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SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST

(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
Copyright 1997, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
INTRODUCTION
Ever since the Sumerian language became known for the world of the linguists,
there have been claimes and counter claimes to the view that the Sumerian and
Turkish languages are related. While some groups vehemently deny the linguistic
affinity between the two languages, others gingerly but nevertheless positively
admit the affinity of these two languages.
In the following list, a set of 200 English words, numbered from 1 to 200 and
alternatively known as "200 concept group Hymes List", and their correspondences
in Sumerian and Turkish are given. Under each selection in English, other concepts
related to the selected word's meaning are also entered. Thus in the first two
colums, we have the English and Sumerian entries and in the third colum, Turkish
entries are provided.
The purpose of this study is to bring to attention those Sumerian and Turkish words
which correspond to each other and/or seemingly related to each other in form and
in meaning and at the same time to see if Turkish can pass a given test in order to
prove its kinship to the Sumerian. From the listed words given below, there seems
to be ample evidence that the Turkish, as members of Altaic languages, have come
from a root that also included the Sumerian language. In view of the fact that the
Sumerian and Turkish have been separated from each other or from a parent
language, that is if they had a common parent in the past, for at least five thousand
years, it is surprising to see that there still are many words which correspond to
each other in both languages.
It is hoped that other workers in this field will contribute to this list to improve its
level of accuracy such that it will make the Sumerian-Turkish relationship an
unquestionably recognized one.
At this point I would like to acknowledge, with special thanks, the contribution
of Fred Hamori who provided the 200 word concept group Hymes List.

The Sumerian being an ancient and dead language, its present day reading has been
done through the intermediary of Akkadian and other Semitic languages. Since
language is the most important part of any culture, those who did not live the
Sumerian culture that created the Sumerian language would not be able to define
exact meanings of Sumerian words no matter how efficient readers they may be of
the Sumerian cuneiform writing system. Therefore some degree of inexactness is
expected in the definition and meaning of each Sumerian word. However, since the
list given below is based on the works of some of the eminent scholars of the field,
it can be viewed as up to date.
As for the Turkic correspondences of the Sumerian words given in the list below, I
have tried to find Turkish correspondences from archaic as well as the living Turkic
languages.
According to Dell Hymes, [Dell Hymes, "Lexikostatistics so far", Current
Antropology, pages 30-31 University of Chicago, 1960], we have the following
mathematical relationship between languages that have the same root but separated
from each other in the past:
t = log c: log r where t is the time of separation, c is the remaining root words, r is
the ratio of remaining words to original. (86 words left after 1,000 years based on
tests)
If t = 1,000 years, Nt/No = r**(1/1000) = c where Nt is the total root words
remaining after time separation t and No is the number of root words from the root
language in the list (time zero)
t/1000 * log r = log c
t/1000 = log c/ log r where logr = log 0.86
if t = 5000 years then 5000/1000 = 5 ; 5 = log c / log r ; 5 * log r = log c or 5 * log
0.86 = log c;
log c= 5* ( 0.93450 -1 ) = (4.67250 - 5); alog c = c = alog(0.67250 -1) = 4.704/10 =
.4704
or 47% of the remaining words.
Thus, a language that has 47% of the root words of the following Sumerian list can
be a direct descendant of that language acording to Hymes. Please note that this
mathematical relationship by Hymes was for 100 selected words for which reader
is asked to see Fred Hamori's home page.

(In the list below following lettering is used in Turkish words: s^=sh; ; ; ; g~=
yumus^ak g)
ENGLISH - SUMERIAN - TURKISH 200-WORDS COMPARISON LIST
ENGLISH
SUMERIAN
TURKISH
btn, hep, her kes, heme, ham, tam

1 ALL

--

all

kis^

--

a.na me.a.bi

as, like, which

all sorts of things

em-nam

equal, likeness

man

totality

imin

--

--

2 AND

--

u, (dahi, taki [ODes: 667])

and

u3

u (ve [MuEr, 18, 19]) = and (1)

--

mal, hayvan

mas^ 2 s>l

mal

mas^

mal-ak, balak = young of a water buffalo [TDK]

mus^

m>k kus^ = bird

a2-lal 2/DSL334

lal = konus^amayan, dilsiz, hayvan

lad /DSL297,3

mal-ak, balak= young (up to one year old) of animals

like

3 ANIMAL
animal
--animal
animal
--

her kes, barca, kamag [ODes: 613, 661], [AVG, 76]

ham (her kes) = everyone, all
kimi = like
her s^ey =every thing
ta-mam
ham, tm, tamam = all, totality kamag [AVG, 76] =
all,
totality

-cow, buffalo; bala = young child

animal

lad /DSL297,3
d>k

balak (balik [AVG, 266]) = fish

4 ASHES

--

kl, toz

dust, sand, mud

sahar -h->-m-

amur = mud; toz =dust; kum = sand

dry up

s^a

s^o-rak, o-rak tarla = dried up field

ashes, smoke?

ubilla 2

kl = ash; bulut = cloud

ashes

5 AT

--

at/of

-a

at/of

-a

locative infix

-ni-

to lie with, be with n n>l

--de, -da, -e, -a

-de, -da, -e, -a locative suffix
-in, -n, -un, -n = genetive suffix (as in ata-nn=father's)
-de, -da =locative suffix meaning at.
-le, -la = suffix for togethernes.

at a time, when

ud, u

d = time [ODes: 466,467], [ONT: 12]

--

ud, u

d-en = this year, [ODes: 466,467], [ONT: 12]

--

ud, u

d-le (yle, gn ortasi [IBML, 56] = noon

6 BACK

--

back

eg~er

give birth

mud

dark, afraid

mud

nakedness

mug 2

em, im (soyunma, yikanma, yuzme [IZEy, 139]) =

naked,

--

--

bathing, undressing; em-re-mek = to undress

back

has^ 4

back, spine

ed-in

7 BAD

--

kt, fena [fana]

bad

hul

l = die; lm = diying

--

gig g>t

kt

8 BARK

--

peel, pare, shell

bar b>t

--

bar b>s

--

--

--

bar

geri, arka, bel

geri =back; eg~er = saddle
dogur-mak
kara; korku

arka
bel, bel kemigi

kabuk, kavuk
ter (kabuk, ince kabuk [IZEy, 655]) = shell; bark of a
tree
sar- = to envelope, to wrap;
sar-g= bandage; sar- k= wrapped around, turban;

skin

kus

brk (kalpak) = leather hat

skin

kus

kas (kabuk, deri, tulum [IZEy, 381]

ks^ r = bark, peel, crust, rind [RDH1]

9 BECAUSE

--

n, nk

because, expose

bar

n, nk

by, through,

de

--

because of

de

--

because

mu

--

10 BELLY

--

karn/garin

heart, womb

mb s^a3.g s>b

bag~-r, rek, yrek = heart;

blood, vessel

su

su = water, river, rivulet ; damar

suck

sub

suv = water

11 BIG

--

byk, ulu [ulug], bedk [AVG, 267]

big

gal

gala (ulu, kala, kale) = big wall, fortress;

big, great

kur, gur

kur-ul-tay = summit (big) meeting; ulu = big, great

--

kur, gur

kur-mak = to establish an organization, to set up, to

--

--

organize

--

kur, gur

kur = row, file, tier, course of masonry [RDH1]

mould, hill

kur, gur

kur-gan, tepe (tp [MuEr, 134]) = mould, hill.

big, high, large

mah

--

12 BIRD

--

kus^

bird

mus^en m>k

kus^ = bird

13 BITE

--

dis^le, isir

bite

har (chew) h>s

isir, ez, ig~ne

14 BLACK

--

kara

black

g~i 6-g, ku10.g

kara

--

g~i 6-g, ku10.g

gk, kk = dark blue, sky; gk/kk = night

15 BLOOD

--

kan, (soy, sop, bir soydan gelen, [IZEy, 370])

blood

mud

kan

blood; carnivoure

uri

yr-ek/r-ek =heart; bri, kurt =wolf (carnivoure)

16 TO BLOW

--

to blow

bug~ g>v

--

--

--

--

--

--

bug~u = vapour, misty air that comes out when

blowing.

blow, kindl

bul 4, bu 5

yakmak, tutus^turmak, flemek

.burn, roast

bil

blow, shine,

bun 2, bu 7

blister

--

17 BONE

--

kemik, sngk [IZEy, 615]

bone

g~ir3.pad.du

geri = back; ka-bur-ga = rib;

skull bone,

ugu

bas^ tasi = skull; tepe = top of head;

skeleton, corpse

e ad 3,6, adda 2

adam (l); ata = ancestor

side, rib

ti

ka-bur-ga = rib;

tooth, teeth, ivory

ez = crush; dis^ = tooth

bone, knee, joint

kak

kemik = bone; diz= knee; ek = joint.

--

--

keg-r-ek/geg-r- ek (Yumus^ak kemik, kk-r-dak

--

--

[IZEy, 273]) = lower rib [RDH1]

X1 BREAST

--

breast. chest

gaba

--

--

breast (female)

ubur

flemek, pvlemek [UYAT, 200]

puv-di-gen (fleyen [UYAT, 200] = one who blows
puv-/fle- = to blow; r-mek (s^is^irmek, flemek
[AVG, 306])

pis^irmek = to cook
---

meme
gaba-k (n, kz-lk, bekaret [HNO, 832]) = front;
virginity
koyun (kucak) = bosom, breast, chest [RDH1,677]
br = breast (Tunguz, Mongol [FH])

18 TO BREATHE --

nefes almak, soluk almak

breath,

zi

so-luk, nefes

breath, wind

lil l>y

yil , yel = wind, air

--

lil l>y

yel-ek = wind maker; wing feathers, quill

yan-mak / yak-mak

19 TO BURN

--

to burn, roast

bil

--

--

burn,burning

gi-bil

--

ma5

l-t-mak (l-, ln-, lk ol-, sn- [IZEy, 331] = to heat

to
a warm state.
bil-gn (proto Altaic [FH]) = warm hot.
s -cak, k z-g n

fever, burn

tab

--

--

--

--

tav-la-mak (demiri dvlebilmesi icin belirli bir

dereceye
kadar kzdrmak, stmak, yakmak) = to heat iron (or
other

--

--

material also) to proper degree so that it can be shaped

by

fever, burn

tab b>v

beating. (Turkish proverb: "demir tavinda dvlr")

tav-l (scak, s) = heat, heated

20 CHILD

--

child

dumu

--

--

child

banda2/3 -nd->-l-

baby, small

didi d>b

donkey foal

dur r>g

small, young

har h>k

small, child

tur t>k

young animals

mas^ s^>l

cocuk, bala, yavru, bebek, (civciv, dana, kuzu)

damiz-lik (dl, tohum) = young animal kept for
breeding, seed (a child is exactly this)
bala = young child
bebe = baby
ko-dug~, sipa
kr-pe = young
kr-pe = young; bala = small child
mal-ak, bal-ak = young animal, cub, buffalo calf
[RDH1]

