Mongolian Etymological Dictionary

Andras  Rajki

There is an embarrassing error in the list of etymologies discussed. The Mongolian word said to be the equivalent of EAR is of course the word for NOSE, as correctly pointed out by S.A. Starostin in his rejoinder to this review.

1 Indian Lexicon: An introduction Discovering the language of India circa 3000 B.C. This is a comparative study of lexemes of all the languages of India (which may also be referred to, in a geographical/historical phrase, as the Indian linguistic area). This lexicon seeks to establish a semantic concordance, across the languages or numraire facile of the Indian linguistic area: from Brahui to Santali to Bengali, from Kashmiri to Mundarica to Sinhalese, from Marathi to Hindi to Nepali, from Sindhi or Punjabi or Urdu to Tamil. A semantic structure binds the languages of India, which may have diverged morphologically or phonologically as evidenced in the oral tradition of Vedic texts, or epigraphy, literary works or lexicons of the historical periods. This lexicon, therefore, goes beyond, the commonly held belief of an Indo-European language and is anchored on proto-Indian sememes. The work covers over 8,000 semantic clusters which span and bind the Indian languages. The basic finding is that thousands of terms of the Vedas, the Munda languages (e.g., Santali, Mundarica, Sora), the so-called Dravidian languages and the so-called Indo-Aryan languages have common roots. This belies the received wisdom of cleavage between, for example, the Dravidian or Munda and the Aryan languages. The lexicon seeks to establish an areal 'Indian' language type, by establishing semantic concordance among the so-called Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Munda languages. The area spanned is a geographical region bounded by the Indian ocean on the south and the mountain ranges which insulate it from other regions of the Asian continent on the north, east and west. This lexicon is a tribute to the brilliant work done by etymologists and scholars of Indian linguistics, and to a number of scholars who have contributed to unravelling the enigma of the Indus (Sarasvati-Sindhu) Script and to the study of ancient Indian science and technology.

Version 1.1 2,000 words MONGOLIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY compiled by András Rajki 2006 – 2009 A aadar : shower [OM aghadar] aag : strength [OM aghag and auga, Kal uuga, cp. Eve avgara health, and < *ag-, cp. Kyr ugut ferment, Jap aku lye] aalz : spider zool [OM *aghaldin < araghaldin < *par- weave, cp. Tur ari bee, Kyr aari, OT *arigh; see eereh] aarts : cheese [OM agharti < *aghar-] aaruul : cheese [OM *aghar-, cp. OT *abhir-] aash : character [OM aghasi] aav : father [see av] aazhim : slow [OM aghadim] ach : grandchild [OM ati, cp. OT *achi nephew] ach : favor, service [OM ati < *pati] achih : load [OM ati- < *arti-, cp. Tur art- increase, Kyr art- load, OT *art-] adag : end [OM adag < *padag, cp. Tur ayak foot, Kyr ayak, OT *adhak, Man fatan sole and ura hips, Kor padak, Jap ura back] adayr : plank [OM adaghir < *pad-, cp. Tur ayri separate, Kyr ayri- distinguish, OT *adhir, Man fadiran wall] adil : equal [OM adali] adis : blessing [Skt adhistana] aduu : stud [OM adaghu, cp. Tur at horse, Kyr at, OT *at, or Tur ayi bear, Kyr ayuu, Tuv adig, OT *adigh, Man adun herd, Eve avdu cattle] aduus : animal [OM adaghusun; see aduu] agaar : air [cp. Tuv agaar] agsam : fierce [OM agsum, cp. Kyr aksim troublemaker] agshin : moment [OM agsin, Skt kshana] agt : castrated horse [OM agta, Per akhte castrated] aguu : big [OM agu] aguulah : contain, store [OM agul-] aguy : cave [OM aguy] ah : brother [OM aqa, cp. Tur agha master, Kyr aga brother, Man ahon, Eve akin] ahar : short [OM aqar] alag : variegated [cp. Tur ala, Kyr ala, OT ala] alah : kill [OM ala-] alba : duty [OM alban] alchuur : cloth [OM altighur < *ariti- < *ari-; see ariun] ald : fathom [OM alda] aldah : lose [OM alda-, cp. Tur alik stupid, dumb, Kyr alagdi absent-minded, Jap oroka foolish] aldar : name [OM aldar reputation, cp. Tuv aldar honor] alga : palm [OM alagan < *palagan, Mgr halga, cp. Kyr alakan, Man falanggu, Kor pal arm] alh : hammer [OM aluqa < *paluqa, cp. Kyr balka, Man folgo, Eve halka, Gre pelekys axe, Akkad pilakku] alhah : step [OM alqu- < *al- < *pal-, cp. Tur as- cross, exceed, Kyr ash-, OT *al, Eve halgan foot, Kor pal, Jap hashiru run, hashi bridge] ali : which [OM ali] alim : apple [cp. Tur elma, Kyr alma] almas : diamond [cp. Tur elmas, Kyr almaz, Gre adamas] als : far away [OM alus < *al-, cp. Kyr alis; see alhah] alt : gold [OM altan < *paltan, Mgr haltan, cp. Tur altin, Kyr altin, Man aisin] am : mouth [OM aman < *am-, cp. Tur aghiz, Man angga, Eve amnga, Jap ago jaw] amar : easy, quiet [OM amur < *amu- < *pamu-, Mgr hamar-, cp. Eve aa- sleep] amgalan : peaceful, quiet [OM amugulan < *amu-; see amar] ami : life [OM amin, cp. Tuv ami-, Skt athman soul] amrag : friend, lover [OM amurag < *amu-; see amar] amrah : relax [OM amura- < *amu-; see amar] amsah : taste, try [OM amsa- < *am-; see am] amt : taste [OM amtan < *am-, cp. Tuv amdan, Man amtan, Eve amta, Kor mas, Jap umai tasty; see am] amuu : corn [OM amu] amzhih : reach, attain [OM amdi-] an : hunt, game [OM ang, cp. Kyr ang] an : crack [OM ang hole, cp. Kyr ang, Eve anga- open, Jap ana cave] anah : heal [OM ana-] anar : pomegranate [cp. Kyr anar, Per anar] andgay : oath [OM anda friend, cp. Tur ant oath, Kyr ant] angal : crack [OM annga hole; see an] angayh : open wide [OM annga-; see an] angi : class anh : at first [OM angqan origin, cp. Tur en most, Kyr eng] anhaarah : observe [OM angqar-] anih : close [OM ani-] anzhis : plough [OM andisun and andasun and andasqa, cp. Man andia] ar : back [cp. Tur arka, Kyr arka, Jap ato behind] araa : back-tooth [OM aragha fang < *paragha, cp. Tur azi molar, Kyr azuu, OT azigh, Man argan, Jap ira thorn] araatan : predator [OM araghatan; see araa] arag : basket [OM arug < *par- plait, weave, cp. Man farangga gabled barn] aral : island [cp. Kyr aral, Tur ara interval, Kyr ara, OT ara, Jap awai and Tur orta middle, Kyrgryz orto center] aral : beam [OM aral < *paral, cp. Man fara sled, Kor palko] arav : ten num [OM arbhan < *parbhan, Dag harab, Mgr harwan] aray : a little [cp. Tur az, Kyr az, OT *ar, Eve aran] archih : clean [OM arti- < *ariti- < *ari-; see ariun] archlah : take care [OM aratila-] ard : people [OM arad, pl. of aran] arga : way, mean; trick [cp. Kyr arga dexterity] argal : dry dung [OM argal and argasun < *parga-, cp. Man fajan excrement] argali : mountain sheep zool [cp. OT arqar] argamzh : cord [OM argamdi < *par- weave] arhi : wine [OM araki, cp. Kyr arak liquor, Man arki, Eve araki, Ara 'araq, Jap sake] arilah : disappear [OM arila- and arula- get behind < ar; see ar] arilzhih : exchange [OM araldi-] aris : skin, hide [OM arisun] ariun : pure [OM arighun < *ari-, cp. Tur ari, OT arigh, Jap arau wash] arshaan : mineral water [cp. Skt rasayana] arslan : lion zool [cp. Tur aslan, Man arsalan] arts : juniper bot [cp. Tur ardic, OT *artuch, Kyr archa; see ariun] arvay : barley bot [cp. Tur arpa, Kyr arpa, OT arpa, Man arfa, Jap awa millet] arvin : rich, abundant [OM arbhin, cp. Kyr arbhin much, Eve albin wide, Kor nalbun] asah : burn [OM asa-, cp. Tur as- cook] asah : climb [OM asa-, cp. Tur as- hang up] asar : tent [OM asari, cp. Man asari] asar : exceedingly [OM asuru, cp. Man asuru] asgah : pour, shed [OM asga- and asqa-] ashig : profit [OM asig, cp. Man aisi; see asah] asrah : take care, survey [OM asara-, cp. Kyr asira- bring up] asuuh : ask [OM asaghu-] at : castrated camel [OM atan] ataa : envy [OM ataghan < *pataghan, Dag hata-] atar : field [OM atar < *patar, cp. Jap hata, Kor pat] atga : handful [OM adgu < *padqu, Dagur hatku, cp. Man fatha, Kor padak palm] ats : fork [OM ati, cp. Kyr acha] augaa : huge av : father [OM abha, cp. OT aba, Kor abaji] av : hunt [OM abha, cp. Tur av, OT ab, Man aba] avah : take [OM abhu-, cp. Tur avuc handful, Man afu- seize] avdar : box [OM abhdar] avgay : wife [OM abhagay] avirah : climb [OM abhuri-] aviyaas : talent [Skt abhyasa] avraga : giant [OM abharaga] avrah : rescue [OM abhura-] aya : melody [OM aya and ayalgu] ayaa : comfort [OM ayi goodness, cp. Eve aya good] ayaar : slow [OM ayighar; see ayaa] ayag : cup, bowl [OM ayaga < *payaga, cp. Kyr ayak] ayan : trip [OM ayang] ayanga : thunderclap [OM ayungga, cp. Kot ayak thunder] ayas : circumstance [OM ayas < aya; see aya] ayh : fear [OM ayu-] ayl : settlement, neighborhood [OM ayil < *paghil, cp. Tur aghil corral, Kyr ayil village, OT *aghil, Man falka quarter] aylchin : guest [OM ayiltin < ayil, cp. Tuv aylchi; see ayl, giychin] aymag : clan [OM ayimag, cp. OT *aymak, Man ayman tribe] aymhay : shy [OM ayimu- < ayu-; see ayh] ayrag : sour milk [OM ayirag < *ayiran, cp. Tur ayran, Kyr ayran, OT *ayran] ayuul : danger [OM ayughul < ayu- fear; see ayh] azgara : stallion zool [OM adirga, cp. Tur aygir, Kyr aygir, OT *adhgir] azh : existence [OM adi < a- be] azhih : notice [OM adi- < *pad-; see adayr] azhil : work [OM adil, cp. Tuv azhil] B ba : and [cp. Ara wa] baa : penalty, fine [Chi fa law] baadan : kerchief baah : shit [OM bagha-] baahan : quite a bit [OM baghaqan < baga; see baga] baas : excrement [OM baghasun] baasan : Friday [Tib pasang Venus] baatar : hero [OM baghatur, cp. Kyr baatir, OT *baghatir, Per bahador] baavgay : bear zool bachim : quick [OM batim, cp. Kyr bachim, OT *bat] badgana : disease [Tib bad-kan spittle] badma : lotus bot [Tib pad-ma, Skt padma] badrah : inflame [OM badara- expand] bag : division [OM bag, cp. Tur bagh connection] baga : small [OM baga] bagalzuur : throat [OM bagaldighur < *baga- and baqalaghur < *baqa-, cp. Tur boghaz, OT *boghaz, Jap fukumu hold in mouth, Kor mok neck; see booh] bagana : pillar [cp. Kyr bakan pole] baglah : bind, connect [OM bagla- < *bag-, cp. Tur baghla-] bagsh : teacher [cp. Kyr bakshi quack, Chi bokshi doctor (Mandarin boshi)] bagtah : find place, match [OM bagta-] bagts : bundle [OM bagtiya < *bag-] bah : happiness [OM baqa, cp. Kyr bak] bah : toad zool [cp. Tur bagha, Kyr baka] bal : honey [cp. Tur bal, Kyr bal, OT *mal, SJap mitsu, SKor mil, Chi mit (Mandarin mi)] bal : mine balar : dumb, illiterate [OM balayir < balay; see balay] balay : blind [cp. Man balu, Eve bali, Kor malda be blind] balchig : mud [OM baltig, cp. Tur balcik clay, Kyr balchik, OT *balchik] balgah : gulp, swallow [OM balgu-] balgas : city [OM balagasun, cp. OT *balik, Man falga village] bansh : pastry filled with meat banz : bench [Chi banji plank] bar : printing plate [Tib par, Chi ban] bar : tiger zool [cp. Tuv par; see bars] baraa : goods [OM baragha] barah : cease [OM bara-, cp. Tur var- arrive, Kyr bar- go, OT *bar-] bardam : proud [OM bardam boasting] barih : hold [OM bari-, cp. Tur parmak finger, Kyr barmak, OT *barmak] bars : tiger zool [cp. Tur pars leopard, OT *bars, Gre pardos leopard; see irves] baruun : right-hand ["where the sun sets", OM baraghun < *bara-, cp. Tuv bariin west; see barah] bas : also [OM basa] bat : firm [OM batu] batgana : fly zool [OM batagana] bay : goal [OM bayi] bayan : rich [OM baya-, cp. Kyr bay, OT bay, Man bayan, Eve bayan] bayar : joy, feast [cp. Tuv bayir greeting, Tur bayram feast] bayh : be [OM bayi-, cp. Man ba place, Eve bi- be] bayldah : fight [OM bayildu- < bayi; see bay] bayshin : house [OM bayising, Chi] bayvan : vitriol [Chi] bazaah : supply [OM badigha-] bazah : press [OM badi-] beeliy : glove [OM begheley, cp. Kyr meeley] beer : pus [OM beghere] beereh : freeze [OM beghere-, cp. Man beye-] beh : ink [Chi mok (Mandarin mo, dial. mek)] beh : firm [OM beki, cp. Kyr bek] bel : belt [cp. Tur bel waist, Kyr bel] bel : slope [cp. Kyr bel mountain pass] beleg : sign [cp. Tur belge document, Kyr belgi sign] beleg : present, gift [cp. Kyr belek, Man belek] belen : ready [cp. Kyr belen, Man beleni] belhüüs : hip [OM belkeghüsün; see bel] ber : in-law [OM beri] bergen : in-law [-gen "relative suffix"; cp. Man berhu; see ber] berh : difficult [OM berke, cp. Tur berk solid, Eve berke bold] bi : I ppron [cp. Tur ben, Man bi, Eve bi] bich : monkey [OM betin from Sogdian, cp. Per buzine, Gre pithon and pithekos] bichih : write [OM *biti-, Tuv bizhik letter, Man bithe script and fi writing brush, Kor pus, Tib pir, Jap fude, Chi bit (Mandarin bi)] bid : we ppron [OM bid, pl. of bi, cp. Tur biz, Kyr biz, Man be, Eve bu; see bi] bider : strip [cp. Man bederi] bilchih : pasture [OM bilti-; see bilchir] bilchir : estuary [OM biltir] bilig : talent [OM bilig knowledge, cp. Tur bilgi from bil- know] bilüü : whetstone [OM bileghü, cp. Tur bileghi] bish : not [OM bisi] bitüü : firm [OM biteghü closed < bite- stop] biye : body; self [OM beye, cp. Man beye, Eve beye man, Kor p'ya bone, Jap hone, OJ pone] bod : body [OM boda, cp. Tur boy size, stature, Kyr boy, OT bod] bodoh : think [OM bodu-, cp. Tuv boda-, Man bodo-] bogino : short [OM bogani] bogd : holy man [OM bogda] bohir : dirty [OM bokir, cp. Jap hokori dust] bold : steel [OM bolad, cp. Kyr bolot, Per polad] bolgoh : make [OM bolga- < bol-; see boloh] bolgon : each [OM bolgan < bol-; see boloh] bolgoomzh : caution [OM bolgumdi < bolgu- be cautious] bolih : cease [OM boli-, cp. Kyr biltir last year, Jap horobiru be ruined, perish, OJ porobi-] boloh : become [OM bol-, cp. Kyr bol-] bolor : quartz [OM bolur crystal, Per bolur, Gre beryllion] booh : tie, wrap; bar [OM boghu-, cp. Tur bogh- strangle and boghul- choke, Kyr bu- tie, OT bogh, Man fodo-, Eve bu- die] bool : slave [OM boghul; see