Rrkef Ygapesifh: (Eyüd, Okwåef) (Eyüd, Okwåef) (Eyüd, Okwåef) (Eyüd, Okwåef) (Eyüd, Okwåef)

rrkef;ygapESifh
(eyd,okwef)
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/
oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd?
wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'kutm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'roHk;jzm kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
"
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
ed'geuxm................................ i
rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef) ...................... 1
1/ tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;udk jyKwwfol ............ 1
2/ odumoHk;&yfudk rvdkvm;ol .................... 4
oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkY\ cspfjrwfEdk;rI ................. 5
3/ tvdkqdk;&Sdol ............................. 7
ygydp = tvdkqdk; .......................... 8
4/ trsufa'goBuD;ol ......................... 9
bk&m;rS a0;aeol ......................... 10
bk&m;ESifh eD;ol .......................... 11
5/ olUaus;Zl;udk acszsufwwfol .................. 11
jiif;cHkjcif;\ taMumif;&if; ................... 12
6/ aumufuspfpOf;vJol ....................... 13
7/ vSnfhpm;wwfol .......................... 14
rm,mESifh omaX,s ....................... 14
rdef;rwdkYrm,m oJudk;jzm ..................... 16
&aohrm,m ............................ 16
omaX,s ............................. 18
AdVm&0wZmwfawmf ....................... 19
8/ avmukw&mw&m;wdkYudk raqmifxm;ol ........... 22
tmo0u,okwef ........................ 23
9/ e y#dovmaem = wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH
rudef;atmif; rarGUavsmfol ................... 33
10/ y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; rjyKwwfol .......... 36
c " rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef)

taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
jrif;,kwfOyrm ..........................
1/ tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;ukd rjyKwwfol ..........
2/ odumokH;&yfukd vkdvm;ol ....................
3/ tydp = tvkdenf;yg;ol .....................
4/ trsufrxGufwwfol .......................
5/ olUaus;Zl;udk racszsufwwfol .................
wpfvkwfpm;zl; olUaus;Zl; ....................
{w'*fbGJUxl;&awmfrljcif; ....................
6/ raumufuspf rpOf;vJol ....................
7/ rvSnfhpm;wwfol .........................
8/ avmukw&mw&m;wkdYukd aqmifxm;Ekdifol ..........
9/ y#dovme = wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH
udef;atmif; arGUavsmfol ....................
10/ y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKwwfol ...........
trsKd;aumif; tmZmenfjrif;yrm ...................
Ow&m Oygodumr ...........................
&&Sdonfh {w'*fbGJUxl; .........................
a&S;qkawmif; ..............................
arwmbm0em .............................
a&S;OD;pGm a'go\ tjypfESifh cEDw&m;\ tusKd;udk qifjcifyg ..
a&S;OD;pGm arwmyGm;oifhaomyk*dKvf - ryGm;oifhaomyk*dKvf ...
taMumif;jycsuf ............................
arwmyGm;oifhaom yk*dKvftpOf ...................
yGm;rsm;ykH .................................
aumif;rGefaom pepfwpfck ......................
38
40
40
40
42
43
43
45
45
46
48
48
49
50
51
51
51
57
57
59
60
61
63
64
rmwdum " *
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
"mwfur|mef; tusOf;enf; ...................... 65

yx0D"mwf ................................ 65
tmayg"mwf ............................... 66
awaZm"mwf .............................. 66
0ga,m"mwf ............................... 66
tMunfjyif tMunfwkH;qdkwmbmvJ ................ 67
t0bmoeynm ............................ 68
32-aum|mookdY ............................ 71
vrf;okH;oG,f .............................. 73
tbdbm,wepsmef - 0darmupsmef ................. 75
Mo'gwuodkPf; ............................. 79
Mo'gwuokdPf;rS - arwmyxrpsmefokdY .............. 81
yxrpsmef - psmeft*Fgig;yg; ..................... 83
b0ifraemtMunf"mwf = raem'Gg& ................ 83
0oDabmfig;wef ............................. 85
arwm'kwd,psmef ............................ 87
arwmwwd,psmef ........................... 88
pwkwpsmef .............................. 92
rZwyk*dKvf - a0&Dyk*dKvf ....................... 94
tmCmwy#d0de,okwefenf; .................... 95
oDrmoar' = tydkif;tjcm;NzdK&ef .................. 99
arwmOypm&psmefESifh edrdwf .................... 101
wefckd;BuD;rm;aom arwmpsmefukd &&Sda&; ............. 103
taem"daom z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (5) rsKd; ...... 104
Mo"daom z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (7)rsKd; ......... 105
C " rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef)

taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyHk tpDtpOf ....................

'domz&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (10)rsKd; ............
arwmpsmef\ tusKd;*kPftiftmedoif (11)yg; .........
Ow&mOygodumr\ arwmpGrf;tm; ...............
0dyem\ taxmuftyHhudk &&Sdaom arwm .........
ormywfESifh 0dyem ........................
omrm0wDrdzk&m; ...........................
omrm0wDwdkY\ a&S;tukodkvfuH ..................
aoolESifh raool (= &Sifol ) ...................
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef; .................
106
109
110
111
112
113
118
123
124
132
earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/
ed'geuxm
okacg Ak'gerkyga'g? okcH o'ro0eH/
okcH oHC omr*D? or*geH wayg okacg/
("ry'-*gxmeHygwf-195/)
avmu bk&m;&SifwdkY\ yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlvmjcif;onf

csr;f omokct00udk &&Sd jcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uefjzpf\/ olawmfaumif;w&m;udk emMum;cGifh&&Sdjcif;onfvnf; csrf;omokct00udk
&&Sd jcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uefyif jzpf\/ oHCmawmf\ nDGwfjcif;onfvnf; (ow0gwdkYtcsif;csif; nDGwfrIudk &&Sd jcif;onfvnf;)
csrf;omokct00ukd &&Sd jcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uefyif jzpf\/
nDGwfolwdkY\ oDv-orm"d-ynm (= odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwf)wdkYudk
tnDtGwfusifhjcif;onfvnf; csrf;omokct00udk &&Sdjcif;\
taMumif;&if;ppf {uefyif jzpf\/ ("ry'-*gxmeHygwf-195/)
avmu bk&m;&SifwdkY yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlvmaomtcg
bk&m;&SifwdkYonf vlUcsrf;omudk tvkd&SdolwdkYtm; vlUcsrf;omukd &&SdaMumif; tusifhaumif;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; ewfcsrf;omudk tvkd&SdolwdkYtm; ewfcsrf;omudk &&SdaMumif; tusifhaumif;wkdYudkvnf;aumif;
jA[mch sr;f omudk tvd&k o
dS w
l t
Ykd m; jA[mch sr;f omukd &&Sad Mumif; tusi-hf
aumif;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; TeMf um;jyo qkq
d ;kH ray;awmfr\
l / qdq
k ;kH r-
p ] rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef)
awmfrlonfhtwdkif; vkdufemjyKusifholwdkYonfvnf; vlUcsrf;om ewfcsrf;om jA[mhcsrf;omwdkYudk &&Sd Mu\/ odkYaomf ,if; csrf;omwdkYum;
tdjk cif;w&m; xif&mS ; &Sad eaom csr;f omwdo
Yk m jzpfMu\/ emjcif;w&m;
xif&Sm; &Sdaeaom csrf;omwdkYom jzpfMu\/ aojcif;w&m; xif&Sm;
&Sdaeaom csrf;omwdkYom jzpfMu\/ bk&m;&Sif csD;rGrf;awmfrlonfh
ESpfNcdKufawmfrlonfh csrf;omokcwdkYum; r[kwfMuay/ xdkaMumifh
bk&m;&Sifu t*FkwdK&fygVdawmfwGif odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlchJ\/
ao,sxmyd bdua0 tyrwaumyd *laxm 'k*aEm a[mwd?
{0ar0H acg t[H bdua0 tyrwurd b0H e 0aPrd tEraom
tp&moHCmwrwrd/ (tH?1?pmykd'f-320/)
= cspo
f m;&[ef;wkYd ... rpif[o
l rQonf tenf;i,fyif jzpfcsi-f
jzpfygap? &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f raumif;aom teHYtoufom&SdouJhodkY
cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ... tvm;wlyif b0[lorQonf tenf;i,fyif
jzpfcsifjzpfygap? rnfonfhb0ukdrQ igbk&m; rcsD;rGrf;yg/ ,kwfpGtqHk;
vufzspfwpfwGufcefYrQavmufom Mumanmif;onfh b0 jzpfcsifjzpfygap? rnfonfhb0ukdrQ igbk&m; rcsD;rGrf;yg/ (tH?1?pmykd'f-320/)
odkYvnf; bk&m;&Sifonf owday;qHk;rawmfrlcJh\/ wpfbufwGifvnf; tkd-em-aoa&; 'kuab;wdkYrS vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;jzpfonfh
r*i&f pS yf g;usiphf Ofw&m;uJo
h aYkd om edAm efa&mufaMumif; olawmfaumif;
w&m;wku
Yd v
kd nf; TeMf um;jyo qdq
k ;kH rawmfrcl \
hJ / qdq
k ;kH rawmfro
l nfh
twkdif; vkdufemjyKusifholwdkYonfvnf; psmefcsrf;om r*fcsrf;om zdkvfcsrf;om edAmefcsrf;om[lonfh csrf;omxl;BuD;rsm;udk oHk;aqmif cHpm;Mu&\/ tdkjcif;w&m;xif&Sm;&Sdaeonfh b0rS vGwfajrmufum rtdk&m
tNrdKufedAmefodkY qkdufa&mufoGm;awmfrlcJhMu\/ emjcif;w&m;xif&Sm;
&Sad eonfh b0rS vGwaf jrmufum rem&m tNrKd uef Ad m efoYkd qdu
k af &muf-
ed'geuxm ] q
oGm;awmfrcl MhJ u\/ aojcif;w&m; xif&mS ;&Sad eonfh b0rS vGwaf jrmufum rao&m tNrKd uef Ad m efoYkd qdu
k af &mufomG ;awmfrcl MhJ u\/ tEkyg'daooedAme"mwfodkY 0ifpHoGm;awmfrlcJhMu\/ xdkaMumifh avmu
bk&m;&SifwkdY yGifhxGef; ay:aygufawmfrlvmjcif;onf uRwfxdkufool
ewfvjl A[m a0ae,sMumwdt
Yk wGuf csr;f omokct00wdu
Yk kd &&Sd jcif;\
taMumif;&if;ppf {uefyif jzpfayonf/
xdkaMumifh bk&m;&Sifonf atmufygtwkdif; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/
rrOd tmeE uvsmPrdwH tm*r Zmwd"rm owm Zmwd,m
y&drkpEd? Z&m"rm owm Z&m, y&drkpEd? Asm"d"rm owm Asm"dawm
y&drkpEd? r&P"rm owm r&aPe y&drkpEd? aomuy&da'0'kua'grekyg,mo"rm owm aomuy&da'0'kua'grekyg,mao[d y&drkpEd/ (oH?1?88/)
tmeEm ... igbk&m;&Siw
f nf;[laom rdwaf umif;aqGaumif;udk
tpGJjyK y#doaEwnfae&jcif; (= Zmwd)w&m; xif&Sm; &SdaeMuaom
ow0gwdkYonf y#doaEwnfae&jcif; (= Zmwd)w&m;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/ tdkjcif; (= Z&m)w&m; xif&Sm; &SdaeMuaom ow0g
wdkYonf tdkjcif; (= Z&m)w&m;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/ emjcif;
(= Asm"d)w&m; xif&Sm;&SdaeMuaom ow0gwdkYonf emjcif; (= Asm"d)
w&m;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/ aojcif; (= r&P)w&m; xif&Sm;
&SdaeMuaom ow0gwdkYonf aojcif; (= r&P)w&m;rS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/ pkd;&dr&f jcif; (= aomu) idka<u;jrnfwrf;&jcif; (= y&da'0) ud,
k q
f if;&J& jcif; (= 'ku) pdwq
f if;&J& jcif; (= a'gre) jyif;pGm
ylyef& jcif; (= Oyg,mo)w&m; xif&Sm;&SdaeMuaom ow0gwdkYonf
pdk;&drf& jcif; (= aomu) idka<u;jrnfwrf;&jcif; (= y&da'0) udk,f-
Z ] rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef)
qif;&J& jcif; (= 'ku) pdwq
f if;&J&jcif; (= a'gre) jyif;pGm ylyef&jcif;
(= Oyg,mo)w&m;wkdYrS vGwfajrmufoGm;Muukef\/ (oH?1?88/)
ynmBuD;yGm;aMumif;w&m;
pwma&mar bdua0 "rm ynm0k'd,m oH0wEd/ uwar
pwma&m oyK&dooHaoa0g o'ro0eH a,medaomreoduma&m
"rmEk"ry#dywd/ ar acg bdua0 pwma&m "rm ynm0k'd,m
oH0wED}wd/ (tH?1?pmydk'f-248/)
odkY bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlojzifh 1/ bk&m;tp&Sdaom olawmfaumif;wkdYudk rSD0Jqnf;uyfjcif;?
(= oyK&dooHaoa0g)
2/ xdo
k al wmfaumif;wkx
Yd rH S t&d,opmav;yg;wku
Yd kd xd;k xGi;f odjrifaMumif; olawmfaumif;w&m;wdkYudk emMum;jcif;?
(= o'ro0eH)
3/ emMum;xm;onfhtwdkif; 'kuopm ork',opmtrnf&onfh
kyf+emrf-aMumif;-usKd; (= ocFg&w&m;)wdkYudk tedp-'ku-tew
vuPm,mOf oHk;wefodkYwifum enf;rSefvrf;rSef ESvHk;oGif;jcif;?
(= a,medaomreodum&)
4/ avmukw&mw&m;udk;yg;tm;avsmfonfh oDv-orm"d-ynm
odum oH;k &yftusijhf rwfjzifh odr;f usK;H a&wGut
f yfonfh r*i&f pS yf g;
usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk t&d,r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmefodkY qdkufa&mufEkdifatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif;?
(= "rmEk"ry#dywd)
w&m;av;yg;wdkYum; t&d,r*fynm t&d,zkdvfynmponfh
tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;vSonfh rao&m tNrdKufedAmefodkY a&mufatmif
ed'geuxm ] ps
ydkYaqmifay;Ekdifonfh pGrf;tif tjynfht0&Sdonfh ynmw&m;wdkYudk

BuD;yGm;wdk;wufapaom taMumif;w&m;av;yg;wdkY jzpfMu\/
xdkw&m;av;rsKd;wdkYwGif o'ro0eH = t&d,opmav;yg;wdkYudk
xdk;xGif;odjrifaMumif;jzpfonfh r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYuJhodkYaom
olawmfaumif;w&m;wkdYudk emMum;jcif;onf r*fzdkvfedAmefudk &&Sda&;twGuf tvGef ta&;ygvSaom taMumif;t*Fg&yfwpfckyif jzpfayonf/ bk&m;tp&Sdaom t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkYESifhum; zl;awGUcGifh
qHkawGUcGifhudk &&dS\/ odkYaomf rdrdbufu umr*kPfa&,mOfaMumwGif
tomarQmum a&ompD;vdkonfh pdwf"mwfu vTrf;rdk;zdpD;aeojzifh
w&m;awmfukd emMum;vkdpdwfr&Sd jzpfaejim;tHh? odkYr[kwf ]]b0[lonf
ykcufEiS hf acgif;tMum;rSmom &S\
d ? acgif;[db
k uf bmrQr&S}d }[k aovQif
jywfpJonfh Oap''d|dwnf;[laom t,l0g'qdk;BuD;udk pGJvrf;qkyfudkifxm;ojzifh olawmfaumif;w&m;udk em,lvdkpdwfr&Sd jzpfaejim;tHh?
,if;odkYjzpfcJhaomf a,medaomreodum&ac:onfh enf;rSefvrf;rSef
ESv;kH oGi;f rI "rmEk"ry# yd wad c:onfh avmukw& mw&m;ud;k yg;wdt
Yk m;
avsmfonfh usifh0wfy#dywft&yf&yfwdkYudk usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfrIum; rjzpfEdkifawmhay/ ,if;odkYjzpfcJhaomf r*fzdkvfedAmefudk
rsufarSmufjyKzdkYum; rdk;ESifhajrBuD;yrm tvGefYtvGef a0;uGmvsufom
&SdaeOD;rnf jzpfayonf/
ormoarm"dtavmif;tvsmolawmfaumif;Bu;D rsm;ESihf yapuAk'g tavmif;tvsm olawmfaumif;Bu;D wdu
Yk m; rdrw
d Ydk jznfu
h siq
hf nf;yl;
pkaqmif;cJhonfh yg&rDukodkvfuHt&Sdeft0gwdkYaMumifh rdrdwdkY arQmfrSef;xm;onfh ormoarm"dPfawmf yapuaAm"dPfawmfrsm;udk
q&mrul o,r LPfawmfjrwfjzifh udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odjrifawmfrEl idk Mf u\/ odaYk omf om0uwdu
Yk m; - y&awmaCmo ac:onfh olwpfyg;wdx
Yk rH S opmav;yg;ESiq
hf ufpyfonfh w&m;awmfrsm;udk
] rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef)
emMum;cGifh &&SdMuygrSomvQif r*fzdkvfedAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEkdifMuayonf/ opmav;yg;ESiq
hf ufpyfonfh r*fzv
kd ef Ad m efoYkd a&mufaMumif;
tusifhaumif;wdkYudk bk&m;tp&Sdukefaom olawmfaumif;wkdYxHrS
emMum;cGifhudk &&SdMuaomtcg rdrdwdkY em,lcJhaom w&m;awmf vm&Sdonfhtwdkif; 'kuopm ork',opm trnf&onfh ocFg&w&m;wkdYudk
vuPma&;oHk;wefwdkYodkYwifum wGifwGifBuD; ESvHk;oGif;jcif; (= a,medaomreodum&) avmukw& mw&m; uk;d yg;tm; avsmn
f o
D nfh usi-hf
0wfy#dywf t&yf&yfwdkYudk usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfjcif; (=
"rmEk"ry#dywd)trIwdkYudk wGifwGifBuD; jyKvkyfEkdifMurnf jzpfayonf/
,if;okdYjyKusifhEkdifygrS vHkavmufaom yg&rDvnf; &SdygrS rdrd arQmfrSef;xm;onfh r*fcsrf;om zdkvfcsrf;om edAmefcsrf;omrsm;ukd &,lEkdifMurSm
jzpfayonf/
xkdaMumifh bk&m;&Sifonf yxrOD;qHk;0gwGif Am&mPoDjynfteD;
odywetrnf&onfh rd*'g0kefausmif;wkduftwGif; 0gqdk0guyfawmfrlNyD;aemuf 0guRwfaomtcg rdrdwynfhom0u &[Emrax&f
ajcmufusyd w
f t
Ykd m; wpfaMumif;wnf;aom vrf;udk ESpyf g;twlroGm;bJ
wpfaMumif;wnf;aom vrf;ukd wpfyg;pDom <ucsDvsuf tp tv,f
tqH;k oH;k yg;tpHk aumif;jcif;*kPEf iS hf jynfph akH wmfro
l nfh w&m;awmfwu
Ykd kd
a[mMum;jyo qkdqHk;rawmfrl&ef omoemjyKc&D;udk apvTwfawmfrl&mwGif odkY rdefYrSmawmfrlvkduf\/
oEd owm ty&ZuZmwdum? t0ewm "r y&d[m,E/d
b0dEd "r tnmwma&m/ (0d?3?28/)
= cspfom;&[ef;wdkY ... avmu ynmrsufpd0,f udavomjrLrIef tenf;i,fom &Sd Muonfh ow0gwdYk xif&mS ;&Sd Muyguke\
f / opm
av;yg;ESifh pyfonfh w&m;pum;awmfudk emMum;cGifh r&&SdMuonfh
ed'geuxm ] #
twGuf opmav;&yfw&m;jrwfudk xGif;azmufodjrifjcif;rS qkwf,kwf

ysufpD;Mu&ukef\/ opmav;&yfw&m;jrwfudk xGif;azmufodjrifaom
olwdkYonf xif&Sm; jzpfay:vmMuygukefvwHU[k rdefYrSmawmfrlvkduf\/
(0d?3?28/)
xdkomoemjyKc&D;wGif wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfawmfrlaom y0*D

&[ef;awmf ig;OD;wdw
Yk iG f ti,fq;kH vnf; jzpfawmfral om t&Sit
f Zd
rax&f jrwfxHrS opmav;yg;ESifh pyfonfh w&m;*gxmwpfyk'fukd emMum;cGifh&&SdkHrQjzifh t&Sifom&dykw&mrax&fjrwf tavmif;tvsm
jzpfawmfral om Oywdy&dAZdk o
f nf aomwmywdr *fPfzv
dk
f Pfjzifh
opmav;&yfw&m;jrwfukd xGif;azmuf odjrifawmfrlcJh&avonf/
uJo
h Ykd yg&rD&ifah nmif;awmfro
l nfh t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & mtavmif;tvsm
olawmfaumif;BuD;wdkYaomfrSvnf; olwpfyg;wdkYxHrS opmav;yg;ESifh
pyfonfh w&m;pum;awmfukd emMum;cGifh &&SdygrS opmav;yg;udk
xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlEkdifMu\/ r*f-zkdvf-edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKawmfrlEdkifMu\/ xkdaMumifh opmav;yg;ESifhpyfonfh w&m;pum;awmfukd
emMum;cGifh &&dSjcif;onfvnf; r*fcsrf;om zdkvfcsrf;om edAmefcsrf;omuJhodkYaom csrf;omxl; csrf;omjrwfBuD;wdkYudk &&Sd jcif;\ taMumif;&if;
wpfckyif jzpf&ayonf/
nDGwfjcif;\ pGrf;tm;
oHCmawmf\ nDGwfjcif;onfvnf; csrf;omokcudk &&Sd jcif;\
taMumif;&if;wpfcyk if jzpfayonf/ bk&m;&Si\
f wynfo
h m0uwku
Yd m;
&[ef;a,mufsm;y&dowf &[ef;rdef;ry&dowf vlOygouma,mufsm;
y&dowf vlOygodumtrsK;d orD;y&dowf[k y&dowfav;rsK;d &S\
d / ,if;
y&dowfav;rsK;d wdw
Yk iG f &[ef;a,mufsm;y&dowfum; y"me (= jy"mef;aom)y&dowfjzpfojzifh oHCmawmf\ nDGwfjcif;udk OD;wnfum
a[mMum;xm;awmfrjl cif;jzpf\/ odt
Yk wGuf oHCmawmf\ nDw
G jf cif;-
X ] rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef)
omru &Gmol&mG om;wd\
Yk nDw
G jf cif; NrKd UolNrKd Uom;wk\
Yd nDw
G jf cif;
wkid ;f oljynfom;wk\
Yd nDw
G jf cif; urmolurmom;wd\
Yk nDw
G jf cif;t&yf&yfaom pnf;vH;k nDw
G jf cif;wko
Yd nfvnf; csr;f omokct00ukd
&&Sd jcif;\ taMumif;&if;wpfckyif jzpfayonf/
nDGwfolwdkY\ usifh0wfpGrf;tif
tcsif;csif;nDGwfrI &Sdojzifh wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; cspfMunfEl;rIudk
&&Sdaeaom vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpfckonf tu,f tnDtGwf oDv
usifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOf[k qkdtyfonfh tusifhjrwfwdkYudk
usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuygu vlUcsrf;om ewfcsrf;om
jA[mhcsrf;omwGifomru edAmefcsrf;omtxd csrf;omokct00wdkYukd
&&SdEkdifayonf/ odkYtwGuf vlom;tcsif;csif; tzGJUtpnf;tcsif;csif;
nDGwfrI&Sd jcif; nDGwfolwdkYtcsif;csif; tnDtGwf odumoHk;&yf
tusijhf rwfwu
Ykd kd usijhf cif;wdo
Yk nfvnf; csr;f omokct00udk &&Sd jcif;\
taMumif;&if;rsm;yif jzpfMuayonf/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
tjiif;yGm;rIudk jyKvkyfwwfjcif;
odumoHk;&yfudk rvkdvm;jcif;
,kwfrmaom tvkdqdk;&Sd jcif;
trsufa'goBuD;jcif; = arwm"mwf uif;rJhjcif;
olUaus;Zl;ukd acszsufwwfjcif;
aumufuspfpOf;vJjcif;
wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; vSnfhpm;wwfjcif;
avmukw&mw&m;wdkYudk raqmifxm;jcif;
wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH rudef;atmif; rarGUavsmfjcif;
y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; rjyKwwfjcif; = bkuefYvefY ajymwwfjcif;
ed'geuxm ] !
uJhokdYaom pdwfaepdwfxm;rsKd;wdkYum; tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\

nDGwfrIudk ysufjym;apwwfaom rnDGwfrIudk jzpfapwwfaom
pdwfaepdwfxm;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
tjiif;yGm;rIudk rjyKvkyfwwfjcif;
odumoHk;&yfudk vkdvm;jcif;
tvdk&rufenf;yg;jcif;
trsufrxGufwwfjcif; = arwm"mwf tm;aumif;jcif;
olUaus;Zl;ukd racszsufwwfjcif;
raumufuspf rpOf;vJjcif;
wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; rvSnfhpm;wwfjcif;
avmukw&mw&m;wdkYudk aqmifxm;Ekdifjcif;
wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH udef;atmif; arGUavsmfjcif;
y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; ajymMum;wwfjcif; = bkuefYvefY
rajymwwfjcif;
uJo
h aYdk om pdwaf epdwx
f m;rsK;d wdu
Yk m; rnDw
G o
f w
l u
Ykd dk nDw
G f
atmif nDw
G Nf y;D olwu
Ydk v
dk nf; nDw
G rf cI ikd jf raJ tmif jyKvyk af y;Ekid o
f nfh
pGrf;tm;&Sdaom pdwfaepdwfxm;rsm;yif jzpfMu\/ ,if;uJhodkYaom
nDw
G rf u
I kd ysujf ym;apwwfaom raumif;aom pdwaf epdwx
f m;rsm;ukd
y,f&mS ;Ekid &f ef nDw
G rf u
I kd cdik jf raJ ponfh aumif;aom pdwaf epdwx
f m;
eyd,
okwe f}}udk
rsm; ude;f 0yfvmEkid af p&ef &nfoefawmifw
h vsuf ]]eyd
a&;om;wifjyvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/ xkdodkYwifjy&m nDGwfrIudk
ysufjym;apwwfonfh ,kwfrmaom pdwfaepdwfxm;rsm;udk wdkufzsuf&m rsm;pGmukefaom enf;vrf;wkdYwGif taumif;qHk;aom vufeufwpfckozG,fjzpfonfh arwmur|mef;yGm;rsm;yHk tpDtpOfudkvnf;
usrf;pmi,fwGif xnfhoGif;um a&;om; wifjyxm;ayonf/
] rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef)
Ow&mOygodumrESifh omrm0wDrdzk&m;trSL;&Sdaom ig;&mukefaom rdzk&m;wdkY\ xHk;udk twk,lum usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfEkdifMuygapaom0f ... [laom qErGefjzifh --olawmfaumif;"mwf w&m;jrwf? vTr;f ywf urmwnfapaom0f ...
arwma&csrf; yufumzsef;? at;csrf;Muonf jzpfapaom0f...
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
rrkef;ygapESifh (eyd,okwef) ] 1
rrkef;ygapESifh
eyd,okwef (tH?3?389-392/)
okwe u
f kd bk&m;&Sio
f nf ysv
H eG af wmfral om &[ef;awmfwpfyg;udk taMumif;jyK &[ef;awmfwt
Ykd m; a[mMum;awmfrcl \
hJ / &[ef;awmf
wpfyg; ysv
H eG af wmfro
l mG ;aomtcg <uif;useaf om &[ef;awmfwYkd vdu
k -f
em jyKusio
hf ifo
h nfh tcsut
f vufrsm;udk okwe w
f iG f bk&m;&Sio
f nf
a[mMum;xm;awmfral yonf/ okwe w
f iG f &[ef;awmfwYkd vdu
k ef mjyKusifh&ef tcsufaygif; (10)csufwdkY yg0ifMu\/ xdktcsuf (10)rsKd;wdkYrSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfMu\/
1/ tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;udk jyKwwfol

&[ef;wdkY ... omoemawmf &[ef;onf tjiif;yGm;rI =
t"dukPf;udk jyKwwf\? tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;Nidrf;jcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk rajymqdw
k wf/ &[ef;wdYk ...uJo
h Ykd tjiif;yGm;rI t"dukP;f
udk jyKwwfjcif;? tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;Nidrf;jcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk
rajymqdkwwfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;
ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; kdaoav;pm;zdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyembm0em
2 ] zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
ukov
kd w
f &m;wdYk wd;k yGm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf[al om
&[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m; jzpfay:vmzd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f
waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay/ (tH?3?389/)
um; trSwfwpf rESpfouftyfonfh w&m;yifjzpf\/ t"du&Pdu = t"dukP;f = (tjiif;yGm;rI)udk jyKvyk w
f wfaom &[ef;wnf;/
t&m0,f t"du&P = t"dukP;f um; av;rsK;d &S\
d / 0d0g'g"dukP;f
tEk0g'g"dukPf; tmywm"dukPf; udpm"dukPf;[k t"dukPf;
av;rsKd; &Sdayonf/ (0d?1?250/)
0d0g'g"dukPf;/ / "r t"r ponfjzifh tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;onf
oHCmuGJjym;jcif;udk jyKvkyfwwfukefaom ab'u&0wKwdkYwnf;/ xdk
ab'u&0wK (18)rsKd;wdkYudk trSDjyKum jzpfay:vmaom tjiif;yGm;rI
onf 0d0g'g"dukPf; rnf\/ (0d?|?2?180/)
tEk0g'g"dukP;f / / &[ef;wpfyg;u &[ef;wpfyg;udk (1) oDv
ysufpD;jcif;jzifh pGyfpGJjcif; (2) tusifhtmpm& ysufpD;rIjzifh pGyfpGJjcif;
(3) t,l0g' ysupf ;D rIjzifh pGypf jJG cif; (4) toufarG;0rf;ausmif; ysupf ;D rIjzifh pGypf jJG cif;? odv
Yk Qif ysupf ;D jcif; av;rsK;d wdu
Yk kd trSjD yK jzpfay:vm
aom pGyfpGJjcif;onf tEk0g'g"dukPf; rnf\/ (0d?4?212/ 0d?|?2?180/)
tmywm"dukP;f / / orxwdjYk zifh Nird ;f at;aptyfaom tmywf
(5)rsKd; tmywf (7)rsKd;onf tmywm"dukPf; rnf\/ rmwdum
ygVdawmf vm&Sad om yg&mZdutmywf oHCm'daooftmywf xkv-
pOf;tmywf ed*d,ygpdwftmywf ygpdwftmywf[laom tmywf
(5)rsK;d 0db*Fvm&Sad om 'ku# t
f mywf 'kAm odtmywf[al om tmywf
(2)rsKd;? ESpf&yfaygif;aomf tmywf (7)rsKd;wnf;/ (0d?|?2?180/ ucFg?289/)
udpm "dukP;f / / (1) oHCmtm; yefMum; aqmif&u

G t
f yfaom
uH = tyavmueuH (2) oHCmtm; today;jcif; = wfukd &Gwzf wf
aqmif&Guftyfaom uH = wduH (3) ,if;wfwpfBudrf ur0gpmwpfBudrf odkYvQif wfvQif ESpfBudrfajrmuf &Gwfzwf aqmif&Guf
&aom uH = wd'kwd,uH (4) ,if;wfwpfBudrf ur0gpm oHk;Budrf
odkYvQif wfvQif av;Budrfajrmuf &Gwfzwf aqmif&Guf&aom
uH = wdpwkwuH av;rsKd;aom oHCudponf udpm"dukPf;
rnf\/ (0d?|?2?180/)
onfwdkYum; orxwdkYjzifh Nidrf;at;aptyfaom tjiif;yGm;rI
av;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/
bk&m;&Siu
f m; uJo
h aYkd om tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;apvdak om
qE"mwf &Sad wmfr\
l / uJo
h aYkd om tjiif;yGm;rIonf &[ef;wpfyg;ESihf
wpfyg; cspcf ifjrwfE;kd zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpf? &[ef;awmfwpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; dak o
av;pm;rI *g&0 ed0gwr*Fvmw&m;rsm; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmzdkY&efvnf;
rjzpfay/ tjiif;yGm;rIawGu rsm;jym;aeygu ,if;tjiif;yGm;rIawGtwGuf
tcsdefawGudk rsm;pGmtoHk;jyKae&ojzifh orx-0dyembm0emwdkYudk
yGm;rsm;zd&Yk ef tcsed rf sm;vnf; avsmeh nf;oGm;awmhrnfom jzpf\/ orx0dyembm0emukov
kd w
f \
Ykd wd;k wufzUHG NzKd ;vmzd&Yk ef tcGit
hf vrf;rsm;
vnf; avsmhenf;oGm;awmhrnfom jzpfayonf/ orx-0dyem
bm0emvkyif ef;wdYk wd;k wufzUHG NzKd ;rI r&Sv
d Qiu
f m; rdrw
d Ykd arQmv
f ifah wmifw
h
aeaom &[ef;tjzpfudk NyD;apwwfonfh &[ef;jzpf&usKd;eyfaponfh
r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf edAm efw&m;wdYk xif&mS ;jzpfay:vmzd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfEikd f
awmhay/ aumorDjynf0,f &[ef;awmfwdkY\ tjiif;yGm;rIudk pHerlem
,lMunfhyg/
2/ odumoHk;&yfudk rvdkvm;ol
&[ef;wdYk...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf oDv-orm"dynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfudk vdkvm;awmifhwaom pdwfxm;r&Sd?
odum oH;k &yftusijhf rwfukd vdv
k m;awmifw
h jcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udv
k nf;
rajymqdw
h Ydk oDv-orm"d-ynm odum oH;k &yf
tusifhjrwfudk vdkvm;awmifhwaom pdwfxm;r&Sdjcif; odumoHk;&yf
tusijfh rwfukd vdv
k m;awmifw
h jcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk rajymqdw
k wfjcif;
[laom w&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifz&Ykd efvnf;
rjzpfay? &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; dkaoav;pm;zdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay?
orxbm0emukov
kd f 0dyembm0emukov
kd w
f &m;wdYk wd;k yGm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? r*fPf zdkvfPf[laom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m;
wd;k yGm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay/ (tH?3?389/)
bk&m;&Sifonf r[mowdy|meokwefwGif odkY a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlcJh\--&[ef;wdkY ...c&D;vrf;onf ow0gwdkY\ pdwf"mwfoefY&Sif;
pifMu,fzdkY&ef pdk;&drfylyefjcif; idka<u;jrnfwrf;jcif;wdkYudk ausmfvTm;
vGeaf jrmufz&Ykd ef uk,
d q
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f if;&J&jcif;'kuw
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t&d,r*fukd &&Szd &Ykd ef edAm efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKz&Ykd ef wpfaMumif;wnf;aom
c&D;vrf;jzpfay\/ ,if;onfh c&D;vrf;um; owdy|mefav;yg;wdyYk if
wnf;/ (r?1?70/)
om0uwpfO;D taejzifh &[ef;tjzpfukd Ny;D pD;apEdik o
f nfh r*fPf
zdkvfPf edAmefudk &&Sda&;twGuf vkdufemjyKusifh&rnfh w&m;um;
owdy|mefusiphf Ofyif jzpfonf/ wpfenf;qd&k aomf owdy|mefusipfh Of
udk jynfjh ynfph pkH kH jznfu
h siv
hf ykd gu "rmEkyemowdy|mefyikd ;f wGif (r?1?88-
89/) tusK;H 0ifaom r*if (8)yg; usip
hf Ofw&m;wdu
Yk kd vdu
k ef m jyKusi&hf rnf
jzpfayonf/ xdrk *if (8)yg;wdw