--

mas^ m>b

bala (kus^ ve hayvan yavrusu [IZEy, 149])

child, son

pes^

pi = bastard child

child, son

pes^

pes^e (pas^a = ilk dogan erkek ocug~un takma ad

--

--

[IZEy, 76]) = nick name of first child (son) among

Turks.

offspring, sprout

isim 2,3
--

X2 CLAW, NAIL --

tirnak, cirnak

scribe ?

umbisa

bitikci [AVG, 269] = writer, scriber

Write

sar

sr ([IZEy, 616])= scribe, plow, drive

--

--

yad, yaz, yay y>z>d [IZEy, 742] = write

scratch, incise

hur h>s

sr = plow a field; drive

cross plow

gib g>

iz-mek = to scratch

21 CLOUD

--

cloud

du-gud

eclipsed, darkened gid-im6

--

--

soak, cloud

lum m>t

to pass over

bra

mistiness

pir r>s

X3 CLOTHING

--

clothing

tug2

clothing

tug2

--

tug2

--

tug

--

tug

bulut, duman, sis, pus, buhar

du-man, bu-har, bulut
bulanmak (sislenmek,bulutlanmak [IZEy,106]) = to
become misty,
to become cloudy, to become non-transparent
bu-lut (bulit [AVG, 270] = cloud
-pus = mist
giysi, elbise, tak, s^al, aba, aspap, paltar
tok-u/dok-u = woven objects
tok-u-mak/dok-u-mak = to weave textile
tak-in-mak = to wear jewelry
tu-man = long wide drawers or trousers;
tug~ = horse-hair pennant, horsetail attached to a
helmet or

--

--

flag-staff [RDH1].

to dress

al-lar giymek = to put on red or colorful dresses,

decorate oneself

ornament

ul
al = ornament, colorfull attachement

to dress

mur, mur-tn-mek = to dress, to cover oneself

to spin

sur 8 s>b
bur-mak = to twist, to spin

--

sur 8
sar-mak = to wrap around

excellent, valuable kala

remove, cast off

s^ub -b>-m

Kal-ak = woman's ornamented headgear [RDH1,

584]

linen,

gadda

em-re; (emrek [IZEy, 139]) = naked

undergarment

gadda

keten (kettan [RDH1, 646]) = flax fiber, linen cloth;

cloth crown?

kendu

keten (kettan [RDH1, 646]) = flax fiber, linen cloth;

--

--

kendir = rope made of hemp plant; kendir bezi =

hempen cloth

thing

nig

leather dresser

as-gab g>p

type of weaver

hb

vestments (gods

pala

& rulers)

--

[RDH1, 638]
s^ey, nes-ne
as-pap = clothing
aba =type of rough cloth, cloak
pal-tar = cbbe; pal-a = long quilted saddle-cloth
[RDH2]
-sog~-uk, s^-ms^, (l-ms^)

22 COLD

--

cold

s^ed 7/10/11

cold

s^ed 7/10/11

sazak (sog~-uk esen yel, poyraz, sert yel, [IZEy, 589])

= cold wind;

23 TO COME

--

gel/kel

to come

g~en. -n>-l

gel

walk, go

du,

gel, git

s^-ms^, sog~-uk, s^ = cold

--

(e).re7.er, su8.b]

y-r-yr = he walks

lead away

ir10

y-r-ys^ = walk, travel

X4 TO COOK

--

pis^irmek, kaynatmak, s-t-mak

to boil

s^eg~6

-sg~/st = heat; st-mak = to heat

24 TO COUNT

--

saymak

count, calculate

s^id d>y

say; sayi = number; es^it = equal, same

one

za

sa-y = number

equate, compare

es^it = equal, same

25 TO CUT

--

kesmek, zmek, koparmak

separate,

kud, ku 5

ko-p-ar = separate, break off; hud-ut = border,

cut off

kud, ku 5 d>s

kes = cut of

breach a dike

kud, ku 5

ged-ik, kr-k, yar-k = breach, opening

snip, cut, trim

guru 5

kr = snip; kes = cut, trim

reap, harvest, shear ur 4

or-ak = sickle; har-man = harvest

to cut, break

tar

ta-ra-mak = to comb, mow down;

--

tar t>h

har-man = harvest

X5 TO DANCE

--

oynamak

to dance

e.ne..dug4 [?]

oyna = dance; oyna-dk = we danced

26 DAY

--

kn, gn (kin, kan)

day, sun, time

ud, u 4

t/ot/od (ates^ [IZEy, 703]) = fire;

--

--

t-mek/t-i-mek (yakmak [IZEy, 703]) = to burn

--

--

d (zaman [HNO, 825]) = time

--

--

d-le/y-le = noon time

--

--

kn, gn = sun, day

break of the day,

bar 6,7

gn a-g~ar-mas = day break

shine

bar 6,7 b>p

par-la-mak

27 TO DIE

--

lmek

blood, die, dead

us^2

u-yu = sleep;

--

us^2

es-ki = old, broken, used up.

die, dead

us^2

us-lu (sakin, sessiz) = unmoving, voiceless;

--

--

us-lu dur = don't make any move or noise

die, kill

ug 5,7,8

u (uyku [HNO, 873]) = sleep

die, kill

hul

l= die; l-dr = kill

destroyed, bent

gil l>r

kr-k = broken, destroyed; eg~-ri = bent

netherworld

hil-ib

obir dnye, yer alt

die, destroy, bent

gr

kr = break, destroy, kill;

--

--

kr-gn = desease

28 TO DIG

--

dig up, quarry

ba.al

--

bal b>s

quarry

bal b>s

quarry

bal

dig, scrape

dun, du 24

plough land

si

clay pit, pit

isi

field (cultivated)

as^-ag

29 DIRTY

--

kirli, pis

to be dirty

pil -l>-s

pis olmak

to clean wool

pes^ 5,6

pis = dirty

clay, mud

imi, em

a-mur = mud

wastes, animal pen kis-im 2,3,5

kaz-mak, es^-mek, bl-mek

bl = divide or break into pieces
sal (byk kaya) = big stone; rock
tas^ ocag~ = quarry
bal-ta = hatchet, ax (a tool perhaps also used in
quarry)
-iz = scratch; es^ = to dig
-es^-eg (es^ilmis^ yer), tarla; as^ = food

ps^-k/fus^-ku, pis-lik;

--

--

kes-ek (ker-me, kesilerek kurutulmus^ koyun

--

--

ds^ks, tezek) = sheep waste (14).

lump of clay

gir-in

kir = dirt;

30 DOG

--

dog, carnivour

ur

dog, carnivour

ur

dog, carnivour

ur

dog, carnivour

ur r>l

guard

ur

blood

ur

fox

ka 5 a

barking (dog)

gu g>l

ulu-mak = howling of a dog; r-mek = barking of a

dog.

31 TO DRINK

--

imek, emmek, sormak

it, kpek, kurt, bri, barak

kurt, bri = wolf; it = dog r>t?;
r-mek = barking of a dog;
ur-la-mak (hirlamak) = to growl
ulu-mak = howling of a dog;
koru-mak (one way of guarding is with a dog);
r-ek (yrek) = heart;
kan-gal, ka-ra-bas^ = Anatolian sheep dogs;

to drink, to irrigate nag~, na 8

i-mek; su-la-mak = to irrigate

irrigate

in-gar

su-la = irrigate

thirst, drink beer

imma m>

ime = mineral waters; emik = suckle

32 DRY

--

kuru, karak (kurak) [ODes]

dried fish, dried

had

kuru-mus^ = dried up

dry up

s^a

s = heat

dry up

lah, ah

ku-rak

dry up, misty

bir

kuru-mus^ = dried up

33DULL

--

kr, kesmez, skc

to soften

ten

yumu-s^at-mak

--

toz, kum, toprak, amur

sahar -h->-m-

yer = earth; a-mur = mud; toz = dust

ukum

kum = sand

34 DUST
earth, dust, sand,
mud

dust

par-im p>

or-ak = arid, barren

arrid, dry land

35 EAR

--

ear

g~es^ tug 2

--

tug 2

--

--

hear

g~es^

hear, understand

g~es-tu

36 EARTH
earth, place, where
--clay, wetland
swamp
earth, dust

-ki
---

kulak
es^it =hear;
tuy/duy (duyma, sezme, kavrama, anlama, is^itme
[IZEy, 207])
= feeling, intuition, hearing, understanding
es^it =hear;
es^it (anla);
dnye, yer, kara, toprak
yer, kara, toprak;
kt-ki ( tepe, daglik yer, toprak yigini [IZEy, 441]) =
hill,
mountainous place, pile of dirt.

im

a-mur, balik

um-un 5,6,11

bat-ak, um-luk

sahar

earth (bur=dust,
dirt)

s^u-bur

37 EAT

--

eat

gu7

--

--

feed, nurse

to take in

ku 4

feast

nu

festival, feast

ez-en

38 EGG

--

--ye, yut
yut = swallow;
gut = gulping sound that one makes as one swallows
food.
em-dir
ka-pu = gate; kap-mak = to snatch
n = voice, noise; s^en-lik (bayram) = feast
es-en = health and happiness
yumurta, tohum, dl

egg

nunuz

yumur-ta (tl, dl, to-hum) = egg

--

--

yumur (yuvarlak) = round

X6 EIGHT

--

sekiz

eight

ussu [us-sa-am]

se-kiz = 8

39 EYE

--

gz, kz

eye, see

igi

gz = eye; gr-mek = to see; kr = blind

face, front

igi

yz (g>y) = face; ng/n = front;

see through

sim

cam = glass

--

ds^mek, yklmak, kmek

s^ub

ds^mek

sus 2, su 2,3

sus-turul-mak = silented, fallen

us-an

ak-s^am = evening

--

uzak

bad.r

uzak

gid

uz-un = long; git = go

sud 4, su

uz-un = long; uz-ak = far, distant, remote

us

uz-ak-lk

ma3

--

ul.li 2

--

ri

-ri, -ru = directional suffix

40 TO FALL
fall
fall, cast down
evening (setting
sun)
41 FAR
far
long, distant
long, distant,
remote
distance
to go
to go
far

