Macromolecules Essential Question: How are the structures of the macromolecules similar and different? Objectives: Describe the basic molecular structure.

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1 Macromolecules Essential Question: How are the structures of the macromolecules similar and different? Objectives: Describe the basic molecular structure of the four types of macromolecules. Describe the primary function of the four types of macromolecules.

2 Virtual labs ologylabs.htm %20Compounds/Monosaccharides.htm Glencoe /labs/BL_15/

3 Do NOW! On page 8 left hand side of your journal do the following:
List what you ate for breakfast and lunch yesterday. Describe each item as either a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid. How did you feel throughout the day? (tired, alert, happy, sad, etc.) Did your mood change throughout the day? If so during which times? (after first period, after lunch, at the end of the day, etc.) What do you think the word biochemistry means? (Hint: Use your prefixes, suffixes, root word chart)

4 Macromolecules Macro means large
Molecule means a group of 2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond. Macromolecules A very large number of atoms bonded together.

5 What does this have to do with the Do Now Activity?
Macromolecules include the following: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within living things.

6 Why are Macromolecules also called carbon- based Molecules?
Carbon is often called the building block of life because carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things. These molecules form the structure of living things and carry out most of the processes that keep organisms alive.

7 Why Carbon is Cool! Carbon is so important because its atomic structure contains bonding properties that are unique among elements. Each carbon molecule has four unpaired electrons in its outer energy shell. Therefore, carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

8 Carbon-Based Structure
Carbon-based molecules have three fundamental structures—straight chains, branched chains, and rings. All three types are the results of carbon’s ability to form four covalent bonds.

9 Carbon-Based Structure
In many carbon-based molecules, small molecules are subunits or an entire molecule, like links in a chain. Each subunit in the complete molecule is called a monomer (mono= one). When monomers are linked, they form molecules called polymers (poly= many).

10 Carbon Compounds Monomers: subunit of larger molecules
Polymer: 3 or more monomers

11 Monomers/Polymers Monomer: Polymer: Monomer: Polymer:

12 Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and includes sugars and starches. Function: Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells.

13 Carbohydrates The most basic carbohydrates are simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Many simple sugars have either five or six carbon atoms. Can bond together to make larger carbohydrates. Disaccharide- 2 sugars bonded together. Polysaccharide- More than 2 sugars bonded together.

14 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Fructose Glucose
Honey, tree fruits, berries, melons and some root vegetables have lots of fructose or “fruit sugar”. Glucose Glucose is the main product of photosynthesis and starts cellular respiration. It is an important source of energy for cells!

15 Carbohydrates Disaccharides Sucrose
This is table sugar! We get it mainly from sugarcane and sugar beets.

16 Carbohydrates Polysaccharides. Starches Glycogen Cellulose
Starches are made and stored by plants, and they can be broken down as a source of energy by plant and animal cells. Glycogen Glycogen is known as “animal starch”. It is formed in muscles and the liver and can be broken down to make energy. Cellulose Cellulose is a building block in plant structure. Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells.

17 Carbohydrates Polysaccharides. Same Structure

18 Lipids Lipids are non-polar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. Most lipids contain chains of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

19 Stores energy for later use. Part of a cell membrane.
Lipids (Function) Stores energy for later use. Part of a cell membrane. Provide fat absorption and insulation. Produce hormones and vitamins

20 Lipids: Structure All lipids contain a molecule called glycerol (main part) bonded to molecules called fatty acid. Fatty acids are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Contains a Carboxyl (COOH) group on the end. Carboxyl Group Fatty Acid Glycerol

21 Lipids: Structure Many lipids, both fats and oils, contain three fatty acids bonded to glycerol. They are called triglycerides.

22 Lipids: Structure Saturated Fats Most animal fats SOLID.
Saturated because they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. All carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.

23 Lipids: Structure Unsaturated Fats Most plant fats LIQUID.
Unsaturated because there are fewer hydrogen atoms (not full). At least one double bond between carbon atoms. Creates kinks in the fatty acids preventing them from forming a solid. Double Bond

24 Lipid Structure Phospholipids Found in cell membranes
Consists of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group (PO4-) The head is polar and the fatty acid tails are nonpolar. R is an amino acid group

25 Cholesterol Cholesterol is a lipid that has a ring structure.
Your body needs a certain amount of cholesterol to function. Cholesterol is a part of cell membranes, and your body uses it to make steroid hormones. Cholesterol-based steroids have many functions. Some regulate your body’s response to stress and control development of the reproductive system.

26 Proteins Proteins are the most varied of the carbon-based molecules in organisms.

27 Proteins: Structure A protein is a polymer made of monomers of amino acids. Amino acids are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Organisms use 20 different amino acids to build proteins. Your body can make 12 of the amino acids, the others come from foods you eat, such as meat, beans, and nuts.

28 Proteins: Structure All amino acids have similar structures.
Each amino acid monomer has a carbon atom that is bonded to four other parts. Three of these parts are the same in every amino acid: a hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), and a carboxyl group (COOH). The R group is different in every amino acid. Carbon atom

29 Proteins: Structure Amino acids form covalent bonds, called peptide bonds, with each other. The bonds form between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid. Through peptide bonds, amino acids are linked into chains called polypeptides. A protein is one or more polypeptides.

30 Proteins Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
The specific sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s structure and function. If a protein has incorrect amino acids, the structure may change in a way that prevents the protein from working properly. For example: Hemoglobin is a protein in your blood that transport oxygen. IF just one of the 574 amino acids in hemoglobin is wrong, it can cause the disorder sickle cell anemia.

31 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides. Two types of nucleic acids: DNA RNA Nucleic acids have just ONE function: They work together to make proteins! DNA stores the information for putting amino acids together to make proteins. RNA helps to build proteins. DNA is the basis for genes and heredity. Provides the code for the proper assembly of proteins.

32 Nucleic Acid: Structure
Nucleotides (monomer) Composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. Nitrogen bases are: Adenine, Thymine (only in DNA), Guanosine, Cytosine, and Uracil (only in RNA)

33 Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA
Can see the 3 parts of each nucleotide.