Yk iG f orm0gpm ormurE ormtmZD0wdkYum; oDvodum = oDvusifhpOfwnf;/ orm0g,mr ormowd
ormorm"dwdkYum; orm"dodum = orm"dusifhpOfwnf;/ orm'd|d
ormouFywdkYum; ynmodum = ynmusifhpOfwnf;/ r*if (8)yg;
usifhpOfw&m;[lonf oDv-orm"d-ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom usifhpOfom jzpf\/ xdkusifhpOfonf
&[ef;ppf &[ef;rSef[lonfh y&rwoHCm jzpfa&;twGuf r*f-zdkvfedAm ef &&Sda&;twGuf wpfaMumif;wnf;aom usiphf Ofvrf; jzpf\/ &[ef;
jzpfygvsuf oDvusiphf Ofuv
kd nf; rcspjf rwfE;kd wwfygu orm"dusiphf Of
udv
k nf; rcspjf rwfE;kd wwfygu ynmusiphf Ofuv
kd nf; rcspjf rwfE;kd wwf
ygu &[ef;tjzpfudk NyD;pD;apwwfonfh r*f-zdkvf-edAmefudk &&Sda&;rSm
tvSrf;a0;vsufyif &SdaeOD;rnf jzpfayonf/
oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkY\ cspfjrwfEdk;rI
bk&m;&Sifonf tmuacF,sokwef (r?1?39/) tmucFokwef
(tH?3?361/)wdkYwGif odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\ --&[ef;wdkY ...&[ef;onf ]]oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkYu cspfcifjrwfEdk;
tyfol oDwif;oH;k azmfw\
Ykd pdwEf v
S ;kH ukov
kd w
f &m;udk wk;d yGm;apwwf
ol oDwif;oH;k azmfwu
Ykd dak oav;pm;tyfol cs;D rGr;f tyfol jzpfv\
kd }}[k
tu,f awmifhwcJhygrl oDvwdkY jzLjzLpifpif jznfhusifhol rdrd\
ud,
k w
f iG ;f tZwo
Emef pdw"f mwfNird ;f at;atmif orxur|mef;udk
tywfwukwf BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwo
f l ravsmusaom psmef&o
dS l 0dyem
PfEiS hf jynfph o
kH l qdwNf ird &f m awmausmif; awmifausmif;wdu
Yk kd wd;k yGm;
apolomvQif jzpf&m\/ (r?1?39/ tH?3?361/)
oDv-orm"d-ynm odumoHk;&yf tusihfjrwfwkdYudk jzLjzLpifpif

atmifatmifjrifjrif jznfhusifhEdkifojzifh ,if;odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwf
wdEYk iS hf jynfph u
kH v
Hk akH eaom olawmfaumif;wpfO;D udk oDwif;oH;k azmfwu
Ykd
tvGef cspjf rwfE;kd Muonfom jzpf\/ taumif;qH;k aom yd,aq; jzpf\/
,if;yd,aq;xuf omvGejf rifjh rwfonfh yd
k yd
k aumif;rGeo
f nfh yd,aq;um; avmu r&SEd ikd af y/ xdak Mumifh "ry'ygVdawmf bk&m;&Sio
f nf
odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\ --oDv'eorEH? "r|H opa0'deH/
twaem ur ukAmeH? wH Zaem ukkaw yd,H/
("ry'?45/ *gxmeHygwf-217/)
= pwkyg&dok'doDvESifhvnf; jynfhpHk r*fPf zdkvfPftjrifESifh

vnf; jynfhpHkaom avmukw&mw&m;udk;yg; &yfwnfaeaom opm
av;&yf w&m;jrwfukd orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifwwfaom rdr\
d jyKusio
hf ifh jyKusix
hf u
kd af om odum oH;k &yf
tusijfh rwfukd jznfu
h siahf vh&adS om olukd vltaygif;onf cspcf ifjrwfE;kd \/ ("ry'?45/)
xdkodkY odumoHk;&yftusifhjrwfudk jynfhjynfhpHkpkH jznfhusifhaeaom
olawmfaumif;wpfO;D udk vlrsm;taygif;u cspjf rwfE;kd Hw
k iG o
f mru zl;jrif
vdk\ &Sdcdk;vkd\ ypnf;av;yg;jzifh ylaZmfvdk\[k qdkvdkayonf/
oDvwnf;[laom ajray: aumif;pGm&yfwnfum orm"dwnf;
[laom jrwfaom ausmufzsmxuf jrjrxufatmif aumif;pGmaoG;
xm;tyfaom Pfwnf;[laom oefvsujf zifh azmufcEJG ikd yf grSomvQif
taMumif;ESit
hf usK;d qufpyfvsuf tqufrjywf txyfxyf vnfywf
aeaom oHo&mpuf&[wfudk azmufcGJEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/ oDvudkvnf; jzLpifatmif rjznhu
f sio
hf jzifh rvHjk cKH aom oDv&Sad om orm"du-kd
vnf; pHcsdefrD rjznfhusihfojzifh eD0&Pudavom tnpftaMu;wdkYrS

uif;a0;aom pdwf"mwfr&Sdaom 0dyembm0emudkvnf; wu,f
aygufaygufa&mufa&muf tm;rxkwfojzifh kyfemrfrQudkyif orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh aumif;pGm rodao;aomolukd tb,frnfaom olawmfaumif; oDwif;oH;k azmfu dak ojrwfE;kd rI dak oav;pm;rI &SEd ikd yf gtHeh nf;
&[ef;awmftcsi;f csi;f oDwif;oH;k azmftcsi;f csi;f ]]a&ylEiS afh &at;
a&mouJo
h }Ykd } wpfom;wnf; nDw
G rf I r&Sdjcif;onfum; oDvudk pdww
f l
oabmwl jzLjzLpifpif jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjznfhusifhMujcif; orm"dudk rxlaxmifMuojzifh eD0&Pudavom tnpftaMu;wdkYrS uif;a0;aom
pdw"f mwfr&SdMujcif; 0dyembm0emudk enf;rSev
f rf;rSef rusiMhf uojzifh
trSew
f &m; opmw&m;udk rodMujcif;-[lonfh t"dutaMumif;oH;k &yf
wdaYk Mumifh &[ef;wdYk tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wpnf;wnf; pnf;vH;k nDw
G rf I
r&Sd Mujcif; jzpfayonf/
uJo
h Ykd odum oH;k &yf tusijhf rwfwu
Ykd kd jzLjzLpifpif atmifatmif
jrifjrif rjznfu
h sio
hf w
l o
Ykd nfum; edAm efw&m;awmfrS ta0;Bu;D a0;uGm
aeolwdkYom jzpfMuayonf/
3/ tvdkqdk;&Sdol
&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf tvdq
k ;kd &So
d l
jzpf\? tvdkqdk;udk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk rajymqdkwwf/
&[ef;wdkY ...uJhodkY tvdkqdk;&Sd jcif; tvdkqdk;ukd y,fazsmufjcif;\
*kPfaus;Zl;udk rajymqdkwwfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf;
&[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifz&Ykd efvnf; rjzpf? &[ef; wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg;
dak oav;pm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpf? orxbm0emukov
kd f 0dyembm0em
ukodkvfw&m;wdkY wkd;yGm;zkdY&efvnf; rjzpf? r*fPf zdkvfPf[laom
&[ef;tjzpfudk jyKvkyfay;wwfaom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m; jzpfay:-
vmzd&Yk efvnf; rjzpf? &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdz&Ykd efvnf; rjzpf/ (tH?3?389/)
ygydp = tvdkqdk;
omoemawmf tcsKdUaom yk*dKvfonf --1/ rdrd o'gw&m; r&SdygbJvsuf ]]o'gw&m;&Sdol}}[k ighudk vlrsm;
taygif;u odygapownf;[k tvdk&Sd\/
2/ oDvr&Syd gbJvsuf ]]oDv&So
d }l }[k ighukd vlrsm;taygif;u odygap
ownf;[k tvdk&Sd\/
3/ bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfrsm;udk tm*rokw[laom oifod t"d*r
okw[laom usifhod todESpfrsKd;jzifh tMum;tjrif A[kkw
rsm;jym;ol r[kwyf gbJvsuf ]]A[kw
k rsm;jym;ol}}[k ighukd vlrsm;
taygif;u odygapownf;[k tvdk&Sd\/
4/ taygif;tazmf arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uo
f l jzpfygvsuf ]]uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f aevdo
k nfh 0da0uw&m;oH;k yg; arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd o
f }l }
[k ighudk vlrsm;taygif;u odygapownf;[k tvdk&Sd\/
5/ ysi;f &dol jzpfygvsuf ]]tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwo
f nfh vHv
Yk 0D&,
d &So
d }l }[k ighukd vlrsm;taygif;u odygapownf;[k tvd&k \
dS /
6/ owdvufvGwfaeol jzpfygvsuf ]]xifvif;aom owd&Sdol}}[k
ighudk vlrsm;taygif;u odygapownf;[k tvdk&Sd\/
7/ pdwf"mwf rwnfMunfaom orm"d r&Sdaom yk*dKvfjzpfygvsuf
]]wnfMunfaom orm"d&adS om yk*Kd v}f }[k (Oypm& tyem ESpjf zmaom orm"d&Sdaom yk*dKvfrsKd;[k) ighudk vlrsm;taygif;u odygap
ownf;[k tvdk&Sd\/
8/ y&d,wyd nm y#dywyd nm r&Syd gbJvsuf 0dyemynm r*fynm
r&SdygbJvsuf ]]ynm&Sd\}}[k ighudk vlrsm;taygif;u odygap
ownf;[k tvdk&Sd\/
9/ udavom tmoa0g ukecf ef;onfh &[Em r[kwyf gbJvsuf ]]udavom tmoa0gukecf ef;onfh &[Em}}[k ighukd vlrsm;taygif;u
odygapownf;[k tvd&k \
dS / uJo
h aYdk om tvd&k dS rrI sK;d ESihf jynfph kH
aeolukd ,kwrf maom tvdq
k ;kd &So
d [
l k ac:qdo
k nf/ (tbd?2?364??)
uJhokdYaom yk*dKvfrsKd;wdkYonfum; omoemawmf r*fPf
zdkvfPf edAmefudk &onfwdkifatmif BuD;yGm;wdk;wufrI r&SdEdkifol
wdkYom jzpfMuonf/
4/ trsufa'goBuD;ol
&[ef;wdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; --- &[ef;onf trsufa'goBuD;ol jzpf\? trsufa'goudk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk
rajymqdkwwf/ &[ef;wdkY ...uJhodkY trsufa'goBuD;jcif; trsufa'goudk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk rajymqdkwwfjcif;[laom
oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzdkY&efvnf;
orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyembm0emukodkvfw&m;wdkY wkd;yGm;zdkY&ef
vnf; rjzpfay? r*fPf zdkvfPf[laom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m;
wd;k yGm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay/ (tH?3?389/)
&[ef;wdkY ...trsufxGufrI ]]aum"}}udk (0dyemynm r*fynm
[laom) xl;aomPfjzifh rodol ydik ;f jcm; rodol xdw
k &m; pdwu
f kd
wyfpGef;rI uif;atmif rjyKEdkifol udavo0#fudk ry,fpGefYEdkifolonf
(= y&d nmynmoH;k rsK;d jzifh ydik ;f ydik ;f jcm;jcm; rodoo
l nf) oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k
ukejf cif;iSm rxdu
k /f &[ef;wdYk ... trsux
f u
G rf I ]]aum"}}udk xl;aom
Pfjzifo
h o
d l ydik ;f jcm;odol xdw
k &m; pdwu
f kd wyfpeG ;f rIuif;atmif
jyKEikd o
f l udavo0#fukd y,fpeG EYf ikd o
f o
l nf (= y&dnmynmoH;k rsK;d jzifh ydik ;f ykid ;f
jcm;jcm;odolonf) oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku ukefjcif;iSm xkduf\/
a,e auma"e uk'gao? owm *pEd 'k*w/
wH aum"H or'nm,? yZ[Ed 0dydaem/
y[m, e ykem,Ed? 'H avmuH uk'gpeH/ (wd0kwu?200/)
= tMuifaum"w&m;jzifh trsufxGufolwdkYonf raumif;aom
vm;&m tyg,f'*k w
o
d Ykd vm;a&mufMu&uke\
f / xdak um"udk aumif;pGm
od cEmig;yg;wdkYudk tedppaom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh 0dyemIol
wdkYonf ,if;aum"udk y,fpGefYEdkifaomaMumifh avmuokdY wpf&HwpfqpfrQ rvma&mufMu&ukef/ (wd0kwu?200/)
bk&m;rS a0;aeol
&[ef;wdYk ...&[ef;onf tbdZmrsm;jym;ol umrwdYk tm;Bu;D aom wyfrufr&I m*&So
d l a'gojzifh azmufjyefysupf ;D aeaom pdw"f mwf
&So
d l a'gojzifh jypfrmS ;vdak om pdwt
f Mu&H o
dS l owdvufvw
G o
f l qifjcifPf uif;rJo
h l (Oypm& tyem ESpjf zmaom orm"d r&So
d jzif)h rwnfMunfaom pdwf"mwf&Sdol wkefvIyfaom pdwf"mwf &Sdol rapmifhpnf;aom
aÈ&Sdol jzpfcJhrl xdk&[ef;onf igbk&m;\ ouFef;pGef;udk udkif
igbk&m;&Sif\ ajc&may: rdrd\ ajcudk cseif;vsuf igbk&m;&Sif\
aemufrS aemufrS tpOfwpdkuf vkdufyifvdkufaeaomfvnf; xkd&[ef;onf igbk&m;rS a0;uGmaeonfomwnf;/ igbk&m;onfvnf; xd&k [ef;rS a0;uGmaeonfomwnf;/ taMumif;um; tb,fenf; &[ef;wdkY
xdk&[ef;onf w&m;udk rjrif? w&m;udk rjrifonf&Sdaomf igbk&m;udk
rjrifaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ (wd0kwu?256/)
bk&m;ESifh eD;ol
&[ef;wdYk ...&[ef;onf tbdZmrrsm;jym;ol umrwdYk tm;Bu;D aom wyfrufr&I m* r&So
d l a'gojzifh azmufjyefysupf ;D aeaom pdw"f mwf
r&Sdol a'gojzifh jypfrSm;vdkaom pdwftMuH r&Sdol xifvif;aom owd
Yk kd uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odwwfaom) qifjcifPf = orZOf&So
d l (ocFg&w&m;wdu
Pf&Sdol (Oypm& tyemESpfjzmaom orm"djzifh) wnfMunfaom
pdw"f mwf&o
dS l rwkev
f yI af om pdw"f mwf&o
dS l apmifph nf;aom aÈ& o
dS l
jzpfcrhJ l xd&k [ef;onf ,lZemwpf&ma0;uGmaom t&yf aeyifaeaomfvnf; igbk&m;&SifESifh eD;uyfaeonfomwnf;? igbk&m;onfvnf;
xdk&[ef;ESifh eD;uyfaeonfomwnf;/ taMumif;um; tb,fenf;
&[ef;wdYk ...xd&k [ef;onf w&m;udk jrif\? w&m;udk jrifonf&adS omf
igbk&m;udk jrifaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ (wd0kwu?256/)
5/ olUaus;Zl;udk acszsufwwfol
&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf olUaus;Zl;udk
acszsuw
f wf\? olUaus;Zl; acszsurf u
I kd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk
rajymqdw
h Ydk olUaus;Zl;udk acszsuw
f wfjcif;
olUaus;Zl;acszsurf u
I kd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk rajymqdw
k wfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; dkaoav;pm;zdkY&efvnf;
rjzpfay? orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyembm0emukodkvfw&m;wdkY
wd;k yGm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf[al om &[ef;jzpfaMumif;
w&m; jzpfay:vmzd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf;
aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay/ (tH?3?389/)
jiif;cHkjcif;\ taMumif;&if;
&[ef;wdkY ...jiif;ckHjcif;\ taMumif;&if;wdkYonf ajcmufrsKd;
wdw
Yk nf;/ tb,fajcmufrsK;d wdeYk nf;[lru
l m; &[ef;wdYk ...omoemawmf &[ef;onf --1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
trsufxGufwwf\? &efNidK;zGJUwwf\/
olUaus;Zl;udk acszsufwwf\? *kPfwk*kPfNydKif jyKwwf\/
jiLplapmif;ajrmif;wwf\? 0efwdkwwf\/
aumufuspfpOf;vJwwf\? vSnhfywfwwf\/
,kwfrmaom tvdkqdk;&Sd\? rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'&Sd\/
rdrdt,lrSm;udk rSm;aomtm;jzifh pGJvrf;wwf\? rdrdt,lrSm;udk
pGJjrJpGm qkyfudkifxm;wwf\? pGefYvTwfEdkifcJ\/
&[ef;wdkY ...
1/ trsufxGufwwf &efNidK;zGJUwwfaom &[ef;onf/ y /

6/ rdrdt,lrSm;udk rSm;aomtm;jzifh pGJvrf;wwfol rdrdt,lrSm;udk
pGJjrJpGm qkyfudkifxm;wwfol pGefYvTwfEdkifcJolonf --jrwfpGmbk&m;vnf; dkaowkyf0yfrI r&Sdonfjzpf ae\? w&m;awmfvnf; dkaowkyf0yfrI r&Sdonfjzpf ae\? oHCmawmfvnf;
dkaowkyf0yfrI r&Sdonfjzpf ae\? odumoHk;&yf tusifhjrwfvnf;
jznfhusifhavh r&Sd/
&[ef;wdkY ...jrwfpGmbk&m; dkaowkyf0yfrI r&dSonfjzpf
aeaom w&m;awmf dkaowkyf0yfrI r&dSonfjzpfaeaom oHCmawmf dak owky0f yfrI r&So
d nfjzpfaeaom odum oH;k &yftusijhf rwf
jznfhusifhavh r&Sdaom &[ef;onf oHCm jiif;ckHjcif;udk jzpfap\/
,if;jiif;cHkjcif;onf vlrsm;taygif;wdkY tusKd;pD;yGm;rJh&ef jzpf\? vlrsm;
taygif;wdkY csrf;omrJh&ef jzpf\? ewfvlwdkY tusKd;pD;yGm;rJh&ef qif;&J&ef

jzpf\/
&[ef;wdYk ...odo
Yk abm&Sad om jiif;cHjk cif;\ taMumif;&if;udk
oifwdkYonf rdrdoEmefjzpfap olwpfyg;oEmefjzpfap tu,f
awGUjrifuek jf im;tH?h xdo
k aYkd wGUjrifuek af omf raumif;aom xdjk iif;cHjk cif;\
taMumif;&if;udk y,f&mS ;&ef vHv
Yk BuKd ;ukwf tm;xkwu
f ek af vmh/ &[ef;wdYk ...oifwo
Ydk nf odo
Yk abm&Sad om jiif;cHjk cif;\ taMumif;&if;udk
rdrdoEmefjzpfap olwpfyg;oEmefjzpfap tu,f rawGUjrifukefjim;tHh? xdkodkY rawGUjrifukefaomf raumif;aom xdk jiif;cHkjcif;\
taMumif;&if;udk aemiftcg rjzpfyGm;ap&ef usifhMuukefavmh/
odYk usio
hf nf&adS omf raumif;aom xdjk iif;ckjH cif;\ taMumif;&if;udk y,fonfrnf\? odYk y,fonf&adS omf raumif;aom xdjk iif;cH-k
jcif;\ taMumif;&if;udk aemiftcg rjzpfyGm;aponfrnf\/
(0d?4?213/ 0d?5?166/ 'D?3?37?204/ tH?2?294/)
t&Sifa'0'wfonf bk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfodkY 0ifa&mufum

&Sif&[ef;jyKNyD;aemuf orxbm0emwdkYudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfav&m
yxr0gtwGi;f yif avmuDpsmeformywf (8)yg;ESihf avmuDtbdnmPf
(5)yg;wdkYudk &&Sdawmfrl\/ odkYaomf bk&m;&Sifudk q&mr[kwfyg[k olUaus;Zl;udk acszsucf o
hJ jl zpf\/ olUaus;Zl;udk acszsuo
f w
l Ykd oGm;&mvrf;udk
vdkufygoGm;&\? aoonf\ tjcm;rJh t0Dpdi&JodkY a&muf&SdoGm;cJh\/
wpfvkwfpm;zl; olUaus;Zl;udk txl;odwwfzdkY vdktyfayonf/
6/ aumufuspfpOf;vJol
&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf aumufuspf
pOf;vJ\? aumufuspfpOf;vJjcif;udk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk
rajymqdw
h Ykd aumufusppf Of;vJjcif; aumuf-
uspfpOf;vJjcif;udk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk rajymqdkwwfjcif;

[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifz-Ykd
&efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; dkaoav;pm;zdkY&efvnf;
rjzpfay? orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyembm0emukodkvfw&m;wdkY
wd;k yGm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? r*fPf zdv
k
f Pf[al om &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m; jzpfay:vmzd&Yk efv
f nf; rjzpfay/ &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf;
7/ vSnfhpm;wwfol
&[ef;wdkY ...aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; --- &[ef;onf vSnfhpm;
wwf\? vSnphf m;rIukd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk rajymqdw
k wf/
&[ef;wdYk ...uJo
h Ykd vSnphf m;wwfjcif; vSnphf m;rIukd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk rajymqkw
d wfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf;
&[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;wpfyg;ESifh
wpfyg; dak oav;pm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? orxbm0emukov
kd f 0dyembm0emukov
kd w
f &m;wdYk wd;k yGm;zd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? r*fPfzv
kd
f Pf
[laom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m; jzpfay:vmzd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;
tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay/
(tH?3?390/)
rm,mESifh omaX,s
oEa'goy#dpm'evuPm rm,m
rm,m// toE*kPorm0evuPH (toE*kPyumoevuPH) omaX,sH/
(r[m#D?1?84?128/)
rdrd xif&mS ;&Sad eaom tjypfukd zH;k vTr;f xm;jcif;oabmvuPm

&Sad om w&m;um; rm,mwnf;/ rdrd xif&mS ;r&Sad om *kPu
f kd xkwaf zmf
csD;rGrf;jcif; xif&Sm;azmfjyjcif; oabmvuPm&Sdaom w&m;um;
omaX,swnf;/ (r[m#D?1?84?128/)
rdrd xif&mS ;&Sad eaom tjypfukd zH;k uG,u
f m tjypfr&Sad ,mif [efaqmifwwfonfh rm,mudk vSnfhpm;jcif;[k txufwGif bmomjyefqdk
xm;\/ tjypf&Sdygvsuf r&Sdava,mif vSnfhywfjcif;oabmw&m;wnf;/ omaX,sudk aumufuspfpOf;vJjcif;[k txufwGif bmomjyefqkdxm;\/ rdrd xif&Sm;r&Sdaom *kPfudk &Sdav[efaqmifum
xkwfazmfajymMum;jcif;wnf;? 0g<um;jcif;wnf;/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;pvHk;um;
wPSmavmb\ pGrf;tm;rsm;yifwnf;/
rZdryPmoygVdawmf aAm"d&mZukrm&okwef (r?2?298/)wGif
orx-0dyembm0em[k ac:qdktyfaom y"meur|mef;tvkyfudk
tm;xkwfonfh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwdkY &Sd&rnfh y"med,*Fw&m; (5)yg;
wdkYudk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ,if; (5)yg;wdkYwGif rm,m omaX,s
uif;pifjcif;udv
k nf; t*Fg&yfwpfct
k jzpf xnfo
h iG ;f um a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ r*fzdkvf edAmef&&Sda&;twGuf &Sd&rnfh t*Fg&yfwpfckyif
jzpfonf/ edAmef &&Sda&;twGufom r[kwf? vlrIqufqHa&;vnf;
rm,m omaX,s uif;pifzdkY vdktyfayonf/
rm,monf rsufvSnhform;ESifh wl\/ rsufvSnhform;onf
ausmufcJudk aumuf,l a&TwHk; a&TcJxifatmif vSnfhpm;EdkifouJhodkY
rm,monfvnf; vlwpfzufom; txifrSm;atmif rdrdrSm&Sdaom
tjypfudk zHk;uG,fwwfavonf/ rdrdrSm tjypf&Sdygvsuf r&Sdovdk [efaqmifwwfayonf/ aMumifoal wmf[k vltrsm;u avmu ac:a0:
oH;k pGaJ eaom pdw"f mwfwpfrsK;d yif jzpfonf/ bk&m;tp&Sad om t&d,molawmfaumif;wdu
Yk m; rdrd xif&mS ;&Sad om tjypfukd tjypftm;avsmpf mG
xifpGmjyKjcif; ukpm;jcif;udkom ESpfNcdKufawmfrlMu\/
rdef;rwdkYrm,m oJudk;jzm
a&S;oa&mtcg wuodkvfjynf0,f 'domygarmuq&mBuD;
wynfhwpfa,muf &Sdavonf/ xdkwynfh\ trsKd;orD;onf tjcm;
a,musfm;ESifh azmufjym;avh&Sd\/ xdkazmufjym;aom aeYum; rdrd\
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xdMk uifem[efaqmifro
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&aohrm,m
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teD;tyg; jrK yx
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xif&Sm;&Sdygvsuf r&Sd[efaqmifum vSnfhpm;vdkufjcif;yifwnf;/
xkaYd emuf &aoh tMujH zpfonfrmS --- ]]a&Tpif eduw

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vdkuf ydkY&Smvdkufao;onf/
xdkYaemuf &aohonf twefMumatmif awmfawmfuav; c&D;
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trdk;u oufi,fjruf wpfrQifonf ig\ qHuspftMum; Niduyf
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av;av;yifyif MunfndKoGm;avonf/
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ynm&Sdjzpfonfh tvGefyg;eyfaom {nfhonfwpfa,muf a&muf&Sdae
ojzifh xd{k nfo
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h nf
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0wK &aoh\ a&Tc;kd rI ay:rnfp;kd oufi,fjruf wpfyifuykd if
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rm,myif jzpfonf/ odkYvQif y&d,m,frm,monf &aoh&[ef;

]y&d,m,f wpfaxmif
tcsKdUodkYwdkifatmif ysHUESHYvsuf&Sd&um; ,ckuJhodkY ]]y&d
rm,mwpfodef; tyvdef;teE oJudk;jzm ravmufvdkY &Sm;udk;yifu
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D Pfeuf
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k m
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rsuEf mS rlvsuf &yfwnfaeygoenf;}}[k ar;jref;vdu
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xkt
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tcgwkef;u igwdkY\ ae&m<uufwGif;onf <uufwdkYjzifh ae&mrqHh
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taMumif;um; tokdYenf;}}[k pOf;pm;rdMu\/
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onf xkb
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<uufxo
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d dk ckezf rf;zk&Yd ef
ajy;vmaom xkad jracG;udk jrif aemufoYdk jyefqw
k u
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hf ;kH xm;jcif;onf w&m;awmf\ aumif;aom w&m;"rjzpfaomaMumifh usi0hf wfukd aqmufwnf usio
hf nfum; r[kw?f olwpfyg;wkt
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ajymqdk atmufyg *gxmudk &Gwfqdkav\ --a,m a0 "rH "ZH uwGm? ed*laVm ygyrmpa&/
0dmo,dwGm blwmed? AdVm&H emr wH 0wH/
(Zmwu?|?1?486/)
tMuifoo
l nf pifppftm;jzifh ukov
kd u
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[laom w&m;wHceG t
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tuRrf;0ifatmif jyKvkyf raumif;rIudk vQKdU0Sufum jyKusifhae\/
uJhodkY w&m;wnf;[laom tvHwHcGefudk pdkufxlaqmif;rdk;vsuf
qdwfuG,f&m raumif;rIwdkYudk jyKaeaom olonfum; pifppftm;jzifh
aumufuspfpOf;vJaom tusifh&Sdaom aMumifolawmfyifwnf;/
(Zmwu?|?1?486/)
xdt
k cgu ajracG;onfum; ,cktcg oDv-orm"d-ynm ponfh
tusijhf rwf r&Syd gbJvsuf &S[
d efaqmifum 'g,um 'g,dumrwkYd txif
Bu;D atmif jyKr&d mS aom uk[ubduK ac:aom &[ef;awmf jzpfayonf/
b0wpfck vufcHusifhokH;chJaom 0goem"mwfaiGUwdkYum; t&Sdeft0gowd rukeaf o;orQ oHo&m tqufquf uyf ygvmwwfonfukd
owdjyKoifhvSayonf/
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omvGe
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wpfjynfvkH;udk jzpfap ]]bk&m;r[kwfygbJvsuf bk&m;vkyfaeol wdwd
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tvGe,
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wpfck vlUtzGUJ tpnf;wpfcu
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d ,
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oEmefrSmvnf; rjzpfatmif rdrdESifh qufoG,folrsm;vnf; rjzpfap&atmif txl; owdxm;Ny;D vQif jzLpif xufjruf oGuv
f uf ajzmifrh wf
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8/ avmukw&mw&m;wdkYudk raqmifxm;ol
&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; &[ef;onf avmukw& mw&m;ud;k yg;wdu
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d l r[kw?f
avmukw& mw&m;ud;k yg;wdu
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aus;Zl;udk rajymqdkwwf/ &[ef;wdkY ...uJhodkY avmukw&mw&m;
udk;yg;wdkYudk Pfjzifh uyf aqmifxm;jcif;oabm&Sdol r[kwfjcif;
Yk kd Pfjzifh uyf aqmifxm;jcif;\ *kP-f
aus;Zl;udk rajymqdw
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wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg;
dkaoav;pm;zdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyem
bm0emukov
kd w
k
f Pf
[laom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m; jzpfay:vmzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay?
&[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay/

(tH?3?390/)
oHCmawmf\ rnDw
G rf u
I kd &Guaf qmifay;aeaom w&m;qd;k wd-Yk
um; &m* a'go arm[ rmefrme m rp&d,ponfh udavom
w&m;qd;k wdo
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tzGJUtpnf;wpfck rnDGwfrI[lonf r&Sdpaumif;aom t&mom
jzpf\/ ,if;udavom tmoa0gw&m;wdu
Yk m; rnfonft
h cg ukecf ef;oGm;Murnfenf; atmufyg tmo0u,okwefudk qufvuf zwfIMunfhyg/
tmo0u,okwef
Zmeawm[H bdua 0 yawm tmo0geH c,H 0'grd? aem tZmeawm tyawm/ ud bdua0 Zmeawm yawm tmo0geH
ca,m a[mwd/ ]]'H 'ku} }Ed bdua 0 Zmeawm yawm tmo0geH
ca,m a[mwd/ ]]t,H 'kuork'a,m}}wd Zmeawm yawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd? ]]t,H 'kueda&ma"m}}wd Zmeawm yawm
tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd/ ]]t,H 'kue ad &m"*grdeD y#dy'g}}wd Zmeawm
yawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd/ {0H acg bdua0 Zmeawm {0H
yawm tmo0geH ca,m a[mwd/
womwd[ bdua0 ]]'H 'ku}}Ed a,ma*g u&PDa,m/ y /
]]t,H 'kueda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g}}wd a,ma*g u&PDa,m/ (oH?3?380/)
= &[ef;wdkY ...Pfjzifh odaomoltm; Pfjzifh jrifaom
oltm; tmoa0gw&m;wkdY\ ukefjcif;udk igbk&m; a[mawmfrl\/
Pfjzifh rodaomoltm; Pfjzifh rjrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;
wdkY\ ukefjcif;udk igbk&m; a[mawmfrrl/ &[ef;wdkY ...tb,fodkY
odaomoltm; jrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif;onf
jzpfoenf;
&[ef;wdkY ...]]um; 'kut&d,opmwnf;}}[k Pfjzifh
odaomoltm; Pfjzifh jrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk ukejf cif;
onf jzpf\/ ]]um; 'kujzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opmwnf;}}[k
Pfjzifh odaomoltm; Pfjzifh jrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk
ukejf cif;onf jzpf\/ ]]um; 'kuc sKy&f m eda&m"t&d,opmwnf;}}[k
Pfjzifh odaomoltm; Pfjzifh jrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk
ukefjcif;onf jzpf\/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&meda&m" (= edAmef)odkY a&muf
aMumif; usiphf Ofjzpfonfh r*t&d,opmwnf;}}[k Pfjzifh odaomol
tm; Pfjzifh jrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif;onf
jzpf\/ &[ef;wdkY ... odkY Pfjzifh odaomoltm; Pfjzifh jrifaomoltm; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ ukefjcif;onf jzpf\/
&[ef;wdkY ...xdkYaMumifh omoemawmfjrwftwGif; oifwdkY
wpfawGonf --- ]]um; 'kut&d,opmw&m;wnf;}}[k odatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ ]]um; 'kujzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opm
wnf;}}[k odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&m eda&m"t&d,opmw&m;wnf;}}[k odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ um;
'kuc sKy&f m eda&m" (= edAm ef)odYk a&mufaMumif; usiphf Ofjzpfonfh r*t&d,
opmwnf;}}[k odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwyf g/ odYk rdeMYf um;awmfr\
l /
(oH?3?380/)
'kut&d,opm --- oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum/ (oH?3?369/)

[l "rpMuma'oemawmf ponfh xdkxdka'oemawmfwdkY bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; lykyg'geuEm a0'Ekyg'geuEm
onKyg'geuEm ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEm -[laom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;onf 'kuopmw&m;rnf\/
Oyg'geuEm --- tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom wPSm 'd|d

wdo
Yk nf ]]ig - igh[m}}[k pJ,
G t
l yfaom twdwf tem*wf ypKye f tZw
A[d' MoVm&du (tMurf;) okcrk (tEk) [De (t,kw)f yPDw (tjrwf)
'l& (ta0;) oEdu (teD;) [laom (11) rsdK;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaeaom --1/ kyfw&m;tpktyHkonf lykyg'geuEm
2/ a0'emtpktyHkonf a0'Ekyg'geuEm
3/ onmtpktyHkonf onKyg'geuEm
4/ ocFg&tpktyHkonf ocFgkyg'geuEm
5/ 0dnmPftpktyHkonf 0dnmPkyg'geuEm rnfayonf/
(cEokwf?oH?2?39/)
txufyg (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom

Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYonf 'kuopmw&m;pkwdkY jzpfMu\/
ork',opm --- op0b
d if;ygVdawmf (tbd?2?112?115/) bk&m;&Si-f
onf 1/ wPSmudkvnf; ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
2/ udavom (10)yg;udkvnf; ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;awmf
rl\/
3/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;udkvnf; ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;
awmfrl\/
4/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;ESifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom
tavmb ta'go tarm[ ukovrlvw&m; okH;yg;udkvnf;
ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
5/ tukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;ESifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom
ukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;udkvnf; ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;
awmfrl\/
ww ,om ukovmukovurH t0daoaoe ork',opEd

op0dba*F 0kwH/ (tbd?|?2?185/ 0dok'd?2?216/)
txufwGif wifjyxm;aom op0dbif;ygVdawmfBuD;udkyif
ud;k um;vsuf - apwem apwemESihf ,SOzf ufor,w
k w
f &m;[k txl;
taxG rajymawmhbJ omrntm;jzifh ajymqd&k rl op0b
d if;ygVdawmf
ukokdvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQudk ork',opm[l bk&m;&Sifonf
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\[k t|uxmrsm;u zGifhqdkxm;ayonf/
wpfzef t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf wduedygwf wdwm,weokwef (tH?1?
178/)- t0dZmyp,m ocFg&m-ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom tEkavmry#dpo
rkyg 'f oabmw&m;udv
k nf; wpfenf;qd&k aomf
y#dpo
rkyg 'f t*Fg&yfw\
Ykd aMumif;-usK;d qufE,
G rf o
I abmw&m;udv
k nf;
ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
eda&m"opm --- t0dZm, awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m - odpYk onfjzifh t0dZm \ t&[wr*faMumifh aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;[k ac:qdktyfonfh tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
t<uif;rJh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh ocFg&\ t<uif;rJh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;onf jzpf\odpYk onfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrt
l yfaom y#davmry#dpo
rkyg 'f
oabmw&m;udkvnf; eda&m"opm[k ,if; wdwm,weokwefyif
(tH?1?178/) a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
yp,awm 0,'aee eda&m"opH ygu#H a[mwd yp,mEkyga'e yp,0wH tEkyg'g0aAm"awm/ (0dok'd?2?267/)
txufyg wdwm ,weokwe f bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfr-l
onfhtwdkif; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH-[laom taMumif;
w&m;wdkY\ t&[wr*faMumifh aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;[k
ac:qdt
k yfonfh tEkyg 'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh
0dnmPf emrfyk f oVm,we z a0'em-[laom tusK;d cEmig;yg;