booh] boortsog : pastry [OM boghursag, Chi] boov : pastry [OM bobhu, Chi bobo] bor : gray [cp. Tuv bora, Tur boz, Kyr boz, OT *boz, Man boro] boroo : rain [OM borughan whirlwind, cp. Tur bora storm, Kyr boroon snowstorm, Kor pora, Jap furu fall, OJ puru, Gre boreas north] borzhin : granite bosgo : threshold [OM bosuga, cp. Kyr bosogo] bosoh : rise [OM bos-] botgo : young camel zool [OM botugun, cp. Kyr boto] boyzhih : grow [see bod] bödnö : quail zool [OM bödüne, cp. Kyr bödönö] böglöh : stop [OM bögle- < *bög-, cp. Kyr bögöö dam, OT *bög-, Man bohi- tie up, Eve book- stop] bögzh : ring, hoop [OM bögedi] böh : wrestler [OM böke; see beh] böh : hump [OM bökün, cp. Tur bük- bend, Kyr bökchöy- stoop, bük- bend, OT *bük-] böhiyh : dive [OM böki-] bölzhirgönö : a berry bot [OM böldirgene; see zhimsgene] bömbög : bomb [OM bömbügen ball] bömbör : drum [OM bömbür] böö : shaman [OM böghe, cp. Tur büyü witchcraft, magic, OT *büghü] böölzhih : vomit [OM bögheldi-] bööm : ball [OM böghem < *bögherme; see böör] böör : kidney anat [OM böghere < *bögher round, cp. Tur böbrek, Kyr böyrök, OT *bögür-] böörölzgönö : raspberry bot [OM bögheldirgene < *bögher-dirgene; see böör, zhimsgene] böös : louse zool [OM böghesün, cp. Tur bit, Kyr bit, OT bit and büghe big spider] bös : cloth, fabric [cp. Tuv pös, Tur bez, Ara buss and bazz, Gre byssos, Chi bu] budaa : porridge [OM budaghan, cp. Kyr botko, Man buda] budah : paint [OM buda-, cp. Tur boya-, Kyr boyo-, OT boda-] budan : fog [OM budang and budun] buga : deer zool [OM bugu, cp. Kyr bugu, OT *bugu] buguyl : noose [cp. Jap waku frame; see buguyvch] buguyvch : bracelet [OM bugu, Kal buguupchi, cp. Tur bukaghi fetters, OT *bukaghu] buh : bull zool [cp. Tur bogha, Kyr buka, OT *buka, Man buka] buhaar : raw hide [from Bukhara] bulaah : grab [OM buli- rob, cp. Eve buleen enemy] bulag : spring, source [cp. Tur bulak, Kyr bulak, OT *bula spring forth] bulan : corner; gulf [OM bulung, cp. Kyr bulung, OT *bulung] bulay : disgusting [OM bulay and bulanggir dirty, cp. Tur bula- stir up, Kyr bulganch dirty, OT *bulka] bulchin : muscle anat [OM bulting, cp. Kyr bulchung, OT *bulchung] bulchirhay : lymph, gland anat [OM bultir and buldir] bulga : sable zool [OM bulagan] buligaar : leather [from Bulgaria, cp. Kyr bulgaari, OT *bulghar] bum : hundred thousand num [Tib 'bum] bumba : urn [Tib bum-pa] burgaas : willow bot [OM buraga, cp. Man burgas forest] burhan : Buddha [OM burqan, OT *burhan, Chi fut (Mandarin fo), Skt Buddha] burtag : dirt [OM burtag] buruu : wrong; left [OM burughu, cp. Tur bur- twist, Kyr bur- turn, OT *bur] burzhiylgah : make curly [OM burdi-, cp. Kyr murut moustache, OT *burut < *bur; see buruu] bus : not [cp. Tur bos empty, Kyr bosh, Chi bu not] bus : another [OM busu] bushuu : quick [OM busighu] butrah : get ruined, crushed [OM butur-] butsah : return [OM buti-, cp. Man mita-, Eve muchu-] buu : rifle [Chi pao gun] buuday : wheat bot [cp. Tur bughday, Kyr buuday, Jap mugi, Kor mil, SJap baku] buuh : get off [OM baghu-] buur : male camel zool [OM bughura] buural : white-haired [OM bughurul, cp. Man burulu] buuz : paté [Chi] buyan : good deed [Skt punya merit] buyuu : or [OM buyu] buzhgir : curly [OM budigir, cp. Tur biyik moustache, OT bidiq, Jap hige beard] büdüün : thick, solid [OM bidüghün, cp. Tur büyük big, Kyr biyik high, OT büdüq, Man bedun] bügd : all [OM bügüd, pl. of bügü, cp. Kyr bügü] büh : all [OM bükün] bül : family [OM büle] büleen : lukewarm [OM bülighen] büleg : chapter, group [OM böleg, cp. Tur böl- divide, Kyr böl-, Kor muri herd, Jap mure crowd] büleh : churn [cp. OT *pish- < *pil-] bür : each [OM büri, cp. Tur bir one, Kyr bir, OT bir] büreg : dark [OM bürüg] büreh : wrap [cp. Tur bürü-, Kyr bürkök cloudy, börk cap, OT *bür-, Jap fuku cover] bürged : eagle zool [OM bürgüd, cp. Kyr bürküt] büs : belt [OM büse, cp. Eve buse] büteh : finish, complete [OM büte- < *büt-, cp. Tur bit- end, Kyr büt-] büten : whole [OM bütün < *büt-, cp. Tur bütün, Kyr bütün; see büteh] büü : not [cp. Kor mo] büzhig : dance [OM büdi-, cp. Kyr biy, OT *bid-] byalduuch : flatterer [OM bildaghuti] byalhah : overflow [OM bilka-] byalzhig : ring [cp. Tur bilezik bracelet, Kyr bilerik and bilek forearm, Tur bilek wrist, Eve bilen] byamba : Saturday [OM bimba, Skt bimba Saturn, Tib spenpa] byar : power [OM bira] byaruu : calf [OM biraghu, cp. Tur buzaghi, Kyr muzoo, Eve beeru sheep] byasaa : bedbug [OM bisa, Chi] byaslag : cheese [OM bisalag < basilag, cp. Tur pis- cook, Kyr bish- ripen, Tuv bishtak cheese] byatsahan : tiny [OM bitiken and bitiqan] C chadah : be able [OM tida, cp. Tur tetik sly, clever] chagnah : hear, listen [OM tigna- < *ting-, cp. Tur dinle-, Kyr tingsha-, OT *tingla, Chi ting] cham : you ppron [OM tima; see chi] chamar : oily flour [OM timar] chanah : cook [OM tina- < *tin-, cp. Tur tin spirit, Kyr tinch calm, OT *tin] chanar : nature, quality [OM tinar < *tin-; see chanah] chand : hard [OM tingda < ting; see changa] chandaga : rabbit [OM tindagan] changa : loud [OM tinga firm < ting, cp. Kyr ting, OT *ting, Chi tang] chantuu : Uzbek charmayh : make efforts [OM tirmay-] chavgants : nun [OM sibaguntia from Sogdian] chemodan : suitcase [Russian chemodan] chernil : ink [Russian chernila] chi : you ppron [OM ti] chichih : perforate, sting [OM titi- < *tit-, cp. Tur dit- card, Kyr tit- rend, OT *tit-] chig : direction [OM tig, cp. Tur dik straight, Kyr tik, OT *tik] chigchiy : little finger [OM tigtighey] chih : ear anat [OM tiken, cp. OT cikin nape, Man cikin rim] chiheh : stuff, push in [OM tike-, cp. Tur tika- insert] chiher : sugar [OM sikir, cp. Tur seker, Kyr sheker, Per shekar] chiliyh : take time [OM tiliyi- stretch] chimchigneh : burn, ache [OM timti- pinch; see chimheh] chimee : noise [OM timeghen] chimeg : decoration [OM timeg] chimheh : pinch [OM timki- < *tim-, cp. Tur cimdik, Kyr chimchi-, OT *tim-] chinee : force [OM tineghen < ting; see changa] chinzhaal : dagger chireh : drag [OM tir-, cp. Tur ciz- line] chirgüül : trailer [OM tirgeghül sled] chischüü : silk [OM tistiyü] chiv : penis [OM tibhe, cp. Tur civi peg] chiyg : moisture [OM tighig < *tigh-, cp. Tur ciy dew, Kyr chik moisture, OT *tigh, Kor chuk wet] chiyreg : strong [OM tighirag < *tigh < ting, cp. OT *tighra be strong, Jap chikara strength, OJ tikara; see changa] chono : wolf [OM tinua, cp. Tabgach *chino (ch'i-nu) (Doerfer 1992, 45)] chölöö : gap; freedom, leisure [OM tilüghen < *til-, cp. Tur dilim slice, Kyr tilik, OT *til-] chömög : marrow [OM timügen] chötrög : devil [OM tidkür] chudenz : matches [Chi] chuhal : important [OM tiqula] chuluu : stone [OM tilaghu < *talighu < *tal-, cp. Tur tas, Kyr tash, OT *tal, Eve diolo, Kor tool, Paekche *turak (Lee 1977, 41)] D daaga : foal zool [OM daghagan, Kyr zhabhagi, OT *yapak] daah : endure [OM dagha- < *dapha-; see zaah] daarah : freeze [OM daghara-] daavuu : woollen fabric [OM dabhu, Chi chiwu woven fabric, or OM *daghabhu < *dapha-, cp. Tur yapaghi] dadah : get accustomed [OM dadu-, cp. Man taci- teach, Eve tati- learn] dagah : follow [OM daga-, cp. Tur yakin near, Kyr zhakin, Eve daga] dah : fur coat [OM daqu, cp. OT *yaki] dahih : repeat [OM daki-, cp. Tur daha again, Kyr dagi] dal : seventy num [OM dalan < *dolughan-on; see doloo] dal : shoulderblade [OM dalu, cp. Tur dal shoulder, Kyr dali shoulderblade; see del] dalay : sea [OM dalay < *dal-, cp. Tuv dalay, OT *talay, or Tur dal- sink, OT tal-, Per darya, Gre thalassa] dalayh : swing [OM dalayi- < *dal-; see dallah] dald : hidden [OM dalda < *dal-, cp. Kyr dalda shelter, Tur yasmak veil, Tuv chash- hide, OT *yash < *yal] dalbaa : flag, sail [OM dalbagha < dalba- be flat, cp. Tur yalpik flat, Kygryz zhalpak and zhalbirak leaf, Tuv chalbak flat, OT *yalpa-] dali : wing [see dal] dalim : occasion dallah : wave [OM dalal- < *dal-] damzhih : cross [OM damdi-] dan : simple [OM dang, cp. Tur yalin, Kyr zhalang only, OT *yalang, or Tur yalniz alone, OT *yalangiz, or Kyr zhalgiz, Tuv changgis and chanagas naked, OT *yangiz] dandaa : always [see dan] danh : tea-kettle [OM dangqa, Chi] dans : book [Chi danji list] daraa : after [OM daragha, cp. Tuv daraa-, Tur yarin tomorrow, Eve daran by] darah : press [OM daru-] darga : leader [OM daruga, cp. OT *yarghan] darhan : craftsman [OM darqan, cp. OT *tarqan] dari : gunpowder [cp. Kyr dari medicine, gunpowder, Per daru] dars : wine [OM darasun] dasah : get accustomed [OM dasu-; see dadah] davaa : Monday [Tib zlaba moon] davah : climb over, pass a mountain, win [OM dabha-, cp. Eve dav- win, Jap yama mountain] davhar : floor [OM dabhqar] davirhay : tar [OM dabhirqay resin] davs : salt [OM dabhusun, cp. Tur tuz, Kyr tuz, Tuv dus, Man dabsu, Eve turuke, Kit da…su (tao-ssǔ) (Doerfer 1992, 47)] davshih : proceed [OM dabhsi- climb] davtah : forge, hammer [OM dabhta- < *dabh, Kal daptaha] davtah : repeat, increase [OM dabhta- < *dabh, Kal daptaha] dayan : quite daylah : be host [OM dayla-] dayn : war [OM dayin, cp. Tuv dayin, Man dain, Tur yaghilas- be an enemy, Kyr zhoo enemy, Tuv chaa war, OT *yaghi, Chi di-ren enemy] dayrah : hit [OM daghari-, cp. OT *yabhir-, Man dari-] daysan : enemy [OM dayisun, cp. Tuv dayzin, see dayn] ded : deputy, candidate [OM ded] deel : coat [OM deghel and debhel] deed : upper; best [OM deghede < deghe; see deer] deer : above [OM deghere < deghe, cp. Tuv deer sky, Tur yegh better, OT *yegh, Man dergi above, Eve deg- fly] deerem : robbery [OM degherme] dees : rope [OM deghesün] deesh : over [OM deghesi < deghe; see deer] deever : roof [OM deghebhür < deghe; see deer] deezh : trial [OM deghedi first bite] degdeh : go up [OM degde- < deghe; see deer] degleh : arrange, put in order deh : be somewhere del : mane; ridge [cp. Tur yele, Kyr zhal, Kor thol hair] delbeleh : burst [OM delbele-] delen : udder [OM deleng, cp. Kyr zhelin, OT *yelin] delgeh : expand [OM delge- < del extended, cp. Tuv delgem wide, Jap taru suffice] delseh : beat [OM delse-] delüü : spleen [OM delighün < *del-, cp. Tur dalak, OT *tal, Man delihun, Kor chira] demiy : in vain [OM demey] demzhih : support [OM demdi-] den : lamp [OM deng, Chi deng] dendüü : too much [OM dendeghü confused < dendü- confuse] dens : balance [cp. Tuv dengzi weight, Chi dengji scales] denzh : terrace [OM dendi] der : cushion [OM deren] des : second [OM des] deveh : swing [OM debhi- flutter, cp. OT yep-, Man debsi- hover, Eve deve-, Jap yuru swing] devseh : trample [OM debhse-] devseh : cover [OM debhis- spread] devteh : soak [OM debhte-, Kal deptehe] devter : note-book [Kal depter, cp. Tur defter, Kyr depter, Per defter] devüür : fan [see deveh] divaazhin : paradise [Tib bde-ba-chan] diyleh : win, defeat [OM deyil- or *degheyil- < deghe, cp. Tuv tiyle-, Tur yen-, Kyr zheng-, OT *yeng-; see deer] diyz : saucer [Chi dieji] dogolon : lame [OM dogulang, cp. Man doholon] dogshin : fiery [OM dogsin] dohih : signal [OM doki-] dohiur : drumstick [OM dokighur, cp. Kyr tokmok mallet, OT *toqmaq] dolgio : wave [OM dolgiyan, cp. Tur dalga, Kyr tolkun] doloo : seven num [OM dolughan < dolugha-, cp. Kit *dol (Ching-geltei 2002, 107), Kor ilgop; see dolooh] dolooh : lick [OM dolugha-, cp. Tur yala-, Kyr zhala-, OT yalgha-, Eve dala-] doloovor : index finger [OM dolughabhuri < dolugha-; see dolooh] domog : legend [OM domag, cp. OT *yumaq] dongodoh : call [OM donggud-] donsolgoh : shatter doosh : lower [OM doghosi < *dorghosi < dora; see dor] dor : down [OM dora] dorgih : shake [OM dorgi-] dorgo : badger [OM dorogon] dosh : mound [OM dosi, cp. OT *tosh ice-block] doshgin : fiery [see dogshin] dotor : inside [OM dotur, Don sutor-, cp. Man do] dov : hillock [OM dobhu, cp. Tur tepe hill, Kyr töbhö and döbhö] dovtloh : gallop; attack [OM dobhtul-, Kal doptlehe] döch : forty num [OM dötin < *dörbhen-on, cp. Man dehi; see döröv] döhöh : approach [OM döki- < *dö-; see döte] döhöm : use döl : flame [cp. Man deiji- burn] dölgöön : quiet [OM dölügen, cp. Eve dulu-] dömög : hardly [OM dömü- < *dö-; see döt] döngözh : even, straight döröö : stirrup [OM dörüghe < *dör-, cp. Tur üzengi, Kyr üzönggü, and Tur yüzük ring, OT *yüz- < *yür-, Eve duriki] döröv : four num [OM dörbhen, cp. Tur dört, Man duin, Eve dügin, Kit *dur (Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Jap yo, Kor nes] dösh : anvil [OM dösi, cp. Kyr döshü] döt : near [OM döte < *dö-] dugaar : number duguy : circle [OM dugu- turn around, cp. Tuv duguy wheel] duh : forehead [OM duqu, cp. Kyr tokol hornless] dulaan : warm [OM dulaghan, cp. Tur ilik lukewarm, Kyr zhiluu warm, OT *yilu, Jap yu hot water] dun : conch, shell [OM dung, Tib dung] dund : middle [cp. OM dumd, pl. of *dum, Kit *dauan-u, Dag duanda (Doerfer 1992, 49), Chi chung] dur : will, love [OM dura, cp. Tuv tura, Man doron law] duran : binoculars [cp. Tur dürbün, Kyr dürbhü, Tib dur-bin, Per durbin] durdan : silk [Chi] dursah : remember [OM durasa- wish] dusah : drip [OM dusa-] dutah : fail [OM duta-] duu : sound; song [OM daghu, cp. Eve davla- sing] duulah : hear [cp. Man donji-, Eve dold-] duusah : end [OM daghusa-, cp. OT taghus-] düliy : deaf [cp. Kyr dülöy, Tuv düley] dünchüür : hundred million num [Tib dung-'phyur] dür : form [OM düri, cp. Kyr tüs hue, OT *tüs, Man dere, Eve dere, Jap iro hue; see züs] dürem : order, statute [OM dürim] dürs : figure [OM dürisün] düü : younger brother [OM deghü, cp. Tur yavru young, Man deberen chick] düüleh : hop düüreh : be full [OM düghür-, Kyr tigiz compact, OT *tügüz] E echnee : remote, absent ed : thing [OM ed] edgeer : these edgeh : heal [OM edge-, cp. Tur iyi good, OT edgü] eeh : heat [OM eghe- < *peghe-, Mgr hee-] eelzh : change, row, turn [OM egheldi] eemeg : earring [OM eghe- rim, cp. Tur ek appendix] eereh : spin [OM eghere-, cp. Tur eghir-, Tuv egir-, OT *egür, and Tur örümchek spider and ör- spin, Kyr ör- weave, OT *ör-, and Tuv eeremchik spider; see aalz] eezh : mother [Kal eedzhi] egch : sister [OM ege-, cp. Eve ekin] egel : simple [OM egel lowly, cp. Tur eksik insufficient, Kyr öksü shortage, OT *eksü, Man eke- decrease, ehe evil] egem : collarbone anat [OM egem, cp. Tur eghin back, Kyr iyin shoulder, OT *eksü] egnee : row egshig : melody, sound [OM egesig] eh : mother [OM eke] eh : beginning [OM ekin < *pekin head, Dag heki, Man feki; see maglay] ehüü : acrid [OM ekeghün < *ek- < *pek-, cp. Tur eksi sour, OT *ekshi, Man fekcuhun acid] elbeg : in volume elch : envoy [OM elti, cp. Tur elci, Kyr elchi] eldeh : tan [OM elde- < *edle- < *ed-, cp. OT *ed leather] elee : vulture zool [OM eliye, cp. OT *elie] eleeh : wear down [OM ele-, cp. OT *ele] eleg : liver anat [OM eliken < *peligen belly < *pel, Dag heleg, Mgr helige] els : sand [OM elesün; see eleeh] elseh : enter em : woman [OM eme, cp. Man eme mother, Kor omoni and am female] em : medicine [Tib] emch : quack [OM emti doctor, cp. Kyr emchi; see em] emeel : saddle [OM emeghel, cp. Man enggemu] emeg : grandmother [see em and övög, cp. Man emhe mother-in-law] emgen : old woman [see em and bergen] emh : order? en : this [OM ene <*e-, cp. Eve er, Man ere] eneleh : ache [cp. Eve enuu-] enetheg : Indian [OM enedkeg] enger : rim, shore; south [cp. Kyr ong right, Eve anngu] engeseg : makeup enh : peace [OM engke] erch : power erdem : wisdom [OM erdem < *perdem, cp. Tur erdem morals, Tuv ertem science, Man erdemu] erdene : jewel [Skt ratna] erdes : mineral ereg : shore [OM ergi < *pergi, Mgr hargi, cp. Tuv erik] ereg : screw [OM erege- screw in, cp. Man eruwen drill] eregtey : man [OM er < *per, cp. Tur er, Kyr er] ereh : seek [OM ere- hope, cp, OT eri-] erh : might [OM erke < *perke, cp. Kyr erk freedom, OT erk] erhiy : thumb anat [OM erekey < *perke might, cp. OT *erngek, Man ferhe; see erh] erin : epoch ermel : fossile? ermelzeh : strive ers : sharp ert : early [OM erte, cp. Tur er, Kyr erte, Man erde, Eve erdelen earlier, Kor il early] erüü : chin anat [OM erüghen, cp. Kyr erin lip, OT erin] erüü : crime [OM erüghen, cp. Eve eruu bad] erüül : healthy [OM ereghül and eleghür] erveeh : flutter [OM erbheyi- < *erbhe-] erveehiy : butterfly zool [OM erbheghekey < *erbhe-; see erveeh] es : not [OM ese] esgeh : cut [OM eske- < *peske-, Dag herke-] esgeh : pickle [OM esüg < *esk- < *eks- < *ek-, cp. Man esehun unripe; see ehüü] esgiy : felt [OM esigey < *sesigey, cp. Man sisehe] esreg : against etgeed : side etseg : father [OM etige, cp. OT eze old man] etseh : be tired [OM eti- < *peti-, Dag hechi-] ev : concord [OM ebh, cp. Tuv ev- union, Kyr ep comfort, OT ebh] evdeh : break up [OM ebh-] ever : horn zool [OM ebher < *pebher < *pebh- front, Dag heur, Kor p'ul; see övör] evheh : fold, bend [OM ebhke- < *ebh-, Kal epkehe] evsheeh : yawn [OM ebhsi-] evtey : agreeing [OM ebhtey and ebhtü, Kal eptee] ezen : host [OM edin, cp. Tur iye master, Kyr ee, OT *idhi, Man edien lord, Eve edü husband, Tabgach *ezhen (i-chan) father's brother (Doerfer 1992, 45)] G gaa : mint bot gaali : customs gaans : pipe [Tib gang-zag] gachuur : larch bot [OM gatira] gadaa : outside [OM *gada-] gagnah : weld [Chi] gagts : alone [OM gagti] gahay : pig zool [OM gakay] gal : fire [OM gali, cp. Eve guluvun bonfire] galav : era [OM galabh, Skt kalpa] galirah : be tired, sad [OM galira-] galuu : goose zool [OM galaghun] galzuu : rabid [OM galdighu, cp. OT *qal-] gan : steel [OM gang, Chi gang] gan : drought [OM gang, Chi gan] ganirah : be mad [OM gani-] gantig : marble gants : alone [cp. Man gancuhan; see gagts] gar : arm, hand [cp. Tur kol arm, Kyr kol, Man gala hand, Eve ngale] garah : depart [cp. Tur gez- walk, Man gara-, Eve gir-, Kor kada go and korüm step] gaslah : be sad [OM gasal-, cp. Man gasa-] gashuun : bitter [OM gasighun and gosighun, cp. Man gosihon] gatsaa : village gavar : camphor [OM gabhur, Tib ga-bur, Skt karpura] gay : woe, disaster [OM gayi, cp. Tur kaygi grief, Kyr kaygi, OT *kadh, Jap kui regret] gayhah : wonder [OM gayiqa-, cp. Man gaiqa-] gazar : place [OM gadiar land < *gada-; see gadaa] gazh : abnormal [OM gadi crooked] gazhuu : false [OM gadighu < *gadi; see gazh] gedes : belly gedreg : backward [OM gederge < *ged-, Tur geri back, Kyr kiyin after, OT *ked-, Jap kita north] gegee : light; dawn [OM gegeghen < geghen bright < *ge-, cp. Tur gün day, günes sun, OT *kün; see giyh] geh : say [OM *ge- < *genge- < geme- and keme-, cp. Kyr kengesh counsel, OT *kenge-] geldreh : walk [OM gelderi-, cp. Tur gel- come, Kyr kel-, OT *kel-] gem : crime [cp. Tur kem bad, Kyr kem less, worse, OT *kem, Per kam few] ger : tent, house [OM ger, cp. Tib gur] gerch : witness [OM gereti, cp. Tuv herechi] gerel : light, brightness [OM gerel < *geler < *gel-, cp. Man gere, Eve ngeri; see giyh] gergiy : woman [OM gergen housewife; see ger] getel : but gevch : but gezeg : hair-knot [OM gedige < *ged-; see gedreg] ginzh : chain [Chi] gishüün : member [OM gesighün] giychin : guest [OM geyitin < *geritin; see ger, aylchin] giyh : be bright [OM geyi- < *geli- < *gel-; see gyalayh] gol : riverbed; axis [cp. Man golo] golomt : hearth [OM golomta, cp. Kyr kolomto] gonzgor : oblong [OM gondigar < *gondi- be oblong, cp. Eve ngonim long] goozhih : drip [OM goghudi-] gorhi : stream [OM goriki and goriqa] goridoh : hope [OM gori-, cp. Tur gör- see, Kyr kör-, OT *kör-] gots : chiefly goymon : noodle [Chi gua-mian] goyo : nice [OM gua, cp. Kor koun, Chi] gölög : cub, whelp [OM gölige] gölröh : stare göröh : plait [OM güre-] göröö : hunt [OM gürüghe game, cp. Man gurgu animal] gua : melon [Chi] gualin : beam guanz : restaurant [Chi guanji] guay : lord guch : thirty num [OM gutin < *gurbhan-on, cp. Man gosin; see gurav] gudam : corridor gudamzh : street [OM gudumdi, Chi] guld : along [OM guldu] gunih : be sad [OM guni-] gur : roebuck zool [OM gura] gurav : three num [OM gurbhan, cp. Kit *ghur (Chinggeltei 2002, 107)] gurguul : pheasant zool [see hyaruul] guril : flour [OM gulir] gutal : boot [OM gutal and gudasun, cp. Man gulha, Jap kutsu, Kor kutu] guu : ravine [cp. Man go canal, Chi] guuli : brass [cp. Tuv hola copper, Chi] guurs : feather [OM gaghursun chaff] guya : thigh anat [Chi gu] guyh : ask [OM guyi-, cp. Tur kov- chase away, Jap kou beg] gün : deep [OM gün] günzh : princess güren : might [cp. Kit *gür xan (ko-êr-han) "oberster Herrscher" (Doerfer 1992, 48)] gürgem : saffron bot [cp. Tib gur-gum, Skt kurkuma] gürvel : lizard zool [OM görbhel and gölbhür and gölbhürghe, cp. Tur keler] güü : mare zool [OM geü, cp. Man geo] güür : bridge [OM *göghür < *göphür, cp. Gre gephyra] güveh : flatten, sweep güyh : run [OM güyi-] güyls : apricot bot [cp. Tur kayisi] güzee : paunch [OM güdighen, cp. Man güdihe] güzeelzgene : strawberry bot [OM güdigheldirgene < *güdighen-dirgene; see güzee, zhimsgene] gyalayh : shine [OM gila- < *gil- < *gel-, cp. Eve gille-, Jap kirameku shine] gyandan : jail [Chi] gyant : tungsten H haa : where [OM qagha, cp. Tur hani, Kyr kayda, OT *kani] haa : foreleg [OM qagha < *qa] haah : close [OM qaghalta < *qaph- cover, cp. Tuv haa-, Tur kapa- and kapat-, Kyr kapkak lid, OT *kap, Jap kaburu and kawa leather] haalga : doorway [OM qaghalga path, cp. Tuv haalga gate] haalt : bar [OM qaghalta < *qaph-, cp. Kal havha gate, Tur kapi, Kyr kapka, cp. Tabgach *qabhaghtin (k'o-po-chen) doorkeeper, Kit *qabhaghti (ho-pa-chih) wardrobe (Doerfer 1992, 45, 48); see haah] haan : emperor [OM qaghan, cp. Kyr kan, Man han, Kor khün great] hachin : comical had : rock [OM qada, cp. Tur kaya, Tuv haya, OT *kaya < *kadha, Eve kadar] had : currant bot [OM qadun(g), cp. Tur kayin beech, Kyr kaying birch, Tuv hading, OT *kadhing] hadaas : nail, peg [OM qadaghasun < qada-; see hadah] hadah : nail, drive in [OM qada-, cp. Kyr kada-, Tuv kadag nail, peg, OT *kada] hadah : mow [OM qadu-] hadam : in-law [OM qadum, cp. Tur kayin, Kyr kayin, OT *kadhin] haduur : sickle [OM qadughur < qadu-; see hadah] haga : apart, split [OM qaga, cp. Tur kak- chisel, Kyr kak- strike, OT *kak] hagas : half [OM qagas < qaga; see haga] halah : heat, burn [OM qala-, cp. Eve ella coal] halah : release, relieve [OM qala-, cp. Man hala-] halbaga : spoon [OM qalbagan, cp. OT *kalbak, and Tur kasik, Kyr kashik, OT *kashuk < *kalak and *kalan] haldah : be infected [OM qaldu- dirt] halgah : fear [OM qalg-] halgay : nettle bot [OM qalagay < qala-; see halah] halh : shield [OM qalqan, cp. Tur kalkan, Kyr kalkan, OT *kalka] halih : float [OM qali-, cp. Tur kalk- rise, Kyr kalki-, OT *kalk] halim : whale zool [OM qalim, cp. Man kalimu, Kor kore, Jap kujira] halis : crust [OM qalisun; see hörs] haliu : otter zool [OM qalighun, cp. Man haylun] haltsrah : get bald [OM qalti- < *qal-, cp. Kyr kashka-, OT *kashka] haluun : hot [OM qalaghun < qala-; see halah] halzan : bald [OM qaldin and qaltiyi- < *qal-; see haltsrah] hamag : all [OM qamug < qamu-, cp. Tur kamu; see hamah] hamah : gather [OM qamu-, cp. OT *kamu] hamgaalah : defend [OM qamagala-] hamar : nose anat [OM qamar and qabhar] hamb : bishop [Tib mkan-bo teacher] hamt : together [OM qamtu < qamu-; see hamah] hamuu : scab [OM qamaghu] hana : wall [OM qana, cp. Tuv hana] hanah : be satisfied [OM qanu-, cp. Tur kan- be satisfied, OT *kan] hanah : let blood [OM qana-, cp. Tur kana- and kan blood, Kyr kan, Tuv han, OT *kan] hand : syrup [OM qandu, cp. OT *kant, Per qand sugar, Skt kand] handgay : elk zool [OM qandagay] hangah : satisfy [OM qangga-] hanginah : sound, make noise [OM qanggina-] hanhlah : smell [OM qangqul-] hani : mate [OM qani, cp. Jap kanau match] haniah : cough [OM qaniya-] hantar : bridle [OM qantara- bind a horse, cp. OT *kantar, Man kantara-] hantsuy : sleeve [OM qamtiu, Chi] har : black [OM qara, cp. Tur kara, Kyr kara, OT *kara, Man kara] haraah : curse [OM qariya-, cp. Kyr karga-, OT *karga, Eve eeri- call] haraatsay : swallow zool [OM qaraghachay < qara black, cp. Tur kirlangich, OT *kirlangich, and Tuv haraachigay, OT *karachkay; see har] harah : look [OM qara-] haram : avarice [OM qaram < qara; see har] harandaa : pencil [Russian karandash] haranga : gong [OM qarangga, Tib] haranhuy : dark [OM qaranggui < qara, cp. Kyr karanggi; see har] harayh : jump [OM qarayi-, cp. OT *karghi and *kaz] hariltsaa : relation hariu : answer hariyn : stranger harshih : contradict hartsaga : hawk zool [OM qartigay, cp. Kyr karchiga] haruul : guard [OM qara-, cp. Kyr karool; see harah] haruul : plane [OM qarughul] harvah : shoot [OM qarbhu-, cp. Kyr karuu- weapon, Eve garpa ray] harvin : fat anat [OM qarbhing and arbhing, cp. OT *kazi, Man kalbin] hasah : cut off [OM qasu-] hashaa : fence [OM qasigha < *qasi-] hashir : experienced hatah : be dry, hard [OM qata-; see hatuu] hatavch : pole hatgah : sting, punch [OM qadqu-] hatsar : cheek [OM qatir] hatuu : hard [OM qataghu < qata-, cp. Tur kati, Kyr katuu, OT *kat, Kor kutün; see hatah] havan : swelling [OM qabhang < qabha- swell, cp. Tur kabar-, OT *kapar] havar : spring [OM qabhur] havch : crab zool [OM qabhti] havdah : swell [OM qabhadu-] havhag : lid [OM qabhqag < *qaph-; see haah] havi : vicinity [OM qabh] havirga : rib [OM qabhirga and qabhisun, cp. Tur kaburga, Kyr kabirga, OT *kaburga] havtas : cardboard [OM qabhtasun < *qabhta-, Kal haptasen; see havtgay] havtgay : flat [OM qabhtagay < *qabhta- be flat, Kal haptagi flat, cp. Man kapahun flat] havtgay : wild camel zool [OM qobhusun and qabhan wild boar, cp. OT *kaban] hayaa : edge [OM qiyaghan, cp. Kyr kiya slope] hayag : address [Tib] hayah : cast [OM qaya-] haych : scissors [OM qayiti, cp. Kyr kaychi, Eve kaik] hayh : seek [OM qayi- feel out] haylaas : elm bot [OM qayilasun] haylah : melt [OM qayil-] hayhrah : consider [OM qayiqur- < qayi-; see hayh] hayr : love [OM qayiran pity] hayr : gravel [OM qayir, cp. Kyr kayrak whetstone] hayrah : roast, fry [OM qayir-, cp. Tur kavur-, Kyr kuur-, OT *kaghur, Man hari-] hayrtsag : box, chest [OM qayirtiag < *qaghurtig < *qaphurtig < *qaph-, cp. Tuv haarzhak, OT *kapurchak; see haah] hazaar : bridle [OM qadighar < qadi-; see hazah] hazah : bite [OM qadi-] hazhuu : side [OM qadighu] hed : how much [OM kedüy < *ked-, Kal kedüü] heder : obstinate [OM keder wicked, Kal keder, cp. Kyr kezhir obstinate, Jap kitsui hard, intense, brave] hedgen : bumble-bee zool [OM kedgene, Kal kedgene] hee : ornament [OM keghe < *kephe, Kal kee; see hev] heer : brown [OM kegher, Kal keer, cp. Man keire] heer : steppe [OM keghere, Kal keer, cp. Eve kever] hegzhüün : arrogant [OM kegidighün < *keg, cp. Kyr kek vengeance] hehreh : belch [OM kekire-, Kal kekerhe, cp. Man kekere-] hel : tongue [OM kelen, Kal kelen, cp. Kor hye] helbereh : deviate [OM kelbere-] heleh : say [OM kele-, Kal kelehe; see hel] helgiy : mute [OM kelegey, Kal kelkee] helhee : contact [OM kelkiye] helmerch : interpreter [OM kelemerti, Kal kelmerchi; see heleh] heltiyh : be bent [OM kelteyi-, Kal kelteehe] hem : measure [OM kem, Kal kem] hemh : into bits, apart [OM kemki, Kal kemke] hen : who [OM ken, Kal ken, cp. Tur kim, Kyr kim, Eve ngi] henee : distress [OM keneghe, cp. Kyr küyüt grief] hengereg : drum [OM kenggerge, Kal kenggerge] herchih : cut [OM kerti-, Kal kerchihe, cp. Tur kerte groove, cut] heree : crow zool [OM keriyen, Kal keree] hereg : affair [OM kereg necessity, Kal kereg, cp. Tur gerek necessary, Kyr kerek] hereh : bind [OM kere-, Kal kerhe, cp. Man kergi-] hereldeh : quarrel [OM kereldü- < *kere-, Kal