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Overview of Cancer Genomics, Organization, and Variations in the Human Genome

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'Essentials of Cancer Genomic, Computational Approaches and Precision Medicine

Abstract

Clinical manifestations of complex diseases like cancer oblige deep knowledge of each attribute. Both structural and functional aspects of the genome are essential for the characterization of DNA intended for sequencing the whole genome, accompanied with the knowledge of bioinformatics analysis and computational simulation, improving the selection of target biomarkers and drug designing strategies. In this chapter, we have given a brief outline of cancer genomics, sequencing methods (conventional and next-generation), biomarkers, DNA, and tissue microarrays. Recent investigations in different types of cancer demonstrate its relationship with gene mutations which assign the specific chromosome and physical mapping of genome structure using both experimental and computational models. This chapter discusses the cost-effectiveness and labor intensity of techniques utilized for gene manipulations which advance the practices for biomedical and clinical diagnostics strategies. On the other hand, biomarkers are the biological molecules which act as indicators for certain diseases and can be elevated or reduced during certain pathological conditions, consequently revealing the route to the detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and predictions for many disease classifications. Mass-spectrometric analysis of whole protein sequences is also getting attention due to its promising approaches, facilitating diagnosis in the field of infections as well as in the indication of pathological stages, with the help of protein release profiling and expression both qualitatively and quantitatively. DNA microarrays and tissue microarrays are the techniques that have been evolved for the economization of cost and time for both DNA and tissue analysis, respectively, minimizing the laborious procedures for diagnosis. The advantages of these aforementioned techniques continue to progress, thus, mesmerizing the scientific world.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Applied Biotechnology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Thermodynamics of Proteins, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Marriam Yamin

  2. Applied Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology and Entrepreneurship, Cell Signaling and Cancer Therapeutic Lab, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan

    Hadeeqa Gull Raza

  3. Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Iffat Fatima

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  1. Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Nosheen Masood

  2. Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Saima Shakil Malik

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Yamin, M., Raza, H.G., Fatima, I. (2020). Overview of Cancer Genomics, Organization, and Variations in the Human Genome. In: Masood, N., Shakil Malik, S. (eds) 'Essentials of Cancer Genomic, Computational Approaches and Precision Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1067-0_1

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