The socio economic analysis of new income generation activities at turkish Aegean MPA's by UNDP Türkiye

T.C. ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞI

Empowered lives. Resilient nations.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

T.C. ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞI

Empowered lives. Resilient nations.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Project: Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

2011 Prepared by Ekin Keskin, Esra Başak, Uğur Yolak, Lee Thomas, Camille Bann

© 2011 Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection (GDNAP) Alparslan Türkeş Cad. 31. Sok. No.10 06510 Beştepe/Yenimahalle/Ankara Tel: +90 312 222 12 34 Fax: +90 312 222 26 61 http://www.csb.gov.tr/gm/tabiat

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Birlik Mahallesi 415. Cadde No. 11 06610 Çankaya/Ankara Tel: +90 312 454 1100 Fax: +90 312 496 1463 www.undp.org.tr Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. GDNAP or UNDP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale of for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without permission in writing from GDNAP or UNDP. For bibliographic purposes this text may be referred as: Keskin, E., Başak, E., Yolak, U., Thomas, L., Bann, Camille (2011). The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs. Interim Feasibility report on new income generation activities for each MCPAs. Project PIMS 3697: The Strengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey. Technical Report Series 1: 112 pp. This publication is prepared within the framework of large scale “Strengthening the system of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey Project” which is funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and executed by the General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in partnership with the General Directorate of Fisheries & Aquaculture of the Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock and the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) of the Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs.

Technical Report Series: 1 Authors: Ekin Keskin, Esra Başak, Uğur Yolak, Lee Thomas, Camille Bann Cover and Layout Design: Evren Çağlayan Layout Design Corrections: Harun Güçlüsoy, Güner Ergün & Gülden Atkın Gençoğlu Cover Photos: Women repairing fishnet, Harun Güçlüsoy Sailing boat, GDNAP Archive Yassıca Islands, GDNAP Archive Photos:

1-6, 8, 10-12, 14, 18-19, 21, 23, 24. GDNAP Archives 7, 9, 13, 15-17, 20, 22. Harun Güçlüsoy

This document should not be considered as an official Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, GEF and United Nations document.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Foreword

urkey is a country surrounded by the sea on three sides. Turkey’s nature and climatic conditions adorn it with a significant biodiversity in its coastal areas. However, there are also problems that touch these regions and that become more imminent everyday. Urbanization, industrialization, tourism, other residential areas and activities alike that leads to irregular and unplanned development that have severe impacts on coastal and marine areas. Developments, especially in the economy also increase marine transportation and dependency on the use of marine and coastal areas for development, housing, commerce, recreational activities and basic needs. Furthermore, the pressure of fast urbanization and settlement activities on coastal areas leads to many problems including loss of dunes, salt beds and marshes; marine and coastal pollution, deterioration and loss of coastal ecosystems. Biodiversity and fertility of coastal and marine areas are faced with this increasing pressure, leading to damages that cannot be undone.

These coastal and marine areas are one of the most precious assets we have and we must protect them. In order to alleviate these pressures and overcome these challenges, relevant structures and infrastructures for effective implementation and surveillance to ensure that these areas are sustainably managed, preserved and protected without being deteriorated and with a balanced approach between use and protection. In this regard, all related agencies and institutions have to go under a capacity building process to meet the demands of the required structures and infrastructures; cooperation and coordination between all parties have to be improved and an effective and efficiently operating work program and a model for financial resources have to be developed. In its responsibility area covering a coastline that extends over some 8,592 km, General Directorate for the Natural Assets Protection carries out research activities for the protection and study of threatened and endangered species and habitats that are duly specified in the national legislation as well as in international conventions that Turkey is a party; carries out research activities on the biodiversity of marine and coastal environments; determines the marine surface vessel capacity of important bays and harbors; establishes

procedures and principles for use of protection and use of such areas; carries out other integral coastal management activities and strives to minimize risks that threaten such assets. Protection of marine and coastal resources being a global priority, Marine Protected Areas are fast developing and expanding as a concept. Turkey is no exception to this rule where considerable awareness raising efforts are being carried out. Through the large scale GEF Project entitled ‘Strengthening Turkey’s Marine and Coastal Protected Areas’ covering the term between 2009-2013 and with the UNDP as the implementing partner, the General Directorate has taken a very first step for devising a long term solution for the protection of marine biodiversity in Turkish coastal waters; for the restructuring of marine and coastal protected areas database and to guarantee effectiveness and sustainability of ecological service functions. A series of technical reports that are prepared as a part of the project on economic analysis, socio-economy of fisheries in coastal areas, together with other efforts on the identification of marine sensitive areas, integration of economic principles to planning processes, ensuring financial sustainability, mitigation of pollutants from marine vessels and determination of alternative livelihood resources are expected to yield the following project outcomes: - Responsible institutions have the capacities and internal structure needed for prioritizing the establishment of new MCPAs and for more effectively managing existing MCPAs. - MCPA financial planning and management systems are facilitating effective business planning, adequate levels of revenue generation and cost-effective management. - Inter-agency coordination mechanisms in place to regulate and manage economic activities within multiple use areas of the MCPAs. Documents covering the three main outcomes of the Project so far mentioned are submitted to your perusal. Osman İYİMAYA Dep. Gen. Dir.

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Acknowledgements The authors of the Study wish to thank the Turkish Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas and UNDP for the organisation of the visits to Project areas. They also wish to address their gratitude to the local representatives of Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas and of the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks for their guidance during the field studies. The authors also wish to thank all the interviewees and contributors (listed in Appendix I) from different local and national level institutions, businesses and civil sectors, whose opinions, suggestions and materials have helped to shape this Study.

Acronyms EEME

Environmental Economy and Management Expert

EPASA

Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas

Finance Expert

GEKA

Southern Aegean Development Agency

GDNCNP

General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks

IZKA

İzmir Development Agency

MARA

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs

MARTAB

Marmaris Turizm Alanı Altyapı Hizmet Birliği Marmaris Tourism Area Infrastructure Service Union

MCPA

Marine and Coastal Protected Area

MoCT

Ministry of Culture and Tourism

MoEF

Ministry of Environment and Forestry

MPA

Marine Protected Area

MRE

Market Research Expert

NTFPs

Non Timber Forest Products

ORKÖY

General Directorate of Forest-Village Relations

SEPA

Special Environmental Protected Areas

TSI

Turkish Statistical Institute

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Yönetici Özeti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Main Sectors Analyzed in the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Report Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW: STAKEHOLDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas (EPASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 General Directorate of Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.5 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.6 Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.7 Turkish Coast Guard Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.8 Chamber of Maritime Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.9 Development Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 INFORMATION ABOUT THE SIX AREAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1 FETHİYE - GÖCEK SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2 KÖYCEĞİZ - DALYAN SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.3 DATÇA-BOZBURUN SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4 G Ö K O V A SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.5 FOÇA SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.6 AYVALIK ISLANDS NATURE PARK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.1 FETHİYE - GÖCEK SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.1.1 Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.1.2 Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.1.3 Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.1.4 EPASA Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.1.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.2 KÖYCEĞİZ - DALYAN SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.2.1 Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

4.2.2 Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.2.3 Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.2.4 EPASA Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.2.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3 DATÇA-BOZBURUN SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.3.1 Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.3.2 Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3.3 Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3.4 EPASA Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.3.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.4 G Ö K O V A SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.1 Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.2 Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.3 Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.4 EPASA Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.4.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.5 FOÇA SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.5.1 Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.5.2 Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.5.3 Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.5.4 EPASA Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.5.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.6 AYVALIK ISLANDS NATURE PARK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.6.1 Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.6.2 Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.6.3 Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.6.4 Current Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.6.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 CONCLUSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 APPENDIX I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 APPENDIX II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 APPENDIX III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 APPENDIX IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

List of Maps Map 1. Project implementation sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Map 2. Boundaries of Fethiye-Göcek SEPA (source: EPASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Map 3. Köyceğiz-Dalyan SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Map 4. The peninsulas of Reşadiye and Bozburun makes up the Datça SEPA (souce: EPASA) . . .21 Map 5. Gökova SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Map 6. Location of Foça SEPA (Source: EPASA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Map 7. Ayvalık Islands Nature Park boundaries(Source: GDNCNP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

List of Boxes Box 1. Forest Village Relations – ORKÖY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Box 2. Blue Chip Card System in Göcek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Box 3. Alternative holiday examples in Fethiye Huzur Vadisi (yoga holidays): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Box 4. Silkworm raising in Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Box 5. Fisheries in Köyceğiz Lagoon system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Box 6. Datça Organic Almonds in Datça-Bozburun SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Box 7. Sındı Agricultural Cooperative in Datça-Bozburun SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Box 8. Gökova Windsports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Box 9. Club Med Foça French Holiday Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Box 10. Çöpmadam (Ayvalık) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

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List of Tables Table 1. Fethiye – Göcek SEPA Regional Population (2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 2. Fethiye – Göcek SEPA Population Distribution According to Years (1970-2009) . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 3. Education Information in Fethiye 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table 4. Fethiye - Göcek Socio-Economic Structure Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Table 5. Fethiye - Göcek SEPA Municipality Residential Socio-Economic Structure Summary. . . . . . 17 Table 6. Socio Economic Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 7. Datça - Bozburun SEPA Regional Population (2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 8. Datça - Bozburun SEPA Population Distribution According to Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table 9. Education Information in Datça, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Table 10. Datça Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Datça - Bozburun SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Table 11. Bozburun Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Datça - Bozburun SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Table 12. Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Marmaris Villages in Datça - Bozburun SEPA . . . . 28 Table 13. Foça SEPA Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 14. Education Information Foça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Table 15. Fethiye Field Crops Production (1991 - 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Table 16. Harvested Area in Fethiye (1991-2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Table 17. Greenhouse Areas and Production in Fethiye -2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 18. Fethiye Number of Fruit Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Table 19. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Fethiye (1991-2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Table 20. Fethiye Vegetable Production (1991 - 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Table 21. Animal Husbandry in Fethiye (1991-2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Table 22. Number of Tourists for Muğla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Table 23. Rent incomes of Fethiye Göcek SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Table 24. Distribution of Products in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Table 25. Fruit Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Table 26. Field Crop Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Table 27. Honey Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Table 28. Animal Numbers in Köyceğiz and Ortaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Table 29. Milk Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Table 30. Rent incomes of Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Table 31. Harvested Area in Datça (1991-2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table 32. Field Crops in Marmaris (1991-2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table 33. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Datça (1991-2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Table 34. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Marmaris (1991-2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Table 35. Animal Husbandry in Datça (1991-2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Table 36. Animal Husbandry in Marmaris (1991-2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Table 37. Number of Tourists for Muğla 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

viii

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 38. Rent incomes from Datça-Bozburun SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Table 39. Rent incomes of Gökova SEPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Table 40. Foça Agricultural Land. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Table 41. Beekeeping in Foça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Table 42. Animal Husbandry in Foça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 43. Fish Types in Foça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Table 44. Bed Capacity in Foça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Table 45. Tourist Numbers, Nights, Lentgth of Stay, Occupancy Rates (2001-2007) Foça . . . . . . . . . 67

List of Photos

(by Ekin Keskin)

Photo 1. Göcek İnlice Beach Site Rental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Photo 2. Kayaköy Carpets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Photo 3. Women working on laurel in Toparlar Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Photo 4. Boat Tours in Dalyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Photo 5. Women cracking almonds in Datça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Photo 6. Products of Sındı Agricultural Cooperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Photo 7. Different Types of Fishes from Akyaka Fishing Products Cooperative . . . . . . . . . . .60 Photo 8. View of Çınar Beach (Site Rental) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 Photo 9. Persion monument in Foça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Photo 10. Beach in Foça . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Photo 11. Fishing boats in Ayvalık harbour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Photo 12. Handmade Products of Çöpmadam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Yönetici Özeti “Türkiye’nin Korunan Alanlar Sisteminin Güçlendirilmesi: Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanlarının Sürdürülebilirliğinin Kolaylaştırılması” Projesinin 3 ana hedefi bulunmaktadır: • Mevcut Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanlarının daha etkin yönetimi ve yeni Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanlarının kurulmasının önceliklendirilmesi için sorumlu kurumların ihtiyaç duyduğu kurumsal yapı ve kapasite güçlendirilmesi • Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanları için finansal planlama ve yönetim sistemleri geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması ile etkin iş planlaması, yeterli gelir üretimi ve etkin yönetim maliyetinin sağlanması • Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanlarının çok amaçlı kullanım alanlarında, ekonomik faaliyetlerin yönetimi ve düzenlenmesi için kurumlar arası koordinasyon mekanizmasının uygulamaya konması Yukarıdaki hedefler ışığında, bu rapor 6 uygulama alanında gelir getirici faaliyetler konusunda yapılmış bir ön çalışmadan oluşmaktadır. Proje Uygulama Alanları şöyledir: 1. Fethiye-Göcek ÖÇK Bölgesi 2. Köyceğiz-Dalyan ÖÇK Bölgesi 3. Datça-Bozburun ÖÇK Bölgesi 4. Gökova ÖÇK Bölgesi 5. Foça ÖÇK Bölgesi 6. Ayvalık Adaları Tabiat Parkı Bu çalışmanın başında yerel uzmanlar tarafından masa başı araştırması ve alanlarla ilgili bir ön bilgi taraması yapılmıştır. Bir sonraki aşama saha çalışmaları ile devam etmiş ve sonrasında toplanan bilgiler sentezlenerek bu ön rapor ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu rapor 5 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm giriş kısmıdır. İkinci bölümde sözkonusu alanlarda günlük aktivitelerde söz sahibi paydaşlar hakkındadır. Üçüncü bölümde alanlarla ilgili tanıtıcı ön bilgi sunulmaktadır. Dördüncü bölüm yapılan literatur taraması ve görüşmeler x

sonucunda elde edilen bilgileri her alan için 3 ana başlık altında incelemekte; tarım, balıkçılık ve turizm alanlarında hâlihazırdaki gelir getirici faaliyetler hakkında bilgi sunmaktadır. Bu bölüm ÖÇKKB için halihazırda gelir getiren faaliyetler sunulmakta ve gelir getirici faaliyetler içerisinde potansiyeli olan ve sürdürülebilir olarak seçilen öneriler hem ÖÇKKB hem de diğer başlıklar altında verilmektedir. Son bölümde raporun bulguları özetlenmekte ve dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar değerlendirilmektedir. Yapılan saha çalışmaları kapsamında; Pazar Araştırma Uzmanı 11-25 Ağustos 2010 tarihlerinde Muğla iline bağlı 4 alanda ve Yerel Finans Uzmanı ile beraber (Datça, Gökova ve Göcek’de) görüşme ve gözlemlerde bulunmuştur. 13-17 Eylül 2010 tarihlerinde ise Yerel Çevre Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Uzmanı ile birlikte Foça ve Ayvalık Adaları Tabiat Parkında görüşme ve gözlemler gerçekleştirilmiştir. 6 alanda yapılan toplam görüşme sayısı 132’dir. Görüşmelerde; bölgelerde yeralan hâlihazırdaki gelir getirici faaliyetlerin yanısıra potansiyel yerli ürün satışı, eko-turizm ve dalış turizmi gibi yeni ekonomik faaliyetlerden sağlanabilecek gelir artırıcı faaliyetler konusunda yerel paydaşlardan bilgi derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yerel paydaşlar kamu sektörünün temsilcileri (tarım, turizm müdürlükleri, vb.), özel sektör (işletmeler), sivil toplum örgütleri, kooperatifler ve köy muhtarları şeklinde özetlenebilir (Ek I’de detaylı liste verilmektedir). Kısaca, adı geçen alanlarda temel gelir getirici faaliyetler üç ana başlık altında incelenmiştir; tarım, balıkçılık ve turizm. Bu ön raporda gelir getirici faaliyetlerin yanısıra kıyı kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlamak için pek çok konu ele alınmıştır (örneğin balıkçılık alanındaki sıkıntılar çok yoğun bir şekilde gündeme gelmiştir). Yapılan çalışma sonucunda aşağıdaki ana konular ve zorluklar ortaya çıkmıştır: 1. Farklı paydaşlar arasında daha iyi bir yatay ve dikey koordinasyonun sağlanması gerektiği

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

2. Denizcilik faaliyetleri: Balıkçılık açısından artan kirlilik ile beraber diğer tehdit ve zorluklar (örneğin azalan kaynaklar) 3. Kentleşme (göç) ve turizm gelişimi karşısında artan baskıyla başedebilme; (örneğin tarımsal üretim ile yerel kültürel ürünlerde azalış ve üretimde bulunanların azalması) 4. Kültürel ve tarihi miras alanlarının korunmasının önemi 5. Az gelişmiş altyapı sistemlerinin pek çok alanda çevresel ve sosyal bir tehdit oluşturması (karasal atıklar, atık sular, sanayi dahil) Sonuç olarak, tüm bölgelerde görüşülen kişiler tarafından gelir getirici faaliyetler konusunda çok değişik öneriler teklif edilmiştir. Geleneksel deniz ve güneş turizminin çeşitlendirilmesi gerektiği yönünde çok fazla görüş alınmış ve bu yönde dalış alanlarının artırılmasından, ekoturizmin geliştirilmesi; trekking (yürüyüş) güzergahlarının belirlenmesi, tarihi ve kültürel yerler hakkında bilgi edinilmesi, kuş gözlemleri yapılması, agroturizmin geliştirilmesi; örneğin geleneksel yemek

pişirme ya da tarım yöntemleri, ya da yerel el sanatlarının nasıl yapıldığını görmek gösterilebilir. Farklı paydaşlar ile yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda bölgelerin Agroturizm ve Ekoturizm açısından zengin olduğu belirlenmiş ve ana fizibilite raporunda bunların daha detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu turizm çeşitliliğinin hem tarımsal katkı hem de çevre bilincinin sağlanması anlamında alanlarda sürdürülebilir “Yeni Gelir Getirici Faaliyetler” sunabileceği öngörülmektedir. Ancak, bunun başarılı olabilmesi için aşağıdan yukarıya yaklaşımın (örneğin çiftçilerin katkılarının sağlanması) ve kurumlar arası işbirliği çok önemlidir. Son olarak, raporda ÖÇKKB için de yeni günü birlik alanlarının yapılması ve yeni iskele ile şamandıra ihtiyaçları belirtilmekte ve kurum için dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlara (kapasite eksikliği vb.) dikkat çekilmektedir. Bu raporun akabinde, yerel uzmanlar birlikte 6 proje alanı için “sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu olan ortak veya bireysel ekonomik faaliyetlerin bir listesini” (aktivite 2.4.8) hazırlayacaklar ve öne çıkan konular fizibilite raporunda detaylı bir şekilde ele alınacaktır.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

W INTRODUCTION

ithin the marine areas bordering Turkey’s lengthy coastline is found an abundant, highly diverse and globally significant biodiversity endowment (UNDP, 2009). However, Turkey’s marine areas face major threats including habitat degradation associated with changes in coastal human populations and distributions, and associated sea/coast use pressures. Protected areas have a potentially significant, yet largely unrealized role to play in eliminating these threats to marine area biodiversity in Turkey (ibid). In 2009, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Turkish Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas (EPASA), in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP), have launched the “Strengthening the Protected Areas Network in Turkey: Catalyzing Sustainability of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas” Project in order to address the above mentioned issues. The long-term solution for marine biodiversity conservation in Turkey’s territorial sea is seen as a reconfigured Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPA) network designed to protect biodiversity while optimizing its ecological service functions through effective and sustainable adaptive management. An important aspect of this optimization is sustainable financial mechanisms, including income generation possibilities, to cover the costs of management. Income generating activities in MCPAs are important not only for local economic development but also because the way they are used and managed have significant impacts on productive and valuable ecosystems. It is worth underlining that marine and coastal ecosystems are among the most productive in the world and that important socioeconomic flows are obtained from these systems (UNEP, 2006). This study is part of the abovedescribed larger project and its main goal is to identify sustainable income generating activities along the Western coast of Turkey, at 6 pilot areas of the project. These areas are Fethiye-Göcek, Köyceğiz-Dalyan, Datça-Bozburun, Gökova, Foça and Ayvalık Islands Nature Park.

The report focuses on income generating activities that introduce alternative livelihoods and/or add Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

value to existing activities. Overall, these activities are analyzed under three main headings; tourism, agriculture, and fishing. Furthermore, the report highlights revenue generating potential for EPASA and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

diving centers in Turkey concentrate on the Mediterranean, in Marmaris, Fethiye, Ölüdeniz and Ayvalık, all of which are within the project’s pilot areas. The underwater scenery is varied with tunnels, caverns and rocky pinnacles providing divers with plenty to explore.

1.1 Main Sectors Analyzed in the Report

Recently, the need to diversify away from the sun and beach focused tourism which tends to lean towards unsustainability with distorted urban developments, environmental pollution and pressure on natural habitats and to develop other attractions has been recognized by both the public and private sectors (Ministry of Tourism, 2007). The view that there is a need for a niche or alternative activities to mass tourism was confirmed through the field work. The coastal areas in all six areass have untapped potential to attract a wider spectrum of tourism related activities such as nature-based outings/sports both on land and sea, agriculture-based farm visits, and culture/archeology-based visits.

Tourism is currently one of the leading economic sectors in the study areas and has the potential to contribute further to income generating activities. Just as coastal tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of global tourism (UNEP, 2006), in Turkey, starting from 1980’s, it has seen an explosion. The majority of these touristic activities has concentrated on the Mediterranean and Aegean coastal areas (Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2007). In 2009, among countries hosting most foreign visitors, Turkey ranked as the 7th with 25,5 million tourists; and the tourism-based revenues amounted to 21,3 million USD (World Tourism Organisation, 2009).

Marinas are also an important outlet for tourism related activities. According to Fethiye Socio Economic Report, serious investments have been made to the marinas in Turkey in recent years (Fethiye Socio-Economic Report, 2010). Yatch tourism demand has increasingly moved from Western Mediterreanean to Eastern Mediterreanean basin due to the relative unpolluted coastlines found in this region as well as the saturation with the well-known French, Italian and Spanish rivieras (Tandoğan, 2000). As such, Turkish coasts constitute important destinations for yatch and sailing tourism.

Agriculture contributes significantly to the economy in the six coastal areas and also plays an important role in supplementing household incomes. Agriculture is among the driving forces of Turkey’s economy with nearly 25% of the country’s labour market depending on agriculture in rural areas (European Commission, 2010). In the Aegean region alone, agriculture contributes to 28% of incomes (GEKA, 2010). Furthermore, traditional agricultural practices that are still maintained in Turkish landscape contribute to tourism development as there is an increasing demand in rural tourism opportunities. The Southern Aegean Development Agency (GEKA) also identifies increased demand for organic agriculture and eco-tourism, among Muğla province’s primary opportunities. The Aegean coast has a long history of traditional agriculture associated with the cultivation of pine nuts, olives, herbs, citrus and other fruits, and bees for honey. All the study areas have a history of cultivating olives for oil production. There may be potential for value-added agricultural outputs produced using organic farming methods, or specialty foods packaged as “gourmet” or “artisanal” foods.

Another marine-based tourism activity of significance in the study areas is diving. The main

Fishing is the third leading economic sector in the study areas. In South Marmara region alone, fish

Blessed with unique natural and cultural attractions, all the study areas are well placed to become a leader of tourism in their respective areas. To date, the tourism industry has been relying primarily on natural features (coastal beaches, scenary, favorable weather conditions etc) as the major attraction, with most tourists visiting the areas for their summer holidays. Boat excursions operate in all six study areas with most of the tour companies offering similar daily outing options.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

products make up the third largest exported goods after manufacturing and mining (GEKA, 2010). Likewise in Muğla, where four of the MCPAs are located, the export of aquatic and animal products marks a volume of about 50 million USD according to 2009 data (ibid). Foça is estimated to provide 20% of the fish circulated in the Aegean region (IZKA, 2009). In Ayvalık, 25.000 fish has been collected in the first nine months of 2010 and the fish export out of Ayvalık in 2010 amounted to $4.835.236 (Ayvalık Directorate of Agriculture, 2010). In the six study areas fishing is still done on a small-scale by local fishermen. Small-scale fisheries provide food and drive the economies of these local communities. But the traditional fishing practices seem unable to compete with big trawlers that put increasing amounts of pressure on the resource base. Even though trawlers fish outside the legally defined marine protected zones, their impact on the food chain locally and regionally is not yet well-understood. This report is relevant to a wide range of stakeholders, including decision-makers, private investors, local authorities and the funding agencies with an interest in sustainable income generating activities in coastal areas. The limitations of data and subsequent ability to analyse the situation in detail should be acknowledged. While the document does not pretend to be a comprehensive treatment of the subject, it provides a broad assessment of the current status of the areas and identifies issues and needs that will be a starting point for the sustainable development of the activities in question. Neither a feasibility study nor a business plan had been conducted previously or developed for any of the potential income-generating activities proposed. Although there are some studies that are being conducted (in progress), they are not yet finished. It has not been possible for the project team to assess the project site business plans in the development of this report, but this will be done when they are finished. In this study, a number of activities are identified rather than a detailed assessment of one or two specific activities. As an outcome of this report, a more specific list of activities for each project area will be prepared. In the

final feasibility report, more concrete opportunities and risks will be identified, and opportunities will be sought to pilot recommended activities in order to inform future strategy and possible replication in other areas.

1.2 Methodology This Interim Feasibility Study on income generation opportunities at selected marine and coastal protected areas (MCPA) was prepared over the period August 2010 – December 2010. The study comprised of the following main steps: 1- Review of existing laws and policies: The local experts conducted a review of the existing regulations concerning EPASA’s institutional income generation means, especially in terms of the authority’s policy on site rentals’ at coastal zones. Furthermore, EPASA’s strategic plans and action plans were analyzed in order to perceive the revenue expansion possibilities. 2- Literature review: The local experts researched and reviewed available primary and secondary sources of information. These included socio-economic reports of EPASA, İzmir and Muğla Development Agencies, scientific articles, conference proceedings and other documents concerning the project’s pilot areas. 3- Solicitation of the opinions of a wide range of stakeholders: Interim Feasibility Study was designed and undertaken by literature review and field work. Using issues and questions identified during the initial literature review, the local experts made field visits to all six areas to understand the perspectives of local authorities, representatives of public and private sectors, hotel and other business owners, tour operators, and to visit some of the villages in the regions. In-depth face to face interviews were conducted with key stakeholders representing various posts in government, tourism and other relevant sectors in the project sites. Through open-ended questions prepared in advance for each stakeholder group,

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

a total of 132 interviews were conducted in all six areas between August 2010 and October 2010 (in total 19 days). Fethiye-Göcek, Köyceğiz-Dalyan, Datça-Bozburun, Gökova are located in Muğla province. In Muğla, all four areas were covered and 88 interviews were conducted and this was followed by 25 interviews in Ayvalık Nature Islands and lastly 19 interviews in Foça. Details of each interview are provided in Appendix I. Interviews provided a practical insight into the type of activities that are being undertaken by the local stakeholders and their day to day experiences. Through the interviews, it was possible to record the factors and challenges/opportunities that may contribute to the success or failure of such initiatives.

1.3 Report Structure This report is organised into five chapters. Chapter One provides introductory information. Chapter Two presents an overview of the stakeholders that currently take part in or have a say in the activities and operations in the areas. Chapter Three gives a general overview of the areas - their location and main socio-economic and ecological characteristics. Chapter Four focuses on the findings of the interviews conducted in the areas and on key components of the activities related to agriculture, fishing and tourism. The final chapter concludes with an overview of the findings and highlights the important points for income generating activities to be successfully implemented in the areas.