kereldehe] herem : wall [OM kerem, Kal kerem] herem : squirrel zool [OM keremü, Kal kermen] herhen : how herüül : quarrel [OM kereghül < *kere-, Kal kerüül; see hereldeh] heseg : piece [OM keseg, Kal keseg, cp. Kyr kesik, Tur kes- cut, Kyr kes-, OT *kes] heseh : loiter [OM kese-] het : flint [OM kete, Kal kete] het : too much [OM ketü < *keti, cp. Tur gec- pass, cross, Kyr kech-, OT *kech, Eve kete many] hetsüü : difficult [OM ketighü extra < *keti, Kal ketsüü; see het] hev : form [OM kebh, cp. Tur gibi like, Kyr kep form, OT *kep] heveg : husk bot [OM kebheg, Kal keveg, cp. Tur kepek, Kyr kebhek, OT *kebek] hevel : belly anat [OM kebheli, Kal kevel, cp. Man kefeli] hevleh : print [OM kebhle- mould < kebh; see hev] hevreg : fragile [OM kebhereg, cp. Tur gevrek crunchy, Tuv heerek fragile, Kyr kiyra- shatter] hevteh : lie down, be flat [OM kebh-, Kal keptehe] hezee : when [OM kediye < *ked-, Kal kezee; see hed] hiam : sausage hicheeh : endeavour, be diligent [OM kitighe-] hilen : velvet [OM kiling, Kal kileng] hilen : anger [OM kiling, Kal kileng] hir : dirt [OM kir, Kal kir, cp. Tur kir, Kyr kir, OT *kir] hirtey : approximately [see hir] hiv : moth [OM kibhe] hiveh : ruminate [OM kebhi-, Kal kevhe, cp. Tur gev-, OT *keb] hivs : carpet [OM kebhis, Kal kives, cp. Tuv hevis, OT *kebiz, Tib kebs] hiy : air [OM kei, Kal kii, cp. Chi qi] hiyd : cloister [Kal kiid, Skt] hiyh : do [OM ki-, Kal kehe, cp. Tur kil-, Kyr kil-, OT *kil] hiyl : violin [OM kighili handle] hiyseh : blow [OM keyi-] hodood : stomach [OM qotughad, pl. of *qotugha, cp. Man kodo crop] hog : litter, waste [OM qog] hoh : damage [OM qoki-] hol : far [OM qola, cp. Man goro, Eve goro] holboh : bind, connect [OM qolbu- unite < *qol- pair; see hos] holdoh : be far [OM qoladu- < qola-; see hol] holih : mix [OM qoli- < *qol- pair, cp. Kyr kosh- add, OT *kosh < *kol pair; see hos] hondloy : buttock [OM qondalay < *qong, cp. Man kondiosu] hongil : cave [OM qonggil, cp. Kyr üngkür, OT *üng pierce; see höndiy] hongor : kind [OM qonggur] honh : bell [OM qongqa] honi : sheep zool [OM qonin, cp. Tur koyun, Kyr koy, Tuv hoy, OT *koni, Man honin] honoh : spend the night, settle [OM qonu-, cp. Tur kon- stay, Kyr kon-, Tuv hon-, and Tur koy- put, Kyr koy-, OT *ko] honshoor : snout [OM qonsiyar and qangsighar, cp. OT *kangur, Man kangsari nose-ridge] honzhih : gain, profit [OM qondi- and qodi-; see hozhih] hool : meal [OM qoghul; see hooloy] hooloy : throat [OM qoghulay < *qoghu- hollow; see hooson] hooson : empty [OM qoghusun < *qoghu- < *qophu- hollow, cp. Tur kovuk, Kyr koo, OT *kobi, Jap kubo cave] hor : poison [OM qoura] horhoy : worm zool [OM qorqay, cp. Tur kurt, Kyr kurt, OT *kurt] hori : twenty num [OM qorin < *qoyorin < *qoyar-on, cp. Man orin; see hoyor] horih : forbid [OM qori-, cp. Tur koru- guard, Kyr koru-, Tuv horu- forbid, OT *kori] horoh : diminish [OM qoru-] horoo : enclosure [OM qorighan and qoriyan < qori-; see horih] horshoo : union [OM qorsi- unite] hos : pair [OM qos, cp. Kyr kosh; see holih] hoshin : humor [OM qosin] hoshuu : beak [OM qosighun, cp. Kor k'o nose] hot : town [OM qota corral, cp. Man hoton, Kor kos place] hotgor : valley [OM qotagir] hotsroh : leave behind [OM qotir-] hovor : seldom [OM qobhur] hoyno : later; to the north [OM qoyi rear] hoyor : two num [OM qoyar < *qolir < *qol- pair, cp. Kit *kho two (Starikov 1982, 125); see holboh, hos] hozhigdoh : lose [OM qodigda-] hozhih : gain [OM qodi- and qondi-; see honzhih] hozhim : later [OM qodim; see honoh] hödlöh : move [OM ködel-, Kal ködelhe] hödöö : land [OM ködeghe, Kal ködee] hög : melody [OM kög, Kal kög, cp. Tuv hög joy, OT *kög, Chi] höh : breast [OM kökün, Kal köken, cp. Tur göghüs, Kyr kökürök, OT *köküz, Man huhun, Eve ukun and hiken, Jap kokoro heart, Kog *kor (Itabashi 2003, 143)] höh : blue [OM köke, Kal kökö, cp. Tur gök sky, Kyr kök sky, blue, OT *kök, Man kuku] höhröh : laugh [OM kökri- < *kök-, Kal kökshihe, onom.] höl : foot [OM köl, Kal köl] höldöh : freeze [OM kölde- < *köl- cold, Kal köldehe freeze; see hüyten] hölög : vehicle; boat [OM kölgen < köl, Kal kölgen; see höl] höls : sweat [OM kölüsün, Kal kölsen] hömsög : brow [OM kömüsge, Kal kömseke, cp. Man human] höndiy : empty, hollow [OM köndey, Kal köndee, cp. Kyr köngdöy and öndür] höndlön : across [OM köndelün, Kal köndöleng] höngön : easy [OM *könggen, Kal künggen] höö : soot [OM köghe, Kal köö, cp. Kyr köö] hööh : chase [OM köghe-, Kal kööhe] höörög : bellows [OM kögherge < köghe-, Kal köörög, cp. Tur körük, Kyr köörük, OT *köri, Man hujuku; see höös] hööröh : swell, rise, excite [OM köghere- < köghe- < *köphe-, Kal köörhe, cp. Tur köpür-; see höös] höös : foam [OM köghesün < köghe- swell < *köphe-, Kal köösen foam, cp. Tur köpük, Kyr köbhük, OT *köp swell, Kor kaphüm foam, Man kubsu- swell] höröh : be cold [OM körü- < *köl- cold, Kal körhe be cold; see höldöh] höröngö : leaven; capital [OM körüngge, Kal körengge, cp. Kyr körönggö, Jap hooji] höröö : saw [OM köreghe < *kireghe < *kir-, Kal köree, cp. Tuv hiree, Kyr kerki adze, Jap kiri drill, awl; see hyargah] hörs : soil, crust [OM körüsün, Kal körsen, cp. Tuv hörzün] höshig : curtain [OM kösige, Kal köshge, cp. Kyr köshögö, Per kushk kiosk] höshöö : column [OM kösiye, Kal köshee] höshüür : lever [OM kösighür, Kal köshüür] hösög : cart [OM köske] hötlöh : lead [OM kötel-, Kal kötelhe] hövch : string [OM köbhti, Kal köpchi] hövöh : drift, float [OM köbhü-, Kal kövhe, cp. Tur köprü bridge, Kyr köpürö] hövön : cotton wad [OM köbhüng, Kal köveng, cp. Tuv höveng, Man kubun] hözör : card [OM *ködir, Kal közer] hudag : well [OM qudugh, cp. Tur kuyu, Kyr kuduk, OT *kudugh] hudal : false [OM qudal] hudaldah : sell [OM qudald-] hugalah : break [OM qugul-] hulan : wild donkey zool [OM qula, cp. Tur kulan, Kyr kulan, OT *kulan, Man kulan] hulgana : mouse zool [OM qulugana, cp. Kyr kish sable, OT *kish < *kil, Man ulhu squirrel, Eve uluki] hulgay : theft [OM qulaghay and qulasun < *qula-] huls : bamboo [OM qulusun reed] hums : nail, claw [OM kimusun and qumusun] hun : swan zool [OM qun] hunar : clothing [OM qunar] hundaga : cup [OM qundaga and quntaga] hur : rain [OM qura] huraah : assemble [OM qura- < *qur-, cp. Tur kur- arrange] hurd : speed [OM qurdun fast] hurga : lamb zool [OM qurigan, cp. Tur kuzu, Kyr kozu, OT *kozi, Man iren deer] hurim : wedding [OM qurim assembly < *qur-, cp. Eve kurim; see huraah] huritsah : covet [OM quriti-] hurts : sharp, acute [OM qurti-, cp. Kyr kurch] huruu : finger anat [OM qurughun, cp. Kor kalak] hus : birch bot [OM qusun, cp. Man isi larch, Jap kusu camphor tree] husah : shave [OM qusu-] hush : cedar bot [OM qusi, cp. Man usiha nut, Eve usikta oak, Jap kashi] hushga : walnut bot hutag : holiness [OM qutug, cp. Tur kut luck, Eve kutu] hutga : knife [OM utuga < *utu-, Kal utha] hutgah : mix [OM qudqu-, cp. Tur kat- add] huts : buck, ram zool [OM qutia, cp. Tur koc, OT *koch, Man kuca, Eve kucha] hutsah : bark [OM quti-] huuchin : old [OM qaghutin] huuchir : string instrument [Chi hu-jia] huudas : page [OM qaghu-dasun bark; see huulah] huulah : peel [OM qaghu-l- < *qaphu-, cp. Tur kabuk bark, Kyr kabhik, OT *kabagha] huuli : law [Chi] huur : string instrument [OM qughur, cp. OT *kopuz, Jap koto, Chi hu-cin] huurah : deceive [OM qaur-] huuray : dry [OM qaghuray] huuray : file [OM qaghuray] huurs : nit zool [OM kighursun and ga(gh)ursun, cp. OT *kauz husk] huvaah : share [OM qubhiya-, Kal hovaaha] huvin : bucket [OM qubing, cp. Tur kova] huvirah : change [OM qubhira- moult, Kal hövrehe] huvtsas : clothing [OM qubhtiyasun, Kal hoptsa] huy : sheath [OM qui] huyag : armor [OM quyag] huzhir : salty soil [OM qudir, cp. Man hudiri] hüch : fight [OM küti force, cp. Tur güc, Kyr küch, OT *küch] hüder : muskrat zool [OM küderi, cp. Jap kitsune fox] hüher : sulfur [OM *küker, cp. Tur kükürt, Kyr kükürt, Per gugird] hüleeh : wait, receive [OM küliye-] hüleh : bind [OM küli-] hümüüs : people [OM kümün man] hün : man [OM küngün] hünd : heavy [OM kündü, cp. Tuv hündü honor, respect, Chi kungde merit] hüns : daily food [OM künesün] hüree : cloister [OM küriyen enclosure, cp. Tuv hüree church] hüreh : reach [OM kür-] hürel : bronze [OM kürel and küler, cp. Kor kuro copper] hüren : brown [OM küren, cp. Kyr küröng, OT *küreng, and Tur güz autumn, Kyr küz, OT *küz < *kür] hürgen : in-law [OM kürgen < kür, cp. OT *köregen; see bergen] hürhree : waterfall [OM kürkire- roar, cp. OT *köksö] hürmen : basalt [OM kürmen earth spirit, Kal kürmen] hürz : shovel [OM kürdi < *kür-, cp. Tur kürek, Kyr kürök, OT *küre] hüseh : wish [OM küse-, cp. OT *küse] hüü : son, boy [OM keü] hüüdiy : bag [Kal küüdee, Chi] hüühen : girl [OM keükün] hüür : corpse [OM kür, Kyr kör grave, Per gur] hüys : navel anat [OM küisün < küi, Kal kiisen, cp. Kyr kindik, OT *kin-] hüyten : cold [OM küyitün < *kölitün < *köl-, Kal kiiten; see höldöh, höröh] hüzüü : neck [OM küdiüghü] hyadah : destroy [OM kidu- and kita-, Kal kudha, cp. Tur kiy- hash, cut apart, Kyr kiy-, OT *kiy] hyalayh : squint [OM kiluyi-, Kal kuliiha, cp. Kyr kiysh- bend, OT *kish- < *kil] hyalbar : easy [OM kilbar, Kal kilwer] hyalgas : horsehair [OM kilgasun < *kil-, Kal kilghasen, cp. Tur kil hair, Kyr kil, OT *kil, Kor kalki mane] hyamd : cheap [OM kimda, Kal kimde] hyanah : supervise [OM kina-, Kal kinha] hyar : ridge [OM kira, Kal kire, cp. Kyr kir, Tur kir country, wilderness, OT *kir] hyaram : boiled milk with water [OM kiram and kimur, cp. Tur kimiz koumis, Kyr kimiz, OT *kimiz, Jap kamosu brew] hyargah : shear [OM kirga- < *kir-, Kal kirvehe, cp. Tur kirk-, Kyr kirk-, OT *kir, Man giri-, Eve gir-, Jap kiru, Kor k'al knife] hyaruu : hoarfrost [OM kiraghu, Kal kiruu, cp. Tur kiraghi, Kyr kiroo, OT *kiraghu] hyaruul : pheasant zool [OM kirghul, cp. Kyr kirgool] hyasaan : anger [OM kisagha, Kal kisaan, cp. Tur kisa short, Kyr kis- press, OT *kis] hyarvas : burnt hair [OM kirbhusun, Kal kirvsen] hyatad : Chi [OM kitad, pl. of *Kit, Kal kited] hyazgaar : border [OM kidigar, cp. Tur kiyi shore, OT *kidigh] I icheh : be ashamed [OM itie- < *pitie-] id : craft [OM ide, cp. Skt iddhi] ih : big [OM *ike < *pike, Don fugie, cp. Tur eghit- bring up, OT *igid] iher : twin [OM ikire, cp. Tur ikiz, OT *ikir, Man ikiri] ilbe : trick, deceit [cp. OT *yilbi] ilbees : bait [OM ilbeghüsün] ilbeh : caress [OM ili-, cp. Man ile- lick] ild : sword [OM ildü, SKor il-do moon-sword] ilgeeh : send [OM ilege- < ile-, cp. Tur ilet- hand over, Eve ilbe- drive] ilzhig : donkey zool [OM eldigen, cp. Tuv elchigen, Tur esek, Kyr eshek] im : sign ineeh : laugh [OM ineghe- < *pineghe-, Dag hinee-, cp. Eve inye-] inge : female camel zool [OM inggen, cp. Kyr inggen, Man ingge] inzhir : fig bot [cp. Tur incir, Kyr anzhir, Per anjir] ir : ninety num [OM iren < *ir(s)ün-on; see yes] ir : blade [OM ir < *pir, Dag hir, cp. Tur iz trace, OT *ir, Man irun edge] ireg : whether zool [OM irge, cp. Kyr irik, Man irge] ireh : come [cp. Tur er- reach, OT *er-] irves : leopard zool [OM irbhis, cp. Kyr ilbhirs snow leopard and zholbhors tiger, OT *yolbars; see bars] ish : grip, handle [OM esi < *pesi, Dag heshi, cp. Man fesin, Eve hesin] ish : origin [OM esin < *pesin mother, Kal eshen origin, cp. Tur eski old, OT *eski, Jap heso navel] ishig : kid zool [cp. Tur keci goat, Kyr echki, Tuv öchkü, OT echqe] itelgü : gyrfalcon zool [cp. Kyr itelgi, Man itulhen] itgeh : hope [OM itege-, cp. Tuv ideg] L laa : candle [Chi la] laaz : box, can lag : mud [cp. Jap nukaru smear] lam : lama [Tib bla-ma, Chi lama] lats : lacquer [Tib la-tza, Chi la] lav : wax [OM labh, Tib la-ba, Chi la] lembe : flute [Tib gling-bu] lahgva : Wednesday [Tib lhag-pa Mercury] linhua : lotus bot [Chi lian-hua] liyr : pear bot [Chi li] lonh : bottle [OM longqu, Chi] lugshih : beat, knock [OM lugsi-] luu : dragon [Tib klu] luus : mule [Chi luoji] luuvan : carrot bot [Tib la-p'ug, Chi luo-bo radish] luuzhin : compass [Chi] M maalinga : flax bot [Chi ma] maanag : dumb [OM meneg] maazhin : varnish [Chi] magad : certain [OM magad] maglay : forehead anat [OM manglay and mangnay, cp. Kyr mangday, OT *manglay, Tur beyin brain, Kyr mee, OT *bengi; see eh] magtah : praise [OM magta-, cp. Kyr makta-, OT *makh-] mah : flesh [OM miqan, cp. Kyrghyz myqyn thigh] mahbod : element [Skt mahabhuta] mahir : bent [OM maki- bend] mal : livestock [Tur mal, Kyr mal, Ara mal] malgay : cap [OM malagay, Kal mahlaa, OT *malakay] maltah : demolish [OM malta- bury] manah : guard [OM mana-] manarah : climb [OM manara-] manay : our ppron [OM manay] mandah : bloom [OM mandu-] mandal : circle [Skt mandala] manduulah : rise [OM mandala-] manguu : stupid [OM mungqaghu < *mung-, Kal monghuu; see munah] manzh : Man [OM mandi] maral : doe zool [OM maral] margaash : tomorrow [OM margasi] margad : emerald [Gre smaragdos] margah : dispute [OM marga- bet] martah : forget [OM marta- < *umarta-] marzah : grin [OM mardi-] mash : very [OM masi, cp. Jap masu increase] mashin : car [Russian mashina] maslo : butter [Russian maslo] matah : bend [OM masi, cp. Man mita-, Jap motoru contradict] may : bonfire [cp. Jap maki firewood] mayhan : tent [OM mayiqan, Chi] mazaalay : bear zool mech : monkey [OM meti; see bich] medeh : know [cp. Man medige news, Eve mede- feel] megzh : hog zool [OM megedin, cp. Man mehe sow] meh : deceit [OM meke] melhiy : frog zool [OM meleqei and meneqei < *melq-, cp. Man meihe snake; see mölhöh] mendleh : greet [OM mendüle- < mendü healthy] mergen : clever, wise [OM mergen sharpshooter, hunter, cp. Man mergen] meriyh : make efforts [OM meriye-] mes : weapon [OM mese sword] met : as, like [OM metü, cp. Kyr bet