42 FAT, GREASE --

yag~

fat, grease

i3, ia

yag~ = oil, fat

43 FATHER

--

ata, apa, baba, dede

father

a.a, ad.da d>t

ata =father; dede = grandfather

--

--

atam = my father, my ancestors

--

--

adam (insan) = human

father, elder

abba b>p

apa =father, old man;

--

--

baba = father, old man

--

korkmak, dehs^et duymak, kuruntu yapmak, titremek

hu.luh

bayl-mak = to faint; korkut-mak = to terrify;

--

titre-mek = to tremble

bu.luh

bayil-mis^ = fainted

ni, ni2 (fear)

--

ur

er = man, soldier

45 FEATHER

--

kus^ ty, telek, yelek

feather

pa[.mus^en]

kus^ ty = down feathers

46 FEW

--

az

to be few, etc

la2

al (kar) = take away

empty, destitute

sud, su

-siz, -suz = suffix for emptiness

low, small, weak

sig

sk (kk ) = tight; kk = small; za-yf = weak;

--

--

-cik, -ck = diminitive suffix

narrow

sig 9, si

sk = tight

44 TO FEAR
terrify, tremble
-frightened,
nervous
fear ?
enemy, tremble

END OF PART 1 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 2 of 5)
ENGLISH

SUMERIAN

47 TO FIGHT

--

--

--

TURKISH
atis^-mak, didis^-, dvs^-, gres^-, sngs^- [HNO,
854],

struggle, fight,

du 14

quarrel

du 14

savas^-, vurus^didis^ = struggle; dvs^ = fight;

to be angry

dug, duk
dvs^ = quarrel

battle

me3
dv-mek = to beat

war

gudibir
--

hostility, war

gug 5
harp, cenk = battle, war
gr-es^-mek = to wrestle

48 FIRE

--

ot/od, atas^

fire

izi

s = heat; kz-gn = hot;

strike,

tag t>

ak-mak = drive a nail by striking

start a fire

tag t>

ak-mak (tas^) = flint stone

fever

dih2

--

beam, ray

dalla

--

49 FISH

--

balk

fish

ku6, ha h>b

bal-k = fish

a fish ?

gir

sn-ger = sponge

50 FIVE

--

bes^, bis^

five

ia2

bes^, bis^ = 5

51 TO FLOAT

--

yzmek

bridge, ferry

id-dir

kpr

float

dirig -g>-n

derin (tering [AVG, 299, IZEy,180]) = deep water;

--

--

dur-an = not moving

waterfowl

us

kaz = goose

52 TO FLOW

--

ditch, drain

sur, zal

akmak
sur (duvar) = surrounding wall; arik (ark, irmak, su
yolu

--

--

[IZEy, 37]) = ditch

--

--

ar-ku (nehir, dere [AVG, 261]) = river, brook

flow, pour, spout

sur 8

suv (su) = water, river;

--

sur 8

sr = push, move something forward;

--

sur 8

sr = move animals from one area to another

--

zal?

sal = raft

53 FLOWER

--

iek

fruit, flower

gurun

yemis^, meyve; iek

--

sar (plant)

--

54 TO FLY

--

umak

to fly

dal

umak; dal = fly (Mongol) [FH]

a flying insect

nim n>s

cibin, mil-ek = fly

55 FOG

--

duman, en, pus, sis, bulut

fog, mist, haze

muru 9 m>b

bulut = cloud, fog

eclipsed, darkened

gid-im 6

--

mistiness

bir r>s

pus (sis, duman [IZEy, 561]) = mist

56 FOOT

--

ayak, adak

foot

g~iri3

gir = enter; yr = walk

foot race

dal

kos^u

57 FOUR

--

drt

four, female

limmu 2,4,5

drt = 4 ; eme = woman

58 TO FREEZE

--

donmak

to freeze

s^eg~4 [?]

sog~-uk = cold; don-mak = to freeze

59 FRUIT

--

fruit

gurun

--

--

X7 FULL

--

yemis^, meyve
kurut (kurutulmus^ yogurt [IZEy, 450] = dried yogurt
balls;
kuru yemis^ = dried fruits; ku-rut-mak = to dry
do-lu

fill, full, increase

si

sil-me (ag~zna kadar dolu) = full up to the brim

to be full

de

doy-mak = to be full;

--

de

dol-dur-mak = to fill

60 TO GIVE
to give
bear, give birth

-sumu

vermek, sunmak
sun-mak = to give, to deliver

tu, tud

ta-s^i-mak=to bear; tog~ur-mak = to give birth [IZEy,

193]

give, pay,
apportion

ba

bar (ver) = give; de = pay;

61 GOOD

--

glad (Gordon)

dug3 d>y

good, fine, strong

es-ig, esi

mild, silent, good

s^ig 5 g>s

good, true, firm

zi, zid d>g

to be good, healthy sil-im

iyi, yeg~, edg, esen

yeg~, edg = good [HNO, 791, 890]
edg (iyi) = good, fine
ses-siz = silent
sag~ = good, true
-tat-li; edg = good

sweet, good, glad

dug, du 10

good, pleasant

sa 6

62 GRASS

--

grass

u2

folliage, buds

pa

sprout, shoot

bil

63 GREEN

--

yas^il, yes^il (ter yes^illik [IZEy, 655])

yellow-green

sig7

sar = yellow

blue

gin3

gk= blue, sky

64 GUTS

--

bag~irsak, barsak, kursak

intestines, gut

s^a 3.g, s^a

bag~irsak

sag~ (sag~-lam) = in good state, unbroken or

undamaged
ot, imen
ot; (nebat, ekin, orman [AVG, 273]) = plant, growing
grain, forest
fi-liz = new shoots, buds
fi-liz = sprout, shoots

lower abdomen

has^

karn

stomack, pouch

tun

tor-ba = pouch, bag

65 HAIR

--

sa, sakal, kl

body hair

su

kl = body hair

head hair

suhur h>k

sa-kl = beard; sa = head hair

--

suhur

--

beard

sul, su 6

sa-kal = beard;

--

--

sal, al (yas^l kimse [KTLS, 974]) = old (man)

tail

kun n>y

kuy-ruk

shaggy hair, long

guz

yele = mane

66 HAND

--

el

hand

s^u

el = hand; parmak = finger

hand, fist

kis-ib

yum-ruk = fist

67 HE

--

he/she

a.ne

an, onu = 3rd p. pr. accusative form

he/she

in

an, o = he, she, it

male

ni-tah ?

ata = father, male

68 HEAD

--

bas^, tepe, kafa, kelle

head, wise

sag~

Ak sak-al = elder man, wise man, saga

head, wise

sag~

sag~lam ds^nen = wise

--

--

sag~r (ses duymayan [IZEy, 572]) = deaf

skull, top of head

ugu

bas^tasi= skull; tepe = top of head

69 TO HEAR
hear, understanding
noise, sound
noise, sound

-g~is^..tuku
[es]
gu

is^itmek, dinlemek
es^it = hear, understand
gr-l-t = noise
gr-le-me = noise [IZEy, 304]

listen, harken, heed gurgur

--

secret

--

aka
hal

70 HEART

--

yrek, gnl (kngl), kalb/kalp [IZEy, 367]

heart

s^a3.g

yrek/rek;

heart

s^a3.g

sag~-lam (diri, gcl, gvenli [IZEy, 571]) = alive,

--

--

sound in body, strong, trustworthy [RDH1]

suck

sub b>r

sor-mak = to suck

71 HEAVY

--

ag~r

massive, heavy

dugud

ag~r

heavy, thick, strong kul

kal-in = heavy, thick, strong

72 HERE

--

burada, buraya

here

ki..ne-a

bura, burada, buraya

73 TO HIT

--

vurmak, dvmek

to hit, beat

tud2, tu 10/11.b dv-mek (tg-s^, dy-mek) = to hit, to beat

to hit, beat

tud2, tu 10/11.b teg~-mek (deymek) to touch;

--

--

tok-mak, tok-a = mallet, stick for beating out washing

--

--

tok-us^-mak = to hit each other, head to head butting.

to strike, stamp

ru

ur-mak, vur-mak = to strike; darp etmek= to stamp out

74 TO HOLD,
TAKE

--

tutmak, yakalamak, almak

ha.za

yaka-lamak = to catch

dab5, b>y

dey-mek = to touch

tuku

tok-un-mak (dok-un-mak) = to touch

tuku

toka = hand shake

--

tut-mak = to hold

--

boynuz, mgz [HNO, 819]

to hold, take
to hold, take
to hold, take
to hold, take
-X8 HORN

horn

si

mng-z, ming-iz, my-z [AVG, 287]

75 HOW

--

nasl, ne s^ekilde

how

a.na-gin7

na-sil, ne-gl [AVG, 287] = how;

--

--

ne-ce = how;

--

--

na, ne = what

X9 HUNDRED

--

yz

hundred

g~is^ 2 g>y

yz =100

ten

on = 10

76 TO HUNT

--

to hold, to seize

dab 2,4,5

--

--

kick, flop,

db b>p

knock down

db b>v

wander, pass along ---

dib 2

hardship, difficulty, bad4

avlamak
tap-mak = to find;
av-lamak = to hunt (d seems to be dropped); ab (av) =
game to hunt
tep-mek = to kick
dv-mek = to beat;
dib-ek = stone or wooden mortar
-bat-mak = to go under, to sink

wild

bad4

to fish, hunt

ta-g

catch, strike

ta-g

77 HUSBAND

--

er, koca, es^

husband

ni-ta

er, koca = husband; ata = father

mate, spouse

dam

dam (ev) = house

first husband

g~itlam nit

--

a team

bir

--

78 I

--

men, ben

yab-an = wild
ag~ = net to catch fish (t seems to be dropped)
teg-mek/deg~-mek = to touch

g~a-e, ma-e

men

-g~u 10

-em = verbal (indefinite) pronoun suffix for I

I, self

ni

meni = (accusative 1st p. s.)

myself

men

men = myself

possesive pr. suffix -mu, -ma

-im, -m, -um, -m = possesive 1st p. s. suffix

79 ICE

--

buz, muz, don

ice

s^eg~8 [?]

sog~-uk = cold

80 IF

--

eg~er, ger, ise, -se, -sa

if ?

tukum-bi

-se, -sa = conditional suffix

if it be/Gordon

h-a

--

81 IN

--

ieri

locative,

-a, -bi

-a, -ya = dative suffix

genetive suffix

-a, -bi

-in, -n

in, into

im(mi)

ieri

into, to, upon

ba-an

bin = get onto, ride

middle, inner, waist ib, b

bel = waist, guts

82 TO KILL

--

ldrmek

us^2

sus-tur-mak = to silence

nud, nu n>y

u-yut = put into sleep; yat = lie down

gaz 2

ez = crush

hus^

--

ug 5,7,8 g>l

l = die

gul

l-dr-mek = to kill, to destroy (g is dropped?)

10 KNEE

--

diz

knee

dug3, du10

diz = knee; ek = joint

83 TO KNOW

--

bilmek

kill
kill, lie down
kill, vanquish,
crush
terrible, wild
to kill, die
to destroy

understanding

tl

til (dil) bil-mek = to understand a language

understanding

tl

til (dil) = language, tongue

to know

zu

us = mind, intelligence, wisdom

84 LAKE

--

gl, kl, (tengiz, deniz = sea)

lake, sea

a.a.ba

ba-t-ak = swamp

spring

idim

bulak, gze, kaynak

pool, swamp

umun 5,6,11

--

pool, pond

~garin

--

85 TO LAUGH

--

glmek

to laugh

i.si.is^ [?]

ses = voice, sound

86 LEAF

--

yaprak

bud

pa

uc, gon-ca, tomurcuk, srgn = bud;

bud (3)

pa

te-pe = hill, the end point such as the top of the head.

leaf, sprout (3)

pa

yap-rak = leaf; fi-liz = sprout

sprout, shoot

bil b>f

fi-liz = sprout

luxuriant growth

lam l>c

im-en, ot = grass; um = turf

87 LEFT

--

sol

left

gub3

sol

88 LEG

--

thigh

ur2, r>d

--

--

--

--

waist, lower body

ib2

bacak, bud
bud = thigh;
yum-ur (yuvarlak, yumulmus^ cikinti, yumruk gibi) =
round;
bal-dr = calf, back of the shank, leg (knee down)
bel = waist; bel-den as^ag~ = lower body

89 TO LIE (down) --

yatmak

lie down, lie with

yat, uyu, uzan

nud, na 2

vagina

ngla

am

lie down

ku

ku-cak-la = hug, embrace

90 TO LIVE

--

yas^amak, sag~ olmak

to live, dwell

ti, til

til-ek/dlek (dlleyici [IZEy, 186]) = prolific, fertile,

--

ti, til

productive, fruitful;

--

--

til/dil = tongue.

sit, dwell, buttock

tus^ [durun]

otur = sit; yas^a = live, dwell

seated, a fart

durun

oturan= seated

life force

alad

--

live, create, yellow sig 7, se 12

sig- (sik-) = to intercourse; sa-ri = yellow

91 LIVER

--

karaciger, bag~ir

liver, omen

ba 3

bag~-r = liver, lungs, bosom, heart, breast

liver, soul

ur 5

yr-ek/r-ek = heart

soul, innerd

bar

ruh, can = soul

92 LONG

--

uzun

long

sud.r

uzun = long

pull, draw, distance gid2

ek = pull; uzat = draw; git = go

length, distance

su

uz-un-luk = length; uz, iz = yol

93 LOUSE

--

bit

lice, insect

uh

bit, bcek (bg~cek, rmcek [IZEy, 100])

vermin

uh

--

94 MAN, MALE

--

adam, ata

man

nita, ni-tah

ata = father; te-kin, ti-gin = prince

penis, man

ngis 2,3 (g<>s) sik, k = penis

penis, man

us^

uri (erkek evlat) = son [ HNO, 876]

prince, young man

mis^, mes^

te-kin, ti-gin

man, soldier,
servant
95 MANY
many
many, much
abundance
many, much,
people

er-im

er-im = my husband, my man, my soldier, my male

servant

--

ok, kp, bol, dolu, artk

s^ar2

ar-tk = many

es^

ok = many

he 2

bol, dolu = abundant;

lu

bol, dolu = abundant; top-lu-m = many people

96 MEAT, FLESH --

et

meat, flesh

uzu

ku-zu = lamb (4)

--

ai, ay

moon

id 4,8, it 4
d/t>y

ay (ad, id, ud) = moon (5)

shine brightly

ayas = light (Ak Ayas = Ajax, Sais, Zeus) [MiEl,9;

hda, had 2 d>y PK]

97 MOTHER

--

mother

ama m>n

mother

ama

mother

ama

mother

ama

mama (kadin [AVG, 286]) = woman; mama = uncle's

wife

--

tau, tag~, dag~

kur, hur.sag~

kr (yayla, cayrlk, yaylm [IZEy, 407])= countryside,

--

uncultivated land [RDH1];

kur, hur.sag~
s>t

tag~ (dag~) = mountain;

X11 MOON

98 MOUNTAIN
mountain
-higland
higland
-roof, mountain pass
--

ana
ana = mother; eme=female
ana ana (nine, nene) = grandmother
emig, imig (meme [AVG, 264]) = breast

kur-gan = mound, hill

kur, hur.sag~
boz-kr = (grey) steppe
-ur

bur-un = nose; te-pe = mountain peak; sirt = mountain

top;

mountain

--

ge-it, bo-g~az = mountain pass;

--

is^i

sira dag~lar = mountain chain;

--

--

kt-ki (yksek yer, yayla, dag~lk yer, tepe, tepecik,

--

--

toprak ygn [IZEy, 293,294]) = highland,

heap, pile

--

plateau, mountainous place, hill, small hill, pile of dirt

--

gurum

gur-gan (kur-gan) = mound, pile;

big

--

yg~n, kme = pile

kur4

kara = big [FH]

99 MOUTH

--

ag~z

mouth

ka

ag~z = mouth; ka-pu = gate, door

door, entrance

gi

ga-pu (ka-p) = gate; gir = enter

swallow, eat

gu 7, ku g>y

yut = swallow; gut = gulping

100 NAME

--

ad, isim

name

mu

tam-ga (dam-ga) = seal, stamp

speak, word, year

mu

m-rl-dan-mak = murmuring to oneself

progeny

numun

soy, nesil, torun-lar, tohum

END OF PART 2 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 3 of 5)
ENGLISH

SUMERIAN

TURKISH

101 NARROW

--

dar, sk, sk

narrow

sig 9

sk = close together, dense, thick

--

--

sk = tight, narrow

102 NEAR

--

yakn

near

zg, zi

sk = close together, dense, thick

one (as one)

as

--

come near to

st s-te = one on the top of other

side, near, with

da d>y

ya-kn = near

locative suffix (at)

-ta

-ta -te, -ta (-de, -da) = locative suffix

103 NECK

--

boyun, bogaz, kstak

neck

gu2

boyun

hinged joint

kak

ek = joint

104 NEW

--

yeni, teze (taze)

new

gibil

yeni

105 NIGHT

--

gece, gice, tn

night

g~i 6, gig

kk/kg/gg ( gece [IZEy, 286]) = night;

--

--

gk (kk yz, mavi, gk rengi) = sky, sky blue

106 NOSE

--

nose, muzzle

kiri 4 k>b

peak, point

kur k>b

peak, point

kur

peak, point

kur

roof, mountain pass

ur

burun = nose, point; dam, ati = roof; geit =

mountain pass

107 NOT

--

yok, eksik, olumsuz

no, not, without

nu- n>m

-me, -ma = verbal negation suffix

prohibiting
performative

nam- n>m

-me, -ma = verbal negation suffix

kusur, hata = fault; yan-lis^ = error

s^es^

-siz, -suz = negation suffix; sil = erase

ba-ra

engel

burun, gaga, uc
burun = nose, point
bur-un = nose, point
Kur-ul-tay = summit meeting;
Kur-i-kan (adr) = tent

fault, error
to erase

prohibitive prefix
108 OLD
used, worn, old,
ancient
elder man
old woman
old woman
old woman
ancient, old, ruins
old
old
old
progenitor
progenitor
progenitor

-li-bir
abba b>p
umu
umu m>n
umu m>n
sumun~, sun
ur-ag/L254
ur-ag/L254
ur-ag/L254
ugu 4
ugu 4 g>y
ugu 4

eski, prtk, yas^l

pr-tk = torn, ragged
apa, baba = father, old man;
eme = woman;
ana = mother,
nene, nine = grandmother
eski
yor-gun = tired, old;
urug (uruk) = clan.
er-gin = aged, matured, old.
Bay lgen, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl]
Ak Ayas, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl, 9]
ogan/okan (ulu Tengri); aga = creator god, Lord,
owner
bir, tek

109 ONE

--

one

as^

one, title of AN

dis^ 2

alone

dili

one, 60 (1/60th?)