'kuopmw&m;wdkY\ y&dedAmepkwdudk aemufqkH;xm; aemifwpfzef
rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;[k ac:qdt
k yfonfh tEkyg 'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;jcif;udkvnf; eda&m"opm[k t|uxmrsm;u zGifhqdkxm;\/
eda&m"opmum; O',A,Pf\ tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpfaom
taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tysufudk (= tcsKyfudk) Ijrifwwfonfh yp,awm 0,'ePfjzifh odjriftyfaom eda&m"opmwnf;/ taMumif;
w&m;wd\
Yk ,if;odYk tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rIukd oOyg'daooedAmef tusKd;cEmig;yg;wdkY\ tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;rIudk tEkyg'daooedAmef[kvnf; toD;oD; ac:qdkayonf/
avmuD0dyemPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odtyfaom opmw&m;jzpfjcif;
[laom taMumif;y&d,m,ftm;jzifh avmuDead &m"opm[lvnf;
ac:qdkEdkifayonf/
avmukw&m eda&m"opm ------ a,m wma,0 wPSm,
taoo0d&m*eda&ma"m ...(tbd?2?108/)
taoo0d&m*eda&ma"m
wd tm'Ded oAmed edAmea00pemae0/
&ma"mwd
edAm eOd tm*r wPSm taoom 0d&Zwd edZk w?d wom wH ]]wma,0 wPSm, taoo0d&m*eda&ma"m}}wd 0kpwd/
(tbd?|?2?105-106/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwdEYk iS t

hf nD 0dyemPfw\
Ykd
tqH;k jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPf zdv
k
f Pfw\
Ykd tmHjk zpfaom
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;onfum; avmukw&meda&m"opm rnf\/
r*opm --- avmukw& meda&m"opmjzpfonfh r[mtocFw"mwf
tNird ;f "mwf edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk t&d,r*fPf zdv
k
f PfwjYkd zifh
rsufarSmufjyKvdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ---
1/ avmuDr*opm trnf&onfh avmuDr*if (8)yg;

2/ avmukw&mr*opm trnf&onfh avmukw&mr*if (8)yg;ESprf sK;d aom 'kuc sKy&f m edAm efoaYkd &mufaMumif; usipfh Ofjzpfonfh
r*opmw&m;wdu
Yk kd yGm;rsm;&rnf jzpfayonf/ xdw
k iG v
f nf; avmukw-
&mr*opmodkY qdkufa&mufa&;twGuf avmuDr*opmw&m;wdkYudk
a&S;OD;pGm a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnf jzpfayonf/
(r?|?2?165??)
xdw
k iG f avmuDr*opmum; avmuD0yd emPfEiS hf ,SOw
f aJG eaom orm'd|d ormouFy orm0g,mr ormowd ormorm"d
[laom r*iw
f &m;ud,
k f ig;yg;ESihf BuKd wif aqmufwnfusio
hf ;kH xm;tyfaom orm0gpm ormurE ormtmZD0[laom oDvr*if oH;k yg;
aygif; (8)yg;wnf;/
avmukw&mr*opmum; tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefudk
tmHkjyKaeaom t&d,r*fPfESifh ,SOfwGJaeaom r*ifw&m;udk,f
(8)yg;wnf;/
0dyemPfEiS hf ,SOw
f aJG eaom avmuDr*iw
f &m;wdu
Yk ocFg&
w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tewtjcif;t&mudk tmHkjyKMu\/ ork',opmw&m;wdkY\ tekyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh
'kuo
pmw&m;wd\
Yk tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f yHu
k v
kd nf;
tmHjk yKMu\/ avmukw& mr*opmw&m;wdu
Yk tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAmefudk tmHkjyKMu\/
ykaA acg okodr "r|dwdPH? ypm edAmae PH/ (oH?1?344/)
okodr ...ocFg&w&m;wkdY\ tedp 'ku tewtjcif;t&m
wnfaom "r|dwd trnf&aom 0dyemPfonf a&S;ujzpf\?
edAm efukd tmHjk yK jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPfonf aemufumv
jzpf\/ (oH?1?344/)
odYk bk&m;&Siaf [mMum;xm;awmfro
l nft
h wkid ;f ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk
tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&m aumif;pGmwnfaeaom "r|w
d t
d rnf
&aom 0dyemPfwdkY\ tqHk;omvQif t&d,r*fPfonf
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAmefudk tmHk,lum jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh
twGuf t&d,r*fPf zdv
k
f PfwjYkd zifh edAm efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKvakd om
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedp 'ku tewtjcif;t&m aumif;pGmwnfaom "r|w
d t
d rnf&aom 0dyemPfukd &atmif
a&S;OD;pGm BuKd ;yrf;&awmhrnf jzpfayonf/ t&d,r*fPf zdv
k
f PfwYkd
jzifh tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKEdkifygrSvnf;
t&d,opmav;yg;wdu
Yk kd jynfjh ynfph pkH kH ae&mwus xd;k xGi;f odrnf jzpfayonf/
xko
d Ykd opmav;yg;udk orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf
xGi;f azmufojd rifa&;twGuf rnfoYdk vdu
k ef mjyKusi&hf rnfenf;[lrl r*if
(8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk jynhfjynfhpHkpHk jznfhusifhyg-[lay/ a&S;OD;pGm
orm0gpm ormurE ormtmZD0[lonfh oDvr*io
f ;kH yg;udk jynfjh ynfh
pHpk kH jzLpifatmif jznfu
h siyhf g/ xdaYk emif orm"dusipfh Ofyikd ;f udk wufvrS ;f yg/
orm
orm"" bdua0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH?3?363/)
opmav;yg;udk orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufodjrifa&;twGuf orm"dukd xlaxmif&ef bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;
xm;awmfrl\/ (oH?3?363/) orxur|mef; (40)wdkYwGif rdrdESpfNcdKuf&m
ur|mef; wpfcck jk zifh orm"dukd atmifatmifjrifjrif xlaxmifyg/ Oypm&
orm"doYkd qdu
k af tmif odrYk [kwf tyemorm"doYkd qdu
k af tmif orm"dukd
pepfwus xlaxmifNyD;aom yk*dKvfonf ---
1/ twdwf tem*wf ypKye pf onfh (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh

wnfaeonfh Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkYudk yxr
odatmif Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lyg? odrf;qnf;yg/
2/ ,if;'kuo
pmw&m;wd\
Yk taMumif;&if; ork',opmw&m;wdu
Yk kd
'kwd,odatmif Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lyg? odrf;qnf;yg/
ww yk&drmed a'Gopmed 0H? ypdrmed 0d0H/ awok bduKaem
0a ur|membdeda0aom a[mwd/ (tbd?|?2?109/)
'kuopm ork',opm[laom opmESpfyg;wdkYum; 0opm
wnf;/ eda&m"opm r*opm opm ESpfyg;wdkYum; 0d0opmwnf;/
xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;rnfh a,m*g0p&
&[ef;onf 0opmw&m;ESpyf g;wdYk 0dyembm0emur|mef; ESv;kH oGif;jcif;trIudk jyKtyf\/ (tbd?|?2?109/)
xdaYk Mumifh 'kuo
pm ork',opmw&m;ESpyf g;wdu
Yk m; 0dyem
Pf\ tIct
H mHw
k Ykd jzpfMu\/ ,if;opmw&m; ESpyf g;wdu
Yk m; qdik &f m
qdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYu tnDtGwf aygif;pk jyKjyifay;ygrS
tEdkifEdkif jzpfay:vm&aom w&m;wdkY jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY
jzpfMu\/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk --1/ ,if;wd\
Yk jzpfNy;D vQif ysuaf eonfh oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh tedp[kvnf;aumif;
2/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh tESdyfpufcH&onfh oabmudk Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfh 'ku[kvnf;aumif;
3/ rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfae
onfh twr[kwfonfh oabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmifMunfh
tew[kvnf;aumif;odkYvQif vuPma&;oHk;wefodkY wpfvSnhfpDwifum 0dyem
PfpOftwdkif; IyGm;cJhaomf &ifhusufvmaom 0dyemPfwdkY\

tqH;k avmukw& meda&m"opmjzpfonfh tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf
edAm efukd tmH,
k
l t&d,r*fPfonf jzpfay:vm\/ ,if;tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;um; avmukw&meda&m"
opmwnf;/ ,if;t&d,r*fEiS hf ,SOw
f aJG eaom r*iw
f &m;ud,
k f (8)yg;wdYk
um; avmukw&mr*opmwnf;/
0dyemtcdkuf jzpfay:oGm;Muaom r*ifw&m;udk,fwdkYum;
avmuDr*opmwnf;/ avmuDr*opm trnf&onfh 0dyemPfjzifh xd;k xGi;f odjriftyfaom taMumif;ocFg&w&m; tusK;d ocFg& w&m;wdkY\ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;[laom
tEkyg'eda&m"oabmum; avmuDeda&m"opmwnf;/
avmuDr*opm trnf&onfh 0dyemPfwdkYu udavom
tmoa0gw&m;wdkYudk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,f&Sm;oGm;\/ avmukw&mr*opm trnf&onfh t&d,r*fw&m;wdkYu qdkif&m qdkif&m udavom
tmoa0gw&m;wdu
Yk kd tqifq
h ifh t<uif;rJh = orkap'tm;jzifh y,f&mS ;
vku
d \
f / t&[wr*foYkd qdu
k af &mufaomtcg udavomtmoa0gwdYk
vH;k 0ukecf ef;oGm;NyD jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumifh t&d,opmav;yg;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemPf t&d,r*fPfwjYkd zifh odaomoltm;omvQif jrifaomoltm;
omvQif tmoa0gw&m;wd\
Yk ukejf cif;udk bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;awmfr-l
jcif; jzpfayonf/
xdu
k o
hJ Ykd tmoa0gw&m;wdYk ukecf ef;oGm;aom yk*Kd vo
f nf t&d,r*fav;yg; t&d,zdv
k af v;yg; edAm efwnf;[laom avmukw& mw&m;
ud;k yg;wdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh uyf aqmifxm;Edik o
f [
l k ac:qdx
k u
kd Nf yD jzpfayonf/
"rmeH e edomruZmwdaum
wd e0EH avmukw& "rmeH e edomumwd
reobma0g e Oy"m&Pobma0g/ (tH?|?3?325/)
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;taejzifh avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;wdkYudk

Pfjzifhuyf raqmifxm;Edkifao;apumrl ,if;avmukw&mw&m;
udk;yg;wdkYudk Pfjzifh uyf aqmifxm;jcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;wdkYudk
ajymMum;wwfzdkYum; vdktyfayonf/ tu,f &[ef;awmfwpfyg;
taejzifh xdkavmukw&mw&m;udk;yg;wdkYudk Pfjzifh uyfvnf;
raqmifxm;Edik o
f nfjzpft?hH odrYk [kwf Pfjzifu
h yf aqmifxm;jcif;\
*kPaf us;Zl;udv
k nf; rajymqdw
k wfonf jzpfjim;tH?h xdu
k o
hJ aYkd om &[ef;awmfrsK;d udk oDwif;oH;k azmfwu
Ykd cspcf if&ef dak oav;pm;&efvnf; rjzpf
Edkifay/ xdk&[ef;onf rdrdoEmef xdkavmukw&mw&m;udk;yg;wdkYudk
&aMumif;a&mufaMumif;jzpfonfh orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyem
bm0emukodkvfw&m;wdkY wdk;yGm;zdkY&efvnf; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfawmhrnf
r[kwfay/ y&rwoHCmtppfjzpfatmif &Gufaqmifay;wwfonfh
&[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m;[lonfh t&d,r*fw&m; zdv
k w
f &m;wdo
Yk nfvnf;
"r|w
d t
d rnf&aom 0dyemPfukd yGm;rsm;rI r&So
d jzifh jzpfay:vmawmhrnf r[kwfay/
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nfh kyw
f &m; bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlonfh emrfw&m; bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfh
aMumif;-usK;d qufE,
G rf I y#dpo
rkyg 'foabmw&m;wdu
Yk kd om0uwdo
Yk nf
Ir&Edik [
f al om qifajc qifvuf trsK;d rsK;d wdu
Yk kd taMumif;jyum a0zefa&;orm;oufouf jyKvyk af ewwf\/ ]]vdycf yJ rm? jrjJ rpH mG vsu?f ow0g
wpfa,muf? ,lrSm;arSmufudk? odef;avmufbk&m;? vSefaomtm;jzifh?
a[mMum;acscRwf? ajzrvGwfzl;}} (rCa'0-pmydk'f-319/)[laom qdkdk;
pum;twdkif; todef;ruaom bk&m;&SifwdkY 0kdif; cRwfaomfvnf;
ruRwfEdkifol jzpfaewwfonf/ "r|dwd trnf&aom 0dyemPf
wdu
Yk kd wu,fvufawGU rusio
hf jzifh avmukw& mt&d,r*fPf zdv
k -f
PfwYkd jzpfay:cGihf r&S&d um; udavomtmoa0gw&m;wk\
Yd ukecf ef;rIrSm rarQmfrSef;Edkifaom t&mXmewpfckom jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
xdkuJhodkY udavom tmoa0gwdkY xlajymaeaom &[ef;awmfwdkY

tcsi;f csi;f onf &m* a'go arm[ponfh xdu
k ad vom tmoa0gwd\
Yk
xlajymrI pGrf;tm;aMumifh wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; **Fga&ESifh ,rkema& a&mouJo
h Ykd wpfom;wnf; jzpfz&Ykd ef pnf;vH;k nDw
G rf I &Szd &Ykd efum; rarQmrf eS ;f
oifhaomt&m jzpfaeayonf/ &m* a'go arm[ rmefrme m
rp&d,-ponfh udavomw&m;qdk;wdkYu pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIudk ysufjym;
apwwfaomaMumifyh if jzpfayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh bk&m;&Siu
f ey,
d okwefwGif odkY a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpf\/
]]&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; &[ef;onf avmukw& m
w&m;udk;yg;wdkYudk Pfjzifh uyf aqmifxm;jcif; oabm&Sdolr[kwf?
Yk kd Pfjzifu
h yf aqmifxm;jcif;\ *kP-f
aus;Zl;udk rajymqdkwwf/ &[ef;wdkY ... uJhodkY avmukw&mw&m;
udk;yg;wdkYudk Pfjzifhuyf aqmifxm;jcif;oabm &Sdolr[kwfjcif;
Yk kd Pfjzifu
h yf aqmifxm;jcif;\ *kP-f
aus;Zl;udk rajymqdw
k wfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;
wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg;
dkaoav;pm;zdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyem
bm0emukov
kd w
k
f Pf
[laom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m; jzpfay:vmzd&Yk efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;
tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzkdY&efvnf; rjzpfay/ (tH?3?390/)
9/ e y#dovmaem = wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH rudef;atmif; rarGUavsmfol

emem&rPawm y#doH[&dwGm ur|meblaw {uoa,0
tm&raP pdw ora'0 v,eH y#dovmeH/ (r[m#D?1?63??)
&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf wpfyg;xD;-
wnf; ur|mef;tmkH ude;f atmif;arGUavsmw

f wfol r[kw?f wpfyg;xD;
wnf; ur|mef;tmkH udef;atmif;arGUavsmfjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk
rajymqdw
h Ykd wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH
udef;atmif;arGUavsmfol r[kwfjcif; wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH
udef;atmif;arGUavsmfjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk rajymqdkwwfjcif;[laom
oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzdkY&efvnf;
orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyembm0emukodkvfw&m;wdkY wdk;yGm;zdkY&ef
vnf; rjzpfay? r*fPf zdkvfPf[laom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m;
jzpfay:vmzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf;
y0d0dwm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm o*FPdum&mr??
(tH?3?65/)
&[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m;udk;yg;onf 0da0uoHk;jzm

arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uaf om yk*Kd v\
f oEmefomvQif jynfph EHk ikd \
f /
yk*dKvfow0g taygif;tazmf udavom taygif;tazmf arGUavsmf
aysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpkHEkdif/ (tH?3?65/)
um,0da0u pdw0da0u Oy"d0da0u-[k 0da0uoHk;yg;&Sd\/
*dkPf;taygif;tazmfudk pGefYvTwf wpfyg;xD;wnf; oGm;jcif; &yfjcif;
xdik jf cif; tdyjf cif; pm;jcif; ponfjzifh wpfyg;xD;wnf; aeavh&dS jcif;onf
um,0da0u rnf\/ um,0da0urQEiS hf avmukw& mw&m;ud;k yg;onf
rNyD;pD;rjynfhpkHEkdif&um; uodkPf;y&duHrsm;udk jyKpkysKd;axmif yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwf ormywf&Spfyg;wdkYudk jzpfap\/ ormywf (8)yg;onf
okrYd [kw
k f ormywf (8)yg;wku
Yd dk 0ifpm;vsuf aexkid jf cif;onf udavom
taygif;tazmfrS pdwu
f dk uif;&Si;f apvsuf aexkid jf cif; jzpfaomaMumifh
pdw0da0u rnf\/ pdw0da0u trnf&onfh ormywf (8)yg;rQjzifh-
vnf; avmukw& mw&m;uk;d yg;onf rNy;D pD;rjynfph EHk idk &f um; ,if;psmeformywfudk 0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK ocFg&w&m;wku
Yd dk vuPma&;okH;wefokdYwifum 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfavaomf y#dord'gPf
av;yg;wkEYd iS hf twlwuG t&[wr*foYdk qku
d af &mufawmfr\
l / t&[wzv
dk f edAm efonfum; cyford ;f aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh Oy"d0ad 0u
rnf\/ xkdedAmefonf umrky"dtrnf&onfh umr*kPfOy"dwkdYrSvnf;
uif;qdwf\/ udavoky"d trnf&onfh udavomOy"dwkdYrSvnf;
uif;qdwf\/ b0opfukd jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifwwfaom tbdocFgky"d trnf&onfh tbdocFg&Oy"dw&m;wkrYd v
S nf; uif;qdw\
f /
cEKy"d trnf&onfh cEmig;yg; Oy"dw&m;wkdYrSvnf; uif;qdwf\/
xkaYd Mumifh ,if;edAm efonf Oy"d0ad 0u = Oy"dav;jzmwkrYd S uif;qdw&f m
w&m;rnf\/ okdY 0da0uokH;yg; arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufaom
yk*Kd vo
f nf qku
d af &mufvmaom y&dowftm; 0da0uok;H jzm arGUavsmf
aysmyf u
dk f ESpNf cKd uaf om pdwx
f m;&S&d ef 0da0uok;H jzmokYd Gwu
f idk ;f diI ;f aom
pdwf"mwf&Sd&ef TefMum;vsuf jyefvTwfum orx-0dyembm0em
wkdYukdom tm;xkwfavonf/ (tH?3?66/ tH?|?3?26/)
uJhokdY 0da0uokH;jzm arGUavsmfaysmfykduf ESpfNcdKufvsuf wpfyg;
xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH ude;f atmif; aexkid jf cif; psmeformywfwu
Ydk dk
0ifpm;vsuf aexkid jf cif; zvormywfukd 0ifpm;vsuf aexkid jf cif;wku
Yd -dk
yif y#dovme = wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH ude;f atmif;arGUavsmf
aepHaysmjf cif;[k qko
d nf/ ,if;uJo
h aYdk om y#dovme*kPEf iS hf rjynfph jHk cif;
y#dovme*kPfaus;Zl;ukd rajymqkdwwfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;
onfum; &[ef;awmf wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifz&Ydk ef kad oav;pm;zk&Yd ef
vnf; rjzpfay? orx-0dyemukokdvfw&m;wkdY wdk;yGm;zkdY&efvnf;
rjzpfay? t&d,m&[ef;tjzpfudk jyKvyk af y;wwfonfh r*fPf zkv
d
f Pf
ukd &&Szd &Ydk efvnf; rjzpfEidk af wmhay/ xku
d o
hJ Ydk orx-0dyembm0em-
wku
Yd dk atmifatmifjrifjrif tm;rxkwEf idk yf gu tmoa0gw&m;wkYd uke-f
cef;zkdYta&;rSmvnf; tvGeftvSrf;uGma0;vsufyif &Sdaeayrnf/ &m*
a'go arm[-ponfh udavomawG xlajymaeonfh tzGJUtpnf;
wpfck um; nDw
G rf u
I dk &&Szd &Ydk efvnf; tvGef cufczJ ,
G &f m &Sad yonf/
10/ y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; rjyKwwfol

&[ef;wkdY ...aemufwpfrsKd;aomfum; &[ef;onf oDwif;okH;azmfwt
Ydk m; y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKwwforl [kw?f y#doEm&
= taphtpyfpum;jyKjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd rajymqkdwwf? &[ef;wkdY
uJo
h Ydk y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKwwfol r[kwjf cif;? y#doEm&
= taphtpyfpum;jyKjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd rajymqkdwwfjcif;[laom
oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzkdY&efvnf;
rjzpfay? &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; dkaoav;pm;zkdY&efvnf; rjzpfay?
orxbm0emukov
kd f 0dyembm0emukov
dk w
f &m;wkYd wk;d yGm;zk&Yd efvnf; rjzpfay? r*fPf zkdvfPf[laom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m;
jzpfay:vmzkdY&efvnf; rjzpfay? &[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf;
aygif;pnf;rdzkdY&efvnf; rjzpfay/ (tH?3?390/)
y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; ajymMum;wwfjcif;ukv
d nf; t*Fg&yf
wpfct
k jzifh xnfo
h iG ;f um okwe w
f iG f a[mMum;xm;awmfral yonf/
txl;ojzifh r*if&Spfyg; usifhpOfw&m;wkdYukd pepfwus a[mMum;jyo
qkdqkH;ray;rnfh rdwfaumif; aqGaumif; q&maumif; orm;aumif;
wkdYESifh ajyajyjypfjypf taphtpyf y#doEm&pum; ajymMum;wwfzkdYum;
ykdyif ta&;BuD;vSay\/
emrnfausmf ]]jrif;NrD;qGJ armifqef}}[k todrsm;aom t&SifqErax&fudk Munfhyg/ bk&m;&SifESifh zGm;zufawmfvnf; jzpf\? upm;azmf
upm;zufvnf; jzpf\? i,fuRe&f if;vnf; jzpf\/ xku
d o
hJ aYdk om &if;ES;D rI-
ukd taMumif;cHum rax&f BuD;wkdYESifh y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum;ukd

ajyajyjypfjypf rjyKwwfay/ EIwfMurf; tmMurf;ESifh EIwfo&rf;wwfol
wpfO;D jzpfc\
hJ / uJo
h Ydk y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum;ukd ajyajyjypfjypf
rjyKwwfjcif;aMumifhyif bk&m;&Sifu y&dedAmefpHrnfhnwGif qE&[ef;tm; jA['Pfay;&ef rSmMum;awmfrlcJh&\/ jA['Pftcwfc&H NyD;ygrS
rmefusum &[ef;w&m;rsm;ukd Am&mPoDteD; odywe trnf&onfh
rd*'g0kefawmtwGif; rd*'g0kefausmif;wkduf tjyif;txef BudK;pm;
tm;xkwcf \
hJ / edAm efbufoYdk rul;Ekid jf zpfaeojzifh xkrd *d 'g0kef ausmif;wku
d t
f wGi;f wnf&MdS uaom rax&fBu;D wkx
Yd H csO;f uyfum rdru
d sio
hf ;Hk aeonfh w&m;usifhpOfrsm;ukd avQmufxm;cJh\/ rax&f BuD;wkdYuvnf;
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d'-ponfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeonfh Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wkdYukd tedp-[k tew[k I&efrQavmufuo
dk m TeMf um;ay;awmfrMl u\/ 'ku[
k I&efuu
dk m;
rTefMum;Muay/
taMumif;um; - ,'edp?H wH 'kuH = tMuifw&m;onf tedpj zpf\?
xkw
d &m;onf 'kuw
nf;[k okYd bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfral omaMumifh jzpfNyD;ysufwwfonhf tedpw&m;rSefvQif 'kuw&m;yif jzpf\/
r*fw&m; zkv
d w
f &m;wko
Yd nfvnf; jzpfNy;D u ysuw
f wfonfh tedpw
&m;
wkdYom jzpfMuonfhtwGuf 'kuw&m;wkdYyif jzpfMu\/ xkdYaMumifh
r*fw&m; zkv
d w
f &m;ukd &&So
d nf[k 0efcaH wmfrMl uukeaf om t&Sib
f &k m;wkdYonf 'kua&mufaeolwkdYom jzpfMuonf[k okdYvQif t&SifqEu
ajymqkw
d wf\/ xku
d o
hJ Ydk ajymqkrd u
I dk a&Smifvv
JT o
dk nfjzpf rax&fBu;D wkdYu 'ku[k 0dyemI&ef rTefMum;Mujcif; jzpfonf/
rax&f BuD;wkdYu - y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jynfhjynfhpkHpkH
ra[mjyMuonfhtwGuf t&SifqEbufuvnf; tvm;wlyif y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jynfhjynfhpkHpkH rax&f BuD;wkdYESifh rqufqH-
wwfonft
h wGuf r*if (8)yg; usiphf Ofw&m;ukd pepfwus TeMf um;jyo
ay;rnfholESifh rMuHKBudKufEkdif jzpfae\/ okdYtwGuf aumorDjynf
aCmodwmkaH usmif;wku
d o
f Ydk wpfzefjyefomG ;um t&Sit
f meEmrax&fjrwfxo
H Ydk csO;f uyfum rdr\
d tcuftcJrsm;ukd wifjyavQmufxm;cJ\
h /
xkdtcg t&SiftmeEmrax&fjrwfu xkdtcuftcJukd ajz&Sif;&ef
rnfuJhokdYaom y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum;rsKd;ukd ajymqkdoifhonf
a[mjyoifo
h nfudk oabmayguf em;vnfawmfro
l nft
h wGuf ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVdawmf vm&Sdaom upmea*gwokwef (oH?1?257-258/)ukd
a[mMum;jyoay;awmfr\
l / xkw
d &m;a'oemawmfudk Mum;emcGihf &&S-d
onft
h wGuf t&Siq
f Erax&fonf aomwmywrd *fPf zkv
d
f PfoYdk
qkdufa&mufoGm;awmfrlavonf/ (qEokwf?oH?2?108-110/ Munfhyg/)
tu,f &[ef;awmfwpfyg;onf bkqwfqwfajymMum;wwfol
y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; csKUd wJah eol jzpfygu xku
d o
hJ aYdk om &[ef;awmfrsKd;ukd oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYu cspfcifjrwfEkd;zkdY MunfndKav;pm;zkdY&ef
tvGefcufcJaernfom jzpf\/ r*if (8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;awGukd jynfhjynfph pHk Hk emMum;cGihf &&Szd &Ydk ef usichf iG hf &&Szd &Ydk ef r*fPf zkv
d
f Pf &&Szd &Ydk ef
ponftcGit
hf vrf;wkrYd mS vnf; a0;uGmvsuyf if &Sad eOD;rnfom jzpfayonf/
jrif;,kwfOyrm
&[ef;wkdY ...Oyrmaomfum; --- jrif;,kwf jrif;Murf;tm; ]]igYukd
tu,f vlwkdYonf tmZmenfjrif;&mxl; xm;Murl tmZmenfjrif;
pm;aom tpmukd auR;Murl tmZmenfjrif;ukd yGwo
f yfay;jcif; (qkyef ,fay;jcif;)uJhodkYaom yGwfoyfjcif;jzihf (qkyfe,fjcif;jzifh) yGwfoyfMuukefrl
(qkyef ,fMuukerf )l aumif;av&m\}}[k okaYd om tvkq
d Eonf jzpf&m\/ xko
d yYdk if jzpfjim;aomfvnf; xkjd rif;,kwu
f dk pifppftm;jzifh vlwo
Ydk nf
tmZmenfjrif;&mxl;wkdYvnf; rxm;Muukef? tmZmenfjrif;pm;onfh
tpmukv
d nf; rauR;Muuke?f tmZmenfjrif;udk (yGwo
f yfay;jcif; qkyef ,f
ay;jcif;uJo
h aYkd om) yGwo
f yfjcif;jzifh (qkyef ,fjcif;jzif)h ryGwo
f yfay;Muukef
(rqkyef ,fay;Muuke)f / xko
d jYdk zpfjcif;onf tb,faMumifeh nf; &[ef;wkYd
wwfodem;vnfaom vlwkdYonf xkdjrif;\ xkdpOf;vJjcif; ukdif;jcif;
aumufjcif; auG;jcif;wkdYukd ry,f&ao;onfukd jrifukefaomaMumifhwnf;/
&[ef;wkYd ...Oyrmtwlyif okaYd jymqkt
d yfNy;D aom oabm
&Sad om &[ef;tm; ]]tu,f igYudk oDwif;ok;H azmfwo
Ydk nf tkt
d ao
jyKMuukerf l tav;jyKMuukerf l jrwfE;dk Muukerf l ylaZmfMuukerf l aumif;av&m\}}[k okdYaom tvkdqEonf jzpf&m\/ xkdokdYyif jzpfjim;
aomfvnf; xk&d [ef;ukd oDwif;ok;H azmfwo
Ydk nf tkt
d aovnf; rjyKMuuke?f tav;*kvnf; rjyKMuuke?f jrwfE;dk vnf; rjrwfE;dk Muuke?f ylaZmfvnf; rylaZmfMuuke/f xko
d jYdk zpfjcif;onf tb,faMumifeh nf; &[ef;wkYd
wwfodem;vnfaom oDwif;okH;azmfwkdYonf xkd&[ef;\ xkd,kwfnhHaom tukokdvfw&m;wdkYukd ry,f&ao;onfukd jrifMuaomaMumifhwnf;/ (tH?3?390-391/)
odkYvQif bk&m;&Sifonf --- &[ef;awmftcsif;csif; wpfyg;ESifh
wpfyg; cspcf ifz&Ykd ef dak oav;pm;zd&Yk ef orx-0dyembm0emukov
kd f
w&m;wdYk wdik ;f xuftvGef wd;k yGm;zd&Yk ef &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf;
aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&eftwGuf &[ef;wpfyg;\ oEmef0,f r&Sdoifhaom
t*Fg&yf (10)csuw
f u
Ykd kd a[mMum;awmfrNl y;D aemuf - wpfzef y#davmr
= tjyeftm;jzifh &Sdoifhaom t*Fg&yf (10)csufwdkYudk atmufygtwdkif;
qufvufa[mMum;awmfr\
l / oDwif;oH;k azmfw\
Ykd cspcf ifrI tdt
k ao
jyKrI tav;*kjyKrI jrwfE;kd rI ylaZmfrw
I u
Ykd kd tvd&k o
dS w
l ikd ;f oHCmawmf\
nDGwfpnf;vHk;rIudk tvdk&Sdolwdkif; vdkufemjyKusifhoifhaom t*Fg&yfwdkYyif jzpfMuayonf/ ,if;t*Fg&yfwdkYrSm odkY jzpfMu\ ---
1/ tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;ukd rjyKwwfol

&[ef;wkdY ...omoemawmf &[ef;onf tjiif;yGm;rI =
t"dukPf;ukd rjyKwwf? tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf; Nidrf;at;jcif;\
*kPfaus;Zl;ukd ajymqkdwwf\/ &[ef;wkdY ...uJhokdY tjiif;yGm;rI =
t"dukPf;ukd rjyKwwfjcif;? tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;ukd Nidrf;jcif;\
*kPfaus;Zl;ukd ajymqkdwwfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf;
&[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifz&Ydk efvnf; jzpf\? &[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg;
kad oav;pm;zk&Yd efvnf; jzpf\? orxbm0emukov
dk f 0dyembm0em
ukokdvfw&m;wkdY wkd;yGm;zkdY&efvnf; jzpf\? &[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzkdY&efvnf;jzpf\/ (tH?3?391/)
2/ odumokH;&yfukd vkdvm;ol
&[ef;wkYd ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; &[ef;onf oDv-orm"dynm odum ok;H &yf tusijhf rwfwu
Ykd dk vkv
d m;awmifw
h aom pdwx
f m;&S\
d /
odumokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYukd vkdvm;awmifhwjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukdvnf; ajymqkdwwf\/ &[ef;wkdY ...uJhokdY oDv-orm"d-ynm
odumokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYukd vkdvm;awmifhwaom pdwfxm;&Sd jcif;?
odumokH;&yf tusifhjrwfwdkYukd vkdvm;awmifhwjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;ukd
ajymqkdwwfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESifh
wpfyg; cspfcifzkdY&efvnf; jzpf\/ y / &[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf;
aygif;pnf;rdzkdY&efvnf; jzpf\/ (tH?3?391/)
3/ tydp = tvkdenf;yg;ol
&[ef;wkYd ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; &[ef;onf tvked nf;yg;\?
tvkq
d ;dk ukd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;ukd ajymqkw
d wf\/ &[ef;wkYd
uJo
h Ydk tvked nf;yg;jcif; tvkq
d ;dk ukd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;ukd
ajymqkw
d wfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESihf
wpfyg; cspfcifzkdY&efvnf;jzpf\/ y / &[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf;
aygif;pnf;rdzkdY&efvnf;jzpf\/ (tH?3?391/)
tydpm,H bdua0 "arm? em,H "arm r[dp/ (tH?3?65/)
&[ef;wkYd ...avmukw& mw&m;uk;d yg;onf tvked nf;yg;aom
= vkcd sirf I pm wPSm r&Sad om typd y *k Kd v\
f oEmefomvQif jynfph -Hk
Ekdif\/ avmukw&mw&m;ukd;yg;onf tvkd&ruf BuD;rm;vSaom
r[dpyk*dKvf\ oEmef rjynfhpkHEkdif/ (tH?3?65/)
ypn;f av;yg;ukd rsm;rsm;vSLvQif enf;enf;om tvSLcH enf;enf;
vSLvQifvnf; vSLonfhatmuf ,kwfavsmh enf;enf;ukdom tvSLcHNyD;vQif tukefvkH;ukd tvSLrcHaom ypnf;av;yg; tvkdenf;yg;aom
yp,tydpyk*dKvf (1)
rdrd r*fzv
dk f w&m;xl; w&m;jrwf &onfudk olwpfyg;wkt
Yd m; tod
ray;vkdbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom t"d*rtydpyk*dKvf (2)
rdrd y&d,wfA[kw
k aygrsm;wwfuRr;f onfudk olwpfyg;wkt
Yd m;
todray;vkdbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom y&d,wdtydpyk*dKvf (3)
rdrd "kwif aqmufwnfusio
hf ;Hk xm;onfudk olwpfyg;wkt
Yd m; tod
ray;vkdbJ vQKdU0Sufxm;aom "kw*Ftydpyk*dKvf (4)
okdYtm;jzifh tvkdenf;yg;aom tydpyk*dKvf av;rsKd;&Sd\/
xkt
d vked nf;yg;aom typd y *k Kd vo
f nf typd y *k Kd vjf zpfaomfvnf;
tvkdenf;yg;aom tydpyk*dKvf[k olwpfyg;wkkdY odrSmukd tvkdr&Sd/ &&orQaom ypn;f av;yg;jzifh a&mif&h v
J ,
G o
f jl zpfvsuf a&mif&h v
J ,
G o
f [
l k
olwpfyg;wdu
Yk odrmS udk tvdrk &S/d 0da0uw&m;oH;k yg; arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f
ESpNf cKd uo
f jl zpfvsuf 0da0uw&m;oH;k yg; arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uo
f l
[k olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&Sd/ xufoefaom vHkYv0D&d,&Sdol

jzpfvsuf xufoefaom vHv
Yk 0D&,
d &do
S [
l k olwpfyg;wdu
Yk odrmS udk tvdk
r&dS/ xifvif;aom owd&dSol jzpfvsuf xifvif;aom owd&dSol[k
olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&dS/ Oypm& tyem ESpfjzmaom orm"d
&do
S jl zpfvsuf orm"d&o
dS [
l k olwpfyg;wdu
kY odrmS udk tvdrk &S/d 0dyemPfynmESifh jynfhpHkoljzpfvsuf 0dyemPfynmESifh jynfhpHkol[k
olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&Sd/ oHo&mudk csJUxGifwwfonfh wPSm
rme 'd|dwnf;[laom yyw&m;uif;&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uo
f jl zpfvsuf yyw&m;uif;&m edAm efw&m;awmfjrwf arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uo
f [
l k olwpfyg;wdu
Yk odrmS udk tvdrk &S/d
xdkrQ tvdkenf;yg;ol jzpf\/ (tH?3?66/)
4/ trsufrxGufwwfol
&[ef;wdkY ...aemufwpfrsdK;aomfum; --- &[ef;onf trsuf
rxGuw
f wf trsux
f u
G rf u
I kd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk ajymqdk
wwf\/ &[ef;wdYk ...uJo
h Ykd trsurf xGuw
f wfjcif; trsux
f u
G rf -I
udk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk ajymqdw
k wfjcif;[laom oabm
w&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzdkY&efvnf; jzpf\/ y /
&[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdz&Ykd efvnf; jzpf\/ (tH?3?391??)
tauma"e Zdae aum"H? tom"Hk om"kem Zdae/
Zdae u'&dd,H 'gaee? oapemvdu0g'deH/
("ry'?46/ *gxm-223/)
trsux
f u
G af om olukd arwmw&m;jzifh atmifyMGJ unfjzL tEdik ,
f -l
&m\/ raumif;aomoabm&Sdaom oludk aumif;aomoabmjzifh
atmifyMGJ unfjzL tEdik ,
f &l m\/ ESajrm0efwakd om olukd ay;urf;jcif;jzifh
atmifyMGJ unfjzL tEdik ,
f &l m\/ r[kwrf rSef ajymqdak om olukd t[kwf
trSefudk ajymqdkjcif;jzifh atmifyJGMunfjzL tEdkif,l&m\/ ("ry'?46/)