face] miniy : my ppron [cp. Kyr meniy] minzh : beaver zool [OM mindi, cp. Jap mujina badger] misheeh : smile [OM misiye-] mod : tree [OM modun, cp. Man moo, Eve moo, Chi mu] mogoy : snake zool [cp. Kit *mogho (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121)] mohoo : blunt [OM moqay, cp. Kyr moko- be blunt] molor : topase [OM molur < bolur crystal; see bolor] mordoh : depart [OM morda- < *mor-; see mori] mori : horse zool [OM morin < *mor-, Kal mörn, cp. Man morin, Eve murin, Kit *mori (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121), Kor mal, Chi ma, Jap u-ma, Kog *meru colt (Itabashi 2003, 146)] moyl : sour cherry [OM moyil, cp. Kyr moyul, Man mojoro] möch : extremity [OM möti] möchir : branch [OM mötir] möd : immediate möhöh : perish [OM mökü broken, cp. Jap mukashi old times] mölhöh : creep [OM mölqü- < *melq-, cp. Man micu-] möltlöh : twist [OM möltüre-, cp. Jap mojiru] mölzhih : exploit [OM möldi- gnaw] mön : also [OM mön self, cp. Tur bu this, OT bu, Eve men self, Jap mono thing] möndöl : young marmot zool [OM möndele, cp. Eve munnukan hare, Jap momonga flying squirrel] möndör : hail [OM möndür < *möl-dür, cp. Kyr möndür; see mös] möngö : silver, money [OM mönggün, cp. Tuv mönggün, Man menggun, Eve mengun] mönh : eternal [OM möngke < *mengkü, Chi wan-ku] möög : mushroom [cp. Tuv möögü, Chi mogu] möör : hoop [OM mögher] mööröh : howl [OM möghüre- and *böghüre- and büngsi-, cp. Tur böghür-, Kyr möörö-, OT *böghür-, *böngür-] mör : track [OM mör, cp. Jap michi road, Kor molda follow] mör : river [OM mörön, cp. Kit *mörə (mu-li, Doerfer 1992, 48), Kog *mey river, water < *mer (Itabashi 2003, 146-47), Man muke water, Eve muu, Kor mul, Jap mizu] mör : shoulder [OM möri and mörün, cp. Man meiren, Eve mire] möröödöh : long for [OM mörüghed-] mörs : cartilage [OM möghersün and böghersün, cp. Tur boynuz horn, Kyr müyüz, OT müghüz] mös : ice [OM mö(l)sün < *möl, cp. Tur buz, Kyr muz, OT *mur] muhar : hornless [OM *muqur; see mohoo] muhrih : roll [OM muqur- < *muq-, cp. Jap maku] muna : mallet [cp. Eve monggi- knead, Jap momu rub, Kor manchida caress] munah : be dazed [OM munu- be dumb < *mung-, cp. Tur bön stupid, dumb, OT möng, Eve mongnon, Chi meng dazed] mundah : be insufficient [cp. Jap mazui poor] muruy : crooked [cp. Man murihan curve, Eve muru- round] mushgih : twist [OM musigi-, Kal mushkuu twisted] muu : bad [OM maghu] muzh : region [cp. OT budun nation, Kor modu all and madang courtyard, Jap machi street, Chi] myagmar : Tuesday [Tib mig-dmar Mars] myanga : thousand num [OM minggan, cp. Tur bin, Kyr ming, OT müng, Man minggan] N naadah : play [OM naghad-] naah : stick [OM nagh- < *naph-, cp. Tur yapis-, Man lifa- smear, Jap nebai sticky] naash : this side [OM naghasi < nagha] nachin : falcon zool [OM natin < *latin, cp. OT lacin] nad : me ppron [cp. Kor nal] nagats : relative [cp. Tib snag] nagvan : inkpot [Tib snag-bum] nahiyh : bend [OM naki-] nal : ruby [cp. Kyr laal, Tib nal, Per lal] nam : low, quiet [OM nam] nam : party namag : swamp [OM namug < *nam-, cp. Eve laamu sea, Tib nem swamp, Jap nami wave and numa swamp, Kor nop'; see nuur] namar : autumn [OM namur] namtar : biography [cp. Tuv namtar, Tib rnam-thar] nar : sun [OM naran, cp. Tur yaz summer, Kyr zhaz, OT *yaz < *nyar, Kit *nyär (nieh-la, nieh-i-erh) day (Doerfer 1992, 48; Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Kor yarüm < *nyar- summer, Chi chi sun (Mandarin ri, dial. yat) SJap nichi day, SKor nal] nariyn : fine [OM narin] nars : fir, pine bot [OM narasun] nas : age [OM na(l)sun, cp. Tur yas, Kyr zhash, OT yash < *nyal, Jap nasu give birth] navch : leaf [OM namti and nabhti < *nabh-, Mgr lavch, Kal napchi, cp. Tur yaprak, OT *yapurghak < *nyap-, Kor iph < *niph, Jap na vegetable] navtar : low [cp. Eve nieptekun] naya : eighty num [OM nayan < *nayiman-on; see naym] naydah : hope [OM nayida- and nayila- be glad < nay friendliness] naygah : swing [OM nayigu-, cp. OT *yayka-] naym : eight num [OM nayiman] naymaa : commerce naymalzh : crab zool nayr : feast [OM nayir; see nayrah] nayrah : mingle [OM nayira- agree, cp. Tur yara fit, Kyr zhar beloved, OT *yara < *nyara-, Man nara- love] nayz : friend [OM nayidi < nay friendliness] neeh : open [OM neghe-, cp. Man nei-, Eve niw-, Kor yolda < *nil-] neg : one num [OM nigen, Dag niken] neheh : weave [OM neke-, cp. Jap nuki woof] neheh : request [OM neke-, cp. Man lehe- claim, Jap negau ask] neheh : chase [OM neke-, cp. Jap nigeru run] nemeh : add [OM neme-, cp. Man neme-] nemneh : cover [OM nemne-] nen : very [OM neng] ner : name [OM nere, cp. Kor irüm] nereh : burn [OM nere-] ners : blueberry bot [OM nersün] netreh : deteriorate [OM netere-, cp. Tur yit- be lost, Tuv chid-, OT *yit, Man nitan weak] nevt : through [OM nebhte and nemte, Kal nepte] nimbeg : lemon bot [Skt nimbuka] nimgen : thin [OM nimagun < *nom-, cp. Eve nemkuun; see nomhon] niseh : fly [OM nise-] niyt : together [OM niye-; see neg] nogoo : grass bot [OM nogugha] nogoon : green [OM nogughan, cp. Tuv nogaan, Man niohon greenish; see nogoo] nogt : halter [OM nogtu, cp. Kyr nokto] nohoy : dog zool [OM noqay, cp. Kit *nyoghe, *nyöghe (nieh-ho) (Doerfer 1992, 48) = *nokhi (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121)] nom : book [cp. Tuv nom, Gre nomos law] nomhon : quiet [OM nomuqan and nomughan < nom peacefulness, cp. Tur yumusak soft, Kyr zhumshak, OT *yum < *nyum, Eve nyemume, Jap yawai] nooluur : down, plume [OM noghulur < *noghu- and *nugha-, Kal nöölr; see noos] noos : hair [OM nughasun and nunngasun < *nugha- and nunnga, cp. Eve innga- wool, Man nunngari down, Tur yün wool, Kyr zhün, OT yüng < *nyüng] noroh : get wet [OM nor-] notsoh : attack, fight with [OM noti-] noyon : master [Chi lao-ye old father] noyr : sleep [OM noyir, Kal nöör, cp. Jap ne] noyton : wet [OM noyitun < *noritun < nor-; see noroh] nögöö : other [see neg] nöhöh : compensate [OM nökü- repair] nöhör : mate [OM nökür, cp. Man neku sister, Per noukar servant] nölöö : influence [OM nölüghe heat and nüle flame, cp. Eve nul- kindle] nömröh : cover [cp. Man nemerhen coat] nööh : hide [OM nüghe-] nudarga : fist [OM nidurga, cp. Tur yumruk, Kyr zhuduruk, OT yudruq < *nyudruq, Man nujan, Jap nigiru grasp] nuga : meadow [OM nigu] nugalah : bend [OM nigula- < nigu, cp. Man iku- fold; see nuga] nugas : duck [OM nugusun, cp. Man niyehe, Eve niki] nugas : spinal cartilage [OM nigu(r)sun, cp. Man ikursun] nuhah : knead [OM nuqu- and niqu-, cp. Man niyohu- and nikca- destroy] nulimdas : spittle [OM nilmudasun and nilbudasun, Kal nülmüdesn] nulims : tear [OM nilmusun and nilbusun < *nil-, cp. Tur yas, Kyr zhash, OT *nyal, Eve inyamu-] num : bow [OM numun, cp. Man nu] nuntaglah : crush nurah : fall [OM nura-, cp. Tib nur-ba abyss] nurma : ember [OM nurma] nuruu : ridge [OM nirughun back] nus : snot [OM ni(ya)sun, cp. Man niyaki] nutag : land [OM nutug and nitug] nuuh : hide [OM nighu-] nuur : lake [OM naghur < *namur < *nam-; see namag] nüd : eye anat [OM nidün, cp. Kor nun] nüh : hole [OM nüken, cp. Jap nuku pierce] nütsgen : naked [OM nitigen] nüüh : wander [OM neghü-, cp. Man neo-, Eve ngene- go] nüür : face [OM nighur] nüürs : coal [OM neghüresün, cp. Man nemu coal mine, Kor ne smoke] nyadlah : slaughter [OM nitula-] nyagt : dense [OM nigta, cp. OT *yigi, Eve luku] nyalganah : be sticky [OM nilgana- < nila-, cp. Tur ilik bone marrow, Man lala gruel, Jap nori paste, starch] nyalh : firstborn [OM nilqa tender, cp. Eve nelki spring, Jap naru bear fruit] nyam : Sunday [Tib nyima sun] nyaray : firstborn [OM niray tender, cp. Man niyarhun fresh] O och : spark [OM oti < *poti, cp. Tur ot fire and ocak hearth, Kyr ot fire and ochok hearth, Eve hoosin lightning, Kor pül fire, Jap ho, OJ po] ochih : go there [cp. Kyr öt- pass, Jap utsuru move] od : star [OM odun < *podun, Dag hod, Mgr foodi, cp. Eve osikta, Kor pyool, Jap hoshi, OJ posi] odoh : depart [OM odu-] odon : order odoo : now [OM odua and edüghe < *e-; see en] ogotno : mouse zool [OM ogutana] ogshih : rise ogt : completely [OM ogutu] ogtloh : cut off [OM ogtal- and ogtir-] ogtorguy : heaven [OM ogtarguy] ohin : girl [OM okin, cp. Man uki female and uhen daughter-in-law] ohor : short [OM oqur < *poqur, cp. Man foholon] olbog : carpet [OM olbug cushion < *ol-, cp. Tur esik threshold, Kyr eshik door, Tuv ezhik, OT *eshik < *el-] olgoy : intestine [OM olugay] oloh : find [OM ol-] olom : ford [OM olum] olon : much [OM olan < *polan] ols : hemp; cord [OM olusun, cp. Man olo] olz : fund [OM oldi < *ol-; see oloh] on : year [OM on < *pon, Dag hon, cp. Man fon time, Kor pom springtime, Jap haru, OJ paru, Kit *p'o time (as in hsia-li-p'o invitation-time, Doerfer 1992, 48; Chinggeltei 2002, 107)] ondoo : strange [OM ondu other, cp. Tur o he, Tuv ol, Man uba this, Eve hungtu- other] ongots : vessel [OM ongguti < *ongg-; see ongoyh] ongoyh : open [OM onggayi- < ongga hole < *ongg- hollowed out, cp. Man unggin hole] onis : lock, mechanism [OM onisun] onisgo : riddle [OM onisqa] onogdoh : divide onoh : hit [OM onu- and no-, cp. Kyr ong right] onol : theory onoo : wrestler onts : special [OM ongti] oo : powder [OM ogha < *opha, cp. Kyr upa, Man ufa flour] ooch : gulp [OM oghuti] oono : antelope zool [OM *oghuna, cp. Man onon] oosor : cord [OM oghusur] or : trace [OM oram < *poram, cp. OT *oruq] or : bed [OM orun, cp. Tuv orun, OT *orun; see oron] orchih : turn, roll [OM orti- < *por-, Don horo-, Mgr furoo-, cp. Man foro-, Eve horol-] orchuulah : translate [OM ortighul- < orti-, cp. Tuv ochul-; see orchih] ord : army camp [cp. Tur ordu army; see aral] ordon : palace orgil : top [OM orgil < *por; see oroy] orgoh : flee [OM orgu- < *oru-] orhih : throw [OM orki-] orloh : replace [OM orula- < orun; see oron] oroh : enter [OM oru-] oroldoh : try oroltsoh : participate oron : place [OM orun < *porun, cp. Kyr orun] oros : Russian [OM orus, cp. Kyr orus, OT orus, Man oros, Russian Rus] oroy : top [OM oray < *por, cp. Man foron] oroy : late, evening [OM oray dusk] orshih : be [OM orusi- < oru-; see oroh] osgor : crack [OM osqur, cp. Man wasiha and oshoho claw, Eve osikta] osol : failure [OM osal defective, cp. Kyr osol] otgon : junior [OM odqan < *otgan < *ot; see och] otor : pasture [OM otar hunting ground] ovog : name ovoo : heap [OM obhugha] ovor : look [OM obhur, cp. Tuv ovur illustration] oy : talent [OM oy intellect, cp. Tur oy opinion, Kyr oylo- think] oy : forest [OM oy < *poy, Don hoy, cp. Kyr oy valley] oy : anniversary [OM oy year, cp. Kit ai (Chinggeltei 2002, 107)] oylgoh : understand [OM oyul- < oy; see oy] oyms : stocking [OM oyimasun < *poyma, cp. Man fomotsi, from Tib] oyoh : bind, sew [see uyah] oyr : near [OM oyir] oyuun : intellect [OM oyun < oy; see oy] Ö öchigdör : yesterday [OM ötigedür; see ötsögdör] öchüühen : a bit, small, few [OM *ötighüken and utighan and *(ü)tiyöghen; see tsöön] öd : feather [OM ödün, Don hodun, Mgr foodi] ödiy : not yet [OM edüy] ödöh : urge [OM edü-] ödör : day [OM edür] öglöö : morning [OM öglüghe] ögöh : give [OM ög-] ögsöh : climb [OM ög-, cp. Tur yüksek high] ögzög : buttock [OM ögezeg < *pögezeg] öh : give [OM ög-; see ögöh] ölgöh : hang [OM ölgü- and elgü-, cp. Kyr il-, OT *il] ölhöh : smoothen [OM *ölke- and öghele-] ölön : hungry [OM ölün < *öl-, cp. Tur öl- die, Kyr öl-, OT *öl] ömch : property [OM önti and ömti < öbh, cp. Kyr önchü; see öv] ömd : trousers [OM emüdün < *emü-; see ömsöh] ömnö : front [OM emüne and ebhüne < *ebhü-, cp. Man emu one, Eve umun; see övör] ömröh : get loose [OM emüri- pull out] ömsöh : dress [OM emüs- < *emü-] ön : abundance [OM öng, cp. Jap ogoru live in luxury, or < *pöng, cp. SKor p'ung] önchin : orphan [OM önütin] öndög : egg [OM öndegen < *pön-; see önör] öndör : high [OM öndür < *pön-, Dag hundur; see önör] öngö : complexion [OM öngge, cp. Tur ön, Kyr öng, OT öng, Jap omote face] öngöröh : pass [OM önggere-] önö : far [OM öni] önöö : this [OM enöghe < *en-; see en] önöödör : today [OM enöghe edür; see önöö, ödör] önör : fertile [OM önür <*pön-, cp. OT *ön- grow] öntsög : corner [OM öntig, cp. Eve onggan] önzhih : stay [OM öndi-] önzhih : be fertile [OM öndi- < *pön-; see önör] ööd : upwards [OM öghöde < öghö < ög-, cp. Kyr öydö, Man wesihun, Eve ugi; see ögsöh] ööh : fat [OM öghökün < *pöghekün, Don fugun] öölöh : smoothen, plane [OM öghöle-, cp. Man folo- carve] öör : other [OM ögheri] öösh : net [OM *eghösi and üghesi, cp. Man veshen] ör : debt [OM örin] ör : sympathy [OM örü inside, cp. Tur öz essence, Kyr öz, OT *öz < *ör, Eve ur belly] örgöh : raise [OM örgü- < *pör-, cp. Tuv örü up, OT *ör, and Tur hörgüc hump, OT *örkü] örgöl : sacrifice [OM ergül, cp. Tuv örgül, Tur alkis applause, Kyr alkoo blessing, OT *alka] örgön : wide [OM örgen] örgöö : palace [OM ergüghe < örgü-; see örgöh] örh : door [OM örke smoke-hole, cp. Man uce door, Eve urke] örnö : west [cp. Tur ördek duck] örnüüleh : expand, develop öröh : arrange [OM öre-] öröm : skin, cream [OM örüme < *örü top, cp. Man oromu cream] öröm : drill [OM erüm] öröö : room [OM erüghe, cp. Tuv öreel] örööl : half [OM erüghel] örövtöh : file [OM erübhte- and *erümte-, Kal öröptihe; see öröm] örtög : value [cp. Tuv örtek] örtöö : post station [OM örteghe < *pört-, cp. Tur ört- cover, OT *ört] ös : revenge [OM ös, cp. Tur öc, Kyr öch, Man usa- be sad, Jap osoru fear, or < *pös, cp. Man fuce- be an enemy] ösgiy : heel [OM öskey and *öksey, cp. Tur ökce] ösöh : grow [OM ösü- < *pösü-, cp. Kyr ös-, OT ös-, Man fuse-] öt : maggot [OM ötün] ötlöh : be old [OM ötel- < *öte-, cp. Eve uteleptü old, Jap otoroeru wane] ötög : bear zool [OM ötegü < *öte- old man; see