The report was finally drafted in a collaborative manner, with all experts contributing to specific sections. As an outcome of this interim report, a list of sustainable and environmental friendly economic activities for each project area will be prepared both for increasing the revenues of EPASA and of the concerned local communities (Activity 2.4.8)1. The final report will also have a matrix of relevant stakeholders (public, private, etc.) for selected activities.

Activity 2.4.8: Local experts prepare a list of sustainable and environmental friendly joint or individual economic activities with the local stakeholders at the meeting to be organized for the dissemination of the feasibility

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

T INSTITUTIONAL OVERVIEW: STAKEHOLDERS

he current income generating activities on Turkey’s marine and coastal stretch spread across many sectors including a number of governmental institutions which by the nature of their responsibilities have important roles to perform. The public sector plays an important role in creating an enabling environment for the sustainable development in the study areas. The information provided in this section is based on the field interviews and the internet pages of government organizations (provided in the references) and the other stakeholders. Institutional responsibility for the establishment and management of MCPAs lies with four agencies: (i) the Authority for the Protection of Special Areas (EPASA); (ii) the Fisheries Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; (iii) the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP); and, (iv) the Ministry for Culture and Tourism (UNDP 2009).

In addition to the governmental institutions, there are many other agencies or institutions whose work is relevant2. These supporting agencies need to work together in a coordinated manner to ensure that tourism-agriculture and other development strategies are implemented properly. This section provides succinct information about some of the stakeholders in the areas. It is not a comprehensive list due to the diverse characteristics and large field of activities in the areas. This is also valid also for the villages in the areas. Five of the 6 pilot areas, Fethiye-Göcek, KöyceğizDalyan, Datça-Bozburun, Gökova and Foça are special areas under EPASA. Only Ayvalık and its islands have a different conservation status, that of a “Nature Park”.

2.1 Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas (EPASA) EPASA is part of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) and is headquartered in Ankara. Based on “The Convention for Protecting the Mediterranean Against Pollution”, signed in 2

For details on the major categories of stakeholders and their involvement please refer to Table 4, p. 16 UNDP Project Document. http:// www.undp.org.tr/Gozlem2.aspx?WebSayfaNo=2193

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Barcelona in 1976, The Authority was temporarily established on 12 June 1988 by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers (number of decision: 88-13019). EPASA was officially established on November 13, 1989 by the Decree Having the Force of Law (decision number: 383, published in Official Gazette no: 20341) pursuant to related protocol and to the article 9 of the Turkish Law of Environment no: 2872. This Decree granted the Cabinet of Ministers the power to determine and declare Special Environmental Protection Areas (SEPAs), and make the necessary regulations at sites which possess ecological value and which are threatened by environmental pollution and corruption; and also taking on measures needed to pass on areas of natural beauty to further generations. According to this Law, The Cabinet of Ministers also has the force to define the principles for the preservation of these sites and decide which ministry will conduct the plans and projects within the areas. With Decree No: 383 “the authorities and the tasks for protecting environmental values of the areas, for taking all measures to solve the present environmental problems, for defining the principles for the preservation and usage of these areas, for developing the municipal construction plans of all scales within the area and also for approving these plans” are given to EPASA. EPASA, which had been linked to the Prime Minister’s office from the very outset, was linked to the Ministry of Environment which was established on 21 August 1991 by the Decree Having the Force of Law ( number of decision 444/KHK). EPASA was linked to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry after these two Ministries were merged on May 1, 2003 (Law no: 4856). Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas has been carrying its operations as a public institution and has a special budget. The aim of EPASA is to: • Protect areas of natural beauty, historical and cultural sources, biological diversity and, living and non-living entities both underwater and above-water; • Pass these values onto future generations;

• Promote sustianble regional development; and. make society aware of environmental values. The objectives of EPASA are to: • Set the balance between protection and usage; • Protect the limited and fruitful agricultural sites and qualified forest sites; • Prevent underground and above ground water pollution; • Protect wetland sites against extinction; • Make the regions be used in an organized way; • Improve the environmental infrastructure of the settlements in the regions; and • Support economic sectors such as agriculture, tourism and fishery so that they do not harm the natural balance. An important difference between SEPAs and other protected areas is that management authority within SEPAs is shared with many of the national and sub-national authorities that have responsibilities within the coastal zone (UNDP 2009).

2.2 The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) The Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Forestry have merged under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) with the Law on Establishment and Duties of Ministry of Environment and Forestry No. 4856 (Official Gazette 2003). The main responsibilities of the MoEF are as follows: • Protecting and improving environment, • Using and protecting land and natural resources with the most appropriate and efficient way in urban and rural areas, • Protecting and developing the flora and fauna and natural heritage of the country, • Protecting every type of environmental protection,

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

• Protecting and developing forests and enlargement of forest areas, • Helping development of villagers living in or near forests and to take the necessary precautions for this purpose, • Meeting the requirement for forest products and developing of forest products industries.

2.3 General Directorate of Forestry The General Directorate of Forestry, which acts under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, is responsible for developing policies and regulations to ensure that forests and forest resources in Turkey are conserved and used in a sustainable manner. The Directorate’s range of responsibilities include protection of Turkey’s forests, management

of protected areas and national parks, forest management planning, silviculture, production and marketing of forestry products, aforestation and erosion control, and forest-village relations. The Forest Law No. 3116 enacted in 1937 made first legal definition of forest and introduced the first set of forest policies in Turkey. The Forest Act has been subject to many amendments until the preparation of the new Forest Law (No 6831) in 1956. This Law has been under implementation since then, with numerous amendments. Forest and village relations are managed under the General Directorate of Forest-Village Relations (ORKÖY) explained in depth below. In some of the study areas, forest villages fall within SEPA boundaries which could imply EPASA’s collaboration with the General Directorate of Forestry.

Box 1. Forest Village Relations – ORKÖY Forest resources provide vital socio-economic contributions especially for local communities, which comprise around 7-8 million people living over 20,000 forest villages in Turkey. Almost all energy needs of such communities are provided as fuel wood at highly subsidized prices from the state forests. In addition, significant amount of wood volumes are illicitly cut and utilized by the forest village dwellers. Timber needs of forest villagers are also provided at subsidized prices from the state forests which is around 400 000 m3 annually. Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) produced from forest areas also provide some important contributions to family diet and cash income to household budget in forest regions. Fodder provided by free grazing and by cutting and carrying away for winter feeding is by far the most important NTFP for the forest region communities for which livestock is one of the main source of income especially in remote mountainous areas Based on the Constitution item 170, ORKÖY was founded with the aim of contributing to the economic, social and cultural development of rural people who live within or nearby forest areas to minimize their adverse effects on forests. The ORKÖY is financed through the sale of land excluded from forest by 2/B, 3 % of the revenues from wood sales, 3 % of the total amount of the projects of allocations and rentals from forest land, 10 % of the net profit of the forest districts and from other sources such as donations, credit interest returns etc. The contributions of ORKÖY is generally categorized as 1) donation to village legal entity 2) low interest credits for social needs (841.171 units proposed) 3) low interest credits to individuals for economic investments 4) training services. In terms of concept and methods applied ORKÖY used to be one of the success stories of Forestry in Turkey, but the effects of ORKÖY has been gradually declining. For the last decade for example, the annual average budget used for contributions was about 20-25 million US$ which is far from the amount expected by villagers. GDF’s yearly contribution however is around 400 million US$ including the wages and salaries paid for forest villages for employment. In 2003, for example, GDF has paid 150 million $ for harvesting operations, 98 million $ for other type employment, 84 million $ for subventions (wood sales on low price), 75 million $ for forest fire suppression teams (all composed of forest villages). Besides, around 15.000 ton of NTFPs are collected by villagers at very low prices (yearly export value of these products is estimated to be over 100 million $). Contribution of forest sector from other activities such as plantation, nursery, protected areas, wild-life and game (through wages and others means) are not added here because of the lack of data. For the next 20 years it is expected that the contribution of GDF will continue at the same level, ORKÖY is likely to be downsized and integrated to the General Directorate of Rural Development, in either case the contribution of ORKÖY is not thought to be less than present level which is already low. Source: Interview and webpage of ORKÖY (http://www.ogm.gov.tr/english/FVillage.htm)

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

2.4 General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) is responsible for the selection, designation, planning, conservation, and management of national parks, nature parks, natural monuments, and nature reserve areas under the provisions of the National Parks Law No. 2863. The GDNCNP manages each protected area through the regulations of its “long term development plan” (management plan) through a network of Park Directorates. The Directorate is also responsible for the conservation of game and wildlife species within their natural habitats by making necessary decisions on hunting control throughout the country. The first national park in Turkey was established in 1958. Since then 39 national parks have been established. Some of these parks were initially established for archaeological and historical purposes but are at the same time rich habitats where biological diversity is being protected. Among the project’s 6 pilot areas, Ayvalık Islands Nature Park is the only site that is not under EPASA’s juristiction but rather the GDNCPNP’s. In order to determine the activities in the park, a “Long Term Development Plan” (see Appendix II) has been developed according to Law No. 2873, which entered into force on 12.02.2004 for Ayvalık MCPA. Unlike other governmental institutions, the GDNCPNP can appoint field guides in the parks. The selection of the field guides, their training, the regulations concerning their works’ procedures and principles are laid out by law (Official Gazette, 2010).

2.5 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) The Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is the main authority responsible for agricultural production systems, from its regulation to practice. The Departments of MARA consist of the following: • General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises (TIGEM);

• General Directorate of Agricultural Production and Development (TÜGEM); • General Directorate of Protection and Control (KKGM); • General Directorate of Organisation and Support (TEDGEM); • General Directorate of Agricultural Researches (TAGEM); • Provincial Directorates of Agriculture (in 81 provinces in Turkey). With five general directorates and 81 provincial agricultural directorates and related directorates in each city, MARA directs agricultural production in Turkey. For example, TIGEM was established to provide the basic services and support for agriculture and agricultural industries. It is expected to carry out these activities following market-oriented principles and make a profit. It specialises in the provision of agricultural training and education to cooperative members. The routine programme of TEDGEM includes the organisation of cooperative activities and services, training of women in agriculture, and the improvement of the relationship between researchers, extension specialists and farmers. Although agricultural extension services are provided mostly by state organisations, the effectiveness of the state extension services has been impaired because of limited budget, low staff motivation and a reduction in the number of extension specialists within MARA. MARA has an important role in fisheries. The Directorate of Protection and Control is responsible for the formulation of policies, development and management of the fisheries sector. This includes improving resource management and control, promoting efficient resource utilization and collecting and managing information relevant to fisheries resources.

2.6 Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT) The roles and responsibilities given to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism are quite vast and diverse, including policy work, monitoring and evaluation, human resources development, licensing, tourism attraction development and impact

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

assessments. This is formulated under Law No: 2634 which comprises provisions governing the tourism sector, including definitions of cultural and tourism preservation and development regions, tourism areas and tourism centres and means of establishment and development of such regions, areas and centres and of encouragement, regulation and inspection of tourism investments and facilities. There are also Tourism and Infrastructure Unions that are being established in all the areas. These are published in the Official Gazette dated 03.01.2008 and numbered 26745 2007 / 13030 dated 5355 by the Council of Ministers of Local Government Associations Act No. 4. For example, one of these is named MARTAB (Marmaris Turizm Alanı Altyapı Hizmet Birliği- Marmaris Tourism Area Infrastructure Service Union) which covers the area not only in Marmaris but also from Gökova to Bozburun. MARTAB covers Marmaris, Armutalan, İçmeler, Beldibi, Gökova, Akyaka, Turunç, Bozburun municipalities as well as 15 villages. One of the aims of this union is to cooperate in national and international projects to designate the tourism policies and long term projects for sustainable tourism beside the domestic and international promotional activities. MARTAB acts as an public entity within its designated area of law, works together with local administrators, bureaucrats and representatives of the tourism sector to ensure realistic and permanent solutions to problems. MARTAB, providing these services will get its sanctioning power from Association of Local Authority Law No. 5355, revenues with the guarantee of same law along with contribution fees coming from the Special Provincial Administration which is a natural member of the Association Assembly, Municipalities, Village Headmens, certified touristic facilities, and the touristic facilities and businesses which are not members of the Association but within the borders of its area.The contribution fees are collected from all businesses in the region, local authorities and Special Provincial Administration with the reasons mentioned in the specified law. Besides the above Ministries, there are other collaborating agencies, listed below.

2.7 Turkish Coast Guard Command The mission of the Turkish Coast Guard Command is to enforce national and international laws and to ensure the safety of life and property within its area of maritime jurisdiction. As a law enforcing armed force, the Turkish Coast Command is responsible to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in terms of assigned duties and operations along the Turkish coastline, internal waters such as the Marmara Sea, İstanbul and Çanakkale Straits, seaports, bays, territorial waters, exclusive economic zones and all maritime areas that are under Turkish sovereignty and control in accordance with the national and international laws. Primary duties assigned by the Law (No: 2692) to the Coast Guard Command, as a law enforcement agency which has responsibility and authority over the sea, are as follows: - to protect and provide the security in maritime jurisdiction areas of Turkey, - to provide the safety of life and property at sea. - to take necessary measures for untethered mines, explosives and suspicious material identified in the sea and on the coast and report them to the authorities concerned. - to observe and inspect the operating conditions of the aids-to-navigation and report the deficiencies observed to the authorities concerned, - to disarm the refugees entering into our territorial waters and deliver them to the authorities concerned. - to prevent all kinds of smuggling carried out by way of the sea. - to prevent the actions of the vessels and sea craft in violation of the laws on radio hygiene, passport, anchoring, mooring, fishing, diving and hoisting the flag. - to inspect the fishing of aquatic products, - to conduct inspections in order to prevent the marine pollution. - to prevent the smuggling of antiquities by conducting inspections on diving activities.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

- to perform search and rescue missions within the search and rescue area of Turkey, in conformity with the International Search and Rescue Convention and National Search and Rescue Regulations. - to inspect the yacht tourism, - to participate in the operations conducted for homeland security under the command of the Naval Forces, when necessary.

2.8 Chamber of Maritime Trade Turkish Chamber of Maritime Trade is an important professional institution of the Turkish maritime sector established with a view to improving the maritime business for the public benefit in compliance with the national transportation and maritime policies as well as to meeting the mutual needs and ensuring the further development of this line of business. The most important aim of the Turkish Chamber of Maritime Trade is to try to develop shipping in accordance with the national transportation and shipping policy and the public interest. Moreover, to promote the interests and provide the common requirements of its members, to arrange the development of the profession, to guide and facilitate the professional activities, to establish common rules and to inform the authorities on shipping matters and to keep the discipline, morals and solidarity of the shipping profession are the other major concerns. The major activities of Turkish Chamber of Maritime Trade are to establish rules and practices as regards shipping, to undertake research and collect information on shipping, to ensure that sea trade is developing in accordance with the national policy of transportation, to supply information to foreign organizations on the possibilities and tariffs of the Turkish ports, to become members of and to follow activities of the international organizations concerned with shipping and to perform other functions stated in the law.

Among the members of the Turkish Chamber of Maritime Trade are; shipowners, ship operators, shipping agents, ship sale and purchase brokers, forwarders, stevedores, tally firms, classification societies, marine insurance companies, underwriters, marine surveyors and experts, auxiliary services such as salvage, rescue, pilotage, dredging and yachting and also ship chandlers and suppliers, port, marina operators, ship-yacht builders and shipyards, ship-yacht equipment and repair services, maritime training companies, sand extractors and fishermen.

2.9 Development Agencies In recent years, development agencies, tied to the national State Development Agency, have started operating in different regions and provinces of Turkey. Objectives of the Agencies can be listed as the improvement of the cooperation among public sector, private sector and NGO’s; ensuring effective usage of resources; stimulating local potential; fostering regional development and ensuring its sustainability; and decreasing the interregional development disparities. For example, İzmir Development Agency (İZKA) has been established by the Cabinet decision published in the Official Gazette no.26220 dated 6th of June 2006 in accordance with the Law on the Establishment, Coordination and Tasks of the Development Agencies no.5449 dated 25th of January 2006. Fethiye-Göcek, Köyceğiz-Dalyan, Datça-Bozburun, Gökova are under Muğla province which belongs to Southern Aegean Development Agency. For Muğla, the province’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was prepared by Southern Aegean Development Agency (GEKA) in Muğla in August, 2010. (This is provided in Appendix III-1) Ayvalık is under Southern Marmara Development Agency. These agencies are comparatively new to İzmir Development Agency (for Foça) which is one of the first agencies in Turkey (IZKA also prepared SWOT Analysis for different sector in Foça-Appendix III-2).

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

INFORMATION ABOUT THE SIX AREAS

his chapter provides a brief overview of the project’s pilot areas highlighting the ecological features and conservation priorities at each site as well as the current socio-economic baseline. Unless otherwise indicated with references, the general information pertaining to these areas has been taken from EPASA and MoFE’s internet sites. It should be noted again that Ayvalık Islands Nature Park is the only area that is not under EPASA’s control. Map 1 below shows the location of the project sites. 1. Fethiye-Göcek 2. Köyceğiz-Dalyan 3. Datça-Bozburun 4. Gökova 5. Foça 6. Ayvalık Islands

2 3

Map 1. Project implementation sites

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

3.1 FETHİYE - GÖCEK SEPA

Province Muğla Population 80.393 Area 816,02 km2

Map 2. Boundaries of Fethiye-Göcek SEPA (source: EPASA)

Conservation Status

Historical and Archeological background

Determined and declared SEPA by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers number 88/13019 on 12.06.1988.

It is assumed that Fethiye was first founded in the 16th century B.C. Fethiye, captured by Perikles in 362 B.C., was then conquered by Alexander in 130 B.C., and was annexed by Byzantine Empire in 130 B.C. and in 395 A.D. it stayed in Byzantine Empire.After Malazgirt War it was annexed to the Seljuk Empire. It was seized by Kemenos in the 1st Crusade, by Menteşe Bey in 1286 and in 1390 by Yıldırım Beyazıt.

Location Fethiye-Göcek SEPA consists of Muğla, Fethiye town and 6 sub-districts and 6 villages. FethiyeGöcek SEPA is located on the borders of the Mediterranean approximately 120 km away from the southeast part of Muğla city. It is situated in the outskirts of Mendos Mountain, in the east coast of the inlet. Fethiye town, which is in the West of Teke Peninsula, is surrounded by Köyceğiz Town in the northwest, Denizli and Burdur in the North and Antalya in the East.

There are ruins belonging to Hellenistic and Roman Ages in the coastal parts of the town. The ancient wall ruins of Ancient Telmessus Theatre and Algerian Mosque belonging to Ottoman Period are among the significant historical pieces.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Geographic Features The South coast of the area is covered with steep mountains that rise abruptly. The mass filling the Eşen Basin and subsidence extending to the land after Fethiye Bay and also covering Fethiye town is named as Babadağ and stretches along the coastline covered with forests. The intense tectonic movements through the end of the 3rd tectonic movement stage and in the 4th tectonic stage led to the occurrence of subsidence and elevations, and new bays and headlands. As a result of subsidence the valleys formed by watercourses were filled with sea water and they turned into intermediary and tributary valleys, bays and inlets extending greatly into the land. In the region, there are bays and inlets along the coastline. The best example for this is Göcek Bay. Ölü Deniz Lagoon (Blue Lagoon) in Belceğiz Village has a tranquil landscape. Some of the bays that are worth seeing are Turunç Pınarı Bay, Kalemya Bay, Samanlık and Boncuklu Bays. All of the islands, small and big, extending to the West and Northwest of Fethiye Inlet are called Oniki Adalar (Twelve Islands). The major ones are; Şövalye (Chevalier) Island, Tersane (Shipyard) Island, Kızıl (Red) Island, Katrancı Island, Delikli Islands, Kızlanada, Hacı Halil Island, Yassıca Island and Domuz (Pig) Island.

Climate The region has a typical Mediterranean Climate. The main characteristics of the climate in the region are hot and dry summers and mild winters. The average temperatures in the region, which is in the hottest climate zone for Turkey, are rather high. The Mediterranean type climate characteristics can be experienced until 600-meter altitude. The average temperature is around 30°C. Due to the geographical position of the area (mountains’ extending vertically to the

sea), the interiors receive more rainfall than the coasts. Humidity is lower than other coast towns.

Ecological Features The flora of the region consists of shrubs on the coast and conifer forests in the high lands. These forests are Black Pine (Pinus nigra), Red Pine (Pinus bruita) and Cedar (Cedrus sp.) forests. There are brushes, olive groves, oak groves and citrus on the coasts. Moreover, Oriental Sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis) is one of the endemic species growing in streams, deltas and in the places where base water level is high. Sweetgum oil, obtained from oriental sweetgum trees, is used in cosmetic and pharmacologic industry. Important shrub tree species in the region are oaks, wild olives, wild pears, sandal, P. Latifolia, Pistachio terebinthus, carob, laurel, Chasteberry, Sweet Broom, China Berry, Arceuthos drupacea, willow, acacia, sumac, Caryophyllaceae. Oriental plane, poplar and alder are abundant along the streams and watercourses. Important herbs of the region are catkins, thistles, efek, reed canary grass, Common couch grass, purple nut sedge, lambs quarters, wild oat, pennyroyal, sage, Orchis coriophora, bağdibi, sea urchin, Atractylis gummifera, and burdock. Out of the 5 sea turtle species represented in the Mediterranean basin, 3 species (Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea) are identified in the waters of Turkey. One of the nestling and reproduction areas for Caretta caretta, and Chelonia mydas species, which are protected under Bern Convention and CITES, is Fethiye Beach.

Socio-Economic Baseline Based on 2009 census, the relevant districts and villages that fall within the Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Fethiye-Göcek SEPA have a total population of 102.109 people of which 51% is

men and 49% women (Turkish Statistical Institute -TSI, 2010). (See Table 1 and 2)

Table 1. Fethiye – Göcek SEPA Regional Population (2009) TOTAL

MAN

WOMAN

Fethiye Merkez

72.003

36.225

35.778

Çamköy

3.940

2.027

1.913

Çiftlik

2.620

1.358

1.262

Göcek

4.039

2.118

1.921

Karaçulha

12.794

6.452

6.342

Ölüdeniz

4.532

2.383

2.149

Gökçeovacık

380

191

189

İnlice

830

431

399

Kargı

1.501

726

775

Kayaköy

680

351

329

Keçiler

193

Yanıklar

1.791

891

900

TOTAL

105.303

53.252

52.051

Source: Fethiye – Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo-Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Table 2. Fethiye – Göcek SEPA Population Distribution According to Years (1970-2009) 1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

2000

2007

2008

2009

10.627

12.700

14.294

21.442

25.783

50.689

66.271

68.285

72.003

422

864

1.102

1.785

2.169

2.980

3.891

3.977

3.940

Çiftlik

1.022

2.005

2.217

2.720

2.620

Göcek

1.862

2.120

2.103

2.166

2.914

4.005

3.625

4.021

4.039

Karaçulha

3.317

4.123

4.477

5.291

5.656

8.574

13.063

13.114

12.794

Ölüdeniz

962*

1033*

956*

1241*

2527*

5.600

2.974

4.707

4.532

Gökçeovacık

445

382

360

375

334

356

334

377

380

İnlice

474

565

614

718

737

695

815

840

830

Kargı

871

962

1.272

1.587

1.110

1.163

1.431

1.426

1.501

Kayaköy

536

529

531

521

584

1.524

641

682

680

Keçiler

168

182

201

189

205

204

157

154

193

Yanıklar

985

1.143

1.200

1.240

1.470

2.598

1.792

1.806

1.791

TOTAL

19.707

23.570

26.154

35.314

41.984

80.393

97.211 102.109 105.303

Fethiye Merkez Çamköy

Source: Fethiye – Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo – Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

23 % of the total population of Muğla live in Fethiye. According to 2009 Population Census, city population increased to %39,4 in 2009 from %37,6 in 2008. On the other hand village population

decreased to %60,6 compared to %62,4 in 2008. (Fethiye Socio Economic Report, 2010). Education information in Fethiye is given in Table 3.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

22-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65 + Total

Woman

10.945

305

11.292

Man

475

5.266

5.877

Woman

364

4.964

5.513

Man

1.580

1.937

245

3.949

Woman

139

1.782

2.241

164

361

4.724

Man

534

845

1.288

321

778

3.841

Woman

1.193

688

1.233

434

267

3.936

Man

2.582

509

618

1.887

741

979

7.461

Woman

105

3.642

275

334

1.544

824

429

7.295

Man

3.861

123

554

1.666

901

619

7.887

Woman

109

4.474

278

1.323

811

322

7.500

Man

4.928

598

1.227

801

368

8.155

Woman

213

129

5.091

353

866

627

287

7.632

Man

4.647

578

920

738

242

7.311

Woman

343

126

4.437

340

682

526

277

6.763

Man

4.170

504

1.028

688

314

6.864

Woman

410

224

4.098

238

685

424

335

6.432

Man

3.206

296

632

669

323

5.270

Woman

442

242

3.108

149

423

352

307

5.037

Man

2.557

247

378

532

258

4.139

Woman

535

258

2.550

111

204

207

277

4.148

Man

2.166

174

201

345

221

3.287

Woman

650

322

1.899

128

123

193

3.393

Man

648

688

4.685

192

250

278

354

7.111

3.449

993

3.053

118

512

8.287

5.729

20.973

10.654

316

8.526

165.060

Woman

7.564 27.571

66.881

16.779

Grad. University

11.956

Grad. High School

Grad. Middle School

232

Grad.(1-8 grades)

11.683

Grad. Elementery School

Literate without schooling

Man

Illiterate

Grad. Doctorate

18-21

Grad. Masters

14-17

Sexes

6-13

Ages

Table 3. Education Information in Fethiye 2009

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Literacy rate is 95,5% for the district with, 66,881 of the residents having graduated from primary school, 9.526 from highschool and 6,7 % from university ((Fethiye Socio Economic Report, 2010). According to the same study, 8.400 people were employed in Fethiye in 2000. (6% in agriculture, 30% small-scale industries such as food, machinery, construction, energy sectors and

64% in commerce, tourism, communication etc. sectors.) In a recent study conducted for EPASA, information about population, residence numbers, public buildings, infrastructure and income sources are provided as Socio Economic Structures given in Tables 4 and 5.

Table 4. Fethiye - Göcek Socio-Economic Structure Summary

Village

Place

2009 Residences Public Buildings Population

Infrastructure

Income Sources Limited Agricultural Activity (Olive-Bee), Wage Labor, Tourism

Gökçeovacık 380

120

Mukhtar, Mosque, House of Health, Transported Education

There ise drinking water network. No sewer

İnlice

830

290

Mukhtar Primary School (1-8 Year), Mosque

There ise drinking water Tourism Labour, Partial network. No sewer Agriculture

Kargı

1501

400

Mukhtar, Mosque, Primary School Building

There ise drinking water network. No sewer

Yanıklar

1791

962

Mukhtar, a mosque, school, health center

There ise drinking water Farming-Green housing, network (not enough in tourism, fish production summer). No sewer

Kayaköy

680

250

Mukhtar, Health House

There ise drinking water network. No sewer

Tourism, Partial Agriculture

Keçiler

193

120

Mosque, Transported Education

There ise drinking water network. No sewer

Tourism, Agriculture

Greenhouse and Citrus, Tourism-pensions

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Town- Belde

Table 5. Fethiye - Göcek SEPA Municipality Residential Socio-Economic Structure Summary Place

2009 Residences Public Buildings Population

Infrastructure

Income Sources

Fethiye Merkez

72.003

20572

Office of the governor and the mayor-related public institutions, public institutions under the Ministry of Home Affairs, other ministries and autonomous public institutions, offices, courthouse

Drinking water and sewage system available. Port is available as well as wastewater treatment system

Tourism, Agriculture, Commerce, Construction, Service Industry, Shipping

Ölüdeniz

4532

1300

Municipality, 1 primary school, 1 health center, 4 Mosques

Sewer is lacking, Water Network is lacking

Tourism

Karaçulha 12794

3973

Municipality, the vegetable market, 6 Primary School, 2 High School, Vocational High School, 6 Mosques, Health Center

No sewage, drinking water network is available

Agriculture, Greenhouse

Çamköy

3940

1500

Municipal, School, 5 Mosques, Health Unit

No sewage, drinking water network is available

Greenhouse

Çiftlik

2620

1120

Primary School, 2 Mosques, Municipality, Health Unit

No sewage, drinking water network is regenerated

Agriculture, Tourism

Göcek

4039

2200

Municipality, 2 Mosques, Health Center, the Gendarmerie, Primary School, High School

Sewage, drinking water network is available

Tourism

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

3.2 KÖYCEĞİZ - DALYAN SEPA

Province Muğla Population 29.129 Area 461,46 km2

Map 3. Köyceğiz-Dalyan SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA)

Conservation Status

Historical and Archeological background

Determined and declared SEPA by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers number 88/13019 on 12.06.1988.

