Abstract
The overuse, misuse, and underuse of antibiotics tend to increase the antibiotic burden in the environment resulting into the evolution in microbial community to possess resistance that renders antibiotics ineffective against them. The current review recapitulates the present state of knowledge about the occurrence and fate of antibiotics in various environmental matrices. Also, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria/antibiotic-resistant genes (ARB/ARGs) in various biological and non-biological systems, eco-toxicity of antibiotics on non-target organisms, and remediation methods for antibiotics and ARB/ARGs removal were critically reviewed. Furthermore, a comparison of various technologies for their efficiency to eliminate antibiotic residues and ARB/ARGs is made. The study identified gaps in the investigation of toxic effects of low concentration of antibiotics and the mixture of multiple antibiotics on non-target organisms. The study of antibiotics’ phytotoxicity and toxicity towards sediment and soil-dwelling organisms are also recognized as a knowledge gap. The review also details policies implemented across the globe to fight against antibiotic resistance, and the scarcity of data on lab to land transferred remediation technology was identified. The present study entails a critical review of literature providing guidelines for the articulation of policies for prudent use of antibiotics, limits on the amount of antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations, and regular surveillance in the Indian context.
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Acknowledgements
Sakina Bombaywala is grateful to the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for the award of JRF. The authors would like to thank the Director, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur (India), for permitting to write this review.
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SB conceptualized the idea of the review; performed literature search, data analysis, and data curation; and prepared the original draft of the manuscript.
AM helped in the drafting of the manuscript.
SP helped in the drafting of the manuscript.
SK supervised the team and reviewed the manuscript.
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Highlights
• Globalization has led to rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
• Wastewater treatment plants are inefficient in removal of ARB/ARGs.
• Scarcity of lab to land transferred remediation technologies was observed.
• Need for investigation of toxicity of antibiotics mixture on non-target organisms.
• Need to articulate policy for production, consumption, and release of antibiotics.
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Bombaywala, S., Mandpe, A., Paliya, S. et al. Antibiotic resistance in the environment: a critical insight on its occurrence, fate, and eco-toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 24889–24916 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13143-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13143-x