ötlöh] ötög : dung [OM ötüg] ötsögdör : yesterday [OM ötigedür; see öchigdör] öv : heritage [ÖM öbh, Chi] övchin : illness [OM ebhetin < *ebhedin < *ebhed-; see övdöh] övdög : knee [OM ebhüdüg < *ebh-; see evheh] övdöh : ache, be ill [OM ebhed-; see övchin] övgön : old man [OM ebhügen < *ebh-; see evheh and bergen] övög : grandfather [OM ebhüge < *ebh-, cp. Kit *ebüge (i-pu-ko) old man (Doerfer 1992, 47); see evheh] övöl : winter [OM ebhül, cp. Kit *u'ul (Doerfer 1992, 49; Chinggeltei 2002, 107)] övöölzh : hoopoe [OM *ebhö(ghe)ldin or *ebhög < *pöbh(ögh)] övör : front, breast; south [OM *ebhür < *pebh- front, cp. Eve evte lung and evtüle rib] övs : grass, hay [OM ebhesün, cp. Man afa stalk] P piu : ticket [Chi piao] puuzhin : rocket [Chi] pürev : Thursday [Tib phurbu Jupiter] pyanz : record [Chi pian-ji tablet] R ruu : direction S saad : obstacle [OM saghad < sagha-] saah : milk [OM sagha-, cp. Tur sagh-, Kyr saa-, OT sagh-] saahalt : neighbor [OM saghaqalta] sags : basket [OM sagsu] sahal : beard [OM saqal, cp. Tur sakal, Kyr sakal, OT *sakal] sahih : protect [OM saki-, cp. Tur sakla- hide, Kyr sakta- protect, OT *saq-] sal : raft [cp. Tur sal] salah : separate [OM salu-] salay : sperm anat [see salah] salhi : wind [OM salkin, cp. Kyr salkin cool] sam : ridge [Per sam] sambaa : cleverness [OM sambagha, cp. Jap shibaraku for a short time, Tib] sambar : board [OM sambara] samnah : comb [OM samna-] sampin : abacus [Chi suan-pan] san : treasury [OM sang, Chi] sanah : remember [cp. Tur san- consider, Kyr sana-, Man sa- know, Eve saa-, Chi suan reckon] sandal : chair [cp. Tuv sanday, Tur sandalye, Per sandali] sansar : space [Skt samsara] sanzhih : hang down [OM sandi-] sar : moon [cp. Kit *sär(ə) (sai-i-erh) (Doerfer 1992, 48; Chinggeltei 2002, 107)] saraalzh : lattice [OM saraghaldi, cp. Kor sal, Man sherin visor] saravch : roof, screen [OM sarabhti, Kal sarapchi; see sar] sarimsag : garlic bot [cp. Tur sarmisak, OT *sarimsak] sarlag : yak zool [OM sarlug, cp. Tuv sarlik, OT *sarlik] sarnay : rose bot sav : vessel [OM sabha] savan : soap [OM sabhun, cp. Tur sabun, Ara sabun, French savon, Italian sapone] savar : claw [OM sabhur] savh : chopstick [OM sabhqa, cp. Man sabqa] savhi : leather [cp. Tur sahtiyan] saya : million [Tib sa-ya] saya : recently [OM saya < *say new, cp. Kor sae] sayd : minister sayn : good [cp. Tur sagh right, Man sain good, Kit *she (Doerfer 1992, 48)] sedeh : think out [OM sedü-] sedreh : inflame seer : backbone anat [OM segher, cp. OT sengir ridge, Man seire backbone] seg : cadaver segs : basket [Chi] segsreh : shake [OM segseri-] sehee : intellect [OM sekeghe] seleh : change [OM selü-] selem : sword [OM seleme, cp. Man sele iron, Eve sele] selüür : oar [OM selighür < selbighür, cp. Jap saji spoon] sem : secret [OM sem still] semreh : detach [OM semer-] senzh : handle [OM sendi, Chi] seree : fork [OM sereghe] sereh : wake [OM sere-, cp. Tur sez- feel, Kyr sez-, OT *ser-, Man sere-, Jap shiru know] serh : buck zool [OM serke] serüühen : cool [OM serighün, cp. Tur serin] servee : crest, fin [OM serbheghe < *sir-, cp. Tur sirt back, OT sir-; see shirheg] setgel : core, soul setgüül : magazine sev : defect [OM sebh] sevh : freckle [OM sebheki < sebh, cp. Kyr sepkil, OT sebkil; see sev] sezhüür : rim shaa : net, veil [Chi] shaah : drive in, beat in [OM sigha-, cp. Tur sigh- get into, OT sigh-] shaantag : wedge [OM sighanchag, cp. OT sighis] shaar : used tea-leaves [OM sighar remains] shaardah : further shaazan : china [OM sighadiyung, Chi] shaazgay : magpie [OM si(gha)digay] shagay : knuckle anat [OM sigay, cp. Kyr söök bone, OT *sünge, Jap sune shin] shaglaah : prove shagnah : award shahah : press [OM siqa-, cp. Tur sik-] shal : floor [OM sila, Tib] shaldan : naked [OM sildang, cp. Kyr zhilangach from zhilang snake, Tur yilan snake, Tuv chilan (OT *yilang), Tuv chanagash naked (OT *yalang)] shaltag : cause, pretext [OM siltag] shamdah : be diligent [OM simda- hurry] shamlah : roll up [OM simala- or simara-] shanaa : cheekbone anat [OM sinagha temple, cp. Tur yanak cheek, Kyr zhaak jaw, Man shan ear, Eve sien] shanaga : ladle [OM sinaga] shanalah : suffer [OM sinala-, cp. Eve singni- be sorry, Man singgira- do wrong, Jap shinogu endure] shandastay : continuously shanz : a musical instrument shar : yellow [OM sira, cp. Tur sari, Kyr sari, Man shara- whiten, Tib ser yellow] sharah : fry [OM sira-] sharh : wound [OM sirqa, cp. Jap soru shave] shashin : religion [Skt shasana prescription] shat : step [OM situ stair, cp. Kyr shati, OT shati, Kor satari ladder] shatah : burn [OM sita-] shatar : chess [cp. Tur satranc, Per shatrang, Skt caturanga] shavar : clay [OM sibhar] shavi : pupil [Tib] shees : urine [cp. Tur sidik, Man sike urine, site- urinate] shideh : throw shig : as shigdeh : get stuck [OM siged- < sig stuck] shil : glass [OM silen, cp. Tuv shil, Tib shel, Tur sis- blow up, OT *shish-] shil : ridge; nape [OM sili, cp. Tabgach *shilu (shih-lou) high (Doerfer 1992, 46)] shilbe : buttonhole [OM silbi] shilbe : shin, calf [OM silbi] shileh : choose [OM sili-, cp. Tur sina-, Eve sinma-] shilgeeh : shake [OM silge-, cp. Tur silk-, Kyr silk-, Eve silgin-] shilüüs : lynx zool [OM sileghüsün, cp. Kyr sülöösün, Man silun] shilzhih : move, pass over [OM sildi-] shim : sap [OM sime, cp. Man simen] shine : new [OM sine, cp. Chi hsin, Kit *shen (Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Kog *su (Itabashi 2003, 151), Paekche *sa (Lee 1977, 41)] shingeh : ooze in [OM singge-, cp. Tur sin- penetrate, Kyr sing- be absorbed, OT *sing-, Eve sungta deep, Jap shizumu sink] shingen : liquid [OM singgen, Tib sing] shinzh : omen [OM sindi mark, cp. OT sin figure, Chi] shinzhleh : examine, research [OM sindile- < sindi; see shinzh] shir : hide, leather [OM siri] shiree : table [OM sireghen] shirh : louse zool [OM sirke, cp. Tur sirke nit, Kyr sirke] shirheg : thread; piece [OM sirkeg < *sir-, cp. Man sirge; see servee] shirteh : stare [OM sirte-] shirüün : rough [OM sirüghü, Kal shürüün] shiver : sweat [OM sibheri] shiver : drizzle [OM sibhe- ooze < *sir-bh-] shivneh : whisper [OM sibh-, cp. Kyr shibhir-, Tuv simir-] shivshig : shame [OM sibhsi- slander, cp. Jap shiiru] shiydeh : determine [OM sighid-] shiyr : leg [OM sighire] shog : joke [cp. Per shuh joker] shohoy : lime, chalk [Chi shi-hui] shoo : cube [OM sighu] shoodvorloh : be unable shor : skewer [OM siru] shorgoolzh : ant zool [OM sirguldin] shoroo : dust, soil [OM sirugha, cp. Eve sirugi sand, Kog *sork dust (Itabashi 2003, 151)] shosh : bean bot [OM sisi] shöl : broth, soup [OM silün, cp. Man sile, Eve sile] shönö : night [OM söni <* sön-, Kal söö, cp. Kit sunj (Chinggeltai 2002, 107); see sönöh] shörmös : sinew anat [OM sirmüsün and sirbhüsün] shövög : awl [OM sibhüge < sibhe- brand, cp. Kyr shibhege, Tur sivri pointed, OT *süvri, Man sifi- sting] shudgara : honest [OM sidur- smoothen, Kal shudrega honest, shudreha shave off, Tur siyir- peel, skin, OT *sidir, cp. Man shudu-] shugam : line [OM sigam] shuguy : thicket [OM siguy, cp. Jap shigemi] shulah : separate [OM silu-] shuluun : straight [OM silaghun] shumuul : mosquito zool [OM simaghul and simaghusun] shunah : be avid [OM sinu-] shungah : dive [see shingeh] shuud : straight, direct [OM sighud] shuudan : mail, post shuuday : sack [cp. Tuv shooday, Chi shou-dai hand-sack] shuuduu : ditch [Chi shui water] shuugih : be noisy [OM sigi-, cp. Eve chivin noise, Jap sakebu cry] shuurga : storm [OM sighurgan, cp. Tuv shuurgan, Jap shigure drizzle] shuvuu : bird [OM sibhaghun] shüd : tooth [OM sidün] shüdlen : two-year old zool [OM sidüleng] shüleg : poem [Skt sloka] shüls : saliva [OM silüsün and silükey, Kal shülkee, cp. Kyr shilekey, OT sülekei] shült : lye [OM silta] shür : coral [OM sirü bead] shüü : salpeter [Chi hsiao] shüügch : judge shüür : broom [OM *sighür and *sebhighür < sighü-; see shüüreh] shüür : filter [OM sighür, cp. Tur süz, Kyr süz-, OT *süz < *sür] shüüreh : grab [OM sighüre- < sighü- < *siph-, Kal sevüür, cp. Tur süpür- sweep, Kyr shipir-, OT *süp, Man sibki- examine] shüüs : juice [OM sighüsün, cp. Eve chuukse, Man shusu food, Chi chi juice] siyleh : cut, engrave [OM seyil-] sogoo : hind zool [OM sogu] sohor : blind [OM soqur, cp. Kyr sokur] solgoy : left [cp. Tur sol, Kyr sol and sologoy left-handed] solih : exchange [OM soli-] solongo : rainbow [OM solungga] solongo : skunk, weasel zool [OM solungga, cp. Man solohi marten, Eve sulaki fox] solongos : Kor [OM solungga, cp. Man solho] songino : onion [OM songgina, cp. Tur soghan, Tuv soguna, Man senggule garlic, Chi tsung onion] songoh : choose [OM songgu-] sonin : news; interesting [OM sonin < *son-, cp. Tuv solun newspaper, Man soningga new; see sonor] sono : gadfly zool [OM sona] sonor : hearing; news [OM sonur < *son-] sonsoh : hear [OM sonu- < *son-; see sonor] sorgog : sensitive soril : experiment sormos : eyelash [OM sormusun and sormusug, cp. Man solmin, Eve sarimikta] soroh : suck [OM soru-, cp. Tur soru-, Kyr sor-] soronzon : magnet [cp. Kal shornzo] soyh : feed horse [OM soyi- tie up horse to cool down, Kal sööhe, cp. Tur soghuk cold, Kyr suuk, Tuv sook, OT *soghi-, Kor soida cool down] soyol : culture [OM soyil training < soyi-, Kal sööl; see soyh] soyombo : emblem soyoo : fang; bud [OM soyugha, Kal soyaa and süye] sögdöh : kneel [OM sögüd- and sökür- bend the knees, cp. OT sökür-] söl : grass [OM söl sap] sönöh : be ended [OM sönü- <* sön-, cp. Tur sön- be extinguished, OT sön-, Eve si-] söög : bush [OM sögheg] sööngö : hoarse [OM söghenggi < sögheng] sös : bile anat [OM sö(l)sün, cp. Man silhi, Eve sii, Kor ssün bitter] sudag : ravine [OM sudaga] sudas : vein anat [OM suda(l)sun, cp. Jap suji sinew] sudlah : research suga : armpit anat [OM sugu, Kal suu and süü] sul : weak; free, loose [OM sula, cp. Man sula] sum : arrow [OM sumun] sunah : extend [cp. Tur sun- hand over, Kyr sun- extend, OT sun-] sundlah : ride in pair [OM sundala- < *sung-, cp. Tur son after, OT *song] sur : thong [cp. OT sirim] surah : study [cp. Tur sor- ask, Kyr sura-, OT sur-] surgaag : pole [OM surgaghag and sirug, cp. Tur sirik, OT *siruk, Man shuruqu] suuh : sit [OM saghu-] suulga : bucket [OM *sabhulga < *sabha; see sav] suusar : marten zool [OM sausar or subhsar, cp. Tur sansar, Kyr suusar, Per susmar] suvag : canal suvd : pearl [OM subhud and subhusun] süh : axe [OM süke, cp. Man suhe, Eve suke, Jap suki plough] sülbeer : pin [OM sülbe- prick, cp. Jap surudoi pointed] süld : symbol [OM sülde banner] süm : temple [OM süme, cp. Eve saman shaman, Jap sumeragi emperor] sünderleh : rise süns : soul [OM sünesün] sür : majesty [OM sür] sürdeh : fear [OM sürdü-] süreg : herd [cp. Tur sürü] sürel : straw [OM süghüril] süü : milk [cp. Tur süt, Kyr süt] süüder : shade [OM seghüder, cp. Man sebderi shadowy] süül : tail zool [OM seghül] süürs : sigh [OM seghüresü] süv : hole [OM sübhe] T ta : you ppron [see chi] taah : guess [OM tagha- < *tapha-, cp. Kyr tap- find, OT tap-] taarah : pass, match [OM taghara-] taglah : close [OM tagla-] tagt : balcony [Tur taht throne, Per takht] tah : wild horse zool [OM taki, cp. Tur teke buck, Man takintu and tahi wild horse] tah : horseshoe [OM taqa, cp. Kyr taka, Tib] tahia : hen [OM takiya, cp. Tur tavuk, Kyr took, Man coqo chicken, Kit *t'axia (Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Kor tak, Jap tori bird] tahih : sacrifice [OM taki-] tahiyh : bend [OM taki-, cp. Man takiya knee] tal : steppe, plain [OM tala, cp. Kyr talaa, Skt tala] tal : side; half [OM tala] talh : bread [OM talqan wheat flour, cf. Kyr talkan oatmeal, OT talkan] talst : crystal taltsah : divide tam : hell [OM tamu, cp. Skt tamas darkness] tamga : seal [OM tamuga, cp. Tur damga, Kyr tamga, Tib tham-ga] tamhi : tobacco [OM tamaki, cp. Kyr tameki, Eve damga, Per tanbaku, Tib tha-mag] tamir : strength [OM tamir, cp. Tur damar sinew, vein, Kyr tamir root, vein, OT *tamir] tamshaah : smack [OM tamsiya-, cp. Man tamisha-, Jap tamesu try] tana : nacre [OM tana, cp. Man tana] tanhim : hall tanih : know [cp. Tur tani- know, recognize, Kyr taani-, Eve taag- get to know] taraah : distribute tarah : end targan : thick, fat [OM targun, cp. Man tarhun] tarhah : scatter [OM tarqa-] tarhi : brain [OM taraki] tarih : sow [cp. Kyr tara- be dispersed, OT *tara-, and Tur dari millet, Kyr taruu, OT *tari-, Man tari- till] tarlah : train horses tarvaga : marmot zool [OM tarbhagan, cp. Man tarbahi and tarqan beaver] tas : completely [OM tasu, cp. Jap tashika certainly] tas : vulture zool [OM tasu, cp. OT *tas, Man tasahari black eagle] tasag : section [OM tasug piece] tashaa : side, hip [OM tasigha] taslah : pull off, tear down [OM tasul-] tasrah : break off, burst [OM tasura-] tatah : pull [cp. Tur tart- weigh, Kyr tart- pull, OT tart-] tav : five num [OM tabhun, Man tofohon fifteen, Eve tunnga five, Kit *ta… (t'ao), Kog *uti (Itabashi 2003, 154)] tavag : dish [OM tabhag, cp. Tur tabak, Kyr tabhak, OT tabaq] tavi : fifty num [OM tabhin < *tabhun-on; see tav] tavih : put [OM tabhi-, cp. Man te-, Eve tev-, Kor tuda] tavtsan : tribune [OM tabhting throne, Kal taptseng divan] taylah : pull out [OM tayila- < tayi-] tayvan : peaceful, quiet [cp. Tuv taybin, Chi tai-ping peace] tedgeer : that [OM tede] teeh : load [OM teghe-; see tavih] tegeh : make so [see ter] tegsh : flat, even [OM tegsi < teg straight, cp. Kyr tegiz, Tuv deski, Man teksi] teleh : spread [OM tele-, cp. Tur tel wire, Jap tsuru string] temdeg : sign [cp. Tuv demdek] temee : camel zool [OM temeghe and *tebheghe < *tebhe-, cp. Tur deve, Kyr töö, OT tebhe, Man temen, Eve temegen, Chi