Current Muğla is the area which was called Caria in the ancient period. Starting from the 8th century B.C. Caria was dominated by Hellenistic, Lydian, Persian, Egyptian, Syrian, Bergamo and Byzantine civilizations respectively. It was added to Menteşe Principality in 1425 and to the Ottoman Empire in 1535.

Location Köyceğiz-Dalyan SEPA consists of Köyceğiz town, 4 sub-districts and 13 villages annexed to it in Muğla province. Köyceğiz is 75 km away from Muğla town center.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 6. Socio Economic Indicators KÖYCEĞİZ

ORTACA

Population

29 196

35 670

Urbanization rate (%)

25,77

47,44

Population Growth Rate (%o)

12,22

19,71

121

Population Density Ratio (%)

52,82

43,15

Average Household Size

3,81

3,51

Agriculture Sector Employees Ratio (%)

71,80

54,21

Industry Sector Employees Ratio (%)

3,16

5,04

Services Sector Employees Ratio (%)

25,04

40,75

Unemployment rate (%)

3,05

7,37

Ratio of literates (%)

89,65

92,01

Infant Mortality Rate (%)

39,58

36,12

Per Capita Income (YTL)

92 997

109 628

Share of Tax Revenues(%)

0,01414

0,02410

Share of Agricultural Production (%)

0,11266

0,15998

Population Density

Source: Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007

Geographic features The area is composed of terrestrial structures of various qualities around Köyceğiz Subsidence Lake. The lake is surrounded with plains in the northeast and southeast and hilly areas in other parts. The area between the Köyceğiz Lake and the sea is covered with 4 small lakes and numerous canals. The coastline consists of a 4.5 km-long coast arrow. In the south of the Köyceğiz Lake there is a fault line stretching along a northwestsoutheast direction. Along the fault are various thermal water springs called Sultaniye, Çavuş (Rıza Çavuş) and Gel Girme (Kokar Girme). The dominant vegetation in Köyceğiz Special Environmental Protection Area consists of red pine and sweet gum forests, bushes and brush woods belonging to shrubs and “frigana” family; furthermore, the areas around the Köyceğiz Lake

are covered with grassy plants growing in wet and barren areas. Sand dune vegetation is dominant on the coast.

Ecological features The coastal sandunes are one of the most important reproduction areas for Mediterranean sea turtles (Caretta caretta). The turtles use İztuzu Beach as a reproduction area, and are protected as they are a highly threatened species facing extinction. The surroundings of the lake, canals and forests provide reproduction and sheltering places for other animals as well. Various bird species such as Coot, Stark, White-breasted Kingfisher, Sparrow, Reed Warbler, The gull-billed tern, Short-toed Eagle, Bee Eater, Sea Gull, Glossy Ibis, and Little Egret use the area for wintering and incubation. Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Dalyan and Köyceğiz, which are completely vulnerable, are of great natural, historical and ecological value. Dalyan is also a settlement where tourism investments are high. The Köyceğiz Lake, rivers, Dalyan Canal, Dalyan mouth and the sea are vulnerable in terms of pollution. The expansion of Köyceğiz and Dalyan settlements in their development area, the intense structuring in these areas and especially soft tourism, traditional production, boarder house keeping, farm tourism, the recreational use of the Köyceğiz Lake, the improvement of spa tourism, protection of citrus protection are taken into consideration and planning decisions have been developed supporting these issues. An ideal project model has been developed in order to protect the sea turtles and their reproduction area in Dalyan

mouth /İztuzu location. Because the sea and the sand in the area are also intensely used by people, the project has suggested that the area be used by people in day time and by turtles at night. The areas out of the settlements, namely natural areas, sweet gum forests, reed areas on the banks of the lake and sand dunes, are under protection.

Socio-economic Baseline Based on 2009 census, the relevant districts and villages that fall within the Köyceğiz-Dalyan SEPA have a total population of 31.465 people which is equally distributed between women and men (TSI, 2010). Unemployment rate is 4,3%. Literacy rate is 98% for the town and villages. Socio Economic Indicators are provided in Table 6 for Köyceğiz and Ortaca Towns.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

3.3 DATÇA-BOZBURUN SEPA

Province Muğla Population 25.774 Area 1.441,39 km2

Map 4. The peninsulas of Reşadiye and Bozburun makes up the Datça SEPA (souce: EPASA)

Conservation Status Determined and declared SEPA by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers number 90/1117 on 22.10.1990.

Laryma Not enough information is available about when and by whom the Kocaman Hisar, known as Bozukkale, was built. The area has been declared as an archaeological site. Bybassium is situated in the interiors of Turgutlu settlement.

Location Datça-Bozburun SEPA consists of 2 sub-districts and 17 towns with Datça and Marmaris counties in Muğla. Datça is located in the Southwest of Muğla, between Gökova Bay in the North and Hisarönü Bay in the South as a 70km extension to the west, to Aegean and Mediterranean Seas.

Historical and Archeological Background The peninsula is protected in terms of its archaeological, urban, natural and historical aspects that reflect the social, economic, and architectural features of their time and that are the products of various civilizations from past to the present. These aspects are scattered all over the peninsula as highlighted below. Amos is in Bahçealtı, in the South of Turunç. The area is strewn with ruins of ancient theatres and has been declared as an archaeological site.

Patakis: This area includes Kızılada at the inlet of Bozburun Bay and the surroundings where church ruins are strewn. The area has been declared as an archaeological site. Soronda: Tymnos and Soronda archaeological sites consist of two adjacent sites surrounding Söğüt location. Cnidos; Cnidos, which was one of the six Dor cities of the Ancient Ages was situated on Datça Peninsula. Ancient Knidos was founded in the environs of Datça town in 7th century B.C., and it was moved to Terki in the mid-4th century B.C. The reason why it was moved might have been the highly developed sea commerce in that era. Especially wine, vinegar and olive oil were exported then. Another reason was that the harsh winds impeded the ships coming from the south to cruise around the headland. According to historian and geographer Strabon, first, the city walls were built and then the streets and houses were constructed

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

based on grid plan (Hippodamos plan) by terracing; temples, theatres and other official buildings were included in the plan. Cnidos was an arts, medicine and culture center in the Ancient times. Eudoksos of Cnidos (409-355 B.C.) was not only a mathematician, physicist, geographer, philosopher and astronomer, but also a law maker. It’s assumed that the laws he set for the city play an effective role in transition to democracy

Geographic features Datça-Bozburun Peninsulas generally possess rather steep slopes and the land is stony, in bad condition and under erosion risk. Approximately, the 95% of the 47.698 hectare-land is stony. The area that can be used efficiently for agriculture is not more than 10.000 hectares. The total forest area in the region is 110.359 hectares.

Ecological features Sand Dunes: The Gebekum sand dune area, located in the southern part of Datça Peninsula, constitutes of an area of special quality on account of its flora. Maedicago marina, Eryngium maritmum, Euphorbia paralias, Pancratium maritmum and Alkanna tinctoria are the dominant species in Gebekum. Apart from Gebekum, the sand dune areas in Kızılbağ, Eksera, Hisarönü Çubucak, İnbükü, Karabük Headland, Periliköşk, Hayıtbükü, Mesudiye, Hisarönü Kocakür and Söğüt areas possess similar characteristics and are of similar quality. Forest Land: Forest vegetation consists of only areas where red pine (Pinus Buritia) is common and dominant. Uncorrupted red pine forests are of great significance in terms of quality. Arbutus andrachne (Sandal tree) in the North-west also compose uncorrupted woods. In Değirmen Bükü, Cupressus sempervirens (cypress) are common all over the rocky valley steeps. This species patches in Sındı Village and 22

Bozburun Peninsula and between İçmeler and Bakırköy. Datça Palm (Phoenix theophrasti) grows on valley floors. This species, which has limited expansion, expand in the steeps of Eksera Stream in the North and around Azganak Hill, Karacahapibaşı, Yarımcabaşı Hill, Kovalıca Hill, Tanışman Hill, Lindasbaşı Hill, and Andızcıl Hill in the southern coastal area. Sweetgum tree (Liquidambar orientalis), which is endemic in the region, is seen in seasonal stream beds and in the valley interiors. As a result, Gebekum area, red pine woods, sandal tree expansion areas, cypress groves (Cupressus sempervirens), sweetgum tree areas and Datça palm trees are of great significance when the plant species are taken into consideration. Marine Environment: Except for land and sea based pollution, Datça-Bozburun Marine Environment is not under the direct pressure of intense peninsula based water pollution owing to the international position of the Mediterranean Sea. The situation on the peninsula does not require waste water collection and refinement system completion for the time being. The reason why the marine environment is unpolluted is that the region is not densely populated and the peninsula is not under intense pressure from tourism. When Datça-Bozburun ecosystems are examined in terms of rarity and when Gebekum Sand Dune, Eksera Stream and the Southern Part, Kocadağ, Emecik and Hisarönü are examined in terms of the species, the examples of rare species are as follows: sand dune plant species such as Maedicago marina, Eryngium maritmum, Euphorbia paralias; plant species such as cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), red pine (Pinus buritia) and sandal tree (Arbutus andrachne), Datça palm (Phoenix theophrasti) and sweetgum tree

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

(Liquidambar orientalis). As for bird species, black falcon (Falco elenoroae), blue falcon (F. Pereginus), small kestrel (F. Naumanni), Bonelli’s Eagle (Hieraetus fasciatus), island gull (Larus audoinii ) and Common Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii); as for mammal species, Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and otter (Lutra lutra); as for reptiles, Testudo graceae. The environment has mainly preserved its natural conditions apart from the rural and urban settlements in Datça-Bozburun, agricultural areas and the present transportation network, sea transportation. This results from the fact that until recently the transportation in Datça-Bozburun highway has been operated on a winding road of insufficient width. Datça-Bozburun is on the migration route of species such as Hirunda rustica (barn swallow), H. Daurica (redrumped swallow), Merops apiaster (The European bee eater), Apus apus (Common Swift) and Apus melba (Alpine Swift). The peninsula is of great significance in this sense. The important bird species in the area are Falco elenoroae (black falcon- KD), F. Pereginus (blue falcon-KD), F. Naumanni (small kestrel-KD), Hieraetus fasciatus (Bonelli’s Eagle-KD), Larus audoinii (island gullKD) and Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii (Common Shag-KD). Monachus monachus (Mediterranean Seal-HD) expand around Datça Peninsula. Capra aegagrus (wild goat-HD) in Kocadağ has the expansion on the west end in Turkey. Lutra lutra (Otter-HD) expands in Hisarönü. Liquidambar orientalis (Sweetgum tree), being relic-endemic and Phoenix theophrasti (Datça palm), having limited expansion are of special significance. Because of the peninsula characteristics, there are obvious differences between the northern and the southern parts of Datça-Bozburun. In the region 167 terrestrial spineless species, 110 fish species, 4 species with “two lives”, 27 reptile species, 123 bird species and 45 mammal species are identified.

Socio-economic baseline According to the population census in 2009, the relevant districts and villages that fall within the Datça-Bozburun SEPA have a total population of 26.507 people of which 49% is women and 51% is men. The total population of Datça town cener is 10.034 (TSI, 2010). (See Tables 7 and 8) : Table 7. Datça - Bozburun SEPA Regional Population (2009)

Datça

TOTAL

MAN

WOMAN

9.958

5.194

4.764

Cumalı

719

370

349

Emecik

866

428

438

Hızırşah

482

238

244

Kara

786

398

388

1.039

526

513

Mesudiye

564

277

287

Sındı

365

192

173

Yaka

577

283

294

Yazı

545

271

274

2.121

1.101

1.020

716

378

338

Selimiye

1.026

522

504

Söğüt

1.750

873

877

Taşlıca

526

281

245

Turgut

627

335

292

Hisarönü

2.129

1.109

1.020

Orhaniye

1.058

572

486

Osmaniye

470

236

234

26.324

13.584

12.740

Datça Merkez

Kızlan

Bozburun

Bozburun Merkez Bayır

Marmaris

TOTAL

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Table 8. Datça - Bozburun SEPA Population Distribution According to Years

Datça

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

2000

2007

2008

2009

1.481

2.118

2.465

2.788

5.022

8.108

8.839

10.034

9.958

Cumalı

620

455

654

659

689

712

750

764

719

Emecik

425

355

595

874

1028

915

884

890

866

Hızırşah

469

395

467

453

487

473

489

470

482

Kara

458

538

645

671

760

795

804

780

786

Kızlan

697

726

802

832

780

849

1.009

990

1.039

Mesudiye

581

564

530

580

517

572

547

558

564

Sındı

349

364

394

373

364

347

378

377

365

Yaka

444

370

418

470

511

577

559

581

577

Yazı

570

427

562

576

583

566

577

564

545

1.026

1.111

1.219

1.353

2.357

1.909

2.273

2.170

2.121

Bayır

570

612

657

650

563

798

709

732

716

Selimiye

522

610

649

715

765

1.029

955

999

1.026

Söğüt

1.204

1.324

1.316

1.512

1.570

2.383

1.720

1.746

1.750

Taşlıca

696

663

668

643

631

483

519

531

526

Turgut

382

431

476

421

695

601

616

642

627

Hisarönü

664

779

893

985

1213

3.027

2191

2.131

2.129

Orhaniye

503

592

618

733

746

1.006

1.017

1.071

1.058

Osmaniye

494

462

466

531

647

624

465

477

470

12.155

12.896

14.494

15819

19928

25774

25.301

26.507

26.324

Datça Merkez

Bozburun

Marmaris

Bozburun Merkez

TOTAL

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Education information in Datça is given in Table 9.

Unknown

TOTAL

Grad. Doctorate

Grad. Masters

Grad. University

Grad. High School

Grad. Middle School

Grad.(1-8 grades)

Grad. Elementery School

Sexes

6-13

MAN

610

614

WOMAN

518

521

14-17

18-21

22-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65 +

Illiterate

Ages

Literate without schooling

Table 9. Education Information in Datça, 2009

MAN

232

261

WOMAN

215

237

MAN

147

252

WOMAN

118

200

MAN

171

WOMAN

175

MAN

131

400

WOMAN

114

392

MAN

114

140

382

WOMAN

172

129

435

MAN

170

153

497

WOMAN

181

107

417

MAN

171

402

WOMAN

144

341

MAN

147

379

WOMAN

129

339

MAN

100

352

WOMAN

100

287

MAN

274

WOMAN

269

262

251

507

510

635

9.127

MAN WOMAN

101

MAN

207

WOMAN

235

TOTAL

187

1.299

2.450

528

2.072

1.190

701

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Datça and Villages

Table 10. Datça Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Datça - Bozburun SEPA Place

2009 Residences** Public Buildings** Population*

Infrastructure**

Datça Merkez

9958

3100

Office of the governor and the associated departments of Justice, Municipal, Hospital, Primary and secondary education, vocational high school, gendarmerie, police, Port and Customs, Post Office

There are drinking water Tourism, Yachting, system, sewage system, but Agriculture (almondthese are not enough, there olive-vegetable), is waste water treatment fisheries, bee-keeping

Cumalı

719

320

Mukhtar, a mosque, gendarmerie, Health House, Primary School (1-8)

No Sewer, Septic is present, Agriculture (Olivethere is drinking water Almond), Bazaar sales network, No purification

Emecik

866

300

Mukhtar, a mosque, gendarmerie, Health House, Primary School (1-3) Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic is present, Agriculture (almondthere is drinking water olive-vegetable), network, No purification Tourism, Animal Husbandry

Hızırşah

482

250

Mukhtar, a mosque, Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic there, there is drinking water network, although it is based treatment system is not active

Karaköy

786

286

Mukhtar, mosque , Primary School (1-3) Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic is present, Agriculture (almondthere is drinking water olive-vegetable), network, No purification Fisheries, Beekeeping, Natural Plant

Kızlan

1.039

400

Mukhtar, a mosque, Elementary (1-8) Health House is not active.

No Sewer, Septic is present, Agriculture (Olivethere is drinking water Almond), Bazaar sales network, No purification

Mesudiye 564

220

Mukhtar, a mosque, Health House, Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic is present, Apiculture, there is drinking water Greenhouse, Tourism network, No purification

Sındı

365

140

Mukhtar, a mosque, Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic is present, Apiculture, Agriculture there is drinking water (almond-olive), network, No purification Tourism Services Sector

Yaka

577

250

Mukhtar, mosque , Primary School (1-3), Health House, Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic is present, Agriculture (almondthere is drinking water olive), Beekeeping, network, No purification Tourism, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries

Yazı

545

250

Mukhtar, a mosque, Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic is present, Almond, Olive and there is drinking water Olive Oil Production, network, No purification Fishing

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Income Sources**

Apiculture, Agriculture (almond-olive), Natural Plant, Tourism, Animal Husbandry

Table 11. Bozburun Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Datça - Bozburun SEPA

Bozburun Beldesi ve Köyleri

Place

2009 Residences** Public Buildings** Population*

Infrastructure**

Income Sources**

Yacht - Boat manufacture, tourism, agriculture (Almond - Olive) Bee-keeping

Bozburun 2.121 Belde Merkezi

850

Municipal, Health Care Center, the Gendarmerie, a post office, primary school - Secondary Schools, Port Authority and Customs

There are drinking water network, no sewerage network, septic is present Waste Water Treatment does not exist

Bayır

716

230

Mosque, House of Health, Primary school (1-8), Mukhtar

No Sewer, Septic Apiculture, is present, there is Greenhouse, drinking water network, Tourism No purification

Selimiye

1.026

510

no building for Mukhtar, a mosque, Transported Education

Apiculture, No Sewer, Septic is present, there is Tourism drinking water network, No purification

Söğüt

1.750

1.000

Mukhtar, Health House, a mosque, primary school (1-8), Post Office

Fishing, tours, No Sewer, Septic tourism, beeis present, there is drinking water network, keeping No purification

Taşlıca

526

170

Mukhtar, a mosque is active, Health House and school is closed Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic Fisheries, is present, there is Livestock, drinking water network, Beekeeping No purification

Turgut

627

185

Mukhtar, Mosque, Primary School (1-3) Transported Education

No Sewer, Septic Beekeeping, is present, there is Tourism,Tours drinking water network, No purification

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

The economy of the peninsula is based on the service sector. Tourism enhances also the other sectors in the region including trade, transportation, construction, small scale industry. The trade mainly focuses on merchandise such as daily consumption products, construction materials, furniture or catering and souvenirs that serve the tourism sector.

In a recent study conducted for EPASA, information about population, residence numbers, public buildings, infrastructure and income sources are provided as Socio Economic Structures for Datça, Bozburun and Marmaris Villages are given in Tables 10, 11 and 12.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Köy (Marmaris)

Table 12. Socio-Economic Structure Summary in Marmaris Villages in Datça - Bozburun SEPA Place

2009 Residences** Population*

Public Buildings**

Infrastructure**

Income Sources**

Hisarönü

2.129

1700

Mukhtar, Health House, 3 Elementary School

No Sewer, Septic is present, there is drinking water network, No purification

Beekeeping, Tourism, Fisheries

Orhaniye

1.058

400

Mukhtar, Health House, Elementary School

No Sewer, Septic is present, there is drinking water network, No purification

Beekeeping, Tourism

Osmaniye

470

158

3 Mousques, No building for mukhtar, health house and school.

No Sewer, Septic is present, there is drinking water network, No purification

Beekeeping, Tourism

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

3.4 G Ö K O V A SEPA

Province Muğla Population 7.615 Area 576,9 km2

Map 5. Gökova SEPA boundaries(source: EPASA)

Conservation Status Determined and declared SEPA by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers number 88/13019 on 12.06.1988.

Location Gökova SEPA consists of Muğla city, Marmaris town and 3 sub-districts and 4 villages annexed to them. It includes Akyaka, Gökova, Akçapınar, Gökçe, Çamlı, Karacaköy and Çetibeli settlements. The important elevations of the region are West Menteşe Mountains, stretching to Gökova Bay and East Menteşe Mountains forming, Ula subsidence and Yaran Mountains, rising dominantly from Gökova Gulf. The agricultural land that is formed with the accumulation of alluviums in small valleys directly opening to the sea and the interior subsidence are called Gökova and Kızılkaya Prairies. Akyaka District, which is in the SEPA and which is an important settlement, is in the Northeast of Gökova Gulf and 28 km away from Muğla. In the North of the district is abruptly rising mountain topography, covered with forests and in the east is an unequaled prairie between Kadın and Akçapınar

streams. As in the whole region, river beds open to the sea through a stream. Sedge groves, moors and meadows are adjacent and intermingled in these areas. Another significant area in the region is Sedir Island, which is also known as Ketra, Setra, Sedir or Şehirlioğlu Island. The island is situated in the South of Gökova Gulf and it possesses tablets belonging to Hellenistic and Roman periods.

Historical and Archeological Background The area falling outside of Fethiye and Kınık towns in Muğla is an area known as Kayra in ancient times. The history of Kayra starts with Ionian settlements in the region. Dors, settled in the two edges of Gökova Gulf, founded Cnidos and Halikarnasos (Bodrum). Muğla city was annexed to Seljuk Empire in the 12th century; to Menteşe Principality in the 15th century and to Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.

Ecological features Gökova SEPA is of great value in terms of the rich fauna, flora and ecology; and its flora are dominated by Aegean and Mediterranean type flora features together. In addition to shrubs, olive

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

groves are also significant. Moreover, in the region red pine (Pinus brutia) and Oriental Sweet Gum forests (Liquidambar orientalis) are of great value. Following these, there are trees with needles such as Black Pine, Pistachio, Cedar and Juniper, and trees with leaves such as oak. Furthermore, there are sandal, heather, P. Latifolia, laurel, celtis and carob trees. Base lands are generally lands with 1st -4th class soil’s abilities. Apart from base lands, the hillsides, hilly and mountainous areas consist of 6th and 7th class soil types. Scars and moors are defined as 8th class soils. The region also has a rich fauna. Among the winged animals seen in almost every part of the region are turtle doves, quails, crested wood partridges, pygmy cormorants, terns, swifts, swallows, woodpeckers, starlings, blackbirds, marsh sandpipers, crows, hawks, grey partridges, wild ducks, wild geese, rock sparrows, eagles, falcons, owls. The coasts are rich in terms of marine fauna. Fish species of the region and other sea products (octopus, lobster and carabidae) are available in the waters of the region. Moreover, otters (Lutra lutra) in the coasts of Gökova and dolphins in the North parts are evident.

Socio-economic Baseline Based on 2009 census, the relevant districts and villages that fall within the Gökova SEPA have a total population of 8.412 people of which 49% is women and 51% is men. According to Gökova SEPA ICZM Report (2009): “distribution of dwellings according to their sources of income was determined as follows:

Agricultural production and stock farming %19 Fishery %3 Hotel and Hostel operation %7 Tourism (Salaried) %33 Small Tradesmen %6 Retired %24 Other %8 According to same study; of the 1737 people that were interviewed in the selected 7 district, 863 people have been living for more than 20 years in the Gökova Inner Bay, while %24 of them have settled in the area less than 10 years ago. %95 of the local people is illiterate. The education levels of the seven districts included in the survey are accordingly: Primary school (%45); high school (%25) and university or academy (%15). The age level of %84 of the participants is over the age group of 35, which indicates that the overall population is getting older in this district. As for the children, %76 of the participants has 1 or 2 children. The study for determining the socio-economic structure of the selected districts showsthat %40 of the participants has a steady job. According to the socio-economic survey which consists of seven districts, the percentages of the jobs is like this: Self employment %7, tourism and restaurant owners %9, fishermen %4, laborer %6, white collar jobs %5 and farmers %5. Farming which consist of the %5 percentage of the overall is produced for market oriented intentions rather than for their own consumption.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

3.5 FOÇA SEPA

Province İzmir Population 25,581 Area 71.38 km2

Map 6. Location of Foça SEPA (Source: EPASA)

Conservation Status Determined and declared SEPA by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers number 90/1117 on 22.10.1990.

Location Foça SEPA is located in in the Aegean Region and encompasses an important part of the Foça district which is one of Izmir Province’s 30 districts (İzmir Governorship 2010). Foça is surrounded by Izmir Bay in the West, Menemen county in the East, Çandarlı Bay in the North, and is located 70 km away from Izmir town center. One sub-district

and 5 villages are found in the administrative limits of the town.

Historical and Archeological Background Foça has a 3,000 year history. The region was called “Phokaia” in the ancient times and it was one of the most important Ionian settlements in the 6th century B.C. Foça possesses monuments of historical and cultural importance that are inherited from Ionian, Persian, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman civilizations. Some of these are: The Stone House (a tomb built in the 4th century B.C.), the ancient city of Kyme, Dışkale (built in 1678, Turkish bath ruins in the interiors can still be seen), Ağalar Residence

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

(Atatürk was accommodated in this residence dating back to the 19th century), Devil’s Bath (a family grave built in ancient times), Sur and Beşkapılar (dating back to the Middle Ages), Fatih Mosque (1455), Ottoman Graveyard (1520-1566), Hafız Süleyman Mescid. Foça was a ceramic arts center in the ancient times. The ceramic findings belonging to the Greek and Roman periods in the archaeological excavations prove that ceramic arts are traditional to the region.

Geographic Features Foça Peninsula has a coastal line full of bays. These bays are embroidered with several islands; namely, Incir, Fener, Orak, Pite, Metelik, Hayırsız and Kartdere Islands and the Siren Rocks on the Western shores of Orak Island. There are not many high mountains in the region; the highest mountain being Dumanlı Mountain (1098 m). Other mountains are Şaphane Mountain (416 m), Fula Mountain (200 m), Kapıkaya, Kızıldağ and Değirmentaşı Mountains. The main prairies of the town are Ilıpınar, Gencelli, Gerenköy, Bağarası and Yenibağarası. The most important river of the town is Gediz, which forms the border between Foça and Menemen and Kışla Stream, which is a tributary of the Gediz. The settlements in Foça resemble a bowl opening to the sea and take place with the least topographical slopes. The existence of archeological sites and military zones in the places where slopes are more frequent has prevented the rise of settlements in such a way as to affect the urban silhouette of the region to an extent. The areas in the eastern part of 3

the town are mostly covered with olive fields and most of these areas have been declared as 1st and 2nd degree natural sites3.

Climate The region is dominated by a typical Mediterranean climate. Winter in the region is warm and rainy and summer is dry and hot.

