Introduction
Different programming idioms are reflected in different programming languages. Programming in an object-oriented (OOP) fashion has a solid foundation in a number of ideas. These ideas, which center on objects and classes, also include abstraction, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. All object-oriented programming languages, including Java, are among the most widely used and user-friendly. Any Java program that uses objects is an object-oriented program because it is based on the definition of one or more classes, the creation of objects from those classes, and the communication between the objects.
Procedural-Oriented Programming
- Traditional procedural-oriented languages like Fortran, Pascal, C, and Cobol have some limitations when it comes to recycling the parts from which they were created. A program is divided into several separate functional units by procedural programming, each of which is capable of gathering and manipulating data as necessary.
- Function-based procedural languages are more difficult to reuse than object- or class-based languages. It is difficult to copy a function from one application and use it in another since it almost certainly refers to other functions and global variables. Simply put, a function is not adequately encapsulated as a reusable, self-contained unit. Additionally, procedural programming languages lack a sufficient level of abstraction, making them unsuitable for tackling issues in the real world.
- The for loop, if-else expressions, methods, arrays, and pointers are a few examples of constructions used in C programming. All of these are low-level and difficult to abstract a real-world issue from, such as a CRM (customer relationship management) system or a computer football game. In essence, procedural languages isolate functions from variables (data structures) in conventional languages (the algorithms).
Object-Oriented Programming
- Contrarily, object-oriented programming divides a program into several separate data-oriented units or other conceptual units, each of which includes data and is capable of supporting a variety of functions. Developers were compelled to build code that is highly interconnected by procedural programming. These issues may be avoided with object-oriented programming, or OOP, as it is more often called. A class is the fundamental building block of object-oriented programming, and a class will contain both static properties and dynamic operations inside of a container, or "box." It also describes the public interface for using these boxes.
- The class is significantly simpler to reuse because it is well enclosed. In a nutshell, OOP encloses the data structures and algorithms that constitute a software entity. We may employ a much greater degree of abstraction using OOP languages, which enables us to address real-world issues. The procedural languages, such as Pascal and C, compel you to think in terms of the computer structure, such as bytes, memory, choices, loops, and arrays, rather than the issue that has to be addressed. In contrast, OOP languages, such as Java, let you think in terms of the problem space. They employ software objects that serve as representations of the things in the issue space and enable abstraction of those objects to arrive at a solution.
- Let's use writing a video game based on soccer as an illustration. Now, creating a game of this complexity using a procedural-oriented language would be challenging. It is significantly simpler when using an OOP language since the game may represent events according to real-world events that occur in the game. Your classes may, for instance, be:
- Player (A player's name, position on the field, number, etc. are their attributes, while their running, leaping, kicking the ball, and other actions are their operations). Reference, Field, Weather, and Audience More significantly, some classes, such as Ball or Audience, might be utilized in multiple applications, such as basketball games, without requiring much, if any, alteration.
The Benefits of Using OOP
Procedural-oriented languages focus on procedures, using a basic unit of a function to describe the way a user interacts with them. With Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), we focus our attention on the components perceived by the user using a simple unit of an object. The benefits of OOP include being able to reuse the same code repeatedly for different scenarios and making it easier to understand, test, and debug.
In conclusion, to briefly compare and contrast the two:
In procedural programming,
- Little tasks are created as functions.
- Communication is done by passing arguments
- Return values, and objects are designed and represented.
In object-oriented programming,
- relationships between objects are established
- Attributes are determined for each object.
- Behaviors are determined for each object.
- Objects are then created, and messages are given to them to utilize or alter their properties.