdktan sonra kabilirsin.
After writing your letter you can go out.

I went out to the library after (eating)dinner.

Yemek yedikten sonra, ktphaneye ktm.
 Mehmet went out to the library after he had (eaten) dinner.
Mehmet, yemek yedikten sonra ktphaneye kt.
You went out to the library after Mehmet had (eaten) dinner.
Siz, Mehmet yemek yedikten sonra ktphaneye ktnz.
He went out to the library after (eating/having eaten) dinner.
O, yemek yedikten sonra ktphaneye kt.
I went out to the library after you had (eaten) dinner.
Ben, siz yemek yedikten sonra ktphaneye ktm.
They will go out to the library after (having eaten) dinner.
Onlar, yemek yedikten sonra ktphaneye kacaklar.
I used to out to the library after we had (eaten) dinner.
Ben, biz yemek yedikten sonra ktphaneye kardm.
You went out to the library after we had (had) dinner.
Siz, biz yemek yedikten sonra ktphaneye ktnz.
The final verb tense in Turkish changes the English tense of the actual aspect of "eating dinner".
It is not usual for English to state this "eating aspect".
It is normally understood and has become redundant.
There are many differing aspects of subject, object and tenses in this simple sentence
Changes are made in Turkish to show these just as in English
This is be applied to any and all adverbial clauses.
Turkish Clauses of Place Where, Wherever
ENG I can not remember where I left my bicycle.
TUR: Bisikletimi braktm yeri hatrlayamyorum.
[hatrla-ya-m-yorum.]
This is a Noun Clause:I cannot remember where I left it
The it ponoun replaces the noun the bicycle

I can not remember where you left my bicycle.

Bisikletimi braktnz yeri hatrlayamyorum.
I can not remember where he left my bicycle.
Bisikletimi brakt yeri hatrlayamyorum.
I can not remember where I left his bicycle.
Bisikletini braktm yeri hatrlayamyorum.
We will not remember wherever our bicycles are.
Bisikletimizi braktmz yeri hatrlayamyacaz.
He can never remember where to leave your bicycle.
Her zamanki gibi (Asla) bisikletini brakaca yeri hatrlayamaz.
You could not remember where you left my bicycle.
Bisikletimi braktn yeri hatrlayamadn.
They can not remember where they left their bicycles.
Bisikletlerini braktklar yeri hatrlayamyorlar.
The Turkish constructions puts the verb last.
The adverbial clause takes the tense and person from this verb.
This is alien to English thinking.
Turkish Clauses of Time
How to say when in Turkish
There are many ways of saying "when" in English and the same applies in Turkish.

How to say when in Turkish

When I've painted the house, I am going on holiday.
As soon as I have painted the house, I am going on holiday.
After I have painted the house I am going on holiday.
On the house being painted, I am going on holiday.
We have all these choices in English to fine tune the meaning'
So does The Turkish Language.
In some cases the choice is easy in others it may alter the meaning slightly.
The choice of our expression always relies on the circumstance appertaining at the time.
As usual it is backwards in Turkish in order to have the main verb last in the sentence.

"When" Turkish Contructions

English Construction:
I shall go to the cafe, when the job is finished.
Turkish Construction:
When the job is finished, I shall to the cafe.
bitince, lokantaya gideceim
[LIT: Work on-finishing, to-the-cafe I-will-go.]
When I got up, it was raining hard.
Yataktan kalktm zaman ok yamur yayordu.
[LIT: From-bed the-that-I-got-up time much rain was-raining.]
When I was playing the piano, they were dancing.
Ben, piyano alarken onlar dans ediyorlard.
[LIT: I, the piano while-playing they-were-dancing.]
I was very tired when I returned from the party.
Partiden dndmde ok yorgundum/yorgun idim.
[LIT: From-the-party at-my-returning very tired I-was.]
My sister found the money when she was sweeping the carpet.
Kz kardeim haly sprrken paray buldu.
[LIT:My sister the-carpet while-sweeping the-money found.]
When the rain stopped we returned to our houses.
Yamur durunca evlerimize dndk
[LIT: The rain on-stopping to-our-house we returned.]

Common Turkish Time Clauses

before
nce or -meden / -madan nce
ENG: I went out to play before I had dinner.
TUR: Before I had dinner, I went out to play.
Akam yemeini yemeden nce darya oynamaya ktm.
[LIT: The evening meal from-the-eating before to-the-out to-the playing
exited-I.]
The sun had set in the west before we reached our destination.
Biz hedefimize varmadan nce gne batdan batmt.
We must go home before it gets dark.
Hava kararmadan nce eve gitmeliyiz.
We shall have had lunch by the time that the train gets to London.
 Tren Londraya varmadan nce len yemeimizi yyecektik.
My small brother had eaten all the pie before I got back.
Ben dnmeden nce kk erkek kardeim btn brei yemiti.
I will finish everything by the time my father comes home.
Babam eve gelmeden nce her eyi bitireceim.
The party will be over by the time we get there.
Biz oraya varmadan nce parti sona erecek.
By the time we got there, the meeting had already started.
Oraya varmadan nce toplant balamt bile.

If there is no verb in the sentence:

-dan /-tan -den / -ten nce (tr.) OR
-dan /-tan -den / -ten evvel (arb.) is used.
Before May. Maystan nce, Mayistan evvel.
Before April. Nisandan nce / evvel.
Before 5 o'clock. Saat beten nce/ evvel.
Before 2 o'clock. Saat ikiden nce / evvel.

-dan / -den / -tan / -ten dolay

because of
-dan dolay OR yznden
Because of what Mehmet has done we can never succeed.
Mehmet'in yaptndan dolay asla baaramayz.
[LIT: Mehhmet's the-that-did-he-from thing reason-its ever to not
succeeed-are-able we.]
Because of what Mehmet has done we can never succeed.
Mehmet'in yapt ey yznden asla baaramayz.
Because of what Mehmet has done we will never be able to succeed.
Mehmet'in yapt ey yznden asla baaramayacaz.

after, afterwards sonra or -dikten sonra

Vowel harmonised + consonant mutated suffixes:
-dikten /-tikten -dktan /-tktan -dkten /-tkten -duktan /-tuktan

after, afterwards
sonra OR -dikten sonra
ENG: I turned the lights off after my sister went to bed.
TUR: After my sister went to bed, I turned off the lights.
Kz kardeim yattktan sonra klar sndrdm. [Causative Verb Form]
LIT: My sister the-that-lied-down-from after the-lights
extinguished-made-I. ]
After the plane took off, we ate our lunch.
Uak havalandktan sonra le yemeimizi yedik.
I am going to ask the teacher a question after the class is over.
Ders bittikten sonra retmene bir soru soracam.
I will write to you after I leave Ankara.
Ankara'dan ayrldktan sonra sana mektup yazacam.
They went to the theater after they had finished their work.
lerini bitirdikten sonra tiyatroya gittiler.
We went to Italy after the war broke out.
Sava ktktan sonra talya'ya gittik.
as -dnda or -nca or iken
Vowel harmonised + consonant mutated suffixes:
-dnda- / diinde -duunda- / dnde -tnda- / tiinde -tuunda- / tnde
-(y)nca /-(y)nce /-(y)unca /-(y)nce = on doing
is vowel harmonized and adds buffer letter -y-when added to vowels:
gidince on going
ben bankaya gidince = when I go to the bank / on going to he bank, I
o fkray kimse glmynce..
when nobody laughs at that joke / on not laughing at

as
-dnda OR -ncaOR iken
ENG: Mehmet went to bed as the clock struck ten.
TUR: As the clock struck ten, Mehmet went to bed.
Saat onu vurunca Mehmet yatt.

[LIT: Hour the-ten on-striking Mehmet down-lied-she.]

As we were standing on top of the bridge, we saw a boat coming.
Kprnn stnde ayakta dururken gelen bir gemi grdk.
[LIT: The bridge's top-on foot-on standing-while, which-comes a boat
saw-we.]
As we went out of the house, we saw a man running down the stairs..
Evden darya knca merdivenlerden aa koan bir adam grdk.
[LIT: House-from the-out-to on-exiting, the stairs-from downwards
who-runs a man saw-we.]
As the snow was falling, the poor man was going home.
Kar yaarken zavall adam evine gidiyordu.
[LIT: Snow raining-while poor the man house-his to going-was-he.]
As the boy was walking straight towards the seashore, he met a fisherman.
ocuk deniz kysna doru yrrken bir balkya rastlad.
[LIT: The-child sea edge-its-to straight walking-while a fisherman-to
came-across-he.]

Now that, When that -dii zaman

Vowel harmonised + consonant mutated suffixes:
-d /-dii -duu- / -d -t- /-tii -tuu- /-t

Now that, When that

-dii zaman
Now (that) you mention it, of course I do remember.
Ondan bahsettiiniz zaman, elbet hatrlyorum.

just as tam or iken

just as
tam OR iken
ENG: The phone rang just as I was leaving the house.
TUR: Just as I was leaving the house, the phone rang.
Ben, tam evden ayrlrken telefon ald.
[LIT: I, just (completely) house-from leaving-while, the-telephone
rang-it.]
 Mehmet opened the door just as I began to speak about him..
Tam onun hakknda konumaya baladm zaman Mehmet kapy at.
Just as I was leaving home, it started to rain.
Ben, tam evden ayrlrken yamur yamaya balad.
Just as the teacher was cleaning the board, the inspector entered the class.
Tam retmen tahtay silerken mfetti snfa girdi.

as soon as ir mez
The simple timless tense posititve -r and negative -maz/-mez signs are used in apposition.

as soon as
ir mez
ENG: We shall have tea as soon as my father comes home.
TUR: As soon as my father comes home we shall have tea.
Babam eve gelir gelmez ay ieceiz.
They turned on the lights as soon as the film ended.
Film biter bitmez klar atlar.
We will come to see you as soon as the holidays start.
Tatil balar balamaz sizi grmeye geleceiz.
As soon as Aye had finished her homework, she went out to play.
Aye ev devini bitirir bitirmez darya oynamaya kt.
We shall go as soon as my father is ready.
Babam hazr olur olmaz gideceiz.
As soon as you buy this novel, I will borrow it from you..
Sen bu roman satn alr almaz onu senden dn alacam.

while, during iken or esnasnda

while, during
iken OR esnasnda
ENG: We stayed at a hotel while we were in Istanbul.
TUR: While we were in Paris, we stayed at a hotel.
Biz stanbul 'da iken bir otelde kaldk.
While the children were playing in the garden it started to rain.
ocuklar bahede oynarken yamur yamaya balad.
While you are having your bath, I will listen to the radio.
Sen banyo yaparken ben radyo dinleyeceim.
I will accompany the lady while she is singing.
Bayan ark sylerken ona elik edeceim.
I read the book while I was in hospital.
Kitab hastanede iken okudum.
The footballer had a heart attack during the match
Futbolcu ma esnasnda kalp krizi geirdi.

no sooner than -masyla /-mesiyle bir oldu

no sooner than
-masyla /-mesiyle bir oldu
ENG: The dance had no sooner started than the lights went out.
TUR: No sooner had the dance started then the lights went out.
Dansn balamasyla klarn snmesi bir oldu.
No sooner had I returned from Ankara than l left for Paris.
 Ankara'dan geri dnmemle Paris'e hareket etmem bir oldu.
He had no sooner got into bed than the window was opened.
Yataa girmesiyle pencerenin almas bir oldu.
Ali no sooner entered the room than the telephone rang again.
Ali'nn odaya girmesi ile telefonun tekrar almas bir oldu.
Hasan had no sooner put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.
Hasan'n ahizeyi yerine koymas ile telefonun tekrar almas bir oldu.
No sooner did I see him, than I recognized him.
Onu grmemle tanmam bir oldu.
No sooner had the stranger opened the gate than the dog barked at him.
Yabancnn bahe kapsn amasyla kpein ona havlamas bir oldu.

whenever her ne zaman

[LIT: all the which time]

whenever
her ne zaman
[LIT: all the which time]
ENG: Whenever I started to speak English, my friend used to laugh.
TUR: My friend used to laugh whenever I started to speak English.
Her ne zaman ngilizce konumaya balasam arkadam glerdi.
You may visit us whenever you come to Istanbul..
Her ne zaman stanbul'a gelirsen bizi ziyaret edebilirsin.
Whenever I sing a song, my sister goes out of the room right away.
Her ne zaman ark sylesem kz kardeim derhal odadan dar kar.
Whenever we go to Bursa, we climb up the mountain.
Her ne zaman Bursa'ya gitsek daa trmanrz.
I can't sleep whenever I drink too much coffee.
Her ne zaman ok kahve isem uyuyamam.

every time that

her (zaman)

every time that

her (zaman)
Every time I meet her, she wants me to take her to the cinema.
Ona her rastlaymda kendisini sinemaya gtrmemi ister.
Every time we go to the circus, our children buy Ice cream.
Sirke her gidiimizde ocuklarmz dondurma Satn alrlar.

Turkish Relative Ki that, which

There are 3 types of Turkish ki and its plural -kiler
Conjunction: that, so that, as, but what, but.
Pronoun: that/those which, which, who.
Idiom: thus, like that, so it is.
Vowel Harmony - ki only changes to k
-ki is not subject to the vowel harmony other than -k.
It becomes k. when added to words whose final vowel is or
 Bugnk planmz, sinemaya gitmek.
Our plan for today is to got to the cinema.
[LIT: Today's plan-our]
Dnk hava ok gzeldi.
Yesterday's weather was nice.

Turkish kiler in the plural

Odann iindekileri hepsi kiralam.

Apparently all the room's contents are on hire.
iindekiler contents
[Lit: those which are inside]
Odadakiler aknlkla ona bakt.
Those in the room looked at him in astonishment.
Bankadakiler saat 18:00 'de paydos ediyorlard.
Those in the bank finished work at 18:00 hours.
Sonra ailemdekiler kendilerini sulu hissetmeye balad.
Later on, those in my family began to feel (themselves) guilty.
Bu corbay tavsiye ederim. Evdekiler ok seviyorlar.
I recommend this soup. Those at home like (it) a lot.
yerimde ok zor zamanlar geiyorum.
I am having hard time at my work place.
yerimdekiler iyi insan delmiler.
Those at my work place do not seem (to be) good people.

Ki as a Conjunction
This word ki replaces the English words who, that, which when joining two ideas in relation to
each other.

Oran, ki sen bugn grdn, benim en iyi arkadam.

Oran, who you saw today, is my best friend
Matematik, ki bir ok insan nefret eder, benim en sevdiim derstir.
Maths, which many people hate, is my favorite class.
Ki is used for joining two sentences together.
Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun.
I know that you love me.
Although understandable: is NOT the natural Turkish method.
This method is borrowed from Persian grammar by foreigners to "Make Turkish Easy?" is not
natural Turkish:
It is INCORRECT!
Correct Turkish uses the -dik Relative Object participle:
Beni sevdiini biliyorum.
I know that you love me.
[LIT: Me that-love-you knowing-am-I]
Beni Me [obj.]
sev-di- that loves
+ -in you / your
+ -i [obj.]
At last, the verb: biliyorum I know
Both ideas "the person" and "their loving" become objects of the verb I know.
This is more suitable to the Turkish point of view.
Turkish ki as a Suffix of Location
Ki is affixed to the static location condition -de/-da to produce the suffix -deki/-daki
This forms an adjective of location who/which is in..
This constuction replaces the English the relative pronoun "who which that what"
In English the relative pronoun is often is glossed over or not included at all and can be omitted.
Bahedeki ocuk.
The child [who is] in the garden.
Masadaki kitap.
The book [which is] on the table.
The relative ki who, which, that is necessary in Turkish.
If ki is omitted Bahede ocuk is meaningless:
bahedeki ocuk The child WHO-is-in-the-garden.
This constuction shows that "the child" is specifically "in the garden".

Elimdeki para.
The money (that is) in my hand, The money (that) I've got.
Yanmdaki para yok.
I don't have money with me.
[LIT: the that is by my side money does not exist.]

Turkish Ki as an Idiom
Ki is often used for completion purposes meaning which is / that is / what is

These utterances are often written as a single word [although they are not]
oysa ki
[oysaki]
if it is thus, if that's the way it is, thus, so then
hal bu ki
[halbuki]
the condition is this, that is the way it is, so then
yle ki
such that, in fact
[LIT: it is thus]
yeter ki no longer
[LIT: its enough that]
kald ki moreover, besides
[LIT: it remained that]
oysaki
however, yet, though
[LIT: if it is that way]
mademki
seeing that, since, as long as
[LIT: in that]
halbuki so, then
[LIT: the condition is this]
 sanki
as if, it seems, although
[LIT: if it is that]
dnk
yesterday's
[LIT: that of yesterday]
ki is vowel harmonised after letter -
akamki
the evening's
[LIT: that of the evening]
az nceki a little earlier on
[LIT: less (time) before]

Ki as a Relative Pronoun
The suffix -ki can be added to the completed noun.
It is used in place of the noun + noun completion.

Ali'nin arabas, Aye'nin arabasndan daha gzeldir.

Ali's car is better than Aye's car.
Ali'nin arabas, Aye'ninkinden daha gzeldir.
Ali's car is better than Aye's (one).
Koltuklarmz, babamn koltuklarndan daha yenidir.
Our chairs are newer than my father's chairs.
Bizimkiler, babamn koltuklarndan daha yenidir.
Our ones are newer than my father's chairs.
Bahenin domatesi, serann domatesinden daha lezzetlidir.
Garden tomatoes are tastier than the greenhouse tomatoes.
Baheninkiler, seraninkinden daha lezzetlidir.
The garden ones are tastier than the greenhouse ones.
Mehmet'in kitabi yerine Ahmet'inki.
Mehmet's book is in place of Ahmet's.

Turkish ki as a separate word

The various meanings of Turkish ki. It completes the final verb action within the sentences.
who, which, that, when
so, that, such, that
seeing, considering that
as, though, "I wonder"

Film o kadar zcyd ki, aladm.

The film was so sad, that I had to cry.
Hava o kadar sisliydi ki, hi bir ey gremiyordum.
The weather was so foggy, that I hardly saw anything.
Herkes bilir ki, dnya yuvarlaktr.
Everybody knows that the world is round.
Oturdum ki, biraz dinleneyim
I sat down (in order) to have a rest.
Neden bu kadar sinirleniyorsun ki?
What are you getting upset for/about?
A conversation using ki:
erdeki masann zerinde duran gmlekler yeni mi?
Are the shirts on the table inside new ones?
Evet bugn aldm. Seninkileri de grdn m?
Yes I bought Then today. Did you see yours?
Yok, nerede ki?
No, where are they then?
Yatak odasndalar.
They are in the bed-room.
Turkish Spatials: "here and there"
The suffix -re- -ra- means place or place of..
nerede? Where?
[Lit: ne-re-de "what-place-at"]
Similarly the Turkish demonstratives:
bu u o this, that, that (yonder)
are suffixed with -ra- "place of" to form the basic spatials:

bura here
[LIT: this place]
ura there
[LIT: that place]
ora that yonder
[LIT: that place over there]
These words are seldom used in this pure form.
They are suffixed to show where, from, to, towards,
Forming Turkish Extended Spatials
Turkish Spatials - Static Position
Static Position Suffix: [locative] -de/-da in, on, at forms Basic Locatoion:

Turkish singular specific place:

burada here
[Lit: bu-ra-da "this-place-at"]
urada there
orada over there
nerede? where?
The plural is spatially more vague:
buralarda hereabouts, around here
uralarda thereabouts, around there
oralarda thereabouts over there, around about over there
nerelerde? whereabouts?

Turkish Spatials - Movement Away.

Adding the Movement Away Suffix [ablative] -dan / -den from

 buradan from here
uradan from there
oradan from there
nereden? where from?
The plural is spatially more vague
buralardan from hereabouts, from around here
uralardan from thereabouts
oralardan from thereabouts (distant)
nerelerden? from whereabouts?

Turkish Spatials - Movement Toward

Adding the Movement Toward suffix [dative] -a/-e to, towards

buraya to here
uraya to there
oraya to there
nereye? where to?
The plural is spatially more vague
buralara to hereabouts
uralara to around there
oralara to thereabouts
nerelere? to whereabouts?

Turkish Spatial Conditions

All the various Noun Conditions can be used to extend the spatials.
bura(s) here
buray here (obj.)
buraya to here
burada at here
buradan from here
burann belonging to here, of here
buralar hereabouts
bura(s)yla with this place here
The same is also valid for ura(s), ora(s) and also interrogative nere(si)?

Turkish Spatial Examples

Buralarda bir gzel restoran var m? Is there a good restaurant around here?
Buraya gel! Come [to] here!
Oradan yeil bir araba geldi. A green car came from over there.
urada byk bir otel var. There is a big hotel there.

ura has a diminutive form in widspread use:

urack just here / just there

urackta gazeteyi koyun. Put the newspaper just there / here.
There are similar forms for:
 bura burack this just here
ora orack. that just over there
These forms in use, but not as much as urack

Turkish Basic Spatials - Place and Position

Turkish Suffix of Place -re- -ra-
The suffix of place is -re or -ra meaning place / place of
Earlier we learned of bu this and u or o that. Putting these words together by suffixing -ra- place
of plus the static (locative) suffix -da in, on, at then we form the words meaning here and there
etc.
These words are used for a general sense of location.

burada here
[LIT: bu-ra-da this-place-at]
urada there
[LIT: u-ra-da that-place nearer-at or in between-at]
orada over there
[LIT: o-ra-da that-place yonder-at]
nerede? where?
[LIT: ne-re-de? what-place-at?]
In conversation these words abraded to burda, urda, orda, nerde?

Turkish Adjective of Location -deki/-daki which is on, in, at

There is really no such suffix -deki in Turkish. -deki is actually two suffixes together.
-de plus an added -ki
-de means on, in, at and -ki is that which is.
The vowel in -ki is invariable it does not follow Vowel harmony Rules.
Sokaktaki araba. The car which is in the street
[LIT: Sokak-ta-ki street-in-which-is car.]
The -daki makes an Adjective of Location "that which is in."
To help to understand -deki

In a dictionary the English word "contents" is translated as "iindekiler" in Turkish.

This Turkish word comprises of: i the inside becomes iin of the inside (i-in,
genitive)
Adding -deki that which is we arrive at a meaning iindeki that whis is of the inside
Finally adding the plural suffix -ler to produce the word iindrkiler [i-in-deki-ler] =
"those which are of the inside". Thus we arrive at the meaning "contents" in English.

This suffix is very important. It is heavily used conversation and reading.

The -deki or -daki is added to words to produce an adjective to describe the location of an object.
The telephone [which is] in my bedroom is broken.
Turkish trying to turn everything into an adjective will say thus:
Yatak odamdaki telefon bozuktur.
[LIT: Bedroom-of-me-which-is-in telephone broken-is.]
odam-daki telefon is used as an adjective to describe just where the telephone is!
LIT: Room-my-in-which-is telephone.
This method is a particular difficulty as in English we use a relative construction:
The telephone (which is) in my bedroom is broken.

Masadaki kitap.
The book (which is) on the table.
Masadaki kitab bana verin.
Give me the book (which is) on the table.
Kilitteki anahtar.
The key (which is) in the lock.
Kilitteki anahtar karnz.
(Would you) take the key out of the lock.
[LIT:: Lock-in-which-is key-the take out!]
Kutudaki kibritler nemlidir.
The matches (which are) in the box are damp.
The Turkish aspect differs from English and can only be appreciated by usage and practice, as it
is an alien construction for English speakers.
-deki can also be used as a location in time scale:
nmzdeki hafta. next week
[LIT: Front-of-us-which-is week.]
nmzdeki haftann havas ok gneli olacak.
The week ahead's weather will be very sunny.
Turkish Extended Spatials showing Movement
If we need to show movement from or movement to a place or places then we must use a different
suffix such as -dan from or -a to, towards.. in order to modify the meaning:

buradan "burdan" as spoken from here

[bu-ra-dan]
The same construction is used in English. If a child strays too near to the fire, the mother will say:
"Get away from there!".

uradan "urdan" as spoken from there

[u-ra-dan]
oradan "ordan" as spoken from over there
[o-ra-dan]
nereden? "nerden?" as spoken where from?
[ne-re-den?]