Ecological Features The region has been declared as MCPA mainly due to its seal population. Mediterranean Seals (Monachus monachus) have lived in Foça for thousands of years and the town takes its name from the species. There are only approximately 400 Mediterranean Seals in the world today and the species faces extinction. The number of Mediterranean Seals on Turkey’s coasts is estimated to be less than 100. The species is of high global conservation concern and is listed under the Bern Convention (Council of Europe 1979). The Siren rocks, which forms the western coast of Orak Island are of great significance as the seals use the caves to reproduce. The coasts in the region are known to be one of the most convenient habitats for seals due to the rich fish stocks and shallowness of the sea. Foça SEPA was chosen as the pilot project region for the protection of Mediterranean Seals by the Turkish National Committee for Seals under the coordination of The Ministry of Environment in 1991. Islands that fall within the SEPA provide breeding grounds and refuge for the following bird species: little kestrel (Falco

The Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Directorate of Conservation of Cultural and Natural Assets assigns conservation status of varying degrees in Turkey based on the “The Law of Conservation of Cultural and Natural Properties” (dated 21.07.1983; No: 2863; amended by law no: 3386 and 5226). “First degree natural sites” are sites of exceptional natural characteristics that should be conserved and only used for scientific purposes. “Second degree natural sites” are conserved areas where some tourism-oriented construction can be allowed.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

naumanni), shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii), peregrine (Falco peregrinus) and little stern (Sterna albifrons) (Eken et al 2006). Approximately 50% of the land in Foça is covered with red pine forests. The flora is mainly composed of shrubs. The species ocurring in the forests are pigs, wolves, foxes, jackals, martens, partridges, turtle doves and quails. Just to the South of the SEPA is the Gediz Delta, a globally

important wetland with Ramsar status, which is a stopover place for migrating birds and rich in the fish species. In the winter and autumn wild goose is seen in great numbers in the region.

Socio-Economic Baseline Based on 2009 census, Foça MCPA’s population is 25,581 of which 62% is men and 38% women. (see Table 13)

Table 13. Foça SEPA Population Year

Region

Total Population

City Population

Rural Population

1970

Rate of City Population Rate of Rural Population in Total (%) in Total (%)

Foça

11784

3323

8461

28,20

71,80

1975

Foça

13185

7683

5502

58,27

41,73

1980

Foça

16505

10061

6444

60,96

39,04

1985

Foça

19197

12072

7125

62,88

37,12

1990

Türkiye

56473035

33687262

22785773

59,65

40,35

1990

İzmir

2694770

2138788

555982

79,37

20,63

1990

Foça

25222

12057

13165

47,8

52,2

2000

Türkiye

67803927

44006184

23797743

64,9

35,1

2000

İzmir

3370866

2732669

638197

81,07

18,93

2000

Foça

36107

14604

21503

40,45

59,55

2007

Türkiye

70586256

49747859

20838397

70,48

29,52

2007

İzmir

3739353

3175133

564220

84,91

15,09

2007

Foça

30549

13257

17292

43,40

56,60

Source : Aykom, 2008

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Table 14. Education Information Foça

LITERAT

ILLETERATE

UNKNOWN

NO SCHOOLING

PRIMARY

PRIMARY (1-8)

MIDDLE SCHOOL

VOCATIONAL

HIGH SCHOOL

VOCATIONAL HIGH

UNIVERSITY

UNKNOWN

SCHOOLING

TOTAL VILLAGE

CITY

TOTAL

LITERACY

TOTAL

34085

32229

1855

4070

11176

634

4257

6172

2521

3300

MAN

22463

21932

531

1963

7181

337

3506

4655

2097

2120

WOMAN

11622

10297

1324

2107

3995

297

751

1517

424

1180

TOTAL

13863

13602

261

1311

3912

235

1723

2962

1296

2102

MAN

9471

9375

634

2743

135

1352

2092

1026

1348

WOMAN

4392

4227

165

677

1169

100

371

870

270

754

TOTAL

20222

18627

1594

2759

7264

399

2534

3210

1225

1198

MAN

12992

12557

435

1329

4438

202

2154

2563

1071

772

WOMAN

7230

6070

1159

1430

2826

197

380

647

154

426

Source : Aykom, 2008

The literacy rates for Foça is very high, ranking as 12th among Turkey’s 872 districts. Ten primary schools and three highschools are found in Foça and half of the population is primary school graduate, followed by 30% highschool (Aykom, 2008). (see Table 14)

working people in 2008 (IZKA 2009). About 500 companies operate in Foça, the majority of which are hotels and restaurants, followed by construction firms and whoesale businesses (ibid). Foça contributes to about 3% of the province’s total export ratio with exclusively light metal indurstry (ibid).

Among the thirthy districts of İzmir, Foça ranks as the 23rd in terms of employment with 2,631 actively

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

3.6 AYVALIK ISLANDS NATURE PARK

Province Balıkesir Population 5.000 Area 179,5 km2

Map 7. Ayvalık Islands Nature Park boundaries(Source: GDNCNP)

Conservation Status Declared a Nature Park by the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers number 22265 on 21 April 1995.

Kılavuz), Çıplak, Yellice (Poyraz), Güneş, Maden (Pirgos), Kız, Yumurta, Balık, Kara, Hasır, Küçükmaden, Güvercin, Maden, Taşlı (pileyit), Yelken (Ayiy alo), Yalnız (Petago), Kara, Yuvarlak, Göz Adası (Kalamapulo) and Yumurta Islands.

Location The MCPA is an archipelago around Ayvalık district of Turkey in Balıkesir Province in the Northeastern Aegean Sea (it is the southernmost district of the province). There are 22 islands and numerous rocks in the area, with Cunda Island, now a peninsula accessible by road, being the largest. Nineteen of these islands fall within the protected area; namely, Cunda (Alibey), Pınar (Mosko,

Historical and Archeological background The historical background for Ayvalık has been taken from Wikidepia (Ayvalık, 2010): Various archeological studies in the region prove that Ayvalık and its environs were inhabited as early as the prehistoric ages. The Ayvalık Region was studied by Beksac in his survey of the Prehistoric and Protohistoric settlements on the Southern

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Side of the Gulf Of Adramytteion. The survey showed different settlements near the centre of Ayvalık which appear generally to relate to the Early Classical Periods. However, some settlements near the centre of Altınova were related to the Prehistoric Period, especially the Bronze and Iron Ages. Kortukaya, identified by Beksac, in his survey project in the 1990s and early 2000s, aids understanding of the interaction between the peoples of the interior and of the coast. Kortukaya is one of the most important settlements, along with another settlement, Yeniyeldeginmeni, near the centre of Altınova. Traces of a hillfort were identified by Beksac on Ciplak Island or Chalkys. Some Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Pottery fragments related to the Aeolians were found on the same island. Two tiny settlements, near the centre of Ayvalık were settlements in the Peraia of Mytillini. The most remarkable architectural characteristic of Ayvalık and associated Cunda island is the presence of over 2100 registered Neo-Classical Greek building stock that is unique in Turkey (personal communication).

The Nature Park consist of 1930 ha forested zone belonging to the MoEF, 1179 ha of state-owned land, 872 ha privatelyowned land and 13.969 ha marine protected area. Because of their lithological structure, some islands have a very thin plant cover, and some have no vegetation.

Ecological features The MCPA’s habitat diversity provides a wide range of vegetation types that typify the general Mediterranean phytogeograhic zone (maquis, frigana, meadows, forests dominated by Pinus brutia, coastal sanddunes, swamps). These varying vegetation types host 596 plant species 2 of which are endemic to the area and 6 species classified under varying threat categories (Long Term Development Plan, 2000). About 20% of bird fauna seen in Turkey (86 species) is encountered in the protected area (ibid).

Ayvalık is characterized by hot and dry summers, rainy and mild winters that are typical of the Mediterranean climate with average annual temperatures of 16,6 Celcius.

Ayvalık Islands’ marine conservation stands out especially due to the presence of red corals (Gorgonia species) that are only encountered also in Portofino, Italy within the Mediterranean (Gökdeniz et al, 2010). The fish fauna in the Nature Park amounts to 142 species (Long Term Development Plan, 2000).

Geographic features

Socio-Economic Baseline

Ayvalık Islands reflect a geomorphologic structure which has been formed by the collapse of the peaks in the Aegean as a result of the tectonic movements in the Pleistocene. The islands were formed following these early tectonic activities and the extension of the old mountains played an important role in their distribution. This distribution and form also

According to the 2009 census, Ayvalık town center’s population is 35.986 and its surrounding villages’ is 26.474 amounting to 62.460 people (TSI, 2010). Since the protected area is located near the nucleus of the main town center, it is more meaningful to analyse this section. Around 50,5% of the population is female while 49,5% is male (ibid).

Climate

affected the underwater topography, and as a result rare landscape characteristics such as underwater channels were formed under the sea.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

The population of the town is told to increase two-folds during the summer period with tourism and secondary home-owners. The estimated population within the MCPA boundaries is 5.000 (personal communication) as very few permenant settlements exist inside the protected zone. According to 2009 data, employment rate in Bal覺kesir Province is 41% and unemployment ranges around 9% (TSI, 2010). In Ayval覺k,

according to 2000 data, 8.400 people are employed (6% in agriculture, 30% small-scale industries such as food, machinery, construction, energy sectors) and 64% in commerce and tourism, communication etc. (Ayval覺k Tourism Master Plan, 2007). Literacy rate is 95% for the district with 47% of the town residents having graduated from primary school, 20% from highschool and 9% from university (ibid).

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

T FINDINGS

he economy of the areas depends mainly on smallholder farming, subsistence forestry, fishing, honey production, olive cultivation and livestock husbandry. The most common products grown in the study areas are olives and honey. Muğla ranks first in honey production in Turkey with 11,011 tons (out of 15,603 tons overall production in 2009) and 841 tons of honey wax (out of 1026 tons) (GEKA, 2010). 54% of the district being covered by forests, especially the flora necessary for the production of pine honey, makes transhumance beekeeping possible. In Muğla 218,170 people live in villages adjacent to the forest or in the forest (interview with ORKÖY). In both social and economic aspects forest villages in Turkey are part of the country’s least developed areas (GEKA, 2010). In this context, there is a need for these forest villages (where there is no agricultural development) to diversify economic activities based on local resources (interview with Provincial Directorate of Agriculture in Muğla). Further, the daily struggle for food and household income keeps people from improving their situation. Addressing the issues associated with the small-scale, sustainable use of coastal resources is critical to poverty eradication and slowing rural to urban migration. This is closely linked with tourism and agricultural dynamics in the areas. Further, the interaction between crop production and animal husbandry is a key characteristic of the current agricultural systems in the Turkey. Most families in the coastal regions need to be involved in more than one economic activity so that if one source of household income, fishing for instance, fails, the family still has other sources of food and income. Majority of aquaculture production in the Aegean region come from Muğla (TSI, Fisheries Statistics; MARA, 2004a). Most of the exports are made to Italy and the Netherlands (Muğla Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, 2010). There are total 58 fish and seafood wholesale traders in Aegean region and 38 of these are in Muğla province. Export revenue of these companies in 2009 amount to almost 15 million TL (GEKA, 2010). Muğla province leads in marine fish production. (MARA, 2006). In Turkey there are 349 marine enterprises and 223 of these enterprises are located in Muğla province. (interview with Provincial Directorate of Agriculture in Muğla). Thirteen fishing shelters are located in

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Muğla and these play a key role in economic activities of the fishermen in the region. (MARA, 2004b). Tourism-related job creation often occurs on an adhoc, or ‘as needed’ basis. Jobs in tourism are often seasonal in nature and can take skilled labour away from other sectors (e.g. agriculture). Unplanned development of tourist-related facilities and infrastructure can adversely affect the natural resource base that local populations depend on for their livelihoods. Tourism facilities can also exacerbate existing coastal resource problems. All the study areas are home to numerous hotels, ranging from small guesthouses catering mostly to resident tourists, to larger beach resorts, which attract both resident and international clientele. Maritime activities related with tourism can be summarized under 3 headings : ports, diving and boat tours. In all the areas there are also many organised boat excursions, most of these tours are similar and travel to the same destinations. These are reasonably priced and offer an alternative activity to the tourists coming to the areas. There are diving centers in most of the study areas, offering try-dives and training for those who have never dived before. For more experienced divers, living on board and two-centre trips are viable options to encounter a wider range of dive sites. Most of the diving in Turkey is done around the Mediterranean resorts of Marmaris, Fethiye, Ölüdeniz and Ayvalık. For example, Ayvalık has 60 diving regions rich with coral reefs. Some areas are out-ofbounds to divers altogether. The underwater scenery is varied and interesting, with tunnels, caverns and rocky pinnacles providing divers with plenty to explore. There are also a lot of wrecks along the Turkish coast, both recent and ancient. However many of these sites are protected by law so cannot be dived on. There are many water sports centres in Marmaris. Akvaryum (Aquarium) Cove, Baca (Chimney) Sea Cave and reef area are the diving spots for domestic and foreign visitors. There are 23 marinas in the province of Muğla. Marinas of the Mediterranean area has a capacity of 400,000 (Fethiye Socio Economic Report, 2010). At Turkish Coast the total capacity of the marinas are 13,573, and 8,967 of these are located by the sea 4

and 4,606 of them are on land (ibid). Blue Flag is an exclusive eco-label given to beaches and marinas and is currently being implemented in 48 countries around the world. The Blue Flag works towards sustainable development at beaches/marinas through strict criteria dealing with water quality, environmental education and information, environmental management, and safety and other services. In Turkey, 286 beaches and 19 marinas had a blue flag in 2009 (Blue Flag Programme, 2010). Further, a number of beaches have already attracted tourism investments and site rentals (günübirlik) are important arrangements. There are 36 site rentals in Muğla (in the 4 areas) that are rented out by EPASA. However, these are not managed properly and there is a lack of control (for example, even the rents are not properly collected). In additon, capacity (due to lack of personnel and offices in the areas) of EPASA is another question related with this issue. During the field work, there was only one office located in Köyceğiz for the Muğla province. In Foça there is another office with only one personnel. In Ayvalık, again there is only one person in charge of the area. In December of 2010 however, EPASA has hired 57 staff for their local and central offices in order to fill these management gaps. It was also evident throughout the interviews, there are issues that needs coordination between different institutions. This is also through for vertical and horizontal relations meaning also inside EPASA (between Ankara and local offices). In order for these areas to have sustainable income generating activities, strong partnerships need to be developed amongst government sectors, and between the national and local authorities, the private sector and local communities. Beginning of 2011, EPASA has started the implementation of new fees for different activities to take place in its areas (the list of activities and the prices are provided in Annex IV). However, this new implementation has not yet been tested on the ground. In this chapter, the 6 areas are analyzed under three main headings: agriculture, tourism and fishing. Income generating activities of EPASA in the 5 relevant SEPAs such as site rentals are also provided and possible new income generating activities are made as suggestions4 for each area.

As mentioned earlier, lists will be prepared for each area as an other activity (2.4.8) of the project.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

4.1 FETHİYE - GÖCEK SEPA 4.1.1 Agriculture Most of the agriculturally fertile areas in Muğla are in Fethiye town. The town center is surrounded

with 1st class land convenient for irrigated agriculture (EPASA, 2010). Different types of field crops are produced in Fethiye (see table 15).

Table 15. Fethiye Field Crops Production (1991 - 2009)

1991

1995

2000

2005

2009

Cereals

Pulses

Industrial Plants

Oil Seeds

Tuber Plants

Forage Crops

Harvested area(da)

186.910

40.670

26.390

30.980

11.590

650

Production (tons)

46.162

1.503

20.025

2.247

24.068

30.604

Harvested area(da)

181.830

49.930

192.220

107.410

37.950

710

Production (tons)

43.439

3.766

39.605

15.329

90.563

75.290

Harvested area(da)

204.670

65.010

150.840

71.500

47.120

520

Production (tons)

54.267

6.183

29.956

10.337

110.535

100.235

Harvested area(da)

250.230

53.000

82.370

74.000

50.500

38.320

Production (tons)

58.997

8.140

21.926

10.725

125.500

123.897

Harvested area(da)

248.429

18.020

15.821

30.152

5.200

39.700

Production (tons)

67.807

2.656

4.511

2.637

16.560

79.250

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

About 22% of the SEPA (67.300 hectares) is agricultural land and 35.000 hectares of this is irrigated and this is harvested three times a year (ibid). Agriculture is prominent in Fethiye with %55 of

the population involved in agriculture. Number of farmers with land is 18.942 and without land is 1.700 which makes a total of 20.642 farmers (Fethiye Socio Economic Report, 2010).

Table 16. Harvested Area in Fethiye (1991-2009)

1991

1995

2000

2005

2009

Cereals

Pulses

Industrial Plants

Oil Seeds

Tuber Plants

Forage Crops

Harvested area(da)

186.910

40.670

26.390

30.980

11.590

650

Production (tons)

46.162

1.503

20.025

2.247

24.068

30.604

Harvested area(da)

181.830

49.930

192.220

107.410

37.950

710

Production (tons)

43.439

3.766

39.605

15.329

90.563

75.290

Harvested area(da)

204.670

65.010

150.840

71.500

47.120

520

Production (tons)

54.267

6.183

29.956

10.337

110.535

100.235

Harvested area(da)

250.230

53.000

82.370

74.000

50.500

38.320

Production (tons)

58.997

8.140

21.926

10.725

125.500

123.897

Harvested area(da)

248.429

18.020

15.821

30.152

5.200

39.700

Production (tons)

67.807

2.656

4.511

2.637

16.560

79.250

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 17. Greenhouse Areas and Production in Fethiye -2009 Green Houses Fethiye

Total

Glass Greenhouse Plastic Greenhouse

Low Tunnel: Alçak Tünel

Area (da6)

24.450

6.605

14.500

3.345

Vegetable production (Tons)

376.340

114.430

245.850

16.060

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

greenhouse cultivation area 2,444 ha

ornamental plants 1,1 ha

orchards 4,310 ha

fallow area 5,093 ha

farm-land 35,305 ha

open vegetable area 6,862 ha

olive trees 9,955 ha

64,471 hectares of agricultural area consists of 35,305 hectares of farm-land, 6,862 hectares of open vegetable area, 2,444 hectares of greenhouse cultivation area, 4,310 hectares of orchards, 5,093

hectares of fallow area, 9,955 hectares of olive trees and 1.1 hectares is used for ornamental plants. The number of Fruit Trees are given in Table 18 and 19.

Table 18. Fethiye Number of Fruit Trees Pomes

Drupes

Citrus

Hard Shells

Grapes

Olives

1991

204390

84965

106550

35366

23210

625750

1995

209210

103945

112650

32750

20450

620850

2000

221150

120145

109550

34310

21780

820500

2005

222297

125840

125775

34550

38440

773100

2009

234104

168426

137600

128338

717109

1368924

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

(da) is used for decare.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Table 19. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Fethiye (1991-2009)

1991

Pomes

Drupes

Citrus

Hard Shells

Grapes

Olives

Fruit bearing tree number

138.640

67.960

104.600

33.930

23.210

589.800

TOTAL tree number

204.390

84.965

106.550

35.366

23.210

625.750

7.537

2.211

7.137

341

1.042

6.489

Fruit bearing tree number

163.540

84.860

109.700

30.850

20.450

588.300

TOTAL tree number

209.210

103.945

112.650

32.750

20.450

620.850

Production(tons)

11.024

3.419

8.601

420

1.222

7.648

Fruit bearing tree number

173.050

102.200

101.350

20.930

20.430

621.900

TOTAL tree number

221.150

120.145

109.550

34.310

21.780

820.500

9.554

4.686

8.899

405

1.873

12.280

Fruit bearing tree number

176.500

105.790

116.170

21.250

20.790

680.000

TOTAL tree number

222.297

125.840

125.775

34.550

38.440

773.100

7.871

5.167

10.529

462

2.018

15.591

Fruit bearing tree number

194.025

118.770

111.010

41.500

105.004

935.000

TOTAL tree number

234.104

168.426

137.600

128.338

717.109

1.368.924

6.977

4.756

9.915

1.137

3.432

9.109

Production(tons) 1995

2000

Production(tons) 2005

Production(tons) 2009

Production(tons)

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

The export of tomatoes have an important share (97%) in total exports of fresh vegetables and fruits in 2009 (ibid). About 115 million euros were earned in 2008 from exports of tomatoes (greenhouse production) in Muğla (Muğla Provincial Directorate of Agriculture, 2010). In greenhouse production, the farmers produce two different products yearly. Table 20. Fethiye Vegetable Production (1991 - 2009) Year / Edible Legumes Fruit Vegetables Leaves (Tons) Bearing (Tons) Vegetables (Tons)

Bulbtuber-Root Vegetables (Tons)

1991

6152

16096

236872

952

1995

6204

14315

311201

640

2000

6935

18985

408600

250

2005

7308

17790

541152

350

2009

13758

43815

525230

538

According to the Directorate of Agriculture, tomato, cucumber, eggplant, melon are the most produced vegetables in greenhouses. In 2009, 250,000 tons of tomatoes were produced in greenhouses. Cultivation of vegetables brings in total gross domestic income of 352,200,000 TL. Wheat is the most produced crop with 92,019 tons of production in 246,100 decares. In 2007, 75 tons, in 2008 100 tons, and in 2009 150 tons of organic goods were produced (Fethiye Socio Economic Report, 2010). Information about animal husbandry is given in Table 21.

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 21. Animal Husbandry in Fethiye (1991-2009) Cattle

Small Ruminants

Poultry

Beekeeping

TOTAL

Number of Dairy Animals

Milk (Tons)

TOTAL

Number of Dairy Animals

Milk (Tons)

TOTAL

Number Milk TOTAL of Dairy (Tons) Animals

1991

28031

11583

10320

149890

48785

2330

143880

12600

57625

1995

30750

12580

11829

150850

49436

2360

175315

20011

66610

798

2000

21557

8604

11982

87905

27255

1289

208360

27000

80055

100

2005

24015

3240

9087

78600

18572

1550

143010

25000

54824

1371

375

2009

23060

8600

27835

75465

35968

3328

133380

21000

62000

1240

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

4.1.2 Fishing In the coast of Fethiye, 690 people work in 197 fishing boats. Also there are 4 drag-net (gırgır) vessels. 66 businesses (changing in sizes) are engaged in production of trout in Fethiye. Total capacity is 15,000 tons of trout / year (Fethiye Socio Economic Report, 2010). Trout is distributed and sold in many cities throughout Turkey.

and in 2009, 8 cruise ships with 2569 passengers came to the town (Fethiye Socio Economic Report, 2010). Table 22. Number of Tourists for Muğla

By Air

Foreign Visitors

Local Visitors

Dalaman Airport

1.451.214

25.828

Mil-Bod Airport

936.033

29.994

180.526

5.552

Bodrum Port

200.292

10.818

Fethiye Port

10.741

2.401

Datça Port

10.778

1.462

Güllük Port

161

2.499

T.Reis Port

20.906

2.614

258

281

2.810.909

81.449

By Sea Marmaris Port

4.1.3 Tourism In Fethiye There are 61 certified tourism businesses and 5 tourism investment certified facilities (interview with Directorate of Tourism in Fethiye). The number of facilities locally certified is 750. There are 20,723 rooms with bed capacity of 42,602. Total of 662,086 tourists visited Fethiye in 2009. Besides, 4 cruise ships brought 948 passengers to Fethiye in 2007. In 2008, 11 cruise ships brought 4156 passengers

Y.Kavak Port TOTAL

Source: Fethiye - Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Photo 1. Göcek İnlice Beach Site Rental

Total capacity of the marinas on coast of Fethiye is 2028; 1,593 of them are located by the sea and 435 of them are on land. Capacity of the marinas located at the coast of Fethiye is 15 % of Turkey. Göcek is popular with yachting boats which come here for its marina. Göcek has a range of sophisticated hotels and upmarket restaurants and boutiques. For example, in Göcek the boat tour includes the sights of islands, sailing on a private boat to 12 Islands, swimming and snorkeling in scheduled bays such as Cleopatra’s Baths, the beaches of Yassica Island and the old settlement of Tersane are included.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Box 2. Blue Chip Card System in Göcek In Göcek, Blue Chip Card system has started to operate in July 2010. TURMEPA, which is also the technological subcontractor for Blue Chip Cards for the next two years, bought software for the system for 200,000 Turkish Liras and prepared 5,000 cards that are linked to computer systems at 15 marinas in Muğla. The Blue Chip Card system is unique in that it features a recorder both on shore and onboard registered vessels. The card transfers all the information to the computer and then to the main system so the amount of water taken by the boat can be accurately determined. If it has taken two tons of water, it has to pour out the same amount at the treatment facility. It should be noted that this system is new and there are some implementation problems. TURMEPA is a non-governmental organization founded in 1994 in collaboration with the Chamber of Shipping for the purpose of making the protection of Turkey’s coasts and seas a national priority and leaving a habitable country embraced by clean seas to the future generations. Source : Interview with Turmepa Representative in Göcek

young people for which they have limited interest. There is a tendency to choose tourism related jobs where they can earn money more easily. 4.1.4 EPASA Activities There are 17 site rentals and 2009 and 2010 incomes are provided (when applicable) next to their names Table 23. Rent incomes of Fethiye Göcek SEPA Name

Photo 2. Kayaköy Carpets

One of the highlights of Fethiye is Kayaköy, literally ‘stone village’. Once the Greek town of Karmylassos, it was abandoned in the 1920’s. There are around 400 houses here together with churches and other public buildings. Despite a strong tradition of needlework (embroidery and rug making- i.e. Kayaköy carpets), pottery, and other handicrafts in Turkey, there appears to be only a very limited practice of handicrafts in all the regions (this is also very much related with rural-urban migration). Individuals interviewed said a “good” market exists for these items, however, it appears that only two or three families (in Kayaköy- especially skilled people being old ladies) still have the requisite skills to make such items. In the village discussions, it was emphasized that handicrafts (even some agricultural activities) are seen as time consuming activities by 44

2009

2010

Kalemya Koyu

25.074 TL

26.560 TL

Belceğiz

660.000 TL

Babadağ

78.576 TL

Belceğiz-Kumburnu Lagoon 1.247.932 TL

Çalış Beach

61.600 TL

67.800 TL

Büyük Samanlı

7.700 TL

8.500 TL

Küçük Samanlı

6.600 TL

7.300 TL

Aksazlar

6.600 TL

7.300 TL

Kuleli

4.400 TL

4.800 TL

Gemile Bay

10.100 TL

11.100 TL

Göcek Public Beach

6.700 TL

7.400 TL

Göcek İnlice

11.800 TL

13.000 TL

Kargı Village

9.900 TL

10.900 TL

Sarsala Bay

12.300 TL

40.600 TL

Şat Burnu

38.500 TL

42.350 TL

Yanıklar Beach

7.700 TL

7.000 TL

Göcek Boynuzbükü Yacht Resting place

5.675 TL

8.953 TL which is 35% gross domestic income

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

One example to site rentals is Belceğiz-Kumburnu Lagoon in Ölüdeniz, literally translated as ‘dead sea’. There is a small entrance charge to use the lagoon beach and only non-motorised watersports are allowed. Unlike other site rentals which are focused on renting out beaches, there is also paragliding in Babadağ. Babadağ is 30 min. from Fethiye, 2.5 hours from

Akyaka and 3 hours from Marmaris. Babadağ is 900 meter altitude with a spectacular view of Ölüdeniz. Launching and landing in paragliding depends on the wind. This activity is managed by MELSA. MELSA was founded jointly by the Directorate of Muğla Provincial Special Administration and the Muğla Development Foundation in 1995 for the purpose of contributing to the survival and

Box 3. Alternative holiday examples in Fethiye Huzur Vadisi (yoga holidays): Huzur Vadisi is the name of the farmhouse and of the mountain valley in which it is situated in Gökçeovacık village. The original farmhouse is the inspiration for the restoration and building at Huzur Vadisi. This place provides yoga holidays as a package to mostly foreign tourists. Special features are the natural stone swimming pool, the traditional wooden Köşk, the yurts (traditional tents) for sleeping. Pastoral Valley Pastoral Valley Organic Eco Farm is in Yanıklar Village near Fethiye. Its specialty is organic farming, an ecological lifestyle and offering holidays on the farm where all buildings are ecologically designed, constructed of stone, wood or mud-brick and available 12 months of the year. If the guests wish they can get involved in farm work, or take part in workshops based on local culture and handicrafts like kilim weaving, simple clay pottery making, basket making or producing a range of traditional preserves such as jams and pickles. Source: Interviews with Owners

development of the local handicrafts of Muğla that were on the verge of extinction. MELSA has a division that manufactures hand-woven table cloths, tripod cloths, serviettes, bedding sets, pillow cases, furnishing fabrics, curtain fabrics and clothings of cotton and wool or embossed with silver or golden threads. MELSA also operates one of the site rentals in Ölüdeniz, Fethiye. 4.1.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities a. There is potential for value-added agricultural products produced using organic farming methods, or specialty foods packaged as “gourmet” or “artisanal” foods. b. It is clear that there are substantial opportunities in the agritourism sector. However, it will be critical to develop an agritourism/ecotourism strategy to unlock the potential. c. Control and monitoring of pollution (especially sewage waters) is a challenge that needs the collaboration of a number of authorities in

order to ensure continous tourism. In Fethiye Göcek SEPA- Blue Chip Card system is a good start and might be upscaled in other areas. d. Visitors’ Centers are a great way to raise awareness and enlighten visitors as to local agritourism and ecotourism elements. These centers can provide information and showroom on how local handicrafts are made and also provide an outlet for locally produced goods such jams, etc. e. Creating packages to attract more visitors, emphasizing the “grown locally” experiencethere is one example to this in Fethiye, Pastoral Vadi. (restaurant + hotel + agritourism -organic farming- activity) f. There is a need to develop a wider range of activities that spreads tourism throughout the year. For instance, it was indicated that there is great potential for mountain biking, spa/ wellness activities, hiking trails and cultural activities. Besides, providing an experience

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

that is a “package” will have more benefits. This could, for example, include offering farm animals (feed and pet), picnic area, garden center, food and produce (handicrafts) market, ample parking and rest rooms (For example, there are site rentals like Inlice without any activities and “a package” can also diversify the activies in site rentals which can also increase the income for EPASA.This can be joined up with educational tourism (eco, environmental etc.). For example, there are rich flora and fauna in the areas as well as cultural and historical places.

g. Some interviewers felt that monitored diving in currently forbidden areas will also have a significant potential to boost tourism. h. Interviews with Fethiye Chamber of Maritime Trade raised the need of female personnel who can cook and serve the guests on the boats and yachts in the marina. i. Collaboration with existing marina operators (private sector) can help produce awareness raising materials on the marine environment and species of the protected areas. j. Opening new site rentals (Günübirlik).

