Abstract
The reproductive mode of viviparity has independently evolved in various animal taxa. It refers to the condition in which the embryos or young develop inside the female’s body during gestation, providing advantages such as protection, nutrition, and improved survival chances. However, parasites and diseases can be an evolutionary force that limit the host’s resources, leading to physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes that impose additional costs on both the pregnant female and her offspring. This review integrates the primary literature published between 1980 and 2021 on the parasitism of viviparous hosts. We describe aspects such as reproductive investment in females, offspring sex ratios, lactation investment in mammals, alterations in birth intervals, current reproductive investment, variations between environments, immune system activity in response to immunological challenges, and other factors that can influence the interaction between viviparous females and parasites. Maintaining pregnancy incurs costs in managing the mother’s resources and regulating the immune system’s responses to the offspring, while simultaneously maintaining an adequate defense against parasites and pathogens. Parasites can significantly influence this reproductive mode: parasitized females adjust their investment in survival and reproduction based on their life history, environmental factors, and the diversity of encountered parasites.
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Acknowledgements
The review presented here is a component of Juan J. Palacios-Marquez’s master’s thesis (Marquez 2022) conducted at Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas BUAP. We extend our gratitude to Jessica F. Stephenson, Miguel Rubio-Godoy, César A. Sandoval-Ruiz, and Jorge Contreras-Garduño for their valuable comments on the manuscript. Additionally, we would like to express our appreciation to the anonymous referees for their insightful review.
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Juan J. Palacios-Marquez is supported by the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) through the student fellowship #743417.
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Juan J. Palacios-Marquez conceived the idea and conducted the literature review. Juan J. Palacios-Marquez and Palestina Guevara-Fiore co-wrote the main manuscript text. Juan J. Palacios-Marquez was responsible for designing all the figures included in the manuscript. All authors contributed to the review and finalization of the manuscript.
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Palacios-Marquez, J.J., Guevara-Fiore, P. Parasitism in viviparous vertebrates: an overview. Parasitol Res 123, 53 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08083-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08083-z