~ges^

first, slave

sa~g

progenitor

ugu

110 OTHER

--

dig~er, bas^ka, oteki

equal, partner

man

es^, ortak

female, woman

mu-nus

eme, hanum = female, woman

bir = 1; is (idi=sahip, tanri adi [IBML,33] = title

of God
is (idi=sahip, tanri adi [IBML,33] = title of God
dul = vidow, alone; dil = tongue
--Ak Ayas, Tengri = Turkic god names [MiEl, 9]

half

ms

yarm

drawing

masda

--

111 PERSON,
PEOPLE

--

kis^i, s^ahis, halk, toplum, el/il

lu2

el/il, budun

ug~

bugun (bukun [AVG, 270])

na-

--

112 TO PLAY

--

almak, oynamak

an insturment, sing,

du 12

da-vul = drum;

play an insturment

du 12

da-vul almak = to play drum; saz almak;

--

du 12

tu-nur [kam davulu HNO, 485] = shaman's drum

cry, shout, scream

tal 3,4,5 t>

al-mak = to play an instrument

cry, shout, scream

tal 3,4,5

s^a-ma-ta

cantor (singer)

gala

al-mak, sy-le-mek

113 TO PULL

--

ekmek

pull

gid2

it-mek = to push;

pull

gid2

nde git-mek = to go in the front

pull

gid2

gt-mek (sr-mek) = to drive

114 TO PUSH

--

to push

zag

to push

tag

to push

tag

to push

tag

push

s^u..us2

butt, toss

du 7

fling, shove

lah4

people
people
human beings

itmek, sokmak
sok-mak = to thrust into, to insert, to push
teg~-mek (dey-mek) = to touch [IZEy, 174]
teg~-en-mek (day-an-mak [IZEy, 175]) = to lean
against
teg~-nek (day-a-nak [IZEy, 175]) = cane, stick
sus-ta-li = switchblade
tok-us^-mak (dok-us-mak), tos-la-mak
atmak = fling; itmek = shove

115 RAIN

--

yag~mur

to rain

s^eg~3 s>y

yag~-mak; (nur yag~d = it rained)

moistening, spittle

us

s-lak = wet, moist; sis =fog;

moistening, spittle

us

su = water; ise-le-mek = drizzle

rain, drip

an.s^ur

yag~mur = rain; yam-gur [ AVG, 308] = rain;

rain, drip

an.s^ur

k-s^r (dolu) = hailstone

cloud, storm, rain

em

--

116 RED

--

al, kzl, krmz

red - brown, ocher

sa5

sa-r = yellow

red

si 4, su 4

kr-m-z, k-zl = red;

red

si 4, su 4

k-zl (altun) = gold

light, bright

piri~g

prl-t = light; par-lak = bright

light, bright

piri~g

yar-uk [AVG, 309] = light

to flame up, blaze

bir

par-la-mak

117 RIGHT,
CORRECT

--

hak, dog~ru, gerek, dz, drst, erdem

zi-d z>s

sag~ = right side

zi-d z>d

dz = straight

zi-d z>d

dzen (yasa, kural [IZEy, 491] = law, code

na-nam

namus-lu

118 RIGHT (side)

--

sag~

right side

zid, zag

sag~

119 RIVER

--

river

id 2

river, cannal

ida, id

watercourse

right (hand), true

-legitimate
true, honest, reliable

nehir, su, ay, irmak, dere

ir-mak = small river
ulugsu [IBML, 80] = river
arku (nehir, dere [AVG, 261]
ark (ark, hark, yark, su yolu [IZEy, 38]) =

irrigation ditch, dike

eg, ig, e

irrigation ditch

canal, ditch

pa 4,5,6

ba-t-ak= swamp; ark (arik)

-120 ROAD
caravan expedition,
road

kas-kal, ka.g~iri3
k>y
kas-kal, ka.g~iri3
k>y

road
sal s>y
road, expedition, trip
~gir
road, expedition, trip
~gir

yol, iz
iz = path ; uzun yol = long road; girmek = to go
in
giri-len ka-pi, yr-nen
yol
gir = enter; yr = walk;
git = go
kk, urug

121 ROOT

--

root

ur 2

ur (s^is^, yumru) = tumor, round, extension from

body

--

--

like a tumor.

--

--

ura (s^is^, kozalak [KTLS, 504]) = cypress cone

(seed)

--

-[RDH1, 677],

--

-a swelling, tumor [RDH1, 1065].

--

ur 2
ur/r (reme, dl [IZEy, 689]) = reproduction

--

-r-en = generation, progeny [RDH1, 1209]

--

-kk = root [IZEy, 286]

--

--

--

ur 2

breed ram, bull

utua

breed bull, fish roe

inda, ninda

breed bull, fish roe

inda, ninda

send forth, rise

de

ur, urug (tohum [IBML, 80]) =seed

urug (uruk, soy, kk) = clan, tribal root, kins
ata = father; ko = ram; bug~a = bull
da-miz-lik, dl
iek
dl = seed
122 ROPE

--

ip, urgan

rope

dur

ur-gan (rken) = rope

to tie

kes

bag~-la-mak

knot

kesda

d-g~m = knot

rope

s^e

sicim

123 ROTTEN

--

rk, kokmus^, kpklenmis^

rot

sug~in

sog~-an = onion, smelly

rot, stink

hab 2 h>k

kp-k = foam

ruin, rot, decay

sun, sumun

--

--

yuvarlak, yumru, ur, s^is^

la-gab

kab kacak = round pots and pans, containers

ni-gin 2 -ni

--

ku

kag~-ni = wooden wheeled cart

gur

te-ker-lek = wheel; ur = round, tumor

har

har-man = harvest, turn round and round

kra, kr k>s

sar (kus^at) = encircle, siege;

--

e-per = wall encircling a property, hedge

124 TO RUB

--

srmek, yaymak

to rub

su.ub

sr-mek = to rub

to rub

su.ub

spr- mek = to sweep, to clean

anoint with oil

s^es^ 2

yag~-la-mak, sil-mek?

125 SALT

--

tuz

salt

mun

tuz

126 SAND

--

kum

sand, dry

sahar

sahra = desert

dust

ukum

kum = sand

X12 ROUND
round
round
turn around,
transform
sphere, circle, ring,
loop
ring, hand mill
encircle, beseige
--

127 TO SAY

--

demek, sylemek, aymak [MuEr, 104]

say

dug4 [=3D> e]

de, di ([UYAT, 102] = say

128 TO SCRATCH

--

kas^imak, kazmak, izmek

to scratch

hur

kas^i-mak = scratch

129 SEA

--

sea

a.ab.a

the sentient sea

ab-zu (or ZU-AB)

the abyssal sea

en-gur

the abyssal sea

en-gur

en-gin = high sea, open sea, wide, wast,

boundless

130 TO SEE

--

grmek

eye, see, face

igi

gz = eye; gr = see; yz = face.

stare at, gaze

ug 6

bak = look

stare at, gaze

du 8

dik-mek (gzn) = to stare

to seek, to find

pd 3 d>l

bul-mak = to find, to discover, uncover

expose, see

bar b>g

gr

see through

sim

cam = glass

appearance

grnt; al = red;

appearance

al-l (renkli, gsteris^li)) = red

attention geting

ulut

bulut = cloud; al-l (renkli, gsteris^li)) = red

awe inspiring

lm

al-l (renkli, gsteris^li)) = red

131 SEED

--

tohum, dl, meni, urug [IZEy, 238]

seed

numun, a

tohum, dl, yumurta, ur, ur-luk,

--

numun, a

urug (her seyin tohumu [IBMl, 39])

seed, progeny

nu~gun, numun

meni = human seed

to grow

mu m>b

b-y-me

X13 SEVEN

--

yedi, yeti

deniz, tengiz
deniz, tengiz
su = water (15)
ten-giz (deniz) = sea;

seven, totality

imin [u3-me-nu]

yedi = seven; tm = totality; tamam = that is all;

--

imin [u3-me-nu]

hemi, ham = everyone

132 TO SEW
weaver, ?tailor
net, mat, sinew
rope
type of weaver
to weave, decorate
to weave a mat
to weave a mat
--

-us-bar r>s
sa
es^e
hb

dikmek
s(t)-bas^ = clothing
hasir = mat
s^e-rit, kiris^ = sinew, thread; ip, urgan = rope
aba = thick cloak

tag

tak- = jewelry; tak = to wear; rmek = to weave

kid 6, kad 6,8

(k<>d)

dik-mek = to sew, to tie together

kid 6, kad 6,8

kid 6, kad 6,8

kat kat r-mek = to tie together layer by layer;

kat = layer, such as layers of a rope

133 SHARP

--

sivri, keskin, itik [UYAT, 214], tkr [UYAT,

276]

to cut

gum, gun

kes-mek = to cut

point, head

se~g

igne = needle, sharp point

lance

sukur

sok-ar (mizrak, kar-gi) = lance, to thrust into

barb, point

dih 2

di-k-en = barb, thorn;

barb, point

dih 2

i-tik (keskin [UYAT, 214]) = sharp

insert, enter, write

sur

sr = drive, stabb; ir=write (Chuvash sir, ir

[TDEK1, 225])

--

sur
kar-g = lance, pike, javelin

--

sur

dagger, sword

~gir

--

~gir

--

~gir

sr-g (sn-g) = bayonet

gir = enter;
gir-gi = a pointed instrument that enters;
t-kr (keskin [UYAT, 276])
X14 TO SHOOT

--

atmak, vurmak

shoot an arrow

ti..ra

tg~ atmak, ok atmak arrow

arrow

ti

tg~, ok = knitting needle, straight and strong

134 SHORT

--

ksa, gdek, gdk

short (man)

(lu)-gud

gd-ek, gd-k

short

gud 8

gd-ek = short

short

lal

--

small

gi 17

ki-sa = short; ki-ik (kk) = small

ant (a small bug?)

kis^i

kon-guz (bcek [HNO, 843]) = a bug

135 TO SING

--

rlamak, trk sylemek, demek

to sing

du12

tr-k de-mek, r-la-mak = to sing

--

--

kg/kg [TDEK, 227] = to sing with the

--

--

accompaniment of instruments

sing(er)

na-(r)

s^ar-k-c, tr-k-c

X15 SISTER

--

girl (young)

ge

--

ge

--

ge

--

ge

sister

nin9

female, woman

nunuz

--

nunuz

kz kardes^, baci, apa [KTLS, 43], eke (ece, eze

[IBML, 12])
gen kz;
eke (ece, eze [IBML, 12]) = sister;
aga (byk erkek kardes^, bey, yrenin byg~)
= elder brother,
Beg, lord, rich and influential man of the town.
ana = mother; nine = grandmother, sin-gil
[IBML, 60]
ine [KTLS, 176] = female; ana = mother;
eme = woman; nine/nene = grandmother

136 TO SIT

--

oturmak

to sit

tus^ [=3D> durun] o-tur-mak = to sit; dur = stop

to mount, ride, sit on

u5

u(yu) = sleep; bin = mount, ride; o-tur = sit

lap, thigh

ur

ku-cak = lap; bud (but) = thigh

silent, still

ll

dur-an = still, silent

to sit down, reside

s^us^

s^ (dur) = a Turkish expression used to call

--

--

a moving (i.e., a driven) donkey to stop

throne, dais, stand

bar-ag

otur-ak = place to sit on, chair;

--

bar-ag

dur-ak (durulan yer) = stand

governor

ni- sang

--

pillow (?), triangle

sang-tag

day-a-nak (yas-tik, [IZEy, 171]) = pillow

137 SKIN

--

deri, gn

skin, hide, leather

kus^

ks-e-le

meat, flesh

uzu

kuzu = lamb

peel, pare, expose

bar

arala, soy = peel

spread out?