Word Adding -a to, towards:

buraya to here
[bu -ra -ya]
uraya to there
[u-ra-ya]
oraya to over there
[o-ra-ya]
nereye? where to?
[ne-re-ye?]
English does not say come to here or come to there., although in Older English we did use these
forms Come hither or Go hence.
However Turkish must use the -a suffix to show movement towards the place.
Turkish is using hence and hither and even thence and thither which we in English no longer use
in daily speech.
Turkish Extended Spatials Plural Forms

The plural forms buralarda, uralarda, oralarda, nerelerde cause the meaning to be:
1. More vague:
buralarda
hereabouts, around here
2. More spatial:
uralarda
thereabouts, around there,over there
3. More generalized:
oralarda thereabouts, over there, around about
4. Any mixture of the three:
nerelerde?
whereabouts?
The meanings have become more generalized in both space and location.
The meanings based on uralarda are in the near vicinity whilst those based on oralarda are
more distant, maybe in another country.

The Plural Forms are also extended with -dan from.. and -a towards..
buralardan from hereabouts
[bu-ra-lar-dan]
uralardan from around there
[u-ra-lar-dan]
oralardan over around there
[o-ra-lar-dan]
nerelerden? whereabouts from?
[ne-re-ler-den?]
buralara to around here
[bu-ra-lar-a]
uralara to around there
[u-ra-lar-a]
oralara to those parts
[u-ra-lar-a]
nerelere? whereabouts to?
[ne-re-ler-e?]

The plural forms are vaguer and wider and are used as in English make these distinctions
in place and space.
Buralarda bir gzel restoran var m?
Is there a good restaurant around here?
Buraya gel!
Come (to) here!
Orada yeil araba var.
There is a green car over there.
 urada byk otel var.
There is a big hotel there.
Kredi Bankas nerede?
Where is the Kredi Bank?.
ar nerelerde?
Whereabouts are the shops?.
Buradan saat sekizde kalm
Let's leave (from) here at 8 o' clock.

Turkish Particular Locations

Particular Locations: right here, right there and just where?
If we need to communicate a more particular place and sense of location, as in English we have to
be more precise.
This precision in Turkish is achieved by using the suffix -i or -si meaning its.
By adding this suffix Turkish makes the place particular:

buras right here [LIT: its place (exactly) here.]

[bu-ra-s]
uras right there.
[u-ra-s]
oras right over there
[o-ra-s]
neresi? just where? [LIT:: where exactly?]
[ne-re-si?]
The -si suffix is the Possessed part of the Possessive Relationship and sometimes the Possessor
is "understood".
This expression should really be used as a complete relationship as in: "bankann buras" or "evin
uras" or "ngilterenin oras" but this is pedantic and ony used for exact locations:
Turkish Exact Locations
For exact locations the Possessive Adjective suffix -(s) is added to make the meaning become
more exact:
If you are asked:
Neredesin? Where are you?
[ne-re-de-sin?]
Then you might answer: Ankara' daym. [Ankara'-da-y-m] I'm in Ankara.
However if the question is:
Orann neresinde? Where (of there) exactly?
[ne-re-si-n-de?]
Then you might answer: Banyodaym. I am in the bath.
[banyo-da-y-m]

Here is a conversation between Ali and his friend Mehmet to explain the above about
general and precise location:
Ali: Neredesin?
Where are you?
Mehmet: skdar' daym.
I am in skdar.
 Ali: skdar' n neresinde?
Whereabouts (of Uskudar)?
Mehmet: Ahmet emesi' nin yanndaym.
I'm by the Ahmet Fountain.

Another conversation between Mehmet and Ali to show the difference between the:
nereye? where to? as a general location [LIT:: to where?]
AND the neresine? just where to? as an exact location type of usage:[LIT:: to THE
where?]
Mehmet: Bu akam nereye gidiyorsun?
Where are you going (to) this evening?
Ali: Merkeze gidiyorum.
I'm going to the town center.
Mehmet: Merkezin neresine?
Where to (exactly) of the town center?
Ali: Byk Efes Oteline gidiyorum
I'm going to the Grand Efes Hotel.

Turkish Particular Location Examples

How to say: right here, just there.

All these mean exactly: right here or right there or just where?
Buras souk.
It is cold right here.
Burasna gel!
Come (right to) here.
Binann burasndan kaalm!
Let's get away from this building (here.)
Buradan kaalim!
Let's get out of here!
zmir? Oras gzel.
Izmir? That very place is beautiful.
antam, odamn neresine koydum, acaba?
Where exactly did I put my bag in my room I wonder?
Or more general: antam nereye koydum acaba?
Where did I put my bag, I wonder?
Kitab dolabn urasna koyun.
Put the book just over there in(to) the cupboard.
Or more General: Kitab uraya koyun.
Put the book just over there.
Tam saat sekizde burada grelim.
Let's meet right here at dead on 8 o' clock.

buras, uras, oras can be only used alone in the subject (nominative) condition:
Buras neresi?
Where is this (exactly)?
uras gzelmi.
Just there is beautiful.
Oras gzel.
It is nice over there.
 The other cases need a possessor -(n)n which possesses these buras suras, oras.
Binann burasna gel!
Come right here to the building!
Balkonun urasnda bir ku vard.
There was a bird right on the balcony.
Partinin orasndan ilgin sesler geliyordu.
There are interesting sounds coming out of party's place there.

Turkish Spatial Relationships "Lost in Space"

Formation of Turkish Spatials
As in English spatials may either be adjectives or nouns.
Consider:
The back door.
The outside wall.
The words exterior and outside are adjectives.
Consider:
At the back of the door.
From the outer side of the wall.
In these cases both the back and the outer side are nouns.
This is even pointed out to us by the use of the Definite Article "the"
English says:
At the back of the door.
From the outer side of the wall.
English can also say:
At the door's back.
From the wall's outer side.
This construction is exactly the same as the Possessive Relationship in Turkish:

Kapnn arkas.
[Kapn-n arka-s]
The back of the door.
[LIT: the house-of the back-its.]
Duvarn d taraf.
[Duvar-n d taraf-]
The outer side of the wall
[LIT: the wall-of the outer side-its.]
Spatial Relationships are a form of the Possessive Relationship in Turkish.
One noun owns the second.
Further small suffixes to, from, at etc. can be added to complete the meaning as required.

Masann stnden
From the top of the table.
(uses -den suffix.)
 Masann stnde.
On the top of the table.
(uses -de suffix.)
Masann stne.
To the top of the table.
(uses -e suffix.)
This then is the way that Turkish treats spatial relationships.
They are constantly used in daily conversation and reading.
Turkish Spatial Expressions
d/d Exterior, outside

Used as an Adjective (d)

d kap
the outside gate
d avlu
the outside yard

Used as a Noun (d)

kapnn d
the outside of the gate
bankann dna
to the outside of the bank
evin dnda
at the outside of the house
bahenin dndan
from the outside the garden

A cafe sign in a Kuadas Park - dar-dan

"Please do not bring anything to eat and drink from outside."

kapnn dndan
from (the) outside (of the) gate
bankann dndan
from (the) outside (of the) bank
peronun dna
to (the) outside (of the) railway platform
English sometimes drops the little word of
The noun d the exterior takes a buffer letter -n- when adding the -de and -dan suffixes.
Do not mix this word with di tooth which is spelt with a Dotted -i-
Another sign in a park cafe in Kuadas dardan
 "In here which are sold products from outside to bring is prohibited. We thank you."

dar [darya] gidiyorum.

I'm going out.
dardan geliyorum.
I'm coming from outside.
dardaym
["dardaym" - as spoken]
I am outside.

Evin dna kt.

He went out of the house.
[to the outside of the house]
Kapnn dnda bir adam bekliyordu.
A man was waiting outside the door.
[at the outside of]
Evin dndan arabalar geiyor.
Cars are passing outside the house.
[by way of the outside of the house]

i interior, internal

-(n)in iine
to the inside of
-(n)in iinde
at the inside of
-(n)in iinden
from the inside of

Used as an Adjective
i hastalklar
internal diseases
i sava
civil war

Used as a Noun
odann ii
the inside of the room
ormann iinde
in the depths the forest
garn iinden
from the inside of the railway station

Trenin iinde yer buldu, oturdu.

He found a place in the train and sat down.
 Bu kutuda ne var? Bilmem, iine bakmadm.
What is in this box? I don't know, I haven't looked inside.
Odann iinden bir grlt geliyordu.
A noise was coming from inside the room
Bu odann iindekilerin hepsi kiralktr.
[i-i-nde-ki-ler-in hep-si]
The contents of this room are all on hire.
Eyalarm kutu iine koydum.
I put my things into a box/boxes.
Eyalarm kutunun iine koydum.
I put my things into the box.
Bir hafta iinde kitabini bitirecek.
He will finish his book within a week.
Bu ehrin iinde ok insan va.r
There are many people in this town.

As an Adverb of Place ieri

inside
ieri inside is used without a preceding noun, because it is a adverb of place.

ieri [ieriye] gidiyorum.

I'm going in(side)
ierden geliyorum.
I'm coming from inside.
ieri and dar can be used with nouns.

Ltfen kapdan ieri giriniz.

Please enter inside through the door.
Evimden dar k!
Get out of my house!

yan side, next to

-(n)in yanna
to the side of
-(n)in yannda
at/by the side of
-(n)in yanndan
from the side of

Used as an Adjective
yan kap
side gate
yan sokak
side road

Used as a Noun
kapnn yannda
(right/just = -inda) next to the gate
bankann yanndan
from next to the bank
 sol duvarn yanna
next to the left wall
duvarn sol yanna
next to the left side of the wall
Mehmet, Ali'nin yanna oturdu.
Mehmet sat down next to Ali.
Mehmet, Ali'nin yannda oturdu.
Mehmet sat next to Ali.
Kitabi, yatan yanndaki masann stne att.
He threw the book on top of the table beside the bed.

taraf side, side part

taraf is not an adjective it is only used as a noun.

-(n)in tarafna
to the side part of
-(n)in tarafnda
at/by the side part of
-(n)in tarafndan
from the side part of

kapnn tarafnda
at the side of the gate
bankann tarafndan
from the side (of) the bank
peronun tarafna
to the side of the railway Platform
Arabann alt tarafndan bir seyler damlyor.
Something(s) is dripping from the underside of the car.
Sen kimin tarafndasn? Benim(ki) mi onun(ku) mu?
Whose side are you on? Mine or his?
Dolabn st tarafna baktn m?
Have you looked at (to) the topside of the cupboard?

st top, topmost

-(n)in stne
to the top of
-(n)in stnde
at/by the top of
-(n)in stnden
from the top of
Used as an Adjective
st tepe
the top hill
en st pencere
the uppermost window

Used as a Noun
bardan stnde
on top of the glass
aalarn stne
towards the top of the trees
 arabamn stnden
from the top of the my car
Kitabi, masann stne koydu.
He put the book on top of the table.
Kapnn zerinde byk bir pencere vard.
There was a big window over (on top of) the door.

zeri over

zeri
over, on top of, in addition to, besides
-(n)in zerine
over
-(n)in stnde
at/by the top of, over the top of..
-(n)in stnden
from the top of, from over the top of.

elma zerine portakal getir

In addition to apples get (some) oranges
binann zerinden
from over the building
masann zerindeki fincan
The cup which is on top of the table

Bu szn zerine ok kzdm.

Upon these words I became very angry.
Bunun zerine ok kzdm.
Upon this I became very angry.

alt under

alt
bottom, under, below, underneath
-(n)in altna
under, to the under of
-(n)in altnda
under, at/by the under of
-(n)in altndan
from underneath

Used as an Adjective
alt kap
the bottom gate
alt dolap
the lower cupboard

Used as a Noun
Alt dolabn altna fincanlar koyunuz darda.
Put the cups (to the) underneath the bottom cupboard.
Masann altndan topu cekin.
Get the ball from under the table.
 Sa ayamn alt kanyor.
The underneath of my right foot is itching.

Kpek dolabn altna girdi, orada yatyor.

The dog went under the cupboard and is lying there.
[LIT: entered to the underneath the cupboard]
Kpek dolabn altnda yatyor.
The dog is lying under the cupboard.
Kpeimiz hep ayak altnda.
Our dog is always underfoot.

orta middle, center

-(n)in ortasna
to the middle of
-(n)in ortasnda
at the middle of
-(n)in ortasndan
from the middle of

Used as an Adjective
orta kap
the middle gate
orta oda
the centre room

Used as a Noun
parkn ortasna
to the middle of the park
bahenin ortasnda
in the middle of the garden
orta odann ortasndan
from the centre of the middle room

Yemein ortasnda geldi.

He arrived in the middle of the meal.
Her zaman yemek ortasnda gelir.
He always comes in the middle of dinner.
Sokan ortasnda yryor.
He is walking in the middle of the street.
Tam sokan ortasnda yryor.
He is walking right in the middle of the street.
Tam sokan ortasndan yryor.
He is walking exactly down the middle of the street.
Ahmed'in kitabinin ortasna kadar okudum.
I read as far as the middle of Ahmet's book
Buraya hafta ortasnda vard.
He arrived here in midweek.
Buraya haftann ortasnda vard.
He arrived here in the middle of the week.

art behind
 art
behind, rear side, backside
-(n)in ardna
to the behind of
-(n)in ardnda
at the rear of
-(n)in ardndan
from behind of
art is not an adjective it is only used as a noun.

Used as a Noun
kapnn ardnda
at the rear the door, behind the door
bankann ardndan
from behind the bank
mutfan ardna
to the rear of the kitchen

arka back, rear

-(n)in arkasna
to the back of
-(n)in arkasnda
at/by back of
-(n)in arkasndan
from the back of

Used as an Adjective
arka kap
the back gate
arka bahe
the back garden

Used as a Noun
kapnn arkas
the back of the door
garajn arkasndan
from back of the garage
kuyruun arkasna
to the back of the queue

Evimin arkasnda byk bir bahe var.

There is a big garden behind my house.
Masann arkasna baktnz ml?
Did you look behind the table?

n front

-(n)in nne
to the front of
-(n)in nnde
at/by front of
 -(n)in nnden
from the front of

Used as an Adjective
n kap
the front door
n pencereler
the front windows

Used as a Noun
kapnn nnde
in front of the door
manavn nne
to the front of the greengrocer's
raflarn nnden
from the front of the shelves

Otobs, tam evimizin nnde durur.

The bus stops just in front of our house.
Bahemizin nndeki duvarda oturduk.
We sat on the wall in front of our garden.

yakn near

yakn
near, nearby, close to, in the vicinity of
-(n)in yaknna
to the nearby of
-(n)in yaknnda
nearby
-(n)in yaknndan
from near the

Used as an Adjective
yakn kap
the nearby gate
yakn bir ofis
an office nearby

Used as a Noun
kapnn yaknnda
near the gate
kapnn yaknlarnda
near by the gate
[plural is more vague.]
bankann yaknndan
from close to the bank
[LIT: from the near of the bank]
otogarn yaknna
in the vicinity of bus station

Used as an Adverb of Place

yakn
near
 bankaya yakn
near to the bank

ara space between

-(n)in arasna
in between
-(n)in arasnda
between
-(n)in arasndan
from between

Used as an Adjective
ara kap
the door between
[a connecting door between rooms]

Used as a Noun
hafta aras
mid-week
kaplarn arasnda
in between (of) the doors
Masalarn arasna iskemleyi koyun.
Put the chair (to the) between (of the) tables.
Bunlarn arasndan bir tane aln.
Take one from between these.
This word refers to the space between, meaning between or among
It preceded either by a plural noun or several nouns connected by ile also, and.

Evlerimizin arasnda byk bir bina var.

There is a big building between our houses.
O evlerin arasnda bir park var.
There is a park amongst those houses.
Amerika ile Avrupa arasnda Atlas Okyanusu var.
The Atlantic Ocean is between America and Europe.

kar opposite, against

-(n)in karsna
to the opposite side of, against
-(n)in karsnda
at the opposite side of, against
-(n)in karsndan
from the opposite side of, against

Used as an Adjective
kar kap
the opposite gate
kar kaldrm
the opposite pavement
(USA: opposite sidewalk)
 Used as a Noun
kapnn karsnda
opposite the gate
bankann karsndaki sokak
the street which is opposite the bank
Mehmet, kahvenin karsndan kt.
Mehmet came out from opposite the cafe.

Fabrika, evimizin karsnda.

The factory is opposite our house
[across from our house.]
Mehmed'in karsna oturdu.
He sat down facing (opposite, across from) Mehmet.
Bir kedi karma kt.
A cat appeared in front of me.

etraf around
Etraf was originally an Arabic Plural of taraf side

etraf
around, environment, surroundings
-(n)in etrafna
to the surrounds of
-(n)in etrafnda
around the
-(n)in etrafndan
from around the
Used as a Noun
etraf is not an adjective it is only used as a noun.

Masamzn etrafna bolca iek koyuldu.

Flowers galore were put around our table
Etrafmda ocuklar oynuyordu.
the children were playing (all) around me
Bostann etrafndan
from around the vegetable garden

evre around, surrounding

evre is synonymous with etraf shown above, and is gradually replacing the Arabic word.
A Public Sign in a Park - evre-miz-i

"Let us keep our surroundings clean."

-(n)in evresine
to the surrounds of
 -(n)in evresinde
around the
-(n)in evresinden
from around the

Used as an Adjective
evre yolu
circular road
(bypass road)

Used as a Noun
kentin evreleri
the surroundings of the town
Bankann evresinde bir park bulunur.
There is a park surrounding the bank.
Fabrikann evresine bir engel koydular.
They have put a barrier around the factory.
In Geometry evre also means perimeter

Karenin evresi 24 cm(dir).

The perimeter of the square is 24 cm.
Other values are alan area and hacim volume
A Kuadas building site evre-miz-e

"We apologize on account of the dangers and discomforts that we will give to our
surroundings during building works."

evre-miz-e
surroundings-of-us-to
inaat srasnda
during the building (works)
vereceimiz zaralardan
from the damages that we wil give
rahat-sz-lk-lar-dan dolay
[LIT: discomfortnesses-from because of]

aa down, downstairs

-(n)in aas
downwards
 -(n)in aasnda
- below, downstairs
-(n)in -aasndan
from below, less than

Used as an Adjective
aa mahalle
a low town district
(Figuratively: slum)
aa kat
the floor below

Used as a Noun
iniin aas
downhill
[LIT: The down of the hill]
merdivenin aasna
to downstairs
Yolun aasndan yryn.
Walk from the bottom of the road.
Dan aas serin.
It is chilly down the mountain.
[LIT: The down of the mountain is chilly.]
Dan aasndaki aalar ok gzel.
The trees which are at the lower side of the mountain are very beautiful.
Dan aasndan gelen rzgar ok souk.
The wind which comes from the lower side of the mountain is so cold.

Used as an Adverb of Place

aa
downstairs
aa gidiyorum.
I going downstairs
aaya gidiyorum.
I going (to) downstairs
Aa / Yukar are also used for the geographical terms upper/lower

Yukar Bavyera
Upper Bavaria
Aa Bavyera
Lower Bavaria.
Some places in Turkey called Lower.
Aaazapl, village in Adyaman Province.
Aanasrl, a village in the District of Glba.
Aa Gkdere, Eridir, Isparta.
Aa Pnar, Neolithic excavation in the outskirts of the town of Krklareli.
Akbank Aaayranc ubesi, a local bank in Ankara ankaya.
Aa Dudullu lkretim Okulu, mraniye, stanbul.
Aa Yuval Ky, a village in Gmhane.
Aa Hadim Cami, a mosque in Konya.

yukar above, up upstairs

 -(n)in yukarsna
upwards
-(n)in yukarsnda
up, upstairs
-(n)in yukarsndan
from above/more than

Used as an Adjective
yukar ev
the house above
yukar dal
the branch (of a tree) above

Used as a Noun
yoku yukar
uphill
merdivenin yukars
upstairs
Tepenin yukarsndan indik.
We came down from the top of the hill.
Some places in Turkey called Upper.
Yukar Borandere, Kayseri
Yukar Dden elalesi Antalya
Yukar Aadeve, Hamur, Ar Province
Yukar Karahayt Hotels
Yukar Norgh in Erzurum
Yukar Pnarca Ky Trabzon
Yukar Nasrl Turkey
Yukar Gkdere, Eridir, Isparta

pe back, the space behind

Pe means "the back of a moving object" usually in the form peinden after.
Only used for moving objects which are following something in motion.

Otobsn peinden gittik

We went after the bus
{LIT: "we followed the "moving rear of the bus"]
Benim peime dn!
Follow me!
[LIT: "Fall in behind me."]
Note: pein, peinat
pre-payment, paid in advance
pein para
cash, ready money, spot cash

Examples of Turkish Spatials

Bir adam, vapurun arkasndan suyun iine dutu.
A man fell from the back of the ship into the water.
Onlarla bizim aramzda, bahe zerine kavga kt.
A fight arose between them and us over the garden.
Byk bir aacn altnda yere yatt.
He lay on the ground under a big tree.
 Her eyim el altnda.
Everything of mine is at hand.
Dkkann arkasnda byk elma aalar var.
There are big apple trees behind the store.
Halil her aksam iki ier, gece ortasnda eve gelir.
Halil drinks every evening and comes home in the middle of the night.
Size bir paket getirdim, eyalarnzn arasna attm.
I brought you a package and threw it among your things.
Bu ks, sizinkinin karsndaki evde oturacaz.
This winter we will live in the house opposite yours.
Paketin iindekilerini bize gsterir misiniz?
Will you show us the contents of the package?
Evin d ksmna baktk, iine ama girmedik.
We looked at the outside part of the house, but we didn't go inside.
Yunus Emre'nin Ahmedin stndeki tesiri ok byktr.
Yunus Emre's influence on Ahmet is very great.
Askerler, ehrin nne duvar yaptlar.
The soldiers made a wall in front of the city.
Ahmet daima o kzn peinden gider.
Ahmet always follows that girl.
Senin koca ayaklarnn yannda yer kalmad.
There is no room left beside your enormous feet.

