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Petrological features of stream sediments in two watersheds from the Nyong catchment (Southern Cameroon): implications for the titanium and zirconium exploration

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Abstract

The Nyong catchment is the second major catchment in Cameroon. Twenty-six (26) stream sediment samples collected from two watersheds (Nlong Mefok and Mbem) from the Nyong catchment to determine the weathering intensity, the provenance of sediments, and the titanium and zirconium (Zr) potentialities. The region is under an equatorial climate of four seasons. This zone is located within the Pan-African Orogeny. The X-ray diffraction results of bulk stream sediments encompass quartz, rutile, ilmenite, muscovite, illite, zircon, and feldspars. The heavy mineral fractions highlight the presence of andalusite and tourmaline, and confirm that of rutile, zircon, and ilmenite. The X-ray fluorescence data present dominance of silica dioxide, iron oxide, and titanium dioxide (TiO2). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry data also present abundance of vanadium, chromium, copper (Cu), Zr, niobium, tin, hafnium, and light rare earth element. These samples revealed high weathering intensity of source rocks. The high depletion of alkali and alkaline earth elements is also linked to the weathering of rocks as well as the fluvial transport. The thorium/Cu (2.7, 1.73, upper continental crust = 0.61) and lanthanum/scandium (1.15, 0.30) values highlight mixed provenance of the source rocks. TiO2 and Zr contents and the grain sizes found in our samples could be used as reference indices for future exploitation for rutile and zircon.

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Data availability

All the sediment samples for major, trace, and REE, mineralogy analysis were performed at the consulting laboratory and the Central Analytical Facilities in South Africa.

Code availability

Pearson correlation coefficient was determined using the XLSTAT software.

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Acknowledgements

This work represents part of the on-going PhD dissertation of the first author. The authors acknowledge the National Research Foundation of South Africa for funding part of this research (Grant number: UID 120450). The authors also thank Ms. Catherine A. N. Ngo Ndje and Dr. Jules Mbanga Nyobe from the University of Yaoundé I (Cameroon) for the field works and other scientific supports. The authors also thank the editor-in-chief and anonymous reviewers.

Funding

The research was partly supported by the PhD candidate and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant number: UID 120450).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Florence Ngobasaheg Malong, Paul-Désiré Ndjigui & Simon Ngos III

  2. Directorate of Research and Innovation, University of Venda, Private Bag: X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, Limpopo, South Africa

    Georges-Ivo Ekosse & Nenita Bukalo

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  1. Florence Ngobasaheg Malong
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  2. Georges-Ivo Ekosse
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  3. Nenita Bukalo
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  4. Paul-Désiré Ndjigui
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Contributions

Conceptualization: F.N.M. and N.P.D.; methodology: F.N.M., N.B., G.I.E., N.S., and N.P.D.; formal analysis: F.N.M., N.B., G.I.E., N.S., and N.P.D.; investigations: F.N.M.; data curation: F.N.M., N.B., G.I.E., N.S., and N.P.D.; funding: F.M., N.R.F.; investigation: F.N.M., N.B., G.I.E., N.S., N.P.D.; supervision: P.-D.N. and G.-I.E.; writing—original draft: F.N.M.; and writing—review and editing: F.N.M., N.B., G.I.E., N.S., and N.P.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Paul-Désiré Ndjigui.

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Ngobasaheg Malong, F., Ekosse, GI., Bukalo, N. et al. Petrological features of stream sediments in two watersheds from the Nyong catchment (Southern Cameroon): implications for the titanium and zirconium exploration. Arab J Geosci 17, 37 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11838-8

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