TefMum;csufrsm;ESifh tnD trsufrxGufvdkol jzpfvdkygu
Ow&mOygodumrESifh omrm0wDwdkYuJhodkY arwmpsmefudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif;
vsifvsifjrefjref 0ifpm;Edkifatmif BudK;pm;yg/
5/ olUaus;Zl;udk racszsufwwfol
&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf olUaus;Zl;udk
racszsuw
f wf? olUaus;Zl; acszsurf u
I kd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk
ajymqdkwwf\/ &[ef;wdkY uJhodkY olUaus;Zl;udk racszsufwwfjcif;
olUaus;Zl; acszsurf u
I kd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk ajymqdw
k wfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifzd&Yk efvnf; jzpf\/ y / &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdz&Ykd efvnf; jzpf\/ (tH?3?391/)
wpfvkwfpm;zl; olUaus;Zl;
wpfcsdefwGif &m"ykPm;BuD;u &[ef;awmfwdkYxHodkY csOf;uyfum
&Si&f [ef;jyKay;yg&ef awmif;yefavQmufxm;cJ\
h / &[ef;awmfwu
Ykd vnf;
xdkykPm;BuD;udk touft&G,fBuD;&ifhrIaMumifh &Sif&[ef;jyKay;zdkY&ef
tvdrk &dS jzpfaeMu\/ xdyk P
k m ;Bu;D onf &[ef;awmfwt
Ykd xH &Si&f [ef;
jyKay;zdkY&ef tcGifhtvrf;udk r&&dSonfhtwGuf pdwf"mwfusqif;um
ydefMuHKvsuf taMumNydKif;NydKif;xaom udk,f&dSae\/ xdkykPm;BuD;\
tajctae t&yf&yfudk bk&m;&Sif odawmfrlaomtcg &[ef;wdkYudk
bk&m;&Siu
f ]]&[ef;wdYk ...xdyk P
k m ;Bu;D \ jyKczhJ ;l onfh aus;Zl;udk rnfol
trSwf&ygoenf;}}[k ar;jref;awmfrl\/ xkdtcg t&Sifom&dykw&m
ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D u xdyk P
k m ;Bu;D \ olUtay: jyKczhJ ;l onfh aus;Zl;udk
trSw&f ygaMumif;udk bk&m;&Sit
f m; avQmufxm;awmfrv
l u
kd \
f / xdt
k cg
bk&m;&Sifu ]]rnfuJhodkYjyKcJhzl;aom olUaus;Zl;udk oifonf trSwf&yg-
oenf;}}[k ar;jref;awmfr\
l / xdt
k cg t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m ud,
k af wmfjrwfu bk&m;&Siftm; odkY avQmufxm;awmfrl\ ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...
xdyk P
k m ;Bu;D onf wynfah wmf &mZN*Kd [Nf rKd UwGi;f odYk qGr;f cH 0ifa&mufcJph Of wpfcgu qGr;f wpfZeG ;f udk avmif;vSLcJzh ;l ygonf/ wynfah wmfonf
xdkykPm;BuD;\ odkYjyKcJhzl;aom aus;Zl;udk trSwf&ygonfbk&m;}}[k
wifjyavQmufxm;awmfrlvdkuf\/ xdktcg bk&m;&Sifu ]]om"k om"k
om&dykw&m - olawmfaumif;wdkYonfum; olwpfyg;wdkY jyKcJhzl;onfh
aus;Zl;udk odwwfMu\/ olUaus;Zl;udk aus;Zl;wkq
YH yf&rnfukd odwwfolwdkY jzpfMu\/ om&dykw&m xdkodkYjzpfvQif oifonf xdkykPm;BuD;udk
&Sif&[ef;jyKay;vdkufyg}}[k rdefYMum;awmfrlvdkuf\/
xdt
k csed t
f cgrSm o&P*kjH zifh &Si&f [ef;tjzpfukd cGijhf yKru
I kd kyo
f rd ;f um wfvQif av;Budrfajrmuf&Sdonfh wdpwkwur0gpmjzifh &[ef;
jyK&ef cGifhjyKawmfrlvdkonfh bk&m;&Sif\ qEawmfudk od&Sdawmfrlonfh
twGuf rnfodkY &Sif&[ef;jyKay;&ygrnfenf;[k t&Sifom&dykw&m
rax&fjrwfu bk&m;&Sit
f m; xyfraH vQmufxm;awmfrv
l u
kd \
f / xdt
k cg
bk&m;&Siu
f a&S;,cifu cGijhf yKxm;Ny;D jzpfonfh o&P*kjH zifh &[ef;jyKciG -hf
udk kyo
f rd ;f awmfru
l m ,ckumv ok;H pGaJ eonfh wpd wkwu
r0gpmjzifh
&[ef;jyKcGifhudk pwifcGifhjyKawmfrlavonf/ (0d?3?70/)
t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D uvnf; &[ef;opfjzpfaom
t&Sif&m"udk &Gmi,fawmausmif;wpfausmif;odkY ac:aqmifoGm;um
ur|mef;w&m;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;vsuf ypn;f av;yg;jzifv
h nf; rNiKd jiif
ryifyef;&atmif axmufyv
hH suf orx-0dyembm0emwdu
Yk kd tm;xkwaf pav&m rMumrDtcsed u
f mvtwGi;f rSmyif t&Si&f m"vnf; &[Em
tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;awmfrlavonf/ (tH?|?1?254/)
oH,w
k yf gVdawmf (oH?2?154-165/) vm&Sad om &m"oH,w
k f wpfc-k
vkH;onf t&Sif&m"rax&f jrwfudk taMumif;jyK jzpfay:vmaom
okwefwdkY jzpfMu\/
{w'*fbGJUxl;&awmfrljcif;
aemifwpfcsed f jrwfpmG bk&m;onf rax&f jrwfwu
Ykd kd tpOftwdik ;f
{w'*f&mxl;XmeE& xm;awmfrlonf&Sdaomf t&Sif&m"rax&fudk --{w'*H bdua0 rr om0umeH bduLeH y#dbmae,sumeH ,'d'H
&ma"m/ (tH?1?26/)
&[ef;wdkY ...igbk&m;&Sif\ w&m;a[mqdkaMumif;jzpfonfh "ra'oem Pfynmy#dbmefudk jzpfapwwfMuaom igbk&m;&Sif\
wynfhom0u&[ef;wdkYwGif &m"&[ef;onf tomqkH; tjrwfqHk;
jzpf\/ (tH?1?26/)
onfwu
Ykd m; t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & m ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D \ wpfvw
k f
pm;zl; olUaus;Zl;udk odwwfrI uwnKw uwa0'D*P
k u
f kd taMumif;cHum jzpfay:vmMuonfh *kPaf us;Zl;wdyYk ifwnf;/ xdaYk Mumifh olawmfaumif;rSeo
f rQwo
Ykd nf wpfvw
k pf m;zl; olUaus;Zl;udk txl; odxu
kd v
f -S
ayonf/ aus;Zl;wkHYqyf&rnfudkvnf; odxdkufvSayonf/
bk&m;&Siu
f vnf; t&Si&f m"rax&f jrwf\ todtjrifPfjzpfyHk
w&m;awmf ouf0if,MHk unfrI o'gw&m; Bu;D rm;ykw
H u
Ykd kd taMumif;jyK
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ oEmefawmf0,f topftopfjzpfaom w&m;a[mqdkaMumif; = "ra'oem todPfynmwdkY wdk;yGm;vmrI wdk;
wd;k jzpfymG ;vmrIukd taMumif;cHum ,if;{w'*fbUJG xl;udk cs;D jri ahf wmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
6/ raumufuspf rpOf;vJol
&[ef;wdkU ...aemufwpfrsdK;aomfum; --- &[ef;onf raumufuspf rpOf;vJwwf? aumufuspfpOf;vJrIudk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPf-
aus;Zl;udk ajymqdw
k wf\/ &[ef;wdYk ...uJo
h Ykd raumufuspf rpOf;vJjcif; aumufusppf Of;vJru
I kd y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk ajymqdk
wwfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg;
cspcf ifz&Ykd efvnf; jzpf\/ y / &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;
rdzkdY&efvnf; jzpf\/ (tH?3?392/)
7/ rvSnfhpm;wwfol
&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf rvSnphf m;wwf vSnfhpm;rIudk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk ajymqdkwwf\/
&[ef;wdYk ...uJo
h Ydk rvSnphf m;jcif; vSnphf m;rIukd y,fazsmufjcif;\
*kPfaus;Zl;udk ajymqdkwwfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf;
&[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifz&Ykd efvnf; jzpf\/ y / &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f
waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; jzpf\/ (tH?3?392/)
aumufuspfpOf;vJol vSnfhpm;wwfolwdkYum; oDvysufpD;olwdkY
jzpfMu\/ raumufuspf rpOf;vJol rvSnphf m;wwfow
l Ukd um; oDv&So
d -l
wdkY jzpfMu\/ xdkyk*dKvfESpfrsdK;wdkY\ jcm;em;csufudk bk&m;&Sifu odkY
rdefYMum;xm;awmfrl\/
&[ef;wdUk ...tcuft&Guyf supf ;D aom opfyiftm; tayG;onfvnf; jynfhpHkjcif;odkY ra&mufouJhodkY tcGHtacgufonfvnf;? tumonfvnf;? tESpfonfvnf; jynfhpHkjcif;odkY ra&mufouJhodkY &[ef;wdkY
Oyrmtwlyif oDvr&So
d l oDvysupf ;D oltm; ESv;kH om&Tirf I (t0dy# -d
om&)onf (jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef) taMumif;csKUd wJ\
h / ESv;kH om&Tirf I r&dv
S wfaomf ESv;kH om&Tirf I ysupf ;D oltm; 0rf;ajrmufrI (ygarmZ)onff (jzpfay:vmzdkY&ef) taMumif;csKdUwJh\/ 0rf;ajrmufrI r&dSvwfaomf 0rf;ajrmufrI
ysupf ;D oltm; ESpo
f ufrI (yDw)d onf (jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef) taMumif;csKUd wJ\
h /
ESpo
f ufrI r&Sv
d wfaomf ESpo
f ufrI ysupf ;D oltm; Nird ;f csr;f rI (y')d onf
(jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef) taMumif;csKUd wJ\

h / Nird ;f csr;f rI r&Sv
d wfaomf Nird ;f csr;f rI
ysupf ;D oltm; csr;f omrI (okc)onf (jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef) taMumif;csKUd wJ\
h /
csrf;omrI r&Sdvwfaomf csrf;omrI ysufpD;oltm; wnfMunfrI (orm"d)
onf (jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef) taMumif;csKUd wJ\
h / wnfMunfrI orm"d r&dSvwfaomf wnfMunfrI orm"d ysufpD;oltm; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrifrI
(,xmblwP'e)onf (jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef) taMumif;csKUd wJ\
h / [kw-f
wdik ;f rSepf mG odjrifrI r&Sv
d wfaomf [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG odjrifrI ysupf ;D oltm;
NiD;aiGUrIESifh wyfrufjcif;uif;rI (edAd'g0d&m*)onf (jzpfay:vmzdkY&ef)
taMumif;csKUd wJ\
h / Ni;D aiGUrIEiS hf wyfrufjcif;uif;rI r&Sv
d wfaomf Ni;D aiGUrIESifh wyfrufjcif;uif;rI ysufpD;oltm; udavomrS vGwfajrmufrIESifh
vGwfajrmufrIudk odaom Pftjrif (0drkwdP'e)onf (jzpfay:vmzdkY&ef) taMumif;csKdUwJh\/ (tH?3?259-260/)
&[ef;wdYk ...tcuft&GuEf iS jhf ynfph akH om opfyiftm; tayG;onf
vnf; jynfhpHkjcif;odkY a&mufouJhodkY tcGHtacgufonfvnf;/ tumonfvnf;/ tESpfonfvnf; jynfhpHkjcif;odkY a&mufouJhodkY &[ef;wdkY
Oyrmtwlyif oDv&Sdol oDvjynfhpHkoltm; ESvHk;om&TifrIonf
(jzpfay:vmzdkY&ef) taMumif;jynfhpkH\/ ESvkH;om&TifrI &Sdvwfaomf ESvkH;om&Tirf EI iS hf jynfph o
Hk t
l m; 0rf;ajrmufro
I nf (jzpfay:vmzk&Yd ef) taMumif;
jynfhpkH\/ 0rf;ajrmufrI &Sdvwfaomf 0rf;ajrmufrIESifh jynfhpkHoltm;
ESpo
f ufro
I nf (jzpfay:vmzk&Yd ef) taMumif;jynfph \
Hk / ESpo
f ufrI &Sv
d wfaomf ESpfoufrIESifh jynfhpkHoltm; Nidrf;csrf;rIonf (jzpfay:vmzkdY&ef)
taMumif;jynfph \
Hk / Nird ;f csr;f rI &Sv
d wfaomf Nird ;f csr;f rIEiS hf jynfph o
kH t
l m;
csr;f omrIonf (jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef) taMumif;jynfph \
Hk / csr;f omrI &Sv
d wfaomf csr;f omrIEiS hf jynfph o
Hk t
l m; aumif;aom wnfMunfrI (ormorm"d)
onf jzpfay:vmzkdY&ef taMumif;jynfhpkH\/ aumif;aom wnfMunfrI
&Sv
d wfaomf aumif;aom wnfMunfrEI iS hf jynfph o
Hk t
l m; [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG
odjrifrIonf jzpfay:vmzkdY&ef taMumif;jynfhpkH\/ [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm

odjrifrI &Sv
d wfaomf [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG odjrifot
l m; Ni;D aiGUrIEiS hf wyfrufjcif;uif;rIonf jzpfay:vmzk&Yd ef taMumif;jynfph \
Hk / Ni;D aiGUrIEiS hf wyfruf
jcif;uif;rI &Sdvwfaomf NiD;aiGUrIESifh wyfrufjcif;uif;rI jynfhpkHoltm;
(udavomrS)vGwfajrmufrIESifh vGwfajrmufrIudk odaom Pftjrifonf jzpfay:vmzkdY&ef taMumif;jynfhpkH\/ (tH?3?260/)
8/ avmukw&mw&m;wkdYukd aqmifxm;Ekdifol
&[ef;wkYd ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf avmukw& m
w&m;wkdYukd aqmifxm;\? avmukw&mw&m;wkdYukd aqmifxm;jcif;\
*kPfaus;Zl;udk ajymqkdwwf\/ &[ef;wkdY ...uJhokdY avmukw&m
w&m;wku
Yd dk aqmifxm;jcif; avmukw& mw&m;wku
Yd dk aqmifxm;jcif;\
*kPaf us;Zl;wku
Yd dk ajymqkw
d wfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf;
&[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifz&Ydk efvnf; jzpf\/ y / &[ef;tcsi;f csi;f
waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzkdY&efvnf; jzpf\/ (tH?3?392/)
9/ y#dovme = wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH udef;atmif;

arGUavsmfol
&[ef;wkYd ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH udef;atmif;arGUavsmfwwf\? wpfyg;xD;wnf;
ur|mef;tmkH udef;atmif;arGUavsmfjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk ajymqdk
wwf\/ &[ef;wdYk ...uJo
h Ykd wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmHk ude;f atmif;arGUavsmw
f wfjcif; wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH ude;f atmif;
arGUavsmfjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk ajymqdkwwfjcif;[laom oabmw&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; cspcf ifz&Ykd efvnf; jzpf\/ y /
&[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; jzpf\/
(tH?3?392/)
10/ y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKwwfol

&[ef;wdYk ...aemufwpfrsK;d aomfum; --- &[ef;onf oDwif;oH;k azmfwt
Ykd m; y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKwwf\? y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk ajymqdkwwf\/ &[ef;wdkY ...
uJo
h Ykd y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKwwfjcif; y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKjcif;\ *kPaf us;Zl;udk ajymqdw
k wfjcif;[laom oabm
w&m;onfvnf; &[ef;wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; cspfcifzdkY&efvnf; jzpf\?
&[ef;wpfyg;ESiw
hf pfyg; kad oav;pm;zd&Yk efvnf; jzpf\? orxbm0emukodkvf 0dyembm0emukodkvfw&m;wdkY wdk;yGm;zdkY&efvnf; jzpf\?
r*fPf zdkvfPf[laom &[ef;jzpfaMumif;w&m; jzpfay:vmzdkY&efvnf; jzpf\? &[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf;
jzpf\/ (tH?3?392/)
&[ef;wdkY ...odkY oabm&Sdaom (t*Fg 10-yg;ESifhjynfhpHkaom)
&[ef;tm; ]]tu,f ighudk oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkYonf tdktaojyKMuukerf l tav;*kjyKMuukerf l jrwfE;kd Muukerf l ylaZmfMuukerf l aumif;av
&m\}}[k odkY tvdkqEonf rjzpf&m/ (xdk&[ef;awmf &&Sdxm;aom
avmukw&mw&m;wdkYu ,if;uJhodkYaom tvdkqE udavomw&m;qdk;wdkYudk
y,fowfxm;Ny;D jzpfaomaMumifw
h nf;/) xdo
k yYkd if rjzpfaomfvnf; xd&k [ef;
udk pifppftm;jzifh oDwif;oH;k azmfwo
Ykd nf tkt
d aojyKMuuke\
f ? tav;
*kjyKMuukef\? jrwfEdk;Muukef\? ylaZmfMuukef\/ xkdodkYjzpfjcif;onf
tb,faMumifhenf; &[ef;wdkY ... wwfodem;vnfaom ynm&Sd
oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkYonf xdk&[ef;\ xdk,kwfnHhaom (tvdkqEponfh)
tukodkvfw&m;wdkYudk y,fxm;NyD;onfudk awGUjrifaomaMumifhwnf;/
(tH?3?392/)
trsKd;aumif; tmZmenfjrif;yrm
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Ow&m Oygodumr
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dk nf;
&&Sd\/ OykofoDwif; aqmufwnfusifhoHk;cGifhukdvnf; &&Sd\/ w&m;bm0em usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfcGifhudkvnf; &&Sd\/}} odkY
ponfjzifh od&drm\ aumif;onhf *kPfaus;Zl;udkom wpfzufowf
ESvkH;oGif;NyD;vQif onf;cHjcif; = cEDw&m;udk &&Sdatmif yxrBudK;pm;vdkuf\/
rnfonfhw&m;udkrqdk tjypfudk rjrifygu y,f&Sm;zdkY&ef tvGef
cufcJvS\/ tusKd;*kPftif tmedoifudk rod&SdcJhvQifvnf; &&SdzdkY&ef
cufcJvS\/ xdkYaMumifh arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkaom
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf a'go\ tjypfuv
kd nf; qifjcifoif\
h / a'gow&m;jzifh od&drmuJhodkY pdwf"mwfawGazmufjyefysufpD;aeaom a'go
w&m;\ vTrf;rdk;zdpD;rIudk cH,lae&aom a'gow&m;u odrf;usKH;,liif
xm;aom pdwx
f m;&Sad om yk*Kd vo
f nf od&rd mu Ow&mtay: qDyjl zifh
avmif;owfvo
kd nfh pdwx
f m;rsK;d uJo
h Ykd olUtoufuv
kd nf; owfwwf\?
olwpfyg;ypn;f udv
k nf; zsuq
f ;D ypfwwf\/--- odpYk onfjzifh a'goaMumifh &&SdEkdifonfh tjypftm'De0rsm;udkvnf; qifjcifyg/ Pfjzifh
jrifatmifMunfhyg/
cEDy&rH wayg wdwdum? edAmeH y&rH 0'Ed Ak'g/ ('D?2?42/ ck?1?41/)
= wdwdum[ktrnf&aom onf;cHrI = cEDw&m;onf jrwfaom
tusifhwnf;/ edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tvGefjrwf\[k bk&m;&SifwdkY
a[mMum;awmfrltyfukef\/ ('D?2?42/ ck?1?41/)

cEDAvH AvmeDuH? wr[H jALrd jAm[PH/ (ck?1?70/376/)
= onf;cHjcif; = cEDcGeftm;wnf;[laom ppfonfAdkvfyg &Sdaom
xdkyk*dKvfudk jAm[P (= raumif;rIrS tyjyKtyfNyD;aom yk*dKvf)[k
igbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrl\/ (ck?1?70/376/)
cEsm bda,sm e 0dZwd/ (oH?1?223/)
= onf;cHjcif;xuf vGejf rwfaom tusK;d w&m;um; r&S/d (oH?1?223??)
odkYpaom cEDw&m;\ tusKd;tmedoHoudkvnf; od&Sdygav/
odkYaomf arwmpsmefudk atmifatmifjrifjrifusifhokH;Edkifygu wdwdum
trnf&aom onf;cHjcif; = cEDw&m;onfvnf; NyD;pD;jynfhpkHNyD;om
jzpfayonf/ odv
Yk Qif a'go\ tjypf tm'De0udk qifjcifum a'gorS
pdwu
f kd vGwaf tmifBuKd ;pm;yg/ cEw
D &m;\ tusK;d *kPt
f if tmedoifukd
od&o
dS nft
h cg pdwt
f pOfukd cEw
D &m;jzifh ,SOpf yfay;jcif;iSm OD;wnfvsuf
arwmbm0emur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg/
a&S;OD;pGm arwmyGm;oifhaomyk*dKvf - ryGm;oifhaomyk*dKvf

arwmur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f akd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v-f
onf ]]yk*Kd vw
f Ykd a&S;OD;pGm arwmbm0emudk ryGm;tyf? yk*Kd vw
f Ykd
tcsi;f cyford ;f arwmbm0emudk ryGm;tyf}}[k arwmbm0emudk zsuq
f ;D
wwfaom yk*dKvfwdkYudk odxm;oifh\/
1/ ty,
d yk*v
= rcsprf ESpo
f uftyfaom yk*Kd vf (= rdr\
d vnf;aumif;
rdrd cspo
f \
l vnf;aumif; tusK;d pD;yGm;udk &Guaf qmif
ray;aom yk*dKvf? rdrd rkef;ol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk &Gufaqmifay;aom yk*Kd v?f &efNiKd ;zGUJ jcif; (9)rsK;d \ wnf&m
yk*dKvf/)
2/ twdyd,o[m,u= tvGefcspfciftyfaom tazmfoli,fcsif;

3/ rZw
= rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*dKvf
4/ a0&Dyk*v
= &efolyk*dKvf (= rdrd\vnf;aumif; rdrd
cspfol\vnf;aumif; tusKd;pD;yGm;rJhudk
&Gufaqmifay;aom yk*dKvf)
yk*Kd vf (4)rsK;d wdu
Yk m; a&S;OD;pGm arwmryGm;oifah om yk*Kd vw
f w
Ykd nf;/
5/ vd*F0dobm*
6/ umvuw
= vdirf wlaom yk*Kd vf (yk*Kd vu

f m; oD;oefY
wpfO;D jcif; tmkjH yK arwmryGm;aumif;aom yk*dKvfwnf;/)
= uG,fvGefoGm;aom yk*dKvf (yk*dKvfum;
vkH;0 arwmryGm;oifhaom yk*dKvfwnf;??)
taMumif;jycsuf
taMumif;um; - odkYwnf;/ rcspfrESpfouftyfaom tyd,yk*dKvfudk cspfcifESpfouftyfaom yd,yk*dKvft&m xm;um arwm
bm0emudk pD;jzef;&aom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf yifyef;wwf\/ tvGef
cspfcifjrwfEkd;tyfaom taygif;tazmfjzpfonfh twdyd,yk*dKvfudk
tv,ftvwf rcsprf rke;f rZwy *k Kd vt
f &m xm;vsuf arwmbm0em
ur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aom a,m*g0p&&[ef;\ pdwfonfvnf; yifyef;
wwf\/ rajympavmuf tenf;i,frQom jzpfaom qif;&J'kuonf
jzpfay:vmvwfaomf arwmur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf idktyfaomtjcif;t&modkY a&muftHhouJhodkY
jzpfwwf\/ rcspfrrkef; vspfvsLIxdkufonfh rZwyk*dKvfudk tav;*k
jyKxu
kd af om yk*Kd vt
f &mvnf;aumif; cspjf rwfE;dk tyfaom yd,yk*Kd vf
t&mvnf;aumif; xm;vsuf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aom
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ pdwfonfvnf; yifyef;wwf\/ &efolyk*dKvfudk
tzefwvJvJ atmufarhaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; trsufa'goonf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkY a&S;OD;pGm

arwmryGm;tyf/ (odaYk omf arwmpsmefukd &&SdNy;D &m tcgum; ,if;yk*Kd vf
wdkYudk tmkH,lum azmfjyvwHUaom tpDtpOftwdkif; arwmyGm;Edkifonf/)
vdirf wlaom yk*Kd vu
f dk oD;oefw
Y pfO;D csi;f tmkjH yKum arwmyGm;cJah omf xkad ,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef &m*jzpfvmwwf\/ aovGe-f
oGm;aom yk*Kd vu
f dk tmkHjyKum arwmbm0emur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;cJah omf
arwmpsmefukd r&&SdEkdif/ xkdYaMumifh vdifrwlolukd oD;oefYwpfOD;csif;
tmkjH yKum arwmryGm;tyf/ aooluu
dk m; tcsi;f cyford ;f ryGm;tyf/
okaYd omf arwmpsmefu&dk &SNd y;D &m yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm; = oDrukd NzKd zsuNf y;D &m
tcgum; - oAm wad ,m ta0&m a[mEK oaA yk&o
d m ta0&m
a[mEK = trsKd;orD;tm;vkH;wkdYonf ab;&efuif;Muygap? trsKd;om;
tm;vk;H wko
Yd nf ab;&efuif;Muygap - okYd ponfjzifh arwmbm0em
ur|mef;ukd tyempsmef qkdufonfwkdifatmif pD;jzef;Ekdifayonf/
arwmyGm;oifhaom yk*dKvftpOf
arwmyGm;oifhaom yk*dKvftpOfrSm okdYjzpf\ --1/ t[H ta0a&m a[mrd = igonf ab;&ef uif;ygap?
2/ t[H tAsmyaZm a[mrd = igonf pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap?
3/ t[H teDaCm a[mrd = igonf ukd,fqif;&J uif;ygap?
4/ t[H okcD twmeH y&d[&mrd = igonf usef;usef;rmrm
csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\cEm0efukd &Gufaqmif Ekkdifygap/
okdY rdrdukd,fukd tmkH,lum a&S;OD;pGm tcsdeftenf;i,f arwm
yGm;yg/ xkdokdY rdrdukd,fukd tmkH,lum arwmyGm;jcif;rSm arwmpsmefukd
&&Sad &;twGuf yGm;rsm;onfum;r[kwaf y/ ]]igonf csr;f omuko
d m tvkd
&S\
d ? qif;&Judk &G&H mS pufqyk \
f ? touf&iS v
f \
dk ? raovk/d tvm;wlyif
tjcm;ow0gwko
Yd nfvnf; csr;f omukd tvk&d \
dS ? qif;&Judk &G&H mS pufqyk f
Mu\? touf&SifvkdMu\? raovkdMuay/}} --- okdYvQif rdrdukd,fukd
oufaojyKum tjcm;ow0gwkdY\tay: tusKd;pD;yGm;csrf;omukd
vkdvm;awmifhwaom pdwf"mwfonf jzpfay:vm\/ uJhokdYaom
pdw"f mwfued ;f 0yfvma&; jzpfay:vma&;twGuf &nf&,
G af wmifw
h um
rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk oufaotjzpf xm;onf\tpGr;f jzifh rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk a&S;OD;pGm
arwmyGm;&ef zGiq
hf jdk cif;jzpfonf/ arwmpsmefudk tvk&d
dS arwmpsmefudk
&atmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnfh arwmpsmef\wnf&m yk*dKvftpOfrSm
atmufygtwkdif; jzpf\/
1/ yd,*kbm0eD,
= cspfcif av;pm;tyfaom yk*dKvf?
2/ twdyd,o[m,u = tvGef cspfciftyfaom oli,fcsif;
taygif;tazmf?
3/ rZw
= rcspf rrke;f tv,ftvwf vspv
f sLI
xkdufaom yk*dKvf?
4/ a0&D
= &efolyk*dKvf?
yk*Kd vaf v;rdsK;wku
Yd dk tpOftwkid ;f arwmyGm;&rnfjzpfayonf/
okdYaomf yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wkdYonf vdifwl yk*dKvfwkdYom jzpfap&rnf/
{0lay p yk*av umrH tyem orZwd/ (0dok'd?1?289/)
= trSwf (1) jzpfonfh cspfcifav;pm;tyfaom vdifwlyk*dKvfukd
arwmbm0emur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;cJah omf tyempsmefou
Ydk m; qku
d af &muf
Ekdif\/ tyempsmef jzpfEkdifaomfvnf; xkdtyempsmefukd &&SdkHrQjzifh
auseyfro
I Ydk ra&mufapao;bJ oDroar' = tw yd, rZw a0&D[laom yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;ukd NzKd czJG suq
f ;D Ekid o
f nfw
h idk af tmif qufvufum arwmyGm;&rnf jzpfayonf/
TefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD yd,*kbm0eD, = cspfcifav;pm;tyfaom q&morm;uJhokdYaom vdifwl yk*dKvfwpfOD;ukd tmkH,lum

arwmbm0emur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;&m tyempsmef orm"doYdk qku
d o
f nfh
wkdifatmif yGm;rsm;&rnfjzpfayonf/ xkdokdY arwmyGm;&m pdwf"mwf
El;nHhaysmhaysmif;vmygrS tjcm;ykk*dKvf aum|mowpfckokdY tpOftwkdif;
ajymif;a&TU arwmpsmefukd &&Sdonfwkdifatmif arwmbm0emukd
yGm;rsm;tyfayonf/
yGm;rsm;ykH
1/
2/
3/
4/
t,H oyK&daom ta0a&m a[mwk?