Turkish Frequently Used Words

A Vocabulary List of common Turkish Words and English Translations

Turkish words cannot begin with soft in Turkish.
The letters W, X, Q do not appear in the Turkish Alphabet.
The letter Y is considered as a consonant in Turkish.
Extra Turkish Consonants are pronounced CH [church] and pronounced SH [shift, slash].
Extra Turkish Vowels are I (UnDotted-I), (Dotted-), and .
Main pronounciation difference: Turkish C is pronounced as J [Turkish cep pocket is pronounced
"jep"]
A B C D E F GH I J K L M N O P R S T U V Y Z
A

abla older sister; ma'am

acaba I wonder
acele hurry; hastily
ac tart, hot (pepper), bitter
a hungry, greedy
a open, bare, empty
almak to open, to clear up
amak to open
ad name, reputation
ada island, city block
adam man (person), human being
det custom, habit
adres address
affetmek to forgive, excuse
afiyet health
aabey older brother
aa tree
ar heavy, difficult
az mouth; rim, brim
alamak to weep, cry, whine
armak to ache, hurt
austos August
aile family
ait concerning, relating to
ak white, clean
akl reason, intelligence, mind
akll wise, intelligent
akmak to flow, to leak
akam evening
alay crowd
alak low
aln forehead
almak to get used to, become familiar
alveri business, shopping
allah God
allahasmarladk
goodbye! (Reply is Gle Gle)
(said by person leaving)
almak to take, get, buy
alt bottom
alt six
altn gold
altm sixty
ama/amma but, yet, still
an moment, perception, boundary
ana main (ana yol = main road)
anahtar key
ancak only, merely, just barely, hardly
anlamak to understand, comprehend, find out
anlatmak to explain, tell, show
anne mother
apartman apartment building, block of flats
araba car ; vehicle
aralk space, gap, interval
aramak to look (for), search
arka the back, rear, reverse
arkada friend
armut pear
artk left over, remnant, extra ; for now, henceforth
arzu wish, desire
asansr elevator
asker soldier
aa the lower part, bottom, inferior
at horse
ata father, ancestor
ate fire, fever, temperature
atmak to throw, drop, send away
avukat lawyer
ay moon ; month
ayak foot, leg, base, pedestal
ayakkab shoe
aydnlk light, brightness
ayna mirror
ayn the same, identical
ayran yoghurt drink
ayr separate, distinct, different
ayrlmak to part, separate, split
az small, little, few
azalmak to become less, lessen, diminish
B
baba father
bacak leg, shank
ba tie, string; vineyard
bal tied, connected
bahar spring
bahe garden, park
bakan state secretary
bakkal grocer
bakmak to look at
balk fish
balkon balcony
banka bank
banyo bath ; bath-tub ; bath-room
bardak glass, cup
basmak to tread, stand
ba head, chief
baarmak to accomplish
babakan prime minister
baka other, different
balamak to begin, start
bat west, western
batmak to sink
bavul suitcase, trunk
bay Mr. - (used only with surname)
bayan lady
baylmak to faint
bayram festivity, holiday
bazan/bazen sometimes
baz some, certain
bebek baby, doll
beenmek to like, admire
bekr single, bachelor
beklemek to wait
belediye municipality
belge document
belki perhaps
belli evident, obvious
ben me, ego
benzin gasoline
beraber together
berber barber
beri here, near
beslemek to feed, nourish
be five
bey gentleman
beyaz white
beyefendi sir
bak knife
brakmak to leave
biber pepper
bildirmek to tell, inform
bile even, already
bilet ticket
bileti ticket taker
bilgi knowledge, information
bilmek to know, be aware
bin thousand
bina building
binmek to get upon, ride
bir one
bira beer
biraz a little, some
birleik united
birlik unity, union
bisiklet bicycle
bitirmek to finish, complete
bitmek to be used up, end, be finished
biz we
bluz/bulz blouse
boaz throat; straight; mountain pass
bol plentiful, ample
bor debt, loan
bo empty, free
boy height, stature, length
boyun neck, cervix; responsibility
bozmak to spoil, ruin, destroy
bozuk broken
bozulmak to go bad, become corrupt
blge region, zone
blm portion, slice, chapter
brek flaky pastry with filling
byle so, thus; such
bu this
buuk and a half, (iki buuk = two and a half)
bugn today
bulmak to find, discover
bulumak to meet
bulut cloud
bulvar boulevard
burada here
burun nose, beak, tip
buyurmak to command
buz ice, very cold
buzdolab refrigerator
bro office
btn whole, total, unbroken
byk big, large
C
cadde main road, thoroughfare
cami mosque
can soul, life, person, vigor
canl living, animate, alive
ceket jacket
cennet paradise, heaven
cep pocket
cevap answer, reply
cins sort, type, sex, gender, race, stock
cuma Friday
cumartesi Saturday
cumhuriyet republic

abuk quick, fast, swift, quickly

armak to call, to invite, to shout
alkan hard-working, diligent
alma work, study
almak to work, study
almak to steal ; to play a musical instrument
anta bag, purse
arpmak to bump, hit, knock, run (into)
aramba Wednesday
ar shopping district, market quarter
atal fork, bifurcation
ay tea
ekmek to pull, haul, move (a car)
eit kind, sort, variety, assortment
evirmek to turn, rotate; to refuse; to translate
eyrek a quarter, one fourth
karmak to take out, send out, expel, to publish
kmak to go out, emerge, to graduate
iek flower
iftlik farm
ikolata chocolate
irkin ugly
ocuk child
ok many, much, very
orap stocking, nose, sock
orba soup
nk because
D
da/de too, also
da mountain, brand
daha more, than, yet, or
daima always, forever
daire circle; apartment
dakika minute
daktilo typewriting, typist
dans dance, dancing
dar narrow, tight
davet invitation
dede grandfather
defa time, turn
defter notebook
deer price, worth, value
deil not
deik different, varied, changed
deimek to change
delik hole, opening
demek to say
denemek to test, examine
deniz sea
derece step, stair, degree
derhal suddenly, immediately
derin deep, profound
ders lesson, lecture
dert sorrow, sadness, pain
deva remedy
devir age, time
devlet state, government, nation
deyim saying, expression
d out, outer, outside
dar outside
dier other
dikkat care, attention
dikmek plant, sew, stitch
dil language, tongue
dilemek to want, desire, to wish
dinlemek to listen
di tooth
domak to be born
doru correct, true
dou east
doum birth
doksan ninety
doktor doctor
dokuz nine
dolap cupboard, case
dolamak to walk
dolmak to fill
dolmu (something which is filled)
dolu full
domates tomato
dondurma ice cream
dost friend, lover
doymak to be satisfied
dnmek to go round, circle; to return
dn return
drt four
dvmek to beat, pound
dudak lip
durak stop, stopping place
durmak to stop, stand
durum state, position, attitude
du shower
duvar wall
duygu feeling, sense, perception
duymak to hear
dn wedding feast
dkkn shop, store
dn yesterday
dnya world, earth
dmek to fall
dnmek to think, worry
dz smooth, level, flat
E
eczane pharmacy, chemist
efendi master, owner
eer if
elence amusement, enjoyment
elenmek to enjoy, to have a good time
ek supplement; prefix, suffix
ekim October; sowing, planting
ekmek bread; to sow, to cultivate
eksik lacking, less
eki sour, tart
el hand, power
elbette certainly
elbise dress, clothes
elektrik electricity
elli fifty
elma apple
emekli retired
emin safe, secure, sure, certain
emir order, command
en width; hefty, huge; most
enerji energy
erkek man
erken early
ertesi the next, following
eser work (of art); written
eski old
e spouse; husband, wife; one of a pair
eya furniture, things
et meat
etek skirt
etmek to do, make
etraf sides, surroundings
ev house
evet yes
evlenmek to marry
evli married
evvel first, before
evvel / evvela firstly
eylem action, operation; verb
eyll September
F
fabrika factory
faiz interest
fakat but
fakir poor, destitute
faklte department (at a university)
fark difference, distinction
fayda profit, advantage, use
fazla excessive, extra
felket disaster
fena bad
fralamak to brush
frn oven, bakery, kiln
fiil act
fikir thought, idea, opinion
film/filim film
fincan cup
fiyat/fiat price
fotoraf photograph
G
galiba perhaps, probably
garson waiter
gazete newspaper
gazeteci journalist; newspaper seller
gazino cafe, casino
gece night
ge late
geen last, past
geirmek to fix, insert; to pass (time); to enter;
geit passage; mountain pass
gemek to pass, cross; to undergo; to spoil; to faint
gelecek future; next
gelin bride; daughter-in-law
gelimek to grow up; to develop, prosper
gelmek to come
gemi ship (n.)
gen young
gene / yine again; still, nevertheless
genellikle generally
geni wide
gerek real, genuine; reality, truth; really
gerek necessary; need
gerekmek to be necessary
geri backward, behind; slow (clock); to take/put back
getirmek to bring, yield
gezmek to stroll; to go out; to tour, visit
gibi like, similar; nearly, somewhat
gidi departure; way of life, conduct
giri entrance; introduction
girmek to enter; to join; to fit (into);
gie pay desk, ticket window
gitmek to go; to lead; to suit; to leave; to disappear
giyinmek to dress (o. s.)
giymek to wear; to put on
gs breast, chest
gk sky, heavens
gl lake
gmlek skirt; slip; generation; degree, shade; (snake) skin
gndermek to send
gre according (to); considering
grev duty; function
grmek to see; to visit; to regard; to undergo; to perform
grmek to meet, to have an interview; to discuss
gstermek to show
gtrmek to take (away), to carry; to accompany; to lead
gz eye
gzlk eyeglasses
gram gram
g difficult; difficulty
gl rose
glmek to smile, to laugh
gn day; period, time
gnaydn good morning / good day
gne sun
gney south, southern
gnlk daily, 'n' days old; for 'n' days; diary; usual
gnlk three days old ; for three days
grlt noise
gzel nice, beautiful, good
H
haber news
hafta week
hak justice
hakikaten in truth, truly
hakl right, just
hal condition; attitude; strength
halbuki whereas, however
hal carpet, rug
halk people, folk, nation
hangi which
hanm lady, Mrs., Ms., Miss.
hanmefendi lady, madam
hani in fact, besides
hareket movement, act, deed
harita map
harp war, battle
hasta sick
hastabakc nurse's aide
hastane hospital
hat route ; line ; stripe ; contour
hatrlamak to remember, to remind
hava air, weather
hayat life
haydi come on!
hayr no; charity
hayvan animal
hazr ready
hazrlamak to prepare
haziran June
hl still, yet
hediye gift, present
hele above all, especially
hem.. hem de.. both and
hemen right away, almost
henz only, just, just now
Mehmet, henz gelmedi. Mehmet hasn't come yet. [with negative = 'yet']
hep all, the whole
her every, each
herhalde probably
herkes everyone, everybody
hesap account, bill
heyecan excitement, enthusiasm
hrsz thief
hz speed
hi never, not at all
hissetmek to feel, to sense
hoca teacher
ho kal fine,
hkmet government, administration
I
srmak to bite
smarlamak to order s.o., to have s.o made
k light, any source of light

i inside, interior, inner, domestic, kernel

ieri inside, interior
iin for, because, so that
iki drink, liquor
imek to drink
idare administration, management, direction
ihtiya need, necessity
ihtiyar old, old person
iki two
iktisadi economic
ila / il medicine, drug
iln notice, advertisement
ile with
ileri front part, forward, ahead
ilgin interesting
ilk first, initial
ilkbahar spring
imza signature
imzalamak to sign
inanmak (-a) to believe, trust, have faith in
inmek to get off (a bus, car, etc.)
insan person
inallah I hope that . . .
ise however (after a noun)
isim name
iskemle chair, stool
istasyon station
istek wish, desire, request
istemek to want
i work
ii worker
iitmek to hear
ite here! here it is! look!
itmek to push, shove
iyi good
iyilik goodness, favor, kindness
izin permission
izlemek to follow, pursue; watch
J
jeton jeton, money token, ferry token
K
kabul acceptance
ka how many ... ?
kamak to escape
kadar as ... as; approximately
kadn woman
kahvalt breakfast
kahve coffee; caf
kahverengi brown
kalabalk crowd, crowded
kaldrmak to raise, endure
kale fortress
kalem pencil, pen
kaln thick
kalkmak to get up, rise
kalmak to remain, be left
kalorifer central heating system
kan blood
kanun law
kapal closed, covered
kapamak to close, shut
kap door, gate
kapc doorkeeper
kar snow
kara black - see Explanation of Kara
karakol police station
karanlk dark
karar decision
karde sibling
kar wife
karn stomach, abdomen; womb
kark mixed, complex
karmak to mix, become confused
kar facing, opposite
karlamak to go to meet, to welcome
kasaba small town
kasap butcher
kasm November
ka eyebrow
kak spoon
kat storey, floor
kat hard, stiff
kavga quarrel, fight
kavun honeydew melon
kaybetmek to lose
kaynak spring, source, origin
kazan large kettle
kazan gain, profit, benefit
kazanmak to earn, win, get
kt paper, card
kr profit, benefit
ktip clerk, secretary
kebap shish kebab
kedi cat
kendi oneself
kent city
kere time
kesmek to cut, slice
keyif pleasure in life; joy
krk forty
krmak to break, crush, grind
krmz red
ksa short
ksm part, portion, division
k winter
ky shore, side, outskirts
kyma ground meat
kz girl, daughter
kzl red; scarlet fever
kzmak to anger
kibrit match
kilim rug
kilo kilogram
kilometre kilometer
kim who, whoever
kimse someone, anyone
kira renting, leasing
kirli dirty
kii person, human being
kitap book
koca husband, adult
kol arm, sleeve, limb
kolay easy, simple
koltuk armchair
komu neighbor
konferans lecture, conference
konser concert
konsolos consul (diplomat)
konumak to talk, speak
korkmak to fear, be afraid
komak to run
koymak to put, place
koyu thick (liquid)
koyun sheep
kfte meat patty, meatball
kmr coal, charcoal
kpek dog
kpr bridge
kr blind, dull, dim
ke corner
kt bad
ky village
kyl peasant
kulak ear; gill
kullanmak to use, drive
kum sand, gravel
kuma cloth, fabric
kurmak to set up, assemble
kurtarmak to save, rescue
kuru piaster (coin) ; cent
ku bird
kutlamak to congratulate, celebrate
kutu box, case, can
kuvvet strength, power, force
kuzey north
kk little, small
ktphane library
L
lamba lamp
lzm necessary
limon lemon
lira lira
lise (high) school
lokanta restaurant
ltfen please
lzum necessity, need
M
maalesef unfortunately
madem since, seeing that
maden mine
mahalle neighborhood, district
makina machine
mal goods, property
manav greengrocer
manzara scene, view
mart March
masa table
maallah Wonderful!
mavi blue
mays May
mna meaning, sense
meclis assembly, council
mektep school
mektup letter
memleket country, land
memnun pleased, satisfied
memur civil servant, official
mendil handkerchief
merak curiosity
merdiven stairs, ladder
merhaba hello
merkez center, headquarters
mersi thanks! cheers!
mesele matter, problem
meslek profession
megul busy, preoccupied
mehur famous
metre meter
mevsim season
mevzu topic, subject
meydan open space
meyve fruit
millet nation, people
mill national
milyar billion
milyon million
mimar architect
minare minaret
misafir guest, visitor
mor purple
musluk tap, faucet
mutfak kitchen
mutlaka absolutely
mutlu happy
mddet period, duration
mdr director, head, chair
mhendis engineer
mhim important, significant
mmkn possible
mracaat application
msaade permission
mze museum
mzik music
N
nasl how
ne what
neden why
nerede where
nereli where from
nereye where to
niin why
nihayet finally
nisan April
niye why
niyet intention;
niyet etmek to intend
normal normal
not note, mark
numara number, size;
numara yapmak to act, pretend
nutuk speech, oration;
nutuk vermek to make a speech
O
ocak January
oda room
odac janitor
odun firewood
ofis office
olan boy
oul son
okul school
okumak read
olmak to be; to happen
omuz shoulder
on ten
opera opera
ordu army
orman forest
orta middle
otel hotel
otobs bus
otomobil automobile
oturmak to sit; to reside
otuz thirty
oynamak to play
oyun game

br to other
demek to pay
dev duty; homework
le noon
renci student
renmek to learn
retim instruction; education
retmek to teach
retmen teacher
lmek to measure; to consider
l measurement
lmek to die
lm death
mr life span; amusing
n front
nce first; ago
nem importance
nemli important
pmek to kiss
yle like that, so
zel private
zr excuse; defect
P
pahal expensive
paket packet, package
palto man's coat
pansiyon boarding house
pantalon pants, trousers
para money
para piece, bit, segment
park park
parlak bright, shining, successful
parmak finger, toe,
pasaport passport
pasta pastry, dessert
pastane pastry shop
patates potato
patron employer, head of a business
pazar open market; Sunday
pazartesi Monday
pek very much; hard, firm
peki very good
pembe pink
pencere window
perde curtain, screen, veil
perembe Thursday
peynir cheese
piknik picnic
pilav pilaf
pis dirty, foul, obscene
piirmek to cook, to bake
pimek to be cooked, baked; to ripen, to mature
plaj beach
polis police, policeman
politika politics, policy
portakal orange
posta post, postal service
postane post office
profesr professor
program program
pul stamp
R
radyo radio
raf shelf
ramen (-a) in spite (of)
rahat comfortable
rak anise flavored alcoholic drink
randevu appointment, rendezvous
reel jam
renk color
renkli colored, colorful
resim picture
resm official, formal
ressam painter, artist
rica request
rzgr wind
S
saat watch, clock, hour
sabah morning
sa hair
sade mere, simple, pure
sa alive
salk life, health
saha space, field
sahi sound, true, correct
sahip owner
sakn beware; objection
salata salad, lettuce
sal Tuesday
salon hall, guest room, dining room
sanayi industries
sandalye chair
saniye second, moment
sanki supposing that
sanmak to think
sar yellow; pale
satc salesman
satn almak to buy
satmak to sell
sava struggle, fight, war
sayfa page
saymak to count
sebep cause, reason, source
sebze vegetable
semek to choose, select
sefer voyage
sekiz eight
sekreter secretary
seksen eighty
selm greeting, salutation
sen you
sene year
serbest free, independent
sergi exhibition
serin cool
sert hard, violent
ses sound, noise, voice
sevgili beloved, dear
sevin joy, delight
sevinmek to be pleased with
sevmek to love, like
seyahat journey, travelling
seyretmek to see, to look on
scak warm, hot, heat
sfr zero
sk close together, dense
skmak to press, squeeze
snf class
sr secret, mystery
sra row, turn, file
sigara/cgara cigarette
sinema cinema
siyah black
siz you
soan onion
souk cold, frigid
sohbet conversation, chat
sokak street
sol left, left-hand
son end, result, last
sonbahar fall, autumn
sonra afterwards
sormak to ask
soru question
sorun problem
soyad family name, surname
sylemek to say
sz word, speech, rumour
szlk dictionary
spor sport, games
su water, fluid
subay officer
sultan ruler
susmak to be silent
srmek to drive
st milk

air poet
apka hat
arap wine
ark east, Orient
art condition
armak to be confused about
amak to be perplexed
ehir town, city
eker sugar, candy
ekerli sweetened
emsiye umbrella
ey thing
ikyet complaint
imdi now
irket company, partnership
i spit, skewer; swelling, swollen
ie bottle
iman fat
ofr chauffer
yle in that manner, so, just
u that, this
ubat February
phe doubt, suspicion
T
tabak plate, dish
tabii of course
tahsil collection; study, education
tahta blackboard; board, plank
takm set; team
taksi taxi
tam complete, entire, perfect
tamam OK; completion, end
tane grain; piece;
tanmak to know
tanmak to meet, make acquaintance
tanr god; God
taraf side, direction
tarif description; tariff
tarih history
tarla arable field
ta stone
tamak to carry, transport, bear
tanmak to move to (location) ; be carried to
tatil holiday, vacation
tatl sweet, drinkable
tavuk hen
taze fresh, new
tebrik congratulation
tehlike danger
tek single, alone
teklif proposal, offer
tekrar repetition
tekrarlamak to repeat
telefon telephone
televizyon television
telgraf telegraph, telegram
tembel lazy
temiz clean, pure, honest
temizlemek to clean
temmuz July
temsil representation
tepe hill, summit
tercih preference
terzi tailor
teekkr thanks, giving thanks
trnak finger nail, toe nail;
ticaret trade, commerce
tiyatro theater
top ball, anything round
toplamak to collect, gather, tidy
toplant assembly, meeting
toprak earth, soil, land
tramway tram, streetcar
tra/tra shaving
tren train
tuhaf uncommon, curious
turist tourist
turistik touristic
turuncu orange (color)
tutmak to hold; to catch, seize
tuvalet toilet
tuz salt
tuzlu salted, salty
trl various
ttn tobacco
U
ucuz cheap
uak airplane
umak to fly, to evaporate, disappear
ufak small
uramak to stop by
ulus people, nation
ummak to hope, expect
umumiyetle usually, generally
unutmak to forget
uyanmak to awake, come to life
uygun comfortable, suitable, appropriate
uyku sleep (n.)
uyumak to sleep
uzak distant, remote
uzatmak to extend, prolong
uzun long

three
lke country
mit hope, expectation
niversite university
nl famous
st top, upper surface
t flat-iron
ye member
zere at the point of, about to
zmek to strain, break; to hurt the feelings of
zlmek to be worn out
zm grape
V
vakit time
vali governor
valiz suit-case
vapur steamer
var there is, there are
varmak to arrive, to reach
vatan native country
vatanda citizen, compatriot
vazgemek to give up, to abandon
vazife duty, obligation
vaziyet position, situation
ve and
vermek to give
veya or
vurmak to hit, kill, steal, swindle
Y
ya.. ya da.. either ... or ...
yabanc stranger, foreigner
ya oil, fat, grease
yamak to rain
yamur rain (n.)
yahut or
yakn near (to)
yakt fuel (for heating)
yakmak to light, ignite
yalan lie, fabrication
yalnz alone, lonely
yan side; neighborhood
yanak cheek
yani that is to say
yanl error
yanmak to burn, be on fire
yapmak to make; to build; to create
yaprak leaf, grape leaf; layer
yardm help
yar half of the
yarm half (n.)
yarn tomorrow
yasak prohibition, ban, prohibited
ya damp, fresh
yaamak to live; to enjoy
yal old, elderly
yatak bed
yatmak to go to bed
yava slow; quiet
yavru young animal
yaz summer
yaz writing
yazk pity, shame
yazmak to write
yedi seven
yemek to eat; to spend (money)
yeni new
yer place; position
yeil green
yetimek to catch, make; to be in time for
yetmek to be sufficient
yetmi seventy
ykamak to wash; to bathe
ykanmak to be washed; to be bathed
yl year
yine / gene again, once more; still, even so
yirmi twenty
yiyecek food
yourt yogurt
yok there is not.., there are not..
yoksa or?; if not..? (used in questions)
yol road, path, route
yolcu traveler; passenger
yolculuk journey, trip
yollamak to send
yorgun tired
yorulmak to get tired
yn direction, aspect, angle
ynetici manager, administrator
yukar upstairs; upper
yumurta egg; testicle
yumu soft, tender, gentle
yurt homeland of a people or nation
yksek high; lofty
ykselmek to rise, ascend
yrmek to work, to march, to move forward
yz one hundred; face; reason
yzmek to swim, to float
Z
zahmet trouble
zaman time
zamir pronoun
zarf envelope
zaten anyway; besides
zengin rich
zeytin olive (fruit)
zil doorbell, buzzer
ziyaret visit, pilgrimage
zor trouble, worry, difficulty

List of Daily Turkish Locutions (192)

These conversational items clarify meaning and understanding.
Such locutions make for fluidity in daily speech.
A List of 192 Daily Conversational Locutions
English Turkish

According to that ona gre

At last nihayet ; sonunda

After all nede olsa

At least en azndan

A little biraz

At most en ok ; azami

A little bit bir para

At once derhal

All day long btn gn

At random rasgele, rast gele

All of a sudden birdenbire

At short notice ksa sre iinde

All of you hepiniz

All over the world btn dnyada

At the back arkada

All right peki

At the door kapda

All set? tamam m?

At the end sonunda

Almost hemen hemen

At the same time ayn zamanda

A long time ago oktan beri

As a matter of fact nitekim

Before long ok gemeden yaknda

As a rule usulen
As for me bana kalrsa

Besides bundan baka

As if ; as though sanki ; gya

Better daha iyi

As usual her zamanki gibi

Both of you ikiniz de

As you please nasl isterseniz

By airmail uakla

At any rate her zaman

By heart ezberden

At first ilkin

By means of aracyla

At hand elde

By no means asla

By the way sras gelmiken

By turns sra ile

Care of eliyle

How is that? nasl olur?

Come in! buyurun ; giriniz

How many? ka tane

Consequently bundan dolay

How much. kaa? ; ne kadar?

Don't mention it bir ey deil

I am sorry! affedesiniz!; zlyorum

Don't worry merak etmeyin

Enclosed iliik olarak

I am sure eminim

Ever since o zamandan beri

I beg your pardon zr dilerim

Every day her gn

Face to face yz yze

I can't help it elimde deil

For ever sonsuzca

For God's sake! Allaha akna!

I don't care aldrmam!

For instance rnein

If need be gerekirse

For sale satlk

If possible kabilse

For the first time ilk kez olarak

Ill-timed zamansz

for the time being imdilik

In a hurry acele ; ivedili

Frequently sk sk

In any case ; somehow her halde ; naslsa

From end to end batan baa

In due course zamannda

From now on imdiden sonra

In due time tam zamannda

From this moment bu andan sonra

In every respect her bakmdan

From this time on bundan sonra

In fact esasen ; nitekim

Full up dolmutur

In front of nnde ; karsnda

Good for nothing ie yaramaz

In no time bir rpda

Good looking yakkl

In order to amacyla

Good luck iyi anslar

In spite of it ona ramen

Gradually git gide

In the end sonunda

Help yourself buyurun

In the first place ilk nce

How are you? naslsnz?

