Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Seismic Assessment of Vertical Geometric Irregular Building: A Revisit

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Vertical irregular buildings, which are popular, especially in a closely spaced urban locality, are believed to have higher seismic risk. Accordingly, the design codes recommend special design criteria for such building categories. Although a large amount of research effort has been invested in the past, there is no consensus on the seismic performance of vertical geometric irregular (VGI) buildings in comparison with regular buildings. The present study evaluates the seismic safety of benchmark VGI buildings subjected to horizontal and vertical components of earthquake ground motion considering alternate engineering demand parameters. The concrete compressive strain of the column elements is used as an additional demand parameter to capture the building response. The building response is evaluated in terms of seismic fragility curves and response hazard curves using an accepted reliability-based seismic risk assessment methodology. The results of the present study indicate that the inclusion of vertical ground motion components and the choice of demand parameter significantly influence the outcome of the seismic risk assessment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Some data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  • Alhaddad MS, Wazira KM, Al-Salloum YA, Abbas H (2015) Ductility damage indices based on seismic performance of RC frames. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 77:226–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Aranda GR 1984 Ductility demands for R/C frames irregular in elevation. 8th world conference on earthquake engineering International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan 4 559 566

  • ASCE/SEI 7 (2016) Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston

    Google Scholar 

  • ASCE, SEI 41–13 (2014) Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston

    Google Scholar 

  • ATC 40 (1996) Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings. Applied Technology Council, Redwood City

    Google Scholar 

  • ATC 58 (2012) Guidelines for seismic performance assessment of buildings. Applied Technology Council, Redwood City

    Google Scholar 

  • Athanassiadou, C., and Bervanakis, S. (2005). Seismic behaviour of R/C buildings with setbacks designed to EC8. 4th European workshop on the seismic behaviour of irregular and complex structures, European association for earthquake engineering, Istanbul

  • Bakalis K, Vamvatsikos D (2018) Seismic fragility functions via nonlinear response history analysis. J Struct Eng 144(10):04018181

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker JW, Cornell CA (2006) Which spectral acceleration are you using? Earthq Spectra 22(2):293–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin JR, Cornell CA (2014) Probability, statistics, and decision for civil engineers. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhosale AS, Davis R, Sarkar P (2017) Vertical irregularity of buildings: regularity index versus seismic risk. ASCE-ASME J Risk Uncertain Eng Syst, Part a: Civ Eng 3(3):04017001

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhosale A, Davis R, Sarkar P (2018) New seismic vulnerability index for vertically irregular buildings. ASCE-ASME J Risk Uncertain Eng Syst, Part a: Civ Eng 4(3):04018022

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhosale A, Zade NP, Davis R, Sarkar P (2019) Experimental investigation of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry. J Mater Civ Eng 31(7):04019109

    Google Scholar 

  • BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) (1987) Indian standard code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures, Part 1 dead loads - unit weights of building materials and stored materials, IS 875. New Delhi, India

    Google Scholar 

  • BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) (2000). Indian standard for plain and reinforced concrete code of practice. IS 456, New Delhi

  • BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). (2016a). Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures. Part 1 General provisions and buildings. IS 1893, New Delhi

  • BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2016b. Standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges Section II, Loads and stresses. IRC 6, New Delhi

  • Colangelo F. (1999). Qualificazione, risposta sismica pseudodinamica e modelli fenomenologici di portali di ca tamponati con laterizio. Research Report, DISAT, University of L’Aquila, Italy

  • Collier CJ, Elnashai AS (2001) A procedure for combining vertical and horizontal seismic action effects. J Earthquake Eng 5(4):521–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell CA, Jalayer F, Hamburger RO, Foutch DA (2002) The probabilistic basis for the 2000 SAC/FEMA steel moment frame guidelines. J Struct Eng 128(4):526–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. R., Padhy, K. T., Menon, D., and Prasad, A. M. (2010). Seismic fragility of open ground storey buildings in India. 9th US National and 10th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland

  • De Biasio, M. (2014). Ground motion intensity measures for seismic probabilistic risk analysis. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering. Université de Grenoble, France

  • Elgamal A, He L (2004) Vertical earthquake ground motion records: an overview. J Earthquake Eng 8(5):663–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Fardis, M. N. (1996). Experimental and numerical investigations on the seismic response of RC infilled frames and recommendations for code provisions. Lisbon, Portugal: Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil.