t,H oyK&daom tAsmyaZm a[mwk?
t,H oyK&daom teDaCm a[mwk?
t,H oyK&daom okcD twmeH y&d[&wk?
1/ olawmfaumif;onf ab;&efuif;ygap?
2/ olawmfaumif;onf pdwfqif;&Juif;ygap?
3/ olawmfaumif;onf ukd,fqif;&Juif;ygap?
4/ olawmfaumif;onf usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh
rdrd\ cEm0efukd &GufaqmifEkdifygap?
arwmbm0emur|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvkdaom a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvfonf a&S;OD;pGm txufwGif a&;om; wifjyxm;onfhtwkdif;
rdrdukd,fukd tcsdeftenf;i,f arwmyGm;yg/ rdrdukd,fukd arwmyGm;rIrSm
arwmpsmefudk &atmif tm;rxkwrf D tjcm;ow0gwkt
Yd ay: tusK;d pD;yGm;ukd vkv
d m;awmifw
h aom pdw"f mwf jzpfay:a&;twGuo
f m yGm;rsm;
jcif; jzpfonf/ yd,*kbm0eD,yk*v
= cspcf ifav;pm;tyfaom yk*Kd vf
ponfh yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D OD;ukd tmk,
H u
l m arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;ojzifh arwmpsmefokdY qkdufNyD;aemufykdif;um; rdrdukd,fukd yGm;rsm;&ef
rvkday/ okdYaomf aemufykdif;wGif yd, rZw a0&D yk*dKvfwkdY arwmpsmefukd EkdifEkdifeif;eif;&atmif tm;xkwfNyD;&m tcgum; tw yd,
rZw a0&D-[laom yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;ukd NzKcd zJG suq
f ;D jcif; = oDroar'
twGufum; rdrdukd,fukdvnf; xkdtcgusrS xyfrHyGm;rsm;&rnfom
jzpfonf/ xkdokdY rdrdukd,fukd arwmyGm;NyD;aemuf arwmpsmef&&Sda&;
twGuf cspcf ifav;pm;tyfaom yd,*kbm0eD,yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D ukd tmk-H
,lum arwmur|mef;ukd pwifum pD;jzef;Ekdifygonf/
aumif;rGefaom pepfwpfck
arwmur|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMuaom yk*dKvfcyfrsm;rsm;ukd
okawoejyKMunf&h m txufyg tpDtpOftwkid ;f arwmur|mef;ukd
pwiftm;xkwaf omtcg rdr\
d ur|mef;tmkjH zpfonfh yd,*kbm0eD,
= cspcf ifav;pm;tyfaom yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D OD;ukd tmk,
H u
l m arwmbm0emukd yGm;rsm;vkdufaomtcg rdrdIyGm;aeonfh ur|mef;tmkHjzpfonfh
yk*dKvf\ykHonf cPcP aysmufuG,foGm;onfukd awGU&wwfMu\/
ur|mef;tmkHu rjrJojzifh orm"dvnf; rjrJjzpfaewwfMu\/
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu tmemygeur|mef; okdYr[kwf
Mo'gwuokdPf; okdYr[kwf tmavmuuokdPf;wkdYukd pwkwpsmefokdY
qkdufatmif yGm;rsm;xm;NyD;oljzpfygu xkdrdrd&&Sdxm;onfh pwkwpsmeform"dukd xkdifwkdif;xkdifwkdif; jyefvnfxlaxmifNyD;ygrS xkdpwkwpsmeform"dESifh,SOfaom PfaMumifhjzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifrsm;onf NyKd;NyKd;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyvmaomtcg
,if;vif;a&mifjcnf\ tultnDjzifh rdrcd spcf ifav;pm;tyfaom vdiw
f l
q&morm; wpfOD;ukdjzpfap q&morm;ESihf tvm;wlyk*dKvfwpfOD;udk
jzpfap vSr;f tmk,
H v
l u
dk yf gu xkyd *k Kd v\
f kyyf o
Hk nf a&S;a&S;orm"dw\
Ydk
tm;Bu;D aomrS&D m Oyed,yp,owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sed t
f 0gowad Mumifh Pfvif;a&mifjcnf\ atmufwiG f vG,v
f ,
G Ef iS hf aysmuf-
ysufroGm;onfukd awGUMu&\/ ur|mef;tmkHjzpfonfh kyfykHvTmu

vG,fvG,fESifh raysmufysufonfhtwGufaMumifh xkdkyfykHvTmukd tmkH,lum arwmbm0emukd yGm;rsm;cJhaomf rMumrD tcsdefumvtwGif;rSmyif xkd yk yf v
Hk mT tmkH Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaeaom orm"dudk xlaxmif
&onfukd awGUMu&\/
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu tmemygeur|mef;ukdjzpfap
uokdPf;wpfckckukdjzpfap tm;rxkwfzl;ao;ol jzpfaeygu "mwfur|mef;ukdom tm;xkwfzl;ol jzpfaeygu rdrd tm;xkwfzl;onfh
"mwfur|mef;jzifh jyefvnf orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ tu,f "mwfur|mef;rQukdyif tm;rxkwfzl;ao;ol jzpfaeygu orxur|mef;
wkw
Yd iG f tmemygeur|mef;ukjd zpfap uokP
d ;f wpfcck u
k jdk zpfap okrYd [kwf
"mwfur|mef;ukdjzpfap a&S;OD;pGm pwiftm;xkwfoifhayonf/
"mwfur|mef; tusOf;enf;
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu "mwfur|mef; tusOf;enf;ukd
pwiftm;xkwv
f ydk gu r[mowdy|meokwe w
f iG f bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwkdif; tm;xkwfyg/ tm;xkwfpOfukd tusOf;csKyfum
wifjyaytHh/
yx0D"mwf
1/ uuV
2/ zko=c&d*w
3/ *ku
4/ rk'ku
5/ oPS
6/ v[ku
= rmrIoabm
= Murf;rIoabm
= av;rIoabm
= aysmhrIoabm
= acsmrIoabm
= ayghrIoabm (tbd?1?170/ tbd?|?1?368/)
tmayg"mwf
1/ j'abm0
= y*&PvuPm=,kdpD;rIoabm
2/ tmAEebm0 = tmAEevuPm=zGJUpnf;rIoabm
awaZm"mwf
1/ OPSbm0
2/ oDwbm0
= OPSawaZm=ylrIoabm
= oDwawaZm=at;rIoabm
0ga,m"mwf
1/ 0dwrebm0 = axmufuefrIoabm
2/ ork'D&Pbm0 = wGef;uefrIoabm
"mwfur|mef; tusOf;enf;ukd tm;xkwfvkdaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf txufyg "mwfBu;D av;yg; = rm-Murf;-av;-aysm-h acsmaygh? ,kdpD;-zGJUpnf;? yl-at;? axmuf-wGef; [laom oabmw&m;
(12)ckukd wpfcNk y;D wpfck ajcqk;H acgif;qk;H jrifatmif yxrIyg/ ,if;wku
Yd dk
ajcqk;H acgif;qk;H wpfcNk y;D wpfck oGuo
f u
G v
f ufvuf IEidk yf gu wpfu,
dk -f
vkH;udk jcHKikHum ,if;oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;udk wpfckNyD;wpfck Iaeyg/
,if;oabmw&m;wku
Yd dk NyKd iw
f v
l v
dk dk NyKd iw
f al vmufe;D eD; Pfjzifah wGUjrif
aeygu xkdtcgwGif --1/ rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-ayghukd Munfh yx0D"mwf
2/ ,kdpD;-zGJUpnf;ukd Munfh tmayg"mwf
3/ yl-at;ukd Munfh awaZm"mwf
4/ axmuf-wGef;ukd Munfh 0ga,m"mwf-[k
umvt&m umvtaxmif umvtodef; Iaeyg/ orm"dukd
xlaxmifyg/ bm0emorm"du "mwfav;yg;tmkH Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfvmaomtcg xkdorm"dukd ckdifcHhatmif qufvuf xlaxmifaeyg/
xkdifwkdif;xkdifwkdif; "mwfav;yg;ukd tmkH,lum IyGm;aeouJhokdY pBuavQmufpOf &yfpOf tdyfpOfwdkYvnf; ykHpHwlyif Iaeyg/ &d,mykxf
pyfatmif IEidk yf gu orm"dy
dk tjzpfjrefwwfonf/ xkid w
f idk ;f xkid w
f idk ;f
wpfem&DcefY wpfem&Dausmfausmf "mwfav;yg;tmkH bm0empdwfu
Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaeygu (3)&uf (4)&uftwGi;f 0,f cEmud,
k Bf u;D ukd
rawGUawmhbJ "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdY\ tpktykH tjzpfjzifhom awGU&Sdaernfjzpfonf/ xkd"mwfBuD;av;yg; tmkHyif orm"dukd qufvuf
xlaxmifaeygu rMumrD tcsed u
f mvtwGi;f rSmyif cEmBu;D ukd rawGUawmhbJ rD;ck;d a&mifuo
hJ Ydk npfxyfxyfta&mif twk;H tcJBu;D uko
d m awGU&Sd
aernf jzpfayonf/
,if;rD;ckd;a&miftwkH;tcJ wnf&Sdaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;ukdyif
odrf;qnf;um orm"dukd qufvuf xlaxmifEkdifcJhaomf rD;ckd;a&mif
twkH;tcJukd rawGUawmhbJ 0g*Grf;pkdifuJhokdY jzLazG;aeaom twkH;tcJBuD;ukdom awGU&Sdaernf jzpfayonf/ ,if;tjzLa&mif twHk;tcJ
wnf&adS om "mwfBu;D av;yg;ukyd if odr;f qnf;um ,if;"mwfBu;D av;yg;
tmkH orm"dudk qufvuf xlaxmifEidk cf ahJ omf a&cJw;Hk zvfw;Hk rSew
f ;Hk uJhokdY Munfaeonfh twkH;tcJBuD;ukdom awGU&Sdaernf jzpfayonf/
,if;tMunfjyif tMunftwkH;tcJ wnf&Sdaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;ukyd if odr;f qnf;um ,if;"mwfBu;D av;yg; tmkH orm"dudk qufvuf
xlaxmifEdkifcJhaomf xkdtMunfjyif tMunftwkH;tcJxJrS vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; wjzwfjzwf xGufay:vmrnf jzpfayonf/
tMunfjyif tMunfwkH;qdkwmbmvJ
pum'dy0d"H lyg'DeH *[Pyp,bma0e tm'gowvH 0d,
0dyoEwm yom'lyH/ (0dok'd?2?81/)
t|uxmtzGifhESifhtnD puKyom'ponfh yom'kyf (5)rsKd;-
wdu
Yk m; lygkpH onfh qdik &f mqdik &f m tmku
H kd puK0n
d mPfponfh qdik &f m
qdik &f m 0dnmPfjzifh tmk&H ,lEikd zf &Ykd ef puK0n
d mPfponfh qdik &f mqdik &f m
0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ rSD&mtjzpfjzifh &yfwnfum aMu;rkHjyifuJhodkY
txl;MunfvifaomaMumifh yom'kyf[laom trnfudk &&Sd Muonf/
(0dok'd?2?81/)
t0bmoeynm
"mwkyab'g0bmoeynmy&d*[dawm obm0"rm&rPwm
tyeH tyawm Oypm&rawm orm"d OyZwd/ (0dok'd?1?347/)
"mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY\ obm0vuPm txl;tjym;ukd rdrd\
ynma&mifjzifh xGe;f jyjcif; t0bmoeudp& adS om ynmjzifh odr;f qnf;xm;tyfaom y&rw"robm0vQif tmk&H adS omaMumifh tyempsmefoYkd
rqdu
k af &mufaom (o'doyl pm&tm;jzif)h Oypm&rQomjzpfaom orm"donf jzpfay:vm\/ (0dok'd?1?347??)
odv
Yk Qif "mwfBu;D av;yg;wd\
Yk obm0vuPm toD;toD;udk
tmk,
H u
l m orm"dukd xlaxmifvu
kd af omtcg orm"du &ifu
h suv
f maomtcg Ceac:onfh kyw
f ;Hk kycf J rNyKad o;onfh twk;H vdu
k f tcJvu
kd f
jzpfaeaom a&cJwkH;? zvfwkH; rSefwkH;uJhodkY Munfaeaom tMunf"mwf
twk;H tcJBu;D udk pwifawGU&Sdjcif; jzpfayonf/ txl;ojzifh tMunf"mwf
= yom'kyf ig;rsKd;wdkYwGif um,yom' = udk,ftMunf"mwfum;
wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk tESt
YH jym;&Sad om kyw
f &m;jzpf\/ kyu
f vmyfrsm;udk rjrifao;rD twHk;vdkuf tcJvdkufBuD; ,if;yom'kyfwkdYudk a,m*Dyk*dKvfu
awGUjrifaejcif;jzpf\/ r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef (r?2?86/) ponf
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nft
h wdik ;f xdt
k Munfjyif wnf&adS om
tmumo"mwfudk jrifatmif IEkdifcJhaomf kkyfuvmyfrsm;udk pwif
awGU&SdEkdifayonf/ odkYaomf kyfuvmyfrsm;udk rawGUrD xdktMunf"mwf
twk;H tcJ wnf&adS om "mwfBu;D av;yg;wdu

Yk kd odr;f qnf;um orm"dukd
qufvuf xlaxmifcahJ omf xdt
k Munf"mwftwk;H tcJBu;D xJrS tvif;a&mifrsm;onf NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufyum a,m*Dy*k Kd v-f
\ cEmud,
k f 0ef;usiyf wfcsmodYk ysUH ESu
YH m xGuaf y:vmayonf/ wGif
tvif;a&mif = Pfa&miftaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;wifjyvdkayonf/
bk&m;&Sifonf t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf Mobmookwef (tH?1?457/)
ponfwdkYwGif (1) v-tvif;a&mif (2) ae-tvif;a&mif (3) rD;tvif;a&mif (4) ynm-tvif;a&mif[k ta&miftvif; av;rsKd;&SdaMumif;udk a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ wpfzef t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf
t"dpw
d o
w
k e f ac: edrw
d o
w
k e f (tH?1?258/) (tH?|?2?227-228/) orx
bm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdww
f o
Ykd nf NyKd ;NyKd ;jyufjyuf wvufvuf
awmufyaomtvif;a&mifudk jzpfapEkdifaMumif;udk bk&m;&Sifonf
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/
t*kFw&t|uxm (tH?|?1?45/) zGifhqdkxm;onfhtwdkif; pdwf
odrYk [kwf pdwEf iS ,
hf OS af om Pf ta&miftvif;um; r&Syd g/ odaYk omf
,if;Pfjy"mef;aom pdwfonf tvif;a&mifudk jzpfapEkdifaom
pGr;f tm; &Sad yonf/ [',0wKyk u
f kd rSw
D ,
G u
f m y0wt
d cg0,f jzpfay:
aeMuaom pdwfwkdif;pdwfwkdif;onf pdwuPwkdif; pdwuPwkdif;\
Oyg'fumvwkid ;f Oyg'fumvwkid ;f kyu
f vmyftopftopfudk jzpfapEkid o
f nfh pGr;f tm;&S\
d / pdww
f pfcw
k pfco
k nf pdwZ MoZ|ru kyu
f vmyfaygif; rsm;pGmukd jzpfapEkdifonfhpGrf;tm;&Sd\/ tu,f xkdpdwfonf
orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdww
f u
Ydk o
hJ aYdk om yPDw = rGejf rwf
aom pdwjf zpfygrl xkpd w
d w
f aYdk Mumifh jzpfay:vmMuaom pdwZ MoZ|ru
kyu
f vmyfww
Ydk iG f yg0ifwnf&adS om 0P"mwf = lygko
H nf bmok&ly
(r[m#D?2?428/) tvGefawmufyaom lygkH jzpfae\/ kyfuvmyf
wpfck wnf&Sdaom 0P"mwf = lygkHESifh tjcm;kyfuvmyffwpfck
twGi;f wnf&adS om lygkw

H Ydk yGwcf sKyx
f cd u
dk u
f m jzpfay:vmMuojzifh
uvmyfwpfc\
k ta&miftvif;ESihf uvmyfwpfcw
k \
Ydk ta&miftvif;wkYd aygif;pyfrad omtcg y&rwfoYdk Pftjrif rqku
d af o;oltaejzifh
tvif;a&miftpktykHtaejzifh awGUjrif& jcif;jzpf\/
wpfzef ,if;yPDwjzpfaom orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0em
pdww
f aYdk Mumifjh zpfaom pdwZ MoZ|ru kyu
f vmyfwidk ;f awaZm"mwf
= Owkvnf; yg0ifjyef\/ ,if;awaZm"mwf Owkwkdif;uvnf; ,if;
orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwfwkdYESifh ,SOfaomPf\
pGr;f tifBu;D rm;rItay:rlwnfum kyu
f vmyfaygif;rsm;pGmukd jzpfapjyef\/ ,if;OwkZkyfuvmyfwkdif; yg0ifwnf&Sdaom 0P"mwf = lygkHuvnf; bmok&ly = tvGefawmufyaom lygkHjzpf\/
,if;pdwZ MoZ|rukyu
f vmyfwYdk wnf&MdS uaom lygkH OwkZMoZ|rukyfuvmyfwkdY wnf&SdMuaom lygkHESpfrsKd;wkdY\ ta&miftvif;ukdyif tusKd;kyfw&m;wkdY\ ta&miftvif;[laom trnfukd
taMumif; Pftay: wifpm;um zvlypm&
pm&tm;jzifh Pfa&mif[k
ac:a0:ok;H pGx
J m;jcif;jzpf\/ ,if;ESprf sK;d ukeaf om ta&miftvif;wkw
Yd iG f
pdwZ kyu
f vmyfw\
Ydk ta&miftvif;um; a,m*Dy*k Kd v\
f uk,
d w
f iG ;f tZwwGifom ysUHESHUwnf&Sd\? OwkZkyfuvmyfwkdY\ ta&miftvif;um; tZwwGifomru A[d'okdYwkdifatmif a,m*Dyk*dKvf\ 0ef;usif
ywfcsm PftmEkabmfu BuD;vQifBuD;ovkd ao;vQifao;ovkd
ysHUESHUvsuf wnfaeayonf/ (r[m#D?2?428-429/)
tvm;wlyif "mwfur|mef;vrf;pOftwkid ;f "mwfBu;D av;yg;wk\
Yd
obm0vuPmukd tmkH,lum orm"dukd qufvufxlaxmifvm&m
orm"d&ifhusufvmaomtcg xkd"mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdY\ obm0vuPm toD;toD;vQif tmk&H adS om orxbm0empdwEf iS hf ,SOaf om
PfaMumifv
h nf; vif;a&mifjcnfrsm; xGuaf y:vmojzifh t|uxm-
q&mawmfu --- "mwkyab'g0bmoeynmy&d*[dawm = "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdY\ obm0vuPm txl;tjym;ukd rdrd\ ynma&mifjzifh

xGef;jyjcif; t0bmoeudp&Sdaom ynmjzifh odrf;qnf;xm;tyfaom
(0dok'd?1?347/)[k zGifhqkdxm;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/
32-aum|mookdY
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu xkduJhokdY tMunfwkH;tMunfjyifrS tvif;a&mifrsm; wjzwfjzwf xGufay:vmaomtcg xkdvif;a&mifjcnf
pGr;f tifrsm; ykrd adk wmufyvmatmif Mum&S nv
f nf; wnfwo
hH mG ;atmif
"mwfBuD; av;yg;wkdY\ obm0vuPmukdyif tmkH,lum orm"dukd
qufvuf xlaxmifaeyg/ xkdtcsdeftcgwGif tmumo"mwfukd
jrifatmif rMunfhao;bJ "mwfav;yg;ukdom tmkH,lum orm"dudk
qufvufxal xmifvu
dk o
f jzifh wpfem&DcefaY vmuftxd xkt
d vif;a&mif
rsm;u wnf&SdaecJhaomf xkdtcgwGif xkdPfta&miftvif;\ tultnDjzifh rdr\
d (32)aum|mowdu
Yk dk pwiford ;f qnf;ygu atmifjrifEidk -f
ayonf/ tZww
iG f (32)aum|mowku
Yd dk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; t0g;0pGm
odrf;qnf;NyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf xkd(32)aum|mowkdYukd
odrf;qnf;IyGm;aeaom orxbm0empdwfESifh ,SOfaomPfaMumifh
xyfrHjzpfay:vmaom Pftvif;ta&miftultnDjzifhyif A[d'
wnf&SdMuaom (32)aum|mowkdYukdvnf; qufvuf odrf;qnf;ygu
atmifjrifrIukd &&SdEkdifayonf/ t&yf (10)rsufESmokdY jzefYusufum
tZwwpfvSnfh A[d'wpfvSnfh (32)aum|mowkdYukd t0g;0pGm
odr;f qnf;Ekid yf gu vrf;ok;H oG,w
f w
Ydk iG f rdrw
d Ydk BuKd uEf pS o
f uf&mvrf;ukd
a&G;cs,fEkdifcGifh &Sdayonf/
pdwf"mwf\ xufjrufaom pGrf;tifowd

oap ye A[d'gyd reodum&H OyoH[&wd? tx {0H oAaum|maook ygu#Dblawok tm[d@Em rEkwd&pmem'a,m
owmum&H 0dZ[dwGm aum|mo&mod0aoae0 Oy|[Ed/ aw[d p
taZm[&d,rmeH ygeabmZem'd aum|mo&modrSd yudyd,rmerd0
Oy|mwd/ (tbd?|?2?236/)
= wpfzef A[d'a vmuokv
Yd nf; (32)aum|moukd ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;
reodum&ukd tu,f Pfjzifh a&S;I uyfaqmifonfjzpftHh? xkdokdY
Pfjzifh a&S;Iuyfaqmifvwfonf&Sdaomf xkda,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\
Pf aum|motm;vk;H wko
Yd nf xif&mS ;onfjzpf jzpfuek v
f wfonf
&Sad omf vSnv
hf nfusupf m; oGm;vmaeMuukeaf om vlw&d pmef tp&S-d
aom ow0gwkdYukd vSrf;tmkH,lMunfhvkdufaomtcg ow0g[laom
tjcif;t&mukpd eG u
Yf m aum|motpktykt
H jzpfjzifo
h m xifvmuke\
f /
xkdow0gwkdYonf pm;rsKdtyfaom aomufzG,f pm;zG,f tp&Sdaom
tm[m&onf aum|motpktykH xnfo
h iG ;f tyfouJo
h Ydk xifvm\??
(tbd?|?2?236/)
pdwf"mwf\ pGrf;tifowdum; tvGef xufjruf\? wpfoufvkH;

wd& pmeftaumiftxnf vlykHoPmefukd jrifvmcJhaomfvnf; qHyif
arG;nif;paom aum|motpktykHukd wpfckpD wpfckpD MunfhIzefrsm;
aomtcg wd& pmef[k? vlaumifBuD;[k rjrifawmhbJ qHyif arG;nif;
paom aum|motpktyku
H o
dk m jrifaeawmh\/ xkaYd Mumifv
h nf; xko
d Ydk
odjrifawmfrlMuonfh olawmfaumif;wkdYonf w&m;xl; w&m;jrwfukd
&&SdawmfrlMujcif;jzpfayonf/ a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;\ pdwf"mwfvnf; xkduJhokdYaom pGrf;tifrsm;onf wnf&Sdaeonfom jzpfonf/
xkdpGrf;tifowdrsm; xGufay:vmatmif rdrd\ pdwf"mwfukd bm0em
a&pifjzifh aq;aMumay;yg/
vrf;okH;oG,f
aum|momeH y*kPumvawm y|m, wDok rkacok {aue
rkace 0drkpdwd? ur|meH 0Pawm 0g y#dulvawm 0g oknawm
0g Oy|mwd / y / tmucFrme 0Pawm tmucFrme y#duv
l awm tmucFrme oknawm ur|meH Oy|[dwda,0/
(tbd?|?2?242-243/)
= (32)aum|mowkdYukd t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;&m tcgrSp --1/ 0PuokdPf; = ta&mifuokdPf;vrf;

2 / y#dulv = &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvreodum&vrf;
3/ oknw
= twrS qdwo
f Ok ;f onfh oknw"mwfur|mef;vrf;
okH;rsKd;ukefaom edAmefokdY 0if&m t0ifayguf rkcfOD;BuD;wkdYwGif
wpfckaom t0ifayguf rkcfOD;BuD;jzifh edAmefokdY 0ifEkdifatmif BudK;pm;cJah omf udavomwkrYd S vGwaf jrmufEidk af yvdrrhf nf/ (32)aum|mowku
Yd dk
t0g;0pGm avhvmNyD;aomtcg ur|mef;onf --1/ 0P
= ta&miftqif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;
2/ y#dulv = &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l oabmtm;jzifah omfvnf;
aumif;
3/ oknw = twrS qdwo
f Ok ;f onfh oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzifh
aomfvnf;aumif;
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ todPf xif&Sm;vmrnfjzpfay\/ y /
1/ tvkd&SdcJhaomf 0PuokdPf; = ta&mifuokdPf;tm;jzifhaomf
vnf;aumif;
2/ tvkd&SdcJhaomf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f y#dulvoabmtm;jzifhaomf
vnf;aumif;
3/ tvkd&SdcJhaomf oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; -aum|mour|mef;onf a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\

f todPf xif&mS ;
vmrnfom jzpfayonf/ (tbd?|?2?242-243/)
um,mEkyem (32)aum|mour|mef;ukd r[mowdy|meokwef ('D?2?231/ r?1?70/) a'oemawmf &GH&SmpufqkyfzG,f oabmtm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f IymG ;&aom y#duv
l reodum&ur|mef;\ tpGr;f jzifh
bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ r[m[wdya'gyrokwef
(r?1?242/) r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef (r?2?83/) "mwk0db*Fokwef
(r?3?281/) "mwk0db*FygVdawmf (tbd?2?84?86/)wkdY "mwf\tpGrf;jzifh
IymG ;ok;H oyf&aom "mwfur|mef;\tpGr;f jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l /
wpfzef Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf tEky'0*f um,*wmowdokwef (r?3?
130/) a'oemawmfjrwfum; aum|mowku
Yd dk ESv;Hk oGi;f &m ta&miftqif;tm;jzifh xifvmaom a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vt
f m; &nf&,
G af wmfr
l
0PuokP
d ;f vrf;\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh psmefav;yg;wku
Yd dk a0zefcjJG cm;vsuf
a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/ xkdwGif "mwfur|mef;\ tpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfaom aum|mo um,mEkyemur|mef;onf
0dyemur|mef;jzpf\/ y#dulvreodum&\ tpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;
xm;awmfrt
l yfaom aum|mo um,mEkyemur|mef;onf orxur|mef;jzpf\/ xkdaum|mo um,mEkyemur|mef;ukd tbd"rm0dbif;ygVdawmf owdy|me0dbif; orxur|mef;jzpf&um;
omrntm;jzifh 0PuokdPf;vnf;&Ekdifatmif y#dulvreodum&vnf; &Ekdifatmif tvkH;pkHaom orxur|mef;wkdYESifh qufqHonf\
tpGrf;jzifh bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyf\[k q&mjrwfwkdY
rdefYqkdawmfrlMuukefao;\/ okdY rSwfom;ygav/ (tbd?|?2?216/)
tbdbm,wepsmef - 0darmupsmef
r[my&deAd m eokwe f ('D?2?92-96/)vnf;aumif; t*kw
F Kd &yf gVdawmf
t|uedygwf (tH?3?125-127/)vnf;aumif; "ro*FPDygVdawmf
(tbd?1?55-56/)vnf;aumif; okp
Yd aom a'oemawmft&yf&yfwYdk
tbdbm,wepsmef 0darmupsmefrsm;ukd bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/ r[my&dedAmeokwef vm&Sdaom yxrtbdbm,wepsmefukd ykHpHxkwfum a&S;OD;pGm wifjytyfygonf/
1/ wpfOD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf rdrd\ ukd,fwGif; tZw
oEmef wnf&Sdaom (32) aum|mowkdY\ tndK ta&T t0g teD
tjzL[laom ta&miftqif;kyf uokP
d ;f y&durbm0em&S
d tjyifty A[d' wnf&adS om aumif;aom tqif;&SdMuonfh raumif;aom
tqif;&Sd Muonfh i,faom uokdPf;kkyfwdkYukd tyembm0emjzifh I\?
xkdi,faom uodkPf;kyfwdkYudk vTrf;rkd; tyempsmefudk 0ifpm;\?
xdkpsmefrS xaomtcg xdkuodkPf;kyfwdkYukd ]]igodonf igjrifonf}}[k
odv
Yk nf; trSwo
f nm&S\
d / um; yxrtbdbm,wepsmefwnf;/
('D?2?92/)
okpYd onfjzifh tbdbm,wepsmef (8)rsK;d wdu

Yk kd a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / psmefrsm;onf psmef\ qefu
Y sib
f uf eD0&Pw&m;wdu
Yk -kd
vnf; vTrf;rdk;Ekdif\? uodkPf;ynwftmHkudkvnf; tvdk&Sdovdk EdkifEdkif
eif;eif; y&duredrdwfrS O*[edrdwfodkY O*[edrdwfrS y#dbm*edrdwfodkY
qdkufatmif vTrf;rdk;Edkif\/ eD0&Pw&m;wdkYonf psmefESifh xdyfwdkuf
qefYusifbufjzpfaomaMumifh ,if;eD0&Pw&m;wdkYudk psmefw&m;
wdu
Yk vTr;f rd;k Edik jf cif;jzpf\/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f PftvGex
f ufjrufaomaMumifh uodP
k ;f ynwftmku
H kd Edik Ef idk ef if;eif; vTr;f rd;k Edik jf cif; jzpf\/
xdaYk Mumifah ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f tvGef PfBu;D jrwfojl zpfonft
h wGuf
tvG,w
f ulEiS yhf if qefu
Y sib
f uf eD0&Pw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; y,f&mS ;Edik f
vTrf;rdk;Edkifonfhjyif psmef\ tmkH jzpfaom ta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk

i,faom BuD;aomr[l tvG,fwulESifhyif Edkifeif;pGm IrSwfyGm;rsm;
&&Sdtyfaom psmefudk tbdbm,wepsmef[l ac:qdkonf rSwfyg/
('D?|?2?151/ 'D?#D?2?159/)
bk&m;&Sio
f nf 0darmuw&m; (8)yg;udv
k nf; a[mMum;awmfrcl \
hJ /
,if;0darmuw&m; (8)yg;wdw
Yk iG f yxr0darmuw&m;ESihf 'kw,
d 0darmu
w&m;wdkYrSm odkYjzpf\/
1/ lyD lyged ywd? t,H yXarm 0darmaum/
2/ tZwH tlyonD A[d'g lyged ywd? t,H 'kwda,m
0darmaum/ (tH?3?126/)
lyD lyged ywDwd {w tZwH auom'Dok eDvuodPm'd0aoe Oyg'dwH lyZmeH ly?H w'ww
D d ly/D A[d'g yd eDvuodPm'Ded
lyged psmepuKem ywd/ rdem tZwA [d'0 wKauok uodaPok
Oyg'dwZme yk*v pwm&d lyg0p&Zmemed 'dwmed/ tZwH
tlyonDwd tZwH e lyonD? twaem auom'Dok tEkyg 'dwlyg0p&Zmaemwd tawm/ rdem A[d'g y&durH uwGm A[d'g0 Oyg'dwZme lyg0p&Zmed 'dwmed/ (tH?|?3?245/)
txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkY\ qdkvdk&if;rSm odkYjzpf\/
1/ rdrd tZwoEmef uodkPf;kyfpsmef&Sdonfjzpf tjyifA[d'
oEmefvnf; uodkPf;kyf psmefwdkYudk I\/ um; yxr
vGwfajrmufrI 0darmuwnf;/
2/ rdrd\ tZwoEmef uodkPf;kyfpsmefudk rIrl tjyifA[d'
oEmef uodP
k ;f kypf smefwu
Ykd kd I\/ um; 'kw,
d vGwaf jrmufrI
0darmuaywnf;/ (tH?3?126/)
wGif t|uxmu tZw (32)aum|mowdkYwGif qHyifpaom

aum|mowdkY eDvuokdPf; ponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfaptyfaom
lyg0p&psmef&dSaom yk*dKvfudk lyD = uodkPf;kyfpsmef&dSaom yk*dKvf[k
zGifhqdkxm;\/ tZwaum|mowdkY lyg0p&uodkPf;kyfpsmefwdkYudk
&&SdNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf A[d'uodkPf;kyfwdkYudkvnf;
psmefpuKjzifh Ijyef\ = A[d'a um|mowdYk vnf; uodP
k ;f kypf smefwu
Ykd kd
&&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf\/ tZw-A[d'aum|moESpfrsKd;vkH;
lyg0p&psmefwu
Ykd kd &&Sad tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v-f
wnf;/ yxr0darmuw&m;ESifh jynfhpkHolwnf;/
'kwd,yk*dKvfum; tZwaum|mowdkY uodkPf;kyfpsmefwdkYudk
&&Sdatmif rBudK;pm;awmhbJ A[d'aum|mowdkYomvQif uokdPf;kyfpsmefwdkYukd &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf\/ 'kwd,0darmuw&m;ESifh
jynfhpkHolwnf;/ (tH?|?3?245/ tH?#D?3?249/ tbd?|?1?235.../)
odkYaomf tcsKdUaom yk*dKvfwdkYum; tZwoEmef wnf&Sdaom
(32)aum|mowdkY\ tndK t0g teD tjzL[laom ta&mifuodkPf;kyw
f u
Ykd m; A[d' wnf&adS om aum|mowd\
Yk ta&mifuokP
d ;f kyw
f -Ykd
uJhodkY rxif&Sm;ay/ xdkodkY tZwta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkY\ A[d'
ta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYuJhodkY rxif&Sm;jcif;aMumifh tZwta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qdkufatmif EkdifEdkifeif;eif; IyGm;
r&Ekdif jzpfae\/ xdktZwta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk bm0empdwfu
Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif; rvTr;f rd;k Ekid af omaMumifh y#dbm*edrw
d o
f Ykd rqdu
k af &mufEkid &f um; qefu
Y sib
f uf eD0&Pw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; rvTr;f rd;k Ekid f jzpfae\/
xdkodkY tZwta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk y#dbm*edrdwfodkY qdkufatmif
bm0empdwu
f rvTr;f rd;k Ekid jf cif; qefu
Y sib
f uf eD0&Pw&m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf;
rvTrf;rdk;Ekdifjcif;aMumifh tZwta&mifuodkPf;kyfwdkYudk ESvkH;oGif;
IyGm;jcif;jzifh Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"dudk r&&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/
xdkuJhodkYaom yk*dKvfrsKd;wdkYudk &nf&G,fum tbdbm,wepsmefwdkYudk

a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tZwaum|mowdkY 0PuodP
k ;f bm0emudk pD;jzef;&m y&durbm0emom &&SEd idk af om Oypm&bm0em tyembm0emwdu
Yk kd r&&SEd idk af om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vf tm;xkwf
vdkaom qE"mwfr&Sdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf&SdouJhodkY tZw A[d'aum|mo ESprf sK;d vk;H y&durbm0em Oypm&bm0em tyembm0em
ok;H rsK;d vk;H udk &&SEd idk af om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vf tm;xkwv
f akd om qE"mwf
&Sad om yk*Kd vw
f v
Ykd nf; &SdMuavonf/ xdu
k o
hJ aYkd om yk*Kd vrf sK;d wdt
Yk wGuf
0darmupsmefrsm;udv
k nf; bk&m;&Sio
f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl ahJ yonf/
tZwaum|mo jzpfap A[d'aum|mo jzpfap --k ;f = tndKa&mifuodP
k ;f y&durfukd jyKvyk yf mG ;rsm;vdak om
1/ eDvuodP
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf (u) qHyif jzpfap (c) onf;ajc jzpfap
(*) rsufeuf0ef; jzpfap eDvH eDvH eDvH = tndK tndK tndK[k
tzefzef txyfxyf y&durbm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwf&\/
k ;f = t0ga&mifuodP
k ;f y&durfukd jyKvyk yf mG ;rsm;vdak om
2/ yDwuodP
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf (u) tqDcJ jzpfap (c) t&nf jzpfap
(*) vufzrd;k ajczrd;k jzpfap (C) rsupf t
d wGi;f 0ga&Taomt&yf
jzpfap (i) 0ga&Taom usifi,f jzpfap yDwH yDwH yDwH = t0g
t0g t0g[k odrYk [kwf ta&T ta&T ta&T[k tzefzef txyfxyf
y&durbm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwf&\/
k ;f = teDa&mifuodP
k ;f y&durfukd jyKvyk yf mG ;rsm;3/ avm[dwuodP
vdak om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf (u) tom; jzpfap (c) taoG; jzpfap (*) vQm jzpfap (C) rsufpdtwGif; eDjref;&mt&yf
jzpfap avm[dwH avm[dwH avm[dwH = teD teD teD[k
tzefzef txyfxyf y&durbm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwf&\/
4/ Mo'gwuodkPf; = tjzLa&mifuodkPf;y&durfudk jyKvkyfyGm;rsm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf (u) tdk; jzpfap (c) oGm;