In the future gelecekte

In the long run sonunda

In the meantime bu arada

In the middle ortada

No doubt phesiz

In the morning sabahleyin

No harm done zarar yok

In the open ak havada

Not at all hi de deil

In the shade glgede

Now and again ; now and then arada srada

In the very act Sust

In this case bu halde

In this manner bylelikle

Of course tabii

On time tam vaktinde

Of late geenlerde

In turns sra ile

On and on durmadan

Isn't it? deil mi?

Once again bir daha

Is that so? sahi mi?

Once and for all kesinlikle

I suppose so galiba

Once a week haftada bir

It is all the same fark etmez

Once in a while ara sra

It is not worth while demez

Once more tekrar ; bir daha

It is of no use bouna

On condition that artyla

One by one birer birer

Just a moment bir dakika

On foot yryerek

Just in case ne olur ne olmaz

On leave izinli

Just in time tam vaktinde

On purpose bile bile ; kasten

On the contrary tersine ; aksine

Less daha az

Let me alone git iine

On the left solda

Let's go gidelim

On the right sada

Little by little azar azar

On the other hand dier taraftan

Long ago uzun zamandan beri

Look out! dikkat et!

On top of tepesinde

Over again tekrar

Made to order smarlama

Over there orada

Maybe belki ; olabilir

Please ltfen ; rica ederim

More or less aa yukar

Providing that artyla

Ready made hazr konfeksiyon

Till morning sabaha kadar

Return ticket gidi-dn bileti

To be sure tabii

To let ; to rent kiralk

Right here ite burada

Too many pek ok

Right there ite orada

Too much pek fazla

Rough and ready yarm yamalak

Under age yaa kk

Up side down darmadan

Safe and sound sa salim

Up to date modern

See you later gene greli

Up to now imdiye kadar

Side by side yan yana

Since a long time uzun zamandan beri

Welcome! ho geldiniz

Well done! bravo!

Since then ozamandan beri

What happened? ne oldu?

So long eyvallah

What's happening? ; What's up? ne oluyor?

Sooner or later er ge

So-so yle byle

What's wrong with you? neniz var?

So to say szde ; sanki

So that yle ki

What's the matter? ne kar?

What next? ya sonra?

Thanks a lot teekkrler

Why not? neden olmasn?

Agreed ; OK! anlatk

Willy nilly ister istemez

That right doru ; tamam

With a view to amacyla

That is to say yani

With no exceptions ayrksz

That maybe olabilir

With one accord oy birlii ile

Then o zaman ; yleyse

The soonest possible bir an nce

With your leave izninizle

You're welcome bir ey deil

Turkish buyurun "Please be so kind."

buyuru(uz) is a widely used word in Turkish.
There are many translations in English according to context.
It is the second person Singular or Plural of the Simple Present tense of the verb:
buyurmak
Would you be so kind as to
[LIT: Would you deign to, to command, to decree, to make an order.]
It is an important word, and heavily used in daily conversation
Usage of Turkish buyurun Please be so kind!

When calling on someone's house and they say:

buyurun
Please come in!
When they point to a chair:
buyurun
Please sit down!
When they serve tea:
buyurun
Please drink and enjoy!
On entering a shop the shopkeeper may say:
buyurun efendim
Can I help you, sir?
In a restaurant or cafe when the waiter or bar man says:
buyurun
What would you like?
In many busy places markets, souvenir shops, cafes etc. there is often a professional
barker who will be saying to all passers by:
 buyurun
Come and buy!
If in a cafe you ask to see what food is being prepared in the kitchen [normal in Turkey]
then the answer would be:
buyurun
Of course you may!
When answering the telephone you say:
buyurun
Go ahead! I'm listening to your call
Turkish speakers also say efendim on answering telephone phone to say Hello! in a polite
manner.
When passing people in narrow places or entering lifts:
buyurun
After you!
There are many cases where buyurun is used.
It is constant use in all walks of life.
It is often abraded to buyrun in colloquial daily speech.
Turkish Buyurun is a useful word:
"Welcome! Here you go! Have a go! Have a seat! Come over here!" and more
This word has become a universal polite request or pleasant command.
It is a catch-all word for most situations.
Turkish Time, Seasons, Months, Days, Weather, Numbers
A Turkish Time Vocabulary

saniye second
an moment
anbean [an-be-an] moment-by-moment, gradually
dakika minute
(1) saat hour (2) saat clock [plural: saatler "hours"]
kol saati wrist-watch [LIT: arm clock]
(1)uyarc saat alarm clock (2)alar saat alarm clock
gn day
gnbegn day-by-day, gradually
hafta week
ay month [also "moon"]
(1) yl TUR:] year (2) sene [arb.] year [both in general use]
zaman time
vakit [vakti] time [a particular occasion]
vakit [vakt-im] my time
defa time [as an event or occasion]
kere time [point in time]
kez a point in time

Turkish zaman time

zaman time [zaman: the main word for "time, occasion"]

ne zaman? what time?, when?
ka zaman how long?, how much time?
zamandan zamana [zaman-dan zaman-a] from time to time
 her zaman all the time, every time, always
her ne zaman whenever
Bo zamanlarnda ne yaparsn? What do you do in your spare time?

Turkish vakit point in time

Bo vaktim yok. I have no spare time.

Vaktim yok I haven't got time
Vaktim kalmad. I've no time left.

Turkish kere point in time

kere time, point in time

drt kere four times
bir kere daha once more
sadece bir kere only once
Onu, be kere yaptm I did it five times.

Turkish kez point in time

kez is a provincialism used regularly in modern daily speech.

kez three times

her kez always
bu kez this time
ylda iki kez bi-anually
ayda iki kez bi-monthly
haftada bir kez once a week

Telling the time in Turkish

There there are basically four different formats to tell the time.

Sentence structure (A):

Saat yedi'yi eyrek geerken gelirim.
I will arrive at a quarter past seven.
Sentence structure (B):
Saat yedi'yi eyrek gee gelirim.
Analog form:
Saat yedi eyrekte gelirim.
Digital Form:
Saat [7:15] yedi onbete gelirim.
It is # min. to # o'clock. -e var
Saat iki'ye on (dakika) var
It is ten (minutes) to two
It is # min. past # o'clock -i geiyor
Saat iki'yi on (dakika) geiyor.
It is ten (minutes) past two.
At # min. to # o'clock. -e kala
[The time remaining to..]
Saat iki'ye on (dakika) kala.
At ten to two.
At the time when...At #min. past # o'clock. -i gee
[the time when it is..]
Saat iki'yi on (dakika) gee.
At ten past two.
While it is is passing.. -i geiyorken
Saat iki'yi on (dakika) geiyorken.
At ten past two.
Telling the time with -ken while.

Ne zaman gelirsin?
When will you come?
Saat yedi'yi eyrek geiyorken gelirim.
I'll come while a quarter is passing seven.

Telling the time with -i gee passng.

Saat yedi'yi eyrek gee gelirim

I'll come while a quarter is passing seven.
Many turkish learners tend to say:
"Saat yedi'yi eyrek geiyor'da gelirim."
This is INCORRECT and not used.
Turkish Times of the Day

afak dawn
kahvalt breakfast
sabah morning
sabahleyin at morning, in the morning
gn day
btn gn all day long
her gn every day
gndz daytime, daylight
le noon
leden sonra afternoon
le yemei lunch
akam evening
akamleyin in the evening, at eventide
akam st teatime, early evening
akam yemei dinner, evening meal
dn yesterday
dn sabah yesterday morning
dn akam yesterday evening
dn gece last night
evvelki gn the day before yesterday
alacakaranlk [alaca-karan-lk] twilight
gece night
geceleyin in the night, at night
gece yars midnight Lit: night its-half
geen gn the day past, the other day, yesterday
 geen ay last month
geen sene/yil last year
geen hafta last week
geenlerde recently, lately
erken early
ge late
ne zaman when [what time, the time that]
ay month
cumartesi gecesi Saturday night
ertesi gn the following day
ertesi hafta the following week
evvelki / evvelsi gn the day before yesterday
geceleri at nights
gelecek hafta next week
hafta week
br gn the day after tomorrow
br hafta the week after next
leleri at noon times
leyin at noon
pazar sabah Sunday morning
sabahlar in the mornings
son gnlerde in the last few days
son zamanlarda recently
yarn tomorrow
yl/sene year

Turkish How long for?, Since when?

Ne i yaparsnz?
What is your job?
Drt yldr retmenim.
I have been a teacher for 4 years.
[LIT: it is 4 years I am a teacher.]
ki bin ten beri retmenim.
I have been a teacher since 2003.
["-den beri" = since]
Dnden beri hastaym.
I have been ill since yesterday.
Pazar gnnden beri evdeyim.
I have been at home since Sunday.

Turkish Stating the Time of an Event

oktan, bile, zaten already, besides

Hl le yemeini yedin mi?

Have you eaten your lunch yet?
Ooo, oktan yedim.
Oh, I have already eaten/
Yedim bile.
I have already eaten.
Sanrm bir eyler yemek istiyor musun?
Do you want something to eat.?
 Bana bir ey getirme.
Do not bring me anything.
Ben yedim zaten.
Besides, I have already eaten.

yeni, imdi, henz new(ly), now, just

Hasan,ltfen banyoya girme.

Hasan, please don't go into the bathroom.
Yeni / imdi / henz temizledim.
I have just cleaned (it).
Kurumas gerek/lazm. Tamam m?
It needs to dry. OK?
Bana 100 lira dn verir misin Aye?
Can you lend me 100 Tl Aye?
(1) zgnm veremem.
I am sorry I can't (give).
OR (2) Kusura bakma! veremem.
Do not look at the fault! I can't give (it)!
Daha yeni / imdi faturalar dedim.
I have just paid the bills.

daha, henz, hl as yet, just now, still

Daha/henz devini bitirmedin mi?

Haven't/have you finished your homework yet?
Hayr, daha bitirmedim. Henz deil.
No, I haven't finished yet. Not yet.
Daha gelmediler.
They haven't come yet.

imdiye kadar, u ana kadar So far, up to now, up tp this time.

Bu k imdiye kadar kar yamad.

It has not snowed up to now this winter.
Bu yl u ana kadar kar yamad.
It has not snowed so far this year.
Bugn imdiye kadar hibir ey yemedik.
We have not eaten anything up to now today.
Bugn u ana kadar hibir ey yemedik.
We have not eaten anything so far today.

ilk the (very) first

Bu lk kez araba srdm.

This is the first time I have driven a car.
Bu, son iki saatte itiin beinci kahve.
This is the fifth cup of coffee you have drunk in the last two hours.
Son be saatte iki fincan kahve itin.
You have drunk two cups of coffee in the last five hours.
ilk
the very first one
birinci
the first of a series

Dnyann ilk insan Adam adl'd

The world's first man was called Adam
Birinci yar balamak zeredir.
The first race is about to begin.

hayatmda ever in my life

hayatnda, hayatnzda
ever in your life
[familiar = hayat-n-da / formal = hayat-nz-da]
onun hayatnda
ever in his life
[hayat--n-da = in his life]
hayatmzda
ever in our life
hayatlarnda
ever in their life
Bu hayatmda okuduum en skc kitap
This is the most boring book I have ever read in my life
Bu hayatmda iinde bulunduum en zor durum.
This is the most difficult situation I have ever been in.
Hayatmda tantm en konukan / geveze insan.
He is the most talkative person I have met in my life.

Turkish Time Locutions: once, twice, several times.

bir kez, bir defa, bir kere

once
iki kez, iki defa, iki kere
twice
birok kez, defa, kere
several times
(1) hi
ever
[in positive sentences]
(2) hi
never
[in negative sentences]
Neredeydin?
Where have you been? / Where were you?
Have you ever been to Antalya?
Hi Antalya'da bulundun mu?
Have you ever been to Antalya?
Hi Antalya'ya gittin mi?
Yes,I have been there once / twice.
Evet, bir defa / iki defa / orada bulundum.
Yes,I have been there many times.
Evet, bir ok kere / bir ok kez / bir ok defa oraya gittim.
 No, I have not been/never been there.
Yo, Antalya'ya hi gitmedim.
No, I have not been/never been there.
Yo, Antalya'da hi bulunmadm.
Yo is a gentle way of saying "No!" It is not so strong as Hayr No!
Have you ever been to?
(1) Formal: -de/-da , -te / -ta bulunmak to be (found) in/on at a place

Hi Ankara' da bulundun mu?

Have you ever been to Ankara?
(2) Informal: -a /-ya , -e / -ye gitmek to go to a place

Hi Ankara' ya gittin mi?

Have you ever been to Ankara

Turkish Months, Seasons and the Weather

January ocak;
February ubat
March mart
April nisan
May mays
June haziran
July temmuz
August austos
September eyll
October ekim
November kasm
December aralk
Names of the months and weekdays are written without capitals.
Turkish Weekday Names

Sunday pazar, Paz. [LIT: market]

Monday pazartesi, Pzt. [LIT: after Sunday.]
Tuesday sal, Sa.
Wednesday aramba, rs. [LIT: 4 days after Sabbath from Persian.]
Thursday perembe, Prs. [LIT: 5 days after Sabbath from Persian.]
Friday cuma, Cum. [LIT: "reunion" Per.]
Saturday cumartesi, Cmt. [LIT: after Friday.]
An idiom: Bu i aramba pazar gibi. This job is a complete mess up. [LIT: This job is
like a Wednesday Market.]
Turkish Seasons of the Year Yl Mevsimi

ilkbahar spring
ilkbaharda. in the spring [also "bahar"]
yaz summer
 yazn "in the summer"
sonbahar autumn, fall [USA.]
[also Old Turkish: "gz"]
sonbaharda in the autumn
k winter
kn "in the winter"
The suffix -in comes from an old Ottoman Instrumental Case which is no longer used.
Turkish Cardinal Points Drt Yn

Kuzey North
Gney South
Dou East
Bati West

Turkish Weather - hava

Turkish hava Weather
berbat awful frtna storm
souk cold gne sun (n.)
scak hot gneli sunny
gzel nice scaklk temperature
harika marvellous scaklk heat
yamur rain (n.) derece degree(s)
yamak to rain emsiye umbrella
yamurlu rainy lk warm
yal stormy karl snowy
kar snow hava weather
kar yamak to snow hava tahmini wth. forecast
kar yal snowy hava durumu wth. condition
dolu hail rzgar breeze
hafif light yel wind
sert heavy poyraz breeze
durmak to stop rzgar esmek to blow
yldrm lightning rzgarl windy

Turkish Weather Expressions

Ne gzel bir gn!

What a lovely day!
Hava yarn nasl olacak?
What will the weather be like tomorrow?
Yine gneli, fakat biraz rzgarl
. It's sunny again, but a little windy.
 Ka derece?
What is the temperature?
Hava ok scak.
The weather is very hot.
Neredeyse 31 derece.
Nearly 31C (degree Celsius).
Erzurumda kar yaacan dnyor musun?
Do you think it will snow in Erzurum?
Sanmyorum. Kar iin erken.
I don't think so. It is early to snow.
Frtna olacan dnyor musun?
Do you think there will be a storm?
Sanmyorum.
I don't think so.
Ama Ar'da kar yayor.
But it is snowing in Ar.
Orada kar ya ne zaman durur?
When will it stop snowing up there?
Yaknda durur.
It will stop soon.
Yamur mu balayacak?
Will it start to rain?
Evet, birazdan yamur balayacak gibi.
Yes, looks like rain soon.
emsiyeye ihtiyacm olur mu?
Do I need an umbrella?
Sana emsiyeni yanna alman neririm.
I suggest you to get your umbrella with you.
Ne berbat hava! Saat ba deiiyor.
What an awful weather! It changes hourly.
Yamur mu yayor?
Is it raining?
Evet, yayor.
Yes, it is (raining).

Turkish Cardinal Numbers

cardinal number

number used to denote quantity; a counting number; a numerical adjective.

sfr 0
on 10
yirmi 20
otuz 30
krk 40

bir 1
on bir 11
yirmi bir 21
otuz bir 31
krk bir 41

iki 2
on iki 12
 yirmi iki 22
otuz iki 32
krk iki 42

3
on u 13
yirmi u 23
otuz u 33
krk u 43

drt 4
on drt 14
yirmi drt 24
otuz drt 34
krk drt 44

be 5
on be 15
yirmi be 25
otuz be 35
krk be 45

alt 6
on alt 16
yirmi alt 26
otuz alt 36
krk alt 46

yedi 7
on yedi 17
yirmi yedi 27
otuz yedi 37
krk yedi 47

sekiz 8
on sekiz 18
yirmi sekiz 28
otuz sekiz 38
krk sekiz 48

dokuz 9
on dokuz 19
yirmi dokuz 29
otuz dokuz39
krk dokuz 49

elli 50
altm 60
yetmi 70
seksen 80
doksan 90

elli bir 51
altm bir 61
yetmi bir 71
 seksen bir 81
doksan bir 91

elli iki 52
altm iki 62
yetmi iki 72
seksen iki 82
doksan iki 92

elli u 53
altm u 63
yetmi u 73
seksen u 83
doksan u 93

elli drt 54
altm drt 64
yetmi drt 74
seksen drt 84
doksan drt 94

elli be 55
altm be 65
yetmi be 75
seksen be 85
doksan be 95

elli alt 56
altm alt 66
yetmi alt 76
seksen alt 86
doksan alt 96

elli yedi 57
altm yedi 67
yetmi yedi 77
seksen yedi 87
doksan yedi 97

elli sekiz 58
altm sekiz 68
yetmi sekiz 78
seksen sekiz 88
doksan sekiz 98

elli dokuz 59
altm dokuz 69
yetmi dokuz 79
seksen dokuz 89
doksan dokuz 99

yz 100
iki bin 2000
oniki bin 12000
yirmi iki bin 22000
 iki yz 200
u bin 3000
onu bin 13000
yirmi u bin 23000

u yz 300
drt bin 4000
ondrt bin 14000
yirmi drt bin 24000

drt yz 400
be bin 5000
onbe bin 15000
yirmi be bin 25000

be yz 500
alt bin 6000
onalt bin 16000
yirmi alt bin 26000

alt yz 600
yedi bin 7000
onyedi bin 17000
yirmi yedi bin 27000

yedi yz 700
sekiz bin 8000
onsekiz bin 18000
yirmi sekiz bin 28000

sekiz yz 800
dokuz bin 9000
ondokuz bin 19000
otuz bin 30000

dokuz yz 900
on bn 10000
yirmi bin 20000
elli bin 50000

bin 1000
onbir bin 11000
yirmi bir bin 21000
bir milyon 1000000

About Turkish Numbers

yz 100 also means face or reason.
Cardinal numbers are followed by singular nouns.

iki ev 2 houses
be yz araba 500 cars
krk aa 40 trees
 be yz yirmi bin yedi yz elli sekiz 523,758
In English states a small general numerical amount by:
[ "Two or three.."]
two or three eggs.
Turkish says:
["three five.."]
bes yurmurta
three (or) five eggs
In Turkish the number:
krk forty
is used to signify an uncountable amount.
Krk ylda bir.
Once in forty years.
Turkish Ordinal Numbers
ordinal number

A number used to denote position in a sequence. "first, second.."

Turkish Ordinal Numbers

1st to 19th
birinci also ilk first 1st
ikinci - second 2nd
nc - third 3rd
drdnc - fourth 4th
beinci - fifth 5th
altnc - sixth 6th
yedinci - seventh 7th
sekizinci - eighth 8th
dokuzuncu - ninth 9th
onuncu - tenth 10th
on birinci - eleventh 11th
on ikinci - twelth 12th

on beinci - fifteenth 15th

on dokuzuncu - 19th
23rd to 100th
yirmi nc - twenty-third 23rd
otuz drdnc - thirty-fourth 34th
krk altnc - forty-sixth 46th
elli beinci - fifty-fifth 55th
altm yedinci - sixty-seventh 67th
yetmi sekizinci - seventy-eighth 78th
seksan ikinci - eighty-second 82nd
doksan dokuzuncu - ninety-ninth 99th
yznc - hundredth 100th
bininci - thousandth 1000th

Turkish Fractions and percentage

yarm [noun] half

 yarm elma a half an apple
yar [adj.] half
yar elma a half apple
elmann yars the apple half
buuk half [an hour, a kilo, a serving]
eyrek quarter of [an hour, a kilo, a serving]
bir one, #1, a, an
te iki [-te iki] two-thirds
[lit: three-in two] written as 3/2 in Turkish.
yzde yirmibe twenty-five percent
[Lit: one hundred-in 25] written as %25 in Turkish

Turkish Distributive Numbers One each, two each, three each

distribitive number

A numerical word that answers "how many each?"

one each
yarmar - half each
birer - one each
ikier - two each
er - three each
drder - four each
beer - five each
altar - six each
yedier - seven each
sekizer - eight each
dokuzar - nine each
onar - ten each

on birer - eleven each

twenty each
yirmier - twenty each
yirmi beer - twenty-five each
otuzar - thirty each
krkar - forty each
ellier - fifty each
yzer - a hundred each
ikier yz - two hundred each [NOT iki yzer]
biner - a thousand each
ikier bin - two thousand each [NOT iki biner]
birer milyon - a million each

Kzlara ikier elma verin.

Give the girls two apples each.
birer birer saymak
to count one by one
Paralar ikier ikier saydm.
I counted the money n twos.

Turkish Colours
 The Farsi Word: siyah
black is used for siyah zeytin black olives for eating.
Otherwise the word kara black is used for the colour black.
The figurative use is:
kara dnceleri
[dark thoughts]

Another meaning of:

kara is land, shore
karayollar
land roads (network), main roads
karakuvetleri
land forces
kara sular
territorial waters
karaburun
[LIT: land nose]
peninsular

Turkish Qualities of Colours

The suffix -(i)mtrak is used with colours to produce adjectives of color quality:
It retains the form -mtrak and does not follow vowel harmony rules.
karamtrak
blackish, darkish, dusky
sarmtrak
yellowish, sallow
mavimtrak
blueish, blued, steel coloured
Sarmtrak altuni metalik rengi
Yellowish golden metallic colour
-(i)msi is also used with colours to produce adjectives of color quality:
This suffix follows vowel harmony rules.
morumsu
purplish
mavimsi
bluish
Turkish Colours.

Colour Intensified Color

Siyah Black Simsiyah Pitch Black
Kara Black Kapkara Pitch Black
Beyaz White Bembeyaz Snow White
Krmz Red Kpkrmz Bright Red
Mavi Blue Masmavi Bright Blue
Yeil Green Yemyeil Bright Green
Mor Purple Mosmor Deep Purple
Pembe Pink Pespembe Shocking Pink
Pembe Pink Tozpembe Light (dusty) Pink
Sar Yellow Sapsar Bright Yellow

Other Turkish Colours.

Renk Color
Ak Renkli Light
Ak Renkli Light Coloured
Ak yeil Light green
Ak White
Al Red
Ala Variegated
Alacal bulucal Many coloured
Alaca buluca spotted
Altn Renkli Gold Coloured
Altuni Gold Coloured
Bej Beige
Bordo Claret
Boyal Painted, (dyed)
Boz Grey, dun, sienna
im Rengi Lime colour
ivit Rengi Indigo Colour
Eflatun Lilac
Galibarda Fuchsia
Gkkua Rainbow
Gkkua Renkli Rainbow Coloured
Gri Grey
Gl Rengi Rose colour
Gm Rengi Silver color
Gm Renkli Silver Coloured
Haki rengi Khaki, Olive drab
ki renkli, ift Renkli Bi-coloured
Kahverengi Brown
Koyu Dark (coloured)
Koyu gri Dark grey
Koyu Renkli Dark Coloured
Koyu Yeil Dark green
Lacivert Navy Blue
Meneke Rengi Violet Colour
Metalik Rengi Metallic colour
Morumsu Krmz Renk Magenta
Nefti Dark Green
Nilgn Darkish Blue
Renk / Rengi Color / its colour
Renkli Coloured
Renkler Colours
Turkuvaz Turquoise
Turuncu Orange
Uuk Renkli Lurid
Zeytin Rengi Olive Colour
The Old Turkish Words for Red Al and White Ak are mostly used in place names and family
names.
Otherwise the words beyaz white krmz red are used

Alsancak Red Banner

[an area of zmir]
Akhisar Whitefort
[a town in Turkey]
Bay Alkan Mr. Redblood
Alabalk Rainbow trout
The word kzl means red-coloured and is only used in natural situations "red-head, red-
beard, rd-wing, red deer"
Kzldeniz the Red Sea
Kzlderili American Red-indian
[LIT: red-coloured skinned]
kzltesi infra-red
kzl sal red haired
Kzlay the Red Crescent
[same as The Red Cross health service.]
Kzlrmak the Red River
[the longest river in Turkey.]