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

4.2 KÖYCEĞİZ - DALYAN SEPA 4.2.1 Agriculture Köyceğiz is a farming town producing citrus fruits, olives, honey and cotton. Unlike other areas, this region is also famous for its sweetgum (Liquidambar) trees which have economic value. Other economic activities include greenhouse farming and cattle-grazing. The region around Dalyan is a highly fertile and productive agricultural zone. Cotton is grown intensively along with many varieties of fruits and vegetables. In recent years, cotton is being replaced by pomegranates (especially in Dalyan) due to the fact that it is less labor intensive and has a higher economic value than other products. See below Table for distribution of products : Table 24. Distribution of Products in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Area Product

Ortaca İlçesi Köyceğiz İlçesi

TOTAL

(da)

Cotton

28763,2

940,2

29703,4

Lemon

20890,5

220,3

21110,8

Orange

10920,0

15102,3

26022,3

Wheat

5490,2

2370,3

7860,5

Corn(silage)

5328,8

1027,5

6356,3

Olive

3915,9

1989,0

5904,9

Corn (Grain)

1992,9

1017,2

3010,1

Pomegranade

2609,4

0,0

2609,4

Tomato

1532,3

55,0

1587,3

Watermellon

735,3

0,0

735,3

Sesame

608,9

1420,0

2028,9

Melon

370,8

0,0

370,8

Barley

316,6

151,4

468,0

Grapefruit

275,7

0,0

275,7

Lupine

183,3

0,0

183,3

Millet

155,7

0,0

155,7

Vetch

129,0

109,7

238,7

Eggplant

73,9

0,0

73,9

Clover

62,7

0,0

62,7

Beans

0,0

74,9

Mandarin

0,0

1307,1

84355,1

25784,9

110140,0

TOTAL

64% of land in Muğla consists of forest and brush, 19% is agricultural land, the rest is non-farm area, pastures and meadows. (Interview with Muğla Provincial Directorate of Agriculture). Most of the villages in Muğla region are in forests and the villagers gather forest products either for trading or household use. The most important non timber forest products collected to augment cash incomes are honey and herbal products such as oregano and laurel leaves. There is one cooperative that collects oregano and laurel in Toparlar Village, Köyceğiz. However, due to mismanagement, the cooperative went bankrupt and is now trying to recover. There are 4 Agricultural Development Cooperatives, 2 Irrigation Cooperatives and 1 Fisheries Cooperative in Köyceğiz. There are 4 olive oil production facilities; 3 in Ekincik, 1 Zeytinalanı. In the production of field crops, corn is seen to be more prominent in the region. Sesame seeds are also produced in the region.

Source: Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007

Photo 3. Women working on laurel in Toparlar Village

Köyceğiz is the largest producer of citrus in the Aegean region. Citrus fruits are one of the agricultural products that are mainly exported from the region. According to data obtained from the briefing reports of District Directorates of Agriculture of 2006, 58% of land in Köyceğiz is dedicated to the production of oranges. Pomegranate and tomato follow after lemon, orange, grapefruit and tangerine in agricultural exports. The Mediterranean climate dominant in the region is suitable for 41,630 tons of tomato production which is very significant in the production scale. Most exports are made to Russia, France, Germany

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

and Romania. Wheat, olives and sesame seeds follow after oranges. The agricultural production areas are 17% in Beyobası village and 13% in Toparlar and

Zeytinalanı (Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007). Types of fruits and field crop production are given in Tables 25.

Table 25. Fruit Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca Type of Fruit

KÖYCEĞİZ

ORTACA

BÖLGE TOPLAMI

Area (hectare)

Production (tons)

Area (hectare)

Production (tons)

Area (hectare)

Production (tons)

Pear

116

136

Medlar

Quince

Apple

237

Plum

242

263

Apricot

145

Cherry

Peach

100

Lemon

240

1938

2010

40088

2250

42026

Citrus

Grapefruit

178

Orange

2120

37980

755

16825

2875

54805

Mandarin

1675

20570

263

1690

20833

Walnut

Mulberry

Fig

Carnup

Pomegranade

504

532

Grape

Olive

1606

3051

473

2046

2079

5097

TOTAL

5790

64715

3339

59964

9129

124679

Source : Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 26. Field Crop Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca KÖYCEĞİZ Product Type

ORTACA

TOTAL

Area (hectare)

Production (tons)

Area (hectare)

Production (tons)

Area (hectare)

Production (tons)

OAT

MILLET

CORN

799

1792

343

1929

1142

3721

WHEAT (DURUM)

503

1232

331

1303

834

2535

WHEAT (OTHER)

1300

2934

1300

2934

BARLEY

151

339

151

339

CHICKPEA

BEAN

113

PEA

BLACK EYE BEAN

BROAD BEAN

COTTONS

105

1861

1979

1950

2084

2051

1539

2141

1622

COTTONSSEED

142

1861

2664

1950

2806

PEANUT

ONION

250

POTATO

153

203

CORN (2)

697

1991

155

2688

VETCH (GREEN) (2)

290

580

VETCH(DRY) (2)

401

803

1204

CORN(SILAGE)

1800

303

16651

344

18451

5613

11648

5187

27565

10800

39213

SESAME

TOTAL

Source : Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007

Sweetgum forests cover 209 ha of private and 383 ha of state land. (19 ha in Ortaca, 200 ha in Köyceğiz, 16,5 ha in Sultaniye and 167,5 ha in Beyobası) and 19 tons of balsam were produced in 1980s; this has fallen to between 1-2 tons in the 1990s, 4198 kg in 1999 and 3286 kg in 2000 and 5284 kg in 2001. In 2002 and 2003 annual production was around about 2000 kg. (Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report, 2007). Honey and Wax production is given in Table :

Table 27. Honey Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca HIVES (piece) HONEY (tons) WAX (tons) KÖYCEĞİZ

68000

1224,000

25,000

ORTACA

14441

129,669

14,000

TOTAL

82441

1353,669

39,000

Source : Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

In addition to farm and resource-based production activities, several households are also involved in other income generating activities in the

form of merchandise/trading within the village, hiring out services (skilled labour) or additional work mostly in the tourism sector.

Box 4. Silkworm raising in Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Silkworm raising is a source of income to locals in a village (Pınar, Köyceğiz – Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA) via the efforts of the District Directorate of Agriculture to empower them at the grass-roots level. Intense mulberry trees around the Pınar village and the area’s climate and physical conditions, cropping pattern were observed to be favorable for silkworm production by Köyceğiz District Directorate of Agriculture. Besides being a historical and cultural value, sericulture (transformed into the product into a short period of 35-40 days) is an income-generating activity. In order to assess the potential for the production of a silk worm, the Public Education Center (Halk Eğitimi Merkezi) has opened with a course in sericulture in the region. In the 2010 production season, first-class cocoon production was 700 kg, as a result of 30.500 TL income was obtained from Koza Birlik, company from Bursa. Source : Interview with Köyceğiz District Manager of Agriculture

Information about animal husbandry and milk production is given in Table 28 and 29. Table 28. Animal Numbers in Köyceğiz and Ortaca KÖYCEĞİZ ORTACA

Table 29. Milk Production in Köyceğiz and Ortaca ANIMAL

MILK PRODUCTION (tons)

TOTAL

KÖYCEĞİZ ORTACA SHEEP(NATIVE)

44,800

6,400

51,200

GOAT (HAIR)

514,602

31,188

545,790

2005

CATTLE (CULTURE)

864,864

416,988

1281,852

900

12810

SHEEP (MERINOS)

0,000

6,000

885

305

1190

CATTLE (CROSSBRED)

7938,000

3288,600 11226,600

HORSE

117

147

CATTLE (NATIVE)

490,320

337,776

MULE

TOTAL

9852,586

4086,952 13939,538

DONKEY

SHEEP(MERINOS)

440

CATTLE (CROSSBRED)

5300

3526

8826

CATTLE (NATIVE)

845

796

1641

20844

6315

27159

ANIMAL

TOTAL (head)

SHEEP(NATIVE)

1695

310

GOAT (HAIR)

11910

CATTLE (CULTURE)

TOTAL

TOTAL (head)

Source : Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007

828,096

Source : Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report 2007

According to Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report (2007), areas which are suitable living environments for wild goats are specified as “Wild Life Protection Operation Class”(“Yaban Hayatını Koruma İşletme Sınıfı”). In the report it is highlighted that in the appropriate areas where the wild goats reproduce, hunting tourism could be allowed.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

4.2.2 Fishing According to available data, 34-year period between 1972 – 2005 in Köyceğiz Lagoon the total production of aquatic products was 8,768 tons. There was 52 tons of production in 1972, while the highest production was in 1994 with 444 tons. In general, a fluctuating trend is examined in catch statistics. Between 1972-1981 average production was 267 t/year, between 1982-1991, it was 271 t/ year and from 1992 -2001 between 254 t/ year. 2002 – 2005 average of 211 t/ year production marked the lowest values (Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report, 2007). DALKO Fisheries Cooperative

SS DALKO Fishery Products Cooperative was established in 1971 in Dalyan. Members include fishermen from all villages on the edge of the town and they value the lake in terms of protection. The town and the region are faced with the rapidly growing tourism and concentrated boat traffic and the lake basin on the edge of the agricultural areas are under threat of agricultural

use of nitrogen fertilizers, chemical wastes, toxic drugs, rain water. Fishing activities are carried out by DALKO in Köyceğiz Lagoon system. The lagoon system belongs to the State and is rented by DALKO through two year contracts. DALKO has 691 members and 49 personnel. Mullet is the main commercial fish on Köyceğiz Lagoon system. Eel is also an important fish species caught in the lagoon, most of the eels caught are exported because they are not often consumed by Turkish people. The cooperative also produces caviar and was awarded the International Slow Food Prize in 2000. However, this award has not been used for the promotion of this product and it is not widely known. According to Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report, (2007) ”total production of aquatic products was 172.2 tons. (January 1 to November 30 by 2006). The majority was mullet production with 155.7 tons, 6.5 tons of sea bass, 4.6 tons of sea bream, 2.4 tons of painted eel, 1 ton of eel and 2.9 tons were the other species. In

Box 5. Fisheries in Köyceğiz Lagoon system According to DALKO during the period 1972–2006, the commercial catch in Köyceğiz Lagoon ranged from 52.125 t in 1972 to 443.949 t in 1994. Another issue is the introduction of exotic species such as Tilapia zillii. According to fishermen in the area, after the introduction of this species, many native fish species have been affected, especially common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Recommendations The cooperative must be supported and use modern techniques for lagoon fishing. Fish caught in the lagoon should be evaluated in terms of their suitability to be marketed. The fisheries of the region are mainly dependent on the mullet fish that are caught in traps during the spawning migration period. The population should not be dominated by younger age classes that do not have the ability to breed. To prevent this, migration and breeding periods of mullet should be explained by seminars to the fisherfolk. Such seminars could also develop the knowledge of fishermen regarding the fish trap fishery, to understand geological, meteorological, hydrographical and hydrobiological data that affects productivity. This will help fishermen to determine the optimum fishing conditions (Yerli 1989). Scientific solutions must be developed for marketing and selling the fish caught in the lagoon. Reed fields surrounding the lakes and lagoons provide a convenient habitat for many invertebrate and vertebrate species. These reed fields and the shallow canal bottom are also important resources for fish to feed on and use as a substrate to lay eggs upon. Boat traffic and the noise of boat motors affect fish migrations and damage these reed fields. The tourist-boat traffic on lagoon system must be regulated to reduce disturbances and support should be given to boats powered by solar energy or other sustainable resources. In 2007 one boat powered by solar energy took trips in the lagoon. The motors of boats must be assessed, less powerful motors should be allowed in the fishery as powerful motors can damage the bottom of canal. Boats must not discharge their bilge waters into the lagoon. The local people as well as visitors should be educated regarding the sensitivity of the Köyceğiz Lagoon System. Governmental and Non-Governmental organizations should play an active role in protecting the lagoon system. Ecological trips with educated guides should be arranged to promote the natural and ecological beauty of the region. Source : Yorulmaz et al, 2008. “Fishing activities and pollution risk in the Köyceğiz Lagoon System”

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

addition, a total of 7.7 tons of culture fish were produced in net cages at Lake Sülüngür (2.6 tons sea bream and 5.1 tons of sea bass). Caviar production was 112 kg during the period.” 4.2.3 Tourism There is a total of 8,224 beds, of which 7,224 (87.8%) are in Dalyan. Natural resources and being at the edge of the channel are the main reasons for the development Dalyan region. (Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report, 2007) Hiking trails used for recreation by tourists have been identified by guides (ibid). The 6 identified hiking trails are

Attractive beaches can be found all along the coast and serve as one of the primary coastal tourism attractions. These beaches are home to numerous human activities, including tourism, fishing, mariculture, etc. Iztuzu, Dalyan’s turtle beach, is a unique example. The beach is well known for the Caretta caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtles). National and international nature conservation organizations monitor and protect the turtles’ nesting grounds in Turkey. The beach is closed during the period that the turtles lay their eggs. The beach is protected by strict regulations and is not accessible after dark. It can be reached by boat tours from Dalyan.

• starting from the eastern end of the settlement in Köyceğiz and ending in Kaşıkçı neighbourhood • starting from north of Zeytinalan through the mountains and ending at the beginning of river • starting from Köyceğiz to Sandras Mountain, • starting from the edge of Kargicak Çayı creek, passing through the forest to the waterfall, • starting from Sultaniye to Ülemez Hill and • starting from Çandır to Ekincik Dalyan Boat Cooperative

The cooperative was established in 1983 in Dalyan. 150 boats are licensed. All cooperative members and employees consist of local people. Cooperative started to organize alternative tours: Kaunos City, Rock Graves, hot springs and İztuzu coast are some of the areas visited by the boat tours. Not all boat owners belong to the cooperative, choosing instead to remain outside the framework and rules of the organization. The cooperative wants to operate with fleet of solar powered boats that can sail on Köyceğiz Lake and the Dalyan canals. The solar boats do not create waves or ripples and therefore protect the shore and plants from erosion. The boats can sail for eight hours using batteries which store the solar power.

Photo 4. Boat Tours in Dalyan

In addition to the beaches and established reserves, other unique natural attractions can be found along the coast. For example, in Köyceğiz, the natural sulphur spring and the mud baths are interesting attractions. There are 3 beaches in the area which are Iztuzu beach (Dalyanağzı), Köyceğiz City beach and Ekincik beach. 4.2.4 EPASA Activities There are four site rentals currently in place. Below, 2009 and 2010 rent incomes (when applicable) are provided next to their names:

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 30. Rent incomes of Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Name

2009

2010

Ekincik Scaffold

3.600 TL

4.000 TL

Ekincik Bay

2.000 TL

2.118 TL

Dalyanağzı

400.000 TL

İztuzu

173.000 TL

183.258 TL

4.2.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities a. Value adding to the existing natural herbs and medicinal plants in the long-run is an opportunity as it is expected that the demand for natural and medicinal products (e.g. laurel and oregano are collected in the villages) will increase in future (there is an increasing demand in Turkey for these type of products). b. There is an opportunity for adding value in the citrus industry by diversifying the products (i.e. juices & jams) in Köyceğiz. c. The development of a sweetgum oil industry in this area looks promising since a vast area is covered with the trees. Information is given about the area covered and on production in section 4.2.1. d. Adding value in the livestock industry seems to be an imperative for growth and the continued profitable livestock production. In this regard goat milk processing should be explored. There is currently also opportunity for goat meat processing in the area. e. There is potential for value-added agricultural products produced using organic farming methods, or specialty foods packaged as “gourmet” or “artisanal” foods. f. It is clear that there are substantial opportunities in the agritourism sector. However, it will be critical to develop an agritourism/ecotourism strategy to unlock the potential.

g. Angling and carp fishing : there seems a number of potential venues where carp exist in numbers, most notably Köyceğiz Lake, and probably Dalaman Sic. h. Most villages are lacking sufficient hotels and guest lodging. i. Creating packages to attract more visitors, emphasizing the “grown locally” experience. In addition,creating an experience that is a “package” will have more benefits. This could, for example, include offering farm animals (feed and pet), picnic area, garden center, food and produce (handicrafts) market, ample parking and rest rooms (For example, there are site rentals without any activities and “a package” can also diversify the activies in site rentals which can also increase the income for EPASA.) j. Visitors’ Centers are a great way to raise awareness and enlighten visitors as to local agritourism and ecotourism elements. These centers can provide information and showroom on how local handicrafts are made and also provide an outlet for locally produced goods such jams, etc. For example, loggerhead turtles are a brand for Dalyan. These can be used as branding symbols for locally produced items and also information can be provided in the centers). Also, there is a group of women who produce hand made jewelry (necklaces and bracelets) and the Dalyan municipality has provided them with a stand to market their products without any rental cost. k. The areas also offer vast opportunities for educational tourism (eco, environmental etc.). For example, there are rich flora and fauna in the areas as well as cultural and historical places. l. Opening new site rentals (Günübirlik)

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

4.3 DATÇA-BOZBURUN SEPA 4.3.1 Agriculture Datça-Bozburun Peninsulas have a limited potential for agriculture due to the physical and natural

characteristics. There is little garden and field agriculture and the land is covered with almond and olive groves. Furthermore, there is not enough water for agriculture. Information for harvested area for Datça is provided in Table 31 and information on field crops in Marmaris is given in Table 32:

Table 31. Harvested Area in Datça (1991-2009)

1991

1995

2000

2005

2009

Cereals

Pulses

Oil Seeds

Tuber Plants

Forage Crops

Harvested area(da)

9.430

1.760

450

600

Production(tons)

1.665

141

833

457

Harvested area(da)

8.210

870

110

910

Production(tons)

1.396

878

Harvested area(da)

Production(tons)

Harvested area(da)

860

410

Production(tons)

206

701

3.921

819

Harvested area(da) Production(tons)

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Table 32. Field Crops in Marmaris (1991-2009)

1991

1995

2000

Cereals

Pulses

Industrial Plants

Oil Seeds

Tuber Plants

Forage Crops

Harvested area(da)

9.210

650

2.800

490

Production (tons)

1.602

458

464

110

Harvested area(da)

7.690

650

2.420

520

Production (tons)

1.311

414

785

101

Harvested area(da)

6.560

390

2.300

420

933

435

792

168

Harvested area(da)

8.290

240

370

130

10.880

Production (tons)

1.295

360

1.815

Harvested area(da)

6.948

220

2.810

773

2.770

Production (tons) 2005

2009

Production (tons)

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Almond is a significant source of livelihood for the region, especially the income obtained from crude almond sales. About 1,343 ha of almond groves exist, forming 49% of the overall agricultural land (268.720 trees). This is followed by olive groves, 54

forming 30 % of the land (166.540 trees) (Datça Agricultural Structure, 2008). Recent numbers are provided in the Table 33 and 34 (for Datça and Marmaris) on fruit production and tree numbers.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 33. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Datça (1991-2009)

1991

Pomes

Drupes

Citrus

Hard Shells

Grapes

Olives

Fruit bearing tree number

8.100

8.390

23.925

407.500

34.770

290.500

TOTAL tree number

8.100

8.940

26.350

419.100

34.770

293.250

192

159

763

1.608

1.048

2.614

Fruit bearing tree number

6.150

8.250

20.500

419.000

20.710

276.000

TOTAL tree number

6.150

8.850

22.250

465.000

20.710

278.150

122

130

500

1.700

584

5.520

Fruit bearing tree number

3.900

1.400

19.050

396.455

15.090

266.000

TOTAL tree number

3.900

1.400

20.850

411.455

15.090

275.200

456

3.500

338

2.660

Fruit bearing tree number

3.700

1.400

16.100

413.890

15.520

277.000

TOTAL tree number

3.700

1.400

17.080

428.890

15.520

289.000

459

4.308

232

1.900

Fruit bearing tree number

3.900

1.660

17.555

365.000

15.935

282.000

TOTAL tree number

5.200

2.290

21.735

400.000

16.145

292.600

599

5.475

412

8.010

Production(tons) 1995

Production(tons) 2000

Production(tons) 2005

Production(tons) 2009

Production(tons)

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Table 34. Fruit Production and Tree Numbers in Marmaris (1991-2009)

1991

Pomes

Drupes

Citrus

Hard Shells

Grapes

Olives

Fruit bearing tree number

7.350

12.400

39.000

51.000

3.410

122.100

TOTAL tree number

7.350

17.950

39.400

53.000

3.410

128.400

108

183

781

277

176

611

Fruit bearing tree number

6.790

12.050

39.450

52.500

4.230

120.800

TOTAL tree number

6.870

13.180

40.200

53.000

4.580

124.900

106

251

794

158

346

483

Fruit bearing tree number

6.970

13.480

12.850

50.000

10.920

125.000

TOTAL tree number

7.170

14.110

14.700

52.000

11.220

131.990

132

243

306

500

706

625

Fruit bearing tree number

4.250

10.260

12.450

51.000

11.230

132.300

TOTAL tree number

4.263

11.060

12.450

52.200

11.455

142.800

220

502

415

460

Fruit bearing tree number

3.750

10.460

13.750

48.600

10.894

132.300

TOTAL tree number

5.240

12.440

13.750

49.750

12.959

144.940

271

700

488

439

1.287

Production(tons) 1995

Production(tons) 2000

Production(tons) 2005

Production(tons) 2009

Production(tons)

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Animal husbandry is also practiced in the forested zones, with 1250 cattle and 2.000 sheeps and goat (ibid). (See Tables 35 and 36) Table 35. Animal Husbandry in Datça (1991-2009)

TOTAL

Number of Dairy Animals

Milk (Tons)

Mohair hair wool (tons)

Current number

Egg number (1000 )

TOTAL beehive

Honey Productioni (tons)

Wax Productioni (tons)

Beekeeping

Milk (Tons)

Poultry

Number of Dairy Animals

Small Ruminants

TOTAL

Cattle

1991

2426

640

694

4230

1434

8750

850

11555

173

1995

2375

704

544

4795

1385

9275

700

15500

388

2000

1540

520

588

2300

1095

1700

19000

2005

1407

360

667

1980

207

30000

600

2009

1177

384

741

2027

420

20150

650

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Table 36. Animal Husbandry in Marmaris (1991-2009)

TOTAL

Number of Dairy Animals

Milk (Tons)

Mohair hair wool (tons)

Current number

Egg number (1000)

TOTAL beehive

Honey Production (tons)

Wax Production (tons)

Beekeeping

Milk (Tons)

Poultry

Number of Dairy Animals

Small Ruminants

TOTAL

Cattle

1991

6930

3350

3460

13996

5181

252

8748

680

96500

1158

1995

6702

3608

4162

15270

4995

243

3170

226

85000

1445

145

2000

6902

3747

4324

13865

4981

243

5000

750

80000

160

2005

3368

1700

3297

6975

1247

137

12232

816

100000

2000

200

2009

2826

1084

2088

10313

2592

280

2799

100000

2000

250

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

There are 3 agricultural development cooperatives and 3 water products cooperatives in Datça. Beekeeping and collection of NTFPs such as laurel, thyme carob etc. are other income generating activities regionally. As mentioned above, most of

the income comes from almonds (in 2006, 5.850.000 TL was raised from almonds, and 4,160.000 TL was raised from olive olive). This was followed by tomato production (3.750.000 TL) and honey (2.000.000 TL) (Datça Agricultural Structure, 2008).

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

raise their incomes, it was evident from the interviews (in all project areas) that most of the agricultural cooperatives in Turkey are not efficient as enterprises (due to mismanagement) and have very low capitalization from the members. However, there were a few successful examples which are provided throughout the report.