jzpfap (*) ajconf; vufonf; jzpfap (C) rsufjzL jzpfap
Mo'gwH Mo'gwH Mo'gwH = tjzL tjzL tjzLL[k tzefzef txyfxyf
y&durbm0emtvkyfudk tm;xkwf&\/ (tbd?|?1?235??)
Mo'gwuodkPf;
wGif Mo'gwuodP
k ;f = tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f Iuu
G u
f kd tusO;f csKyfum wifjyvdkayonf/ tZw-A[d' oEmefESpfrsKd;vkH; (32)aum|mowdkYudk t0g;0pGm EkdifEkdifeif;eif; Ixm;NyD;aom a,m*g0p&
yk*Kd vo
f nf rdrd ESpNf cKd u&f m tZwt
k;d pkujdk zpfap A[d't
k;d pkujkd zpfap
tmkH,lum Pfjzifh odrf;qnf;yg Iyg/ tu,f A[d'tkd;pkudk
a&G;cs,fum Ionfjzpfrl rdrd a&SUwnfhwnfhwGif wnf&Sdaom a,m*Dyk*dKvf\ tdk;pkwpfckvkH;udk jzpfap rdrdbufodkY ausmay;xm;aom
OD;acgif;cHu
G jkd zpfap tmk,
H u
l m tjzL tjzL tjzLL[k Iaeyg/ tjzLa&miftmkH bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfoGm;aomtcg tdk;pk
aum|moaysmufum tjzLt0ef;t0kid ;f om use&f adS eygu xdt
k jzLa&mif
uodP
k ;f 0ef; bm0empdwu
f dk Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;yg/
tvGef rjzLao;aom uodP
k ;f 0ef;um; y&durerd w
d w
f nf;/ qGwq
f w
G -f
jzLvmaom uodkPf;0ef;um; O*[edrdwfwnf;/ xdkO*[edrdwfudkyif
tmkH,lum tjzL tjzL[k ESvkH;oGif;vsuf orm"dudk qufvuf
xlaxmifcahJ omf orm"du yk
d yd
k Nird v
f maomtcg eufidI ;f vmaom
tcg O*[edrdwfrS Munfvifawmufyaeonfh y#dbm*edrdwfbufodkY
tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef;edrdwfonf ul;ajymif;oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdky#dbm*edrdwf bm0empdwfudk wpfem&D ESpfem&DponfcefY Nidrf0yfpGm
uyfwnfaeatmif BudK;pm;ygu orm"drSm ykd ykd eufIdif;vm&mu
y#dbm*edrw
d x
f o
J Ykd epf0ifomG ;onfukd a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f od&EdS idk af yonf/
xdu
k o
hJ aYkd om y#dbm*edrw
d u
f kd ESpv
f ufr ok;H vufr ponfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;um edrdwfudk jzefYMuufum pMu0VmwpfckvkH;odkY jyefYatmif odkYr[kwf
xdkxuf ykdvGefum jzefYMuufyg/
xdkaemif rdrd ESpfNcdKuf&m a&SUwnfhwnfh wpfae&mwGif bm0empdwu
f kd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfvsuf tjzL tjzL tjzL[k Iaeyg/ bm0empdwo
f nf
tjzLa&mifuodkPf;0ef;tmkH Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaeayvdrfhrnf/
uodkPf;0ef;rSmvnf; orm"dtm;aumif;vmonfESifhtrQ a&S;uxuf
yk
d yd
k Munfvifawmufyvmayrnf/ bm0empdwo
f nfvnf; tjzLa&mifuodP
k ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH Nird 0f yfpmG uyfwnfae&mu epfjrKy-f
onfh tqifhodkY ul;um Mum&SnfpGm wnfwHhaeayvdrfhrnf/ xdkodkY
Mum&SnfpGm epfjrKyfaeaom orm"dum; --- ]]pdkufpdkufpl;pl;? txl;jrJjrH?
Itm;oef psmef[k ac:owwf}} --- [laom v,fwq
D &mawmfb&k m;\
tqdt
k rdet
Yf wdik ;f tyempsmeform"d jzpfayonf/ a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f
,if;tyempsmeform"dudk 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif avhusi&fh \/
0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;NyD;aomtcg 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmefwo
Ykd Ykd qdu
k af tmif tqifq
h ifh qufvuf tm;xkwyf gav/ tu,f pwkwpsmeform"dtxd aygufa&mufygu xdkpwkwpsmeform"dESifh
,SOfaom PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ta&miftvif;rSm y&dok'
y&da,m'gw = xuf0ef;usif pifMu,foefY&Sif;um NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf
ta&mifwvufvuf awmufyaernf jzpfayonf/ xdkpwkwpsmeform"dESifh ,SOfaom PfaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh tvif;a&mif\
tultnDudk ,lum <uif;usefaeonfh uodkPf;wdkYudk ajymif;Iygu
uodkPf; (9)yg;vkH;udkyif vG,fvG,fulul I &&SdEkdifayonf/ xdkrS
wpfqifh tlypsmefwdkYodkY ul;vdku ul;Ekdifayonf/ tu,f arwmbm0embufodkY ul;vdkuvnf; ul;EkdifayNyD/ ,cktcg arwmpsmefudk
&&Sdatmif tm;xkwfykH tpDpOfudk qufvuf wifjyaytHh ---
Mo'gwuokdPf;rS - arwmyxrpsmefokdY
Mo'gwuokP
d ;f ukd pwkwp smeform"doYdk qku
d af tmif xlaxmifyg/
xkpd wkwp smeform"dEiS ,
hf OS af om PfaMumifjh zpfay:vmonfh tvif;a&mif tultnDjzifh rdrd a&S;OD;pGm arwmyGm;vkdonfh yd,*kbm0eD,
= cspcf ifav;pm;tyfaom yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D ukd okrYd [kwf q&morm;wpfO;D ukd
vSrf;NyD; tmkH,lyg/ xkdyk*dKvf\ ykHrSm rdrdjrifzl;cJhpOfu pdwftMunfEl;qkH;ykH jzpfygap/ xkdyk*dKvfukd okdYr[kwf xkdyk*dKvf\ ykHukd ntcg trkdufarSmiftwGi;f 0,f vufEydS "f mwfr;D jzifh xk;d Munfo
h nft
h cg xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
jrif&ouJo
h Ydk txufazmfjyyg Pftvif;a&mif tultnDjzifh xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; jrif&atmif Munfhyg/ jyHK;aeonfhykH w&m;xkdifaeonfhykH
rwfwyf&yf w&m;ESvkH;oGif;aeonfhykH ponfwkdYwGif rdrd tBudKufESpfoufq;Hk yku
H dk a&G;cs,u
f m jyefvnf tmk,
H yl g/ toufxif&mS ; jrifae&ouJhokdY yuwdrsufpdjzifh jrifae&ouJhokdY xkdyk*dKvfukd jrifatmif
Munfhyg/ xkdyk*dKvfukd Pftvif;a&mifatmufwGif xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
awGUjrifaomtcg --olawmfaumif;onf --1/ ab;&ef uif;ygap?
2/ pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap?
3/ ukd,fqif;&J uif;ygap?
4/ use;f use;f rmrm csr;f csr;f omomjzifh rdr\
d cEm0efukd &Guaf qmifEkid yf gap?
okdYvQif tcsdeftenf;i,f arwmbm0emukd yGm;rsm;Munfhyg/
okdY tcsdeftenf;i,f okdYr[kwf tBudrftenf;i,f yGm;rsm;NyD;aom
tcg xkdarwmyGm;enf; (4)rsKd;rS rdrdBudKufESpfouf&m arwmyGm;
pdwfwGif ESpfESpfumum jzpf&m arwmyGm;enf; wpfckukd a&G;cs,fyg/
Oyrm --- olawmfaumif;onf pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap - [laom
arwmyGm;enf;ukd a&G;cs,fvkdufonf qkdMuygpkdY/ xkdolawmfaumif;\

pdwfMunfEl; jyHK;&TifMunfvifaeaom ykHukd Pfvif;a&mifjcnf
pGrf;tif tultnDjzifh jrifatmif pkdufMunfhyg/ xkdolawmfaumif;ukd
rdrd jrifczhJ ;l pOfu pdwt
f csr;f omqk;H ykH jzpfygap? touf&iS af eqJyv
Hk nf;
jzpfygap/ xkdyk*dKvf ow0gynwfukd tmkHjyK --]]olawmfaumif;onf pdwq
f if;&Juif;ygap pdwq
f if;&J uif;ygap}} --okdYvQif Budrfzefrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;yg/ xkdjyHK;&Tifvsuf pdwfMunfEl;
aeaom ow 0 gynwf t mk H arw m bm0empd w f u k d Nid r f 0 yf p G m
uyfxm;yg/ Mo'gwuokdPf; = tjzLa&mifuokdPf;jzifh pwkwpsmeform"dokdYwkdifatmif xlaxmifxm;aom a&S;a&S;bm0emorm"dwkdY\
tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rIaMumifh
,if;arwmbm0empdwo
f nf xko
d w0gynwftmkH tcsed t
f enf;i,f
twGif;rSmyif Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaewwfayonf/ tu,f
xkdow0gynwftmkHrSm aysmufaysmufoGm;cJhaomf Mo'gwuokdPf;
pwkwp smeform"dudk wpfzef jyef 0ifpm;yg/ vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifrsm;
tm;aumif;vmaomtcg xko
d w0gynwfudk wpfzefjyef tmk,
H yl g/
xko
d w0gynwftmko
H nf wpfzefjyef xif&mS ;vmaomtcg arwmbm0emur|mef;ukd qufvuf pD;jzef;yg/
xkcd spcf ifav;pm;tyfaom yd,*kbm0eD,yk*Kd v[
f o
l nhf ow0gynwftmkH arwmbm0empdwfukd wpfem&D ESpfem&Dponf tcsdefrQavmuf Nidrf0yfpGm uyf wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/ wpfem&D ESpfem&D
ponfjzifh arwmbm0empdwfonf xkdow0gynwftmkH Nidrf0yfpGm
uyf wnfvmaomtcg xko
d rm"donfvnf; xkid w
f idk ;f & ckid jf rv
J maomtcg psmeft*Fgrsm;ukd qifjcifMunfhyg/ psmeft*Fgig;yg;wkdY xif&Sm;
aeygu yxrpsmeform"dokdY qkdufNyD jzpf\/ ,if;yxrpsmeform"dukd
0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/
yxrpsmef - psmeft*Fgig;yg;
1/ 0dwuf
= ow0gynwf tmkH arwmbm0empdwfukd a&S;SL

wifay;jcif;oabm
2/ 0dpm&
= ow0gynwf tmkHukd xyfumxyfum okH;oyf
qifjcifjcif;oabm
3/ yDwd
= ow0gynwf tmkHukd ESpfoufjcif;oabm
4/ okc
= ow0gynwf tmkH\ t&omukd csrf;csrf;omom
cHpm;jcif;oabm
5/ {u*wm = ow0gynwf tmkHwpfckwnf;ay: arwmbm0empdwf usa&mufwnfNidrfaejcif;oabm?
psmeft*FgwkdYukd odrf;qnf;vkdaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf

rdr&d &Sdxm;Ny;D onfh arwmpsmefudk em&D0uf okrYd [kwf wpfem&DcefY wpfzef
jyef 0ifpm;yg/ psmefrS xvQifxcsif; b0ifraemtMunf"mwf =
raem'Gg&udk odrf;qnf;yg/ xkdraem'Gg& xkdow0gynwftmkHonf
xifvmaomtcg txufyg psmeft*FgwkdYukd wpfckpD odrf;qnf;yg/
psmefudk 0ifpm;vku
d f 0dwufudk odr;f qnf;vku
d ?f wpfzef psmefudk jyef0ifpm;vku
d f 0dpm&ukd odr;f qnf;vku
d f --- okpYd onfjzifh jyKusiyhf g/ xko
d Ydk
jyKusio
hf jzifh psmeft*Fgwku
Yd dk wpfv;Hk pD wpfv;Hk pD odr;f qnf;Ekid af omtcg
NyKd iw
f v
l v
dk dk jrifatmif odr;f qnf;yg/ xkad emif 0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif avhusifhyg/
b0ifraemtMunf"mwf = raem'Gg&
yb&rd'H bdua0 pdwH/ (tH?1?9/)
pdwEEd b0*FpdwH/ (tH?|?1?45/)
txufyg a'oemawmfrsm;t& b0ifpdwfonf yb& =

NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf wvufvuf awmufy\/ okdYaomf pdwf ta&mif
&Sdygovm;[k ar;cJhaomf r&Sdyg[k ajzqdk&m\/ pdwfonf ta&mifr&Sdaomfvnf; ta&miftvif;udk jzpfapEdik af om pGr;f tm;um; &S\
d / Pfa&miftaMumif;udk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif;yif b0ifpdwfonf
vnf; pdwZMoZ|ru kyfuvmyfwdkYudk jzpfapEdkifonfhpGrf;tm; &Sdayonf/ b0ifpw
d f wpfcw
k pfco
k nf rdr\
d pdwu
P
wdik ;f pdwu
P
wdik ;f \
Oyg'fumvwdkif; Oyg'fumvwdkif; pdwZkyfuvmyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk
jzpfapEdik \
f / ,if;kyu
f vmyfwikd ;f yg0ifwnf&adS om 0P"mwfyl gk-H
uvnf; Munfvifawmufy\/ wpfzef ,if;pdwZ MoZ|ruuvmyfwdkif; yg0ifwnf&Sdaom awaZm"mwfwdkif;uvnf; OwkZMoZ|rukyu
f vmyf topftopfukd jzpfapjyef\/ ,if;kyu
f vmyfwikd ;f yg0if
wnf&Sdaom 0P"mwflygkHuvnf; Munfvifawmufy\/ ,if;
pdwZ MoZ|rukyu
f vmyf OwkZMoZ|rukyu
f vmyfEpS rf sK;d wdYk yg0if
wnf&Sd Muaom 0P"mwf = lygkH\ MunfvifawmufyrIudk Ceac:onfh kyftwkH;tcJudk rNzdKcJGEdkifrD tMunf"mwf twkH;tcJvdkuf
a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
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f m;uJo
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tm;avsmfpGm jzpfapEkdifaomowdonf 0oDrnf\/ ,if;wkdYum;
tm0Ze0oD ormyZe0oD t"d|me0oD 0k|me0oD ypa0uPm0oD[k
ig;rsKd; &Sdukef\/
1/ tm0Ze0oD --- rdr&d &Sx
d m;Ny;D aom psmefudk tMuiftMuif tvk&d &dS m
t&yf tMuiftMuif tvk&d w
dS idk ;f aom psmeft*Fgukd tMuif tvk&d dS
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tm0Ze0oDrnf\/
2/ ormyZe0oD --- rdrd &&Sdxm;NyD;aom psmefukd tMuiftMuif
tvk&d &dS mt&yf tMuiftMuif tvk&d dSwidk ;f tMuiftMuif tvk&d -dS
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psmefokdY aumif;pGm a&muf&Sdaejcif;onf ormyZe = psmefukd
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d adk yonf/
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cPywfv;Hk vnf;aumif; wpfem&D wpfeeH uf wpf&uf ponfjzifh
rdrd tvk&d o
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4/ 0k|me0oD --- tvm;wlyif vufzspw
f pfwu
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(psmefpw
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5/ ypa0uPm0oD --- psmeft*Fgwku
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Yd ykd if qufvuf qifjcif
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arwm'kwd,psmef
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2/ 0dwuf 0dpm&wkdY\ kefY&if;onf\tjzpfaMumifh tm;enf;aom
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d psmefudk
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('D?1?71/ tbd?1?45/ 0dok'd?1?154/)
odkYvQif - wwd,psmefodkY qdkufa&mufNyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ,if;wwd,psmefudk 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif

avhusifhyg/ ]]olawmfaumif;onf pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap}}[laom
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atmufygtpDtpOftwdik ;f xyfr
H xdo
k w0gynwftmHu
k ykd if tmH-k
,lum ---
olawmfaumif;onf --1/
2/
3/
4/
ab;&ef uif;ygap? (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif)

pdwfqif;&J uif;ygap? (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif)
udk,fqif;&J uif;ygap? (wwd,psmefodkY qdkufatmif)
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uif;ygap-[laom arwmydo
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f m;
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yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvf twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvf rZwyk*dKvf
a0&Dy*k Kd vw
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atmufyg t|uxm #Dum tzGifhwdkYudk zwfIMunfhyg/
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arwH ormyZdwGm 0k|[dwGm ykeyKeH wH yk*vH arwm,aEe y#dCH
0daema'wAH/ (0dok'd?1?290/)
yk&rd yk*a volwd

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yk*a vok/ arwH ormyZw
d mG wd y#dCH 0dua rwmG Oyg'dwH arwmpsmeH
ormyZdwGm/ (r[m#D?1?355/)
txufyg t|uxm #Dumwdu
Yk a0&D = &efoyl *k Kd vf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&m arwmpsmefukd &&So
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qdu
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Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm;EdkifzdkY vdktyfayonf/
pwkwpsmef
tb,faMumifh pwkwp smefoq
Ykd u
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uif;apvdkaom pdwfxm; pdwfqif;&Juif;apvdkaom pdwfxm; udk,fqif;&Juif;apvdkaom pdwfxm; usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh
rdr\
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f m; --- pdwaf epdwx
f m;wdkYum; vspfvsL IrI OayumoabmESifh tvSrf;uGma0;vsuf &Sd Mu\/
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Oayumoabmxm;jzifh arwmbm0emudk pD;jzef;um; r&Edik ?f xdo

k -Ykd
aom pdwfxm;jzifh arwmyGm;onfyif qdkOD;awmh arwmpsmefudkum;
rnfodkYrQ r&&SdEkdif/ pwkwpsmef[lonfrSmvnf; Oayum {u*wm
[laom psmeft*FgESpfyg;&Sdaom psmefomjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh arwmbm0em pwkwpsmefodkY rqdkufa&mufEdkifjcif;jzpf\/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf txufygtwdkif; yd,*kbm0eD, =
cspcf ifav;pm;tyfaom q&morm;udjk zpfap q&morm;ESit
hf vm;wl
MunfnKd av;pm;xdu
k o
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l jkd zpfap tmH,
k u
l m arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;ojzifh yxrpsmefrSonf wwd,psmefodkYwdkifatmifaom
arwmpsmefudk atmifjrifpGm &&SdNyD;aomtcg ,if;arwmpsmefudkvnf;
0oDabmfig;wefEikd ef if;atmif avhusiNhf y;D aomtcg aemufxyf MunfnKd
av;pm;xdkufaom yk*dKvfwpfOD;udk ajymif; tvm;wlyif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ arwmyGm;enf; (4)enf;vH;k yxrpsmefr-S
onf wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfhwdkifatmif arwmpsmefudk&&Sdatmif
yGm;rsm;yg/
bma0aEe p {auuo aum|mao rk'Hk ureD,H pdwH uwGm
w'eEa& w'eEa& OyoH[&dwAH/ (0dok'd?1?289??)
psmepdwH OyaewAH Oyga'wAEd tawm/ (r[m#D?1?354/)
arwmbm0emur|mef;udk arwmpsmef&onfhwdkifatmif yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwf&rnfh yk*vaum|mo = yk*dKvftkyfpkonf yd,*kbm0eD,
twdy,
d o[m,u rZw a0&D-[k av;tkypf &k \
dS / arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf ykk*dKvftkyfpk wpfck
wpfck pdwf"mwfudk El;nHhatmif arwmbm0emtrI cHhnm;atmif
jyKjyifNyD;rS = arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm; pdwf"mwfudk El;nHhatmif jyKjyifNyD;rS aemufyk*dKvftkyfpk wpfckwpfck arwmpsmefpdwfudk
a&S;Iaqmiftyf jzpfaptyf\-[k txufyg t|uxm #DumwdkYu

TefMum;xm;aomaMumifh yk*dKvftkyfpk wpfrsKd;wpfrsKd; tenf;qHk;
q,fa,muf ta,mufESpfq,fcefYavmuf arwmpsmefudk &&Sdatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
1/
2/
3/
4/
yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvf ta,muf (20)cefY?

twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvf ta,muf (20)cefY?
rZwyk*dKvf ta,muf (20)cefY?
a0&Dyk*dKvf odkYr[kwf rkef;onfhyk*dKvf&SdcJhvQif &SdorQ yk*dKvf ---
odYk tkypf t
k oD;toD; wnf&adS om yk*Kd vt
f oD;toD;udk tmH-k
,lum txufygtpOftwdkif; arwmyGm;yg/ yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvf
arwmpsmefukd 0ifpm; pdw"f mwf El;nHah ysmah ysmif;vmaomtcg twdy-d
,o[m,uyk*dKvf ajymif; arwmpsmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;yg/
tenf;qHk; q,fa,muf ta,mufESpfq,fcefY arwmpsmefudk
&&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;yg/ xdktcg yd,*kbm0eD,yk*dKvfESifh twdyd,o[m,uyk*dKvfonf nDwloGm; xdkyk*dKvfESpfrsKd;onf yD,yk*dKvf
tkypf k wnf nDrQomG ;ayrnf/ xkt
d cg arwmyGm;&rnfh yk*Kd vt
f pOfrmS
tw yd, rZw a0&D-[k av;rsKd;&SdoGm;ayrnf/
rZwyk*dKvf - a0&Dyk*dKvf
yd,*kbm0eD, yk*Kd vt
f yk pf Ek iS hf twdy,
d o[m,uyk*Kd vt
f yk pf -k
onf wajy;wnDwnf;jzpf arwmcsi;f nDrQomG ;aomf arwmpsmefukd
Burd zf efrsm;pGm 0ifpm;ojzifh pdw"f mwfonf El;nHah ysmah ysmif; rcsprf rke;f
tv,fvwf rZwyk*dKvftkyfpk ajymif; arwmbm0emur|mef;udk
pD;jzef;&ef cHhnm;vwfaomf rZw = rcspfrrkef; vspfvsLIxdkufol
tv,ftvwf yk*dKvfwpfOD;udk tmkH,l txufwGif wifjycJhonfh
enf;twdik ;f arwmbm0em ur|mef;udk yxrpsmefro
S nf wwd,psmef-
odYk qdu
k o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif pD;jzef;yg/ arwmyGm;enf; (4)enf;vk;H arwmpsmefudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/ atmifjrifrIudk &&Sd cJhaomf
aemufxyf rZwy *k Kd vw
f pfa,muf tvm;wl arwmyGm;yg/ tenf;qkH; ta,muf (20)cefY arwmyGm;yg/ arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm
0ifpm;yg/
,if;odkY rZwyk*dKvf wpfOD;wpfOD;udk tmkH,lum arwmyGm;enf;
(4)enf; toD;toD; yxrpsmefrSonf wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfhwdkifatmif arwmpsmefudk Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm;Ekdifojzifh a,m*g0p&
yk*dKvf\ pdwf"mwfonf El;nHhaysmhaysmif;vm a0&D = &efolyk*dKvf
rkef;onfhyk*dKvftkyfpk arwmbm0em ur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&ef cHhnm;vwfaomf &efolyk*dKvf wpfa,muf odkYr[kwf rkef;onfh yk*dKvf
wpfa,muf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk txufwiG af &;om;wifjycJ-h
onfh enf;pepftwdkif; pwif pD;jzef;yg/ tenf;i,frQ rausreyf
jzpfz;l olukd a&S;ODpmG arwmyGm;yg/ trke;f qH;k yk*Kd vu
f kd aemufq;kH xm;um
arwmyGm;yg/ &efolyk*dKvf rkef;onfhyk*dKvf rausreyfjzpfzl;onfhyk*dKvf
r&Syd gu oD;oefY &SmMu
H arwmyGm;&ef rvdyk g/ &efoyl *k Kd v&f rdS o
S mvQif
&efolyk*dKvftkyfpkudk yGm;&efjzpfonf/ &efolyk*dKvf&Sdaeygu &SdorQyk*Kd vt
f m;vH;k udk wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf ukepf ifatmif arwmyGm;yg/
tmCmwy#d0de,okwefenf;
(tH?2?164-166/)
&efolyk*dKvf odkYr[kwf rkef;onfhyk*dKvfudk tmkH,lum arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&m xko

d \
l usL;vGex
f m;onfh tjypfrsm;udk
owd&um a'go cPcP jzpfaeygu arwmvnf; yGm;r&jzpfaeygu t*Fkw&edum, yuedygwf 'kwd, tmCmwy#d0de,okwef
vm&Sdaom t&Sifom&dykw&mrax&fjrwf\ tMuHay;TefMum;csuf
rsm;udk vku
d ef mjyKusio
hf if\
h / TeMf um;csu\
f qdv
k &kd if;rSm odjYk zpf\/
1/ yk*dKvfwpfa,mufonf rpifMu,faom udk,fusifhw&m;&Sd\/

odaYk omf pifMu,faom EIwt
f usi&hf adS e\/ arwmyGm;rnfh xkt
d cg
xdkyk*dKvf\ rpifMu,faom udk,fusifhw&m;udk ESvkH;roGif;bJ
pifMu,faom EIwftusifhw&m;udkom ESvkH;oGif;um xdkyk*dKvfudk
arwmyGm;yg/
2/ yk*dKvfwpfa,mufum; rpifMu,faom EIwftusifh &Sd\/ odkYaomf
pifMu,faom ud,
k t
f usiw
hf &m; &Sad e\/ arwmyGm;rnfh xdt
k cg
rpifMu,faom EIwt
f usiu
hf kd ESv;kH roGi;f bJ? pifMu,faom ud,
k -f
tusifhw&m;udkom ESvkH;oGif;um xdkyk*dKvfudk arwmyGm;yg/
3/ yk*dKvfwpfa,mufonfum; rpifMu,faom udk,ftusifhw&m;vnf; &S\
d / rpifMu,faom EIwt
f usiw
hf &m;vnf; &S\
d / okaYd omf
xdyk *k Kd vu
f kd tmkHjyKum &Hzef&cH g orxbm0emudk ESv;Hk oGi;f cJah omf
orxbm0empdwf jzpfEkdifonfh tcGifhtvrf; tMum;taygufudk
&&SdEkdif\/ xdkyk*dKvfudk tmkHjyKum &Hzef&Hcg 0dyembm0emudk
ESvkH;oGif;cJhaomf 0dyembm0empdwfjzpfEkdifonfh tcGifhtvrf;
tMum;taygufudk &&SdEkdif\/ arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;awmhrnfh
xdktcg xdkyk*dKvf\ xkdrpifMu,faom udk,fusifhw&m; EIwftusifhw&m;wdkYudk ESvkH;roGif;awmhbJ xdkyk*dKvfudk tmkHjyKum
orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwf jzpfay:vmEkdifonfh
tcGifhtvrf; tMum;taygufudkom ESvkH;oGif;um xdkyk*dKvf
arwmbm0emudk yGm;yg/
rSwfcsuf - ,ckuJhodkY Mo'gwuodkPf;jzifh pwkwpsmeform"dodkY
qdkufatmif yGm;rsm;xm;NyD;aom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftzdkY xdkrpifMu,faom um,uH 0pDuH &Sad eolwpfO;D udk tmkHjyKum xdyk *k Kd v\
f
(32)aum|mowdkYudk odrf;qnf;vdkufygu vG,fvG,fululESifhyif
&&SdEkdifayonf/ xdk (32)aum|mowdkYwGif aum|mowpfckudk
jzpfap trsm;pkukd jzpfap tmk,

H u
l m &G&H mS pufqyk zf ,
G f y#duv
l tm;jzifh ESv;Hk oGi;f cJah omf Oypm&orm"doYkd qdu
k Ef idk \
f / xdyk *k Kd v\
f
xdx
k akd um|mowd\
Yk tndK t0g (ta&T) teD tjzLta&mifwu
Ykd kd
tmkH,lum tndKa&mifuodkPf; t0ga&mifuodkPf; teDa&mif
uodkPf; tjzLa&mifuodkPf;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;ygu pwkwpsmeform"dtxd qdu
k af &mufEidk \
f / um; orxbm0empdwf jzpfEidk -f
onfh tcGifhtvrf; tMum;taygufwnf;/ wpfzef xdkyk*dKvf\
oEmefwnf&Sdaom "mwfBuD;av;yg; aum|motoD;toD;
wnf&adS om "mwfBu;D av;yg;wdu
Yk kd pepfwus odr;f qnf;vdu
k yf gu
kyu
f vmyfwu
Ykd v
kd nf; Pfjzifh jrifEidk \
f / kyu
f vmyfwYkd wnf&-dS
aom y&rwfyk w
f &m;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; orm'd|
d Pjzf ifh awGU jrifEidk \
f /
,if;kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;NyD;vQif vuPma&;okH;wefwdkYodkY
wifum 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;cJhaomf 0dyempdwrf sm; 0dyemPfrsm;udv
k nf; &&SEd idk \
f / um; 0dyembm0empdwfjzpfEkdifonfh tcGifhtvrf; tMum;taygufwnf;??
wpfzef xdyk *k Kd vu
f kd tmkHjyKum pdwMf unfvifrI o'gw&m;udk &&S-d
EkdifcJhvQif xdkyk*dKvfoEmef wnf&Sdaom pdwfMunfvifrI o'gw&m;udk jzpfapEkid o
f nfh tjyKtrl tajymtqdpk onfh tmku
H o
kd m
ESvkH;oGif;um arwmyGm;yg/ a&SUydkif;wGif a&;om;wifjycJhaom
Ow&mOygodumr\ od&drmay: ESvkH;oGif;rIrsKd;wnf;/
4/ yk*Kd vw
f pfa,mufum; rpifMu,faom ud,
k u
f siw
hf &m;vnf; &S\
d ?
rpifMu,faom EIwftusifhw&m;vnf;&Sd\? xdkyk*dKvfudk tmkH
,lum &Hzef&Hcg orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwfwdkY\
jzpfay:vmjcif;[lonf tcGit
hf vrf; tMum;taygufuv
kd nf; r&&SdEkdifjzpfae\? pdwfMunfvifrIudkvnf; r&Ekdifjzpfae\/ uJhodkYaom yk*dKvftay: oem;jcif; = ukPmw&m;udkom a&S;&SL-
jzpfapyg? Muifemjcif; = tEk',mw&m;udkom a&S;&SL jzpfapyg/

tpOfoem;apmifah &Smufvjkd cif; = tEkurw&m;udo
k m a&S;SL jzpfap
yg/ ]]t&Sio
f nf um,'kpdu
k u
f kd pGeyYf ,fum um,okpdu
k u
f kd
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf grl aumif;avpG? 0pD'pk du
k u
f kd pGeyYf ,fum 0pDokpdu
k u
f kd jznfu
h siyhf grl aumif;avpG? raem'kpdu
k u
f kd pGeyYf ,fum
raemokpdu
k u
f kd yGm;rsm;ygrl aumif;avpG/ tb,faMumifeh nf;
t&Sifonf cEmudk,fysufpD;NyD;aemuf pkwdjywfa<u aovGefonfrS aemufumv tyg,f'k*wdodkYvnf;aumif; zdkz&J NydKuGJ
ysupf ;D vsuf usa&muf&m i&Jov
Ykd nf;aumif; ra&mufygapvif?h ?}}
odYk tyg,f'*k w
id &JoYkd a&mufEidk af omaMumihf jzpf\/ odv
Yk Qif
xdkyk*dKvftay: ukPmudk jzpfapvsuf arwmyGm;yg/
5/ yk*dKvfwpfa,mufonfum; pifMu,faom udk,fusifhw&m;vnf;
&S\
d ? pifMu,faom EIwt
f usiv
hf nf;&S\
d ? xdyk *k Kd vu
f kd tmkjH yKum
&Hzef&Hcg orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwf jzpfEkdifonfh
tcGifhtvrf; tMum;taygufudkvnf; &&SdEkdif\/ pdwfMunfvifrIudkvnf; &&SdEkdif\/ (odkYaomf xdkyk*dKvfrsKd;tay:aomfvnf;
arwmyGm;rnfh yk*Kd vu
f &Hcg rausreyf jzpfaewwf\/) xdt
k cg
xdyk *k Kd vu
f kd tmk,
H u
l m arwmyGm;awmhrnfh yk*Kd vo
f nf xdyk *k Kd v\
f
pifMu,faom udk,fusifhw&m;udkvnf; ESvkH;oGif;yg/ pifMu,faom EIwt
f usiw
hf &m;udv
k nf; ESv;Hk oGi;f yg/ &Hzef&cH g xdyk *k Kd vu
f kd
tmkHjyK &&SdEdkifonfh orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwf
jzpfEdkifonfh tcGifhtvrf; tMum;taygufudkvnf; ESvkH;oGif;yg?
pdwfMunfvifrI o'gw&m;udk &&Sdatmif ESvkH;oGif;yg/ xdkaemif
xdkyk*dKvftay: arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;yg/ (tH?2?164-166/)
tbufbuf tjypftemtqm vGwfuif;aeaom bk&m;&Sif
tay: t&Sifa'0'wf\ rauseyfrIrsKd; okyAk'\ rauseyfrI-
rsKd;wnf;/
,cka&;om;wifjycJhaom arwmbm0em\ tIcHtmkHjzpfaom
yd, rZw a0&D yk*dKvftkyfpktm;vkH;onf vdifwlonfh touf&SifqJ
yk*dKvfom jzpfap&rnf/ atmifjrifrIudk &&Sdygu oDrmoar' = yk*dKvftydkif;tjcm;NydK&ef qufvuf tm;xkwfyg/
oDrmoar' = tydkif;tjcm;NzdK&ef
olut
kd mkjH yK arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;cJah omf arwmpsmefukd
&&Sd\? oludk tmkHjyK arwmbm0emudkyGm;cJhaomf arwmpsmefudk
r&Edik [
f q
k v
kd Qif tydik ;f tjcm;&Sad eao;\? tydik ;f tjcm;um; rNyKd ao;ay/
oludk tmkHjyK arwmpsmefudk 0ifpm;&onfrSm ydk aumif;\?
vG,ful\? oludk tmkHjyK arwmpsmefudk 0ifpm;&onfrSm odyfraumif;vS rvG,fulvS[k qdkvQifvnf; tydkif;tjcm; &Sdaeao;\?
tydik ;f tjcm; rNyKd ao;ay/ arwmcsi;f rnDrQorQ tydik ;f tjcm;um; &Sad eao;onfom jzpf\/ tw yd, rZw a0&D-[laom yk*dKvfav;rsKd;vkH; arwmpdwf"mwf nDrQatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&\/ yk*dKvftkyfpk
tydik ;f tjcm;NyKd atmif yk*Kd vt
f yk pf k wpfcEk iS w
hf pfck arwmpdw"f mwf nDrQoGm;atmif BudK;pm;&m atmufygtpOftwdkif; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
1/ tw
tw
= rdrd
2/ yd,
= yd,*kbm0eD, + twdyd,o[m,u
3/ arZw = rcspfrrkef; tv,ftvwfyk*dKvf
4/ a0&D
= &efolyk*dKvf rkef;onfhyk*dKvff
xdw
k iG f rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd tmkjH yK arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&mum; arwmpsmefukd r&&SEd idk /f odaYk omf tydik ;f oDrmoar' = yk*Kd v-f
tkyfpktydkif;tjcm; NydK&eftwGufom yGm;rsm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh
rdrdudk,fudk tmkHjyK tcsdeftenf;i,f arwmbm0emur|mef;udk
pD;jzef;yg/
1/
2/
3/
4/
t[H ta0a&m a[mrd = igonf ab;&efuif;ygap?