pra

yay-mak, ser-mek

pelt, hide

mun-sub

deri = pelt; gn = hide

138 SKY

--

gk, tan (tang) [IZEy, 638]

sky, heaven, high

an, an-

tan (tang, gk) = sky; (16)

--

an, an-

tan agarmasi [IZEy, 639] = dawn;

--

an, an-

Tan-r, Teng-ri, Ten-gir, Tan-gara = sky god;

--

an, an-

ana = mother (9).

dark, night (?sky)

gi 6, m

gi-ce (gece, tn) = night; gk = sky, sky blue

sky

gik, kik

gk [IZEy, 286]

139 TO SLEEP

--

u [HNO, 873], uyumak

sleep

u, uyu = sleep

lie down

ku

yat = lie down

sleep

ku-ku

uy-ku = sleep

rest, repose

hu

--

140 SMALL

--

kk, ufak, hurda

child, young, small

tur t>k

kr-pe= young, child, small; hur-da = small

child, young, small

banda2/3

hur-da (hirda) = young, small

child, son

pes^ 8

pi = bastard child

young, small

di 4.di 4.l

din = young, energetic

small, young man

gi 14

ge-de/gi-de = young boy (Azeri)

girl, young woman

ge 2,3 g>k

kz = girl

short

gud 8

gd-ek (gd-ek) = short;

short

gud 8

gd-en = large intestine; gd (gt) = rectum

low, small

sig

sk = tight

small, young

har

hur-da (hr-da) = small;

small, young

har

dar = narrow, tight

--

kokmak, koklamak

ni

koku

ir

iy, is, iyis, cit (koku [KTLS, 492])

ir

ir-in = pus, matter of wounds [RDH1,546]

zi

sid-ik (siy-ik, hiydik in Baskurt [KTLS, 778],

--

kt koku) = urine;

zi

si-mek (siy-mek [IBML, 60]) = urinate

zi

sik = penis

sag 5, sig 6

--

hab 2

pis koku

bid d>s

pis koku

s^em

gzel koku

141 TO SMELL
smell?
smell, scent,
fragerence
smell, scent,
fragerence
stench
---sweet, pleasant
foul smell
deficate, urinate
aromatic, perfume

142 SMOKE

--

duman, ttn, bulut, sis

smoke

de3, i.bi2

du-man, t-tn

smoke/deliberate

dar

du-man, t-tn; d>k kar = snow

soot

ubilla 2

bulut = cloud; is, kurum = soot

eclipsed, darkened

gidim 6

gice (gece) = night

143 SMOOTH

--

dz, dzgn, kaygan, kolay

smooth

sal [?] s>k

kal/kel = bald headed, bare of vegetation.

to smooth

sal [?]

d-zelt-mek

144 SNAKE

--

yilan

snake, reptile

mus^

kus^ = bird; mus^ = bird like

encircling snake

mer

mar (6) = snake, serpent

145 SNOW

--

kar

snow

s^eg~8 [?]

sog (sog~uk [KTLS, 787]) = cold

146 SOME

--

baz , bir kac

some

[?]

--

X16 SPEAR

--

mzrak, karg, zpkn

spear

s^ukur

kar-g

147 TO SPIT

--

tkrmek

to spit

uh 2 [?]

tuh (tkrmek)

148 TO SPLIT

--

yarmak

split

bar, b>y

yar

split, shatter

dar, d>y

yar

cut into, divide

sil 2

bl; dilim = slice; yar-m = half

sickle

zubu

orak

cut out, deduct,

s^ub

blme, paylas^tirma

apportion

s^ub

blme, paylas^tirma

lead out, travel

sab

sab (sz, haber [MuEr, 127]) = words, news

slave (?)

su-bar

kul; sin-gar [MuEr, 128] = half, one of two halves

149 TO SQUEEZE

--

skmak, sarmak, sarlmak, kucaklamak

to twist /Gordon

sur

sar-mak = to wrap around, to wind

--

sur

sar-l-mak, = to be hugged, to be embraced,

--

--

to be encircled by enemy

150 TO STAB,
PIERCE

--

tg~la-mak, okla-, bakla-, del-, gir-, sok-, ignele-

bur3 b>v

vur-mak= to hit; gir-mek = to enter, to pierce

tu 10

tr-nak-la-mak = to scrape, to claw;

tu 10

des^-mek = to lance, to open up

ti

tg~ (ok) = arrow, sharp pointed spindle

ti

tg~, s^is^= knitting needle

du 7

des^ = to gore, to stabb

sar

gir = enter, pierce; sr = drive into, push

tab b>v

tav-la-mak = to heat; a-tas^ = fire

to stab, pierce
dig, scrape,
furrow hole
arrow
arrow
gore, toss
insert, enter
sting, fever

END OF PART 3 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 4 of 5)
ENGLISH

SUMERIAN TURKISH

151 TO STAND

--

durmak, ayakta kalmak

stationary, standing gub [su8.b]

duran

to be, to have

men = I, me; olmak; sahip olmak

me

to be, we

me

olmak; miz/biz;

fate

me

men me-nem = I am my fate (11)

to act, to behave

me 6

dav-ran-mak

stand up

zig 3 z>d

dik-dur, kalk

152 STAR

--

yildiz, yulduz, gn, gnes^

shine, glow

mul m>y

yal/yul (is^ik, kizarti [IZEy, 719]) = bright, shining, light;

shine, glow

mul m>y

yal-in-lik [AVG, 308]

star, planet

mul m>y

yul-duz (yil-diz) = star

planetshine, star

s^un s>g

gn (kn) = sun

shine brightly

had 2

od (ates^) = fire;

shine brightly

had 2 d>y

ay = moon (5)

shine, gleam, sta

zalag z>y

yal-av (alev, [AVG, 308]) = flame;

shine, gleam, sta

zalag z>y

yal-tir-mak [AVG, 308] = to shine

153 STICK

--

ubuk, sopa, srk, deg~nek, ag~a

stick

g~is^

ag~a = tree, wood

--

g~idru

ubuk, srk, deg~nek

154 STONE

--

tas^, kaya, akl

pebble, stone

na 4

akl

stone, rock

za 2

ka-ya = big rock; a-kl = pebble

pretty, precious

s^ub 7

s^eb = coral stone?, mercan?; guher

stone

--

--

block of stone

la-gab

lapik (lepik= yassi ince tas^) = layered stone

lapis lazuli

gn

gk tas^ (mavi renkli tas^)

155 STRAIGHT

--

dz

to straighten,

si..sa2

dzeltmek; dik = upright

upright

--

--

steadyness,

~gen

gven

reliability

--

--

stand upright

si

dik dur

156 TO SUCK

--

sormak, sorumak, emmek, i*mek, *ekmek, almak

to suckle

sub b>r

sor = suckle, suck

breathe (in), soul

zi (g)

nefes almak = to breathe; can = soul

stench

sid-ik = urine; kt koku

leak

zum z>d

dam-la-mak = to drip;

leak

zum

sz-mak

overflow

zum

tas^-mak

157 SUN

--

gn, kn

sun, time, when

utu, ud

t/ot/od (atas^ [IZEy, 515, 703]) = fire;

--

--

t-mek (yakmak [IZEy, 703]) = to burn;

--

--

t = (hot) iron ( used for pressing clothes);

--

--

gn, kn = sun;

day, time

utu, ud d>y

d-le/y-le = noon time;

--

--

d = time [ODes, 466], [HNO, 825], [ONT: 12];

sun god

d.KIN

kn tengri [ONT, 12]

torpidity, fever

dih 2

--

beam, ray

dalla d>y

yalav (alev) = flame, fire;

--

--

yul-duz = star

158 TO SWELL

--

s^is^mek, kabarmak, bymek

to grow

mu 2 m>b

b-y-mek = to grow

to widen

dag~al

dag~-l-mak = to spread, to widen

to widen

dag~al d>

og~-al-mak = to increase, to spread

to widen

dag~al d>y

yay-l-mak = to spread

to grow, thick

bulug~ 3

bulug~ = to reach puberti; to ripen.

159 TO SWIM

--

yzmek

water

i7

su

waterfowl, swan

us

kaz = goose; ku/kur/kug~u = swan;

--

--

su = water

160 TAIL

--

tail

kun n>d>y

--

--

--

--

X17 TEN
ten
hand (finger?)
finger(s), 10
one (?)

-u [ha-wamu]
su
h, u
dis

kuyruk
kud-ruk (kuy-ruk [IZEy, 454]);
kud/kuy (1. kic, 2. kiyi, 3. dere [IZEy,454]) = 1. bottom,
rear end;
2. side; 3. brook
on
on = ten
el, (parmak)
on parmak (barimak [IZEy, 549] = 10 fingers
bir

161 THAT

--

0, ol, s^u

to that?

ri

-ra, -ri, -ru = directional suffix

that one, he, she

ni, na

an (o) = he, she, it

that one

ni, na

o biri

this/that one

bi, b

bu/mu = this one; s^u = that one

162 THERE

--

that place

ki..ri-a

--

--

place, town

ki

place, town

--

ora, orada, oraya

o-ra, o-ra-s;
-ri, -ra, -ru = directional suffix
kr (yayla, ova, ayirlik, yaylim [IZEy, 407]) =
countryside,

place, town

ki k>y

mountain resort, medow;

place, town

ki

yer/yir/kir = place, ground, dirt

place, town

ki

kir (yer, toz, toprak, amur) = dirt (12)

place, town

ki

kent = town
ki (geri, bati) = west [HNO, 812]