Box 7. Sındı Agricultural Cooperative in Datça-Bozburun SEPA

Photo 5. Women cracking almonds in Datça

Box 6. Datça Organic Almonds in DatçaBozburun SEPA Smallholder organic farmers of Datça are raising their incomes through the premium generated from the sale of organic almonds. This was a result of the iniative of the agricultural engineer who works in this village, with the aim of gaining better access to markets, increases in production and quality improvements. The improvement in the welfare of participating farmers resulted in arousing interest among non-practicing farmers. Three years ago District Directorate of Agriculture teamed up with Cumalı Villagers in order to cultivate organic almonds. This was started with a thousand 200 hectares and 20 producers were involved. An Agricultural engineer worked hard to persuade the farmers and completed the whole (value) chain by her own efforts from production to marketing (to organic bazaars in Istanbul). Farmers use organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. Audit and investigations will continue for three years. This is a successful case of the application of agricultural advisory in the villages. The volume of production has substantially increased for most organic almonds and there are more farmers who want to join. Source : Interview with Agriculture Engineer in Cumalı Village

Datça has a considerable amount of mastic trees (Pistacia lentiscus), but in the interviews, it was emphasized that these are not being used. Mastic resin is a key ingredient in Turkish ice cream and puddings. As well as its culinary uses, mastic continues to be used for its gum and medicinal properties. The resin is used as a primary ingredient in the production of cosmetics such as toothpaste, lotions for the hair and skin, and perfumes. Although it is generally believed that cooperatives provide the opportunity for poor communities to

Photo 6. Products of Sındı Agricultural Cooperative The Sındı Agricultural cooperative was established in 2006 by the villagers of Sındı. It operates from a former elementary school in the village with 69 members. They produce pine, flower and thyme honey, and continuously develop its range of products. They also produce extra virgin olive oil. It is the first cooperative that has produced almond paste in the region. Making this product with honey instead of sugar is also one of its innovations. They have diversified their product range with caper, carob and herbs and also pollen from the region. All of these products have a production certificate. They have branded their name on every product. Head of the Cooperative, Ömer Ohan is hard working and dedicated to his work. His biggest complaint is “the informal activities in the region such as open vendors who sell without paying taxes. For example Nurlu almond entry price is 33 TL/kg with adding tax to it becomes 38 TL/unit. On the other hand, over the counter almonds sold elsewhere are unsupervised.” Source : Interview with the Head of Sındı Agr. Cooperative

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

4.3.2 Fishing Akyol and Ceyhan studied the activities of artisanal fisheries, target fishes, problems, characteristics of fishery co-operatives, fishing boats and the ports of Datça-Bozburun Peninsula (Akyol and Ceyhan, 2007). The samplings were carried out between 2005 and 2006 in two fishery co-operatives, Datça and Karaköy, and 8 fishing ports. There are total of 32 members in the co-operatives and about 170 vessels were recorded in the region. The biggest fishery co-operative was Datça in terms of members. The coastal fisheries in the region are densely carried out by longlining, gill and trammel netting. The fish and invertebrate species caught from set net or longline fishery were typical of those that inhabit coastal embayments in the Aegean and Mediterranean. Mullus barbatus, Sphyraena sphyraena, Seriola dumerilii, Pagellus erythrinus, Dentex dentex, Mullus surmuletus, Sarda sarda, Xiphias gladius, Epinephelus aeneus, Loligo vulgaris, Octopus vulgaris etc. are target species in the commercial catch. But fishery activities in the region are relatively found to be too weak due to short fishing season, low fishing capacity and a few fishermen. 4.3.3 Tourism The site acts like a bridge between the Aegean and the Mediterranean Seas which is an important passage for yacht and sailing boats. The peninsula offers a key stopover for these touristic boats due to its climatic advantages and the fact that its coasts are embroidered with numerous bays as a result of its hilly topographic structure. Interview with Datça District Tourism Office provided the below information : “In 2009, 8,354 people arrived from 1,111 yachts to Datça. The first 7 months in 2010, 488 yachts brought 3,626 people. The people visiting Cnidos in 2009 was 26,244 and total of 197,560 TL entrance fee was collected. The first 7 months in 2010, 12,921 people paid a total of 95,576 entrance fee. A total of 5 hotels and boarding houses have the Ministry-certified operation schemes. The overall bed capacity of these establishments is 421. There are also 1,228 rooms and 2296 beds registered as local servers.”

Table 37. Number of Tourists for Muğla 2009

By Air

By Sea

Foreign Visitors

Local Visitors

Dalaman Airport

1.451.214

25.828

Mil-Bod Airport

936.033

29.994

Marmaris Port

180.526

5.552

Bodrum Port

200.292

10.818

Fethiye Port

10.741

2.401

Datça Port

10.778

1.462

Güllük Port

161

2.499

T.Reis Port

20.906

2.614

258

281

2.810.909

81.449

Y.Kavak Port TOTAL

Source: Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010

Accessibility to Datça was an issue that came up in the interviews. Improving access to tourism sites allows more visitors to come, and also allows those visitors to go to more places. As the tourism industry grows, limits of acceptable use can be exceeded if tourists are restricted to one or two areas due to the inaccessibility of other potential tourist attractions. For example, the difficulty in travelling to Datça, coupled with long travelling hours, came up in the interviews to be a hindrance to operations and thus popularity of the area. In Datça, Palamutbükü locality is a touristic spot supporting a group of villages known collectively as Betçe (the five villages). These are; Mesudiye, Sındı, Yakaköy, Yazıköy, Cumalı. Palamutbükü locality has a little pier which allows boats to moore. Bozburun is famous for its boat building where the wooden Turkish Gulets are constructed according to old traditions. Along the Bozburun Peninsula there are over 100 private Gulets ranging from three cabins (for 6 people) up to 11 cabins (for 22 people). The collection of private and locally-built Gulets operates either from the Bozburun Peninsula or from Marmaris. Datça, Rhodes, Simi and Tilos are all close enough to include in the cruises.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

4.3.4 EPASA Activities There are four site rentals currently in place. Below, 2009 and 2010 rent incomes (when applicable) are provided next to their names: Table 38. Rent incomes from Datça-Bozburun SEPA Name Müskebi Bay Çiftlik Bay- Bayır Village Kerdeme and Limanbaşı Palamutbükü Selimiye Village Scaffold Kürbaşı and Kumlu Mevkii

2009

2010

first year is free

9.000 TL

9.900 TL

site rentals are cancelled- there are problems of settlement 5.600 TL

6.200 TL

first two years are free protocols are in progress

4.3.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities a. There is a substantial opportunity for adding value to mastic trees in Datça. A valuation must be done about the number of trees to see if this is a feasible suggestion.

g. There is a need to develop a wider range of activities that spreads tourism throughout the year. For instance, it was indicated that there is great potential for mountain biking, hiking trails and cultural activities in all areas. h. Datça also offer vast opportunities for educational tourism (eco, environmental etc.). For example, there are rich flora and fauna as well as cultural and historical places. i. MARTAB is interested in alternative tourism activities for Marmaris. 15 villages are in this area (most of them are also in EPASA), MARTAB wants to do a project that focuses on the villages to attract more tourists and show tourists the village life styles. j. Operation of new site rentals (günübirlik). According to the Agency’s planning department, suitable areas in Datça-Bozburun SEPA are as follows: District

Proposed New Site/Beach

Datça

Knidos Mesudiye

b. There is potential for value-added agricultural products using organic farming methods, or specialty foods packaged as “gourmet” or “artisanal” foods.

Hayatbükü

c. It is clear that there are substantial opportunities in the agritourism sector. However, it will be critical to develop an agritourism/ecotourism strategy to unlock the potential.

Kargı

d. In Datça, most villages are lacking sufficient hotels and guest lodging. For example, Selimiye Village in Marmaris, Muğla is an exception in the areas. (The village has 9 hotels, 9 apart hotels and 11 restaurants with guesthouses, 8 restaurants, 10 guesthouses) e. Creating packages to attract more visitors, emphasizing the “grown locally” experience. f. Visitors’ Centers are a great way to raise awareness and enlighten visitors as to local agritourism and ecotourism elements. These centers can provide information and showroom on how local handicrafts are made and also provide an outlet for locally produced goods such jams, etc.

Ovabükü Hızırşah Kızılbük

Taşlı Shore Bebe Shore Kızlan Shore Perili Köşk Karaincir Aktur Hisarönü Orhaniye

Kızkumu

Selimiye

Sığlimanı

Bozburun

Dirsekbükü Kocabahçe Cove Çiftlik Cove Serçelimanı Osmaniye Çaycağız Cove

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

4.4 G Ö K O V A SEPA 4.4.1 Agriculture In the context of the EU SMAP III Gökova Project, a study of the agricultural land has been completed including the determination of the status of already implemented agricultural activities together with suggestions for improvement (Gökova SEPA ICZM Report, 2009) : There are sufficient water resources in Gökova Plain but the majority of the agricultural activities are dry agriculture. The main cultural plants are sesame, corn and citrus. Pomegranate production has started to become important in the region. However, when evaluated for climate and soil factors, the area is most suitable for citrus cultivation. Olive cultivation and processing activities represent another important agricultural activity in the region. The wild olive trees on slopes have been grafted with cultivated trees and olive growing has increased. However it is reported that the regional people do not obtain high income from olive growing; they only grow it for their own consumption. Villagers who do not earn sufficient income from citrus production turn to olive. Until 1980s tobacco growing was a popular activity, later this was replaced by sesame production. The most important reason for stopping tobacco production is the quota levied by the government. The sesame production is dry irrigation. The quality of sesame is quite good. The yearly capacity of the region is 500 tons. One of the findings of this study is that agriculture may contribute considerably to the region’s economic development. In line with this result, the protocol “Good Agricultural Practices in the Special Environmental Protection Area” was signed between Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Agricultural Production and Development General Directorate which became effective on 19.09.2008. According to this protocol, best agricultural practices will be implemented and it is expected that this will result in product quality improvement and rise in incomes of the farmers. 4.4.2 Fishing

established in 1992 and has 40 registered members. 32 members are active. S.S Gökova and its district Akçapınar Fishing Products Cooperative was established in 1973 and has 30 registered members. 10 members are active (Gökova SEPA ICZM Report, 2009). The main target species are Lahos (Epinephelus aeneus), orfoz (Epinephelus guaza), gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata), sinagrit (Dentex dentex), Barbu (Mullus barbatus), mullet (Mullus surmuletus), but when the fishnet is extended to the composition paraketa breaking coral (Pagellus erythrinus), bakalyaro (Merluccius meluccius), kupes (Boops boops), gray mullet (Mugil sp.), octopus (Octopus vulgaris), cuttlefish (Sepia sp.), squid (Loligo vulgaris) and Akyan (Lichia amia) and many other types are also included in the target species.

Photo 7. Different Types of Fishes from Akyaka Fishing Products Cooperative

4.4.3 Tourism The number boarding establishments in the region is 122; and the bed capacity is 2500 (Gökova SEPA ICZM Report, 2009). In addition about 1500 can camp in the nearby facilities. Restaurant capacity is 3,500 seats (ibid). Tourism season starts in the second week of April. Muğla and neighbouring cities’ residents, make daily visits to the region for recreational purposes and beach use especially on weekends as of April. The most intensive tourism season is during 4 months from June – September.

There are 2 fishing cooperatives in the project area. Akyaka Fishing Products Cooperative was

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Akyaka Boat Tours (& Azmak)

Several boats offer daily boat trips to the many beautiful bays, islands and sheltered pools of Gökova Gulf. Their famous Blue Voyages are very popular with visitors. Trips to Akbük Bay and Sedir Island with its famous Cleopatra Beach and

the ancient island city of Kedreai (amphitheatre) and English harbour is another of the destinations offered. A typical itinerary takes in Gökova Gulf, Sedir (Cleopatra) Island (where Cleopatra is said to have bathed on sand especially imported from Egypt by Mark Antony), and the ancient city of Cedreae.

Box 8. Gökova Windsports Gökova Windsports is one of Turkey’s biggest kiteboarding schools. Equipment such as Slingshot, Liquid Force, Crazy Fly, Under Ground are available. Being 3 km. long, with max 50 cm depth in 150 meters makes the sandy beach in Gökova suitable for kiteboarders’ choice. They provide alternative activities. Daily activities include sailing and sea kayaking tours during which one paddles through ancient coasts of Gökova visiting ancient ruins of Carias and also the creeks of Gökova (Women’s Creek and Akçapinar Creek). Multidaily activities include active tours and Seakayaking. Source : Interview with Gökova Windsports

There are two boat cooperatives in Akyaka. The above mentioned tours are organized by SS. Akyaka Water Motors Carriers Cooperative (SS. Akyaka Deniz Motorlu Taşıyıcılar Koop). The other cooperative, Azmak River Boats Cooperative (Azmak Tur Tekneleri) runs smaller boats on the river. They organize alternative tours such as the riverboat trips available from the mouth of the river, or the half-day Azmak trip on the little boat -breakfast is served on board to a maximum of eight people, followed by a dash across the gulf to Çınar Beach for a spot of sunbathing. Çınar beach is one of the site rentals of EPASA (günübirlik). A cafe serves snacks along a pebble beach and offers sunbeds. Nearly every season, many sportive activities are held at Akyaka area. Especially, the beach of the Akçapınar town in the south of the project area is very suitable for recreational activities because of its wind condition. Kite surfing, windsurfing, sea canoeing and sailing are among these activities. At the same time, slope parachuting, walking, cycling, and rock climbing are also popular activities (Gökova SEPA ICZM Report, 2009) : “Kite surfing: Gökova Wind Kite surf School at Akyaka offers opportunity to people who wish to do this sport. Each year, Akçapınar region hosts national and international organizations.

Wind Surfing: Gökova Bay is closed to all motorized water sports. This makes the inner bay, which has plenty of wind, an attractive and secure location for wind surfers. Months of May and November are ideal periods for windsurfing. Sea Canoeing: Sea canoeing is one of the ways of observing the historical and natural beauties from the sea. Sailing: The continous strong winds in the months of May-November make the water of the bay suitable for sailing. Paragliding: Coming from Muğla towards Gökova passing a dirt road on the right side of Sakar Pass one reaches the fire observation post at an altitude of 900 meters. This track is a suitable area for paragliding. Hiking: Both the villages and Akyaka and Gökova have walking routes consisting of very beautiful natural and cultural landscapes. Biking: There are many routes for biking in the region providinges a different perspective to see the natural beauties. Some villages and the downward road of Sakar Pass offer unique views to the bicycle lovers.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Rock Climbing: At the top of the rocky Çınar beach, there are many routes for the athletes who want to do rock climbing. This area is adequate for the beginners and the athletes who want to develop themselves. Every month of the year, it is possible to find facilities for this sport in Akyaka.” Coasts within the project area are primarily used for tourism purposes. Recreational facilities, beaches and camps are situated on the coastal band. There are 6 natural beaches in the project area; namely, Akyaka, Akçapınar ,Gökçe, Çınar, Çamlı , Sedir Island beaches. The whole of Akyaka, Akçapınar, and Çınar beaches are leased by protocols to municipalities or headmen by the Environment Protection Agency for Special Areas. The main purpose of the protocols is to satisfy the requirements of the visitors and to protect the environment. The users of the two creeks are; Creek tour boats, Fishing boats, Restaurants, Hotels and houses, Daily visitors. There are about 135-140 boats in the creek and jetty at Akyaka (Gökova SEPA ICZM Report, 2009).

Table 39. Rent incomes of Gökova SEPA Name

2009

2010

Gökova Bungalows

324.345 TL

343.528 TL

Gökova Promenade

43.485 TL

46.064 TL

Akçapınar Village

First 3 years since 2008 is free

Sarnıç Village

First 5 years since 2009 is free

Akyaka Public Beach

16.000 TL

18.000 TL

Çınar Bay

7.700 TL

8.500 TL

Karaca Village Gemioturan Scaffold

16.500 TL

Free

İncekum Çamlı Village

3.900 TL

4.300 TL

4.4.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities a. There is potential for value-added agricultural products produced using organic farming methods, or specialty foods packaged as “gourmet” or “artisanal” foods. b. It is clear that there are substantial opportunities in the agritourism sector. However, it will be critical to develop an agritourism/ecotourism strategy to unlock the potential. c. Creating packages to attract more visitors, emphasizing the “grown locally” experience. d. Visitors’ Centers are a great way to raise awareness and enlighten visitors as to local agritourism and ecotourism elements. These centers can provide information and showroom on how local handicrafts are made and also provide an outlet for locally produced goods such jams, etc.

Photo 8. View of Çınar Beach (Site Rental)

4.4.4 EPASA Activities There are 8 active site rentals in the SEPA. Below, 2009 and 2010 rent incomes (if applicable) are provided next to their names:

e. There is a need to develop a wider range of activities that spreads tourism throughout the year. For instance, it was indicated that there is great potential for mountain biking, hiking trails and cultural activities in all areas. f. Gökova also offer vast opportunities for educational tourism (eco, environmental etc.). For example, there are rich flora and fauna as well as cultural and historical places.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

g. In interviews in Söğüt village (in Gökova SEPA), the damages done by wild animals (e.g. wild pigs) were mentioned and the suggestion of interested villagers working as guides for foreign/local poachers and hunters came up. h. Some interviewers felt that monitored diving in currently forbidden areas will also have a significant potential to boost tourism.

i. Sea kayaking (kayak done with paddling on open waters of Azmak river) and a need for sailboard (Yelken) school was suggested by GÖKOVA Windsports in Akyaka. j. Opening new site rentals(Günübirlik). The suitable areas are: Between Çınarlı-Akbük; East coast of Kadın Azmak; Kandilli; Turnalı

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

4.5 FOÇA SEPA

Foça settlement is surrounded by olive fields. In the Foça district in general, a wide variety of fruits, vegetables and citrus plantations can be found (IZKA, 2009). The agricultural repartition is as follows: 50% arable lands, 31% olive groves, 10% horticultural lands (Aykom, 2008). (see Table 40)

4.5.1 Agriculture Even though no agricultural areas fall strictly within the borders of the SEPA, Eastern part of the

Table 40. Foça Agricultural Land Area

2006 (%)

Cumulative Change(%)

Total agricultural Land

46.600

51.985,5

100

11,6

Arable field

33.590

26.000

-22,6

Vegetable area

3.340

5.110,5

Fruit land

250

115

-54

Vineyard

210

260

0,5

23,8

Citrus area

100

-70

Olive area

7.400

16.070

117,2

500

2.400

4,6

380

Empty area suitable for agriculture

1.210

2.000

3,8

65,3

Irrigated land

29.890

25.770,5

49,6

-13,8

Fallowing land

Source : Aykom, 2008

Beekeeping information is provided in the Table 41. Table 41. Beekeeping in Foça Year

Place

Village Numbers

New Hives

Old Hives

Honey (tons)

Wax (tons)

2000

FOÇA

2000

0,4

2001

FOÇA

1900

0,5

2002

FOÇA

2660

18,3

2003

FOÇA

2660

18,3

2004

FOÇA

2600

2005

FOÇA

2700

2006

FOÇA

2660

0,5

2007

FOÇA

2200

5,7

0,3

Source : Aykom, 2008

Foça retains much of its traditional character, still depending on fishing and farming as a main source of income. Foça Wine is another brand that utilises the grapes of the region. Furthermore,

animal husbandry is active in the district with the operation of a successful milk products cooperative that produces the locally savoured Foça yogurt.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 42. Animal Husbandry in Foça YEAR

PLACE

ANIMAL TYPE

ADULT

YOUNG ANIMALS

TOTAL

2007

FOÇA

SHEEP (LOCAL)

4650

3250

7900

2007

FOÇA

GOAT

800

300

1100

2007

FOÇA

CATTLE (CULTURE)

2310

750

3060

2007

FOÇA

HORSE

2007

FOÇA

KATIR

2007

FOÇA

DONKEY

2007

FOÇA

CATTLE (CROSS BRED)

1010

250

1260

2007

FOÇA

CATTLE (LOCAL)

Source : Aykom, 2008

4.5.2 Fishing Foça Peninsula has an advantageous position in terms of aquatic products because it has a coastal line formed by small and large scale bays, from Aliağa to the point where The Gediz River reaches the sea. This is why in the history of Foça fishing has always been a key sector. In fact, fishing in Foça makes up one of the key fishing zones in the Aeagean with around thirty species of economic interest in its seas (Sualtı Araştırmaları Danışmanlık, 2008). Among these, Gilt head bream (Sparus auratus), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), corals (Pagellus mormyrus), grey mullet (Mugil sp.), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), red mullet (Mullus barbatus), pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) are fish species which represent the livelihood of many families. Foça is estimated to provide 20% of the fish circulated in the Aegean region (IZKA, 2009). Table 43. Fish Types in Foça Types

Sardalya

Octopus and Squid

Hamsi (anchovy)

Grey mullet

Red mullet – striped red mullet

Isparoz

Kupes

Other types

Total

100

Source : Aykom, 2008

In total, 53 traditional fishing boats, 21 trawlers, 4 scoop-net boats and around 100 amateur fishing boats have been identified in the SEPA (ibid). According to 2001 data, the total amount of fish extraction in Foça amounted to 156.6 tons (Aykom 2008). The Decreasing stock populations is stated as one of the most alarming issues in Foça SEPA socio-economic report with 87.5% of respondents whose income has been affected (ibid). Foça Fishery Products Cooperative

Foça Fishery Products Cooperative was established in 1992 with 17 members. Foça is characterised as multi-species and multi-gear fishing such as trawling, gillneting, long lining, lift neting, purse seining. In terms of fish production and income contribution to the local and national economy, trawl fishery is the most important fishing method among the four fishing methods that are used in Foça. Therefore, trawlers dominate the fishing fleet. Red mullet, stripped red mullet and hake are the major fish species in trawl fisheries. The cooperative complains about the damage done to fishing gear by monk seals. They also want artifical reefs for the purpose of promoting marine life in areas with generally featureless bottoms. The suggestion is that these can be built by deploying existing materials in order to create a reef. This can be done by sinking unused sewage structures that exist in Foça. This will also result in new fishing fields and offer new diving areas where divers will be able to see many fish types

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

together in the region, which has a high tourism potential. 4.5.3 Tourism Foça, is a traditional Turkish holiday resort town located 40 minutes north of İzmir. The population is close to 30,000 though it is thought to be doubled during the high season when predominantly Turkish citizens occupy their summer residences. The name Foça evolved during the end of the Ottoman era, from the name of the original settlement known as Phocaea – one of the 12 Ionian cities. The name ‘Foça’ is said to have derived from the Turkish word “fok,” which means “seal,” with area well known for its healthy Monk seal population. Since 1989, Old Foça is one of 13 districts across Turkey where Monk Seals are under government protection.

boats were estimated in Foça in 2008 (Sualtı Araştırmaları Danışmanlık, 2008). One cooperative, named Mert-Fırat Excursion Boats Cooperative, consists of 25 commercial boats and range between 10-100 people capacity (personal communication). Three other excursion boats that are not members of the cooperative also exist, thus a total of 28 daily excursion boats operate in Foça. The Foça SEPA Carrying Capacity Study found that the number of boats using the Foça harbor area exceeds the Real Carrying Capacity, determined as 373 per day. The amount of waste water leakage to Foça harbor area from the boats is estimated as 21m3 (Sualtı Araştırmaları Danışmanlık, 2008).

Boats make up an significant aspect of marine recreation in Foça. Especially the summer months make up the active season of the daily tour operators and yatches in the SEPA. According to the local Chamber of Maritime Trade, around 680 boats (not officially registered) and 102 private

Box 9. Club Med Foça French Holiday Village Club Med Foça French Holiday Village had opened in 1967 as the first modern holiday resort in the Aegean region. It became the leader of modern tourism in Turkey. It served 900 tourists with 120 employees in the first five months. Club Med introduced water sports, animation shows and other types of entertainment. Foça Club Med, a businesstenant of the Turkish Retirement Fund since 1967, was taken over in 2005 due to privatization. The fund sold the facility to the highest bidder, for $8.2 million, however the sale did not get approval, and the facility was handed over to the Finance Ministry. Since then this marvelous holiday village has been left to its fate, buildings have fallen into ruin and the garden has been overrun by weeds. The locals believe that the facility has provided a great deal of contribution to Foça’s tourism. Club Med, located five kilometers from Foça, had created job opportunities for the locals and had the opportunity to work at other Club Med facilities around the world. During summer seasons 10,000 tourists once came to Foça every year. Restaurants, drivers and other local businessmen were taking advantage of this tourist flow, therefore the investors are in urgent need to regain such a place. Interviews with the locals in Foça indicated that they have been worrying about this facility.

Photo 9. Persion monument in Foça

Thirty-three touristic establishments offer accomodation in Foça with a total capacity of 2,412 nationals) with an average of 1.6 overnight staying (Aykom, 2008). The bed capacity in Foça is given in Table 44.

Source : Interview with Locals in Foça

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Table 44. Bed Capacity in Foça Bed capacity HOTEL

1178

HOLIDAY VILLAGES

432

GUEST HOUSES

362

APART HOTELS

481

BUTIQUE HOTELS

127

CAMPING

743

Photo 10. Beach in Foça

Source : Aykom, 2008

For example, in Foça the number of Greek tourists in 2009 was 625 and in 2010 for the first 9 months this number increased to 717. Turkish tourists are also visiting Greece with their favorites being Mykonos, Rhodes, Crete, Santoroni, Lesbos and Chios. 4.5.4 EPASA Activities There are currently no site rentals in Foça.

b. It is clear that there are substantial opportunities in the agritourism sector. However, it will be critical to develop an agritourism/ecotourism strategy to unlock the potential. The following agricultural activities can provide additional income in agritourism since they have the potential to create new welfare in the agricultural as well as the tourism industry. c. Creating packages to attract more visitors, emphasizing the “grown locally” experience.

4.5.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities a. There is potential for value-added agricultural products produced using organic farming methods, or specialty foods packaged as “gourmet” or “artisanal” foods.

d. Visitors’ Centers are a great way to raise awareness and enlighten visitors as to local agritourism and ecotourism elements. Visitors coming to Foça show a keen interest on Mediterranean monk seals, which give the town its

Table 45. Tourist Numbers, Nights, Lentgth of Stay, Occupancy Rates (2001-2007) Foça YIL

TESİSE GELİŞ SAYISI

GECELEME SAYISI

ORTALAMA KALIŞ SÜRESİ

DOLULUK ORANI

Number of Arrivals

Number of Nights Spent

Average Lenght of Stay

Occupancy Rate %

YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM Foreigner Citizen

Total

Foreigner Citizen

Total

Foreigner Citizen

Total

Foreigner Citizen

Total

2000

11 348

11 929

23 277

98 661

27 283 125 944

8,7

2,3

5,4

23,75

6,57

30,32

2001

14 323

16 223

30 546

80 490

40 662 121 152

5,6

2,5

4,0

31,51

15,92

47,43

2002

41 445

15 956

57 401

127 549

38 863 166 412

3,1

2,4

2,9

40,71

12,41

53,12

2003

28 862

26 101

54 963

94 790

73 311 168 101

3,3

2,8

3,1

29,64

22,93

52,57

2004

1 406

24 885

26 291

9 409

59 573

68 982

6,7

2,4

2,6

2,44

15,47

17,92

2005

13 913

20 933

34 846

81 260

58 645 139 905

5,8

2,8

4,0

23,76

17,15

40,90

2006

10 003

17 899

27 902

73 239

58 326 131 565

7,3

3,3

4,7

30,91

24,62

55,53

2007

12 293

32 493

44 786

21 040

53 070

1,7

1,6

1,7

10,67

29,93

3,60

74 110

Source : Aykom, 2008

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

name in Turkish, however not enough information is given on the species encountered in the protected area. A visitor center focusing on monk seals, Foça’s nature, history and archaeology can be initiated where local products and crafts can also be sold. e. There is a need to develop a wider range of activities that spreads tourism throughout the year. For instance, it was indicated that there is great potential for mountain biking, spa/ wellness activities, hiking trails and cultural activities in all areas.

f. Foça also offer vast opportunities for educational tourism (eco, environmental etc.). For example, there are rich flora and fauna as well as cultural and historical places. g. Some interviewers felt that monitored diving in currently forbidden areas will also have a significant potential to boost tourism. h. Opening new site rentals(Günübirlik). The area which is suitable is Kartderesi.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

4.6 AYVALIK ISLANDS NATURE PARK 4.6.1 Agriculture Agriculture is prominent in the region with olives dominating the agricultural landscape. Within the administative borders of the district, about 16.200 ha of olive groves exist, forming 77% of the overall agricultural practice (Ayvalık Directorate of Agriculture, 2010). Ayvalık is inseparable from the notion of olive oil with 26.250 tons annual production from the region which recently has gained an “appelation” label (ibid). The interview with Ayvalık Chamber of Commerce indicated that under their leadership, the local producers have applied to acquire the geographical indication; a sign assuring consumers that produce originates from the area. Following olives, the largest agricultural surfaces are arable lands (mainly wheat) and horticultural lands (ibid). Meadows are limited in the district but animal husbandry is also practiced in the forested zones, with 5.200 cattle and 2.000 sheeps and goats (ibid). Animal husbandry is, in principle, not allowed within the MCPA; however, about two-three sheep troops amounting to 500 animals graze within the park including Çıplak island where one troop is taken for grazing during the summer (personal communication). In Ayvalık district, around 18.708 tons have consequently been produced in 2010 (Ayvalık Directorate of Agriculture, 2010). Bee-keeping is a widespread activity within the park due to the variety of plants and trees but it remains an on the side economic endeavor. Eighty people are registered as bee-keepers in the district and around seven thousand hives are estimated within the MCPA (personal communication). Beehives are often moved from one habitat to another during different seasons of the year and the majority of the bee-keepers are told to be outside of Ayvalık. 4.6.2 Fishing Two fishing cooperatives are found in the district: one in town center and the other in Cunda island. These two cooperatives represent small-scale 6 7

fishermen and on average their membership is around 130 fishermen (interviews). The traditional fishing in Ayvalık was done in the past with a haul net known as “trata” locally but since these 7-8m boats were extracting and impacting the sea bottom close to the littoral, this practice has been banned since 2008. Trata is a traditional method that the fishermen in Ayvalık have been using for many years.6 On the other hand, mussel harvesting through diving and/or hand-picking is permitted within the area during the season, and harvesting is permitted with set longlines no: 10 or smaller, outside the season 1st May – 31st August7.