t[H tAsmyaZm a[mrd = igonfpdwf qif;&Juif;ygap?
t[H teDaCm a[mrd = igonf udk,fqif;&Juif;ygap?
t[H okcD twmeH y&d[&mrd = igonf use;f use;f rmrm csr;f csr;f omomjzifh rdrd\ cEm0efudk &GufaqmifEkdifygap --odv
Yk Qif tcsed t
f enf;i,f rdru
d ,
kd u
f dk tmkjH yK arwmbm0em
ur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;yg/ xdak emif txufwiG f a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f
yd,yk*Kd vw
f pfO;D wwd,psmefoYkd qdu
k o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif arwmbm0em
ur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ xdak emif rZwy *k Kd vw
f pfO;D vnf; wwd,psmefoYkd
qdkufonfhwdkifatmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ xdkaemif
a0&Dy*k Kd vw
f pfO;D vnf; wwd,psmefoYkd qdu
k o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ yd, rZw a0&D - yk*dKvfokH;OD;vkH; ta0a&m a[mwk tAsmyaZm a[mwk teDaCm a[mwk okcD
twmeH y&d[&wk-[k (4)csufpD (4)csufpD yGm;yg/ wpfcsuf wpfcsuf
yxrpsmefrSonf wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfhwdkifatmif arwmyGm;yg/
atmifjrifrIudk &&SdcJhaomf --tw
= rdrdudk,fudk wpfzef jyefyGm;yg/
yd,
= aemufcspfonfh yd,yk*dKvfwpfa,muf
rZw
= aemuf rcsprf rke;f tv,ftvwf yk*Kd vw
f pfa,muf
a0&D
= aemuf &efolyk*dKvf wpfa,muf --tvm;wlyif xyf arwmyGm;yg/ tw arwmpsmefudk r&Ekdifaomfvnf; yd, rZw a0&D-yk*Kd vw
f u
Ykd kd arwmyGm;wdik ;f arwmyGm;wdik ;f
(4)csufvkH; yGm;yg/ wpfcsufwpfcsuf wwd,psmefodkY qdkufygap/
odkYvQif yd, rZw a0&D yk*dKvfwdkY wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf
wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf ajymif; ajymif; tw yd, rZw
1/
2/
3/
4/
a0&D-[laom tpOftwdik ;f tBurd rf sm;pGm tacgufaygif;rsm;pGm arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ xdkodkY arwmyGm;&m arwmbm0em\
tIct
H mkjH zpfonfh ow0gynwfrsm;onf wpfa,mufNy;D wpfa,muf
ajymif;aeygaomfvnf; arwmbm0empdwf arwmpsmefpw
d rf mS nDrQr&I -dS
aeatmif tBudrfrsm;pGm yGm;rsm;yg/ arwmbm0em\ tIcHtmkHjzpfonfh ow0gynwfawGonf rnfoyYdk if ajymif;oGm;apumrl wln-D
aom arwmbm0empdwf wpfrsKd;wpfpm;wnf;om wlrQaom arwmpsmefwpfrsK;d wpfpm;wnf;om wnf&adS eygu oDrmoar'[laom yk*Kd vf
tykid ;f tjcm;um; NyKd omG ;NyjD zpf\? yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;ukd NzKd cEJG idk Nf yjD zpf\/
tw yd, rZw a0&D-[laom yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wkdYwGif rnfolUukd
owfzkdY&ef ac:oGm;yg[k ajymqkdEkdifao;vQif oDrmoar' rjzpfao;?
yk*dKvftykdif;tjcm; &Sdaeao;\/ rnfolUukd owfzkdY&ef ac:oGm;yg[k
rajym&ufvQif yk*dKvfav;rsKd;vkH; nDrQaom arwmpdwf"mwf&SdvQif
oDrmoar'jzpfNy?D yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;um; NyKd avNy?D yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;ukd
NzdKcGJzsufqD;EkdifavNyD/
arwmOypm&psmefESifh edrdwf
{0H oDrmoar'orumvar0 p rdem bduKem edrdw
Oypm& v'H a[mwd/ oDrmoara' ye uaw war0 edrdwH
tmao0aEm bma0aEm A[kvDua&maEm tyuoda&ae0 yx0DuodaP 0kwea,ae0 tyeH ygykPmwd/ (0dok'd?1?301/)
qdt
k yfcNhJ y;D aom enf;jzifh yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;ukd y,fzsuo
f nfEiS hf
rQaom tcsdefumvomvQif arwmbm0emur|mef;ukd pD;jzef;vsuf&Sdaom arwmur|medu &[ef;awmfonf yk*dKvftykdif;tjcm;
uif;aom (tw yd, rZw a0&D [laom) ow0gynwf edrdwfukd
vnf;aumif; Oypm&psmefukdvnf;aumif; &&Sdonf jzpf\/ yk*dKvf
tykdif;tjcm;ukd y,fzsufjcif; = oDrmoar'ukd jyKNyD;vwfaomfum;
xkdoDrmoar'\ tpGrf;jzifh jzpfay:vmaom yk*dKvftykdif;tjcm;

uif;aeaom ow0gynwf[al om xko
d rxedrw
d u
f ydk ifvQif kad opGm
rS0D cJ ahJ omf yGm;rsm;cJah omf Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavhtvmjyKcahJ omf rNiKd rjiifojzifv
h Qif yx0DuokP
d ;f qkt
d yfcNhJ y;D onft
h wkid ;f yxrpsmef 'kw,
d psmef wwd,psmef[laom tyempsmefokdY a&muf&SdEkdif\/ (0dok'd?1?301/)
edrw
d f --- uokP
d ;f ur|mef;ponfwYdk xkx
d u
dk okP
d ;f 0ef;ponfudk
odr;f qnf;jcif;ukd t&if;cHjyKojzifh bm0em\ pGr;f tm;aMumifh &&Sv
d maom O*[edrdwfukd trSDjyK psmef\ usufpm;&m tmkHtjzpfjzifh y#dbm*edrdwfonf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ Pf0 xifvmouJhokdY arwmur|mef; tvm;wl xifvmaom y#dbm*edrw
d rf nfonf r&S-d
ay/ pifppftm;jzifhaomfum; qkdtyfcJhNyD;aom tMuifokdYaom yk*dKvf
tykdif;tjcm;ukd NzdKcGJzsufqD;jcif; oDrmoar'ukd a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf &&Sd\? xkdoDrmoar'jzpfaom yk*dKvftykdif;tjcm;uif;aom
ow0gynwftmkHonfomvQif y#dbm*edrdwfuJhokdY jzpfjcif;aMumifh
(o'dolypm&tm;jzifh) edrdwfrnf\/ rSefayonf -- a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf tw yd, rZw a0&D-[laom yk*Kd vaf v;rsK;d wkt
Yd ay: arwmbm0em\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh nDrQaom arwmESifh,SOfaom pdwfxm;ukd
&&Sdojzifh yk*dKvftykdif;tjcm;ukd NzdKcGJzsufqD;Ekdifjcif;[laom xkdoDrmoar'ukd &&Sdvwfaomf arwmbm0em\ vGefuJaompGrf;tm; &Sdvmonfh twGufaMumifh eD0&PwkdYonf uGmusoGm;MuukefonfomvQif
jzpfuek \
f ? udavomwko
Yd nf Nird 0f yfomG ;Muukeo
f nf jzpfuek \
f ? Oypm&orm"djzifh arwmbm0empdwfonf aumif;pGm wnfMunfvmonf
omvQif jzpf\/ xkaYd Mumifh ]]yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;uif;aom ow0gedrw
d -f
ukdvnf;aumif; Oypmpsmefukdvnf;aumif; &&Sdonf jzpf\/}} -- okdY
paom txufygpum;&yfudk t|uxmq&mawmfu zGiq
hf o
dk mG ;awmfrljcif;jzpf\/ (r[m#D?1?363/)
xl;jcm;csuf -- yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;uif;jcif; = oDrmoar'ukd r&&S-d
cifwkef;uvnf; yd, rZw a0&D-[laom yk*dKvfwkdYukd tmkH,l
Oypm&arwmpsmef tyemarwmpsmefwkdYukd &&SdcJhonfom jzpf\/ ,ck
wpfzef &&Sad om Oypm&psmef tyempsmefwu
Ydk m; yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;ukd
NzdKcGJzsufqD;Ekdifjcif; oDrmoar'ukd &&SdNyD;aemufrS yk*dKvftykdif;tjcm;
uif;aom ow0gynwfukd tmkHjyK jzpfay:vmaom Oypm&psmef
tyempsmef[al om arwmpsmefwu
Ydk o
dk m &nfeT ;f xm;onf[k rSwyf g/
rS oDrmoar'ukd &&SNd y;D aemuf yk*Kd vt
f ykid ;f tjcm;uif;aom ow0gynwftmkH[lonf xkd tw yd, rZw a0&D-[laom nDrQaom
arwm\ tmkHjzpfonfh ow0gynwftmkHyifwnf;/
wefckd;BuD;rm;aom arwmpsmefukd &&Sda&;

xkdokdY oDrmoar'ukd &&SdNyD;aemuf a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf --1/ taem"daom z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (5)rsKd;?
2/ Mo"daom z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (7)rsKd;?
3/ 'dom z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (10)rsKd; --arwmapawm0drkwdwkdYukd qufvuf tm;xkwfEkdifayonf/
pGrf;tifBuD;rm;aom wefckd;BuD;rm;aom arwmrsm;wnf;/ xkduJhokdY
wefc;dk Bu;D rm;onfh pGr;f tiftvGex
f ufjrufonfh arwmapawm0drw
k -d
w&m;wkdYukd Ow&mOygodumrum; EkdifEkdifeif;eif; t0g;0pGm avhvmxm;NyD;ol jzpfayonf/ okdYaomf uJhokdYaom arwmapawm0drkwd
w&m;wkdYukd yGm;rsm; atmifjrifrIukd &&SdEkdifaom yk*dKvfwkdY\ t&nftcsi;f ukd 0do'k rd *ft|uxmESihf r[m#Dumwku
Yd okYd pnf;urf;owfrSwfum azmfjyxm;Mu\/
yXrZmem'd0aoe tyemywpdwa0 [d t,H 0dukAem
orZwd/ (0dok'd?1?301/)
wrd tyemywpdwa0 orZwDwd a0'dwAH/ (0dok'd?1?302/)

tyemywp w
d a 0 e Oypm&rwvmbdaem/ y*kPAv0bm0gyg'aee a0ykvm'd0daooyw Mo"daom taem"daom p 'domz&Pm'd0aoe psme y0dZrem 0dukAem 0d0d"m ud&d,mwd uwGm/
(r[m#D?1?363/)
txufyg t|uxmwk\
Yd TeMf um;awmfrcl suEf iS t
hf nD taem"daom z&Pm arwm Mo"daom z&Pm arwm 'dom z&Pm arwmwku
Yd dk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwv
f adk om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf oDrmoar'ukd
&&SdNyD;aemuf yd, rZw a0&D[laom ow0gynwftmkH pwkuenf;t& yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef? yuenf;t& yxrpsmef 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmef[laom arwmpsmefwkdYukd
&&SdNyD;oljzpf&ayrnf/ Oypm&psmefrQavmufukdom &&SdkHrQjzifhum;
rvkHavmufao;[lvkdonf/
taem"daom z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (5) rsKd;

1/ oaA owm (u) ta0&m a[mE K?
( c ) tAsmyZm a[mE K?
( * ) teDCm a[mE K?
(C) okcD twmeH y&d[&E K/
2/ oaA ygPm
/y/
3/ oaA blwm
/y/
4/ oaA yk*vm
/y/
5/ oaA twbm0y&d,myEm (u) ta0&m a[mEK?
( * ) teDCm a[mE K?
(C) okcD twmeH y&d[&E K/
1/ cyfodrf;ukefaom cEmig;yg; NiduyfwG,fwmjcif; &SdMuukefaom

ow0gwkdYonf (oaA owm) --(u) ab;&efuif;Muygap?
(y-'k-w-psmef)
( c ) pdwfqif;&J uif;Muygap?
(y-'k-w-psmef)
( * ) ukd,fqif;&J uif;Muygap? (y-'k-w-psmef)
(C) usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrdwkdY\cEm0efukd
&GufaqmifEkdifMuygap/ (y-'k-w-psmef)
2/ cyford ;f ukeaf om xGuo
f uf0ifouf&dSMuukeaf om ow0gwko
Yd nf
(oaA ygPm) / y /
3/ cyfodrf;ukefaom uH udavomaMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfMuukefaom
ow0gwkdYonf (oaA blwm) / y /
4/ cyfodrf;ukefaom i&JokdY usa&mufjcif; oabm&SdMuukefaom
ow0gwkdYonf (oaA yk*vm) / y /
5/ cyfodrf;ukefaom cEmukd,f twabm tusKH;0ifMuukefaom
ow0gwkdYonf (oaA twbm0y&d,myEm) / y /
Mo"daom z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (7) rsKd;

1/ oAm wda,m (u) ta0&m a[mEK?
( c ) tAsmyZm a[mEK?
( * ) teDCm a[mEK?
(C) okcD twmeH y&d[EK?
2/ oaA yk&dom
/y/
3/ oaA t&d,m / y /
4/ oaA te&d,m / y /
5/ oaA a'0g
/y/
6/ oaA rEkm / y /
7/ oaA 0dedygwdum (u) ta0&m a[mEK?

( * ) teDCm a[mE K?
(C) okcD twmeH y&d[E K?
1/ cyfodrf;ukefaom trsKd;orD;wdkYonf --(u) ab;&ef uif;Muygap? (y-'k-w-psmef)
( c ) pdwfqif;&J uif;Muygap? (y-'k-w-psmef)
( * ) udk,fqif;&J uif;Muygap?(y-'k-w-psmef)
(C) usef;usef;rmrm csrf;csrf;omomjzifh rdrd\ cEm0efudk
&GufaqmifEkdifMuygap/ (y-'k-w-psmef)
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
cyfodrf;ukefaom
cyfodrf;ukefaom
cyfodrf;ukefaom
cyfodrf;ukefaom
cyfodrf;ukefaom
cyfodrf;ukefaom
trsKd;om;wdkYonf
t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkYonf
t&d,mr[kwfaom ykxkZefwdkYonf
ewf (jA[m) wdkYonf
vlom;wdkYonf
tyg,fom;ow0gwdkYonf
/
/
/
/
/
/
y
y
y
y
y
y
/
/
/
/
/
/
taem"daom z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (5)rsKd; Mo"daom

z&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (7)rsKd; ESpf&yfaygif;aomf (12)rsKd;wnf;/
wpfrsKd;wpfrsKd; ab;&efuif;Muygap- ponfjzifh (4)csuf (4)csufpD
wpfcsuf wpfcsuf vnf; wwd,psmefoYkd qdu
k o
f nfw
h ikd af tmif arwm
yGm;&ojzifh (4_12 = 48)rsK;d aom arwmapawm0drw
k w
d &m;wdjYk zpfMu\/
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyHk tpDtpOf
1/ rdrd&&Sdxm;NyD;aom Mo'gwuodkPf; = tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udk
tmHjk yKum pwkwp smeform"doYkd qdu
k af tmif orm"dukd xlaxmifyg/
2/ tw yd, rZw a0&D ykk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkY yk*dKvftykdif;tjcm;

uif;atmif = oDrmoar'udk &&Sad tmif arwmbm0emudk yGm;rsm;yg/ xdo
k Ykd yGm;rsm;tm;xkw&f m yd, rZw a0&Dy*k Kd vf ok;H rsK;d wdu
Yk kd
arwmyGm;wdkif; yxrpsmefrSonf wwd,psmefodkY qkdufonfhwdkifatmif arwmyGm;yg/ ,if;ow0gynwftmHk arwmpsmefudk
Budrfzefrsm;pGm 0ifpm;yg/
3/ arwmnDrQaomtcg ausmif;0if;wpfcktwGif; odkYr[kwf jcH0if;
wpfcktwGif; wnf&dS Muaom txufyg ow0gynwf (12)rsKd;
wdkYudk (oaA owm rS oaA 0dedygwdum-txd ow0gynwf
12-rsK;d wdu
Yk )kd Pfvif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tif tultnDjzifh (= Mo'gw
uodkPf; pwkwpsmeform"daMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnf yd, rZw a0&Dyk*dKvfwkdY oDrmoar'jzpfatmif yGm;rsm;
xm;tyfaom arwmpsmefwaYkd Mumifh jzpfay:vmaom vif;a&mifjcnf[laom Pfvif;a&mifjcnf pGrf;tiftultnDjzifh) jrifatmif Munfhyg/ trsKd;om; trsKd;orD; t&d,m ykxkZef vl ewf
wd& pmeft0iftyg tyg,fom;ow0gwdkYudk jrifatmifMunfhyg/
jrifaomtcg xdkow0gtm;vHk;udk tmHkjyK --1/ (oaA owm) = cEmig;yg; NiduyfwG,fwmjcif;&Sd Muukefaom
ow0gtm;vHk;wdkYonf ab;&efuif;Muygap ...
odYk arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfum
xyfum pD;jzef;yg/ yxrpsmefrSonf wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonfhwdkifatmif pD;jzef;yg/ atmifjrifrIudk &&Sdygu ,if;ow0gwdkYudkyif tmHk,lum --2/ pdwfqif;&J uif;Muygap ...(wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonftxd)
3/ udk,fqif;&J uif;Muygap ...(wwd,psmefodkY qdkufonftxd)
4/ use;f use;f rmrm csr;f csr;f omomjzifh rdrw

d \
Ykd cEm0efukd &Guaf qmif
EkdifMuygap ... (wwd,psmefodkYqdkufonftxd)
odv
Yk Qif qufvuf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/ oaA
owm- (4)csuf arwmyGm;&ouJhodkY oaA ygPm-ponfwdkYvnf;
tvm;wlyif (4)csupf D arwmyGm;yg/ tm;vH;k aygif;aomf (12_4 = 48)
rsK;d aom arwmpsmefrsm;udk &&Sad tmif arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
owdjyK&ef --- xko
d Ykd arwmyGm;&m ow0gawGukd rsu&f ef;rSe;f q
arwmyGm;jcif;rsK;d rjzpfygapESi/hf txufu a&;om;wifjycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f
psmeform"dwEYkd iS hf ,SOaf omPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tvif;a&mif
tultnDjzifh rdrd ykid ;f jcm;uefo
Y wfxm;onfh e,fajrtwGi;f wnf&-dS
Muaom vlawG ewfawG wd& pmefawG NydwmawG useftyg,fom;
ow0gawGudk jrifatmif Munfhyg/ rdrd ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfxm;onfh
e,fajrtwGi;f 0,f atmufbuf r[myx0DajrBu;D twGi;f odYk ,if;Pf
tvif;a&mif tultnDjzifh xdk;pdkufum Munfhvdkufygu tcsKdUaom
i&Jom;ow0gwdkYudkyg awGU&SdEkdifygonf/ tvm;wlyif ywf0ef;usifudk
vSr;f tmH,
k u
l m Munfv
h u
kd af omtcg opfyifponfwYkd wnf&dS Muaom
ewfwu
Ykd v
kd nf; awGUjrifEidk yf gonf/ xdo
k Ykd awGUjrifaomtcgrS xdo
k w0gawGukd tmH,
k u
l m txufygtwdik ;f arwmyGm;yg/ rSe;f q arwmyGm;cJhaomf ukodkvfyif &&SdEkdifaomfvnf; arwmpsmef&&SdzdkY&ef cufcJzG,f&m
&Sdayonf/
ausmif;0if;wpfck twGi;f (48)rsK;d aom arwmbm0emur|mef;wdu
Yk kd pD;jzef;Edik o
f jzifh atmifjrifru
I kd &&Sad omtcg ausmif;wdu
k Ef pS w
f u
kd f
oHk;wkduftwGif; okdYr[kwf jcH0if;ESpfck oHk;ckwdkY\twGif; (48)rsKd;
&yfuGufwpfcktwGif; odkYr[kwf aus;&GmwpfcktwGif; (48)rsKd;
NrKd Ue,fwpfct
k wGi;f (48)rsK;d jynfe,fwpfct
k wGi;f (48)rsK;d odrYk [kwf
wkdif;wpfcktwGif; (48)rsKd; wdkif;jynfwpfjynftwGif; (48)rsKd;

wpfurmvHk; (48)rsKd; (31)bHk[laom pMu0VmwpfckvHk; (48)rsKd;
teEpMu0VmwdYk (48)rsK;d --- odYk ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; jzefMY uuf
arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
owdjyK&ef --- xdo
k Ykd ausmif;0if;wpf0if; odrYk [kwf jc0H if;wpf0if;udk
tpjyKum wjznf;jznf;e,fajrudk wdk;csJU wdk;csJU arwmbm0emur|mef;\wnf&m tmHkjzpfonfh ow0gynwftmHkudk tmHk,l&m
em;vnfoabmaygufjrefap&eftvdkYiSmomvQif txufygtwdk if;
a&;om;wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ rdr\
d PftmEkabmf\ pGr;f tm;tay:
rlwnfom e,fajrudk wpfpwpfpwdk;csJUum wdk;csJUumom arwm
yGm;yg/ cyfus,u
f s,f cyfjrefjref e,fajrudk wd;k csUJ vdu
k yf gu tcsKUd a,m*Drsm; xdke,fajrtwGif; wnf&Sd Muaom ow0gwdkYudk oJoJuGJuGJ
rawGUbJ &dw
S wfMuonf/ odt
Yk wGuf rdr\
d PftmEkabmf\ pGr;f tifukd
csed q
f om e,fajrudk wpfpwpfp wd;k csUJ yg/ xdw
k ;kd csUJ vdu
k af om e,fajr
twGi;f wnf&SdMuaom ow0gtrsK;d rsK;d wdu
Yk kd oJou
J u
JG JG jrifawGU&zdu
Yk
vdk&if;jzpfonf/ xdkow0gawGudk oJoJuGJuGJ jrifawGU&ygrS xdkow0gwdkYudk tmkH,lum arwmbm0emudk pD;jzef;cJhaomf arwmpsmefrsm;odkY
tvG,fwul qdkufa&mufEdkifrnfjzpfayonf/
'domz&Pm arwmapawm0drkwd (10) rsKd;

txufygtwdik ;f teEpMu0Vmodw
Yk ikd af tmif jzefMY uuf arwmbm0emur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;jcif;jzifh (48)rsKd;aom arwmpsmefwdkYudk
&&Sdaomtcg --1/ ta&SUwnfhwnfh teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
2/ taemufwnfhwnfh teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
3/ ajrmufwnfhwnfh teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
4/ awmifwnfhwnfh teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;

5/ ta&SUawmifaxmifht&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
6/ taemufajrmufaxmifht&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
7/ ta&SUajrmufaxmifht&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
8/ taemufawmifaxmifht&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
9/ atmuft&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd;
10/ txuft&yf teEpMu0Vm (48)rsKd; --odkYvQif t&yf (10)rsufESmwdkY (10_48 = 480)aom arwmpsmefwdkYudk &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkkwfyg/ teEpMu0VmodkYwdkifatmif
jzefYMuufvsuf yGm;rsm;xm;tyfaom ,cifarwmpsmef (48)rsKd;udkyg
xyfaygif;aomf (48+480 = 528)oG,af om arwmur|mef; arwmpsmefrsm;udk &&SdEkdifayonf/ (528)oG,faom arwmpsmefwdkYudk
t0g;0pGm Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif; 0ifpm;Edik af om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf arwokwefpaom xdkxdk okwefwdkY vm&Sdaom arwmyGm;enf;rsm;udk
ajymif; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwyf gu arwmpsmefrsm;udk vG,u
f pl mG yif &&SEd idk -f
ayonf/
arwmpsmef\ tusKd;*kPftiftmedoif (11) yg;

&[ef;wdkY ... pifppftm;jzifh t&yf (10)rsufESm teEpMu0VmwdYk ow0gtm;vH;k wdt
Yk ay:0,f jzefMY uuf dak oojzifh rS0D t
J yfaom
arwmpsmefodkY qkdufonfhwkdifatmif yGm;rsm; xm;tyfaom arwmpsmef0ifpm;jcif;ukd Burd zf efrsm;pGm tavhtvm jyKtyfaom uNy;D aom
,mOfuo
hJ jYkd yKtyfNy;D aom pGpJ jJG rjJ rJ cdik cf ikd cf chH hH wnfwahH tmif aqmufwnf
xm;tyfaom 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhtyfNyD;aom
pdw\
f a'gopaom qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;wdrYk S vGwaf jrmufaMumif;jzpfaom arwmapawm0drw
k \
d (11)yg;ukeaf om tusK;d w&m;wdu
Yk kd rcRwf
{uef &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukef\/ tb,f (11)yg;wdkYenf;[lrl 1/

2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
csrf;ompGm tdyfpuf&\/
csrf;ompGm tdyf&mrS Ekd;&\/
,kwfrmaom raumif;aom tdyfrufqdk;udk rjrifruf&/
vlom;wdkY\ cspfcifjrwfEkd;rIudk cH,l&\/
ewfwdkY\ cspfcifjrwfEkd;rIudk cH,l&\/
ewfwdkYonf &if0,fom;uJhodkY oem;apmifha&Smufukef\/
xdkarwmpsmefudk jzefYMuufavh&Sdooltm; rD;onfvnf;aumif;
tqdyfonfvnf;aumif; vufeufonfvnf;aumif; ra&muf
ruyf/
arwmpsmefjzifh aeavh&adS om yk*Kd v\
f pdwo
f nf vsijf refpmG wnfMunf\? orm"d tjzpfjref\/
rsufESmtqif;onf Munfvif\/
rawGra0onfjzpf pkaw&\/
arwmpsmeformywfxuftvGefjzpfaom t&[wzdkvfwdkifatmifaom txufr*fzdkvfudk xdk;xGif; rodcJhaomf jA[mhjynfodkY
vm;&\/ (tH?3?542/)
Ow&mOygodumr\ arwmpGrf;tm;
Ow&mOygodumr\ arwmbm0empGr;f tm;um; txufygarwm
tusKd; (11)yg;wdkYteuf trSwf (7)jzpfonfh arwm\tusKd; azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; --- Ow&m, Oygodum, 0d, t*d 0g e urwd/
(0do'k ?d 1?307/) qDyr
l ;D rul;Ekid af vmufatmif Bu;D rm;aom pGr;f tm;&Sad om
arwmrsKd;jzpf\/ t&yf (10)rsufESm teEpMu0VmodkY wdkifatmif
jzefYMuufxm;tyfaom pGrf;tifBuD;rm;aom arwmpsmefrsKd;jzpf\/
od&drmu qDyljzifh avmif;csvdkufaomtcg xdkavhusufcJhzl;aom
pGrf;tifBuD;rm;aom arwmudk tajccHvsuf Budrfzefrsm;pGm arwm"mwfjzifh xHkrGrf;xm;tyfaom rdrd\ pdwf"mwfudk od&drmwpfOD;wnf;

ay:odYk pl;pdu
k u
f m arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;vsuf arwmpsmefukd
0ifpm;um aeavonf/ xdak rwmpsmefrmS vnf; a&S;,cifu avhusuf
xm;tyfNy;D aom pGr;f tifBu;D rm;aom arwmpsmefw\
Ykd tm;Bu;D aomrS&D m
Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0gowdxl;udk qufcHxm;&aom arwmrsKd;jzpfojzifh pGrf;tifBuD;rm;aom arwmwpfrsKd;yif
jzpfayonf/
0dyem\ taxmuftyHhudk &&Sdaom arwm

wpfzef Ow&mOygodumr\ arwmum; 0dyemPfwdkYjzifh
jc&H x
H m;tyfaomaMumifv
h nf; pGr;f tifBu;D rm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ xdt
k csed f
tcgwGif Ow&mOygodumrum; aomwmyeft&d,m olawmfaumif;
jzpfaeayNyD/
ykaA acg okodr "r|dwdPH? ypm edAmae PH/ (oH?1?344/)
= okodr ...ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&m
aumif ; pG m wnf a om "r | d w d t rnf & aom 0d y emPf o nf
a&S;ujzpf\? edAm efukd tmHk jyK jzpfay:vmaom t&d,r*fPfonf
(,if;0dyemPf\) aemufumv jzpf\/ (oH?1?344/)
odv
Yk Qif okord okwe f bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nfEiS hf
tnD Ow&mOygodumr\ edAmefudk tmHk,lum jzpfay:vmaom
aomwmywdr*fPfonf xdkOygodumr\ 0dyemPfwdkYu
tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vm&\/ Ow&mOygodumr\ 0dyemPfonfvnf; 'ku-
opm ork',opm trnf&onfh ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
jcif;t&m
'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&m aumif;pGm wnfaeaom Pf-
omvQijf zpf\/ qdv

k o
kd nfrmS Ow&mOygodumronf xdt
k csed t
f cg0,f
0dyembm0emur|mef;udv
k nf; aomwmywrd *fPf zdv
k
f PfoYkd
qdkufonfhwdkifatmif pD;jzef;xm;NyD;oljzpfayonf/ xdk0dyemPfwdkY\ pGrf;tm;aMumifhvnf; xdkOw&m\ arwmbm0emonf tpGrf;
xufjrufae\/ atmufyg rlvyPmot|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufudk
zwfIMunfhyg/
ormywfESifh 0dyem
, [d orm"dyd wkaPm? 0dyemyd/ w 0dyeH y|aywGm twdpd&H edodE uma,m udvrwd? taEm t*d 0d, O|[wd?
uap[d ao'g rkpE ?d rwuawm Ookr0d 0d, O|[wd? pdwH [nwd
0d[nwd 0dyEwd/ aom yke ormyw ormyZdwGm wH y&d'arwGm
rk'u
k H uwGm ormaowGm yke 0dyeH y|aywd/ w yke twdpd&H edodE wax0 a[mwd/ aom yke ormyw ormyZdwGm
wax0 ua&mwd/ 0dyem, [d A[lyum&m ormywd / y /
udmyd [d ormyw edm, 0dyeH y|aywd? 0dyem ye
xmrZmwm ormywrd d &uw/d xmrZmwH ua&mwd/ (r?|?1?387-388??)
= tMuifa,m*g0p&yk*Kd v\
f oEmef0,f orm"donfvnf; Eke,faeao;\/ 0dyemPfuvnf; Eke,faeao;\/ 0dyembm0em
ur|mef;udk pD;jzef;um 0dyemPfukd jzpfapvsuf tvGeMf umjrifph mG
xdkifaeaom xdka,m*g0p&yk*dKvf\ udk,fonf yifyef;EGrf;e,fvm\/
cEmud,
k t
f wGi;f rD;uJo
h Ykd tyl"mwfrsm; xawmufae\? vufuwD;Mum;wdkYrS acR;oD;acR;aygufwdkYonfvnf; ,kdxGufvmMuukef\? OD;xdyf
xufrS tylcdk;vdyfuJhodkYaom tyl"mwfaiGUonf xvm\? pdwfonf
yifyef;ae\ EGrf;e,fae\ wkefvIyfae\/
xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf wpfzef ormywfukd 0ifpm;\/ xdu
k ,
kd -f
yifyef;EGr;f e,frI pdwyf ifyef;EGr;f e,fru
I kd Nird ;f atmif qH;k rjyKjyif El;nH-h
atmif jyKvyk v
f suf oufom&m&ap wpfzef 0dyemPfukd jzpfap
jyef\/ aemufwpfBurd f tvGeMf umjrifph mG xdik af eaom xdak ,m*g0p&yk*k Kd v\
f oEmef ud,
k af &mpdwyf g EGr;f e,frI a&S;enf;wl jzpfvmjyef\/
aemufxyf wpfzefvnf; xdak ,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf ormywfukd 0ifpm; a&S;enf;wlyifvQif ukd,fa&mpdwfyg yifyef;EGrf;e,frIudk Nidrf;atmif
jyKvyk v
f suf 0dyemPfukd jzpfay:vmatmif jyKvyk \
f / okv
Yd Qif
ormywfonf 0dyemtm; vGefpGm aus;Zl;rsm;vSayonf/ y /
(r?|?1?387??)
ae&mwGif ,if;t|uxmu atmufyg Oyrmudk qufvuf

azmfjyxm;\/ --avmulyrm --- opfom;cHwyfrnfonfum; ppfonfawmftm;
vGefpGm aus;Zl;rsm;vS\/ xkdppfonfawmfonf xdkopfom;cHwyfukd
trSDjyK ppfajrjyifodkY 0ifa&mufoGm;\/
rSwcf suf - a&S;,cifu ppfwu
kd yf Hk pepfukd tmk,
H x
l m;yg/ wdik ;f ol
jynfom;rsm; repfemap&ef &nfoefum ppfajrjyifwpfcu
k kd owfrw
S u
f m
wpfbufEiS hf wpfbuf ppfx;kd Mu\/ ppfwyftoD;toD;\ aemufq,
G -f
wGif tem;,l&ef ppfwvif;\ aemufyikd ;f tpGet
f zsm;wGif opfom;jzifh
cHwyfwpfckpD aqmufvkyfxm;Mu\/ ppfwvif;wGif ppfwdkufaeaom
ppfonfawmfrsm; yifyef;EGrf;e,fvmonfhtcg tem;,l&ef pm;&ef
aomuf&eftwGuf xko
d pfom;cHwyfukd jyKvyk x
f m;Mu\/ xdck w
H yfonf
wpfbuf&efo\
l av; jrm;'Pfcsuu
f v
kd nf; cdik cf ikd cf chH hH umuG,Ef idk \
f /
ppfonfwdkYonf pdwfcsvufcs tem;,lEkdif\? pm;EdkifaomufEdkif\/
uJo
h aYkd om &nf&,
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f m;aom opfom;cHwyfukd
tmkH,lxm;yg/
xdkppfajrjyif qifwyf jrif;wyf ajcvsifppfwyfwdkYESifh twlwuG

ppfx;kd jcif;trIukd jyKvyk o
f nf&adS omf &Hcg vufeuf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;
ukeq
f ;Hk oGm;\? &Hcg qmavmifrw
G o
f yd v
f m\/ --- odpYk aom taMumif;
wpfcck k ay:vmaomf ppfajrjyifrS aemufoYkd jyefqw
k cf
Jh opfom;cHwyf
twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufum vufeufwu
Ykd v
kd nf; xyf,\
l ? tyef;vnf;
ajz\? pm;vnf;pm;\? aomufvnf; aomuf\? csyf0wfwefqmudk
vnf; xyfr0H wfqif\? jyKoifjh yKxu
kd &f m xdx
k t
kd rIukd jyKNy;D aomf wpfzef
ppfajrjyifodkY 0ifa&mufjyef\? xdkppfajrjyif ppfxdk;jcif;trIudk jyKvkyfjyefaomf usifBuD;usifi,f ESdyfpufjcif;paom taMumif;wpfpkHwpf&m
&dSjyefaomf opfom;cHwyftwGif;odkY wpfzefjyef 0ifa&mufjyef\?
xdck w
H yftwGi;f rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd axmufychH ikd cf ahH pNy;D aemuf wpfzef ppfajrjyifoYkd 0ifa&mufjyef\? odv
Yk Qif ppfonfawmftm; opfom;cHwyfonf
tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;ouJhodkY tvm;wlyif psmeformywfonfvnf; 0dyemtm; vGefpGm aus;Zl;rsm;vS\/ (r?|?1?387-388/)
wpfzef ppfajrjyifudk ul;cwfvmaom ppfajrjyifukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufvmaom ppfonfawmf\ opfom;cHwyfxufvnf; 0dyemonf psmeformywftm; omvGe
f aus;Zl;rsm;vS\/ tu,f
pifppfrSmrl ormywfudk trSDjyK 0dyPfudk jzpfap&onfum;
rSef\/ odkYaomf pGrf;tiftjynhft0 jzpfay:vmaom 0dyemPfonfum; ormywfudkvnf; apmifha&Smufay;\/ pGrf;&nftjynfht0
jzpfay:vmatmif jyKvkyfay;\/ (r?|?1?387-388/)
avmulyrm -- avSonfvnf;aumif; avSay:wifvmonfh
b@monfvnf;aumif; Munf;uke;f xufoYkd a&mufaomtcg wpfae&mrSwpfae&modkY o,faqmifvdkaomf vSnf;ay:odkYwif o,faqmif
&\/ wpfzef a&xJodkY a&muf&Sdaomtcgum; vSnf;udkvnf;aumif;
vSnf;ay:wifxm;aom b@mudkvnf;aumif; wpfae&mrS wpfae-
&modYk o,faqmifvakd omf avSay:odw

Yk if o,faqmif&\/ avSonf
a&,OfaMumudk jzwfausmfvsuf qdyfurf;aumif;odkY acsmacsmarmarm
a&mufatmif ydkYaqmifay;\/
OyrmtwlyifvQif psmeformywfukd trSjD yK 0dyemPfukd
jzpfap&onfrSefjim;aomfvnf; pGrf;tif jynfhjynfh00 jzpfay:vmaom
0dyemPfonfum; psmeformywfudk cdkifchHatmif apmifha&Smufay;\/ pGr;f tifjynfjh ynf0h 0 jzpfay:vmatmif jyKvyk af y;\/ Munf;uke;f
xufodkY a&mufaomtcg vSnf;uJhodkY psmeformywfudk rSwfom;yg/
a&xJoaYkd &mufaomtcg avSuo
hJ Ykd 0dyemudk rSwo
f m;yg/ (r?|?1?388??)
txufyg t|uxm\ zGiq
hf &kd iS ;f vif;csut
f & 0dyemPfESihf psmeformywfwu
Ykd m; tjyeftvSef tcsi;f csi;f wpfco
k nf wpfcu
k kd
cdik cf aHh tmif pGr;f tifjynf0h vmatmif apmifah &Smufay;aeaom w&m;rsm;
jzpfMu\/
a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vo
f nf 0dembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aomtcg 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHpm&if;wGif psmefemrfw&m;wdkYvnf;
yg0ifMu\/ psmefemrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemIvakd om a,m*g0p&yk*Kd v-f
onf rdrdIyGm;vdkaom psmefudk a&S;OD;pGm 0ifpm;&\/ wpfzef xdkpsmefrS
xum ,if;psmeormyw0d x
D d twGi;f wnf&dS Muaom psmefemrfw&m;pkESifhwuGaom emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk 0dyemI&\/ wpfzef psmefudk
0ifpm;vdkuf psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIvdkuf ponfjzifh Budrfzef
rsm;pGm jyKvyk &f \/ xdu
k o
hJ Ykd Burd zf efrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum jyKvyk jf cif;aMumifh 0dyemPfvnf; xufjrufvm\ oefY&Sif;vm\ pGrf;tif
BuD;rm;vm\/ tvm;wlyif psmeformywfonfvnf; cdkifchHvm\/
pGrf;tif jynfh0vm\/ pGrf;tifBuD;rm;vm\/
tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfu Mo'gwuodkPf; pwkwpsmefudk
0dyem\ tajcyg'ujyK odkYr[kwf arwmpsmefudk 0dyem\
tajcyg'ujyK 0dyemodYk ul;cJah omf xdpk smeformywfukd trSjD yK&

