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SUNUŞ
Türklerde felsefe ve sosyal bilimler konusunu ele alan bir dosya hazırlamak uzun süredir
aklımızdaydı. Journal of Turkish Studies dergisinin 2012 sayısında misafir editör olmamız,
Eski Türk yazıtlarından günümüze, Türkçe yazılı kaynakları, eserleri göz önünde
bulunduran böylesi bir özel sayı hazırlamamız için fırsat oldu.
Dosyada toplam 26 yazı yer almakta, bunlardan 14’ü ilk, 12’si ikinci ciltte yer
almaktadır. Bu ciltlerde yer verilen yazılarda Türklerde hümanizm anlayışından
muhafazakârlığa; aydınlanmadan batılılaşmaya uzanan konular ele alınmıştır. Bir taraftan
da Türkiye’de felsefe eğitimi, bu eğitimin başlatıcıları, Takiyettin Mengüşoğlu’dan İoanna
Kuçuradi’ye felsefeciler; Hilmi Ziya’dan Behice Boran’a toplumbilimciler ve çalışmaları
değerlendirilmiştir.
İkinci cilt dosya dışı kimi yazıları, Türk edebiyatı ve dili ile ilgili yazıları içerir görünse
de, özellikle dil yazıları Türkçe yazılmış en eski felsefî kaynaklara değinmektedir. Eski
Uygurca Budist metinlerde yer alan “boşluk” kavramından Irk Bitig adıyla bilinen
“tavsiyeler” kitabına kadar uzanılmıştır.
Türklerin hayat felsefesi, dünyaya ve olaylara bakış tarzları şüphesiz Moğolistan’daki
en eski Türk yazıtları ile bilinir olmuştur. Bu yazıtları diktirenler birer devlet adamı,
savaşçı olsalar da bir yandan da bozkırın ruhu, sesidirler. Onlara göre Türk hakanı kendi
yurduna sahip çıkar, yudunun, topraklarının değerini bilirse halkı da kendisi de sıkıntısız
bir yaşam sürecektir. Demek ki insan elindekinin değerini bilecek, onu koruyacaktır: türk
kağan ötüken yış olursar ėlte buŋ yok “Türk hakanı Ötüken topraklarında/ormanlarında
hüküm sürerse memlekette sorun olmayacaktır.” (Kül Tėgin yazıtının güney yüzü, 3. satır).
Yine aynı yazıtın 7 ve 8. satırlarına göre, yerini yurdunu bırakır, uzaklara gidersen yok
olup gidersin, ölürsün.
Moğolistan’dan batıya, güneybatıya göç eden Uygurlar, Türkler burada Maniheizm,
Budizm gibi dinleri daha yakından tanımışlar, dünyaya da bu dinlerin bakış açısıyla bakar
olmuşlardır. Ancak bu döneme ait kayıtların büyük çoğunluğu Çinceden, Toharcadan
çeviri eserlere dayandığı için orijinal Türkçe eserlere nadiren rastlanır. Bu nadir eserlerden
birisinde, “gönlün/düşüncenin aslını anlatan kitap”ta yer alan “boşluk” kavramı burada yer
alan çalışmada ele alınmaktadır.
Budizmle paralel olarak İslamiyetle de tanışan Türkler, Oğuzlar, Karluklar 11. Yüzyılın
sonlarında iki önemli eser ortaya koymuşlardır. Birincisi ansiklopedik bir sözlük
niteliğinde olan Dîvânu Lugati’t-Turk, diğeri Kutadgu Bilig’dir. Her ikisi de yer verdikleri
deyimler, atasözleri ve başka kayıtlar ile yerleşik yaşamı tanımış olan bozkırlıların düşünce
tarzlarına ait çok kıymetli bilgiler verirler; Dîvân’dan: kuş kanatın er atın “Kuş kanadıyla
er atıyla”, yani “Kuş varmak istediği yere kanadıyla, insan ise amacına atıyla ulaşır”.
Orta Asya’dan Anadoluya uzanan yol, Türklere Arap, Avrupa düşünce tarzını tanıma
kapısını da açmıştır. Bir başka fırsatta bu ciltlerde değinilemeyen konuları ele alan yazılar
derlenecektir.
Cemal Güzel - Ankara / Mehmet Ölmez - İstanbul
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