The Turkish thank you!

#Manisa Turkish# (19 years) The best Turkish grammar explanation website on the web.
 Teekkr ederim
Thank you this is used in all normal situations.
The reply is:
Bir ey deil
It is nothing
OR Rica ederim
You are welcome
[same as "bitte schn" in German]
A simple teekkrler thanks is used in shops and for small duties performed.
The more sincere sa olun stay healthy.

saol [familiar] OR saolun [polite]

[Lit: Health to you.] equates to thank you
It is more sincere than Teekkr ederim.
sen de sa ol is the response for sa ol
siz de sa olun is the reponse to sa olun.

What are the services being rendered to us?

Use sa olun be healthy, be strong is used as thank you for a service which:
(A) Did necessarily needed to be performed.
(B) For someone who has gone out of his way to help you.
Many tourists use sa olun wrongly instead of using teekkr ederim.
They copy the boy waiter's way of thanking:
Waiters often use sa olun for misguided effect.
The rule is: If in doubt use: teekkr ederim.

Turkish "thank you" Scenarios.

The waiter puts a nice meal in front of you.

Your thank you is teekkr ederim
[It is his job.]
The waiter puts a bottle of wine in front of you.
Your thank you is teekkr ederim
[It is his job.]
The waiter uncorks the bottle of wine and pours it in your glass.
Your thank you is sa olun
[he need not have performed this service.]
You ask someone the time.
He looks at his watch and says "Half past three"
Your answer is sa olun
[You have caused him to perform a service to you.]
You drop your handkerchief.
A stranger picks it up and hands it to you.
 Your answer is sa olun
[He need not have done it.]

Turkish answer to "thank you"

Another polite answer is: ne demek? what does it mean?

This expression ne demek? sounds quite comical in English.
But it really means: It doesn't matter at all.
The answer: Rica ederim is the politest one.
The recipient of your gratitude will often answer with the rejoinder sen de saol health to
you too.

Turkish Daily Talk

Gnaydn Good morning

yi akamlar Good evening
yi geceler Good night
In English the expressions Good evening and Good night are singular.
In Turkish they are plural [as is the Spanish: "Buenos Dias"]

Turkish Be happy!
Gzn aydn! "May your eyes shine!

When something which the speaker longing for comes true:

You compliment him thus:
Gzn aydn! May your eyes shine! [fam. / sing.]OR Gznz aydn [polite / plu.]
[LIT: "May your eyes shine."]
Their response is: Gzn(z) aydn Your eyes shine
The expression indicates that the others share the speaker's happiness.
The reply for Gznz aydn is Teekkr ederim

Hayrl olsun Let it be with goodness

The expression indicates the speaker's wish that the new business will bring him prosperity,
and it will be profitable.
Used when someone opens a shop or starts a new business, others say Hayrl olsun to
him.
The reply for Hayrl olsun is Teekkr ederim
When someone buys a thing, such as a new clothes, shoes or a car his friends say:
Gle gle kullan / kullann Use it with a smile.
This indicates the speaker's wish that use it with joy.
Sometimes Hayrl olsun is said in such condition.
The reply for both expressions is Teekkr ederim.

A caveat "take care..."

Many people when first learning Turkish are tempted to use the present continuous tense:
teekkr ediyorum.
This form sounds quite comical to the Turkish ear and can also be construed as being sarcastic.
Always use the present simple tense teekkr ederim and you will not go wrong or be
misunderstood.
Turkish Hello

Merhaba Hello!, Hi!

The reply for Merhaba is Merhaba
Selam Hello!, Hi!
Selam is more informal than Merhaba
Merhaba is not used for Hello! on the telephone:
The telephone answer is: Alo
Informal greetings are: Ne var? Ne yok? What is there or not?
Answered by : "yilik! Goodness!, Wellness!
Hayrola! What is up then!
Selamnaleykm: May God's peace be upon you
Used by Muslim males as a greeting to strangers in the street or tea -house:
Aleykmselam is the response to Selamnaleykm.
Ho geldin [fam. /sing.] Ho geldiniz [polite / plu.] Welcome!.
The reply is: Ho bulduk We found it well.

Turkish Goodbye.

Allahasmarladk Goodbye
Hoa kal(n) Stay well.
The person is leaving says:
Allahasmarladk [fam.]
[LIT: I leave you to God's care.]
OR Hoca kaln. [formal]
The person staying behind, says:
Gle gle Goodbye
[lit: Smiling, smiling.]
Gle gle Go well.
In formal situations Hoca kaln is better for "Goodbye!"

Turkish Daily Greetings

yi gnler! Good day!

The reply is:yi gnler OR Size de To you also.
Grrz See you later. [Lit: We will see each other.]
The reply is echoed: Grrz.
Allah rahatlk versin [Lit: May God give you peace and comfort.]
This is generally used by the members of the family at home or friends before going to bed.
The reply Sana da! And to you also.

Turkish Have a good jouney!

yi yolculuklar. Have a good journey.

Hayrl yolculuklar Have a nice journey.
yi tatiller Have a nice holiday
yi anslar Good Luck
 yi elenceler Have a nice time
Mutlu seneler. Happy new year
yi yllar. Happy new year
Doum gnn kutlu olsun! Happy birthday!
Ya gnn kutlu olsun! Happy birthday!
Afiyet olsun Bon appetite!

Turkish Well done! and Take it easy!

Kolay gelsin May it come easy.

The reply: Teekkr ederim
Used when the speaker sees someone working, busy with something.
It can be a physical, or mental work.
It indicates the speaker's wish that whatever that person is doing at the moment, may be
easy for him.
Aferin
Bravo, Well done!
Very often used in competition and especially to congratulate young children.

Turkish Sorry about it!

Affedersin(iz) Excuse me./Pardon me.

Affedersin(iz)! Merkeze nasl gidebilirim? Excuse me! How can I get to the city centre?
zr dilerim I am sorry, I apologize
Sometimes Affedersin(iz) is used instead of zr dilerim
zr dilerim sounds better in formal situations.

Ways of saying "Yes" in Turkish

Evet Yes answering "yes / no" questions..

Tamam Yes O.K
Peki Yes All right, O.K, If that's so then. [Gentle use especially by females.]
Oldu Yes That's good, agreed.
Evet, efendim Yes, sir or madam.
Var Yes there is.
Answers questions which contain: var m.? Is there.?

Ways of saying "No" in Turkish

Hayr No answering "yes / no" questions.

Olmaz No "That's not possible, I don't agree with you, That won't do."
Yok, Yo No.
[informal and gentle way of refusal.]
Answers questions containing: Yok mu? Isn't there?
Hayr efendim No sir. / No madam.
["Efendim" must be used in this case else this answer could be construed as being curt.]

Turkish Words of Condolence What a pity!

Gemi olsun May it pass away

This expression is used when a friend is ill or has had an accident: Get well soon.
 The reply: Teekkr ederim
Ban(z) Health to your head.
This equates to My condolences to you, So sorry about it.
The reply Siz de sa olun! Dostlar saolsun And to you! Thanks pal!
Ne yazk!
What a pity!
ok yazk!
Such a pity!
ok zldm.
I'm sorry to hear that.

Turkish Expressing Need and Preference

How to say: Do you like something? I like. I don't like

sevmek to love, to like

sevmemek to not love, to not like
beenmek to like
beenmemek to not like
rica etmek to request
rica etmemek to not request

Turkish I like it
Turkish uses the past tense in questions and answers of preference:
Did you like the apple?
These type of questions are also answered in the past tense:
Yes I liked the apple?
English uses both present and past tenses in these situations.

Asking Formally: Using the -iniz form for the polite you
Yemeinizi sevdiniz mi?
Did / Do you like your meal?
Yemeinizi beendiniz mi?
Did / Do you like your meal?
Yemei sevdim.
I like / liked the meal.
Yemei beendim
I like / liked the meal.
Asking Informally: Using the -in [familiar] form you
Trkiye'yi sevdin mi?
Did you like Turkey?
Trkiye'yi beendin mi?
Did you like Turkey?
Yolculuu sevdin mi?
Did you enjoy the journey?

Turkish I don't like it

Or you may "not have liked it!"
 Trkiye'yi sevdiniz mi?
Do / Did you like Turkey?
Trkiye'yi beendiniz mi?
Do / Did you like Turkey?
unu sevmedim.
I don't like / didn't like that.
unu beenmedim
I don't like / didn't like that.

unu that one in its disparaging meanings.

[see adjectives demonstratives]

Turkish "to not like something" uses the negative verbs sevmemek and beenmemek.
Yolculuunuzu sevdiniz mi?
Did you like your journey?
Hayr, yolculuumu sevmedim.
No, I didn't like my journey.
Hayr, onu beenmedim.
No, I didn't like it.
Bamyay sevmiyor musunuz?
Don't you like okra?
Yoo, bamyay sevmem.
No, I don't like okra (at all).
[simple tense implies "habitually", not occasionally.]
Ankara'y beendiniz mi?
Did you like Ankara?
Ankara'y beenmedim.
No, I didn't like Ankara.
Evet, onu ok sevidim.
Yes, I liked it a lot.
Turkish uses sing the present continuous tense to show "dislike"
Yoo, onu sevmiyorum.
No, I am not liking it.
[at the moment]

The use of Yoo for No is a polite No

It is gentler than the real negative hayr! No!.

Turkish rica etmek Don't mention it, You're welcome.

The word rica is of Arabic Origin

The pronunciation of the last letter -A is very "open"
Listen to the long "aaa" of rica ederim
thanks, you're welcome, don't mention ii, please

Turkish I love you..

Turkish says:
seni seviyorum!
[Lit: I am loving you!]
Turkish uses the continuous sense.
It is more vivid than the English simple tense I love you
Turkish Methods of Expressing Need

"Need" is expressed: istemek to want

stediiniz bir ey var m?
Is there anything that you want?
This response is: rica ederim I request
Bir havlu rica ederim
I would like a towel

ihtiya [noun.] necessity / need / requirement

Bir ihtiyacnz var m?
Is there anything that you require?
[lit: Have you a requirement?]
Evet, bir bardak su, rica ederim.
Yes, I would like a glass of water

arzu [noun.] wish, desire

Baka arzunuz var m?
Is there any thing else that you desire?

This word is often used by shop keepers, grocers:

Anything else madam?

Ho agreeable, joyful
This word is used in many idioms and daily speech.
It has many related meanings:

Ho joy is used with the auxiliary verb: gitmek to go

Houma gitti I enjoyed it [LIT: "Ho-um-a" It went to my joy.]

Turkish uses and meanings of ho

ho nice

ho agreeable ho amiable ho amusing

ho bonny ho charming ho congenial

ho cosy ho cozy ho cuddly

ho darling ho debonair ho delicious

ho enchanting ho engaging ho entertaining

ho fine ho genial ho good

ho graceful ho grateful ho tolerant

ho pleasant ho nice ho quaint

ho used with bir strange, odd, peculiar

O arky duyunca Durmu'un yz bir ho oldu.
When he heard that song Durmu got an odd look on his face.
Midem bir ho.
My stomach feels funny.
Sami'nin sylediklerine hi aldrma, kafas bir hotur.
Don't pay any attention to what Sami says, his head has gone.
Ho even if
Ho, param da olsa almazdm.
Even if I had the money I wouldnt buy it.
Ho anyway, anyhow
Ho, bunu biliyordum.
I knew this anyway.
Ho geldiniz! Welcome! [said to an arriving guest.]
The Response: Ho bulduk! [lit: we found goodness]
Thank you! [said in reply to a welcoming greeting.]
Ho geinmek /la/ to get on well with,
Mehmet'le ho geiniyoruz.
We are getting on well with Mehmet.
Ho grmek // to be tolerant of, overlook, condone
Polis, onu ho grd.
The policeman tolerated it.
Bu kan problemi ho grdk.
We tolerated the problem that happened.
Ho karlamak // to assent to, give one's assent to
Belediye, yeni ev planlarm ho karlayacak.
The Town Corporation will give assent to my new house plans.
Ho tutmak // to be nice to, make someone feel welcome
Ltfen yeni gelen turistleri ho tutunuz.
Please be nice to the newly arrived tourists
Hoa gitmek to be pleasing
Houma gitti. [Ho-um-a]
I enjoyed it. [LIT: It went to my goodness]
John'un houna gitmi [ho-u-na ]
It seems that John enjoyed it.
Houna mi gidiyor?
Are you enjoying it?
This Turkish idiom is heavily used in daily speech.
Turkish Modes of Address
Turksh Personal Addressing
The formal Turksh mode of address when you do not know the person's name or title is as
follows:
For males:
Beyefendi Sir
daily pronunciation is truncated to: Beyfendi
For females:
Hanmefendi Miss or Madam.
pronounced:Hanfendi
These are used in formal situations and to strangers.
Once names are known then bey and hanm are used after the first name.
These titles are written without a capital letter:

Mustafa bey
Mr. Mustafa
Aye hanm
Miss or Mrs. Aye
These are used in formal situations when you know the person's first name.
Also in informal situations to acquaintances, friends and even to you own family members.
Surnames are not usually used in conversational Turkish:
In formal situations:
Mustafa bey
Mr. Mustafa
Aye hanm
Mrs. Aye
OR Miss Aye
In informal situations it means a friendly:
Mustafa or Aye
with or without the title.
Turkish First names and Family names
Turkish has two words for the first name of a person:
isim [Tur.] or ad [arb.]
They can are interchangeable ; either one can be used any time.
There is no corresponding word for "surname" based in the word isim

sminiz ne?
What is your first name?
smim Aye.
My name is Aye.
isim is a noun which loses a vowel [apocopates] ism-iniz your name and ism-im my name.
The Turkish word for "surname" is soyad
 Adnz ne?
What is your first name?
Adm Ali
My name is Ali.
Soyadnz ne?
What is your surname?
Soyadm Karaca
My surname is Karaca.

Turkish Addressing a Third Person

The third person suffix is -i or - meaning his, her, its

Onun ismi ne?

What is his name?
Onun ismi Mehmet.
His name is Mehmet.
Onun ad ne?
What is her name?
Onun ad Deren.
Her name is Deren.
Onun soyad ne?
What is his surname?
Onun soyad Grses.
His surname is Grses.
If we are talking about a third person remote from us we may ask the question:
What is that man's name?
The words "man's name" are tranlated by by using the Possessive Relationship to show that the
two words belong to each other.

adamn ismi
the man's name
[Lit: the name of the man]
adamn ad
the man's name
adamn soyad
the man's surname
O Beyefendinin soyad ne?
What is that gentleman's surname?
[Lit: the surname of the man]
O Beyefendinin ismi ne?
What is that gentleman's name?
To make the sentence more conversational: I wonder what that lady's name is?
"I wonder" is translated by adding the word acaba at the beginning or end of the Turkish
question.

O Hanmefendinin ad ne, acaba?

I wonder what that lady's name is?
Acaba, Mehmet'in soyad ne?
I wonder what Mehmet's surname is?
 Kz kardeinizin ismi ne, acaba?
What is your sister's name, I wonder?

Public Use of Names and Titles

There is an increasing use of addressing people by their surname.
This method uses the word Sayn esteemed before the surname directly.
It is especially used on television in interviews.
If the interviewee's name is Musafa Kurt
He may be addressed as:
Mustafa bey
[formal and informal]
OR directly by his surname as:
Sayn Kurt Esteemed Kurt
[formal and public]
OR Bay Kurt Mr. Kurt
[polite and official.]
Bay Mr. and Sayn Esteemed are usually spelt with capital letters, but are also found in lower
case letters.
Addressing Envelopes
Sayn Mustafa Kurt
ekmece Mah.
Uzunyol Sok. Nolu: 24 D:6
Baaras Ky
02332 ZMR TRKYE
Esteemed Mustafa Kurt
ekmece District
Uzunyol Street No.24 Apt No. 6
Baaras Village
02332 IZMIR TURKEY
Turish Abbeviations used in Addresses
Sok. - Sokak Street
Nee Soka Nee Street
Cad. - Cadde Road
Liman Caddesi Liman Road
Bul. - Bulvar Avenue
Atatrk Bulvar Atatrk Avenue
Yol. - Yol Way, Route
Ankara Yolu Ankara Way
Mah. - Mahalle Local District
Gktal Mahallesi Gktal District
Asf. - Asfalt Motorway
Londra Asfalt Londra Route
D. - Daire Apartment, Suite
Apt. - Apartman Apartment
K. - Kat Floor
No. - Numara Number
Nolu. - Numarala Numbered

Turkish Greetings
In semi formal situations there is a four stage greeting procedure:

The Welcome:
ho geldin(iz)
Welcome!.
Response is:
ho bulduk
We found it well!
The Greeting:
This is an exchange of:
merhaba
Hello
The Asking after Health Stage:
naslsn(z)?
How are you?
The Response:
yiyim, teekkr ederim
I am well, thank you.
Followed by:
a question about the other's health:
siz naslsn(z)?
You, how are you?

Turkish Greetings

gnaydn
good morning, good day, good afternoon
[LIT:the day shines.]
iyi gnler
good day
iyi akamlar
good evening
[said on arrival]
iyi geceler
good night
[said on leaving company]
grmek zere
see you soon
 hoa kal
so long
[Lit: stay joyful]
The plural is used in "Good day, Good evening, Good night" similar to the Spanish "Buenos Das"

Listen to: Hoa kal "Cheerio, Goodbye"

Turkish - How to say too much, Too many.

The translation of too, too much is a common difficulty for the student of Turkish.
The dictionary equivalent is fazla in excess
OR lzumdan fazla in excess of its necessity.
Turkish too meaning very
In daily conversational Turkish ok very is used to convey the meaning too much, too many.
In such a sentence as I didn't buy it, it was too expensive , the "too" ok very.

Onu almadm, ok pahalyd.

I didn't buy it, it was too expensive.

Turkish too meaning overly, excessively

fazla in excess should be used where the context does not make sense by using ok very

Baban, seninle fazla sabrldr.

Your father is too patient with you.

Turkish too as ability to or inability to

For the type of sentence He was too tired to undress (himself)
Neither ok very or fazla in excess is suitable.
Turkish uses a special comparative type construction.

Soyunamayacak kadar yorgundu.

[LIT: He was tired the amount pertaining-to-his-future inability-to-
undress.]
He was too tired to get undressed.

Verb Forms

Basic Infinitive:
soymak
to undress somebody else
Reflexive Infinitive
soyunmak
to undress oneself
 Negative Reflexive Infinitive
soyunmamak
not to undress oneself
Negative Potential Reflexive Infinitive
soyunamamak
not to be able to undress oneself

Future Relative Reflexive Participle -ecek/-acak

Future Relative Reflexive Participle

soyunacak
a future undressing of oneself
Negative Future Relative Reflexive Participle
soyunmayacak
a future not undressing oneself
Negative Future Potential Relative Reflexive Participle
soyunamayacak
a future not being able to undress oneself

The "too" constuction is future potential relative participle + kadar + comparison verb +
person.
Sinemaya gidemeyecek kadar megulm.
I am too busy to go to the cinema.
Aye, bu yl tatil yapamayacak o kadar hastayd.
[Aye, this year her-future-inability-to-make-a- holiday that-amount ill
she was.]
Aye was too ill to go on holiday this year.
Araba gzel zaman iinde duramayacak kadar abuk sryordu.
[The car in-good-time its-future-inability-to-stop that-amount quickly
was-going.]
The car was going too fast to be able to stop in time.

Turkish too much, the "shortcut" way

pek ok too many

pek fazla too much
en ok, en fazla, pek ok most (of)
bol plenty, abundant
ok, pek ok a lot
bir yn a heap of
ynla heaps of
hayli plenty of, highly, fairly
pek ok very much
ok fazla, pek ok oodles of, overmuch

Turkish Licence Plate Numbering System

Turkish Car Plates
Turkish Cars are licensed locally in the owner's home province.
Turkish Licence Plate watching is a an interesting hobby.
You can always tell the stranger or visitor from the locals by the the first two numbers of their
licence plate.
Where is that car from?

But before you read on, this is our own car that you will see in Kawerau, Bay of Plenty, New
Zealand.
Our number plate does tell a story.
Turkish Licence Plates
It is easy to see where a Turkish vehicle come from once you know the province codes on the
number plate.
The Turkish Car Licence Plate System.

Halt the Traffic Monster which is inside

yourself!
The text format on Turkish Plates is one of the following:
PPX####, PPX#####
PPXX###, PPXX####
PPXXX##, PPXXX###
PP is a 2 digit numerical prefix denoting the province code number of the main residence of car
holder.
X is 1, 2 or 3 letters.
# is a 2, 3 or 4 digit suffix depending on the size of letters before, not exceeding than six letters
and digits together.
In some provinces, numbering is categorized in groups for tax collecting offices of different
districts.
The colouring and alphabetical coding of Car Licence Plates also indicates what type of user the
owner may be.
These codings are discussed at the end of this web page.
Traffc Laws protect Life

Let us warn those who do not conform to the Traffc Laws!

Turkish Province Codes Private Vehicles

Car Plate from Ankara (06)

TR06 K 0274
The 67 Provinces from Adana code 01 to Zonguldak code 67
Some towns were re-named and kept their original province number so the alphabetical series
was broken.
Mara code 46 became Kahramanmara
Antep became Gaziantep.

Car Plate from Istanbul (34)

TR34 ZD 8866
PP X 99999 to PP XXX 999 with black characters on white background.
PP equates to the Province Number and X or XX or XXX is alphabetic.

A Taxi plate from Aydin (09)

TR09 T 4361
Black characters on white background, with Letter "T" in first position as alphabetic identifier
Turkish Official Vehicles

Zabita plate from Manisa (45)

TR45 M 3767
PP X 99999 to PP XXX 999 (White characters on black background) where PP equates to the
Province Number and X or XX or XXX is alphabetic.
Used by Town Corporations and Officials on business.
The Zabita are local corporation uniformed officers for control of prices etc.
Province Government Vehicles

A Province Government plate from Aydin (09)

TR09 AA 115
PP A 9999 (Red characters on white background, with single or double letter "A" in red as
identifier for Provincial Official Car Licence).
This car a Province Government Vehicle for Aydin (Province Code 09).
It is parked in the Provincial Government Office car park.
Police Vehicles

A Police vehicle plate from Aydin (09)

TR09 A 8583
PP A 9999 or PP AA 9999 or PP AAA 999 (White characters on Blue background , with single
letter "A" or double letter "AA" or triple letter "AAA" as alphabetic Identifier for police vehicles.)
This vehicle is parked outside a local police station in the Province of Aydin.
Turkish Military Vehicle Car Plates

Turkish Jandarma vehicle plate.

709133
Black characters on white background in 999 999 format.
The Turkish Jandarma are military forces of law enforcement.
They are trained and supplied by the army but they assume duties under the Minister of Interior.
Their area of jurisdiction is outside city centres in the country where population density is low.
Most tourist sites are also areas of Jandarmas jurisdiction because their average population
throughout the year are not high enough to fall under the police departments.
Special Licence Plates
International Organizations

TR09 B 446

PP B 999 or 99 B 9999
(Blue characters on White background with single letter B as
alphabetic identifier for International organizations such as UNESCO
etc..)