tuo] temtseh : make efforts, fight for [OM temüti- < *temü-, cp. Man temshe-] temüüleh : make efforts [OM temüghüle- < *temü-] tend : there [OM tende, cp. Eve taaduu] tenger : heaven [cp. Tabgach *tenggirin (ch'i-lien), Sien-Pi tenkirin, Hsiung-Nu chengli (Doerfer 1992, 46), Chi tien] tengis : sea [OM tenggis, cp. Tur deniz, Kyr dengiz, OT tengiz] tenhreh : strengthen tentseh : be alike, correspond [OM tengti- < teng balance, cp. Tur denge, Kyr teng equal, OT *teng] tenüüleh : wander [OM teneghüle-] ter : that [cp. Man tere, Eve tar] tereg : cart [OM tergen] tergüün : head, tip [OM terigün ; see terüü] teseh : tolerate [OM tesü-, cp. Man tesu- suffice] tetgeh : support [OM tedkü- < *ted-] tevsh : trough [OM tebhsi, cp. Tur tepsi, Kyr tepshi, Chi] tezheeh : feed [OM tediye- < *ted-, cp. Eve tedeev- convey, Jap tsutaeru; see tetgeh] tig : zero [Tib thig] tiv : continent [Skt dvipa island] tiym : such tod : clear [OM toda, cp. Man tondo straight, Eve tongno, Jap tadashii rightful, accurate] todroh : appear [OM todara-] togloh : play [OM togli-] togmol : regular togoo : pot, kettle [OM togugha] togoruu : crane zool [OM togurighun, Tur turna, Kyr turuna, Eve tokorov, Jap tsuru, Kor turumi] togos : peacock zool [OM togus, cp. Tur tavus, Kyr toos, Gre taos] togtoh : determine [OM togta-] tohioldoh : happen tohiroh : correspond, agree tohoh : saddle [OM toqu-, cp. Kyr tokum saddlecloth, Tur tüy hair, Tuv dük, OT *tük] tohoy : bend [OM tuqay, cp. Kyr tokoy forest] tohuu : joy tolgoy : head [OM tolugay] toli : mirror [OM toli smooth] tom : big tomiloh : appoint [OM tomila-, cp. Jap tsumori intention] tomoh : spin [OM tomi-, cp. Man tonggo-, Eve tomko yarn, Jap tsumu spindle and tsumugu spin] ton : quite [OM tong; see changa] tongoyh : bend [OM tongguyi-, cp. Man tunggi bow] tonog : equipment [OM tonug < *ton, cp. Tur don underwear, Kyr ton sheepskin coat, OT *ton] tonoh : plunder [OM tonu-, cp. Kyr tonoo robbery] too : number [OM togha, cp. Man ton, Eve tang-, Tib tho] toodog : bustard zool [OM toghadag, cp. Kyr toodok, Man todo] tooh : care [OM togha-, cp. Man tuwa- look] toor : peach bot toos : dust, earth [OM toghusun and toghurag < *toghu- < *tophu-, cp. Kit *ta…wəs (t'ao-wei-su), Sien-Pi taghutin (Doerfer 1992, 49), Tur toz and toprak, Kyr topurak, Tuv dovurak earth, OT *top(r)a, Eve tukala] toosgo : brick [OM toghusga and toghusqa < *toghu-; see toos] tor : net [cp. Kyr tor, OT tor] torgo : silk fabric [cp. Tuv torgu, Eve torga] torh : barrel [OM torqu, cp. Jap tarai tub] tos : fat, oil [OM tosun] toti : parrot zool [cp. Kyr totu, Per toti] tovch : button [OM tobhti, Kal topchi, cp. Kyr topchu, Tib] toyg : kneecap anat [OM toying < *toghing < *toph-, cp. Tur topuk heel, ankle, OT *topik, Man tobgiya knee] toyroh : go round [OM toghari-, cp. Man torho-, torgi-] tödölgüy : hardly [OM tedüy so much] tögrög : coin [OM tögörüg circle, cp. Tuv tögerik round, Kyr tegerek circle] tögs : complete [OM tegüs] töhööröh : equip [OM tokiyara-, Kal tökeerhe] töl : offspring zool [OM töl, cp. OT *töl] tölög : lamb zool [OM tölgen, see töl] tölöh : pay [OM töle- compensate, cp. Tuv töle- pay] tölöö : for [OM töleghe compensation < töle-; see tölöh] tölöv : form [OM tölübh, cp. Man tulgi- exterior, Eve tuligu] töms : potato bot [OM tömüsün] tömür : iron [cp. Tur demir, Kyr temir, OT tömür, Kot t'ip, Chi tiet (Mandarin tie), Kor tach anchor] töö : span [OM teghü, cp. Man to] tör : state [OM törü law, cp. Tur töre rule, Kyr törö master, OT törü] töröl : sort, kind [OM törel kin] töröh : bear [OM töre-, cp. Kyr töröl- be born, OT tör-] tösöh : plan [OM tösü-] töv : center [OM töbh] tövd : Tib [OM tübhed] tövögtey : difficult tsaad : that [OM tinadu, cp. Man casi and cala] tsaas : paper [OM tiyagha(l)sun < *tiyagha- reed; see tsagaan] tsadah : be sated [OM tiyad-] tsag : time [cp. Tur cagh] tsagaan : white [OM tiyaghan < *tiyagha-, cp. Man calfa birch, Eve chalban] tsahih : strike fire [OM tiyaki-, cp. Tur cakmak lighter, Kyr chakmak flint, OT chak-, Man takiyan lightning, Jap taku burn, Kor thada] tsahilgaan : electricity [OM tiyakilgan lightning < tiyaki- strike fire] tsalin : wage [Chi chaliang] tsamhag : tower [OM tiyamqag, cp. Man camhan triumphal arc] tsamts : shirt [cp. Man samsu hemp fabric, cimci skirt, Kor sap hemp] tsan : bell [OM tiyang, cp. Tur can, Per chang] tsan : hoar [OM tiyang < *tiyagh-; see tsagaan] tsana : ski [OM tiana sled, cp. Kyr chana] tsaray : face tsardas : crust [OM tiyardasun < tiyar] tsaril : crowbar [OM tiril and tilir < tili blade, cp. Jap tsurugi sword] tsartsaa : locust zool [OM tirtigha and sartigha, cp. OT sarisqa] tsas : snow [OM tiyasun < *tiyagha-sun; see tsagaan] tsavuu : glue [OM tiyabhaghu and tiyabag < *tiyaphagh, cp. Tur capak gum, OT *chapak] tsay : tea [Chi cha] tsayh : be white [OM tiyayi- < *tiyagh-; see tsagaan] tsayr : zinc [OM tiyayir < *tiyagh-; see tsagaan] tseezh : breast anat [OM tighedin, cp. Man tunggen] tselmeg : clear [OM tilme- and tilger] tsengel : joy [OM tinggel] tsereg : army [cp. Tur ceri, Tuv sherig] tsetseg : flower [cp. Tur cicek, Tuv chechek] tsetsen : wise [OM titen and sisen, cp. Tur sec- choose] tsever : clean [OM tibher] tsevrüü : boil, ulcer [OM tibherüghen] tsochih : scare [OM tiyoti- or soti-] tsog : ember; glory [OM tiyog] tsohih : hit [OM tiyoki-, cp. Kyr sok- and chokmor cudgel, OT soq- and choq-] tsol : title [OM tiyola] tsolmon : Venus [OM tiyolbun, cp. Kyr cholpon, Tur culpan] tsonh : window [cp. Tuv songgo, Chi chuong-kou] tsoo : quite, through [OM tiyoghu] tsoohor : variegated [OM tiyoqur < *tiyoghur < *tiyobhur < tiyobh wart, cp. Tur copur pockmarked, Jap sobakasu freckles] tsoorah : be perforated [OM tiyoghura- < tiyoghu; see tsoo] tsöhöh : despair [OM tiyökü-, cp. Tur cök- fall down, Kyr chök- sink, OT chök-] tsöl : desert [OM tiyöl, cp. Kyr chöl, OT cöl] tsöm : all [OM tiyöm] tsöön : few [OM tiyöghen] tsöövör : jackal zool [OM tiyöghebhör < *tiyöghe böri, cp. Kyr börü wolf, OT böri] tsös : bile anat [OM tiyö(l)sün; see sös] tsötsgiy : cream tsug : together [OM tiyug, cp. Kyr chulga- wrap, OT *chug bundle and *chuk dense] tsuhuyh : spread tsunh : pocket tsurhay : pike [OM tiruqay] tsus : blood anat [OM tisun] tsuu : call [OM tiyu; onom.] tsuv : raincoat [OM *tibha fur coat] tug : banner [cp. Tur tugh, Tuv tuk, Kyr tuu, Tib tog, Chi] tugal : calf zool [OM tugul, cp. OT *toqlu, cp. Man tuqshan] tugalga : tin, lead tuhay : over tuhlah : take time tul : because, so that [see tölöö] tulah : support [OM tulu- < *tul-] tulga : grid [OM tulga support < *tul-; see tulah] tunah : settle [OM tunu-] turah : be lean [OM tura-, cp. Jap toroi slow, languid] turliah : jack-daw zool [OM turulagh] tursh : during [OM tursi long] turshih : examine [OM tursi-] tus : this [OM tus the other side, cp. Tuv tuskay separate] tus : profit [OM tusa, cp. Tuv duza, Man tusa] tusah : hit [OM tusu-] tushaah : order [OM tusiya- < tus; see tus] tuslah : help [OM tusala-] tutam : each [OM tutum and dutum] tuulah : go through [OM taghul- < *taphul-, cp. OT *topul-, Jap tooru pass, penetrate] tuulay : hare [cp. Tur tavsan, OT *tabelgan, Kit *ta…lə (t‘ao-li) (Doerfer 1992, 49; Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121), Jap tobu jump, Kor t'uida, Chi tiao] tuuli : tale [cp. Tuv tool, Chi] tuuray : hoof [OM tughuray and turugh-, cp. Jap tsume nail, Kor thop] tuurga : wall [OM tughurga] tuurvih : begin [OM tughurbhi- plan, compile] tuuzhuu : broom tuyaa : ray [OM tuyagha] tuylin : overly tügeeh : distribute [OM tügüghe- < tügü- extend, cp. Kyr tök- spill, OT *tök- pour out, Jap tsugu fill out] tügshüür : anxiety tüleh : heat [OM tüle- < *tüghe-le- < *tügh-, cp. Tuv dül- cook, Eve dülacha sun; see tüymer] tülheh : push [OM tülki-] tülhüür : key [OM tülkighür < tülki-, cp. Tuv dülgüür; see tülheh] tümen : myriad [cp. Tur tümen, Man tumen] türee : boot-leg [cp. Tur diz knee, Kyr tize, OT *tir] türeh : push forward [cp. OT tür-] türgen : quick [OM türgen < tür, cp. Tuv tür temporary, Man türgen fast] türheh : smear [OM türki-] türs : fish roe [OM türisün] türüü : ear bot [OM terighü head, cp. Chi tou] tüshih : support [OM tüsi-] tüüdeg : bonfire [OM tüghüdeg < *tügh-, cp. Man tuwa fire, Eve togo; see tüymer] tüüh : history [Chi] tüühiy : raw [OM tüghükey] tüüniy : his ppron [OM teghünü of that; see ter] tüymer : fire [OM tüyimür < *tüghü-mür < *tügh-, or < *tüli-mür < *tüle-; see tüleh] U uchir : cause, ground [OM utir] uchrah : meet [OM utira-] ud : willow bot [OM udun < *pudun, Dag hudi-, cp. Man fodon, Kor patül] udah : take time [OM udagha-] udirdah : lead [OM udu-] ug : root [OM ug and unggi, cp. OT uq, cp. Man uksun] ugaah : wash [OM ugiya- < *ugi-; see us] ugtah : accept [OM ugtu-, Kal uktaha] uhah : understand [OM uqa-, cp. Kyr uk-, OT *uk] uhah : dig [OM uqu-, cp. Jap ugatsu pierce] uhna : buck zool ul : sole anat [OM ula] ulaan : red [OM ulaghan < *pulaghan, Dag hulaan, Mgr fulaan, cp. Man fulgiyan, Eve hulama, Kor p'algan] ulam : more [OM *ula-, cp. Tur ulam team, Kyr ulan- continue, Man ula-] uliangar : poplar bot ulias : aspen bot [OM uliasun < *puliasun, cp. Eve hula, Man fulha poplar, Jap hari and han-no-ki black alder, OJ pari] uliral : season uls : state [OM ulus nation, cp. Tur ulus, Kyr ulut, Tuv ulus] ultsgar : difficult umay : womb anat [OM omay] unah : ride [OM unu- < *punu-, Don hun-, Mgr funi-, cp. Man unu-] und : drink [OM unda, umda, cp. Man omi-] ungah : fart [OM unggu- < *punggu-, Don hunggu-] ungas : wool [OM unggasun and nunngasun; see noos] uni : pole uniar : mist [OM uniyar < *puni-, Dag honi, Mgr funi] unshih : read [OM ungsi-] untah : sleep [OM unta-, umta- < *pumta-, Dag huntura-, cp. Tur unut- forget, Kyr unut-, Eve omngo-] ur : championship [OM uran art, cp. OT uz] urah : tear apart [OM uru-] urgah : grow [OM urgu-] urhi : snare [OM urqa < *purqa, cp. Tur urgan rope, Kyr arkan lasso, Man hurka and fuca snare] urid : before [OM urida < uri] urih : invite [OM uri- < *puri-, cp. Kor pulüda] urihan : soft [OM uriqan] ursgah : flow [OM urus-] urt : long [OM *ur- < *pur-, Don fudu, Mgr fudur, cp. Tur uzun, Kyr uzak, Jap furui old] uruu : down [OM urughu < *purughu, Dag horoo, Mgr furu, cp. Man fura- dive] uruul : lip anat [OM urul < *purul, Dag horol, Don furun] us : water [OM usun < *u and *husun sap, Buriat uha water] ustah : perish [OM usta-] utaa : smoke [OM utagha < *putagha, Dag hutaa] utas : wire, thread [OM utasun < *putasun, cp. Tuv udazin, Man futa cord] utga : sense [OM utqa] uuchlah : forgive [OM aghutila-] uudam : wide [OM aghuda- < aghu] uugan : firstborn [OM augan; see aag] uuh : drink [OM aghu-] uul : mountain [OM aghulan] uul : tinder [OM alu < *palu, cp. Man fulakcan tinderbox pouch] uuli : owl zool [OM aghuli < *paghuli, cp. Kyr ükü, Jap fukuro] uulzah : meet [OM aghuldi-] uur : steam; atmosphere; fury [OM aghur, cp. Man abka sky] uur : mortar [OM aghur, cp. Tur övüt- grind, OT *ög-, Man o and ogo mortar] uurag : first milk [OM urag] uurhay : pit, mine [OM aghurqay < *paghurqay, cp. Jap horu dig, OJ poru, Jap haka grave, OJ paka, Kor p'ada < *p'al- dig] uushgi : lung [OM *aghusgi and aghuski and ouski, cp. Kyr öpkö, Man ufuhu, Kor phye] uut : bag [OM aghuta < *paghuta, cp. Eve hutakan, Jap fukuro, Kor phode] uuts : loin anat [OM uti, cp. OT *ucha, Man uca] uyah : bind, sew [OM uya- < *puya-, cp. Tur oya embroidery oyulga- stitch, Eve uy- tie] uyan : elastic [cp. Tuv iyat shame, OT *uya, Man uyan weak] uylah : weep [OM uyila-, cp. Kyr iyla-, Tuv igla-, OT *iyla] Ü üd : noon [OM üde, cp. Tur öghle, OT öd] üdeh : join [OM üdü-] üdeh : accompany [OM üde- < *püde-, cp. Tuv üde-, Man fude- lead, Tur uy- pass, adapt, OT *ud] üdesh : evening [OM üdesi] üg : word [OM üge] ügiy : lack [OM ügey, Kal ugaa, cp. Tur yok have no, OT *yok] üheg : box [OM üküg] üheh : die [OM ükü- < *pükü-, Don huku-, Mgr fugu-] üher : cattle zool [OM üker < *püker, Don fugie, cp. Tur öküz ox, Kyr ögüz, OT *öküz] ül : not üldeh : chase [OM ülde- < *pülde-, cp. Eve helin- hurry] üleh : rest, remain [OM ülü- < *pül-, Dag hulu- leave more, Mgr fulee-; see ülemzh] üleeh : blow [OM üliye- < *püliye-, Dag huul-, Don fulie-, Mgr puule-, cp. Kyr üylö-, Man fulgiye-, Eve huv-, Kor puda, Jap fuku] ülemzh : more [OM üle- < *pül- be much, cp. Man fulu plenty] ülger : comparison; tale [OM üliger < üli- compare < *ügüli- tell, cp. Man elin; see üg] ündes : root [OM ündüsün] üne : price [cp. Eve uniye- sell] ünee : cow zool [cp. Tur inek, OT *inek, Man uniyen, Kit *unj ox (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121)] üneg : fox zool [cp. Tur enik kitten, puppy, OT *enük, Man funiyehe hair, Jap inu dog] üner : smell [OM ünür < *pünü-, Dag huunu-, Mgr funir, cp. SKor pun] üns : ash [OM ünesün < *pünesün, Don funiesun, Mgr hunse, cp. Man fulenggi] ünseh : kiss [OM ünüs- < *pünü-; see üner] ür : seed, offspring; fruit; result [OM üre < *püre, Dag hure, Mgr fure, cp. Tuv üre seed and uruk child, Tur üre- be increased, Kyr ürön seed, Man fursun sprout, Eve hute child, offspring, Jap uji lineage, Kor ul family] ürchiyh : wrinkle [OM ürtiyi- < *pür-, cp. Tur büz- shrink, OT *bür-] üreh : squander [OM üre- < *püre- go apart, cp. Tuv üre- break, Tur vur- beat, Kyr ur-, OT *ur-, Man fori-, Jap furuu shake] üreh : rub [OM ürü- < *pürü-, cp. Tur üz- make sad, Kyr üz- break off, OT *ür-, Man furuku rasp] ürgeh : scare [cp. Tur ürk- be scared, Kyr ürk-, OT *ürk, Man fuce-, Jap odoroku be surprised] ürgelzh : permanent [OM ürgüldi, cp. OT *ürgüldzhü] üs : hair [OM üsün < *püsün, cp. Dag husu] üseg : letter [OM üsüg < *püsüg, cp. Man fusihen writing tablet, Kor s'üda < *psü- write] üsreh : jump [OM ösür- < *pösür-, Kal öserhe, cp. Man fusu- sprinkle, Kor pusta pour] ütree : vagina [OM ütü- < *pütü-, cp. Tuv üt hole, OT *üt, Man feteri nostril] üü : wart [OM eghü < *peghü, cp. Man fuhu] üüd : door [OM eghüden] üül: cloud, darkness [OM eghülen, Tabgach *eülen (yu-lien) (Doerfer 1992, 45)] üüniy : his, of this [OM eghüney] üür : nest [OM eghür < *peghür, cp. Man feye, Eve hugi] üür : dawn [OM ür and ör, cp. OT *örüng bright] üüreh : carry [OM eghüre-, cp. Jap ou] üüseh : form [OM eghüs- < *eghü-] üye : joint; generation, epoch [OM üye] üyen : ermine zool [cp. Jap u hare] üyer : flood [OM üyir] üyl : deed, affair [OM üyile, cp. Man uilen] üymeh : make tumult [OM üyime- < *püyime-, cp. Man fumere- mix] üyreh : crumble [OM üyire-] üzeg : pen [OM üdiyüg < *diyüg bamboo, Chi chu (Mandarin zhu, dial. chuk)] üzeh : see [OM üdi-] üzem : grape bot [cp. Tur üzüm] üzüür : tip [OM üdigür < *üdi-, cp. Man udiu head] V vaar : vase [Chi] van : king [Chi wang] vanduy : pea [Chi wan-tou] vintov : rifle [Russian vintovka] vokzal : station [Russian vokzal] Y yaah : do something [OM *ighu-; see yuu] yaam : goverment office [Chi ya-men] yaarah : hurry [OM *ighara- < *igh-, cp. Tur yagh- rain down; see yüüleh] yadah : be unable, be in need [OM *ida-, cp. Tuv yadii poor, Man yada- need] yaduu : poor [OM idaghu < *ida-, cp. Tur yaya pedestrian, OT *yadha; see yadah] yag : exactly yal : punishment [OM *ila, cp. OT *yala-] yalaa : fly, mosquito zool [OM ilaghasun, cp. Kor phari, Jap hae, hachi bee, OJ pape, pati] yalah : be victorious yalgah : discern [OM ilga-] yalzrah : rot [OM ildira-] yam : snot [OM *ima] yamaa : goat [OM imaghan, cp. Man niman and imahan, Kit *ema sheep (Chinggeltei 2002, 107; Vovin 2004, 121)] yamagt : always [OM imagta] yamba : privilege [see yaam] yanag : beloved [cp. Tuv inak love, OT *ina-] yangir : mountain goat anat yanhan : prostitute [OM *ingqan] yanz : model, type [Chi yang-ji] yanzga : young antelope zool yar : ulcer [OM ira, cp. Tur yara wound] yarih : speak [OM ira-] yaruu : harmony [OM iraghu < ira-, cp. Kyr ir song, OT *ir; see yarih] yaruu : noble [OM iraghu < *yara- shine, cp. OT yar- bright] yas : bone [OM isun] yatga : harp [OM itugan < *pitugan, cp. Man yatuhan and fitugan] yatgah : convince yavah : go [OM ibha-, cp. Man yabu-, yafa- and yoo-] yazguur : root [OM idigur < *pidighur, cp. Man fujuri origin] yeeven : cake [Chi yüeh-bing] yer : general [OM *irü] yerööh : wish [OM irüghe- < *pirü-, cp. Man firu- curse] yertönts : world [see zerleg] yes : nine num [OM i(r)-sün, cp. Eve yegin, Kit *is (Chinggeltei 2002, 107)] yooton : candy [Chi yao-tang] yor : omen [cp. Tur yorum interpretation, Jap uranau divine] yorool : ground [OM irughal < *pir; see ir] yos : habit, custom [cp. Tuv yozu, Man yoso, Chi yo] yosloh : salute [OM *isula- be polite] yöstoy : genuine yotuu : partridge zool [OM itaghu, cp. Man itu and gituku, Chi gi-ton-gu] yum : thing [OM y(agh)uman] yuu : what [OM ighu, cp. Man ai and ya which, Eve ekun what] yüüleh : pour over [OM *ighüle- < *igh-, cp. Tur yu- wash and OT *yük- rain down; see yaarah] Z zaa : good [OM diye] zaag : border [OM dighag] zaah : show [OM digha-] zaah : join [OM digha- < *dipha-, cp. Tur yap- make, Man yafa- catch] zaan : elephant zool [OM dighan, cp. Tuv chaan, OT yaghan] zaari : moschus [OM dighari < *diphari, cp. Kyr zhipar fragrance, OT yipar] zaaval : absolutely [cp. SKor cha-pul well-(or)-not] zadlah : open [OM didal-] zagas : fish zool [OM digasun, cp. Man nimaha] zagnah : scold [OM dingna-] zah : rim; collar [OM diqa, cp. Tur yaka collar, Kyr zhaka, OT yaqa] zahia : letter [OM dikiyan < diki-, cp. Tur yaka collar, Kyr zhaka, OT yaqa; see zahih] zahih : order [OM diki-] zalgah : connect, lengthen [OM dilga-, cp. Kyr zhalga-, OT *yalga, Man dialu- succeed] zalgih : swallow [OM diyalgi-] zalhuu : lazy [OM dilqa- be lazy, cp. Kyr zhalkoo, OT *yashi] zali : deceit [OM dili, cp. Tur yalan lie, Kyr zhalgan, Man diali deceit] zaluu : young [OM dilaghu, cp. Kot d'al child] zam : road [OM dim, cp. Tib lam] zan : manner [OM ding] zanah : threat [OM dinu- and dingga-, cp. OT *yan-] zandan : sandalwood bot [Skt candana] zandrah : shout at [OM dingdur- threaten] zanga : snare [OM dinggu] zanshih : be accustomed [OM dingsi-] zaraa : hedgehog zool [OM diragha] zarah : sell [OM diru- assign as a servant] zarlig : decree [OM dirlig, cp. Tur yarlik, OT yarliq] zasah : repair, improve [OM disa- punish, cp. Tur yasa law, Man dasa- correct] zavi : boat [OM dibhi, cp. Man jaya, Eve diav] zavsar : interval [OM dibhsar < dibh] zay : distance [OM diyay free space] zazhlah : chew [OM didila-, cp. Tur cighne- crush, gnaw, OT *yigh-] zedgene : strawberry bot [OM didgene, cp. Tur cilek, OT yilek, Man duqsi blackberry, Eve dikte berry; see zhimsgene] zee : grandson [OM dighe, cp. Tur yeghen nephew, Kyr zheen, OT yeghen] zeeh : wolverine zool [OM digheken, cp. OT *yeken akin to Tur ye- eat, Kyr zhe-, OT *ye-] zeel : market; loan [OM digheli street] zeer : antelope zool [OM digheren, cp. Tur ceylan gazelle, Kyr zheyren, OT *yeghren] zegs : rush, reed bot [OM digesün, cp. Kyr zheken, OT *yeken] zem : scolding [OM dime] zereg : rank, sort [OM dirge, cp. OT *yerge] zerleg : wild [OM dirlig < *dir land, cp. Tur yer place, Kyr zher earth] zes : copper [OM dis, cp. Kyr zhez, Tuv ches brass, OT yes] zev : tip [OM dibhe < *dibh- arrowhead, cp. Kyr zhebhe arrow; see züü] zev : rust [OM dibhe] zevseg : weapon [OM dibhseg and dimseg < *dibh-, cp. Tuv chepsek, OT *yepse-; see zev] zhaahan : small [see zhaalhan] zhaal : child zhaalhan : small [see zhaal] zhaaz : frame [Chi jia-ji] zhad : spear [OM dida, cp. Man gida] zhalga : ravine [OM dilga, cp. OT *yilga] zhar : sixty num [OM diran <*dirgughan-on; see zurgaa] zhats : ammoniac [Tib rgya-tsva] zhavar : cool wind [OM dibhar] zhavhlah : be glorious [OM dibhqula-] zhich : also [OM diti < *dirti < *diri two; see zhiremsen] zhil : year [OM dil, cp. Tur yil, Kyr zhil, OT yil, Jap toshi] zhimiyh : squeeze [OM dimüy-, cp. Tur yum- close eyes, OT yum-] zhims : fruit bot [OM dimis, cp. Tur yemis, Kyr zhemis] zhimsgene : berry bot [see zhims, zedgene] zhin : weight [OM ding, Chi chang] zhiremsen : pregnant [OM dirumsun < *diri two, cp. Man diuwe, Eve diur, Kit *chur (Chinggeltei 2002, 107)] zhirgeh : sing [OM dirga- be happy, cp. Kyr zhirgal pleasure, OT *yirga] zhishee : example [OM disiye] zhivaa : ten million num [Kal zhovaa, Tib bye-ba] zhizhig : small [OM didig] zholoo : bridle, rein [OM dilugha, cp. Tur yular, Man diulhu, Eve dül head] zhoroo : ambler [OM dirugha, cp. Kyr zhorgo, OT *yorgha] zhor : recipe [Tib sbyar-ba formula] zhötöö : envy [OM diyöteghü, cp. OT *yütkü] zhuram : order [OM dirum] zhüzhig : show [OM diyüdigi] zochloh : be a host [OM ditila-] zodoh : hit [OM diyoda-, cp. Kyr zhoy-, OT *yod-] zogsoh : stand [OM digsa-] zohih : correspond [OM diki-] zol : luck [OM diyol, cp. Tur yol way, Kyr zhol] zolgoh : meet [OM dilga-] zolig : devil [OM dilig vagabund] zoos : coin [OM dighus] zorih : make efforts [OM diri-, Kal zörhe, cp. Man diyori- strive; see zörih] zovoh : suffer [OM diba-] zögiy : bee [OM diyögey, cp. Eve diuvu- wasp] zööh : carry [OM dighe-, cp. Tur yük load, Kyr zhük, OT yük, Man diuwe- transport] zöölön : soft [OM diyöghelen, cp. Tur yavas slow, Kyr zhoosh meek, OT *yabhal, Jap yawaraka soft] zörög : path [cp. Man niji] zöröh : pass [OM diri-, cp. Tur yürü- walk, Kyr zhür- go and zhürü- be in motion, OT *yori- go; see zorih] zöv : right [OM diyöbh, cp. OT yöp, Jap mae front] zövhön : only [OM diyöbhken] zövlöh : advise [OM diyöbhle- > diyöbh; see zöv] zud : shortage of fodder [OM did] zugaa : entertainment [OM diyogha < *diyoph-, cp. Tuv chugaa, Kyr zhubat- comfort, OT *yubh-] zugtah : flee [OM diguta-] zulbah : lose hair [OM dilbu- and dilmu-, also dilba-yi hairless < *dil-; see zulgaah] zulgaah : pluck [OM dilga- < *dil-, cp. Tur yol-, Kyr zhul-, OT yul-] zulzaga : young (animal, plant) [OM dildigan < *dil-; see zulgaah] zun : summer [OM diyun, cp. Man diuwari, Eve diugani] zurah : paint [OM diru-, cp. Tur yaz- write, Kyr zhaz-, OT yaz-, Man niru- draw, Jap nuru paint] zurgaa : six num [OM dirgughan, cp. Man ninggun, Eve nyungun, Kit *nir (Chinggeltei 2002, 107), Jap mu] zurvas : narrow strip [OM dirbhus] zuu : hundred num [OM dighun, cp. Tur yüz, Kyr zhüz, Eve nyama, Kit *zhau (chao) (Doerfer 1992, 48; Chienggeltei 2002, 107), Jap momo] zuuh : bite [OM dighu-] zuuh : stove [OM diyuqa] zuuraa : during [OM dighur < *dibhur interval; see zavsar] zuurah : knead [OM dighura-, cp. Tur yoghur-, Kyr zhuur-, OT *yoghur-, Jap neru] zuzaan : thick [OM didighan, cp. Kyr zhoon, OT *yogho-] züdeh : hurry, tire out [OM diyüde-, cp. Kyr zhüdö- be exhausted] züg : side, direction [cp. Tuv chük] züheh : curse [OM dikü-] züleg : lawn [OM dilge] zülgeh : polish [OM dilgü- rub, scrape, cp. Tur yülü- shave] zür : antelope zool [OM diyür] zürh : heart [OM dirüken, cp. Tur yürek, Kyr zhürök, OT *yürek] zürzh : orange bot [OM dirdi] züs : color [OM disün, cp. Tur yüz face, Kyr zhuz, OT *yüz] züseh : cut [OM disü-] züsreh : hold out [OM disere-] zütgeh : make efforts [OM didkü-, cp. Tur yet- suffice, Kyr zhet-, OT *yet-] züü : needle [OM dighün, cp. Tur ighne, Kyr iyne, OT *yighne, Eve inme, Jap ya arrow] züüd : dream [OM dighüden] züüh : put [OM dighü-; see zööh] züün : left; east [OM dighün, cp. Tuv chöön, Eve diegin- left] züy : affair [OM diyüy, cp. Jap yue reason] züyrleh : oppose [OM diyirle-] * * * Abbreviations: anat = anatomy Ara = Arabic bot = botanics Chi = Chinese cp. = compare Dag = Daghur dial. = dialect(al) Don = Dongxian Eve = Evenki Gre = Greek Jap = Japanese Kal = Kalmyk Kit = Kitan Kog = Koguryo Kor = Korean Kot = Kottic Kyr = Kyrgyz Man = Manchu Mgr = Monguor num = numeral, number onom. = onomatopoeic word OJ = Old Jap OM = Old Mongolian OT = Old Turkic Per = Persian pl. = plural ppron = personal pronoun SJap = Sino-Japanese SKor = Sino-Korean Skt = Sanskrit Tib = Tibetan Tur = Turkish Tuv = Tuvan zool = zoology Note: "cp." (=compare) does not mean that the Mongolian word is related to the non-Mongolian words listed here. It only means that they might be related, but the question needs further scrutiny. The use of "cp." is a way to avoid the controversial notion of Altaic, which had served, at first, to cover the loose group of Turkic, Mongolian and Manchu-Tungusic languages, but later on several linguists also added Korean and even Japanese to the so-called "Altaic languages". Literature: Chinggeltei 2002 Doerfer 1992 Itabashi 2003 Lee 1977 Vovin 2004 Ad *bétà /*pédà "sea; ford" (p. 340) – add Kog *patan "ocean" (Itabashi 2003, 149), Silla *patQr (Lee 1977, 80). Ad *bŏĺi "kind of cedar, pine" (p. 371) – add Kog *bus(i), Middle Kor pus "pine" (Itabashi 2003, 139). Ad *č‘abu "army, war" (p.406-407) – add Kit *ča’ur (ch‘ao-wu-êrh) "raid" (Doerfer 1992, 47). Ad *Ôaru "young of animal" (p. 603) – the closest parallel to Kirghiz argin half-breed occurs in Tabgach *(h)arγun (ho-lu-hun) id. (Doerfer 1992, 45). If it is not a Turkic borrowing in M, it is incompatible with the Tungus-M isogloss "young". Ad *kÔằmù "beaver; bear" (p. 688) – add Kog kum kun "bear" (Itabashi 2003, 144). Ad *kǔŋi "child" (p. 742) – add Kog *gu "child" (Itabashi 2003, 140). Ad *k‘amp‘a "top (of head)" (p. 687-88) – add Kog *kan "head" (Itabashi 2003, 141). Ad *k‘ume "coal" (p. 852) – add Kog *kəmur & Silla kəmur "black", directly compatible with Turkic *kömür "coal" (Itabashi 2003, 142). Ad *làbò "more, better" (p. 859-60) – add Kit *nai (nai) "erster" (Doerfer 1992, 48). Ad *mÔali(-k‘V) "bright; to shine" – add Paekche *mərke "bright" (Lee 1977, 41). Ad *mro "tree, forest" (p. 956) – add Silla *murih "mountain" (Lee 1977, 80). Ad *najV(rV) "lake, river" (p. 961) – add Silla *narih "river" (Lee 1977, 80), which indicates the reconstruction *najVrV as only satisfactory. Ad *pZko "rock, cliff" (p. 1074) – add Kog *pa#iy *paγey ""cliff, rock, precipice" (Itabashi 2003, 149). Ad *p(‘)ōki "deep" (p. 1104) – add Kog *puk "deep" (Itabashi 2003, 150). Ad *sira/u "hill, mountain" (p. 1258-59) – add Kog *šüri *šüni "top of mountain" (Lee 1977, 38). Ad *sajri "to stick out, protrude, stand" (p. 1200) - add Kit *sarbai "plentiful" (Vovin 2003, 240). Ad *sèp‘ó "(inner) side" (p. 1233) – add Kit *suan (suan) "heart and stomach" (Doerfer 1992, 48). Ad *sipV "a kind of small bird" (p. 1257) – add Kit *shauā (shao-wa) "falcon" (Doerfer 1992, 48). Ad *tdmò "root; strength, soul" (p. 1364-65) – add Kog *cam "(tree) root" (Itabashi 2003, 140). Let us mention that the correspondence of Turkic *d-, M *d-, Jap *t- and Kor *č- indicate proto-Altaic *č- (rule #14). Ad *tÔ`ǒso "help, benefit" (p. 1439-40) – add Kit *tüsie (t‘ou-hsia) "Präfektur" (Doerfer 1992, 49). Ad *t‘°—à "lowland" (p. 1417) – add Kog *t(w)ən *thən "valley" (Itabashi 2003, 155). Ad *t‘ō—ké "round" (p. 1459) – add Kog *tawnpi "round" (Itabashi 2003, 152). Ad *t‘Zbá "foot(wear)" (p. 1389-90) – add Tabgach *tabag- in *tabagčin (to-po-chên) "infantry-man", i.e. "foot-soldier" (Doerfer 1992, 46). Ad *t‘égè(-rV) "edge, border" (p. 1410-11) – add Tabgač *teγčin (chieh-chên) "Umgebung des Herrschers" (Doerfer 1992, 46). Ad *úsu "animal; cow" (p. 1505) – add Kog *su *siu "cow, cattle" (Itabashi 2003, 151). Ad *ZlV "variegated" (p. 291) – add Tabgach *halan (ho-lan) "gefleckt" (Doerfer 1992, 45). Ad *Zli "to ask, invite, lend" (p. 1525) – add Kit gÓalə (hsia-li-p‘o "invitation-time") "to invite; invitation" (Doerfer 1992, 47).

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