163 THEY

--

onlar, an-an (old Turkic)

they

e.ne.ne

an-an (= onlar) (7); (-en, -an = -ler, -lar in old Turkish)

genitive, locative

-na-

-in, -un = suffix for genitive

this one

ne

bu-na = to this one

--

ne

-na = dative suffix

164 THICK

--

kaln, sk, ok, koyu, yog~un

expand, womb

pes^ p>s^

s^is^-mek = to expand

big, fat

gur 4, gir 8

gr = thick, dense

big, fat

gur 4, gir 8

yo-g~un = thick, dense

big, fat

gur 4, gir 8

guy-ruk/kuy-ruk = big fat tail of eastern Anatolian sheep

165 THIN

--

thin

sal

--

sal

--

sal s>c

--

sal s>y

--

sal s>d

dal = branch of a tree (which is thin as compared to the

body of a tree

166 TO THINK

--

ds^nmek

hear, understand

g~es^tug 2,3 es^it = hear, anla

intelligent

us 4

us (anlayis^ gc, yeti, z, tz, akl

--

--

[IZEy, 689]) = inteligence, mind, wisdom

ince, seyrek, sulu, soluk, cansiz, ciliz, zayif

su-lu = watery
sol-uk = pale (in colour)
cil-iz, can-siz= thin, undersized
yal = watery mash prepared for dogs as food

discernment

umus, us 4

us (zeki, anlayan [IZEy, 689]) = discerning

intelligent

ngiz-al

us-lu = intelligent, smart

167 THIS

--

bu/mu, buna/muna, bunda/munda, ol

this

ne.en, nen>l

bu/mu, buna/muna, bunda/munda, ol

168 THOU

--

sen

thou

za-e, -zu

sen; -iz, -uz = 2nd p. plural verbal suffix

169 THREE

--

three

es^ 5

170 TO THROW

--

atmak

to throw

ra, ri, s^ub

-ri, -ru = directional suffix

171 TO TIE

--

bag~lamak, dokumak, dgmlemek, kat katmak

to bind, tie

il-mek (baglamak, birles^tirmek [IZEy, 343]);

to bind, tie

il-mek (dg~m) = noose;

to bind, tie

ile = with, together with [RDH1, 527]

tie, rope, bond

dim

dg~m [IZEy, 208]

to tie, bond, string

dur

dr-mek (bkmek, toplamak, katlamak [IZEy, 210]) = to

put together,

--

-to tie, to wrap.

to tie, bond, string

dur

--

--

dr-m = flat bread wrapped around cheese or other

edibles to eat,

to tie, bond, string

dur

folded sandwich.

to tie, bond, string

dur

dr-ge (katlanmis pamuk[IZEy, 210]) = folded cotton

to tie, bond, string

dur

dr-g [IZEy, 210] = wrapped dead body, folded,

wrapped object

to tie

kes^.dr

--

--

to tie

kes^.dr

dok-u-mak (dgmlemek) = to weave, to tie

kos^-mak (baglamak, ilis^tirmek, takmak [RDH2, 461])
= to hitch,

--

--

to attach something to another

to tie together

kad 4,5

kos^a (yoldas^, [IZEy, 429]) = two together, two people

attached together like

to tie together

kad 4,5
man and wife, pair, two, two friends, two related people
or objects.

nest

gud d>y

nest

gud

to weave a mat

kid 6, kad
6,8

kat kat-mak = to add a floor or a layer.

sinew, cord, mat,

net

sa

uya (yuva)= nest [HNO, 877]

a knot

kes^da

udi (uyu) = to sleep [HNO, 874];

kat (bkm, kvrm [IZEy, 384]) = layer, such as layers

of a rope (13);

kat kat-mak = to add a floor or a layer to a layered

object.
-kos^-uk = tied together
172 TONGUE

--

dil

tongue

eme

em = suck

--

eme

dil/til

173 TOOTH

--

dis^/tis^

tooth

zu2, zu 9

ez-mek = to crush, to chew;

174 TREE

--

ag~a

tree

g~is^

ag~a; yis^ (orman) = forest

175 TO TURN

--

dnmek, burmak, bkmek

to turn

gi 4, gur g>b bur-mak = to twist, to turn

--

gi 4, gur g>b bur-gu = drill; te-ker-lek = wheel

--

gi 4, gur

ger-i-ye git = turn back

--

gi 4, gur

eg~-ri = bent, crooked

--

gi 4, gur

ger-i, arka = back

--

gi 4, gur g>s sar = wrap around

--

gi 4, gur

kur = reload (e.g.: "yay kurmak" or "saat kur")

X18 TWENTY

--

yirmi, yigirmi

twenty

nis^

yirmi, yigirmi = 20

176 TWO

--

iki/ikki

two

min

iki/ikki = 2

177 TO VOMIT

--

karmak, kusmak

to vomit

buru 8 [?]

karmak, kusmak

--

yrmek, gelmek, gitmek

walk

g~en (du,
etc)

gel git = come and go, to walk about; yuru = walk

179 WARM

--

isi, scak

warm

kum 2

kum = sand, desert

scorching

ml

--

baker, cook

mu-hal-dim

--

180 TO WASH

--

yikamak, yumak

wash

luh, lah l>y

yka, yu

wash, bathe, pour

tu 5,17

su dk = pour water to wash

rain, cloud

em

yag~-mur; bulut

to clean

sikil

sk-mak = to squeeze water out of laundry

181 WATER

--

su, ter [IZEy, 655]

water

a (?)

su

182 WE

--

biz, miz

we

-me

miz; -miz, -muz = 1st p. pl. verbal suffix

183 WET

--

yas^, sulu

wet

dur(u) 5

duru (sv, sulu [KTLS, 776]) = watery

--

dur(u) 5

duru-la-mak = rinsing with clean water;

--

dur(u) 5

ter (islak, yas^ [IZEy, 655]) = wet; sweat

178 TO WALK

--

sur r>l

sulu, sv (cvk, suyuk [KTLS, 776]) = watery;

moist, get moist

dig

su dk = pour water;

soak, cloud

lum

bu-lut = cloud;

pond, pool

ar-im

nor (in Mongolian) = lake

184 WHAT

--

ne, na, nasil

what

a.na

ne, na (hangi, AVG, 72])

--

a.na

ne-uk = how? [HNO, 820]

--

a.na

ne-guda (nasil, ne biim [HNO, 820]) = how?

--

a.na

ne-ke (neye, neden [HNO, 820]) = why?

--

a.na

ne-luk (neden [HNO, 820]) = because of what?

--

a.na

nen-e (ka, ne kadar [HNO, 820]) = how many

--

a.na

neng (s^ey, nesne [HNO, 820]) = thing

--

a.na

neng-nen (ne, her ne [HNO, 820]) = what

--

a.na

ne teg (ne gibi) = like what [HNO, 820; AVG, 72]

185 WHEN

--

ne zaman, na d

when

me.na.am3

kaan (ne zaman AVG, 72])

--

ud...-a

d = time [HNO, 825]

186 WHERE

--

nerede

where

me-a, ki..-a

kani (ne-rede, [AVG, 72])

--

ak/ag/ag~, bayaz

babbar

bayaz

bar 6.bar 6

ag~, ak

188 WHO

--

kim, ki

who

a.ba

kim

who

a.ba

apa = father

189 WIDE

--

genis^, enli

187 WHITE
white

to widen, wide

dag~al, d>

og~-al-mak = to increase, to swell

to widen, wide

dag~al

dag~-l-mak = to spread, to widen to widen

to widen, wide

dag~al, d>y

yay-l-mak = to spread, to widen

wide

tal2

genis^; sel = flood

to be wide

sal

genis^-le-mek; sel = flood

190 WIFE
--

kari, es^

wife, husband,
spouse

dam

dam (ev) = house

female, woman

munus

eme, mama [AVG, 286]

female, eggs,
offspring

nu-nuz

nene, nine = grandmother

191 WIND

--

yel, yil

wind

im, lil

yel, yil

192 WING

--

wing

a2, pa p>k

to fly

dal

--

dal d>y

--

dal

TO WIPE

--

silmek

to wipe

ra.g

sil-mek; ku-ru-lamak = to dry

erase

dir

sil

194 WITH

--

ile, beraber

together with

-da, -ta

-le, -la = suffix expressing togetherness

commitative

-da-

-de, -da, -te, -ta = locative suffix

lie with

-na

-ne, -na = dative suffix for demonstrative pronouns

195 WOMAN

--

kadn, eme, mama, nine, hala

woman

munus

meme = breast; ana = mother; hanm/hanum = lady

kanat, telek, yelek

ka-nat (telek [IZEy, 652]); kana(t) [IZEy, 370] = wing
tel-ek (ty, tg [IZEy, 652]) = feather, down
yel-ek (kaz tel-egi) = quill from a goose or from a bird's
wing.
dal (kol, butak/budak) = branch

orman, koru, yis^, ag~a

196 WOODS,
FOREST

-tir

woods, forest

--

--

ter (dirilik, islaklik, yes^illik, canlilik [IZEy, 655]) =

liveliness, wetness,
greenness, living (all of these concepts are associated
with forest

--

--

or woods);
tir

--

ter-ek (kavak [KTLS, 454]) = poplar tree, wooden shelf

tir

--

ter (kabuk [IZEy, 655]) = shell; bark of a tree

X19 TO WORK

--

is^lemek, alis^mak

to work

kin..ak

--

197 WORM

--

solucan, kurt

worm

g~ar7 [?]

gurt/kurt (solucan)

198 YOU

--

siz

you

-zu.ne(.ne)

-niz, -nuz = verbal pronoun for 2nd p. pl

199 YEAR

--

yl, sene

year

mu

yl, sene

200 YELLOW

--

sari

yellow

sig7

sari

END OF 4 OF 5
SUMERIAN - TURKISH COMPARISON LIST
(WITH 200 CONCEPT GROUP ENGLISH WORDS)
By Polat Kaya
(Part 5 of 5)
NOTES:
1. "u" has been widely used in Turkish literature as a word corresponding to the
word "and". It might be considered by some as a loan word into Turkish from
Persian. Although it is not clear who got this word from whom, however, in our
view, it is a Central Asiatic word which has migrated into Persian: a) by way of
Sumerians and/or 2) by way of other Central Asiatic peoples such as Sakas, Huns,