0dyemPfonfvnf; pGrf;tifwjznf;jznf; jynfh0vm\/
orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ (oH?3?363/)
odpYk aom a'oemawmfrsm;ESihf tnD Oypm& tyem ESpjf zmaom
orm"d&Sdaom &[ef;awmfonf 'kuopm ork',opm trnf&onfh
ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG ,xmblwusus odEikd \
f jrifEikd \
f /
xdkYaMumifh psmeformywfudk trSDjyK& 0dyemPfonfvnf;
pGrf;tifwjznf;jznf; jynfh0vm&\/ r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmefudk
xGif;azmufodjrifonftxd pGrf;tiftjynffht0 jzpfay:vmEkdif\/
wpfzef pGrf;tifjynfh0vmaom 0dyemPfuvnf; xdkpsmeformywfrsm;udk cdik cf aHh tmif apmifah &Smufay;jyef\/ txufu wifjycJo
h nfh
twdik ;f psmefukd 0ifpm;vdu
k f psmefrS xum psmefemrfw&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyem
Ivdkuf ponfjzifh Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum jyKvkyfaeonfh
twGufaMumifh psmeformywfwdkYrSm cdkifcHhvmjcif;vnf; jzpfayonf/
wpfzef ,if;0dyemPfwu
Ykd rdrd &&Sx
d m;Ny;D jzpfonfh psmefw&m;wdu
Yk kd
rodatmif zkH;vTrf;xm;onfh oarm[w&m;udk w'*Ftm;jzifh y,f&Sm;
ay;vdu
k \
f / uJo
h aYkd om taMumif;aMumifv
h nf; psmeformywfwrYkd mS
cdik cf v
hH mjcif; jzpf\/ tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
f Ow&mOygodumrwdkYuJhodkY r*fPf zdkvfPfodkY qdkufcJhvQif xdkt&d,r*fPfu rdrd
&&Sdxm;onfh psmeformywfw&m;wdkYudk rodatmif zkH;vTrf;xm;onfh
oarm[w&m;udk orkap'tm;jzifh t<uif;rJh y,f&Sm;vdkuf\/ qdkvdkonfrSm t&d,r*fw&m;wkdYonf opmav;yg;udk rodatmif zkH;vTrf;
xm;onfh oarm[w&m;udk y,f&mS ;Ekid jf cif;aMumifh 'kuo
pm odrYk [kwf
ork',opmwGif tusKH;0ifaom xdkrdrd&&Sdxm;onfh psmeformywfw&m;wdkYudk rodatmif zkH;vTrf;xm;onfh oarm[w&m;udkvnf;
t<uif;rJh y,f&mS ;vdu
k o
f nf[k qdjk cif;jzpf\/ wpfzef xd0k yd emPf
wdkY\ tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0gudk &&Sad om psmeformywfrsm;um; cdik cf ahH eonft
h wGuf vG,v
f ,
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ululjzifh avQmusjcif;oabmvnf; r&Sday/
rQqdkvQif Ow&mOygodumr\ arwmbm0em arwmpsmef\
pGr;f tifBu;D rm;rIukd oabmaygufoifah yNy/D ,ckwpfzef qufvufum
omrm0wDrdzk&m;\ arwmbm0em pGrf;tm;udk qufvufwifjytyfygonf/
omrm0wDrdzk&m;
omrm0wDum; --- arwm0d[m&D = arwmjzifh aeavh&adS om Oygodumrwdw
Yk iG f tomqk;H tjrwfq;Hk {w'*fbUJG xl;udk &&Sad om olawmfaumif;wpfO;D jzpf\/ urmwpfoed ;f ESihf cs
D yg&rDxal xmifco
hJ l jzpf\/
y'krkw&mbk&m;&Sif\ omoemwGif; [Hom0wDrif;aejynfawmf0,f
olaX;orD;jzpfcJhpOfu t"dum&aumif;rIukodkvfjyKum arwm0d[m&D
{w'*fbGJUxl;&Sifjzpfa&;twGuf qkawmif;yefxGmcJholvnf; jzpf\/
t"dum&aumif;rIuo
k v
kd f[o
l nf rdrd arQmv
f ifx
h m;onfh arwm0d[m&Dyk*dKvfb0jzifh r*fPf zdkvfPf &&Sda&;twGuf jyKpkysKd;axmif
xm;tyfaom 'ge oDv orxbm0em[laom p&PrsKd;aphaumif;
0dyembm0em[laom 0dZmrsKd;aphaumif;wdkYyifwnf;/ vlwdkY\
oufwrf; tESpw
f pfoed ;f touf&n
S &f m acwftcgBu;D ,if;p&PrsK;d aphaumif; 0dZm rsK;d aphaumif;wdu
Yk kd ESpaf ygif;wpfoed ;f cefY atmifatmif
jrifjrif xlaxmifco
hJ l jzpfayonf/ xkb
d 0rS pkawaomtcg ewfjynfoYkd
a&muf&SdoGm;cJh\/ odkYvQif ewfjynf vlUjynfwkdY pkefqef usifvnf&mu aemufq;kH b0wGif ewfjynfrS pkawcJu
h m b'0wd,wdik ;f b',
d NrdKU0,f b'0wd,olaX;BuD;\ orD;jzpfvmavonf/ aemufykdif;wGif
aumorDjynfh&Sifbk&if Oawe\ rdzk&m;BuD; jzpfcJhavonf/
omrm0wDrdzk&m; tvkyftauR;vl,Hkawmf ckZKw&m trnf&Sdonfh trsKd;orD;wpfOD;vnf; &Sdavonf/ ckZKw&monf bk&m;&Sif\

w&m;awmfudk em,l&ojzifh aomwmywdzdkvf wnfcJh\/ bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;awmfro
l nfh w&m;awmfrsm;udk EIwif &Hk olvnf; jzpf\/ emMum;
&wdkif;aom w&m;wdkYudk wpfqifh jyefvnfa[mjyEkdifonfh y#dord'gPfu&kd onfh aouaomwmyef t&d,molawmfaumif;vnf; jzpf\/
(0dok'd?2?72/) ckZKw&monf ,if; aouy#dord'gPf wnf
omrm0wDtrSL;&Sad om rif;rde;f raygif; ig;&mwdt
Yk m; w&m;a[mav\/
xdkw&m;awmfrsm;ukd emMum;&onfhtwGuf omrm0wDtrSL;&Sdaom
tvH;k pHak om rif;rde;f r ig;&mwdo
Yk nf aomwmyeft&d,molawmfaumif;
wdYk jzpfomG ;cJMh u\/ xdo
k al wmfaumif;wdu
Yk m; arwmbm0emur|mef;udv
k nf; tav;ay;um pD;jzef;vsuf arwmpsmefukd 0ifpm;um aexdik -f
avh&o
dS l arwm0d[m&Dy*k Kd vw
f v
Ykd nf; jzpfMu\/ wpfaeYwiG f xdak rwm\
pGrf;tifudk toHk;cscGifh &&Sd Mu\/
Oawerif;0,f (1) omrm0wDrzd &k m; (2) OaZejD ynf p@yaZmwrif;\orD; 0gokv'wmrdzk&m; (3) rm*@Drdzk&m;[l rdzk&m;oHk;a,mufwdkY &Sdav&m rdzk&m;wpfa,muf wpfa,mufvQif armif;rrdH
&Ha&Gazmf ig;&mig;&mpD &Sad vonf/ Oawerif;onf xdrk zd &k m; ok;H a,muf
wdkYwGif wpfa,muf wpfa,mufaom rdzk&m;\ae&m eef;jymom'f
ckepf&ufpD ckepf&ufpD tvSnfhtvnf pHaejrJ jzpfay\/
wpfaeY0,f rm*@Drdzk&m;onf a>ra[mufi,fwpfaumifudk
0g;usnq
f pf xnfah p rdr\
d ae&mteD; xm;av\? Oawerif;\
tzkdYt&mrSmvnf; rnfonfhae&modkY oGm;oGm; qifcspfaom apmif;udk
,lomvQif oGm;jrJ "rwm jzpf\/ rm*@Drdzk&m;onf Oawerif;
rdrx
d o
H Ykd vmaomtcg rif;Bu;D rodatmif xdak >ra[mufi,fukd apmif;cGuftwGif; xnfh taygufudk ydwfxm;apav\/
xkad emifrS omrm0wDrzd &k m;xHoYkd oGm;cgeD;jzpfaom Oawerif;udk

]]t&Sifrif;jrwf omrm0wDrdzk&m;qdkonfrSm &[ef;a*gwr\ tyif;toif; jzpfygonf? t&Sirf if;Bu;D wku
Yd kd jrufwpfyifavmufrQ ra&wGuyf g?
wpfpw
kH pfck jyKNy;D vQif t&Sirf if;Bu;D wd\
Yk tjypfuo
kd mvQif MupH nfaeol
jzpfygonf/ rarhravsmh owd&Sd&Sd aeawmfrlcJhMuyg}}[k Oawerif;\
tusKd;udk tvdk&Sd[efaqmifum rSmMum;ajymqdkvdkuf\/
rm*@Dum; bk&m;&Siftay: rauseyfol wpfOD;jzpf\/ olUudk
vufxyfz&Ykd ef ypfypfcgcg jiif;qdrk u
I kd taMumif;cHum bk&m;&Sit
f ay:
&efNiKd ;zGUJ aeol jzpf\/ omrm0wDrzd &k m;trSL;&Sad om trsK;d aumif;orD;wdu
Yk vnf; &wemoH;k yg;udk avmukw& m o&P*Hjk zifh ,H,
k MkH unfMunf
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaeMuonfh t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY jzpfMu\/
rm*@Dum; bk&m;&Siftay: rauseyfojzifh bk&m;&Sif\ wynfhrwdkY
tay:vnf; rausreyf jzpfaejcif; jzpf\/ odkYtwGuf Oawerif;udk
tBudrfBudrf ukef;wdkufaeol jzpf\/ tBudrfum; wwd,tBudrf
ukkef;wdkufzdkY&ef tuGufqifxm;jcif;jzpf\/
Oawerif;onf omrm0wDrzd &k m;\ eef;jymom'f (7)&uf pHaysm-f
NyD;aemuf rm*@Drdzk&m;\ taqmifawmfodkY ul;vmcJh\/ xdktcg
rm*@Du rdrdBudKwifum tuGufqifxm;onfhtwdkif; Oawerif;\
vufraS pmif;ud,
k u
l m pHpk rf;[efaqmifavaomf apmif;twGi;f toH
wpfckck Mum;rIudk rif;BuD;odatmif jyKvkyfum rdrd rlvu pDrHxm;onfh
taygufudk zGifhvdkuf\/ a>ra[mufum; xdktaygufrS xGufcJhavNyD/
xdt
k cg rm*@Du apmif;udyk pfum xGuaf jy;vdu
k \
f / rm*@D\ &efwu
kd f
jcif;um; atmifjrifavNyD/
xdt
k cg Oawerif;onf rD;avmifonfh 0g;awmtvm; qm;xnf-h
vdu
k o
f nfh rD;zdykd rm trsuaf 'gojzifh wzspzf spjf rnfvsuf ]]tvsit
f jref
tjct
H &HEiS hf wuGaom omrm0wDukd ac:cJMh uavmh}}[k trdeaYf y;av\/
rif;csi;f a,mufsm;wdo
Yk nf trdeaYf wmfjrwf owfrw
S cf sut
f wdik ;f oGm;
ac:aqmifMu&\/
omrm0wDrdzk&m;onf Oawerif; trsufxGufonfudk odojzifh
rdr\
d tjct
H &H rif;rde;f rwdt
Yk m; ]]rif;Bu;D onf wdu
Yk kd owfv
kd ac:\?
,aeY wpfaeYv;kH vH;k Oawerif; wpfO;D wnf;udo
k mvQif &nfeT ;f vsuf
Mo'duarwmjzefjY cif;jzifh rif;Bu;D udk arwmjzef;Muavmh}}[k w&m;tcsuftrSwfay;av\/ omrm0wDESifh wuGaom xdkolawmfaumif;
tm;vH;k wdo
Yk nf ow0gtm;vH;k wdt
Yk ay: jzefMY uufxm;aom pGr;f tif
tvGef Bu;D rm;aom arwmudk acwyk o
f rd ;f um Oawerif; wpfO;D wnf;
udkomvQif pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf arwmbm0emudk pD;jzef;um aeMu\/
xdkolawmfaumif;wdkYum; arwmpsmefukd 0ifpm;vsuf&dS Mu\/
odaYk omf a'gotd;k Bu;D Oaweum; omrm0wDrzd &k m;ESihf wuGaom
xdak rmif;r ig;&mwdu
Yk kd wef;pDapum av;Bu;D udk pGu
J ikd
f tqdyv
f ;l jrm;udk
zGJUNyD;vQif av;ndKUudk ndvsuf &yfwnfvm\/
xdkcP omrm0wDtrSL;&Sdaom rif;rdef;rwdkYonf a'gotdk;BuD;
Oawerif;udk pl;pdu
k u
f m Mo'duarwmudk yufjzef;um arwmpsmefukd
0ifpm;vsuf &SdMu\/ ow0gtm;vHk;wdkYtay: jzefYMuufxm;aom
pGrf;tifBuD;rm;aom arwmrS qif;oufvmaom arwm 0dyemPfrsm;jzifv
h nf; xHrk rG ;f xm;aom arwm jzpfMuojzifh tvGef pGr;f tif
jynf0h aeaom arwmrsm;jzpfMu\/ xdak rwmpsmefw\
Ykd pGr;f tm;aMumifh
Oawerif;onf jrm;udk ypf&efvnf; rpGr;f Ekid f z,f&mS ;&efvnf; rpGr;f Ekid f
jzpfae\? cEmud,
k rf S acR;oD;acR;aygufrsm;vnf; wNzKd iNf zKd if ,dx
k u
G v
f mMuukef\/ wpfudk,fvHk;vnf; wqwfqwf wkefvIyfae\? cHwGif;rSvnf; wHawG;rsm; pD;usvm\? vufjzifh qGJudkifp&mvnf; rjrifEkdif
jzpfae\? tvGef yifyef;ae\/
xdt
k cg Oawerif;udk omrm0wDu ]]t&Sirf if;jrwf ... yifyef;awmfrlygoavm}}[k ar;avvQif Oawerif;u ]]t&Sifrdzk&m; ...
yifyef;vS\? oifonf ig\ rScD t
kd m;xm;&m jzpfygavmh}}[k ajymqdak v\/ xdt
k cg omrm0wDrzd &k m;u jrm;udk r[myx0DajrBu;D bufoYkd a&S;SLypf&ef tMuHay;vdkuf\/ omrm0wD\ tMuHay;csuftwdkif; Oawerif;uvnf; vdkufemjyKusifhav\/ omrm0wDuvnf; ]]Oawerif;
vufrS jrm;onf vGwaf pownf;}}[k t"d|mefvu
kd af v\/ xdck PrSmyif
jrm;onf Oawerif;\ vufrS vGwfxGufoGm;avonf/
uJhodkYaom pGrf;tifBuD;rm;aom arwmpsmefjzifh aeavh&SdrIudk
taMumif;jyKum bk&m;&Sifuvnf; --{w'*H bdua 0 rr om0dumeH OygodumeH arwm0d[m&DeH ,'d'H
omrm0wD/ (tH?1?27/)
&[ef;wdYk ... arwmpsmefjzifh aeavh&dSMuukeaf om igbk&m;&Si\
f
wynfo
h m0dum Oygodumrwdw
Yk iG f omrm0wDonf tomqH;k tjrwfqHk; jzpfay\/ (tH?1?27/)
uJhodkYaom arwm0d[m&D {w'*fbGJUjzifh csD;usL;ajrmufpm;awmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/
Oawerif;BuD;onf xdkcPrSmyif a& ikyf jyefvmNyD;aomf
pdkaomqH pdkaomt0wf&Sdvsuf omrm0wD\ ajcwdkY wkyf0yfNyD;vQif
]]t&Sirf zd &k m; ... ightm; onf;cHygavmh? igonf uke;f acsmol rm*@D\ pum;jzifh rpl;prf; rqifjcifbJ trIudk jyKrSm;tyfcJhavNyD}}[k
awmif;yef0efcspum; ajymMum;av\/ omrm0wD rdzk&m;uvnf;
cGifhvTwfonf;cHpum; ajymMum;vdkufavaomf Oawerif;uvnf;
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzifh omrm0wDrzd &k m;ESiw
hf uG armif;rrdt
H aygif;wd\
Yk tvkq
d Etwdik ;f jrwfpmG bk&m;tm; tvSL'geudk jyK&ef aevGt
J cg
ausmif;awmfodkY oGm;a&mufum w&m;em,l&efwdkYudk cGifhjyKvdkuf\/

tapmifhta&Smufudkvnf; ay;oem;vdkuf\/
xdo
k al wmfaumif;wdo
Yk nf qufvuf w&m;bm0emwdu
Yk kd usiMhf uH
BudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMu&m tcsKdUum; ou'g*grf tcsKdUum;
tem*grftqifhodkYwdkifatmif wufvSrf;oGm;EdkifMu\/ ("ry'?|?1?141/)
odkYaomf olwdYk\ twdwfuH0#fa<u;aMumifh wpfaeYwGif rm*@D\
vkyMf urH jI zifh rD;dUI NrKd ucf v
H u
kd Mf u&\/ xdak eY a&S;twdwb
f 0u jyKtyfc-hJ
aom uyf ESdyfpufwwfaom OyyDVuuH uyf jzwfwwfaom
OyCmwuuHwdkY\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh xdkolawmfaumif;wkdYonf psmeformywfwu
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; zvormywfwu
Ykd v
dk nf;aumif; 0ifpm;zd&Yk ef
rpGrf;Edkif &SdaeMu\/ rdrdwdkY aexdkif&m eef;jymom'faqmiftwGif;yif
rD;dIUNrdKufcHMu&ojzifh aoausysufpD;oGm;Mu&\/ w&m;cHvufonf
jzpfMuaom rm*@Drzd &k m;trSL;&Sad om aqGawmf rsK;d awmfwt
Ykd m;vnf;
Oawerif;u wpfzef uGyfrsufjyefavonf/
omrm0wDwdkY\ a&S;tukodkvfuH
omrm0wDrzd &k m;tavmif; trsK;d aumif;orD;onf bk&m;yGiahf wmf
rrlrD wpfckaom b00,f xdktrsKd;orD; ig;&mwdkYESifhtwl **Fgjrpf
a&upm;tNyD; qdyfurf;\ tjyifty &yfwnfaepOf tcsrf;tat;"mwf jyif;xefpGm jzpfvwfaomf reD;ra0;aom t&yf yapuAk'g
bk&m;&Siw
f pfq\
l opf&u
G rf ;kd ocFr;f ausmif;uav;udk jrif& ocFr;f ausmif;twGif; yapuAk'gbk&m;&Sif &Sd-r&Sdudk rpl;prf; rqifjcifbJ
jyifyrS ausmif;udk rD;wdu
k u
f m rD;vIMH uavonf/ ocFr;f ausmif; twGi;f um; yapuAk'gbk&m;&Sifonf eda&m"ormywfudk 0ifpm;vsuf
xdik af eawmfrq
l J jzpf\/ xdt
k rsK;d orD;wdo
Yk nf rD;awmufr;D vQrH sm; jywfp-J
oGm;aomtcgrS yapuAk'gbk&m;&Sifudk jrifawGUMu&\/
rD;wdkufrI yapuAk'gbk&m;&Siftay: aoapvdkaom pdwfapwemr&do

S jzifh tjypfr&daS omfvnf; aemufxyf jypfrw
I pfcu
k kd xyfrH
vGeu
f sL;Mujyef\/ xdyk apuAk'g bk&m;&Siu
f m; &Sib
f &k if ud;k uG,q
f nf;uyfaeonfh bk&m;&SifjzpfawmfrlonfhtwGuf rif;jypfrif;'Pfudk
aMumuf&GHUojzifh vufpazsmuf&ef &nf&G,fum xif;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;vsuf rD;wdu
k Mf ujyef\/ jypfru
I m; aoapvdak om pdwaf pwem
yg&Sdaeojzifh tvGef tjypfBuD;rm;aom rSm;uGuf jzpfoGm;\/ odkYaomf
yapuAk'g bk&m;&Sio
f nf tcsed af phaomtcg eda&m"ormywfrS xawmf
rlum aumif;uifc&D;jzifh <ucsDoGm;awmfrlavonf/ xdkraumif;rI
tukov
kd u
f aH Mumifh trsK;d orD;taygif;wdo
Yk nf i&J usuMf u&Ny;D vQif
0dyguft<uif;taejzifh ,ckrD;avmifwdkuf toGif;cH&um aoaus
ysufpD;jcif;odkY a&mufMu&jyefonf/
aoolESifh raool (= &Sifol )

omrm0wDtrI;&Sad om ig;&mukeaf om t&d,molawmfaumif;wd-Yk
vnf; rD;dIUNrdKufcH&ojzifh aoausysufpD;Mu&\/ rm*@DtrI;&Sdaom
aqGawmfrsKd;awmfwdkYvnf; Oawerif;u jypf'Pfay;ojzifh aoaus
ysufpD;Mu&\/ xdkaoyGJESpfckwdkYudk taMumif;jyKum &[ef;awmfwdkY
tcsif;csif; "robif qkHpnf;cdkuf odkY aqG;aEG;rdMu\/ ]]tkyfpk
ESpftkyfpkwdkYwGif tb,folwdkYonf touf&SifolwdkY rnfMuoenf;?
tb,folwdkYonf aoolwdkYrnfMuoenf;}} odkY aqG;aEG;Mu\/
bk&m;&Sifonf w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;jyoawmfrl&ef "rmoeyvifxufodkY <uvmawmfrlNyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfwdkYtm; ]]rnfonfh taMumif;t&mudk aqG;aEG;um xdkifaeMuygoenf;}}[k bk&m;&Sifu
ar;jref;awmfrlvdkufaomtcg &[ef;awmfwdkYu aqG;aEG;Muonfh
taMumif;tjcif;t&mudk wifjyavsmufxm;awmfrlMu\/ xdktcg
bk&m;&Sifu ]]&[ef;wdkY ... tMuifolwdkYonfum; ukodkvfw&m;wdkY
arharhavsmah vsmh aexdik w

f wfMuuke\
f / xdo
k w
l o
Ykd nf ESpaf ygif;wpf&m
touf&SifaeMuaomfvnf; aoolwdkYom rnfMuukef\/ tMuifolwdkYum; ukodkvfw&m;wdkY rarhravsmh aexdkifMuukef\/ xdkolwdkYum;
aoukefaomfvnf; touf&SifolwdkYom rnfMuukef\/ xdkYaMumifh
rm*@Donf touf&iS af eaomfvnf; aoaeolom rnf\/ omrm0wD
trSL;&Sad om ig;&mukeaf om trsK;d orD;wdo
Yk nfum; aoukeaf omfvnf;
touf&SifaeolwdkYom rnfMuukef\/ &[ef;wdkY ukodkvfw&m;wdkY
rarhavsmo
h w
l u
Ydk m; raoolwo
Ydk m rnfMuuke\
f /}}[k a[mawmfrNl y;D aemuf atmufyg*gxmwdkYudk qufvufum a[mMum;awmfrl\/
tyrma'g trwy'H? yrma'g rpKaem y'H/
tyrwm e rD,Ed? a, yrwm ,xm rwm/
{0H 0daooawm wGm? tyrm'rSd y@dwm/
tyrma' yarm'Ed? t&d,meH a*gpa& &wm/
aw psm,daem omwwdum? edpH 'Vy&urm/
zkoEd "D&m edAmeH? a,m*aurH tEkw&H/
("ry'?ck?1?6/ *gxm?21?22-23/)
tyrma'g = 'ge oDv orx 0dyem tpjzmonfh ukodkvf

q,fck jrwfaumif;rI rarhavsmhjcif; = tyrm'w&m;onfum;/
trwy'H = rao&mtNrdKufedAmefodkY {uefxkwfacsmufa&mufjcif;\
taMumif;&if;ppf {uef jzpfygay\/ yrma'g = 'ge oDv orx
0dyem tpjzmonfh ukov
kd q
f ,fck jrwfaumif;rI arharhavsmah vsmh
ayghayghqq aexdik jf cif; yrm'w&m;onfum;/ rpKaem y'H = ok;H q,f-h
wpfEidk if H ydik pf pH ;kd eif; &Siaf orif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uef jzpfygay\/
tyrwm = 'ge oDv orx 0dyem tpjzmonfh ukodkvfq,fck
jrwfaumif;rI rarhavsmjh cif; tyrm'w&m; vufuikd x
f m;Muukeaf om
olwdkYonfum;/ e rD,Ed = raoonfh yk*dKvfwdkY rnfMuygayukef\/

a, = tMuifolwdkYum;/ yrwm = 'ge oDv orx 0dyem
tpjzmonfh ukodkvfq,fck jrwfaumif;rI arharhavsmhavsmh ayghaygh
qq aexdkifwwfMuygayukef\/ aw = xdkolwdkYfonfum;/ ,xm
rwm = aoolwdkY rnfMuygayukef\/
{0H = odv
Yk Qi/f y@dwm = ynm&So
d al wmfaumif;wdo
Yk nf/ 0daooawm = yrm'w&m; tyrm'w&m; ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;wdkY\ xl;axG
uGJjym;aMumif; oabmw&m;udk/ wGm = od&SdMuukefonfjzpf/
tyrm'rSd = tyrm'w&m;/ XwGm = &yfwnfMuukev
f su/f tyrma'
= tyrm'w&m;/ yarm'Ed = arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufawmfrlMuukef\/ t&d,meH = bk&m;tp&Sdukefaom t&d,mwum olawmfpGmwdkY\/ a*gpa& = owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wnf;[laom usufpm;&m
tmkH a*gp&/ &wm = arGUavsmaf ysmyf u
kd f ESpNf cKd uaf wmfrMl uavuke\
f /
aw = xdyk nm&So
d al wmfaumif;wdo
Yk nf/ psm,daem = tm&rPyl edZmepsmef vuPyl edZmepsmef wnf;[laom ESprf sK;d ukeaf om psmefwu
Ykd kd
tzefzef txyfxyf 0ifpm;Muukefvsuf/ omwwdum = pGJjrJaom
vkHYv0D&d,&Sd Muukefaom/ edpH = tjrJ/ 'Vy&urm = pGJpGJjrJjrJ cdkifcdkifcHhcHh
wpfqifhxufwpfqifh jrifhoxufjrifhatmif tqifhqifh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; ZGJvkHYv0D&d, &SdMuukefaom/ aw "D&m = xdkynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYonf/ a,m*aurH = a,m*av;yg;wdkY\ ukef&mjzpfaom/
tEkw&H = uJomvGefbd wkr&Sdaom/ edAmeH = udavomtylrD;wdkY\
tNidrf;BuD;Nidrf;&m tat;BuD;at;&mjzpfaom r[mtocFw"mwf
tNird ;f "mwf edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfu/kd zkoEd = zvormywfukd 0ifpm;vsuf t&d,zdkvfPfjzifh awGUxdqdkufa&mufMuavukef\/
= 'ge oDv orx 0dyemtpjzmonfh ukodkvfq,fck
jrwfaumif;rI rarhavsmjh cif; tyrm'w&m;onfum; rao&m tNrKd uf
edAm efoYkd {uefxw

k af csmuf a&mufjcif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uefjzpf\/
'ge oDv orx 0dyemtpjzmonfh ukov
kd q
f ,fck jrwfaumif;rI
arharhavsmhavsmh ayghayghqq aexdkifjcif; yrm'w&m;onfum;
okH;q,fhwpfEkdifiH ydkifpHpdk;eif; &Sifaorif;\ taMumif;&if;ppf {uef
jzpf\/ 'ge oDv orx 0dyemtpjzmonfh ukodkvfq,fck
jrwfaumif;rI rarhavsmhjcif; tyrm'w&m; vufudkifxm;vsuf
aexdik Mf uukeaf om olwo
Ykd nfum; raoolwYkd rnfMuuke\
f / tMuifolwo
Ykd nfum; 'ge oDv orx 0dyem tpjzmonfh ukov
kd q
f ,fck
jrwfaumif;rI arharhavsmah vsmh ayghayghqq aexdik Mf uuke\
f / xko
d w
l Ykd
onfum; aoolwdkY rnfMuukef\/
odkYvQif ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYonf yrm'w&m; tyrm'w&m; ESpfyg;wdkY\ xl;axGuGJjym;aMumif; oabmw&m;udk od&SdMuukefvsuf tyrm'w&m; &yfwnfMuum tyrm'w&m; arGUavsmaf ysm-f
ydu
k f ESpNf cKd uaf wmfrMl uuke\
f / bk&m; yapuAk'g t&d,mwum olawmfpGmwdkY\ usufpm;&mtmkHjzpfonfh owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wnf;[laom a*gp&tmkH arGUavsmfaysmfydkuf ESpfNcdKufawmfrlMuukef\/
xdyk nm&So
d al wmfaumif;wdo
Yk nf tm&rPyl edZmepsmef vuPyl edZmepsmefwnf;[laom ESpfrsKd;ukefaom psmefwdkYudk 0ifpm;awmfrlMuukek \
f / pGjJ raJ om vkv
YH 0D&,
d &Sad wmfrMl uuke\
f / a,mufsm;wd\
Yk ZGv
J v
YHk
0D&d, rdef;rjrwfwdkY\ ZGJvkHYv0D&d,jzifh a&mufEkdifonfh t&mXmeodkY
ra&mufrcsif; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif; vkHYv0D&d,\ &yfwefYoGm;jcif;
rnfonf r&Sad p&[k tjrrJ jywf pGjJ raJ om tqifq
h ifh BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwrf I
ZGv
J v
YHk 0D&,
d &Sd Muuke\
f / xdyk nm&Sw
d o
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Rrkef Ygapesifh: (Eyüd, Okwåef) (Eyüd, Okwåef) (Eyüd, Okwåef) (Eyüd, Okwåef) (Eyüd, Okwåef)

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rrkef;ygapESifh

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xdkomoemjyKc&D;wGif wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfawmfrlaom y0*D

uJhokdYaom pdwfaepdwfxm;rsKd;wdkYum; tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\

1/ tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;udk jyKwwfol

udpm "dukP;f / / (1) oHCmtm; yefMum; aqmif&u

jzpfayonf/ xdrk *if (8)yg;wdw

oDv-orm"d-ynm odumoHk;&yf tusihfjrwfwkdYudk jzLjzLpifpif

= pwkyg&dok'doDvESifhvnf; jynfhpHk r*fPf zdkvfPftjrifESifh

vnf; pHcsdefrD rjznfhusihfojzifh eD0&Pudavom tnpftaMu;wdkYrS

1/ trsufxGufwwf &efNidK;zGJUwwfaom &[ef;onf/ y /

taygif;wdkY csrf;omrJh&ef jzpf\? ewfvlwdkY tusKd;pD;yGm;rJh&ef qif;&J&ef

t&Sifa'0'wfonf bk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfodkY 0ifa&mufum

uspfpOf;vJjcif;udk y,fazsmufjcif;\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk rajymqdkwwfjcif;

rdrd xif&mS ;&Sad eaom tjypfukd zH;k vTr;f xm;jcif;oabmvuPm

xkaYd emuf &aoh tMujH zpfonfrmS --- ]]a&Tpif eduw

rm,myif jzpfonf/ odkYvQif y&d,m,frm,monf &aoh&[ef;

&[ef;tcsif;csif; waygif;wnf; aygif;pnf;rdzdkY&efvnf; rjzpfay/

'kut&d,opm --- oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum/ (oH?3?369/)

Oyg'geuEm --- tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom wPSm 'd|d

txufyg (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom

ww ,om ukovmukovurH t0daoaoe ork',opEd

0dnmPf emrfyk f oVm,we z a0'em-[laom tusK;d cEmig;yg;

txufyg ygVdawmf t|uxmwdEYk iS t

1/ avmuDr*opm trnf&onfh avmuDr*if (8)yg;

1/ twdwf tem*wf ypKye pf onfh (11)rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh

PfpOftwdkif; IyGm;cJhaomf &ifhusufvmaom 0dyemPfwdkY\

&[ef;awmfwpfyg;taejzifh avmukw&mw&m; udk;yg;wdkYudk

xdkuJhodkY udavom tmoa0gwdkY xlajymaeaom &[ef;awmfwdkY

9/ e y#dovmaem = wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH rudef;atmif; rarGUavsmfol

wnf; ur|mef;tmkH ude;f atmif;arGUavsmw

&[ef;wdkY ...avmukw&mw&m;udk;yg;onf 0da0uoHk;jzm

10/ y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; rjyKwwfol

ukd taMumif;cHum rax&f BuD;wkdYESifh y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum;ukd

1/ tjiif;yGm;rI = t"dukPf;ukd rjyKwwfol

[k olwpfyg;wdkYu odrSmudk tvdkr&Sd/ xufoefaom vHkYv0D&d,&Sdol

trSefudk ajymqdkjcif;jzifh atmifyJGMunfjzL tEdkif,l&m\/ ("ry'?46/)

(jzpfay:vmzd&Yk ef) taMumif;csKUd wJ\

odjrifrIonf jzpfay:vmzkdY&ef taMumif;jynfhpkH\/ [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm

9/ y#dovme = wpfyg;xD;wnf; ur|mef;tmkH udef;atmif;

10/ y#doEm& = taphtpyfpum; jyKwwfol

onfh olal X;orD;wpfO;D jzpfc\

vSL'gef;ylaZmfcGifhudk &&SdcJhMuavonf/ olaX;jzpfEkdifavmufonfh

um; a&S;b0xdkxdku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom aumif;rIukodkvf[laom

= ok;H rukef pGrJ ukeEf idk o

aemufykdif;wGif okreolaX;BuD;\ wkdufwGef;awmif;yefcsuft&

od&drmonfvnf; uRefrwkdYtMum;rS ajy;vmNyD;vQif a,mufcsKd

aom pdwfxm;rsKd;wnf;/ Ow&monf od&drm a'goxGufvmonfukd

a[mMum;awmfrltyfukef\/ ('D?2?42/ ck?1?41/)

a&S;OD;pGm arwmyGm;oifhaomyk*dKvf - ryGm;oifhaomyk*dKvf

2/ twdyd,o[m,u= tvGefcspfciftyfaom tazmfoli,fcsif;

= vdirf wlaom yk*Kd vf (yk*Kd vu

tzefwvJvJ atmufarhaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvftm; trsufa'goonf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkY a&S;OD;pGm

TefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD yd,*kbm0eD, = cspfcifav;pm;tyfaom q&morm;uJhokdYaom vdifwl yk*dKvfwpfOD;ukd tmkH,lum

1/ avmuDropm trnf&onfh avmuDrif (8)yg;

a&S;OD;pGm arwmyGm;oifhaomykdKvf - ryGm;oifhaomykdKvf

= vdirf wlaom ykKd vf (ykKd vu

tzefwvJvJ atmufarhaom a,mg0p&ykdKvftm; trsufa'goonf jzpfay:vmwwf\/ xdkYaMumifh yk*dKvfav;rsKd;wdkY a&S;OD;pGm

TefMum;csufrsm;ESifhtnD yd,kbm0eD, = cspfcifav;pm;tyfaom q&morm;uJhokdYaom vdifwl ykdKvfwpfOD;ukd tmkH,lum

3/ tvkd&SdcJhaomf oknw"mwfoabmtm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; -aum|mour|mef;onf a,mg0p&ykKd v\

4/ Mo'gwuodkPf; = tjzLa&mifuodkPf;y&durfudk jyKvkyfyGm;rsm;vdkaom a,mg0p&ykdKvfonf (u) tdk; jzpfap (c) oGm;

psmeftFgwkdYukd odrf;qnf;vkdaom a,mg0p&yk*dKvfonf

odkYvQif - wwd,psmefodkY qdkufa&mufNyD;aom a,mg0p&ykdKvfonf ,if;wwd,psmefudk 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif

yd,kbm0eD,ykdKvf ta,muf (20)cefY?

&efolykdKvf odkYr[kwf rkef;onfhykdKvfudk tmkH,lum arwmbm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;&m xko

2/ tw yd, rZw a0&D ykkdKvfav;rsKd;wdkY ykdKvftykdif;tjcm;