  • FEMA P695 (2009) Quantification of building seismic performance factors. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • FEMA-440 (2008) Improvement of nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez J (1983) Earthquake response analysis of buildings considering the effects of structural configuration. Bull Int Inst Seismol Earthq Eng 19:203–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Freddi F, Padgett JE, Dall’Asta A (2017) Probabilistic seismic demand modeling of local level response parameters of an RC frame. Bull Earthq Eng 15(1):1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghobarah A (2001) Performance-based design in earthquake engineering: state of development. Eng Struct 23(8):878–884

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel RK (1997) Seismic response of asymmetric systems: energy-based approach. J Struct Eng 123(11):1444–1453

    Google Scholar 

  • Hao M, Xie LL, Xu LJ (2005) Some considerations on the physical measure of seismic intensity. Acta Seismol Sin 18(2):245–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Humar JL, Wright EW (1977) Earthquake response of steel-framed multistorey buildings with set-backs. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 5(1):15–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Jalayer F, Ebrahimian H (2020) Seismic reliability assessment and the nonergodicity in the modelling parameter uncertainties. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 49(5):434–457

    Google Scholar 

  • Jalayer F, Franchin P, Pinto PE (2007) A scalar damage measure for seismic reliability analysis of RC frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 36(13):2059–2079

    Google Scholar 

  • Jalayer F, Ebrahimian H, Miano A, Manfredi G, Sezen H (2017) Analytical fragility assessment using unscaled ground motion records. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 46(15):2639–2663

    Google Scholar 

  • Karavasilis TL, Bazeos N, Beskos DE (2008) Estimation of seismic inelastic deformation demands in plane steel MRF with vertical mass irregularities. Eng Struct 30(11):3265–3275

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim SJ, Holub CJ, Elnashai AS (2010) Analytical assessment of the effect of vertical earthquake motion on RC bridge piers. J Struct Eng 137(2):252–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee TH, Mosalam KM (2004) Probabilistic fiber element modeling of reinforced concrete structures. Comput Struct 82(27):2285–2299

    Google Scholar 

  • Le-Trung K, Lee K, Lee J, Lee DH (2012) Evaluation of seismic behaviour of steel special moment frame buildings with vertical irregularities. Struct Design Tall Spec Build 21(3):215–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu X, Chen Y, Mao Y (2012) Shaking table model test and numerical analysis of a supertall building with high-level transfer storey. Struct Des Tall Special Build 21(10):699–723

    Google Scholar 

  • Luco N, Cornell CA (2007) Structure-specific scalar intensity measures for near-source and ordinary earthquake ground motions. Earthq Spectra 23(2):357–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Mander JB, Priestley MJN, Park R (1988) Theoretical stress -strain model for confined concrete. J Struct Eng 114(8):1804–1826

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, F. (2018). OpenSees [Computer software], Pacific Earthquake Engineering Center a framework for earthquake engineering simulation. Accessed December 16, 2018. http://opensees.berkeley.edu/

  • Menegotto, M. and Pinto , P. E. (1973). Method of analysis for cyclically loaded R.C. plane frames including changes in geometry and non -elastic behaviour of elements under combined normal force and bending, Symposium on the resistance and ultimate deformability of structures acted on by well defined repeated loads. International association for bridge and structural engineering, Zurich, Switzerland, 15 -22

  • Miano, A., Jalayer, F., and Prota, A. (2017). Considering structural modeling uncertainties using Bayesian cloud analysis. 6th ECCOMAS Thematic conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering, European association for structural dynamics. Porto, Portugal (COMPDYN 2017)

  • Michalis F, Dimitrios V, Manolis P (2006) Evaluation of the influence of vertical irregularities on the seismic performance of a nine-storey steel frame. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 35(12):1489–1509

    Google Scholar 

  • Mistri A, Sarkar, P. and Davis, R. (2019). Column–beam moment capacity ratio and seismic risk of reinforced concrete frame building. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers—Structures and Buildings, 172(3): 189–196

  • Moehle JP (1984) Seismic response of vertically irregular structures. J Struct Eng 110(9):2002–2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Morandi, P., Hak, S. and Magenes, G. (2014). In-plane experimental response of strong masonry infills. 9th International masonry conference, Guimaraes, Portugal: International Masonry Society.