Turks who ruled the Persian land mass many times and each time for very long
durations of time throughout the known history. So, in Persia there were a lot of
interaction between Central Asiatic Turkish peoples and Persians throughout the
hystory. During these times of interactions, there have been linguistic and cultural
borrowings between the two ethnic groups.
2. Sumerian "pa" is reported to mean the "top", the "upper part of a tree", "the
upper part of a bird", "supervisor", "chief" and "coming from upper sides" [AZ,
223]. If this definition is correct, then we would have direct correspondence for it
in Turkish. The Turkish version of this Sumerian word would be as follows: "bas^
= head"; "the upper part of a bird" is 'bas^'; father "apa" in Turkish is a supervisor
of a household as well as the chief of the family. So evidently Sumerian "pa" and
Turkish "bas^ are related to each other. Probably the earliest form of Turkish
"bas^" was also "pa". This we can se from the Turkish word "tepe" meaning hill,
mountain top, top of the head and figuratively, someone above others. In Turkish,
there is also the saying of "dag~ bas^i" meaning "mountain top". If we want to
synthesize this two words in old Turkish, we would need to put together the
Turkish word "tau (dag~) = mountain" and the word "bas^ = pa". Thus we would
have {tau+pa ----> taupa ----> tapa} which is exactly the Turkish word "tepe" in
form and meaning, thus, meaning "mountain top" or hill. When one looks at a
mountain chain at a horizon, "mountain peaks" will look like "small hills = tepes"
with respect to the main bodies of the mountains. So Turkish word "tepe" fits well
to these two different but similar concepts. Let us now consider the Turkish word
"apa" meaning "father". If we use the same approach to its synthesis as we did for
the word "tepe, one could say that "father is the "head of a house', "father" is a
"supervisor" and "father" is the "chief" in the house and hence we would have {a +
pa} where the Sumerian word "e" is "house" and "pa" is "top". The Turkish word
for "house" is "ev" the very ancient version of which was probably "e" or "a".
When we put them together, we have {(ev+bas^) ----> (e + pa) ----> (a+pa) ---->
apa = father}. Again we see that we have a likely explanation for Turkish word
"apa" having total affinity to the Sumerian words "e = house" plus "pa= top".
3. The concept inbedded in the words "bud", "leaf" and "sprout" have one aspect in
common to them all which is they all develop at the tip of the branch of a tree or
plant. So Sumerian "pa" meaning "top", as also suggested by the Turkic words
"tepe" and "apa", seems to be a fitting interpretation of the Sumerian sign for this
word.
4. For Central Asiatic people, whose economy in ancient times was based on herds
of sheep, cattle, horse and other herbivorous animals, lamb and/or sheep, i.e.,
Sumerian "udu for sheep and Turkish "kuzu" for lamb, was one source of meat.
This culture, i.e., using "lamb meat" for their meat intake, has been carried on to the
present times by Turkic peoples.

5. In Turkish, change from d to y is very common. Because of this type of

consonant changes, some Turkic dialects are classified as d group and some others
as y group, eg. adak versus ayak meaning "foot",[TDEK2].
6. The word "mar" for snake, serpent is used both in Turkish and Persian. Some
would claime it as a Persian loan word in Turkish. Who got the word from whom is
not certain.
7. In archaic Turkish, there is the -en, -an suffix used as suffix for plural. A good
example of this is in the Turkish word "er-en" meaning "men, soldiers, brave
men". When the 3rd p. s. pronoun o or when it is in the form of an, en receives the
plural suffix -an or -en, we get 'an+an' or 'en+en' form which would correspond
to the present form 'onlar'. Thus the archaic form en-en or an-an of this Turkic
word would be related to the corresponding Sumerian word 'e.ne.ne'.
8. If a Sumerian word starts with a vovel and ends with a consonant, i.e., in the
format of VC, it is very likely that in the original Sumerian form, that word may
actually ended in a vovel, i.e., having a VCV format whereby the final V was
dropped when reading the Sumerian cuneiform writing, eg: us[u], ug[u]. Similarly,
if a Sumerian word has been read in the CV format, it is likely that that word was
originally in VCV format, but somehow the first vovel got dropped in the evolution
of the Sumerian language or in the reading process of the Sumerian cuneiform
writings.
9. In Sumerian pantheon "an" is the topmost god who created everything on the
earth and in the sky. The underliying theme of this word is that "an" is the "mother
creator" of everything. In view of this understanding, it seems that the Turkish
word "ana" for mother is related to the Sumerian "an". It is reasonable to think that
even during proto Sumerian times, "an" and "ana" not only were related but
probably were the same word used for a number of differing meanings as indicated
by the Sumerian word "an" and the Turkish word "ana". This again implies that the
ancestors of Turks and the Sumerians were very closely related people, sharing a
common culture in a homeland common to both of them. All indications are
pointing to Central Asian steppes.
10. It seems that the Sumerian suffix -ag and Turkish suffix -ag or -ak have the
similar meaning as suggested in the following examples: bar-ag vs otur-ak, or durak.
11. In Turkish the saying "men menem" has two meanings; 1) 'I am myself, I do
not resemble anyone else but myself; 2) 'I am my fate' which again means 'I
represent my fate only' or 'I am the living representation of my fate'. In this Turkic
saying, one gets the meaning of Sumerian "me" for fate. Therefore, there seems to
be a kinship between the Sumerian word "mae = I", the Turkish word "men = I"
and the Sumerian word "me" for fate.

12. As one interacts with the ground, one picks up dirt, "kir" in Turkish, which
comes from the ground. Thus it seems that Sumerian word "ki" and Turkish word
"kir", in addition to Turkic "KIR" = countryside, are related and coming from the
same root word.
13. In Turkish the root word "kat" signifies "layers" of layered object in which
layers are tied or attached together, eg. 'apartman kati' a floor of a building, 'ipin
kati' a layer of a rope, 'kat' of any weaving eg. basket, socks, rug weaving, etc. In
the case of rope, the layer threads are tied or hold together by twisting, "bkmek" in
Turkish, them together. Thus the Turkish word "bkm" signifies a kind of tie or
knot, i.e., "dgm" in Turkish.
14. Turkish villager who raise sheep keep their herd in enclosed pens during winter.
The waste of sheep in the pen is stepped on and pressed down by the sheep all
winter long. In the spring time when sheep are let out, then the pressed sheep waste
is cut and put out to dry. The dried waste is used for burning. These cut and dried
waste bricks are called "kesek" or "kerme" or "tezek" depending on the local dialect
of people using it.
15. This Sumerian word pronounced as abzu by some Sumerologist is written as
zuab in its original Sumerian writing [JLHa], that is to say that the sign for zu is
written before the sign for ab. Therefore, I feel that it should have been read as zuab
rather than abzu. If these two signs written together as zuab stands for underground
waters in Sumerian, then we have a correspondence between this Sumerian word
and the Turkic word "su" for water. Why the order of the Sumerian words zuab has
been changed to abzu is a mistery. This kind of arbitrary change alters the character
of the word making the word Akkadian rather than Central Asian as written in its
Sumerian form.
16. The ancient Turkic word for "sky" is "tang > tan". This is written in the form of
"Tan" in "IRK BITIG" hand written Gk Trk manuscripts, [HNO,271, line 38.
XXVI]. The Turkic words "tengri", tenger", "tengere", "tangara" and "tanri" which
all come from the same root, initially must have consisted of the root words "tang"
or "Teng" plus "er" plus "-i" meaning the "man of the sky/heaven" and hence "the
God". These roots put together as (teng + er + i) ---> tengeri ---> tengri. The suffix
-i is indicative of the accusative form of the Altaic word "tengri".
REFERENCES
ARAT ..... Resid Rahmeti Arat, "Makaleler, cilt I", Turk Kltrn Arastirma
Enstits, hazirlayan: O. F. Sertkaya,
..... ..... ....Ankara, 1987.

AVG ....... A. von Gabain, Eski Trkenin Grameri", Ceviren: Mehmet Akalin,
Trk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari, 332,
..... ..... ....Ankara, 1988.
AYB1 ..... Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt1, Sayi 1-12, Burhanettin Matbaasi,
Istanbul,1932.
AYB2 ..... Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi, Cilt 2, Sayi 13-24, Burhanettin Matbaasi,
Istanbul,1933. AYB3 Azerbaycan Yurt
..... ..... ....Bilgisi, Cilt 3, Sayi 25-36, Burhanettin Matbaasi, Istanbul,1934.
AZ ..... ....Andraz Zakar, "Sumerin-Ural-Altaic Affinities", Current Anthropology,
vol. 12, No. 2, April 1971,
..... ..... ...p. 215-224.
FH ..... ....Fred Hamori : "100 word Hymes List"
FH2 ........ Fred Hamori : "Ural - Altaic Language Page"
IZEy ..... ..Ismet Zeki Eyboglu, "Trk Dilinin Etimoloji Szlg", Sosyal
Yayinlar, Istanbul, 1991.
IBML ..... Abdullah Battal, "Ibni-Muhenna Lugati", Atatrk Kltr, Dil ve Tarih
Yksek Kurumu, Trk Dil Kurumu
..... ........ Yayinlari: 9,Ankara, 1988.
JLHa ..... John L. Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts", Undena
Publications, Malibu, 1990.
KTLS .....Karsilastirmali Trk Leheleri Szlg, Kltr Bakanligi /1371, kaynak
Eserler Dizisi /54, Ankara, 1992.
UYAT .....Kurtulus Oztopcu, "Uygur Ataszleri ve Deyimleri", Dogu Trkistan
Vakfi Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1992.
MiEl ...... Mircea Eliade, "Shamanism Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy", Bollingen
Series LXXVI, Princeton University
..... ........ Press, 1974.
MuEr ..... Muharrem Ergin, "Bir Azeri Sairi Ahmet Bey", Azerbaycan Yurt
Bilgisi, Cilt 4, Sayi 37, Burhanettin Erenler

..... ........ Matbaasi, Istanbul,1954, s. 18-21.

ODes ..... Oguz Hakan Destani, part of ARAT above, pages 605-672.
ONT ...... Osman Nedim Tuna, "Smer ve Trk Dillerinin Tarihi Ilgisi Ile Trk
Dilinin Yasi Meselesi", Atatrk Kltr,
..... ..... ...Dil ve Tarih Yksek Kurumu, Trk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari : 561, Ankara,
1990.
PK ........ Polat Kaya, "A Study of the Lemnos Island Inscription: a preliminary
report", ISBN 0-9696949-3-8, Ottawa,
..... ....... Ontario, Canada, 1977.
RDH1 ... "Trke-Ingilizce Redhouse Szlg", Redhouse Yayinevi, Istanbul,
1987.
RDH2 ... "Ingilizce-Trke Redhouse Szlg", Redhouse Yayinevi, Istanbul,
1980.
TDK ...... Trk Dil Kurumu, "Trke Szlk", sayi 175, Ankara, 1959.
TDEL1 ... Trk Kltrn Arastirma Enstits, "Trk Dnyasi El Kitabi", Birinci
Cilt, Cografya-Tarih, Ankara, 1992.
TDEL2 ... Trk Kltrn Arastirma Enstits, "Trk Dnyasi El Kitabi", Ikinci
Cilt, Cografya-Tarih, Ankara, 1992.
ABT ....... Abdullah Battal Taymas, "Kazan Trkesinde Ata Szleri ve Deyimler",
Atatrk Kltr, Dil ve Tarih Yksek
..... ........ Kurumu, Trk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari : 275, Ankara, 1988
END OF 5 OF 5