Diplomatic Corps

TR06 CF 057

PP CA 999 to PP CZ 999
(White characters on green background with "CA" to "CZ" as
alphabetic identifier)

Consular Vehicles

TR01 CP 445

PP CA 999 to PP CZ 999
(Green characters on white background - with letters "CA" to "CZ"
alphabetic identifier)

Temporary Vehicles

TR34 G 1757

PP G 9999
(Black characters on Yellow background - with single letter "G" as
alphabetic identifier)

Temporary Customs Vehicles

TR35 GMR 86

PP GMR 999
(Red characters on Green background - with letter group "GMR"
gmrk customs as alphabetic identifier.)

Foreign Temporary Residents

TR16 MB 226

PP MA 999 to PP MZ 999
(Black characters on white background - with "MA" to "MZ" as
alphabetic identifier for foreigners with temporary residence permit)

Test Vehicles

TR26 T 2167
PP T 9999
(red characters on white backgroundwith single letter "T" as Test
Vehicle Identifier)

Taxis (optional)

TR67 TRF 834

PP TXX 999
(black characters on white background with Letter "T" in first position
as alphabetic identifier)

Special Official State License Plates

Yellow on
red
State President CB 001 background
in CB ###
format.
Yellow on
red
Members of Parliament TBMM 081 background
in TBMM
### format.
Yellow on
red
Prime Minister and Civil Servants 0063 background
in ####
format.
Yellow on
red
Province Governor 45 0026 background
in PP 9999
format

Turkish Personalized Plates zel Kiisel Plkalar

Here are some examples of Turkish Personalized car plates.
They are more expensive then normal issue.

Bursa Spor (1963) Football Club

The Turkish shown above the
number translates as: The Mad
Crocodiles

Antalya Youth Spor (1966) Football Club

The Turkish shown above the
number translates as: 07 Youth

Beikta JK (1903) Football Club Beikta Jimnastik Kulb (commonly

 Beikta JK.
Beikta Gymnastics Club) is a
professional sports club founded in 1903
and based in Beikta district in Istanbul,
Turkey.
Their nickname is the "Black Eagles" and
their playing strip is Black and White
stripes.
The Turkish written above the number
says The Eagle's Nest

Turkish Province Codes

 #01 Adana

#23
#24 Elaz
Erzincan

#42
#43 Konya
Ktahya

#64
#65 Uak
Van
#02 #25 Erzurum #44 Malatya #66 Yozgat
Adyaman
#26 #45 Manisa #67
#03 Afyon Eskiehir #46 Zonguldak
#04 Ar #27 Kahramanm #68 Aksaray
#05 Amasya Gaziantep ara #69 Bayburt
#06 Ankara (Antep) #47 Mardin #70
#07 Antalya #28 Giresun #48 Mula Karaman
#08 Artvin #29 #49 Mu #71 Krkkale
#09 Aydn Gmhane #50 Nevehir #72 Batman
#10 Balkesir #30 Hakkari #51 Nide #73 rnak
#11 Bilecik #31 Hatay #52 Ordu #74 Bartn
#12 Bingl #32 Isparta #53 Rize #75
#13 Bitlis #33 el #54 Sakarya Artdahan
#14 Bolu (Mersin) - Adapazar #76 Idr
#15 Burdur #34 stanbul #55 Samsun #77 Yalova
#16 Bursa #35 zmiri #56 Siirt #78 Karabk
#17 #36 Kars #57 Sinop #79 Kilis
anakkale #37 #58 Sivas #80
#18 ankr Kastamonu #59 Tekirda Osmaniye
#19 orum #38 Kayseri #60 Tokat #81 Dzce
#20 Denizli #39 Krklareli #61 Trabzon
#21 #40 Krehir #62 Tunceli
Diyarbakr #41 Kocaeli - #63 Urfa -
#22 Edirne zmit anlurfa
Turkish Toilet Signs

Turkish Umumi Hela Public Toilet Pictures

Yz Numara Number 100
French slang for "Public Toilet" is "Sans Numero" [ENG
LIT: un-numbered]
Because the French pronounciation of "Cent Numero"
[FR:#100] is the same as "Sans Numero".

It became transliterated into Turkish as "Yz Numera"

[TUR:#100].

Now for some Toilet talk - in pictures

LIT: Rubbish those-who-throw seen-being-on
punished-be-will (beaten-will-be-definitely).
Lady - Man matters-it not!
Anyone seen throwing rubbish will be
punished (beaten up!). Lady or man it does
not matter!
Before we all decide not to go to the toilet in
Rubbish is our Turkey in case we get attacked by the toilet
business, and we do mean business! cleaner:
Put your minds at rest that in this case.
 I guess that the poor chap had just about had
enough with his clients' behaviour

A visit to the Toilet

When I'm cleaning windows!
Kap pencere(re)ler boyand iin. Tuvat
kapal tutuluyor.
Because the door windows are being painted,
the toilet is being kept closed..
Our toilet keeper has mis-spelt "pencere" as
First of all let us hope "pencere(re)"
that the toilet is open. He is going well on spelling today as "tuvalet"
has been written as "tuvat"]

Once inside we are still under supervision.

Sifonu ektiinizde WC'den knz.
When you have pulled the chain, leave the toilet.
ektiinizde
[ek-ti-iniz-de]
Don't forget to pull the on your which you having pulled
chain! An Objective Participle personalized by "-iniz-" and
suffixed with "-de"

And keep to the rules on disposals.

Ltfen slak p poeterinizi kova ii braknz.
Please leave your wet rubbish wipe inside the
bucket.
What a shame that after laboriously writing a long
Always
sentence as a single word, that the writer has made
use the receptacle provided.
a spelling mistake poeter should be poet

And on the way out

Ltfen pantolon fermuarn veya dmesini
tuvaletin iinde ap kapatn - Bakan
Please open and close your trouser zip or buttons
inside the toilet - Chief

Please Adjust Let us separate the suffixes:

you dress before leaving [Ltfen pantolon fermuar--n- veya
dme-si-n-i tuvalet-in i-in-de a-p
kapat-n - Bakan]

And don't forget to wash you hands

 "Temiz ol ki herkes sevsin"
Be clean so that everybody likes
Let us maintain good hygiene you
standards [sevsin = let them like]

One more thing before you leave

Tuvaleti kullandktan sonra - kapy ak

braknz
After using the toilet, leave the door open.
-diktan sonra = after doing.
konutuktan sonra = after talking
And leave the toilet
yzdkten sonra = after swimming..
door open

And now, pay up and look happy

Bu dnyada borcunu vermeyen br dnyaya
sulu gider (tuvalet paras).
He who does not pay his dues in this world goes to
the next world in debt (Toilet Payment).
Ltfen! cretinizi yukarya deyiniz. demeden
gitmeyiniz!
Please pay your fee upstairs. Without paying you
do not go!
As you can see it is inescapable to leave without
Its your paying.
money they're after But it looks as if many have tried, and they have
left under a curse

And on the ferryboat.

A sign in the toilet on the ferry that plies

between Konak and Karya across the Gulf
of Izmir
I leave the translation of this sign to your
imagination,

Jolly good The authorities obviously do not want to soil

the sailing waters
boating weather

And a Postscript
Showing that kmamak can also mean Don't get on
No translation needed to..!
 Go out!, Get off!

The story of that "Number 100", a longer more complete version.

Turkish has many names for 'toilet':

yz numara Number 100

lavabo lavatory
ayakyol the foot rut
hela closet
kenef bog, shithouse
The main one of these is "Number 100"
Well then, why not "Number 99"??
Many words have been taken from another language and "Number 100" is one of them.
It is taken from the French.
Why is that?
The reason is that in France the toilets are unnumbered rooms in the buildings.
Because they have not been given an number, they are called 'numberless' i.e. "without number"
"sans numro" in French.
So where did the Turkish Yz Numara Number 100 come from?
When the the French say 'Number 100' they say in French "Cent numro"
Now "sans" "without" and "cent" "100" have the same pronunciation in French.
In translating to Turkish the "Number 100" "yuz numara" came to mind!!
So In Turkey we call the toilet "Yuz numara - Number 100"
A Ministerial Circular to all provinces on the subject of Public Toilets
Umumi Helalar Hakknda Genelge
T.C. SALIK BAKANLII
Temel Salk Hizmetleri Genel Mdrl
SAYI:B100TSH0100005/5847 ANKARA
KONU:Umumi Helalar 01.05.2000
GENELGE 2000/36
LG. 25.04.1995 tarih ve 05051 sayl genelgemiz.
ehir ve kasabalar ile kylerde yeterli miktarda umumi helann bulunmas, umumi helalarn gerekli
teknik ve hijyenik artlara sahip olmalar, fert, toplum ve evre salnn korunmas asndan
nem arz etmektedir.
1593 sayl Umumi Hfzshha Kanununun "Shhi Tekilat" balkl birinci babnn, "Vilayet Hususi
dareleri ve Belediyeler" balkl drdnc fasl, 20nci maddede, umumi mahallerde halkn
salna zarar veren amilleri izale, belediyelerin ifayla grevli olduklar grevler arasnda
saylmtr.
"ehir ve Kasabalar Hfzshhas" balkl on birinci babn " Mecralar ve Mzahrefat mhas" balkl
ikinci fasl, 249uncu maddede, belediyelerce ehir ve kasaba dahilinde kirlenmeye meydan
vermemek zere uygun mahallerde fenne uygun ekilde helalar tesis olunaca ve mevcutlarn
slah olunaca, belediye tekilat olmayan yerlerde bu zorunluluun ky ihtiyar heyetlerine ait
olduu, cadde ve sokaklarda, meskenler yaknnda ve belediyelerce tayin edilecek hudutlar
dahilinde akta def'i hacet etmenin ( ihtiya giderme) kesin surette men edilecei, 282nci
maddede, bu kanunda yazl yasaklara aykr hareket edenler veya zorunluluklara uymayanlar
hakknda uygulanacak cezalar.3
Ek Madde 1'de, bu kanunda yazl sular ileyenler hakknda 303nc maddede yazl kimseler
tarafndan dzenlenen tutanaklarn aksi sabit oluncaya kadar muteber olduu,
Ek Madde 2'de, bu kanunun 69uncu maddesi gereince alnm olan tedbirlerden evre sal ile
ilgili olanlara uyulmamas halinde uygulanacak cezalar,
Ek Madde 3'de, bu kanun kapsamna giren ve umumun salna ilikin davalara, mahkemelerce,
Mehut Sularn Muhakeme Usul Kanununun 1inci maddesindeki yer ve 2nc maddesindeki
zaman kaydna baklmakszn sust hkmlerine gre baklaca ve hkmler kesinletikten
sonra bunlarn birer suretinin Cumhuriyet Savclklarnca dorudan doruya Bakanlmza
gnderileceine ilikin hkmler yer almaktadr.
19.03.1971 tarih ve 13783 sayl Resmi Gazetede yaymlanarak yrrle giren "Lam Mecras
naas Mmkn Olmayan Yerlerde Yaplacak ukurlara Ait Ynetmelik" te, helalar, hela ukurlar
ve tasfiye tesislerine ilikin olarak, genel hkmler, yersel koullara gre seilecek sistemlerin
eitleri, helalarn ve tasfiye tesislerinin yerletirilmesi, yap esaslar, hesap esaslar, tesislerin
projelendirilmesi ve hesaplanmas, dezenfeksiyon, iletme ve bakma dair hkmler ile dier
hkmler bulunmaktadr.
"TS 8357- Halka ve Mterilere Ak WC'lerin Snflandrlmas ve zellikleri" Standardnda umumi
helalarla ilgili zellikler verilmitir.
Fert, toplum ve evre salnn korunmas ve gelitirilmesi erevesinde;
ehir ve kasabalar ile kylerde, uygun mahallerde, ihtiyaca yetecek lde ve miktarda, gerekli
teknik ve hijyenik artlara sahip umumi helalarn belediyeler ve ky ihtiyar heyetlerince tesis
edilmesi ve ettirilmesinin,
Mevcut umumi helalarn slah edilmesi ve ettirilmesinin,
Cadde ve sokaklarda, bulvarlarda, meydanlarda, umuma ak alanlarda, meskenler yaknnda,
belediyeler ve ky ihtiyar heyetlerince gerektiinde l ve le Umumi Hfzshha Meclislerinin
grleri alnarak tayin edilecek hudutlar dahilinde akta def'i hacet etmenin (ihtiya giderme)
kesin surette men edilmesinin,
Belediyelerce kanalizasyonu yaplm olan yerlerdeki umumi helalarn atk sular ve sv atklarnn
bu kanallara balanmasnn,
Kanalizasyon sistemi bulunmayan yerlerde, kanalizasyon ve umumi tasfiye (artm) tesisleri
yaplncaya kadar, umumi helalarn, hela ukurlarnn ve tasfiye tesislerinin, " Lam Mecras
naas Mmkn Olmayan Yerlerde Yaplacak ukurlara Ait Ynetmelik" te ngrlen sistemler,
yerletirilme, projelendirme ve hesap, yap, dezenfeksiyon, iletme ve bakm esaslar ve ilgili
hkmlerine uygun olarak tesis edilmesi ve iletilmesinin,
Umumi helalarda oluan sv atklar ve atk sularn, tekniine uygun toplanmasnn, evre kirliliine
neden olmayacak, haere ve vektrler ile temasn nleyecek, koku ve dier faktrler asndan
problem oluturmayacak ekilde kapal bir sistemle ehir kanalizasyonuna verilmesinin, ehir
kanalizasyonu yok ise kanalizasyon ve umumi tasfiye tesisleri yaplncaya kadar, " Lam Mecras
naas Mmkn Olmayan Yerlerde Yaplacak ukurlara Ait Ynetmelik" hkmlerine, usulne,
tekniine ve dier ilgili mevzuata uygun olarak izale ve bertarafnn,
Umumi helalarda ime ve kullanma suyu niteliini haiz, srekli akar ve basnl vaziyette su
bulundurulmasnn,
Umumi helalarn temiz ve bakml, tesisat ve malzemelerinin kullanlr ve alr vaziyette
olmasnn,
Umumi helalarn gerekli teknik ve hijyenik artlar ile "TS 8357- Halka ve Mterilere Ak WC'lerin
Snflandrlmas ve zellikleri" Standardndaki zelliklere uygun olmalarnn,
Belediye snrlar ierisindekiler iin Trk Standartlar Enstitsnn ilgili birimlerinden Hizmet
Yeterlilik Belgesi alnmas ve aldrlmasnn,
Umumi helalarla ilgili her ehir, kasaba ve ky iin bir veya birden fazla sorumlu
grevlendirilmesinin,
Helalarn yapm, kullanm, bakm ve temizlii ile evre ve toplum sal asndan nemi, vcut
hijyeni gibi konularda ilgililerin ve halkn eitiminin temini;
Konuya ilikin, Valiliinizce srekli ve periyodik kontrol ve denetimlerin yaplmas ve yaptrlmas;
Kontrol ve denetim sonularna gre,
Konuya dair yasaklara aykr hareket edenler, zorunluluklara uymayanlar, alnm olan tedbirlere
uymayanlar,
Uygun mahallerde, ihtiyaca yetecek lde ve miktarda, gerekli teknik ve hijyenik artlara sahip
umumi helalar tesis etmeyen belediyeler ve ky ihtiyar heyetleri,
Mevcut umumi helalar slah etmeyenler ve ettirmeyenler,
Cadde ve sokaklarda, bulvarlarda, meydanlarda, umuma ak alanlarda, meskenler yaknnda,
belediyeler ve ky ihtiyar heyetlerince tayin edilen hudutlar dahilinde akta def'i hacet edenler
(ihtiya giderenler),
Umumi helalar temiz ve bakml, gerekli teknik ve hijyenik artlara uygun bulundurmayanlar,
Umumi hela atk sular ve sv atklarn usulne ve tekniine ve ilgili mevzuatna uygun ekilde
izale ve bertaraf etmeyenler,
Umumi helalarla ilgili sorumlu/sorumlular grevlendirmeyenler, hakknda ilgili mevzuat
dorultusunda, Valiliinizce gerekli her trl ilemin yaplmas ve yaptrlmas;
ehir ve kasabalar ile kylerde, yeterli miktarda umumi helann bulunmas, umumi helalarn gerekli
teknik ve hijyenik artlara sahip olmalar, akta def'i hacet etmenin (ihtiya giderme) nlenmesi,
vcut hijyenine ilikin halkn eitimi iin Valiliinizce gerekli her trl tedbirin alnmas ve
aldrlmas; hususlarnda bilgilerinizi ve gereini, genelgemizin Kaymakamlklar, Belediye
Bakanlklar, Ky htiyar Heyetleri, l ve le Umumi Hfzshha Meclisleri ve liniz Kamuoyuna ve
ilgili birimlere duyurulmasn arz ve rica ederim.
Do.Dr. Osman DURMU Bakan .......... (MZA)
EK: l standart rnei ( 8 shf.)
DAITIM GERE.
81 L VALL (l Salk Mdrl)
The Origins of Turkish.
The Turkish Language originated in The Altai Mountain Range in Northern Siberia centuries ago.
For this reason it is called an Altaic Language.
Turkish is spoken from the borders of Greece into the hinterland of Western China.
While the Ottoman Empire flourished Turkish was spoken from Vienna to Arabia, Egypt and
Northern Africa.
As nomads expanded further into Asia Minor they brought their language to Turkmenistan,
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and Turkic countries.
Many of these languages are mutually intelligible although vocabulary usage, spelling and
alphabet may differ.
They all exhibit the same grammatical structure of agglutination and vowel harmony.
The Turkish vocabulary contains many words from Arabic, Persian and European languages.
These imported words follow the basic grammar and vowel harmony of native Turkish.
An Overview of The Turkish Language.

Nouns are suffixed with possessor and the motion or location words are then added.
These suffixes show motion towards, motion from, static location of that object.
Suffixes change spelling to harmonze with the parent word.
Similarly a consonants may change for ease of pronunciation.
Suffixes are added verb stems to indicate its positive or negative form.
Further suffixes are then added for tense and person.
Further moods may, might, can, can't, must are added thus producing new verbs.
There is no definite article "the" as a subject.
There is a specifier "the" as a direct object suffix.
There are no gender forms (no "le" or "la" as in French) in Turkish.
One single word is used for "he, she, it"
Adjectives describe their noun and remain in their basic form.
There being no gender thus no gender agreement is required.
The sentence form is SOV Subject, Object, Verb.

The Structure of Turkish.

Turkish is not a Classical Structured Language.
Turkish grammar is not looked on by the Turks themselves as a Classical Structured Language.
Turkish has its own grammar rules which are not based on the Classical System as those in Latin
or Greek.
Most Turkish grammars for foreigners are written by linguists and grammarians.
Usually authored in consort with a Turkish national.
They tend to use a classical language framework.
Consequently most grammars are peppered with such classic terms as accusative, dative, locative
and ablative together with such tenses and moods as aorist, subjunctive.
Manisa Turkish uses Turkish grammar nomenclature.
Many classical grammar terms have been discarded.
Structure of Turkish Words.
The structure of Turkish words is vowel + consonant.
A vowel always follows a consonant and a consonant always follows a vowel.
There are no diphthongs in Turkish words, other than imported foreign exceptions.
In order to preserve this rule certain consonants are inserted as "buffers" between vowels.
These buffers are always Y, N, S.
Turkish Grammar Rules
Post positions are used instead of prepositions.
Suffixes added to verb stems indicate positive or negative forms.
Further suffixes produce a new verbs of the "passive, reflexive, causative, potential, desire"
moods.
Further suffixes are added for tense and person.
Nouns are also suffixed with possessor my, your etc. and noun condition to, from, in, by.
The subject definite article and grammatical gender are lacking
Adjectives precede their noun and do not have to agree in number or case.

Turkish Grammar Characteristics

Vowel Harmony:
[echoing previous vowel]
The vowels of suffixes must mirror the final vowel of the root word being suffixed.
Consonant Mutation:
[consonant change]
Spelling changes are made to preserve phonetic euphony with actual pronunciation.
English has some consonant change but not for the same reasons.
Agglutination:
[word suffixation.]
Suffixes are attached to the end of nouns indicating position and movement
Verbs:
are suffixed with tense and person.
The Possessive Relationship:
[gentitive ownership]
Both the "possessor" and "possessed" are suffixed.

About Turkish Grammar

Turkish Grammar is Regular there no exceptions.
It differs in both grammatical structure and vocabulary from the Indo European Group, English,
Spanish, French.
The Turkish Alphabet:
Voice sounds are separated into two main groups, consonants and vowels.
When there is no obstacle to a voice then the sound is called a vowel.

Consists of twenty-one consonants and eight vowels.

The Turkish alphabet is phonetic as each letter always retains it own sound.
In English the sound of the letters can change: a does in fat, fate, fare
Turkish has no such pronunciation change to letters of the alphabet.
Letter Y is considered as a consonant in Turkish.

Turkish Adjectives:
Adjectives and adjectival phrases precede their noun and do not agree in number.
Turkish is a descriptive language : adjectives abound.
If Turkish can make something into an adjective then it will do so.
Being an descriptive language an adjective or adjectival phrase always preceded its noun:
kara kedi a black cat as in English.
Turkish makes great use of adjectival phrases and clauses to describes nouns, actions and
thoughts.
In English we may say:
The black cat with the long tail which is sitting on the mat looks hungry.
Turkish describes the cat not only as black, but also where and upon what it is sitting together with
any other attributes, such as its long tail:

Minderin stnde oturan uzun kuyruklu kara kedi a grnyor.

On the mat which-is-sitting long tailed black cat hungry looks.
In Turkish the subject and object are described adjectivally with regards to place and disposition.
Once all the describing is done, the verb is placed last in the sentence.
Turkish Vowel Harmony:
The majority of Turkish Vowels are always pronounced quite short.
There is no lengthening of vowels.
For Turkish learners this sometimes makes understanding difficult.
There is little and light stress in Turkish pronunciation.
Turkish has eight vowels.
Four pairs (A-E I- O- U-)
Their corresponding front / back, and rounded / unrounded sounds form the basis for vowel
harmony rules.
The 4 A-Undotted Vowels a o u are pronounced the back of the mouth as English.
The 4 E-Dotted Vowels e i are pronounced at the front of the mouth as French.
Vowel Harmony Reference

A-UnDotted Vowels follow each other.

E-Dotted Vowels follow each other.
All original Turkish words are pronounced either:

Entirely containing A-UnDotted Vowels:

kaplar doors
bulmacalar their crosswords
Entirely containing E-Dotted Vowels:
evlerinden from their house
kyller the villagers.
Most suffixes follow the Rule of Vowel Harmony
Adding: -de in, on, at
ev house
evde [ev-de] in the house.
Adding: -den from
evden [ev-den] from the house.
The suffixes de and den harmonize with the final vowel in the word ev.
Similarly adding suffix -da in, on, at
oda room
odada [oda-da] in the room
Adding: -dan from
odadan [oda-dan] from the room
These suffixes harmonize with the final vowel of the word oda.
Noun and verb suffixes follow vowel harmony.
Examples to form Plural Nouns:

Plural Suffix -lar suffixed to kap produces doors kaplar.

-ler suffixed to kyl produces villagers kyller.

Consonant Mutation:
Changes in pronunciation and spelling of consonants to preserve phonetics and euphony.

The Voicing of Consonants.

A Voiced Consonant is one where the voice box is used to produce the sound d b are in this
category.
An Unvoiced Consonant is where the voice is silent and only air is expelled to produce the sound
such as t p.
In certain circumstances changes are made to the spelling of consonants.
If the pronunciation of a consonant changes the spelling also changes to reflect this.
English Consonant Change
There is some consonant mutation in English.
The terminal -y of lady changes to an -ie- in the plural ladies
The terminal -f of knife changes to a -v- in the plural knives.
Turkish has consonant change on a larger scale than English.

Turkish Consonant Change: k to and d to t.

The main changes that occur in Turkish words is that a terminal -k may change to a - (soft
g) when a suffix with a vowel is added.
The first letter -d of a suffix may change to a -t adding suffixes to [ f h k p s t]
ge + dim becomes getim [ge-tim] I passed
There are also some other minor consonant changes.

Agglutination:
[a "gluing together"]
Agglutination a "sticking on to"

The putting together of language particles.

Each expresses a single definite meaning thus forming a new word.