  • Nath SK, Thingbaijam KKS (2012) Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of India. Seismol Res Lett 83(1):135–149

    Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand Standard. (2004). Structural design actions; Part 5: Earthquake actions—New Zealand. NZS 1170.5, Wellington

  • O’Reilly GJ, Calvi GM (2020) Quantifying seismic risk in structures via simplified demand–intensity models. Bull Earthq Eng 18(5):2003–2022

    Google Scholar 

  • Official Chilean Standard. (2008). Reinforced concrete: design and calculation requirements. Instituto Nacional de Normalización, (INN) NCh430, Santiago

  • Park YJ, Ang AHS, Wen YK (1985) Seismic damage analysis of reinforced concrete buildings. J Struct Eng 111(4):740–757

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinho, R., and Antoniou, S. (2005). A displacement-based adaptive pushover algorithm for assessment of vertically irregular frames. 4th European workshop on the seismic behaviour of irregular and complex structures, Istanbul

  • Pinto, D., and Costa, A. G. (1995). Influence of vertical irregularities on seismic response of buildings. 10th European conference on earthquake engineering, Balkema

  • Pirizadeh M, Shakib H (2013) Probabilistic seismic performance evaluation of non-geometric vertically irregular steel buildings. J Constr Steel Res 82:88–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravichandran SS, Klinger ER (2012) Seismic design factors for steel moment frames with masonry infills: part I. Earthq Spectra 28(3):1189–1204

    Google Scholar 

  • Rofooei FR, Seyedkazemi A (2020) Evaluation of the seismic performance factors for steel diagrid structural systems using FEMA P-695 and ATC-19 procedures. Bull Earthq Eng 18(7):4873–4910

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadashiva VK, MacRae GA, Deam BL (2009) Determination of structural irregularity limits: mass irregularity example. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng 42(4):288

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar P, Prasad AM, Menon D (2010) Vertical geometric irregularity in stepped building frames. Eng Struct 32(8):2175–2182

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahrooz BM, Moehle JP (1990) Evaluation of seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames. J Struct Eng 116(5):1403–1422

    Google Scholar 

  • TEC (Turkish Earthquake Code). (2007). Specifications for structures to be built in disaster areas. Ministry of public works and settlement, Government of Republic of Turkey,

  • Vamvatsikos D (2013) Derivation of new SAC/FEMA performance evaluation solutions with second-order hazard approximation. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 42(8):1171–1188

    Google Scholar 

  • Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA (2005) Developing efficient scalar and vector intensity measures for IDA capacity estimation by incorporating elastic spectral shape information. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 34(13):1573–1600

    Google Scholar 

  • Varadharajan S, Sehgal VK, Babita S (2013) Determination of inelastic seismic demands of RC moment resisting setback frames. Arch Civ Mech Eng 13(3):370–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong CM, Tso WK (1994) Seismic loading for buildings with setbacks. Can J Civ Eng 21(5):863–871

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood SL (1992) Seismic response of RC frames with irregular profiles. J Struct Eng 118(2):545–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye L, Ma Q, Miao Z, Guan H, Zhuge Y (2013) Numerical and comparative study of earthquake intensity indices in seismic analysis. Struct Design Tall Spec Build 22(4):362–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Zade NP, Bhosale A, Sarkar P, Davis R (2022) In-plane seismic response of autoclaved aerated concrete block masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frame building. ACI Struct J 119(2):45–60

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India

    Nikhil P. Zade & Pradip Sarkar

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673601, India

    Robin Davis

Authors
  1. Nikhil P. Zade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pradip Sarkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robin Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by [NPZade]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [NPZ, PS, and RD], and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nikhil P. Zade.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Consent for Publication

All authors read and approved the final manuscript for possible publication.

Ethical standard

The results/data/figures in this manuscript have not been published elsewhere, nor are they under consideration by another publisher.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zade, N.P., Sarkar, P. & Davis, R. Seismic Assessment of Vertical Geometric Irregular Building: A Revisit. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 47, 2247–2262 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-01019-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-01019-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation