Abstract
Applications to plasma spectroscopy are presented for different types of plasmas that are currently of great interest for science and applications: low-density tokamak plasmas, dense optical laser-produced plasmas, high-current Z-pinch plasmas, and X-ray Free Electron Lasers interacting with solids. The general principles of plasma electron temperature and density measurements as well as the characterization of suprathermal (hot electrons) and non-equilibrium phenomena are presented. Particular attention is based on the innovative concepts of dielectronic satellite and hollow ion X-ray emission. The effect of a neutral background that is coupled to plasma ions via charge exchange is considered in the framework of nonlinear atomic kinetics. Transient phenomena in the start-up phase, impurity diffusion, sawtooth oscillations, and superthermal electrons are discussed for magnetic fusion plasmas. For dense laser-produced plasmas and charge exchange coupling of colliding plasmas, the dynamics of fast ions in space and energy distribution functions are presented. The interaction of XFEL with solids is considered in the framework of a new kinetic plasma theory, where generalized atomic processes provide a link from the cold solid until the hot diluted plasma. Three-body recombination and Auger electrons constitute a generalized three-body recombination that is identified to play also a new role as a direct heating mechanism. General principles and new theories are illustrated along with detailed comparisons with experimental data.
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Notes
- 1.
Note that for a system with controlled constant temperature and volume, the Helmholtz free energy \({F} = {U} - {TS}\) is minimum at thermodynamic equilibrium and for a system with controlled constant temperature and pressure the Gibbs free energy \({G} = {U} - {TS} + {pV}\) is minimum. Note also the notions of thermal equilibrium, pressure equilibrium, and diffusive equilibrium (identity of chemical potentials) to characterize “equilibrium” between two systems.
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Rosmej, F.B., Astapenko, V.A., Lisitsa, V.S. (2021). Applications to Plasma Spectroscopy. In: Plasma Atomic Physics. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, vol 104. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05968-2_10
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