Suffixes add to the word's meaning and / or mark its grammatical function.
ev house becomes evlerden [ev-ler-den] from the houses)
In English there are many words which agglutinate (extend) to form other words.
The word argue can be agglutinated to argument by sticking on a -ment suffix.
Further suffixes: -ative giving argumentative
-ly suffix to formargumentatively.
This is the way of Turkish. Words like "in, from, at" are suffixed to nouns to produce an
extended word.

Turkish Verbs:
Always come at the end of the sentence.
Sentence construction follows the "SOV" subject-object-verb pattern.
There are no irregular verbs in Turkish. One single conjugation is used for all verbs.
Turkish Verbs follow vowel harmony rules.
All verbs belong to one of two groups determined by their infinitive form.

The A-UnDotted Vowel Group Verbs end in -mak

[bakmak to look]
The E-Dotted Vowel Group Verbs end in -mek
[kesmek to cut]
The suffixes for all -mak verbs consist of A-UnDotted Vowels.
bakmak to look becomes:
bakacak [bak-acak] he will look.
The suffixes of -mek verbs consist of E-Dotted Vowels: gelmek to come:
gelecek [gelecek] He will come.
Due to Vowel harmony the future suffix may be -acak or -ecek
All suffixes can have multiple spellings due to Vowel Harmony.
The Six Turkish Noun Conditions.
These six conditions are suffixed to the root word according to Vowel Harmony Rules.
The vowels of the suffix match the final vowel of the root word.
Title Condition (Nominative)
The root word which carries no suffix.
The subject is considered as being specific.
el hand, the hand.
Ownership Condition (Genitive)
-in -n -un -n
The condition of "belonging to" of, 's in English
elin [el-in] the hand's, of the hand.
Specific Object Condition (Accusative)
-i/-/-u/-
The Direct Object specific "the"
eli [el-i] the hand
Movement Towards Condition (Dative)
-a/-e
The Condition of Movement Towards to, towards
ele [el-e] to / towards the hand.
Static Position Condition (Locative)
-da/-de or -ta/-te
The Condition of Place and Position in, on, at
elde [el-de] in / on / at the hand.
Movement Away Condition (Ablative)
-dan/-den or -tan/-ten
The Condition of Movement Away from, by, via
elden [el-den] from / by / via the hand.
Turkish Lack of Gender.
There is no gender distinction in Turkish
Turkish does not have gender pronouns "he / she / it."
There are no "le" and "la" problems as in French, Italian
Turkish only has one word for he, she and it, namely o.
Turkish Definite Articles
Turkish does not have a subject definite article "the".
The object of a verb does have a objective suffix "the" in Turkish.
This is one of the difficulties for those learning Turkish.
English does not distinguish between subject "the" and object "the"
English uses the definite article "the" to make both the subject and the object specific.
Turkish Nouns
The Subject (nominative)
There is no separate Definite Article "the" in Turkish.
The subject is already considered as specific in Turkish.
Fincan masada.
The cup is on the table.
[fincan "The cup" subject not suffixed]
The Subject: the cup fincan is considered as definitive (specific) in Turkish.
It is the way of saying "the" cup as a subject.
The Object (accusative)
An accusative suffix -(y)i -(y) -(y)u -() is added to objects to signify "the".
This is difficult for English speakers.
English uses the definite article "the" to distinguish the object of a sentence.
Masadaki fincan bana verin.
Give me the cup which is on the table.
[fincan fincan- "The cup" object - is suffixed]
It is the way of saying "the" cup as an object.
Turkish Word Order.
Word order is regular, but differs from English:

Adjectival Descriptions of Subject.

The Subject.
Time Clauses.
Adjectival Descriptions of Object.
The Object.
The Verb.
The verb is always last in a sentence.
Turkish punctuation normally puts a comma after the subject of a sentence.
The subject may be extended by a long adjectival description.

The man with the fishing rods in his hands [a long described subject] will be [verb] at your
friend's 50th birthday party [a long described object] tomorrow night. [time phrase]
Ellerinde oltas olan adam, yarn gece arkadann 50'ci doum gn partisinde
bulunacak.
Hands-his-in fishing-rod-the which-are man [a described and suffixed subject] tomorrow
night [time phrase] friend-your-of 50th birthday party-his-at [a described and suffixed object]
and at last [the verb] will be.

Foreign Influence on Turkish Vocabulary

Turkish has imported many words from French:
televizyon tlvision
mzisyen musician
kuafr coiffure
These words have been modified phonetically to use the Turkish Alphabet.
Spelling accords to Turkish phonetics.
Both front and back vowels are within foreign imports which is unnatural for Turkish.
Such is true for the numerous Turkish words of Arabic origin:
mektup letter, merhaba hello
and of Persian origin as hane office
Vowel harmony does not occur in the word itself.
The final vowel of the word determines the vowel harmony for suffixation.
The buffer letter -S-
Only used with the third person suffix - -i -u - he, she, it
It becomes -si -s -s -su when added to a root word which ends in a vowel.
It is not used in any other instance.
Turkish Buffer Letter -S-
Simple Noun Meaning Suffixed Meaning
kedi cat kedisi his / her cat
 [kedi-si]
emsiyesi
emsiye umbrella his / her umbrella
[emsiye-si]
kaps
kap door his / her / its door
[kap-s]
paltosu
palto overcoat his /her overcoat
[palto-su]
ts
t flatiron his /her iron
[t-s]
arabas
araba car his / her car
[araba-s]
kuzusu
kuzu lamb his / her lamb
[kuzu-su]

Turkish buffer letter -Y-

Buffer letter -Y- is only used with simple nouns
Buffer -Y is used ON PLAIN SIMPLE UNSUFFIXED NOUNS with the direct object Condition suffix
-i the
It becomes -yi -y -yu -y when added to a root word which ends in a vowel.
kedi cat kediyi
[kedi-yi]
the cat [obj.]
banka bank bankay
[banka-y]
the bank [obj.]
Buffer -Y is used ON PLAIN SIMPLE UNSUFFIXED NOUNS with the the Movement Toward
Condition [dative] -a, -e to, towards
It becomes -ya -ye when added to a root word which ends in a vowel.
kedi cat kediye
[kedi-y-e]
to the cat
banka bank bankaya
[banka-y-a]
to the bank
baba father babaya
[baba-y-a]
to the father
The buffer letter -N- with Ownership Condition
Buffer letter -N- is always used for the Ownership condition [genitive] -in -n -n -un
It becomes -nin -nn -nn -nun for "owners" that end in a vowel.
Bare nouns in the ownership condition do not use -Y- as a buffer letter.
Turkish Buffer letter -N- Ownership Condition
Bare Noun Extended Noun

kprnn kprsnn
of the brdge, the brdge's of his brdge, his brdge's
[kpr-nn] [kpr-s-nn]

masann masalarnn
of the table, the table's of their table, their table's
[masa-nn] [masa-lar-nn]

pencerenin penceresinin
of the window, the window's of its window, its window's
[pencere-nin] [pencere-si-nin]

yolcunun yolcularnn
of the traveller, the traveller's of ther traveller, the traveller's
[yolcu-nun] [yolcu-lar-nn]

Buffer letter -N- is used with nouns that have already been suffixed.
This shift of buffer letter y to n enables the listener to discern that the word is already agglutinated
(extended) by previous suffixes.
Buffer letter -N is used on ALREADY SUFFIXED NOUNS
kedisi his/her cat kedisini
[kedi-si-ni]
his/her cat
[3rd person possessed object]
bankas his/her bank bankasn
[banka-s-n]
his/her bank
[3rd person possessed object]
kedileri their cat kedilerine
[kedi-leri-ne]
to their cat
[3rd person plural possessed motion toward]
The Buffer Letter -N- with -da/-de and -dan/-den
The suffixes -de and -dan are added directly to basic nouns
kedi cat kedide
[kedi-de]
on the cat
kediden
[kediden]
from the cat
kap door kapda
[kap-da]
on / at the door
kapdan
[kapdan]
from the door
They become -nda/-nde and -ndan/-nden when added to ALREADY SUFFIXED nouns.
This is to separate them from the extended word:
kedisi his/her cat kedisinde
[kedi-si-nde]
on his/her cat
kedisinden
[kedi-si-n-den]
from his/her cat
kaps his/her door kapsnda
[kap-s-nda]
on/at his/her door
kapsndan
[kap-s-n-dan]
from his/her door
Buffer Letter -n used with Suffixes of Location -nde -nda and Movement -nden -ndan
-de and -den require a buffer -n- when added to an extended word.
Simple Noun Extended Noun
bankadan bankasndan
from the bank from his bank
[banka-dan] [banka-s-ndan]
bankada bankasnda
in/at the bank in/at his bank
[banka-da] [banka-s-nda]
bankalardan bankalarndan
from the banks from their bank(s)
[banka-lar-dan] [banka-lar-ndan]
evden evinden
from the house/from home from his house/home
[ev-den] [ev-i-nden]
evlerde evlerinde
in the houses in their houses
[ev-ler-de] [ev-leri-nde]

Recognition of Turkish Parts of Speech

In English we have many little suffixes such as -ness, -ly, -tion
These suffixes modify words and meanings from existing nouns and words.
The same exists in the Turkish language on a larger scale.
Sometimes (as in English) the connection of the modified word is not always apparent from the
original.
This list of turkish word Suffixes can help to recognize parts of speech and take an educated
guess at the actual meaning of the word in question.
It is all part of the language learning curve.
New words have to be learnt and being able to recognize word endings can often be a help in
reading and communicating.
Forming Turkish nouns and adjectives

-lk -lik -luk -lk

Makes concrete and abstract nouns like -ness or -tion in English.
iyi good
iyilik goodness
 gz eye
gzlk spectacles / eye-glasses
gzel nice, lovely
gzellik beauty
Also nouns of place and usage
kmr coal
kmrlk coal cellar
elma apple
elmalik apple orchard
tuz salt
tuzluk salt cellar

-l- li- -lu -l

adjectives furnished with, containing, emanating from and nationalities.
ehir town
ehirli from town, urban, a towny
para money
paral moneyed, requiring payment in cash
aa tree
aal a place of trees, a copse, a glade
ngiliz English
ngilizli an Englishman

-sz -siz -suz -sz

adjectives of lacking, lack of: without, -less, un-
su water
susuz thirsty, waterless
para money
parasz without money, broke
zarar damage, injury
zararsz unhurt, harmless, undamaged

-ci -c -cu -c OR -i - -u -
nouns of occupation, work etc.
taksi taxi
taksici taxi driver
kebap kebab
kebap kebab seller
balk fish
balk fisherman
yol road, way
yolcu traveller

-ca -ce -a -e
Gives the names of national languages and also adverbs and adjectives.
Trk Turk, Turkish
Trke Turkish [language]
ngiliz English [adj.]
ngilizce English [anguage]
spanyol Spanish [adj.]
spanyolca Spanish [language]
 aptal fool
aptalca foolishly, in a foolish manner
yava slow
yavaa slowly, in a slowish manner
sert hard
serte hardish
giz, gizli secret
gizlice secretly
-ca also: Gives the meaning of likeliness.
ocukA davranyorsun.
You are behaving LIKE a child. childishly
nsanCA yasamalyz.
We must live humanLY.
-ca also: Makes a noun into a verb.
Davranlar genellikle deliCE(dir).
Her behaviours (plural in Turkish) are generally INSANE.
-ca also: Gives the meaning in terms of, on the point of
KiloCA senden daha fazla.
He is more than you IN THE TERMS OF of kilos.
AklCA birbirinizden farknz yok.
You (in plural) don't have difference from each other IN THE TERMS OF intellect.
-ca also: Gives the meaning according to
SenCE yaptn doru mu?
Do YOU THINK it is right what you have done.
BenCE sana yeil ok yakyor.
I THINK green suits you well.
-ca also: Gives the meaning of muchness, exaggeration
YzlerCE kitap okumu,
He has read hundredS of books.
-ca also: Enumerates a time period.
By being added to the nouns which is about time, Gives the meaning equality, for,
during (the time), as long as.
Bu okulda yllarCA altm.
I worked at this school FOR years.
Seni saatlerCE bekledim.
I waited for you FOR hours.
-ca also: Gives the meaning togetherness, unity
Bu karar aileCE aldk.
We took this decision AS ALL the family.
SnfA piknie gittik.
We went to picnic ALL TOGETHER WITH the class.
-ca also: Shows the situation.
SessizCE beni dinle.
Listen to me quietLY.
Onunla gizliCE bulutum.
I met him secretLY.
-ca also: Gives the meaning downsizing, decreasing, restriction
YalCA bir adam bana seni sordu.
An oldISH man asked me for you. not too old
BykE bir ta frlatt.
He threw away a SOMEWHAT large stone.

-da
 Basically this suffix means -fellow
vatan native country
vatanda fellow countryman, citizen
arka back, behind
arkada friend [Lit: the fellow behind]
yol road, way
yolda fellow traveller

-inci -nc -uncu -nc

used for ordinal numbers
three
nc the third
be five
beinci the fifth

-ms -msi
ac bitter
acms slightly bitter
eki sour
ekimsi sourish

-cil -cl
ben I
bencil selfish
insan person
insancl humane, caring

-n
sar yellow
sarn blonde

-sal
kum sand
kumsal sandy, beach, shoal
kadn woman
kadnsal feminine, female, womanly

-t
ya age
yat of the same age
yakmak to burn
yakt fuel

-caz
A diminutive suffix, for persons and pets
 kz girl
kzcaz poor little girl
ocuk child
ocukcaz poor little child

-ck -cik -cuk -ck

A diminutive suffix for size, quantity.
az little, a bit
azck just a bit, just a little
kk small
kck tiny, smallish
byk big
byck biggish

-t -ti -tu -t
horuldamak to snore, to gurgle
horultu a snore
cvldamak to chirp, to twitter
cvlt a chirping, a twittering

Forming Turkish verbs from nouns or adjectives

-lamak -lemek
su water
sulamak to water, irrigate
ta stone
talamak to pave ; to throw stones at.
uur good luck
uurlamak to see somebody off.
temiz clean
temizlemek to clean something; to finish off.

-almak
az less
azalmak to lessen
dar narrow
daralmak to become narrow

-l
doru correct, accurate
dorulamak to correct, to certify
sivri sharp
sivrilmek to become pointed, conspicuous

-a -e
kan blood
kanamak to bleed
 ya age
yaamak to live, to exist
tr a sort
tremek to derive

-ar
ya moist, damp
yaarmak to fill with tears
mor purple
morarmak to turn purple

-damak -demek
fslt a mutter
fsldamak to murmur, whisper
horultu a snore
horuldamak to snore
grlt noise
grldemek to rumble

-atmak -etmek
yn direction
ynetmek to direct, administer
gz eye
gzetmek to look after, to take care of

-kma -ikmek
ge late
gecikmek to be late, to fall behind
bir one
birikmek to collect, to assemble one by one

-msamak -imsemek
az less, small
azmsamak to regard as of little value
benim my
benimsemek to regard as one's own, to embrace in principle
kk small
kmsemek to regard as small, to condescend

-krmak
ft a squirt
fkrmak to gush
haykr a squeal
haykrmak to bawl, to holler

-lanmak -lenmak
 ev house
evlenmek to marry

-lamak -lemak
aka joke
akalamak to joke with each other
dar marrow
darlamak to get narrow, to get tight
souk cold
souklamak to get cold

-samak -semek
very often means to regard as.
su water
susamak to get thirsty
garip odd, peculiar
garipsemek to regard as strange, curious
nem importance
nemsemek to regard as important

Forming Turkish nouns from existing verb roots

-ca -a -ce -e
dnmek to think
dnce thought, opinion
elenmek to enjoy oneself
elence amusement, entertainment

-acak -ecek
This is a form of the Future Participle
giymek to dress
giyecek clothes, outfit
olmak to become
olacak suitable, reasonable
amak to open
aacak can, bottle opener

-ak -ek
yatmak to lie down
yatak bed
kamak to escape
kaak deserter, escapee
durmak to halt / stop
durak bus stop, a halt

-ga -ge
 blmek to divide, partition
blge zone, area, precinct
bilmek to know how to
bilge profound, sophisticated
sprmek to sweep. brush
sprge a broom, a brush, a whisk

-gan -kan -gen -ken

almak to work
alkan industrious
unutmak to forget
unutkan forgetful
kaymak to slide
kaygan slippery

-g -gi
sevmek to love, like
sevgi love, affection
almak to play (mus.) ; to steal
alg musical instrument
asmak to hang (up)
ask peg, hanger

-g -gi
bilmek to know
bilgi info, data, know-how
dalmak to dive, dip
dalg diver (marine), plunger
balanmak to begin, to be begun
balang initial, start up

-gn -kn -gin -kin -gn -kn -gun -kun

nouns and adjectives of description and result
bkmak to be fed up with.
bkkn bored, fed up
yormak to tire, to become weary
yorgun tired
solmak to fade
solgun faded
amak to deviate
akn bewildered, amazed
kzmak to get angry, to get hot
kzgn angry, hot

- -i -u -
Is added to single syllable words ending in a consonant and
a noun of result from the verb modified.
 lmek to die
l a corpse
yapmak to make
yap a construction, a building
dolmak to fill
dolu full (adj.)
kokmak to smell
koku a smell
komak to run
kou a race

-c -ici -ucu -c
yapmak to do
yapc performer, doer, builder
grmek to see
grc matchmaker (for intended marriage)
almak to take
alc purchaser, consignee
satmak to sell
satc seller, dealer, vendor

-k -ik -uk -k
nouns and adjectives of result.
kesmek to cut
kesik a cut
amak to open
ak open (adj.)
bozmak to spoil
bozuk ruined, spoiled, out of order
kmak to go / come out
kk dislocated, projecting
delmek to bore, to drill
delik hole
samak to scatter
sak strewn around, scattered, in disarray

-m -im -um -m
nouns of a single occasion / happening
saymak to count
saym tally, census, count
semek to choose
seim choice, election, selection
lmek to die
lm death, demise
lmek to measure
lm measurement, size, reading on a scale
satmak to sell
satm - a (single) sale

-n -in -un -n
 ymak to heap up
yn heap, stack
akmak to flow, stream out
akn raid, rush, invasion
tt-n water
ttn to water
ekmek to plant, sow (v.) ; bread (n.)
ekin crop, growing grain

-in -in -un -n

glmek to laugh
gln laughable, ridiculous
sevmek to like, love
sevin mirth, delight

-nt -inti -untu -nt

esmek to blow
esinti breeze
kmak; to go out, exit
knt projection, bulge, ledge
dkmek to pour, dump, empty
dknt spillage, debris, waste

-ar -er -r -ir -ur -r -r

from the Simple Present participle Positive
gelmek to come
gelir income (money.), revenue, takings
gider to go, leave
gider expenditure, outlay, expense
okumak to read
okur reader, the reading public

- -i -u -
this is the Co-operative (in concert) Verb Mood sign
oturmak to sit, to reside
oturu way of sitting
yrmek to walk
yry a walk, gait, pace

-t -it -ut -t
gemek to pass
geit passageway, thoroughfare
yakmak to burn
yakt fuel ; tons deadweight
lmek to measure
lt criterion, measure of value

-t -ti -tu -t
 belirmek to emerge, appear
belirti indication, indicator
kzartmak to redden / chafe ; to grill
kzart eruption / glow

Forming new Turkish verbs from existing verbs

-ala -ele
kovmak to drive away
kovalamak to chase (after)
silkmek to shake, toss
silkelemek to shake s.o. out

-msa -imse
[see "regarding as" verb]
glmek to laugh
glmsemek to smile
anmak to mention
anmsamak to recollect

-n -in -un -n
[see reciprocal verbs]
gezmek to wander
gezinmek to roam / lounge
grmek to see
grnmek to seem, appear
sevmek to love, like
sevinmek to feel glad, to rejoice
tamak to move
tanmak to move in / out ; to lodge with

-r
[see causative mood]
kamak to escape
karmak to miss / let slip ; to kidnap
batmak to sink (by itself)
batrmak to sink s.o
imek to drink
iirmek to ply drinks

-
[see co-operative mood]
grmek to see
grmek to meet
umak to fly
uumak to fly away
glmek to laugh
glmek to laugh at each other
 -t
[see causative mood]
uzamak to lengthen
uzatmak to extend
sapmak to deviate
saptmak to go crazy, talk gibberish
korkmak to fear
korkutmak to frighten
mek to chill / to cool down
tmek to get a chill / cold

-l -il
[see passive mood]
sevmek to like, love
sevilmek to be loved / liked (pass.)
krmak to fracture
krlmak to break s.o.
satmak to sell
satlmak to be sold ; to vend

Turkish Suffixes
Suffixes
A letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to modify its meaning.
In Turkish they are suffixed directly to the noun that they modify thus forming new complete
words.
In English prepositions: in, on, of, by, etc. are placed separately in front of the word
they modify.
Agglutination:
In English we have many words which agglutinate (extend) to form other words.
argue can be modified with a suffix argu-meant.
Other suffixes produce argu-menta-tive, argu-ment-ative-ly
This is the way of Turkish.
This produces extended words with a different meanings.
Turkish Suffix addition
Adding suffixes:
-da -de / -ta -te in on at
-dan -den / -tan -ten from
ev house
evde [ev-de]
in the house
evden [ev-den]
from the house
odada [oda-da]
in the room
masada [masa-dan]
from the table
After Turkish Unvoiced Consonants: p t k f h s
geit passage
geitte [geit-te]
in the passage
giriten [giri-ten]
from the entrance
yatakta [yatak-ta]
on the bed
kasaptan [kasap-tan]
from the butcher
The Six Noun Conditions
Turkish has a Subject Condition (nominative) which carries no suffix.
Also there are five Noun Conditions each with a suffix ending.
The vowels of the suffix must match final vowel of the root word according to Vowel Harmony
Rules
[-de -da]
The initial consonant of the suffix may change according to Consonant Mutation Rules.
[-da, -de -ta, -te]

The suffixes of the Noun Conditions are:

(1) Subject Condition:

Is the Subject [nominative] of a sentence.
The noun in its root form without a suffix is the subject.
The subject definite article "the" does not exist in Turkish
The Turkish subject is understood as being definite / substantive
adam the man
Turkish Subject:
Adam kapy kapatt.
"The" man closed "the" door.
The Subject does not need a definite article.
[adam = "the" man]
The Object is suffixed wit the the object pointer
[kap -y- = "the" door]
About the Turkish Object Condition

(2) Object Condition:

The Objective [accusative] is the direct object of a verb.
It equates to objective definite article "the" in English..
When the noun is an object of a verb as in Mehmet mended "the radio"
Turkish does use an objective suffix "the"
It does exist as a suffix to specify the object of a verb.
English makes both the subject and object of a sentence substantive by the use of the same
definite article "the".
Turkish Object:
does need an Object Pointer
[kap-y = "the" door]
Suffix -(y)i -(y) -(y)u -(y)
[buffer -y keeps vowel apart]
Extended Turkish Object:
uses letter -n-
becoming -ni -n -nu -n when added as a second suffix to an already extended noun.
Adam kapsn kapatt.
The man closed his door.
kap-s-n = "his door"
[-s + -n as an Object ponter.]
kedisi his/her cat
kedisini
[kedisi-n-i] his / her cat as an object.
bankas his/her bank
bankasn
[bankasn] his / her bank
The Direct Object Suffix:
which makes the object substantive is one of the most difficult hurdles for English speakers to
surmount when talking, reading, listening and understanding The Turkish Language.