Photo 11. Fishing boats in Ayvalık harbour

Another distinctive marine extraction in the MCPA concerns certain sea-shell species (predominantly Tapes aureus but also Venus verrucosa and Ostrea edulis) and this activity is conducted by 4-5 families living in Cunda island. The export of sea-shells from the MCPA in 2010 amounted to 217 tons (Ayvalık Direcctorate of Agriculture, 2010). There is one company, Artur Balıkçılık that exports veneridaes and clams to Europe (especially to Italy and France) from Ayvalık (Cunda Island). These are collected by diving, or handpicking by the fishermen and managed by the company according to their customers’ demand. The marine area is rented from the Special Provincial Administration as aqua production zone

There are conflicting views on tratas : while the fishermen argue this is not a harmful practice, MARA does not agree. http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/regulation/not/2007-43.html

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

by the company. It was not possible to get clear data on the production amount, process and the overall sustainability of the harvest. Bigger-scale fishing in Ayvalık exists for the past ten years and is carried out by people whose origin is often outside the MCPA (such as Black Sea region). There are three scoop-net boats of more than 12m long and seven trawlers of 40-50m (with sonar and light equipment). All in all, 25.000 kg of fish has been collected in the first nine months of 2010 and the fish export out of Ayvalık in 2010 amounted to $4.835.236 (Ayvalık Directorate of Agriculture, 2010). Besides fishes, 23.000 kg of calamaries and 30.000 kg of octopus have been harvested in Ayvalık seas (ibid). 4.6.3 Tourism The closeness of the district to Izmir, Bursa and Balıkesir, the historical and archeological heritage of the town, the presence of long sandy beaches such as Sarımsaklı and Altınova to the South as well as the culinary reputation of Ayvalık has increasingly made it an important touristic destination. Between the close-by Greek Lesbos Island and Ayvalık passenger boats operate on a regular basis. In 2010, around 39.000 people have arrived by sea to the town (Ayvalık Gümrük Muhafaza Müdürlüğü, 2010). A total of 185 touristic establishments are active in the district but only 20 of these have the Ministrycertified operation schemes (Ayvalık Kent Gezi Rehberi, 2010). The overall bed capacity of these establishments is around 15.000 (Ayvalık Turizm Master Planı, 2007). Average number of local tourists in 2006 staying overnight was 55.898 and foreign visitors 24.616 (ibid). Yatch tourism has a significant place in Ayvalık’s tourism flows. One private marina operated by Setur adheres to international standards and has 200 boat capacity on the sea and 100 boats on land. In 2010, a total of 899 docking contracts were made (Ayvalık Turizm Master Planı 2007 & personal communication). A smaller port without any extensive facilities is found in Cunda island and this is run by the local fishing cooperative. One private boat repair/construction/wintering site exists in Ayvalık, Sadan Yatçılık, whose capacity on land is 140 boats (personal communication). 70

There are a total of eighteen daily excursion boats that leave from Ayvalık center and anchor in various bays of the MCPA for swimming and exploring. The total capacity of these is 3.500 people per day (Ayvalık Directorate of Tourism, 2010). In recent years Ayvalık has also become an important point of attraction for scuba divers due to the underwater fauna of the MCPA. Five diving schools operate diving excursiong in over 60 spots in the archipelago (Ayvalık Turizm Master Planı, 2007). Unlike daily excursion boats which are limited to a season of about three months, the diving operators are active throughout the year. Each of these scuba schools has revenues of more than 50.000 TL annually (Gökdeniz et al, 2010). The MCPA offers the possibility of access by land as well. The management plan of the park (called “Uzun Devreli Gelişme Planı” in Turkish - Long Term Development Plan is summarized in Appendix II), which was drafted in 2004 and revised in 2009 (with controversial changes of the conservation degrees in the strict zones), had foreseen five terrestrial entrance points. But these have not been implemented. Nevertheless, Şeytan Sofrası Viewpoint is a key observation zone in the Southern part of the park where the stretch of bays and islands offer a popular sunset point. The number of visitors to the viewpoint is not known. As a result of a recent study about Ayvalık which is an important destination for domestic tourism, serious differences are noticed among the supply and demand of touristic services (Gökdeniz et al, 2008). For instance; the problems of supply consist of lack of educated staff, shortness of the season, infrastructure problems and the lack of tourism corporation organization. The problems of the supply include there not being enough hotels with 4-5 star or recreation facilities and transportation problems. In recent years, there are many Greek tourists coming to Turkey and especially to Ayvalık, Foça and Datça by daily boat tours. These boat tours are relatively cheap (e.g. round trip to Ayvalık is 6 euros in 2010 from Greece) due to competition. The Greek tourists come to Turkey to shop because it is relatively cheap in terms of food and other items such as textile and other goods. There

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Box 10. Çöpmadam (Ayvalık) Çöp (m)adam – the ‘garbage ladies’ (it is a play on words in Turkish) - is a venue for women who have never earned a salary before, to use their handwork skills to make items out of throw-away materials. Having started in August 2008, the project involves the women of the town taking wrappers and labels, cleaning them and then weaving them into handbags and the like. There are currently 3 workshops (the main one is in Ayvalık) and the products are finding their way into department stores and boutiques in other cities (e.g. İstanbul). Çöp Madam, is giving a chance to unemployed women to produce something in return for income, of which they were previously deprived. The project also gives these women a chance to improve their status while simultaneously contributing to the better- Photo 12. Handmade Products of Çöpmadam ment of the environment. Source : Interview with Manager

is an increase in numbers in 2010 after the economic crisis in Greece. 4.6.4 Current Activities Ayvalık Islands Nature Park is under the management of the GDNCNP. As such, there are no site rentals and other income generating activities in Ayvalık Islands Nature Park. 4.6.5 Possible New Income Generating Activities a. It is clear that there are substantial opportunities in the agritourism sector. However, it will be critical to develop an agritourism/ecotourism strategy to unlock the potential. b. Visitors’ Centers are a great way to raise awareness and enlighten visitors as to local agritourism and ecotourism elements. These centers can provide information and showroom on how local handicrafts are made and also provide an outlet for locally produced goods such jams, etc. c. There is potential for value-added agricultural products produced using organic farming methods, or specialty foods packaged as “gourmet” or “artisanal” foods. In Ayvalık, venerides and clams are an example. d. Creating an experience that is a “package” will have more benefits. This could, for example, include offering farm animals (feed and pet), picnic area, garden center, food and produce (handicrafts) market, ample parking and rest rooms.

e. There is a need to develop a wider range of activities that spreads tourism throughout the year. For instance, it was indicated that there is great potential for mountain biking, spa/ wellness activities, hiking trails and cultural activities in all areas. (for example, Ayvalık Nature Park Development Plan has already determined potential hiking trails). f. The park also offers vast opportunities for educational tourism (eco, environmental etc.). For example, there are rich flora and fauna as well as cultural and historical places. g. Field guides were trained in Ayvalık Nature Park in 2008 however, they are not being used (due to bureaucracy). Nevertheless, this system can be reboosted and also adopted in other areas to provide information in the study areas (e.g. biological, archeological, natural and cultural information) and even on rare species (flora & fauna). h. Some interviewers felt that monitored diving in currently forbidden areas will also have a significant potential to boost tourism. i. Collaboration with existing marina operators (private sector) can help produce awareness raising materials on the marine environment and species of the protected areas. j. Opening site rentals(Günübirlik).

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

4.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The data limitations and subsequent ability to analyse in detail the socio-economic situation at the sites is a missing part of this document. Official requests have been made to relevant government organizations to gather up to date information on agriculture and tourism related data (with detailed questions such as the number of trees, boat tours with routes, diving areas etc.). However, these were not available while the document was being drafted. Thus, there was not sufficient data to be presented in tables or figures. Further, current income of EPASA was not up to date (the ones that were available were provided above). In addition, a comprehensive treatment of the subject (due to diversity) was not expected in this report. This was also due to limited time for field studies to cover large areas and the broad level issues in the areas that came across during the study. However, after the lists (activity 2.4.8) are prepared and the activities are narrowed down, a comprehensive study will be prepared as a final feasibility study. After the first draft of this report, local experts prepared a draft for list of activities in November 2010 as indicated in Activity 2.4.8 : Local experts prepare

a list of sustainable and environmental friendly joint or individual economic activities with the local stakeholders at the meeting to be organized for the dissemination of the feasibilityâ&#x20AC;?. The meetings could not be held within the specified time periods in the programme, local experts were told that they would be organized in near future. The initial draft lists for each area were presented in EPASA in December 2010 and these were criticized because of lack of data that would support the suggestions. As an outcome, requests were made by EPASA to different Ministiries concerning data on agriculture, tourism and marine activities in the areas. (As of February 2011, the requests about data have not been fulfilled.) At the end of the meeting, a couple of suggestions for the feasibility study were suggested by EPASA management are as follows: - Boat Tours - Beaches that are not being used - Trekking routes - Income generating activites for the local people in the areas These suggestions and the lists will be discussed with other stakeholders for the dissemination of the feasibility study.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

T CONCLUSION

he findings demonstrate the wide variety of activities and tourist attractions that are already available in the study areas. Numerous suggestions were offered by those interviewed in all the areas. In the interviews there were some additional points that could lead to new income generating activities and these were provided in the previous chapter as agriculture, fishing and tourism. Agriculture is an essential part of the economic and social fabric of the pilot areas. The present economic situation presents new challenges to farming communities as well as to agricultural production. Further, it is important to protect the natural resources by utilizing new methods that reduce environmental damage and conserve resources, such as water. In the interviews, the above mentioned points about natural resources were underlined by different stakeholders and especially with fishing actors. For example, the trawls being non-selective, sweeping up both marketable and undesirable fish and fish of both legal and illegal size were mentioned almost in all the areas. This also causes small and baby fishes to be killed and discarded back to the sea. Also the fishing limits of the trawls often cause large volumes of catch to be discarded. Unfortunately, there are not enough monitoring and control systems to deal with the above mentioned problems. All of the study areas face increasing pressure from tourism, industry and population growth. As new infrastructure such as roads and airports are developed, more quiet areas will be facing the same challenges as Bodrum or Marmaris (where there is mass tourism). Managing local resources will become increasingly challenging as the population grows and the number of investors, both foreign and domestic, increases.

Through effective packaging of tourism activities, it will be possible to attract tourists for longer periods to the region. It was evident from the interviews that all inclusive packages and mass tourism are seen as detrimental to the sector. There is very little coordination or even communication between tourists establishments in the areas. (This came up in interviews as â&#x20AC;&#x153;authorities racing for the same resourcesâ&#x20AC;?) There is a lack of tourist packages that could for example include cultural

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

tourism, scenery drives, adventure, wellness etc. In this regard the establishment of a niche wine cellar, olive farm/s, cheese production, jam making, etc. processing and natural products could make a substantial contribution to increase agritourism, to keep people for longer periods in the region and to contribute to local economies. In relation with new income generating activities, it should be kept in mind that as with natural resources, cultural heritage sites and village attractions can be adversely affected if attention is not paid to the capacity for these sites and people to handle large amounts of tourists. All the areas are rich in cultural heritage attractions (as described in Chapter 3). The development and promotion of cultural heritage attractions can lead to the further protection of those attractions through selfsustaining financing mechanisms. In order for these areas to have sustainable income generating activities, strong partnerships need to be developed amongst government sectors, and between the national and local authorities, the private sector and local communities. The intersectoral coordination and management of coastal activities, especially coastal tourism, is crucial to the sustainable use of the resources. A mechanism to ensure that all relevant stakeholders’ voices to be heard and discussed is necessary so that actions are not taken in an isolated way. In the areas visited, there was also a lack of civil society organizations. Unfortunately, there are not many cases like ÇöpMadam in other project areas. There were two active organizations (that were interviewed8); DAÇEV (Datça Environment and Tourism Association) in Datça-Bozburun SEPA and FETAV (Fethiye Tourism, Promotion, Education, Culture and Environment Foundation) in Fethiye-Göcek SEPA. Both NGOs aim to protect natural resources and to improve the environment and create an awareness on social, cultural, and historic values in their respective areas. As a result of the interviews, a number of products of high value were identified in the areas. These are: scenic value (diversity of landscape- e.g. Babadağ), biodiversity (e.g. Datça), interesting forms of vegetation (endemic vegetations, e.g. Babadağ 8

& Ayvalık), uniqueness of species (e.g. Dalyan, Foça), or of topographical, geological elements, pristine quality of the ecosystems, opportunities for swimming (beach, lagoon), and nature-based sporting possibilities (rafting, diving, climbing). These products and more exist in the project sites, and their potential for supporting ecotourism development will need to be assessed more in-depth focusing on the steps required for their implementation, beneficiaries and benefactors, and potential negative impacts. It is important to be realistic and avoid overblown expectations. Limitations should be considered in terms of human and technical resources, financial resources, knowledge and practical experiences. There is a particular need to strengthen EPASA’s entity in the areas (e.g. EPASA structuring in the areas; at the time of the field work, for 4 protected areas in Muğla province there was one office based in Köyceğiz.) Furthermore, there is a need for more participatory ways of decision-making in the areas and substantial involvement of EPASA. Thus building local capacities for EPASA and raising awareness on the importance of protected areas are important. The Interim Feasibility Study has identified the following main issues and challenges: 1. Ensuring better horizontal and vertical coordination between different stakeholders, 2. Maritime activities: Increasing pollution & threats and challenges in fishing (declining resources) 3. Managing pressures from urbanization (migration) and tourism development; (e.g. decline in local cultural products and agricultural production) 4. Importance of protecting cultural and historic heritage sites; 5. Reducing pollution from land based sources (including waste, wastewater, industry) underdeveloped sewages pose a threat in most areas. The balance between conservation-protection messages and income generation activies should be

In Ayvalık, there is also an association, namely “Yuva Derneği” which focuses on bird species and nature conservation.

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

planned very carefully. Furthermore, public organizationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; income generation objectives need to be planned realistically. For example, any new income generated in AyvalÄąk Islands Nature Park goes to the central budget. (i.e. if a percentage is taken from boat tickets, this will go to the central budget, not to the protected area). EPASA has a different income structure than Nature Parks, for example site rentals, piers and buoys are some of the income generating activities. Nevertheless, new income generating activities (for EPASA) can be counterproductive because it may confuse the respective roles of the

market (private sector) and the role of EPASA, leading to the adoption of ineffective policies or interventions. Thus market-based approaches for EPASA should be considered carefully with varying degrees of government involvement. The desirability and relevance of an approach will largely depend on the prevailing socio-economic, competitive and political context. Another important issue is degree of excludability (extent to which the owner of the resource can exclude others from exploiting it) and rivalry for the service should be taken into account.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Datça Directorate of Agriculture, Datça Agricultural Structure 2008. Datça. Eken, G., Bozdoğan, M., İsfendiyaroğlu, S., Kılıç, DT., Lisa, Y. (eds) 2006. Turkey’s Key Biodiversity Areas. Doğa Derneği. Ankara.

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Environmental Protection Agency for Special Areas (EPASA), viewed 07 September 2010, http://www. ockkb.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=117 EPASA Foça SEPA, viewed 09 August 2010, http://www.ockkb.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=127 EPASA Gökova SEPA, viewed 09 August 2010, http:// www.ockkb.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=130 EPASA Köyceğiz-Dalyan SEPA viewed 09 August 2010,

Aykom Araştırma & Danışmanlık. 2008. Socio-Economic Research of Foça Special Environmemtal Protection Area. Ankara.

http://www.ockkb.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=135

Ayvalık Adaları Nature Park, viewed 09 August 2010, http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx? 17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E05DF63DF 09F5FDEC

EPASA Fethiye-Göcek SEPA, viewed 09 August 2010, http://www.ockkb.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=129

Ayvalık Chamber of Commerce, viewed 20 September 2010, http://www.ayvalikto.org.tr/?islem=paket/ sayfaP/sayfa_detay.php&sayfa_id=2 Ayvalık Directorate of Agriculture. 2010. Tarım Briefing Dosyası – 2010. Ayvalık Kent Gezi Rehberi. 2010. Ayvalık Ticaret Odası.

EPASA Datça Bozburun SEPA, viewed 09 August 2010, http://www.ockkb.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=128

European Commission. 2010. Turkey 2010 Progress Report – Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges. Brussels. Fethiye – Göcek Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo – Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması 2010. Optimar Danışmanlık Tanıtım Araştırma ve Organizasyon A.Ş. Ankara.

Ayvalık Gümrük Muhafaza Müdürlüğü. 2010. Aylık Faaliyet Raporu – 2010.

Fethiye Socio Economic Report 2010. Fethiye 2009 Yılı Sosyoekonomik Rapor, Fethiye Sanayi ve Ticaret Odası.

Ayvalık, In Wikipedia. Viewed December 29, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k

Forest Village Relations - ORKÖY viewed 07 September 2010, http://www.ogm.gov.tr/english/FVillage.htm

BirdLife International. 2009. Important Bird Area factsheet: Koycegiz lake, Turkey. Downloaded from the Data Zone at http://www.birdlife.org on 28/9/2010

General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks, viewed 07 September 2010, http://www. milliparklar.gov.tr/DKMP/AnaSayfa/gorevVeyetkiler. aspx?sflang=tr

Blue Flag Programme, 2010. viewed on August 29 2010, http://www.mavibayrak.org.tr/tr/content. php?cid=51.

GEKA 2010. South Marmara Regional Plan (2010-2013), South Marmara Development Agency. “2010-2013 Regional Plan”, http://www.geka.org.tr/yukleme/dos ya/1b9d6ecff0b196f9f1d9d20b737b1233.pdf

Council of Europe. 1979. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Appendix II. Chamber of Maritime Trade, viewed 07 September 2010, http://www.denizticaretodasi.org/DetoPortal/ Default.aspx?tabid=1# Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo - Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010. Optimar Danışmanlık Tanıtım Araştırma ve Organizasyon A.Ş. Ankara.

Gökova SEPA ICZM Report 2009. Gökova Project of SMAP III European Union. Gökdeniz A Dinç, Y., Akşit Aşık, N. ve Münger, L. 2008. “Improvement Strategies In Light Of An Empiric Study Of Domestic Tourism In Turkey And Consumers’ Supply And Demand In Ayvalık Which Is An Important Destination In Domestic Tourism”, viewed 25 September 2010, http://sbe.balikesir.edu. tr/dergi/edergi/c12s22/makale/c12s22m15.pdf

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

Gökdeniz, A., Dinç, Y., Akşit Aşık, N. ve Münger, L. 2010. Ayvalık’ta Su Altı Turizm Araştırması. Detay Yayıncılık. Ankara.

Regulation for Field guides (in Turkish), viewed 21 September 2010, http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/ eskiler/2010/08/20100821-5.htm

Izmir Development Agency (IZKA) 2009. Izmir: The Current Situation. http://izka.org.tr/files/gzftpdf/foca. pdf

Regulation for Fishing, viewed 25 September 2010, http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/regulation/not/2007-43.html

Izmir Governorship. 2010. Districts of Izmir, viewed 10 October 2010, http://www.izmir.gov.tr/default_ B1.aspx?content=302 Izmir Development Agency (IZKA). 2010. viewed 5 September 2010 http://izka.org.tr/files/gzftpdf/foca. pdf Köyceğiz Dalyan SEPA Management Plan Final Report, 2007. Köyceğiz Dalyan Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Biyolojik Zenginliğinin Tespiti ve Yönetim Planın Hazırlanması Kesin Rapor. Ankara Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), viewed 07 September 2010, http://www.tarim.gov.tr/Files/ kurumsal/birimler/Il_Sayfalari.htm MARA. 2004a. Muğla Tarım Master Planı. Ankara. MARA. 2004b. Fishing Shelters in Turkey, Ankara. MARA. 2006. TR3 Ege Bölgesi Tarım Master Planı. Ankara. Ministry of Culture and Tourism (MoCT), viewed 07 September 2010, http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/ Default.aspx?17A16AE30572D313AAF6AA849816B2 EF4376734BED947CDE Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2007. Tourism Strategy of Turkey 2023. Ministry of Culture and Tourism Publications – 3090. Ankara. Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Forestry (MoEF), viewed 07 September 2010, http://www. cevreorman.gov.tr/COB/AnaSayfa.aspx?sflang=en Muğla Provincial Directorate of Agriculture Datça - Bozburun Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi Sosyo Ekonomik, Tarihi ve Kültürel Değerler Araştırması, 2010http://www.mugla-tarim.gov.tr/ Official Gazette. 2003. Decree No. 25102. Ankara, 08 May 2003. Official Gazette. 2010. Decree No 27679. Ankara. 21 August 2010 – available at: http://rega.basbakanlik. gov.tr/eskiler/2010/08/20100821-5.htm

Sualtı Araştırmaları Danışmanlık. 2008. Determination of the Carrying Capacity at the Foça SEPA Coastal Areas – Final Report. Ankara. Tandoğan, U. 2000. Dünya turizm talebi eğilimleri ışığında Türkiye’ye yönelik yat turizminin değerlendirilmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Dergisi. 145-155. Trawling 2010. , In Wikipedia viewed 25 September 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawling Turkish Statistical Institute. 2009. Statistical Yearbook of Turkey, Ankara Turkish Statistical Institute. 2009. Regional Report TR32 Region, Ankara, Turkish Statistical Institute. Comparative Regional Statistics - ADNKS Statistics. July 15, 2010, http:// tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr/Bolgesel/sorguGiris.do Turkish Coast Guard Command, viewed 07 September 2010, http://www.sgk.tsk.tr/baskanliklar/plan_ prensipler/mission/mission.asp TURMEPA, viewed 07 September 2010, http://www. turmepa.org.tr/ UNDP. 2009. Strengthening Protected Area Network of Turkey: Catalyzing Sustainability of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas Project Document, Ankara. Available at: http://www.undp.org.tr/Gozlem2. aspx?WebSayfaNo=2193 World Bank. 2009. Agriculture and Rural Development. http://data.worldbank.org/topic/agriculture-and-ruraldevelopment. Viewed 29 October 2010. World Tourism Organisation. 2009. Tourism highlights (2009 edition), Madrid. Yorulmaz B., M. Barlas, F. Yilmaz & N. Özdemír 2008. “Fishing activities and pollution risk in the Köyceğiz Lagoon System” http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/ i1373e/i1373e00.htm

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

APPENDIX I PEOPLE INTERVIEWED a. Muğla (4 Areas were covered during 11-25.08.2010) Interviewers Name

Title

Telephone Muğla (252)

Muğla directorate of environment and forestry – ORKÖY

Metin YAZICI

Branch manager

Muğla The Provincial Directorate Of Agriculture

223 0307 214 1207

- Support Branch

Fatih ÇALOĞLU

Branch manager

214 1207

- Farmer Education Branch

Sevim KAVAK

Branch manager

214 1207

- Control Branch

Osman KURT

Technical clerk

214 1207

Muğla University

2111100

- Fishery Products

Prof.Dr.Ahmet Nuri TARKAN

Dean

2111100

- Fishery Products

Yrd.Doç.Dr.Nedim ÖZDEMİR

Dean Assistant

2111100

MARTAB Marmaris Tourism Area Infrastructure Service Union

Sedat KİRT

Coordinator

412 2876

.....MARTAB

Yılmaz YETER

Publisher

Köyceğiz District Manager of Tourism

Neşet MENTEŞ

Manager

262 4703

Köyceğiz District Manager of Agriculture

Enver AYDIN

Manager

262 4667

Köyceğiz Organic Agriculture Cooperative

Neşet YENER

Ex. Manager

262 5600

Muğla University

2111100

Tourism Entrepreneurship

Prof.Dr.Metin KOZAK

Prof.

2111100

Ekincik Boat Cooperative

Feridun DALAMAN

Manager

532 331 5964

Ekincik Village

Sinan KAYA

Village headmen

532 564 4319

Dalyan Municipality Head

Arif SARI

Head of Mun.

284 2038

Dalko Water Products Cooperative

Muhammet AKTAŞ

Manager

542 271 4295

Dalko Tekne Cooperative

Atilla GÜLTEKİN

Manager

543 655 7198

Oruç Travel Ltd.

Ahmet ORUÇ

Entrepreneur

284 3277

Ramazan ORUÇ

Entrepreneur

284 3277

Dalyan Sandals Hand Made

Ali YUKARI

Entrepreneur

284 3021

Natural Ahşap Oyuncak

Arda Burhan ORHAN

Entrepreneur

284 3096

Nar Danesi

Tarık KEÇECİ

Entrepreneur

Sea Turtles Search Rescue and Rehabilitation Center

Sightseeing

Gökbel Village

Mehmet ASLANPAY

Village headmen

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

542 583 2865

Farmer

Halil CEDİT

Farmer

Dalyan Municipality Stands

Tolga MİLAT

Student

Women City Counsel Handicrafts

Hüdakar ÇEVİRGEN

Woman craftsman

Women City Counsel Handicrafts

Esin ÇEKİÇ

Woman craftsman

South Aegean Development Agency GEKA

Mehmet AYDINER

Manager

258 371 8844

GEKA

Esin HEAD

Expert

505 436 8669

GEKA

Yeşim ESEN

Expert

258 371 8844

Blue Flag Program

Gürcan KAYA

Coordinator

3586902

Board Member

533 431 7859

211 1749

Turkish Environment Education Foundation (TURÇEV) Aydın ATICI Muğla University Metallurgy Engineer

Yavuz GEZİCİOĞLU

Asst. Prof.