(3) Movement Towards Condition:

Movement Towards [dative] equates to to, towards in English.
Suffix -(y)a/-(y)e [uses buffer -y]
-ne/-na when affixed to already extended words ending in a vowel.
kedisine to his cat
[kedi + is + ne]

(4) Static Position Condition:

The Static Postion [locative] is the condition of place.
Suffix -da -ta /-de -te according to vowel harmony and consonant change rules.
-nde/-nda when affixed to extended words which end in a vowel.
masasnda at his table
[masa + s + nda]

(5) Movement Away Condition:

[ablative in grammar]
Suffix -dan -tan /-den -ten according to vowel harmonyand consonant change rules.
-nden/-ndan when affixed to extended words which end in a vowel.
ailesinden from his family
aile + si + nden

(6) Ownership Condition:

The Ownership [genitive] suffix signifies that the noun "owns" something:
[of Mehmet, Mehmet's]
Suffix -(n)in/-(n)n/-(n)un/-(n)n [buffer -n is used] when affixed plain or extended
words ending in a vowel.
 onun evi his house
o-nun ev-i
A sole exception su water
of the water suyun uses exceptional buffer letter -y.
This applies to the Possessed Case:
Meyve Suyu Fruit Juice
[NOT: meyve sunu]

(7) With Condition:

[meaning: together with, and, also]
Suffix -(y)le/-(y)la [Buffer -y is used.]
This suffix can also stand alone as a separate word ile
Translation of ile and, also
When it stands between two nouns the suffix ile is translated "and" when the basic meaning is
"with, also".
Masada fincanla tabaklar var.
There are cups and plates on the table.
Ali ile arkada , odaya girdi
Ali and his friend entered the room.
If the suffix -le/-la does not come between the nouns it is translated: "with, together with".
Benimle Mehmet geldi.
Mehmet came with me.
[LIT: With me Mehmet came.]
Ali arkadayla , odaya girdi.
Ali entered the room with his friend.

(8) Without (lacking) Condition: [meaning: without]

Suffix -siz -sz -suz -sz "without, un-, non-, -less, dis-" gives the sense of lacking.
It equates to without [without sugar]
Also various negating prefixes and suffixes of English un- dis- non- -less
[unfair, dishonest, unavailable, hopeless]

ehliyet licence
ehliyetsiz unlicensed
[ehliyetli licensed]
renk colour
renksiz colourless
[renkli - coloured]
sabr patience
sabrsz impatient
[sabrl - patient]
iaret sign
iaretsiz unsigned
[iaretli - signed]
ses noise
sessiz noiseless
[sesli - noisy]
 eker sugar
ekersiz unsugared
[ekerli - sugared, sweetened]
namus honesty
namussuz dishonest
[namuslu - honest]
kisiz bir aile gazinosuna gittik.
We went to a non-alcoholic family restaurant.
ikisiz without alcoholic drinks
[Alcohol is not served] is seen on many Public Signs.

Plural nouns are formed by adding the -ler/-lar plural suffix to an adjective:
sabrszlar the impatient ones
ekersizler the unsugared ones
renksizler the uncoloured / colourless ones

(9) Containing Condition:

[meaning: furnished with, containing, belonging to, place of]
Suffix -li / -l / -lu /-l gives the sense of belonging to somewhere or being contained in
something.
It equates to with [with sugar]
Also various "additional and augmenting" suffixes and prefixes in English.
[leafy, salty, coloured, numbered]

Turkish Containing Condition

Suffix: -li -l -l -lu originating from, furnished with, place of,
This suffix gives the sense of belonging to something or somewhere.
It is used with place names especially to say where one is from.
ngiltereliyim. I am from England.
Manesterliyim. I come from Manchester.
Nerelisiniz? Where (exactly) are you from?
The -li suffix is not separated from a Proper Noun by an apostrophe:
"Londra'l" is incorrect Londral is correct.

Londral [Londra-l] a Londoner

Londrallar [Londra-l-lar] Londoners
stanbullu [stanbul-lu] an Istanbuli
stanbullular [stanbul-lu-lar] Istanbulis
ngiltereliyim [ngiltere-li-yim] I am from England
Bolulu [Bolu-lu] a person from Bolu
inli [in-li] a Chinese Man (Chinaman)
The meaning of furnished with is used to make attributive adjectives:
tuz salt tuzlu salty
ekerli ay sweet tea, sugared tea, sugary tea, according to context.
sabr patience sabrl patient
 kuvvet strength kuvvetli strong
yaprak leaf yaprakl leafy
imen lawn imenli having a lawn
ya age yal old
renk colour renkli coloured
ses noise sesli noisy
yatak bed yatakl furnished with a bed

An Actual Example of the "containing" suffix.

A billboard shows available sandwich fillings

kark mixed
kaarl [kaar-l] containing hard cheese
sucuklu [sucuk-lu] Turkish type sausage
salaml [salam-l] salami
sosisli [sosis-li] sausage
Due to vowel harmony -li has three of its four forms.

Turkish Dependent Adverbs

Some Turkish adverbs require that the preceding noun have the Motion Towards [dative] -e /
-ye, -a / -ya to/toward suffix:
-e nazaran compared with

buna nazaran compared to this

bunlara nazaran compared to these
una nazaran compared to that
unlara nazaran compared to those
ona nazaran compared to that
onlara nazaran compared to those
Dne nazaran bugn hava daha gzel Compared to yesterday, the weather is better
today.

-e kadar up to, until, as far as.

imdiye kadar. [imdi-ye kadar] up to now.

Ankara'ya kadar. as far as Ankara.
Gelecek pazara kadar bekleyelim. Let us wait until next Sunday.
arya kadar gidiyorum. I am going as far as the shops.
-e doru straight toward.

bankaya doru [banka-ya doru] straight to the bank

Eve doru git! Go staight home!
Evden okula doru gidin. Go straight to school from home.

-e gre according to, compared to

sana gre according to you

Memed'e gre according to Mehemet
Yeni plna gre, evimizin arka bahesi kltlecekmi. According to the new plan our
back garden will be made smaller.

-e kar against

duvara kar [duvar-a kar] against the wall

rzgara kar [rzgar-a kar] against the wind
Garajn kapsna kar bisikletimi brakmm. I believe I left my bicycle against the
garage door.

-e ramen (arb.) or -e karn. (tur.) in spite of (pos.), despite (neg.)

buna ramen/buna karn in spite of this

bunlara ramen in spite of these
una ramen in spite of that
unlara ramen in spite of those
ona ramen in spite of that
onlara ramen in spite of those
Her eye ramen/karn baarabilirdik.
In spite of everything we were able to succeed.
Havann kararmasna ramen/karn, yollarna hl yryerek devam ediyorlard.
Despite the weather getting worse, they still carried on walking along the road.

Turkish Dependent Adverbs with -den / -dan

These adverbs require that the preceding noun have the motion away -den /-dan, -ten /-tan from
suffix:

-dan dolay because of.

-dan baka except for, apart from, other than.
-dan beri since
-dan evvel before (in time).
-dan sonra after.
Mehmet'in yaptklarndan dolay asla baaramayz!
Because of what Mehmet did we will never be able succeed.
Piyanomdan baka her eyi geri brakacam.
Except for my piano I will leave everything behind.
Saat ten beri sizi aryordum.
I have been looking for you since three o'clock.
Geen haftadan beri hastaym.
I have been ill since last week./ I have been ill for a week.
 Mays ayndan evvel/nce mhendis olarak alyordum.
Before May I was working as an engineer.
Haziran ayndan sonra emekli olacam.
After July I shall retire (from work).

Turkish Consonant Mutation

Consonant Mutation

Changes in spelling to reflect changes in pronunciation.

In Turkish the spelling of the words is changed when the pronunciation changes.
English does not change spelling when pronounciation changes.
English changes the spelling when the pronunciation is the same so that we can recognize the
meaning.
A number of words can easily show this: meet vs meat, feet vs feat, right vs write,
main vs mane, sea vs see
If English were written phonetically the word "does" should be spelt "duz"
Turkish however being a phonetically written language will make these changes in spelling.
The reason for the changes in pronunciation are for ease of speaking.
Turkish consonant change is mainly between voiced and unvoiced consonants.
Voicing of Consonants
Turkish Unvoiced Consonants: p t k f h s

The voice is silent and only air is expelled.

Turkish Voiced Consonants: b c d g

The voice is used to produce the sound.

Final consonants in Turkish words are Un-Voiced: p t k f h s

There are a few exeptions in foreign imported vocabulary. A few words end in b, d.
letter mektup
my letter is mektubum [mektub-um]
the terminal -p has changed to -b-
Prounciation is easier n its Voiced form between vowels b
Turkish spelling must reflect this change for the rules of phonetics to operate.
Turkish Terminal Consonants are Unvoiced. p t k f h s
Words can not end with the voiced consonants b, c, d, g.
Words must end in the equivalent unvoiced forms p, , t, k to finish pronunciation without
continuity.
This helps the listener to determine word breaks in conversation.
kebab cooked meat is wrong kebap is correct.
The name Mehmed is wrong Mehmet is correct.
 Altinkum

In the photograph Turkish has written Sahil Pup [Beach Pub.]

The English word Pub [public house] ends unvoiced in the Tukish spelling Pup.
MENU - MN

MUTTON KOYUN ET

LAMP - KUZU ET

VEAL - DANA ET

BEEF - SIIR ET

A real-life example
The Turkish writer has used the natural un-voiced P on the end of the English word LAMB

Consonant Equivalents

UnVoiced Voiced
pb
c
td
k
s

h
The letters s, , h do not have a unvoiced form.
They are not true voiced consonants but but they do affect added suffixes.

nefis delicious nefistir it is delicious

[not nefisdir.]
sabah morning sabahtan from morning
[not sabahdan]
gne sun gneten from the sun
[not gneden]

Change of terminal -k to soft

Terminal letter -k changes to - when a vowel is suffixed to he word.
 gelecek will come geleceim I will come
[gelece + im]
This change occurs both in suffixes and verb tense and mood endings.
The exceptions where no change is made are very few.
Change K is widespread as many Turkish words end in a terminal -K
Turksh Consonant Mutation K

kpek dog kpeim [kpek + im] my dog

bacak leg bacan [bacak + n] your leg
topuk ankle topuu [topuk + u] his ankle
bilek wrist bileimiz our wrists
gzlk spectacles gzlnz your spectacles
durak bus stop duraa to the bus stop
grecek will see greceim I shall see
yaptk we did yaptmz that which we did
bardak glass (tumbler) barda his glass
Turkish K G Exception
Terminal -nk changes to -ng [NOT -n]
The letter cluster -n plus an added vowel is unpronounceable:

denk bale, equation

dengim my bale
ahenk harmony, accord
ahengi its harmony
kepenk shutter
kepenginiz your shutter
renk color
rengimiz our colour

Other Turkish Consonant Changes

Other unvoiced consonants which change to their voiced form in front of suffixed vowels:
UnVoiced Voiced
-p -b
- -c
-t -d

Examples of Turkish Consonant Change

kitap book
kitabn your book
t advice
dm my advice
 tat taste
tad its taste
ila medicine
ilac his medicine
aa tree
aacn the tree's

Non-mutating Turkish Words

These single syllable words do not change their final consonant.
Non-mutating Turkish Words
ak white ak the white/his white
at horse at the horse/his horse
ek addition eki the addition/its addition
et meat eti the meat/his, her, its meat
g migration g the migration
ip rope ipi the rope
ka? how many? kanc? which one?
kk root kk the root/its root
ok arrow oku the arrow/his arrow
ot grass otu the grass/its grass
sa hair sa the hair/his, her hair
sap handle sap the handle/its handle
su fault suu the fault/his,her, its fault
st milk st the milk/his, her its milk
three the three/trio

Mutating Turkish Words

These single syllable words do change their final consonant.
Mutating Turkish Words
but thigh budu the thigh/his,her,its thigh
dip bottom/base dibi the bottom/the base/its bottom
ok a lot/much/very ou the lot/his, her, its lot
gk sky g the sky/its sky
kap vessel (utensil) kab the vessel/his vessel
kurt worm/wolf kurdu the worm, the wolf/his wolf
u point/tip/end ucu the point/his, her, its point
yurt tent, village yurdu the tent, the village
Turkish Single Syllable Exceptions:
There are a few words which do end in voiced consonants.
 This is to make their meaning recognizable from similar words termonating in an unvoiced
consonant.
These few words are exceptions to the general rule.
ad name, at horse
od fire, to grass
sac sheet iron, sa hair
Proper Names:
Proper Names do not change in writing.
Memed'in is only valid in spoken language.
It is written as Mehmet'in but is pronounced Memedin
The letter -h- is always articulated and pronounced in Turkish.
The name Mehmet is an exception.
It is always pronounced as Memed through constant usage.
Burak'n (as written) Buran (as spoken).

Mutation of Turkish Suffixes

Turkish Suffix Mutation
Unvoiced p Voiced b
Unvoiced Voiced c
Unvoiced t Voiced d
Unvoiced k Voiced
Unvoiced s -
Unvoiced -
Unvoiced h -
Words ending in -p - -t -k change to -b -c -d - when suffixed with a vowel:
The word root mutates:
dolap cupboard
dolabnz your cupboard.
kat paper
kad the paper. (obj.)
Suffixes beginning with -d -t when added to words teminating in -p - -t -k.
The suffix mutates:
-de/-da in/on/at -te/-ta
ayak foot ayakta on the foot.
-den/-dan from, via -ten/-tan
aa tree aatan from the tree.

Turkish Suffix Mutation Examples

kitap book
kitapta in the book
[NOT kitap-da]
otobs bus
otobst it was a bus
[NOT otobs-d]
 dolmu dolmush (small bus)
dolmuta in the dolmush
[NOT dolmu-da]
ila medicine
ilata in the medicine
[NOT ila-da]
sabah morning
sabahtan from morning
[NOT sabah-dan]
kibrit match
kibritten from the match
[NOT kibrit-den]
kibrit kibritten. preserves a double letter -tt- when adding -ten
Two separate words match and from being joined together.
Each word retains its full form.
Some words from Arabic that terminate -at are exceptions: Saat hour, time, clock becomes saatte
on the clock, saatler clocks.
This word from Arabic obeys neither consonant mutation or vowel harmony rules.
Mutation of words ending in Unvoiced Consonants (-p - -t -k.):
Adding a suffix which begins with a consonant.
kitapt [kitap-t] it was a book
Kitap ends in unvoiced -p kitap-t.
The suffix -t takes its unvoiced form from the noun ending.
The same example when adding a Suffix which begins with a Vowel:
kitabnz [kitab-nz] your book
Suffix -nz begins with a vowel so kitap beomes kitab-nz
kitabnzda [kitab-nz-da] in your book
Extended word ends in voiced -z thus kitabnz-da
The suffix reverts to its voiced form when:

1. added to words ending in an voiced (-b -c -d) consonant.

2. added to the plural -ler/-lar.
3. added to words ending in a vowel.
4. added to already suffixed (extended) word which end in a wowel.

Examples of Nouns changing to Voiced Form when adding suffixes beginning with a vowel or the
Plural Suffix -lar/-ler

kpekten from the dog

kpeinden from his dog
[kpe-in-den]
ilata in the medicine
ilacnda in his medicine
[ilac-n-da]
 otobsten from the bus
otobslerden from the buses
[otobs-ler-den]
sokaktan from the street
sokaklardan from the streets
[sokak-lar-dan]

In the last two examples above the voiced -r ending of the plural suffix -ler/-lar forces the
subsequent suffix to take its voiced (-d) form.
Turkish Complete Consonant Mutation Rules
1. If the word ends in any of these Unvoiced Consonants [p t k] :
When adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, the last letter of the root word changes to its
voiced form:
pbctdk
kitap book
kitab his book
kazan profit
kazanc his profit
kilit lock
kilidi his lock
kpek dog
kpeiniz Your dog
2. If the word ends in an Unvoiced Consonant: [p t k f h s ]
When adding a suffix beginning with a consonant, the suffix changes to its unvoiced form [d
t]
td
tka plug, stopper
tkatan from the plug
kitap book
kitaptan from the book
kilit lock
kilitte in the lock
kpek dog
kpekten from the dog
sabah morning
sabahtan from the morning
domates tomato
domatesten from the tomato(es)
giri exit
girite at the exit
raf shelf
raftan from the shelf

The Subject Definite Article "the"

There is no Turkish word for the subject definite article, only the context tells us when to insert
"the" in English:
ay pahal.
Tea is expensive.
ay souk.
The tea is cold.
Araba caddede.
The car is in the road.
The Subject Definite Article "the" does not exist as a word in Turkish.
Subjects are understood as being "specific".
The Object Definite Article is suffixed with -i - -u - "the" [accusative]
Mehmet telsizi [telsiz-i] tamir etti.
Mehmet mended "the" radio

Turkish Direct Object Suffix "the"

The Turkish Direct Object Suffix which makes the object substantive,
It is one of the most difficult hurdles for English speakers to surmount when speaking, reading and
understanding the Turkish language.
Turkish Direct Object Suffix for "the"
The suffix -i - -u - used with bare nouns which end in a consonant.
-yi -y -yu -y used with bare nouns which end in a vowel.
-in -n -nu -n used with extended [already suffixed] nouns ending in a vowel.
In English "the" makes both subject and object specific,
Adam kapy
[kap-y] kapatt.
The [subject substantive] man closed the [object substantive] door.
Turkish grammar does not use classical grammar nomenclature.
The subject definite article "the" does not exist in Turkish.
There is no ""the" man" as the subject definite article.
"the" is already understood as substantive and does not need a definite article.
There is an object definite article "the" in Turkish.
Noun ending in a consonant: kilit lock

Adam kilidi [kilid-i] kapatt

The man locked THE LOCK
The -i suffix modifies the bare noun kilit to kilidi THE LOCK substantive as a direct object.

Extended noun ending in a consonant: kilidim [kilit+im] my lock

Adam kilidimi [kilid-im-i] kapatt

The man locked MY LOCK
The -i suffix makes the alrady extended noun kilid-im-i MY LOCK substantive as a direct
object.
Bare bouns ending in vowel: kap door
Adam kapy [kap-y] kapatt
The man closed THE DOOR
The -y suffix makes the bare noun kap THE DOOR substantive as a direct object
Extended noun ending in a vowel: kaps [kap+s] his door
Adam kapsn [kap-s-n] kapatt
The man closed HIS DOOR
 The -n suffix makes the extended noun kaps-n HIS DOOR substantive as a direct object
Summary: Turkish Object Definite Article Rules
A Turkish verb needs the object pointer:
-(y)i -(y) -(y) -(y)u
[buffer -y- after vowels.]
-ni -n -n -nu
[buffer -n- after vowels for already suffixed nouns.]

Turkish Object Pointer Examples

Direct Object pointer: -y-i for simple nouns.
Arabay boyuyorum.
[araba-y-]
I am painting the car.
Possessive Pronoun: -s- his plus direct object pointer -n for extended nouns.
Arabasn boyuyorum.
[araba-s--n-]
I am painting his car
[the his car]
Possessive pronoun -lar their plus object pointer -n for extended nouns.
Arabalarn boyuyoruz.
[araba-lar-n-]
We are painting their car.
[the their car]
Possessive Pronoun -s his plus direct object pointer -n for extended nouns
Arabasn boyuyor musunuz?
[araba-s--n-]
Are you painting his car?
Possessive Pronoun -nz your plus direct object pointer - for extended nouns.
Mehmet, arabanz boyamyor mu?
[araba-nz-]
Isn't Mehmet painting your car?
Possessive Pronoun -si his plus direct object pointer -ni for extended nouns.
Kedisini aramyor muyum?
[kedi-s-i-n-i]
Aren't I looking for his cat?
Direct Object Pointer -i for personal pronouns
Beni istiyor musun? [ben -i] Do you want me?
Direct Object Pointer -i for personal pronouns
Seni istemiyor muyum?
[sen -i]
Don't I want you?
The Singular Turkish Indefinite Article - bir a, an, one

bir kap a gate

bir elma an apple
bir bardak one glass
Caddede bir (tek) araba var.
There is a (single) car in the road
Turkish Positive Plural Indefinite Article birka some
In English the Article "some" is only used in Positive Statements.
"any" is used in Negative Statements and also both in Positive and Negative Questions.
Both some and any are translated as baz.
baz always governs a plural noun:
baz masalar some tables

Positive statements use:

some in English:
Bahede birka kap var.
There are some gates in the garden.
Bahede birka kedi var.
There are some cats in the garden.
Caddede birka araba var.
There are some cars in the road.
The Negative Singular Article is
hibir not one OR hi not any

Negative Statements use:

any [usually with the plural] in English.
Bahede hi kap yok.
There aren't any gates in the garden.
Bahede hibir kap yok.
There is not a (single) gate in the garden at all.
Bahede hi kedi yok.
There aren't any cats in the garden.
Bahede hibir kedi yok.
There is not a (single) cat in the garden.
Caddede hibir araba yok.
There aren't any cars in the road.
Caddede hibir araba yok.
There is not a car in the road [at all.]

Both Positive and Negative Questions use a (single)? at all? in English.

Bahede hibir kap yok mu?
Isn't there a (single) gate in the garden?
Bahede bir kedi var m?
Is there there a cat in the garden?
Caddede hibir araba yok mu?
Isn't there a car in the road at all?
Caddede bir araba var m?
Is there a car in the road?
The Negative Plural Indefinite Article is: hi any, none at all
Negative Statements use any in English:
Bahede hi kap yok.
There are not any gates in the garden.
Bahede hi kedi yok.
There are not any cats in the garden.
 Caddede hi araba yok.
There are not any cars in the road.

Both Positive and Negative Questions use any in English.

Bahede hi kap yok mu?
Aren't there any gates in the garden?
Bahede birka kedi var m?
Are there any cats in the garden?
Caddede hi araba yok mu?
Aren't there any cars in the road?
Caddede birka araba var m?
Are there any cars in the road?
birka some and hi not any always take a singular noun in Turkish.
The meaning is plural in both Turkish and English:
birka kadn some ladies
hi ev not any houses
hibir not a single one is used for the singular both in Turkish and English:
Caddede hibir araba yok.
There is not a car in the road?

Hi meaning ever or never

In normal verbal positive questions hi translates as "ever"

Hi Alanya'ya gittiniz mi?

Have you ever been to Alanya?
In normal verbal negative questions hi translates as "never"
Hi Alanya'ya gitmediniz mi?
Have you never been to Alanya?

Other Indefinites are:

baz some
Caddedeki baz arabalar vard, imdi artk hi yok.
There were some cars in the road, now there are none.

To reiterate: baz some always takes the plural:

baz kadnlar some ladies

baz evler some houses
birok a lot of or many

caddede birok araba var

there are a lot of cars on the road.
caddede birok araba var
there are many cars on the road.
 biraz
a little, a small amount
Biraz eker, ltfen.
A little sugar, please.

Turkish Lack of Gender

Generally Turkish has no gender.
There is only one form of the noun:
No masculine actor and feminine actress
When gender distinction is necessary within the context:
Turkish uses simple locutions:

kz girl or kadn lady can be placed in front of the noun to show human femininity:
terzi tailor
kadn terzi tailoress
arkada friend
kz arkada girl friend
dii female isused before nouns to show a female animal:
kpek dog
dii kpek bitch
erkek male is used to show maleness:
karde sibling
erkek karde brother
kz girl / maiden is used to show femininity:
karde sister / brother
kz karde sister
This method is used whenever it is necessary to differentiate between the sexes.
Turkish Family Relationships
There is no gender distinction in Turkish.
This does not apply to close family relationships.
Many relations on the mother's side will have a different word than the father's side:
Just two examples here but they are myriad!

amca uncle
[father's brother]
day uncle
[mother's brother]
teyze aunt
[mother's sister]
hala aunt
[father's sister]
Turkish Family Relations
father baba
mother anne
baby bebek
brother erkek karde
sister kz karde
elder brother abi (aabey)
elder brother's wife yenge
elder sister abla
elder sister's husband enite
son oul, erkek ocuk
daughter kz, kz ocuk
aunt (mother's side) teyze
aunt (father's side) hala
grandfather dede, bykbaba
grandmother nine, bykanne
grandmother (mother's side) anneanne
grandmother (father's side) babaanne
nephew, niece yeen
uncle (father's side) amca
uncle (mother's side) day
cousin kuzen
father-in-law kaynbaba, kaynpeder
mother-in-law kaynana, kaynvalide
sister-in-law (of a male) baldz
sister-in-law (of a female) grmce
brother-in-law kaynbirader
brother-in-law's wife of a female elti
sister-in-law's husband of a male bacanak
son-in-law ; bridegroom damat
daughter-in-law ; bride gelin
sister's husband enite
grandson ; granddaughter torun
twin ikiz
twin brother, twin sister ikiz karde
wife e, hanm, kar
husband koca
step mother vey anne
step father vey baba