Fishery Products

Mustafa ERDEM

Asst. Prof.

Muğla Beekeepers Union

Sezai ERGİNOĞLU

Vet. Dr.

212 64 85

Ortaca Agriculture Chamber

Ayşe Öneri SOLTEKİN

Agr. Engineer

282 3962

Muğla Directorate of Tourism

Mine GÜNEY

Branch Manager

214 1261

Marmaris Chamber of Commerce

Eylem Miray APAK

Expert

4174373

Bilge Akgün Consultancy Firm

Bilge AKGÜN

Consultant

532 4947680

Ekincik Agricultural Development Cooperative

Zekai KILIÇ

Manager

532 510 1085

Köyceğiz Tourism and Environment Foundation

Ömer OFLAZ

Manager

262 1150

Marmaris Directorate of Tourism

Burhan COŞKUN

Manager

412 1035

Marmaris Directorate of Agriculture

Nazif ÇİFTÇİ

Manager

412 1011

Turgut Village

Naci İŞLER

Village headmen

537 324 55 18

Bozburun Municipality

Cemil ŞENER

Manager

456 2004

Selimiye Village

Osman COŞKUN

Village headmen

536 866 9367

Taşlıca Village

Sadi ALTINIŞIK

Village headmen

537 963 7774

Söğüt Village

Kemal KARACA

Village headmen

505 697 4266

Sardunya

Muhammet ÖZDEMİR

Entrepreneur

446 4003

Akyaka Municipality

Ahmet ÇALCA

Manager

243 5111

Yücelen Hotels

Nurullah GENCER

Entrepreneur

243 5108

SS. Akyaka Deniz Motorlu Taşıyıcılar Cooperative

Mehmet GÜMÜŞ

Manager

532 498 3821

Azmak Tur Tekneleri Cooperative

Hüseyin BAŞER

Member

535 499 5294

Beach of Çınar

Deniz ERKEN

Entrepreneur

SS. Akbük Fishery Products Cooperative

Dursun KAYA

Member

Akbük Daily Rental- Sarnıç Village

Osman BEKTAŞ

Employee

“

Murat KAYA

Employee

“

Ebru UYSAL

Employee

Akyaka Kiteboard

Özgür CEYLAN

Entrepreneur

536 624 9198

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Çamlı Village

Özkan KALKAN

Village headmen

506 627 0085

Directorate of Agriculture Datça

Servet KUTLU

Manager

712 3025

Diractorate of Tourism Datça

Ercan BEYDAT

Manager

712 3546

Cumalı Village

Raziye KUZU

Agriculture Engineer

542 5425780

Cumalı Village Fishery Products Cooperative

Kıyas KARABOĞAN

Manager

541 8599744 village headmen / 726 1430 village headmen

Sındı Village Agricultural Development Cooperative

Ömer OHAN

Manager

5303126107

YakaVillage

Nazmi GÜLTEKİN

Village headmen

505 262 8966

Mavi Beyaz Hotels

Mehmet TEKBACAK

Entrepreneur

725 5555

DAÇEV

Melda Omay Özdamar

Manager

536 254 7837

Göcek İnice Public Beach

Bahri SÖĞÜT

Entrepreneur

535 276 6476

METU

Ahmet YALÇINER

Prof.Dr.

532 471 0006

TURMEPA

Nazif TÜRK

Manager

532 402 6329

MELSA Ölüdeniz

İbrahim AKOĞLU

Manager

535 776 1361

Babadağ

Sightseeing

MELSA - Muğla

Nuray KURİ

Department Head

212 5638

Fethiye Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Akif ARICAN

Manager

532 384 1525

Fethiye Chamber of Sea Commerce Board

Şaban ARIKAN

Manager

533 481 8292

Compass Yachting Travel Agency

Mehmet S. ESKİCİ

Manager

612 5921

FETAV

Dilek DİNÇER

Manager

612 3366

Pastoral Valley- FETAV

Ahmet KİZEN

fetav_fetder

537 643 9121

National Education Board of Fethiye

Şenol KOYUNCU

Teacher

6141109

National Education Board of Fethiye

Zafer KAYA

Teacher

6141109

Directorate of Tourism Fethiye

Güler UYMAZ

Manager

6141527

Local Executive Council of Fethiye TÜRSAB

Salih TAŞÇI

Manager

6120974

Head Office of forestry Fethiye

Reşat TUNÇ

Manager

6141086

Kaya Village

Mustafa KARAGÖZ

Village headmen

0533625 9187

Kaya Village

Şakir KALAYCI

Farmer

Kaya Village

Gonca KALAYCI

Carpet weaver

Gökçeovacık Village

Mehmet KAVAK

Village headmen

0532 3245342

Huzur Valley

Ian WORRALL

Entrepreneur

644 0008

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

b. Ayvalık (13-15.09.2010) Interviewers Name

Title

Telephone Balıkesir (266)

National Parks

Atasay TANRISEVER

Manager

0537 3627444

Cunda SS Fishery products Coop

Mehmet KIRAĞ

Board Member

0546 4216285

Cunda SS Fishery Products Coop.

İsmail GÜRAN

Vice Chairman

0546 2539616

Obsession Cunda Ahşap

Hakkı Deniz OKER

Entrepreneur

0542 5627199

Directorate of Agriculture Ayvalık

Nurullah ÖZDEMİR

Manager

312 2208

Directorate of Agriculture Ayvalık

Sema ÖZDEMİR

Engineer

312 2208

Diractorate of Tourism Ayvalık

Mustafa TEKİN

Manager

0544 441 1820

Ayvalık Harbour Presidentship

Hüseyin DEMİR

Head

0505 6415910

Ayvalık Chamber of Commerce

Rahmi GENÇER

Head

0532 3143309

Entrepreneur

Ahmet SÜNEK

Entrepreneur

ÇÖPMADAM

Tara HOPKINS

Head

Çağdaş Yaşamı Destekleme Dr.

Ornella SINAV

Member

Pelikan Fishery

Ömer AKMAN

Captan

Veysel KAPTAN Ship

Zeki ÇANAK

Guide

Ege University

Denizcan DURGUN

Master Student

Körfez Diving Center

Mustafa YANA

Employee

SETUR Marina

Serhat MAYA

+TURMEPA

0533 5616620

Yuva Association

Erdem VARDAR

Member

0533 5642880

Coast Guard

Alaaddin ATLI

Soldier

327 2828

Artur Fishery

Levent YILMAZ

Accounting Manager

331 0083

Jale Tour

Ali JALE

Entrepreneur

331 3170

Körfez Real estate

Hüseyin ÇALIŞKAN

Entrepreneur

0533 5220028

Körfez Real estate

Nilgün SÜSLÜ

Employee

0507 7455215

Free Lance

Fırat AYKAÇ

Architect

0533 2216028

Free Lance

Gürcan ÜRGÜPLÜ

Entrepreneur

312 1360

0535 6504746

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

c. Foça (16-17.09.2010) Interviewers

Title

Telephone İzmir (232)

Organization of Young Businessmen of Foça Taner ACAR FOGİAD

Entrepreneur

812 4277

İzmir Fishery Products Union

Hasan ESER

Manager

533 443 9978

Local Newspaper

“

Local Representative

Hanedan Hotel

Bünyamin GÜLER

Entrepreneur

533 4489176

Foça Fishery Products Coop.

Ceyhan ÇETİN

Head

537 726 5530

Free lance architect

Metin ÖNGÜŞEN

Architect

554 7906838

LEMNOS Cafe

Şükrü ERCABAT

Entrepreneur

506 9133900

Boat Tours Coop.

Mert FIRAT

Head

532 744 7342

Entrepreneur (Thermal)

Ömer Faruk TUNCA

Entrepreneur

532 6276104

District Office of Agriculture-Foça

Raşit YAZICIOĞLU

Manager

542 4270550

Kula Oliveoil

Hakan KULA

Entrepreneur

532 7062302

APAMA Zeytinli Bahçe

SIGHT SEEING

ACAR, KOSOVA

SIGHT SEEING

MACAREL, PEOPLE CAMPING

SIGHT SEEING

Municipality of Foça

Gökhan DEMİRAĞ

Head of Mun.

812 1127

Municipality of Foça

Osman GÜRSEVEN

Vice Chairman

812 1127

Disrict Office of Tourism Foça

Harun KOÇOĞLU

Clerk

812 5534

Fokai Otel _ TUROFED

Mehmet İŞLER

Entrepreneur

532 6905318

EGE UNIV. Fishery Products

Mesut ÖNEN

Dean

3883225

EGE UNIV. Fishery Products

Alper DOĞAN

Asst. Prof

532 492 6250

EGE UNIV. Fishery Products

Tuncer KADAĞAN

Prof. Dr.

533 4859415

EGE UNIV. Fishery Products

Melih ÇINAR

Dr.

İzmir Development Agency

Ergüder CAN

Manager

Name

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

489 8181

Table . Details Of Interviews FethiyeGöcek Stakeholders

KöyceğizDalyan

DatçaBozburun

Gökova

Muğla

Foça

Ayvalık Islands NP

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

National parks

Min. Of Forestry (Orköy, etc) 1

Min. Of Agriculture

Min. Of Tourism

Universities

Villages

1 1

5 2

Beekepers Union

Tourism Unions

Fishery Unions

Municipalities

Chamber of commerce

Chamber of sea commerce

Public Education center

Agr. Cooperatives

Fishery Cooperatives

Boat Cooperatives

Development Agencies

NGOs

Private businesses

Farmers

Local people Site Rentals

1 2

2 2

1 1

Coast Guard

Harbour

Total

6 132

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

APPENDIX II Long Term Development Plan Decisions for AyvalÄąk and its Islands:9 1. The pressure and negative influences brought by constructions within the settlements located within the boundries of natural park should be supervised-controlled and limited 2. The pressure brought by daily tourism activities performed within the boundaries of the nature park bring negative influence on the main sources of the nature park, therefore these activities performed within the nature park should be done according to a program 3. The damage & negative effects of aquaculture operating within the territorial waters of the nature park should be minimized-prevented with necessary arrangements 4. The asphalt roads within the boundaries of the nature park cause fast usage of motor vehicles. Necessary arrangements should be made on the roads to minimize the negative effects of these motorized vehicles used within the park 5. To prevent soil pollution caused by agricultural activities performed within the boundaries of the nature park, usage of chemical fertilizers and substances used against pests should be limited. 6. Summer homes and touristic facilities within the boundaries of the nature park should build biological treatment plants. 7. Churches, monasteries and historical architectural sites within the boundaries of the nature park suffer from deterioration and lack of maintenance therefore necessary steps should be taken to protect these values. 8. To protect and ensure sustainability of ecological and biological characteristics of the submarine biotas of the nature park necessary protective measures should be taken. 9. In order to protect the originality of naturel landscapes necessary measures should be taken. 10. Being one of the cultural resource values of the natural park, the traditional architectural style should be preserved and definitions of these traditional architectural structures should be applied to the new constructions to be built within the borders of the nature park. 11. Although it is outside of the boundaries of natural park, the main cause of water pollution within the nature park is the connection of gulf of AyvalÄąk and Cunda road. This connection road built by land filling causes circulation problem and shall be resolved. 12. Industrial enterprises polluting the Nikita creek should be prevented from giving their wastewater directly into creek. 13. The growing traffic of boat tours around islands should be taken under control. To preserve the underwater biota and prevent the pollution of the bay necessary steps should be taken. 14. Although it may seem for the summer period exceeds the carrying capacity of residential areas has caused water shortage : Carrying capacity should be evaluated in the Natural Park. 15. To avoid deterioration of the natural structure of the system, the prevention of inflow of foreign species is crucial. 9

AUTHORâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s translation

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

APPENDIX III 1. SWOT ANALYSIS (MUĞLA)10 For Muğla, the province’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was done by Southern Aegean Development Agency (GEKA) in Muğla in August, 201011. STRENGTHS  Alternative tourism potential: nature, culture, history, health, sports. Presence of existing tourism facilities: airports, marinas, national parks, historical and cultural products, natural assets and accommodation facilities  Potential renewable energy sources: solar and wind energy potential of 282 days per year  High potential of investment: agriculture, tourism, mining, aquaculture (fishery-country leader) and forestry, beekeeping and honey (world leader), olives, fresh vegetables and fruit (national leader)  Education level is high  Contribution to GDP is one of the highest regions

WEAKNESSES  Lack of Master plan, investment plans and projects Causing conflict between sectors Unplanned construction Infrastructure failure  Lack of qualified and trained qualified staff in sectors (tourism, agriculture) and higher costs of these personnel  Marketing and branding problem Everything included system: tourists staying all the time in the hotels prevent for tradesmen’s income, decrease in quality, lack of competition,  Lack of hospitals  Lack of processing, storage, packaging, R & D facility  Inadequate incentives

OPPORTUNITIES  Increased demand for healthy lifestyles and culture in the world (eco-tourism, organic agriculture, culture and health tourism)  Increased demand for natural resources (marble, white marble and other minerals)  Depletion of energy resources in the world and the increasing demand for renewable energy sources (wind, geothermal and solar energies)  Mega yacht demand  World population growth and global warming increases the demand for on agriculture  Internet, social networking and e-commerce expansion

THREATS  Global economic crisis  Increased competition from  EU agricultural policy  Greece, Spain, and Italy’s tourism activities  China and India’s cheap input prices  Increase in the spread and effects of global environmental problems  Demand for Low-budget tourism and from the less educated tourists  Increase in terrorist incidents  Delay in development plans  Lack of vocational training, service quality degradation  Export & Dependence on seed and seedling production  Cultural Pollution

10 11

AUTHOR’s translation. AUTHOR’s notes from the workshop.

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

2. SWOT BY IZKA12 For Foça town, the SWOT analysis was done by Izmir Development Agency (IZKA) for agriculture, industry, tourism, public, labor, social and cultural structure, environment and energy, natural cultural assets, infrastructure and urbanization aspects. These are given in below tables: Strengths in agriculture

Weaknesses in agriculture

- the vegetable, fruit and citrus farming and agricultural - the branding of products and organic products, product diversity - the lack of publicity and marketing - the presence of fertile plains in Gerenköy Bagasari towns, - variety of agricultural products (cotton, tomatoes, onions, corn, wheat, vineyards) in the town Gerenköy, - olive and wine production, - olive production and handicrafts in the village of Kozbeyli, - the famous red wine from Foça and indigenous natural pure olive oil, - approximately 20% of fish distributed in the Aegean region, - sheep, cattle, poultry and beekeeping potential Opportunities in agriculture

Threats in agriculture

- the presence of local products that could have - hazardous wastes from industrial facilities to the brands, environment around Ilıpınar, Bagasari, Gerenköy - the presence of suitable land in Yeniköy for olives and valley, viniculture, - lack of irrigation water use policy, - fishing shelter has been tendered - illegal fishing

Strengths of the industry

Weaknesses in the industry

- the presence of industries based on agricultural production, - Foça yoghurt, Apama yoghurt - Olive oil as a local brand

- the agriculture and seafood processing plants are not available

Strengths of tourism

Weaknesses of tourism

AUTHOR’s translation from http://izka.org.tr/files/gzftpdf/foca.pdf

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

the weekend tourism, endangered Mediterranean monk seal, wind surfing, being close to the Greek Islands and other tourist resorts, - having good fish restaurants, - the presence of İnciradası and İngiliz Burnu

insufficient publicity for the Mediterranean monk seal, not enough transportation to this area, not enough bed capacity, lack of a marina, not enough tourism promotion, the French holiday village still being closed, military areas which can be used for tourism, only two tourism agencies, rental houses not being used as pension homes, investors not coming because of natural conservation areas are abundant, service quality failure, lack of facilities in the beaches, the problem of unemployment, only viability of seasonal work

Opportunities

Threats

- international and national recognition of environmentally friendly diversified approach to tourism, - potentials for sea, culture and nature tourism

- considering the balance between protection and usage, - the economic value is not developed in the Protected areas and the possibility of these to be opened for reconstruction and these areas as obstacles for the economy, - the unemployment problem, - seasonal jobs, - migration due to unemployment

The weaknesses of energy and environment

Threats

- the untapped potential of wind energy (in terms of energy, tourism and sports), - areas suitable for wind farm are determined 1 / 25000 plan, - the potential for solar energy.

- waste water from the industry and businesses harmful for the environment, - thermal power plant to be established in Aliağa Horozgediği village area, Gediz pollution, - marine pollution, - flue gases coming from Aliağa iron and steel plants causing air pollution in Ilıpınar Village and Yenifoça

Strengths of the natural and cultural assets

Weaknesses

- the natural structure is preserved, - Slow process of restoration or other works in historic places - the presence of ancient Byzantine campus in Kozbeyli village, - endangered Mediterranean monk seal area of life, - the presence of different types of birds, - presence of historic windmills, - the forest and the sea coast side by side in FocaYenifoça, - protected areas due to environmental protection and conservation area, - the presence of the old Greek houses and churches have been restored Opportunities - excavation work being carried out in the Temple of Athena

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

Strengths of infrastructure and urbanization

Weaknesses

- the architect and the settlements are preserved, - the presence of a good treatment plant

- the planned marina project is not tendered in Yenifoรงa, - the existence of the problems of daily transportation, t - the sewage system has not been completed in protected areas, - the lack of the boulevard between Foรงa and ร anakkale, - lack of housing

Opportunities

Threats

- the potential for marine transport (Karaburun line, Izmir center, and others), - mass housing areas.

- construction that may occur with the increase of the population

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

APPENDIX IV 2011 Prices for SEPAs determined by EPASA data usage type

scale

unite price ( value added tax included

general data about regions(spaces,infrastructure etc.)except for region border and water quality

non-scale

per data layer 250 TL

environment plan,changes and plan articles (hardcopy or soft 1/25000 copy environment plan,changes and plan articles(

1/25000

research reports of environment plan(digital)

1/25000

research reports of environment plan(digital)

1/25000

per drawing 20 TL

per page 0.50 TL

master plan,changes and plan articles(hardcopy or soft copy) 1/5000

per drawing 15 TL

master plan,changes and plan articles

1/5000

per drawing 200 TL

research reports of master plan (hard copy or soft copy)

1/5000

per page 0,50 TL

research reports of master plan

1/5000

application master plan,changes and plan articles(hard copy or soft copy)

1/1000

per drawing 15 TL

application master plan,changes and plan articles(digital)

1/1000

per drawing 200 TL

application master plan plan research reports (hard copy or soft copy)

1/1000

per page 0,50 TL

geological and geotechnical investigation(digital)

1/25000, 1/5000, 1/1000

per drawing 15 TL

geological and geotechnical investigation (hard copy or soft copy)

1/25000, 1/5000, 1/1000

per drawing 15 TL

base map(hard or soft copy)

1/5000 veya 1/1000

per drawing 10tl

base map(digital)

1/5000 veya 1/1000

per drawing 150 TL

ortophoto and satellite image

all kinds of geotechnical investigation,infrastructure, etc project reports (digital) all kinds of research,protect,species monitoring (tracing) etc. Project reports (digital)

per page 0,50 TL

all kinds of research,protect,species monitoring,geologicalgeotechnical investigation,infrastructure etc. Project reports (hard or soft copy)

per page 0,50 TL

the maps of the regions established under the projects of all kinds of research, protect, species monitoring, infrastructure etc.(hard or soft copy)

per drawing 25 TL

the maps of the regions established under the projects of all kinds of research, protect, species monitoring, infrastructure etc.(digital)

per drawing 200 TL

water quality monitoring,water level studies trading film and video shooting in spa

per day 950 TL

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

trading photo shoot in spa

per day 90 TL

water surface sport activities price of marine space racetrack using

It is determined by related directorship of special environment protect according to area’s property and type of activity

water surface sport activities price of marine space using (non race track)

It is determined by related directorship of special environment protect according to area’s property and type of activity

water surface activities price of marine space using (per motor vehicle)

per day 200 TL

water surface activities price of marine space usage (per motorless vehicle)

per day 50 TL

price of diving area usage(more than one month)

It is determined by related directorship of special environment protect according to area’s property

price of diving area usage (per day)

per day 150 TL

price of under water research in terms of defined time interval

It is determined according to area’s property by related directorship of special environment protect

price of marine space usage for under water activities

It is determined by related directorship of special environment protect according to area’s property and type of activity It is determined according to area’s property by related directorship of special environment protect

price of paragliding and other air sports operating right

It is determined by related directorship of special environment protect according to area’s property

price of wooden port-side usage

It is determined according to area’s property and will be used area’s large by related directorship of special environment protect

price of establishment for excursionists usage

It is determined according to area’s property and will be used area’s large by related directorship of special environment protect

price of tent and caravan site using

per square meter daily 4 TL

price of operating right for coastal structures and anchorage (port-side,marina,cruise,harbor,becket,buoy etc.)(except wooden port-side)

It is determined by directorship of special environment protect

price of coastal structures linkage

It is determined according to local of coastal structure and type of vehicle by related directorship of special environment protect

sunshade-sunbed usage (2 sunbed,1 sunshade)

per day 10 TL

sunshade (1)

per day 4 TL

sunbed (1)

per day 4 TL

The socio-economic overview and analyses of new income generation activities at Turkish Aegean MPAs

sunshade-sunbed usage (2 sunbed,1 sunshade)

seasonal 250 TL

usage wc/shower at establishment for excursionist

free

carpark price

It is determined by related directorship of special environment protect according to area’s property

right of way price

It is determined by related directorship of special environment protect according to area’s property and will be used area’s large

advertising board price(max 1 m2 billboard area)

annual 100 TL

advertising board price(more than 1 m2 billboard area) Other usage fees (use of the EPASA areas for any purpose)

It will assessed according to demand

Note:digital data can be delivered if it is available.EPASA isn’t responsible for making digital data. (1) Agency logo will be added on every page of all kinds of research ,protect,species monitoring etc. project reports by directorate of personnel department, directorate of education,publication and information processing .it will be encrypt for preventing the occurence of copying . (2) Whatever the time of film and video record which doesn’t exceed 1 day they will be considered as one full day. _it will be (demand) double price that mentioned above from foreign entity and people. _ photograph artists who are member of non governmental organization won’t pay anything .(as long as bring into use by EPASA) (3) EPASA has rights to demand price of tariff.(accede to a treaty by EPASA) (4) The tariffs that mentioned above is valid on areas which there aren’t a contract or a protocol with a third party made by EPASA. (5) In case of detecting the usage which is not permitted, ten times of price mentioned above is demanded. (6) According to revenue administration of treasury department , VAT is added to usage price..

Strengthening the system of the Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey

UNDER 5 HEADINGS “Strengthening the System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas of Turkey”

1 Project Rationale 3 Project Outcomes and Project Aim

Some 3,000 plant and animal species have been identified along Turkey’s 8,500 km coastline. But Turkey’s marine biodiversity is under serious pressure by human kind. The major threats facing Turkey’s marine areas are the degradation of marine habitats and ecosystems, the overharvesting of marine resources and the conversion and/or destruction of coastal habitats. This Project aims to facilitate the expansion of the national system of marine and coastal protected areas and to improve its management effectiveness. The Project officially commenced in May 2009, and will end in October 2013.

The Project will have achieved the following three outcomes: • Responsible institutions have the capacities and internal structure needed for prioritizing the establishment of new Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPAs) and for more effectively managing existing MCPAs • MCPA financial planning and management systems are facilitating effective business planning, adequate levels of revenue generation and cost-effective management • Inter-agency coordination mechanisms in place to regulate and manage economic activities within multiple use areas of the MCPAs

2 Project Sites The Project is being implemented at six sites in Turkey. The Project covers five SEPAs and one Nature Park. The project areas are: 6

• Foça SEPA • Gökova SEPA • Datça-Bozburun SEPA • Köyceğiz-Dalyan SEPA • Fethiye-Göcek SEPA • Ayvalık Islands Nature Park

4 1

4 The Project’s

Contributions to Turkish Environmental Protection

• Contributions to the implementation of the Biological Diversity Convention Programme of Work on Protected Areas which Turkey has been a party will have been implemented. • The country’s system of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas will have been expanded by approximately 100,000 ha, or 44% as compared with baseline levels. • Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRAs) will have been established within at least two Marine and Coastal Protected Areas and the sustainability of fisheries management achievements will be increased through the extension of a system of FRAs. • The management capacities of local MCPA authorities will have been strengthened for effectively managing the existing Marine and Coastal Protected Areas. • The Systems for sustainable Marine and Coastal Protected Area financing will have been strengthened. • Inter-agency coordinating structures will have been strengthened.

• The agencies and other stakeholders will have been enabled to effectively address both land-based and marine-based threats to marine biodiversity. • A national-level Marine and Coastal Protected Areas Strategy and Action Plan proposal will have been prepared. • The sustainability of the MCPA system will have been ensured. The expected stream of positive, long-term impacts on marine biodiversity, and in particular those arising from a shift in current trends, is expected to be able to continue well beyond the Project’s completion.

What is a Marine and Coastal Protected Area? Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPAs) can be established for different purposes, can be designed in different types and sizes and can be managed in different ways. Therefore, there are many different definitions of an MCPA. The simplest definition of an MCPA is “a mechanism for the conservation of any defined marine area, by means of its legal and physical protection from significant human pressure, thus reserving its inherent natural, historical and cultural features. Such conservation is maintained by appropriately enacted laws and especially through the support and involvement of the local communities and stakeholders. Thus MCPAs have a potentially significant role to play in eliminating threats to marine biodiversity in Turkey.

5 Who is conducting this project?

The project is funded by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and executed by the General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection (GDNAP) of the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, in partnership with the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks (GDNCNP) of the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, together with the General Directorate of Fisheries & Aquaculture of the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Turkey is the implementing partner of the project. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Turkish General Staff, the Ministry of Development, the Turkish Coast Guard Command, the Turkish Naval Forces Command, the Ministry of Transportation Maritime Affairs and Commu-

Turkey’s Marine and Coastal Protected Areas • Turkey’s Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea coastline is 8,500 km long, excluding the islands. This wide marine and coastal fringe is home to a rich and valuable natural biodiversity. It is an immense and highly important zone, hosting some 3,000 plant and animal species. • The majority of the existing marine and coastal protected areas are currently managed by GDNAP. In addition to these areas, the General Directorate for Nature Conservation and National Parks, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism are authorized to manage and plan the maintenance and careful development of some of the existing marine and coastal protection areas. • An estimated 346,138 hectares of marine area is presently under legal protection within 31 Marine and Coastal Protected Areas. Currently, about 4% of Turkey’s territorial waters is so protected. • Turkey’s marine biodiversity of is presently under serious pressure by human kind. The major dangers threatening Turkey’s marine areas are the degradation of marine habitats and ecosystems, the over -harvesting of marine resources and the destruction of coastal habitats.

nications, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the Marine and Coastal Management Department and Foreign Relations and EU Department of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, the Provincial Governors, together with such bodies as Local Authorities, universities, research institutes, national and local NGOs and other local representatives, are among the overall stakeholders of the Project.

T.C. ÇEVRE VE ŞEHİRCİLİK BAKANLIĞI

Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection Alparslan Türkeş Cad. 31. Sokak No:10 06510 Beştepe/Yenimahalle, Ankara Tel: +90 312 222 1234/341 Fax: +90 312 222 2666 http://www.csb.gov.tr/gm/tabiat

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Birlik Mah. 415.Cad. No:11 Cankaya/Ankara Tel: +90 312 454 1100 Fax: +90 312 496 1463 www.undp.org.tr Empowered Lives. Resilient Nations.

Empowered lives. Resilient nations.